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-fJo^''  i^yrf^^f 


IE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Volume  XXIII 


November,  1911,  to  April,  1912 


A  HISTORY  OF  OUR  TIME 


GARDEN  CITY  NEW  YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

1912 


Copyright,  1911,  1912 
DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  Sc  COMPANY 


1G0314 


INDEX 


(Illustrated  Articles.    Editorials  in  Italics.) 


PACK 

A  BOUT  French  RePotnHans  and  Stick  Things 630 

""    About  *' PeopUiung"  Industry 4Q7 

Ahma  the  Third  Term 610 

Agiicnhure: 

A  World's  Work  Farm  Conference 614 

Do  You  Want  a  Farm? 240 

Does  Anybody  Really  Want  a  Farm? 119 

Does  Anvbody  Want  a  Farm?    The  Answer 352 

From  a  Law  Office  to  a  Cotton  Farm  (Ralph  W. 

Ps«e) 114 

How  We  Found  Our  Farm  (Jacob  A.  Riis) 475 

*Iowa's  Farmer  the  Ruling  Class  (James  B.  Weaver, 

Jr.) 8s 

Little  Stories  of  Big  Successes  (Clarence  Poe) SS 

Nearly  80.000.000  Acres  Awaiting   Farmers   (M. 

O.  Leighton) 80 

"Railroading   Knowledge   to   the   Farmer    (Owen 

Wilson^ 100 

The  Choosing  of  a  Farm 597 

The  Codperative  Farmer  (J.  L.  Coulter) 59 

The  Farmers  on  Farm  Life  (W.  L.  Nelson) 77 

The  Great  Country  I4fe  Movement 616 

The  Hope  of  the  "Little  Landers,"  (J-  L.  Cowan)  96 
"The  South  Realizing  Itself,  II,  UI  (Edwin  Mims) . .  41.  203 
Alaska: 

"The  Fate  of  Alaska  (F.  Carrington  Weems) 4m 

"The  Bishop  of  the  Arctic  (F.  Carrington  Weems). .  66x 

Atdrich  Cnrrency  Plan  as  It  Now  Stands,  The 258 

Aotericanaation  of  Franco  and  the  Financing  of  Europe,  The. .  621 

An  Accident  That  Saved  a  Business  (C.  M.  K.). 382 

*An  American  Adventure  m  Brazil  (Alexander  P.  Rogers).  625 

An  American  AdterUure  in  Persia 379 

An  International  Peace  Number 142 

An  Unconscious  Carrier  of  Death 622 

Arbitration  Treaties.  The 374 

-As  Ilhers  See  Us" 263 

A  Very  General  Snrvey 603 

jDAFFLIXC  Kinds  of  Ignorance 498 

*^    Banks: 

What  Shall  We  Do  With  Our  Banks.  I  Joseph  B. 

Martindale) 687 

Benefactions: 

"The  Help  That  Counts  (Henry  Carter) 177 

The  Gifts  of  the  Rich 377 

"Bishop  of  the  Arctic.  The  (F.  Carrington  Weems) 66i' 

Bureau  of  Municipal  Research.  The  (Henry  Bru^re) 683 

Business  Duty  in  a  Hesitant  Time 3 

Business  is  Waiting 130 

Is  Business  Going  Ahead? 496 

•pABLE  Rate  for  Common  Use,  A  (Arthur  H.  Gleason).  452 

^     California  " RevohUionr  The 1*2 

Case  of  Pot  and  KettU,  A 369 

Clairman  Underwood  ()\'illis  I.  Abbott) 534 

Challenge  for  Efficiency  and  Cleanliness,  A 371 

China: 

A  LitOe  Glimpse  into  China 611 

China  as  a  Republic  (Prof.  T.  lyenaga) 706 

China  as  a  Remiblic  (Prcrf.  T.  lyenaga) 706 

Choosii<)t  of  a  Farm.  The 5q7 

Christian  and  Asiatic  Clash,  A 502 

Christmas  as  a  Test  of  Us 138 

Chriitmas  A  ssets 123 

Christmas  Peace  Number,  A 17 

Cities: 

•A  Citv  With  a  General  Manager  (Henry  Oyen)  .  220 

The  March  of  the  CiUes. .  118.  240.  359.  480.  599.  719 

^  With  a  Generd  Manager,  A  (Henry  Oyen) . ._  .   .  220 

^  City  with  a  Geaeral  Maaafer  (Henry  Qyen). .  220 

Cleaning  Ike  Roadeides 17 

"Cleaning  op  a  State  (Henry  Qyen) cio 

&ery  Shop  a  Sekool 9<6 

Good  Roads,  Wko  Skall  BuUd  Tkemt 376 

The  Maicfa of  the  Qtks. . .  .iiS,  240.  350.  480,  590.  719 


Civic  Progress:  page 

The  Progress  of  Republican  Government 612 

"The  South  Realizing  Itself  (Prof.  Edwin  Mims)  II. 

Ill 41.  aot 

Class  War,  A .*.  '  6i  i 

Cleaning  the  Roadsides 17 

"Cleaning  up  a  Sute  (Henry  Oyen) 510 

Constructive  Side  of  the  Sherman  Law.  The 257 

Control  of  the  New  Currency  Plan 371 

CoCpcrative  Fanner.  The  0-  L   Coulter) 59 

Corporation's  Employees,  A ^ga 

Corporations  and  Public  Cot^fidenu 129 

Correction,  A 133 

Cost  of  Living: 

A  World-Wide  Menace  to  Social  Order 500 

Country  Life: 

A  World's  Work  Farm  Conference 614 

Country  Life  —  For  Otkerst J 

Tke  Great  Country  Life  Movement 6x6 

Two  Views  of  "  Back-to-the-Land "  Movement  ("C. 

L."  and  Richard  Nicholson) 716-7x8 

Women  and  CourUry  Ufe 2%^ 

Country  Life— for  Otkerst q 

Credit  for  the  Poor  Man \  ^gj 

•T)  ICKENS  in  America  Fifty  Years  Ago  Joseph  Jackson) .  283 

■^     Distribution  of  the  Nobel  PriMe,  The...   ......  *&\ 

•Dr.  Wnev  and  Pure  Food,  H  (Arthur  W.  Dunn) " '  ao 

Do  You  Want  a  Farm? "  at? 

Does  Anybody  Really  Want  a  Farm? lig 

Does  Anybody  Want  a  Farm?    The  Answer " '  35a 

Driving  Tubcxculoais  Out  of  Induatxy  (Mdvin  G.  Overlock)  194 

EDUCATION: 

*"           "A  Very  Real  Country  School  (B.H.  Crocheron)...  3x8 
Education  and  Money.  Leadership  and  Morality 

(Paul  H.  Ncystrom) 197 

Every  Shop  a  School 256 

The  Misfit  Child  (Mary  nexner) cos 

Equal  Suffrage  State  in  Earnest,  An 37* 

Everglades  Land  Scandal,  The 613 

Every  Fire  a  Crime 375 

Every  Shop  a  School 356 

pACrrORY  That  Owns  Itself,  A  (Richard  and  Florence 

'■      Cross  Kitchelt) 658 

Farm  Conference.  A  World's  Work 614 

Fanners  on  Farm  Life.  The  (W.  L.  Nelson) 77 

•Fate  of  Alaska.  The  (F.  Carrington  Weems) 422 

Finance:  See  Investment 

"Flying  Across  the  Continent.  I.  II  (French  Strother) 339.  399 

"Friends  and  Fellow  Citizens  (W^illiam  Bayard  Hale) 673 

From  a  Law  Office  to  a  Cotton  Fann.  (Ralph  W.  Page) XX4 

Fruitful  and  Beautiful  Memorial  Forever,  A 255 

GERMANY'S  PolUical  Crisis 494 

^    Gifts  of  the  Rich.  Tke 377 

Good  iJeed  in  a  Naughty  World.  A 371 

Good  Literature  for  the  Million  Free 137 

Good  New  Year  Nevertheless.  A 243 

Good  Roads  —  Who  .Should  Build  Them 376 

Government  and  the  Trusts,  The 10 

Government : 

The  California  "Revolution" 133 

Tke  Government  and  tke  Trulls lo 

The  Growth  of  Commisuon  Goremment 262 

Tke  Progress  of  a  Republican  Government 61 2 

Great  Country  Li/e  Movement.  Tke 616 

Growth  of  Commission  Government.  Tke 262 

JJEALTH: 

An  Unconscious  Carrier  of  Deatk 622 

"Cleaning  up  a  State  (Henry  Oyen) 5x0 

"Dr.  Wifev  and  Pure  Food.  II  (Arthur  W.  Dunn)  so 
Driving  Tuberculosis  Out  of  Industry  (Melvin  G. 

Overlock) 394 

"How  to  Get  Rid  of  Flics  (Frank  Parker  Stock- 
bridge) 699 

Rural  Conquest  of  Typhoid,  Tka 376 


INDEX  —  Continued 


49a 
107 
409 


*Hdp  That  Counts.  The  fffenry  Carter) 177 

•Hope  of  the  "Little  Landen."  The  (J.  L.  Coiran) 96 

How  One  Billion  of  Us  Can  Be  Fed  (W  J  McGee) 443 

Htm  Ptnsunu  Make  Cowards 378 

*Hoir  to  Get  Rid  of  Flies  (Frank  Parker  Stockbridge) . . . .  69a 

Haw  to  Prewent  Human  WasU 499 

Haw  la  Use  a  PresidetUial  Campaign 4^3 

How  We  Found  Our  Farm  Oacob  A.  Riia) 47$ 

IMMIGRATION: 

•■■             A  New  Kinl  of  National  Conference 15 

*Our  Immigrants  and  the  Future  (E.  Dana  Durand)  431 

Industry: 

Ahaui  " Peopleizing"  Industry 497 

In  the  Interest  of  Peace 495 

Inside  of  a  Business  Man,  The  (Arthur  H.  Gleason) 564 

Investment: 

An  Accident  That  Saved  a  Business 38a 

Is  It  a  Time  to  Invest? I39 

Paying  for  Things  You  Don't  Want 503 

The  Trustee  Who  Went  Wrong 365 

What  Happened  to  One  Woman 63t 

Who  Buys  Mortgages 18 

*Iowa's  Farmers  the  Ruling  Class  (James  B.  Weaver.  Jr.). .  85 

/*  Business  Going  Ahead? 496 

Is  It  a  Time  to  Invest? I39 

lUly: 

*The  Taking  of  Tripoli  (Charles  W.  Furlong). ...  165 

Why  IlalyWent  to  War 130 

JTANSAS  Epigram  AhaiU  the  President,  A asi 

TABOR: 

•^       A  Corporation's  Employees 

A  Ubor  Leader's  Own  Story,  HI  (Henry  White) 

The  Present  Plight  of  "Labor" 

Literature:  .     ,, 

Good  Literature  for  the  Milium  Proa 137 

UttU  Glimpse  Into  China,  A 611 

Little  Stories  of  Big  Suooesses  (Oarence  Poe) SS 

Loohint  the  New  Year  in  Ike  Pace 349 

ILfARCH  of  the  Cities. ^»8.  a^,  sS9.  480,  $99,  7iO 

•*^^    Mechanical  Prqpe»_(Warren  H.  MiUer) 356 

Misfit  Child.  The  (Mary  FTemer) 505 

Morals  of  the    Present  Agitation as6 

•Motor  Tiii<^  (RoUin  H.  HutchinsoD,  Jr.) a68 

Much  TroubU  Within  the  Nations 16 

Mystery  4^  the  Orient,  The 374 

XfATURAL  Resources: 

^^        "The  Fate  of  Alaska  (F.  Carrington  Weems) 4aa 

Navy: 

•Scientific  Management  in  the  Army  and  Navy 

(Chas.  D.  Brewer)    311 

Nearly  8o/x».ooo  Acres  Awaiting  Farmers  (M.  O.  Leighton)  8d 

Negroes: 

*Tbe  Upbuilding  of  Black  Durham  (W.  E.  B.  Du- 

Bois) 334 

New  China,  A 13S 

New  Kind  of  National  Conference,  A 15 

/\YE  Way  to  Diffuse  Credit S7t 

^^    Opinions  of  the  Business  World  on  Present  Cooditioos 

and  Remedies,  The ao 

•Our  Immigrants  and  the  Future  (£.  Dana  Durand) 43X 

Our  Stupendous  Yearly  Waste.  I,  II  (Frank  Koester) S93.  713 

PAGE  From  Readers.  A 

^     Paying  for  Things  You  Don't  Want  (C.  M.  R.) . 

Peace  and  War: 

A  Class  War 611 

A  Little  Glimpse  into  China 611 

An  International  Peace  Number Z4a 

Arbitration  Treaties.  The 374 

Christmas  Peace  Number.  A 17 

In  the  Interfit  of  Peace 495 

Much  Trouble  Within  the  Nations 16 

Prospects  of  Permanent  Peace 157 

•Recent    International    Kvents    and    "The  Great 

Illusion."  (Norman  Angdl) 149 


lao 

S03 


The  Programme  of  the  Carnegie  Peace  Puni. 
•The  Taking  of  Tripoli  (Charles  W.  Furlom?) 


Pat. 


165 


16 


The  World's  Peace  m  the  Making  (Simon  N 

ten) 

•The  World's  Unrest 

Why  a  Peace  F^a  is  Possible 

Why  Italy  Went  to  War 136 

•World-Peace  and  the  GencFsl  ArWtntioQ  Treaties 

(The  Hon.  Wflliam  H.  Taft) X43 

TtaBvlvuia  MouatMi  Police.  The  (F.  Bkir  Jaakd) 641 

A  Reaokimg  OruHou  am  Pemtimt sot 

Hem  Pomsimu  Mahe  Comtrds 578 

PoMfeos  — Wone  and  Mon  of  Then.  I,  H.  HI 
(Chaa.  Fnuidt  Adami) 188.  5*7.  J85 


Pensions: 

The  Pension  Bureau's  "  ImesHgation  **  of  Itself tss 

The  Proper  Publication  of  Pensioners 4gi 

Permanettce  of  the  Anti'Trust  Law 9 

Plea  for  Pair  Judgment,  A 40B 

Politics: 

A  Plea  for  Pair  Judgment agi 

About  the  Third  Term 6to 

Germanys  Political  Crisis 404 

Mr.  RoosomU X 

Mr.  Roosevelt  Again Ooq 

Presidential  Guesses sjg 

Presidential  Primaries sfe 

Safe  and  Unsafe  Presidents ija 

The  Everglades  Land  Scandal 6ij 

The  Government  and  the  Trusts 10 

The  Permanence  of  the  Anti-Trust  Law 9 

The  Recall  of  Judges  in  Califomia 49} 

The  Tide  of  Socialism t$t 

Popular  Mechanics  (Warren  H.  Miller) 995 

PopuUtion: 

•Our  Immigrants  and  the  Future  (E.  Dana  Durand)  451 

Present  Plight  of  "Labor,"  The 409 

President  and  Bis  Journey,  The it 

President  Taft: 

A  Kansas  Epigram  about  the  President s$l 

The  Government  and  the  Trusts lO 

The  Permanence  of  the  Anti-Trust  Law 9 

The  President  and  His  Journey u 

•World-Peace  and  the  General  Arbitration  Treaties 

(The  Hon.  William  H.  Taft) 14S 

Presidential  Guesses sn 

Presidential  Primaries MO 

•Prima  Donna  at  Twenty.  A 704 

Programme  of  the  Camegte  Peace  Fund,  The 37| 

Proper  Publuation  of  Pensioners.  The 49O 

Prospects  for  Permanent  Peace Ig? 

Prosperity: 

A  Good  New  Year  Nevertheless US 

A  Very  General  Survey.* 6fla 

Is  Business  Going  Ahead? 49S 

Publicity: 

A  World's  Worh  Farm  Conference 614 

An  American  Adventure  in  Persia 379 

•Cleaning  up  a  SUte  (Henry  Oyen). 510 

Pensions  — WorK  and  More  of  Them.  I,  II.  Ill, 

Francis  Adams) x88.  337.  jSs 

Railroad  Publicity J69 

The  Everglades  Land  Scandal 013 

The  Present  Plight  of  "Labor" ^09 

What  I  Am  Tnring  to  Do.  L  U,  (Thomas  F.  Logan)  538.  Os$ 

Where  Publicity  ts  Needed MO 

Worh  in  the  Open M 

•RAILROADS: 

"^^  •Railroading  Knowledge  to  the  Farmer  (Owen  WO- 

son) MO 

Railroad  Publicity J<9 

Railroad's  ToU  of  Life,  The 4W 

Readen'  Page.  I IM 

Recall  of  Judges  in  Califomia.  The 4OS 

•Recent  International  Events  and  "The  Great  Dlusiao," 

(Norman  Angdl) 149 

•Reteneration  of  WaU  Street,  The 619 

Rdigion: 

•The  Bishopof  the  Arctic  (F.  Carrington  Weems). .. .  601 

Revolving  Oration  on  Pensions,  A jot 

Rural  Conquest  of  Typhoid,  The 3»6 

Rural  Life.  See  Country  Life. 

CAFE  and  Unsafe  Presidents IS* 

^            •" Safety  First  Underground"  (Arthur  W.  Page). . .  S4» 
Science: 

•Sdentific  Management  in  the  Army  and  Navy 

(Charies  D.  Brewer) Sti 

Scientific  Progress  (Charies  Fiuhugh  Talman). ...  4yt 

•The  Teala  Turbine  (Frank  Parker  Stockbridge) ....  54S 

Sehna  Lageriflf  (Mrs.  Vebna  S.  Howard) 410 

Sentimental  End  of  Reciprocity,  The 14 

Sherman  Was  Right •■  •  «•♦ 

Shoch  to  Youthful  Modesty,  A SU 

•Soul  of  a  CorporaUon.  The  (W.  G.  McAdoo) S70 

South: 

The  Everglades  Und  Scandal 6x1 

•The  South  Realizing  Itself.  II.  Ill  (Edwin  Mims)  41.  MS 
•The  Upbuilding  of  Black  Durham  (W.  E.  B.  Du- 

Bo»). 334 

•South  Realising  ItMlf.  The.  II.  lU  (Edwin  Mfans) 41. 

Story  of  a  Debt.  The  (Frank  Marshall  White) ., 

•The  Taklng_of  Tripoli  (Charles  WeUington  Furlong) x6^ 

•The  TaUTurbtne  (Fnnk  Pariter  Stockbridge) 54S 

The  Tide  of  SociaHtm, qi 

The  ThistM  Who  Went  Wrong  (C.  M.  K.) W 

■■•  The  Morait  of  Urn  PfumaAMUn.,.. .......... ^  ss6 

Two  Views  61  Ow  "Backto-the  Land"  Movement  rCX."  and 
Richard  Nichoboo) 7i6,  718 


INDEX  —  Continued 


PAOX 

TTirCOifSCIODS  Canitr  «f  D^atk,  An 6a9 

^     *UntiiTkling  the  Anny  (Owen  WDton) 573 

njpbvildmg  ofBhck  Dorinm,  The  (W.  E.  B.  DuBob). . .  334 

*YERY  Ral  Coimtiy  School,  A  (B.  H.  CrochesoD) 3x8 

WAR  oa  Busineaft,  The  J.  Stanley  Brown) 94 

"     Wert: 

The  RtcM  of  Judges  in  Catifcrma 403 

Whnt  HapfMowd  to  One  Wonum  (C.  M.  K.) 623 

WhntI  Am  Trying  to  Do.  I.  U  (Thomas  F.  Logan) 538.653 

What  I  Saw  at  Nanking  Ouncs  B.  Webcter) 570 

What  Shall  We  Do  With  Our  Banks  Joseph  B.  Martlndale)  687 

Wktn  Fmbiiciiy  is  Needed 370 


PAOB 

Who  Buys  Moitoges  (C.  M.  K.) 18 

Why  Awmicau  Money  ts  Going  Abroad 131 

Wky  a  Poau  Bra  is  Possible s# 

Why  I  Am  For  Roosevelt  (John  Franklin  Foct) SYi 

Wky  Italy  Went  to  War 136 

Woman  the  Savior  of  the  Sute  (Sehna  LagerlM) 418 

Women  and  ComUry  Life ts$ 

•Woodrow  Wilaon-A  Biography.  U,  HI.  IV.  V.  VI  (Wil- 
liam Bayard  Hale) 64.  aag.  297.  466.  539 

Work  in  Ike  Open 363 

•World-Peace  and  the  (kneral  Arbitration  Treaties  (The  Hon. 

William  H.  Taft) X43 

World's  Peace  in  the  Making  (Simon  N.  Patten) 15c 

•World's  Unrest.  The 4$8 

World's  Work  Farm  Conference,  A 614 


INDEX  TO  MAPS 


A  Bidiopric  600.000  Miles  Square 664 

AlMka's  Coast  Line 4^4 

Bow  the  High  School  Reaches  the  Whole  Country 33a 

Path  of  the  Heahh  Exhibit  Train 5x1 

Pravmoe  of  Tripolitania. 166 

i  of  the  United  States 447 

i  Government  Fifty  Years  Ago 6ia 

i  Government  To-day 613 


Russia's  "Sphere  of  Influence" 380 

Seventy-four  Million  Acres  of  Swamp  Land 8x 

South  America's  Inland  Water  Way iiv 

Territory  of  the  Southern  Power  Co aoS 

The  r8a  Ckxnmissioo  (Governed  Cities  m  the  United  States  S63 

Who  Want  Farms  and  Where  They  Want  Them 615 

Woman  Suffrage  Map. 134 


INDEX  TO  DRAWINGS 


Cmfmatf  of  Three  Cable  Lines 454 

Di^nm  <A  the  ''One  Man  Plan" 227 

Growth  of  American  Federation  of  Labor 4x0 

Kaight  Motor 357 

Miiiliimtti  and  New  Jersey  Figures  Showing  Relative 

Earning  Power  of  Shop-tramed  Men 108 

Mr.  McBride's  Scale  of  Rescue 185 


Nation's  Wf  ter  Supply 448 

(Xur  Population's  Increase 446 

Our  Present  and  Possible  Population 440 

Resulto  of  all  Kinds  of  Education iqo 

Results  of  Technical  TrafaUng 198 

Tests  of  Black  Powder sox 

The  LokomobOe 358 


INDEX  TO  PORTRAITS 
{•Editorial  Portraits) 


•AdHM.  Charles  Fkands. 

•Acciai  Mail  Service. 

Alabaaa  Polytechnic  Institute 

•AnBcrican  Federation  of  Labor 

AaUmmcr.  Charles.  £. 

Bychmctiefl.  His  Excellency.  George. 


BeveridbR,  Albert  J 

^Bkaa,  Surgeon-General  Rupert. 
•BfltvkB.  R.  L. ... 


"BicBkingthe  World's  Plowing  Records. 

Bfeyw.  William  J 

Bmdette.  Layton  H 

•Carnegie.  Andrew 

dariu  Champ. 

Codkian.  Bourke 

Cecka.  WMtam  W 

Cknwfunl.  George  G 

rimmiiii   N.  B 

Davenport.  James  L 

Dwia.  Jeff 

Dcba.  Cngcne. 

•DkkcM.  Alfred  Tennyson 

Didkcaa.  Charles 

Dfafca.  Chalks. 


'1 
aaz 

s 

484 

a 
677 


DovliM,  Dr.  Oscar 

•Fan?  Nanking.  The.. 


283.  284,  285.  286, 

!!!^!!y.V.V."5xs, 


«  Fiik,  Pliny. 

Phik.  WObor  C 

JMy,  Walter  L. 

Fhgrd,  Andreas  S 

rS.  Joaeph  W 

Yiwderkks.  District-Attorney. 

Gqrnor.  Willism  J 

Gofc.  Thomas  P 

Gtaeac.  Mnjor  John  C 

^fana.  Piof.  I^  H 

,  Judson 

.  Prof.  John  Giier.  . . . 

Dr.  J,  A.. 


E. 


.  Mte  Harriet  L. . 

Km.  Join  W 

LnFolMtc  Robert  M. 


UaW.S.. 


Lacy.  Sir 
Lrw,  MiM  F( 


is 

679 
679 
21X 
674 

676 
678 

6 

,  287 

680 

.  5x6 

584 

X2S 

X79 
677 

679 
680 
641 

s 

679 
'3^ 

904 


•McAdoo,  W.  G 4Sa 

McBride.  Rollo  H i8x 

McCumber,  Porter  J 308 

•Mackay.  Oarence  H 5X7 

•Maeteninck.  Maurice 247 

Martine,  James  E 536,  676 

•Mayor  Shank 94$ 

Murray.  Dr.  Arthur  L 690 

•Nikisch,  Arthur 607 

•Oakley.  Miss  Violet 606 

Pabner,  Alexander  M 660 

Parker,  Lewis  W ai( 

Penrose,  Boies 670 

•Pitney.  Justice  Mahk>n 6o( 

Pomerene,  Atlee 676 

•Porter,  Mrs.  C^ene  Stratton 246 

Premier  Yuan  Shi-Rai 463 

•President  Taft's  Tariff  Board 362 

President  Taft 556 

•Pulitser,  Ralph 365 

Pyne.  M.  Taylor 309 

•Rcick.  William  C 364 

Richardson.  The  Hon.  William 397 

Rodgers.  C^braith 341.  405.  407 

Roosevelt.  Theodore 675 

Root.  Elihu 679 

Rowe.  Bishop 666 

•"Sandwich''  Fire  Engine 60B 

Sherwood.  Isaac  R 393 

Shuster,  W.  Morgan 461 

•Smiley,  Albert  K 122 

•Smith.  Dr.  Stephen 604 

•SUlwcll,  Arthur  E a 

Stimson.  Henry  L 578 

•Stxachan,  Miss  Grace  C 127 

Tftft,  The  Hon.  WOlUm  H 675 

TeslA,  Dr.  Nikak 545 

•Tbp  F{4^i4a,  Bftltle»htp 128 

*Undfrw*>d,  Oscar  W 242 

•Undnuned  LaodA. . . , , 5 

ViwI,  Tbeoilore  N 457 

Wftlkrr.  Capt.  R.  S 4* 

•Witrd,  Mo.  H umphfy. xao 

West,  ¥t%d.  Aodtew  F 309 

??K'b2sr^S.  ..;..••;;;;;;;..*»•.**:.'*•.  *^-.^*  *^4S 

WBtiaiM,   Inhn  Shaip       680 

WUaon,  Woodrow     ,     6£.  305,  s*9,  513*  St4,  525.  5S7.  528.  67* 

Wcjod.  Gen    Leiiiufti 578 

Woodbeny  Foreat  SclMxil 43 


INDEX  —  Contmued 

INDEX  TO  AITTHO&S 


PAOB 

Abbott.  Wmk  J SS4 

AAhbh,  Chalks  Fianck. i88,  327.  38s 

Ai«b1I,  Nonnan i4g 

Bnwv,  Chalks  D 3x1 

Bnini,  Joseph  Stanley 34 

Bniifcre.  Heniy 683 

"C.  L." 7x6 

CM .  K. 18,  130.  a6s.  38a,  503.  023 

Carter.  Henry i77 

Coulter,  John  Lee SO 

Coiran,  John  L 96 

Crocheroo,  B.  H 318 

DuBois,  W.  E.  B 334 

Dunn,  Arthur  Wallace ag 

Duraad.  E.  Dana 431 

Feb,  Joseph S66 

Fkzncr.  Maiy 505 

Fort,  John  Franklin S7i 

Furlong,  Charles  WeUinfton 165 

Glcasoo.  Arthur  H 452.  S64 

Hak,  Wflliani  Bayard 64.  aag.  a97.  409.  466.  saa,  67^ 

Hoirard.  Mrs.  Velma  S 410 

Hutchinson,  Jr.,  RoUin  W a68 

lyenaga.  Prof.  T 706 

Jackson,  Joseph 383 

Jackd.  F.  Blair 641 

Kitcbelt,  Richard  &  Florence  Cross 658 

Koester.  Frank 503,  7X3 

LaferiOf ,  Miis  Selma. 4x8 


FAOB 

Ldgfaton.  M.  0 80 

Logan.  Thomas  F 538,  6x3 

McAdoo,  W.  G .7;    579 

McGee,  WJ Iks 

Martindale,  Josmh  B S7 

Miller,  Warrenir $9$ 

Miras,  Prof.  Edwin 41,  aos 

Nelson,  W.  L y? 

Neystrom,  Paul  H 107 

Nicholson,  Richard 716 

Overlock.  Mdvin  G 994 

Qyen,  Henry aao,  510 

Page,  Arthur  W cja 

Psge,  Ralph  W 114 

Patten,  Prof.  Simon  N 155 

Poe,  Clarence 55 

Riis,  Jacob  A ^75 

Rogers,  Alexander  P Oag 

StockbridM.  Frank  Parker 543,  60s 

Strother.  French ^to.  im 

Taft,  The  Hon.  Wniiam  H mj 

Talman,  Charles  Fitahugh 471 

Weaver,  Jr.,  James  B $5 

Webster, James  B cm 

Weems,  r.  Carrington 4at.  601 

White,  Frank  Marshall 346 

White,  Heniv iS 

Williams.  Edwaid  T ji^ 

Wilson,  Owen 100,  573 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER  H.  PAGE,  Eoitok 


CONTENTS   FOR   NOVEMBER,  1911 

Mr.  R.  L.  Borden  ---------        Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  —  An  Editorial  Interpretation     ...       3 

Mr.  Arthur  E.  StitweU  Ml.  Alfred  Tennyson  Oickem  Professor  Paul  H.  Hanus 

Vndrained  Luids  Aerial  Mail  Service 

Business  Duty  in  a  Hesitant  Time  The  Sentimental  End  of  Reciprocity 

Country  Life  —  for  Others?  A  New  Kind  of  National  Conference 

The  Permanence  of  the  Anti-Trust  Law        Why  a  Peace  Era  is  Possible 
The  Government  and  the  Trusts  Much  Trouble  Within  the  Nations 

The  President  and  his  Journey  Cleaning  the  Roadsides 

A  Christmas-Peace  Number 

WHO  BUYS  MORTGAGES? 18 

THE    BUSINESS    WORLD    ON     PRESENT    CONDITIONS    AND 

REMEDIES 20 

THE  WAR  ON  BUSINESS Joseph  Stanley-Brown  24 

Dr.  WILEY  AND  PURE  FOOD    II  (Illustrated) 

Arthur  Wallace  Dunn  29 

THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF    II  (Illustrated)    -     Edwin  Mims  41 

LITTLE  STORIES  OF  BIG  SUCCESSES     ...    -    Clarence  Poe  55 

THE  COOPERATIVE  FARMER John  Lee  Coulter  59 

WOODROW  WILSON— A  Biography    II  (Illustrated) 

William  Bayard  Hale  64 

THE  FARMERS  ON  FARM  LIFE W.  L.  Nelson  77 

NEARLY   EIGHTY   MILLION  ACRES  AWAITING  FARMERS 

M.  O.  Leighton  80 
IOWA'S   FARMERS  THE   RULING  CLASS    (Illustrated) 

James  B.  Weaver,  Jr.  85 
THE  HOPE  OF  THE  "LITTLE  LANDERS"    (Illustrated) 

John  L.  Cowan  96 
RAILROADING  KNOWLEDGE  TO  THE  FARMERS    (Illustrated) 

Owen  Wilson  100 

A  LABOR  LEADER'S  OWN  STORY     111    -    -    .    -     Henry  White  107 

FROM  A  LAW  OFFICE  TO  A  COTTON  FARM  "      Ralph  W.  Page  i  14 

THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES -  -  118 

DOES  ANYBODY  REALLY  WANT  A  FARM? 119 

A  PAGE  FROM  READERS 120 

TERMS:  ^3.00  a  year;  single  copies,  25  cents.     For  Foreign  PosUge  add  ^1.28;  Canada,  60  cents. 

Published  monthly.     Copyright,  191 1,  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company. 

An  righu  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  as  second-class  mail  matter. 

Conntry  Life  in  America  The  Garden  Magazine-Farming 

m.SSS^^B^,  DOUBLED  AY,  PAGL  &  COMPANY,  ^^^H^vf'^ 

P.X.DooHBAi;PkHidm     ^'^^^^■' [  Vice-Preadeati      H.  W.  Laub,  Secntanr     S.  A.  Evnm.  TWaatiRr 


MR.  R.  L.  BORDEN 

THE   CONSERVATIVE   LEADER   IN    CANADA.  THE    NEXT    PREMIER   OF   THE    DOMINION 
GOVERNMENT^  WHOSE  PARTY  CAME  INTO  POWER  ON  AN  ANTI-RECIPROCITY 
A  STRONG  IMPERlALISTrC  PLATFORM 


THE 


WORLD'S 
WORK 


NOVEMBER,    I9I  I 


Volume  XXIII 


Number   i 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


WHAT  should  a  good 
business  man  do  in  a 
time  of  financial  de- 
pression and  hesitation 
—  in  such  a  time  as 
this,  for  example? 

Here  are  a  few  directions:  See  to  it 
that  your  obligations  cannot  cause  you 
trouble.  It  is  a  good  time  to  have  a  very 
frank  understanding  with  all  creditors. 

This  done,  pursue  your  business,  what- 
ever it  be,  with  all  your  energy;  do  not 
harbor  silly  fears;  and  keep  silly  fears,  as 
far  as  you  can,  out  of  the  minds  of  those 
with  whom  you  have  to  do. 
Do  not  speculate. 

If  you  are  a  part  of  a  corporation  that 
does  an  interstate  business  and  if  you 
have  the  least  reason  to  suspect  that  \'ou 
have  been  violating  the  anti-trust  act, 
call  in  your  lawyer  and  immediatel\'  ad- 
just both  the  form  and  the  activit>  of 
your  concern  to  the  law. 

If  you  are  a  member  of  a  board  of  trade 
or  of  any  similar  organization,  or  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  any  corporation,  or 
of  a  bank,  the  foregoing  suggestions  apply 
to  you  in  a  double  sense,  as  a  personal 
and  as  a  corporate  or  public  duty. 

Get  business  men  to  come  together  in 


such  a  spirit  and  in  such  a  plan  of  action. 
The  right  kind  of  sincere  cooperation  by 
enough  men  will  at  any  time  go  far  to 
allay  business  fears. 

It  isn't  the  Government's  prosecution 
of  the  trusts  or  the  fear  of  such  prosecution, 
it  isn't  what  Congress  or  the  Administra- 
tion has  done  or  may  do  that  is  the  whole 
cause  of  the  trouble.  These  may  add  fuel 
to  the  fear.  But  there  is  a  deeper  cause 
than  these  —  an  economic  cause.  A  bad 
currency  and  banking  system  probably 
has  much  to  do  with  it.  Do  not  imagine, 
then,  that  complaints  against  the  Govern- 
ment will  help  matters. 

Moreover,  you  know  that  this  Adminis- 
tration will  continue  to  enforce  the  anti- 
trust law,  and  that  tariff-revision  will 
probably  fail  next  winter  because  of  the 
disagreement  about  the  method  of  doing 
it  between  the  President  and  the  Demo- 
cratic House.  But  there  is  sure  to  be  a 
long  and  heated  discussion  of  it.  This 
will  make  the  especially  protected  indus- 
tries timid. 

But  do  your  own  business  on  a  safe 
basis  and  with  all  possible  energy,  charity, 
and  cheerfulness;  and  presently  you  will 
have  forgotten  that  there  was  a  business 
depression. 

Page  A:  Co.    All  rii;ht«  icHCTted 


MR.  ARTHUR  E.  STILWELL 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  FIRST  AMERICAN  LAND  AND  IRRIGATION  EXPOSITION  TO  Bt  HELD  IN 

NEW  YORK,  NOVEMBER  3D  TO   I2TH,  AN  EXPOSITION,  BACKED  BY  MANY 

STATE  GOVERNMENTS  AND  BY  MOST  OF  THE  GREAT  RAILROADS, 

TO  SETTLE  ON  THE  SOIL 


THE  VAST  WEALTH  OF  OUR  UNDRAINED  LANDS 

TMf  UPftR  PrCTURE  OFONEOFTffE  LARGEST  TRUCK  FARMS  IS  THE  WORLD,  lU  CALl- 
lURSUt  ^HOWS  A  KrNDUF  LAND  DRAINED  AT  SMALL  EXPENSE  (FROM  f6  TO  fq  AN  ACRE) 
WHICH  YIELDS  ^50  OR  MORE  PER  ACRE  A  YEAR.  THE  LOWER  nCTVRE  SHOWS  A  MIS- 
SOURI SWAWP,  l»ART  OF  THE  74.^0O,f)O0  ACRES  OF  THE  RICHE^^T  LAND  IN  THE  UNITED 
rfATES  THAT  IS  NOW  ONLY  A  BREEDING  PLACE  FOR  MOSQUITOES 


MK    AllKtl)    IKNNYNMN    DtUshNs 

SOH  OF  CHARLES    DICKEKS,    WHO   IS   LECTURING    IN    THE   UNITED   STATES   AND  CANADA 
ON   THE    LIFE   AND  WORKS  OF   HIS   FATHER 


PRortSSiJU   PALL  H    NANUS 

HEAD  OF    THE   DEPARTMENT  OF    EDUCATION    IN    HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  WHO  HAS  BEEN 
ENGAGED   BY  THE    BOARD   OF   APPORTIONMENT   OF    NEW    YORK   CITY   TO    INVEST!- 
GATE   ITS   VAST    SCHOOL    SYSTEM,    AND  WHO»   WITH    A   CORPS   OF    OTHER 
EXPERTS    IN    EDUCATION.    IS    PEPARING    HIS   REPORT 


AERIAL  MAIL  SERVICE  AT  THE  LONG  rSLAND  AVIATION  MEET 

THE  UPPER  PICrtRE  SHOWS  POSTMASTER-GENERAL  HITCHCOCK  WJTH  CAPTAIN  BECK, 
STARTJNt.  fROM  NASSAU  HOtLEVARDON  MIS  FAMOUS  FLIGHT,  SEPTEMBER  26.  T<1  DELtVEII 
MArL  IN  PI  RSCJN.  AT  MINEOLA.  BELOW,  ME  IS  GIVING  THE  BAG  TO  tARLt  OVINGTON  WHO 
IS  THE  FIRST  AVIATOR  TO  CARRY  UNITED  STATES  MAIL,  ANU  WHO  IS  NOW  PLANNING 
TO   BECOME   A   TRANS-CONTINENTAL  AERIAL    POSTMAN 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


COUNTRY  LIFE  — FOR  OTHERS? 

TH  IS  number  of  The  World's  Work 
has  much  to  say  about  life  on 
the  land  —  not  dissertations  nor 
exhortations,  you  will  observe,  but  the 
experience  of  men  of  brains  who  have 
won  success  and  independence. 

The  old  trouble  with  country  life  is 
that  fanning  has  been  too  ill  done.  But 
the  time  is  now  come  to  apply  ability  and 
skill  to  the  business.  Land  is  fast  be- 
coming too  valuable  and  too  profitable 
to  be  left  to  the  unskillful;  and  presently 
it  will  be  true  that  capable  men  who  have 
small  chances  for  independence  in  town 
will  be  foolish  npt  to  go  to  farming.  We 
have  come  to  an  era  of  distinctly  better 
opportunities. 

It  is  more  emphatically  true  to-day 
than  it  ever  was  before,  that  the  life  of 
a  man  on  the  soil  is  better  worth  living 
than  the  life  of  a  man  of  a  corresponding 
success  in  the  city.  Every  genuine  nature 
feels  this.  In  the  first  place  it  is  a  pro- 
ductive life:  it  is  economically  sound.  A 
farmer  isn't  a  parasite  or  a  dependent. 
He  is  a  pillar  in  our  structure  of  wealth. 
He  has,  too,  to  a  degree  that  his  predeces- 
sors never  dreamed  of,  the  shaping  of  his 
life  and  the  making  of  his  fortune  in 
his  own  hands.  Wireless  telegraphy  and 
flying  machines  indicate  no  greater  pro- 
gress than  has  been  made  in  the  last 
twenty  years  in  the  equipment  and  the 
comfort  of  rural  work  and  living.  If 
you  know  how,  you  can  do  almost  any- 
thing with  a  farm  and  live  as  you  like. 
Just  as  there  is  nothing  less  successful 
or  less  hopeful  or  less  cheerful  than  a 
common,  ignorant  fellow  on  a  farm, 
(except  the  common,  ignorant  woman 
who  bears  the  brunt  of  it,)  so  there  is 
nothing  pleasanter  or  more  -encouraging 
than  the  successful,  intelligent  farmer  of 
to-day,  who,  in  most  parts  of  the  United 
States  is  not  only  winning  for  himself  and 
his  family,  a  life  of  independence  from 
the  land,  but  is  beginning  to  put  himself 
in  the  way  of  enjoying  plenty  of  social 
and  intellectual  pleasures  as  well. 

This  number  of  The  World's  Work 
gives  much  space  to  descriptions  of  farm- 
successes  for  another  reason  —  to  show. 


if  possible,  how  genuine  and  widespread 
is  the  interest  in  the  subject.  Every- 
body has  been  crying  "  Back  to  the  land." 
Do  people  know  these  opportunities  and 
really  wish  to  work  them  out,  or  do  they 
only  wish  to  exhort  others  to  do  so?  The 
comment  and  correspondence  that  this 
Country-Life  number  of  the  magazine 
will  provoke  may  help  to  answer  this 
question  in  a  subsequent  number.  For 
example,  have  you  a  farm,  or  would  you 
like  to  have  one,  for  a  home?  Or  are  you 
an  apostle  of  rural  life  who  still  prefer  the 
town  and  a  salary  and  the  struggle  to  live 
on  it  by  standards  that  richer  people  set? 
At  all  events,  it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  unused  acres 
in  the  country,  though  enormous,  is  never- 
theless limited. 

THE  PERMANENCE  OF  THE  ANTI- 
TRUST LAW 

PRESIDENT  TAFT  has  made  it 
perfectly  clear  —  especially  did  he 
do  so  in  his  speech  at  Water- 
loo, la.,  on  September  28  —  that  he 
believes  the  Sherman  anti-trust  law  benefi- 
cent and  necessary  as  a  safeguard, 
against  what  he  calls  "state  socialism'*;'^' 
that,  even  if  he  did  not  so  believe,  he  has 
no  discretion  about  enforcing  it;  and  that 
"mourning  over  a  condition  which  is 
inevitable  is  useless."  He  thinks  that 
the  business  community  is  fast  coming 
to  recognize  these  facts,  and  he  expects 
"a  revolution  of  feeling"  on  the  part  of 
business  men  toward  this  law  and  its 
enforcement. 

On  the  other  hand  a  large  part  of  the 
business  world,  especially  the  world  of 
"big  business,"  wishes  the  law  repealed 
and  thinks  that  its  repeal  is  necessary 
for  business  stability  and  progress,  ^'ou 
can  build  an  argument  for  its  repeal 
(as  Mr.  Stanley-Brown  very  clearly  builds 
one  in  this  magazine)  to  statisfy  men 
who,  consciously  or  unconsciousl\',  regard 
business  prosperity  as  of  greater  value 
than  individual  liberty  and  opportunity. 
But  you  will  deceive  yourself  pathetically 
if  you  think  that  this  law,  defective  as 
it  is,  is  going  to  be  repealed.  It  may  be 
amended.  But  the  power  that  it  gives 
the  Government   to  pass  judgment   on 


lO 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


great  corporations,  and  to  restrain  them 
from  lessening  individual  opportunity  — 
the  people  are  not  going  to  permit  this 
power  to  be  taken  from  the  Government. 

This  is  the  matter  at  issue.  The 
matter  at  issue  is  not  immediate  business 
prosperity,  nor  the  market  stability  of 
stocks  and  bonds.  It  is  whether  the  trusts 
shall  abridge  individual  opportunity,  as 
the  Supreme  Court  has  declared,  in  effect, 
that  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  and  the  Ameri- 
can Tobacco  Co.  did. 

The  dissolution  of  those  companies 
immediately  gave  independent  companies 
and  persons  a  chance  to  do  business  that 
they  say  had  before  been  denied  them. 
This  freedom  counts  larger  in  the  public 
mind  than  the  falling  of  the  price  of 
securities  in  the  market;  and,  if  this 
freedom  be  real,  it  ought  to  count  larger. 
To  reckon  on  or  to  hope  for  or  to  agitate 
for  the  repeal  of  the  anti-trust  act  is, 
therefore,  a  loss  of  breath  and  time  and 
energy.  The  conscience  of  the  people 
approves  the  principle  of  it.  This  prin- 
ciple is  in  keeping  with  the  spirit  of  our 
institutions  and  a  fundamental  part  of 
American  ideals.  The  business  world 
had  as  well  adjust  itself  to  the  principle 
of  the  law.  For  it  does  not  prevent  con- 
solidations nor  the  proper  use  and  growth 
of  great  corporations  as  a  necessary  part 
of  the  machinery  of  modem  life. 

Nor  is  anything  to  be  gained  by  sus- 
picion or  abuse  of  men  in  public  life, 
whether  it  be  the  President  or  the  Attor- 
ney-General or  members  of  Congress. 
You  can  easily  prove  that  there  are  too 
many  demagogues  in  office.  We  have 
them;  we  have  always  had  them;  and  we 
are  likely  always  to  have  them.  And 
many  public  men  who  are  not  demagogues 
lack  business  knowledge  and  experience 
and  are  misled  by  theories.  This  also  is 
unfortunately  true;  it  has  always  been 
true;  and  it  is  likely  to  be  true  in  the  future. 
It  is  one  of  the  incidents  of  a  democracy 
that  there  seems  no  sure  help  for. 

Yet  it  does  not  follow  that  the  people 
of  the  United  States  are  going  again  soon 
to  put  captains  of  industry  into  political 
power.  Captains  of  industry  and  their 
close  friends  were  in  power  during  the 
long  period  when  the  anti-trust  law  was 


a  dead  letter  and  the  interstate  commerce 
law  was  inactive  and  when  Privilege 
stalked  in  the  garb  of  Government.  The 
cry,  therefore,  for  business  men  in  office 
is  not  convincing  in  any  company  of 
citizens  outside  the  neighborhoods  of 
"  big  business." 

The  way  to  keep  unfit  men  from  Con- 
gress is  to  take  an  active  part  in  local 
politics  and  to  see  that  fit  men  are  elected. 
There  is  no  other  remedy.  When  you 
hear  a  complaint  of  demagogues  in  Con- 
gress, find  out  whether  the  complainant 
takes  enough  time  from  his  business  to 
do  his  duty  as  a  citizen  and  a  voter. 
Then  you  will  be  likely  to  get  at  one  root 
of  the  trouble. 

There  is  no  perfect  law.  There  is  no 
ideal  public  service.  Nor  will  there  ever 
be.  But  there  is  an  American  ideal, 
and  it  is  that  individual  rights  and  oppor- 
tunities shall  not  be  abridged  for  the 
upbuilding  or  for  the  success  of  other 
individuals.  If  the  re-establishment  of 
this  principle  in  business  causes  temporary 
losses,  that  is  unfortunate.  But  this  mis- 
fortune can  be  mitigated  and  soon 
ended  by  the  sincere  cooperation  of 
every  class  of  men  with  every  other  class 
in  the  spirit  of  acquiescence  in  the  law 
and  in  the  principle  that  it  more  or  less 
bunglingly  sets  forth. 

There  is  one  greater  danger  than  the 
falling  in  the  value  of  securities  —  the 
danger,  namely,  of  a  bitter  class  division. 
If  either  the  world  of  "big  business,'' 
on  the  one  hand,  or  the  political  world 
on  the  other  so  behaves  that  the  world 
of  "little  business"  become  a  mob  with 
demagogues  or  ignorant  men  to  lead  it, 
that  will  be  a  very  much  more  serious 
matter.  And  there  is  some  danger  of 
this.  The  wise  man,  therefore,  at  such 
a  time  is  the  man  who  shows  some  modesty 
of  opinion  and  tries  to  see  the  opposing 
honest  man's  plight  and  point  of  view. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE 
TRUSTS 

PRESIDENT  TAFT  has  again  out- 
lined  very  clearly  the  attitude  of 
the  Government  to  industrial  con- 
solidations. His  Detroit  speech  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  terrific  decline  in  the  stocks 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation, 
and  it  started  a  general  wave  of  uncer- 
tainty which  reached  the  stockholders 
of  practically  all  the  industrial  consoli- 
dations ot  the  country,  it  is  well,  there- 
fore, to  quote  a  paragraph  or  two:  On 
Monday,  September  i8th,  at  Detroit, 
the  President  repeated  a  passage  from  a 
special  message  to  Congress  of  January, 
1910,  as  follows: 

It  is  the  duty  and  the  purpose  of  the  Execu- 
tive to  direct  an  investigation  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  through  the  Grand  Jury  or 
otherwise,  into  the  history,  organization  and 
purposes  of  all  the  industrial  companies  with 
respect  to  which  there  is  any  reasonable  grounds 
for  suspicion  that  they  have  been  organized 
for  a  purpose,  and  are  conducting  business  on  a 
plan,  which  is  in  violation  of  the  anti-trust  law. 

Then  he  said: 

I  wish  to  repeat  this  now,  and  to  say  further 
that  the  Attorney-General  has  instituted 
investigations  into  all  the  industrial  companies 
above  described,  and  that  these  are  in  various 
stages  of  completion. 

In  the  text  of  his  speech,  as  it  went  to 
the  newspapers,  there  was  an  additional 
statement  which  was  not  published  at  that 
time.  It  was  cut  out  by  Mr.  Taft  himself, 
presumably  because  he  feared  its  effect 
on  the  financial  market.  This  paragraph 
read  as  follows: 

I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  add  that,  if  Congress 
shall  continue  needed  appropriations,  every 
tmst  of  any  size  that  violates  the  statute 
before  the  end  of  this  Administration  in  1913, 
will  be  brought  into  court  and  acquiesce  in  a 
degree  of  disintegration  by  which  competition 
between  its  parts  shall  be  restored  and  pre- 
served under  the  persuasive  and  restrictive 
influence  of  a  permanent  and  continuing 
injuncticm. 

As  it  happened,  the  very  next  day  the 
news  came  out  that,  in  the  Federal  Court 
in  New  York  City,  the  United  States 
District-Attorney  had  begun  suit  to  dis^ 
solve  the  Standard  Wood  Company  and 
other  concerns  loosely  known  as  the 
"Kindling  Wood  Trust";  and  that  in 
Boston  the  Federal  Grand  Jury  had 
brought  in  an  indictment  against  some  of 
the  officials  of  the  United  Shoe  Machinery 


Company.     Both  suits  are  for  violation 
of  the  anti-trust  act. 

In  the  same  speech  the  President  broadly 
intimated  that  all  combinations  in  restraint 
of  trade,  which  come  within  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Sherman  law  given  in  the 
Tobacco  and  Standard  Oil  decisions,  should 
voluntarily  dissolve  and  put  themselves 
outside  the  reach  of  the  Sherman  law. 

11 

So  much  for  the  flat  declaration  of  the 
Government  policy  with  respect  to  com- 
binations. In  only  one  respect  does  it 
lack  completeness.  It  does  not  name  the 
companies  at  which  it  is  aimed;  and  it 
leaves,  therefore,  every  combination  of 
any  sort  with  a  sword  hanging  over  its 
head.  It  does  not  matter  how  big  or 
how  small  the  industrial  combination  may 
be  nor  how  long  it  has  been  in  operation 
nor  what  the  nature  of  its  business  may 
be.  Every  manager  of  an  industrial  com- 
pany, reading  that  declaration  of  policy, 
feels  that  he  is  in  danger. 

The  first  and  most  obvious  result  was  a 
scramble  to  sell  stocks  of  the  industrial 
combinations  in  the  market  place.  The 
attack  centred,  of  course,  on  the  Steel  Cor- 
poration, but  it  extended  over  practically 
the  whole  industrial  list.  The  best  of 
our  industrial  stocks  which  had,  in  the 
course  of  years  of  successful  operation, 
begun  to  assume  the  appearance  of  invest- 
ment issues,  fell  back  immediately  into 
the  speculative  class;  and  thousands  of 
people  all  over  the  country,  who  had  held 
them  as  comfortable  investments,  recog- 
nized that,  by  this  statement  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, they  had  again  become  specu- 
lative. Thus  doubt  spread  throughout  the 
whole  industrial  world  and  the  country  be- 
gan what  is  usually  the  most  active  period 
of  the  business  year  under  a  cloud  of  un- 
certainty. 

HI 

The  most  significant  phrase  in  the 
President's  speech  was  contained  in  the 
paragraph  which  he  omitted:  "A  degree 
of  disintegration  by  which  competition 
between  its  parts  shall  be  restored  and 
preserved."  This  phrase  indicates  that 
it  is  the  intention  of  the  Government  to 


12 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


try  to  force  competition  between  dis- 
integrated parts  of  the  trusts. 

It  is  not  the  understanding  of  the  busi- 
ness world  that  any  of  the  companies 
broken  up  by  Government  suits  are  to 
be  forced  into  competition  with  themselves. 
The  Government  has  made  little  effort, 
for  instance,  to  force  the  growth  of  com- 
petition between  the  Great  Northern  and 
the  Northern  Pacific  railroads,  nor  is 
there  understood  to  be  any  intention  to 
put  on  the  Standard  Oil  or  the  American 
Tobacco  officials  the  necessity  of  attempt- 
ing to  compete  in  the  old-fashioned  way 
between  the  various  companies  which  are 
sundered  under  those  decisions.  The  anti- 
trust law  has  till  now  been,  in  effect,  nega- 
tive rather  than  positive;  and  it  is  yet  im- 
possible to  see  just  how  the  Government 
can  force  the  component  parts  of  the  pres- 
ent combinations  to  compete  with  one 
another  in  the  markets. 

Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  actual 
effect  of  the  Standard  Oil  dissolution.  On 
September  i,  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
of  New  Jersey  officially  ceased  to  exist 
as  a  holding  company,  and  the  various 
subsidiary  concerns,  numbering  more  than 
three  dozen,  became  again  independent 
entities.  Yet  there  is  no  thought  in  the 
mind  of  any  one  that  these  companies  will 
compete  amongst  themselves.  The  Presi- 
dent's phrase  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
they  must  so  compete,  but  one  wonders 
how  in  the  world  this  competition  can  be 
made  to  grow. 

The  single  positive  effect  of  the  Standard 
Oil  decision  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  guarantee 
to  independent  men  that  they  may  enter 
into  the  business  field,  once  so  largely 
occupied  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company, 
and  do  business  in  that  field  without  fear 
of  being  exposed  to  vicious  competition. 
Very  soon  after  the  dissolution,  a  stock- 
exchange  firm,  which  a  few  months  ago 
would  hardly  have  dared  to  lend  its  name 
to  such  an  undertaking,  sold  securities 
of  a  new  oil  refining  company  for  the  pur- 
pose of  manufacturing  California  crude 
oil  for  the  trade  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Its 
board  of  directors  is  a  representative  board 
of  strong  business  men,  mostly  in  New 
York.  Its  business  is  exactly  that  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  and  it  has  started 


in  the  business  with  the  hope  and  expecta- 
tion of  carrying  on  that  business  without 
danger  of  undue  interference  or  wicked 
competition  from  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany or  any  other  American  company. 

On  the  positive  side  the  first  effect  of 
the  Tobacco  Trust  dissolution  was  very 
similar.  In  the  retail  market  men  who,  a 
few  months  ago,  would  hardly  have  dared 
to  establish  any  small  independent  busi- 
ness in  direct  competition  with  the  United 
Cigar  Stores,  were  encouraged  to  plunge 
into  the  profitable  retail  business  in  the 
big  cities.  In  New  York,  a  dealer  who 
alleges  that  he  was  driven  out  of  business 
by  undue  competition,  has  ventured  to 
seek  redress  in  the  courts  and  hopes  that, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Supreme  Court 
decision,  he  will  be  able  to  carry  on  his 
business  without  undue  competition. 

These  are  undoubtedly  the  most  hope- 
ful results  so  far  obtained  by  these  dissolu- 
tions. So  far,  so  good;  but  it  is  too  early, 
of  course,  to  judge  how  far  this  new  declar- 
ation of  independence  will  carry  us.  It  is 
hoped  that  it  will  insure  the  public's  right 
to  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness 
in  the  industrial  world;  and  this,  it  is 
hoped  also,  can  be  gained  without  a  cam- 
paign of  destruction.  If  this  be  true, 
there  will  be  no  destruction  of  real  values 
after  the  period  of  readjustment  is  passed. 

THE  PRESIDENT  AND  HIS 
JOURNEY 

PRESIDENT  TAFT'S  long  journey 
among  the  people  gave  him  and 
them  many  pleasant  experiences. 
With  few  graces  of  oratory,  he  has  a 
pleasing  presence  and  a  winning  person- 
ality. And,  along  with  failures  and  de- 
ferred purposes  with  which  he  is  somewhat 
burdened,  he  has  one  large  policy  that 
most  people  of  every  sect  and  party  ap- 
plaud; and  this  is  the  arbitration  treaties. 
Few  men  have  very  clear  convictions 
about  the  technical  difficulties  on  which 
the  Senate  stands  in  its  opposition.  But 
it  has  fast  come  into  the  popular  mind 
that  these  treaties  make  for  peace,  that 
opinion  here  and  in  Europe  is  very  fast 
changing  about  the  necessity  of  fighting, 
that  our  Government  has  an  increasing 
influence  in  the  world,  and  that  we  may 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


13 


exert  it  and  ought  to  exert  it  with  some 
effect  against  the  barbarism  of  war.  This 
is  an  irresistible  appeal  to  American  char- 
acter; and  the  President  has  made  it 
with  credit  and  effect. 

And  it  is  true  that  governments  as 
well  as  individuals  do  look  at  war  differ- 
ently from  the  way  they  looked  at  it 
even  a  few  years  ago.  The  futility  of 
it  has  become  more  and  more  apparent. 
The  closer  relations  of  the  nations,  their 
financial  inter-obligations,  their  trade  al- 
liances and  entanglements,  the  inter- 
locking economic  conditions  of  all  modern 
life  —  these  forces  are  new  in  their  present 
intensity.  It  has  become  possible  to 
stand  for  peace  without  becoming  a 
mollycoddle;  and  this  world-wide  move- 
ment is  becoming  very  real  since  it  has 
become  less  sentimental.  Your  econo- 
mist is  a  peace-man  now  and  your  finan- 
cier as  well  as  your  reformer.  And 
every  judge  in  particular  is  by  tempera- 
ment and  practice  an  arbitrator. 

The  more  experience  the  country  has 
of  Mr.  Taft  the  plainer  it  becomes  that 
he  is  a  judge  rather  than  a  man  of  action. 
In  this  movement  to  make  war  more 
difficult,  he  has  probably  hit  upon  the 
one  big  policy  that  his  administration 
will  be  remembered  by.  His  temperament 
and  his  training  fit  him  for  this;  and 
about  this  he  has  a  genuine  conviction. 

II 

The  President's  defence  of  his  wool- 
bill  veto  and  of  his  tariff  record  in  general 
is  far  less  convincing.  His  attitude  does 
not  wholly  please  even  the  *'standpat" 
element  of  his  party,  and  it  pleases  still 
less  every  other  section  of  public  opinion. 
His  speeches  and  explanations  have  left 
him  where  he  was  before,  if  not  in  worse 
plight. 

Especially  did  the  overwhelming  defeat 
of  the  reciprocity  idea  in  Canada  deal 
him  a  heavy  blow.  It  is  true  that  this 
unexpected  result  was  in  no  way  his 
fault.  He  proceeded  on  the  supposition 
that  the  Laurier  Government  could  and 
would  ratify  the  pact;  and  they  also 
acted  in  good  faith.  The  unexpected 
events  to  both  parties  to  it  were,  first, 
the  successful  filibuster  against  the  agree- 


ment in  the  Canadian  Parliament  and 
then  the  disastrous  campaign  for  it. 

But,  as  nothing  succeeds  like  success, 
so  nothing  fails  like  failure,  however  good 
an  explanation  may  be  possible.  Reci- 
procity with  Canada  was  the  one  definite 
policy  that  Mr.  Taft  had  put  through; 
he  had  pushed  this  through  Congress. 
It  was  so  far  the  only  clear-cut,  definite 
accomplishment  to  his  credit.  The  re- 
pudiation of  the  whole  idea  by  the  Cana- 
dian people  leaves  the  President,  by  all 
practical  measurements,  just  where  he  was 
before  he  began  his  reciprocity  campaign. 

It  has  now  been  three  years  since  he 
was  elected;  and,  although  he  promptly 
took  up  the  tariff  with  the  hope  of  eradi- 
cating its  most  offensive  features,  it  is 
more  offensive  and  less  just  than  it 
was  before  he  came  into  office.  His 
own  party  is  worse  divided  than  ever; 
and  his  efforts  at  reciprocity  made  the 
breach  still  wider,  and  its  failure  will  not 
heal  them.  As  for  the  Democrats  who 
gave  him  aid  in  his  reciprocity  policy, 
they  have  received  his  dependence  on 
his  tariff-board  as. an  insult.  As  a  poli- 
tical leader,  therefore,  Mr.  Taft  has  not 
shown  sagacity  or  brought  about  results. 

Ill 

As  for  the  prosecution  of  trusts,  his 
Administration  has  received  both  praise 
and  blame  that  it  hardly  deserves.  The 
dissolution  of  the  two  great  trusts  — 
The  Standard  Oil  Company  and  the 
American  Tobacco  Company  —  was  the 
result  of  suits  brought  before  his  term  of 
office  began.  The  prosecution  of  others 
is  in  line  with  this  policy.  The  success 
of  these  later  prosecutions,  and  the  effect 
on  business  conditions  —  for  these  his 
Administration  is  responsible.  Mr.  Wick- 
ersham's  unhappy  experience  in  the  Pin- 
chot-Ballinger  matter,  in  the  case  of  Dr. 
Wiley,  and  some  of  his  speeches  and  inter- 
views had  —  there  is  no  escaping  the  con- 
clusion—  weakened  public  confidence  in 
his  judgment.  The  Administration  had 
frightened  the  "big-business"  world  with- 
out winning  the  full  confidence  of  the 
masses  of  the  people  in  the  execution  of 
the  anti-trust  act.  But  the  President's 
emphatic  declaration  on  his  journey  of 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


his  determination  to  enforce  the  law  re- 
assured those  who  had  any  doubt. 

The  Wiley  episode  in  the  Agricultural 
Department,unfortunately,  emphasized  the 
somewhat  unlucky  sides  of  the  President's 
Cabinet  and  spread  the  feeling  that  Mr. 
Taft  has  not  the  strong  personal  grip 
on  all  departments  of  the  Government 
that  the  President  is  supposed  to  have. 

IV 

While,  therefore,  the  President's  jour- 
ney has  shown  that  the  people  everywhere 
have  the  kindliest  feeling  toward  him, 
respond  to  his  abundant  good-nature, 
like  his  ready  comradeship,  and  believe 
in  his  sincere  wish  to  do  his  duty,  it  has 
shown  also  a  lack  of  popular  or  party 
leadership  and  a  widespread  doubt  of 
successful  definite  new  achievements  by 
his  Administration. 

Perhaps  there  is  not  an  honest  man  in 
the  country  who,  if  he  had  a  case  in 
court,  would  not  like  to  have  it  tried  in 
a  court  over  which  Mr.  Taft  presided. 
But  in  the  stress  of  every-day  life  and 
of  political  effort,  the  people  feel  that  he 
does  not  know  them  nor  understand  the 
movements  and  meaning  of  public  opin- 
ion. There  is  no  spontaneous  sympathy 
between  them.  Their  thoughts  or  wishes 
or  interests  must  take  some  sort  of  legal 
form  before  he  will  quite  understand  them. 
His  journey  among  the  masses  of  the 
people,  therefore,  has  been  a  mildly  plea- 
sant journey,  but  not  a  journey  that 
provoked  any  great  enthusiasm.  For 
he  lacks  the  quality  of  popular  leadership. 

A  distinguished  public  man  who  has 
the  kindliest  feelings  toward  the  Presi- 
dent recently  described  him  in  a  conversa- 
tion in  this  fashion:  "Mr.  Taft  is  a  man 
of  abounding  good  nature  and  of  good 
impulses  and  good  intentions,  a  just 
man,  as  he  sees  justice,  and  a  patriotic 
man.  But  he  believes,  perhaps  without 
knowing  it,  that  society  is  necessarily 
divided  into  two  classes  —  the  rulers 
and  the  ruled;  and  he  feels  that  he  belongs 
to  the  ruling  class.  Of  course  such  a  di- 
vision is,  in  a  literal  way,  true.  But  it  is 
also  false  —  essentially  false  in  our  theory 
of  democracy.  He  doesn't  sec  the  false- 
ness of  it;  he  doesn't  feel  the  falseness  of 


it.  Consequently  he  can  never  know  the 
people,  the  every-day  millions  of  men, 
and  he  can  never  take  their  point  of  view. 
His  just  mind  is  statute-ridden.  He  is 
a  good  type  of  man  for  certain  kinds  of 
public  service,  notably  for  the  bench  or  for 
the  administration  of  a  department  of  the 
Government.  It  may  even  be  well  to 
have  such  a  man  now  and  then  in  quiet 
times  for  President.  But  in  a  time  when 
the  Presidency  calls  for  wise  and  sym- 
pathetic popular  leadership  and  for  con- 
structive work,  he  is  of  the  wrong 
temperament." 

His  administration  is  no  doubt  accept- 
able to  most  men  who  wish  things  to  re- 
main as  they  are,  except  to  certain  big 
interests.  He  himself  regards  those  who 
desire  change  as  radical,  and  radicalism 
is  offensive  to  his  nature. 

A  great  change  surely  from  our  exper- 
ience of  a  few  years  ago!  In  some  ways 
it  is  a  wholesome  change;  in  other  ways, 
not  —  that  is  as  you  look  at  it,  through 
the  glasses  of  your  own  temperament  or 
of  your  own  party  convictions.  But 
serious  students  of  politics  and  govern- 
ment do  not  see  much  constructive  work 
going  on  under  his  Administration. 

THE  SENTIMENTAL  END  OF 
RECIPI^OCITY 

THE  voters  of  Canada  rejected  the 
American  reciprocity  pact  by 
an  overwhelming  vote  and  swept 
the  strongly  intrenched  Liberal  party 
out  of  power,  with  the  purpose  apparently 
of  maintaining  a  high  tariff  between  the 
two  countries. 

Seldom,  if  ever,  did  a  general  election, 
which  was  supposed  to  be  held  to  decide 
about  a  great  commercial  and  economic 
proposal,  turn  on  reasons  so  far  re- 
moved from  the  subject.  The  simple 
question  was  whether  it  would  be  to  the 
benefit  of  Canada  as  a  commercial  nation 
to  join  in  closer  relationship  with  the 
United  States.  The  election  actually 
turned  on  a  purely  sentimental  question, 
namely,  whether  or  not  closer  political 
relationships  of  any  sort  should  be  estab- 
lished between  the  two  nations,  in  her 
answer  Canada  said  that  she  is  emphatic- 
ally opposed  to  any  alliance  with  the 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


15 


United  States.  It  was  an  expression  of 
sentimental  nationalism. 

One  of  the  most  used  campaign  docu- 
ments was  a  silly  remark  made  by 
Speaker  Champ  Clark,  which  he  declared 
he  meant  as  a  joke  —  the  remark  that 
reciprocity  would  lead  to  annexation.  In 
the  closing  weeks  of  the  campaign  the 
opposition  press  in  Canada  "featured" 
this  speech  on  the  front  pages  of  its  news- 
papers and  "played  up"  in  a  striking  way 
the  importance  of  Mr.  Clark  as  a  spokes- 
man for  the  United  States.  Probably  not 
one  out  of  a  thousand  of  the  Canadian  vot- 
ers knew  anything  about  Mr.  Clark  or 
knew  what  value  we  put  on  his  remarks; 
but  his  sounding  title  carried  conviction 
to  their  minds,  and  they  voted  not  on 
reciprocity  but  on  annexation* 

The  American  Government  sought  re- 
ciprocity because  we  believed  that  it 
would  be  of  advantage  to  the  consumer 
in  both  countries.  We  believed  that  in 
throwing  open  our  market  we  were  taking 
the  first  important  step  in  reducing  the 
cost  of  living  and  in  giving  the  Canadians 
a  ^ider  market.  No  attempt  was  made 
on  the  Canadian  .side  of  the  line  to  refute 
this  proposition.  It  was  cast  aside  for  a 
declaration  of  a  new  sort  of  loyalty  to  the 
Empire  and  a  suspicion  of  American  poli- 
cies and  politicians. 

The  result  has  set  back  the  clock  a 
little;  but  it  brings  us  more  clearly  than 
ever  before  to  the  necessity  of  a  down- 
right, vigorous  revision  of  the  tariff. 
It  is  mainly  upon  that  issue  that  our  own 
election  of  1912  is  likely  to  be  fought. 

A  NEW  KIND  OF  NATIONAL 
CONFERENCE 

MORE  than  a  million  immigrants 
came  into  the  United  States  in 
1910,  and  300,000  of  them  regis- 
tered their  previous  occupation  as  farmers 
or  farm  laborers.  Yet  of  this  300,000 
less  than  50,000  seem  to  have  found  their 
way  to  the  great  agricultural  states.  Many 
of  these  men  who  can  till  the  soil  drift 
into  city  cellars  and  hovels  from  which 
they  emerge  to  pick  up  odd  jobs.  They 
would  like  to  go  on  the  land  and  the  land 
needs  them.  The  railroads,  the  mer- 
chants, the  fanners,  all  want  these  men 


in  the  agricultural  regions.  Something 
is  wrong  in  this  situation. 

To  attract  these  new  comers  to  the  land 
and  to  attract  other  thousands  in  the 
cities,  Americans  and  foreigners  alike, 
to  whom  farming  in  the  new  spirit  offers 
opportunities  for  work,  prosperity,  and 
independence  —  to  help  crystallize  the 
"  back  to  the  land "  discussion  into  a  real 
movement  of  people,  is  the  aim  of  the  first 
American  Land  and  Irrigation  Exposition 
to  be  held  in  New  York  this  month.  Mr. 
Arthur  E.  Stilwell  of  the  Kansas  City,  Mex- 
ico and  Orient  Railway  is  president ;  and  on 
the  governing  board,  most  of  the  great 
railroads  are  represented.  President  Mc- 
Crea  of  the  Pennsylvania,  President  Brown 
of  the  New  York  Central,  Mr.  Yoakum, 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
'Frisco  system  and  a  great  believer  in  the 
campaign  for  the  drainage  of  swamp 
lands  —  these  and  many  other  men,  be- 
sides bankers,  business  men,  and  a  half 
dozen  college  presidents  including  Presi- 
dent Wheeler  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia are  on  the  board. 

The  National  Conservation  Congress 
in  Kansas  City  in  September  devoted 
itself  chiefly  to  the  maintenance  and  im- 
provement of  the  soil  and  to  the  creation 
of  better  living  conditions  on  the  farm. 
Then  there  will  come  the  National  Irri- 
gation Congress  in  Chicago  in  December, 
which  will  concern  itself  chiefly  with  the 
inauguration  of  a  campaign  to  accomplish 
the  drainage  of  the  eighty  million  acres  of 
swamp  and  overflowed  land  that  lie  idle  — 
such  a  campaign  as  that  which  resulted 
in  the  creation  of  the  United  States  Re- 
clamation Service  and  the  re-awakening 
of  the  country  to  the  possibilities  of  irri- 
gation, which,  in  the  last  twenty  years, 
has  remade  the  Far  West. 

Great  representative,  national  meetings 
of  this  sort  were  unknown  a  decade  or  two 
ago.  They  indicate  a  new  movement  of 
thought  and  of  effort.  They  are  the  out- 
ward and  visible  signs  of  a  deep  belief 
that  is  coming  to  more  and  more  people  — 
that  farming  is  a  great  profession,  a  pro- 
fession worthy  of  the  best  men,  and  one 
which  offers  a  new  chance  on  a  solid  founda- 
tion tomanya  capable  "misfit"  in  the  cities. 
And,  best  of  all,  the  farmers  themselves 


|6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


are  waking  up  to  their  Opportunities  and 
problems  and  becoming  prouder  of  their 
calling.     It  all  augurs  well  for  the  country. 

WHY  A   PEACE   ERA    IS   POSSIBLE 

INTERNATIONAL  peace  used  to  be 
looked  upon  as  an  impractical 
dream  of  amiable  old  gentlemen. 
It  is  impossible  longer  so  to  regard  it, 
impossible  longer  to  refuse  to  see  that  a 
lime  "when  wars  shall  be  no  more,"  at 
least  between  the  most  advanced  nations, 
may  be  close  at  hand. 

The  wholly  unwarranted  war  on  Turkey 
by  Italy  is  likely  to  make  the  world-senti- 
ment for  peace  stronger.  It  will  empha- 
size the  anachronism  of  the  seizure  of 
territory.  The  public  opinion  of  the 
strong  nations  will  use  it  as  an  unexpected 
chance  to  assert  itself. 

The  chief  cause  of  this  mightily  changed 
prospect  is  a  financial  one.  War  can  no 
longer  be  profitably  waged.  On  the 
contrary,  for  victor  and  vanquished  alike 
it  has  become  almost  impossibly  expen- 
sive in  its  prosecution  and  without  gain 
in  its  results.  Even  victory  is  more 
likely  to  mean  bankruptcy  than  profit. 

The  Russo-Japanese  war  cost  probably 
J3,ooo,ooo  a  day.  A  European  conflict 
would  certainly  consume  $5,000,000  a 
day  —  consume  this,  literally,  burn  it 
up,  throw  it  away,  destroy  it,  and  with- 
draw it  from  the  wealth  by  which  the 
business  of  life  is  carried  on.  How 
enormous  would  have  to  be  the  compen- 
sation for  so  terrific  a  cost!  In  fact, 
no  such  compensation  is  possible. 

But  that  is  not  all.  So  interwoven 
have  become  the  financial  affairs  of  the 
great  European  nations  that  the  very 
ifear  of  war  upsets  them,  and  a  declara- 
tion of  hostilities  would  clearly  precipi- 
tate disastrous  panic.  A  little  while 
ago  German)'  and  France  were  so  seriously 
at  odds  that  conflict  began  to  look  inevi- 
table. Then  Paris  began  calling  on  Ger- 
man banks  for  the  payment  of  loans,  and 
stocks  on  the  Berlin  Bourse  fell  to  panic 
prices.  It  did  not  take  long  for  Germany 
to  appreciate  the  situation;  for  the  modern 
prosperity  of  Germany  is  built  largely 
on  money  borrowed  abroad;  her  gigantic 
industrial    advance    and    her    wonderful 


commercial  expansion  have  been  made 
possible  by  international  credit.  War 
would  bring  that  structure  of  credit 
crumbling  to  the  ground.  Germany  could 
have  taken  nothing  away  from  France 
without  taking  it  away  from  herself. 
She  found  she  could  not  even  threaten 
France  without  doing  herself  injury. 
Such  is  the  interdependence  of  modem 
nations.  The  organized  part  of  the  workl 
to-day  is  a  thing  different  from  what  it  was 
in  the  days  of  profitable  war.  As  Mr. 
Norman  Angell  says,  if  a  German  army 
were  to  take  London,  the  first  care  of  the 
German  commander  would  be  to  put  a 
strong  guard  around  the  Bank  of  England 
in  order  to  keep  the  soldiers  from  looting 
it  and  so  impairing  Germany's  credit. 

The  wars  of  the  future  are  likely  to  be 
between  the  least  developed  nations,  as 
this  war  with  Turkey  or  in  South  America 
and  in  the  Orient,  where  financial  and  all 
other  kinds  of  economic  organization  are 
less  developed.  In  a  word,  the  great 
industrial  nations  are  becoming  freer  and 
freer  from  the  danger  of  war. 

MUCH  TROUBLE  WITHIN  THE 
NATIONS 

BUT  if  the  prospects  of  international 
peace  grow  bright,  the  internal 
peace  of  the  nations  is  alarmingly 
threatened.  Not  since  the  era  of  '48 
has  the  spirit  of  revolution  been  so  rife 
throughout    the   world. 

In  Portugal  they  have  overturned  the 
Government  by  violence.  In  England 
they  are  overturning  it,  much  more 
effectively,  by  peaceful  revolution,  though 
of  late  there  have  been  ominous  demon- 
strations of  force  in  great  strikes.  Parts 
of  Spain  have  again  been  put  under 
martial  law,  as  has  Vienna  also  for  the 
first  time  in  half  a  century.  In  Budapest 
there  has  been  rioting.  In  France  a 
dozen  centres  have  witnessed  marching 
mobs.  Germany  is  a-ferment  with  social- 
ism. Russia  has  broken  out  again  in 
assassination.  Even  China  is  at  last 
seething  with  the  spirit  of  revolution.  The 
mood  of  the  time  has  scarcely  touched  us 
conservative  people  of  the  United  States. 
though  even  here  there  is  at  work  a  spirit 
of    insurgency    so    determined    that    it 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS - 


>7 


seems  to  some  distressed  people  as  if 
the  foundations  of  the  round  world  were 
dissolving  and  the  firmament  were  about 
to  melt  with  fervent  heat. 

In  domestic  affairs  as  in  international 
affairs,  the  determining  cause  is  to  be 
found  in  economic  and  financial  condi- 
tions. The  nations  will  keep  the  peace 
because  they  must  do  so  to  prosper: 
the  people  of  the  nations  will  "insurge" 
because  they  wish  to  be  more  prosperous. 

Perhaps  it  was  always  so.  No  doubt 
patriotism  and  love  of  liberty  are  merely 
euphemisms  with  which  history  describes 
motives  quite  as  material  as  those  which 
confessedly  inspire  the  restless  population 
to-day,  namely:  the  demand  for  a  bigger 
share  of  the  good  things  of  the  world. 

The  conflict  of  the  future  will  be  fought 
witbin  the  nations  —  not  between  them. 

CLEANING  THE  ROADSIDES 

THE  New  York  legislature  did  a 
happy  thing  when  it  passed  a 
law  making  it  a  misdemeanor 
to  put  up  advertising  signs  in  public 
highways,  and  expressly  exempting  from 
punishment  persons  who  removed  signs 
so  placed. 

On  the  very  dawn  of  the  day  when  the 
law  went  into  effect,  the  roads  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York  City  were 
scenes  of  the  sport  of  many  bands  of 
lawful  destroyers.  Telephone  and  tele- 
graph poles,  trees  and  lamp-posts  were 
cleared  of  bills,  tin  signs,  and  boards, 
extolling  the  merits  of  various  brands  of 
breakfast  food,  soap,  toilet  powder,  and 
cigars. 

It  is  an  open  question  whether  any  law 
is  reallv  needed  to  legitimatize  the  des- 
truction of  signs  affixed  to  trees  and 
posts  or  otherwise  set  up  on  public  roads. 
It  is  likely  that  any  one  is  free  to  destroy 
them  unmolested.  The  law  might,  how- 
ever, properly  turn  its  attention  to  the 
display  of  signs  from  private  grounds. 
What  right  has  the  owner  of  a  barn  to 
disturb  passers-by  by  thrusting  into  their 
faces  hideous  arrangements  of  paint 
screaming  of  pills  and  pepsin?  If  one 
may  not  start  a  tannery  or  a  rubber 
factory  against  the  objection  of  neigh- 
hors  whose  nostrils  it  offends,  has  he  any 


better  right  to  affront  their  eyes?   Here  is  a 
realm  of  law  which  ought  to  be  exploited. 

II 

The  Appellate  Division  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  New  York  has  also 
recognized  that  what  pleases  the  eye  is 
valuable  and  deserves  protection.  A  street 
contractor  had  destroyed  shade  trees  on 
the  parking  strip  between  the  sidewalk  and 
the  street  in  front  of  a  residence.  The 
owner  sued  him  and  recovered  $500  for  each 
tree  —  recompense  for  the  loss  of  actual 
physical  property  — and  $1000  additional 
for  the  loss  of  beauty  to  the  whole  place. 

When  the  legislature  encourages  beauty- 
loving  citizens  to  clear  the  roads  of  de- 
facing signs,  and  the  courts  hold  officially 
that  the  beauty  of  a  tree  increases  the 
value  of  the  ground  around  it,  it  means  that 
there  is  a  very  widespread  appreciation  of 
these  things  among  the  public;  for  the  legis- 
latures and  the  courts  always  follow  slowly 
in  the  wake  of  the  people's  thought. 

A  CHRISTMAS-PEACE  NUMBER 

THE  next  issue  of  this  magazine  — 
the  Christmas  Number  —  will 
contain  a  survey  of  the  move- 
ment for  International  Peace.  The  key- 
note will  be  set  by  an  article  in  which 
the  President  of  the  United  States  talks 
with  great  candor  and  earnestness  of  the 
General  Arbitration  Treaties  which  the 
Government  has  negotiated  with  Great 
Britain  and  France  and  which  now 
await  action  by  the  Senate. 

Norman  Angell,  author  of  "The  Great 
Illusion,"  will  show  how  the  new 
financial  inter-dependence  of  the  nations 
prevented  the  Franco-German  conflict 
lately  threatened.  Prof.  Simon  N.  Patten, 
author  of  "  The  New  Basis  of  Civiliza- 
tion," will  show  how  modern  conditions, 
particularly  of  transportation,  go  to  make 
war  unprofitable  and  ridiculous.  There 
will  be  also  expressions  about  universal 
peace  held  by  such  men  as  Cardinal 
Gibbons,  Congressman  Underwood, 
Messrs.  John  Bigelow,  Charles  \V.  Eliot, 
Oscar  Straus,  the  Japanese  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  Lord  Avebury,  Arthur  C. 
Benson,  William  DeMorgan,  and  Maarten 
Maartens. 


WHO  BUYS  MORTGAGES? 


A  MAN  who  wrote  to  The  World's 
Work  not  very  long  ago,  sent 
in  a  list  of  the  investments 
that  he  had  and  wanted  to 
^  know  whether  there  was  any 
good  reason  why  he  should  change  his 
way  of  doing  business,  and  buy  stocks 
and  bonds.  His  list  consisted  of  the 
names  of  six  first  mortgages,  four  of  which 
wer<j  on  farms  and  two  of  which  were 
on  individual  houses  in  his  own  city. 

I  ie  stated  in  his  letter  that  for  twenty- 
five  years  he  had  kept  his  money  engaged 
at  from  5  to  5^2  per  cent,  in  this  same 
class  of  securities.  His  loans  were  renewed 
on  an  average  every  three  years.  He 
stated  that  he  had  never  had  any  trouble 
in  collecting  his  money  but  once,  in  1894, 
when  he  had  to  extend  a  five  year  mort- 
gage for  another  pericxi  of  three  years. 
He  attends  to  the  collection  of  his  interest 
himself  and  he  has  had  but  little  trouble 
on  this  score. 

He  was  advised  to  stick  to  his  mort- 
gages. This  advice  was  based  partly 
upon  his  own  temperament  and  habit 
of  mind,  which  called  for  a  quiet  unlisted 
investment  without  any  market  possi- 
bilities, but  coming  due  in  the  form  of 
money  every  now  and  again,  lie  pro- 
fessed a  certain  fear  about  tying  his  money 
up  in  bonds  and  said  that  his  main 
objection  to  them  was  that  they  ran  for 
too  kmg  a  time,  and,  although  he  could 
judge  the  credit  of  the  corporation  at 
the  time  he  made  the  purchase,  he  did 
not  know  what  it  would  be  in  twenty  years. 
For  investors  of  this  type,  mortgages 
of  standard  class  are  one  of  the  most  re- 
liable and  satisfactory,  if  not  the  most 
reliable  and  sati>fact()ry,  of  all  forms  of 
investment. 

Standard  classes  of  such  real  estate  mort- 
gages consist  of  direct  first  mortgages  on 
farm  land  or  other  land  pnxkicing  an  in- 
come under  cultivation,  and  direct  first 
mortgages  on  improved  rent-producing 
property.  In  each  case  the  standard  of  the 
mortgage  depends  very  largely  upon  the 


conservatism  of  the  valuation  placed 
upon  the  property  and  upon  the  percent- 
age which  the  mortgage  bears  to  that 
valuation.  A  proper  appraisal  in  the  first 
place  and  conservatism  in  the  size  of  the 
mortgage  in  the  second  place  are  the  funda- 
mentals of  the  making  of  a  sound  mortgage. 

There  is  a  fundamental  difference  be- 
tween the  man  who  holds  a  direct  first 
mortgage,  which  is  the  whole  first  mort- 
gage on  a  piece  of  property,  and  the  man 
who  holds  a  bond,  certificate,  unit,  or 
other  portion  of  a  large  mortgage  split 
up  into  small  pieces.  The  first  man  has 
in  his  own  hands  the  power  to  enforce  his 
lien  on  the  land  or  other  property,  and  to 
enforce  the  payment  of  interest  when  due. 
The  second  man  is  a  member  of  a  group 
often  widely  scattered  and  unrfelated,  and, 
in  order  to  take  any  action  to  protect 
his  interests,  he  is  obliged  to  gain  the 
cooperation  of  other  members  of  the 
grt)up  and  such  cooperation  is  very  often 
impossible.  Therefore,  in  the  phrase 
"first  mortgage"  as  used  in  this  article, 
the  divided  lien  is  not  included,  and  the 
comment  is  concerning  the  direct  mortgage, 
the  whole  of  which  is  held  by  the  investor. 

The  main  widely  scattered  class  of  first 
mortgages  consists  of  direct  liens  on  farms 
as  a  class.  These  mortgages  are  recog- 
nized as  stable,  solid,  and  conservative 
investments  for  income  only.  Of  course 
the  questions  of  valuation  and  of  the  size 
of  the  mortgage  are  very  vital  factors  here. 
Prior  to  the  panic  of  1893,  millions  of 
dollars  worth  of  farm  mortgagej  were 
s(jld  in  the  Hast  upon  lands  in  the  Western 
states  valued  at  boom  prices  and  put  under 
mortgages  for  a  very  large  proportion  of 
these  prices.  The  experience  of  the  sav- 
ings banks,  insurance  companies,  and 
individuals  who  bought  these  mortgages, 
is  a  landmark  in  the  history  of  mortgage 
dealing  in  this  country.  Collapse  was 
almost  universal;  and  to  this  day  some  of 
the  big  insurance  companies  hold  great 
blocks  of  such  lands,  which  they  expect  in 
time  to  work  out  to  a  satisfactory  con- 


WHO  BUYS  MORTGAGES? 


elusion.  These  buyers  were  able  to  pro- 
tect themselves,  but  in  the  n^ajority  of 
cases  the  individual  buyer  was  not.  When 
values  went  to  pieces,  he  had  to  allow 
the  properties  to  go  by  default,  being 
unable  to  take  them  up  or  in  any  other 
way  to  protect  his  investment. 

Therefore,  in  bu>ing  farm  mortgages, 
it  is  necessary  to  know  that  the  valua- 
tion is  not  excessive  and  that  the 
amount  of  the  mortgage  is  not  ex- 
cessive. If  a  man  is  lending  in  his 
own  community  and  is  able  to  form  an 
intelligent  judgment  on  the  lands  him- 
self, that  is  the  most  satisfactory  wa\  to 
make  loans.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  he 
buys  from  dealers,  it  is  necessary  to  gain 
confidence  that  the  dealer  knows  what  he 
is  doing  and  to  know  that  his  statement 
may  be  relied  upon.  In  the  settled  com- 
munities where  values  are  very  stable, 
and  where  the  farm  is  practically  a  de- 
veloped income-producing  plant,  50  per 
cent,  of  the  established  value  is  not  t«»o 
high  a  mortgage  rate,  and  this  is  the  rate 
that  is  generally  allowed  savings  banks 
of  conservative  states  to  loan  on  such 
mortgages.  In  the  newer  states  the  more 
conser\'ative  lenders  insist  on  a  valuation 
at  least  three  times  the  amount  of  the 
mortgage,  and  this  is  a  wise  basis. 

Another  big  class  of  real  estate  mi)rl- 
gages  consists  of  liens  on  office  buildings, 
high  priced  city  property,  and  all  other 
ver>'  greatly  improved  and  highly  de- 
veloped urban  real  estate.  This  class  (^f 
mortgages  is  usually  found  either  on  de- 
posit as  collateral  under  bond  issues  of 
corporations,  or  held  by  big  in>titutions 
like  savings  banks  and  insurance  cam- 
panies.  In  the  state  of  New  ^<)rk.  for 
instance,  the  value  of  mortgages  held  by 
the  life  insurance  companies  is  nearly 
5415.(100.000,  of  which  a  ver\'  large  pro- 
portion consists  of  these  big  loans.  I  he 
average  investor  is  not  in  a  position  to 
buy  an  undivided  mortgage  <m  pnjpcrty 
W(»rth  from  a  hundred  thousand  to  several 
million  dollars. 

The  second  big  division  of  the  mortgage 
field  that  comes  within  the  ken  of  the 
individual  investor  consists,  therefore, 
of  mortgages  on  homes  and  on  small  plots 
of  property  which  are  to  be  used  for  homes 


or  for  small  enterprises  of  various  sorts. 
This  is  a  gtxxi  class  of  securit>  if  well 
selected.  The  usual  mortgage  of  this 
class  is  handled  by  lawyers  and  real  estate 
agents  who  get  a  commis^ion  from  the 
man  who  owns  the  propert\-  for  borrowing 
the  mone>'  from  the  lender.  Here  there 
is  danger;  for.  unless  you  know  your 
law\er  or  \(»ur  agent,  you  are  apt  to  en- 
counter a  class  of  mt)rtgages  which  is 
very  desirable  fn)m  the  standpoint  of  the 
agent  or  the  lawyer,  in  that  it  pays  him  a 
very  high  c^»mmi^^ion  and  possibly  also 
gives  him  a  chance  for  a  little  legal  busi- 
ness later  on.  The  question  of  value  and 
the  character  of  the  man  who  is  borrowing 
the  money  becomes  a  vital  factor  here  as 
it  is  in  farm  m(»rtgages,  and  it  is  perhaps 
a  little  more  difficult  to  check  it  up  and 
find  out  the  exact  conditions  which  sur- 
round the  loan.  Therefore  the  critic 
will  not  give  a  wholehearted  endorsement 
to  this  kind  of  mortgages  as  a  class,  no 
matter  how  very  g(X)cl  they  may  be 
individually. 

In  this  class,  however,  there  is  a  special 
division  of  guaranteed  mortgages.  If  they 
are.  guaranteed  by  institutions  of  noted 
reputation  and  of  known  financial  strength, 
it  means  that,  before  the  guarantee  is 
endorsed  upon  them,  they  have  passed 
thn>ugh  a  ver\  rigid  examination,  and  that 
the  ri>k  is  exceedingly  small.  Therefore, 
guaranteed  mt>rtgages  of  this  class  demand 
a  high  price  and  do  not  \ield  bv  any 
means  si)  big  an  income  as  cme  obtains  in  a 
similar  mortgage  without  a  guarantee.  The 
guaranteed  mortgages  are  a  fine  form  «>f 
investment  for  inv:«)me  onlw 

I  he  anuregate  of  loans  and  mortgages 
on  real  propert\'  in  the  L'niled  States  is, 
of  Course,  enorm.^us.  F>\  wa\'  tif  illus- 
trating where  the  bulk  of  it  litres,  the 
f<»llowing  I'luures  are  taken  fnun  recent 
publications  and  >li<)W  the  volume  (»f 
m(»rtga.ues  held  b\  the  bank>  and  insurance 
c<inipanie>  in  recent  \ear^. 

In^ll^an^:o  *."cimpanii'N 

Saxinas  Kmks 

Loan  cNc  trust  cumpaniis  . 

City  banks 

Private  banks   . 


M.I  I  i.«xx>.noo 


lutal 


S2,4S8.(>i>^.iKn> 


io 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Outside  of  this  enormous  aggregate,  it 
is  probable  that,  if  there  were  any  way  to 
find  out  the  amount  of  realty  loans  held 
by  private  investors  throughout  the  United 
States,  the  total  volume  of  such  invest- 
ments in  the  hands  of  lenders  would  be 
considerably  more  than  doubled,  but 
such    an    estimate    is    pure   guess   work. 


Since  the  aggregate  value  of  real  property 
and  improvements  in  the  United  States 
is  put  at  about  $53,000,000,000  in  the 
census  of  1900,  and  the  assessed  valuation 
is  over  S2 3, 000,000,000  in  the  same  period, 
the  estimate  appears  to  be  fairly  within 
the  bound  of  reason,  and  that  is  about  all 
that  we  can  say  concerning  it. 


THE  BUSINESS  WORLD  ON   PRESENT 
CONDITIONS  AND  REMEDIES 


THE  World's  Work  sent  an  in- 
quiry regarding  business  condi- 
tions and  the  causes  of  them  to 
a  carefully  selected  list  of  men 
of  practical  experience  in  every 
state  in  the  Union  —  bankers,  railroad 
officers,  presidents  of  chambers  of  com- 
merce, merchants,  manufacturers,  and  a 
few  editors.  The  effort  in  selecting  the 
list  was  to  make  sure  that  every  man  on 
it  was  a  man  of  successful  experience  and 
of  good  business  standing. 

The  questions  were  as  follows* 


had?  And  what  is  the  effect  on  business  of 
the  anti-trust  law  as  these  decisions  leave  it? 

IV.  Is  credit  too  much  concentrated  in  the 
great  financial  centres  to  the  detriment  of 
legitimate  business  men  and  business  use^ 
throughout  the  country?. 

\'.  Most  of  all  —  What  would  you  suggest 
as  the  best  help  now  toward  permanent, 
stable,  and  good  business  conditions — what 
constructive  policy  or  plan? 

Replies  were  received  from  more  than 
a  hundred  and  a  general  summary  of 
them  is  shown  by  the  table. 


SLM.MARY    OF    REPLIES 


EFFECT  f^F  CONCH ES^^ 

HI  r  ECT  01  TAititF  m^- 

GV  ailON   AMJ   Ll^ia^- 

i-rrECT  or  sirpREME 

LOL  SLT   DEClSlO^d 

15  CItEDIT  TOO 
MUCIC  COK- 

tK?STaATEt> 

CiOCH.\ 

BflJ 

N'^Kflfrci 

i 
9 

.    8 

7 

■J 

B^i! 

XnKff^Cf 

(Tnndl  n:id 

Xo  Effect 

Yes 
IJ 

12 

5 

No 

New  linfilnnd  States. 
Manufacturing  statt'S 

(=f   N,    Y,,   N.   J., 

Pa.  0..  and  111.  .. 
Middle  West  Agrjcul- 

lural  slates.  .  ,  . .  . 
Siiuthcrn  Statci^... . 
Kucky,\h,and  Pacific 

States  .,....,... 

12 

9 

IM 

8 
8 

._/ . 
*^o 

2 

1 
2 

1 

4 

22 

It} 
11 

(1 

i 

4 

2 
} 

1 

4          4 

I 

1            1 
12          9 

!  "    < 

1     H         I 

1 

1   1      ^ 

7 

lU 

11 

10 

8 

to 

16 

8 
8 

8 

Tiitah .  .  ,      - 

V 

H 

36 

^\ 

\i 

M  1   J^ 

4fi 

48 

50 

I.  What  effect,  if  an  v.  do  you  think  the  ('on- 
Rrcssional  invt-Nii^alions  into  corporations  and 
other  business  are  f;oing  to  have  on  the  business 
and  financial  outlook  and  situation? 

II.  What  efTcct,  if  any,  are  the  recent  tariff 
discussions  and  the  certainty  of  more  tariff 
legislation  next  winter  having? 

III.  What  effect,  if  any,  have  the  Supreme 
^lourt  decisions  in  the  Oil  and  Tobacco  cases 


This  poll  is,  perhaps,  not  large  enough 
to  warrant  definite,  sweeping  conclusions 
about  the  opinion  of  the  successful  busi- 
ness world  on  these  subjects;  but  the 
answers  given  are  good  indications  and 
the  letters  that  accompany  them  are 
interesting  and  illuminating. 

rhe  first  thing  that  strikes  one  in  study- 


1  Ht  BUbllNtbb  WUKLU  UfN  h'KtbtlN  1   I^UINUl  1  lUfNb  AINU  KtMtUI tb     21 


ing  the  foregoing  table  is  the  great  diver- 
sity of  opinion  on  most  subjects. 

As  regards  the  effect  on  business  of  the 
Congressional  investigations,  opinion  is 
almost  equally  divided. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  tariff  discussion 
and  legislation,  as  might  have  been 
expected,  there  is  a  large  preponderance 
of  opinion  that  this  discourages  business. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  the  largest 
number  think  that  the  Supreme  Court 
decisions  have  had  no  effect  on  business 
conditions  or  a  good  effect. 

And  opinion  about  the  undue  concentra- 
tion of  credit  is  almost  equally  divided. 

It  is  interesting,  too,  to  observe  the 
division  of  opinion  in  the  different  sec- 
tions of  the  country.  For  instance,  a 
majority  of  these  men  in  New  England 
and  New  York  do  not  think  that  there  is 
too  much  concentration  of  credit;  but  in 
every  other  section  a  majority  thinks 
that  there  is  —  notably  in  the  West  and 
in  the  South.  This  is  what  one  would 
expect. 

In  general,  three  conclusions  are  war- 
ranted from  these  answers: 

(i)  The  business  world  finds  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  tariff  and  tariff-legislation 
a  depressing  influence; 

(2)  The  Supreme  Court  decisions  have 
had  no  effect,  or  a  good  effect,  on  business 
conditions;  and 

(3)  Opinion  is  divided  geographically 
about  the  too  great  concentration  of 
credit  —  in  other  words,  about  a  *'  monev- 
trust." 

The  most  instructive  part  of  these 
replies  are  the  answers  to  the  question, 
"\\'hat  would  you  suggest  as  the  best 
help  now  toward  permanent,  stable,  and 
good  business  conditions  —  what  con- 
structive policy  or  plan?" 

The  positive  suggestions  that  recur 
most  often  are  these  three: 

(i)  A  revision  of  the  banking  and 
currency  laws.  Many  favor  the  plan 
(if  the  Aldrich  Commission,  and  no  other 
plan  is  mentioned. 

(2)  Federal  regulation  of  interstate 
corporations  including  supervision  of  their 
issues  of  securities. 

(3)  Most  of  all,  get  done  with  tariff- 
legislation.     Many   suggest   a   quick   re- 


vision, others  (fewer)  wish  the  whole 
subject  to  be  dropped.  A  majority  think 
that  this  is  the  most  disturbing  influence 
of  all. 

A  large  number  of  positive  suggestions 
are  made  by  a  few  men,  such  as: 

Turn  war-expense  into  internal  develop- 
ment. 

Reduce  pensions. 

Destroy  the  corporations'  power  in 
public  life  by  direct  legislation. 

Require  publicity  of  the  ownership  of 
corporation    stock  —  no   dummies. 

Increase  postal  savings  banks. 

But  most  of  the  suggestions  are  general 
or  negative;  and  these  two  recur  oftenest: 

(i)  "Let  us  alone":  business  can  take 
care  of  itself. 

(2)  Demagogues  (chiefly  in  Congress) 
are  the  cause  of  the  trouble. 

The  deepest  impression  left  on  the  mind 
after  reading  in  detail  these  hundred 
or  more  letters  —  many  of  them  written 
at  considerable  length  and  with  great 
earnestness  —  is  the  profound  distrust  that 
they  express  of  men  in  public  life.  "Jaw- 
smiths,  "  "  demagogues, "  "disturbers, " 
"miserable  office-seekers,"  "fools  in  Con- 
gress," "self-seeking  men,"  "men  of  no 
business  experience"  —  such  terms  of 
reproach  recur  again  and  again.  This 
distrust  is  profound.  So  far  as  these 
letters  reveal  the  mind  of  the  business 
world,  it  is  disgusted  with  the  law-makers 
and  some  are  disgusted  even  with  the 
judges. 

In  a  less  degree  but  still  noticeably,  a 
similar  distrust  is  expressed  of  the  news- 
papers and  of  the  "muck-raking  maga- 
zines." 

There  is  nothing  to  show  in  any  letter 
whether  the  writer  be  a  Republican  or  a 
Democrat.  The  presumption  is  that  some 
belong  to  one  part\'  and  some  to  the  other. 
The  prevailing  criticism,  therefore,  of 
public  men  is  not  partisan  —  surely  not 
dominantly  partisan.  It  strikes  tcx)  deep 
for  that.  It  shows  a  general  distrust  that 
the  business  world  feels  of  the  political 
world;  and  there  is  no  blinking  this  fact. 

This  distrust  is  more  instructive  than 
any  constructive  plan  proposed.  In  fact 
the    absence   of    significant    suggestions 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


in  most  of  the  letters  indicates  that  the 
writers  have  not  very  seriously  thought 
out  remedies  or  policies,  further  than  to 
cry,  "Let  us  alone." 

If,  therefore,  these  letters  burn  with 
indignation  at  the  political  world,  it  is 
only  fair  to  say  that  a  very  small  propor- 
tion of  them  show,  in  any  constructive 
way,  how  the  political  world  ought  to  do 
its  duty.  They  reveal  very  little  serious 
or  broad  thought  and  very  little  statesman- 
like grasp,  'ihey  hardly  give  reason  to 
hope  that  a  Congress  of  successful  bankers, 
manufacturers,  and  merchants  would  be 
safe  to  trust  with  legislation  about  the 
great  economic  problems  of  our  time. 

Again,  however,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  it  is  very  much  easier  to  criticise  the 
politicians  when  they  do  their  tasks  badly 
than  it  would  be  to  do  those  same  tasks 
well. 

One  of  the  best  informed  men  who 
answered  these  inquiries  wrote: 

"You  will  get  no  constructive  plan  from 
bankers,  manufacturers,  and  such  men.  The 
men  who  are  doing  things  in  the  business  world 
arc  not  the  men  who  arc  thinking  out  things 
for  the  public  welfare.  The  business  world 
contains  many  very  able  men  but  they  are 
giving  ihoir  thought  only  to  their  own  prob- 
lems. They  see  things  too  much  from  the 
point  of  viow  of  their  own  work.  We  have 
no  class  of  statesman-like  business  men." 

This  observation  is  true,  so  far  as  these 
letters  reveal  the  mind  of  the  business 
world.  Most  of  these  correspondents 
show  that  they  have  not  thought  deeply 
or  constructively  from  the  public  jx)int 
of  view. 

But  they  show  also  the  admirable 
quality  of  mmlcsty,  except  in  their  resent- 
ment a^uiinst  the  politicians.  Man  after 
man  writes  such  a  sentence  as  this:  "I 
am  not  able  to  prescribe  a  remed\':  we 
need  real  ^latesmen  for  that." 

And  the  kindiv,  go<Ki-natured  tone  of 
the  replies  is  noteworth\ .  Few  give 
evidence  even  of  discouragement,  until 
they  happen  to  mention  the  politicians. 
Business  conditions,  they  say  in  effect, 
arc  not  satisfactory:  but  they  do  not 
sj'.ow  depression  or  discouragement  about 
thi'  ultimate  outcome. 


The  spirit  of  these  answers  can  be  got 
from  such  quotations  as  follow.  Every- 
one of  these  gives  a  pretty  clear  insight 
into  the  philosophy  and  the  point  of  view 
of  the  man  who  wrote  it.  Taken  all 
together  they  probably  as  fairly  represent 
the  thought  and  feeling  of  the  successful 
business  world  as  any  other  measure  that 
could  be  made  of  it. 

"What  the  public  wants  is  clear,  explicit  laws, 
under  which  corp>orations  managed  honestly, 
intelligently  and  within  the  law,  can  be  free  of 
governmental  interference  and  annoyance. 
That  is  all  the  constructive  policy  or  plan 
required.  Freedom  of  action  within  proper 
and  wholesome  limits,  with  ample  restraints 
to  protect  the  general  interests  of  the  public, 
is  all  the  Government  needs  to  furnish." 

"People  generally  in  business  are  honest 
and  are  builders,  not  wreckers;  encourage 
them;  do  not  legislate  to  hamper  them. 
Those  engaged  in  unusual  and  hazardous 
undertakings,  such  as  developing  new  fields, 
are  entitled  to  unusual  profits;  their  success 
means  general  betterment;  genera!  better- 
ment in  turn  gives  employment  to  a  greater 
number  of  people  and  good  times  result.  Less 
legislation  and  more  encouragement  to  legit- 
imate business  would  be  better  for  all  con- 
cerned." 

"  I  believe  that  little  needs  to  be  done  of  a 
constructive  character  except  to  provide  for 
better  banking  laws.  If  political  agitation 
of  business  would  cease,  business  would  he 
good.  If  the  country  would  be  satisfied  to 
respect  experience  and  cease  the  tendency 
to  experiment,  it  would  go  on  with  its  natural 
prosperous  development." 

"  Ciive  us  a  settled  policy  so  that  we  may  have 
a  basis  for  calculation."- 

"Fncoiirape  men  with  a  wealth  of  brain,  as 
well  as  a  wealth  of  money,  to  develop  the  tre- 
mendous resources  of  this  country,  and  do  not 
hold  up  to  the  public  eye,  as  being  objects  of 
derision  and  suspicion,  great  captains  of  in- 
dustry who  have  through  their  brain  and 
energy  turned  the  tide  of  trade  balance  with 
Furope  in  our  favor,  stopped  the  outflow  of 
gold,  HKule  the  United  States  nation  the  envy 
of  the  world." 

"Business  is  too  often  hampered  by  h'tlle 
men  in  hij^h  places.  With  the  Government 
assuming  the  regulation  of  business,  it  ought 


inc.  DKJoii^s:.oo  wv^ivL.i^  v^i^    r jvcoci^  i  v^xji^ui  i  ivji^D  /\i^u  i\iiiviiiuiiiD     23 


to  put  into  the  responsible  positions,  most 
efficient  and  capable  men,  well  tested  in  the 
business  world,  so  that  business  and  the  public 
will  both  be  the  gainers.  The  Commerce 
Court  of  distinguished  business  men  would  be 
helpful  to  the  public,  to  the  Government,  and 
to  business." 

"Let  the  sound  business  men  make  the  laws, 
not  the  wild  imaginary  progressive  who  has 
never  had  any  business  experience  —  owns 
nothing  now  —  nor  never  did." 

"I  think  publicity  in  corporate  matters  is 
the  most  imp>ortant  thing  of  all,  and  real 
publicity,  not  paKial  or  pretended,  would  cure 
most  corporate  evils.  For  the  rest  the  doing 
away  with  the  issuance  of  any  stock  that  was 
not  paid  for,  while  perhaps  quieting  to  risky 
enterprises  would  have  a  tendency  to  eliminate 
the  accumulation  of  great  fortunes  without 
their  being  earned." 

"There  is  a  general  hostility  toward  cor- 
porations, evidenced  by  all  kinds  of  legislative 
and  administrative  attacks.  The  real  strength 
of  this  hostility  lies  in  the  hostility  of  the  poor 
toward  the  rich.  The  existence  of  *the  cor- 
poration' makes  the  attack  easy  and  serves  to 
disguise  its  real  spirit.  Hitherto,  the  institu- 
tion of  private  property  has  been  protected  by 
the  courts.  The  'recall,'  which  is  being  much 
advocated,  is  intended  to  destroy  this  pro- 
tection. The  fundamental  necessary,  to  bring 
about  good  business  conditions,  is  to  convince 
the  American  people  that  the  institution  of 
private  property  is  a  good  thing  and  that 
corporate  property  is  just  as  sacred  as  any 
other  kind  of  property." 

"Greater  interest  in  politics  by  successful 
business  and  professional  men  to  eliminate  the 
prophets  and  demagogues  masquerading  as 
reformers  who  pose  as  saints  but  usually  turn 
out  fools  or  grafters.  This  alone  will  save  our 
republican  form  of  government." 

"As  a  banker  I  should  like  to  ask,  how  many 
bank  presidents  would  loan  Si,(xk)  to  the 
average  member  of  Congress?  And  yet  we 
send  there  people  to  control  the  expenditure 
of  hundreds  of  millions." 

"  I  believe  the  country  has  never  had  a  more 
brilliant  outlook  for  general  prosperity  than 
at  the  present  time,  and  if  the  legislators  at 
Washington  will  shake  off  their  egotism,  that 
is  some  of  them,  and  listen  to  the  advice  of  one 
of  the  best  Presidents  this  country  has  ever 
had,  and  be  guided  by  him  through  the  quick- 
sands of  tariff  revision,  all  will  be  well." 


"The  main  thing  needed  is  the  concentration 
of  attention  upon  the  need  of  currency  reform, 
which  is  less  a  banker's  question  than  a  busi- 
ness man's  question,  because  the  trader  suffers 
from  the  inability  of  the  banks  to  supply  credit 
at  reasonable  rate  when  most  needed.  1 
believe  currency  reform  to  be  the  most  im- 
portant and  the  least  understood  economic 
question  before  the  country." 

"Too  much  politics  and  not  enough  adminis- 
trative ability." 

"Above  all,  let  everything  be  done  which  is 
possible  to  disabuse  the  American  mind  about 
the  supposed  evils  of  corporate  management  in 
this  country.  Challenge  every  editor,  preacher, 
novelist  or  poet  or  politician  to  take  up  any 
specific  instance  of  alleged  corporate  wrong- 
doing, and  fairly  and  candidly  state  wherein 
is  the  wrong,  or  wherein  the  public  suffer  by 
the  alleged  wrong,  and  whether  the  proposed 
remedy  is  not  worse  than  the  disease.  Then, 
if  possible,  force  him  to  admit  that  all  this 
wondrous  development  of  business  for  the  last 
seventy  years,  was  possible  only  by  the  cor- 
porate method,  by  which  the  resources  of  every- 
body have  been  enlisted  in  the  corporate  busi- 
ness of  the  country.  The  great  danger  is  in 
the  popular  ignorance  and  prejudice  against 
corporate  and  large  capital.  The  true  con- 
structive policy  will  be  found  in  getting  at  the 
truth  and  making  it  known." 

"First,  repeal  of  the  Sherman  law;  second, 
a  federal  incorporation  act  to  cover  all  in- 
dustries doing  a  national,  as  distinct  from  a 
state,  business:  third,  rigid  regulation  in  the 
interests  of  stockholders,  employees  and  con- 
suming public,  to  the  end  that  large  corpora- 
lions  will  keep  out  of  politics  because  they  have 
no  need  to  enter  them,  that  the  people  shall  be 
masters,  and  the  corporations  servants  with 
fair  play  from  each  toward  each.  The  large 
corporation  with  its  economics  and  superior 
organization  is  as  legitimate  and  inevitable  an 
economic  evolution  as  any  labor-saving  ma- 
chine. They  are  here,  and  attempts  to  drive 
them  away  only  confuse  and  delay  tangible 
relief.  If  these  attempts  succeeded  it  would 
be  as  though  labor  had  succeeded  in  its  first 
opposition  to  labor-saving  machinery.  They 
are  useful,  but  their  benefits  should  be  fairly 
distributed." 

"No  more  state  or  federal  laws  which  are 
framed  supposedly  to  make  business  con- 
ditions better.  A  return  to  private  life  of  a 
lot  of  jawsmiths  who  can  tear  down  but  do  not 
build   up;  who  would  sacrifice  anything  for 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


but  in  a  society  so  complex  as  ours,  which 
daily  grows  more  intricate,  there  must  be 
concessions  on  the  part  of  individuals 
for  the  common  good.  Such  conces- 
sions would  not  be  without  a  very  sub- 
stantial quid  pro  quo,  A  departmental 
bureau  empowered  to  issue  to  an  inter- 
state corporation,  a  national  franchise 
or  license,  upon  a  full  and  detailed  state- 
ment as  to  the  enterprise  in  which  it 
proposes  to  engage;  provision  for  super- 
vision of  present  and  future  issues  of  se- 
curities, mergers,  and  matters  of  similar 
importance;  a  complete  monthly  state- 
ment of  earnings  on  a  prescribed  form; 
an  annual  or  bi-annual  report  along 
certain  well-defined  lines,  accompanied 
by  the  certificate  of  a  duly  accredited 
certified  public  accountant,  who  would 
proceed  under  certain  departmental  re- 
quirements, is  practically  all  that  would 
have  been  necessary.  With  such  a  statute 
on  the  books  there  would  have  grown  up 
a  body  of  rules  and  methods  of  procedure 
under  which  business  could  have  been 
carried  on  decently  and  in  order  and  with 
the  smoothness  of  the  affairs  of  our  thou- 
sands of  National  Banks. 

Would  there  be  any  difficulty  in  en- 
forcing the  pure  food  and  drugs  law 
statutes  forbidding  discrimination  on  the 
part  of  industrial  organizations  or  any 
other  laws  applicable  to  large  aggrega- 
tions of  capital  when  its  non-observance 
would  involve  a  suspension  and  possibly 
a  revocation  of  license  or  franchise? 

The  Sherman  anti-trust  law,  being 
punitive  in  nature,  should  have  followed, 
not  preceded  such  a  statute  as  that 
briefly  outlined.  There  need  not  have 
been  any  abridgement  of  corporate  free- 
dom, initiative,  expansion,  or  profits.  So- 
ciety generally  is  not  injured  b>'  large  cor- 
porations making  large  gains.  Every  dol- 
lar made  to-day  competes  with  the  dollar 
made  yesterday  and  in  accordance  with 
an  inflexible  economic  law.  if  capital  is 
not  kept  employed,  thereby  benefiting 
the  body  politic  by  its  activity,  the  in- 
terest is  first  lost  and  then  the  principal 
begins  to  disappear  and  ultimately  finds 
its  way  into  the  hands  of  those  who  can 
use  it  more  skillfully. 

If,  heretofore,  there  has  not  been  ade- 


quate enlightenment  on  this  subject, 
certainly  the  passing  years  have  furnished 
ample  and  most  expensive  data  and  ex- 
perience. Why  then  is  not  an  attempt 
being  made  now  by  the  Congress  to  give 
to  the  business  world  the  relief  so  sorely 
needed?  Why  is  it  still  compelled  liter- 
ally to  stumble  along  or  else  to  stagnate 
under  a  law  which,  at  the  time  it  was 
made,  was  recognized  as  merely  a  political 
makeshift?  By  reason  of  the  shadiness 
of  its  origin  it  was  allowed  to  slumber 
undisturbed  until  its  usefulness  as  a 
political  weapon  was  discovered,  when 
the  awakening  from  its  long  sleep  was  rude 
and  sudden.  While  it  slept,  the  bold, 
the  daring,  and  the  unscrupulous,  often 
joining  forces  with  the  undesirable  ele- 
ments in  politics,  utilized  the  opportunity 
for  improper  advantage  to  the  great  dis- 
credit of  legitimate  business  and  decent 
politics.  A  sane,  carefully  thought  out 
law  along  the  lines  indicated  would  not 
have  remained  in  obscurity.  It  would 
have  been  so  valuable  to  honest  enter- 
prise that  much  use  would  have  kept  it 
bright  —  a  shining  mark,  too  brilliant 
to  escape  observation  and  criticism,  if 
necessary.  In  its  strong  reflected  light 
no  departmental  official  would  have  dared 
conduct  his  office  on  standards  less  high 
than  those  of  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currency.  So  ambiguous  were  the  terms 
of  the  statute  as  enacted  that  it  became 
necessary  for  the  Supreme  Court  to  in 
ject  into  it  a  "rule  of  reason*'  before 
attempting  its  interpretation;  but  from 
this  august  body  has  come  a  decision  of 
but  little  future  value  to  our  business 
world. 

For  >'ears  the  great  producing  interests 
of  the  country  sought  but  in  vain  for 
information  as  to  what  course  they  should 
pursue.  Now,  as  a  result  of  the  Supreme 
Court's  decision,  we  are  witnessing  a 
readjustment  of  the  organization  of  the 
great  corporations,  and  all  similar  con- 
cerns will  be  subjected  to  the  same  pro- 
cess; for  the  President  at  Detroit  again 
defined  his  attitude  toward  the  trusts  and 
stated  that  the  requiring  of  their  readjust- 
ment is  a  policy  of  the  Administration. 
He  expressed  himself  as  "entirely  opposed 
to  any  amendment  of  the  anti-trust  law" 


THE  WAR  ON  BUSINESS 


27 


which  he  believes  "  is  a  valuable  govern- 
ment asset  and  instrument." 

This  statute  is  enforced,  not  necessarily 
because  it  is  wise  to  do  so,  but  because 
it  is  on  the  books  and  the  Chief  Executive 
is  without  discretion.  The  compulsory  re- 
adjustment is  not  based  on  the  theory 
that  the  corporations  thus  far  brought 
under  the  ban  of  the  court  are  vicious 
in  their  operation  or  economically  un- 
sound. It  has  not  been  shown  that  they 
oppress  labor,  diminish  the  volume  of 
trade,  fabricate  inferior  articles,  or  fix 
the  price  of  commodities  beyond  the 
normal  changes  which  arise  from  the 
operation  of  the  law  of  supply  and  de- 
mand; but  they  have  in  some  way,  not 
made  entirely  clear  (in  fact  it  appears  that 
each  case  is  to  be  settled  on  its  individual 
merits),  violated  the  terms  of  a  vague 
statute.  And,  although  these  great  organi- 
zations stood  like  a  rock  against  business 
chaos  during  the  period  of  demoraliza- 
tion following  the  panic  of  1907;  though 
they  have  given  labor  the  highest  and 
steadiest  wage  ever  known  in  its  history; 
though  they  have  invaded  the  markets 
of  the  world  on  a  continually  expanding 
scale  and  have  demonstrated  their  great 
value  to  the  public  —  they  must  be  brought 
into  court  and  have  their  technical  legal 
sins  purged  away  in  a  manner  acceptable 
to  the  Attorney-General  of  the  L'nited 
States  and  thereafter  prcKced  on  their 
way  armed  with  an  injunction-proof, 
court-made  license. 

Quite  aside  from  the  enormous  tempor- 
ary' economic  waste  both  actual  and  poten- 
tial involved  in  this  process,  the  question 
still  arises:  After  existing  corporations 
have  had  their  day  in  court  and  with  the 
Attorney-General,  how  are  similar  organ- 
izations yet  to  come  to  be  cared  for?  Un- 
certainty is  the  beie  noir  of  business.  Does 
there  not  rest  on  the  Congress  the  respon- 
sibility of  taking  firm  hold  of  this  problem 
and  providing  adequate  machinery  for  the 
yet  unborn  corporations,  or  are  we  to 
go  on  indefinitely  substituting  shadow 
for  substance?  Courts  are  not  license 
bureaus  nor  are  they  legislative  bodies. 
They  cannot  pass  on  corporations  to  be 
formed,  but  only  on  their  acts  after  they 
are  in  operation.    Without  wise  action 


on  the  part  of  the  Congress,  future  busi- 
ness activities  will  still  be  in  hopeless  con- 
fusion; and,  with  the  full  restoration  of 
competition  as  now  contemplated,  will 
come  again  its  baneful  effects  both  on 
capital   and   labor.    * 

To  equip  our  commercial  interests  with 
the  best  banking  and  currency  system 
which  human  ingenuity  can  devise,  is 
a  duty  of  Congress  second  only  in  impor- 
tance to  the  adequate  support  and  pro- 
tection of  our  business  activities.  To 
aid  it  in  this  task  there  is  now  available, 
thanks  to  the  thorough  work  done  by 
Congress  through  its  Monetary  Com- 
mission, ample  and  complete  data.  The 
earth  has  been  ransacked  for  information 
and  experience:  and  the  result  of  the  search, 
formulated  by  the  Chairman  of  the 
Commission  in  the  shape  of  suggestions 
for  a  national  reserve  association,  is 
a  masterpiece  of  careful  constructive 
thinking.  Everything  useful  that  other 
nations  have  to  offer  is  to  be  found  therein, 
duly  fashioned  to  our  special  needs. 
There  should  be  as  little  delay  as  possible 
in  crystalizing  these  suggestions  into  law, 
approved  as  they  are  by  commercial 
and  industrial  bodies,  by  bankers  associa- 
tions, and  by  practically  all  expert  students 
of  economics. 

The  plan  does  not  contemplate  the 
centralization  of  banking  power;  rather 
it  would  promote  decentralization.  Its 
adoption  would  not  diminish  the  inde- 
pendence or  efficiency  of  any  financial 
institution,  no  matter  how  small;  but 
on  the  contrary  would  increase  it  greatly. 
It  would  not  impair  the  credit  of  any 
bank,  but  enormously  strengthen  it  by 
the  creation  of  a  hi.u:her  credit  on  which 
all  participating  banks  could  rely  confi- 
dently in  time  of  financial  stress.  Under 
its  influence  the  intensity  of  crises  would 
be  lessened,  panics  would  be  wholly 
avoided  and  we  should  not  again  be 
humiliated  in  the  eves  of  other  nations 
through  the  discreditable  suspension  of 
cash  payments.  The  l(X)seness  and  con- 
sequent weakness  of  our  present  system 
would  give  way  to  unity  and  strength. 
The  creation  and  full  utilization  by  our 
banking  institutions  of  such  an  association 
would  indeed  give  us.  as  has  been  char- 


tB 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


acterized  so  aptly  by  an  eminent  author- 
ity, "the  strongest  organization  in  the 
world  for  the  performance  of  banking 
functions."  Armed  with  this  and  with 
adequate  legislation  well  suited  to  our 
business  needs,  thef  people  of  the  United 
States  would  achieve  quickly  that  indus- 
trial, commercial,  and  financial  suprem- 
acy to  which  they  are  entitled,  and  in  its 
benefits  all  classes  would  share. 

Before  leaving  this  phase  of  the  subject, 
further  reference  should  be  made  to  the 
tendency  to  concentrate  the  banking 
power  of  certain  localities.  Failure  on 
the  part  of  Congress  to  provide  an  ade- 
quate monetary  system  is  responsible 
in  large  measure  for  this  feature  of  modern 
banking.  It  is  in  reality  an  attempt  at 
self-protection,  crude  but  effective,  as 
was  the  issuance  of  Clearing  House  certi- 
ficates in  the  panic  of  1907.  The  popular 
idea  of  this  concentration  —  an  idea  that 
is  most  industriously  disseminated  by  a 
certain  class  of  politicians  —  is  that  it 
was  inaugurated  solely  in  response  to 
the  sordid  desire  for  greater  gain.  That 
it  will  produce  a  centralization  and 
probably  an  increase  of  profits,  there  is 
no  doubt;  but  there  is  also  no  question 
that  the  motive  of  self-preservation,  owing 
to  the  absence  of  a  coherent  protective 
monetary  system,  plays  a  very  important 
part  in  such  combinations  of  financial 
interests. 

The  average  citizen  has  but  a  short 
memory;  therefore  it  is  well  to  recall 
that  these  "concentrators"  are  the  men 
who,  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
stood  the  brunt  of  the  panic  in  1907, 
when  our  inadequate  banking  system 
was  completely  demoralized;  and  they 
determined  then  and  there  that  never 
again  would  they  allow  themselves  to 
be  caught  in  so  vulnerable  a  position. 
We  are  but  little  better  protected  now  than 
then.  To  provide  the  country  with  a 
stable  banking  and  currency  system  would 
be  to  deprive  the  misnamed  "  Money 
Trust"  of  any  menace  it  may  possess. 
It  is  the  only  thing  that  can  do  it.  This 
is  so  elemental  and  has  been  explained 
in  detail  so  repeatedly  in  the  public 
press  that  further  reference  would  be 
but  tedious  repetition.    Congress  is  power- 


less to  touch  this  concentration  of  banking 
power,  save  in  the  manner  indicated, 
unless,  indeed,  the  very  foundations  of 
our  national  life  are  to  be  uprooted. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing, 
therefore,  that  the  Congress  is  recreant 
to  its  duty  every  moment  it  fails  to  pro- 
vide that  protection  against  financial 
and  business  upheavals  which  a  proper 
banking  and  currency  system  would  give 
to  us  —  as  it  has  given  to  many  other 
countries.  Undue  extension  of  credit  al- 
ways culminates  in  crises  of  greater  or  less 
magnitude  and  intensity  and  cannot  be 
elminated  altogether,  but  panics  are  pre- 
ventable. Crises  occurred  all  over  the 
world  in  1907,  but  the  distinction  of  a 
wasteful  panic  and  its  hideous  conse- 
quences was  reserved  solely  for  the  United 
States,  which  by  virtue  of  its  conspicuous 
position  among  nations  should  be  an 
example  to  the  world  in  the  matter  of 
sound  banking.  As  it  is,  we  are,  finan- 
cially speaking,  a  world  menace,  and 
what  is  far  worse,  our  present  banking 
and  currency  system  is  a  source  of  danger 
to  every  wage-earner,  in  that  its  weak- 
nesses render  us  liable  at  any  moment  to 
financial  trouble  and  the  consequent 
disruption  of  all  industry.  The  national 
representatives  of  the  people  can  not 
perform  a  greater  service  than  to  see 
that  this  evil   is  promptly  cured. 

In  brief,  the  business  world  of  the 
United  States  is  utterly  discouraged. 
Not  only  is  it  beset  by  all  the  difficulties 
inherent  in  business  pursuits;  it  is  wholly 
without  what  the  coast-wise  mariner 
calls  "sailing  lights."  Worse  even  than 
that,  it  is  trying  to  navigate  in  a  legal 
fog;  and  in  addition,  instead  of  having 
the  aid  and  comfort  of  an  efficient  banking 
and  currency  system,  it  has  to  get  along 
as  best  it  may  with  the  crudest  monetary 
contrivance  now  existent  among  civil- 
ized nations. 

The  correction  of  these  defects  consti- 
tutes the  paramount  issue  of  the  day. 
Beside  it  the  tariff  sinks  into  insignificance. 
The  political  party  which  has  the  wisdom 
to  realize  this,  and  comes  with  sincerity, 
fearlessness,  and  intelligence  to  the  relief 
of  business,  will  be  clothed  with  political 
power  for  an  indefinite  period. 


DR.  WILEY  AND  PURE  FOOD 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

THR     CHIEF     OF    THE     BUREAU     OF     CHEMISTRY     AS    WASHINGTON     KNOWS     HIM 
THE   TRAINING   THAT   MADE    HIM   A    FARMER,    SCIENTIST, 
SCHOLAR,    POET,    AND   A    GOOD   COMPANION 


BY 

ARTHUR  WALLACE  DUNN 


IN  THE  month  of  April,  1863,  ^  big 
raw-boned  youth  of  eighteen,  clad  in 
a  home-made  suit  of  homespun,  his 
feet  encased  in  coarse  cowhide  shoes 
whose  reddish  color  showed  that  they 
had  been  worn  long  without  blacking,  and 
carrying  a  small  bundle  over  his  shoulder, 
tramped  along  the  hills  and  through  the 
valleys  of  Indiana  beside  the  Ohio  River. 
He  was  going  from  a  farm  to  Madison, 
Ind.,  where  there  had  been  a  college  which 
for  many  years  it  was  his  ambition  to 
enter.  He  was  beginning  to  seek  the 
knowledge  which  finalJy  resulted  in  mak- 
ing him  the  nation's  chief  defence  against 
impure  foods  and  drugs. 

Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley,  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  United  States 
Agricultural  Department,  is  one  of  the 
most  picturesque  figures  in  public  life. 
He  comes  from  that  sturdy  Scotch  element 
which  early  occupied  Virginia,  afterward 
crossed  the  mountains  and  settled  Ken- 
tucky, whose  descendants  peopled  the 
valley  of  the  Ohio  on  both  sides  of  the 
river.  Some  of  his  ancestors  lived  to  be 
100  years  old,  hale  and  hearty  to  the 
end.  If  Dr.  Wiley  has  inherited  their 
constitutions  and  if  he  retains  his  hold 
with  the  people,  the  food  adulterers  and 
drug  poisoners  may  look  forward  to  a 
continual  warfare  for  many  years  to  come. 
That  may  easily  be  the  case;  for  he  has  a 
powerful  physique,  stands  an  inch  above 
six  feet  and  weighs  240  pounds.  But  it 
is  the  head  upon  the  square  shoulders  and 
the  strong  face  of  the  man  that  arrests 
and  rivets  one's  attention. 

The  Wiley  family  were  originally  Metho- 


dists, "  but  they  had  never  been  sprinkled," 
said  the  Doctor.  "  My  father  was  sixteen 
years  old  when  his  people  were  all  baptized, 
but  he  would  have  none  of  it.  He  ran 
away  and  hid  in  the  woods  to  escape 
sprinkling  and  never  would  become  a 
Methodist."  However  the  father  was 
eventually  deeply  impressed  by  the  preach- 
ing of  Alexander  Campbell  and  others,  and 
became  a  preacher  himself..  But  this  man 
who  had  hewed  a  farm  out  among  the  deep 
forests  of  the  frontier,  had  had  no  oppor- 
tunity for  schooling.  So,  in  order  to  fit 
himself  for  his  new  duty,  as  he  conceived 
it,  he  studied  Latin  and  Greek.  These 
subjects  were  taught  to  young  Harvey 
Wiley. 

"My  father  was  a  remarkable  man," 
said  Dr.  Wiley,  "The  Bible,  the  Con- 
cordance, a  Greek  Testament,  Shakespeare, 
the  Atlantic  Monthly,  the  New  York 
Tribune,  and  the  National  Era,  an  anti- 
slavery  paper  published  in  Washington, 
were  what  I  grew  up  with.  That  was  the 
kind  of  literature  with  which  1  was  sur- 
rounded —  and  which  1  read  and  ab- 
sorbed." 

In  those  days  the  "New  Lights,"  as  the 
followers  of  Campbell  were  called,  had 
preachers  going  through  the  country  who 
were  also  school  teachers.  rhe\'  would 
establish  subscription  schools  and  com- 
bine teaching  with  preaching.  Harvey 
Wiley  received  his  earl\'  education  in  this 
way.  He  absorbed  their  knowledge,  but 
paid  more  attention  to  their  teaching 
than  to  their  preaching. 

A  German  came  across  the  river  from 
Kentucky  and  established  a  school  for 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


higher  education  and  Wiley  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  study  Latin  and  higher  mathe- 
matics. This  was  in  civil  war  times 
when  political  feelings  were  intense.  An 
election  was  held  in  the  spring  of  1863 
and  the  German  professor  was  one  of  the 
four  men  in  the  township  who  voted  the 
Democratic  ticket.  When  young  Wiley 
learned  this  he  packed  his  books  and  went 
home.  "  1  will  not  go  to  a  school  taught 
by  a  Rebel,"  he  announced;  for  he  con- 
sidered Democracy  and  rebellion  to  be 
practically  the  same  thing.  Then  he 
went  back  to  work  on  the  farm.  He 
worked  one  day  and  then  made  another 
announcement.  He  told  his  father  that  he 
was  going  to  college. 

Hanover  College  was  four  miles  from  his 
home  and,  putting  on  his  best  homespun 
suit,  he  started  upon  his  academic  career, 
which  included  a  remarkable  number  of 
institutions,  in  some  of  which  he  was  a  stu- 
dent and  in  others  a  professor  and  teacher. 

Young  Wiley  in  spite  of  his  brave 
resolutions  did  not  reach  the  college  with- 
out many  misgivings  and  a  little  stage 
fright.  The  latter  was  caused  by  meeting 
a  party  of  young  men  whom  he  took  to  be 
college  students.  He  quickly  noted  every 
detail  of  their  clothing  and  saw  how  dif- 
ferent their  appearance  was  from  his  own. 
More  particularly  they  had  on  collars  and 
neckties,  neither  of  which  the  poor  farm 
boy  wore.  He  was  disturbed  for  a  mo- 
ment, but  his  determination  was  not 
weakened,  though  he  had  no  idea  of  the 
proper  way  to  approach  the  college 
authorities  or  of  the  necessary  forms  for 
enrollment  as  a  student.  While  revolving 
this  problem  in  his  mind  he  saw  a  face  at 
a  window — the  face  of  a  young  man 
bending  over  his  books.  "  I  will  make 
inquiries  of  him,"  said  Wiley  to  himself, 
and  upon  doing  so,  learned  that  the 
>oung  man's  name  was  tlliott  and  that 
he  was  "prepping"  for  college  himself. 
Elliott  asked  \\'iley  numerous  questions, 
told  him  that  in  Latin  and  Mathematics 
he  was  fit  to  enter  the  freshman  class,  but 
that  he  was  behind  in  Greek.  Elliott 
was  studying  for  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 
He  kindly  volunteered  to  take  Wiley  to 
the  college  and  introduce  him  to  the 
president.    After    this  interview,   during 


which  Wiley  was  examined  as  to  his 
studies  and  told  that  his  education  was 
irregular  —  good  in  places,  but  weak  in 
others  —  he  was  recommended  to  a  Greek 
tutor  and  soon  began  his  studies.  When 
the  regular  term  opened  in  September  he 
was  ready  to  enter  the  freshman  class. 
Elliott  continued  to  be  his  friend,  and 
helped  him  to  find  a  room. 

While  at  Hanover  he  ''kept  bach"  in 
a  room  which  cost  him  fifty  cents  a  week. 
He  walked  home  every  Saturday  morning 
and  worked  all  day  on  the  farm.  He  re- 
turned Sunday  night  with  a  pack  of  pro- 
visions on  his  back  to  last  him  through  the 
week.  His  chief  foods  were  corn  meal  and 
sorghum  molasses.  He  made  the  molasses 
himself  during  vacations.  What  a  vivid 
impression  those  early  days  made  upon  the 
future  scientist!  He  describes  minutely 
the  room  he  occupied,  the  furniture  and 
utensils,  all  of  which,  save  the  bedstead, 
were   brought   from   home. 

After  two  years,  Elliott  left  Hanover 
and  Wiley  did  not  see  him  again  for  more 
than  forty  years.  Their  reunion  occurred 
at  Indianapolis  where  Dr.  Wiley  had 
delivered  an  address  and  where  a  recep)- 
tion  was  being  given  in  his  honor.  Among 
the  guests  was  a  withered,  white-whiskered^ 
and  rather  timid  man.  He  shook  hands 
with  the  Doctor,  but  his  name  was  not 
understood  and  not  until  later,  when  Dr. 
Wiley,  on  account  of  some  feeling  that  he 
must  know  the  man,  sought  him  out  and 
interrogated  him,  did  he  realize  that  this 
little  old  man  was  the  first  friend  he  made 
at  Hanover. 

Wiley's  course  was  interrupted  in  1864, 
near  the  end  of  his  freshman  >ear,  by  a 
call  for  loo-day  enlistments  to  recruit  the 
Union  army.  Nearly  the  entire  college 
responded.  All  who  did  so  were  passed 
into  the  next  class.  1  hey  became  Com- 
pany K  of  the  i^yth  Indiana  Infantry. 
Wiley  had  learned  military  tactics  and 
was  the  only  man  in  the  company  who 
understood  the  drill.  He  became  a  cor- 
poral and  drill  master.  He  was  then 
nineteen  years  old.  The  company  served 
in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  and  the 
three-months  enlistment  lengthened  into 
a  service  of  five  months.  During  that 
time  Wiley  had  a  severe  illness  and  re- 


DR.  WILEY  AND  PURE  FCX)D 


3" 


turned  home  in  such  a  condition  that  it 
was  not  supposed  he  would  recover.  To 
this  day  he  has  recurrences  of  the  illness 
contracted  during  his  service  as  a  soldier. 
His  army  service  is  not  told  in  his  biog- 
raphy. In  fact  after  the  enumeration  of 
his  different  degrees,  of  the  scientific  and 
other  societies  to  which  he  belongs,  of  the 
universities  he  has  attended,  there  is 
scarcely  room  for  anything  else. 

After  completing  the  Hanover  course, 
Dr.  Wiley  went  over  into  Kentucky  and 
studied  medicine  with  a  doctor  who  had 
been  a  member  of  his  company  during  the 
war.  Then  came  an  offer  for  him  to  teach 
school  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Indiana 
and  Wiley  went  there.  "  iMy  father  bor- 
rowed the  money  to  pay  my  way,"  he 
said,  "and  1  landed  at  Crown  Point  with 
fifty  cents."  He  at  once  sought  the 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and 
was  disappointed  to  fmd  that  the  position 
he  expected  to  take  had  been  filled.  But 
the  superintendent  asked  him  many  ques- 
tions and  issued  him  a  license  to  teach 
school  and  finally  asked  him  to  dinner. 
"1  was  glad  of  that,"  said  Wiley,  "as  it 
still  left  me  my  fifty  cents.  Of  course  I 
wasn't  afraid  of  starving.  I  was  strong 
and  healthy  and  a  good  farm  hand.  1  could 
do  anything  on  a  farm." 

During  the  dinner  the  school  superin- 
tendent learned  that  Wiley  could  speak 
German  and  decided  to  make  use  of  that 
fact.  He  was  a  candidate  for  another 
office  in  the  county  and  feared  defeat 
on  account  of  the  enemies  he  had  made  as 
superintendent  of  schools.  But  there  was 
a  German  township  which  had  always 
voted  the  Democratic  ticket  and  he 
thought  something  might  be  done  in  that 
township  with  a  man  who  could  speak 
German.  Wiley  consented  to  go  with 
him  and  for  two  weeks  they  campaigned 
the  German  township.  The  Germans 
were  pleased  to  find  a  man  who  could 
speak  their  language,  welcomed  the  cam- 
paigners with  great  hospitality  and  never 
charged  anything  for  their  meals,  lodging, 
or  keep  of  the  horse.  And  what  was  more 
the  Germans  voted  solidly  for  the  super- 
intendent and  elected  him. 

Wiley  then  departed  from  Crown  Point 
to  go  to  an  uncle  living  in  a  county  to 


the  south.  He  still  had  his  fifty  cents 
and  spent  it  for  railroad  fare  as  far  as  it 
would  take  him.  Then  he  struck  out  on 
foot  across  the  Kankakee  swamp,  first 
seeking  a  college  friend  who,  he  knew, 
lived  in  the  vicinity.  But  the  walking 
was  heavy.  He  was  in  mud  or  sand  to 
his  ankles  most  of  the  time,  and  night 
overtook  him  without  a  habitation  in 
sight.  With  empty  stomach  he  lay  down 
under  a  tree,  but  did  not  sleep  much.  At 
daylight  he  began  his  walk  and  tramped 
nearly  all  day,  still  without  food.  It  was 
nearly  nightfall  when  he  heard  the  rattle 
of  a  mowing  machine.  He  found  the 
farmer  who  was  operating  it  and  told 
his  plight.  He  was  taken  in  and  given  a 
meal  and  a  bed.  The  next  day  he  found 
his  friend,  then  went  to  his  uncle  where 
he  remained  until  notified  from  Crown 
Point  that  a  school  was  ready  for  him. 

For  five  months  he  taught  in  this 
school  receiving  $6o  per  month.  "After 
paying  my  board  and  debts,"  he  said, 
"  I  had  $ioo,  more  money  than  1  had  ever 
handled  before.  It  was  untold  wealth. 
I  went  to  Chicago.  Then  I  went  home  and 
while  there  was  offered  my  first  college 
position  at  S8oo  a  year.  That  was  riches." 
Later  he  was  offered  the  chair  of  chemistry 
at  Perdue  University  at  $2,000  a  year. 
"That  was  a  small  fortune  and  I  was 
fixed  for  life,"  he  said.  He  helped  to 
organize  Perdue  and  start  it  on  its  way. 
There  he  interested  himself  very  much  in 
athletics,  an  activity  that  had  very  little 
place  in  the  colleges  at  that  time.  He 
organized  various  teams  and  since  then 
he  has  been  made  a  permanent  member  of 
the  athletic   asscKiation  of    the    college. 

While  at  Perdue  Dr.  Wiley  underwent 
the  first  of  a  long  series  of  trivial  as  well 
as  serious  attacks  which  have  been  made 
upon  him.  It  was  charged  before  the 
trustees  of  the  college  that  he  neglected 
to  attend  morning  prayer:  that  he  rode 
a  bicycle;  that  he  was  a  pitcher  on  the 
baseball  team  and  wore  a  uniform  at  the 
time;  that,  in  fact,  he  was  irreligious, 
frivolous,  and  undignified.  Dr.  Wiley 
admitted  every  accusation.  He  said  he 
had  attended  morning  prayer  so  often 
that  he  knew  it  by  heart.  "  It  is  the  same 
old  prayer  day  after  day,"  he  said. 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


"As  to  the  other  matters  said  of  me," 
continued  Wiley,  "which  are  here  con- 
fessed, I  ride  a  bicycle,  not  to  be  wicked 
or  rakish,  but  that  I  may  get  around 
quickly  and  comfortably.  I  play  baseball 
with  the  students  because  1  like  the  game 
and  need  the  exercise.  But  there  is  no 
need  to  prolong  this  hearing.  I  will  relieve 
the  trustees  by  tendering  my  resignation." 

But  by  unanimous  vote  they  refused  to 
accept  the  resignation. 

It  was  at  Hanover  that  Dr.  Wiley  first 
developed  a  taste  for  chemistry.  Dr. 
Scott,  President  Benjamin  I  larrison's 
father-in-law,  was  the  teacher  of  natural 
science  which  included  everything.  In 
chemistry  he  was  particularly  efficient 
and  young  Wiley  took  to  it  eagerly, 
assisting  in  the  experiments  and  greedily 
devouring  the  course.  Notwithstanding 
the  knowledge  acquired  under  Dr.  Scott, 
in  after  years  when  Dr.  Wiley  was  made 
professor  of  chemistry  at  the  Indiana 
Medical  College,  he  asked  for  a  leave  of 
absence  for  a  year  which  he  spent  at 
Harvard  in  order  to  fit  himself  better  for 
the  work.  Again,  a  few  years  later  when 
he  was  a  professor  at  Perdue  he  took  a 
jear's  leave  of  absence  and  studied 
chemistry  in  Berlin.  It  was  while  he  was 
in  Germany  that  he  became  interested  in 
pure  foods  which  has  been  the  real  study 
of  his  life. 

Dr.  Wiley  counts  it  a  high  privilege  to 
have  studied  under  such  men  as  Agassiz, 
Tyndall,  and  Hoffmann.  The  latter  he 
regards  as  one  of  the  greatest  of  chemists. 
It  was  while  at  Harvard  that  he  attended 
the  lectures  of  Agassiz  and  Tyndall.  He 
had  the  privilege  of  nearly  an  hour  with 
Tyndall  one  evening  when  a  reception 
was  given  to  the  famous  English  scholar. 
Tyndall  became  interested  when  he  was 
told  that  Wiley  was  "from  the  West." 
He  asked  many  questions,  particularly 
about  the  settlement  of  the  West.  "When 
I  told  him,"  said  Dr.  Wiley,  "how  my 
father  had  cut  down  and  burned  trees  in 
order  to  clear  his  farm,  Professor  Tyndall 
was  amazed.  Coming  from  England 
where  trees  are  almost  sacred,  he  could 
not  understand  how  they  could  be  an 
enemy  of  the  farm.  Those  trees  in  south- 
em   Indiana,"  sighed   Dr.  Wiley^  "they 


would  be  worth  millions  now  if  the> 
still  standing." 

From  these  influences  Dr.  Wiley  re 
Washington  a  very  unusual  combinat 
a  farmer,  a  scientist,  with  a  knowle( 
German  and  some  scholarship  in  La 
particularly  good  conversationalist  \ 
happy  sense  of  humor,  who  amused  h 
now  and  then  by  writing  verses  — 
was  the  man  who  has  done  one  of  the 
tasks,  the  purification  of  the  people's 

Since  he  has  been  in  the  goven 
service  he  has  lived  twenty-five  ye« 
one  place  in  Washington.  He  mac 
home  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  V.  Belt 
were  living  in  a  modest  house  on 
Street.  A  few  years  ago  they  mov 
a  new  and  more  pretentious  hou: 
Biltmore  Street  and  the  Doctor  weni 
them.  This  is  his  Washington  resic 
He  has,  however,  two  farms  of  his 
one  a  small  place  in  Maryland 
Washington  and  the  other  at  Bluei 
Va.,  about  sixty  miles  away.  The> 
him  recreation  and  pleasure  and  he  s 
all  his  spare  time  on  either  one  o 
other.  Notwithstanding  Secretary 
son's  assertion  that  he  is  not  a  farmc 
a  chemist  the  Doctor  says  that  he  ^ 
like  to  match  the  Secretary  in  fai 
knowledge. 

As  a  scientist,  of  course,  his  mom 
is  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry.  Perhaj 
most  notable  endorsement  which  h 
received,  aside  from  the  almost  uni^ 
approbation  of  the  general  public,  w< 
dinner  given  him  in  New  ^'ork  on 
9.  1908,  on  the  twenty-fifth  annivc 
of  his  entering  the  government  se 
It  was  given  by  men  of  his  own  proU 
and  other  scientists.  The  praise 
received  there  in  the  speeches,  in  I 
from  hundreds  of  men  in  all  parts  c 
country  who  were  unable  to  get  then 
endorsement  enough  to  last  a  life  tii 

He  once  knew  a  Catholic  priest 
whom  he  alwa>s  carried  on  all  cc 
sation  in  Latin.  "If  I  had  a  child 
said,  "  1  would  teach  it  Latin  at  eigh 
Greek  at  ten.  Latin  is  the  founc 
of  most  languages.  This  proposed 
universal  language  they  are  tr>ir 
introduce  —  Esperanto  —  why,  it  i 
most    wholly    Latin.    Take    the 


DR,    HARVEV    W,    WILEY 

THE    ''big   chief*'    OF    THt     BUREAU     OF    CHEMISTRY    OF    THE     DEPARTMENT    OF     ACRrCULTURE. 

KNOWN  TO  HIS  FRIENDS  AS  A    FARMER,  SCHOLAR,  SCIENTIST.  AND  A    MAN    OF    BRIGHT   SAYINGS, 

KHOWH     TO     ALL     PEOPLE     AS     THEIR     CHIEF     DEFENDER     AGAINST     IMPLORE     FOODS 


I 


tiK,    WHFY    (ON     \HV.    LEFl) 
in    1854,   WHEN    HE  WAS   TEN   YEARS  OLD 

away  and  there  would  not  be  enough  for 
a  skeleton  of  a  language.  Why  don't 
ihey  make  a  universal  language  of  Latin? 
It  would  be  much  more  practical.  Greek 
is  not  a  dead  language.  There  is  more 
difference  between  the  English  of  Chaucer 
and  the  English  of  to-dav  than  there  is 
between  the  Greek  of  Homer  and  the 
Greek  of  to-day.  I  can  talk  Greek  with 
boot-blacks  on  the  street  and  make  mvself 
understood  and  understand  them," 

Going  further  in  the  matter  of  languages 
the   Doctor  said   that   bv  reason  of  his 


AS    A    FRI.SIJMAN 
AT  HANOVER  COLLEGE.  MADISON.    IND,.    IN   186) 

knowledge  of  Latin  he  could  read  scientific 
articles  in  Italian,  although  he  had  never 
studied  the  language.  **  Did  vou  know- 
that  an  Italian  dialect  poem  had  been 
dedicated  to  me?  Yes;  Da  Pura  Foada 
Man."  But  the  balance  of  trade,  in 
poetry  is  not  against  him.  for  occasionally 
he  writes  verses  himself.  He  has  published 
a  small  volume  of  lines  on  agriculture; 
he  has  written  poems  to  commemorate 
events  in  the  lives  of  his  friends;  he  has 
written  verses  to  be  read  at  dinners  and 
other    festival    occasions.     Also,    he    has 


PROFESSOR    WILEV 
WMfN    HE    WAS    TEACHINO    LATIN    AND    CREEK 
\r      RLTLfll      UNIVER^iirr      AT 
INDIANAKkLlK  INU. 


PROFtSSOR   WILEY    IN    iSjiJ 

WHEN    HE    TAUGHT   CHEMISTRY    IN    FERUUE 

UNIVClfSriY      AND      WAS     STATE 

CHEMIST  OF  INtllANA 


DR.  WILEY  AND  PURE  FOOD 


35 


written  random  poems  which  still  appear 
from  time  to  time  in  periodicals  and 
papers.  The  poem  in  which  he  takes  the 
greatest  pride  is  entitled  "Farmer  John- 
scMi's  Impression  of  the  Institute."  It 
tells  in  dialect  how  Farmer  Johnson, 
leaning  over  the  fence  explains  to  another 
fanner,  who  did  not  go  to  the  Institute. 
what  he  saw  and  what  he  thought  about 
it.  Dr.  Wiley  had  the  poem  illustrated 
and  published.  That  was  many  years 
ago.  Only  recently  he  received  a  letter 
from  the  editor  of  a  farm  journal  telling 
him  that,  in  the  "Farmer  Johnson" 
poem,  Wiley  had  done  more  for  scientific 
agriculture  than  he  ever  did  in  the  Agri- 
cultural  Department. 

But  in  the  Department  circles  in  Wash- 
ington he  is  not  so  much  thought  of  as  lin- 
guist or  poet  as  a  man  who  is  good  com- 
pany and  who  says  things  worth  repeating. 
Soon  after  the  President's  order  was 
issued  to  the  effect  that  no  information 
was  to  be  given  a  Congressman  by  any 
employee  of  the  Government,  and  that  only 
heads  of  the  departments  could  furnish 
information.  Dr.  Wiley  met  a  member  of 
Congress. 

"Good  morning,  Doctor;  how  are 
you  this  morning?"  was  the  greeting. 

"  I  can't  tell  >  ou,"  promptly  responded 
the  Doctor;  "you'll  have  to  ask  the 
Secretary." 

One  of  the  best  examples  of  his  quick- 
ness of  repartee  is  the  exclusive  property 
of  the  women  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry. 

They  all  call  him  "the  Big  Chief."  Once 
a  petiU  young  woman  of  the  Bureau  met 
the  Doctor  as  he  was  passing  along  the 
corridor  to  his  office. 

"Good  morning.  Big  Chief,"  she  said. 

"Good  morning,  Little  Mis-Chief,"  re- 
torted the  Doctor. 

During  the  time  when  the  situation  in 
the  Bureau  was  darkest,  when  it  seemed 
as  if  his  enemies  with  the  aid  of  higher 
officials  would  get  the  better  of  him,  a 
close  friend  of  Dr.  Wiley  in  the  Bureau 
asked: 

"Why  don't  you  fight?  Why  don't 
you  go  for  each  and  every  one  of  these 
people  and  make  it  so  hot  for  him  that 
something  will  have  to  break?" 

"I   have  no  time  to  spend  knocking 


THE   OLD    WILEY     HOMESTEAD 

AT    KENT,    INDIANA.       AS    IT    LOOKED   IN     I902 

chips  off  people's  shoulders,"  replied  Dr. 
Wiley.  "  When  I  was  a  young  man  I  made 
up  my  mind  that  I  was  never  going  to 
allow  myself  to  harbor  any  personal 
resentment.     It  doesn't  pay." 

"From  a  long  and  intimate  personal 
acquaintance  with  Dr.  Wiley,"  said  the 
person  who  told  the  story,  "  I  am  sure  that 
he  has  lived  up  to  that  rule.  He  has  had 
the  utmost  provocation  not  only  to  make 
an  official  and  public  declaration  against 
his  treatment,  but  also  to  make  it  a  per- 
sonal matter  with  several  people.  He 
seems  to  be  able  to  press  an  electric  button 
within  himself,  so  to  speak,  and  control 
his  impulses  like  a  machine  under  the 
most  trying  circumstances. 

As  a  witness  in  the  lecent  investigations. 


tank 

^^^ 

M 

w^^ 

ii 

E 

BffBlU-^ii^'i 

^^X3|Hi 

B 

BHU^HBb^^^^^ 

Im 

r 

^"^ipd 

Is 

THE    BELT   HOME 

BILTMORE  S7REFT,  WHERE  DR.  WILEY  LIVES 

IN    WASHING10N 


F 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


OVERSEEING   THE    PREPARATION    OF   THE    "POISON    SQUAD  s"    FOOD 

Dr  Wiley  did  not  perhaps  fulfill  all  the 
expectations  of  his  admirers,  because  he 
was  guarded,  scrupulously  careful  to  keep 
to  facts,  and  did  nut  express  opinions  he 
was  known  to  possess  of  those  who  have 
been  conspiring  against  him,  \'et  there 
were  occasional  tlashes  characterisUc  of 
the  man. 

One  member  of  the  committee  seeking 
to  establish  a  high  professional  standing 
for  members  of  the  Referee  Board,  whose 
decisions  had  reversed  the  Bureau  i 
Chemistry  in  a  number  of  cases,  aske 
Dr.  Wiley  several  questions  as  to  his 
knowledge  of  the  men,  and  then  inquired. 

"Do    you    know    what    their    several 
standings  are  among  investigating  scien- 

WEICHING    BREAD    FOR  THE   "  SQUAD  "  tistS  of  the  World?** 


DR.  WrLEY's   FAMOUS   "  POISON   SQUAD 


Copyrifht  igcra.  b\  ijrtinrhAm  bua 


EARLY   IN    THE    EXPERIMENT   WHJCH   HE  CONDUCTED  TO   FIND  OUT  WHETHER  OR  NOT   BORAX 
USED  TO    PRESERVE    FOOD   WAS    INJURIOUS 


i 

d 


"  I  think  they  have  stood  very  high  in 
the  scientific  world/*  replied  Dr.  Wiley, 
and  then,  after  a  short  pause,  added: 
*' until  they  made  these  decisions.  I 
do  not  think  they  stand  so  well  now/' 
The  last  was  added  %vith  enforced  and 
significant  emphasis, 

"  They  would  stand  a  little  bit  worse 
with  those  who  did  not  favor  the  decisions^ 
but  better  with  those  who  did?"  pursued 
the  member 

"  Very  much  better  with  those  who  did,*' 
replied  Dr.  Wiley,  and,  in  that  incisive 
tone  which  means  so  much,  he  continued; 
"They  have  a  much  higher  regard  among 
I  hose  who  would  adulterate  fotxis  than 
they  had  before/* 

At  another  point  Dr.  Wiley  explained 
ihe  process  in  the  Board  of  Food  and  Drug 
Inspection  by  which  Dr.  Dunlap  and 
Solicitor  McCabe  overruled  him,  with 
especial     reference     to    numerous    cases 


THE   DOCTOR   AND   HIS    FAVORITE 
HORSE   IN   THE   COUNTRY 


1 


DK.    WILLV    RLNNINO    A    RbAi  bK 
ON    HIS    160   ACWF    FARM    AT      BttrFMONT,    VA, 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tJNE    Ol-    niS    MANV    TRIPS    ABROAD 

HE    MAS    ttttN    A    DELEGATE    TROM    Tlirs    COUK- 

TKY    TO   FIVE    INT  BftNATiONAL    CONCRtS&ES 

OF   APftltD  CHEMISTltY 

where  Dunlap  had  first  voted  with  Dr. 
Wiley  and  afterward  reversed  his  vole, 

"He  withdrew  his  vote  approving  my 
course/*  said  Dr.  Wiley,  ''and  changed  it 
to  meet  the  vote  of  Mr,  McCabe.  Along 
about  December,  igcx},  Dr.  Dunlap.  in  a 
great  manv  cases,  did  not  vote  unti]  he 


sent  the  vote  to  Mr.  McCabe  to  get  his 
vote  first,  and  in  those  cases  he  never  dis- 
agreed with  Mn  McCabe's  vote/' 

"So/*  said  the  questioner,  "instead  of, 
as  formerly,  the  voting  being  Wiley»  Dun- 
ap.  and  McCabe.  it  came  to  be  Wiley, 
McCabe»  and  Dunlap?" 

*'Yes/*  replied  Dr.  Wiley,  and.  with  a 
sardonic  smile,  added:  "It  facilitated 
business/' 

Dr.  Wiley  had  slated  that  in  the  en- 
forcement of  the  law  he  had  always  looked 
tn  the  interest  of  the  consumer  and  a 
member  of  the  committee  asked  him  if  there 
was  any  interest  in  this  country  that  was  in 
conflict  with  the  interest  of  the  consumer. 

"  I  do  not  think/'  replied  the  Doctor, 
with  carefully  measured  w^ords,  "there  is 
any  interest  that  is  in  conflict  with  the 
interests  of  the  consumer.  1  think  there 
are  some  interests  which  make  themselves 
so  that  ought  not  to;  because,  in  my  opin- 
ion, the  manufacturer  who  makes  pure 
foods  is  the  one  that  works  with  the  con- 
sumer; but  there  are  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments which  use  these  substances, 
of  which  I  have  spoken  in  the  preparation 
of  their  foods,  and  which  misbrand  their 
foods,  and  they  have  opposed  me  at  every 
step/' 

Secretary  Wilson  told  the  committee 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  that  Dr. 
Wiley  was  an  "apple  of  discord"  in  the 
Agricultural  Department.  However  this 
may  be  in  the  upper  circles  of  the  Depart- 
ment it  is  not  true  with  regard  to  his 
subordinates.  These  are  his  earnest  ad- 
mirers and  sing  his  praise  at  every  oppor- 
tunity. They  all  believe  in  him  and  even 
at  the  present  time,  when  to  speak  well  of 
Dr.  Wiley  might  result  in  dismissal,  the 
loyal  subordinates  of  the  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Chemist r>'  do  not  hesitate  to 
uphtild  him  staunch!). 

An  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which 
Dr.  Wiley  treats  his  subordinates  is 
embodied  in  a  story  every  woman  in  the 
Bureau  loves  to  telL  Dr.  Wiley  prepared 
a  very  long  report  on  a  subject  to  be 
sent  to  Congress.  It  required  a  great 
deal  of  labt»r  and  he  finally  dictated  it  to 
a  >oung  woman  stenographer.  The  next 
day  she  was  m  great  consternation  and 
trouble.    She   could    not   find    the   note 


I 


TUB    RIC.UI-ATKJNS   COMMITTEE 

WHI01    FORMULATED   THE    MEGULATIONS    FOR    THE    FOOD   AND   t>RUGS  ACT   IN    I906.      MK     S,  N.  P. 

KOKTH.  THEN   OF   THE    DEI'ARTMHNT   OF    COMMERCE    AND   LABOll»   ON  THE    LEFT,    DR.    WILEY    Iti 

THE    CLNTKE,    AND  MR.   JAMES    L.    CERRY   OF    THE    TREASURY    DEPARTMENT    ON     THE     RIGKT 


book  and  all  the  Doctor's  labor  was  lost. 
She  finally  mustered  up  courage  to  go 
into  his  office, 

*' Doctor,"  she  faltered,  "I've  lost  my 
note  book  with  all  that  dictation/* 

"Have  you?"  he  replied;  *'then  we  will 
have  to  do  it  over  again." 

And  that  was  all.  No  storm;  no  criti- 
ctsm,  but  merely  taking  the  loss  as  an 
incident  of  the  day's  work. 

U'hen  the  mercury  was  hovering  around 


the  hundred  mark  last  summer  Dr.  Wiley 
declared  that  heat  suffering  was  largely 
a  matter  of  imagination.  His  advice 
as  to  how  to  avoid  heat  prostration  and 
alleviate  the  conditions  of  the  weather 
was  "Eat  one  fourth  less  in  summer 
than  in  winter.  Banish  all  alcoholic 
beverages.  Eat  largely  of  cooked  fruit  and 
vegetables.  Drink  nothing  below  60  de- 
grees in  temperature  and  drink  sparingly. 
Be  careful  to  seek  the  society  of  cheerful 


40 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


REST  AND  CONTFNTMtNT  ON  THF  FARM 


I  friends.     Practice  moderation  in  open-air 
exercises.     Don't  fret.     Don't  worry." 
And  the  day  this  advice  was  published 
a  friend  found  him  eating  two  large  im- 
perial crabs,  one  large  steak  with  trim- 
minjL^s,   a   special   salad,  and   drinking   a 
few  mugs  of  ale.      fhe  Doctor  acknowl- 
^.   edptnlihat  the  joke  was  on  him. 
■  liibition    has  a   practical   advocate 

K  m  Ur.  Wile>.     *' I  am  not  a  orohibilionist 


WMH    A    i  UaiCULAR    IRILND 


from  principle,  but  for  policy.' 
"They  have  validated  the  adulteration  of 
all  whisky  and  beer  and  other  drinks,  so 
f^vTc   is  nothing  but  alcohol  with  such 

iditions  as  they  see  fit  to  put  in  lu  make 
what  they  call  whisky  or  beer.  It  is 
unhealthy  and  dangerous.  There  is  not 
much  danger  of  drunkenness  in  pure 
whisky.  In  fact,  it  is  too  expensive  except 
for  the  very  well-lo-do.  Under  present 
conditions  with  adulterated  and  poisonous 
whisky  freely  sold  it  would  be  better  to 
have  prohibition.  But  it  should  be  nation- 
wide. It  will  not  do  to  have  one  state 
dr>  and  another  wet.  The  whisky  men 
and  drunkards  would  all  go  to  the  wet 
slates." 

Dr.  Wiley's  idea  of  unadulterated  liquors 
has  prevailed  at  the  Cosmos  Club  which  he 
has  frequented  for  so  many  years.  All 
whisky  and  other  drinks  at  that  club  have 
undergone  the  "Wiley  test"  and  are  de- 
clared absolutely  pure. 

Money  making  is  not  a  Wiley  talent 
or  characteristic.  Since  the  time  that  he 
began  teaching  school  he  has  merely  had 
the  money  necessary  to  supply  his  modest 
wants.  The  salary  of  his  ofllce  has  been 
of  less  concern  to  him  than  getting  appro- 
priations for  carrying  on  the  great  work 
of  his  bureau.  *M  have  never  tried  to 
make  money,"  said  the  Doctor,  "nor 
have  I  spent  much  money.  No  man  of 
my  age  has  spent  as  little  mone\'  on  him- 
self." And  yet  he  has  enjoyed  life  and 
had  a  good  time.  Much  that  is  pleasant 
and  satisfactory  to  Dr.  Wiley  is  not 
expensive  and  his  difTerent  salaries  have 
always  been  adequate  to  meet  his  personal 
requirements.  His  doctrines  of  frugality 
are  very  well  known  in  Washington. 

The  utter  lack  of  i>omposily  and  dis- 
regard of  ceremony  and  display  which 
is  characteristic  of  Dr.  Wiley  is  best 
illustrated  by  a  story.  The  chief  clerk 
of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  is  Mr.  Linton, 
with  an  office  next  to  Dr.  Wiley's,  Nat- 
urally, the  chief  clerk  issues  most  of  the 
orders  to  the  employees.  A  boy  who  had 
been  employed  as  a  messenger  for  about 
tive  months  finally  became  inquisitive  as 
to  his  fellow  employees.  *' 1  say."  he 
aid  to  one  of  the  men,  "who  is  that  big, 
fat  man  that  works  for  Mr.  Linton?" 


■ 
■ 
I 

I 
I 


THE  SOUTH 

REALIZING 

ITSELF 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

REDEEMERS  OF 
THE  SOIL 

AN  UPBUILDING   OF   A    WHOLE    PEOPLE    BY   THE    PRACTICAL   AGRICULTURAL  TEACH- 
INGS  OF    INDIVIDUALS,    THE    STATES,    AND  THE    NATION.      THE    RISE 
OF   GEORGIA    FROM    ELEVENTH   TO    FOURTH    PLACE   AS 
AN    AGRICULTURAL   STATE 

BY 

EDWIN  MIMS 

(professor  or  encush  in  the  university  or  north  Carolina) 


EVERYWHERE  in  the  South 
to-day  there  is  a  rising  tide 
of  interest  in  farming  and 
in  the  improvement  of  coun- 
try life.  As  I  write  these 
words,  an  agricultural  train,  under  the 
direction  of  Clemson  and  Winthrop  col- 
leges, is  making  a  tour  of  the  rural  districts 
of  South  Carolina;  in  nearly  every  county 
of  North  Carolina,  farmers'  institutes  are 
being  held  under  the  supervision  of  the 
State  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College; 
while  in  Auburn,  Ala.,  more  than  one 
thousand  farmers  are  in  session  to  receive 
the  latest  teachings  of  agricultural  au- 
thorities and  to  witness  results  wrought 
out  upon  the  state  experiment  farm. 
Recently,  at  the  Summer  School  of  the 
University  of  Virginia,  an  entire  week 
was  given  to  the  discussion  of  farm  life 
problems  by  men  and  women  from  all 
parts  of  the  countr>'  and  to  stories  of  prac- 
tical results  accomplished  by  the  agents 
of  the  Demonstration  Farm  Work.  At 
the  Preachers'  Institute,  conducted  by  the 
Theological  Department  of  Vanderbilt 
University,  an  important  feature  of  the 
programme  was  the  consideration  of  the 


country  church  and  of  agricultural  con- 
ditions in  general. 

Better  than  much  talk,  however,  is 
the  actual  achievement  that  one  may  see 
on  farms  from  Virginia  to  Mississippi.  As 
might  be  expected,  there  are  some  farmers 
who  have  inherited  from  their  ancestors 
a  practical  knowledge  of  farming  and  wise 
business  methods.  Though  a  great  many 
of  the  ante-bellum  plantations  have  de- 
teriorated and  the  houses  upon  them  have 
either  gone  to  wreck  or  have  passed  into 
the  hands  of  aliens  in  search  of  country 
homes,  there  are  some  that  are  managed 
efficiently  by  sons  of  the  original  owners. 
Without  the  knowledge  of  modem  science, 
such  men  have  mastered  the  art  of  farming 
and  have  some  times  unconsciously  worked 
out  for  themselves  principles  and  methods 
of  the  most  advanced  cultivation.  Dr. 
Webber,  the  best  known  expert  in  the 
study  of  cotton,  found,  for  instance,  that 
the  planters  of  the  Sea  Island  cotton  had 
for  fifty  years  practised  the  art  of  seed 
selection  in  accordance  with  the  most 
recent  results  of  scientific  study.  There 
are  whole  sections  of  the  South  that  give 
evidence  of  constant  progress  in  agricul- 
ture throughout  the  past  hundred  years 


IHb  bUUlH    KbALIZIINU   I  I  bbL^ 


43 


—  farms  that  have  made  a  perfectly 
natural  transition  from  slave  labor  to 
free  labor,  from  one  crop  to  diversified 
crops. 

Such  sections  as  the  Valley  of  Virginia; 
Marlboro  County  in  South  Carolina; 
Maury  and  Williamson  counties  in  Ten- 
nessee; Piedmont,  Carolina;  and  the  large 
areas  of  valley  lands  in  Georgia,  Alabama 
and  Mississippi,  give  striking  evidence 
of  the  masterfulness  and  resourcefulness 
of  Southern  planters,  who  have  taken 
advantage  of  the  climate,  the  natural 
productiveness  of  land,  and  their  own 
talents. 

These  lands  have  sometimes  been  im- 
proved by  men  who  have  traveled  in  other 
sections  of  the  country.  1  have  in  mind 
a  large  plantation  near  Augusta,  Ga., 
which  has  been  in  cultivation  for  a  hundred 
years,  and  around  which  dikes  were  built 
more  than  fifty  years  ago  to  save  it  from 
the  floods  of  the  Savannah  River.  After 
serving  as  a  cotton  plantation  for  many 
years,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  an  exp>ert 
dairyman  who  took  advantage  of  its 
natural  proclivities  for  grass,  but  who  in 
time  allowed  the  land  to  deteriorate. 
Seven  years  ago  it  was  bought  by  Mr. 
J.  C.  Jack,  who  had  as  a  boy  hunted  upon 
this  plantation  and  had  dreamed  of  some 
day  owning  it.     He  had  studied  engineer- 


CAPTAIN    R.    S.    WALKER 

WHO    WITH     HIS     SONS     HAS     MADE    HIS    OLD     ESTATE 

AT    WOODBERRY    FOREST   A    MODEL   FARM,   A 

MOST  PROSPEROUS    BUSINESS,    AND   AN 

UNEXCELLED     PLACE     ON 

WHICH     TO     LIVE 

ing  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  but 
could  not  become  interested  in  his  work. 
In  company  with  his  father,  a  prominent 
railroad  official,  he  had  traveled  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
and  had  been  attracted  especially  by  the 
large  hay  farms  of  the  middle  and  far  West, 
acquiring  almost  unconsciously  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  most  modern  methods  of  culti- 
vation and  farm  management.     He  was 


THE   WOODBERRY    FOREST   SCHOOL 
BUILT   ON   CAPTAIN    ^f  ALKER'S   FARM    WITH   MONEY   MADE    BY    ITS  PROPER  CULTIVATION.      ONI 
THE    BEST   SCHOOLS   IN   THE    SOUTH   ON   ONE   OF    THE    BEST    FARMS    IN    VIRGINIA 
—  THE     SCHOLAR     AND     THE     FARMER     HAND     IN     HAND 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


THE   GEORGIA   STATE   COLLEGES   TRANSFORMED   *  ABANDONED"     FARM 

THIS    SHE   OF   THE     INSinLlTjON     FROM    WHICH     IT    TOOK    $7,149.58    WORTH    OF     fHODUCIS    LAST 

YEAR.      THIS    "worn   OUT**    LAND   MAS   ItAIStO    AS    MUCH    AS    TU'Q-AND-A-TMJRD    BALES 

OF   COTTON    TO  THt     ACItK,   AND    MAS    BFfiN    l*ARnCULARLY     EFFtCTlVE    AS    A 

DEMONSTRATION  OF    THE    VALUE    Of     KEEPING    BLOODED    STOCK 


r 


np  in  tlolland,  where  he  had  been 
impressed  by  the  expert  handling  of  the 
low  lands,  when  he  received  a  caWegram 
announcing  ihal  the  farm  which  he  had 
always  coveted  was  for  sale.  He  returned 
home,  bought  the  farm,  and  began  to 
build  up  the  land.  He  drained  it  with 
twelve-inch  tiles,  mj  that  there  is  not  now 
a  ditch  on  the  farm,  nor  a  waste  place  of 
any  kind,  nor  a  weed.  He  has  himself 
been  an  untirini^*  worker,  living  and  spend- 
ing his  entire  time  on  the  plantation.  By 
the  introduction  of  modern  machinery  — 
he  has  two  push-rakes  which  recently 
cleared  sixteen  acres  of  hay  in  four  and 
one  half  hours  — he  has  gradually  cut 
down  the  number  of  his  mules  from  four- 
teen to  seven  and  the  number  of  his 
** hands"  from  twelve  to  seven. 


He  makes  from  four  to  six  crops  a  year 
of  vetch,  peas,  etc.,  but  mostly  of  Johnson 
grass,  which  has  been  considered  a  curse 
by  man>^  farmers  of  the  section  but  which 
is  mure  valuable  than  timothy  hay. 
The  22.000  bales  of  hay  which  he  grew  last 
year  netted  him  Sq.ooo,  on  an  investment 
of  S25.000.  The  farm  is  not  only  profit- 
able, but  it  is  recognized  by  the  tourists 
who  come  in  gre?t  numbers  to  Augusta 
as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  at  the 
same  time  best  managed  farms  of  the 
entire  country. 

Sometimes  improvements  of  old  farms 
have  come  as  a  result  of  training  in  agri- 
cultural colleges.  In  Madison  County, 
Va..  Capt.  R.  S.  Walker,  the  descen- 
dant of  a  long  line  of  gentlemen  planters. 
bmght    in     1873    the    estate    of   WlmxI- 


L 


FARMERS  tNSPECTING  THE  COLLEGE  DEMOXSTRATrON   FIELD  AT  ATHENS,  CA. 

■  r&IDE^  THE  -  I.  TO  THE  fARM  ON  ORADUATIUN  — THIS   INSHTUnoN 

ftrAClllD   h  rt    WORK.    4SO,iHKJ    UY    IIS    AC^RtCL'LILlRAL    TRAIN. 

MORL   lH/>-    ,.^,,™-j    ,.,    .    ri-r^    .     r...  ^i  t    AND   MANY    OIHERS   WHO  CAMfe    TO   ATHENS. 

QtOIU;tA  NOW  i|.LirVES   IK   ACRtCULTURAL   EPttCATION    AS  THE   BEST   tAOHtY  CROf 


?rry  Forest,  formerly  owned  by  the 
brother  of  President  Madison.  For  a 
while  after  the  war.  Captain  Walker  — 
one  *>f  Mosby's  men,  distinguished  for 
his  bravery  in  many  battles  —  found  it 
difficult  to  curb  his  restless  spirit;  he 
would  ride  through  the  country  as  of  old, 
faking  venturesome  chances  with  the 
Federal  Army  still  encamped  in  the 
region:  he  endeavored  to  work  off  his 
surplus  energy  by  fox  chases;  he  went 
lo  Louisville.  Ky..  in  obedience  to  the 
call  of  the  West,  then  so  compelling  for 
young  Southerners.  He  finally  settled 
upon  the  \Voodberr\  Forest  estate  to  find 
a  natural  outlet  for  his  p<3wers  between 
plow  handles,  and  in  the  manage- 
ment of  his  farm.  One  of  his  sons» 
Frank,  showed  a  strong  disinclination 
for  academic  work.  From  his  childhood 
he  had  been  interested  in  farming.  So 
the  father,  instead  of  giving  him  a  classi- 
cal education  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, as  he  did  his  other  sons,  decided 
that  this  boy  should  go  to  the  Pol>  technic 
Institute.  The  son  objected  because  it  took 
him  away  from  the  farm.    As  soon  as  he 


A    MArHINTRY    DHiMoX  S T  K  \TION 

'FAfUm    IMPLEAIENT5  DOtiBLED  IN  ONE  YEAH  JN 

ONE    GEORGIA   COUNTY.    AS    A    ItF.&lJLT 

OF    FARM   TOOL   DtMOKSTRA* 

TIONSON  fHfe  P^AHM 


went  to  Blacksburg.  however,  he  found  tha 
the  very  subjects  which  he  wished  to  study 
were  taught  there.  Besides  the  regular 
course  in  agriculture  necessary  for  his 
dej^ree  he  took  extra  work  in  horticulture, 
veterinary  science,  and  dairxing.  The 
days  were  all  too  short  for  him;  often  in 
the  afternoons,  when  others  were  engaged 


«^* 


AN  ALMOST  PLRFtCT  COlKfN  PLANT 

(brf.d  from  improved  seed)  which  in  lllHh 
IS  AftEtDtNG  pfta&rEmrY,  uimfort  and 

CULTURE    FOR    ITS  CItOWER 

!  athletic  sports,  he  was  learning  how  to 
graft  and  sprav  archard  trees,  i>r  making 
inquiries  about  the  live  slock  in  the 
college  herds.  So  successful  was  he  in  his 
studies  that  his  professors  urged  him  to 
become  a  teacher  of  agriculture;  his  fel- 
low students  invited  him  into  their  ven- 


tures in  orchards,  which  were  men  jusi 
becoming  extremely  profitable  in  Virginia, 
But  he  returned  to  his  father's  farm, 
satisfied  now  that  the  education  he  had 
received  was  worth  more  to  him  than 
the  bequest  of  a  large  plantation. 

I  le  scjon  took  charge  of  the  old  farm  and 
bought  out  the  interest  of  his  brothers  in 
their  grandfather's  farm  near  by,  which 
had  for  several  years  been  in  the  hands  of 
careless  renters.  On  these  two  farms  of 
mc^re  than  a  thousand  acres  he  has  applied 
the  lessons  of  his  college  days  —  always 
with  the  hearty  cooperation  of  his  father, 
whose  long  experience  in  practical  farming 
lijs  been  of  invaluable  service.  He  saw 
ji  once  that  lime  was  needed  to  build  up 
the  farm;  his  knowledge  of  fertilizers  and 
of  their  relation  to  the  soil  enabled  him  to 
mix  his  own  and  thus  reduce  the  costs; 
he  redeemed  the  galls  and  gullcys  by  sow- 
ing legumes  and  by  the  rotation  of  crops* 
In  one  year  he  raised  4.000  bushels  of 
wheat.  6,000  bushels  of  corn,  and  three  to 
four  hundred  tons  of  alfalfa,  clover,  and 
pea  hay.  Best  of  all,  however,  he  has 
established  a  well  equipped  live-stock 
farm,  with  registered  Holsteins  and  Guern- 
se\s  to  syppK'  cream  for  the  markets  of 


^j 


I 


I 


A  V\HM  IHT    Dl    I 


}1[.   SLMMLK 


HI     I  NIVHRSrrV  OF    VIRGIN! 


OHi  or    THI    ff&»UCr%  O^    TIM     RISING    TfDF     O^^    i^TI  Rl  VT    IH    Xtik    IMPilOV|LUE>JT   OF    COUNTRY 
Lli^f.    THAT   I&  ftW&iflNO  OViR  Tlili   $OUTH 


Washington  and  Richmond,  and  a  herd 
of  fine  hogs,  beef  cattle,  and  horses.  The 
faim  has  become  a  sort  of  unofficial 
demonstration  farm  for  his  neighbors; 
at  the  same  time  his  maternal  uncle, 
who  has  a  large  orchard  at  Somerset,  profits 
by  his  nephew's  knowledge  of  horticulture. 
One  of  his  classically  trained  brothers 
once  said  to  him  that  he  would  never 
amount  to  any  thing  if  he  didn't  stop 
fnllowing  a  cow's  tail  And  vet  that 
brother,  who,  with  the  crx>peration  of  his 
father  and  other  brothers,  has  established 
on  the  old  place  what  many  consider  the 
best  preparatory  school  in  Virginia,  now 


reaps  the  benefit  of  the  income  from  dairy 
and  farm,  which  goes  to  the  equipment 
and  efficiency  of  the  school.  The  hundred 
boys  who  come  there  from  all  sections  of 
the  country  are  provided  with  more  whole- 
some milk,  vegetables,  and  meats  than 
school-boys  generally  have.  We  find  in 
this  story,  then,  an  illustration  of  the  way 
in  which  farming  may  become  more  and 
more  economically  profitable  and  spirit- 
ualty interesting.  The  neighboring  estate 
of  President  iMadison  has  passed  into  the 
hands  of  rich  Philadelphians,  who  have 
let  the  land  go  down  while  they  have  re- 
mcxleled  the  ancient  house  in  accordance 


I 


I 


with  modern  notions  of  comfort  and  luxury. 
But  Wood  berry  Forest,  still  preserving 
all  that  was  best  and  most  distinguished 
in  the  old  regime  —  the  house  now  stands 
amid  its  immemorial  trees  as  stately  as 
when  ex-Presidents  of  the  United  States 
were  wont  to  slop  there  on  their  way  from 
Washington  to  Monticelto  —  has  been 
made  over  into  a  mc>re  and  more  prosper- 
ous farm.     Nowhere  else  in  this  countrv 


be  made  to  overcome "  inerlia  and  in- 
difference, economic  fallacies,  and  stupid 
blunders.  There  must  be  organized  effort 
on  the  part  of  state,  nation,  and  com- 
munity: the  public  spirit  of  masterful 
leaders;  well-equipped  institutions  of  learn- 
ing —  all  of  these  vitally  related  to  all  the 
forces  that  are  making  for  the  rebuilding 
of  agricultural  commonwealths* 

Ihe  stcirv  of    Mr.  Walker  has  alread\^ 


Ihii  MJL  ih  (.tcjKi.tlA  DfcMONSi  RAnON  AdbNTS 
TVri*  OF  MIN  WHO  IW  RFSRONSE  "TO  AN  %»*PFAL  TO  THtlH  I'UtlUC  SPIKIT  AHO  0£CAU»fi  THEV 
LOVfc  rWE  WOUK"  Ant  HfcVOLUllONllING  IHE  MtTHOUH  OF  FARMrNG  AND  7IIE  LIVtS  Ol  THE 
FAHMtHS.  SOMF  Of  tHtSE  AGENtS  AHh  OWNFKS  OF  LARGf  ANh  ^UU.tSSFUL  FARMS  AND  OO 
UliMONSr  RATION  WORK  AT  A  CHEAT  SACRIFICE  ANU  MANY  OF  THE  VOtNCtH  MFN  HAVfc 
ll£FUSED  OTMtR   POSITIONS  WITH   IIICHFR  SAlARUS 


will  one  find  such  a  suggestion  of  what  is 
most  beautiful  in  the  scenery  and  in  the 
home  life  of  rural  Kn^land. 

But  the  improvement  of  agricultural 
conditions  in  the  South  is  much  more 
than  the  work  of  individuals  who  have 
had  exceptional  opportunities  arising  from 
heredity,  travel,  and  education.  When 
wc  consider  the  deterioration  of  lands  as 
the  result  of  senseless  methods  of  culti- 
vation, the  undeveloped  wet  lands  and 
sandy  regions,  when  we  consider,  too,  the 
great  masses  of  untrained  and  even  stolid 
men,  we  realize  that  heroic  efforts  must 


suggested  the  importance  of  agricultural 
colleges  as  one  oi  the  agencies  in  this  con- 
structive work.  I  know  quite  well  the 
inadequacy  of  man\  of  these  institutions. 
The  prejudice  that  has  existed  in  the  minds 
of  many  serious  men  against  their  failure 
to  accomplish  their  mission  has  been  some- 
times well  founded.  It  is  rather  disheart- 
ening to  find  that,  in  a  list  of  more  than 
500  graduates  of  a  Southern  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college,  only  forty-six  have 
become  real  farmers  and  only  forty-five 
are  in  any  way  connected  with  experiment 
stations  or  colleges;  to  learn  also  that  many 


I 


A 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


49 


who  have  been  presidents  of  these  colleges 
have  failed  to  realize  their  obligations  to 
the  masses  of  the  people;  and  that  many 
of  the  scientific  specialists  have  not  con- 
sidered sufficiently  the  problems  presented 
by  actual  local  conditions.  Within  the 
past  five  years,  however,  many  of  these 
facts  have  been  materially  changed;  for 
the  agricultural  colleges,  partly  as  a  result 
of  their  own  increasing  efficiency  and 
partly  of  the  changing  attitude  of  the 
public  to  scientific  work,  are  in  a  far  better 
position  to  direct  the  work  that  has  been 
committed  to  them. 

Although  1  recognize  that  all  the  agri- 
cultural colleges  of  Southern  states  offer 
rich  material  for  stories  such  as  I  am 
writing,  and  although  they  all  are  older 
and  have  larger  incomes  —  Clemson,  for 
instance,  receives  $260,000  from  the  fer- 
tilizer tax  —  and  a  larger  number  of  stu- 
dents, I  have  selected  the  State  College 
of  Agriculture  of  Georgia  as  the  most 
recent,  and  in  many  ways  the  most  strik- 
ing manifestation  of  the  spirit  that  is 
transforming  these  institutions. 

Although  for  many  years  there  had  been 
a  nominal  Department  of  Agriculture 
in  connection  with  the  State  University 
at  Athens,  it  was  not  until  1906  that  a 
distinct  institution  was  organized  and  not 
until  1909  that  an  adequate  building  was 
provided  for  its  work.  The  trustees  were 
fortunate  in  securing  as  president,  Andrew 
M.  Soule,  who  had  been  trained  in  the 
great  agricultural  college  of  Canada  and 
had  spent  several  years  as  professor  in  the 
agricultural  colleges  of  Texas,  Tennessee, 
and  Virginia.  He  is  a  man  who  combines 
with  a  practical  knowledge  of  farming 
conditions,  a  spirit  of  initiative  in  research 
work  and  a  remarkable  ability  to  set 
forth,  both  by  writing  and  by  speaking, 
the  results  of  his  and  of  other  men's  dis- 
coveries and  to  inspire  others  with  his  own 
ideas  of  the  world-wide  movement  now 
looking  toward  the  improvement  of  rural 
conditions.  He  has  been  fortunate  in 
gathering  about  him  a  body  of  trained 
scholars  and  farmers  who  have  cooperated 
with  him  in  making  an  efficient  institution. 
The  atmosphere  of  the  farm  pervades  the 
place;  the  difficulty  in  holding  these  men 
is  not  their  desire  to  go  to  other  insti- 


tutions, but  that  they  want  to  work  on 
their  own  farms.  The  greatest  object 
lesson  that  they  have  given  to  the  state 
is  the  transformation  of  an  abandoned 
farm  —  the  site  of  the  institution  —  into 
a  successful  farm,  the  gross  products  of 
which  amounted  last  year  to  $7,149.58. 
On  this  land  they  have  raised  as  much  as 
two  and  one  third  bales  of  cotton  to  the 
acre,  have  maintained  forty  head  of  grade 
Hereford  cattle,  and  Holstein  and  Guern- 
sey cows,  eighty  head  of  Berkshire  and 
Tamworth  hogs,  eighteen  horses  and 
mules  of  good  quality.  The  farm  has 
served  both  as  practical  laboratory 
for  students  and  as  an  experiment 
and  demonstration  farm  for  the  thou- 
sands who  come  to  see  it.  The 
agricultural  building  is  fitted  up  with 
laboratories  specially  adapted  for  research 
work  in  entomolog>',  agricultural  chemis- 
try, plant  breeding,  farm  machiner>', 
veterinary  science,  and  other  subjects 
necessary  in  the  expert  handling  of 
agricultural  material;  and  besides,  the  stu- 
dents have  access  to  the  instruction  and 
laboratories  of  the  University  of  Georgia 
on  another  section  of  the  campus.  These 
facts  all  assume  new  significance  when 
one  realizes  that  last  year  there  were 
290  students  of  agriculture  in  the  college, 
that  some  of  last  year's  graduates  declined 
remunerative  salaries  to  go  back  to  the 
farm,  and  that  one  of  the  students,  who 
had  throughout  his  student  career  de- 
veloped a  superior  variety  of  corn,  is  now 
a  Demonstration  Farm  agent  in  an  ad- 
joining county. 

Important  as  such  results  are,  however, 
that  which  has  appealed  most  to  the  people 
of  the  state  has  been  the  extension  work 
undertaken  by  President  Soule  and  his 
associates.  Last  year  thirty-three  farmers' 
institutes  and  fourteen  teachers'  institutes 
were  held  in  different  parts  of  the  state 
with  an  attendance  of  10,000  people. 
From  February  7th  to  iMarch  25th,  the 
second  Educational  Special  —  with  ex- 
hibits of  every  department  of  the  work 
of  the  college  and  the  farm  and  with 
practical  and  effective  demonstrators  — 
visited  120  counties,  traveled  5,467  miles, 
and  reached  —  at  a  conservative  estimate 
—  350,000   people.    The   correspondence 


50 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


of  President  Soule  amounted  last  year  to 
y>,ooo  letters,  while  those  in  charge  of 
special  departments  of  instruction  have 
likewise  carried  on  an  extensive  corre- 
spondence with  people  who  are  sending  up 
a  Macedonian  cry  from  all  parts  of  the 
state.  The  prejudice  against  "book 
lamin'"  is  disappearing  with  such  tangible 
and  practical  results  as  have  been  wrought 
out  by  this  flourishing  institution.  The 
boll  weevil  and  other  pests  and  the  sudden 
awakening  to  the  errors  of  the  past  are 
causing  the  people  to  turn  with  almost 
pathetic  yearning  to  men  of  authority. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  the  legislature,  which 
has  just  closed,  should  have  contributed 
$50,000  for  the  further  development  of 
such  work.  The  people  are  saying  that 
there  must  be  some  connection  between 
Georgia's  leap  from  eleventh  place  among 
the  states  of  the  Union  to  fourth  place 
in  agricultural  products  and  the  increasing 
attention  given  to  science  and  expert 
management. 

Perhaps  the  most  distinctive  work  done 
by  this  college  is  that  of  Prof.  J.  H. 
DeLoach  in  connection  with  cotton.  To 
see  him  in  his  laboratory  or  on  the  experi- 
ment farm,  studying  every  detail  of  the 
cotton  plant,  conducting  experiments  with 
every  known  variety  of  cotton,  that  he  may 
determine  points  relating  to  length  of 
staple,  strength  of  fibre,  diseases  such  as 
anthrachnose,  the  distance  between  plants, 
the  amount  and  quality  of  fertilizers  — 
is  to  have  a  new  sense  of  the  specialist 
in  this  era  of  Southern  development. 
While  teaching  in  the  Indian  schools  of 
Oklahoma  several  yearsr.  ago  he  was  greatly 
impressed  with  the  instructions  in  agricul- 
ture. He  returned  to  Georgia  as  botanist  at 
the  Georgia  Experiment  Station,  studied 
in  the  government  laboratories  at  Wash- 
ington, worked  with  Dr.  Webber  in  his 
experiments  with  the  cotton  plant,  and 
has  for  four  years  been  Professor  of 
Cotton  Industry  at  Athens.  He  has 
done  his  part  in  the  extension  work  already 
referred  to  —  in  1908  under  his  and  Presi- 
dent Soule's  direction  the  first  cotton 
school  ever  held  in  the  South  was  attended 
by  farmers  from  eighteen  to  sixty  years 
of  age  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  He  has 
prepared  bulletins  on  every  phase  of  cot- 


ton culture.  His  special  contribution  to 
science  has  been  the  careful  study  of  the 
diseases  of  cotton  and  the  dev€^pment 
of  a  special  variety  of  cotton  called  "  Sun- 
beam," the  seed  of  which  has  been 
distributed  to  planters  of  the  state*  it 
is  estimated  that  his  investigations  have 
already  saved  Georgia  millions  of  dollars. 
One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  that  such 
men  have  had  to  contend  against  in  their 
efforts  for  the  improvement  of  farming 
is  the  lack  of  attention  on  the  part  of 
farmers  to  proper  seed  selection.  Only 
a  few  of  them  are  capable  of  breeding 
their  own  seed;  and  unfortunately  many 
seed  houses  are  thoroughly  unreliable. 
It  is  a  matter,  therefore,  of  great  impor- 
tance that  such  men  as  Mr.  W.  A.  Simp- 
kins  of  Raleigh,  N.  C,  and  Mr.  H.  G. 
Hastings  of  Atlanta  are  breeding  and 
selling  seed  of  special  quality.  Three 
years  ago,  Mr.  Hastings,  seeing  that  it 
was  impossible  to  rely  upon  others  for 
the  seed  which  was  more  and  more  de- 
manded of  him,  bought  and  began  to  culti- 
vate a  .farm  of  three  thousand  acres  in 
Troup  County,  Ga.,  with  the  special 
purpose  of  developing  types  of  cotton 
that  would  produce  an  increased  yield, 
that  would  mature  early,  and  that  would 
resist  disease.  Although  he  himself  has 
by  extensive  travel,  by  careful  study  of 
agricultural  bulletins,  and  by  association 
with  specialists  become  an  expert  seeds- 
man, he  has  employed  to  aid  him  in  this 
work  Mr.  Tarr,  who  was  trained  espe- 
cially by  Professor  DeLoach  and  who  is, 
therefore,  particularly  fitted  to  superin- 
tend the  experiments  with  all  known 
varieties  of  cotton  and  to  keep  records 
of  them.  While  the  plan  is  still  in  its 
initial  stages,  already  the  results  in  the 
development  of  special  varieties  of  cotton 
and  in  distributing  them  have  been  note- 
worthy. The  farm  has  not  only  supplied 
the  seed  for  a  very  large  constituency,  but 
has  become  a  demonstration  farm  for 
the  entire  section  of  the  state.  In  con- 
nection with  it  the  International  Har- 
vester Company  conducts  demonstrations 
for  the  exhibition  of  improved  machinery. 
Mr.  Hastings,  by  his  600,000  attractive 
circulars,  which  are  distributed  in  all 
parts  of  the  country;  by  his  offering  of 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


51 


prizes  for  Boys'  Com  Clubs;  by  his  articles 
in  newspapers  and  from  the  vantage  ground 
of  his  position  as  Chairman  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Committee  of  the  Atlanta  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  has  become  a  great 
influence  in  the  dissemination  of  proper 
ideas  of  farming,  in  the  preparation  for 
the  boll  weevil,  and  in  the  general  uplift 
of  agricultural  conditions.  "Bringing  of 
the  cotton  plant  to  its  maximum  capacity 
is  a  life  work,  but  it  is  worth  while,"  is  a 
saying  that  indicates  his  devotion  to 
higher  ends  than  the  purely  commercial. 

Another  still  more  notable  agency  in 
reaching  a  still  larger  public  is  found  in 
the  best  agricultural  papers  of  the  South, 
and  especially  in  the  Progressive  Farmer 
and  Southern  Farm  Gazette,  with  its  more 
than  100,000  subscribers  extending  from 
Maryland  to  Texas.  Its  editor,  Mr. 
Clarence  Poe,  of  Raleigh,  N.  C,  is 
not  only  an  alert  and  open-minded  inter- 
preter of  the  best  agricultural  achieve- 
ments and  thought  of  the  day,  but  has 
gathered  about  him  a  staff  of  editors  and 
contributors  of  exceptional  ability  to 
direct  and  inspire  farmers.  But  in  spite 
of  this  Mr.  Poe  has  realized  that  there  are 
fanners  who  will  never  read  Government  or 
experiment  station  bulletins  or  become 
subscribers  to  farm  papers;  that  there  is 
a  great  number  of  farmers  who  will  never 
take  the  trouble  to  secure  good  seed  or  to 
learn  the  meaning  of  a  fertilizer  formula; 
and  so  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  recognize 
the  far-reaching  importance  of  the  farm 
demonstration  plans  projected  by  the 
late  Dr.  Knapp.  He  has  printed  in  his 
paper  time  and  again  "  the  ten  command- 
ments of  agriculture."  He  has  this  sum- 
mer published  a  series  of  articles  setting 
forth  the  definite  results  of  demonstration 
agents  in  all  the  Southern  states.  In  a 
word,  he  has  been  one  of  the  most  persis- 
tent disciples  of  this  great  teacher. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  in  this  article  to 
write  in  detail  either  of  Dr.  Knapp  or  of 
the  system  of  agricultural  education  in- 
augurated by  him  for  the  instruction  of 
adult  farmers  and  of  boys  and  girls;  for  I 
take  it  that  the  reading  public  is  already 
familiar  with  both.  What  I  should  like 
to  do  is  to  give  some  idea  of  the  great 
order  of  agents  now  found  in  nearly  every 


county  of  the  South.  One  has  only  to 
talk  with  these  state  and  local  agents  to 
realize  that  they  are  a  body  of  men  as 
noteworthy  for  their  consecration  and 
unselfishness  as  for  their  expert  and  even 
scientific  knowledge.  In  their  aggressive- 
ness and  enthusiasm  they  remind  one  of 
some  of  the  religious  orders  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  state  agents, 
1  cite  the  case  of  Mr.  Gentry  of  Georgia. 
He  was  a  farmer  in  Texas  when  Dr. 
Knapp  began  his  demonstrations  in 
that  state.  On  hearing  one  of  Dr. 
Knapp's  lectures  he  was  so  impressed  with 
the  personality  of  the  man  that  he  sought 
an  interview;  and  Dr.  Knapp  was  so  im- 
pressed with  him  that  he  immediately 
offered  him  a  position  as  agent.  Al- 
though he  was  then  making  a  profit  of 
5^3,000  from  his  farm  he  immediately  ac- 
cepted and  worked  for  three  >ears  in  Texas. 
In  1907  he  was  transferred  to  Georgia 
where  he  began  work  with  six  local  agents, 
a  number  which  he  has  since  increased  to 
fifty-two.  It  is  interesting  to  hear  him 
tell  of  his  experiences  and  especially  to 
know  of  the  local  agents  whom  he  has 
secured  for  various  counties.  He  has,  for 
instance,  one  farmer  in  South  Georgia  who 
is  worth  $250,000  —  the  most  successful 
farmer  in  this  section,  who  now  gives  half 
his  time  to  the  demonstration  work. 
"How  do  you  get  such  men?"  asked  an 
agent  of  the  International  Harvester 
Company.  "They  do  it  in  response  to 
an  appeal  to  their  public  spirit  and  be- 
cause they  love  the  work,"  answered  Mr. 
Gentry,  who  has  himself  recently  refused 
a  position  as  superintendent  of  farms  that 
would  have  doubled  his  salary.  The 
reports  of  Mr.  Gentry  and  his  local  agents 
to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  make  as 
interesting  reading  as  one  could  demand 
—  they  will  be  of  invaluable  service  to 
the  historian  of  the  future.  Notes  like  the 
following,  written  as  the  result  of  obser- 
vation in  different  sections  of  the  South, 
tell  the  story  far  better  than  any  statistics. 

One  man  has  cotton  six  to  nine  inches 
high,  with  roots  sixteen  to  twenty  inches  long, 
as  the  result  of  deep  plowing  in  winter,  while 
his  neighbors  are  replanting.  ...  As 
one  of  the  main  ways  to  fight  the  boll  weevil  I 


$2 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


have  secured  from  the  State  Board  of  Entom- 
dLogy  a  case  of  boll  weevils  and  affected  squares, 
which  I  am  taking  with  me  on  my  rounds* 
•  .  .  I  saw  twelve  pure  bred  Berkshire 
sows  on  vetch  and  rye  pastures.  .  .  . 
Farm  implements  doubled  in  one  year  in 
one  county  as  the  result  of  farm  tool  demon- 
stration on  the  farm.  .  .  .  Where  they 
have  been  reading  agricultural  literature,  they 
are  now  studying  it.  .  .  .  Farmers  have 
bought  over  four  thousand  two-horse  plows 
since  last  fall  and  are  buying  harrows  faster 
than  men  can  supply  them.  .  .  .  Forty 
cars  of  farm  implements  as  against  two  last 
year  were  sold  by  one  wholesale  dealer  as  the 
result  of  demonstration  talk.  .  .  .  There 
has  been  sold  in  one  county  a  car  load  of 
good  Western  mares. 

Such  field  notes  —  and  they  might  be 
multiplied  indefinitely  —  suggest  the 
transformation  of  agricultural  conditions. 
One  of  the  most  successful  fanners  in 
Alabama  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the 
most  effective  agents  is  Mr.  Clarendon 
Davis,  whose  farm  is  in  the  rich  Ten- 
nessee valley  near  Huntsville,  Ala.  He 
attributes  his  success  to  the  reading  of 
The  Progressive  Farmer  over  a  period  of 
many  years  and  finds  his  greatest  joy  in 
using  the  demonstration  farm  system  as 
a  means  of  helping  his  less  fortunate 
neighbors.  I  wish  that  space  allowed 
the  account  he  once  wrote  of  the  year's 
activities  on  his  farm  —  every  day  filled 
with  its  special  duties,  every  laborer  made 
efficient  by  an  expert  overseer,  every  acre 
of  ground  raised  to  its  highest  efficiency 
by  crop  rotation  and  other  devices  of  the 
modern  farmer.  1 1  is  little  wonder  that  he 
raised  last  year  6,626  bushels  of  corn  — 
an  average  of  65  bushels  to  the  acre  — 
4,240  bushels  of  oats,  1,000  bushels  of 
wheat,  65  bales  of  cotton,  295  tons  of  hay. 
$3,000  worth  of  sheep,  and  other  valuable 
live  stock.  The  reader  may  easil\'  imagine 
the  effect  of  the  demonstration  teaching 
of  such  a  man. 

While  there  are  literally  hundreds  of 
stories  that  might  be  told  of  the  definite 
results  of  such  teaching,  1  think  that  two 
letters,  one  from  a  white  man  and  the  other 
from  a  Negro,  will  suggest  the  economic 
profits  and  at  the  same  time  the  new  vision 
of  life  that  have  come  to  the  most 
helpless  Southern   farmers. 


Stony,  Texas,  Nov.  17,  1910. 
Dr.  S.  a.  Knapp, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  feel  it  is  my  duty,  also  take  it  as  a  privilege, 
to  write  to  you  pertaining  to  the  demonstration 
work.  I  can't  find  words  to  express  my 
appreciation  of  what  the  demonstration  work 
has  done  for  me.  When  last  spring  a  year  ago, 
Mr.  Ganzer  preached  the  gospel  of  better 
farming  in  Decatur,  I  was  one  of  the  men  who 
signed  up  for  the  demonstration  work  because 
I  was  convinced  that  there  was  something  in  it. 

I  was  financially  involved  very  deeply.  I 
was  owing  about  $1,250.  I  did  not  have  a 
cow  or  hog  of  any  kind.  I  had  an  old 
pair  of  mules  29  years  old,  and  I  told  Mr. 
Ganzer  that  1  had  to  do  something  better  in 
the  way  of  farming  or  lose  my  home  of  125 
acres,  of  which  90  acres  arc  in  Denton  Creek 
bottom;  so  I  set  out  to  follow  instructions 
on  10  acres  each  of  corn  and  cotton.  I  was  so 
pleased  with  results  that  it  nearly  trebled  the 
yield  of  both  over  the  rest  of  the  crop  culti- 
vated the  old  way.  Myself  and  family  were 
carried  away  with  the  results.  I  followed  this 
year  the  instructions  on  my  whole  crop.  The 
results  were  overwhelming.  I  made  a  bale  of 
cotton  per  acre  and  50  bushels  of  corn  per 
acre.  I  paid  every  dollar  of  my  indebtedness 
and  have  $400  on  deposit  and  about  700 
bushels  of  corn.  I  bought  a  good  span  of 
mules  worth  $500, 3  cows,  and  have  I300  worth 
of  good  hogs. 

Now,  dear  Dr.  Knapp,  can  you  blame  me 
when  I  say  that  1  cannot  find  words  to  express 
my  appreciation  for  what  the  demonstration 
work  has  done  for  me.  I  owe  my  great  im- 
proved conditi9n  to  you  first,  and  to  Mr. 
Ganzer,  the  demonstration  agent,  next.  I 
hope  that  this  great  work  you  are  doing  will 
benefit  other  farmers  as  it  has  benefited  me, 
and  it  will  if  they  follow  instructions. 

In  regard  to  the  great  move  you  made  in 
organizing  the  boys'  corn  clubs  to  educate 
them  in  better  farm  methods,  1  will  say  it 
has  caused  a  wonderful  awakening  among  the 
boys.  My  son,  Archie,  13  years  old,  has 
raised  50  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre,  and  was 
a  winner  of  one  of  the  prizes  of  Wise  County. 

Now,  Dr.  Knapp,  the  above  facts  which  I 
am  fully  able  to  prove  by  either  of  the  banks 
of  Decatur,  or  by  my  neighbors.  Myself  and 
family  certainly  bless  the  day  when  the  demon- 
stration work  was  brought  to  us.  I  will  close 
by  saying  that  some  day  I  hope  to  meet  you, 
shake  your  hand  and  thank  you  more  fully. 

I  remain  very  respectfully, 

(Siined)  A.  L.  Foster. 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


53 


A.  D.,  7-16-10. 
Sir,  Mr.  S.  A.  Knapp,  I  rite  you  at  few  lins  in 
the  gards  of  fanning  agncultur.  1  do  say 
that  your  advice  have  Ben  Folard  and  your 
direcksion  have  Ben  o  Baid  an  I  find  that  i 
am  successful  in  Life.  Say,  Mr.  Knapp,  I 
do  know  that  there  is  gooder  men  as  you  an 
as  fair  as  you.  But  o  that  keen  eye  ov  yourse 
that  watches  ever  crook  in  farming,  that  can 
tell  ever  man  whichever  was  to  Gro  to  be 
successful  in  Life.  On  last  year  I  folered  your 
advice  an  aUso  yer  Before  last.  On  1908  i 
made  14  Bails  of  cotton  an  1909,  17  Bails  an 
startid  With  i  mule  an  now  I  own  3  head 
ov  the  great  worthies,  an  thanks  to  you  for 
your  advice  a  Long  that  Line  an  Great  success 
in  your  occupation  to  you. 

Say,  Mr.  Knapp,  I  am  a  culered  man,  Live 
near  Graysport,  Miss.,  Corn  a  plenty,  allso 
make  a  plenty  of  Sweet  potatoes,  but  I  read 
your  advice  a  Bout  them. 

WiU  close, 

Yourse, 
{Siitud)    Wm.  Washington. 
Mr.  Will  Criss  is  my  agent,  visited  twice  a 
month. 

Perhaps  the  state  in  which  the  farm 
demonstration  work  may  be  seen  at  best 
advantage  over  a  large  area  is  Alabama; 
for  there,  as  a  result  of. the  remarkable 
appropriation  by  the  last  legislature  of 
$$2,000  to  supplement  the  $32,000  appro- 
priated by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  the  activities  of  the  State 
College  of  Agriculture  at  Auburn  and  the 
National  Department  of  Agriculture 
have  all  been  correlated  and  coordinated 
under  the  control  of  a  central  board.  As 
a  result,  Alabama  now  has  a  demonstra- 
tion farm  agent  in  every  county,  experi- 
ment farms  for  the  study  of  soils  and  plants 
in  every  county,  in  addition  to  the  note- 
worthy work  long  done  by  the  local  forces 
at  Auburn.  Under  the  supervision  of 
Professor  J.  F.  Duggar,  whose  excel- 
lence as  a  scientific  investigator  has  been 
recognized  throughout  the  nation,  all 
this  work  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the 
State  Department  of  Agriculture,  under 
the  direction  of  Captain  Kolb.  As  a  result 
of  such  intensive  and  expert  handling 
cS  the  whole  agricultural  situation,  Ala- 
bama is  in  a  position  to  combat  the  antici- 
pated ravages  of  the  boll  weevil,  which 
now  has  already  invaded  its  western  border. 

Such  are  the  agencies  and  forces  and 


such  the  individual  men  who  are  now  re- 
shaping agricultural  conditions  in  the 
Southern  states.  But  even  these  are  not 
sufficient  to  deal  adequately  with  the 
situation  in  its  entirety.  Men  who  have 
been  primarily  interested  in  the  building 
up  of  cities  and  who  therefore  represent 
large  interest  of  capital,  are  considering 
wisely  and  effectively  plans  for  the  im- 
provement of  undeveloped  land  and  for 
the  introduction  of  desirable  immigrants. 
There  is  scarcely  a  section  of  the  South 
from  the  coastal  regions  to  the  Mississippi 
bottoms  that  is  not  now  being  exploited 
and  developed.  The  railroads  are  taking 
a  most  important  part  in  the  opening  up 
of  these  lands.  One  of  the  most  notable 
conventions  ever  held  in  the  South  was 
held  recently  at  Gulfjwrt,  Miss.,  with  the 
avowed  object  of  providing  for  an  extensive 
system  of  small  farms  from  the  cut-over 
timber  lands  and  the  undrained  swamps 
of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.  The  leader 
in  this  movement  is  Mr.  P.  H.  Saunders, 
president  of  the  Commercial  Bank  & 
Trust  Company  of  Laurel,  Miss,  and 
New  Orleans,  and  vice-president  of  the 
Gulf  States  Investment  Company.  For- 
merly Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  a  man  well- 
trained  in  the  best  institutions  of  this 
country  and  Germany,  he  has  for  six 
years  given  himself  to  the  building  up  of 
his  native  state.  He  is  really  an  industrial 
statesman  who  has  spoken  with  candor 
and  courage  of  the  necessity  for  the 
cooperation  of  all  social  and  industrial 
forces  in  the  making  of  a  better  rural 
civilization. 

Such  men  are  sacrificing  mere  tempo- 
rary advantages  to  the  permanent  pros- 
perity of  coming  generations  and  are 
proving  once  more  that  the  practical 
plans  of  enlightened  captains  of  industry 
are  better  than  the  dreams  of  ineffective 
philanthropists. 

One  of  the  most  striking  evidences  of 
the  intelligent  handling  of  undeveloped 
regions  of  the  South  by  men  of  large  com- 
mercial vision  is  the  policy  recently 
adopted  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.  While  in  South 
Carolina  recently  I  made  my  first  visit 
to  the  historic  city,  attracted  theieto  by 


i4 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


its  romantic  association  with  American 
history  and  literature,  and  with  the  words 
of  Owen  Wister  and  Henry  James  in  my 
mind.  After  hearing  the  chimes  of  St. 
Michael's  from  the  quiet  cemetery  —  a 
suggestion  of  some  old  cathedral  town  of 
England  —  and  after  walking  along  the 
Battery,  famed  in  legend  and  song,  1 
entered  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  from 
the  walls  of  whose  historic  building  looked 
down  the  portraits  of  its  presidents  of  a 
hundred  years.  It  was  nearly  two  hours 
before  I  could  see  the  secretary;  for  his 
office  was  filled  with  busy  men  and  com- 
mittees. Finally  I  learned  that  the  secre- 
tary was  Mr.  A.  M.  McKeand,  for  six 
years  Secretary  for  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  Oklahoma  City.  And  then  I 
heard  such  a  story  of  enterprise,  of  public 
spirit,  as  one  might  expect  only  from 
the  most  progressive  cities  of  America. 

Two  years  ago  some  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive citizens  of  the  town,  notably 
Mayor  Rhett  and  Mr.  P.  H:  Gadsden,  de- 
termined that  they  would  secure  the  best 
secretary  for  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
that  was  available,  regardless  of  salary. 
Their  choice  was  Mr.  McKeand,  who  en- 
tered upon  his  duties  last  October.  His 
first  observation,  after  a  survey  of  the 
field,  was  that  only  two  per  cent,  of  the 
four  counties  around  Charleston  was  under 
cultivation.  And  his  first  declaration  of 
policy,  readily  sanctioned  by  his  Board  of 
Directors,  was  that  whatever  effort  might 
be  directed  toward  the  widening  and  deep- 
ening of  Charleston  Harbor  or  toward 
the  industrial  prosperity  of  Charleston 
business  concerns,  the  primary  duty  was 
to  develop  the  surrounding  land.  With 
his  experience  gained  from  the  building 
up  of  Oklahoma  and  Kansas,  he  has  gone 
to  work  upon  a  consistent  and  intelligent 
plan,  first  organizing  a  company  for  the 
purchase  of  60,000  acres  to  be  drained  and 
cut  up  into  small  farms  and  provided  with 
all  the  advantages  of  the  best  agricultural 
communities.  Fortunately,  at  Summer- 
ville  just  outside  of  Charleston,  Clemson 
College  has  recently  established  an  ex- 
periment farm  of  300  acres,  which  has 
thoroughly  demonstrated  that  land  with 
an  average  of  four  inches  of  water  over 
its  surface  can  be  drained  and  cultivated 


so  that  it  will,  on  staple  crops,  yield  a 
profit  of  J(53  per  acre;  and  that,  further- 
more, white  men  can  live  and  work  upon 
such  plantations  the  year  round,  with  the 
best  conditions  of  climate  and  health. 
Furthermore,  the  Drainage  Law,  passed, 
by  a  recent  session  of  the  legislature, 
providing  for  the  issuance  of  bonds  by 
drainage  districts  and  for  the  use  of  the  dis- 
pensary fund,  is  working  to  the  same  end. 

So  that  in  the  next  few  years  on« 
may  expect  to  see  that  whole  section  of 
South  Carolina,  which  has  for  a  long  lime 
been  considered  as  utterly  wcM^thless, 
redeemed  and  made  an  attractive  place 
for  men  to  live  and  work  in.  Vulgariza- 
tion is  descending  upon  Kings  Port,  as 
(3wen  Wister  sadly  observed,  but  is  not 
industrial  and  social  wellbeing  partici- 
pated in  by  an  increasing  number  of  people 
of  all  classes  and  from  all  sections  and  all 
nations  better  than  an  aristocracy,  exclu- 
sive in  its  spirit  and  reactionary  in  its 
policy?  That  such  a  change  is  now  coming 
in  all  parts  of  the  South  —  that  all  lands 
are  becoming  fruitful  as  well  as  a  few 
favored  spots,  and  that  all  people  are 
being  brought  within  the  current  of  the 
world's  activities  and  within  the  scope 
of  all  the  best  influences  of  society  and 
government  —  this  is  surely  one  of  the 
most  hopeful,  most  inspiring,  tendencies 
in  American  life. 

For  such  material  prosperity  as  I  have 
suggested  in  this  article  is  a  prophecy  of 
intellectual  and  moral  development  as 
well.  Sidney  Lanier  said  more  than 
thirty  years  ago: 

A  vital  revolution  in  the  farming  economy 
of  the  South,  if  it  is  actually  occurring,  is 
necessarily  carrying  with  it  all  future  Southern 
politics,  and  Southern  relations,  and  Southern 
art,  and  such  an  agricultural  change  is  the 
one  substantial  fact  upon  which  any  really  New 
South  can  be  predicated. 

The  third  article  will  deal  with  the  appli- 
cation of  the  scientific  spirit  to  Southern 
manufacturers,  to  the  cotton  mills,  the  steel 
business,  the  turpentine  industry,  etc.,  and,  by 
concrete  stories  of  the  careers  of  certain  men, 
it  will  tell  some  of  the  results  which  are 
notable  national  accomplishments. — The 
Editors. 


LITTLE  STORIES  OF  BIG  SUCCESSES 


WONDER-TALES  OF   SCIENTIFIC   FARMING   IN   THE   SOUTH 

BY 

CLARENCE    POE 

(nUTOK  Of  **JRE  PROGRESSIVE  FARMER,"  RALEIGH,  N.  C) 


HE  TOOK  me  to  his  home  in 
an  automobile  (and  he  has  a 
right  to  run  one,  for  his  net 
income  in  1910  was  J  10,000); 
we  got  out  and  went  into  a 
hall  lighted  by  electricity;  when  I  went 
to  my  room,  I  found  the  house  fitted  with 
an  up-to-date  system  of  water-works;  and 
there  was  a  typewriter  on  my  friend's 
desk,  and  a  telephone  hung  beside  it. 

And  this  man  was  a  farmer  and  had 
made  his  money  farming!  His  name  is 
W.  S.  Cobb,  County  of  Robeson,  State 
of  North  Carolina;  age,  thirty-six.  Eigh- 
teen years  ago  he  was  an  ordinary-looking 
eighteen-year-old  Southern  farm  boy  with 
eighty  acres  of  land,  two  mules,  one  horse, 
and  some  one-horse  plows  and  just  one 
thing  else:  plenty  of  pluck. 

Now  he  crops  900  acres  of  land,  has  27 
horses  and  mules,  besides  gasoline  engines, 
a  shredder,  a  hay  press,  a  manure  spreader, 
a  grain  drill,  a  com  binder,  a  wheat 
binder,  harrows,  listers,  cultivators,  and 
the  like;  his  neighbors  call  him  "  Senator 
Cobb"  (for  he  is  a  member  of  the  upper 
house  of  the  general  assembly),  and  he 
expects  to  sell  ](8o,ooo  worth  of  stuff  this 
year. 

The  explanation  is,  of  course,  that  Mr. 
Cobb  had  his  eyes  open  to  begin  with, 
and  he  has  kept  them  open  ever  since. 
He  was  not  content  to  do  things  merely 
as  his  neighbors  and  as  his  father  and 
grandfather  had  done  them.  Some  of  his 
land  was  very  hard,  and  he  decided  that 
he  needed  a  heavy  two-horse  plow  to  tear 
up  the  unmanageable  soil.  "My  neigh- 
bors tdd  me  that  I  would  ruin  my  land," 
Mr.  Cobb  told  me  the  other  day.  They 
thought  him  *'set  in  his  ways"  when  he 
disregarded  their  warning;  he  was,  but 
his  "ways"  were  ways  of  progress  instead 
of  ways  of  stagnation,  as  are  those  of  so 


many  people  who  are  "set."  He  bought  a 
two-horse  plow,  and  the  local  merchant  who 
helped  him  introduce  his  innovation  into 
the  community  seventeen  years  ago  now 
sells  ?900  worth  of  such  plows  a  season. 

And  so  Cobb  went  on.  He  began  to 
get  the  stumps  out  of  the  land.  Stumps 
use  land  and  pay  never  a  copper  in  rent,  and 
Cobb  decided  that  they  had  to  go.  He 
also  began  to  ship  truck-crops  to  Northern 
markets.  Deeper  plowing,  cowpeas,  two 
crops  a  year  —  all  sorts  of  progressive 
ideas  found  favor  with  him.  He  began  to 
make  money,  and  after  ten  or  twelve  years 
he  felt  able  to  erect  a  beautiful  J(  10,000 
residence,  having,  of  course,  married  in  the 
meantime  a  true  helpmeet.  And  now, 
with  his  land  cleared  of  stumps  and  put 
in  the  best  condition,  which  was  his  first 
great  expense,  with  his  house  built  and 
another  tract  of  land  purchased,  he  is 
planning  to  put  up  some  thoroughly 
modern  barns  and  to  take  up  hog  raising 
and  cattle  raising.  He  is  too  long- 
headed not  to  realize  that  there  is  no 
permanently  profitable  farming  without 
carrying  on  stock  raising  in  addition  to  his 
ample  supply  of  work  stock  and  milk  cows. 

Mr.  Cobb  is  a  fine  type  of  the  new  busi- 
ness farmer.  Freight  rates,  market  con- 
ditions, crop  conditions  in  other  sections 

—  he  has  all  this  information  at  his  fingers' 
ends.  "We'll  make  good  profits  on  that 
crop,"  he  said  at  one  place  as  we  rode 
through  his  trucking  lands,  "for  our 
Jersey  competitors  are  ten  days  late." 
He  is  as  busy  in  spring  with  potatoes  and 
beans  as  he  is  in  summer  with  cantaloupes 
and  watermelons,  and  "when  the  frost  is 
on  the  pumpkin,"  Cobb's  com  is  in  the 
shock  —  several   thousand   bushels  of   it 

—  and  no  other  farm  in  the  community 
is  more  musical  with  the  songs  of  dusky 
cotton  pickers.    Neariy  every  acre  of  his 


56 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


land  grows  two  crops  a  year.  The  flour- 
ishing young  com  and  cotton  which  1  saw 
on  a  recent  visit,  grew  on  land  from  which 
crops  of  potatoes,  peas,  and  beans  had  al- 
ready been  harvested.  Although  some 
of  his  corn  land  had  grown  no  other  crop 
this  year,  one  may  say  that  he  will  get  two 
crops  on  this  land  also  because  he  will  get 
a  good  harvest  of  peas  along  with  the  corn. 
He  is  making  two  crops  a  year  on  some 
land  which  his  father  thought  would  not 
grow  a  crop  at  all.  And  all  this  as  a  result 
of  better  methods  than  people  knew  about 
in  other  days. 

In  short,  Mr.  Cobb  is  a  captain  of  in- 
dustry. During  the  busiest  season  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  hands  are  em- 
ployed, and  all  are  paid  cash,  Mr.  Cobb 
never  being  in  debt  to  them  nor  they 
to  him  when  Saturday  sun-down  comes. 
He  is  as  surely  a  captain  of  industry  as  the 
cotton  manufacturer  —  with  this  advan- 
tage on  his  side  that  in  healthfulness  and 
physical  development'  there  is  no  com- 
parison between  Mr.  Cobb's  laborers  and 
those  who  are  cooped  up  at  monotonous 
work  in  the  cotton  factory. 

Mr.  Cobb  is  not  only  a  good  farmer, 
but  he  is  interested  in  everything  that 
makes  for  the  improvement  of  farm  life 
or  for  the  development  of  his  community. 
He  is  president  of  the  Robeson  County 
Farmers'  Union,  and  is  especially  inter- 
ested in  agricultural  education.  In  the 
recent  general  assembly  he  was  the 
leading  champion  of  the  Farm  Life  School 
measure  which  promises  to  open  the  doors 
of  opportunity  for  many  boys  and  girls 
in  all  sections  of  the  State. 

II 

It  is  not  about  Southern  men  only  that 
such  st(>ries  of  success  may  be  told. 
Northerners,  too,  are  beginning  to  get 
their  share  of  profit  and  of  pleasure  by 
applying  scientific  methcxis  to  the  lands 
of  the  South.  Take,  for  instance,  the 
case  of  A.  L.  French,  of  R.  F.  D.  2, 
Byrdville,  Va.,  a  "Yankee"  who  came 
down  South  and  has  made  good.  In  fact, 
he  has  more  than  made  good:  a  thought- 
ful friend  was  justified  in  remarking  to  me 
a  few  days  ago,  "  I  guess  there's  not 
another   practical   farmer   in   the   South 


better  known  than  French"  —  or  more 
popular,  he  might  have  added. 

it  was  eleven  years  ago  that  Mr.  French 
sold  his  Ohio  farm  for  $70  an  acre  and 
bought  a  piece  of  unpromising  Piedmont 
dirt  near  the  Virginia-North  Carolina 
line,  for  $12  an  acre.  "All  1  had,"  he  said 
to  me,  "was  $3,000  in  cash,  a  carload  of 
stock,  two  babies,  a  wife  with  plenty  of 
grit,  and  a  case  of  tuberculosis  for  myself. 
In  fact,  I  shouldn't  have  left  Ohio  but 
for  the  tuberculosis.  I  paid  JS  1,000  down 
on  the  240  acres  of  J^i2  land,  which  left  me 
$2,000  free  to  work  with,  and  I  went  at  it." 

There  were  plenty  of  discouragements 
from  the  first.  Before  he  left  Ohio,  a 
great  Angus  breeder  went  to  see  him  and 
said,  "  French,  you  are  a  blank  fool,  going 
to  the  God-forsakenest  country  I've  ever 
seen  to  sell  stock.  Why,  you'd  better 
give  your  cattle  away."  French  may 
have  thought  the  same  thing  sometimes 
after  he  moved.  The  land  he  bought  was 
part  of  a  7,000-acre  tract  that  had  been 
skinned  by  tenant  negroes  for  more  than 
half  a  century,  and  75  acres  of  the  240 
wouldn't  even  grow  hen's  nest  grass. 

"Who  is  that  man?"  somebody  asked 
when  French  went  to  the  nearby  town  the 
first  time. 

"Why,  that's  the  Yankee  who  has 
bought  that  poor  Bethel  place,"  was  the 
reply.    "  But  he  won't  be  there  long." 

And  when  French's  father  and  mother 
came  down  two  years  later,  the  father 
looked  over  the  farm  only  to  remark  to 
the  mother: 

"Well,  I'd  never  have  thought  a  child 
of  ours  would  be  sqch  a  fool !" 

"Two  other  friends  from  Ohio  came 
down,"  he  says,  "and  gave  me  that  pitying 
smile  that  hurts  worse  than  a  hit  in  the 
face." 

But  French  was  no  quitter.  He  began 
fattening  the  starved  hillside^  and  bot- 
toms, not  with  commercial  fertilizers, 
but  with  cow-peas  and  clover;  and  he 
set  about  putting  in  tile  drains.  The 
seventy-five  acres  that  wouldn't  make 
poverty  grass  when  he  took  hold  made 
fifty  bushels  of  corn  per  acre  last  year, 
and  the  plantation  as  a  whole  makes  five 
times  as  much  per  acre  as  when  he  began 
working  on  it. 


LITTLE  STORIES  OF  BIG  SUCCESSES 


57 


Again,  French  has  made  a  pile  of  money 
selling  stock  —  Aberdeen  Angus  cattle. 
He  has  sold  a  great  many  more  than  the 
big  Ohio  breeder  has  sold,  who  called  him 
a  fool  for  thinking  such  a  thing  possible, 
and  is  worth  several  times  as  much.  In 
fact,  he  can't  meet  the  demand,  and  he 
has  quit  advertising  because  orders  for 
future  delivery  exceed  his  supply.  He 
could  sell  three  times  as  many  calves  as 
he  can  raise,  and  at  prices  equalling  those 
pakl  in  Northern  States.  When  he  came, 
there  were  six  beef  cattle  in  the  county, 
and  now  there  are  450  in  sight  of  his  house. 
He  has  shipped  cattle  into  ten  states, 
shipped  the  first  hogs  ever  shipped  out  of 
the  county,  and  he  says  that  he  can  raise 
both  cattle  and  hogs  more  cheaply  than 
he  did  in  Ohio  and  that  he  could  do  so 
even  if  land  values  per  acre  were  the  same. 
"  I  can  also  raise  com  and  hay  more 
cheaply,"  he  says. 

Meanwhile,  Mr.  French  has  been  build- 
ing up  his  farm.  He  has  refused  Ji 6,000 
for  land  that  cost  him  less  than  $3,000 
and  that  could  have  been  bought  five 
years  before  he  came  for  $1,000.  All 
his  land  grows  a  legume  crop  —  clover  or 
peas  —  sometime  during  the  year;  and 
two-fifths  of  it  is  gro'Adng  legumes  all  the 
year.  "That's  the  secret,"  he  will  tell 
you,  "vegetable  matter,  humus,  in  the  soil. 
It  not  only  adds  fertility  but  holds  fertility, 
as  commercial  fertilizers  alone  do  not." 

But  what  of  French  the  man,  for  the 
man  is  always  more  important  than  his 
possessions?  Upon  that  point  1  can  say 
that  I  know  few  happier,  more  popular, 
or  more  useful  men.  He  has  almost 
forgotten  that  a  consumptive's  grave  once 
menaced  him.  He  and  his  fourteen-year- 
old  boy  cultivated  fifty  acres  in  corn  and 
forty  acres  in  peas  this  year  without  help. 
"As  for  the  talk  that  Southern  people 
do  not  give  a  hearty  welcome  to  North- 
erners or  Westerners,  1  have  found  noth- 
ing of  it,"  he  says,  "nor  has  my  wife." 
And  pretty  good  proof  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  his  is  a  "close"  county  politically  and 
when  his  party  wanted  a  popular  man  to 
nominate  for  County  Commissioner,  they 
picked  French  and  elected  him.  When  the 
fanners'  state  convention  was  organized, 
French  was  about  the  first  man  chosen 


to  head  it.  Whenever  farmers'  institutes 
are  to  be  held,  the  farmers  are  likely  to 
let  it  be  known,  *'We  want  French." 
The  Southern  farmers  don't  care  where  a 
leader  was  born.  They  showed  this  when 
they  gave  love  and  loyalty  to  the  late 
Dr.  Knapp  such  as  they  have  given  to  few 
native  Southerners.  If  a  man  doesn't 
think  himself  "different,"  they  will  not 
treat  him  differently. 

"How  do  farming  opportunities  North 
and  South  compare?'"  I  asked  Mr. 
French.  His  reply  was:  "There  is  no 
comparison.  A  man  in  the  South  can 
make  more  money  and  make  it  easier. 
My  teams  work  eleven  months  in  the 
year.  I  get  practically  twice  as  much 
out  of  them,  and  they  keep  harder  and 
fatter,  too.  The  soil  is  not  naturally 
so  rich  as  Northern  soil,  but  it  can  be 
built  up  much  faster." 

Like  Mr.  Cobb,  Mr.  French  is  interested 
not  only  in  a  better  agriculture,  but  in 
a  better  rural  civilization.  He  wants 
especially  to  increase  the  efficiency  of 
country  churches  through  the  concentra- 
tion of  effort. 

Ill 

No  less  interesting  than  French's  ex- 
perience is  the  story  of  a  man  who  gave 
up  a  good  position  on  a  Pittsburg  daily 
paper,  to  try  out  a  farming  experiment 
in  the  sand  hills  around  Southern  Pines. 
N.  C.  His  name  is  Bion  H.  Butler,  and 
his  first  plan  was  to  have  an  orchard  and 
vineyard.  Accordingly  several  thousand 
trees  and. vines  were  planted,  but  San  Jose 
scale  and  grape  mildew  finally  conquered, 
after  a  long  struggle  between  him  and 
them.  Then  Butler  decided  to  make  butter. 

The  first  lot  taken  to  market  was  re- 
ceived with  some  humor  and  the  decided 
assurance  that  "nobody  will  buy  Southern 
butter."  But  this  man  who  had  studied 
production  and  markets  for  years,  had 
learned  that  you  can  sell  anything  if  it 
is  worth  selling  and  that  you  can  make 
anything  if  you  know  how.  So  he  an- 
nounced that  he  proposed  to  make  buttei 
of  the  kind  that  would  sell,  and  that  until 
his  butter  sold  no  other  butter  would  be 
needed  in  his  market.  He  proceeded  tc 
prepare  a  booklet  freely  illustrated,  telling 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


mbout  butter,  its  composition,  its  method 
of  production,  and  showing  why  butter 
made  at  Valhalla  Farm  and  sent  to  market 
the  day  it  was  made  must  be  the  best 
butter  possible  to  procure  in  his  vicinity. 

The  argument  was  plain,  the  printing 
was  neatly  done,  the  booklets  were  at- 
tractive, and  he  filled  the  town  with  them. 
The  people  responded  at  once.  Blotters  to 
enclose  in  an  envelope  and  printed  matter 
of  other  kinds,  he  has  had  on  hand  at  all 
times  to  tell  the  story  of  Valhalla  Farm  but- 
ter, and  he  has  not  yet  had  enough  butter 
to  supply  the  demand  at  the  highest  prices. 

At  Valhalla  Farm  some  things  are  done 
the  left-handed  way.  For  instance,  a 
few  acres  of  cotton  are  planted,  not  for 
the  cotton  but  for  the  cottonseed,  which 
is  the  most  important  cattle  feed  on  the 
place.  Cotton  is  a  by-product.  Corn 
is  raised  for  the  silo,  and  if  grass  comes  in 
the  com  it  is  not  dreaded  as  an  enemy, 
but  cut  with  the  rest  of  the  forage  for 
cattle  feed.  A  few  hogs  are  kept,  not 
for  the  sake  of  doing  much  with  the  hogs 
but  as  a  means  of  profitably  converting 
the  skim  milk  into  something  that  can  be 
utilized.  The  fundamental  idea  has  been 
to  make  good  things  at  Valhalla  and  to 
show  the  people  wherein  the  goodness 
consists.  That  is  why  Valhalla  can  al- 
ways sell  its  cream  for  fifty  cents  a  quart 
and  its  butter  for  several  cents  more  than 
other  butter  brings  in  the  market. 

I  wonder  if  it  would  be  too  much  of  a 
digression  if  1  should  pause  here  to  quote 
what  Butler  said  to  me  the  other  day  when 
I  asked  him  about  his  change  from  a 
high-salaried  position  on  a  Northern 
newspaper  to  a  beginner's  work  on  a 
Southern  farm?  It  ought  to  be  interesting 
as  showing  what  can  be  done  when  a  man 
who  is  worth  while  takes  hold  of  Southern 
soil,  even  in  what  was  once  regarded  as 
an  almost  barren  belt;  for  .M(X)re  County 
was  once  thought  of  but  little  use  except 
to  grow  longleaf  pine  and  to  hold  the  rest 
of  creation  together.  At  any  rate,  here's 
what  Butler  told  me: 

"  I  do  not  have  as  much  money  annually, 
and  I  don't  need  as  much.  1  have  a 
larger  house  than  in  the  city,  no  rent  to 
pay,  no  fuel  bill,  no  water  tax,  no  milk 
bill,  no  meat  bill,  no  vegetable  bill,  no 


hanging  to  a  strap  in  a  trolley  car;  for 
we  have  a  surrey,  a  buggy,  and  four 
saddles  if  we  want  to  go  into  town  or 
around  the  neighborhood.  Our  eggs  are 
fresh,  our  poultry  is  not  from  cold  storage; 
when  the  weather  is  cold,  we  go  out  with 
the  wagon  to  the  wood-lot  for  pine  knots 
and  oak  logs  for  eight  fires,  six  of  them 
in  open  fireplaces,  and  we  do  not  care  if 
the  price  of  gas  is  ten  dollars  a  thousand. 

"Then  the  children  are  rugged,  they 
can  ride  a  horse  bareback  like  an  Indian, 
can  swim,  shoot,  walk,  and  they  have 
air  that  is  not  thick  enough  to  lean  against 
and  water  that  does  not  have  to  be 
skimmed  and  shaken  before  using.  The 
first  day  my  little  chaps  came  to  the 
country  they  were  surprised  when  I  told 
them  to  pick  all  the  flowers  they  wanted, 
and  they  asked  me  if  the  park  police  would 
not  make  them  quit.  That's  one  reason 
1  like  to  live  on  the  farm.  It  is  ours,  and 
we  may  do  as  we  like. 

"Then,  too,  it  is  as  much  of  a  satis- 
faction to  make  and  sell  really  gilt-edged 
butter  for  the  highest  market  price  as  it 
used  to  be  to  see  my  name  on  the  front 
page  of  the  paper  at  the  top  of  a  three- 
column  special  story.  When  people  will 
pay  ten  cents  a  quart  for  Valhalla  Farm 
buttermilk  as  against  five  cents  for  the 
buttermilk  from  other  places,  you  know 
you  are  making  good." 

Another  saying  of  Butler's  is  worth 
remembering  not  only  by  farmers  but 
by  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men: "  Every- 
thing that  we  send  out  is  expected  to 
bring  two  returns,  one  in  cash  and  one 
in  the  friendly  confidence  of  our  patrons 
in  us  and  in  our  products." 

IV 

No  report  on  the  new  farming  in  the 
South  would  be  complete  without  mention 
of  Jerry  Moore,  the  fifteen-year-old  South 
Carolina  boy,  who  has  gained  a  national 
reputation  by  making  228  bushels  of  corn 
on  a  single  acre  last  year,  the  biggest 
yield  on  record  but  one.  The  average 
yield  for  the  United  States  as  a  whole  is 
twenty-five  bushels.  Byron  never  more 
surely  "woke  up  to  find  himself  famous" 
than  did  this  fifteen-year-old  farm  boy  as 
a  result  of  his  exploit. 


THE  COOPERATIVE  FARMER 


59 


''No/'  said  a  little  chap  in  a  South 
Carolina  Sunday  school  class  a  few  weeks 
agOt  "1  don't  know  anything  about 
Jere-miah,  but  1  can  tell  you  all  about 
jerry  Moore  and  his  big  com  crop." 

Jerry  is  only  one,  although  now  the  most 
famous  one,  of  all  the  fifty  thousand 
Southern  farm  boys  who  are  at  present 
enlisted  in  corn-club  work. 

Nor  are  the  girls  neglected.  In  Jerry's 
own  state  a  champion  of  the  farm  girl  has 
arisen  in  the  person  of  Miss  Marie  S.  Cro- 
mer of  Aiken  County.  She  is  the  organizer 
of  the  Girls'  Tomato  Clubs,  a  movement 
which  within  a  twelve-month  has  spread 
into  five  states  and  is  yet  only  fairly  started. 

IV 

These  snapshots  have  now  included 
almost  all  types  of  farmers  in  the  South 
except  the  Negro,  and  it  should  not  be 
forgotten  that  he  also  is  profiting  by 
the  new  spirit  that  is  abroad  in  the 
land.  The  Negro  is  nothing  if  not  imita- 
tive, and  he  has  a  relative  advantage  over 
the  white  man  in  that,   doing   his  own 


work  exclusively,  he  has  reaped  all  the 
advantages  of  bigger  yields  and  higher 
prices  without  suffering  any  of  the  dis- 
advantages of  higher  priced  labor.  About 
as  good  a  story  of  successful  Negro  farm- 
ing as  I  know  is  one  told  by  ex-Governor 
Aycock  of  North  Carolina.  While 
Governor,  he  made  a  trip  to  his  old  home 
in  Goldsboro  and  in  the  course  of  the  visit 
ran  across  an  old  Negro.  Calvin  Brock, 
who  had  educated  himself,  learning  his 
letters  from  an  alphabet  scrawled  on  a 
pine  shingle  b>'  a  country  carpenter,  and 
had  also  acquired  considerable  possessions 
by  his  industry  and  prudence. 

"Ts  mighty  glad  to  see  you,  Mr. 
Aycock/'  he  said,  "and  mighty  glad  you 
are  Guv'ner  of  the  State."  And  then  he 
laughed  the  darkey's  contagious  chuckle. 
"As  fer  me."  he  continued,  "you  know 
I  couldn't  affo'd  to  be  Guv'ner." 

"  Couldn't  afford  to  be  Governor?  Why 
not.  Calvin?" 

"  'Cause  you  see,  sir,  I  gits  more  fer  my 
strawberries  an'  truck  than  North  Calin'y 
pays  the  Guv'ner  for  a  whole  year's  work  I" 


THE  COOPERATIVE  FARMER 

WHOSE     ORGANIZATION     GIVES     HIM   THE    BEST   MARKETS   TO   SELL    IN    AND   SAVES 
HIM    FIFTEEN    OR   TWENTY    PER   CENT.    IN    BUYING  —  DEFINITE    EXPERIENCE 

BY 

JOHN  LEF  COULTER 

(■WSKLV  A  MINKMOTA  FAURK,  OF  MALLORY.  IIIMN..  M>:3fBKIl  OF  THE  FACVLTV  OF  THK  rSlVERSTTY  OF    MINNESOTA.    AND    SUFEIVISOR 

OF  AORICULTURAL  STATUiTICS  UF    FUE  CENSUS  BUREAU) 


I  HAVE  several  hundred  letters,  some 
from  every  state  in  the  Union,  asking 
about  cooperation  by  farmers. 
Scarcely  a  day  passes  without  one 
such  letter  or  more  coming  to  me. 
Some  are  from  professors  and  other 
teachers;  more  are  from  people  in  the 
cities  who  connect  the  subject  with  the 
high  cost  of  living;  many  are  from  news- 
paper editors;  but  most  are  from  farmers 
or  managers  of  farmers'  societies.  Some 
writers  are  anxious  to  know  what  has  been 
done  in  this  and  other  countries;  others 
write  to  tell  of  their  experiences;  others 


are  anxious  to  tell  why  cooperation  will 
alwa>s  fail,  or  why  it  will  prove  to  be  a 
panacea  of  all  ills  economic,  social,  and 
political;  but  most  of  the  writers  want 
information  telling  how  they  may  improve 
the  conditions  of  their  immediate  vicinity. 
Many  of  these  people  not  only  tell  of  the 
need  of  cooperation  but  they  give  in  de- 
tail the  weaknesses  of  the  present  in- 
dustrial system. 

Anyone  who  does  not  follow  the  subject 
will  be  surprised  at  the  extent  of  successful 
cooperation  among  the  farmers  of  the 
United  States  and  the  rapidity  with  which 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


it  spreads.  The  producers  are  finding  out 
in  every  section  of  the  country  that  it  is 
necessary;  and,  in  every  part  of  the 
country,  they  are  profiting  by  it.  In 
what  follows  I  give  a  very  hasty  glance  at 
the  extent  and  kind  of  rural  cooperative 
effort. 

The  greatest  activity  in  the  United 
States  is  shown  by  the  farmers  in  the 
states  of  the  Northern  Mississippi  valley. 
In  Michigan  the  grape-growers  have 
very  efficient  associations.  In  the  grain- 
growing  states  the  farmers  own  approxi- 
mately 1 ,600  grain  elevators.  These  range 
in  value  from  $4,000  to  $10,000,  and  every 
one  looks  after  the  marketing  of  approxi- 
mately 150,000  bushels  of  grain.  The 
average  number  of  members  is  about  125. 
There  are,  therefore,  in  this  region  about 
200,000  cooperating  farmers;  they  have 
invested  about  $15,000,000;  and  they 
control  the  sale  of  nearly  250,000,000 
bushels  of  grain.  Many  of  these  same 
societies  look  after  the  selling  of  other 
farm  products  and  act  as  live-stock  ship- 
ping associations.  They  also  purchase 
such  twine,  fuel,  fertilizers,  and  feed  as 
the  farmers  need. 

In  these  Northern  states,  too,  where 
dairying  is  important  there  are  now  prob- 
ably 2,000  cooperative  creameries. 
Minnesota  alone  has  nearly  700.  There 
are  in  the  United  States  probably  4,000 
other  creameries.  These  should  be  owned 
by  the  farmers,  and  many  more  should  be 
established.  Little  Denmark  with  fewer 
cows  than  Minnesota  has  1,485  coopera- 
tive dairies,  according  to  the  last  report 
at  hand. 

The  farmers  in  these  Northern  states 
own  more  than  150  cooperative  stores; 
and  practically  all  these  have  sprung  up 
during  the  last  five  years.  I  have  visited 
many  of  them  which  are  thoroughly  suc- 
cessful. These  same  farmers  have  hun- 
dreds of  cooperative  telephone  companies 
and  farmers'  mutual  fire-insurance  com- 
panies. The  spirit  of  cooperation  is 
spreading  very  rapidly.  There  is  room, 
however,  for  many  times  as  many  organi- 
zations as  yet  exist,  and  there  is  room  for 
much  improvement  in  the  conduct  of 
many  of  the  societies  that  have  already 
been  organized.    But  we  are  safe  in  attrib- 


uting a  large  amount  of  the  prosperity 
of  these  states  to  these  intelligent  organi- 
zations. Certainly  most  of  the  progres- 
sive, democratic  legislation  of  the  last  few 
years  is  the  result  of  intelligent  agitation 
among  the  farmers. 

States  farther  west  have  heard  of  the 
movement,  and  cooperative  organization 
there  is  well  under  way.  In  G>lorado 
the  Grand  Junction  fruit  growers  and  those 
in  neighboring  districts  are  well  organized. 
In  Idaho  there  are  a  number  of  successful, 
though  small  and  local  fruit  growers' 
marketing  societies.  In  Washington  and 
Oregon  there  are  a  number  of  local  co- 
operative marketing  associations.  A  large 
number  of  these  local  societies  are  now 
making  the  first  strong  effort  to  establish 
a  central  marketing  exchange. 

No  statement  of  cooperation  among 
farmers  would  be  complete  without  re- 
ferring to  the  success  in  California.  In 
that  state  the  fruit  growers'  exchange 
controls  the  marketing  of  probably  three- 
fourths  of  the  citrus  fruits  produced. 
Other  smaller  organizations  control  most 
of  the  remainder.  The  California  Fruit 
Growers'  Exchange  is  looked  upon  as  the 
most  successful  farmers'  organization  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  perhaps  the 
largest  organization  at  the  present  time, 
and  yet  in  its  present  form  it  is  only  about 
six  years  old.  The  10,000  members  have 
about  300  packing  houses  and  produce 
50,000  carloads  of  fruit  every  year. 

The  California  Fruit  Exchange,  which 
is  very  much  like  the  fruit  growers' 
exchange,  looks  after  the  marketing  of  the 
deciduous  fruits.  It  is  newer  and  much 
less  important,  but  it  is  rapidly  demon- 
strating that  organization  is  possible  and 
necessary.  The  recently  organized  Al- 
mond Growers'  Exchange,  with  a  dozen 
local  societies,  controls  the  marketing 
of  considerably  more  than  half  the  al- 
monds produced  in  the  United  States. 
The  Walnut  Growers'  Association,  with 
eighteen  local  societies,  controls  the  market- 
ing of  1 5,000,000  pounds  of  walnuts,  which 
is  probably  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  walnuts 
grown  in  the  United  States.  I  n  California, 
too,  there  are  about  fifty  cooperative  stores, 
as  many  cooperative  creameries,  and  many 
local  societies  of  less  importance. 


THE  COOPERATIVE  FARMER 


6i 


Turning  to  the  Southern  states,  we  find 
one  of  the  strongest  and  most  successful 
fanners'  societies  in  the  United  States. 
Some  ten  years  ago,  farmers  residing  in  the 
two  counties  on  the  east  shore  of  Virginia 
formed  a  produce  exchange  which  now 
markets  nearly  all  that  the  farmers  in 
these  two  counties  produce.  Last  >'ear 
that  society  handled  more  than  1,000,000 
barrels  of  Irish  potatoes  and  800,000 
barrels  of  sweet  potatoes  in  addition  to 
thousands  of  crates  of  berries  and  other 
products.  The  capitalization  is  only 
$30,000,  divided  into  shares  of  $5  each. 
It  does  a  business  of  approximately 
$2,500,000  a  year.  Yet  it  represents  prob- 
ably less  than  5,000  farmers.  Many 
of  our  states  have  200,000  farmers  and 
there  would  be  room  for  forty  such 
societies  in  the  average  state.  Yet  not 
a  dozen  organizations  like  the  produce 
exchange  of  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia 
can  be  found  in  the  whole  United  States. 

The  apple  growers  of  Virginia  are  organ- 
izing and  the  peach  growers  of  Georgia 
are  struggling  with  their  problem.  They 
have  not  yet  succeeded  in  perfecting  as 
successful  a  series  of  organizations  as  is 
necessary;  and  they  could  learn  many 
valuable  lessons  from  the  experiences  of 
other  fanners'  organizations.  Last  year 
the  people  in  the  City  of  Washington  were 
paying  exorbitant  prices  for  Georgia 
peaches.  I  found  it  difficult  to  get  such 
fruit  as  I  wanted  one  day  in  that  cit>', 
but  the  next  day  1  found,  while  pass- 
ing through  Georgia,  that  the  farmers  were 
hauling  decayed  fruit  away  from  the  sta- 
tions. A  successful  fruit  exchange  would 
know  almost  exactly  how  much  fruit 
could  be  shipped  from  day  to  day,  how 
many  cars  would  be  needed,  what  the 
freight  rates  would  be  to  the  different 
markets,  how  many  cars  of  peaches  the 
people  in  the  different  cities  would  need 
from  day  to  day,  what  outside  competition 
would  have  to  be  met,  and  practically 
what  prices  should  be  received.  That 
same  organization  could  purchase  at 
wholesale  the  crates,  the  spraying  ma- 
terials, and  the  like,  for  the  members  and 
make  a  considerable  saving. 

The  citrus  fruit  producers  of  Florida 
have  studied  their  problem  in  the  right 


way.  The  leaders  have  carefully  investi- 
gated the  California  methods  of  marketing, 
and  during  the  last  two  years  have  been 
trying  to  apply  the  same  principles.  They 
cannot  expect  to  succeed  in  a  day.  Many 
mistakes  will  be  made.  But,  following 
the  system  which  they  found  in  use  among 
the  fruit  growers  of  California,  they  are 
on  the  right  track.  Fruit  growers  should 
stick  to  the  organizations  and  increase 
their  membership.  It  is  to  the  interest 
of  all  the  people  of  Florida  and  indeed 
of  all  consumers  of  good  fruit  to  help  in 
every  way  possible  to  reduce  the  cost  of 
fruit  by  better  marketing  methods,  to 
carry  better  fruit  to  the  consumers,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  make  the  growers 
more  prosperous  by  giving  them  a  larger 
share  of  what  the  consumer  pays. 

There  are  other  smaller  societies  in  the 
Eastern  and  Southern  states,  but  probably 
not  more  than  one  farmer  in  a  thousand 
is  yet  a  member  of  a  successful  cooperative 
society.  If  the  farmers  in  these  states  are 
to  become  prosperous  they  must  organize. 
They  have  now  before  them  many  good 
illustrations  of  what  is  possible.  And  if 
they  do  not  become  more  prosperous 
they  cannot  hope  to  buy  land,  build  roads, 
build  churches  and  schools,  hire  efficient 
teachers,  and  pay  fair  salaries,  and  they 
cannot  expect  to  have  the  facilities  in 
their  homes  which  are  found  in  the  homes 
of  people  living  in  the  cities.  I  am  not 
now  speaking  of  the  Southern  planters 
with  their  broad  acres  of  land ;  I  am  speak- 
ing of  the  average  farmers. 

The  Farmers'  Educational  and  Coopera- 
tive Union  is  doing  much  valuable  work 
in  the  Southern  states.  It  has  doubtless 
done  more  real  educational  work  in  teach- 
ing the  farmers  modern  business  methods 
during  the  last  five  years  than  any  other 
similar  organization  in  the  history  of  the 
South.  Many  of  the  principles  which 
it  advocates  might  well  be  taught  in  the 
schools  and  colleges. 

There  are  several  hundred  organizations 
among  the  cotton  growers  which  control 
the  storing  of  the  cotton.  There  should 
be  several  thousand  local  coiiperative 
unions  to  control  the  local  gins,  ware- 
houses, presses,  and  oil  mills.  These 
local    unions   should    be   organized    into 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


larger  district  and  central  unions  which 
could  look  after  tRe  marketing  of  the 
products.  The  time  has  passed  for  petty 
jealousies  and  individual  bartering.  Busi- 
ness must  be  done  in  a  business  like  way. 
It  is  possible,  of  course,  for  many  large, 
individual  planters  to  own  mills  and  gins 
themselves,  but  they  should  also  belong 
to  central  organizations  which  could  mar- 
ket their  products. 

There  are  in  the  lower  South  and  in 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky  a  number  of 
small  local  societies  interested  in  the 
marketing  of  vegetables  and  such  products. 
None  of  these  has  yet  reached  a  very  high 
state  of  perfection.  In  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky  the  tobacco  growers  have  been 
struggling  for  some  years  to  improve  their 
conditions.  They  have  made  some  mis- 
takes. "Night  riding"  and  "limitation 
of  output"  —  both  of  these  written  about 
very  much  but  practised  very  little  — 
were  serious  errors.  These  farmers  should 
follow  the  lead  of  the  Southern  cotton 
growers.  First  of  all  they  must  own  their 
warehouses;  and  they  should  control  the 
tobacco  which  they  produce  until  they 
are  able  to  get  fair  prices  for  it.  If  out- 
side organizations  are  not  willing  to  pay 
satisfactory  prices,  the  farmers'  society 
should,  if  possible,  begin  manufacturing 
themselves. 

The  rice  growers  in  Louisiana  and 
Texas  have  taken  up  the  new  movement. 
The  Louisiana  organizations,  with  head- 
quarters at  Crowley,  have  adopted  the 
methods  of  the  California  fruit  growers. 
They  advertise  rice  in  the  same  way  as 
the  Californians  advertise  "sunkist" 
oranges.  The  Texas  rice  growers  have 
not  been  so  successful.  They  have  not 
been  willing  to  stick  together  in  the  same 
way.  Advertising  is  necessary  and  the 
members  must  work  together  not  only 
to  support  their  present  organization  but 
to  bring  in  all  who  are  not  members. 

In  Texas  the  truck  growers  along  the 
southern  border  have  taken  up  the  co- 
operative movement.  In  1905,  when  they 
produced  500  carloads  of  onions,  their 
system  of  marketing  was  no  better  than 
it  had  been  eight  years  before  when  they 
were  offering  a  few  hundred  crates  for  sale. 
The  present  organization  was  incorporated 


in  January,  1906,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000. 
Shares  were  to  be  sold  at  $1  each,  but 
every  member  was  required  to  buy  at 
least  five  shares.  He  was  required,  how- 
ever, to  pay  only  thirty  per  cent,  erf  his 
subscription  at  the  beginning.  Thus  any 
farmer  could  very  easily  join  the  organiza- 
tion. Growers  of  about  seventy  per  cent, 
of  the  crop  for  1906  became  members,  and 
that  year  the  association  marketed  900 
carloads.  In  1909  it  handled  2,500  car- 
loads with  an  approximate  value  (rf 
$1,500,000. 

There  is  a  considerable  number  of ' 
small  cooperative  societies  in  New  Eng- 
land, but  the  farmers  there  have  not  yet 
succeeded  in  forming  large  and  successful 
organizations.  There  is  no  doubt  in  my 
mind  that  many  of  the  deserted  farms  and 
much  of  the  poor  agricultural  conditions 
are  due  to  poor  organization.  The  same 
thing  is  true  of  the  farmers  in  the  other 
North-Atlantic  states.  There  are  in  parts 
of  New  York  and  in  Pennsylvania  thor- 
oughly successful  business  societies,  but 
they  are  comparatively  few.  The  grape 
growers  in  western  New  York  are  probably 
the  best  examples. 

Let  us  now  see  what  degree  of  prosperity 
some  of  these  societies  enjoy.  The  Tam- 
arack Cooperative  Association  of  Michigan 
has  completed  its  twentieth  year.  Mr. 
E.  T.  Duane,  the  manager,  reports  that 
the  capital  stock  paid  in  is  $64,610.  On 
February  18,  191 1,  the  twentieth  annual 
dividend  of  $104,821.60  was  declared. 
If  it  had  been  divided  among  stockholders 
in  proportion  to  the  capital  invested,  it 
would  have  amounted  to  an  additional 
dividend  of  162  per  cent.,  because  the 
regular  interest  had  already  been  paid 
to  stockholders.  But  this  dividend  was 
declared  on  purchases  and,  since  the 
business  of  the  year  amounted  to 
$866,063.45,  a  dividend,  or  rebate,  of 
12  per  cent,  on  purchases  was  declared 
in  February.  There  are  about  2,000 
families  interested  in  that  society,  and  the 
average  family  purchased  about  $430  worth 
of  goods.  The  rebate  of  12  per  cent. — 
almost  one  eighth  of  the  purchase  price 
—  amounted  to  $51.60  per  family  in 
addition  to  the  interest  on  the  money 
invested  in  a  share  of  stock.    Since  start- 


THE  COOPERATIVE  FARMER 


63 


ing  business  that  society  has  had  a  total 
business  of  fS,  1 1 3;9 1 7 .  85  and  has  returned 
rebates  of  $938,033. 67  to  its  members. 
In  twenty  years  these  members  have 
saved  nearly  jS  1,000,000. 

But  this  is  a  big  company.  How  about 
small  ones  and  young  ones?  The  Jackson 
County  Cooperative  Company,  of  Lake- 
field,  Minn.,  has  225  members.  Last 
year  the  sales  amounted  to  §139,230.86, 
or  nearly  J600  per  member.  The  net 
gain  or  rebate,  was  312,700.21  and  mem- 
bers received,  as  rebate,  10  per  cent,  on 
all  purchases,  or  about  $60  per  famil>% 
after  a  dividend  of  6  per  cent,  had  been 
paid  on  all  capital  stock.  The  company 
gave  non-members  a  rebate  of  5  per  cent. 
and  advised  them  to  join  and  showed  them 
that  they  could  pay  for  their  stock  in 
four  years  by  the  rebates.  A  reserve  of 
$4,000  is  always  kept  on  hand  for  emer- 
gencies. 

Let  us  take  a  still  smaller  society  —  the 
Kidder  Cooperative  Company  of  Kidder, 
South  Dakota.  It  has  only  104  members. 
In  1910  they  purchased  $34,298.43  from 
their  store,  or  $325  a  family.  The  net 
profit  for  the  year  was  $5,037.98.  After 
ail  expenses  were  paid  including  interest 
at  7  per  cent  on  all  capital  stock,  a  rebate 
of  8  per  cent  to  members  and  4  per  cent. 
to  non-members  was  declared.  This 
amounted  to  $26  per  member's  famil>', 
or  one-twelfth  of  the  annual  account. 
These  are  typical  cases.  Hundreds  could 
be  cited. 

In  the  grain  business,  in  which  farmers 
now  have  nearly  2,000  separate  elevators 
and  many  local  companies,  the  same  suc- 
cesses are  found.  The  educational  and 
social  advantages  are  everywhere  notice- 
able, but  the  money  gain  "sticks  out  "clearly 
or  the  companies  would  not  last  long. 
The  Fanners'  Elevator  Company  at  Mar- 
cus, Iowa,  has  been  a  success  from  the 
beginning.  It  was  organized  January 
1888.  In  order  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  a 
surplus  of  about  $9,000  is  kept  on  hand, 
and  a  dividend  of  from  20  to  25  per  cent. 
is  declared  every  year.  In  this  company 
the  surplus  is  divided  among  share  holders, 
who  are  farmers.  Each  member  has  only 
one  vote,  no  matter  how  many  shares 
he  holds,  and  he  must  be  a  farmer  who 


sells  grain.  In  addition  to  the  dividend 
each  farmer  gets  better  grading,  truer 
weights,  and  better  service  than  formerly. 

The  Farmers*  Cooperative  Elevator 
Company  of  Wheaton,  Minn.,  handled 
about  100,000  bushels  of  grain  last  year 
and  declared  a  dividend  of  40  per  cent. 
Two  years  ago  the  company  at  Clinton, 
Minn.,  declared  a  dividend  of  40  per  cent. 
There  are  many  better  records  than  this. 
Hundreds  pay  25  per  cent.  Many  pax- 
only  6  or  7  per  cent.,  save  a  large  surplus, 
or  reserve  fund,  and  then  divide  all  net 
profits  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
business  done.  This  is  similar  to  the 
policy  among  the  stores. 

In  conclusion  then  we  may  say  that 
the  farmers  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  are  now  interested  in  the  movement 
which  I  have  attempted  to  describe  ver>' 
briefly  above.  More  than  half  a  million 
farmers  are  now  receiving  valuable  ben- 
efits from  these  cooperative  societies 
to  which  they  belong.  They  have  been 
forced  to  organize.  They  have  found 
that  it  is  not  enough  to  pass  laws  regulat- 
ing other  business  organizations.  Thev 
have  waited  in  vain  for  the  national, 
state,  and  local  governments  and  the 
educators  to  assist  in  the  movement. 
They  have  made  many  mistakes  and  in 
thousands  of  local  districts  have  gotten 
far  behind  the  procession. 

But  we  now  have  illustrations  enough 
of  what  is  possible,  and  of  what  is  being 
done,  and  of  the  prosperity  which  results 
from  the  success  of  these  local  cooperative 
societies  to  pass  judgment. 

It  is  my  thorough  belief  that  the  time 
has  come  when  the  educators  of  the  coun- 
try' must  select  the  wheat  from  the  chaff. 
They  must  acquaint  themselves  with  what 
is  being  done;  they  must  point  out  the 
errors  and  point  the  way  for  the  5,000.000 
farmers  who  have  not  yet  joined  an\ 
active  local  cooperative  society.  Until 
this  is  done  and  until  the  farmers  have 
acted  upon  the  advice  which  they  should 
receive  we  cannot  hope  for  a  prosperous 
agricultural  class;  and  without  prosperity 
in  the  country  districts  we  cannot  hope 
for  better  roads,  better  churches,  better 
schools,  rural  telephones,  better  sanitation, 
better  education,  and  better  living. 


WOODROW  WILSON-A  BIOGRAPHY 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

AT  COLLEGE  — PREPARING  FOR  PUBLIC  LIFE 


A  FAIR  STUDENT  AT  COLLEGE  STUDIES  AND  A  HARD  WORKER  ON   THE   SELF-CHOSEN 

SUBJECT  OF  GOVERNMENT  — THE  INFLUENCE  OF  SIR  HENRY  LUCY  — 

AN  UNDERGRADUATE  LEADER 

BY 

WILLIAM  BAYARD  HALE 

(author  of  a  week  in  the  white  house  with  president  koosevelt) 


WHEN  Woodrow  Wilson 
got  oflF  the  train  at  the 
little  station  in  Prince- 
ton, early  in  September, 
1875,  one  of  134  new- 
comers, he  found  himself  in  a  charming 
old  town  of  maples,  elms,  and  catalpas, 
among  which  stood  the  college  buildings, 
dating,  one  of  them,  back  to  1756.  Almost 
within  view  of  the  metropolis  of  the 
hemisphere,  Princeton,  three  miles  from 
a  railway  main  line,  was,  as  it  is  still, 
uniquely  sequestered,  the  noise  of  the 
cit>''s  activities  reaching  it  as  a  dim  echo 
— as  the  murmur  of  waves  that  beat  on 
shores  scarcely  aware  of  the  winds  that 
raised  them. 

But  it  was  very  far  from  being  the 
Princeton  of  to-day.  It  was  still  the 
"College  of  New  Jersey."  commonly 
known  as  "  Princeton  College."  The  col- 
lege buildings  numbered  only  sixteen; 
Witherspoon  Hall  was  just  about  to  be 
begun.  The  faculty  consisted  of  twenty- 
seven  professors  and  instructors,  seven 
of  them  Presbyterian  ministers.  It  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  have  contained  any 
great  teachers,  but  there  were  in  it  several 
men  of  considerable  force  of  personality  — 
the  President,  Dr.  James  McCosh;  Profes- 
sors Charies  A.  Young,  the  astronomer; 
Cyrus  Brackett;  John  T.  Duffield;  William 
A.  Packard,  a  cultured  latinist;  Arnold 
Guyot,  the  celebrated  geologist  and  geo- 
grapher. President  McCosh  was  in  his 
prime,  but  Professor  Guyot  was  on  the 
verge  of   retirement.     Princeton  in  1875 


was  a  good  old-fashioned  college  where  a 
man  might  learn  his  physics,  his  logic,  his 
moral  science,  mathematics,  "belles  let- 
tres,"  astronomy,  go  on  with  his  Latin  and 
Greek,  and  study  the  harmony  of  science 
and  revealed  religion  as  well  as  anywhere. 
The  place,  full  of  traditions  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary War,  had  been  a  favorite 
resort  of  Southern  students  up  to  1861. 
The  first  war  had  battered  the  front  of 
Old  Nassau  Hall,  and  the  second  had  done 
more  substantial,  if  less  picturesque  dam- 
age in  withdrawing  from  the  institution 
a  large  part  of  its  Southern  patronage  — 
the  South  could  ill  afford  to  send  its  young 
men  far  away  to  college  now.  This  year, 
indeed,  there  came  twenty  men  from  the 
Southern  states.  It  is  remembered  that 
some  of  these  youths  needed  reconstruc- 
tion; one  of  them  needed  it  badly:  Peter 
J.  Hamilton  of  Alabama  later  developed 
into  a  man  whose  career  is  a  credit  to  his 
native  state  as  well  as  to  his  college,  but 
he  came  up  to  Princeton  a  rare  "fire- 
eater."  In  the  campaign  year  of  1876, 
the  last  in  which  "the  bloody  shirt"  was 
flagrantly  waved,  Hamilton  demonstrated 
his  sentiments  by  going  out  into  the  street 
rather  than  pass  underneath  a  National 
flag  suspended  over  the  sidewalk.  The 
action  got  noised  about,  and  Hamilton 
was  waited  on  at  night  by  a  committee 
of  students,  who  pulled  him  out  of  bed. 
made  him  do  reverence  to  the  emblem  he 
had  disdained,  and,  after  sundry  hazing 
stunts,  wrapped  him  in  the  flag  and  put 
him  back  to  bed. 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


Wilson  is  remembered  in  no  such  way. 
He  was  known  as  a  Democrat  of  stout 
opinions  from  the  day  he  first  opened  his 
mouth  on  the  campus,  but  no  recollection 
remains    of    his    having    displayed    any 

^sectional  passion.  A  classmate  remem- 
prs.  however,  that  on  one  occasion  when  a 
group  of  fellows  were  talking  of  the 
misfortunes  that  follow  in  the  wake  of 
war,  Wilson,  who  was  in  the  group,  cried 
out.  "You  know  nothing  whatever  about 
it!"  and  with  face  as  white  as  a  sheet  of 

[paper  abruptly  left  the  company.  Never- 
theless, one  of  his  nearest  friends  of  that 
day  remarks  that  it  was  only  years  after, 
as  he  was  reading  a  tribute  to  General  Lee 


in  the  **History  of  the  American  People" 
that  he  first  realized  the  Southern  origin 
of  his  old  classmate. 

AIJ  testimony  goes  to  indicate  that 
"Tom"  Wilson  immediately  took  his 
place  as  a  leader  in  the  class.  He  ap- 
peared as  a  young  fellow  of  great  maturity 
of  character,  blended  with  unusual  fresh- 
ness of  interest  in  all  things  pertaining  to 
college  life.  He  had  the  manners  of  a 
young  aristocrat.  His  speech  was  cultured. 
He  soon  won  the  reputation  of  already 
wide  reading  and  sound  judgment.  There 
is  abundant  evidence  that  he  was,  from 
the  start,  a  marked  figure  among  the  men 
who   now  constitute  the   "famous  class 


TMH   BOARD  OF  EDITORS  OF  THE  *'  PRINCETONIAN  "  IN    iBjb 
ON  WHICH  WOODROW  WILSON  (SECOND  FROM  THE  RIGHT  SITTING)  SERVED  M  MANAGING  EDITOR 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 

I 


of  *79/*  There  have  been  more  famous 
Princeton  graduates  than  these,  but  there 
has  never  been  a  class  of  so  high  an  average 
of  ability.  Robert  Bridges,  one  of  the 
editors  of  Scrihners  Afaga^ine ;  the  Rev, 
Dr.  A.  S.  HalseVt  Secretary  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Board  of  Foreign  Missions; 
Charles  A,  Tatcott.  M.  C;  Mahlon  Pitney, 
Chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  Jersery; 
Robert  IL  McCarter,  Ex-Attorney-Gen- 
eral of  New  Jersey;  Edward  W.  Shel- 
don, I*resident  of  the  United  States  Trust 
Company;  Colonel  Edwin  A.  Stevens  of 


among  them;  he  ranked  forty-first  in  the 
class. 

The  fact  is  that  this  son  of  clergymen 
and  editors  hadn't  come  to  school  to  pass 
through  a  standardized  curriculum  and 
fill  his  head  with  the  knowledge  prescribed 
in  a  college  catalogue.  He  had  come  to 
prepare  himself  for  a  particular  career  — 
and  before  he  had  been  at  Princeton  three 
months  he  had  frnally  determined  on  what 
that  career  should  be. 

Ihe  class  historian,  Harold  ("Pete'*) 
Godwin, celebrating  theadvent  in  Princeton 


1 


THE  FAMOUS  CU^SS  OF  '79,  PRINCETON 
W  SEPTEMBER^  1874,  WHEN  IT  ENTERED  COLLEGE 


I 


Jersey:  Judge  Robert  R.  Henderson 
Maryland  are  only  typical  members 
of  a  class  of  unusual  mental  capacity. 
Among  such  men,  Wilson  from  the  start 
ranked  high. 

Not  as  a  student  perhaps.  He  was 
never  a  bright  particular  star  in  examina- 
tions* Princeton  graduated  as  "honor 
men"  such  students  as  had  maintained 
throughout  their  four  years'  cx>urse  an 
average  of  90  per  cent.  No  less  than  forty- 
two  out  of  the  122  graduates  of  '79  were 
*•  honor    men."      Wilson    barely   got    in 


of  the  members  of  the  class  that  gradual 
ed  in  *79.  declares  that  on  arrival  "Tommy 
Wilson  rushed  to  the  library  and  took 
out  Kant's  'Critique  of  Pure  Reason/  *' 

To  the  librar>^  Tommy  Wilson  unques- 
tionably did  rush.  But  not  to  read  of 
pure  reason;  if  ever  there  were  a  student 
who  demanded  facts,  concrete  subjects, 
applied  reason,  it  was  this  same  Wilson, 
even  in  his  early  college  days* 

The  truth  is  that,  prowling  in  the  alcoves 
of  the  Chancellor  Green  Library  —  new 
then  —  one  day  early   in   the  term,  the 


I 


4 


■M^ 


A 


WOODROW  WILSON -A  BIOGRAPHY 


boy  stopped  at  the  head  of  the  south  stairs, 
where  the  bound  magazines  were  kept, 
and  his  hand  fell  upon  a  file  of  the  Genile- 
I's  Magazine,  that  ancient  and  respect- 

Pable  repository  of  English  literature  which 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  had  helped  to  start, 
away  back  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
centur> ,  with  his  reports  of  Parliamentary 
debates.  When  Johnson  lay  on  his  death- 
bed, refusing  to  take  "inebriating  sub- 
stance" and   having  the  church  service 

tfead  to  him  daily»  he  declared  that  his 
>nly  compunction  was  those  Parliamentary 


unworthy  successor  of  Edward  Cave)  feel- 
ing round  for  an  attractive  feature,  hit 
upon  the  idea  of  resuming  the  Parliamen- 
tary reports.  Accordingly,  there  began  in 
the  number  for  January*  1874,  a  series 
of  articles  entitled  "  Men  and  Manner 
in  Parliament"  by  '*The  Member  for 
the  Chiltern  Hundreds"  ^  the  signature 
being  an  allusion  to  a  Parliamentary 
practice  which  need  not  be  explained  to 
those  familiar  with  English  affairs.  The 
author  was  introduced  by  the  editor 
*'wiih  particular  pride  and  satisfaction." 


THE  CLASS  OF    jg,  AS  IT  GRADUATED 
WILSON  IS  SHOWK  SEATED  THE  SIXTH  FROM  THE  LEFT  IN  THE  BOTTOM  ROW  WtTH  HIS  HAT  IN  HIS  HAND 


,  reports.  For,  of  course,  they  were  *' fakes" 
lingeniousiy  composed  with  the  aid  of 
WiHiam  Guthrie,  a  Scotsman,  who  had  a 
way  of  getting  into  the  Mouse.  Never- 
^eless  the  eavesdropper's  meagre  recol- 
clicins  amplified  into  lengthy  speeches 
full  of  sonorous  generalities  in  the  true 
Johnsonian  style  (the  redactor  taking 
mighty  good  care  "that  the  Whig  dogs 
^should  get  the  worst  of  it'*),  lay  at  the 
nidation  of  the  prosperity  of  the  Gentle^ 

\'$  Magaiim, 
Now  it  happened  that  in  the  '70*$  last, 
the  editor  of  the   day    (himself   not    an 


''  He  is,  I  think,  a  not  altogether  unworthy 
successor,  after  a  long  interval,  of  one  who 
gave  to  the  readers  of  this  pericjdical  the  at 
first  unprivileged  and  now  historical 
narratives  of  the  proceedings  of  Pariiament 
some  hundred  and  thirty  years  ago." 

Thomas  W'uodrow  U  ilson  happened  to 
pick  up  this  volume  of  the  GentUman't 
Magd{ine  and  to  turn  to  the  pages  occu<^ 
pied  by  "  Men  and  Manner  in  Parliament*^ 
—  and  from  that  moment  his  life*plar 
was  fixed. 

It  was  an  era  of  brilliant  Parliamentar 
history.    There  were  giants  in  those  daysd 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


I 

I 


SIR  nrNKv  w.  LUCY 

WHOSE  *' PARLIAMENTARY  MEW  AND  MANNER  "  IN 

THE  **CENTLEMAN'SMACAIINE"  DID  AS  MUCH  AS 

ANY   OTHER   CIRCUMSTANCE  TO  MAKE  fUBLIC 

LIFE  THE  rURPOSE  OF  WILSON's  EXISTENCE 

John  Bright.  Disrseli,  Gladstone,  Earl 
Grenville.  Vemon  Harcoart  —  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  House  of  Commons  had 
never  been  more  picturesque,  the  atmos- 
phere more  electrical.  I  he  **  Member 
for  the  Chiltern  Hundreds,"  in  intimate 
daily  familiarity  with  the  Parliamentary 
scene  and  its  actors,  wrote  in  a  style  of 
delicious  charm  —  the  leisurely  style  of 
good-humored  banter  and  elegant  trifling, 
his  chatter  nevertheless  affording  withal 
a  picture  of  unsurpassable  vividness, 
vivacity,  and  verity.  He  made  to  live 
before  the  e>  e  the  figure  of  Bright,  coming 
into  the  House  with  his  chiselled  and 
polished  witticisms  in  his  pocket,  ready 
for  setting  in  the  framework  of  a  speech; 
of  Gladstone,  a  marvel  of  verbal  resource- 
fulness, bewildermg  when  (as  usual)  he 
wished  to  bewilder,  clarifying  and  con- 
vincing when  the  lime  for  clear  statement 
had  come;  of  Disraeli,  with  his  poisoned 
sentences  spoken  to  the  accompaniment 
of  bodily  jerks  (supposed  to  be  gestures) 
graceful  as  the  waddling  of  a  duck  across 
a  stubble  field/*  He  drew  unforgetable 
pictures  of  Mr.  Lowe,  Sir  James  Etphin- 


ston.  "the  bo'sun, "  Mr.  Scoonfield,  with 
his  anecdotes  — of  scores  of  others,  their 
voices,  attitudes,  their  very  collars.  Safe 
behind  his  anonymity,  there  was  no  per- 
sonality, no  measure,  no  method  upon 
which  "the  Member  for  the  Chiltern 
Hundreds"  hesitated  to  turn  his  keen  and 
discerning  eye. 

It  will  be  news  to  Mn  Wilson  that  the 
Genikmans  Magazine  contributor  was 
Henry  W,  Lucy,  who  later  created  for 
Punch  the  character  of  *'Toby..  M.  P." 
and  was  knighted  by  King  Edward.  It 
should  be  said,  however,  that  this  inimi- 
table Parliamentary  reporter  has  never 
since  quite  equalled  his  early  performance 
as  the  anonymous  successor  of  Doctor 
Johnson. 

Nothing  could  have  better  served  to 
awaken  in  a  young  reader  a  sense  of  the 
picturesqueness  and  dramatic  interest  of 
politics,  and  Mr.  Wilson  has  said  to  the 
writer  of  this  biography  that  no  one  cir- 
cumstance did  more  to  make  public  life 
the  purpose  of  his  existence,  nor  more  to 
determine  the  first  cast  of  his  political 
ideas.    The  young  man  turned  back  to 


WOODROW  WILSON 

AS  A  PRINCETON  UNOERGRAUUATE  ^A  FAIR  STU- 
DENT,   STANDING  41   IN  A  CI  ASS  OF  122.    MAN- 
ACING    EDfTOR   OF   THE  COLLEGE  PAPER,  A 
LEAOEani  UNDERGRADUATE  ACTIVITIES 


I 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


69 


the  first  volume  of  the  Gentleman  i  Maga^ 
line.  Then,  going  to  other  sources,  he 
took  up  in  earnest  the  study  of  English 
pc»Iitical  history.  He  became  saturated 
1^ith  the  spirit  of  the  life  and  practices 
of  the  British  Parliament;  the  excitements 
of  poh'tical  life  enchanted  him;  the  methods 
of  high  debate  impressed  themselves  upon 
him,  and,  of  course,  the  history  of  Eng- 
land for  many  years  past  became  as 
famih'ar  to  him  as  that  of  his  own  country. 
The  Luc>'  articles  could  not  fail  to  reveal 


merits  of  open  Parliamentary^  and  private 
committee  government  —  became  a  theme 
around  which  Wilson's  mind  continued  to 
revolve  for  many  years  —  as  we  shall  see. 
The  characteristic  thing  about  Wilson's 
undergraduate  days  at  Princeton  was  that 
his  work  was  done  in  practical  indepen- 
dence of  the  ordinary  college  routine  of 
instruction — at  which  even  in  those 
days  he  was  sometimes  heard  to  rail.  His 
mind  had  now  settled  definitely  upon  a 
public   career  —  the   impulse  he   had   re- 


THB  PRINCETON  FACULTY  DURING  WILSON  S   TIME 

IT  CONSt&rEU  OF  TWENTY-SEVEN  PROFESSORS  AND  INSTRUCTORS,  SEVEN  OF  WHOM    WERE    PRESBV- 
TERIAN  MINISTERS,  OF  WHOM  PERHAPS  THE   BEST  KNOWN  WERE  PRESIDENT  MC  COSM» 
CHARLES  A.  YOUNG,  THE  ASTHONOMtR,  AND  ARNOLD  GUVOT,  THE  GEOLOGIST 


that  the  business  of  the  British  Empire 
H3S  done  in  public  by  men  who,  through 
tlheir  talents,  had  risen  to  leadership  which 
they  had  to  maintain  in  daily  tournaments 
before  the  whole  world.  Wilson  was 
almast  immediately  led  to  contrast  the 
British  system  of  government  with  that 
cif  America,  his  conclusion  being  that  the 
dramatic  and  swiftly  responsive  English 
system  was  infinitely  the  better 

This   subject  —  the  methods  of  demo- 
cralic     government  —  the     comparative 


rfUfa 


ceived   from    the    Centlemans    Magaiini 
had    been    decisive.       His    purpose    in 
Princeton  was  henceforth  the  clear  and 
single  one  of  preparing  himself  for  public 
life.   Always  he  was  reading,  thinking,  and 
writing  about   government.     He  was    iiiH 
no  sense  a  **dig/'  and  seemed  to  have  nd| 
particular  ambition  in  the  college  studies, 
but  he  devoted  every  energy  to  the  fur-^ 
nishing  and  the  training  of  his  mind  aifl 
an  authority  on  government,  the  history 
of  government,  and  leadership   in   public 


70 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


WHIG  HALL 
THE  OLD  DEBATING  SOCIETY  (iTS  CON&TinJTIQN 
WAS  WRITTEN  MY  JAMES  MADISON)  IN  WHICH  WILSON 
PLAYED  AN  ACTIVE  I'ART.  HE  WAS  NOT  ON  ITS  DE- 
•ATING  TEAM  FOH  THE  CHIEF  PRIZE,  HUWEVER, 
BECAUSE  HE  REFUSED  TO  ARGUE  FOR  PROTECTION 
AGAINST  FREE   TRADE 

life.  He  began  to  practice  the  elective 
system  ten  years  before  Princelon  did. 
He  had  an  eye  keen  for  what  he  needed, 
and  to  its  pursuit  he  gave  all  his  energies, 
There  was  nothing  casual  nor  accidental 
in  his  work.  His  study  was  bent  on  govern- 
ment, the  history  of  various  attempts 
in  it,  and  the  theory  of  it,  and  the  lives 
of  political  leaders.  To  this  he  added 
assiduous  practice  in  writing  and  extem- 
poraneous speaking:  the  seeking  for  skill 
in  expression  and  readiness  in  debate.  He 
followed  this  course  from  the  very  start 
and  kept  it  up  until  the  day  he  graduated. 


His  most  intimate  classmate,  Robert 
Bridges,  says  of  him.  that  his  college  career 
vas  remarkable  for  the  "confident  selec- 
tion" of  his  work,  and  his  **easy  indif- 
ference" to  all  subjects  not  directly  in  line 
with  his  purpose.  His  business  in  college 
apparently  was  to  train  his  mind  to  do 
what  he  wanted  it  to  do  —  and  what  he 
wanted  it  to  do  he  knew.  He  had  already 
made  himself  proficient  in  stenography, 
finding  it  of  great  value  in  making  digests 
of  what  he  read  and  quotations  which 
would  otherwise  have  occupied  him  long- 
Princeton  was  not  then  remarkable  in 
the  leaching  of  English;  the  head  of  the 
English  Department,  Professor  Murray, 
was  himself  a  clear  writer  and  speaker, 
but  without  grace  of  style  and  quite 
without  ability  to  teach  English.  But 
the  men  trained  themselves,  in  literary 
societies-  The  body  of  the  students  was 
divided  into  two  "Halls/*  so-called  secret 
societies*  but  really  debating  clubs  — 
the  American  Whig  Societ\'  ^nd  the  Clio- 
Sophie  Society.  Wilson  belonged  to  Whig 
HalK  an  organization  whose  constitution 
had  been  written  by  James  jMadison, 

I  lore  the  young  man  was  in  his  glory. 
He  entered  eagerly  into  its  traditions  and 
became  almost  immediately  one  of  its 
leading  spirits.  To  reading  and  writing 
day  and  night  upon  his  favorite  themes 
he  began  to  add  practice  in  elocution  One 
of  his  classmates  troubled  with  a  weak 


I 
I 


I 
I 


THE  CHANCELLOR  GREEN  LIBRARY 

WNEae  WILSON  S^ENT  MUCH  OF  HIS  TIME  READING  ABOUT  COVFRNMENI  OUTSIDE  OF  TMB 

ORDINAIIY  COLLiGE  ROUTINt.      HF   tf  GAN  THE  PRACTICF  OF  THE  ELECTIVE 

SYSTEM  LONG  IIEFOItE  THE  COLLEGE  ITSELF  DID 


tTWho  was  sent  down   to   Poller's 
woods  lo  practice  exercises,  often  saw  W^il- 

son  in  another  part  of  the  woods  declaim- 
ing from  a  volume  of  Burke,  On  vacations 
he  was  known  to  spend  a  good  deal  of 
lime  reading  aloud  and  declaiming  in  his 
father's  church  at  Wilmington.  Another 
^debating  society  organized  by  Wilson 
himself*  called  the  Liberal  Debating  Club, 
was  fashioned  after  the  British  Parliament, 
a  group  of  the  members  representing  the 
Government,  and  being  obliged  to  main- 


Burke,  Brougham,  and  Bagehot  were  his 
great  favorites  —  Burke  first  of  all.  From 
Brougham  it  may  be  conjectured  he  ac-fl 
quired  his  taste  for  a  finished  peroration" 
—  though  the  fancy  never  led  him  into 
the  extravagances  of  the  Irish  orator,  who 
one  day  ended  a  speech  with  an  ecstatic 
prayer,  for  which  he  fell  on  his  knees  — 
a  posture  from  which  his  friends  dragged 
him  in  an  unseemly  struggle,  attributing 
his  collapse  to  over-indulgence  in  the  port 
with  which  he  was  accustomed  to  prime 


WITHtRSpOON   HALL 
WHEaE  WILSON  ROOMED  IN  PRrWCETON,  FINISHED  WHILE  HE  WAS  IN  COLLEGfi 


tain  the  confidence  of  the  Chamber  or 
I  out  of  p<jwer. 

Wilson  does  not  appear  as  a  great  prizes 

dinner.     His   record   does   not   compare 

Iwith  thai  of  Elsing.  Bridges,  or  Halsey. 

I  Rising  was  the  first  freshman  speaker,  the 

Irst   sophomore  orator,    the   first   junior 

itor  and  winner  of  the  junior  debate, 

fHoifccver,    Wilson   did    score   as    second 

sophomore  orator  in  the  Whig  Hall  contest 

an-a  was  one  of  the  literary  men  of  the 

r  Class,  an  oration  on  Cobden  and  an  essay 

ya   Lord   Chatham   (the  younger   Pitt,) 

being     especially     recorded.     Chatham, 


himself.  Macauley  held  the  student's 
attention  for  a  while,  but  he  soon  became 
critical  of  the  historian's  overloaded  style* 
Connected  with  the  two  big  prizes  of 
the  college  are  two  stories  which  throw 
light  upon  Wilson's  character  as  a  student. 
The  English  Literary  Prize  of  $125  his 
classmates  thought  that  Wilson  might, 
easily  win;  but  when  he  learned  that  t 
compete  meant  to  spend  time  siudyin; 
Ben  Jonson  and  two  plavs  of  Shake 
peare,  he  refused  to  go  into  it.  saying  h( 
had  no  time  to  spare  from  the  reading' 
that  interested  him. 


I 


70RK 


» 


The  other  big  prize,  that  of  the  Lynde 
Debate,  had  been  founded  the  year  of 
Wilson's  entrance  to  college,  and  he  had 
undoubtedly  looked  forward  to  winning 
it,  throughout  his  course.  The  Lynde 
was  an  extemporaneous  discussion  par- 
ticipated in  by  three  representatives  from 
each  of  the  two  Halls.  The  Halls'  re- 
presentatives were  thus  chosen:  a  subject 
was  proposed  by  a  committee  and  candi- 
dates were  required  to  argue  on  either  side 
as  was  determined  by  lot.  By  universal 
consent  Wilson  was  now  the  star  debater 


became  Whig  Hall's  representative  —  and 
lost  to  "Wood"  Halsey,  ChVs  man  — 
who  attributes  his  success  to  the  fact  that 
an  opponent  who  would  have  vanquished 
him  was  over-sensitive. 

It  will  not  be  supposed  that  life  was  all 
work  even  for  this  rather  serious-minded 
youth. 

Princeton  was  famous  for  the  pranks 
of  its  students.  On  one  occasion,  they 
had  taken  a  donkey  to  the  cupola  of  Nas- 
sau Hall.  Every  class  considered  itself 
disgraced  unless  it  had  made  way  with 


OLD  NASSAU 
ftUIlT  BEK>RB  THE  REVOLUTION,  NOW,  AS  IN  WILSON 's  TIME.  THE  SENTIMENTAL  CENTRE  OF  PRINCETON 


of  the  Whig  Society.  He  was  quite  in  a 
class  by  himself,  and  there  was  no  doubt 
in  anybody's  mind  that  he  would  represent 
the  Hall  and  win  the  prize.  The  subject 
for  the  preliminary  debate  in  Whig  Hall 
was  ''Free-Trade  versus  Protection/* 
Wilson  put  his  hand  into  the  hat  and  drew 
out  a  slip  which  required  him  to  argue 
in  favor  of  "  Pr(»tection/'  He  tore  up 
the  slip  and  refused  to  debate.  He  was 
a  convinced  and  passionate  free-trader, 
and  nothing  under  Heaven,  he  swore,  would 
induce  him  to  advance  arguments  in 
which  he  did  not  believe,    "  Bob"  Bridges 


the  clapper  of  the  college  bell.  There  was 
a  cane-rush  between  freshmen  and  sopho- 
mores, The  '78  class  wore  the  mortar- 
board; the  '79's  did  not.  Wilson  ridiculed 
'78*5  head-gear. 

Wilson  lived  first  at  the  house  of  Mrs. 
Wright.  One  of  his  classmates,  **Bob" 
McCarter,  who  also  lived  at  Mrs.  Wright's, 
tells  of  a  certain  evening  when  the  two 
were  engaged  in  Wilson's  study  in  a 
quiet  game  of  euchre,  a  forbidden 
pastime  in  those  days.  On  the  table, 
as  it  happened,  lay  a  Bible.  A  knock 
was  heard  at  the  door;   McCartcr  swiftly 


A 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


73 


swept  the  cards  out  of  sight  under  the 
table  and  went  to  the  door.  Before 
he  opened  it,  he  turned  his  head  for  a 
moment,  the  thought  flashing  over  him 
that  the  conscientious  Wilson  might  have 
put  the  cards  back  in  plain  view  on  the 
table,  but  what  he  saw  was  —  Wilson 
reading  the  Bible. 

It  was  the  time  of  the  great  popularity 
of  "Pinafore"  and  the  strains  of  Bob 
Up  Serenely,  My  Little  Buttercup,  and 
IVbat  Never?  were  all  the  go.  Doctor 
Greene  of  the  Princeton  Seminary  pos- 
sessed a  deep,  solemn  voice.  One  day  in 
chapel  he  gave  out  unctuously  the  hymn 
containing  the  well-known  stanza: 

That  soul  though  all  hell  should  endeavor  to 

shake 
ril  never,  no  never,  no  never  forsake! 

But  the  effect  was  somewhat  spoiled  by  an 
irreverent  voice  in  the  rear  of  the  chapel : 
"What!  never?" 

Fraternities  were  not  permitted  at  Prince- 
ton, but  the  college  had  plenty  of  organi- 
zations of  every  possible  varietv  and 
description  —  "  Cyclops,"  "  The  Potato 
Bugs,"  "The  Princeton  Gas  Company." 
Wilson  belonged  to  none  beside  the 
"Whig,"  his  little  debating  circle,  and  an 
eating  club,  whose  members  called  them- 
selves "The  Alligators." 

When  Witherspoon  Hall  was  finished, 
\^son  moved  into  it.  His  room  was  7, 
West.  At  this  time,  it  is  recorded  that 
he  weighed  156  pounds  and  stood  five 
feet  eleven. 

While  without  particular  inclination 
or  ability  in  athletics  —  and  while  back 
in  '75-79  athletics  did  not  play  the  part 
in  college  life  that  it  now  plays  —  Wood- 
row  Wilson  was  a  leader  in  the  encourage- 
ment of  sports  and  in  'jS-'-jg  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Athletic  Committee,  at 
another  time  of  the  Baseball  Association. 

His  classmates  and  schoolmates  concur 
in  describing  the  college  lad  as  a  fellow 
of  dignity,  yet  perfectly  democratic.  The 
picture  is  that  of  a  youth  of  unusual  mental 
and  moral  maturity  —  a  well-poised  fellow, 
never  a  roisterer,  yet  always  full  of  life 
and  interested  in  everything  that  was 
going  on.  He  was  popular  —  of  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt.    The  young  man  had  a 


certain  charm  of  manner  and  sweetness 
of  soul  that  forbade  anybody's  disliking 
him,  although  he  was  generally  felt  to  be 
"a  little  above  the  crowd."  He  never 
belonged  to  a  clique.  He  was  a  normal 
college  boy,  not  a  prig  nor  a  "dig"  nor  a 
"grind,"  but  a  healthy,  hearty,  all-round 
chap,  interested  in  everything  that  was 
going  on,  mingling  with  everybody  — 
though  cherishing  some  particular  friend- 
ships that  have  endured. 

The  years  passed.  Recitations  were 
attended;  examinations  duly  passed.  The. 
library  yielded  up  its  secrets  to  the  mind; 
life  in  the  little  commonwealth  of  young 
men  matured  the  character;  intercourse 
with  kindred  spirits  awakened  generous 
enthusiasms.  In  '77  Tom  Wilson  went  on 
the  board  of  editors  of  the  Princeionian, 
the  college  newspaper,  then  a  bi-weekly. 
In  '78  he  became  its  managing  editor. 
Under  his  management  it  continued  about 
as  before  —  not  overwhelmingly  interesting 
to  the  outsider,  though  here  and  there  is 
discernible  a  little  brightness  scarcely  to 
be  found  in  earlier  issues.  Occasionally 
we  discover  a  satirical  note  like  this: 

A  literary  meeting  was  held  at  Dr.  McCosh's 
residence  on  the  evening  of  the  13th.  Mr. 
David  Stewart  read  a  paper  on  Ethics.  The 
discussion  was  interesting. 

A  department  headed  "  Here  and  There" 
was  the  Princetonian*  s  best  feature. 
Once  in  a  while  its  writer  broke-  into 
rhyme  —  not  always  so  tragically  sad  as 
this: 

I  will  work  out  a  rhyme 
If  I  only  have  time," 

Said  the  man  of  "Here  and  There," 
So  he  tried  for  a  while: 
Result  —  a  loose  pile 
Of  his  beautiful  golden  hair. 

During  his  senior  year,  Wilson  threw 
into  the  form  of  a  closely  reasoned  essay 
the  chief  results  of  his  thinking  on  the 
subject  of  the  American  contrasted  with 
the  British  systems  of  government.  This 
article  he  sent  to  what  was  regarded  as  the 
most  serious  magazine  then  published  in 
America,  and  it  was  immediately  accepted 
for  publication.  The  author  was  twenty- 
two  years  old  and  an  undergraduate. 

In     the     files     of    the    Iniemaiianal 


74 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Rmew,  issue  of  August »  1879,  "^X  ^ 
found  an  article  entitled  "Cabinet  Gov- 
ernment in  the  United  States,"  signed  by 
Thomas  W.  Wilson.  It  was  an  impeach- 
ment of  government  by  "a  legislature 
which  is  practically  irresponsible/'  and 
a  plea  for  a  reformed  method  under  which 
Congress  should  be  again  made  responsible 
and  swiftly  responsive  in  some  such  way 
as  is  the  British  Parliament.  The  author's 
quarrel  is  with  the  practice  of  doing  all 
the  important  work  of  Congress  in  secret 
committees.  Secrecy,  he  says,  is  the 
atmosphere  in  which  all  corruption  and 
evil  flourishes.  "  Congress  should  legislate 
as  if  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  country, 
in  open  and  free  debate."  (These  words 
were  written  thirty-two  years  ago.)  He 
attributes  the  growth  of  the  committee  sys- 
tem to  the  lack  of  leaders  in  Congress,  and 
his  plan  for  the  creation  of  leaders  is  that 
of  giving  cabinet  ministers  a  seat  in  Con- 
gress. He  quotes  Chief  Justice  Story  to 
the  effect  that  the  heads  of  departments, 
even  if  they  were  not  allowed  to  vote, 
might  without  danger  be  admitted  to 
participate  in  Congressional  debates.  Wil- 
son argues  with  much  ingenuity  that  the 
method  he  urges  is  the  ideal  one  for  the 
insuring  of  a  strong  Congress  and  a  strong 
cabinet,  for  securing  the  attention  of  the 
country  (the  possibilities  of  congressional 
debate  and  the  fall  of  the  cabinet  being 
dramatic)  and  for  the  insurance  of  the 
greatest  possible  amount  of  publicity. 

With  this  achievement  of  breaking  into 
a  high-class  magazine,  Woodrow  Wilson 
closed  his  undergraduate  da>s  at  Prince- 
ton. During  his  senior  year,  he  had 
concluded  that  the  best  path  to  a  public 
career  lay  through  the  law.  In  the  autumn, 
therefore,  he  matriculated  in  the  Law 
Department  of  the  University  of  Virginia, 
that  seat  of  liberal  learning  organized 
by  Thomas  Jefferson. 

At  Charlottesville  his  life  was  in  many 
respects  a  repetition  of  that  at  Princeton. 
Here,  too,  he  immediately  took  his  place 
as  a  leader.  The  Law  School  men  were 
in  close  fellowship  with  the  undergraduates 
of  "Virginia."  Study  was  rather  more 
necessary  than  at  Princeton  in  those  days; 
a  man  had  to  work  to  pass  his  examina- 
tions —  these,  by  the  way,  were  conducted 


on  the  "honor  plan."  Still,  there  was  a 
gay  set  as  well  as  a  steady  set,  and  Wil6<;>n 
had  friends  among  both  sets.  . 

He  joined  the  chapel  choir  and  the  Glee 
Club.  The  latter  circle  of  harmonious 
spirits,  directed  by  Duncan  Emmett, 
now  and  for  some  years  past  a  practising 
physician  of  New  York  City,  made  serenad- 
ing excursions  in  the  country  'round  about, 
two  or  three  times  a  week,  winding  up  its 
pleasure-imparting  career  with  a  Grand 
Concert  in  the  Town  Hall.  Wilson  many 
a  night  stumbled  along  the  rocky  roads 
with  his  fellow  glee-men  to  arrive  at  last 
under  the  balcony  of  some  damsel  and  lift 
his"  fine  tenor  voice  in  "She  sleeps,  my 
lady  sleeps,"  and  "Speed  away!"  At 
the  Grand  Concert,  which  was  given  on 
the  evening  of  the  Final  Ball,  a  brilliant 
audience  that  crowded  the  hall  beheld 
the  prize-orator  and  prize-writer  step 
down  to  the  footlights  and  render  a 
touching  tenor  solo.  Wilson  is  best  re- 
numbered as  a  singer,  however,  by  the 
thrilling  effect  with  which  he  usually 
achieved  the  high  note  near  the  end  of 
"The  Star  Spangled  Banner." 

At  Charlottesville,  as  at  Princeton, 
the  student-body  was  divided  into  two 
literary  and  debating  societies:  the  Wash- 
ingtonian  and  the  Jeffersonian — in  the  com- 
mon tongue,  "Wash"  and  "Jeff."  The 
fortunes  of  each  alternately  waxed  and 
waned;  "Jeff"  was  the  stronger  in  1879, 
and  Wilson  joined  it.  His  talents  at  once 
won  recognition,  but  he  found  a  competitor 
to  respect  in  another  "Jeff"  man,  William 
Cabell  Bruce,  of  Chariot te  County,  Va., 
a  young  orator  of  extraordinary  ability. 
He  was  later  president  of  the  Maryland 
Senate,  and  is  now  president  of  the  Wood- 
row  Wilson  Association  of  Maryland. 

The  chief  annual  event  at  Charlottes- 
ville was  a  debating  contest  in  the 
Jeffersonian  Society,  at  which  two  gold 
medals  were  awarded,  one  for  debating, 
the  other  for  oratorical  ability.  In  the 
contest  in  which  Wilson  and  Bruce  par- 
ticipated, the  latter  was  given  the  debater's 
medal,  while  the  orator's  prize  went  to 
Wilson.  The  opinion  of  pretty  nearly 
everybody,  aside  from  the  judges,  was 
that  the  award  should  have  been  reversed. 
Bruce  was  ornate  in  style;  Wilson  simple. 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


75 


direct  and  logical.  The  prize  "orator" 
could  scarcely  be  prevailed  upon  by  his 
friends  to  accept  an  honor  which  he  con- 
ceived so  injudiciously  bestowed. 

Wilson  did  a  good  deal  of  writing  while 
at  Charlottesville,  some  of  it  receiving 
publication  in  the  Vniversiiy  Magazine, 
and  some  in  The  Nation.  From  the  road 
in  front  of  Dawson's  Row,  passersby 
would  see  him  sitting  at  the  window 
darkly  engaged  with  an  ink-bottle,  out 
of  which  he  had  conjured,  before  a  year 
was  up,  the  Writer's  Prize. 

The  law  professors  of  the  University 
of  Virginia  were  Mr.  Southall,  who  held 
the  chair  of  International  and  Common 
Law  —  an  easy-going  and  much-beloved 
man;  and  Dr.  John  B.  Minor  —  who 
taught  everything  else  in  the  course,  and 
was,  in  fact,  the  College  of  Law. 

Dr.  Minor  probably  influenced  Wilson 
more  than  did  any  other  teacher  he 
ever  had.  He  was  indeed  an  able  and 
forceful  man,  a  really  great  teacher,  who 
grounded  his  pupils,  beyond  all  possi- 
bility of  ever  getting  adrift,  in  the  broad 
principles  of  law.  He  employed  in  class 
a  text-book  which  he  had  himself  written 
— or  rather  revised;  for  it  was  frankly 
based  on  Blackstone  as  that  legal  phil- 
osopher's teaching  had  application  in  the 
United  States  and  especially  in  the  state 
of  Virginia.  Dr.  Minor  was  a  man 
of  impressive  presence  and  fine  face, 
with  an  aristocratic  nose,  at  the  extreme 
tip  of  which  he  wore  pince-ne^,  through 
which  he  glanced  at  his  roll-sheet.  He 
used  the  Socratic  method,  with  more  than 
Socratic  sternness.  He  catechised  and 
he  grilled,  but  with  such  effectiveness  that, 
though  the  victim  writhed,  the  class 
meanwhile  mentally  groaning  in  sympathy 
—  Wilson  learned  never  to  forget  the 
point  to  which  the  professor  led  him. 
Wilson's  seat  was  in  the  front  row  at  the 
Professor's  left  hand.  So  popular,  despite 
his  severity,  were  Dr.  Minor's  courses, 
that  it  was  a  saying  at  Charlottesville 
that, if  Minorwere  to  announce  an  "  exam  " 
at  midnight,  a  man  had  better  be  on  hand 
at  eleven  o'clock  to  be  sure  of  a  seat. 

As  a  young  man,  Wilson  suffered  much 
from  indigestion  —  an  ill  which  later  he 
entirely  outgrew.    Just  before  Christmas, 


1880,  he  found  himself  so  unwell  that  he 
left  Charlottesville.  The  next  year  he 
spent  at  home  in  Wilmington,  N.  C, 
nursing  his  health  and  reading. 

In  May,  1882,  Woodrow  Wilson  went 
to  Atlanta,  to  enter  on  the  practice  of 
law.  Atlanta  was  chosen  for  this  experi- 
ment simply  because  it  was  the  most 
rapidly  growing  city  of  the  South.  The 
young  man  knew  nobody  there.  He  went 
to  live  at  the  boarding-house  of  Mrs. 
Boylston,  born  Drayton,  and  a  member 
of  that  old  South  Carolina  family,  on 
Peachtree  Street.  Here  he  met  another 
>oung  man.  like  himself  a  stranger  in  the 
city,  whither  he  too  had  come  to  practice 
law  —  Edward  Ireland  Renick.  The  two 
agreed  on  a  partnership;  on  mutual 
inquiry,  Renick  proved  to  be  slightly 
the  older,  so  that  the  shingle  was  lettered 
**  Renick  &  Wilson."  It  was  hung  out  of 
the  window  of  a  room  on  the  second 
floor,  facing  the  side  street,  of  the  building 
48  Marietta  Street. 

Atlanta  litigants  did  not  rush  en  masse 
to  48  Marietta  Street.  In  fact,  they 
never  came.  The  brilliant  legal  victories 
for  which,  no  doubt,  Messrs.  Renick  and 
Wilson  were  competent  were  never  won. 
Atlanta  seemed  to  prefer  lawyers  whom  it 
had  known. 

Wilson's  sole  idea  had  been  to  use  the 
law  as  a  stepping  stone  to  a  political 
career;  most  of  the  public  men  of  the 
South  had  come  from  the  ranks  of  the  law. 
In  eighteen  months  in  Atlanta  he  learned 
that  it  was  impossible  for  a  man  without 
private  means  to  support  himself  long 
enough  in  law  to  get  into  public  life;  im- 
possible, certainly,  to  establish  a  practice 
without  giving  up  all  idea  of  study  and 
writing  not  strictly  connected  with  the 
profession.  The  law  was  a  jealous  mis- 
tress. He  had  begun  writing  a  book  on 
Congressional  Government,  and  he  found 
the  work  of  its  composition  full  of  joy. 
With  joy  he  found  he  could  not  contem- 
plate years  of  effort  to  further  the  interests 
of  clients  under  the  capricious  and  illogical 
statutes  of  Georgia,  interpreted  by  a 
Supreme  Court  whom  he  could  not  then 
look  up  to  as  masters  in  the  law. 

But  the  Atlanta  experiment  was  not 
without  its  great  good  fortune: 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


During  the  summer  of  1883  Mr.  Wilson 
found  time  to  make  what  turned  out  to 
be  a  momentous  visit.  His  old  playmate 
and  cousin,  Jessie  Woodrow  Bones,  with 
whom  he  had  played  Indian  on  the  Sand 
Hills  near  Augusta,  was  now  living  in 
Rome,  Ga.  Mr.  Bones  had  started 
a  branch  of  his  business  at  Rome.  and. 
finding  the  Georgia  town  the  prettier 
and  more  agreeable  place,  had  moved  his 
family  there.  To  Rome  had  come  also 
another  family  with  whom  the  Wilsons 
had  been  intimate  in  Augusta  —  the 
Axsons.  The  Axsons  were  a  Georgia 
bw-lands  family;  the  Rev.  S.  Edward 
Axson's  father  was  a  distinguished  clergy- 
man in  Savannah,  and  his  wife's  father, 
the  Rev.  Nathan  Ho>t,  was  long  pastor  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Athens,  Ga. 

The  calls  upon  his  time  not  being  entirely 
cKcupying,  as  has  been  hinted,  young 
Wilson  went  to  Rome  to  see  his  cousin  — 
and  stayed  to  see  more  of  Miss  Ellen 
lx)uise  Axson.  The  meeting  was  on  the 
piazza  of  the  Bones  home  in  East  Rome. 
To  be  accurate,  it  was  not  quite  the  cou- 
ple's first  meeting:  he  had  been  a  passion- 
ate admirer  of  the  lady  when  he  was  a 
boy  of  seven,  and  she  was  a  baby.  The 
sentiment  of  those  days,  beyond  the 
recollection  of  either,  revived.  He  took 
her  home  that  evening  —  she  lived  in 
Rome  across  the  river.  She  must  have 
been  captivating;  for,  as  he  came  back 
across  the  bridge,  he  clenched  his  hand  and 
tcKjk  a  silent  oath  that  Ellen  Louise  Axson 
should  one  day  be  his  wife. 

Which  also  in  due  time  came  to  pass. 

They  had  seen  each  other  eleven  times 
before  he  had  persuaded  her  to  say  "  Yes." 
There  was  no  idea  of  an  immediate 
marriage.  Already,  perceiving  that  the 
pra'ctice  of  law  was  not  the  path  for  him, 
he  had  settled  upon  the  plan  of  going  to 
Johns  Hopkins  University  to  spend  two 
<»r  three  years  more  stud\ing  the  science 
of  government. 

The  partnership  of  Renick  &  Wilson 
was  dissolved.  The  young  man  to  whom 
the  people  of  Atlanta  gave  so  little  encour- 
agement, but  who  had  won  what  made  him 
inestimably  happier  than  anything  else 
(leorgia  could  have  given  him,  went  north 
•n  September.     About  the  same  time  Miss 


Axson  too  went  to  New  York  to  develop 
her  already  recognized  talents  in  painting, 
as  a  member  of  the  Art  Students'  League. 

The  next  two  years  of  Woodrow  Wilson's 
life  were  spent  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity as  a  student  of  histor>'  and  political 
economy.  The  professors  who  mainly  di- 
rected his  studies  were  Doctors  Herbert  B. 
Adams,  historian;  and  Richard  T.  Ely 
(now  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin), 
economist.  The  chief  social  life  of  the 
University  (which  was  a  place  of  graduate 
study  chiefly  and  is  without  dormitories 
or  "college  life")  was  in  the  weekly 
seminars,  in  which  perhaps  thirty  men 
gathered  to  read  and  discuss  papers  under 
the  direction  of  a  professor. 

Here  Wilson  was  one  of  an  unusually 
interesting  group,  which  included  Albert 
Shaw  and  E.  R.  L.  Gould,  John  Franklin 
Jameson,  the  historian,  Arthur  Yager, 
now  President  of  Georgetown  College,  Ky., 
and  Thomas  Dixon,  who  writes  novels. 
(Dixon  was  not  long  at  Johns  Hopkins). 
Prof.  Ely  was  just  back  from  Europe 
where  he  had  been  studying  socialism 
and  had  fallen  under  the  influence  of 
certain  German  "socialists  of  the  chair." 
He  gave  a  course  on  the  history  of 
French  and  German  socialism. 

The  advantages  enjoyed  at  Johns 
Hopkins  by  Wilson  lay,  however,  not  so 
much  in  the  hearing  of  lectures  as  in  the 
opportunity  of  making  researches  under, 
and  working  with,  Ely  and  Adams  and 
his  fellow  students.  Here  he  got  a  valu- 
able impulse  in  the  direction  of  the  care- 
ful and  exact  ascertaining  of  facts. 
Though  always  priding  himself  on  deal- 
ing with  actualities,  Wilson  was  never 
a  grubber  after  facts  —  and  indeed  never 
became  one.  as  Jameson,  for  instance, 
did.  But  he  undoubtedly  did  get  here  a 
training  that  balanced  the  natural  ten- 
dency of  his  mind  to  work  from  within 
outward;  and  saved  him  from  the  conse- 
quences which  might  have  followed  the 
ease  of  expression  he  had  attained. 

He  remained  two  years,  the  second 
year  as  holder  of  the  Historical  Fellowship. 
The  time  was  brightened  by  occasional 
visits  to  New  York,  and  his  fianc6e;  and 
to  Philadelphia,  where  lived  an  uncle  of 
hers  whom  she  sometimes  visited. 


THE  FARMERS  ON  FARM  LIFE 


77 


Early  in  1885  was  completed  and  pub- 
lished —  the  result  of  the  suggestion  made 
by  the  perusal  of  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine articles  ten  years  before,  and  of 
constant  thought  and  study  ever  since  — 
a  book,  "Congressional  Government.  A 
Study  of  Government  by  Committee,  by 
Woodrow  Wilson."  It  was  the  first 
account  of  the  actual  working  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States;  an  inspec- 
tion of  our  government,  not  as  it  is  theoret- 
ically constituted,  but  as  it  actually  works. 

The  book  met  with  instant  success. 
A  serious  work  seldom  makes  a  sensation, 
and  that  word  would  be  too  strong  to 
apply  to  the  impression  produced  by 
"Congressional  Government"  but  it  is 
quite  true  that  it  received  an  enthusiastic 
reception  at  the  hands  of  all  interested  in 
public  matters.  Of  its  merits  it  is  enough 
to  say  that  Mr.  James  Bryce,  in  the  preface 
to    "The     American    Commonwealth" 


acknowledged  his  obligation  to  Woodrow 
Wilson. 

It  was  a  great  moment  in  the  life  of  the 
young  man  —  indeed  a  great  moment  for 
two  young  persons. .  Success  like  this 
meant  that  life  was  at  last  to  begin.  On  the 
heels  of  the  fame  won  by  ''Congressional 
Government"  came  invitations  to  several 
college  chairs.  There  was  more  work  still 
to  be  done  for  a  Ph.D.  But  the  Johns 
Hopkins  faculty  was  to  accept  the  book  as 
a  doctor's  thesis,  and  the  author  accepted 
one  of  the  calls  —  that  from  Bryn  Mawr, 
which  wanted  him  to  come  as  associate 
in  History  and  Political  Economy. 

Woodrow  Wilson  and  Ellen  Louise  Axson 
were  married  at  her  grandfather's  house 
in  Savannah,  on  June  24,  1885.  In  the 
autumn  they  came  to  the  pretty  Welsh- 
named  village  on  the  "Main  Line"  near 
Philadelphia,  and  a  new  chapter  of  life 
began. 


THE  FARMERS  ON  FARM  LIFE 

THE   OPINIONS   OF   THE    MEN    ON    THE    LAND   IN    MISSOURI 


BY 

W.  L.  NELSON 

(assistant  secretary  to  the  MISSOURI  STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE) 


IT  IS  extremely  difficult  to  get  a  true  in- 
sight into  country  conditions.  Like 
a  great  peak  in  the  foreground  shut- 
ting out  from  view  the  real  picture 
beyond,  some  one  fact  may  stand 
forth  so  prominently  in  the  investigator's 
mind  as  to  hide  all  else. 

Sometimes  we  are  given  a  dark,  sordid 
and  distorted  description  of  the  country. 
The  days  are  long,  the  work  monotonous, 
conveniences  few;  there  is  much  drudgery 
and  discontent,  with  but  little  cheer  and 
comfort.  But  now  we  hear  more  of  the 
farm  home  with  up-to-date  water,  light, 
and  heating  systems  —  modem  in  every 
respect;  of  labor-saving  devices  that  have 
dont  away  with  drudgery  and  most  of  the 
ordinary  work;  of  travel  from  farm  to 
town  by  automobile,  and  of  life,  made  up 
mostly  of  leisure.     Both  representations 


are,  of  course,  wrong.  They  represent 
exceptions   rather   than   rules. 

One  mistake  often  made  by  the  student 
of  rural  life  is  that  of  considering  country 
people  as  apart  from  and  differing  from 
all  others.  Another  error  is  in  thinking 
of  farmer  folks  not  so  much  as  individuals, 
but  as  a  class  It  is  true  that  distinctions 
based  on  wealth  are  not  so  marked  among 
country  people  as  among  the  dwellers 
in  the  cities;  for,  in  the  main,  the  country 
makes  neither  millionaires  nor  mendicants 
—  just  men. 

But  most  of  the  literature  about  the 
country  has  been  written  by  city  people; 
and  it  is  more  interesting  to  know  what 
the  farmer  himself  thinks  of  farm-life.  In 
Missouri  an  investigation  was  recently 
made  which  took  somewhat  the  form  of  a 
farmer  folks'  forum.    A  list  of  questions 


78 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


was  sent  to  some  500  fanners.  The 
replies  cover  every  county  in  the  state, 
a  state  growing  both  com  and  cotton, 
feeding  great  numbers  of  hogs  and  cattle 
on  its  1,000-acre  prairie  farms,  with  dairies 
in  the  Ozark  uplands  where  there  were 
formerly  free  ranges,  and  intensive  farm- 
ing in  its  reclaimed  lowlands,  richer  than 
the  valley  of  the  Nile. 

How  does  the  Missouri  farmer  see  him- 
self? Is  he  optimist  or  pessimist?  Is  he 
mastering  his  business  or  is  he  "loafing  on 
the  job?"  What  is  the  secret  of  the  state's 
decrease  in  rural  population  during  the 
last  decade? 

It  is  very  gratifying  to  note  that  the 
answers  received  are  not  the  answers  of 
disgruntled  men  or  chronic  fault-finders, 
but  of  thoughtful,  intelligent  men  who  see 
many  remedies  within  their  own  reach. 
More  is  said  of  the  need  of  crop  rotation, 
soil  conservation,  better  seed  and  well-bred 
stock  than  of  trusts,  combines,  and  monop- 
olies. There  is  convincing  proof  of  the 
passing  of  Populism,  meaning  by  this  a 
personal  philosophy,  not  a  political  party. 
Ranting  has  given  place  to  reason;  the 
taller,  to  the  thinker;  the  doubter,  to 
th'  doer. 

There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  many 
Missourians  have  left  the  farm  because 
of  a  failure  to  make  money.  Abundant 
crops  have  been  garnered.  Still  the  census 
shows  that  many  have  left  the  farm  —  left 
it  despite  the  "lure  of  the  land"  and  the 
"call  of  the  country,"  of  which  many  have 
spoken  and  written  so  eloquently.     Why? 

In  reply  to  the  question,  "What,  in 
your  opinion,  is  the  greatest  need  of  the 
farmer  of  to-day,  or  the  greatest  problem 
with  which  he  must  contend?"  One  hun- 
dred and  eleven  out  of  440  Missouri 
farmers  answered,  "Hired  help."  Ask 
the  average  man  of  family  who  has  left 
the  farm  why  he  did  so,  and  the  substance 
of  his  reply  is  almost  sure  to  be  that  it  was 
because  of  the  scarcity  of  help.  Question 
him  more  closely  and  the  probabilit>-  is 
that  he  will  have  something  to  say  about 
the  "women  folks"  and  how  hard  it  was 
to  keep  help  in  the  house.  When  you 
have  got  these  replies  you  are  on  bedrock. 
You  are  at  the  root  of  the  matter. 

There  is  no  use  talking  religion  to  a 


starving  man;  for  what  he  want^  js  spiip^ 
not  salvation.  Nor  is  it  worth  wMje 
wasting  words  telling  a  worn-out  country 
woman,  without  help  in  the  house,  of  an 
organization  for  the  promotion  of  culture. 
Her  need  is  not  so  much  for  a  club  as  lor 
a  cook.  Given  the  cook,  she  will  no  doul^t 
look  more  favorably  upon  culture,  for 
literature  has  ever  drawn  an  inspiration 
from  the  land. 

With  the  exception  of  the  boys  and  girls, 
who  may  have  been  attracted  to  the  city 
by  social  or  business  prospects,  or  who  have 
seen  their  parents  "wearing  their  lives 
out  at  work,"  as  it  seemed  to  them,  most 
people  who  leave  the  farms  and  go  to  town 
do  so  not  so  much  from  choice  as  from 
what  seems  to  them  at  least  a  necessity. 
They  may  wish  for  better  schools,  churches, 
and  roads;  but,  not  for  these  things  alone, 
important  as  they  are,  do  large  numbers  of 
farmers  sell  their  old  homes,  leave  tried 
and  true  friends  and  neighbors  and  gp  to 
town.  Most  of  them  go  only  when  they 
have  made  up  their  minds  that  they  must. 
When  the  time  comes  when  "the  girls" 
are  all  married  and  gone,  when  "mother" 
no  longer  has  the  strength  of  her  younger 
days,  and  when  "father"  is  unable  to  look 
after  the  work  in  the  fields  —  when  these 
days  come  and  help  can  no  longer  be  had 
in  the  house  or  on  the  farm  —  the  old 
home  is  sold  or  rented.  Then  the  turn 
is  toward  town  —  to  town,  where  there 
will  be  "  less  work  for  the  women."  And 
how  often  does  this  seem  tragedy.  After 
years  of  toil  and  planning  the  old  folks 
leave  the  house  where  they  have  seen  much 
pleasure  and  some  sorrow,  the  house  which 
has  come  to  seem  almost  a  part  of  them- 
selves. 

That  this  scarcity  of  labor  is  a  condition 
and  not  a  theory  is  shown  by  replies  to  the 
following  question  submitted  to  500  wo- 
men whose  homes  are  in  rural  Missouri: 
"  What  one  change  or  improvement  about 
the  farmhouse  would,  in  your  opinion, 
be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  housewife? 
In  other  words,  what  one  would  you  rather 
have?" 

More  than  53  per  cent,  gave  it  as 
their  opinion  that  the  greatest  need  is 
some  system  of  running  water  in  the  house. 
The  country  housewife  sees  in  a  modem 


THE  FARMERS  ON  FARM  LIFE 


79 


water  system  less  need  of  hired  help  and  a 
greater  probability  of  getting  help  if  theft 
be  the  need  of  it.  Servants,  like  house- 
wives, are  attracted  to  the  town  house, 
provided  with  running  water  and  other 
modem  conveniences. 

It  is  the  belief  of  95  per  cent,  of  the 
Missouri  women  already  referred  to  that 
it  is  now  harder  to  get  help  in  the  house 
than  it  was  ten  years  ago,  despite  the 
increase  in  wages  of  46  per  cent.  Wages 
for  farm  hands  show  an  advance  of  41 
per  cent,  in  the  last  ten  years,  yet  88 
per  cent,  of  the  farmers  say  that  it  is  harder 
to  get  help  than  it  was  at  the  beginning 
of  the  last  decade. 

Interesting  as  these  figures  are,  they 
are  less  convincing  than  the  letters  from 
which  they  are  taken.  These  letters 
constitute  a  kind  of  confidential  inter- 
view concerning  country  life  conditions. 
They  give  more  than  facts.  Some  give 
secrets  —  stories  of  heart  yearnings  and 
dreams  for  the  morrow.  They  prove  that 
the  farmer  has  problems,  and  more,  that 
he  IS  studying  to  master  them,  just  as  the 
pioneer  mastered  the  problems  of  the  past. 

Comforts,  rather  than  luxuries,  go  with 
the  land.  In  Missouri  less  than  one-and- 
one-half  per  cent,  of  the  farmers  own 
automobiles. 

The  "modem"  home  is  still  rare. 
According  to  reports  made  to  the  Missouri 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  less  than  two 
per  cent,  of  the  farm  homes  are  provid- 
ed with  water  systems:  less  than  3  per 
cent,  have  furnace  or  other  up-to-date 
heating  systems;  and  less  than  4  per 
cent,  have  gas  or  other  modem  lighting 
systems;  and  Missouri  farm  homes  are 
believed  to  be  far  above  the  average 
throughout  the  country.  As  these  and 
other  improvements  come  to  lighten  the 
work  of  the  housewife,  and  as  labor-saving, 
time-saving,  and  money-saving  machinery 
is  more  generally  used,  there  will  be  less 
talk  of  moving  to  town.  Then  families  will 
retire  to  the  farms  instead  of  from  them. 
Despite  the  unfilled  demand  for  hired 
help  both  in  the  field  and  in  the  house,  the 
country  is  to-day,  more  than  ever  before, 
a  good  place  to  live  —  but  not  as  good  as 
it  is  going  to  be.  With  rural  mail  service 
and  country  telephones  here,  and  with 


better  roads,  a  necessary  aid  in  the  revival 
of  the  country  church  and  the  real  rural 
school,  the  future  of  country  life  seems 
full  of  hope  and  promise. 

"We  are,"  in  the  language  of  Colonel 
Roosevelt,  "turning  to  a  new  kind  of 
school  in  the  country,  which  shall  teach 
the  children  as  much  outdoors  as  indoors, 
and  perhaps  more,  so  that  the>  will  pre- 
pare for  countrx'  life  and  not  mainly  for 
life  in  town."  Such  a  school  lets  the  boy 
into  the  secret  of  the  soil  and  impresses 
him  with  the  fact  that  it  is  "not  a  grave 
where  death  and  quiet  reign,  but  rather  a 
birthplace  where  the  c>cles  of  life  begin 
anew  to  mn  their  course  over  and  over 
again."  This  new  education  will  not  do 
away  with  work,  but  it  will  enable  the 
country  lad  to  see  more  than  long  and 
countless  steps  in  the  plowing,  more  than 
the  mere  dropping  and  covering  of  seed 
in  the  planting. 

The  new  country  church,  the  church  of 
to-morrow,  will  be  the  social  as  well  as 
the  religious  centre  of  the  community. 
The  pastor  will  be  more  than  preacher. 
He  will  be  a  leader,  living  not  in  the  city 
but  in  the  country.  His  home  will  be  a 
rural  home,  and  he  will  love  the  land. 
While  admonishing  men  to  save  their 
souls,  he  will  also  seek  to  impress  upon 
them  the  importance  of  saving  the  soil. 
He  will  help  them  appreciate  the  beauties 
of  the  world  about  them  —  their  own  and 
God's. 

Near  this  country  church  will  be  a  hall, 
or  if  there  is  no  hall  the  doors  of  the  house 
of  holy  worship  will  not  be  locked  six  days 
in  the  week.  Congregational  conferences 
and  meetings  for  the  upbuilding,  beautify- 
ing, and  betterment  of  the  community 
will  be  held,  and  because  of  these  meetings 
there  will  be  a  larger  and  a  fuller  farm  life. 

So  will  the  all-embracing  problem  of 
country  life  be  solved  by  those  in  sym- 
pathy with  it  —  largely  by  those  who 
derive  their  living  direct  from  the  land. 
Aiding  these  will  be  the  agricultural 
teacher,  not  the  agitator;  the  practical 
professor,  not  the  professional  ix)litician. 
As  the  work  progresses  the  country  will 
more  and  more  become  a  good  place  to 
live  but  a  poor  place  to  leave.  Then 
shall  men  turn  from  factory  to  farm. 


NEARLY  EIGHTY  MILLION  ACRES 
AWAITING  FARMERS 

THE   SWAMP-LANDS   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THEIR  POSSIBILITIES  —  THE  COST 
OF    RECLAIMING  THEM   AND   HOW  TO   DO   IT 

BY 

M.  O.  LEIGHTON 

(cniEr  HYDROGRAPBCR  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOOICAl  SUtVEV) 


WE  M  A  Y  liken  the  Amer- 
ican  people  to  the  man 
who,  having  sought  in 
vain  over  all  the  earth 
for  a  four-leaf  clover, 
returned  home  to  find  that  prize  in 
his  own  dooryard.  In  his  world-wide 
search  for  wealth  the  American  has 
failed  to  appraise  great  riches  that 
lie  at  his  feet.  Over  these  riches  mil- 
lions of  our  people  have  traveled  every 
year,  many  of  them  with  money  in  their 
hands  to  invest  or  to  squander  in  things 
in  other  countries.  These  riches  may  be 
found  in  almost  every  state  in  the  Union. 
They  consist  of  land,  the  most  fertile 
that  we  have,  covered  by  a  disguise  of 
water  and  rank  vegetation,  and  pro- 
tected by  mosquitoes,  malaria,  discomfort, 
and  ill-repute.  A  few  foresighted  men 
have  torn  away  the  mask  along  the  edges, 
have  exploited  the  wealth  that  lies  be- 
neath and  have  greatly  profited  thereby. 
For  the  large  part,  however,  the  swamp  and 
overflowed  lands  of  the  country  are  as 
devoid  of  improvement  as  in  the  days  of 
John  Smith  and  Myles  Standish. 

It  is  not  hard  to  understand  why  the 
swamp  lands  should,  with  here  and  there 
a  limited  exception,  contain  the  best 
agricultural  soil  of  the  continent.  They 
are  the  catch-basins  of  all  the  silt,  organic 
debris,  fine  earth,  and  every  other  crop- 
spur  that  is  swept  from  the  lands  above 
them.  Vegetation  grows  upon  them  pro- 
fusely. Year  after  year  the  leaves  are 
shed,  and  generation  upon  generation 
of  plant  life  rises  and  falls.  All  are 
intermingled  and  rotted  until  each  part 
loses  its  identity,  and  we  have  a  homo- 
geneous mass  of  soil,  completel>'  fitted  to 


produce  agricultural  >^ealth.  Consider 
for  a  moment  our  greatest  swamp  land 
—  the  Mississippi  Delta.  The  land  in 
that  region  is  the  result  of  collecting  the 
choicest  materials  of  a  continent,  brought 
down  by  the  great  river  from  all  parts  of 
that  enormous  basin  which  it  drains. 
Most  farmers  are  proud  to  own  a  thorough- 
bred horse.  Why  should  there  not  be  an 
equal  pride  in  thoroughbred  lands? 

Our  present  swamp-land  area  exceeds 
74.500,000  acres.  To  appreciate  how 
much  land  this  is,  compare  with  it  the 
area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Italy,  Japan, 
France,  Germany,  or  any  other  princi- 
pality. Sup]X)se  such  an  area  of  the 
world's  best  land  were  suddenly  acquired 
as  an  outlying  f)ossession  —  how  eager 
would  be  the  race  to  develop  and  exploit  its 
riches!  If  we  measure  up  all  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  including  those  of  isolated 
rock  and  of  worthless  cover,  we  shall  find 
only  73,000,000  acres.  Wise  statesmen 
and  foresighted  business  men  have  re- 
garded those  islands  as  worthy  of  develop- 
ment and  defense.  But  a  larger  and 
better  land  has  been  left  undeveloped 
within  our  borders.  The  accompanying 
map  shows  at  a  glance  where  this  land 
lies.  Whatever  may  be  thought  of  its 
value,  it  will  surely  be  admitted  that  it 
is  not  a  local  issue. 

These  fertile  lands  have  not  remained 
in  disguise  because  swamp  reclamation  is  a 
new  and  untried  thing.  The  Dutch  cre- 
ated a  kingdom  by  diking  off  the  ocean 
and  draining  the  land.  Professor  Shaler 
wrote  that  the  reclaimed  marsh  lands  of 
England.  Scotland,  and  Ireland  aggre- 
gate one-fifth  of  the  present  area  devoted 
to   farming,   and   that   one-twentieth  of 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


all  the  agricultural  land  of  Europe  was 
once  too  wet  for  cultivation.  Great 
areas  have  been  drained  in  the  United 
States,  but  in  comparison  with  the  total 
reclaimable  territory  they  constitute  but 
a  small  proportion.  In  drainage  we  are 
several  centuries  behind  the  times. 

Our  swamp  lands  do  not  remain  un- 
developed because  there  are  no  people  to 
occupy  them.  On  the  contrary,  the  de- 
mand for  agricultural  land  is  increasing. 
To  secure  new  lands  at  a  low  price,  our 
own  people  have  been  leaving  this  country 
at  a  rate  somewhat  faster  than  that  at 
which  the  swamp  lands  could,  under  good 
administration,  be  drained  for  occupancy; 
for  285,000  have  migrated  to  new  lands 
in  Canada  during  the  last  three  years. 

The  very  act  of  tearing  away  the  mask 
from  swamp  lands  also  drives  away  dis- 
ease. The  story  of  the  mosquito,  of 
malaria,  and  of  yellow  fever  is  too  old  to 
require  repetition.  But  let  it  be  said  that 
drained  swamp  land  furnishes  as  healthful 
a  place  of  abode  as  the  land  that  never 
required  drainage. 

To  reclaim  the  swamp  land  two  things 
are  necessary:  levee  construction  and  in- 
terior drainage.  Some  wet  lands  do  not 
require  levees,  but  drainage  is  necessary 
in  all  cases.  Levees  are  required  where 
the  lands  are  periodically  covered  with 
flood-water  that  overflows  the  banks  of 
neighboring  streams  and  does  not  all 
readily  return  to  those  streams  after  the 
fl(xxls  have  subsided,  because  the  drainage 
of  such  lands  is  imperfect.  Drainage 
canals  are  requred  to  remove  the  overflow 
water  and  also  the  water  which  falls  on 
the  land  as  rain  or  snow.  The  lower 
Mississippi  Valley  is  an  example  of  ex- 
tensive leveeing.  The  purpose  is  plain 
—  it  merely  closes  a  door  against  a  tres- 
pass. If  the  door  be  stout  the  object  is 
accomplished.  The  drainage  process  is 
internal.  We  are  always  compelled  to 
rid  swamp  lands  of  surplus  water. 

But  this  process  of  drainage  is  not  so 
easy  as  it  looks;  witness  the  many  fail- 
ures of  men  who  thouj^ht  that  they  knew 
how.  How  large,  how  deep,  how  long,  how 
close  together,  and  on  what  slope  ditches 
shall  be  built  are  engineering  problems 
and    they    have    their   difficulties.    The 


laws  of  nature  also  have  to  be  carefully 
regarded.  River  channels  are  through 
long  ages  scoured  out  to  carry  a  certain 
maximum  quantity  of  water  in  a  certain 
time.  This  is  so  because  they  are  in 
the  habit  of  receiving  no  more  than  that 
quantity.  When  occasionally  they  are 
burdened  with  more,  they  spill  the  surplus 
over  their  banks.  Now  in  swamp  lands 
the  rivers  are  accustomed  to  receive  their 
water  slowly.  If  this  were  not  the  case, 
if  the  water  that  lies  upon  or  in  the  earth 
ran  quickly  into  the  streams,  then  the  land 
would  not  be  swamp.  But  by  drainage 
this  condition  of  rapid  run-off  is  accom- 
plished. The  difficulty  is  that  a  river 
into  which  drains  discharge  will  have 
heavier  and  more  frequent  overflows  be- 
cause of  this  drainage  and  the  lands  below 
the  drained  area  will  suffer. 

Suppose  a  considerable  area  of  swamp 
land  tributary  to  a  certain  river  is  drained. 
It  may  be  too  small  to  affect  the  river  very 
much,  but  the  good  results  of  that  drainage 
encourage  other  land  owners  to  ditch  their 
lands,  and  eventually  an  area  large  enough 
to  affect  the  habits  of  the  river  will  be 
drained.  These  people  will  probably  en- 
large or  straighten  the  river  channel 
where  it  abuts  on  their  land  so  that  it  will 
not  overflow.  The  water  runs  off  until  it 
encounters  the  unimproved  channel  be- 
low where  the  lands  are  not  drained. 
The  owners  of  these  lands  object  to  the 
deluge.  They  are  asked  to  join  a  drainage 
scheme  whereby  the  whole  neighborhood 
may  profit.  Some  will;  some  won't. 
Litigations  follow.  Thus  have  arisen  the 
drainage  district  laws  of  the  states,  under 
which  an  obstinate  minority  can  be  coerced 
by  a  progressive  majority. 

Follow  the  matter  further.  Suppose 
more  and  more  land  be  drained,  and  over- 
flow conditions  grow  worse  below.  Greater 
and  more  acrimonious  squabbles  arise. 
So  serious  has  the  situation  become  in 
Mississippi  that  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  the  law  constituting  the 
Tallahatchie  Drainage  District  will  be 
repealed  at  the  next  session  of  the  legis- 
lature. In  the  meantime  all  progress  is 
stopped  by  an  injunction  of  the  court. 

Suppose  that  the  district  squabbles 
are  all  adjusted;  what  is  to  be  done  when 


NEARLY  EIGHTY  MILLION  ACRES  AWAITING  FARMERS 


83 


the  trouble  encounters  a  state  line?  Now 
the  project  has  outgrown  its  state-made 
clothes  and  has  become  an  interstate 
issue.  This  is  not  an  improbable  result. 
Our  great  swamps  are  interstate.  The 
famous  Okeefmokee  Swamp  in  Georgia 
must  be  drained  out  through  Florida. 
South  Carolina  can  not  reclaim  the  fertile 
bottoms  along  its  Savannah  River  shore 
without  either  damaging  the  Georgia 
side  or  inducing  Georgia  to  come  into  the 
scheme.  Mississippi  people  cannot  re- 
claim their  portion  of  the  Tombigbee 
basin  lands  without  dumping  the  water 
down  on  Alabama.  The  whole  Missis- 
sippi Delta  will  eventually  represent  one 
great  unit  drainage  problem.  Divide  it 
up  now  as  we  may  into  districts,  they  must 
all  be  coordinated  in  the  end.  Parts  of 
five  separate  states  are  involved.  We 
have  the  beginnings  of  an  actual  case  in 
the  St.  Francis  basin  of  Missouri  and 
Arkansas.  The  Missouri  people  have 
drained  large  areas  —  the  Arkansas  people 
have  the  surplus  water  to  contend  with. 

For  these  reasons  the  national  drainage 
advocates  declare  that  the  natural  laws 
and  necessities  governing  the  drainage  of 
swamps  cannot  be  set  aside  because  man 
has  set  up  an  artificial  boundary  which  he 
is  pleased  to  call  a  state  line. 

The  greater  number  of  drainage  propo- 
sitions that  have  been  suggested  have  been 
conceived  in  too  small  a  way.  Our  swamp 
lands  will,  for  the  most  part,  continue  to 
be  a  curse  until  some  authority  with  a 
broad  horizon  and  long  foresight  shall 
attack  the  problem  in  a  grown  mans 
fashion. 

Some  of  the  broader  aspects  of  swamp 
drainage  have  been  briefly  reviewed.  Let 
us  now  descend  to  the  individual.  Forty 
acres  of  reclaimed  swamp  are  ample  to 
support  a  family,  and  this  area,  or  less, 
^ill  eventually  be  the  farm  unit  in  swamp 
countries.  The  desire  of  the  farmer  to 
possess  all  the  land  within  sight  of  his 
roof  will  pass  awav.  Nothing  in  all  the 
realm  of  agricultural  economics  is  more 
thoroughly  settled  than  the  principle  of 
the  small  farm  and  intensive  cultivation. 
A  tract  of  74,000.000  acres,  divided  into 
40-acre  farms,  means  1,850.000  farms.  If 
the  average  farmer's  family  has  S3  50  a 


year  to  spend,  the  total  annual  purchasing 
power  of  all  these  would  be  nearly 
^50,000,000.  Ask  the  merchants  and 
manufacturers  of  the  country  how  they 
would  regard  a  new  field  of  business 
aggregating  even  half  this  sum  a  year? 

Swamp  land  that  will  not  make  a  gross 
return  of  J$o  per  acre  annually  is  very 
poor.  Seventy-four  million  acres  at  that 
rate  will  yield  $3,700,000,000.  Reduce 
this  figure  one-half  if  you  please,  and  what 
an  addition  we  should  still  have  to  our 
annual  wealth  production!  The  very  old 
economic  principle  holds  here  —  that  in- 
creased population  with  increased  pro- 
duction means  increased  wealth,  the  bene- 
fits of  which  can  not  be  confined  to  any 
one  place  or  to  any  one  class. 

There  are  some  drained  lands  worth 
$1,000  per  acre  which,  previous  to  drain- 
age, were  worth  nothing.  Such  lands  are, 
of  course,  favorably  located  with  reference 
to  market,  and  their  value  will  increase 
enormously.  Other  tracts  less  favorably 
located  and  poorly  served  by  transporta- 
tion, have  increased  in  value  from  a 
nominal  figure  up  to  $75  an  acre.  Of 
course  this  value  is  preliminary  and  will 
grow. 

On  the  other  hand  the  cost  of  drainage 
varies  from  about  $2  to  $30  per  acre 
with  a  general  average  of  from  $6  to 
$9.  Any  swamp  project,  properly  served 
by  transportation  routes,  will,  if  wisely 
developed  and  judiciously  handled,  return 
greater  profits  on  a  small  initial  outlay 
than  any  other  conservative  and  legiti- 
mate line  of  business. 

The  difficulty  is,  of  course,  to  convince 
the  farmers  of  this.  A  special  train  was 
sent  out  a  few  weeks  ago  by  the  Illinois 
Central  and  the  ^'azoo  and  Mississippi 
Valley  railroads,  over  the  territory  served 
by  these  roads  in  the  states  of  Kentucky. 
Tennessee,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
Arkansas.  This  train  was  operated  for 
the  purpose  of  informing  the  inhabitants 
of  that  portion  of  the  country  concerning 
the  possibilities,  methods,  and  results  of 
drainage.  Among  the  important  ix)ints 
that  were  developed  during  this  trip  were 
the  following: 

First. —  A  very  large  percentage  of  the 
farmers  and   merchants  in   that  swamp 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  overflow  country  had  not,  previous  to 
the  trip  of  the  Reclamation  Special,  had 
called  to  their  attention  the  possibilities 
and  problems  and  results  of  drainage. 

Second. —  Those  who  were  informed  were 
inclined  to  be  skeptical  concerning  the 
practicability  of  drainage  on  a  large  scale. 

Third, —  In  those  ix)rtions  in  which 
drainage  districts  had  been  organized  or 
proposed,  peculiar  ideas  abounded  con- 
cerning the  proper  price  that  should  be 
charged  for  the  drainage  of  lands. 

Fourth, —  There  was  a  general  lack  of 
the  "get  together"  spirit,  without  which 
no  successful  community  of  interest  is 
possible.  Many  a  man  seemed  to  be 
actuated  by  the  fear  that  his  neighbor 
would  profit  more  largely  from  drainage 
than  he,  and  therefore  there  should  be  a 
scaling  of  charges  to  conform  with  prospec- 
tive profits.  All  of  these  difficulties  are 
the  result  of  a  lack  of  mature  consideration 
of  the  drainage  problem  from  the  common 
as  well  as  from  the  individual  stand]X)int. 

The  men  on  the  special  pointed  out  that, 
compared  with  the  cost  of  other  works 
of  improvement,  the  cost  of  drainage  is, 
as  a  rule,  ridiculously  small.  The  average 
cost  of  irrigation  in  the  West,  performed 
by  the  United  States,  is  about  J35  per 
acre.  On  one  project  the  settlers  were 
glad  to  pay  $93  per  acre.  Place  this 
beside  an  average  cost  of  from  $6  to  j^  per 
acre  for  drainage  and  it  is  clear  that  a  man 
may  acquire  at  least  four  acres  of  drainage 
for  the  cost  of  one  acre  of  irrigation. 
Expenses  of  maintenance  in  drainage 
works  are  generally  less  than  in  irrigation 
works.  Drained  swamp  soil  is,  except  in 
certain  unusual  and  important  cases,  more 
fertile  and  enduring  than  irrigated  desert 
soil. 

Consider  the  enormous  success  of  desert 
irrigation  in  connection  with  the  fore- 
going statement,  and  the  petty  local 
quarrels  which  are  obstructing  drainage 
improvements  appear  wholly  indefensible. 
It  requires  only  the  use  of  a  little  elemen- 
tary arithmetic,  combined  with  a  small 
amount  of  observation,  to  show  that  on 
any  of  our  fertile  swamp  lands  like  the 
Mississippi  Delta,  any  farmer  who  cannot 
pay  $$0  for  drainage  works  and  still 
make  100  per  cent,  profit  on  the  investment 


is  not  a  good  farmer,  not  a  good  business 
man,  and  is  an  unfit  person  to  own  land 
of  that  character. 

To  return  to  a  national  point  of  view  — 
every  citizen  of  the  United  States  should 
read  the  Report  on  Immigration  for  1910, 
published  by  the  Department  of  the  In- 
terior in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and 
especially  that  part  written  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
White,  Inspector  of  United  States  Agencies 
^nd  press  agent. 

Mr.  White  is  the  official  in  charge  of 
the  nineteen  offices  established  in  the 
United  States  by  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment to  encourage  our  citizens  to  move 
across  the  border.  These  offices  extend 
from  Biddeford,  Me.,  to  Spokane,  Wash. 
They  have  sub-agencies  through  which 
the  work  is  carried  on  in  every  part  of  the 
United  States  "where  it  is  thought  ad- 
visable for  us  to  operate."  Mr.  White's 
report  has  the  optimistic  tone  of  a  man  who 
has  been  successful  in  his  task.  He 
points  out  the  steady  increase  in  American 
emigration,  from  2,412  persons  in  1897 
to  103.798  in  1910.  How  many  citizens 
know  that  for  fourteen  years  the  Canadian 
Government  has  been  canvassing  the 
United  States  for  settlers?  The  agents 
encounter  no  dull  seasons.  They  adver- 
tise and  bring  about  personal  inquiry  and 
corresf)ondence,  and,  according  to  Mr. 
White,  "the  former  is  never  left  without 
being  fully  attended  to  and  the  latter 
never  allowed  to  cease  until  the  corre- 
spondent is  placed  in  ]X)Ssession  of  all  the 
information  that  it  is  f)ossible  to  give. 
'Follow  up'  letters  are  largely  used  and 
we  have  found  that  sometimes,  two 
or  three  years  after  the  first  letter  is 
received,  a  follow-up  letter  has  renewed 
the  interest  and  there  has  been  gained  a 
settler  and  his  family  for  Canada."  To 
quote  further  from  the  report  of  Mr. 
White.  "  the  value  of  the  immigration  from 
the  United  States  can  scarcely  be  given 
in  figures,  although  if  this  were  to  be  con- 
sidered, I  believe  it  would  be  largely  in 
excess  of  the  j^3. 000,000  placed  upon  it 
by  the  Department.  I  have  met  many 
cases  where  the  individual  took  with  him 
as  much  as  $40,000  or  S50.000,  and 
hundreds  have  gone  to  Canada  whose  bank 
account  ran  well  into  the  thousands." 


IOWA'S  FARMERS 


85 


All  this  while  we  have  lying  idle  more 
than  70,000,000  acres  of  land  far  superior 
in  fertility  to  that  in  Canada.  Further- 
more, to  quote  again  from  Mr.  White's 
report,  **  these  men  and  their  families  have 
mostly  been  taken  from  the  farmers  of 
the  Central  and  Western  states.  They 
come  to  lands  that  may  be  tilled  similarly 
to  the  lands  they  have  worked  for  years, 
and  they  go  on  a  Canadian  farm  educated 
and  graduated  from  a  school,  the  teachings 
of  which  fit  them  in  every  way  for  their 
larger  sphere  of  operations  in  Canada'* 

Will  the  reader  please  remember  that 
Mr.  White  is  not  the  agent  of  a  land  com- 
pany, nor  even  of  a  railroad  that  is  en- 
deavoring to  secure  increased  traffic;  he  Is 
the  official  of  a  foreign  government  and  evi- 


dently a  very  able  and  successful  one.  He 
is  not  "gathering  in"  our  indigent,  worth- 
less, dependent  people,  but  those  "edu- 
cated and  graduated  from  a  school,  the 
teachings  of  which  fit  them  in  every  way  for 
their  larger  sphereofoperations  in  Canada." 
One  can  not  forbear  the  thought,  after 
reading  Mr.  White's  report,  that  we  as  a 
nation  will  richly  deserve  our  loss  so  long 
as  we  make  no  counter  effort  and  so  long 
as  we  persist  in  keeping  our  best  land 
unavailable  for  our  own  people.  Who 
can  say  that  those  who  have  gone  to 
Canada  would  not  have  taken  up  our 
swamp  lands  had  they  been  prepared  for 
occupancy?  It  is  probable  that  the  most 
of  them  would,  for  the  American  farmer 
is  nowadays  looking  for  the  best. 


IOWA'S  FARMERS  THE  RULING  CLASS 


FROM    PIONEER  TO   WORLD  CITIZEN  —  THE    STORIES  OF    ''TILE 

RISE    OF    THE    HOUSE   OF    "  CHRIS " 

BY 


JOHNSON  AND  THE 


JAMES  B.  WEAVER  JR. 


FARM  changes  in  Iowa?  Yes 
indeed,  but  where  shall  1 
begin,  or  within  reasonable 
limits  cease,  for  the  change 
embraces  at  once  the  man, 
the  methods,  and  the  environment. 
First  as  to  the  man. 

It  is  well  here  not  to  be  dogmatic,  for 
indeed  out  of  the  old  farm  life  comes  so 
much  of  character,  so  much  of  elemental 
strength  and  fineness,  as  to  put  our  age 
to  the  test  to  produce  its  equal.  You 
ask  for  proof  of  this?  Very  well.  I  do 
not  know  what  your  recollections  are,  but 
it  was  my  good  fortune  to  encounter 
"Uncle  Ky."  Of  course  his  name  was 
Malachi  and  his  was  the  voice  that  back 
in  the  late  thirties  guided  the  great  ox- 
drawn  prairie  schooner  from  the  woods 
of  Ohio  to  the  valley  of  the  Des  Moines. 
Two  hundred  acres  came  under  his  sway 
and  there  he  abode  sixty-eight  years  —  a 
father,  grandfather,  and  great-grandfather, 
running  that   mjsterious   gamut   of   ex- 


perience which  we  term  a  human  life. 
When,  after  his  death,  an  abstract  of 
title  was  procured  on  the  home  farm,  it 
contained  but  one  entry  —  United  States 
of  America  to  Malachi  Vinson  —  never  a 
deed  or  mortgage  or  tax  sale  or  judgment. 
This  was  the  t>'pe  of  man  and  farm  back 
of  the  present  Iowa.  As  for  the  man 
now,  I  shall  not  say  that  present  farm 
conditions  make  him  necessarily  a  better 
man,  but  that  he  is  —  different.  He  is. 
like  his  age,  less  naive  —  more  self- 
conscious.  But,  if  this  is  true,  he  is  more 
conscious  also  of  his  wide  social  relation. 
This  is  not  from  a  higher  moral  equipment, 
but  because  he  is  less  isolated  —  knows 
from  reading  and  travel  and  a  wider  range 
of  activity  more  about  his  world  relation 
than  did  his  more  obscure  predecessor. 
Again,  his  calling  and  labor  are  given 
extended  place  in  newspaper,  book,  and 
magazine,  as  a  result  of  which  comes  a 
keener  sense  of  his  vital  function  in  that 
complicated    mechanism    called    civiliza- 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tion.  I  go  a  stq>  farther  and  maintain 
that,  as  modern  conditions  —  the  tele- 
phone, rural  free  delivery,  interurban  rail- 
way, automobile  and  the  like  —  tend  to 
efface  the  earlier  radical  distinction  be- 
tween urban  and  country  life,  so  they  are 
making  to-day  of  the  farmer  not  a  local 
but  a  national  citizen,  like  his  brother  in 
the  city.  It  was  once  inevitable,  but  it  is 
now  no  longer  ix)ssible,  to  isolate  the  farmer 
and  limit  his  human  interests.  He  is  in 
the  grasp  of  the  same  agencies  as  are 
molding  our  common  life;  and,  while  he 
differs  from  his  predecessor,  he  is  not 
essentially  different  from  you  and  me.  As 
Kipling  says  for  Tommy  Atkins: 

We  ain't  no  thin  red  'crocs, 

An'  we  ain't  no  blackguards  too, 

But  single  men  in  barracks 

Most  remarkable  like  you. 
He  knows  what  is  going  on  in  the  world, 
and  he  feels  about  it  as  you  feel.  Hardly 
a  farm  within  the  state  of  Iowa,  but  has 
its  magazine  and  newspaper  —  not  only 
the  farming  paper,  but  in  increasing 
number  the  daily  from  Chicago  or  the 
nearby  city.  Out  of  Des  Moines  alone 
go  every  month  more  than  two  million 
copies  of  papers  published  directly  for 
the  farmers  of  Iowa  and  adjacent  states; 
and  these  papers  are  by  no  means  limited 
to  the  discussion  of  pedigrees,  cholera 
cures,  and  seed-corn  specials,  but  deal 
broadly  with  all  phases  of  our  common 
American  life  —  its  problems  and  tri- 
umphs, political,  social,  and  mechanical. 
I  magine  anyone  trying  to  limit  the  message 
of  a  man  like  "Uncle"  Henry  Wallace, 
editor,  philosopher,  economist,  Bible  stu- 
dent, and  farmer,  solely  to  a  discussion  of 
the  virtues  of  the  latest  style  of  separator 
or  the  hardy  qualities  of  Hereford  cattle! 
Thus  the  old  isolation  has  vanished  with 
the  ox-yoke  and  double-shovel.  Is  it 
argued  that  this  will  mean  the  absorption 
of  the  farmer  in  the  high  complexity  of  our 
common  life  —  will  tend  to  his  commer- 
cialization? Rather  does  it  mean  that 
he  is  becoming  a  mixer  and  must  and  will 
have  his  equal  place  in  the  organized  works 
of  altruism  that  are  a  distinguishing  mark 
of  the  new  spirit  abroad  in  the  world  — 
or  more  correctly,  of  an  old  spirit  more 
1y  diffused. 


In  proof  that  even  the  outlook  of  a 
country  cross-roads  boy  may  to-day  have 
its  ample  swing,  1  give  a  bit  of  personal 
experience.  Wc  were  collecting  money 
for  the  sufferers  in  the  Messina  disaster. 
Many  contributions  came  by  mail.  One 
morning,  among  other  mail,  1  found  a 
small,  very  cheap  and  plain  envelope,  much 
begrimed,  and  addressed  in  a  scrawling, 
boyish  hand.  Opening  the  envelope,  1 
took  out  two  pieces  of  cardboard  sewed 
together  through  and  through  and  over 
and  over  with  the  greatest  care,  in  that 
bungling  manner  characteristic  of  child- 
hood. Tearing  off  one  corner,  1  poured 
into  my  hand  forty  cents  in  change,  three 
dimes  and  two  nickels:  Looking  again 
into  the  envelope,  1  found  a  letter  from  the 
country  written  in  pencil  in  the  same 
boyish  handwriting,  which  ran  as  follows: 

Dear  Sir:  Enclosed  find  forty  cents  for 
the  Red  Cross  Society  for  the  victims  of  the 
Italian  earthquake  and  volcano.  Sent  by  the 
knights  of  New  Chivalry,  a  boy's  band. 
(Signed)  Dae  Shaffer,  Superintendent,  Charles 
Jennings,  Treas.  Contributions:  Charles  Jen- 
nings 15  cents,  Dae  Shaffer  10  cents,  Frank 
L'llery  10  cents,  Frank  Jennings  5  cents. 

These  country  boys  were  as  alive  to  the 
Messina  disaster  as  were  any  in  the  cities. 

Most  of  all  may  the  farmer  salute  as 
worth  all  the  pains  of  its  birth,  hinted  at 
now  for  a  full  half  century,  the  dawn  of 
this  day  wherein  the  cumbrous  mechanical 
forces  of  our  civilization  —  the  roaring 
train,  the  wireless  tower,  the  network  of 
the  telephone,  the  Hoe  press,  the  postman's 
cart,  and  the  automobile  —  make  of  him 
no  longer  a  thing  unto  himself,  but  an 
integral  part  of  our  common  life,  charged 
henceforth,  he  must  understand,  with  his 
full  share  of  its  resix)nsibilities,  and  heir 
to  his  full  share  of  its  joys. 

In  Iowa  the  revolution  has  been  radical 
and  all  for  the  better.  First  as  to  area 
handled:  The  early  Iowa  farmer  was 
wholly  without  facilities  for  reaching  the 
active  markets  of  the  world;  few  or  no 
railroads,  mills  far  distant,  no  elevators, 
no  near  centres  of  dense  ]X)pulation  where 
products  were  in  demand.  The  writer's 
grandfather  drove  his  hogs  on  the  hoof 
ninety  miles  to  Alexandria,  Mo.,  to  mar- 
ket.   Sixty  to  a  hundred  miles  to  mill 


lOWA^S  FARMERS, 


87 


was  a  cooimon  cooditioo*  I  n  consequence, 
only  a  limited  acreage  was  put  in  culti- 
vation,  to  supply  the  immediate  needs  of 
the  family.  By  the  slow  process  of  the 
ox-team,  or  at  most,  with  two  horses,  the 
prairie  sod  was  broken.  Then  came  the 
problem  of  subduing  it.  This  was  accom- 
plished in  an  indifferent  manner  by  the 
old-fashioned  harrow.  The  result  bore 
no  semblance  to  the  working  of  the  modem 
disc  that,  with  its  multiplicity  of  blades, 
pulverizes  the  sod,  mixing  it  with  the 
under-soil,  and,  when  followed  by  the 
harrow,  makes  a  perfect  seed-bed.  Again, 
only  the  higher  knolls  were  chosen  for 
cultivation  because  of  better  drainage. 
Thus  the  fields  of  even  twenty  years  ago 
were  so  many  islands  scattered  about 
among  the  sloughs,  indifferently  prepared 
and  inadequately  tilled.  Increasing  popu- 
lation and  advancing  values  brought  home 
to  the  farmer  the  inadequacy  of  this  system. 
Then  came  the  craze  for  drainage.  This 
was  accelerated  by  the  coming  to  the  state 
of  thousands  of  Illinois  farmers  who  had 
had  experience  with  drainage,  and  who 
brought  to  their  new  homes  a  passion  to 
achieve  the  same  results  there.  Tiling 
became  the  dominant  topic.  The  legisla- 
ture took  notice  and  provided  the  neces- 
sary laws  for  the  establishment  of  drainage 
districts  and  the  assessment  of  the  land 
to  be  drained.  The  result  has  been  start- 
ling. Immense  areas  have  been  drained 
in  every  county  where  there  was  much 
flat  land.  In  some  of  the  counties  like 
Webster,  Calhoun,  Hamilton,  Boone,  and 
Kossuth,  these  projects,  each  involving  an 
expenditure  of  from  a  few  thousand  to 
several  hundred  thousand  dollars,  number 
as  high  as  a  hundred  and  sixty  to  the 
county,  extending  in  length  from  a  half 
mile  up  to  eight  and  ten  miles,  and  in 
some  counties  to  a  score  of  miles.  In 
Monona  County  alone  one  project  cost 
more  than  {^700,000.  As  soon  as  tile  or 
open  ditch  outlets  are  thus  furnished,  the 
farmers  may  be  seen  in  all  directions  lay- 
ing the  laterals  for  the  draining  of  their 
particular  ponds.  Then  follows  the  break- 
ing of  the  entire  quarter  or  half  section 
from  fence  to  fence,  regardless  both  of 
knoU  and  old-time  pond.  Curiously 
enough,  this  drainage  movement  has  had 


a  direct  bearing  upon  the  problem  of 
keeping  the  boys  upon  the  farm.  I  have 
in  mind  one  farmer  who  was  inclined  to 
be  satisfied  with  ''good  enough''  achieved 
under  the  okl  conditions.  He  told  me 
that  on  one  occasion  his  older  son,  after  a 
half  day's  attempt  at  plowing  corn  in  the 
muck  uix)n  the  margin  of  a  ten-acre  pond 
situated  in  the  centre  of  a  forty-acre  field, 
came  to  the  table  one  noon  hour  with  the 
startling  announcement:  "Father,  that 
pond  will  be  tiled  or  1  quit  the  farm  — 
either  the  slough  goes  or  1  go  —  take  your 
choice."  And  the  pond  "went."  To- 
day that  boy  riding  his  gang  plow,  de- 
scends into  the  old  pond  basin  that  three 
years  ago  was  the  habitat  of  the.muskrat, 
with  the  very  satisfying  consciousness  that 
from  its  virgin  soil,  the  product  of  untold 
centuries  of  accumulation  of  vegetable 
mould,  shall  come  for  each  acre  eighty  to 
one  hundred  bushels  of  corn.  You  cannot 
censure  the  boy  for  his  demand.  Would 
that  all  farmer  fathers  were  as  wise. 

To  supply  the  enormous  demand  for  tile, 
great  factories  have  grown  up  at  Mason 
City,  Eldora,  Lehigh,  Fort  Dodge,  Boone, 
Des  Moines,  and  a  score  of  other  places, 
and  their  output  is  hardly  to  be  believed. 
From  Mason  City  alone  in  1910  were 
shipped  more  than  13,000  car-loads  of 
tile  for  farm  drainage,  and  this  does  not 
include  what  was  hauled  locally.  From 
one  village  of  but  900  population  4000 
car-loads  were  sold  in  1910,  and  the 
plants  everywhere  were  in  that  year 
unable  to  supply  the  demand. 

The  pioneers  in  the  matter  of  tiling  now 
find  great  honor.  Do  you  see  coming 
down  the  road  that  shaggy-bearded,  quiet- 
mannered  farmer,  gentle  and  slow  of 
speech?  That  is  "  Tile  Johnson  "  of  Dayton 
Township,  so  called  by  his  neighbors 
because  he  was  a  pioneer  tiler.  Sevent}- 
six  was  the  year  he  came  and  bought  that 
first  eighty  acres  where  the  new  home  now 
stands.  In  the  eighties  he  began  tiling. 
The  flood  years  came,  prices  were  high  and 
his  crops  excellent.  Then  he  bought  more 
land  —  then  more  tiling,  and  so  on,  re- 
peating the  process  until  now  he  owns  and 
farms  a  thousand  acres.  Step  into  his 
farm  house  with  me  —  thirty-six  feet  by 
fifty-six.     There  are  all  the  modem  con- 


88 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


veniences,  from  hot  water  heat  to  the 
modem  bathroom.  Off  to  one  side  stands 
the  pabin  of  '76.  When  I  spoke  slight- 
ingly of  it  he  gently  demurred  —  there  was 
the  proper  sense  of  values,  the  old  feeling 
for  association,  the  new  feeling  for  comfort. 
By  his  side  about  that  great  farm,  works 
and  plans  the  one  son  —  stalwart,  in- 
terested, and  wholly  free  from  visions  of 
"the  city."  There,  with  the  house  filled 
with  young  nieces  and  nephews,  this  man 
proceeds  upon  the  even  tenor  of  his  way 
after  the  old  patriarchal  fashion,  an  object 
lesson  to  the  township. 

The  methods  which  produced  Iowa's 
$440,000,000  worth  of  soil  products  for 
1910  include,  with  extended  drainage, 
the  application  of  the  most  modem  type 
of  farm  machinery  in  every  stage  of  the 
process  —  the  gang  plow,  the  twelve  foot 
disc,  the  twenty  foot  harrow,  the  gasolene 
motor,  the  gas  or  steam  tractor  or  the  six- 
horse  team,  the  husking  machine,  the 
separator,  the  binder  and  header,  the 
thresher,  the  manure  spreader,  and  so  on 
down  the  list.  There  is  hardly  a  reminder 
of  one  of  the  ancient  implements  common 
thirty  years  ago.  The  census  of  1910 
shows  $95,000,000  invested  in  Iowa  in 
farm  machinery  —  an  increase  of  64  per 
cent.  The  larger  area  that  may  be 
handled  by  a  single  farmer  with  modern 
machinery  has  a  natural  and  direct  re- 
lation to  the  slight  decrease  in  the  number 
of  farms,  and  has  in  Iowa  delayed  that 
subdivision  about  which  economists  are 
so  solicitous.  It  has  also  tended  to  limit 
the  farmer's  energies  to  the  production 
of  grain,  hogs,  and  fat  cattle.  The  state's 
garden,  dairy,  and  poultry  products, 
valued  in  1910  at  $84,000,000,  could  be 
multiplied  thrice  over  by  a  more  intensive 
culture  —  to  which  the  lack  of  labor  is, 
however,  at  present  the  greatest  deterrent. 
In  the  great  stock  staples,  hogs,  cattle,  and 
horses,  remarkable  advancement  has  been 
made  in  numbers,  quality,  and  value.  The 
value  of  Iowa's  live  stock  in  1910  reached 
the  enormous  sum  of  $358,000,000. 

Among  the  most  potent  influences  in 
securing  better  farming  methods  are  the 
"good  seed"  movement;  the  State  Fair; 
the  com,  oats  and  dairy  specials;  the 
"short  course"  in  agriculture,  the  work 


of  Professor  Holden  and  his  associates  in 
the  institution  at  Ames.  To  treat  of 
them  adequately  would  require  an  article 
for  each,  as  would  also  the  problem  of 
increased  tenantry  and  of  the  "retired 
farmer."  Again  Iowa  has  contributed 
probably  more  than  any  other  state  to  the 
purchase  of  lands  elsewhere,  a  perfectly 
natural  result  from  her  wealth  and  her 
pioneer  traditions.  This  has  affected  the 
question  of  labor,  which  is  troublesome  here 
as  elsewhere;  but  the  improved  farming 
methods  everywhere  in  evidence  are  re- 
flected both  in  the  yield,  the  appearance 
of  the  farms,  and  the  steadily  advancing 
values. 

In  the  farm  environment  also  is  great 
change.  Does  the  occupant  of  the  city 
flat  excuse  his  purchase  of  an  automobile 
by  pleading  the  necessity  of  a  spin  to  the 
country  after  supper  for  fresh  air?  The 
Iowa  farmer  is  not  slow  to  take  the  hint. 
With  him  it  is  change  of  scene.  Stand 
aside,  for  here  they  come  every  evening 
after  supper  down  ten  thousand  highways 
—  "Bill"  at  the  wheel,  and  by  his  side 
"Dad"  and  "Mother"  and  the  remaining 
household.  No  delay  for  elaborate  toilets, 
with  shirts  open  at  the  throat,  bared  heads 
and  sleeves  rolled  back,  off  they  go  twenty 
to  thirty  miles,  to  town  and  back,  for- 
getting for  two  blissful  hours  in  their 
careening  joy-wagon  the  heat  and  fatigue 
of  the  day.  There  were  28,000  automo- 
biles in  Iowa  on  July  i,  191 1,  the  greater 
number  owned  by  the  farmer  and  villager. 
This  is  five  to  one  as  compared  with  New 
York  state  on  the  basis  of  population. 
Nor  are  they  used  only  for  pleasure. 
Some  have  adjustable  bodies  that  being 
removed,  permit  some  practical  attach- 
ment useful  to  the  farmer.  At  Audubon 
recently  fat  hogs  were  being  taken  to 
market  in  this  aristocratic  fashion.  And 
why  not,  for  was  not  that  automobile 
itself  converted  hams  and  bacon,  the 
sacrificed  ancestors  of  those  1  saw  in  the 
crate? 

Now  this  motor  car  business  has  had 
another  interesting  result.  It  is  uniting 
the  town  and  country  in  the  demand  for 
good  highways.  As  long  as  the  farmer 
drove  his  shaggy-footed  Clyde  to  town 
through  the  mud  he  cared   little.     But 


IOWA'S  FARMERS 


89 


THE    FIRST  HOME   OF       TILE       JOHNSON    IN   DAYTON   TOWNSHIP 

HE    INTRODUCED  TILE    DRAINAGE   ON    HIS   8()   ACRE    FARM    IN    1876 


now  that  he  is  buying  motor  cars  he  is 
helping  to  locate,  develop,  and  advertise 
;;reat  intersecting  highways  by  the  thou- 
sand, over  the  state.  The  matter  is  thor- 
oughlv' organized,  and  will  never  rest  until 


substantial  state  aid  is  secured.  It  is 
surpassed  by  no  single  influence  in  uniting 
city  and  country.  IVly  own  opinion  In 
that  tile  drainage  is  indispensable  to  good 
country  roads.    There  is  not  space    here 


THh    HOME    Ol-    "TILE"    JOHNSON    IN     I()l  I 

WHEN    HIS   8()   ACRES    HAD    INCRFASkD   TO    lOOO    AND   WHEN    I  HE    Ml:  I  HOD    HI.     IN  I  KODLl.KD    H  \D 

BECOME  SO  UNIVERSAL  1 11 A  T  ('.RE  A  T  TILE  FACTORIES    HAVE  CROWN  IF  AT  MASON  CIIV.    FLDOR\, 

LEHIGH,  FORT  DODGE,  BCMINF,  DFS  MOINLS.   AND  A    SCORE    OF    OIHFR    I'LACI.S    IO   SLIMM.Y    IHE 

DEMAND.      FROM  MASON    CI1Y    ALONE    I  j.OOO  CARLOADS  OF    lILk   WERE   SHIi'PED   IN    I9IO 


to  name  all  these  highways,  regularly 
routed,  marked,  and  dragged.  Among 
the  more  noted  are: 

I.  The  River-ioRiver    Road    from    Davcn- 
pcjrt  tu  Council  Blulfs  through  Dos  Moines. 
2*    Ihc  Transcontincnul  f^oute  from  Choron 
I  Council  Bluffs  along  the  Northwestern. 
^.  The  Hawkcyc  Highway  from  Dubuque  lo 
Sioux  Cjty  through  Waterloo. 

4.  The  Blue  Grass  Highway  from  Burlington 
and  Muscatine  to  Council  Bluffs  through 
Chariton  and  Osceola. 

5.  The  Waubonsie  Trail  from  Keokuk  and 
Fort  Madison  to  Nebraska  City  through 
Cenlervillc,  Mt.  Ayr  and  Leon* 


IM 


Good  land  rose  to  S75,  S90.  $100,  now  to 
Si 23  and  Ji  ^o  and  mure  in  many  localities. 
Do  you  ask,  will  it  pay  to  farm  at  such 
pricesF  I  can  only  say  to  you  from  long 
experience  that  the  highest  offers  come 
from  the  German  or  Scandinavian  farmer 
just  across  the  fence  who  has  made  an 
unqualified  success  with  his  existing  farm. 
So,  there  you  are;   figure  it  out. 

The  interurhan  has  also  helped  in  the 
work  of  unification.  Ii  is  distinctly  a 
decentralizer.  small  farms  and  truck  gar- 
dens inevitably  following  the  opening  of 


'^^JF*  ^ 


AT  THE   STATE    FAIR 

WHICH.    TOCETHfiR    WITH     THE    WOUK    OF    THE     "  BETTEH     r  ARMING  "     IR^1>iS.     TUF     GCMJD    SEED 

WOVI  MtNT,  THt  "  ^MOFT    rOURSF**    IN     AGRICLTLTURE     IN/^ITGV'KATEO     OV     f*RO»  F.SSflR     JIDL- 

PEN  ANU  HIS  A$SQ(;iATFS  AT  THIi  COll  l-GE  Of   AMES,  HEll'EO  HAKh  (OWa's  SOIL  ANn  UVE 

•nocK  rnoDtJCTs  meach  tut  enormous  total  of  798  MttLroN  dollars  in  igio 


I 
I 


Prior  to  1890  Iowa  farms  were  slow  of 
sale.  Then  a  few  Illinois  farmers  dis- 
covcrixJ  they  could  sell  their  home  farms 
for  S200  per  acre  and  buy  as  gfx>d  or  better 
land  in  Iowa  at  S50  plus  the  cost  of  drain- 
age. The  migration  began  and  opened  the 
eyes  of  the  Iowa  farmer.  I  le  asked  himself, 
"Arc  we  to  repeat  lllinuis'  values  here?'* 
The  incomers  were  also  passionate  *'  tilers/' 
That  was  another  hint.  Iowa  suddenly 
awoke  to  the  consciousness  that  she  was 
in  the  very  heart  of  the  **$ure  crop" 
country  — the  only  great  corn  bell  upon 
the  continent*    The  inevitable  happened. 


these  roads.  Likewise  here  are  found 
some  of  the  large  farms  owned  and  operated 
by  the  lawyer,  the  phv^ician.  the  banker, 
that  are  a  marked  and  j^rowing  feature  in 
lhedevck>pment  of  the  state.  Such  farms 
are  found  in  every  county  and  are  usually 
highly  cultivated  and  improved.  The  late 
Senator  Dolliver  had  one  such  in  Webster 
County,  to  which  he  was  passionately  de- 
voted. Kx-Governor  Larrabee  owns  and 
occupies  another  near  Clermont.  Presi- 
dent Brown  of  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad  has  a  400  acre  stock  farm  near 
Clarinda;  President  Trewin  of  the  Stale 


93 

Board  of  EducatiofTsome  700  acres  near 
Independence;  Hon.  Geo.  W.  See  vers. 
General  Counsel  for  the  Minneapolis  and 
St.  l-oui^  Railroad,  a  dairy  farm  near 
Oskaloosa:  Hon.  H.  C.  raylor,  a  large 
stock  farm  in  Davis  Count);  Mr  J. 
F.  Deems,  General  Superintendent  of 
Motive  Power  of  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad,  a  beautiful  farm,  "Forestdale/' 
in  Des  Moines  County:  and  so  on,  every 
ct»ynty  having  a  number  of  such  "estates*' 
that  add  to  the  dignity  of  agriculture  as  a 
calling.  In  Sac  County  is  the  famous 
Adams  farm,  OiTxj  acres  in  one  am- 
tinuous  tract,  and  near  Odebolt  the  CtMjk 
farm  of  ^soo  acres.  These  latter  are 
of  course  highly  commercialized  enter- 
prises that  would  take  a  chapter  to  them- 
selves to  fitly  describe. 

In  line  with  all  this,  and  to  encourage 
the  farmer's  pride  in  his  estate,  the  farm- 
ing organizations  secured  the  passage,  the 
past  winter,  of  an  act  whereby  the  owner 
may  register  his  farm  at  the  county  seat 
by  a  name  of  his  ch(x>sing  which  the  state 
will  protect  from  infringement  —  all  of 
which  tends  to  better  improvements, 
belter  cultivation,  and  pride  of  ownership. 

The  first  factors,  still  potent  in  relieving 
the  old  isolation,  were  the  telephone  and 
rural     free    delivery.    They    were    the 


ILD'S  WO 


pioneer  influences  tfiat  have  made  eastcr 
all  that  have  followed.  Practically  the 
entire  stale  is  now  covered,  serving  owner 
and  tenant  alike.  In  short,  all  these  in- 
fluences: trolley,  automobile,  rural  mail, 
telephone,  advanced  values,  drainage. 
etc,  are  changing  the  complexion  of  farm 
life  and  arousing  in  the  farmer  and 
notably  al^o  in  the  farmer's  wife,  the 
normal  human  pride  for  better  results  in 
farming  and  better  appearances  and  facil- 
ities about  the  home.  The  old  farmers* 
institutes  are  being  supplemented  here  and 
there  by  the  social  club.  I  attended  a 
meeting  recently  of  the  Cosmopolitan 
Club,  an  organization  solely  of  fanners* 
families  near  Ames.  There  was  a  talk 
by  the  writer  in  no  wise  relating  to  farm- 
ing matters,  music  and  recitations  by  the 
young  folks,  ending  with  light  refresh- 
ments; the  entire  company  of  farmers, 
their  wives  and  children  joining  heartily 
in  active  interest  in  the  whole  programme. 
I  was  met  at  the  train  by  a  farmer  with 
his  automobile.  It  was  as  if  the  best 
spirit  of  the  town  had  been  carried  off 
into  the  wholesome  air  of  the  country. 
There  was  no  suggestion  of  the  old  isola- 
tion —  a  far  cry  indeed  from  the  days  of  the 
sod  cabin  and  the  stage-coach. 

But   one   must   stop   somewhere.     Let 


A    FIRST    PRIZE    IOWA    SHIRE    MARE 
lilt   LIVE   STOCK    IN    lUWA    1>   WOATIf    MORE   THAN    3$0   MILUON    DOLLARS 


luwA^  rAKivir.K^ 


93 


AN   OLD-FASHIONED    ROAD   AND  THE    REASON    FOR    ITS    END 

"as  long  as  the  farmer  drove  his  shaggy  footed  CLYDE  TO  TOWN  THROUGH  THE  MUD 
HE  CARED  LITTLE.  BUT  NOW  THAT  HE  IS  BUYING  MOTOR  CARS  BY  THE  THOUSAND  (iN 
PROPORTION  TO  POPULATION  THERE  ARE  FIVE  AUTOMOBILES  IN  IOWA  TO  ONE  IN  NEW  YORK), 
HE     IS     HELPING     TO     LOCATE,      DEVELOP,      AND     ADVERTISE     GREAT     INTERSECTING   HIGHWAYS" 


me  conclude,  therefore,  with  an  instance 
of  the  kind  of  change  of  fortune  effected 
by  rural  progress  in  Iowa  in  scores  of 
thousands  of  homes,  as  illustrated  in  the 
true  tale  of  the  rise  of  the  house  of  Chris. 
Short,  thick,  curly-haired,  and  large- 
eyed  was  Chris.  He  hailed  from  Den- 
mark. But  there  was  somehow  a  hitch 
in  Chris's  connections  with  the  "land  of 
opportunity";  for  a  year  in  America  found 
Christina  and  "the  three  kids"  in  occu- 
pancy, in  1885,  of  a  decidedly  dilapidated 
cellar  in  Chicago,  while  Chris  sought  the 
wherewithal  to  sustain  the  family  by  odd 
jobs  hard  to  find.  Meagre  as  were  their 
personal  effects,  off  went  one  article  after 
another  in  exchange  for  bread  —  many  a 
day  the -meal  was  just  one  loaf  with  no 
embellishments.  One  day  an  American 
came  to  Chris  promising  for  three  dollars 
to  find  him  work.  Little  by  little  the 
pennies  were  gathered  and  the  sum  paid. 
Off  went  Chris,  and  his  new  found  friend 
in  the  early  morning  to  the  top  of  a  large 
office  building  where  Chris  was  told  to 
await  his  companion's  return.  He  waited 
alone  —  until  night!  Thus  once  from 
darkness  came  light  —  the  bitter  knowl- 
edge that  he  had  been  defrauded.  In  des- 
peration he  wrote  to  an  old  acquaintance 
in  Iowa.    Two  railroad  tickets  came  in  the 


mail  and  one  Chicago  basement  was  for 
rent  instanter.  The  conductor  looked  at 
Chris,  Christina,  and  the  three  kids,  took 
the  two  tickets,  made  the  sign  of  the  cross 
and  passed  on  down  the  aisle.  They  dis- 
embarked at  a  little  village  on  the  Chicago 
&  Northwestern  Railroad  in  Boone 
County,  moved  into  the  veriest  shack,  and 
Chris  got  a  job  "on  the  section"  at  a 
dollar  ten  per  day.  Here  at  least  he  could 
see  the  good  brown  earth  and  there  was  no 
Chicago  basement  air,  but  the  sweet 
breath  of  the  prairie.  He  had  been  a 
farmer  at  home  as  a  boy,  and  wished  to  be 
here,  but  that  dream  seemed  remote  of 
realization  as  he  faced  life  on  the  section 
in  a  strange  land  at  a  dollar  ten  per  day. 
Then  there  was  the  language  —  a  beastly 
language,  not  to  be  compared  to  the 
mellifluous  tongue  of  the  homeland.  One 
thing  —  Chris  would  work.  A  certain 
housewife  who  knew  him  says,  tcx),  that 
in  those  days  he  never  smiled.  Come  to 
think  of  it,  in  like  case  who  would?  Exile, 
disappointment,  Chicago  basement,  dollar 
ten  per  day  —  the  elements  that  beget 
mirth  hardly  plentiful,  to  say  the  least  — 
veritably  and  justifiably  "a  melancholy 
Dane."  And  still  he  dreamed  of  farming. 
This  was  in  1888.  That  year  a  farm  in 
my  care  was  involved  in  litigation  that 


94 

finally  ended,  and  a  tenant  was  desired. 
The  afuresaid  huusewife  for  whom  Chris 
had  done  cxid  j<»bs  urji;ed  her  husband,  my 
local  representative,  tu  put  Chris  an  the 
farm,  Ihe  man  roared  at  so  absurd  a 
suggestion  —  no  tools,  no  team,  no  lan- 
guage, no  anything.  The  woman,  of 
course,  womanlike,  insisted;  and  hnally, 
as  a  kind  of  joke.  C^hris  was  interviewed. 
I  happened  to  be  present.  1  lave  you  ever 
seen  Hope  take  possession  of  the  soul  of  a 
man  and  effect  its  transformation  on  his 
face?  Well  1  can  tell  you  it  is  good  to 
ltx>k  upon.  There  was  some  Danish 
jabbering  between  Chris  and  a  fellow 
countryman,  the  outcome  of  which  was  a 
collection  among  the  Danes  whereby 
Chris  might  assemble  in  one  spot  these 
veritable  necessities  of  the  farmer:  a  wife, 
children,  an  old  mare,  and  a  blind  mule. 
All  were  assembled,  exactly  these  things, 
and  some  borrowed  tools,  and  Chris's 
barque,  long  tossed  by  fate,  was  at  last 
anchored  to  the  black  muck  of  Boone 
G>unty,  two  miles  south  of  the  village. 
Twelve  years  to  a  day  she  lay  within  that 
harbor.  Everything  grew  —  Chris,  Chris- 
tina, children,   rents,  pigs,  calves,  colts, 

fops,   hopes,  standing,    influence,    plans. 

/erything  —  all  the  pnxluct  of  the  crew 
of  Chris,  Muck  lV  Co.    One  day  in  1900 


BACON    IN   THE    ROUGH 
ONE    ME\NS  Of  TLIKNINCt  COKN  INTO  MONEY    \T 

a  hundred-acre  tract  right  across  the  road 
to  the  west  was  offered  for  sale,    Chris 

bought  at  Sso  per  acre,  held  a  "sale/* 
and  from  the  proceeds  built  a  house  and 
barn  and  moved  across.  No  more  rent 
for  Chris,  no  more  anchoring  to  another's 
wharf.  The  whole  crew,  Chris,  Christina, 
and  progeny  in  great  number  now  go  , 
ashore  forg(X)d. 

Prosperity   inevitably   continues.    And 


-. ,  \^ 


y^m{*i 


^\m^^}d 


^^^^^* 


h    S.HirMI-NT   or    IMH.«^ 
ftOII  ONi  fARM  AT  0II6B0tT«  IOWA 


iOWA'i>  FAKMtKb 


95 


so  we  find  them  snugly  settled,  when  one 
day  in  1908  comes  along  the  road  a  drilling 
outfit.  Chris's  large  eyes  open  wider  than 
ever  now.  Would  he  give  an  option  to 
drill  and,  if  found,  sell  the  coal  at  $50 
per  acre?  Would  he?  Have  his  money 
all  back  and  still  keep  the  farm?  He  most 
certainly  would.  Result!  Four  feet  of 
coal  encountered  and  Chris  pockets  his 
five  thousand  dollars.  Maybe  it  is  the 
land  of  opportunity  after  all.  Who  cares 
now  for  memories  of  the  Chicago  base- 
ment? 

The  day  Chris  received  his  five  thousand 
dollars  he  put  it  on  deposit  at  the  village 


CHRIS,  AN  EXAMPLE  OF  THE  ELEVA- 
TION OF  MEN  IN  IOWA 
WHO  ROSE  FROM  SECTION  HAND  IN  1 885  TO 
RENTER  IN  1888.  SAVED  ENOUGH  TO  BUY  A 
too  ACRE  FARM  AT  $50  AN  ACRE  IN  IQOO, 
SOLD  IT  AGAIN  FOR  $145  AN  ACRE  IN  I9IO, 
AND  RETIRED  TO  CULTIVATE  INTENSIVELY  25 
ACRES  ON   THE    EDGE   OF    TOWN 

bank  and  returned  home.  As  he  ap- 
proached his  farm  he  was  in  a  state  of 
perfect,  if  mystified,  content.  He  has 
sold  something,  that  is  certain.  The 
certificate  of  deposit  is  tangible  proof  of 
that.  And  yet,  as  he  drives  up  the  road 
there  is  the  farm  —  his  farm;  there  is 
Christina  feeding  the  chickens,  and  there 
are  the  cattle  in  the  stock  field  —  all  his 
and  all  just  as  effective  as  ever.  It 
seemed  a  case  of  "keep  your  cake  and  eat 
it  too/'  The  certificate  of  deposit  is  put 
away  carefully  in  the  base  of  the  family 
clock  and  Chris  takes  a  walk  around  the 


feed  lots  just  by  way  of  farther  assurance. 
Land  of  opportunity?    Surely. 

Land  values  keep  pace  with  the  growth 
of  the  family  and  now  Chris  though  no 
taller  is  immensely  rotund,  voluble,  and 
happy.  He  is  fifty-five  years  of  age.  In 
1910  an  Illinois  farmer  comes  along  and 
wishes  to  buy  his  farm,  and  Chris  sells  at 
—  one  hundred  and  forty-five  dollars  per 
acre!  Fourteen  thousand  five  hundred 
additional  to  make  more  secure  the  foun- 
dations of  "The  House  of  Chris!"  The 
usual  sale  notices  appear  on  the  telephone 
poles,  beginning:  "Having  Sold  My  Farm 
1  Will  Sell  the  Following  Articles,"  etc. 
Among  the  stock  at  that  sale  are  no  re- 
minders of  the  old  mare  and  the  blind  mule, 
but  scores  of  head  of  stock  of  which  any 
man  might  be  proud. 

And  now  does  Chris  forget  that  the  soil 
is  the  source  of  his  independence  and 
reverse  the  current  of  his  life  by  removing 
to  a  five-room  cottage  in  the  near-by 
village?  Not  he.  At  the  edge  of  town 
is  a  twenty-five  acre  tract  of  unsurpassed 
fertility.  This  he  buys,  and  here  he  pur- 
sues the  traditions  of  his  race  —  keeping 
close  to  the  earth;  and  he  will  bring  to 
that  twenty-five  acre  farm  the  peiiU  cul- 
ture of  the  old  world.  The  land  is  tiled, 
the  house  remodeled,  and  Chris  looks  out 
to-day  of  an  evening  from  his  veranda 
directly  upon  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
section,  where,  in  1888,  with  pick  and 
shovel  at  a  dollar  and  ten  cents  per  day, 
he  struggled  with  the  problem  of  removing 
Christina  and  "the  kids"  to  the  free  air  of 
an  Iowa  farm. 

Late  last  fall  1  passed  the  door  of  that 
farm-house  one  early  morning.  There  1 
saw  hanging  from  the  veranda  just  over 
the  entrance  a  half  dozen  beautiful  and 
perfect  ears  of  corn.  And  why  not? 
Here  was  the  coat  of  arms  of  Chris  and 
Christina  —  six  golden  ears  of  corn  from, 
if  not  on,  a  black  field  of  Iowa  muck.  By 
this  sign  indeed,  they  have  conquered. 
As  I  think  of  Chris,  meet  his  cheery  face, 
grasp  his  short,  thick  hand,  and  listen  to 
his  picturesque  brogue,  as  1  often  do,  1  am 
delighted  for  Chris  —  even  a  little  envious 
as  1  look  at  that  twenty-five  acre  tiled 
farm  at  the  margin  of  the  village  and 
contemplate  the  high  cost  of  city  living. 


I 

I 


THE  HOPE  OF  THE  "LITTLE  LANDERS" 

THE  STORY   OF   SAN   YSIDRO.   CAL..   WHERE    FAMILIES   PROSPER   ON   TWO 

ACRES    AND   A    QUARTER 

BY 

JOHN  K.  COWAN 


I       ^OURTEFN  mi:L:s  south  of  San 

I i      Oie^o,  Cal,  su  close  to  the  Mex- 

I      '      ican   boundary    line   that    bul- 
I  lets  from  the  rides  of  the  oppos- 

^  ing  forces  fell  within  the  village 

limits  during  the  battle  of  Tia  Juana, 
in  May.  is  the  little  town  of  San  Ysidro, 
more  commonly  known  as  the  home  of 
the  "  Little  Landers/*  It  is  a  "back  to  the 
farm'*  experiment,  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  people  of  limited  means.  It  is  hoped 
eyentuallv  to  adapt  il  to  the  needs  of 
people  of  no  means  at  all. 

The  Little  Landers  wish  to  show  to 
families  with  little  money  and  with  little 
or  no  farming  experience  just  how  they 
can  get  to  the  land  without  danger  of 
going  from  bad  to  worse.  The  corporation 
owns  about  4fx»  acres,  all  of  which  will  be 
sold  to  persons  desirous  of  engaging  in 
truck  farming,  flower  gardening,  poultry 
raising,  and  other  occupations  adapted 
to  just  a  little  land.  The  price  is  high, 
judged  by  land  values  in  many  Eastern 
communities,  being  from  S500  to  $400 
per  acre.  There  arc  now  forty  families 
'*^t  colony,  with  a  total  member!>hip  of 


140.  The  smallest  farm  consists  of  a 
quarter  of  an  acre,  and  the  largest  of 
seven  acres,  the  average  being  twr>and-a- 
quarter  acres.  From  the  experience  so 
far  gained,  most  of  the  colonists  now  think 
that  one,  two,  or  three  acres  (depending 
upon  the  size  of  the  family)  is  sufficient. 
The  ideal  is  just  as  much  land  as  the  family 
can  bring  under  the  highest  cultivation 
without    hiring    help. 

The  problem  of  acquiring  land  is  sim- 
plified by  the  smallness  of  the  acreage 
required,  and  also  by  the  fact  that  only 
part  of  the  purchase  price  need  be  paid 
in  cash.  The  balance  can  be  made  up 
largely  from  the  colonist's  earnings.  The 
profits  accruing  to  the  corporation  are 
used  for  public  improvements,  which 
otherwise  would  have  to  be  provided  for 
by  taxation.  To  build  a  home  adapted 
to  the  kindly  climate  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia costs  very  little.  The  dwellings 
of  some  of  the  Little  Ijinders  cost  no  more 
than  Sioo.  Some,  whether  from  choice 
or  from  necessity,  live  in  tents,  the  cost 
of  which  was  insignificant. 

Similarly  there  is  no  need  for  a  large 


I 
I 


THE  HOPE  OF  THE  "LITTLE  LANDERS' 


97 


ONE   OF   THE   MORE    ELABORATE   HOMES    IN    SAN    YSIDRO 

WHICH  CONSISTS  OF  FORTY  FAMILIES  ALL  OF  WHOM  OWN  THEIR  SMALL  PROPERTY,  FROM  WHICH  THEY 
MAKE  AN  ADEQUATE  LIVING  WITH  SOMETHING  EACH  YEAR  TO  SPARE 


investment  in  live  stock  and  farm  machin- 
ery. The  live  stock  is  limited  to  poultry 
and  a  cow  or  a  pig  or  perhaps  both. 
The  requisite  implements  are  no  more 
than  a  spade,  a  hoe,  a  garden  rake,  and  a 
few  other  inexpensive  tools.  In  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies  and  the  marketing  of 
surplus  products,  the  cooperation  of  the 
colonists  eliminates  the  middleman,  with 
his  sometimes  exorbitant  profits,  and  in- 
variably disproportionate  expenses.  Even 
inexperience  constitutes  no  bar  to  success. 
The  president,  the  secretary,  and  other 
officers  of  the  colony  are  experienced  in 
all  the  mysteries  of  poultry  raising  and 


vegetable  culture,  and  count  it  a  pleasure 
as  well  as  a  duty  to  impart  instruction  to 
new  arrivals.  At  the  weekly  meetings 
of  the  colonists,  practical  questions  of 
any  kind  may  be  asked;  and  the  knowledge 
and  experience  of  all  is  at  the  command 
of  each  individual. 

The  Little  Landers  have  steered  clear 
of  communal  ownership  and  other  fads 
that  have  wrecked  so  many  experiments 
at  social  betterment.  Every  man  owns 
his  own  house,  which  may  be  as  humble 
or  as  pretentious  as  his  means  and  his 
inclination  direct.  Every  man  owns  his 
own   land,   plants  upon   it  whatever  he 


THE   SMAILFST  OF  THE    HOUSES  OF   THE    "LITTLE    LANDERS 

WHICH,    OWING   TO  THE    WEATHER   CONDITIONS  OF    SOUTHERN   CALIFORNIA.   CAN    BE    BUILT  VERY 
CHEAPLY,  SOME  COSTING  ONLY  $100.      MANY  FAMILIES  LIVE  IN  TENTS 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


pleases,  and  cultivates  it  according  ta 
his  knowledge  and  ability.  Ihere  are 
no  restrictions  upon  the  sale  or  the  dis- 
position of  property. 

Some  of  the  Little  Landers  have  been 
at  San  Vsidro  for  two  years,  and 
others  for  shorter  periods.  Some  families 
have  just  arrived.  All  that  have  been 
established  for  six  months  or  more  are 
making  a  living,  and  mc»st  of  them  a  better 
living  than  many  a  farmer  of  the  Last 
and  Middle  West  with  i(x)  acres  of  land 
or  twice  that.  It  is  unfortunate  that  no 
one  in  the  colony  has  kept  an  exact  ac- 
count of  receipts  and  expenditures,  "We 
made  a  living,  paid  for  our  improvements. 


Diego  for  marketing.  It  was  found  that 
sometimes  the  cnlooisis  received  thirty-five 
per  cent,  of  the  retail  prices,  sometimes 
twenty-five  percent,  and  sometimes  as  low 
as  ten  per  cent.  Then  a  horse  and  wagon 
were  bought,  and  a  man  was  hired  to  sell 
the  products  of  the  colony  direct  to  the 
consumers.  When  this  plan  was  put  into 
practice,  the  net  returns  to  the  colonists 
averaged  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the 
retail  prices, 

in  all  this,  the  one  important  point  is 
that  the  Little  Landers  are  making  a 
living,  and  a  little  more.  It  seems  evi- 
dent that  what  these  forty  families  are 
doing  at  San  Ysidro  millions  of  families 


ONE   OF    THE    *'  KAR.MS       OF    SAN    YSIDRO 

WHICH  VARY  IN  SIf E  FROM  ONI  QUAKTFJI  OF  AN  ACRE  TO  SEVEN  ACRES.  Till:  tDEAl,  DEINC  FOR  EACH 

rAMII  Y   Kl  HAVE  JU5T  AS  MLICH  LANP  AS  IT  CAN  URtNG  TO  THE  HIGH  EST  §TATE 

or  CULTIVATION  WITHOUT  OUTSIDE  ASSISTANCE 


I 


and  have  money  in  the  bank/*  is  the  usual 
reply  to  a  request  for  a  statement  of  the 
profits  on  a  year's  labor.  That  is  satis- 
"iclory  to  them,  bur  not  to  the  searcher 
tcr  exact  informal i<jn.  Rach  family 
strives  to  raise  its  own  ffKxl  supplies, 
with  the  exception  of  wheat,  sugar,  and 
spices.  Grain  is  purchased  for  feeding 
la  poultry  and  live  stock.  Supplies  of 
this  kind  arc  bought  cooperatively,  in 
car  load  lots,  at  minimum  prices.  For  all 
surplus  forxl  supplies  grown  by  the  colo- 
nists there  is  a  ready  market  in  San  Diego. 
In  the  early  days  of  the  colony,  eggs, 
pouItr>\  vegctabies.  and  other  products 
were  sent  to  commission  houses  in  San 


can  do  in  America.  There  are  exceptional 
people  among  them:  but  the  most  of  them 
are  average  Americans,  driven  by  ill 
health,  or  bv  advancing  years,  or  by 
financial  reverses,  back  to  the  warm 
bosom  of  Mother  Earth. 

Furthermore,  each  Little  Landt-r  is 
his  own  boss.  He  reads  of  the  high  cost 
of  living,  the  encroachments  of  predatory 
wealth,  tariff  agitation,  and  other  issues 
that  are  vital  to  nine  tenths  of  the  people 
of  America  with  comparative  indifference, 
and  with  growing  wonder  that  his  fellow 
citizens  of  the  republic  do  not  follow  the 
path  he  has  helped  to  blaze  to  ividustriat 
independence.     Every  Little  Lander  has 


I 

■ 

I 


I 


d 


THE  HOPE  OF  THE  "LITTLE  LANDERS" 


99 


a  job,  and  no  man  living  has  power  to 
discharge  him,  even  in  times  of  financial 
panic  and  industrial  calamity.  In  the 
whole  community  there  is  not  a  landlord 
or  a  tenant,  an  employer  or  a  hired  man. 
The  majority  of  the  Little  Landers  live 
in  the  village  of  San  Ysidro,  raise  vege- 
tables, flowers,  and  poultry  upon  their 
lots,  and  cultivate  whatever  crops  they 
desire  upon  their  acres,  located  within  easy 
walking  distance.  Others  have  built  their 
homes  upon  their  acres.  1  n  either  case,  the 
distance  to  the  social  centre  of  the  com- 
munity is  so  short  that  all  enjoy  the  ad- 
vantages of  both  town  and  country,  with 
the  inconveniences  of  neither.  The  deadly 
isolation  of  the  farm  is  banished;  but  the 


and  assembly  room,  with  library,  read- 
ing room,  and  general  loafing  place.  Every 
Monday  evening  there  is  a  meeting  for 
the  discussion  of  topics  of  interest  to 
the  colonists.  Questions  are  asked  and 
answered,  experiences  with  crops  and 
poultry  are  related;  and  reports  are  ren- 
dered by  officers  and  committees.  Then 
there  are  songs  and  stories,  a  discussion 
of  current  events,  and  a  lecture  upon  some 
educational  theme.  On  Sundays,  Rev. 
Josiah  Poeton,  Secretary  and  Manager, 
preaches  a  non-sectarian  sermon.  He 
is  a  Congregational  minister.  He  was 
driven  by  a  nervous  breakdown  from  his 
flock  in  old  Vermont.  The  community 
of    Little    Landers   at    San    Ysidro   was 


THE    HOME   OF   MR.  WILLIAM    E.  SMYTHE 

WHO  FOUNDED  THE  COLONY  OF  THE  "LITTLE  LANDERS  "  FOR  THE  PURPOSE  OF  HELPING  PEOPLE  OF 
SMALL  MEANS  TO  A  LIFE  OF  FREEDOM  AND  INDEPENDENCE 


delights  of  living  close  to  nature,  in  the 
open  air  and  sunshine,  are  preserved. 

They  have  adopted  the  initiative,  re- 
ferendum, and  recall.  An  irrigation  dis- 
trict has  been  organized  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  of  the  state;  and  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  $25,000  will  be  sold  to 
provide  an  adequate  water  supply,  as  the 
community  grows  in  population.  A  very 
ambitious  park  system  has  been  laid  out. 
In  fact,  even  now,  although  the  village 
is  only  two  years  old,  the  park  is  a  marvel 
of  floral  wealth  and  beauty,  owing  to  the 
labors  of  George  P.  Hall,  President  of 
the  Little  Landers,  and  formerly  Presi- 
dent of  the  California  State  Horticultural 
Society.     In  the  park  is  the  club  house 


founded    by    Mr.    William    E.    Smythe, 
the  well-known  author  and  journalist. 

Prof.  H.  Heath  Bawden,  formeriy  of 
Vassar  College,  who  is  one  of  the  colonists, 
is  working  to  show  the  possibilities  that 
lie  unsuspected  and  undeveloped  in  an 
acre  of  land.  He  aims  to  develop  a  one- 
acre  garden  to  the  utmost  possible  limit  of 
productivity.  He  is  studying  the  require- 
ments of  each  of  the  important  garden 
vegetables  in  the  way  of  light,  heat,  mois- 
ture, and  chemical  constituents  of  the 
soil.  He  aims  at  vegetable  perfection, 
and  thinks  it  practicable  to  produce  better 
vegetables  and  more  of  them  than  any  one 
has  ever  produced  before.  When  he  has 
finished  his  experiments  he  will,  as  far 


lOO 

IS  possible,   reduce   the  practice  of  the 
Jttle  Landers  to  a  series  of  mathematical 
formuU-e,  so  that  any  one  may  know  just 
Jwhat   and   how  to    grow  the  best  vege- 
tables in   the  largest  possible  quantities. 
Such  colonies  may  be  multiplied  indefi- 
nitely, provided  only  that  they    are   es- 
ktablished  within  easy  reach  of  large  cities, 
[where    a    practically    unlimited    market 
[may    be   had    for   fresh    vegetables   and 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


fruits,  poultry  products,  and  other  food 
supplies  that  can  be  profttably  grown  by 
hand  labor  upon  small  tracts  of  land. 
The  advantage  to  the  cities  and  to  the 
colonists  will  be  reciprocaK  The  people 
of  the  cities  will  get  fresh  fruits,  vegetables, 
eggs  and  poultry  at  reasonable  prices, 
and  the  colonists  will  enjoy  the  advantage 
of  a  steady  market,  at  fair  prices,  for 
everything  they  can  produce. 


RAILROADING   KNOWLEDGE  TO  THE 

[FARMERS 


SPFCIAL   TRAtNtOADS   OF    DEMONSTRATIONS    AND    RXHIBITS   THAT    RRACH  MtLLJONS 
or    TARMfcRS    FROM   ORFiGON    TO   GEORGIA 

BY 


OWEN  WILSON 


THE  railroads  have  pone  into 
a  new  phase  of  transporta- 
tion —  delivering  ready-to-use 
knowledge  to  the  farmers  — 
and  they  are  carrying  it  free, 
because  for  every  bit  that  the>  de- 
liver into  the  right  hands,  a  hundredfold 
profit  comes  back  to  them  in  freight* 
There  has  Itjng  been  information  enough 
at  the  agrii'ullural  colleges  and  at  the 
state  and  federal  departments  of  agricul- 
ture to  increase  the  crop  yields  of  the 
United  States  bevond  computation.  But 
except  here  and  There  —  in  Wisconsin, 
(or   example  —  the    knowledge    did    not 


reach  the  people  who  could  use  it.  The 
man  on  the  farm  maintained  the  even 
tenor  of  his  ancestral  ways.  That  silua* 
lion  gave  the  railroads  an  opportunity  and 
they  have  turned  their  great  facilities  to 
brmging  science  to  the  farm  with  such 
energy  and  success  that  they  have  become 
one  of  the  chief  agencies  in  the  great 
;iwakening  on  the  land,  which  is  one  of  ihe 
most  cheerful  facts  of  the  times. 

1'his  past  summer  Kensington,  Kas.. 
declared  a  special  holiday.  The  children 
were  given  the  frcH?  use  of  the  merry-g«> 
'round.  There  were  two  ball  games,  two 
band  concerts,  an  automobile  parade  and 


ILROAD 


3TN^KNOV^ 


WLEDGl 


ffrJworks.  During  a  pan  of  the  da>'  the 
storjps.were  closed:  during  the  remainder 
they  sold  goods  at  cut  prices.  Normally 
Kensington's  population  is  600.  On  the 
special  holiday  2,coo  people  were  in  town 


—  all  there  to  celebrate  and  profit  by  the 
arrival  of  the  Wheat  Special,  the  Rock 
Island  Railroad's  train  loaded  with  the 
money  crop  of  better  farming  kntiwledge. 
It  was  Kensington's  one  chance  to  gel  a 


I 


THE  OREGON  SHORT  I  JNF-  S  BLRLEY  SPECIAL 

WHICH    MELD   MEETrNGS    IN    EICMTY-SIX     OlfFtRtNT    TOWNS    IN    NOKrHERN     UtAH    AND    IN    THE 

RAPIDLV    l>EVEtO|»ING    IRRICATION    PIBTRICT&   ALONG    THE   SNAKE  RIVEH    IN  SOUTHERN     ILtAHO 


large  consignment  of  the  profit-making 
_  infr)rmatiun  and  it  took  rhe  opportunity. 
■This  is  one  of  the  most  hopeful  facts  of 
■the    whole    situatit^n.     The    farmers    arc 

■  eager  for  the  improvement.  The  old 
■scort'ing  at  book  learning  and  professors 
■b^  f;?st  disi«ppearing, 

•.  Vast  summer  eager  audiences  all  over 
tjw- country  listened  to  the  preaching  of 
better  melhixJs  and  larger  crops.     Dozens 

w)^'^<^*^i^l    trains    traveled    through    the 

■  V-- 


agricultural  regions  disseminating  m- 
fnrmation.  The  Breakfast  Bacon  Special 
was  run  to  encourage  the  Iowa  farmers 
to  raise  more  hogs  to  take  advantage 
the  high  price  of  bacon.  The  Q>lton  Belt 
Route  southwest  from  St.  Louis  ran  the 
"Squeeler  Special  '  to  prove  to  the  Arkan- 
sas and  Panhandle  farmers  the  money- 
making  advantages  of  blooded  hogs  overJ 
the  "razor-hack"  variety  Down  ihel 
Mississippi    Valley    the    Illinois    Central 


THE    ILLINOIS   CENTRAL  ^    RECl  \MATlON    SFM     1\1 

-Mt^'.AUtNG     FOR     SWAMP     LAND     IfHAINAGb     IN     ILLINOIS,     KENTtJCKV.     ILNNES^tL,     MLSSlSStrfl« 
ALARAMA.    lOUtHANA»    AND  ARKANSAS:    ONE   OF    FIVE    SFEClALJS  SbNT  OUT   BY   THIS   ROAD 


04 


THE  WORLD^S  WORK 


1  ikU.u  UJKULI  L,  GA.,  (L'lM'LU  IhiLKi,  lO  RhXBURG,  IDA.  UOWER  PICTURE) 
KROil  ONt  bMD  or  IHE  CnUNTRY  TO  THE  OTIlElt  tAGEH  CROWDS  AWAHtP  THE  COMfNG 
OF  TMti  TR^IKH  THAT  nROUGIir  SETTEIC  f  ARMING  KNOW  1  EDO  £  TO  THF.  MEN  ON  THE  SOIL. 
rm  SOUTMrUN  PACIMC  TILAIN*  were  visited  my  MORE  THAN  76,000  rtOI^LE  THIS  SUMMER. 
r&i  miKO'S  DAIRY  6Pi€IAl  Ri^ACHED  44.OOO  PEOrt  e,  THE  WAOASH'S  TRAINS  ^8.000  AND  SO 
mt  tl»  Alio  POWm   THfc   lAHO 


RAILROADING  KNOWLEDGE  TO  THE  FARMERS 


105 


supports  a  magazine  with  more  then 
100,000  circulation  which  makes  every 
effort  to  attract  American  farmers  to  the 
Far  West.  It  likewise  publishes  a  maga- 
zine in  London  to  attract  English  and 
Continental  emigrants.  Lecturers  with 
moving  pictures  travel  over  the  country 
talking  of  Western  opportunities.  It  co- 
operates with  the  boards  of  trade  and 
other  organizations  along  its  lines  in  send- 
ing out  pamphlets,  some  of  which  have 
a  circulation  of  more  than  i  ,000,000  copies. 
As  a  result  of  these  efforts  652,508  people 
have  gone  to  California  on  the  low-rate 
homeseekers'  tickets  of  this  one  railroad 
in  the  last  ten  years. 

By  similar  methods  the  Rock  Island 
lines  have  taken  370,000  people  into  the 
Southwest  in  the  last  four  >ears.  Some 
are  Americans,  others  foreigners  who  have 
Spwt  a  few  years  in  this  country,  and 
others,  foreigners  direct  from  Europe. 
The  Frisco  Lines,  for  example,  have  foreign 
colonies  located  as  follows: 

Italian    Colony,    Knobview,  Mo. 
Marshfield,  Mo. 
"  "        Tontitown,  Ark. 

Bohemian     "        Bolivar,  Mo. 
Polish  "         Bricefield,  .Mo. 

German        "        Freistat,  Mo. 
French  "        Dillon,  Mo. 

Swedish        "        Swedeborg,  Mo. 
"  "        Verona,  Mo. 

Brady,  Mo. 
German  and  Swiss  Colony,  Brandsville,  Mo. 

This  is  the  back  to  the  land  movement 
in  fact. 

But  of  late  the  railroads  have  come  to 
realize  that  there  is  more  tonnage  in  a 
contented,  permanent,  and  prosperous 
community  than  there  is  in  mere  numbers 
of  doubtful  sticking  capacity.  The  Rock 
Island's  370,000  newcomers,  for  example, 
were  confronted  with  conditions  which 
would  have  been  too  much  for  man\'  of 
them  if  left  entirely  to  their  own  devices. 
They  all,  no  matter  where  they  were 
from,  came  to  a  "new  country"  with 
knowledge  only  of  farming  in  the  older 
sections  of  America,  or  in  Europe. 
Practically  none  knew  anything  except 
how  to  farm  in  regions  having  ample 
rainfall.  Some  came  from  timbered  coun- 
tries;  they  settled  upon  prairies.    Some 


were  from  sections  where  the  land  had  to  be 
drained  of  water  and  they  came  to  a  sec- 
tion that  has  no  running  streams,  where 
water  flows  in  the  water  courses  only 
after  a  summer  storm,  or  a  winter  thaw. 
Under  normal  conditions  these  people 
fared  well;  they  made  a  living  and  some 
did  even  better.  But  when  a  lean  year 
came  —  and  they  are  frequent  in  the 
territory  west  of  the  one  hundredth 
meredian  —  they  could  not  meet  the 
conditions.  Their  crops  were  unsuitable. 
They  did  not  know  how  to  handle  the 
soil  so  as  to  conserve  the  scant  moisture^ 
and  they  did  not  know  which  crops  were 
drouth  resistant  and  which  were  not. 
Their  knowledge  was  inherited  from  dif- 
ferent conditions  and  it  did  not  apply. 

The  railroad  saw  in  this  condition  both 
an  opportunity  and  a  responsibility,  a 
chance  to  do  a  good  deed  that  would  pay. 
It  engaged  Professor  H.  AL  Cottrell  of 
the  Colorado  Agricultural  College  as 
agricultural  commissioner.  His  instruc- 
tions were  to  teach  these  370,000  and  their 
predecessors  to  succeed.  He  has  been  at 
work  now  for  a  little  more  than  a  year» 
reaching  the  people  chiefly  through  in- 
stitute trains.  Last  winter  there  were 
twelve  of  them  in  operation. 

A  special  draws  into  a  station.  Farmers 
are  there  from  all  the  surrounding  country^ 
for  its  arrival  has  been  heralded  abroad  by 
handbills  and  in  the  papers,  in  some  cases 
the  townspeople  even  telephoned  the 
farmers  and  went  for  them  in  automobiles. 
In  a  minute  or  two  the  first  two  cars 
are  filled  with  men,  the  next  two  with 
school  children,  and  the  fifth  with  women. 
The  lectures  begin  immediately  with 
useful  information.  These  people  have 
come  to  learn,  not  to  be  amused,  A  man 
who  has  walked  fifteen  miles  to  hear  an 
hour's  talk  and  to  ask  a  few  questions,  as 
one  New  Mexico  farmer  did.  does  not  care 
for  jokes  or  oratory.  The  talks  are 
practical  and  the  audiences  deeply  ap- 
preciative. At  many  places  the  scenes 
approach  in  fervor  and  enthusiasm  the  old- 
fashioned  religious  revivals.  After  the  train 
has  gone  a  car  with  several  experts  often 
spends  a  day  at  the  more  important  points 
to  work  the  field  intensively  after  the 
farmer's  interest  has  been  keenly  aroused « 


.06 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


How  thoroughly  the  railroads  are  con- 
tributing to  the  great  awakening  on  the 
land  can  be  seen  by  a  glance  at  their 
activities  in  the  State  of  Missouri.  The 
Frisco's  Dairy  and  Agricultural  Special 
went  all  across  the  state  by  one  route  and 
returned  by  another.  Its  lecturers 
reached  44,473  people.  About  9,000 
packages  of  improved  seed  corn  and  iG,ooo 
packages  of  cow  pea-seed  were  sold  at 
cost  by  the  state  authorities  who  made 
up  the  corps  of  lecturers;  for  most  of  the 
experts  on  the  agricultural  specials  are 
members  of  the  faculties  of  the  various 
state  agricultural  colleges.  From  this 
train,  along  with  the  lecturers,  was  given 
out  information  about  the  Frisco's  offer 
of  a  fourteen  weeks'  scholarship  at  the 
State  College  to  the  winners  of  the  com 
contests  in  the  forty-five  counties  through 
which  the  road  runs. 

Further  north  on  the  Wabash  the  "Jose- 
phine Special,"  another  train  preaching 
good  farming  and  dairying  drew  large 
crowds  at  its  many  stops  from  Marysville 
in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  state  to 
Jonesburg  near  the  eastern  border,  then 
as  far  north  as  Kirksville  on  another 
branch,  and  back  almost  to  Kansas  City. 
Nearly '  38,000  people  came  to  hear  the 
lectures  and  to  see  Josephine,  the  world's 
champion  cow,  that  formed  part  of  the 
exhibit.  The  Wabash  also  gave  a  $^0 
scholarship  to  the  State  Agricultural 
College  for  each  of  the  counties  through 
which  its  lines  run. 

At  the  same  time  along  the  lines  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  Rock  Island,  and  the 
Burlington  in  Missouri  many  different 
methods  were  in  operation  to  spread  the 
gospel  of  better  farming.  The  Burlington 
ran  a  "seed  special "  in  Missouri  as  far 
back  as  1904.  The  Missouri  Pacific,  in 
common  with  many  other  roads  carries 
many  men  engaged  in  promoting  better 
agriculture  free  of  charge.  I  ts  agricultural 
department  helps  the  farmers  to  find 
markets  and  its  freight  department  has 
made  low  rates  on  manure  to  encourage 
the  farmers  to  build  up  their  soil  —  and 
to  increase  the  roads'  traffic. 

With  the  railroads  acting  as  distributing 
agents  for  farming  knowledge,  with  trains, 
lectures,    demonstration   farms,  farmers' 


institutes,  literature  without  end,  and  with 
many  other  means,  the  science  of  farming 
is  within  the  reach  of  practically  every 
Missouri  farmer.  N(^  only  that,  \^t  when 
75.6do  or  8b,0GD'  peiple  visit  tKe^  trains 
and  thousands  more  attend  the  farmers' 
institutes  it  means  that  they  are  interested, 
that  they  want  to  be  shown. 

In  other  states  the  railroads  are  doing 
similar  work.  The  Great  Northern  con- 
ducts forty-five  experiment  farms  in  co- 
operation with  the  owners  in  Montana; 
and  at  Chester  it  owns  and  operates  a 
farm  of  its  own.  From  time  to  time,  also, 
it  furnishes  the  newspapers  along  its  lines 
with  authoritative  articles  upon  timely 
agricultural  subjects. 

Parallel  to  and  south  of  the  Great 
Northern,  the  Northern  Pacific  conducts 
experiment  farms  (as  does,  also,  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul),  runs 
"better  farming"  trains  and  maintakis 
an  active  staff  of  agricultuml  expAts. 
Meeting  these  efforts,  from  th«  soutft  ire 
those  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  and  the 
Burlington.  So  it  continues  to.  the  south- 
ernmost transcontinental,  the  Sante  Fe 
and  the  Southern  Pacific.  In  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  the  Illinois  Central  with  its 
Reclamation  Special  and  half  a  dozen 
other  trains,  and  the  llarriman  roads  in 
Louisiana  with  a  special  train  carr>'  the 
spread  of  information  as  far  as  the  old 
South  where  it  is  taken  up  by  the  rail- 
roads of  that  section,  particularly  in 
Georgia,  where  President  Soule  of  the 
State  College  has  used  the  trains  to 
great  advantage.  Through  Florida,  Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama,  Georgia,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Tennessee  the  Southern  Railway 
in  connection  with  the  Office  of  Public 
Roads  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
has  run  its  Good  Roads  train. 

This  railroad  effort  is  not  altruism.  The 
more  the  farmer  produces  the  more  the 
railroad  hauls  to  market;  and  the  more 
income  he  has  the  more  dresses  and 
automobiles  it  hauls  to  him.  It  is  busi- 
ness —  the  best  kind  of  business  in  which 
both  parties  profit  by  the  transaction.  In 
doing  this  the  railroads  have,  also,  done 
the  country  a  great  service,  for  they  have 
put  a  vast  amount  of  much  needed  knowl- 
edge in  the  hands  of  the  men  on  the  land. 


A  LABOR  LEADER'S  OWN  STORY 

L/tST  ARTICLE 

THE   NATIONAL  LEADERS  — THE    BOSS    SYSTEM    IN    UNION    POLITICS — THE 

IRREPRESSIBLE    CONFLICT 

BY 

HENRY  WHITE 

(rORM£&LY  PK£SIDEKT  OF  THE  GARMENT  WORKESS'   UNION'  OF  THE  AMERICAS  FEDERAnON  OF  LABOR) 

A  full  and  frank  account  of  the  way  in  which  the  unions  fight  their  battles,  of  their 
aims  and  of  the  means  used  to  gain  them  has  never  before  been  told  by  one  whose 
opportunities  for  knowing  these  facts  were  as  good  as  Mr,  IVhite's;  for  he  organised, 
Duilt  up,  and  led  the  National  Garment  Workers'  Union,  His  articles  are  a  distinct  and 
authoritative  addition  to  the  literature  of  unionism,  told  in  a  most  interesting  way  from 
a  wealth  of  personal  experience  —  The  Editors. 


M 


Y  ACTIVITIES aMheleaaer 
of  the  gaffiWnt  workers 
brought  me  Into  close  con- 
tact with  the  leaders  in 
other  trades.  These  men, 
cn6  chiefs  of  the  union  labor  legions,  had 
begun  to  attract  the  serious  interest  of 
the  nation.  Their  immense  power  and 
their  influence  on  the  nation's  future  was 
becoming  recognized.  The  question  of 
the  kind  of  men  they  were,  was  asked  with 
increasing  anxiety. 

In  personal  qualities  they  could  hardly 
be  characterized  as  a  class.  They  had 
not,  as  far  as  I  could  see,  any  abilities  to 
mark  them  out  from  others.  They  had, 
however,  the  advantage  of  rare  experience 
in  first-hand  grappling  with  the  problems 
of  capital  and  labor  which  gave  them  a 
bearing,  an  assurance,  and  a  keenness 
that  made  them  individually  formidable. 
What  there  was  common  to  them  was  an 
outlook,  limited  to  the  union,  and  an  in- 
tense spirit  of  class  militancy. 

Samuel  Gompers,  the  head  and  recog- 
nized spokesman  of  union  labor,  usually 
admonished  his  colleagues,  "  Claim  every- 
thing, concede  nothing.  What  we  do  is 
right."  Having  had  occasion  to  remon- 
strate with  him  as  to  the  wisdom  of  this 
policy,  contending  that  it  shook  public 
confidence  in  the  responsibility  of  the 
leaders,  he  answered,  "What  outsiders 
think  doesn't  matter."     In  his  utterances 


this  man  invariably  depicted  union  labor 
as  fighting  alone  the  battle  of  humanity, 
justice,  and  progress. 

At  public  meetings  this  leader,  who 
possessed  no  mean  powers  of  oratory,  was 
never  known  even  in  the  face  of  flagrant 
cases  of  union  excesses  and  of  ill  advised 
action  to  acknowledge  any  base  motive 
or  mistaken  policy  on  the  part  of  union 
workmen.  He  could  be  counted  on  to 
make  a  defense  where  it  seemed  none 
could  be  offered.  When  in  New  York^ 
Sam  Parks,  a  walking  delegate  of  prom- 
inence, was  charged  with  using  his  office 
to  exact  tribute  from  employers,  and  was 
tried  and  convicted,  there  was  none  more 
vehement  in  denouncing  the  prosecution 
of  this  delegate  than  Mr.  Gompers.  The 
delegate  ended  his  career  in  state's  prison 
and  his  guilt  was  afterward  generally  ad- 
mitted in  the  labor  ranks. 

The  other  leaders  drew  their  inspiration 
mostly  from  Mr.  Gompers.  In  their 
exaltation  of  the  worker,  in  their  hos- 
tility to  capital,  and  distrust  of  society, 
they  were  alike.  Differences  in  economic 
beliefs  mattered  little.  The  socialist  and 
non  socialist  in  this  attitude  were  in  strik- 
ing accord.  So  extreme  was  their  par- 
tisanship, that  often  there  arose  a  question 
as  to  the  leaders'  sincerity.  Their  attitude 
was  to  me  most  natural.  It  was  an  easy 
one  for  a  leader  to  cultivate.  There  was 
more  than  a  grain  of  justificatvo^  Ici^  ^ 


io8 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  laborer  is  commonly  thought  to  be  at 
a  disadvantage,  and  the  weight  of  society 
is  presumed  to  rest  heaviest  upon  him. 
Against  this  imposition  he  is  con^pelled 
to  struggle.  It  is  a  condition  that  arouses 
on  the  laborer's  side  intense  feeling  apd 
strong  convictions.  To  the  one  who 
conceives  himself  fighting  against  great 
odds  there  is  only  one  issue  and  that  his 
own.  The  leader's  partisanship,  too,  in 
the  union's  early  stage  had  been  effective. 
Excessive  claims  and  exaggerated  hopes 
had  been  a  great  stimulus  to  organization. 
Where,  however,  the  union  has  grown  to  a 
point  at  which  a  strong  check  is  needed  to 
keep  it  from  going  beyond  the  line  of 
prudence  this  partisanship  becomes  a 
serious  matter. 

That  personal  expediency  has  also  been 
an  element  in  this  partisanship,  can  hardly 
be  doubted.  It  was  the  easy  road  to 
the  workers'  favor,  and  in  the  leader's 
struggle  for  place  and  power  the  tempta- 
tion to  play  upon  the  members'  weaknesses 
was  pretty  strong.  It  is  not  difficult 
to  justify  conduct  in  line  with  self-interest. 
Privately,  the  leaders  showed  little  of  this 
partisan  spirit.  They  were  critical  of  the 
members,  broad  in  their  grasp  of  business 
conditions  and  the  public  wants.  The 
capitalists  were  spoken  of  as  the  industrial 
engineers,  deserving  of  their  profits  as 
wages  of  risk  and  enterprise.  On  the  plat- 
form,capitalistswere  always  oppressors  and 
the  laborers  the  only  producers  of  wealth. 

The  grievance  of  the  national  leaders 
against  the  courts  overshadowed  even 
their  grievance  against  capital.  The 
courts,  it  was  felt,  were  an  obstacle  to  be 
overcome  before  the  conquest  of  capital 
could  be  consummated.  Capital  could 
be  temporized  with,  could  be  made  to 
submit  to  principles  however  distasteful 
—  the  closed  shop  even  —  it  could  be 
persuaded  to  join  with  the  union  against 
the  consumer;  politicians,  too,  could  be 
awed  by  so  potent  a  voting  power  as  the 
union;  but  the  courts  standing  upon 
precedent  and  interpreting  rights  in  the 
light  of  all  the  people  presented  an  im- 
passable barrier.  The  courts  indeed  re- 
fused to  see  in  the  "group  rights,"  rights 
above  the  individual  person. 

The  point  of  contact  with  the  courts 


was  the  injunction.  There,  the  concen- 
trated effort  of  the  leaders  was  directed. 
The  injunction  was  denounced  as  ain 
usurpation  of  judicial  power  and  the 
means  of  striking  at  union  labor  through 
the  law.  "The  right  arm  of  capital"  the 
injunction  was  dubbed.  The  Federation's 
head,  Mr.  Gompers,  said  of  it: 

"  The  issuance  of  an  injunction  in  labor 
disputes  is  not  based  on  law  but  is  a  species 
of  judicial  usurpation  in  the  interest  of  the 
money  power,  against  workmen  innocent 
of  any  unlawful  or  criminal  act.  The 
writ  of  injunction  was  intended  to  be 
exercised  for  the  protectioii  of  property 
rights  only.  ...  It  must  never  be 
used  to  curtail  personal  rights;  it  must  not 
be  used  ever  to  punish  prime." 

In  every  state  legislature,  in  every 
session  of  Congress,  determined  attempts 
were  made  to  secure  the  abrogation  of  the 
injunction  in  labor  disputes.  In  the 
Presidential  campaign  of  1908  a  frejizied 
attempt  was  made  to  secure  the  election 
of  the  Democratic  candidate  pledged  to 
the  union's  injunction  plank.  The  propo- 
sition fared  no  better  at  the  hands  of  the 
.  electorate  than  in  the  "capitalistic"  legis- 
latures. 

The  temper  of  the  leaders  on  the  in- 
junction and  their  habit  of  mind  on  legal 
issues  may  be  inferred  from  this  deliberate 
utterance  of  John  Mitchell,  ai  leader  much 
in  the  public  mind  and  having  a  reputation 
for  conservatism: 

'*When  an  injunction  whether  temporary 
or  permanent  forbids  •  the  doing  of  a 
thing  which  is  lawful,  1  believe  that  it  is 
the  duty  of  all  patriots  and  law- 
abiding  citizens,  to  resist,  or  at  least  to 
disregard  the  injunction.  It  is  better  that 
half  of  the  working  men  of  the  country 
remain  constantly  in  jail  than  that  trial 
by  jury  and  other  inalienable  and  essential 
rights  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States 
be  abridged,  impaired,  or  nullified  by  in- 
junctions of  the  courts." 

What  is  lawful  and  what  are  rights,  it 
is  seen,  are  what  the  leader  asserts  them  to 
be.  It  is  seriously  proposed  that  "law- 
abiding  citizens"  "resist"  or  "disregard" 
an  order  from  a  court  for  reasons  sufficient 
to  the  ones  against  whom  it  is  directed. 
An  example  of  how  close  to  actual  sedition 


A  LABOR  LEADER'S  OWN  STORY 


union  labor  would  go  in  opposing  the  in- 
junction is  afforded  by  this  resolution, 
adopted  at  a  recent  convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  highest 
council  of  union  labor,  and  in  anticipation 
of  the  two  decisions  of  the  Federal  Supreme 
Court  lately  rendered,  respecting  the 
boycott: 

When  therefore  any  court  assumes  powers 
not  delegated  to  it  by  the  constitution,  it  in- 
vades the  rights  specifically  reserved  by  the 
document  to  the  States  and  the  people;  its 
action  becomes  void  from  lack  of  jurisdiction 
and  should  not  be  obeyed.  Until  some  change 
has  been  secured  in  the  practices  of  the  courts, 
cither  through  Supreme  Court  decisions  or 
legislative  enactment,  we  recommend  that 
every  answer  to  a  writ  of  injunction  or  a  cita- 
tion for  contempt  shall  insist  upon  our  con- 
stitutional rights  of  free  speech,  free  press, 
peaceful  association,  and  freedom  from  inter- 
ference with  our  personal  rights  by  the  equity 
courts  and  the  denial  to  assume  that  anyone 
has  a  property  right  in  a  man,  his  good  will  or 
his  patronage. 

To  give  the  strongest  emphasis  to  the 
resolution  it  was  adopted  by  a  unanimous 
rising  vote.  As  yet  the  great  labor  body 
has  evinced  no  special  haste  to  carry  out 
the  threat  made,  though  the  highest  court 
decisions  are  condemnatory  of  the  prin- 
ciple expounded  in  the  resolution. 

The  national  leaders  set  up  certain 
principles  which  they  adhered  to  with 
rigid  consistency  and  with  strange  indif- 
ference to  consequences.  Their  position 
was  clear  and  positive.  This  was,  first, 
that  the  worker  as  an  individual  had  no 
rights  save  as  one  of  his  group;  second 
that  the  group  was  sovereign  over  the 
worker.  It  was  in  truth  substituting 
group  rights  for  individual  rights  and  the 
union  for  the  state.  The  criticism  of 
union  policies  has  been  on  the  grounds  of 
the  public  interest.  The  union,  however, 
recognized  no  such  standard  and  so  was 
never  disturbed  by  this  criticism.  Said 
Mr.  Gompers,  in  replying  recently  to  the 
declaration  of  a  convention  of  Methodist 
Episcopal  ministers,  that  it  stood  for 
Justice  for  the  laborer  and  without  dis- 
crimination as  to  union  afTiliation : 

"The  condition  of  justice  or  injustice 
here  has  to  do  with  the  welfare  of  a  class 


109 

as  a  whole.  If  an  individual  of  a  class 
'seeks  the  control  of  his  own  labor  to  the 
extent  of  becoming  a  strike  breaker  his 
action  is  intended  by  his  enriployer  to 
result  and  sometimes  does  result  in  de- 
feating the  union.  .  .  .  This  he  has 
no  moral  right  to  do.  Nor  under  the 
principle  of  group  justice  has  he  the  right 
to  take  the  place  of  the  union  man  who  is 
striving  to  maintain  the  objects  of  labor 
unions,  the  welfare  of  a  group," 

It  was  most  natural  for  organized  Work- 
men to  reach  out  for  the  closed  shop.  If 
the  gqal  of  the  union,  the  exclusive  em- 
ployment of  members,  can  be  had  by  forc- 
ing the  boss  at  some  opportune  time  to 
enter  into  an  agreement  to  that  end,  why 
not?  But  the  proposition  was  not  so 
simple.  The  boss  would  only  concede 
that  condition  when  overpowered  and 
then  only  to  await  the  chance  to  strike 
back.  What  the  boss  resented  most  was 
the^'fencroachment  upon  what  he  deemed 
his  indispensable  authority.  With  the 
closed  shop  gained  the  union's  struggle 
had  just  begun.  The  struggle  indeed  was 
transferred  to  itself,  to  keep  the  members 
from  taking  excessive  advantage  of  their 
position.  I  found  that  it  was  compara- 
tively easy  to  better  conditions  when  the 
closol  shop  was  not  insisted  upon  and 
that  the  object  of  the  closed  shop  could  be 
gained  in  substance  by  not  making  an 
issue  of  it,  and  by  proceeding  quietly  to 
get  the  non-members  into  the  fold.  For 
many  years  during  the  union's  early 
stage  it  struggled  for  simple  recognition, 
the  right  of  workmen  to  combine  and  be 
represented  in  treating  with  the  employer. 
During  that  long  period  while  it  was 
weakest  the  union  managed  to  hold  its 
ground  and  make  headway  without  shop 
monopoly.  The  mistake  of  the  leaders 
was,  as  1  argued  in  my  official  paper,  in 
presuming  that  the  convenience  of  the 
union  was  the  public's  concern  and  that  it 
would  in  consequence  overlook  the  dangers 
inherent  in  the  closed  shop;  that  the 
closed  shop  embodied  a  revolutionary 
principle  which  industry  was  far  from 
accepting  as  yet.  Besides  1  declared  the 
issue  provoked  an  organized  hostility 
to  union  labor  that  jeopardized  its  exis- 
tence.   The  union  was  not  treated  as  a 


no 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


collection  of  laborers  seeking  to  make  the 
best  terms  for  themselves,  but  a  combina- 
tion to  seize  the  employer  by  the  throat. 

My  attitude  for  the  open  shop  provoked 
strong  dissent  from  union  leaders  who 
warned  me  against  my  views.  When  m/ 
associates  on  the  executive  board  of  the 
body  of  which  I  was  the  head  decided 
upon  a  far  reaching  strike  for  the  closed 
shop,  1  found  it  inconsistent  for  me  to 
retain  my  office  and  so  retired. 

That  the  closed  shop  and  coerced  mem- 
berships are  not  essential  to  union  success 
is  shown  by  the  splendid  examples  of  the 
railway  unions.  These  unions  are  ano- 
malies in  unionism.  They  have  succeeded 
phenomenally  along  lines  declared  im- 
practical by  the  labor  chiefs.  The  railway 
unions  have  made  membership  absolutely 
voluntary,  the  members  working  side  by 
side  with  non-members  and  in  the  best 
spirit.  Still  these  unions  have  managed 
to  enroll  the  great  mass  of  railway  workers. 
They  have,  moreover,  made  it  good  policy 
for  the  companies  to  treat  with  them  and 
have  succeeded  again  where  other  unions 
have  conspicuously  failed  —  in  settling 
disputes  by  arbitration.  A  refreshing 
example  of  this  was  offered  within  the 
year  past,  when  the  wage  disputes  on  the 
leading  Eastern  systems  was  adjusted  by 
submission  to  third  parties  and  with  the 
result  of  a  uniform  increase  in  pay  which 
brought  the  standard  up  to  the  rate  pre- 
vailing in  other  parts  of  the  country. 

This  achievement  was  made  possible 
by  the  elimination  of  the  issue  which  had 
rendered  all  attempts  at  arbitration  else- 
where futile  —  the  closed  shop  and  all 
questions  of  union  authority.  This  was 
accomplished  at  a  time  when  nation  wide 
strikes  were  thought  unavoidable.  One 
strike  did  occur  and  that  on  the  leading 
Canadian  line,  but  again  arbitration  in- 
tervened and  an  adjustment  was  reached. 

The  railway  unionists  are  not  free  from 
the  criticism  of  unionists  generally.  They 
have  been  accused  of  treating  lightly 
their  responsibility  as  employees  in  a  vital 
public  service,  of  having  pressed  their 
advantage  unduly  in  seeking  concessions; 
but  they  stand  conspicuously  free  from 
criticism  in  the  essential  respect  of  violat- 
ing individual  rights  and  public  sentiment. 


But  the  issues  arising  from  the  question 
of  rights,  have  long  been  settled  in  the 
public  mind  and  the  judiciary  has  takta 
a  positive  and  perhaps  an  irrevocable 
stand.  The  unions  too  will  continue  to 
assert  their  claims.  These  issues  may  be 
important  as  they  disclose  the  viewpoint 
of  the  union  leaders  and  the  temper  of 
union  labor.  They  are  important  also  as 
they  indicate  the  consequences  of  union 
dominance.  What  is  of  graver  moment 
at  present  is  union  labor's  issue  with  the 
courts  in  the  matter  of  strike  violence. 
Here  the  issue  is  a  concrete  one,  with  no 
room  for  academic  difference.  Does  union 
labor  stand  for  violence,  does  it  really 
seek  its  ends  by  methods  of  terrorism? 

The  record  of  crimes  committed  during 
labor  troubles  and  imputed  to  union  labor 
is  startling.  In  the  one  industry  of  iron 
moulding  the  published  compilation  of 
the  National  Founders  Association  shows 
more  than  400  affidavits  and  statements 
reciting  murders,  assaults,  and  coercions 
during  disputes  from  the  years  1904  to 
1^7  inclusive.  In  the  teamsters'  strike 
in  Chicago,  in  1905,  twenty-one  non-union 
men  were  killed  and  1011  persons  were  seri- 
ously injured.  The  mining  strikes  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region  during  1903-1904 
will  be  long  remembered  for  their  sanguin- 
ary character.  The  remarkable  series  of 
explosions  in  the  iron  construction  trades 
against  open  shop  jobs  and  the  amazing 
developments  are  sufficiently  familiar. 

The  historic  Anthracite  Strike  Commis- 
sion of  1902  comprising  men  of  un- 
questioned honor  and  impartiality,  whose 
selection  by  President  Roosevelt  was 
approved  by  the  union  heads,  found  in  its 
investigation  that,  "the  strike  was  char- 
acterized by  riot  and  bloodshed  culmin- 
ating in  three  murders,  unprovoked,  save 
by  the  fact  that  two  of  the  victims  were 
asserting  their  right  to  work,  and  another 
as  an  officer  of  the  law  was  performing 
his  duty  in  attempting  to  preserve  the 
peace.  Men  who  chose  to  be  impartial 
or  who  remained  at  work  were  assailed 
and  threatened  and  their  families  terror- 
ized or  intimidated.  In  several  instances 
the  houses  of  such  workmen  were  dyna- 
mited or  assaulted  and  the  lives  of  un- 
offending women  and  children  were  put 


A  LABOR  LEADER'S  OWN  STORY 


in  jeopardy.  The  practices  we  are  con- 
demning would  be  outside  th^  pale  of 
civilized  warfare." 

The  immense  body  of  miners  did  nothing 
to  vindicate  itself  from  the  serious  in- 
dictment of  the  Anthracite  Commission, 
though  presided  over  at  the  time  by  Mr. 
Mitchell  who  was  foremost  in.  avowing 
his  devotion  to  lawful  methods.  "  Unions 
that  can't  win  by  peaceful  means  should  be 
defeated/'  was  his  familiar  declaration. 

A  singular  thing  about  the  union  officials 
was  that,  while  protesting  their  peaceful 
intentions,  they  would  at  the  same  time 
assail  bitterly  public  officials  for  activity 
in  putting  down  disorder.  The  enmity  of 
the  unions  followed  Grover  Cleveland  to 
the  grave  because  of  his  single  act  while 
.  President. in  sending  troops  to  quell  the 
menacing  riots  attending  the  Pullman  rail- 
way strike  of  1894.  Governor  Harmpn 
of  Ohio  had  to  meet  the  opposition  of  the 
unions  of  the  state  when  a  candidate  for 
reflection  last  fall,  because  of  his  efforts 
to  put  down  rioting  during  the  street  car 
strike  in  Columbus.  The  harshest  epithet 
applied  to  President  Taft  is  that  he  is 
the  "Father  of  the  Injunction." 

When  I  remonstrated  with  leaders  on 
the  inconsistency  of  this  attitude,  they 
evasively  answered  that  the  soldiers  or 
special  police,  brought  to  the  scene  of  a 
strike*  tended  to  "overawe"  the  strikers 
and  provoke  trouble.  When  pressed  on 
this  point  and  asked  how  this  could  be  if 
the  strikers  were  peacefully  bent,  they 
replied  with  astonishing  frankness  that 
the  presence  of  soldiers  and  police  tended 
to  encourage  "scabism"  by  the  protection 
given  the  "  scabs."  Then  1  observed  that 
the  union  could  not  win  on  its  merits,  and 
they,  with  equal  frankness,  answered  that 
capital  would  be  too  strong  for  labor  in 
the  existing  stage  of  the  movement  if  the 
"  fear  of  God  "  was  no  timplanted  in  would- 
be  "scabs."  1  then  suggested  that,  if 
force  was  really  necessary  to  uphold 
unionism  and  if  it  was  desirable  that  it 
be  so  upheld,  they  would  do  well  to  make 
the  union  more  effective  in  that  respect; 
the  reply  was  that  it  was  up  to  each  union 
to  do  what  was  best,  and  the  leaders  need 
not  bother  how  it  was  done. 

The  great  cloak  strike  in  New  York  last 


III 

summer  was  marked  by  great  turbulence. 
The  employers  appealed  to  the  District 
Attorney  but  without  result.  The  Grand 
Jury  was  appealed  to  next  and  a  long  list 
of  assaults  some  culminating  in  death  was 
submitted.  An  application  in  the  mean- 
time had  been  made  to  Justice  Goff  for  an 
injunction.  The  Justice  in  granting  a  very 
sweeping  order,  restraining  especially  de- 
monstrations of  large  crowds  before  the 
shops  where  resumption  of  work  was  at- 
tempted, cited  that  agents,  attorneys  and, 
bondsmen  were  stationed  by  the  union  at 
the  Police  courts  for  the  benefit  of  arrested 
unionists.  This  legal  protection  of  mem- 
bers, charged  with  attacking  non-unionists, 
was  a  common  practice  of  labor  unions. 
It  mattered  not  what  the  nature  of  the 
crimes  charged,  or  how  patent  the  unionist's 
guilt  so  long  as  the  acts  were  for  the  "  good 
of  the  cause." 

Political  influence  was  brought  to  bear 
also  in  behalf  of  union  offenders.  I  was 
often  importuned  by  labor  men  to  see 
this  or  that  political  leader  regarding 
some  follower  who  was  "in  bad."  The 
readiness  of  the  political  leaders  to  "  please 
labor"  was  inspiring.  The  growth  and 
aggressiveness  of  the  unions  had  made 
their  impression  on  political  managers^ 
and  the  union  leaders  despite  their  public 
denunciations  of  "capitalistic  parties'* 
were  not  loath  to  improve  on  the  oppor- 
tunity. From  my  experience  in  handling 
large  strikes,  1  found  a  marked  reluctance 
of  the  police  and  local  magistrates  in 
arresting  and  punishing  strikers — activity 
in  this  regard  not  being  considered  good 
politics.  This  practical  immunity  from 
punishment  of  union  offenders  I  con- 
sidered the  strongest  incentive  to  violence. 
And  the  disapproval  of  public  opinion 
never  worried  the  leaders.  Though  they 
did  not  court  it,  and  even  tried  to  allay 
it ,  when  inside  union  circles  their  con- 
tempt for  this  opinion  was  not  concealed. 

The  contrast  in  the  character  of  union 
violence  a  decade  or  more  ago  and  at 
the  present  time  is  exceedingly  significant. 
Then  it  was  of  the  spontaneous  sort.  It 
was  the  sort  resulting  from  inflamed  pas- 
sion, such  as  rioting,  brow-beating,  and 
the  like.  The  participants  took  larg^ 
chances  and  were  readily  handled  by  the 


112 


THE  WOEILD'S  WORK 


K)lice  or  in  extreme  cases  by  the  militia. 
ow  this  violence  has  the  marks  of  pre- 
meditation and  direction.  It  occurs  be- 
tween strikes  as  well  as  during  strikes.  A 
systematic  terrorism  prevails  in  many 
organized  trades.  It  is  manifested  in 
attacks  under  conditions  of  comparative 
safety  to  the  assailants,  by  explosions,  by 
isolated  assaults  with  special  weapons, 
principally  the  blackjack.  It  was  re- 
peatedly charged  that  professional  gangs 
were  engaged  for  this  purpose.  1  n  Chicago 
•  lately  there  were  sensational  revelations 
of  this  kind  involving  many  murders.  It 
was  within  my  knowledge  that  regular 
toughs  were  retained  by  certain  union 
leaders  for  "special  committee  work" 
and  that  the  facts  in  one  case  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  prosecuting  officials  and 
magistrates.  However  the  conditions 
that  existed  were  the  best  evidence  of 
this  fact.  Last  spring  there  was  a  gen- 
eral strike  in  the  baking  trade  in  New 
York.  The  employers  sent  a  committee 
to  the  Mayor  to  request  police  protection, 
alleging  that  their  shops  were  being 
regularly  raided.  This  protection  not 
materializing,  the  employing  bakers  capit- 
ulated. The  head  of  the  employers' 
association  told  me  that  his  associates 
surrendered  rather  than  see  their  places 
wrecked  and  their  lives  jeopardized. 

The  organization  and  government  of 
union  labor  presents  a  situation  as  remark- 
able as  its  industrial  and  social  attitudes. 
The  American  Federation  of  Labor  was  the 
reaction  against  the  centralized  and  des- 
potic system  of  the  Knights  of  Labor. 
The  central  idea  of  the  Federation  was 
that  of  an  alliance  of  independent  and 
self-governing  bodies.  Afiiliation  was  even 
made  voluntary  differing  in  that  important 
respect  from  that  of  the  federation  of 
states.  The  democratic  principle.  alwa\s 
a  force  in  unionism,  was  thought  to  be 
effectually  safeguarded. 

In  form  the  decentralized  principle  still 
remains.  Nominally  the  only  powers 
possessed  by  the  general  body  are  those 
conceded  to  it  and  limited  to  organization 
and  educational  work.  The  function  of 
the  yearly  conventions  is  still  presumed 
to  be  chiefly  that  of  defining  union  policies 
and  adopting  means  for  the  common  de- 


fense. Various  conditions,  however, 
served  to  revolutionize  in  practice  the 
original  Conception  of  the  Federation. 

The  first  condition  was  the  voting  sys* 
tem  which  enabled  a  baker's  dozen  of 
national  unions,  out  of  the  hundred  and 
more  represented,  to  cast  the  preponderate 
ing  vote.  From  these  unions  the  govern- 
ing council  was  chosen.  Another  con- 
dition was  the  increasing  dependence  of 
the  individual  unions  upon  the  support 
of  the  Federation.  Its  ability  to  give  or 
withhold  support  became  the  whip  over 
the  constituent  unions.  Another  con- 
dition and  perhaps  the  most  important  to 
bring  about  the  overthrow  of  the  prin- 
ciple on  which  the  Federation  was  founded, 
was  the  devotion  to  the  solidarity  idea. 
By  this,  all  considerations,  even  those  of 
independence,  decency,  and  justice  were 
made  subordinate  to  unity.  Regularity 
became  the  one  test  of  standing. 

The  Executive  Council  consisted  of 
eleven  members,  most  of  these  having  hekl 
ofTice  from  ten  to  twenty-five  years.  The 
Council's  existence  was  practically  con- 
tinuous. It  had  suffered  less  change  than 
takes  place  in  the  Federal  Supreme  Court. 
A  "self  perpetuating  hierarchy  of  labor" 
it  was  commonly  called.  This  coterie 
of  labor  chiefs  held  undisturbed  dominion 
over  all  organized  labor,  excepting  as 
stated  —  the  railway  federation  and  a  few 
minor  bodies. 

The  expansion  of  union  labor  about  ten 
years  ago  and  the  alarming  disputes  that 
took  place  so  impressed  the  public  that 
men  of  affairs  began  to  consider  earnestly 
the  problems  presented  and  to  assist  in 
their  solution.  Civic  committees  arose 
in  the  large  centres  to  grapple  with  these 
problems.  The  union  leaders  acquired 
a  remarkable  importance.  Their  presence 
was  solicited  at  the  most  prominent  public 
and  social  functions.  From  "dangerous 
agitators"  they  became  the  associates  of 
eminent  men,  confidential  advisors  of 
Governors  and  Presidents,  special  guests 
at  swell  dinners,  star  speakers  at  imposing 
gatherings,  whose  utterances  found  eager 
listeners.  1,  like  my  associates,  was  be- 
wildered at  these  attentions.  A  revolu- 
tion in  the  relations  of  labor  and  capital 
seemed  to  impend. 


A  LABOR  LEADER'S  OWN  STORY 


«'3 


The  most  prominent  of  these  committees 
was  made  up  of  equal  representatives  of 
employers,  labor  officials,  and  public  men. 
This  committee  had  elaborate  machinery 
for  the  carrying  out  of  its  purpose.  The 
leading  men  of  the  nation  were  enlisted. 
Yet,  this  meeting  on  "common  ground" 
brought  peace  no  nearer.  If  "getting 
together"  and  "mutual  understandings" 
were  a  solution,  that  solution  surely  would 
have  been  had.  A  public  committeeman 
remarked:  "The  trouble  lies  in  too  much 
understanding.  Each  side  knows  just 
what  the  other  wants  and  won't  take 
chances." 

The  attitude  of  the  employers  and  labor 
officials  toward  each  other  was  very  gra- 
cious. The  employers  spoke  of  the  labor 
men  as  "labor's  statesmen."  And  the 
labor  men  greeted  the  other  as  the  "in- 
dustrial captains."  There  was  a  refresh- 
ing agreement  as  to  the  evils  of  strikes 
and  lockouts.  They  were  treated  as 
forms  of  barbarism.  If  justice  and  reason 
prevailed,  they  argued  there  would  be  no 
need  of  either.  Conciliation  and  arbi- 
tration were  what  was  wanted,  and  the 
committee  stood  ready  to  supply  that 
need  in  abundance. 

"Cooperation"  between  employer  and 
unions  found  great  favor,  and  became  the 
keynote  of  the  peace  meetings.  Capital 
and  Labor  each  with  "legs  under  a  table" 
adjusting  terms  in  a  brotherly  spirit  was  a 
figure  that  was  applauded  most.  The 
confabs  that  were  held  around  the  festive 
board '  (with  Capital  always  standing 
treat)  was  made  symbolic  of  that  devoutly 
wished  for  relationship.  But  I  could  not 
observe  that  these  talks  influenced  in  any 
way  the  outside  relations  of  the  two.  The 
enthu3iasm  of  the  participants,  too,  never 
filtered  down  through  the  ranks  of  either 
workers  or  employers. 

Whatever  chances  there  might  have  been 
for  the  adjustment  of  differences  were 
shattered  when  the  dreaded  and  inevitable 
issue  of  the  closed  shop  arose.  The  em- 
ployers would  not  yield  a  bit  on  this  point, 
holding  as  a  principle  that  to  bind  them- 
selves to  exclude  non-union  workers  from 
their  shops  meant  giving  over  the  control 
of  their  business  to  the  union  and  the 
unionists  were  equally  firm  in  maintaining 


as  a  principle  that  to  permit  non-members 
in  the  shops  rendered  the  union  impotent 
to  control  working  conditions.  A  con- 
dition of  inaction  followed. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  narrow  down 
the  members'  views  to  an  agreement  on 
some  concrete  proposition.  If  this  could 
be  done,  it  was  thought,  a  great  stride 
would  have  been  made  toward  the  object 
of  the  committee.  After  sundry  national 
conferences  in  which  many  men  of  note 
participated,  the  trade  agreement  was 
accepted  as  offering  the  most  promise. 
A  special  committee  to  promote  trade 
agreements  was  appointed  and  later  a 
commissioner  at  a  generous  salary  to 
give  his  whole  time  to  the  undertaking. 
This  commissioner  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  labor  men.  Years 
passed,  yet  the  first  agreement  of  this  sort 
was  to  be  adopted  through  the  commit- 
tee's efforts.  '    . 

Trade  agreements,  it  turned  out,  were 
possible  only  between  strong  combinations 
of  employers  and  workmen,  were  in  them- 
selves the  results  of  war,  and  were  entered 
into  as  a  matter  of  hard  necessity.  Em- 
plo\'ers  wherever  they  could  avoid  it 
refused  to  have  contracts  with  the  union. 
They  wanted  them  only  when  menaced  by 
the  union  and  in  order  to  hold  it  down  to 
fixed  terms  for  a  given  period.  Unions, 
too,  were  as  reluctant  to  treat  with  asso- 
ciated employers  and  sought  wherever 
they  could  to  deal  with  them  separately. 
With  the  individual  employer,  however, 
contracts  were  insisted  upon.  The  trade 
agreement  not  being  a  voluntarv'  arrange- 
ment of  course  failed  as  a  basis  of  harmony 
between  organized  capital  and  labor.  The 
idea  proved  wholly  Utopian. 

The  rank  and  file  of  the  unions  obstin- 
ately refused  to  appreciate  the  work  of 
the  peace  committee.  Its  advances  were 
keenly  distrusted  and  its  mission  looked 
upon  as  a  scheme  to  beguile  the  workers. 
The  leaders  hobnobbing  with  millionaires 
were  treated  with  equal  distrust,  and 
unions  kept  passing  resolutions  of 
censure.  In  vain  did  we  tell  them 
that  we  were  using  the  big  bosses  for  the 
good  of  the  cause.  It  was  all  we  could  do 
to  keep  the  important  unions  from  openly 
condemning  the  peace  committee.    The 


114 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


matter  was  studiously  kept  out  of  the 
Federation  of  Labor  meetings  because  we 
feared  the  issue.  Nevertheless  the  largest 
of  the  labor  unions,  that  of  the  mine 
workers,  finally  gave  its  distinguished 
member  on  the  committee  —  the  trade 
agreement  commissioner  —  the  choice  of 
expulsion  from  the  union  or  resignation 
from  the  committee.  He  chose  the  latter. 
Employers  charged  on  the  other  hand 
that  the  labor  men  had  their  thumb  upon 
the  civic  committee;  that  it  was  used  by 
them  for  their  own  purposes  and  unknown 
to  the  philanthropically  disposed  members. 
Though  the  committee  was  of  no  value 
to  the  labor  men  in  the  matter  of  adjust-, 
ing  disputes,  as  indeed  it  could  not  very 
well  take  sides  on  matters  of  principle, 
this  charge  was  not  without  basis.  The 
life  of  the  committee  rested  at  all  times 
upon  the  will  of  the  labor  men.  Their 
withdrawal  would  end  it.  The  promoter 
and  moving  spirit  of  this  committee  re- 
marked to  me,  "  We  can  get  along  without 
any  one  employer  or  public  member,  but 
we  can't  do  without  certain  labor  men  as 
they  could  smash  the  whole  thing."    And 


the  labor  men  were  not  over  modest  in 
making  the  most  of  the  chance. 

The  distrust  of  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
unionists  of  the  committee,  though  to  be 
expected,  was  hardly  justified,  as,  however 
much  the  leaders  may  have  profited  by 
their  connection  with  the  committee,  their 
mere  association  with  it  certainly  gave 
their  cause  a  special  dignity  and  import- 
ance. Besides,  the  personal  help  of  influ- 
ential committee-men  was  used  in  emerg- 
encies where  a  union  was  hard  pressed. 

The  enforced  withdrawal  of  the  miners' 
leader  snuffed  out  whatever  flickering 
hope  there  remained  in  the  committee's 
mission.  The  committee,  brought  into 
being  to  put  an  end  to  labor  strife,  has  in 
recent  years  turned  its  attentbn  to  in- 
dustrial and  civic  welfare  work.  All 
private  organized  effort  at  pacifying  the 
relations  of  capital  and  labor  appears  nov 
to  have  been  abandoned.  It  has  been 
found  that  the  labor  conflict  implies  more 
than  a  quarrelling  over  pay,  to  be  met  by 
a  splitting  of  differences  —  that  it  has  to 
do  in  fact  with  underlying  human  nature. 
The  question  still  remains  open  and  acute. 


FROM  A  LAW  OFFICE  TO  A  COTTON 

FARM 


A    PERSONAL    EXPERIENCE   OF  GOING  BACK  TO  THE    FREEDOM   OF   THE    LAND. 
OPPORTUNITY   OF   THE   NEW    PLANTATION 

BY 

RALPH  W.  PAGE 


THE 


THERE  was  exactly  two  months 
during  the  transition  from 
the  debility  of  a  law  office 
on  Rector  Street  in  New 
^'ork  to  satisfaction  in  iMoore 
County,  North  Carolina. 

I  had  followed  the  conventional  parade 
down  the  Avenue  of  Success  through 
Harvard  College,  and  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  From  a  term  of  service  as  a 
genteel  office  boy  of  a  New  York  law 
baron,  I  went  to  a  cubby-hole  of  my  own 
commanding  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the 


Ninth  Avenue  Elevated  Road.  On  the 
ist  of  July,  1910,  I  stopped  to  take  stock. 
It  was  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
I  was  in  bed.  I  had  no  catalogued  dis- 
ease. 1  was  just  run  down  as  a  clock 
might  be.  It  took  more  courage  than  I 
had  to  get  on  the  street  cars  and  go  to  my 
law  office.  1  became  slowly  convinced 
that  1  was  miserable  —  all  the  time 
driving  my  headache  from  one  unfinished 
law  case  to  another  house  party  —  work 
and  play  alike  were  tiresome. 
There  is,  of  course,  a  great  deal  more 


FROM  A  LAW  OFFICE  TO  A  COTTON  FARM 


n5 


to  say  if  I  should  tell  the  whole  story. 
New  York  and  social  pleasures  and  country 
c'ubs  don't  square  the  account.  I've 
heard  the  complaint  and  seen  it  in  the  eye 
of  many  a  fellow  at  the  down-town  club 
where  I  lunched.  These  poor  weary  slaves 
haven't  found  a  way  to  freedom.  But  I 
quit  —  quit  then  and  there.  The  only 
value  that  this  story  has,  is  a  possible  en- 
couragement to  others. 

I  had  just  one  thousand  dollars  which 
1  had  saved.  But  I  had  no  idea  what  1 
was  gping  to  do.  I  decided  thenceforth 
to  live  as  I  chose,  in  surroundings  that 
were  pleasing  to  me,  where  I  could  breathe, 
and  be  under  no  obligations  to  the  clock. 
Maybe  1  should  read,  and  commune  with 
nature,  and  emulate  Sir  Roger  de  Coverly. 
Maybe  I  should  vegetate  and  grow  chin 
whiskers.  But  I  should  do  in  peace  what- 
ever I  chose  to  do. 

1  gave  up  the  practice  of  law  at  which 
my  friends  thought  I  had  made  a  success- 
ful beginning,  and  I  went  to  a  small  town 
in  Vermont,  and  spread  a  picture  of  the 
bucolic  life  —  of  peaches,  a  private  swim- 
ming hole,  and  a  Sabine  farm  to  an  old 
college  chum  of  mine.  He  was  a  mining 
engineer. 

The  idea  was  already  in  his  mind.  He 
had  almost  resolved  to  get  an  apple  orchard 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  Virginia,  and 
to  practise  and  to  enjoy  a  bit  of  Southern 
hospitality.     My  proposition  was  this: 

"  Here  we  are,"  1  said,  "  free  and  inde- 
pendent and  young.  There  is  nothing 
on  earth  to  prevent  our  creating  our  own 
world  and  living  our  lives  as  we  wish,  and 
let's  go  and  do  it.  Mr.  James  J.  Hill  says 
the  farmer  can  both  live  and  make  a 
living.  The  papers  are  full  of  fairy 
stories  about  onions  in  Texas  and  olives 
in  California  and  Angora  goats  in  the 
Green  Mountains,  sermons  in  stones  and 
the  promise  of  the  soil.     Let  us  see." 

We  played  with  the  plan  in  a  gay  mood, 
hinting  of  freedom,  but  we  went  about  the 
business  in  a  way  that  would  have  satis- 
fied a  bank  examiner.  We  discarded  all 
preconceived  ideas,  all  advertisements, 
and  even  the  special  articles  on  irrigation 
and  the  Yakima  Valley  written  by  our 
college  contemporaries,  and  went  in  a 
straight  Kne  to  the  inner  office  of  the  only 


real  prophet  that  1  ever  saw  —  the  late 
Dr.  S.  A.  Knapp,  of  the  Farmers'  Co- 
operative Demonstration  Bureau  at  Wash- 
ington. He  greeted  us  in  a  spirit  of  fun 
and  pleasure  and  help  that  has  kept  us 
going  and  singing  ever  since.  There  was 
no  long  palaver,  or  great  weighing  of 
chances  or  rigmarole. 

We  told  him  frankly  and  gayly  that  we 
had  never  farmed  a  straw,  that  Goldsmith 
was  the  only  authority  we  had  ever  read 
on  the  dairy,  and  that  we  had  no  money, 
and  only  an  academic  education,  and  we 
wished  to  be  told  accurately  and  definitely 
whether  we  two  amateurs  —  one  trained 
in  cosines,  and  the  other  in  legal  forms  — 
could  go  an>^here  and  make  money 
farming.  *'lf  so,  please  tell  us  where, 
what  to  grow,  and  how  to  grow  it." 

This  may  seem  to  you  a  very  foolish 
procedure.  But,  do  you  know,  that  is 
just  what  that  great,  kindly  old  gentleman 
did,  as  he  had  done  for  thousands  of  others. 
Other  men  may  know  how  to  give  such 
directions  —  but  they  have  land  to  sell 
or  they  are  in  the  fruit  commission  busi- 
ness. There  is  generally  something  be- 
sides expert  advice  behind  an  irrigation 
company,  or  an  engraved  map  of  a  new 
farming  district. 

But  Dr.  Knapp  was  the  head  of  all  the 
government  experts  in  the  fields  of  the 
South.  He  fetched  in  charts  of  every 
state,  showing  his  stations,  and  the  in- 
numerable monthly  reports  of  his  agents, 
one  to  a  county,  whose  law  is  the  law  of 
facts  and  figures,  and  who  do  not  deal 
in  futures.  He  showed  what  men  had  done, 
and  were  doing;  and  that  was  enough  for 
us.  Then  to  our  further  astonishment  he 
said: 

"This  is  the  wisest  and  best  thing  you 
could  do.  Moreover,  if  \ou  will  follow 
the  simple  rules  of  husbandry  and  attend 
to  the  details,  you  cannot  possibly  fail. 
Grow  cotton  and  corn  and  cow-peas. 
Raise  your  own  horses.  And  later  on  as 
you  learn  the  game,  branch  out  into  every 
kind  of  diversified  farming." 

He  took  a  map  of  the  South.  On  this 
he  drew  a  line.  "Almost  any  land  in  this 
big  area  will  grow  cotton.  Don't  go  to 
the  famous  districts.  Go  anywhere  else. 
Scientific   cultivation    cares    nothing   for 


ii6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


superstition  or  precedents.  Find  a  tract 
of  land  that  is  cheap  —  not  more  than 
$20  an  acre  —  and  that  is  flat,  and  in  an 
upland  country  where  there  are  no  malarial 
mosquitoes;  and  be  sure  there  is  at  least 
some  land  cleared  and  a  shelter  and  a 
stable  on  the  place,  for  a  beginning." 

We  were  in  North  Carolina  the  next 
morning.  Our  idea  was  to  get  a  place  as 
far  north  as  possible  —  still  looking  back, 
like  Lot's  wife,  to  the  class  day  spreads  and 
the  Cinderella.  (I've  never  been  to  the 
Cinderella,  but  you  know  what  I  mean.) 

The  next  week  was  perhaps  the  happiest 
1  ever  spent.  We  rode  across  the  country 
from  Pinehurst  —  famous  for  golf  — 
through  a  region  of  sand  and  little  streams 
and  the  remnants  of  a  mighty  pine  forest. 
At  the  first  cross  roads  —  called  West 
End  —  we  found  some  acres  of  corn  that 
we  have  since  seen  measured,  yielding 
'37/^  bushels  to  the  acre.  That  may 
seem  a  mere  bit  of  arithmetic  to.  you. 
But  to  the  agriculturist  it  sounds  like  a 
big  stock  dividend.  It  was  grown  under 
the  superintendence  of  Thaddeus  McLain, 
Dr.  Knapp's  man  thereabout,  and  by  the 
childishly  simple  method  of  following 
instructions,  less  complex  and  shorter 
than  blanks  that  you  must  sign  for  tickets 
to  the  Harvard-Yale  boat  race. 

We  drove  across  country  for  a  week 
or  two,  stopping  at  every  patch  and 
corner  to  estimate  the  possible  yield  of 
the  cotton  there  and  to  discover  how  it 
was  grown.  We  spent  our  evenings  here 
and  there  in  the  main,  reading  that  fasci- 
nating literature  dispensed  by  the  Agricul- 
tural Department  on  specific  subjects  of 
farm  management. 

From  this  section  we  went  into  the  old 
and  famous  cotton  districts  —  along  the 
Peedee  River,  where  the  last  half-century 
has  left  no  mark  —  on  down  to  Marl- 
boro Count)",  S.  C.  perhaps  the  m<^st 
successful  cotton  country  in  the  world. 
We  talked  to  everybody  we  saw  for  nearly 
a  month.  And  then  one  day  we  fore- 
gathered on  the  porch  of  the  Jackson 
Springs  Hotel,  near  Pinehurst,  and  gravely 
concluded  — 

1.  That  land  right  there  in  the  pine 
belt  was  as  productive  as  land  anywhere. 

2.  That  the  region  was  high  and  healthy. 


3.  That  land  there  cost  nothing  ttu^i 
is«  in  comparison.  Cotton  land  in  Mart-, 
boro  County,  S.  C,  cost  $200  an  acre 
bid,  and  none  offered;  land  in  Moore 
County,  N.  C,  $10  offered,  and  few 
purchasers. 

4.  That  here  we  could  buy  a  large 
acreage,  and  build  the  whole  place  to  suit 
our  fancy,  and  the  fancy  of  our  friends, 
who  "hanker"  for  quail  to  shoot  and  a 
fancy  breeze. 

We  so  informed  Dr.  Knapp.  One  of 
his  men,  Mr.  Mercier  of  the  Department^ 
went  over  the  whole  field  with  us.  Hi^ 
answer  was  that  we  couldn't  possibly  make 
a  mistake  at  that  figure.  So  he  fired  the 
pistol  and  the  game  was  on. 

Wei  employed  Mr.  Emery  Smith,  whose 
knowledge  of  native  land  boundaries  and 
eccentricities  of  the  owners  was  complete^ 
to  ride  the  country  and  find  us  a  tract 
with  land  that  was  flat  and  a  bam  that  was| 
usable.  And  meantime  we  figured  i\  out 
that  land  can  be  cleared  for  |io  an  jicre, 
1  now  know,  because  since  then  I  have 
cleared  many  an  acre.  My  neij^bors 
have  it  clear^  by  contract  for  |8.$o,  |)ut 
I  am  not  as  clever  as  they.  It  will  grow 
in  unlimited  measure  com  and  peas  and 
sweet  potatoes  and  watermelons  and 
peaches  and  a  large,  catalogue  of  other 
things.  All  this  has  been  adequately 
demonstrated.  You  can  see  for  yourself 
at  the  proper  season,  if  you  will  go 
to  West  End  and  Jackson  Springs,  to 
Van  Lindley's  orchard  and  McLain's 
place.  The  cotton  farmers  of  Marlboro 
County,  who  study  cotton  as  a  religion, 
have  since  bought  big  tracts  here  to 
enlarge  their  area  of  operations.  Til 
tell  you  the  names  of  some  of  them  — 
Everitt  and  Crossland,  McColl,  and 
Sheriff  Green.  McColl  says  it  costs  him 
five  and  one-half  cents  a  pound  to  grow 
cotton.  Experience  varies.  The  pessi- 
mists say  eight  cents.  Mine  will  cost 
twelve  cents,  but  1  am  a  greenhom,  and 
it  is  my  first  year,  and  there  came  a 
cyclone,  and  it  is  new  ground. 

I  am  not  writing  a  prospectus.  I  am 
narrating  the  facts  as  we  told  them  to  the 
member  of  our  company  who  plays  the 
part  of  banker,  humorist,  and  friend.  He 
sent  us  the  money.    It  is  the  safest  money. 


FROM  A  LAW  OFFICE  TO  A  COTTON  FARM 


117 


on  earth  —  money  bet  on  the  future  of 
cheap  cotton  land,  and  the  Knapp  system 
of  farming.  There  was  only  one  other 
item  to  mention.  We  agreed  to  stay  on 
the  job  for  ten  years  —  personally. 

I  wouldn't  swap  the  experience  of  this 
>'ear  for  any  picture  I  ever  saw  of  the 
millennium.  Since  the  whole  purpose  of 
this  piece  is  to  persuade  other  fellows  to 
leave  Nassau  Street  and  Rector  Street 
and  all  the  other  streets  and  win  their 
release,  1  am  going  into  specific  details. 

We  bought  800  acres,  with  a  weedy, 
tangled,  run-down  corn  field  of  200  acres, 
and  half  a  dozen  shanties,  and  a  remnant 
of  a  bam,  for  $8,000.  It  was  on  the  rail- 
road, and  is  still  called  the  old  Chisholm 
place.  This  was  in  November  la^  year. 
From  then  until  March  first  we  kept  eight 
negroes  and  a  dozen  miscellaneous  white 
hands  burning  stumps,  grubbing  up  black- 
jacks, plowing,  and  building  shanties. 
We  plowed  all  the  clear  land  with  a  two- 
horse-plow  —  this  is  the  first  and  greatest 
commandment  —  and  sowed    it    in    rye. 

Lumber  was  cut  in  the  vicinity  and  de- 
livered at  $11  a  thousand  feet.  Car- 
penters cost  $1.50  to  S2.00  a  day,  farm 
labor  fi.op.  We  built  three  shanties, 
very  sumptuous  and  elaborate  for  that 
vicinity,  at  about  5250  apiece  —  upstairs 
and  all.  The  barn.  80  by  40  feet,  with 
16  big  stalls  cost  $610.  under  contract. 
An  engineer  from  Wilmington  drained  a 
bottom  we  had  with  tiles,  about  40  acres 
at  a  total  cost  of  S4 1 7.  We  bought  horses 
also  according  to  Knapp.  We  sent  our 
invaluable  Smith  to  Virginia,  and  at 
Woodstock  he  bought  three  pair  of  mares, 
three-fourths  Percheron,  1,500  pounds 
each,  five  years  old,  for  $510  a  pair.  We 
bought  a  young  pair  of  mules  for  $500. 

On  March  first  we  were  ready  to  farm. 
The  tenant  houses  were  finished;  the 
station  and  store  was  read>-;  the  fer- 
tilizer warehouse  was  ready.  Stumps 
were  out.  the  land  dry  and  clear.  The 
books  showed  that  800  acres  of  land, 
shanties,  bams,  residence,  fertilizer  house, 
12  horses  and  mules,  clearing  40  acres, 
"stumping"  230  acres,  a  complete  equip- 
ment of  machiner>'  and  tools,  tile-draining, 
a  dam,  a  tank,  and  a  water  supply  had  all 
cost  $20,90;. 


This  does  not  represent  our  total  ex- 
pense. But  it  is  ail  that  is  essential  to 
this  farm.  We  bought  3,000  acres  of 
adjoining  land  and  are  renting  now  another 
farm.  But  this  is  not  the  main  proposition. 
We  hired  a  cotton-foreman  from  South 
Carolina,  bought  our  cotton  seed  from 
the  Agricultural  College  at  Raleigh,  our 
seed  corn  from  a  neighbor  whose  yield 
was  big  and  we  had  a  congress  of  authori- 
ties to  comment  on  our  proceedings.  Our 
140  acres  of  cotton  and  our  40  acres  of 
corn  grew  well,  and  the  '•est  of  the  land 
was  overrun  with  canteloupes  and  water- 
melons, and  we  still  have  some  of  the 
money  in  the  bank  that  we  estimated  we 
should  need. 

It  is  too  soon  to  say  what  the  com  and 
cotton  cost  us.  It  is  too  soon  to  tell  you 
what  it  will  yield.  And  the  price  of  cotton 
is  as  uncertain  as  ever.  But  this  I  know 
—  every  morning  I  can  spring  out  of  bed 
at  sunrise  with  a  song  (because  1  don't 
bate  to  spring  or  sing  —  do  you  see?) 
and  rejoice  at  the  cheerful  ringing  of  the 
plantation  bell.  And  1  can  call  Tobe  to 
saddle  my  mare  Dixie,  and  ride  as  a  master 
of  the  earth,  down  long  green  rows  of  my 
own,  and  put  my  hands  to  the  new  culti- 
vator that  runs  like  a  sewing  machine, 
and  direct  the  building  of  a  dam,  just  as 
though  1  were  a  real  man.  and  was  already 
successful.  And  1  get  my  fun  going  to 
seed-corn  meetings,  and  investigating  Mr. 
Price's  cotton  picker,  and  in  doing  what 
1  please. 

All  this  is  to  no  purpose,  unless  1  can 
in  some  small  measure  pass  along  Dr. 
Knapp's  good  advice.  But  few  people 
believe  such  statements.  Still  the  fact 
is  that  I  have  quit  trying  to  please  myself 
by  any  future  Elysium;  but  1  am  now 
happy  and  independent  and  on  the  way 
to  make  all  the  money  I  need,  and  1  have 
all  the  time  in  the  world  to  tell  anybody 
who  wishes  to  try  such  a  life  all  I  have 
learned  about  it  —  you  or  anybody  else. 
Get  off  the  Seaboard  Train  at  Aberdeen. 
N.  C,  ask  anybody  —  (it  is  a  small  world 
down  here)  and  anybody  will  tell  you  the 
way  to  my  farm,  and  I  will  show  you  the 
whole  story,  and  point  the  way  to  any 
number  of  similar  experiences  from  North 
Carolina  to  Te.xas. 


THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 


DULUTH   AND   ITS   HINTERLAND 

Following  Mr,  Henry  Oyen's  comprehensive  series  "  The  Awakening  of  the  Ckits 
which  showed  haw  they  are  meeting  the  problems  that  twentieth  century  civilifgtian 
thrusts  upon  them  —  how  far-seeing  municipalities  are  the  hope  of  an  efficient  democracy  — 
the  World's  Work  has  decided  to  publish  a  series  of  city  achievements  as  encamage* 
ment  to  one  of  the  most  important  movements  of  progress  of  this  time  —  the  pbysicalf 
moral  and  social  improvement  of  American  cities. —  The  Editors. 


DULUTH  was  a  port  of  first 
magnitude  before  its  sur- 
rounding country  was  any- 
thing but  a  wilderness;  but 
it  found  that  even  a  "whale" 
of  a  port  does  not  make  a  city. 

To  meet  that  condition  the  Duluth 
Commercial  Club  four  years  ago  set  up  its 
agricultural  propaganda,  engaged  Mr.  A. 
B.  Hostetter,  a  skilled  Illinois  farmer  with 
experience  in  institute  work,  and  turned 
him  loose  in  the  field  as  the  city's  agri- 
cultural missionary.  Settlers  on  the  land 
tributary  to  the  city  were  not  making 
the  progress  that  could  be  wished.  He 
showed  them  how  to  better  their  oppor- 
tunities. He  organized  clubs  of  farmers, 
persuaded  them  to  unite  on  standard 
breeds  of  dairy  cows  and  standard  varieties 
of  potatoes  and  sweet  corn.  He  gathered 
their  best  specimens  for  prize-winning 
exhibits  at  the  state  fair.  He  explained 
to  one  group  that  the  problems  that  per- 
plexed them  had  been  solved  in  another 
settlement.  A  "cutover"  countr>'  has 
all  sorts  of  conditions  that  a  farmer  from 
another  section  must  learn. 

Because  there  were  no  local  supplies 
in  former  years  the  produce  market  had 
been  organized  on  the  basis  of  carload 
shipments  from  distant  points.  Green 
vegetables  that  could  be  raised  in  Ouluth's 
backxards  were  brought  from  one  hundred 
to  five  hundred  miles.  When  local  sup- 
plies began  to  arrive,  there  was  nobody 
who  cared  to  bother  with  them  or,  because 
they  came  in  small  and  irregular  volume, 
there  was  nobody  who  dared  to  depend 
on  them. 

The  Qmmercial  Club  decided  that  this 
would   not  do.    After  all   the  effort   to 


settle  the  country,  the  job  must  not  be 
left  incomplete  for  want  of  a  market  for 
local  produce.  It  needed  some  agency 
to  recdve  the  green  stuff  that  the  fanners 
near  by  could  ship  in. 

The  farmers  were  invited  to  form  a 
co5perative  marketing  association.  They 
meet  at  the  Commercial  Club's  room^ 
They  work  in  cooperation  with  the  Qllb. 
Two  members  of  the  Club  belong  to  the 
board  of  directors  of  their  association^ 
which  consists  otherwise  of  representatives 
of  the  farmers'  clubs,  from  the  immediate 
vicinity  and  from  as  far  as  a  hundred  miles 
away.  The  market  association  engaged 
a  competent  manager  and  hired  quarters 
in  Commission  Row.  It  helped  to  as- 
semble produce  in  carload  lots;  it  instructed 
members  in  shipping  and  grading  and 
packing,  and  it  found  the  best  market  for 
them  and  kept  them  informed  of  the  mar- 
ket demands. 

The  Commercial  Club  saw  the  associa^ 
tion  through  the  troubles  of  the  first  and 
experimental  year  and  helped  to  establish 
its  credit  when  it  lacked  working  capital. 

Having  this  agency,  a  number  of  settlers 
have  doubled  and  trebled  their  planting 
this  year.  Many  have  undertaken  com- 
mercial crops  who  had  been  raising  just 
enough  for  their  own  subsistence  b^use 
they  had  no  outlet  for  their  surplus. 

Duluth  is  thoroughly  inoculated  with 
the  idea  that  the  city's  best  growth  is 
to  be  obtained  by  promoting  the  pros- 
perity of  the  whole  region. 

It  has  found  that  a  city  that  confines 
itself  to  what  lies  within  the  municipal 
limits  is  going  to  suffer  from  ingrowing 
tentacles  and  impoverished  circulation. 
The  modem  community  is  a  larger  unit. 


DOES  ANYBODY  REALLY  WANT 

A  FARM? 


THE  value  of  farm-land  has 
more  than  doubled  during  the 
last  ten  years;  the  farmers 
were  never  before  so  pros- 
perous; good  farming  is  sure 
to  yield  even  more  in  the  future  than  it 
yields  now  —  more  money  and  a  larger 
independence;  and  the  old  isolation  of 
famhlif^  has  passed  in  most  sections 
of  the  country.  Yet  there's  no  rush  to 
the  land.  The  town  continues  to  out- 
grow the  country. 

Well,  then,  do  people  really  wish  to 
gel  on  the  land?  Do  those  that  have 
poor  farms  wish  to  gpt  better  ones?  Do 
salaried  men  and  the  like  whose  careers 
are  limited  in  towns  really  wish  to  win 
the  independence  that  the  country  offers? 

Is  the  trouble  the  lack  of  information 
about  good  farm  land  and  a  lack  of  ways 
and  means  of  getting  back  to  the  soil  ? 

Or  is  "back-to-the-land"  all  cry  and 
no  wool?  Do  people  prefer  to  remain 
in  town  and  to  keep  flocking  to  town? 

What  is  the  fact  of  the  matter? 

This  article  is  an  effort  to  find  out. 
This  magazine  has,  with  some  trouble 
and  expense,  undertaken  to  get  accurate 
information  about  the  chances  offered 
to  farmers  in  every  great  section  of  the 
country.  For  examples:  there  are  new 
drainage  districts  in  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
souri«  and  new  irrigation  projects  farther 
west.  There  are  good  chances  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  There  are  good  chances  in 
Virginia.  There  are  good  chances  in  the 
cotton  states  —  excellent  chances  as  the 
experiences  told  in  this  number  of  The 
World's  Work  indicate. 

Where  is  land  for  sale  at  a  fair  price? 
What  is  a  fair  price?  On  what  terms  can 
it  be  bought?  ^'ho  are  responsible  persons 
to  seek  information  from?  What  suc- 
cess have  men  had  in  this  particular 
neighborhood  or  in  that?  How  much 
capital   is  required   to  start? 

Such  questions  and  others  that  these 


suggest  will  be  answered  for  a  time  for 
any  reader  of  this  magazine.  Ask  pre- 
cisely what  you  wish  to  knowi  and  as 
detailed  answers  as  possible  will  be  made. 
The  magazine  cannot,  of  course,  report 
on  individual  farms.  It  answers  ques- 
tions about  different  sections  of  the 
country  and  puts  its  readers  in  communi- 
cation with  trustworthy  sources  of  full 
information. 

The  response  to  this  suggestion  will, 
it  is  believed,  show  whether  there  be  a 
real  demand  for  farm-lands,  and  whether 
any  considerable  number  of  men  who 
are  not  on  farms  really  wish  to  till  the 
earth. 

There  is  one  fact  that  is  certain. 

If  you  are  ever  going  to  the  land,  or  are 
ever  going  to  better  land,  you  had  better 
go  as  soon  as  you  can.  You  can  buy 
good  land  cheap  —  yet,  in  several  sections 
of  the  Union,  and  you  will  not  much 
longer  be  able  to  do  so.  It  is  probable 
that  the  value  of  much  good  land,  in 
intelligent  communities,  will  double  again 
during  the  next  ten  years. 

If,  therefore,  a  vision  of  independence 
ever  rise  before  you,  and  if  you  have  the 
common  sense  and  managing  ability  and 
the  stomach  for  work  that  good  farming 
requires,  you  can  get  a  farm  with  a  moder- 
ate amount  of  capital  or  credit;  and  the 
information  at  the  command  of  this  mag- 
azine will  for  a  time  be  freely  at  your  serv- 
ice in  the  quest.  Write  and  ask  for 
such  information  as  you  want.  And 
the  World's  Work  will  find  out,  per- 
haps, whether  there  be  really  any  serious 
land  hunger  among  the  intelligent  per- 
sons who   read    it. 

Tell  as  precisely  as  possible  what  you 
want,  what  and  where  you  want  it.  and 
what  you  wish  to  do,  how  much  money 
you  can  command  and  what  \'our  exper- 
ience has  been.  Address  The  World's 
Work,  and  mark  your  letter  ''Land 
Inquiry." 


A  PAGE  FROM  READERS 


Tl  11'^  World's  Work  aims  to  be  a 
nia^;uinc  for  real  men  about  help- 
ful activities  and  it  considers  it- 
self successful  in  proportion  to 
(he  re>ul(s  that  it  accomplishes. 
Such  a  fact  as  the  following  letter  reports, 
therefore,  is  inlerestin^*.  Mr.  Frank  Law- 
rence (il\nn.  Superintendent  of  the  Public 
I  rade  SchiH»l  at  .Mbanv.  N.^"..  lately  wrote 
an  ariicle  aK»ut  this  sch<H>l:  and  he  ^ays  in 
a  recent  letter: 

I  ha\o  rivoixod  nunuTous  lottors  of  com- 
nuMiJation.  In  si>mo  casos  the  in t ores i  has 
doxolopod  an  crfori  on  the  pari  of  iho  com- 
nuinilx   loaders  to  open  similar  institutions. 

In  other  wi^rds  when  a  ginxl  schiH>l  or 
an\  other  i^ivvl  institution  i^r  idea  is  ri(>e 
for  imitation  or  duplication,  a  description 
of  it  in  I'hk  World's  Work  will  bring 
such  J  result.  That's  one  test  of  the 
ma^uines  usefulness  and   jx^wer. 

Ihore  art\  of  course,  other  tests.  The 
mi^>t  fundamental  lest  oi  all  is  that  it 
pIea>os  and  stimulates  men  who  are 
hrmjimc  thmjis  to  pass,  as  the  following 
lelteis  shxnv.  AKvjt  a  thousand  such 
!e:ieT>  haxe  been  rece:\eJ  dunnji  the  last 


\":c-  TiTjiJ  7i:  tjL.h  ru-*SL" 


i  1 


0.      ,     -N* 


\."j  A":a:  J 


yyxr.^^r.  :ri:e 


For  ten  years  1  have  been  reading  7b 
'  H^orld*s  IVork,  and  much  of  my  thinking  foi 
this  period  has  related  to  the  activities  witk 
which  the  magazine  has  concerned  itsdf. 
'these  studies  have  led  to  an  abiding  convictioi 
that  the  work  which  you  are  doing  is  the  moit 
pregnant  patriotic  work  that  is  going  on  in  our 
land. — Robert  Fra^er,  Lahore,  Orange  Co.,  Va. 

All  numbers  of  The  IVorld's  IVork  arc  good. 
but  the  present  August  number  is  superb. 
Nothing  better  ever  traveled  from  New  York 
to  the  Rio  Grande  N'alley,  and  we  just  want 
to  reach  a  comrade  hand  across  all  the  hiUs 
and  valleys  and  say  —  shake!  —  J.  IV ,  Skinner, 
BriKi'itsiilU,   7V.V.  —  just  a  plain  Texan, 

^'our  magazine  as  it  is.  is  clean,  is  positive, 
is  practical,  and  is  highly  instructive.  Its 
reading  matter  and  character  are  such  as  will 
make  for  giK^d  citizenship,  and  through  this^ 
for  gixxl  government.  In  fact,  your  magazine 
is  throughout  easily  the  best  in  the  field.  1 
wish  \-ou  long  life  and  good  health,  as  wdl 
as  J  realization,  in  liu,  of  the  great  reputation 
\ou  are  earning.  —  J.  B.  Ccbb,  New   York. 

VoT  si^mo  time  past  1  have  read  quite  regu- 
Lirh  and  >^ith  the  very  greatest  pleasuR 
and  proT':t  xoiir  admirable  magazine,  Tti 
ii  t^'.j's  li  i*'v.  A  do/en  others  are  at  ro> 
desk  re^uLulx .  but  I  am  going  to  say  to  you 
(rankix  thai  ^^i:h  n^e  The  HorlTs  H^ork  easilv 
holds  tirst  pl.ue.        Rr..^  Chjrles  5.  Medbur'v, 

I  haxc  bivr.  a  ^iT.>:.ir!  reader  of  The  IVorld\ 
li.'k  :\»r  the  p.:>:  ihrvv  xcars  and  consid^^ 
'-.  :n  i;s  \kU  :1'.v  :■''.;>:  jrJ.  best.  I  m*anl  vyu 
!.  ■%'.'\x  I'm:  X.;:  .ire  ^iv -re  a  heavy  stu|\(  pi 
rv:NNv:*..'\   x\,-n  ■"   mv:''^?!:  us  men  ou(  \firi 

•  :...»'•  XV  ■■•  ::•,  '\  ,•  -.re  world,  (t  is  i 
:,..:  s*.  ".:..>  :'■.•:-  r\  v*.r:h  to  gel  in  touci 
u  :  •*   : '■    c^  :--..i:'   \ . .:   -r  "ho  magazine.— 

\..      >.  .  .  Sj^jir.e,  Burma. 

!  . .  ■  •   .  •»-  -:  ■  ■■.-.  -e  :v-  send  you  mi 

V  ■..-.  ■•.■-NX  *,...■.■  *.:  T.  .:•  Cviitorial  on  ou 
c.v.    •.'.•:   \\    ..  -   N:h   iorceful   ani 

•■ .  %  .1  ■  .•  V  •  •  \  v... •-  - :  ^ .  >i  -  needed !  Th 
• -,  v\,-,ss  ;  «/.  \  -  :\  ,'•  T'r-f  M'i"^Ii"5  H'or 
»:•.  \»*  .^  :  ••'»  i:.v>  ,  •  \  .r  :he  sjke  of  poo 
^.:•^;•  :v  s.m"  :  .-i  "  .''.■     r*:-*:jk:jnc. —  Pr,y'.  M 


N.T. 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER  H.  PAGE,  Editok 


CONTENTS   FOR   DECEMBER,  1911 

Mr.  Albert  K.  Smiley Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  —  An  Editorial  Interpretation      -    -    -    123 

Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  M»s  Grace  C.  Strachan 

Mr.  Walter  L.  Fisher  The  Florida 

Christmas  Assets  The  California  "  Revolution  " 

Corporations  and  Public  Confidence       A  New  China 
Business  is  Waiting  Why  Italy  Went  to  War 

Why  American  Money  is  Going  Abroad  Good  Literature  for  the  Million — Free 
Safe  and  Unsafe  Presidents  Christmas  as  a  Test  of  Us 

A  Correction 

IS  IT  A   TIME  TO  INVEST? 139 

AN  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  NUMBER 142 

WORLD-PEACE  AND  THE  GENERAL  ARBITRATION  TREATIES 

(Illustrated)     William  Howard  Taft  143 
RECENT  INTERNATIONAL  EVENTS  AND  'THE  GREAT 

ILLUSION"     (Illustrated) Norman  Angell  149 

THE   WORLD'S   PEACE    IN   THE   MAKING       -  Simon  N.  Fatten  155 

PROSPECTS   FOR   PERMANENT   PEACE  — A  Symposium      -    -    -  157 
THE   TAKING   OF   TRIPOLI    (Illustrated) 

Charles  Wellington  Furlong  165 

THE   HELP  THAT  COUNTS   (Illustrated)-    -    -    -  Henry  Carter  177 
PENSIONS  —  WORSE   AND   MORE  OF  THEM 

Charles  Francis  Adams  188 
EDUCATION   AND   MONEY,   LEADERSHIP  AND   MORALITY 

Paul  H.  Neystrom  197 

THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF— III   (Illustrated)      Edwin  Mims  203 
A   CITY   WITH   A   GENERAL   MANAGER   (Illustrated) 

Henry  Oyen  220 

WOODROW   WILSON  — A  Biographv— III  -   William  Bayard  Hale  229 

DO   YOU   WANT  A    FARM? 235 

THE    MARCH   OF  THE   CITIES  - 240 

TERMS:  $3.00  a  year;  single  copies,  25  cents.     For  Foreign  Posuge  add  $1.28;  Cantdt.  60  cenu. 

Published  monthly.     Copyright,  191 1,  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company. 

All  rights  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  as  second-class  mail  matter. 


Country  Life  in  America  The  Garden  Magazine-Farming 

lutSS£^SiBld..  DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  8r  COMPANY,  <^^^y.<^^- 

r.  N.  Dqouaat.  Pmidest      h!^.™  ^;|||"*  f  VkcPretkleiits      H.  W.  Uimu  Seactary     S.  A.Emin.T^«MWB«t 


MR.  ALBERT    K.   SMILEY 

WHOSE   PEACE  CONFEHENCES   AT   LAKE  MOHONK   HAVE  BEEN    FOR  MANY  YEARS  ONE 
OF  THE   STEADY   AND  STRONG   INFLUENCES   IN    SHAPING    PUBLIC   OPINION 


THE 


WORLDS 
WORK 


DECEMBER,   I9I  I 


Volume  XXIII 


Number  2 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


TO  THE  man  who  takes  a 
sympathetic  interest  in  world 
events  and  conditions,  the  com- 
ing Christmas  may  not  seem 
as  cheerful  as  many  a  Christ- 
mas has  been.  In  spite  of  the  prodigious 
effort  to  make  war  impossible,  Italy  and 
Turkey  have  been  fighting,  China  is  in 
civil  conflict,  Mexico  has  not  been  at 
peace  with  herself,  and  the  danger  of  a 
graver  clash  among  the  great  Powers  is 
not  removed  beyond  possibility.  The 
nations  are  not  disarming  nor  is  any  less- 
ening of  war  burdens  in  sight. 

Fortunately  no  war  cloud  darkens  our 
own  horizon  nor  is  it  likely  to.  But  we 
have  financial  and  commercial  troubles 
that  for  the  moment  worry  many  men, 
and  the  unsettled  political  world  and  the 
uncertainty  in  business  affairs  mar  the 
calm  of  Christmas. 

Yet  that  is  only  part  of  the  story  and 
the  smaller  part.  We  have  gathered 
great  harvests;  even  in  a  time  of  business 
hesitation  we  have  a  more  widely  diffused 
prosperity  than  any  hundred  millions  of 
the  human  race  ever  before  had;  and  the 
economic  basis  of  American  life  is  essen- 
tially sound.    There  is  going  on   among 

Copyriglit.  1911.  hy  Doublcdajr. 


the  people  an  advance  of  practical  knowl- 
edge that  has  never  been  matched  —  about 
good  government,  about  good  schools, 
about  good  roads,  about  sanitation,  about 
good  food.  Beneath  the  political  and 
financial  unrest  is  a  clear  purpose  to  find 
a  way  to  greater  stability;  the  political 
boss  does  not  flourish  everywhere  as  he 
once  did;  our  towns  and  cities  are  coming 
into  a  more  healthful  and  beautiful  era; 
country  life  gains  every  year  in  profit  and 
charm,  by  increasing  knowledge  and  by 
physical  improvements  and  better  meth- 
ods. Most  of  all,  improvement  in  living 
and  health  and  thrift  is  constant. 

It  is  well  to  think  of  Turkey  and  Italy 
and  China  and  of  the  Sherman  law  and 
of  the  distressing  problems  of  the  rich; 
but  it  is  better,  as  Christmas  comes,  to 
forget  the  burdens  of  the  world  and  to  be 
thankful  for  your  own  friends  and  home 
and  family  and  for  the  incalculable  good 
luck  you  have  in  not  having  been  bom  a 
Chinaman  or  a  Turk,  and  in  not  having 
achieved  the  troublesome  eminence  of  a 
"trust  magnate." 

The  American  who  is  neither  rich  nor 
poor  is  the  most  fortunate  of  men, 
especially  if  he  own  his  own  home. 

PiKCe  &  Co.    All  riKht%  reserved 


MR.  CHARLtS   FRANCIS  AUAMS 

WHO    BtiOtNS   IN   THIS  NUMBtR  OF   "THE   WORLD'S   WORK*'    A    VIGOROUS  SERIES 
0¥    ARTICLES   AGAINST    FURTHtR    PENSION    AttUSES 


4 


TMS   LEADEK    IN  THE   MOVEMENT   WHICH     FINALLY    OBTAfNED   A    LAW    IN   NEW   YORK 
FOX    PAYING   WOMEN   TEACHERS   AS   MUCH   AS   MEN^A    LAW  WHICH   AFFECTS 

14,000  WOMEN 


IHt  FLORIDA,   IHt  BIGGEST  BA  I  TLfcSHIP  AHOAT 

JOlNtNC   THE   GREAT   FLOTILLA   OF    100   SKIPS    INCLUDING   124    BATTLESHIPS,  THE   STRONGEST 

AMERICAN    FLEET   EVER    ASSEMBLE U.    WHICH   CAME   TOGETHER    IN   THE 

HUDSON    RIVER  ON   THIRTY    DAYS*   NOTICE 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


129 


CORPORATIONS  AND  PUBLIC 
CONFIDENCE 

THE  Government's  suit  to  dissolve 
the  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration was  expected.  The 
investigation  of  its  history  by  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Labor  and 
especially  by  the  Stanley  Committee  of 
the  House  took  such  hold  on  the  public 
mind  that  there  was  no  longer  a  chance 
to  escape  the  judgment  of  the  courts  on 
the  legality  of  its  existence  and  its  methods. 
This  is  not  the  same  as  to  say  that  the 
Administration  yielded  to  popular  clamor 
or  to  a  wish  to  forestall  the  effect  of 
further  investigation  by  the  Democratic 
House  Committee.  Nevertheless,  after 
the  decisions  in  the  Oil  and  Tobacco  cases, 
the  largest  "trust"  of  all  had  little  chance 
to  escape  an  opportunity  to  show  that  its 
methods  are  lawful.  The  Administration 
once  firmly  committed  to  the  energetic 
enforcement  of  the  Sherman  law  is  driven 
by  its  own  momentum  to  such  an  action. 
What  the  result  will  be  we  shall  see  in  due 
time.  If  this  great  combination  is  not 
in  restraint  of  trade  it  will  emerge  stronger 
in  public  confidence  than  it  is  now  and 
with  suspicion  removed.  Incidentally,  of 
course,  its  indictment  will  prolong  the 
financial  hesitation;  and  to  that  extent 
it  is  unfortunate. 

But,  it  is  well  to  remember,  the  de- 
pressing influence  on  business  and  the 
political  effect  of  these  indictments  are 
incidents.  A  larger  matter  is  at  stake, 
namely,  the  question  whether  the  Sher- 
man law  is  a  remedy  for  the  industrial 
evils  that  it  was  aimed  at.  This  is  yet 
by  no  means  certain.  The  dissolution  of 
the  combinations  thus  far  made  under  it 
have  been  few,  and  the  most  instructive 
ones  have  not  yet  taken  effect.  We  shall 
not  know  for  some  time  precisely  what 
the  enforcement  of  the  law  can  do.  From 
a  su]:>erficial  or  partisan  view  it  may  seem 
successful  because  the  dissolution  of  cor- 
porations has  been  brought  about.  But 
the  real  test  will  come  later  when  we  can 
see  whether  they  have  given  men  greater 
liberty  and  have  prevented  abuses  of  sheer 
financial  power  and  trade  piracy.  In  the 
mean  time  we  must  accept  political  results, 


and  temporary  financial  results  are  inci- 
dents —  unfortunate  incidents,  no  doubt ; 
but  no  change  of  industrial  or  financial 
or  trade  abuses  could  ever  be  made  with- 
out incidental  troubles. 

It  is  hardly  profitable  to  speculate  on 
the  political  effect  of  this  indictment; 
for  there  may  be  political  effects  of  so 
many  kinds  that  it  is  impossible  to  foresee 
the  total  result.  If  "big  business"  turn 
its  whole  influence  against  the  renomina- 
tion  and  the  reelection  of  the  President, 
this  opposition  may  help  him.  In  spite 
of  the  danger  of  continued  business  de- 
pression, the  bringing  of  the  great  cor- 
porations into  court  is  sure  to  be  popular. 
The  policy  of  testing  the  power  of  the 
Sherman  law  is  now  inevitable.  The  fate 
of  administrations  and  of  parties  may 
depend  on  the  discretion  and  success 
with  which  it  is  done. 

II 

It  is  inevitable  but  unfortunate  that  the 
few  great  corporations  that  have  been 
convicted  or  indicted  hold  so  large  a  share 
of  the  public  attention.  Too  great  em- 
phasis on  them  and  on  their  sins  and 
misfortunes  has  a  certain  tendency  to 
question  if  not  to  discredit  all  great  cor- 
porations, and  to  cause  us  to  forget,  for 
the  moment  at  least,  the  great  benefits 
that  most  of  them  confer  on  societx'. 
Everybody  who  has  a  business  acquaint- 
ance will  call  such  to  mind.  As  this  is 
written  there  comes,  for  instance,  to  this 
desk  two  brief  addresses  made  by  officers  of 
the  National  Biscuit  Company  at  a  meet- 
ing in    Kansas  City. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Green,  the  President  of  the 
corporation  from  its  beginning,  declared 
that  every  officer  of  every  corporation 
"should  feel  in  his  heart,  in  his  very  soul, 
that  he  has  a  responsibility,  not  merely 
to  make  dividends  for  his  stockholders, 
but  to  enhance  the  material  prosperity 
and  the  moral  sentiment  of  the  United 
States.  ...  I  feel  in  the  conduct 
of  this  corporation  the  same  responsibility 
to  my  country  and  to  my  God  as  I  do  in 
my  conduct  to  my  own  family." 

Mr.  Francis  L.  Hine,  who  is  president 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  New  York, 
and  has  been  associated  with  this  cor- 


I30 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


poration  since  its  beginning,  said  on  the 
same  occasion: 

It  has  not  sought  to  buyout  any  competitor 
nor  to  take  away  the  business  of  any  competitor 
by  under-selling  him.  ...  To  my  mind 
this  is  a  model  corporation,  national  not  only 
in  name  but  in  the  scope  of  its  operations; 
fair  and  honorable  in  its  relations  with  its 
employees,  its  customers  and  the  consuming 
public.  .  .  .  Never  so  far  as  I  know  have 
the  company's  methods  been  questioned  and 
in  no  place  has  it  been  charged  with  an  in- 
fraction of  the  law. 

By  common  repute  these  statements 
are  true.  But  the  point  is,  similar  state- 
ments could  truthfully  be  made  about 
a  great  many  other  corporations.  Those 
that  have  been  used  as  machinery  for  stock 
speculations  and  for  exaggerated  valua- 
tions and  those  that  have  prospered  by 
the  destruction  of  their  competitors  are 
after  all  a  small  percentage  of  the  whole 
number.  Most  of  these  chief  sinners  are 
large  and,  therefore,  conspicuous.  But 
the  business  done  by  most  corporations 
is  done  as  fairly  as  the  business  done  by 
most  individuals  —  a  fact  just  now  worth 
recalling  as  a  method  of  keeping  a  proper 
perspective.  The  benefits  of  great  cor- 
porations that  are  not  under  indictment 
ought  to  go  far  to  mitigate  the  distur- 
bance caused  by  those  that  are  on  trial. 

BUSINESS  IS  WAITING 

INDUSTRY  and  commerce  are  waiting. 
The  railroads  are  waiting  before 
they  place  orders  in  the  market  for 
new  rails,  new  equipment,  and  new  build- 
ings. The  great  industrial  companies 
are  waiting  before  they  carry  out  their 
plans  for  building  new  mills,  or  for  buying 
out  competitors.  The  big  electrical  in- 
dustry is  waiting  before  it  goes  ahead 
with  big  new  undertakings  planned  many 
months  ago. 

Further  down  the  line,  almost  every 
manufacturing  business  making  staple 
articles  of  trade  and  commerce  is  waiting 
before  it  enlarges  its  plants,  takes  on  new 
burdens  of  selling  expense,  or  spends 
money  in  any  direction  to  expand  its  busi- 
ness. In  the  mercantile  world,  commer- 
cial houses  have  been  unwilling  to  order 
their  usual  supplies,  for  they  too  would 


sooner  wait  for  possible  future  develop- 
ments which  will  lower  the  cost  of  goods. 

What  are  they  waiting  for?  If  one  asks 
the  railroad  heads,  they  are  waiting  until 
they  are  quite  sure  that  industry  is  going 
to  be  carried  on  in  this  country  for  the 
next  year  or  two  on  something  like  a  normal 
basis.  Turning  then  to  the  industrial 
leaders  of  the  country,  one  finds  them 
waiting,  according  to  their  own  state- 
ments, for  definite  news  from  Washington 
as  to  the  scope  of  governmental  inves- 
tigation into  the  way  business  is  carried 
on.  The  merchants  tell  the  same  story. 
but  add  in  some  instances  that  they  are 
also  waiting  to  see  what  the  tariff  pro- 
gramme is  in  the  next  session  of  G>ngress. 

Through  the  whole  business  world  the 
question  what  the  Government  is  going 
to  do  in  its  campaign  to  enforce  the  Sher- 
man law,  looms  up  as  the  biggest  and  most 
vital  business  question  of  the  day.  The 
President,  on  his  journey  through  the 
West,  seemed  to  answer  the  question  with 
his  reiterated  statements  that  the  Gov- 
ernment intends  to  enforce  the  Sherman 
law  with  all  possible  vigor.  So  far  the 
policy  is  well  defined;  but  there  is  no 
criterion  so  far  established  by  which  any 
single  industry  may  determine  for  itself 
whether  or  not  it  comes  within  the  pro- 
hibition of  the  law.  Therefore,  in  the  lack 
of  any  definite  statement  as  to  the  com- 
panies under  suspicion,  all  branches  of 
highly  organized  industry  hesitate  and 
wait,  fearing  the  worst,  but  hoping  for 
the  best. 

So  long  as  this  uncertainty  continues, 
there  can  be  no  big  business  revival  in 
this  country.  The  Standard  Oil  and 
Tobacco  cases  appear  to  have  been  merely 
preliminary  experiments.  Will  the  United 
States  Government  follow  up  these  pros- 
ecutions by  wholesale  prosecutions  such 
as  are  indicated  in  the  speeches  of 
President  Taft? 

II 

Through  this  whole  problem  there  runs 
another  question,  namely,  the  question 
of  the  attitude  of  labor.  When  a  big 
group  of  employees  on  the  Harriman 
lines  went  on  a  strike  a  few  weeks  ago,  it 
seemed  as  though  that  might  be  the  he- 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


13" 


ginning  of  a  widespread  labor  war.  Os- 
tensibly the  dispute  was  about  wages; 
but  in  reality  the  strike  aimed  at  forcing 
the  railroads  to  recognize  a  labor  union 
federation  which  would  be  as  complete 
a  monopoly  as,  for  instance,  the  Amal- 
gamated Society  of  Railroad  Servants 
in  England. 

At  just  about  the  same  time  that  the 
Harriman  men  went  out,  a  big  strike  in 
the  building  trade  was  narrowly  averted, 
another  dangerous  strike  seemed  likely 
on  the  railroads  of  the  Middle  West,  and 
still  another  on  one  of  the  trunk  lines  of 
the    East. 

Underneath  this  unrest  there  lies  the 
same  trouble  which  oppressed  the  wage 
earners  of  the  country  in  1909  and  has, 
indeed,  become  one  of  the  basic  economic 
questions  of  the  country  —  namely,  how 
to  fit  an  ever  rising  cost  of  living  into  a 
wage  income  that  is  either  stationary  or 
that  grows  very  slowly  indeed.  The  cost 
of  living  has  not  yet  been  solved;  and 
unluckily  all  the  remedies  that  are  pro- 
posed look  forward  for  a  solution  far  into 
the  future;  while  the  bills  must  be  paid 
in  the  present. 

Ill 

There  are  two  factors  in  the  situation 
that  give  us  hope.  The  first  is  that  we 
do  not  face  in  any  section  of  the  country 
anything  remotely  resembling  an  agri- 
cultural depression.  The  farming  com- 
munities continue  to  go  forward  at  about 
a  normal  rate.  Booms  have  flattened 
out  in  places,  but  that  is  not  by  any 
means  an  unfavorable  sign.  The  agri- 
cultural South  in  particular  advances 
steadily  and  firmly  without  artificial 
stimulants.  The  West,  on  its  crops  this 
year,  will  not  be  recklessly  extravagant, 
but  will  probably  resist  any  tendency  at 
all  toward  panic  and  will  help  to  hold 
the  industrial  East  steady  in  the  face  of 
unhappy  circumstances. 

The  other  factor  is  money.  There 
is  nothing  in  this  situation  to  parallel 
the  conditions  of  1892,  or  of  1907.  Money 
for  legitimate  demand  is  plenty.  Money 
for  conservative  investment  piles  up  in 
banks.  There  is  not  a  single  legitimate 
activity  of  the  country  that  cannot  at 


the  present  time  command  this  legiti- 
mate supply  of  cash  and  credit.  There- 
fore one  of  the  dangers  of  our  commercial 
system  is  lacking  in  the  present  situation, 
and  this  may  play  a  very  important  part 
indeed  in  solving  the  whole  problem. 

WHY  AMERICAN  MONEY  IS  GOING 
ABROAD 

FROM  the  time  of  the  Morocco  dis- 
turbance up  to  the  end  of  October, 
bankers  in  New  York  and  Chicago 
loaned  to  banks  or  other  borrowers 
in  Europe  more  than  $120,000,000.  This 
is  apparently  a  complete  reversal  of  the 
usual  state  of  affairs;  for  it  is  recog- 
nized and  always  has  been  recognized, 
that  the  normal  condition  between  Europe 
and  America  is  that  the  old  countries 
should  be  heavy  lenders  of  money  to  the 
new,  and  that  American  trade  and  indus- 
try should  draw  upon  the  piled-up  re- 
sources of  England,  Germany,  and  France 
for  money  to  finance  the  expanding  com- 
mercial requirements  of  the  United  States. 

The  reversal,  however,  is  not  so  com- 
plete as  it  looks  at  first  glance.  Our 
real  call  upon  foreign  wealth  is  a  call  for 
investment  money,  and  not  for  current 
funds.  Just  as  in  a  former  era  the  build- 
ers of  the  Union  Pacific,  the  Pennsylvania, 
the  Great  Northern  railroads,  and  many 
of  our  great  industrial  companies  called 
upon  Europe  for  permanent  funds  to 
finance  these  undertakings,  so  to-day  we 
are  still  calling  upon  the  European  in- 
vestor to  buy  the  bonds  of  the  Telephone 
"Trust,"  the  Puget  Sound  extension  of 
the  Milwaukee  road,  the  new  terminal 
expenditures  of  the  Pennsylvania  and  of 
the  New  York  Central.  This  underlying 
condition  is  not  upset  or  turned  backward 
by  the  present  extraordinary  movement  of 
American  funds  into  the  money  markets 
of  Europe. 

For  our  loans  abroad  are  temporary 
loans.  A  loan  of  $20,000,000  made  to 
Prussia  late  in  October,  for  instance,  was 
simply  the  purchase  of  that  amount  of 
Prussian  treasury  bills,  due  and  payable 
April  1 5,  1912 — in  effect,  a  six  months'  loan 
at  4}  per  cent.  Lending  of  this  sort  is  very 
far  removed  from  the  long  term  investment 
of  funds  in  foreign  enterprises.    What  it 


132 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


really  is,  is  an  effort  on  the  part  of  our 
bankers  to  find  an  outlet  in  short  term 
loans  abroad  for  funds  which  American 
industry  does  not  want  at  the  present 
time  and  is  not  likely  to  want  for  the  next 
six  months  or  so,  to  finance  current  re- 
quirements. It  is  not  the  kind  of  money 
that  ever  would  go  into  permanent  invest- 
ments here  in  the  form  of  bonds  or  stocks, 
and  it  is  not,  therefore,  a  factor  in  the 
investment  market. 

Nevertheless,  though  the  phenomenon 
is  simply  the  result  of  a  temporary  condi- 
tion, it  is  extremely  interesting  for  many 
reasons.  First  of  all,  it  reveals  in  a  con- 
crete form  the  extent  of  the  let-up  in  our 
own  manufacturing  demand  for  current 
cash.  Business  has  slowed  down  to  such 
an  extent  that  we  are  able  to  spare  from 
our  working  capital  as  a  commercial  nation 
these  enormous  sums  of  money  without 
injuring  in  the  least  our  own  money  mar- 
ket. In  the  second  place,  the  fact  that 
the  greatest  bankers  in  the  country  are 
willing  to  countenance  these  loans,  seems 
to  indicate  that  they  do  not  expect  Amer- 
ican business  to  revive  in  the  next  six 
months  or  a  year  to  an  extent  that  will 
strain  the  resources  of  the  bankers,  and, 
therefore,  they  are  willing  to  make  loans  in 
the  foreign  markets  for  that  length  of  time. 

Capital  is  confessedly  growing  timid 
under  the  strain  and  stress  of  Govern- 
ment prosecutions,  of  impending  tariff 
legislation,  of  an  election  year  impending, 
and  of  the  generally  disturbed  and  radical 
appearance  of  industrial  conditions  in 
the  country.  Nevertheless,  the  time  has 
not  yet  arrived  when  one  can  say  that 
American  investment  capital  is  moving 
into  other  lands  by  preference.  There 
has,  for  instance,  been  very  little  tendency 
on  the  part  of  American  investment  capital 
to  move  over  into  Canada  and  take  any 
large  part  in  the  boom  that  is  going  on  in 
that  country;  nor  has  there  been  any  great 
excxlus  of  investment  capital  into  Europe, 
Africa,  South  America,  Mexico,  or  any 
other  foreign  section  of  the  world.  That 
there  has  been  a  slacking  of  the  desire,  on 
the  part  of  our  investment  lenders,  to 
build  new  enterprises  and  to  expand  in  an 
industrial  and  commercial  way,  cannot  be 
denied ;  but  one  is  forced  to  the  conclusion 


that  this  capital,  while  it  is  frightened  and 
afraid  to  go  on  into  its  natural  channels, 
has  not  yet  been  diverted  into  alien  chan- 
nels. The  country  could  probably  stand 
a  year  or  two  of  present  conditions  with- 
out any  such  diversion  on  a  large  scale. 
In  all  probability,  before  any  general 
tendency  of  this  sort  develops,  our  own 
standard  investment  securities  would  have 
been  bid  up  to  very  much  higher  prices 
than  now  prevail. 

SAFE  AND  UNSAFE  PRESIDENTS 

This  inquiry  has  come  to  the  World's 
Work: 

The  great  advantage  that  the  regular 
Republicans  have,  looking  to  next  year's 
campaign,  is  that  Mr.  Taft  is  a  safe  man  for 
the  Presidency.  We  know  him.  He  will  do 
nothing  revolutionary.  On  the  other  hand 
Senator  La  Follette  is  not  safe.  He-  is  an 
extreme  radical.  In  the  other  party.  Gov- 
ernor Wilson  has  aroused  the  same  fears. 
He  seems  to  be  courting  radical  support. 
The  Democrats  will  do  best  to  find  a  conser- 
vative like  Governor  Harmon  or  Mr.  Under- 
wood. Don't  you  think  that  the  steady 
people  of  the  land  ought  to  seek  safety  first 
in  their  candidates,  as  in  their  investments? 

Certainly.  But  what  is  the  measure 
of  safety?  What  seems  radical  to  one 
man  seems  conservative  to  another. 
Senator  La  Follette,  as  Governor  of 
Wisconsin,  caused  the  statute  books  of 
that  commonwealth  to  be  rewritten.  But 
they  seem  to  have  been  rewritten  with 
safety;  for  Wisconsin  is  to-day  regarded 
as  the  most  instructive  state  in  the  Union. 
There  was  a  great  outcry  when  he  pro- 
posed to  tax  corporate  projyerty  as  pri- 
vate property  was  taxed,  and  when  he 
proposed  other  so-called  progressive 
measures.  But  Wisconsin  is  so  safe  to- 
day that  a  very  large  number  of  the 
former  enemies  of  his  measures  now  ap- 
prove of  them.  It  seems  somewhat  illog- 
ical, then,  to  say  that  a  man  is  unsafe  who 
was  so  successful  as  Governor  that  his 
state  is  now  studied  with  more  interest 
than  almost  any  other. 

So,  too,  with  Governor  Wilson.  The 
new  laws  that  were  enacted  in  New  Jer- 
sey last  winter  have  not  overturned 
anything    in    New    Jersey    but    certain 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


"33 


»  of  long  standing.  Life  and  prop- 
re  at  least  as  safe  as  they  were  before. 
:  talk  about  "  unsafeness, "  as  far 
relates  to  Governor  Wilson  or  Sen- 
^  Follette,  when  you  run  it  down, 
illy  means  that  some  privileged 
St  fears  them.     It  means  that  they 

favor  of  doing  something  to  uproot 
old  abuse  or  to  give  the  people  more 

power  in  government.  Any  new 
sal  is  "unsafe"  to  a  certain  kind 
ids. 

V  let  us  shift  the  point  of  view.  Go 
;  the  people  in  the  towns  and 
T  cities  of  the  country  —  among 
iittle  business"  people,  and  find  out 
idea  of  safe  men  for  the  Presidency, 
ise  large  circles  of  citizens  you  will 
er  that  they  listen  with  some  eager- 

0  learn  whom  the  big  interests  re- 
is  unsafe;  for  the  men  thus  branded 
afe  are  for  that  very  reason  regarded 
jse  masses  as  safe.  The  unsafeness 
lator  La  Follette  and  of  Governor 

1  are  their  best  assets. 

iny  man  in  public  life  stood  for  an 
nd  currency,  as  Mr.  Bryan  once  did, 
vould  be  another  matter.  But  the 
idum  and  the  recall  and  the  regula- 
f  corporations  and  good  primary  laws 
)t  in  the  same  category  as  the  free 
je  of  silver  at  i6  to  i. 
is  reasonably  clear,  then,  that  no 
vho  is  now  seriously  thought  of  for 
^residential  nomination  by  either 
will  lose  anything  by  the  cry  that 

"unsafe."  There  are  no  doubt 
'  people  whose  political  memories 
ng  enough  to  recall  that  the  same 
/as  raised  against  Mr.  Roosevelt, 
/as  the  unsafe  man  seven  years 
nd  Mr.  Alton  B.  Parker  was  the 
nan.  Somewhat  earlier,  Mr.  Cleve- 
was  unsafe.  Yet  the  structure  of 
epublic  survived  eight  years  of  his 
ency. 
he  "  unsafeness  "  of  Governor  Wilson 

Senator  La  Follette  be  strongly 
h  emphasized,  they  are  much  more 
to  gain  than  to  lose  by  it.  Since  the 
rning  of  the  American  voter  during 
last  eight  or  ten  years  began,  he  has 
I  a  growing  fondness  for  men  with 
/e  programmes.     About  that  there 


cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt.  It  is 
the  man  without  a  programme  who  is 
now  at  a  disadvantage.  Any  Presiden- 
tial candidate  who  should  stand  on  the 
platform  of  "Let  us  alone"  would  be 
very  severely  let  alone  himself. 

Yet  the  people  are  not  radical  nor  de- 
structive in  their  mood.  They  are  them- 
selves seeking  safety  from  the  domina- 
tion of  politics  by  any  privileged  class. 
No  doubt  they  are  sometimes  too  quickh' 
suspicious.  But  they  have  been  fooled 
by  this  same  cry  of  safety;  and  a  little 
"unsafeness"  attracts  them.  This  is  not 
a  humdrum  time. 

THE  CALIFORNIA  "REVOLUTION" 

THE  adoption  by  the  state  of  Cali- 
fornia of  the  initiative,  the  referen- 
dum, and  the  recall  of  all  elective 
officers,  including  judges,  has  given  the 
advocates  of  direct  government  great 
satisfaction  and  stirred  them  to  new 
enthusiasm ;  and  those  who  fear  the  "  revo- 
lution" and  regard  representative  govern- 
ment as  the  very  anchor  of  our  liberties 
are  correspondingly  depressed,  especially 
by  the  recall  of  judges. 

But  the  millennium  is  not  yet  within 
sight  nor  is  the  crack  of  doom  within 
hearing.  Our  very  brief  experience  in  a 
limited  area  shows  that  the  initiative  and 
the  referendum  have  given  the  mass  of 
voters  a  new  interest  in  elections  and  in 
public  aff'airs  and  have  restrained  public 
servants,  members  of  legislatures  in  partic- 
ular, from  the  easy  granting  of  privileges 
to  any  class.  The  experiments  so  far  have 
been  hopeful  and  the  results  justify  further 
experiments.  This  is  the  least  and  the 
most  that  can  yet  be  said. 

As  to  the  recall  of  judges,  about  which 
President  Taft  wrote  his  most  impassioned 
public  document  —  that  is  carrying  the 
principle  of  direct  responsibility  to  the 
people  to  its  limit;  and  its  general  appli- 
cation would  probably  more  or  less  often 
make  a  judge  a  victim  of  a  passing  public 
mood  or  bring  pressure  on  him  to  consult 
popular  feeling.  But  that  is  only  one 
side  of  the  argument. 

On  the  other  side,  take  the  case  of 
California.  For  a  long  generatioiv  tSx^ 
people  there  Vvave  ivox V^d  ^\-^n«\vxcv«x. 


134 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Representative  government  has  been 
government  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road Company  and  its  allied  interests. 
Representative  government  has  failed 
there,  even  in  some  instances  on  the 
bench.  The  situation  called  for  a  "revo- 
lution," and  this  surely  is  the  gentlest 
form  that  a  revolution  could  take.  The 
servitude  of  California's  government  has 
been  obvious  and  humiliating.  It  has 
been  definite,  too,  and  continuous. 

Ought  the  fear,  then,  that  at  some  time, 
under  some  conditions,  the  recall  of  a  judge 


of  public  servants  as  sacred  above  aD 
other  things,  that  moment  we  stop  pos- 
sible progress  in  that  direction.  Thought- 
ful men  in  other  states,  whatever  their 
hopes  or  fears  about  the  recall  of  judBCS, 
ought  to  be  grateful  to  California  for 
having  the  courage  to  try  the  experiment. 
For  it  will  be  instructive  whether  it  meet 
their  expectations  or  not. 

II 

And  equal  suffrage  won  its  most  note- 
worthy victory  in  California  and  doubled 


THE   WOMAN  SUFFRAGE   MAP 

THE    ST\TFS   SHOWN    IN   WHITE    ALLOW   WOMEN    FULL   SUFFRAGE,     THOSE    SHOWN   WITH    DOTS    ALLOW 

I  HIM    lO   VOTE   ON    SCHOOL   MAT1HKS.       IN    THE    STATES   SHOWN   WITH    BLACK 

LINKS,    SUFFRAGE    IS    RESTRICTED  TO   MEN 


might  be  a  mistake  —  ought  such  an 
indefinite  fear  to  cause  free  men  in  such  a 
commonwealth  as  this  indefinitely  to 
submit  to  a  servile  government,  including 
some  judges?  In  most  states  where  the 
judiciary  has  been  generall>'  free  the  people 
will  not  care  for  a  recall  of  judges  — 
properly;  but,  if  the  citizens  of  California 
think  it  advisable,  they  surely  are  entitled 
to  try  it,  and  they  may  find  it  beneficial. 

For  after  all  the  main  point  is  this  — 
we  make  progress  in  government,  as  in 
other  activities,  only  by  experiments. 
The  moment  we  come  to  regard  one 
method  of  the  election  or  of  the  ejection 


the  number  of  women  who  may  now  vote, 
on  an  equality  with  men.  Six  states  now 
have  equal  suffrage.  In  twenty-three 
other  states  women  have  some  privileges 
at  the  polls.  The  most  remarkable  Teature 
of  the  movement  is  the  slow  and  steady 
progress  it  has  made.  \V>oming  was  the 
first  government  in  the  world  in  which 
women  won  equal  rights.  That  was 
forty-two  >ears  ago,  and  neighboring 
states  have  taken  it  up  one  by  one»  Utah 
in  1870,  Colorado  in  1893,  Idaho  in  1896, 
then  Washington,  the  state  next  west- 
ward, in  1910,  and  now  California. 
That   those   communities   which    have 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


»35 


the  best  opportunity  to  watch  the 
<ings  of  woman  suffrage  have  adopted 
;  a  better  argument  for  it  than  any 
iment  in  advance  from  theories  of 
jrnment.  It  is  noteworthy,  too,  that 
the  triumphs  of  woman  suffrage  in 
country  as  well  as  in  Australia,  New 
and,  and  Norway  have  been  won 
out  the  slapping  of  policemen,  the 
;ling  of  speakers,  or  any  similar  de- 
ures  from  the  conventional  standards 
jminine  decorum. 

A  NEW  CHINA 

VHY  do  not  the  cable  dispatches 
plainly  tell  the  truth  about  the 
cause  of  the  civil  war  in  China? 
cause  —  let  us  be  carefully  accurate 
only  say,  the  occasion  —  of  the  up- 
g  was  the  national  feeling  against 
recent  loans  forced  on  the  Chinese 
ernment  by  the  four  Powers,  Great 
lin,  France,  Germany,  and  the  United 
es  —  against  the  "  selling  of  the  coun- 
(so  patriotic  Chinese  regard  it)  to 
gn   bond-buyers. 

lis  is,  so  far,  the  chief  result  of  the 
liar  Diplomacy"  in  the  Far  East, 
tever  may  be  the  merits  of  this  new 
jsmanship,  it  has  not  worked  out  well 
hina,  has  not  brought  us  any  trade;  it 
lot  even  brought  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Co., 
n,  Lx)eb  &  Co.,  the  First  National 
ic,  and  the  National  City  Bank,  any 
est;  and  it  has  not  won  for  the 
ed  States  Government  any  right  to 
icipate  in  the  reforms  to  be  carried 
in  China.  But  it  has  precipitated 
solution;  cost  a  good  many  thousand 
;  overthrown  the  Ministry;  humili- 
,  if  it  has  not  destroyed  the  Emperor 
put  in  jeopardy  all  the  good  will  we 
won  in  China  by  our  previous  refusals 
oin  the  schemes  of  the  plundering 
»pean  Powers,  and  especially  by  our 
Ti  of  the  Boxer  indemnity. 
is  difficult  not  to  sympathize  with 
patriotic  Chinese  (for  the  belief  that 
Ihinaman  is  not  patriotic  rests  on  the 
^  basis  of  facts  as  that  he  eats  rats) 
is  desire  to  keep  the  hand  of  the 
gner  off  his  railroads  and  his  mines. 
Chinese  themselves  built  and  they 
ige  the   railroad    from  Shanghai  to 


Hankow,  and  that  from  Peking  to  Kalgan, 
and  the  people  have  subscribed  large  sums 
to  buy  back  concessions  already  given 
over  to  foreigners.  There  was  no  necessity 
for  the  borrowing  of  $50,000,000  of  the 
bankers  of  foreign  nations  and  the  hxpothe- 
cating  of  the  national  revenues  to  those 
nations,  all  eager  for  an  excuse  to  take 
part  in  China's  internal  affairs  —  that 
was  the  declared  purpose  of  the  State 
Department  of  the  United  States  in  back- 
ing up  the  American  bankers. 

It  is  difficult  to  withhold  sympathy  for 
another  object  of  the  outbreak.  Another 
item  in  the  revolution's  indictment  of 
Peking's  Government  is  its  failure  im- 
mediately to  terminate  the  opium  trade. 
Any  one  who  has  read  the  story  of  the 
Opium  War,  one  of  the  most  disgraceful 
chapters  in  the  history  of  England,  knows 
that  the  Chinese  Imperial  Government 
struggled  manfully  against  the  introduc- 
tion of  opium  into  China  by  the  East 
India  Company  until  borne  down  by 
British  armies;  and  everyone  who  knows 
anything  about  modern  China  is  aware 
that  the  moral  sense  of  the  nation  has 
ever  since  battled  heroically  against  the 
"white  dragon  of  the  treaty  ports." 
Within  the  past  four  years  the  Govern- 
ment has  conducted  a  most  energetic 
campaign,  and  a  very  largely  successful 
one,  against  the  vice.  Under  an  arrange- 
ment with  the  British  Government,  a 
period  of  six  years  more  is  to  elapse  before 
the  last  poppy  has  bloomed  on  China's 
soil  and  the  last  tin  of  opium  paste  has 
been  admitted  into  a  Chinese  port.  This 
programme,  probably  a  wise  one,  is 
unsatisfactory  to  the  revolutionists,  and 
one  of  their  demands  is  the  immediate 
total  extirpation  of  the  traffic.  It  may 
be  necessary  to  remark  that  there  is  in 
China  no  question  of  prohibition  not 
prohibiting.  The  mind  and  conscience 
of  the  whole  nation  is  definitely  resolved 
upon  it  that  the  land  shall  be  delivered 
from  the  opium  curse;  its  victims  are 
among  the  most  determined  of  all,  and 
the  scenes  of  voluntary  renunciation, 
voluntary  destruction  of  millions  of  dollars' 
worth  of  the  drug,  and  voluntary  sub- 
mission to  medical  treatment  and  to 
surveillance,  ^Vv\cVv  YaN^  \«fttv  \^v5c^  ^\\.- 


136 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


nessed  everywhere,  have  revealed  a  moral 
and  physical  energy  which  puts  the 
Chinese  character  into  a  light  astonishingly 
new. 

New,  too,  is  the  aspect  in  which  the 
self  restraint  of  the  revolutionists  shows 
the  Chinese  character.  Thus  far  their 
conquests  have  been  marred  by  no  moles- 
tation of  foreigners;  it  seems  hardly  possible 
that  these  can  be  the  same  people  as  those 
that  broke  into  the  insane  excesses  of  the 
Taiping  and  the  Boxer  rebellions.  The 
behavior  of  the  several  provincial  assem- 
blies and  of  the  National  Assembly  has 
been  amazing  in  its  decorum,  restraint, 
and  practical  wisdom. 

II 

Underneath  the  disaffection  un- 
doubtedly lies  the  hatred  which  the 
Chinese  feel  for  the  Manchu  emperors 
and  officials  who  have  wielded  the  power 
for  nearly  three  centuries.  The  recent 
quite  general  abandonment  of  the  queue 
is,  of  course,  a  sort  of  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, the  pig  tail  having  been  forced 
on  the  Chinese  by  their  Manchu  con- 
querors. Undoubtedly,  too,  the  country 
looks  with  dislike  upon  another  infant 
emperor  and  a  regency.  Yet  it  would 
probably  be  inaccurate  to  say  that  the 
expulsion  of  the  Manchus  is  an  absolute 
aim  of  the  revolution.  Anything  may 
happen,  anything  may  have  happened 
before  this  page  is  off  the  press;  but  the 
temporizing  behavior  of  Yuan  Shi-kai 
suggests  that  he,  the  greatest  single 
personal  force  in  the  Empire,  believes  that 
the  dynasty  can  still  be  saved  if  it  speedily 
bows  to  the  national  will. 

It  would  be  folly  to  attempt  to  prog- 
nosticate to-day  what  may  happen  in 
China  tomorrow.  It  is  clear,  however, 
that  the  revolution  is  successful,  no  mat- 
ter what  the  fate  of  the  armed  uprising, 
no  matter  whether  the  revolutionists 
proceed  to  overthrow  the  reigning  dynasty 
or  rest  satisfied  with  having  forced  it  to 
accept  the  revolutionists'  policies  and  to 
acknowledge  the  dominant  authority  of 
a  national  parliament. 

All  this  is,  if  the  imagination  be  awake 
to  it.  a  spectacle  of  prodigious  interest. 
China  in  revolution!    The  most  ancient 


and  populous  empire  on  earth  in  the 
throes  of  Civil  War!  What  will  be  the 
outcome?  What  will  China  be  when  it 
is  over?  What  we  are  witnessing  is  the 
birth  of  a  new  world  on  the  continent  of 
Asia. 

WHY  ITALY  WENT  TO  WAR 

THE    sudden    expansion    of    Italy 
to  five  times  her    area    startled 
the  world,  and  the  manner  of  it 
roused     general     condemnation.     There 
was    nothing    in    her   published    list    of 
grievances  so  serious  or  immediate  as  to 
warrant  a  war.    The  explanation  is  that 
Turkey  had  checked  Italy  in  her  efforts 
to    carry    out   her   cherished   plans   for 
the    peaceful    penetration    and    gradual 
absorption  of  Tripoli.    Long  ago  Tripol] 
was  by  the  tacit  agreement  of  the  Powers 
earmarked  for  Italy.    So,  for  that  matter, 
were  Tunis  and  Abyssinia;  but  General 
Boulanger  in  1881  stole  a  march  on  the 
Italians  and  acquired  Tunis  for  France, 
and  the  disastrous  defeat  at  Adowa  in 
189$  checked  Italy's  ambitions  in  Abys- 
sinia.    Her  hopes  then  concentrated  on 
the    nearest    and    only    unappropriated 
portion  of  Africa,  and  it  is  no  wonder 
that,  seeing  the  partition  of  the  continent 
about   to  be  completed   by  the  French 
occupation    of    Morocco,     Italy    should 
conclude  that  her  last  chance  had  come 
and  should  determine  to  take  advantage 
of  it  with  or  without  a  plausible  excuse. 
In  reality,  Italy's  action  does  not  differ 
from  that  of  the  other  countries  which  now 
are    criticizing    her.    Great    Britain    de- 
clared that  her  occupation  of  the  Nile 
Valley  would  be  temporary;  France  pro- 
tested that  she  had  no  intention  of  occupy- 
ing Algeria,   Tunis,  or  Morocco;    Spain 
is  trying  to  get  hold  of  such   Moroccan 
soil  as  is  within  her  reach;  and  German 
warships  are  anchored  in  the  harbor  of 
Agadir.     For  that  matter  the  Turks  them- 
selves have  but  shadowy  rights  in  Tripoli, 
and  it  is  only  in  the  last  ten  or  twelve 
years  that  the  Ottoman  authorities  have 
taken  any  active  interest  in  its  adminis- 
tration. 

But  the  most  important  view  of  the 
matter  is  to  consider  the  act  of  Italy  as 
part   of   the   general   movement   for   the 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


'37 


reclamation  of  the  arid  places  of  the  world. 
The  justification  for  the  seizure  of  Tripoli 
must  be  found  in  the  future  rather  than 
in  the  past.  England  can  show  an  orderly 
and  prosperous  Egypt  and  Sudan  with  a 
cotton  crop  doubled  by  irrigation.  The 
French  administration  of  Algeria  and  the 
Sahara,  though  so  far  less  profitable 
commercially,  has  been  peaceful,  efficient 
and  progressive.  What  can  Italy  make 
of  Tripoli?  Once  it  rivaled  the  Nile 
Valley  in  fertility.  To-day  it  is  desolate; 
its  rivers  are  dried  up;  its  oases  are  shrink- 
ing; its  caravan  commerce  is  dwindling; 
its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  cave-dwellers, 
cliff  dwellers,  or  nomads.  The  slave 
trade,  which  here  has  found  its  last  outlet 
to  the  sea,  has  been  abolished  by  pro- 
clamation of  the  Italian  Governor  of 
Tripoli. 

The  same  question  arises  here  as  in 
Mesopotamia,  Palestine,  and  other  lands 
of  the  Turkish  Empire  —  formerly  centres 
of  civilization  but  now  stretches  of  aridity. 
Is  the  change  due  to  a  change  of  climate 
or  of  religion?  The  question  is  now 
going  toward  settlement.  Germany  and 
Great  Britain  are  quarreling  which  shall 
restore  the  rivers  of  Babylon;  the  Zionists 
are  anxious  to  reclaim  Palestine,  and  now 
Italy  has  a  chance  to  see  what  she  can  do 
with  Tripoli.  In  the  Cyreniac  portion 
of  the  coast,  at  least,  there  is  no  lack  of 
water,  though  now  it  comes  and  goes 
too  quickly  to  be  of  use.  But  the  exper- 
ience of  the  English  on  the  east  and  of 
the  French  on  the  west  show  what  irri- 
gation can  do.  In  the  Aures  Mountains 
of  Algeria,  where  the  native  population 
is  dense,  garden  plots  are  valued  at  more 
than  a  thousand  dollars  an  acre.  Land 
which  cannot  be  irrigated  may  perhaps 
be  cultivated  by  dry  farming  or  be  planted 
with  new  species  of  useful  plants  that 
resist  drought.  The  King  of  Italy  has 
taken  a  deep  interest  in  our  agricultural 
methods.  It  is  quite  likely  that  our 
success  in  wiping  off  the  map  the  bare 
space  marked  "Great  American  Desert," 
has  encouraged  him  to  undertake  the 
reclamation  of  the  Sahara.  If  it  is  success- 
ful, the  200,000  Italians  who  annually 
emigrate  to  the  United  States  and  the 
100,000  who  annually  emigrate  to  Argen- 


tina may  find  homes  in  a  Greater  Italy 
on  the  opposite  shore  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean.   Such  at  least,  is  the  Italian  hope. 

GOOD  LITERATURE  FOR  THE 
MILLION  — FREE 

IN  SPITE  of  the  incalculable  over- 
production of  books  and  the  summaries 
of  them  (which  many  persons  read 
instead  of  reading  the  books  themselves), 
there  is  one  branch  of  contemporary 
literature  of  vast  interest  and  importance 
that  the  public  of  the  bookshops  hears 
little  about.  The  following  publications 
for  instance,  happen  at  this  moment  to 
be  on  this  desk: 

"Housekeeping  and  Household  Arts:  a 
Manual  for  Work  with  the  Girls  in  the 
Elementary  Schools  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  by  Alice  M.  Fuller,  Being  Bulletin 
No.  35  of  the  Bureau  of  Education, 
Manila."  To  a  layman  this  seems  one 
of  the  most  helpful  and  practical  books 
for  the  purpose  that  can  be  conceived  of. 
No  book  of  this  kind  so  direct  and  ex- 
cellent was  ever  made  till  within  a  few 
years.    And  it  is  for  young  Filipino  girls. 

"A  Statement  of  the  Rural  School 
Problem  in  South  Carolina,  by  W.  K. 
Tate,  State  Supervisor  of  Elementary 
Rural  Schools,  Being  a  Bulletin  of  the 
University  of  South  Carolina"  —  patrio- 
tic, practical,  philosophical  and  as  good 
reading  (being  sound  in  doctrine  and 
clearly  written)  as  you  will  find  in  a 
day's  looking. 

"Plays  and  Games  for  Schools,  Issued 
by  C.  P.  Cary,  State  Superintendent  of 
the  Schools  of  Wisconsin."  As  complete 
an  illustrated  manual  as  you  could  ever 
want,  with  this  new  feature  —  instruction 
to  teachers  how  to  teach  and  to  organize 
the  play  of  their  pupils. 

"School  Architecture  Plans  and  Sug- 
gestions for  Building  One,  Two,  Three  and 
Four-room  Schoolhouses,  Issued  by  the 
Department  of  Education  of  the  State 
of  Georgia,  by  M.  L.  Brittain,  Superin- 
tendent." It  describes  proper  sites  and 
grounds  as  well  as  architectural  plans,  the 
tints  of  walls,  the  cost  of  material  and 
work,  and  the  construction  of  proper  sani- 
tary outhouses  —  all  clearly  illustrated. 
"  It  is  almost  as  cheap  to  build  an  attrac- 


138 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tive  schoolhouse  as  an  ugly  one."  The 
sanitary  information  in  this  pamphlet  was 
not  accessible  to  the  public  in  any  shape 
five  years  ago. 

"Farm  Arithmetic  Contains  Nothing 
about  Longitude  and  Time  and  Cube 
Root,  Lnglish  Money  or  the  Binomial 
Theorem,  but  Devotes  its  Time  to  the  Sort 
of  Arithmetic  that  the  Farm  Boy  or  Girl 
Will  Use  Every  Day  in  Actual  Life.  A 
Book  of  Real  Problems  for  Farm  Boys  and 
Girls.  By  Miss  Jessie  Field,  County 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  Page  Count>'. 
Iowa."  This  is  a  course  in  mathematics 
packed  into  twenty  pages  of  a  small 
pamphlet. 

These  are  samples  of  a  very  large 
number  of  such  books  and  pamphlets 
that,  all  together,  have  a  circulation  far 
beyond  the  best-selling  novels.  They 
carry,  in  practical,  helpful  form,  sanitary, 
architectural,  decorative,  household,  and 
educational  information  to  the  millions, 
especially  to  the  millions  of  country  chil- 
dren. \'ou  must  emphasize  especially  the 
sanitary  value  of  these  pamphlets  in  your 
mind  if  you  would  form  a  right  measure 
of  their  meaning. 

No  preceding  era  of  human  history 
ever  had  a  match  for  this  mass  of  bene- 
ficial literature.  If  you  become  weary 
of  novels,  send  for  a  dozen  or  two  of  these 
pamphlets.  You  will  get  much  useful 
information  and  a  new  and  firmer  grip 
on  your  pride  in  your  country  and  on 
your  hope  for  the  coming  generation. 
As  school  reports  used  to  be  the  dullest 
things  on  earth,  these  bulletins  are  among 
the  most  interesting. 

CHRISTMAS  AS  A  TEST  OF  L'S 

RATHER  than  have  preparations 
for  (-hristmas  bother  you,  recall 
the  most  original  and  successful 
>imple  kindness  that  ><)U  did  or  that  \ou 
received  or  that  >()U  heard  of  last  Christ- 
mas, and  repeat  it.  For  human  nature 
hasn't  changed  much  these  twelve  months 
even  in  our  rushing  time.  And  Christmas, 
you  know,  is  a  state  of  character,  and  its 
enjoyment  comes  from  such  kindly  acts 
as  this  state  of  character  spontaneously 
suggests.  If  you  approach  it  with  worry 
or  find  yourself  bothered  about  it,  then 


there'll  be  no  real  Christmas  for  you. 
Now  will  you  help  others;  for  the  state 
of  mind  out  of  which  your  own  acts  spring 
flavors  the  acts.  A  present  that  has 
worried  you  is  likely  to  carry  a  dull  mes- 
sage. 

There  are  thrifty  souls  who  did  all  their 
Christmas  preparations  last  July  —  poor 
souls,  for  the  matter  thus  done  took  on 
the  nature  of  a  task.  The  task  is  accom- 
plished, of  course;  but  was  it  worth  doing? 
What  did  the  doers  get  out  of  it? 
There  were  no  stockings  nor  green  trees 
nor  playful  moods  nor  jingle  of  Santa 
(]laus's  bells  within  six  months  of  them. 
Such  dutiful  thrift  is  a  poor  substitute  for 
the  joy  of  doing  the  thing  right  with  some 
spontaneity. 

1 1  is  a  good  rule  to  spend  a  little  happy 
thought  to  make  every  remembrance  fit, 
rather  than  much  money  to  make  it  im- 
pressive. The  spirit  of  Christmas  doesn't 
cling  to  presents  in  proportion  to  their 
cost  —  unless  you  are  very  rich;  and,  if 
\()U  are  very  rich,  you  will  not  follow 
these  suggestions  anyhow;  for  the  voice 
of  the  jeweler  and  of  the  furrier  and  of 
the  motor-car  maker  will  seem  to  you  as 
wise  as  the  word  of  a  happy  poor  man, 
though  he  were  a  philosopher. 

Simple  and  genuine  and  glad  —  strike 
these  notes  and  the  chimes  will  ring  very 
melodiously  for  you  and  for  those  whom 
you  try  to  make  happy.  And  remember, 
>'ou  can't  feign  Christmas  without  being 
caught  as  an  impostor  both  by  your  own 
conscience  and  by  the  feelings  of  those 
about  \'ou.  The  very  value  of  Christmas 
is  that  it  puts  the  genuineness  of  every- 
body to  an  unerring  lest. 

A    CORRECTION 

IN  A  list  of  so-called  "  Holding  Com- 
panies," published  in  the  article 
"Insurance  Stock  and  a  Gullible 
Public  "  in  the  September  number  of  the 
World's  Work,  the  name  of  the  Mid- 
Omtinent  Life  Insurance  Company  of 
Oklahoma  was  included. 

This  is  an  error.  We  have  learned, 
from  the  company  and  from  indejyendent 
sources,  that  this  company  is  a  legal 
reserve  company  and  has  been  writing 
standard  policies  since  its  inception.     It 


IS  IT  A  TIME  TO  INVEST? 


«39 


is  therefore  not  liable  to  the  criticism 
directed  against  holding  companies,  and 
sliould  be  judged  purely  as  an  insurance 
company. 

In  the  same  article,  we  used  a  list  com- 
piled by  Besfs  Life  Insurance  News  show- 
ing the  amount  of  dividends  paid  by  new 
insurance  companies  in  the  past  five  years. 
Messrs.  A.  M.  Best  &  Co.  inform  us  that 


several  minor  errors  occurred  in  that  list, 
notably  a  failure  to  credit  the  Scranton 
Life  with  $5,388  paid  in  1909.  This 
change,  however,  does  not  alter  the  general 
conclusion,  which  is  that  the  stocks  of 
new  life  insurance  companies  have  paid 
in  the  past  five  years  average  dividends 
of  only  about  thirteen-hundredths  of  one 
j)er  cent,  a  year. 


IS  IT  A  TIME  TO  INVEST? 


A  MINISTER  living  in  Pennsyl- 
vania  and  in  charge  of  a  rela- 
tively small  parish,  inherited 
about  $6,000  last  summer. 
The  money  came  to  him 
early  in  October.  He  wrote  to  the  World's 
Work  seeking  advice  about  the  use  of  it. 
He  said  that,  ever  since  he  had  heard  that 
he  was  going  to  get  it,  he  had  been  figur- 
ing out  a  way  to  use  it  and  he  had  con- 
cluded late  in  August  that  he  would  put 
it  away  in  safe  bonds  and  mortgages  to 
yield  him  5  per  cent,  and  afford  the  largest 
possible  degree  of  safety  and  ease  of  mind. 
In  September  he  heard  of  the  big  de- 
cline in  the  Wall  Street  market,  and  he 
wrote  in  October  to  find  out  whether  or 
not  it  would  be  a  good  thing  for  him, 
instead  of  making  his  permanent  invest- 
ment at  this  time,  to  buy  some  stock,  in 
the  hope  of  largely  increasing  his  money 
and  then  making  a  permanent  invest- 
ment later  on.  The  stocks  he  had  picked 
out  for  this  dubious  experiment  were 
Pennsylvania,  United  States  Steel,  Rock 
Island,  and  Wabash.  He  thought  that  the 
first  two  named  were  high  class  stocks  and 
that  the  others  must  be  good  bargains  be- 
cause they  seemed  to  be  selling  very  cheap. 
He  had  in  his  mind  one  fairly  sensible 
notion,  namely,  that  if  an  investor  is 
going  to  take  a  chance  at  all  for  the 
sake  of  big  profit  or  very  large  revenue, 
he  ought  to  take  his  risk  \  with  only 
a  part  of  his  investment  funds,  and  keep 
the  rest  of  the  fund  in  solid  substantial 
securities.  That  is  a  sound  principle  in 
all  speculation.    The  theory  is  that  the 


half  of  the  fund  in  which  a  very  large 
chance  is  taken  may  decline  a  great  deal, 
in  which  case  the  solid  half  is  available 
as  a  reserve  with  which  to  buy  more  of 
the  speculative  security  at  very  low  prices. 

His  application  of  this  theory  was,  of 
course,  very  faulty,  as  the  layman's  ap- 
plication of  any  financial  theory  nearly 
.always  is.  He  thought  that  the  Steel 
stock  was  a  solid  security  because  it  pays 
dividends;  whereas,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
it  is  just  as  likely  to  decline  as  either  of  the 
last  two  stocks  in  his  list. 

His  situation  is  typical  of  the  situation 
of  thousands  of  investors  at  the  present 
time.  1  think  that  there  has  never  been  a 
time  when  more  people  were  writing  to 
this  magazine  to  know  what  to  do  with 
stocks  which  they  hold  at  a  very  big  loss 
or  to  know  something  about  the  prospects 
in  the  stock  market.  Occasionally  some- 
body suggests  going  to  the  length  of  selling 
good  investment  securities  for  the  sake  of 
buying  speculative  stock. 

It  is  timely,  therefore,  to  answer  this 
inquiry  in  an  article  and  to  try  to  discover 
as  well  as  one  may  whether  the  present  is 
a  time  when  the  average  investor,  for 
whom  this  article  is  written,  should  go 
into  the  stock  market  and  make  a  tem- 
porary investment  such  as  all  men  con- 
template when  they  patronize  this  de- 
•  partment  of  the  market,  or  to  put  their 
money  to  work  in  conservative  securities 
along  the  line  of  safety  rather  than  of 
profit. 

The  lure  of  the  opetv  rcv^xVsX  \s  7^f«•«^^s 
strong  \mn\ed\aX^\v    «ivw    ^  ^fvA  v«v 


140 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


which  the  best  known  stocks  of  the  country 
have  declined  to  relatively  low  prices. 
Possibly  the  best  known  stocks  in  this 
country  are  Pennsylvania,  United  States 
Steel,  Union  Pacific,  and  American  Tele- 
phone and  Telegraph.  Early  in  the  year, 
I^ennsylvania  sold  at  130,  United  States 
Steel  at  82,  Union  Pacific  at  192,  and 
American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  at 
153.  In  August  and  September,  Pennsyl- 
vania sold  as  low  as  119,  United  States 
Steel  as  low  as  52,  Union  Pacific  as  low  as 
154  and  American  Telephone  and  Tele- 
graph at  132  —  an  average  decline  of 
about  25  points.  It  is  little  wonder,  there- 
fore, that,  in  the  mind  of  the  layman, 
the  question  arises  whether  these  stocks, 
and  consequently  all  other  stocks,  are  not 
selling  at  extremely  low  prices. 

If  the  stock  market  ran  all  by  itself,  and 
bore  no  relationship  whatever  to  the  rest 
of  the  United  States,  the  question  would 
be  easy  to  answer.  It  is  somewhat  com- 
plicated, however,  by  the  fact  that  the 
stock  market  is  the  most  complex  piece 
of  mechanism  in  the  whole  world  of 
commerce.  It  is  closely  related  and  is 
extremely  sensitive  to  almost  every  branch 
of  human  endeavor.  A  war  in  Africa,  a 
strike  in  Nebraska,  a  political  upheaval  at 
Washington,  an  earthquake  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, a  crop  failure  in  Dakota,  a  bank 
smash  in  New  York,  a  trade  war  at  Pitts- 
burgh, or  any  one  of  a  hundred  other 
circumstances  may  make  or  mar  the  future 
of  the  stock  market  —  not  for  a  day  or  a 
week,  but  for  long  protracted  j)eriods. 
As  the  \ears  have  gone  by,  and  power 
has  centred  more  and  more  in  the  hands 
of  a  few  men  and  institutions,  the  welfare 
of  the  market,  like  the  welfare  of  the 
cf)untry  itself  —  indeed  they  are  synony- 
mous so  far  as  results  are  concerned  —  has 
become  more  sensitive  than  ever  to  sudden 
shifts  and  changes. 

Therefore,  the  argument  from  relative 
prices  alone  is  a  treacherous  and  dangerous 
argument.  There  is  a  kind  of  men  who 
earn  their  daily  living  at  a  very  good  rate 
indeed  by  studying  the  intrinsic  value  of 
stocks  and  gauging  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  the  trend  of  the  market,  months  and 
years  in  advance.  To-day,  no  two  of  these 
gentlemen  agree  upon  the  future  of  the 


stock  market,  taking  that  phrase  to  mean 
a  period  of  twelve  months  or  more.  One 
of  the  leaders  of  the  profession  has,  in 
fact,  lost  his  fortune  and  his  hold  upon 
the  public  by  being  hopelessly  wrong  for 
the  past  six  months;  and  he  has  only 
recently  reversed  his  judgment.  Accord- 
ing to  many  others  of  his  trade  he  is  ncm 
as  hopelessly  wrong  on  the  other  side. 

If  these  men,  who  spend  their  lives  and 
their  money  in  a  deep  and  painstaking 
study  of  financial  reports,  of  economic 
tendencies,  and  of  trade  conditions  are 
as  wide  apart  as  the  poles  in  their  estimate 
of  the  coming  months,  of  what  possible 
use  can  it  be  for  a  layman  to  compile  his 
little  quota  of  figures  and  draw  his  light- 
weight conclusions  as  to  the  aspect  of 
things  the  day  after  to-morrow? 

While  it  is  quite  possible  that  stock 
market  purchases  to-day  are  a  reasonable 
business  venture,  I  think  that  the  con- 
sensus of  intelligent  opinion  in  the  stock 
market  itself  is  that,  in  a  period  so  un- 
certain from  every  point  of  view,  the 
wisest  investor  is  he  who  either  abstains 
from  the  purchase  of  speculative  stocks  in 
large  quantities,  or  at  any  rate  puts  but  a 
relatively  small  part  of  his  money  to  work 
in  the  field  of  stock  market  endeavor.  It 
is  probably  correct  to  say  that,  while  a 
man  of  large  wealth,  not  in  any  sense 
dependent  upon  his  investments  either 
for  a  living  or  for  his  peace  of  mind,  might 
very  well  regard  the  present  time  as  one 
suitable  for  stock  market  buying,  the 
really  conservative  investor,  particularly 
if  he  is  not  versed  and  trained  in  financial 
business,  will  do  very  well  to  leave  the 
stock  market  alone. 

On  the  positive  side,  the  situation  is 
far  different.  Let  us  approach  it  from 
the  same  angle.  Since  we  have  used  four 
of  the  best  known  stocks  to  illustrate  the 
present  position  of  that  market  let  us 
cite  four  distributed  and  well  known  bonds 
of  different  classes  to  illustrate  the  status 
of  the  bond  market.  In  order  to  make  it 
a  perfect  parallel,  bonds  of  the  properties 
whose  stocks  were  cited  in  the  preceding 
paragraph  may  serve  the  purpose  best. 
The  Pennsylvania  3^  per  cent,  bonds  of 
191$  sold  at  97}  early  in  the  year  and  at 
96J  at  the  time  this  article  is  written. 


IS  IT  A  TIME  TO  INVEST? 


141 


The  United  States  Steel  second  5  per 
cent,  bonds  sold  at  106}  and  now  at  102. 
The  Union  Pacific  Refunding  4's  sold  at 
102 J  and  now  at  loii.  The  American 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Collateral  4's 
sold  at  92I,  now  90}.  The  decline  is  a 
little  more  than  2  per  cent. 

In  other  words,  while  the  investor  in 
the  stocks  of  these  corporations  has  seen 
a  decline  of  25  per  cent,  in  his  investment, 
the  holder  of  bonds  of  the  same  companies 
has  seen  a  decline  of  2  per  cent,  during 
the  same  i>eriod.  Obviously,  so  small  a 
change  in  the  price  of  representative  bonds 
has  not  put  this  group  of  four  bonds  on 
the  bargain  counter;  but  it  is  only  once  in 
a  very  long  time  that  standard  bonds  of 
this  class  are  really  marked  down  to  a 
bargain  basis. 

The  decline  in  price  is  not  the  point  of 
this  calculation  at  all.  The  point  is  that 
the  economic  conditions  which  struck  so 
hard  at  the  stocks  of  these  great  corpor- 
ations and  which  may  or  may  not  strike 
still  harder  in  the  future,  have  not  shaken 
the  bonds  of  these  same  companies.  If 
this  study  were  made  to  cover  the  entire 
bond  market,  the  same  conclusions  would 
be  reached.  One  may  count  on  the  fingers 
of  a  hand  the  well  known  bonds  of  well 
known  corporations  which  have  been 
materially  affected  by  these  economic 
conditions.  Those  that  have  been  so 
aflfected  are  the  bonds  of  properties  so 
weak  in  themselves  that  the  present 
conditions  have  practically  wiped  out  the 
stockholders  altogether  and  struck  down 
deep  into  the  very  heart  of  the  enterprise. 

The  first  obvious  conclusion,  then,  is 
that,  if  a  man  seeks  to  escape  in  his  in- 
vestments the  uncertainties  and  vicissi- 
tudes of  industrial,  railroad,  and  com- 
mercial fortune  during  the  coming  period, 
he  may  turn  with  confidence  toward  the 
solid  and  established  bonds  which  arc 
sold  every  day  in  the  market  place.  It 
remains  a  fact  that  the  very  heart  and 
centre  of  the  investment  market  to-day 
is  found  in  the  trading  in  these  standard 
bonds;  and  this  is  probably  the  safest 
ground  upon  which  a  cautious  man  seeking 
to  use  his  money  profitably  may  take 
a  stand. 

The  second  point  is  perhaps  equally  im- 


portant. To-day  the  man  who  seeks 
5  per  cent,  or  more  together  with  safety, 
turns  away  from  the  standard  listed 
securities  that  are  dealt  in  every  day  on 
the  market,  toward  that  very  large  class 
of  public  utility  and  industrial  bonds 
which  are  d^lt  in  outside  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. In  this  department  there  has 
been  a  time  of  test,  not  by  any  means  so 
severe  as  in  1907,  but  yet  severe  enough 
to  establish  certain  sign  posts  and  marks 
along  the  way.  The  road  to  safe  invest- 
ments of  this  class  has  been  marked  a  little 
more  clearly. 

Here  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  one 
class  of  banking  houses,  dealing  in  securities 
of  very  high  yield  and  of  a  new  variety, 
is  unsafe.  In  another  place,  four  or  five 
bankers  selling  public  utility  bonds  of  a 
construction  company  by  means  of  mis- 
representation and  fraud  have  been  wiped 
out.  In  every  department  of  this  market 
the  banking  fraternity  has  taken  warning 
from  these  episodes;  and  to-day  more 
than  at  any  other  time  since  I  have 
known  this  market,  the  careful  banker 
leans  backward  in  his  effort  to  abstain 
from  misrepresenting  facts,  from  coloring 
too  highly  his  picture  of  conditions,  and 
from  endorsing  too  warmly  the  securities 
he  sells. 

To  put  it  briefly,  the  conditions  of  the 
past  three  or  four  years,  marking  the 
transition  from  the  rather  lax  and  happy- 
go-lucky  investment  code  of  1906  to  the 
beginning  of  a  new  era  in  the  investment 
world,  have  put  a  premium  on  honesty 
and  truthfulness  in  this  market  place  and 
a  very  heavy  discount  indeed  upon  dis- 
honesty, misrepresentation,  and  fraud. 

The  average  investor,  seeking  at  this 
time  to  put  his  money  away  in  safety  and 
s^^lidity,  may  with  perfect  propriety  de- 
mand and  obtain  an  average  yield  of  5 
per  cent,  on  his  investment  funds  and  may, 
at  the  same  time,  have  more  than  half  of 
those  funds  available  for  use  in  any  per- 
sonal contingency  that  may  arise.  If  he 
is  sure  that  no  such  contingency  may  arise, 
he  may  seek  an  even  higher  rate  than  this; 
but  it  is  good  judgment  to  lay  emphasis 
rather  upon  safety  and  assured  income 
than  upon  the  maximum  of  revenue.  cy\  '^ 
minimum  0$  uwesXmeivX— C.  \\.  Vw- 


AN  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  NUMBER 


IT  MAY  seem  a  queer  time  to  issue 
an  International  Peace  Number  — 
or,  it  may  seem  a  tinie  when  the 
issuing  of  a  Peace  Number  is  pecu- 
liarly needed  —  as  you  please. 
With  a  state  of  war  existing  between 
Italy  and  Turkey;  with  China  on  revolu- 
tion; with  France  and  Germany  retired 
only  a  few  steps  from  conflict,  it  seems  an 
inappropriate  moment  to  celebrate  the 
coming  of  a  day  of  universal  harmony. 
In  devoting  some  pages,  nevertheless, 
to  the  movement  for  the  doing  away  with 
armed  conflict,  the  World's  Work  is 
the  victim  of  no  such  delusion  as  that  the 
earth  has  seen  the  last  of  war's  woe,  no 
such  hope  as  that  to-morrow  all  govern- 
ments will  confess  their  allegiance  to  the 
enlightened  principles  of  justice  and  reason 
to  which  men  have  individually  come  to 
yield.  It  will  take  longer  to  abolish 
duels  between  nations  than  it  took  to 
make  duels  between  individuals  a  confessed 
disgrace. 

But  he  is  blind  who  fails  to  see,  spite 
of  all  contrary  appearances,  that  the 
international  duel  is  bound  to  go  as  cer- 
tainly as  the  duel  of  individuals  has  gone. 
This  confidence  rests  on  no  mere  general 
faith  that  the  onward  sweep  of  reason 
must  efface  such  a  monstrous  folly  as  war, 
but  on  definite  evidence  that  the  abandon- 
ment of  battle  is  already  contemplated  by 
a  swiftly-growing  public  opinion.  The 
cobt  of  war  has  grown  almost  prohibitive; 
its  destructiveness  has  become  so  horrible 
that  it  is  bound  to  destroy  itself;  the  chief 
reas^jn  for  it  has  been  done  away,  for  the 
financial  interdependence  of  nKxiern  na- 
tions makes  it  impossible  for  a  victor 
to   get   away   with  spoils. 

(^)nsider  the  views  set  forth  in  the 
pages  that  follow.  It  is  a  simple  fact 
that  such  an  exhibition  of  reason  and 
conscience  on  the  subject,  from  sources 
so  high,  or  indeed  from  any  source  what- 
soever, would  have  been  unthinkable  a 
generation  or  even  a  decade  ago.  Here 
is  a  President  of  the  United  States  arguing 


in  favor  of  treaties  which  bind  our  Govern- 
ment—  bind  it,  not  sentimentally,  but 
practically,  actually  —  to  abandon  the 
principle  of  war  for  the  principle  of  arbi- 
tration; and  expressing  his  hope  and 
belief  that  the  nations  of  the  future 
will  submit  all  their  quarrels  to  a  World- 
Court. 

Here  are  a  dozen  men  from  various 
walks  of  life,  but  all  convei^nt  with 
public  affairs  and  influential  in  them, 
who  look  forward  to  "the  sure  coming" 
of  the  day  of  peace.  True,  a  dozen  more 
are  of  faint  hope,  and  two  or  three  frankly 
without  either  hope  or  desire.  Mr.  Hud- 
son Maxim,  naturally  enough,  looks  upon 
battle  as  a  necessary  and  indeed  benificent 
institution.  Bishop  Tuttle  is  an  orthodox 
cleric  who  believes  in  vengeance  by  the 
sword  and  quotes  Scripture  to  prove  it. 
Mr.  John  Bigelow,  on  the  other  hand, 
writes  in  unregenerate  spirit  to  put  the 
responsibility  for  war,  not  (like  the  good 
Bishop)  on  the  Savior,  but  on  the  total 
depravity  of  man  —  a  doctrine  in  which  he 
believes,  as  he  was  taught  to  believe  eighty 
years  ago,  and  which  he  insists  that  men 
should  still  live  up  to.  Lord  Northcliffe, 
Senator  Lodge,  Governor  Wilson,  Cardinal 
Gibbons,  and  Congressman  Underwood 
warn  us  not  to  be  too  sanguine. 

But  it  is  difficult  not  to  be  sanguine 
when  we  ponder  the  sober  facts  set  forth 
by  Professor  Patten,  or  the  apparently 
unanswerable  argument  of  Mr.  Norman 
Angell  (who  deserves  the  Nobel  Peace 
Prize  this  year);  when  we  follow  the 
incisive  argument  of  Judge  Grosscup,  or 
allow  our  minds  to  partake  of  the  large 
historic  vision  of  Dr.  tliot.  Mr.  Straus 
says  truly  that  more  progress  in  providing 
for  the  maintenance  of  peace  among 
nations  has  been  made  during  the  past 
twelve  years  than  in  all  the  rest  of  the 
ages  from  the  dawn  of  history.  That  is 
true;  and  it  is  a  truth  the  magnitude  di 
which,  the  colossal  importance  of  which, 
ought  to  stagger  the  mind  and  fire  the 
imagination. 


WORLD-PEACE    AND    THE    GENERAL 
ARBITRATION  TREATIES 

SWIFTLY-GATHERING     SENTIMENT     ENCOURAGES     HOPE      FOR  AN      AREOPAGITIC 

COURT  OF  THE   NATIONS  — THE   TREATIES   AWAITING   RATIFICATION 

A   LONG   ADVANCE   IN    CIVILIZATION  —  ARE   WE   IN    FAVOR 

OF   ARBITRATION   OR   WAR? 

BY 

'       WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT 

(reported  by  WILLIAM   BAYARD  HALE) 


IT  was  an  autumn  day  at  Beverly^y- 
the-Sea,  The  cold  wind  that  swept 
up  the  bill  made  the  log  that  crackled 
in  the  study  fire-place  a  pleasure  to 
the  eye  and  a  comfort  to  the  hack. 
The  last  detail  of  a  long  journey  through 
twenty-four  states  of  the  Union,  to  he  entered 
upon  on  the  morrow,  was  completed,  A 
last  official  act  —  the  exchanging  of  adieux 
with  the  late  ambassador  of  Japan,  just 
called  home  to  become  his  Emperor's  Min- 
ister of  Foreign  Affairs  —  was  over.  A 
loyal  delegation  of  New  England's  business 
men  had  come,  offered  their  stirrup-cup 
of  cheer,  and  departed,  and  the  President 
bad  an  hour  all  his  own.  He  sat  back  in 
bis  chair,  and  talked  —  talked  of  a  thing 
that  lies  perhaps  nearer  his  heart  than 
anything  else  in  the  world  —  talked  of  peace 
on  earth  among  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and 
the  prospect  of  it.  The  sun  was  going  down 
in  a  particularly  fine  exhibition  of  its  best 
colors, 

IVhen  a  President  relaxes  before  his 
study  fire  late  on  a  fine  autumn  afternoon, 
be  is  pretty  certain  to  say  something  inter- 
esting. Mr,  Taft  said  a  great  many  things 
interesting.  Some  of  them  discretion  scarce- 
ly suggests  the  advisability  of  printing. 
Bui  some  other  things  which  the  President 
said  so  manifestly  ought  to  be  printed  — 
aught  to  be  beard  not  by  a  solitary  listener 
but  by  the  nation  and  the  world,  both  on 
account  of  their  intrinsic  interest  and  of 
ibeir  significance  coming  from  the  occupant 
of  so  exalted  an  ojjke  —  that  I  asked  per- 
mission to  write  them  out.  And  obtained 
it,  with  the  qualification  that  I  should  make 


it  clear  I  was  recording  an  unpremeditated, 
informal  conversation. 

Thus,  then,  the  President,  to  the  best  of 
his  interlocutor's  recollection: 

Do  you  know  that  one  of  the  most 
notable  phenomena  of  the  day  is  the  swift- 
ness with  which  belief  in  permanent  inter- 
jiational  peace  is  growing? 

Yes,  this  sentiment,  comparatively  new 
in  the  world,  has  made  enormous  strides 
within  the  past  few  years.  Wherever 
I  go  1  find  the  most  eager  interest  in 
anything  I  say  on  the  subject  of  war  and 
peace.  Crowds  grow  silent  as  I  approach 
that  theme;  men  put  a  hand  behind  the 
ear  and  stand  on  tiptoe  leaning  forward  so 
as  not  to  miss  a  word.  There  is  astir  a 
profound  revolution  in  the  ]X)pular  thought 
on  the  subject  of  war,  a  moral  awakening 
to  the  hideous  wickedness  of  armed  combat 
between  man  and  man,  and  an  economic 
perception  of  the  wastefulness  and  folly 
not  only  of  war  but  of  the  great  armaments 
which  the  present  jealousy  of  the  Powers 
makes  it  necessary  to  maintain. 

Workingmen  have  brought  it  home  to 
me  as  1  have  seen  and  talked  with  them 
in  all  parts  of  the  country  that  they  are 
against  war.  They  have  to  pay  the  bills, 
and  what  do  they  gain?  What  interest 
have  they  in  the  common  run  of  disputes 
between  governments  —  matters  of  boun- 
dary, matters  of  dynasty,  matters  of  so- 
called  "honor"?  And  if  they  feel  any 
interest  in  the  dispute,  they  want  to  know 
why  it  can't  be  settled  in  sovcv^  ^^m^^j  \et^*s^ 
archaic,   \ess   b^Lxb^xoMs,  V&s  ^^sx^>aS., 


M4 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


than  the  marching  out  of  armies  of  men 
bent  on  killing  one  another. 

It  is  indeed  a  barbarous  thing,  a  thing 
worthy  of  the  Stone  Age,  that  men  with 
common  interests,  a  common  destiny, 
with  all  the  great  common  causes,  common 
battles  to  fight  against  nature,  common 
marches  to  make  up  the  ascent  of  civili- 
zation —  a  barbarous  thing  that  men 
should  cease  from  their  common  war  to 
engage  in  mutual  slaughter  and  destruc- 
tion, should  batter  and  disfigure  and  maim 
and   slay   one   another. 

With  this  feeling  in  the  mind  of  the 
workingman,  war  to-day  does  not  afford 
the  glittering  prospects  it  once  did.  It 
is,  for  instance,  no  longer  advisable  to 
resort  to  conflict  with  another  country 
as  a  means  of  reuniting  a  country  dis- 
tracted by  internal  problems.  On  the 
contrary,  war  is  distinctly  dangerous  to 
a  country  torn  by  internal  dissensions. 
The  increased  burden  of  taxation,  the 
tightness  of  money,  the  inconvenience  of 
living,  the  unpopularity  of  war,  the 
absence  of  troops,  abnormal  conditions 
generally,  and  especially  the  vivid  reali- 
zation that  the  interests  of  the  rulers 
are  not  the  interests  of  the  people  —  these 
things  arc  likely  to  provoke  and  encourage 
domestic  disaffection. 

The  birth  and  growth  of  this  peace 
sentiment  (and  I  tell  you  it  is  acquiring 
amazing  strength)  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at :  it  Nvnuld  have  been  a  cause  of  wonder  if 
it  had  not  been  lv)rn.  We  have  advanced 
in  ever\thin^  cInc:  we  have  lagged  far 
behind  in  this  serious  and  terrible  matter 
of  inliTn;itional  disputes,  allowing  them 
to  settle  thcmselve>  accord in.Li  to  the  rude 
and  sa\aL'e  methods  (»f  da\s  long  past. 
Now  \vc  have  at  last  taken  up  that  matter. 
I  am  inch'ned  to  think  that  we  shall 
jdvanee  with  it  much  more  swiftly  than 
mHiu'    will     Klirxe. 

I  hi'  lit' Hint:,  papery  oh  the  lahle  bad 
idhlcs  Jr^^m  lacking  idliug  of  the  gravity 
oj  the  iiiutrreetioii  in  a  (Ihinese  prtnitice: 
eahles  jrinn  Paris,  Herliji.  aud  Rome  agree- 
ing  ni  pessimistic  vinvs  oj  the  outcome  of 
the  lutropeau  crisis.  Hut  the  President 
talked  tni  oj  per  wane  vt  peace  among  the 
nations. 


I  say  boldly  that  what  I  look  forward 
to  is  nothing  less  than  a  court  of  the 
nations  —  an  Areopagitic  court,  to  whose 
conscientious  and  impartial  judgment  pech 
pies  shall  submit  their  disputes,  to  be 
decided  according  to  the  eternal  princi- 
ples of  law  and  equity. 

Civilization  demands  that,  and  it  is 
coming.  The  treaties  with  Great  Britain 
and  France  lately  negotiated,  will,  if 
ratified  by  the  Senate,  mark  a  long  stqi 
into  the  path  along  wnich  the  world  mu^ 
now  advance. 

Everyone  recognizes  that  our  existing 
treaties  with  England  and  France  —  which 
agree  to  arbitrate  all  questions  excqlt 
those  which  affect  the  vital  interests  br 
the  national  honor  of  the  Powers  concerned 
—  make  an  advance  in  international 
relations.  Yet,  of  course,  when  any 
question  comes  up,  either  nation  might 
convince  itself  that  its  vital  interests 
or  its  national  honor  were  involved,  and 
refuse  to  arbitrate.  There  are  very  few 
questions  which  might  not  be  so  construed 
in  the  opinion  of  one  or  the  other  nation. 
I  mean  to  say  that  the  exception  in  the 
present  treaties  is  so  phrased  that  it 
really  leaves  very  little  to  be  arbitrated; 
it  leaves  us  definitely  committed  to  very 
little  indeed.  In  effect,  we  merely  de- 
clare that  we  are  in  favor  of  arbitration, 
and  that,  when  a  question  arises  which 
we  are  willing  to  arbitrate,  we  will  arbi- 
trate it  —  if  the  other  nation  also  is 
willing. 

Now,  that  is  all  very  well  —  but  it 
doesn't  go  very  far  toward  permanent 
peace  —  toward  providing  a  means  for 
the  settling  of  those  serious  questions 
which    lead    to   wars. 

The  new  treaties  do  provide  that  means; 
the  new  treaties  do  really  commit  us, 
and  the  nations  which  sign  with  us,  to 
seek  a  settlement  of  all  disputes,  even 
the  most  serious,  without  armed  conflict. 
The  new  treaties  do  not  leave  it  to  the 
excited,  momentary  opinion  of  the  coun- 
tries involved  to  decide  whether  or  not 
the  question  which  has  arisen  is  one  that 
may  honorably  be  arbitrated.  The  new 
treaties  provide  a  judicial  means  of 
settling  that   initial   question.    They  cs- 


146 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 
I 


I 


tablish  a  Joint  High  Commission  to  pass 
on  that  question. 

I  his  device  of  the  Joint  High  Commis- 
sion is  the  centre  and  the  point  of  the 
whole  plan.  I  repeat  there  is  nothing 
gained  for  the  cause  of  peace  by  agreeing 
to  arbitrate  what  and  when  we  feel  in- 
clined, [here  is  everything  gained  fur 
it  by  agreeing  to  arbitrate  whatever 
an  impartial  tribunal  says  is  arbitrable. 
These  treaties  establish  such  a  tribunal: 
under  the  plan  it  will  always  be  constituted 
of  an  equal  number  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  other  country 
involved  —  three  of  each.  It  is  a  mistake 
to  say  that  the  Jrunt  High  Commissitm 
might  be  made  up  of  foreigners.  That 
could  not  possibly  be;  there  must  always 
be  in  it  three  American  citizens  and  three 
citizens  or  subjects  of  the  other  nation; 
and  unless  five  of  the 
six  agree  that  the 
issue  is  an  interna- 
tional one  which 
may  be  settled  bv 
the  just  application 
of  the  principles  of 
law  and  equity  in 
which  the  whole  civ- 
ilized world  agree  ^ 
arbitration  may  not 
be  had.  If  five  ol 
the  six  members 
agree  that  it  is  capa- 
ble of  just  settlement 
bv  the  impartial 
principles  of  law  and 
equity,  then  the  Ex- 
ecutive and  the  Senate  are  bound  to  take 
the  steps  necessary  to  submit  the  question 
to  a  board  of  arbitration. 

Wc  should  not  be  forced  to  arbitrate 
anything,  and,  of  course,  on  the  other 
hand,  wc  should  not  be  able  to  secure 
arbitration  for  anything,  unless  two  of 
our  own  three  members  agree  on  it. 

The  treaties  themselves  naturally  do 
n<ji  stale  how  the  members  of  the  Joint 
High  (x>mmissit>n  are  to  be  selected* 
Each  nation  will  name  them  as  it  sees 
fit.  The  Senate  can.  if  it  like,  reserve 
to  itself  the  right  to  confirm  nominations 
made  by  the  President.  I  see  no  objec- 
tion to  that* 


IN    BALTIMORE   ON    MAY    3,    igtl 

PKESIDENT  T^FT.  THEOFFrCIAL  MEAD  OF  THE  ARMY 

AND  NAW^  AND  SECHETARV  OF  WAR   DICKINSON 

ARRrVING    AT    THE    i'E  ACE    CONFERENCE 


There  is  another  feature  which  has 
not  been  appreciated  as  much  as  it  de- 
serves. In  the  first  place,  under  these 
treaties,  before  we  come  to  actual  arbi- 
tration or  even  to  reference  to  the  joint 
High  Commission  for  a  decision  as  to  i 
whether  arbitration  is  or  is  not  to  be  had, 
it  is  provided  that  either  party  to  a  dii- 
pute  may  postpone  action  for  one  year, 
in  order  to  afford  an  opportunity  for ' 
diplomatic  discussion  and  adjustment. 
Now,  that  year's  delay  would  prevent 
almost  any  possible  war.  Wars  almost 
invariably  spring  from  the  swift  passions 
of  a  moment.  Almost  invariably  gf>\- 
ernments  are  hurried  into  some  bdli- 
gerent  act  by  the  sudden  passion  of  a 
people  aroused  by  an  accident,  a  rots- 
understanding,  or  an  ermr,  which  a  fc*» 
davs'  deLi V  would  cure,  and  a  few  months' 
time  would  erase 
f  rom  the  fnenior\. 
I  he  necessity  for  a 
very  little  dejay,  the 
making  it  impossill 
f(ir  two  Powers 
rush  into  hostilities^, 
would  remove  far 
more  than  half  tht 
peril  of  wan 

Objection  has  been 
made,  you  know 
that  the  ratification 
iif  these  t  rea  ties 
would  obligate  us  to 
submit  to  outsiders 
questions  so  vital  a^. 
for  instance,  the  restriction  of  immigration, 
the  Monroe  Doctrine,  and  the  payment  of 
Qinfederate  bonds.  Senator  Root  has 
proposed  to  put  into  the  resolution  ratify- 
ing the  treaties  a  qualification  to  the 
effect  that  ihey  do  not  authorize  the 
submission  to  arbitration  of  "any  ques- 
tions which  depend  upon  or  involve  the 
maintenance  of  the  traditional  attitude 
of  the  United  Stales  concerning  American 
questions  or  other  purely  Governmental 
policy/' 

Senator  Root's  resniution  does  no  harm, 
but  the  subjects  which  it  excepts  from 
those  which  ma>'  be  arbitrated  were  never 
among  them.    The  treaties  as  they  now 


WORLD-PEACE  AND  THE  GENERAL  ARBITKATION  TREATIES    147 


stand  do  not  contemplate  the  arbitra- 
tion of  any  questions  connected  with 
innmigration  or  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 
These  are  all  domestic  matters,  matters 
of  interna!  policy,  which  no  other  power 
could    bring   into   question. 

What  is  the  goiKJ  of  such  a  quahfication? 
It  is  already  implicit  in  the  treaties  as 
they  stand.  All  of  us  in  our  daily  lives 
are  fully  subject  to  the  courts  of  the  land. 
W'e  are  responsible  for  our  every  act, 
and  we  may  be  haled  before  the  court 


viding  that  we  shall  be  free  to  restrict 

immigration  and  to  enforce  the  Monnje 
Dextrine.  Those  are  national  matters 
—  not  international.  They  would  never 
be  arbitrated.  Root  resolution  or  no  Root 
resolution.  As  to  immigration,  there  can't 
be  an  instant's  doubt  that  it  is  a  purely 
domestic  matter.  As  to  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  1  believe  that  the  study  of  that 
subject  will  demonstrate  that  it,  too,  is 
by  all  the  world  recognized  and  accepted 
as  a  settled  national  policy  of  the  United 


THE     PRESIDENT    ON    HIS    FAVORITE    SUBJECT 

^'CROWDS  GROW  SILENT  AS  f    APf»ROACH  THAT  THEME  ;  MEN    PUT  A    HAND    BEHIND  TME   EAR  AND  STAND 

ON    TII'-TOE    LEANING    FORWARD    SO    AS   NOT  TO  MISS   A    WORU" 


and  our  acts  questioned*  and  the  decision 
of  the  court  pronounced.  Yet  people 
do  not  worry  lest  they  have  to  submit 
to  the  judge  the  internal  conduct  of  their 
own  households-  They  don* I  deem  it  neces- 
sary to  draft  a  bill  of  rights  guaranteeing 
that  a  man  shall  be  secure  in  his  inalien- 
able privilege  of  marrying  either  a  blonde 
or  a  brunette  as  his  taste  and  the  opinions 
of  the  girls  decide.  That  would  be  no 
more  absurd  than  is  the  amendment  pro- 


States,  A  policy  which  has  been  con- 
tinually adhered  to  for  a  century,  publicly 
and  in  the  eyes  and  ears  of  the  whole 
world,  without  challenge  by  any  Power, 
has  ceased  to  be  open  to  question.  Pn»f 
John  Bassett  Moore,  than  whom  there 
is  no  higher  authority,  takes  the  position 
that  it  is  a  strictly  national  policy.  Sir 
Edward  Grey,  Great  firitain's  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  has  in  words  so  de- 
scribed it  —  whvcK  rc\^VKs\\  v'^i^CiT^^t'^Vi. 


k.^«^^   ^_ 


148 


THE  WORLD^S  WORK 


bath  the  French  and   British  governments 
would  acquiesce  in  that  view. 

While  I  am  expressing  my  own  views. 
1 1  may  as  well  say  that  personally  I  would 
'go  further  than  these  treaties  go  in  the 
matter  of  deciding  what  questions  are 
justiceable.  1  should  be  willing  to  leave 
the  question  uf  whether  or  not  an  issue 
arising  between  two  nations  is  arbitrable 
to  the  decision  ^ — not  of  a  Joint  High 
Commission  whose  finding  is  practically 
controlled  by  a  majority  of  our  own  rep- 
resentatives upon  it  — but  of  the  Board 
of  Arbitration  itself,  which  is  ultimately 


Now.  those  who  object  to  these  treatie 
in  their  hearts  object  to  any  arbitration^ 
that  is  all  there  is  about  it.     They  d<: 
not  realize  it  themselves,  but  that  is  the 
truth.     They  will  agree  to  arbitrate  every-' 
thing  — which  they  may  themselves  see 
fit  to  arbitrate.     Thai  will  not  go  ver 
far. 

Either  we  are  in  favor  of  arbitration 
of  issues  which  are  likely  to  lead  to  W2 
or    we    are    not. 

If  we  are  in  favor  of  war  as  the  only 
means  of  settling  questions  of  importance 
between  countries,  then  let  us  recognizee 


see 

ioiA 

va™ 


L<j|>>  Tight  \jy  limn  14  aii«l  £  «tu(i« 

A     PROUD    MOMENT     FOR    THE     PRESIDENT 

THE  SrtJMING  OF  THE  ARBITRATION  TREATY,  AUGUST  3.  1^1  »,  BETWEEN  ENGLAND  AND  THE  UNITEtl  STATES 

BY  AMIIASSADOR  BRYCE.      SECRETARY  KNOX,  AT  THE  OTHER  END  OF  THE  TABLE  IS  PUTTING  HIS 

NAME  TO  THE  TREATY  BEnVfiFN  FRANCE  AND  THE  UNITED  STAlES.       THESE  TREATIES 

ARE  NOW  AWAITING  CONFIRMATION  BY  THE  SENATE 


to  decide  the  issue,  if  it  be  arbitrable.  I 
should  be  willing  to  have  that  board  pass 
not  onh^  upon  the  merits  of  the  question, 
but  also  upon  the  jurisdiction.  In  time 
I  have  no  doubt  we  shall  come  to  that, 
but  these  treaties  do  not  go  that  fan  They 
do  take  aw^ay  fn^m  the  Executive  and  the 
Senate  the  absolute  power  to  withhold  a 
question  from  arbitration  just  because 
they  do  not  choose  to  arbitrate  it.  and 
yet  they  do  leave  the  question  of  arbi- 
tration in  the  hands  of  a  G^mmission 
practically  controlled  by  our  own  members. 


it  as  a  principle  and  decline  all  arbitration* 
But  if  we  are  really  in  favor  of  arbitration! 
as  a  means  of  avoiding  war,  then  why 
should  we  not  be  willing  to  submit  to 
impartial  men  the  decision  upon  a  ques^j 
tion  rather  than  leave  it  to  the  result 
of  a  bloody  battle,  in  which,  with  the 
fair  cause,  we  may  be  beaten,  or  with  an 
unjust  cause,  we  may  conquer?  If  we 
are  going  to  substitute  reason  for  force. 
law  for  clashing  individual  wills,  the 
court  for  the  duel,  the  reign  of  right  for 
the  rule  of  might  —  well,  we  shall  ji 


j^^ 


RECENT  INTERNATIONAL  EVENTS  AND  "THE  GREAT  ILLUSION"    149 


have  to  substitute  them.  It  won't  do 
to  say  we  believe  in  arbitration,  and  then 
refuse  to  arbitrate  anything  but  minor 
questions  about  which  we  care  nothing, 
which  we  are  certain  of  winning,  or 
which  we  are  willing  to  lose.  You  can't 
have  a  court  on  such  terms.  You  can't 
enforce  international  law  and  equity 
over  the  affairs  of  nations  by  playing  fast 
and  loose  like  that.  It  is  no  good  talking 
about  the  grand  principle  of  international 
arbitration  —  and  then  excepting  from 
the  application  of  that  principle  all  that 
makes  it  of  any  significance. 

Of  course,  a  man  who  in  his  heart  of 
hearts  believes  in  war  and  likes  it,  who  is 
convinced  that  it  is  a  noble  game,  strength- 
ening the  body  and  elevating  the  soul  — 
of  course,  that  man  can  not  be  expected 
to  support  real  arbitration  treaties.  There 
are  those  who  were  bom  with  this  spirit 
in  their  breast  and  who  probably  do 
sincerely  regard  as  invertebrate  milk- 
sops us  who  are  opposed  to  war. 

Some  of  us  really  belieye  in  arbitration — 
believe  not  only  in  talking  about  it,  but 
also  in  practising  it.  Some  of  us  so  hate 
war,  while  we  so  love  the  peace  of  right- 


eousness, that  we  are  willing  to  submit 
all  our  disputes  to  disinterested  judges. 
We  believe  that  the  method  of  judicial 
determination  is  as  much  juster,  wiser, 
more  righteous,  more  advantageous  than 
war,  as  the  day  is  clearer,  more  revealing, 
more  beautiful  than  the  night. 

President  Taft  is  a  man  profoundly,  re- 
ligiously  impressed  with  the  wickedness  of 
war.  He  is,  furthermore,  through  all  his 
veins,  a  believer  in  the  processes  of  legal 
judgment.  He  does  not  believe  that  it  is 
necessary  to  be  a  man  of  Berseker  soul  in 
order  to  understand  the  glory  of  conflict. 
He  holds  that  in  the  battle  against  disease 
and  ignorance,  the  battle  to  win  the  truths 
of  science  and  to  subjugate  nature,  man, 
the  man  of  the  future,  will  find,  in  a  nobler 
fashion  of  fighting,  a  "moral  equivalent 
for  war!*  He  does  not  believe  thai  the 
gallant  soldierly  virtues  will  die  out  because 
fields  are  no  longer  strewn  with  dead  and 
widows  left  weeping  in  smoldering  cities. 
He  believes  that  finer  courage,  nobler  heroism, 
will  have  its  opportunity  when  the  leaders 
of  the  nations  have  found  wisdom  to  "guide 
our  feet  into  the  way  of  peace," 


RECENT  INTERNATIONAL  EVENTS 
AND  "THE  GREAT  ILLUSION" 

WHAT    HAPPENED  THE   OTHER    DAY    WHEN    GERMANY    THREATENED    THE    WORLD'S 
PEACE  — STRIKING    ILLUSTRATION   OF   THE    FUTILITY  OF  WAR   AMONG  MODERN 

INTERDEPENDENT   NATIONS 

BY 

NORMAN  ANGELL 

(AUTBOE  of  "  THE  GKEAT  nXUSION") 


THE  series  of  Bourse  crises  on 
the  Berlin  Stock  Exchange  by 
which  German  bankers,  mer- 
chants, and  manufacturers  suf- 
fered heavily  as  a  direct  result 
of  an  act  of  ]X)litical  aggression  on  the 
part  of  the  German  Government  is  a  fact 
which  illustrates  and  confirms  in  a  suffi- 
ciently striking  fashion  the  thesis  which  I 
have  attempted  to  outline  in  "The  Great 
Illusion." 


What,  in  two  words,  is  this  thesis?  It 
is  this:  that  it  has  in  the  modem  world 
become  impossible,  by  successful  war 
between  civilized  nations,  to  derive  any 
profit  whatsoever.  This  involves,  of 
course,  a  complete  repudiation  of  the 
axioms  which  have  heretofore  dominated 
and  still  to  a  large  extent  dominate 
European  statecraft.  The  action  of,  for 
instance,  Germany  during  the  last  decade 
or  so  has  been  founded  upon  a  quite 


I50 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


definite  set  of  political  principles,  which 
were  enunciated  by  the  Chancellor  when 
he  declined  to  associate  Germany  in  any 
movement  for  limitation  of  armament, 
as  frankly  and  as  honestly  as  diplomatic 
usage  allows.  He  urged  this:  The  con- 
dition of  national  prosperity  is  national 
strength,  and  a  nation  that  is  not  polit- 
ically (i.e.,  militarily)  strong  must  play 
a  secondary  and  effaced  rdle  in  the  affairs 
of  the  world;  must  live  on  the  sufferance 
and  good  will  of  others,  unable  to  make  its 
due  weight  felt  in  the  councils  of  nations, 
or  ensure  respect  for  its  legitimate  in- 
terests; and,  when  it  comes  to  the  pinch, 
be  shouldered  out  by  the  more  lusty. 
"When  a  people  will  not  or  cannot  con- 
tinue to  spend  enough  on  its  armaments 
to  be  able  to  make  its  way  (sicb  durcb- 
luseiien)  in  the  world,  then  it  falls  back 
into  the  second  rank  and  sinks  down  to 
the  r61e  of  super  on  the  world's  stage. 
There  will  always  be  another  and  stronger 
which  is  ready  to  take  its  place." 

Even  more  concretely  was  this  view 
expressed  more  than  a  decade  since  by 
the  German  delegate  to  the  first  Hague 
Peace  Conference.  Baron  Karl  Von  Sten- 
gel.   This  authority  says  in  his  book  that* 

Every  great  power  must  employ  his  efforts 
towards  exercising  the  largest  influence  possible 
not  only  in  European  but  in  world  politics,  and 
this  mainly  because  economic  power  depends 
in  the  last  resort  on  political  power,  and  because 
the  largest  participation  possible  in  the  trade 
of  the  world  is  a  vital  question  for  every  nation. 

.Moreover,  the  foregoing  is  not  a  view 
in  any  way  peculiar  to  German  states- 
men; it  has  the  heartiest  endorsement  of 
our  own  great  authorities.  Admiral 
.Mahan.  whose  work  on  the  Influence  of 
Sea  Power  gives  him.  on  his  side  of  the 
question,  an  authority  second  to  none, 
is  still  more  emphatic  and  still  more 
definite.     In  his  latest  book,  he  writes: 

The  supremacy  of  Great  Britain  in  Euro- 
pean seas  means  a  perpetually  latent  control 
of  (lerman  commerce  .  .  .  The  world  has 
long  been  accustomed  to  the  idea  of  a  pre- 
dominant naval  power,  coupling  it  with  the 
name  of  Great  Britain,  and  it  has  been  noted 
that  such  power  when  achieved  is  commonly 
associated    with    commercial    and    industrial 


predominance,  the  struggle  for  which  is  ncyw 
in  progress  between  Great  Britain  and  Ger- 
many. Such  predominance  forces  a  nation  to 
seek  markets  and,  where  possible,  control  them 
to  its  own  advantage  by  predonderant  force. 

There  you  have  it  quite  clearly  from 
the  greatest  Anglo-Saxon  exponent  of 
the  old  political  creed.  The  naval  riv- 
alry between  Great  Britain  and  Germany 
is  part  of  that  struggle  for  commercial  and 
industrial  predominance  which  is  going 
on  between  two  countries,  and  moreover 
the  Mahans,  von  Stengels,  Homer,  Leas, 
and  Roosevelts  defend  these  "axioms" 
by  what  is  presumed  to  be  a  very  pro- 
found philosophy.  It  is  all,  we  are  told,  in 
keeping  with  the  great  laws  of  life  in  the 
world  —  with  all.  that  we  know  of  the 
evolutionary  process;  throughout  nature, 
the  law  of  fight  and  struggle  is  supreme; 
so  must  it  be  with  nations. 

Well,  it's  all  wrong.  It  consklers  only 
one  half  of  the  facts,  and  the  other  half, 
perhaps  the  larger,  certainly  the  dominat- 
ing half  in  the  general  process  of  human 
development,  is  left  out.  And  the  evol- 
utionary analogy  at  which  I  have  hinted, 
and  which  is  accepted  almost -universally 
as  a  true  analogy,  is  an  absdutdy  false 
one,  and  there  again  the  dominating  factor, 
as  we  shall  see  presently,  has  not  been 
considered. 

The  illusion  is  a  double  one.  Struggle 
is  only  one  half  of  the  law  of  life.  The 
other  half,  without  which  life  would  be 
impossible,  is  known  as  the  law  of  mutual 
aid.  cooperation.  This  process,  which 
throughout  all  the  higher  forms  of  life  runs 
parallel  with  the  law  of  struggle,  is  seen 
even  in  the  earliest  organism.  Its  sim- 
plest form  is  the  cooperation  of  male 
and  female.  If  struggle  in  its  completest 
form  prevented  that  cooperation,  life 
would  never  have  developed  beyond  the 
first  organism  that  possessed  a  sex;  and 
it  will  be  found  that  in  the  process  of 
development  every  added  factor  of  co- 
operation diminishes  the  proportional  im- 
portance of  the  factor  of  conflict.  For 
this  reason  in  the  domain  of  sociology 
the  relative  rdles  of  these  two  factors 
are  constantly  changing.  Let  us  illus- 
trate as  concretely  as  possible. 


RECENT  INTERNATIONAL  EVENTS  AND  "THE  GREAT  ILLUSION  "   151 


When  Olaf,  the  Viking  king,  descended 
on  the  coast  of  Northumbria,  he  hammered 
his  way  into  a  Saxon  stronghold,  seized 
all  the  gold  and  silver  and  hides  and  com 
and  cattle  and  women  and  slaves  that  he 
could  lay  hand  on,  sailed  back  home, 
and  was  the  richer  by  just  the  amount 
of  loot  he  could  safely  land  on  his  own 
shores.  As  against  the  profit  of  such 
an  ex[)edition  he  had  to  set  on  the 
debit  side  of  the  account  practically 
nothing  at  all. 


in  this  way,  German  merchants  would 
probably  pay  a  hundred.  Every  time 
that  he  brought  an  English  bank  or  in- 
surance company  or  commercial  house 
to  ruin  he  would  know  with  absolute 
and  mathematical  certainty  that  he 
would,  by  the  same  blow,  bring  a  German 
bank,  a  German  insurance  company,  and 
a  German  house  to  ruin  also.  Can  we 
pretend  therefore,  that  conditions  have 
not  altered?  Of  course,  they  have  al- 
tered.   The  factor  of  cooperation  which 


TransAtluitic  Conpany 
A    UNANIMOUS    VOTE    FOR     PEACE 

AT   THE    MASS    MEETING    BY  THE  GERMAN  SOCIAL   DEMOCRATS    HELD  TO    DISCUSS  THE   THREATENED  WAR 
WITH    FRANCE    IN    TREPTOW    PARK,    BERLIN 


But  imagine  a  modern  Olaf  landed  in 
London  at  the  head  of  a  victorious  army 
making  straight  for  the  cellars  of  the 
Bank  of  England  and  looting  them  in 
the  fashion  in  which  one  distressed  cor- 
respondent of  a  London  paper  foresees  — 
would  the  position  be  the  same?  The 
position  would  be  absolutely  different; 
for  the  day  that  he  looted  the  Bank  of 
England,  the  Bank  of  Germany  would 
suspend  payment,  and  his  own  balance 
therein  disappear.  For  every  sovereign 
that   he   took   from    English    merchants 


our  credit  system  every  day  and  every 
hour  is  intensifying  has  modified  pro- 
foundly the  weight  of  the  factor  of  con- 
flict; to  such  a  degree  indeed  that  con- 
fiscation, in  the  rude  form  in  which  the 
nervous  correspondent  I  have  cited  sug- 
gests, has  become  a  practical  impos- 
sibility. The  series  of  recent  financial 
crises  in  Berlin  have  given  thus  abundant 
illustration.  What  happened  ?  The 
German  Government  took  an  action  which 
threatened  the  peace  of  Europe  and  which 
was  aimed  specifically  at  France.    The 


RECENT  INTERNATIONAL  EVENTS  AND  'THE  GREAT  ILLUSION"    153 


first  tangible  result  of  such  an  action  was 
that  German  industrial  securities  lost 
value  to  the  extent  of  some  scores  of 
millions,  and  the  whole  incident  has 
cost  German  commerce  and  industry  a 
great  deal  more  than  it  has  cost  any  of 
the  other  nations,  although  they  too,  have, 
of  course,  -suffered  badly.  It  will  not 
take  many  more  "black  Saturdays"  to 
show  even  the  German  public  that  to 
disorganize  the  trade  of  some  hundreds 
of  millions  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
a  dubious  exclusive  advantage  in  a  ter- 
ritory which  at  present  provides  a  market 
of  something  less  than  half  a  million,  is 
not  to  throw  away  a  sprat  in  order  to 
catch  a  whale,  but  to  throw  away  a  whale 
in  order  to  catch  a  sprat  —  and  then 
not  catch  it! 

The  old  notion  that,  as  between  na- 
tions or  large  communities,  A  can  use 
military  force  to  obtain  from  B  advan- 
tages which  he  could  not  obtain  other- 
wise, that  military  force  can  be  used  in  a 
modem  world  as  a  means  of  predatory 
exploitation,  that  by  means  of  military 
force  a  people  can  live  as  parasites  by 
the  exaction  of  tribute  in  some  form  from 
other  peoples,  is  at  last  being  recognized 
as  not  justified  by  the  facts  of  the  case. 
The  commercial  and  financial  operations 
of  the  modem  world  are  essentially  mu- 
tual. If  a  nation  is  to  find  a  market,  that 
market  must  be  a  trading  and  producing 
people,  which  means  that  the  market 
must  be  a  competitor  in  some  sense.  If 
a  nation  is  to  have  sound  credit  it  must 
not  disturb  the  credit  of  other  nations. 
If  it  is  to  exact  its  own  half  of  the  economic 
contract,  it  must  fulfil  its  own  half.  If 
it  is  to  have  a  field  for  its  investments,  it 
must  not  place  the  territories  in  which 
it  hopes  to  find  that  investment  at  any 
financial  or  economic  disadvantage. 

These  propositions  are  not  new.  They 
have  always  represented  the  ideal  con- 
ditions of  human  society.  But  they  were 
never  practically  operative  while  dis- 
tance and  difficulties  of  communication 
and  ideas  shut  off  one  people  from  an- 
other. But  the  conditions  to-day  differ 
from  the  conditions  even  as  we  knew  them 
thirty  years  ago  by  this  fact,  that  the 
telegraph  has  made  us  financially  one, 


and  that  what  was  originally  merely  a 
moral  fact  —  that  we  are  all  members 
one  of  another  —  has  become  a  very 
patent  and  intrusive  financial  fact,  de- 
monstrated to  the  densest  of  us  by  the 
simple  figures  of  the  bank  rate. 

Never  was  it  so  possible  to  present  this 
tmth  in  the  simple  and  dramatic  form  as 
now,  when  every  time  that  a  loan  is  con- 
tracted, every  tim3  that  a  German  indus- 
trial concern  sells  its  debentures  in  London 
or  establishes  a  factory  in  South  America, 
there  is  an  intensification  of  it.  My  claim 
is  not  that  these  facts  are  new,  so  much  as 
that  they  have  reached  a  condition  of 
weight  in  the  practical  daily  affairs  of 
our  life  which  can  no  longer  be  ignored  in 
our  practical  ]X)litics,  as  the  recent  Berlin 
crisis  so  abundantly  shows.  When  they 
are  realized,  a  diplomatic  revolution  to 
the  advantage  of  all  becomes  inevitable. 

The  need  for  expressing  a  thing  in 
headlines  has,  of  course,  distorted  the 
principles  which  I  have  attempted  to 
elaborate:  "'War  Now  Impossible.'  Says 
the  Author  of  The  Great  Illusion,' "  is  the 
sort  of  headline  that  is  turning  my  hair 
gray.  I  have  never  said,  of  course,  that 
war  is  impossible.  On  the  contrary, 
given  the  prevailing  condition  of  ignor- 
ance concerning  the  elementary  economic 
facts  of  the  world,  war  is  even  likely. 

But,  it  will  be  asked,  why,  if  victory 
can  be  of  no  possible  advantage,  do  we 
stand  in  danger  of  war,  since  in  every  war 
some  one  must  be  the  aggressor,  and  ag- 
gression will  be  committed  only  in  the 
hope  of  obtaining  advantage  thereby? 
For  this  reason:  not  necessarily  his  real 
interest,  but  what,  with  all  the  distortion 
of  short  sight  and  temper,  he  deems  his 
interest,  is  where  we  must  look  for  the 
motives  of  a  man's  conduct.  The  futility 
of  war  will  not  stop  war  until  general 
opinion  has  recognized  the  futility.  And 
European  statecraft,  still  mumbling  the 
obsolete  formulae  that  have  come  down 
to  us  from  conditions  that  long  since 
ceased  to  exist,  seems  still  to  be  in  sublime 
ignorance  of  even  the  very  simple  facts 
which  make  the  conclusion  just  indicated 
inevitable.  So  long  as  European  ^uhlvc 
opimoti  as  a  v^Yvo\^  \s  xSwi-Sfc  vsgpsaxMX^^'w.  >s. 


i 


154 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


quite  possible.  Europe  may  make  the 
enormous,  the  all  but  incalculable  sac- 
rifices she  would  certainly  have  to  make 
in  order  —  not  for  the  first  time,  be  it 
said  —  to  fight  for  an  illusion. 

So  far  1  am  in  cordial  agreement  with 
my  critics.  But  note  where  we  part 
company.  Most  of  the  criticism  levelled 
at  "The  Great  Illusion"  has  taken  this 
form:  "It  is  true  the  economic  case  is 
proved.  War  cannot  pay,  but  men  have 
not  been  guided  by.  they  have  not  seen, 
their  best  interests  in  the  past;  they  will 
not  be  in  the  future."  In  other  words, 
Europe  will  never  realize  the  facts  of  inter- 
national relationship.  Well,  I  deny  that, 
for  the  reasons  I  have  just  indicated. 
The  bank  rate  and  the  Stock  Exchange 
crises  open  our  eyes  to  the  real  facts  as 
perhaps  nothing  else  could. 

Indeed  the  revolution  in  political  ideas 
has  already  begun,  for  the  project  of  an 
Anglo-American  general  arbitration  treaty 
has  only  been  possible  by  an  intellect- 
ual revolution,  however  little  we  may 
realize  such  revolution.  That  treaty  is 
even  more  popular  in  England  than  it 
is  in  America  and  far  surer  of  ratification; 
and  yet  the  United  States  is  the  most 
portentous  industrial  and  political  rival 
Great  Britain  possesses.  Just  think:  it 
represents  a  homogeneous  political  entity 
of  ninety  millions;  to-day  the  greatest 
and  most  powerful  in  the  world,  when  we 
consider  the  high  average  of  activity  and 
efficiency  of  the  people;  to-morrow  perhaps 
dominating  —  by  virtue  of  closer  relations 
with  Canada  on  the  north,  Mexico  on  the 
south,  and  the  control  of  the  Panama 
Canal  —  half  a  hemisphere  and  populations 
running  into  one  hundred  and  fifty  mil- 
lions, with  resources  immeasurably  greater 
than  those  at  the  disposal  of  any  other 
single  government  —  a  government  with 
which  England  has  been  twice  at  war  in 
the  past,  a  people  comprising  elements 
deeplv  hostile  to  the  English  people.  This 
incalculable  political  force  is  able  to  harass 
England  at  fifty  points — navigation 
through  the  Panama  Canal,  the  relation 
of  British  colonies  in  the  Antilles  with 
the  Continent.  Eastern  trade  as  it  affects 
the  Philippines,  transcontinental  transit 
to  Australia,  to  mention  only  a  few.    As 


a  matter  of  fact,  the  points  of  contact 
and  of  difference  of  England  with  Euro- 
pean rivals  are  trifling  in  comparison. 
Surely  all  this,  as  much  on  the  economic 
as  on  the  political  side,  constitutes  a 
competitor  immeasurably  more  porten- 
tous than  ai  y  which  has  disturbed 
England's  sleep  within  the  last  few  de- 
cades —  France,  Russia,  Germany.  Yet 
it  is  precisely  with  the  greatest  of  all  her 
rivals,  the  one  most  able  to  challenge  her 
position  industrially,  and  the  one  who,  at 
this  moment,  is  in  the  process  perhaps 
of  absorbing,  industrially  at  least,  and 
with  her  virtual  assent,  the  greatest  of 
her  colonies,  with  whom  she  proposes  to 
make  the  first  binding  and  complete 
treaty  of  arbitration  and  —  what  is  more 
significant  —  with  whom  such  a  treaty 
seems  the  most  natural  thing  in  the  wwld! 
But  the  English  and  Americans,  sub- 
consciously—  unknowingly  it  may  be  — 
have  in  fact  repudiated  the  philosophy 
of  the  Leas,  von  Stengels  and  Mahans 
and  Roosevelts;  have  realized  that,  in 
their  own  case  at  least,  military  force  in 
the  conditions  of  the  modem  world  is 
economically  futile.  The  English  have 
realized  that,  if  America  is  to  be  a  rival 
in  the  economic  field.  Dreadnoughts  are 
not  going  to  prevent  it;  that,  whether 
Canada  accepts  or  refuses  closer  relation- 
ship with  the  United  States,  it  would  be 
futile  to  raise  a  voice  in  the  matter;  that 
our  whole  phraseology  about  the  "owner- 
ship" of  colonies  and  the  notion  that 
nations  can  fight  about  such  "ownership" 
ignores  nearly  all  the  facts.  England  does 
not  "own"  Canada.  America  does  not 
and  never  will  "own"  Canada.  Canada 
is  owned  by  the  people  who  live  upon  her 
territory  and  by  those  who  exploit  it,  and 
whether  the  relations  between  Ottowa 
and  Washington  do  or  do  not  become 
more  intimate  is  not  going  to  alter  mate- 
rial facts.  England  will  continue  to  trade 
with  her,  to  send  her  children  there,  to 
remain  good  friends  with  her,  to  coop- 
erate with  her  where  any  real  interest  is 
to  be  advanced  by  so  doing.  These 
arc  the  essential  facts,  and  we  have  passed 
out  of  that  stage  of  development  in  the 
world  in  which  military  force  could  per- 
manently alter  them. 


THE  WORLD'S  PEACE  IN  THE  MAKING 


HOW  THE  DAY  OF  LOCAL  PASSION  HAS  PASSED,  AND  ECONOMIC  INTERESTS  ARE 

COMING  TO  DOMINATE  THE  WAR-MAKING  EMOTIONS  — THE  CALCULATING 

MAN    DOES   NOT   WANT  TO   FIGHT 

BY 

PROFESSOR  SIMON  N.  PATTEN 

(AUTBOE  or  "  IHK  NEW  BASIS  OF  aVXLIZATION  ") 


IF  ONE  watches  from  day  to  day  the 
statenfents  of  newspapers,  or  esti- 
mates the  expenditures  made  on 
national  armaments,  he  is  inclined 
to  the  view  that  the  world  has  not 
changed,  that  the  passions  of  men  are  as 
strong  as  ever,  and  that  wars  will  always 
remain  objects  of  dread  and  a  menace  to 
social  progress.  The  reasoning  back  of 
this  view  is  often  stated,  and  has  become 
so  familiar  that  it  is  a  part  of  our  his- 
torical heritage.  The  opposing  view  is 
seldom  clearly  expressed,  and  seems  to 
lack  force  because  there  is  no  emotional 
background  to  give  it  vividness.  I  have 
no  desire  to  imply  that  the  older  view  has 
no  validity.  The  arguments  for  it  are 
plain  and  clear.  What  1  wish  to  impress 
is  that  we  are  in  an  age  of  transition  in 
which  the  new  and  the  old  exist  side  by 
side,  and  thus  are  confused.  The  new  is 
steadily  coming  more  clearly  into  view, 
while  the  old  yields  but  slowly  because  it 
is  made  vivid  by  tradition  and  emotion. 
This  contrast  is  made  more  vivid  when 
we  realize  the  radical  difference  between 
the  appeal  which  war  and  peace  make  to 
us.  The  appeal  of  war  comes  through  our 
emotions  and  national  traditions.  The 
nearer  we  can  put  ourselves  in  the  attitude 
of  primitive  men  in  a  fierce  struggle  for 
local  advantage,  the  more  clearly  does  the 
proposition  of  nations  come  out,  and  the 
more  vivid  is  the  appeal  that  war 
makes. 

Religion,  race,  language,  and  local  ad- 
vantage have  given  the  basis  of  past 
conflicts,  and  have  separated  men  into 
opposing  groups,  which  struggled  in  hope- 
less endeavors  to  suppress  each  other. 
These  antagonisms  have  not  ceased,  but 
they  have  lost  their  force  as  means  of 


arousing  modern  nations,  because  the 
grouping  of  nations,  now  necessary  to 
carry  on  a  successful  war,  must  extend 
over  such  large  areas  that  men  of  opposing 
religions,  races,  and  languages  must  be  on 
the  same  side.  An  emotional,  local  war 
is  now  impossible,  for  it  would  be  quickly 
suppressed  by  the  larger  nations  whose 
interests  are  jeopardized. 

Emotion  is  intense  only  as  it  is  local 
and  vivid.  It  has  no  means  of  propagat- 
ing itself  except  by  personal  contact.  A 
large  assembly  might  be  emotionally 
aroused,  but  the  extreme  limit  of  such  an 
assembly  would  be  five  thousand  persons. 
Fifty  million  people  could  not  be  aroused 
by  any  such  means.  As  a  result,  the 
orator  is  displaced  by  the  editor;  for  only 
books  and  papers  can  reach  so  large  a  num- 
ber located  in  so  many  places  and  living 
under  such  different  conditions.  I  do  not 
mean  to  imply  that  editors  and  authors 
are  better  than  orators,  but  their  actions 
are  conditioned  by  the  medium  they  use. 
Successful  papers  must  appeal  to  a  large 
audience,  and  hence  local  appeals  fail  to 
arouse,  or  more  often  arouse  antagonisms 
that  destroy  the  paper's  influence.  There 
is,  therefore,  a  constant  tendency  to  appeal 
to  broader  motives,  and  to  base  the  appeal 
on  statistical  and  historical  evidence  that 
has  but  slight  emotional  value.  Ora- 
tors appeal  to  passions,  while  editors 
appeal  to  facts.  This  states  concisely  a 
notable  difference  between  the  means 
used  by  these  two  dominant  social  forces. 
The  change  from  listening  to  reading 
carries  with  it  a  change  from  local  intense 
appeals  to  those  that  are  general  and  mild. 
Larger  areas  are  thus  united  and  a  check 
is  put  upon  local  antagonisms  and  u^ 
heavals. 


156 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


This  change  is  made  emphatic  by  like 
alterations  brought  about  by  commerce 
and  industry.  The  food  of  our  ancestors 
was  raised  on  their  farms,  their  clothing 
was  made  in  their  homes,  and  their  houses 
and  tools  had  a  local  origin.  Each  com- 
munity was  thus  locally  independent, 
and  did  not  feel  the  evils  that  befell  other 
communities  or  nations.  War  stood  for 
the  conquest  of  the  stranger  and  the  appro- 
priation of  his  goods.  Ancient  wars  had 
plunder  as  their  end  —  your  neighbor's 
prosperity  was  thus  your  temptation  and 
his  loss  brought  home  to  you  no  felt  evil. 
Modern  industry  has  changed  all  this. 
The  stoppage  of  commerce  means  the 
loss  of  customary  articles  from  your  table 
and  a  failure,  on  your  part,  to  dispose  of 
some  of  the  articles  you  have  produced. 
War  thus  means  conscious  deprivation  to 
all  in  industrial  contact  with  the  warring 
nations.  The  losses  are  not  confined  to 
those  engaged  in  it,  but  are  felt  by  the 
whole  world.  The  capital  destroyed  is 
taken  from  the  world's  market,  and  the 
labor  displaced  is  felt  by  every  industrial 
worker.  The  evil  most  dreaded  by  work- 
men is  unemployment,  and  this  is  one  of 
the  most  readily  perceived  results  of  great 
wars.  First  war,  then  industrial  de- 
pression, and  then  a  lack  of  work  and 
decreased  wages  is  a  sequence  so  obvious 
that  even  the  dullest  worker  can  compre- 
hend. 

It  is,  therefore,  no  wonder  that  250,000 
workmen  assembled  in  Berlin  to  protest 
against  a  recent  menace  of  war.  To  them, 
war  would  mean  a  burden  with  no  com- 
pensation in  glory.  Lower  wages,  less 
work,  and  a  lower  standard  of  life  could  be 
the  only  result  of  a  clash  of  arms.  Facing 
these  evils,  how  could  the  workmen  of 
Berlin  do  other  than  they  did?  It  is 
also  important  to  note  that  for  once  the 
interests  of  capitalists  and  laborers  in 
Germany  became  identical.  The  finan- 
ciers opposed  war  with  the  same  vif;()r 
as  did  the  socialists,  thus  showing  the 
fundamental  unity  of  the  social  parties 
which,  on  minor  matters,  oppose  each  other 
so  bitterly.  The  great  gain  of  socialism 
is  that  it  has  made  workmen  calculate 
what  is  for  their  advantage.  An  econ- 
omic viewpoint  has  disadvantages,  in  that 


it  prompts  people  to  be  over-zealous  for 
their  economic  rights,  but  it  sweeps  away 
the  emotional  background  that  has  con-  I 
trolled  the  world  for  ages.  No  calculat- 
ing man  wants  to  fight.  The  very  things 
that  seemed  on  the  credit  side  of  war, 
thus  become  its  greatest  debits.  Glory 
becomes  misery  wh:n  it  is  represented  by 
a  column  of  figures.  To  both  capitalist 
and  laborer  this  is  becoming  plain,  with 
the  result  that  their  united  forces  will 
oppose  war. 

Calculation  and  emotion  are  the  great 
forces  that  determine  history*  Emotion 
is  local  and  intense,  and  has  its  maximum 
effect  in  private  life.  It  loses  force  as  the 
size  of  social  units  grows.  Public  matters 
must,  thus,  become  matters  of  calculation 
in  which  emotion  plays  a  subordinate  part. 
The  distant  evil  makes  itself  felt,  not  on 
our  emotions,  but  in  dollars  and  cents,  in 
poorer  meals  and  less  work.  These  are 
the  forces  that  oppose  war,  md  their 
growing  control  over  our  conscious  acts 
means  the  repression  of  the  emotional 
outbursts  that  lead  to  war.  The  growth 
of  commerce,  the  increase  of  capital,  the 
rise  in  the  standard  of  life,  the  greater 
use  of  magazines  and  pai>ers,  the  spread 
of  art  and  literature  —  all  augment  the 
forces  of  peace  and  increase  the  difficulty 
of  arousing  the  wariike  feelings  that 
wrought  such  havoc  in  the  past. 

War  has  not  gone  from  us,  but  its  forces 
are  held  in  check  by  the  interests  and 
sentiments  of  modem  industry.  It  will 
go  when  men  live  in  the  present  and  let 
their  present  contact  with  other  men 
govern  their  acts.  War  is  within  us  — 
made  active  by  tradition  and  emotion. 
Peace  is  without  —  and  has  its  bases  in 
the  harmony  of  interests  and  the  welfare 
of  mankind.  Slowly  but  surely,  economi;: 
interests  dominate  the  emotions,  and  the 
growth  of  nations  unites  men  of  different 
faith,  emotion,  and  education  into  one 
social  unit.  The  larger  the  nation,  and 
the  higher  the  standard  of  life,  the  more  do 
the  forces  of  peace  dominate.  We  may 
not  live  to  see  the  day  when  war  is  no  more, 
but  we  may  be  sure  that  each  decade  will 
strengthen  economic  interests  and  put 
conciliation  in  the  place  of  struggle  as  a 
means  of  national  advance. 


PROSPECTS  FOR  PERMANENT  PEACE 

A  SYMPOSIUM 

WIDE   DIVERGENCE   IN   THE   OPINIONS  CONTRIBUTED   BY  A   SCORE  OF   LEADERS 

OF  THOUGHT  HERE   AND  ABROAD 


1 


N  answer  io  letters  inquiring  their 
judgments  whether  there  ts  promise  of 
the  dawning  of  a  day  of  universal  peace, 
the  editor  of  the  World's  Work  has 
received  the  following  expressions  from 

the  eminent  gentlemen  under  whose  names 

they  appear. 

By  Viscount  Uchida 

JAPANESS  MnflSTER  OF  rORKIGN  AFFAOLS 

We  ought  to  congratulate  ourselves  that 
the  age  for  glory  of  arms  is  fast  passing  into 
history  and  that  the  world  is  to-day  building  up 
a  record  as  a  staunch  fighter  for  the  cause  of 
international  peace  and  harmony.  In  spite 
of  all  seeming  difference  and  prejudice  we  are 
all  one  at  heart  in  love  of  peace.  May  that 
universal  spirit  of  mutual  toleration  and  esteem 
on  which  our  love  of  peace  must  be  founded 
ever  guide  us  in  attaining  our  common  destiny 
—  true  brotherhood  of  men! 


By  Henry  Cabot  Lodge 

MXHSBl  OP  THK  8XNA1X  OOmfTITCB  ON  POKEIGN  KBLATIONS 

The  question  is  one  which  it  is  very  difficult 
to  answer,  for  it  is  impossible  to  make  predic- 
tions of  any  value  in  regard  to  it;  the  conditions 
are  all  so  uncertain.  There  can  be  no  question 
that  great  advances  have  been  made  toward 
the  maintenance  of  peace  by  the  spread  of 
arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  international 
disputes,  and  especially  by  the  establishment 
of  1  he  Hague  Court  and  the  agreement  of  the 
nations  of  the  world  to  The  Hague  Convention. 


By  Lord  Avebury 

CBAnMAM  OP  THE  LONDON  BANKERS 

f  fear  we  must  not  be  too  sanguine.  The 
enormous  increase  of  armaments  is  as  dangerous 
as  it  is  discreditable,  and  the  corresponding  in- 
crease in  taxation  which  it  involves  will,  1  think, 
lead  to  overtures  for  a  reduction  of  armaments, 
and  it  seems  to  me  that  in  refusing  them 
Germany  has  incurred  a  fearful  responsibility. 

By  WooDRow  Wilson 

OOVKtMOE  OP  MBW  JKB8XY 

The  cause  of  international  peace  is  tkappily 
becoming  more  and  more  prominent  in  the 


counsels  of  all  civilized  nations.  Fortunately 
many  powerful  influences  are  at  work  which 
unquestionably  make  for  peace.  Opinion  is 
slowly  but  irresistibly  gathering,  and  the  hope 
of  every  thoughtful  man  rises  to  greet  the  pros- 
pect of  what  may  be  accomplished.  I  think 
it  is  important  that  we  should  not  be  impatient, 
that  we  should  not  be  too  easily  disappointed, 
that  we  should  not  expect  too  rapid  progress, 
but  that  steadfastly,  earnestly,  vigilantly,  we 
should  devote  ourselves  to  increasing  the  mo- 
mentum of  these  forces  and  the  volume  of 
that  opinion. 

By  Cardinal  Gibbons 

AECHBISBOP  OP  BALTIMOUE 

I  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  there  is  yet 
any  actual  promise  of  universal  peace.  How- 
ever, I  may  say  that  on  account  of  the  universal 
peace  movements,  there  has  been  a  continuous 
decrease  in  the  number  of  wars;  and  such  wars 
as  have  taken  place,  have  been,  on  account  of 
it,  much  more  humanely  conducted.  The 
present  arbitration  movement  will  undoubt- 
edly have  a  good  effect,  and  will  afford,  if  not 
an  actual  bulwark,  at  least  a  firm  breakwater 
in  times  when  peace  is  endangered. 

By  Lord  Northcliffb 

OWNER  OP  THE  (LONDON)  TDfES 

Your  letter  asking  me  whether  in  my  opinion 
there  is  any  actual  promise  of  the  dawn  of  the 
day  of  universal  peace  reaches  me  shortly  after 
the  declaration  of  war  by  Italy  against  Turkey, 
and  before  the  conclusion  of  negotiations  by 
which  Germany  has  apparently  taken  from 
France  a  very  valuable  slice  of  the  world,  more 
than  equal  in  size  to  many  of  the  United  States. 

A  glance  at  the  American  newspapers  also 
reveals  the  fact  that  universal  peace  does  not 
seem  to  be  reigning  between  Capital  and  Labor 
on  your  Continent. 

I  .should  be  a  hypocriie,  therefore,  if  I  pre- 
tended that  I  saw  any  actual  promise  of  the 
dawn  of  the  day  of  universal  peace.  One  had 
hoped  in  the  most  optimistic  moments  prior  to 
the  declaration  of  war  between  Italy  and  Tur- 
key that  the  immense  amo^xtiv  c^l  v^:^^^  v;i^i^iaslak 


158 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  peace  writing  of  the  last  few  years  would 
at  any  rate  secure  some  little  time  lor  con- 
sideration before  nations  declared  war  upon 
each  other.  Ihis  happy  state  has  not  ap- 
parently yet  been  reached. 

One  is  considerably  puzzled  by  the  fact  that 
peace  writers  and  peace  talkers  appear  to  deal 
with  generalities,  not  with  actualities,  such 
for  example  as  the  growth  of  the  German  navy, 
the  aspirations  of  Oriental  Powers  toward  the 
domination  of  the  Pacific,  the  arming  of  the 
Panama  Canal,  and  other  matters  which  your 
readers  can  fmd  by  the  dozen  by  looking 
through  the  scare-heads  any  morning  on  their 
way  to  business. 

I  have  heard  your  American  critics  refer 
to  a  species  of  mental  hallucination  known  as 
a  "pipe-dream,"  and  I  imagine  that  the 
hallucination  that  human  nature  is  to  be 
suddenly  and  violently  changed  by  means  of 
talk,  shows  that  the  world  is  not  any  wiser 
than  it  was  a  thousand  years  ago.  Is  it  not 
also  a  subject  for  the  sport  of  cynics  that  some 
of  the  pacifists,  whilst  most  ardent  peace 
talkers,  built  up  their  business  fortunes  by  the 
most  drastic  and  militant  methods? 

Since  dictating  the  foregoing  a  few  minutes 
ago  I  have  had  a  look  at  this  morning's  paper, 
and  I  find  that  in  three  parts  of  the  world  there 
are  civil  wars,  i.  e.  strikes,  and  a  revolution. 

By  Charles  W.  Eliot 

pm£sn>cirr  emekjtus  or  baivako  university 

During  the  past  hundred  years  many  politi- 
cal, industrial,  and  social  changes  which  count 
for  peace  and  against  war  have  taken  place  in 
the  civilized  countries.  Dynastic  and  religious 
wars  have  ceased.  Religious  toleration  has  be- 
come the  rule  in  civilized  states.  Arbitration 
has  become  a  well-recognized  method  of  settling 
disputes  and  averting  quarrels.  Diplomacy  no 
longer  represents  the  arbitrary  will  of  a  sover- 
eign, but  the  commercial  and  industrial  inter- 
ests of  a  nation. 

(inquest  has  lost  many  of  its  original 
attractions.  When  the  conqueror  could  sweep 
the  conijuered  into  slavery  or  serfdom  and 
carry  off  all  their  movable  property,  and  sol- 
diers and  arms  were  cheap  and  pensions  un- 
heard of,  conquest  might  have  been  considered 
profitable;  but  now  that  slavery  has  disap- 
peared, "l(Miting"  is  forbidden,  and  war  has 
become  enormously  costly,  conquest  is  no 
longer  profitable  in  the  old  sense,  and  indem- 
nities cannot  make  it  so. 

Moreover,  the  rush  of  conquering  armies  has 
ceased  to  be  the  chief  mode  of  migration. 
Peoples  still  migrate  in  hordes,  but  peacefully. 
1  he  earth  is  now  pretty  well  divided  among 


the  strong  nations.  There  are  no  more  habit- 
able regions  in  weak  hands  to  be  seized  upon 
by  European  Powers  as  colonies  or  "spheres  of 
influence."  It  has  become  the  custom  for  two 
or  more  Powers  to  guarantee  the  territory  of  a 
feeble  government,  or  to  warn  off  another  Power 
which  is  manifesting  an  aggressive  selfish- 
ness. The  "open  door"  policy,  more  and  more 
adopted  in  the  East,  is  capable  of  giving  the 
manufacturing  nations  the  foreign  markets  they 
so  sorely  need,  quicker  and  better  than  amy 
colony  or  "sphere  of  influence"  policy  has  ever 
done.  Wars  on  a  large  scale  no  longer  "pay" 
as  means  of  procuring  commercial  advantages. 
Buccaneering  and  piracy  have  been  suppressed. 
Negotiations,  with  purchase  or  leasing  of  sea- 
ports, river-rights,  and  canal-ways,  and  even  of 
forts,  answer  the  commercial  purposes  much 
better. 

Finally,  the  great  increase  of  intercourse 
among  the  nations  and  the  manifest  com- 
munity of  interest  among  the  working  classes 
all  over  the  world  are  abiding  influences  in 
favor  of  peace.  Many  jealousies,  distrusts, 
and  terrors  remain  to  be  abated,  but  even  these 
causes  of  war  have  diminished  in  intensity  dur- 
ing the  past  sixty  years. 

All  these  recent  changes  seem  to  me  to  in- 
dicate the  sure  coming  of  a  time  when  civilized 
man  will  no  longer  regard  fighting  to  the  death 
as  the  only  means  of  resenting  insults,  redress- 
ing wrongs,  exhibiting  courage  and  power,  and 
defending  his  living  as  primitive  man  did. 
These  changes  speak,  however,  not  of  broad 
daylight,  but  of  dawn. 

By  John  Bigelow 

rOUtEXLY  UNITED  STATES  MINISTKE  TO  FIAHCB 

You  ask  me  whether  in  my  opinion  there  is 
any  actual  promise  of  the  dawning  of  a  day 
of  universal  peace.  1  answer  you  promptly  — 
Not  in  this  world;  not  even  for  a  day.  Hobbes 
was  right  for  once,  when  he  said  that  a  state 
of  war  was  natural  to  the  human  race.  The 
fact  that  all  the  most  civilized  nations  of  the 
world  are  waging  flagrant  war  against  each 
other  by  tariffs  upon  imports  —  which  lacks  no 
single  attribute  of  war  —  and  the  fact  that  the 
United  States,  in  which  every  native-bom 
citizen,  to  a  man,  will  claim  it  to  be  the  least 
barbarous  nation  in  the  world,  has  by  far  the 
highest  tariff  against  foreign  commerce  that 
was  ever  imposed  by  any  nation,  and,  there- 
fore, is  at  the  present  moment  waging  against 
every  commercial  nation  a  destructive  war  — 
these  things  discourage  any  hope  of  peace  in 
this  world  except  such  peace  as  man  giveth. 

Man  is  prone  to  do  evil  as  the  sparks  fly 
upward,  and,  but  for  the  checks  to  the  grat- 


PROSPECTS  FOR  PERMANENT  PEACE 


159 


ion  of  his  natural  propensities,  appetites, 
3assions,  interposed  by  the  mercy  of  our 
enly  Father,  would  rush  headlong  down 
leol.  No  saint  was  ever  so  completely 
erated  during  his  life  in  this  world  as  to 
itirely  divested  of  his  proprium;  as  in- 
bly  to  do  to  others  as  he  would  be  done 
nd  just  so  far  as  he  comes  short  of  that  he 
ins  predatory  and  hostile  to  his  neighbors, 
e  increasing  cost  and  dcstructiveness  of 
may  make  wars  less  frequent,  but  they 
Jso  make  them,  when  they  do  occur,  pro- 
^nately  more  destructive  and  costly, 
the  infant  born  to-day  requires  as  much 
change  of  heart,  or  what  is  commonly 
^d  regeneration,  as  an  infant  required 
was  born  in  the  days  of  Moses  or  of 
dam.  I  have  as  yet  seen  no  evidence 
man's  proprium,  which  is  a  predatory 
ict,  will  ever  be  sufficiently  subdued  in 
ife  to  make  it  safe  for  the  lion  to  lie  down 
the  lamb,  or  even  possible  for  a  stand- 
protectionist  to  approve  of  any  reduction 
e  tariff,  so  long  as  he  is  one  of  its  bene- 
ies. 


By  Oscar  Underwood 

AK   or   THK   COmnTTCE   ON   WAYS   AND   MXANS  DC   THB 
HOUU  or  BJCPEXSENTATIVXS 

ere  is  no  short  road  to  the  accomplish- 
of  any  great  result  in  the  world.  Agree- 
s  entered  into  by  the  great  nations  will 
step  and  a  long  step  toward  the  accom- 
nent  of  universal  peace;  but  in  the  end 
»eople  of  the  world  must  be  educated  to 
nize  that  war  always  results  in  great 
;ns  to  the  victor  as  well  as  the  vanquished, 
that  preparation  for  war  delays  the  pro- 
of civilization,  before  paper  agreements 
prevent  war  when  the  prejudices  and  pas- 
of  alien  peoples  are  aroused, 
e  advancement  of  the  world  along  all 
of  endeavor  is  a  matter  of  evolution, 
present  sentiment  for  universal  peace  is 
he  dawn  of  a  new  day;  the  consummation 
e  desired  result  will  probably  rest  with 
ler  generation  of  people. 

By  George  H.  Gray 

(fr  1MB  UNTTCD  STATES  CIRCUIT  COUST;  inaCBU  OF   THE 
BACJE  COUEf  or  ARBITtATION 

blic  opinion  has  at  last  been  swung  in 
ight  direction,  and  what  has  merely  been 
ibrated  in  the  dreams  of  philanthropists 
idvanced  thinkers,  and  scoffed  at  by  the 
ical  world,  has  at  last  taken  substantial 

and  shape  in  the  great  peace  movement 
e  last  decade.     I  am  not  so  enthusiastic 

believe  that  the  possibility  of  war  is  to 
minated  in  the  near  future,  if  at  all;  but 


I  think  we  must  feel  that  much  has  been  al- 
ready accomplished  in  making  war  more 
difficult  and  arbitration  more  easy,  when 
diplomatic  negotiations  have  failed. 

It  may  be  that  realization  will  fall  short  of 
the  extreme  hopes  of  enthusiasts,  but  the 
advance  of  civilization  is  not  by  leaps  and 
bounds,  and  we  have  reason  for  encourage- 
ment if  we  make  a  measurable  advance  in  the 
right  direction.  What  civil  government  has 
done  to  bring  about  the  settlement  of  private 
controversies  by  judicial  procedure,  we  may 
hope  will  be  in  the  end  measurably  accom- 
plished in  respect  to  international  differences, 
by  introducing  legality  into  international 
relations  and  substituting  the  judicial  settle- 
ment of  international  differences  for  the  ar- 
bitrament of  the  sword.  The  energies  which 
lie  back  of  the  fighting  spirit  have  been  turned 
in  other  and  beneficent  directions,  in  the 
case  of  individuals  in  civilized  states,  and  we 
aim  to  bring  into  international  relations  the 
same  reign  of  law,  and  turn  the  energies  which 
have  wasted  themselves  in  fruitless  war  and 
bloodshed  toward  the  betterment  of  con- 
ditions that  make  for  the  happiness  of  man- 
kind. We  may  all  rationally  look  forward  to 
an  approximation  to  this  end,  and  may  feel 
a  just  pride  in  the  leading  part  our  own  coun- 
try has  taken  in  this  great  movement. 

By  Peter  S.  Grosscup 

rOBlOUL  JUDGB  Of  THE  VNXTED  STATES  CUCUIT  OOUKT 

If  by  "actual  dawning"  you  mean  that  light 
is  beginning  to  show,  my  answer  is:  Yes.  A 
fist  fight  on  the  streets  is  now  a  rare  thing;  a 
duel  in  America  or  England  a  vanished  thing. 
Why?  Because  there  is  no  longer  any  per- 
sonal honor  or  credit  in  being  the  victor  in  a 
fist  fight  or  the  survivor  of  a  duel;  and  for  all 
purposes  of  redress  the  law  is  sufficient.  In 
other  words,  now  that  the  law  is  sufficient,  in 
the  field  of  individual  dispute,  the  element  of 
personal  glory  has  been  taken  out  of  taking 
the  law  into  one's  own  hands. 

Nations  are  individuals  multiplied  —  the 
British,  the  Briton;  the  French,  the  French- 
man; America,  the  American  —  the  national 
characteristic,  the  individual  characteristic 
The  world  brought  together,  as  modern  civil- 
ization has  brought  it  together,  is  a  community 
now — the  Briton,  the  Frenchman,  the  German, 
the  Italian,  the  American,  the  Jap,  living  side 
by  side  in  this  larger  community  as  individuals 
live  side  by  side  in  smaller  communities  — 
each  nation  the  individual  in  the  community 
of  nations.  And  the  "fight"  as  a  means  ot 
settling   disputes    between   tKnt^  Vax^\   ^"QDk^ 


i6o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


is  no  longer  the  credit  or  glory  there  once  was 
in  the  mere  fact  of  being  the  victor  in  a  fight. 
It  is  not  the  new  big  gun  that  is  putting  away 
uar;  it  is  the  growing  clearness  of  moral 
vision  —  the  same  clearing  up  of  moral  vision 
that  put  away  fights  between  individuals  as 
a  means  of  settling  individual  disputes.  Inter- 
nal revolutions  will  still  come  —  but  not  in 
lands  where  no  real  cause  for  revolution  exists. 
A  diminutive  Napoleon  is  still  possible  —  but 
only  against  nations  where  local  conditions 
make  him  a  deliverer.  The  glory  of  war  for 
the  sake  of  war  is  nearly  gone. 

The  period  of  wanton  insult  by  one  nation 
to  another  for  the  sake  of  war  is  perhaps  past. 
But /mW  for  war  still  remains  —  the  injustice 
of  a  nation  to  its  own  subjects  for  instance,  as 
in  the  case  of  Cuba;  or  the  inadequacy  of  a 
nation  to  meet  modem  conditions  within  its 
own  limits,  as  the  Turkish  control  of  Tripoli. 
The  cause  of  universal  peace  involves  the 
destruction  of  this  fuel  by  a  better  system  of 
universal  justice.  And  this,  in  turn,  means 
that  there  can  be  no  universal  peace  until 
among  nations,  as  among  individuals,  univer- 
sal law  takes  the  place  of  the  fight  as  a  means 
of  redress  and  of  local  justice.  A  means  of 
settling  disputes  between  nations  is  not  the  only 
need;  there  must  he  found  also  a  means  of 
settling  disputes  between  the  ideals  of  civilisation 
and  the  powers  that  trample  those  ideals  under 
foot,  even  though  to  do  so  means  intervention  in 
what  is  called  ''domestic  affairs,"  Undoubt- 
edly the  "fuel"  is  disappearing,  and  undoubt- 
edly the  "universal  remedial  law"  is  coming. 
The  midnight  is  behind  us.  But  it  is  many 
hours  yet  —  hours  measured  by  generations  — 
to  the  meridian. 


By  Oscar  Straus 

rOUf EU.Y  UNITED  STATES  AMBASSADOK  TO  TURKEY 

Not  all  forms  of  peace  are  desirable,  only 
righteous  peace,  the  peace  that  is  founded 
on  justice.  The  peace  that  plants  its  iron 
heels  upon  the  unalienable  rights  and  the 
justified  grievances  of  the  masses  makes  war 
preferable  because  it  is  a  lesser  evil.  A  nation 
that  makes  war  upon  its  own  people,  crushes 
them  under  despotic  rule,  and  hounds  them  to 
emigration,  desperation,  and  death  —  however 
much  she  may  try  to  promote  peace  abroad  — 
so  long  as  she  does  not  govern  with  righteous- 
ness at  home,  is  a  menace  to  the  world's  peace. 
The  sooner  the  family  of  nations  recognize 
this  important  fact  the  brighter  will  become 
the  hope  for  the  world's  peace. 

Lord  Lytton  in  his  Rectorial  Address,  some 
twenty  years  ago  before  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity, maintained  with   much  learning  that 


the  history  of  nations  shows  that  their 
relations  were  controlled  not  by  moral  laws 
but  by  expediency,  not  by  right  but  by  mif^t. 
At  that  time  there  had  never  existed,  excepting 
between  the  small  city-states  of  a  sin^^e 
nation,  ancient  Greece,  any  machinery  for 
maintaining  peace  among  nations.  More  pro> 
gress  has  been  made  in  providing  for  the  main- 
tenance of  peace  among  nations  in  the  past 
twelve  years  than  in  all  the  ages  from  the  dawn 
of  history  until  1899,  when  the  leading  nations 
of  the  world  assembled  at  The  Hague  and 
agreed  upon  the  "Convention  for  the  Pacific 
Settlement  of  International  Disputes/'  and 
established  a  permanent  tribunal  for  the  ad- 
justment of  international  differences.  This 
was  the  crowning  act  not  only  of  the  nineteentli 
century,  but  of  all  the  ages.  When  President 
Roosevelt  sent  to  The  Hague  Tribunal  the 
Pious  Fund  case  and  the  Venezuela  contro- 
versy, and  when  he  initiated  the  call  for  the 
second  Conference,  he  set  the  permanent  ma- 
chinery of  the  world's  peace  in  motion,  which 
the  enlightened  sentiment  of  civilized  nations 
will  never  suffer  to  rust.  The  second  Hague 
Conference  of  1907  enlarged  upon  the  first, 
and  in  its  wake  has  come,  under  the  leadership 
of  President  Taft,  the  all  inclusive  arbitratioo 
treaties  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  and  with  France.  These  treaties 
either  as  at  present  signed,  or  slightly  mod- 
ified to  make  them  more  enduring,  the  aroused 
public  conscience  of  the  American  people  will 
not  permit  to  fail. 

The  prospects  for  universal  peace  are  mov- 
ing forward  with  giant  steps.  Though  wars 
may  come,  they  will  be  far  less  frequent,  and 
each  conflict  will  accentuate  as  never  before 
in  the  history  of  man  the  majesty  of  the  law, 
and  the  approaching  era  for  the  peaceful  settle- 
ment of  international  differences,  the  secure, 
enduring,  and  hopeful  basis  for  universal 
peace. 

By  Daniel  Sylvester  Tuttle 

PRESIDINC  BISHOP  OF  THE  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHUtCB 

It  seems  to  me  that  steam  and  electricity 
and  commerce  and  industry  are  forces  making 
for  brotherhood  and  unity  in  the  one  great 
family  of  nations.  Surely  Christianity,  the 
religion  of  the  Prince  of  Peace,  is  helping  in  the 
blessed  work. 

Yet  the  Prince  of  Peace  Himself  said  He 
came  to  send  a  sword  on  earth  as  well  as  peace. 
And  His  apostle  says  the  earthly  ruler  is  the 
minister  of  God  who  beareth  the  sword  not 
in  vain. 

If  the  individual  ruler  is  a  minister  of  God, 
the  nation,  which  is  simply  the  individual  ruler 


PROSPECTS  FOR  PERMANENT  PEACE 


161 


writ  large,  is  a  minister  of  God  and  beareth 
the  sword  and  not  in  vain. 

To  extend  the  field  and  authority  of  ar- 
bitration and  to  reduce  the  temptations  and 
provoccrtions  to  war  are  surely  things  in  order. 

But  it  seems  to  me  unwarranted  to  say  that 
there  need  be  nothing  which  a  sovereign  nation 
may  not  submit  to  arbitration;  and  that  it  is 
in  any  and  every  case  un-Christian  for  one 
nation  to  take  the  sword  against* another  nation 
for  avenging  rights  or  redressing  wrongs. 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  sword  belongs 
to  rulership,  and  that  war  cannot  be  utterly 
counted  out  from  {he  economy  of  national 
sovereignty. 

By  Harry  Pratt  Judson 

RKSIOENT  or  IHZ  UNIVStSITY  OF  CHICAGO 

It  does  not  seem  to  me  that  the  promise  of 
universal  peace  is  so  secure  that  we  can 
place  on  it  much  reliance.  It  is  true  that  wars 
are  becoming  more  destructive  and  more  enor- 
mously expensive  in  their  money  cost  than  ever 
before.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  growing  per- 
ception of  the  wasteful  nature  of  the  settlement 
of  international  disputes  by  physical  force 
instead  of  by  some  form  of  adjudication.  At 
the  same  time  the  lack  of  any  one  authority 
n^hich  can  enforce  its  mandates  leaves  the 
world  in  such  a  position  that  each  nation 
believes  it  necessary  to  defend  its  own  rights 
and  interests  as  best  it  can.  It  is  further, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  believed  that  the  ambitions 
of  some  nations  are  such  as  to  be  capable  of 
restraint  only  by  physical  force,  whether  actual 
or  potential. 

Moreover,  a  great  part  of  the  earth  as  yet 
is  not  subject  to  the  control  of  civilized  meth- 
ods. Such  control  is  in  the  interest,  not  of 
the  regions  themselves  only,  but  also  of  all 
the  world.  The  exercise  of  authority  to  this 
end  is  essentially  a  matter  of  police.  In  the 
absence  again  of  some  one  world  authority 
for  maintaining  order  and  justice,  evidently 
such  police  must  be  exercised  by  the  several 
nations.  Inasmuch  as  this  involves  also  the 
extension  of  national  sovereignty,  again,  evi- 
dently, national  interests  and  ambitions  are 
likely  to  come  into  collision.  This  is  at  present 
the  great  danger  centr::  for  the  peace  of  the 
world,  and  so  long  as  the  task  remains  incom- 
plete it  cannot  be  said  that  the  peace  of  the 
world  is  assured.  Of  course  it  is  a  great 
cause  of  encouragement  that  much  of  this 
work  has  been  done  within  the  last  generation 
without  international  collision.  The  extension 
of  European  sovereignty  over  the  Americas 
was  a  slow  process,  and  involved  a  long  series 
of    intemat*    al    wars.    The^  extension    of 


European  authority  over  Africa  has  been  on 
the  whole  rather  a  rapid  process,  and  has  thus 
far  involved  no  European  wars.  This  is 
hopeful.  Still,  on  the  whole,  it  seems  to  me 
the  best  that  one  can  say  on  this  head  is  that 
it  is  an  encouragement  to  those  who  hope  for 
the  substitution  of  reason  for  physical  force 
in  the  settlement  of  international  differences. 


By  Harry  De  Windt 

WOELO-TSAVELEft 

Were  a  ballot  taken  throughout  the  civilized 
world,  it  would  probably  'esult  in  an  over- 
whelming verdict  in  favor  of  international 
peace;  but  that  the  latter  can  ever  be  perma- 
nently established  is,  in  my  opinion,  almost  an 
impossibility  so  long  as  the  spirit  of  emulation 
and  lust  of  power  and  wealth  exists  amongst 
the  nations.  International  arbitration  would 
certainly  be  a  stepping-stone  in  the  right  di- 
rection; but,  seeing  that,  during  recent  com- 
mercial crises  in  England,  this  method  has 
practically  failed,  is  it  likely  to  be  more  suc- 
cessful in  questions  of  grave  dispute,  involving 
immeasurably  greater  risks  and  responsibilities 
between  the  various  races? 

But,  in  my  humble  opinion,  universal  peace 
can  never  exist;  so  long  as  poor  humanity  is 
endowed  (or  cursed)  with  inherent  combative 
qualities  which  can  only  be  subdued  by  con- 
quest or  defeat,  and  the  use  of  arms. 

By  James  M.  Beck 

rOllTEl  ASSISTANT  ATTORNEY-GENXSAL  OF  THE  VNITBD  RAm 

With  the  leading  countries  actively  engaged 
in  appropriating  other  nations'  territory  and 
in  this  way  practically  manifesting,  in  the 
teeth  of  their  hypocritical  professions,  that 
the  rule  of  Rob  Roy  still  prevails  —  "Let  him 
take  who  hath  the  power  and  let  him  keep  who 
can"  —  the  era  of  permanent  pacification 
seems   remote. 

This,  however,  may  be  a  superficial  view, 
for  substantial  progress  is  apparently  being 
made  toward  the  ultimate  goal  of  interna- 
tional peace  through  powerful  agencies,  among 
v.hich  may  be  mentioned  — 

1.  The  increasing  disposition  of  organized 
labor  to  protest  against  war,  of  which  the  recent 
organized  protests  made  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy  are  notable  illustrations. 

2.  Modem  chemistry  has  made  war  so 
appalling  that  the  martial  spirit,  which  we  have 
inherited  from  countless  generations,  stands 
aghast  at  the  possibility  of  a  conflict  between 
civilized  nations. 

3.  The  economic  interdependence  of  nations 
is  a  great  factor  for  peace.  The  recent  Mor- 
occan incident,  now  apparently  ended  for  the 


l62 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


time  being,  might  have  resulted  in  war  had  not 
the  financial  exchanges  of  Europe  shown  that 
any  dislocation  of  international  finance  would 
bring  certain  disaster  even  to  the  possible 
victor. 

4.  Mankind  is  to-day  wiser  and  better  than 
ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  world,  and  it 
is  increasingly  true  that  no  war  can  be  lightly 
undertaken  in  defiance  of  international  public 
opinion. 

5.  The  agreements  to  arbitrate,  and  The 
Hague  Tribunal  furnish  the  mechanism  for 
preserving  peace  and  reconciling  differences 
of  opinion  and  thus  narrow  the  occasions  of 
war  just  as  the  civil  courts  lessen,  without 
altogether  destroying,  physical  strife  between 
individuals. 


By  Jacob  H.  Schiff 

BANKER 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  considerable  pro- 
gress is  being  made  toward  the  attainment 
of  lasting  peace  among  the  nations. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  spirit  so  long 
prevalent,  particularly  among  monarchical  gov- 
ernments—  the  spirit  that  demands  recourse 
to  the  sword  in  order  to  obtain  the  fulfilment 
of  justified  or  unjustified  demands  upon  other 
nations,  or  to  punish  the  resentment  of  such 
demands  —  has  given  way  to  the  careful  consid- 
eration of  any  arising  differences,  with  the  view 
of  settlement  by  peaceful  means.  It  is,  for  in- 
stance, not  unlikely  that  even  so  recently  as  two 
or  three  decades  ago,  the  controversy  which  has 
arisen  this  summer  between  France  and  Ger- 
many would  have  led  to  the  breaking  out  of  war 
between  the  two  nations  in  less  than  a  month 
after  the  controversy  had  come  up;  whereas  now, 
with  the  great  responsibility  that  both  govern- 
ments no  doubt  feel  for  making  the  utmost  con- 
cessions to  each  other  in  order  to  avoid  an  armed 
conflict,  there  is  every  likelihood  that  a  peaceful 
solution  of  the  vexed  and  difficult  Moroccan 
situation  will  be  found. 

1  here  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  constant 
and  energetic  agitation  for  the  settlement  of 
international  disputes  by  arbitration  and  other 
peaceful  means  has  gradually  built  up  a  public 
opinion  throughout  the  world,  in  favor  of 
the  maintenance  of  peace,  which  is  having  its 
strong  effect  upon  the  governments  of  the 
nations  and  is  destined  in  the  course  of  time 
to  lead  to  universal  peace. 


By  William  J.  Gaynor 

MAYO!  or  NEW  YOKE 

After  more  than  a  thousand  years  of  warlike 
spirit  and  arrogance  the  European  nations 
are  now  calling  for  peace.    Some  say  that  slow 


development  along  the  lines  of  Christianity 
has  brought  this  about.  Others  say  that  self- 
interest  has  brought  it  about,  for  the  reason 
that  particular  emphasis  is  being  laid  upon 
the  desirability  of  peace  between  the  West 
and  the  East  —  between  the  European  nations 
and  Asia.  We  have  to  ask  ourselves  in  a  sober 
Christian  spirit  whether  this  can  ever  come 
about  until  the  civilized  West  first  recognizes 
that  the  East  has  a  civilization  also,  and  does 
her  justice  for  past  wrongs.  We  shall  never 
establish  peace  with  the  East  by  persisting  in 
the  unkindness  of  calling  her  uncivilized.  No 
universal  peace  can  be  hised  on  a  bigoted  or 
uncharitable  conception  by  our  civilization 
of  hers. 

Let  us  do  our  part  toward  seeing  that  charity 
and  justice  be  done  to  the  East  by  the  West, 
so  that  the  peaceful  spirit  of  a  thousand  years 
in  the  East  may  be  retained  in  conjunction 
with  the  same  growing  spirit  in  the  West,  to 
the  end  that  around  the  world  there  shall  be 
a  universal  peace,  founded  on  the  universal 
brotherhood  of  all  men  and  all  nations.  West 
and  East,  undisturbed  by  the  acrimony  of 
religious  tenet  or  national  or  racial  arrogance. 
Though  Christianity  has  done  much  it  has  been 
a  slow  growth.  It  took  nearly  2000  years  of 
Christianity  to  strike  the  shackle  from  the 
slave.  When  it  examines  its  own  slow  history, 
no  reason  will  be  found  to  view  other  civiliza- 
tions otherwise  than  in  the  spirit  of  toleration 
and  peace.  This  spirit  alone  can  bring  uni- 
versal peace  on  earth. 


By  John  W.  Foster 

FOBHEE  SECEETARY  OF  STATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

You  ask  me  for  an  answer  to  the  query 
whether  there  is  any  actual  promise  of  the 
dawning  of  a  day  of  universal  peace. 

My  answer  is  that  there  is  a  promise  but  no 
actual  assurance  that  it  is  near  realization. 
Much  progress  has  been  made  in  recent  years 
toward  universal  peace,  but  not  until  there  is 
a  more  general  and  prevailing  sentiment 
throughout  the  civilized  nations  against  war, 
may  we  expect  the  reign  of  universal  peace. 
The  great  work  of  its  advocates  is  toward  the 
creation  of  such  a  sentiment. 

The  reception  which  the  arbitration  treaties 
of  President  Taft  have  received  in  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States  and  by  such  prominent 
and  influential  men  as  Ex-President  Roosevelt 
shows  that  such  a  sentiment  does  not  yet  pre- 
vail throughout  our  own  country.  1  he  at- 
titude of  Italy,  as  I  write,  respecting  the 
occupation  of  Turkish  territory  in  Africa,  in- 
dicates that  such  a  sentiment  does  not  prevail 
in  the  councils  of  European  Statv  *. 


PROSPECTS  FOR  PERMANENT  PEACE 


163 


iversal  peace  is  not  the  mere  dream  of 
laries,  but  it  will  not  come  until  we 
i  a  controlling  conviction  among  the 
IS  that  war  is  both  wicked  and  unwise, 
lat  end  the  advocates  of  peace  must  con- 
to  labor. 


By  Arthur  B.  Farquhar 


THE  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Fry 

K  BUnSH  LORD  JUSTICE  OF  APPEAL;  MEMBEE  OP  THE 
■AGUE  PEEMANENT   COUET  OP  AEBITBAHON 

s  promise  of  the  Gospel,  and  the  hope  in 
es  of  the  best  spirits   look  forward  to 

on  earth  and  good  will  toward  men; 
believing  as  1  do  in  the  Divine  govem- 
of  the  world,  I  am  bound  to  retain  this 
but  at  the  same  time,  I  am  constrained 
mil  that  the  fulfilment  of  the  promise 

far  off,  and  that  the  dawn  of  a  better 
I  rather  a  matter  of  faith  than  of  sight. 
»aying  this  I  do  not  overlook  some  streaks 
It  which  have  appeared  during  the  last 
ears.  I  regard  the  increasing  tendency 
er  serious  international  disputes  to  arbi- 
n  as  highly  important,  and  the  fact  that, 
eral  instances,  acute  differences  have  been 
ictorily  settled  in  this  manner  is  highly 
raging.  It  may  be  that  the  dawning  of  the 
f  universal  peace  is  nearer  than  we  think. 


By  Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff 

fOBMEE  INDIAN  COMMISSIONER 

dieve  that  international  peace  will  come 
result  of  the  substitution  of  arbitration 
ar  as  a  means  of  settling  international 
:es.  So  long  as  the  belligerent  instinct 
lues  in  the  human  breast  there  will  al- 
be  danger  of  conflict,  or  at  least  of  an 
sak  between  different  peoples.  What- 
:ends  to  remove  a  cause  of  conflict,  to 
»tent  makes  for  a  peaceful  condition  of 
.  In  our  own  country  the  growing  homo- 
y  of  the  nation  and  the  gradual 
ing  down  of  state    lines    makes   for   a 

stable  equilibrium,  and  therefore  a 
peaceful  condition.  Reciprocity  treaties 
en  any  two  countries  so  closely  contigu- 
I  America  and  Canada  would  tend  in  the 
direction, 
raeli  is  reported  to  have  said  that  "war 

annoyance,  not  a  settlement,"  a  con- 
n  which  an  ever  widening  circle  of  states- 
nd  students  are  coming  to  hold. 
re  is  unquestionably  a  "getting  together" 
I  the  nations  of  the  world,  a  better  under- 
ng  among  them,  a  clearer  conception 
XHnmon  humanity.  In  this  work  both 
erce  and  the  missionary  cause  play  an 
tant  part.  These  tendencies  will  like- 
nake  for  international  peace. 


Of  TBB    PENNSYLVANIA    BKAVCB  Of    TBB  NATIONAL 
CONSEEVAHON  ASSOCIATION 

The  rapidly  heightening  cost  of  modem 
artillery  and  ammunition  and  of  their  use,  is 
making  war  a  more  and  more  expensive  in- 
vestment, which  must  soon  seriously  affect 
nations  enjoying  the  highest  credit  and  pros- 
trate those  who  are  weak.  Economy  is  not 
here  practicable,  for  the  higher  cost  is  that 
of  higher  destructivcness,  and  less  destructive- 
ness  means  defeat.  Furthermore:  the  last 
Peace  Congress  urgently  recommended  "that 
nations  should  prevent,  as  far  as  possible, 
loans  being  raised  by  their  citizens  to  enable 
foreign  nations  to  carry  on  war."  If  that 
action  be  taken  —  and  it  appears  quite  prac- 
ticable—  an  important  new  obstacle  will  be 
interposed.  The  various  nations  are  now  so 
interlaced  with  each  other  by  commercial 
transactions  and  trade  interests  as  to  have  a 
common  foundation  of  international  credit, 
the  collapse  of  which  would  most  seriously 
affect  them  all,  and  the  amount  of  loss  would 
be  in  proportion  to  the  wealth.  The  strongest 
nations  are  therefore  most  interested  in  peace. 

By  Hudson  Maxim 

THE  INVENTOE  Of  SMQgEl.rSS  POWSKS 

It  would  be  impracticable  for  thecamivora 
and  the  herbivora  to  make  an  arbitration  pact 
to  settle  their  differences,  for  the  one  is  con- 
stituted to  prey  upon  the  other,  and  its  very 
existence  depends  upon  the  sacrifice  of  the 
other.  It  could  not  be  made  to  the  best  in- 
terests of  vegetable-feeders  to  be  killed  and 
eaten  by  the  carnivora.  By  consequence,  then, 
there  is  no  system  of  arbitration  possible  for 
settling  the  differences  between  the  kingdom 
of  vegetable-eaters  and  the  kingdom  of  meat- 
eaters,  for  the  reason  that  their  interests  are 
antagonistic,  and  cannot  be  made  mutual. 

International  arbitration  will  ultimately 
become  a  political  machine.  The  men  who 
control  our  city  and  state  politics  and  make 
and  enforce  our  city  and  state  laws  all  over 
the  country  are  not  always  honest,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  they  are  often  notoriously  corrupt. 
They  have  much  stronger  incentives  to  be 
honest  here  than  they  would  have  in  dealing 
with  foreign  nations  and  strange  peoples. 
What,  therefore,  are  we  to  expect  of  their 
integrity  and  their  honesty  in  the  settlement  of 
international  disputes  and  in  the  enactment 
and  execution  of  international  laws? 

An  international  board  of  arbitration  would 
unquestionably  be  a  good  thing,  but  it  would 
not  be  infallible.  The  inadequacy  and  in- 
justice of  human  U'ms  ^tid  Vt^  v^^^'^'*^'^^^^ 


164 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


world  over  are  proven  beyond  peradventure 
of  doubt.  In  all  times  past,  human  laws  have 
been  largely  inadequate,  unjust  and  oppressive, 
when  they  have  not  been  entirely  inoperative 
from  lack  of  power  to  enforce  them. 

War  is  evolution's  broom  that  has  swept 
away  the  unfit  with  their  unfit  laws,  and 
given  place  to  new  and  fitter  blood  and  fitter 
laws. 


By  Albert  K.  Smiley 

niSIDEMT  or  IBE  LACE  MORONK  CON7EKENCE  ON  INTEXNATIONAL 
AAiilTiLAriUN 

I  am  not  confident  that  there  will  ever  be 
a  time  when  the  world  will  be  free  from  con- 
flict. 1  do  not  expect  human  nature  to  be 
entirely  revolutionized  and  1  believe  armed 
force  will  always  be  necessary  to  suppress  dis- 
order and  insurrection  within  individual 
nations. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  by  universal  peace  is 
meant  a  condition  of  formal  peace  between 
civilized  nations  —  that  is,  absence  of  what  is 
now  termed  "war"  —  I  certainly  believe  there 
is  great  promise  of  its  fulfilment.  Imperfect 
as  it  is,  the  present  Hague  Court  has  com- 
manded the  respect  of  nations  to  a  degree  quite 
remarkable  in  this  stage  of  civilization.  The 
proposed  court  of  arbitral  justice  will,  when 
established,  command  much  greater  respect; 
and  even  if  at  first  it  is  established  by  only  the 
eight  great  powers  of  the  world,  it  will  almost 
certainly  lead  to  a  marked  reduction  of  arm- 
aments on  land  and  sea.  No  international 
armed  force  will  be  needed  to  enfore  the  decrees 
of  such  a  court.  It  will  naturally  take  some 
little  time,  but  in  my  opinion  the  day  is  rea- 
sonably near  when  wars  between  civilized 
nations  will  be  exceedingly  rare  and  the  world 
will  experience  a  decided  relief  from  the  bur- 
dens entailed  by  the  maintenance  of  the  pres- 
ent excessive  armaments. 


By  Arthur  C.  Benson 

AUTHOK 

My  own  belief  about  the  extinction  of  war, 
is  that  war  becomes  every  year  more  unliked 
among  nations  bound  together  by  a  common 
civilization  and  a  common  religion.  But  what 
1  think  may  be  the  most  practical  factor  in 
the  process  is  not  mutual  g(K>d  will  or  the  sense 
of  the  cruel  injury  to  life  and  affection  which 
war  inflicts,  but  mutual  commerical  interde- 
pendence, and  the  growing  realization  that  it 
is  all  pure  waste,  and  that  even  successful 
belligerents  have  ultimately  to  pay  for  their 
victory  almost  as  heavily  as  the  vanquished 
for  their  defeat.  When  nations  freely  invest 
in  each  other's  securities,  the  payment  of  a  war 


indemnity  is  counterbalanced  by  the  depre- 
ciation in  the  national  securities  of  the  van- 
quished,  in  the  case  of  wealthy  nations,  so  that 
what  the  victors  gain  directly  by  the  indemnity 
is  lost  again  indirectly. 

The  factor  which  will  tend  to  the  retentbn  of 
war  seems  to  me  to  be  the  intense  sense  of 
patriotism  and  national  pride,  which  has,  I 
believe,  increased  of  'ate,  owing  to  the  develop- 
ment of  personal  emotion  and  imagination,  and 
the  influence  of  the  press.  Moreover,  nations, 
like  individuals,  seem  liable  to  gusts  of  passion 
and  jealousy,  against  which  no  commercial 
and  prudential  considerations  avail. 

And,  of  course,  in  the  future  there  may  be  a 
clash  between  Orientals  and  Occidentals.  If 
the  pressure  of  population  in  some  of  the  great 
countries  of  the  East  became  accentuated, 
there  might  follow  a  period  of  expansion  and 
invasion.  This  would  no  doubt  consolidate 
Western  nations  and  obliterate  the  distinctions 
of  local  patriotism. 

But  speaking  generally,  it  seems  to  me  that 
people  are  more  and  more  inclined  to  thinkof  war 
as  an  atrocious  and  horrible  thing,  which  must 
be  avoided  by  every  kind  of  conciliation  and 
accommodation.  I  don't  like  to  prophesy, 
but  1  cannot  help  feeling  that  there  is  a  marked 
tendency  to  regard  war  as  an  abnormal  and 
avoidable  thing,  and  not  as  a  natural  con* 
comitant  of  life:  and  this  gives  ground  for 
substantial  hope. 

By  William  De  Morgan 

AUTHOR 

As  I  see  it,  the  only  substantial  hope  of 
peace  on  earth  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that 
man's  chief  motive  for  going  into  battle  b 
confidence  in  victory. 

So  long  as  he  thinks  himself  stronger  than 
his  adversary  he  will  go  to  war  whenever  he 
thinks  it  expedient  to  do  so.  But  every  day 
now  adds  a  new  and  more  murderous  dia- 
bolism to  the  resources  of  destruction,  and 
makes  the  outcome  of  every  war  more  difTicult 
to  predict. 

If  every  nation  could  be  kept  in  ignorance 
of  the  state  of  its  neighbor's  armaments, 
misgivings  that  it  might  be  outclassed  would 
perhaps  color  its  views  of  expediency.  The 
expediency  of  murdering  Abel  might  not  have 
impressed  Cain  so  forcibly  if  his  little  brother 
had  been  bigger. 


By  Maarten  Maartens 

AUTBOE 

The  promise  of  the  future  is  —  manifestly 
—  less  war  between  nation  and  nation, 
war  between  class  and  class. 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


WHAT   ITALY   IS   ACQUIRING.     THE   POSSIBILITIES  OF  THE  COUNTRY   EXPLAINED  BY 
ONE   OF  THE    FEW   FOREIGN    EXPLORERS   TO   ENTER  THAT  GATEWAY 

TO  THE   SAHARA 

BY 

CHARLES  WELLINGTON  FURLONG,  F.R.S.G. 

(author  of  "tbb  gateway  to  thb  Sahara") 


TRIPOLI  Taken!  Last  Otto- 
man Rule  in  Africa  at  an  End ! " 
flared  the  headlines  of  the 
morning's  papers  announce- 
ments which  bring  to  point  the 
extreme  necessity  of  an  understanding 
of  the  significance  of  names.  Tripoli 
in  Barbary  means  the  City  of  Tripoli, 
and  distinguishes  it  from  the  other  Med- 
iterranean Tripoli  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  a  little  north  of  Palestine.  The 
entire  Turkish  province  in  question  is 
known  as  Tripolitania,  a  territory  larger 
than  a  fourth  of  the  United  States  in  area, 
which  embraces  what  is  known  as  the  Fez- 
zan  in  the  south;  the  province  of  Barca  on 
the  east,  governed  as  an  integral  part  of 
Turkey,  and  the  Vilayet  of  Tripoli  in  the 
north  which  includes  some  410,000  square 
miles,  of  which  Tripoli  thecity  isthecapital. 
The  Pasbalic  of  Tripoli  includes  that 
portion  of  the  Vilayet  extending  from 
Tunisia  to  the  southernmost  point  of  the 
Gulf  of  Sidra.  Thus  to  assume  that  the 
fall  of  Tripoli  the  city,  evacuated  by  the 
Turkish  army,  indicated  the  complete 
surrender  of  the  entire  province  of  Tri- 
politania, or  even  of  the  Vilayet  of  Tripoli 
seems  at  least  slightly  premature,  being 
much  the  same  as  assuming  that  the  fall 
of  New  York  City  before  the  guns  of  a 
hostile  fleet  would  be  equivalent  to  the 
surrendering  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
or  even  of  the  entire  United  States. 

Tripolitania's  coast  line  stretches  far- 
ther than  the  distance  from  Canada  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  province  runs 
south  from  the  Mediterranean,  as  far  as 
from  New  York  to  Duluth.  Generally 
speaking  it  is  the  Tripolitan  Sahara;  for, 
as  the  mighty  Atlas  reach  northern  Trip- 
olitania, their  mighty  ranges  crumble  and 
disappear  into  the  orange  yellow  sands  of 


the  desert  which  come  to  the  very  coast 
and  merge  in  emerald  green  as  they  dis- 
appear into  the  sapphire  blue  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Among  the  native  Tripolitans  the  Arabs 
predominate,  next  in  number  are  the  abo- 
riginal Berbers,  Sudanese  Blacks,  Oriental 
Jews,  and  then  the  Turkish  military  and 
merchants.  Of  the  intrusive  European  ele- 
ments, before  the  present  bombardment  of 
the  city  of  Tripoli,  the  1  talians  probably  did 
not  number  more  than  a  thousand  in  all 
Tripolitania  out  of  a  population  of  about  a 
million ;  the  majority  of  these — some  five  or 
six  hundred — being  in  the  30,000  of  the 
city's  population.  Next  in  numbers  was  a 
little  colony  of  Maltese  fisherfolk,  while  a 
mere  handful  of  other  Europeans  compris- 
ing mostly  the  members  of  the  consulates, 
completed  the  foreign  population.  During 
my  stay,  there  were  only  six  Englishmen  in- 
cluding the  consular  representative,  and  I 
was  the  only  American  in  all  Tripolitania. 

Previous  Turco-ltalian  relations,  ever 
since  the  treaty  of  Berlin  and  the  forming 
of  the  Triple  Entente  between  Austria, 
Germany,  and  Italy,  show  not  only  that 
Austria  has  coveted  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina, but  that  Italy  coveted  both 
Tunisia  and  Tripolitania.  In  1881,  de- 
spite strong  Italian  influence  in  Tunisia, 
France  suddenly  swooped  in  from  the 
Algerian  border,  ostensibly  to  mete  out 
punishment  (for  the  killing  of  some 
French  engineers)  to  a  tribe  called  the 
Khroumiers,  who  had  never  been  known  of 
before  and  have  never  been  heard  of  since. 

The  pretexts  and  methods  under  which  • 
France  went  into  Algeria  and  Tunisia, 
and  now  into  Morocco,  thus  leaving  Tri- 
politania the  only  available  Mediterranean 
acquisition  for  Italy,  caused  Turkey  to  be. 
cautious.    ?osi\Y>Vj    TmiVk^    ^\^\vv   ^^- 


i66 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


courage  an  influx  of  immigrants  from  a 
country  desirous  of  driving  her  out. 
Should  we?  But  this  very  apprehension 
caused  Turkey  to  be  doubly  cautious  in 
protecting  Itahans  in  Tripoli  and  thus 
avoiding  a  causus  belli.  This  was  not 
always  an  easy  matter;  for  there  were  many 
renegades  from  southern  Italy,  and  an 
old  resident  in  Tripoli  informed  me  that , 
most  of  the  worst  crimes  in  that  city 
were  committed  by  a  bad  element  among 
the  Sicilians  there  and  not  by  the  Arabs 
or  Turks. 

It  is  not  hard  for  a  powerful  nation  to 
stir  up  or  manufacture  a  causus  belli,  and 
in  a  country  like  Tripolitania  with  a  large 
irresponsible  nomadic  population  such  as 
the  Turks  must  control,  it  is  by  no  means 
easy  always  to  protect  life  and  property, 
as  1  know  from  experience. 

Turkey  is  supposed  to  have  maintained 
a  standing  army  in  Tripolitania  of  20,000 


troops  although  I  doubt  if  there  are  act- 
ually more  than  half  this  number  in  the 
entire  province  and  some  of  these  are  600 
miles  from  the  coast.  This  army  is  com- 
manded by  the  Military  Governor  who  rules 
as  Pasha  of  the  Vilayet  of  Tripoli  with 
headquarters  formerly  in  the  city  of  Tripoli, 
where  the  garrison  of  the  town  and  the 
oasis  number  about  2000  men.  Besides 
these  troops,  Turkey  has  organized  a  sort 
of  Spabis  or  native  constabulary,  which 
may  number  possibly  a  thousand  mounted 
men.  Aside  from  these  are  the  Kol-ih 
gblou,  a  sort  of  feudal  militia  of  native 
Tripolitans  numbering  several  thousand 
men.  They  also  have  a  body  of  horse 
and  foot,  ready  to  be  called  out  at  a 
moment's  notice.  The  local  defense  and 
service  by  conscription  is  carried  out  only 
on  the  lines  of  the  Hamidieh  of  Kurdistan 
with  power  to  nominate  their  own  ofiicers 
to  the  rank  of  Captain. 


TUNIS,  \ 

1/   A  J  Y    E>. 


Maim  ijarafam  Hfrnfrt . — -  - 


THE    PROVINCE   OF  TRIPOLITANIA 

SHOWING  ITS   THREE    DIVISIONS.   THE  VILAYETS  OF  TRIPOLI.    FEZZAN.  AND  BARCA,  WHICH,  TAKEN  TOCETHBR, 

HAVE  AN    ART  A  ONE  gUARIER  THAI  OF  IHE  UNITED  STATES,    AND  A  COaSI-LINE  GREATER 

THAN  THE  DISTANCE   BETWEEN  CANADA  AND  THE  GULF  OF  MEXICO 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


167 


sides  this  organized  service  there  are 
srous  tribes  south  of  the  Vilayet  of 
>|]  throughout  the  Fezzan,  who  being 
immedans,  would  undoubtedly  serve 
Hies  under  the  Green  Flag  of  the 
het.  There  is  a  saying  among  the 
5  of  the  Sahara  that  "  the  most  fatal 
se  in  the  desert  is  the  sword"  and  the 
s  which  seem  to  contract  this  mostly, 
hose  fierce  buccaneers  of  the  sandy 
is,  the  Touaregs.  Consequently  not 
the  fanatical  hatred  of  the  Moslem 
of  the  Senousi,  which  originated  in 
>litania  and  to  which  the  Touaregs  be- 
but  modem  weapons  and  ammuni- 
as  loot,  would  not  be  least  among  the 
:ements  under  the  standard  of  the 

rough  troubles  at  home,  stress  of 
cial  resources,  and  lack  of  foresight, 
ey  has  failed  to  prepare  for  the  ade- 
5  defense  of  her  province.  A  few 
ibie  batteries  of  heavy  ordnance  in  the 
or  sand  dunes  outside  the  town  would 

been  most  effective  and  most  dif- 

for  an  attacking  fleet  to  locate  pre- 
\  These  shore  batteries  coupled 
an  efficient  torpedo  boat  flotilla  and 
^marine  or  two,  on  account  of  the 
s  and  reefs,  could  have  been  made 

effective  against  an  attacking  fleet. 
ey  did  not  have  a  single  torpedo  boat, 
r  as  is  known,  on  the  entire  coast  of 
)litania,  and  she  possessed  only  one 
larrison  ship  covered  with  barnacles, 
1  has  been  swinging  for  years  at  her 
s  in  Tripoli  harbor.  Turkey's  total 
,  comprising  only  five  old  battleships, 
irst  class  cruiser,  and  about  twenty 
er  craft  —  as  against  Italy's  seven 
im  battleships,  five  older  ones,  seven 
:lass  cruisers,  and  1 56  smaller  vessels 
rious  types  —  hardly  permits  the  con- 
ation of  a  naval  programme,  except  to 
lie  few  ships  she  has  safely  through  the 
anelles  or  to  keep  them  dodging  aboirt 
hoals  and  islands  of  the  Agean  sea. 
r  the  past  two  decades  in  particular, 

has  bieen  building  up  a  modem  navy 
now  the  antiquated  old   bastioned 

of  isolated  Tripoli,  a  few  small  craft, 
xasional  isolated  vessel  of  the  Turks 
ing  for  home,  have  offered  a  kind  of 
tory  target  practice. 


Some  consider  that  Italy's  coup  is  the  > 
final  act  agreed  upon  by  the  powers  of  the 
Triple  Entente,  a  sort  of  reprisal  possibly 
for  the  coveted  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
provinces  recently  "acquired"  from  Tur- 
key by  Austria,  who  secured  Italy's  back- 
ing, if  not  approval,  of  two  provinces 
Italy  coveted  herself.  Germany,  having 
less  in  compensation  from  Italy  than 
Austria,  might  less  readily  sustain  the 
Latins,  while  France  has  undoubtedly 
given  Italy  a  "hands  off"  assurance 
regarding  Tripolitania.  However,  Italy 
above  all  powers  has  reason  to  know  how 
little  French  North  African  promises  have 
redounded  to  the  benefit  of  the  promisee. 

But  France's  sudden  and  unwarranted 
occupation  of  Fez  and  the  German 
Pantbe/s  sudden  spring  on  Agadir  showed 
her  the  way,  and  so,  while  those  two  Powers 
at  present  are  still  occupied  with  the  ensu- 
ing Moroccan  embroglio,  Italy  has  seized  » 
what  we  are  pleased  to  define  as  the  "  psy- 
chological moment"  when  the  hands  of 
those  two  powers  were  filled  with  affairs 
of  their  own. 

The  Italian  Government  realized  only 
too  well  that  the  success  of  the  grab  must 
dei>end  primarily  on  the  navy  and  that, 
above  all  things,  Turkey  must  not  have 
time  to  land  troops  and  munitions  of 
war  in  Tripolitania.  Hence  the  sudden  1 
intimation  to  Turkey  that  Italian  citizens 
and  Italian  interests  in  Tripolitania  were 
meeting  with  harsh  treatment  by  the 
Turks.  Assurances  from  the  Porte  of 
full  protection  in  every  way  to  Italians 
in  Tripolitania;  then  an  ultimatum  like  a 
bolt  from  the  blue  was  hurled  across  the 
Adriatic  to  Constantinople.  In  essence 
it  contained  a  request  for  an  agreement — 
also  a  threat. 

It  "requested"  Turkey  to  agree  to  an 
Italian  occupation  of  Tripolitania  and 
gave  her  twenty-four  hours  to  reply,  in 
failure  of  which  Italy  would  immediately 
proceed  to  occupy  it.  A  case  of  "heads  \ 
I  win,  tails  you  lose"  for  the  Ottoman. 
But  the  "unspeakable  Turk,"  despite 
political  difficulties  at  home,  refused  to 
lose  his  head  and,  much  to  the  discomfort 
of  Italy,  has  acted  like  a  "Christian  and 
a  gentleman." 

Turkey  ftrst  scsiVuci  lot  ^\«»!rai^i,cK  '^icfc 


i68 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


case  before  the  court  of  nations  and  put 
into  practice  that  which  the  Christian 
nations  had  previously  criticized  it  for  not 
doing.  Then  the  Porte  issued  an  appeal 
to  the  powers  for  intervention,  mean- 
while curbing  among  its  people  the  flame 
of  resentment  —  fanaticism  if  you  please; 
for  when  any  kind  of  resentment  flames, 
it  usually  is  fanatical.  But  the  powers  so 
far  have  stuck  their  thumbs  into  their 
vest  pockets  of  indifference  and  inaction 
and  have  sat  back. 

The  new  Pasha  was  sent  from  Con- 
stantinople to  control  the  situation  in 
Tripolitania  and  he  and  his  family  were 
apprehended  and  forced  to  go  to  Naples. 
By  no  coercion  and  intrigue  could  Turkey 
be  forced  to  open  hostilities.  No  specific 
charges  against  Turkey  have  as  yet  been 
officially  made  public,  only  mere  gen- 
eralities condemning  a  certain  indisposition 
on  Turkey's  part  to  remedy  certain  con- 
ditions in  Tripolitania  not  in  accord  with 
Italian  ideas  —  with  inferences  of  discrim- 
ination against  Italians  and  Italian  in- 
terests in  Tripolitania. 

A  threat  on  the  part  of  the  Powers  to 
partition  most  of  the  remainder  of  the 
Turkish  Empire  in  order  thus  to  force 
Turkey  pacifically  to  cede  Tripoli,  is 
possible  and  might  succeed.  Turkey  may 
feel  that  such  is  to  be  the  inevitable  result, 
regardless  of  such  cession.  And — smart- 
ing under  the  present  unjustified  attack 
upon  her  by  a  Christian  power — supported 
by  others,  especially  as  Austria  stands 
ready  to  thrust  her  hand  still  further  into 
the  international  grab  bag  of  Europe  — 
Turkey  may  seek  to  embroil  Europe,  and 
no  nation  is  more  astute  in  understanding 
the  jealousies  and  foibles  of  the  European 
powers  than  Turkey.  It  is  fortunate 
that  Sultan  Abdul  Hamid  is  no  longer 
dictator  at  Constantinople. 

There  is,  however,  a  still  more  serious 
and  far  reaching  contingency  which  Turkey 
may  employ,  not  only  in  mere  defense, 
but  in  retaliation  i.  e.  the  propaganda  of 
an  lad  or  Holy  War.  This  bugaboo  of 
Euroj)e  in  North  Africa  has  been  worked 
to  death  as  a  pretext  of  war;  but  in 
the  case  of  such  a  propaganda  under 
the  Turk,  the  seriousness  is  something 
with  which   all  Christian  Europe  might 


have  to  reckon,   and  Great    Britain  in 
particular. 

The  position  of  the  Turkish  Empire  is 
geographically  and  religiously  the  centre 
of  the  Mohammedan  world.  It  is  prac- 
tically the  last  independent  Mohammedan 
state,  and  from  no  other  could  a  Moslem 
propaganda  so  quickly  or  effectively  set 
the  hoards  of  Islam  aflame.  A  Turkish 
attempt  to  send  troops  across  Egypt 
(theoretically  a  Turkish  state)  to  Tripoli, 
might  force  a  show-down  of  Britain's 
hand.  To  refuse  may  offend  the  Moslems 
of  Hindustan,  to  accede  would  offend 
Italy.  Only  Britain's  consideration  for 
her  65,000,000  Mohammedan  subjects 
in  India  has  held  them  loyal.  Already, 
probably  through  the  instigation  of  Tur- 
key, appeals  for  mediation  by  Britain  have 
come  from  her  Indian  subjects.  Rum- 
blings of  discontent  have  already  been 
heard  both  there  and  in  Egypt,  and  the 
recent  assignment  to  the  latter  country 
of  Lx)rd  Kitchener  may  signify  the  keen 
foresight  of  Britain. 

Should  the  fire  of  fanatical  Islam  thus 
once  gain  headway,  it  would  sweep  west' 
over  all  North  Africa  to  the  Atlantic 
and  east  to  the  Pacific,  and  the  check- 
ing of  it  by  those  Powers  who  have 
"interests"  in  Mohammedan  lands  would 
involve  untold  expense  in  lives  and  money. 
But  tact  and  diplomacy  on  the  part  both  of 
the  Powers  and  of  Turkey  will,  we  hope, 
probably  avert  any  such  useless  despoila- 
tion  of  the  brother  nations  of  the  human 
family.  But  if  the  fire  of  such  a  cataclysm 
should  gain  headway,  will  not  the  re- 
sponsibility be  laid  at  the  door  of  the 
nation  which  struck  the  match  and  fanned 
the  spark? 

Now  this  brings  up  the  question  of 
Italy's  moral  right  in  the  present  "war", 
the  first  of  four  viewpoints  i.e.  moral, 
political,  military,  and  economic  from 
which  we  may  consider  the  present 
situation. 

Italy's  moral  right  would  depend  upon 
the  justness  of  her  cause  which  must 
pre-include  very  grave  offences  against 
her  on  the  part  of  Turkey  in  Tripolitania. 
Let  us  see  then  what  the  situation  in 
Tripolitania  has  really  been.  I  am  going 
to  base  my  statements  on  what  1  have 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


i6q 


observed  while  living  in  the  City  of  Tri- 
poli and  exploring  and  travelling  in  the 
province. 

The  Turks  maintained  law  and  order 
in  the  towns  and  absolutely  peaceful 
conditions  prevailed.  Life  and  property 
of  foreigners,  including  Italians,  were 
respected  provided  they  tended  to  their 
own  business  and  showed  a  reasonable 
amount  of  discretion  and  respect  for  the 
people  amongst  whom  they  lived.  The 
main  caravan  routes  and  outlying  dis- 
tricts were  protected  as  far  as  possible 
by  Turkish  outposts  and  patrols  of  sol- 
diers and  Arab  constabulary;  but,  except 
in  the  limited  sections  of  the  main  caravan 
routes,  the  nomadic  desert  tribes  are  a 
law  unto  themselves.  For  this  reason  and 
to  prevent  intriguing  foreigners  from  ex- 
ploring the  country,  strangers  were  not 
generally  allowed  to  penetrate  the  interior. 

Aside  from  certain  consular,  bank,  post- 
office,  telegraph,  and  steamship  officials, 
the  Italians  are  mostly  commission  mer- 
chants, clerks,  or  keepers  of  small  shops. 
To  any  respectable  citizen,  Italian  or 
otherwise,  was  extended  the  use  of  the 
cafe  garden  of  the  Turkish  Army  and 


PtrmteioD  ot  CharlM  W.  Furkmc 

THE  ARCH  OF  MARCUS  AURELIUS  IN  TRIPOLI 

A  REMNANT  OF  THE  TIME  WHEN  THE  ROMAN  EMPIRE 
COVERED  NORTH  AFRICA 

Navy  Club  which  became  the  rendezvous 
of  the  foreign  residents  between  five  and 
seven  o'clock  after  the  heat  of  the  day. 


PermiKion  of  Charln  W.  Furlooc 

TRIPOLI,  THE  CITY  WHICH  ITALY  CAPTURED 

THE  METROPOLIS  OF  TRIPOLITANIA,  THE   TURKISH   NORTH   AFRICAN    PROVINCE  WHICH    IS  MORE    I  HAN 

ONE-FOURTH   AS  LARGE  AS  TH£   L'NIIbD  SIATES 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


cofiij  Hfht  by  Lluurle»  W,  FiiftMcig 

THE  AUTHOR  AND  HtS  ESCORT 

ON  A    DANGEROUS  SECTION  OF  THE  COAST 
CAIIAVAN  ROUTE 

Of  the  thousand  or  so  Italians  in  Tri- 
politania,  most  were  cnnflned  to  the  im- 
portant coast  towns  of  Tripoli  and  Bengazi 
and  the  other  half-dozen  secondary  smaller 
coast  towns  of  Khoms,  Misratah,  Zeliten, 
Zuara,  Zenzour,  and  Zafran.  Probably 
'more  than  half,  say  about  600  Italians 
'were  among  the  50,000  inhabitants  of  the 
City  of  Tripoli. 


The  total  average  annual  commerce  of 
Tripoli  amounts  to  about  $4,000,000.  Of 
the  import  trade  which  is  about  half*, 
Great  Britain  generally  leads  with  Many 
Chester  goods,  etc.;  the  rest  is  shared' 
mainly  by  Germany,  France.  Italy,  Turkey. 
Tunisia,  Malta,  and  Hgypt. 

The    sponge    industry    maintained    by 
Greeks    and    Turks,    the    esparto    gras 
(from  which   paper  is  made)   practicall) 
all  of  which  goes  to   England,  and   the 
caravan  trade,  more  or  less  fluctuating,! 
controlled   mainly   by  Arab  and   Jewish 
merchants,   form   about  seven   tenths 
Tripoli's  export  trade.     Some  of  the  pro 
ducts  of  the  oases  and  livestock  brought 
in  by  people  of  the  ff'adan  to  the  iuk 
(markets)     comprise     the     other     three* 
tenths      1'hus  it  will  be  seen  that,  as  the 
entire  commerce  of  Tripoli  amounts   ic 
about   54,000,000  —  a  mere   bagatelle 
which  Great   Britain  seems  to  have  l\ 
lion's  share—  Italy's  commercial  interest^ 
when  divided  up  with  those  of  the  olhef 
nations  cannot  be  very  large  or  vital.    So 


TYPES  OF  TRIPOHTANIa's   1 ,000,000  POPULATION 

raOM   LEFT  TO  mCHT.   TWO   TYPES   OF   ARABS    WHO    PREDOMINATE    IN    THE   NATIVE   POPULATION;  A 

BERBER.  THI   NEXT  MOiT  NUMEROUS  RACE:  A  TURKISH   RECRUIT.   aHD  A   TURKISH 

VETERAN.     MORE    NUMEROUS  THAN   THESE    LATTER,   HOWEVER,   ARB 

TUB  SVOANUe   BLACliB  hW  THB  OBt&NTAL  JEWS 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


"THE  GATEWAY  TO  THE  SAHARA 


Co|>>TlKht  by  (.'harles  W.  t'urlun^ 


WHERE    THE    THRFK    GRF.\T    CARAVAN     ROUTES    GO    OUT    OF    THE    CITY   OF   TRIPOLI    I.^H)    Mil  KS   1() 
THE    SUDAN.       IIII.SH    ARE    THE    ONLY    ROUTES  BY  WHICH    ITALY    CAN    INVM)k    TMh    INFERIOR 


from  a  moral  viewpoint.  Italy's  aggression* 
would  seem  to  he  absolutely  unjustified, 
while  her  methcKis  of  procedure  seem  to 
have  been  unnecessarily  crude  and  tact- 
less. Consequently  we  must  frankly  admit 
Italy's  reason  to  be  purely  a  political 
and  economic  move. 

From  a  political  and  economic  stand- 
point Italy  is  justified  in  seeking  territory. 


She  is  overcrowded  despite  an  annual 
emigration  of  300,000  of  her  subjects. 
Her  soil,  much  worked  out  and  not  over 
pnxluctive.  must  support  1 1 5  inhabitants 
to  the  square  kilometer,  whereas  the 
productive  soil  of  Germany  need  provide 
for  but  104  and  that  of  France  for  scarcely 
73.  In  addition  to  this,  her  wealth  is 
not  keeping  pace  with  the  increase  in 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


her  population,  and  the  hard-working 
people  of  sunny  Italy  are  taxed  four  times 
the  amount  of  the  rest  of  Europe.  24  per 
cent,  of  the  land- income  falHng  into  the 
hands  of  the  tax  gatherers.  Get^graphi- 
cally  she  is  nearer  to  I  ripijlitania  than 
any  other  European  country  and  she  has 
the  example  of  her  ancient  Roman  fore- 
bears, the  mi»st  wonderful  colonists  in  the 
world,  who  were  there  before  the  Moham- 
medans;   if   she   does    not    take  Tripoli, 


communication  from  Turkey,  the  Turkish 
Pasha    deliberately    evacuated      Tripoli,] 
probably  leaving  the  flag  up  and  a  few] 
men  at  some  of  the  batteries  to  draw  the! 
Italians*  fire;  for  the  greater  the  havoc  to 
the  city  the  greater  the  cost  to  Italy  in 
rebuilding.     Unless     international     com- 
plications   arise    or   unusual    pressure  is ' 
brought  to  bear  on  Turkey  bv  some  powerl 
other  than  Italy,  Turkey  even  with  a  small  J 
contingent   of   troops   in  Tripolitania,  is " 


THE  SAND  DUNES  OF  THE  SAHARA 

TM£     HTNTERLAND    OF    THrrOLI.     A    COUNTRY    OF   KOMADtC    TRI8ES.     REACHED    OKLY     BY    CAMYAM 
ROUltS   AND   DIFFICULT   BOTH   TO  CONgUER   AND  TO  POLICE 


France  will;  tnus  from  the  political  view- 
point Italy  is  justified  in  her  course. 

The  twenty-four  hours  of  the  ultimatum 

passed.     Boom!  belched  the  guns  of  her 

igreat  ships.     The  walls  of  1  ripoli  crum- 

fbled.  and  for   the   first    time   since   the 

Knights  of  St.  John  were  driven  out  of 

Lihe  city  in  1551  Jt  is  now  in  the  complete 

^control  of  a  Christian  pr>wer,  and  from  a 

military  viewpoint  we  have  a  rather  unique 

^and  interesting  situation. 

Absolutely  cut  off  from  both  reinforce- 
it$,  further  war  supplies,  and  even 


likely  to  maintain  a  long  and  harassinj 
campaign  of  which  the  taking  of  the  coa 
towns   may    be   but    the   beginning.     In 
the  event  of  the  Turks  acting  on  the  de- 
fensive, it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  Italv 
will   have  the  courage  to  make  an   ini 
mediate  invasion  jvto  the  country. 

The  main  scene  of  hostilities  I  believ« 
must  be  confined  particularly  to  the  yiL 
yet  of  Tripoli  rather  than  to  the  provin< 
of  Barca,  for  Tripoli  is  the  literal  *'Gate-' 
way  to  the  Sahara/'  the  focus  of  the  three 
main  caravan   routes  which  meet  heie 


i 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


"73 


lie  Sudan,  and  it  is  along  the  main 
n  routes  that  a  European  army 
have  to  march.  These  routes 
^er  sand  as  fine  as  that  in  an  hour- 
nto  which  the  feet  sink  deeply,  or 
ird  clayey  or  stony  trails,  sometimes 
linous,  but  always  monotonous, 
le  incessant  sun-glare  beating  down 
^erhead,  and  the  everlasting  vibrat- 
it-waves  wriggling  up  from  beneath. 


out  Tripolitania  they  are  taxed,  number- 
ing in  the  entire  province  some  200,000. 
The  date  palm  provides  food  for  many 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  interior,  and 
their  stones  ground  with  straw  and  millet 
are  used  as  fodder  for  the  camels.  Thus 
each  oasis  is  a  storehouse  in  itself.  As  the 
camel  is  the  only  practical  transport  in 
Tripolitania,  it  will  be  seen  that  water,  date 
palms,  and  camels  are  absolutely  essential 


A  TRADE  CARAVAN  AT  REST 
CAMEL   IS  THE   COMMON   CARRIER    IN   TRIPOLI,   THE   WHOLE   COMMERCE   OF   THE    COUNTRY   ONLY 
AMOUNTING   TO   ABOUT   $4,000,000   A    YEAR 


certain  points,  sometimes  a  few 
journey  apart,  are  oases  which  to 
t  extent  determine  the  direction  of 
routes.  An  oasis  means  any  cul- 
I  spot,  large  or  small,  and  pre- 
es  the  existence  of  water,  which 
e  a  dug-well  or  a  natural  spring. 
>alms  are  planted  and  cultivated, 
their  shade,  fruits  and  vegetables 
►wn,  being  irrigated  in  the  growing 
er  laboriously  drawn  from  the  wells. 
alms  are  of  such  value  that  through- 


to  life  in  this  country,  and  their  possession, 
vital  factors  in  a  campaign. 

The  policy  of  the  Turks  would  naturally 
be  to  fall  back  along  the  many  caravan 
routes  from  one  oasis  to  another,  and  we 
may  rest  assured  that  all  the  available 
camels  will  be  behind  their  main  guard. 
In  the  evacuation  of  oases,  in  case  the 
cause  of  recovering  ground  appeared 
hopeless,  every  palm  tree  could  be  felled, 
every  well  under  their  shade  or  on  the 
trails  carcass-poisoned  and  destroyed,  and 


THE  WORLT 


I 


Perniiuion  at  CKvl««  W.  FurluikK 

GARDEN  WELL  IN  AN  OASIS 

THE  CrSTEKN  IS  FfLLED   FROM  THE  WELL  AND  THE 

GROUND    CHANNELS    WHICH    IRRIGATE  THE 

QARDEN   ARE  FED  FROM  THE  CISTERN 

every  camel  dislributcd  among  the  wild 
Nomads  of  the  desert.  The  Turks  in  this 
manner  could  slill  retreat  some  600  miles 
south  to  their  southern  city,  Murzuk,  the 
capital  of  Fezzan  and,  long  before  the 
Italians  reached  there,  they  might  find 
their  "Moscow"  in  a  devastated  and  sterile 
land,  far  from  their  base  of  supplies,  sob- 
jected  to  all  of  the  tc^rtures  of  the  pitiless 
heat  and  the  more  pi li less  relent lessness 
of  the  desert  hordes.  I  hese  desert  h<jrdes 
are  the  Touaregs,  Fezzanis,  the  Galrunis 
and  the  Tibbus.  Far  on  the  western 
borderland  of  Iripoli  also,  are  the  lou- 
anrg  cities  of  Ghadames  and  Ghat. 
Through  these  sections  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  Aujila  in  the  hinterland  of  Barca,  wild 
tribes  roam  the  desert  wastes.  They 
know  the  location  of  every  well,  and  have 
many  secret  ones  covered  with  brush  and 
skin  under  a  layer  of  sand.     In  the  Sahara 


a  man's  wealth  or  power  is  oiten 
mined  by  the  number  of  wells  he  controls. 

With  the  Arabs  as  auxiliaries  the  Turks 
have  a  splendid  scout  corps.  It  is  na^\ 
however,  the  rainy  season,  and  although 
an  invading  army  would  probably  not 
suffer  so  much  from  want  of  water,  it 
would  undoubtedly  suffer  from  chills  and 
fever  on  account  of  the  cold;  and  besides. 
there  are  many  sections  which  would  at 
certain  times  be  impassable  on  account  of 
the  raging  torrents  which  fill  the  dry  wadts 
(riverbeds),  and  at  this  timeof  the  year  the 
landing  of  troops  is  often  a  most  difTicuIt 
operation,  even  at  the  few  available  ports, 
and  it  might  entail  weeks  of  waiting. 

An  invading  army  would  be  forced 
to  march  much  of  the  time  at  night  on 
account  of  the  heat,  which  would  offer 
^^rt-ater  opportunities  for  sudden  attack 
by  desert  tribes.  It  might  also  be  borne 
in  mind  that,  by  reason  of  the  French 
invasion  into  the  Sahara  south  of  Algerian 
Tunisia,  there  has  been  a  great  Touareg 


AN  OASIS  OUTSIDE  TRIPOLI 
A   SAIWT*5  TOMB   (maRAIOUT)   UNDER  THi 


THE  TAKING  OF  TRIPOLI 


i?5 


ition  from  that  region  into  Tripoli- 
Thus,  although  the  Turks  should 
ilate  without  a  fight  in  the  north  in 
layetoi  Tripoli,  it  will  be  years  before 
:an  control  entire  Tripolitania. 
nee  may  offer  its  good  services  and 
are  of  things  in  the  west  and  south, 
B  of  her  own  native  Algerian,  Tun- 
and  Saharan  troops;  but  she  would 
ndoubtedly  look  out  for  France,  and 
ripolitanian  border  line  would  prove 


Italy.  Italy's  wisest  plan  would  be  to 
establish  herself  firmly  along  the  entire 
littoral  and  slowly  but  surely  work  back 
into  the  interior,  developing  the  country 
as  she  goes. 

And  this  brings  us  to  the  gist  of  the 
whole  affair,  the  economic  point  of  view. 
The  great  question  is  —  Is  Tripoli  worth 
while?  Certainly  the  vergbi  (poll  and 
property  tax)  and  the  tithe  of  agricul- 
tural products  which  the  Turks  collect 


'*Tltt  Gfttemy  of  ihe  Saimta' 


Copyrisht  by  Charles  SsHner^s  Son« 
A  NATIVE  MARKET  OUTSIDE  THE  CITY  WALLS 

PORE  THE   ITALIAN    INVASION   THE    FOREIGN    POPULATION    CONSISTED   OF    ABOUT  6oO    ITALIANS,    A 
HANDFUL   OF   MALTESE    FISHERFOLK.    AND   A    FEW   OTHER    EUROPEANS, 
CHIFFLY   THE   CONSULATE    STAFFS 


ovable  a  quantity  as  the  Algerian- 
ccan  one  has  been  —  determined 
le  cordon  of  French  outposts.  It 
1  not  be  a  great  surprise  to  me  if 
ri-color  eventually  floated  over  the 
I  of  Ghadames,  at  least  that  of  Ghat 
I  great  section  of  Fezzan. 
lb  character  is  difficult  to  under- 
.  They  are  children  of  nature  and 
langeable  in  temperament  as  the 
fig  sands  over  which  they  roam, 
it  would  be  a  most  unlooked  forv 
idence  if  these  tribes  permitted  a 
c    occupation    of    Tripolitania     by 


taxes  from  the  heavily  burdened  Arabs 
(and  they  are  adepts  at  collecting) 
amounts  to  but  a  scant  $600,000.  The  * 
country  itself  agriculturally  sustains  about 
four  good  harvests  out  of  ten,  and  the 
present  productive  soil  of  the  yUayet  of 
Tripoli  is  about  two  fifths  of  its  410,000 
square  miles  —  a  narrow  strip  along  the 
littoral.  Here  Arabs,  Berbers,  and  Bed- 
awi  cultivate  cereals,  vegetables,  and  fruit 
trees;  raise  sheep,  camels,  goats,  horses, 
and  donkeys.  Where  the  desert  sand  is 
drifted  away,  I  have  clattered  over  the 
tesselated  pavements  of  ancient  Roman 


176 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


villas  laid  oot  2000  years  ago  and  have 
traveled  for  half  a  day  over  the  crumbled 
remnants  of  palaces  and  ruins  of  towns 
along  the  coast  trails  overlooking  the 
Mediterranean.  This  desert  coast  at 
that  time,  then,  must  have  been  support- 
ing numerous  population;  and  back  in 
the  Tripoli  hills,  in  remnants  of  ancient 
Roman  cofferdams,  I  discovered  the 
secret  —  the  conservation  of  vast  water 
supplies  with  which  the  land  was  irri- 
gated.    In    those   ancient   days,    it    has 


Arabs  remains  to  be  seen.  How  many 
his  own  300,000  annual  emigrants  willj 
by  choice,  seek  the  heat-soaked  Tripoli'l 
tan  Sahara  in  preference  to  the  temper-] 
ate  and  inviting  land  of  the  United  StatesJ 
the  Argentine,  or  elsewhere,  remains  taj 
be  seen.  However,  we  may  rest  assured! 
that  these  thrifty,  hardworking  sons  ofj 
Italy,  who  may  seek  the  picturesque  semi- 
tropical  land  of  Tropolitania,  will  do  alii 
that  hard  labor  and  honest  effort  can 
do  to  make  the  land   bear  fruit,  which 


PeTTniiala*  of  Chvlc*  W.  Fufflofff 

REVIEW  OF  THE  TURKISH  GARRISON  IN  THE  CITY  OF  TRIPOLI 
rMRT     OF    TH£    20,f>00    MEN    WHICH    THE    SULTaN    W^S    SUPPOSED   TO    KEEP    IN    THE    PROVtNCB 

THOUGH    PROBABLY  THERE   WERE    NOT   MUCH   MORE   THAN    HALF   THAT   NUMBER  _ 

THERE   AND   SOME   OF   THESE  6oO  MILES    FROM   THE   CITY 


en  5aid  that  one  might  walk  from 
Tripoh  to  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  in  the 
shade  of  great  forests. 

We  can  be  reasonably  sure  that  Tunisia, 
which  to-day  supports  a  population  of  but 
a  million  and  a  half,  in  the  time  of  the 
Caesars  supported  20,000,000  people;  and 
we  know  that  with  Tunisia  and  Algeria, 
Tripoli  was  the  granary  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  But  the  modern  Roman  must 
outrank  in  this  respect  the  abih'ty  of  his  an- 
cient forbears*  In  Tripolitania  he  will  need 
labor;  whether  he  can  secure  it  from  the 


will  depend,  not  so  much  on  the  recon*^ 
struction    of    the   ancient    cofferdams   ofl 
the  Romans  as  on  the  introduction  of  the 
artesian  w*ell 

The  pohtical  as  well  as  the  economicj 
experiment  in  colonization  is  practically' 
a  new  one  for  Italy.     If  it  is  tried  in  ihej 
Vilayet  oiTripoVi  (and  I  believe  it  will  be)l 
may  success  attend  the  effort,  not  only 
for  the  sake  of  the  crowded  overpacked 
population   at    home,    but   for  the  sake 
also  of  the  over-taxed  and  honest  Arab 
farmer  of  the  IVadan. 


k 


d 


THE  HELP  THAT 
COUNTS 

THE    SELF    MASTER    COLONY    AND   THE   PARTING  OF 
THE     WAYS     HOME     BEGINNING    THE    GENTLE- 
MEN RANKERS  ANEW  —  THE  CHILDREN'S  AID 
SOCIETY  WHICH  STARTED  A  DESERTED  OR- 
PHAN ON  THE  WAY  TO  BE  A  GOVERNOR 

BY 

HENRY  CARTER 


ONE  night  in  the  springtime 
of  last  year  a  boy  of  twenty, 
who  had  slipped  from  the 
straight  and  narrow  path  of 
material  honesty,  stood  and 
looked  out  through  the  bars  of  his  cell 
in  the  Elmira  Reformatory.  The  boy 
was  not  altogether  a  bad  sort.  He  had 
made  a  bad  mistake,  but  he  had  taken  his 
medicine  and  paid  for  it  like  a  man. 
Boys  are  taught  trades  at  the  Elmira  Re- 


formatory; and  the  credit  system,  by 
which  terms  of  imprisonment  are  reduced 
for  good  conduct,  is  in  full  force.  The 
authorities  explained  this  to  the  boy  when 
he  came  there.  For  instance,  excellent 
conduct  and  fair  progress  in  learning 
his  trade  would  cut  six  months  off  his 
term;  perfect  conduct  and  extreme  in- 
dustry and  ability  would  take  off  a  year. 
The  boy  had  earned  his  "copper," 
and  had  saved  a  year  of  his  life.    His 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  SELF  MASTERS 
GIVEN    BY  MR.  C.  H.  INCERSOLL,  WHERE    BED,  BOARD.  TOBACCO,  FIFTY   CENTS   A   WEEK,  AND  A  CHANCE 
TO  WORK  ARE  GIVEN  TO  THIRTY  MEN  WHO  HAVE  LOST  THEIR  GRIP  MENTALLY,  MORALLY  OR  PHYSI- 
CALLY.     IN   A    MONTH   OR  TWO  THEY  ARE  BUILT  UP  AGAIN  AND  OTHERS   TAKE   THEIR  PLACES 


L  i  \  K  M  \  '  .      II  t     \ U  -  i  i  IC  >     \  N I J   RIO S\  \  K I N  G 

THE   WAY    THE    MEN    ARE   CfVEN    CONFIDENCE    IN    THEMSELVES    IS    "TO  PUT  TM EM  TO   WORK,  WITHOUT 

FUSS   OR    PRIACHINO,    AT    SOME    USEFUL   OCCUrMTJON.    WHERE    THEY    CAN     SEE    THAT     THEY 

ARE    ACTUALLY    DOING   SOMETHING,    AND    BY    REFUSING    TO    LET    THEM     DWELL 

ON     THEIR     UNFORTUNATE      EXPERIENCE      IN     THE     PAST'* 


conduct  had  been  perfect;  he  had  worked 
harder  and  learned  more  at  his  trade 
than  any  of  his  fellows.  This  night  as 
he  stood  and  looked  through  the  bars 
at  the  empty  corridor,  he  had  only  three 
days  left  to  serve  —  and  then  the  prison 
madness  overcame  him.  He  gripped  the 
bars  that  shut  him  in  and  shook  thum 
like  mad;  he  screamed  and  yelled. 
Other  priM*ners  joined  in.  and  S(X)n  the 


corridor  was  in  an  uproar.  Then  the 
guards  came;  and  the  boy  lost  the  year 
that  had  been  granted  him  for  gotxJ  con- 
duct. 

When  he  came  out  at  last  he  was  quite 
un reformed.  The  loss  of  his  year  had 
soured  him  and  made  him  hard  and  lough 
He  blamed  society.  He  and  society  were 
enemies  and  he  was  ripe  for  declaring 
war  on  his  encm>  and  be^innin^:  the  s^irt 


AN  DRESS  S.  FLOYD 

WHO  CONDUCTS  THE   SELF   MASTER  COLONY,   WHERE  WRECKS   OF  MEN   GET   BACK   THEIR 
NERVE  TO  TRY   LIFE  ON   A   USEFUL   LEVEL   AGAIN 


i8a 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


He  always  thinks  and  talks  of  them  as 
["fellows/*  which  is  an  important  thing  to 
Ptiote.  He  took  three  or  four  young  men 
of  good  parts,  who  had  fallen  through 
drink,  into  his  home  and  helped  them; 
and  they  went  back  into  the  honorable 
part  of  the  world  where  they  belonged. 
Then  he  moved  from  New  York  to  Rah- 
way,  N,  J.,  and  the  work  grew.  It  grew 
until  one  day  Flovd  went  to  a  millionaire, 


Floyd  said  to  the  boy,  when  he  had 
heard  his  story  of  despair  in  the  lodgin 
house:  "Now,  1  tell  you;  Tve  got  a  littl 
place  out  in  the  country  over  in  Jer 
where  there  are  a  lot  of  us  fellows  who've 
been  up  against  it.  If  you  won't  say 
anything  to  the  boys  about  having  been 
in  'stir/  I'll  be  glad  to  have  you  come  over 
and  stay  with  us  until  you  get  your  ner\'e 
back  and  find  a  job  to  go  to.     Under- 


iHh   i  AKNNti  uh    IHE   WAYS  HUMb   IN  CMlCAOO 

WHICH  m  TH^  ¥iwsr  a  I  months  op  rts  existence,  found  emplovment  for  cjsj  of  the  M64 

EX-CONVICTS    THAT   MASSED    THROUGH    ITS   UOOKS,  AND  GAVE   MATERIAL   AID   TO  THE    OTHERS 


Mr.  C  H.  Ingersoll.  and  said  that  he 
would  have  to  have  a  farm  to  take  care 
of  the  masterless  men  who  were  coming 
to  him  to  win  back  self-mastery.  Mr» 
Ingersoll  knew  what  the  work  was  and 
he  bought  and  turned  over  to  Floyd  an 
abandoned  country  home  with  fifty  acres 
of  land  at  Union.  N,  J.  There,  two  years 
agp,  Floyd,  with  his  young  wife,  started 
something  new  under  the  name  of  the 
Self  Master  Colony* 


stand  me:  if  you  c^me  over  there  youVi 
got  to  forget  all  about  the  bad  luck  youl 
had  in  the  past.     Want  to  come?*' 

The    boy    came    sullenly     shambling 
through  the  woods  to  the  door  of  the  hoi 
two    days    later 

"He  was  tough/'  says  Floyd;  *'he  was 
a  real  tough  one/' 

So  tough  and  skeptical  was  he  that  it 
was  a  week  before  he  decided  to  accept 
the  Self  Master  Colony  for  what  it  pro- 


THE  HELP  THAT  COUNTS 


183 


fessed  to  be  —  a  place  where  you  were 
as  good  as  the  next  fellow,  no  matter 
what  your  past  record  —  so  long  as  you 
worked.  When  he  saw  that  the  head 
of  the  colony  desired  to  make,  not  a  saint 
or  an  object  lesson  out  of  him,  but  a  man, 
the  boy  began  to  stiflFen  his  spine  and  hold 
up  his  head.  For  this  was  what  his  seared 
young  soul  was  hungering  for  —  the  chance 
to  be  a  man.  Charity  he  would  not  ac- 
cept because  of  the  iron  that  had  been 
driven  into  his  heart,  but  help  "from  one 
fellow  to  another,"  —  that  and  that  only 
could  reach  home  to  him. 

"It  took  a  long  time  for  this  one  to 
thaw  out,"  says  Floyd,  "but  after  that 
he  began  to  grow  and  grow  right." 

At  the  end  of  two  months  the  boy  came 
to  Floyd  and  said:  "1  hadn't  ought  to 
stay  here  any  longer.  You're  crowded 
to  the  limit  here  and  there  are  lots  of 
fellows  outside  who  ought  to  get  in  here 
and  be  put  on  their  feet.  I'm  all  right 
now.  1  can  go  out  and  get  a  job.  I'll 
be  getting  out  and  giving  some  other 
fellow  a  chance  to  come  in." 

"All  right,"  said  Floyd.  "Look  upon 
this  as  your  home.  Come  back  here  at 
night  until  you  find  your  job." 

Then  the  boy  went  out  to  fight  for  a 
place  in  the  world.  He  "had  his  nerve 
back." 

He  returned  the  first  night. 

"Find  a  job?"  asked  Floyd. 

"No." 

The  second  night  it  was  the  same,  and 
also  the  third.  On  the  fourth  night  he 
did  not  come  back.  Next  morning  Floyd 
received  a  letter  from  him.  He  had 
found  a  job: 

"A  man  who  runs  a  metal  roofing 
company  took  me  on  and  said  he  would 
give  me  a  chance.  Watch  me  make 
something  out  of  that  chance!  1  am 
going  to  Atlantic  City  to-morrow  and 
begin  work  on  a  job  that  will  last  a  long 
time." 

That  was  something  over  nine  months 
ago.  One  Sunday,  only  a  few  weeks  past,  a 
well  dressed,  contented  looking  young 
mechanic  dropped  off  the  trolley  car  at 
Union  and  came  briskly  through  the  woods 
to  the  Self  Master  Colony.  He  was 
neat  and  clean,  and  his  eye  was  bright. 


THE  HOME  S  KITCHEN 

WHERE   THE   MEN    FROM   THE    BRIDEWELL    BEGIN 

THEIR   NEW   CAREERS    WITH    A    GOOD 

SQUARE    MEAL 

and  he  looked  the  whole  world  square 
in   the  face. 

"Remember  me,  Mr.  Floyd?"  he  called 
out  cheerily.  "I'm  the  tough  kid  that 
you  picked  up  in  New  York.     1 " 

"Hold  on,"  said  Floyd.  "You've  got 
that  wrong.  You're  a  friend  of  mine  that 
I  happened  to  meet  while  you  had  a  streak 
of   bad   luck." 

"Right"!  laughed  the  boy.  "Well, 
I  made  good  on  my  chance.  I've  been 
working  every  working  day  since  1   got 


A  GOOD  PLACE  TO  SLEEP 

FOR  WHICH,  TOGBTHBR  WITH  THREE   MEALS,    A 

MAN   IS  CHARGED  FIFTEEN  CENTS  A  DAY  TO 

BE  PAID  WHEN  HE  GETS  HIS  FIRST  JOB 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


RESCUED  FROM  THE  SLUMS 
411   OftfffAl*    TO    WHOM     THE     CHItr)REN'&    AID 

focirnr  CAVt  a  Gfx>t>  home   iw  the  countiiy 

*ilO  A  CMAKCF  rw  tiFf  IN  THE  PAI^T  SOME 
at  tHE  M>c:iElV  <•  KMOTECes  HAVE  BECOMt 
CfOVt«lif>ltS«  OOKGKKVSMEN,   jUpiQE«,    ETC. 

that  job.  And  if  you  don't  believe  Km 
taking  care  of  myself"  —  He  dove  into 
his  pocket  and  drew  out  a  roll  of  bills 
containing  over  one  hundred  dollars  — 
*'  I  brought  this  along  to  show  you.  I 
could  loan  you  some.  Mr.  Floyd,  if  you 
hap|>ened    to    be    short." 

Here  is  an  illuminative  example  of  the 
new  Sfjrt  of  practical  work  which  does  not 
question  whether  the  case  be  worthy, 
but  which  helps,  because  help  is  needed, 


and  which  seeks  to  help  in  such  a  way! 
that  help  will  not  be  needed  again.     The 
work  of   Mr.   Ffoyd  in  his  New  Jersey  ^ 
colony  expresses  the  new  idea.  ■ 

"It  is  not  merely  a  question  of  giving/'     i 
says  Mr.  Floyd,  "it  is  also  a  question  of 
giving  right.     If  you  give  a  man  meiely 
food  or  money,  you  don't  give  him  mtich,^_ 
If  you  give  him  an>thing.  and  along  withfl 
it  give  him  the  feeling  that  he  is  a  mi^er-^ 
able  creature,  hardly  fit  to  live,  and  that 
you   help   him   only   because   you   want 
to  maintain  your  position  of  superiority  ^ 
to  him,  you  don*t  help  him;  you  hurt  him.f 
It  IS  bad  to  give  a  man  anything:  the 
way  to  help  him  is  to  help  him  earn  it. 
These  men  who  are  in  need  of  help  have^fl 
before  they  come  seeking  help,  condemned™ 
themselves  much  more  severely  than  you 
or  1  ever  will  condemn  them.      If  we  help 
them  merely  by  handing  them  something, 
we  make  them  despise  themselves*     Afterfl 
that  a   man   isn't   much   good. 

*  But  if  you  take  a  man  and  give  him 
a  thought  along  with  your  assistance, 
you  help  him*  Men  and  boys  come 
here  to  us  discouraged  and  embittened, 
convinced  that  they  are  no  good  and 
that  there  isn't  any  use  tr>*ing  further. 
Now,  if  you  take  these  men  and  give  them 
a  chance  to  see  how  mistaken  thev  are. 


IHE  BRACE  FARM  SCHOOL  OF  THE  CHILDREN  S  AID  SUCIETV 

WHICH,    IN   THI    rirTY-riGHt   YIAII&  OF    HS   EXISTENCE,    HAS   FOUND  HOMES    IN    THE    COUNTRY    FOR 

d7.70t    WAII^,    aHD   paid  SITUATIONS    FOR  27,4$  I    OLDER   BOYS   AND  GrKLS 


THE  HELP  THAT  COUNTS 


185 


to  see  that  they  are  not  hopeless  and 
that  they  can  make  good,  you  have 
started  them  on  a  new  point  of  view.  The 
way  we  try  to  bring  this  change  about  is 
by  putting  them  to  work,  without  any  fuss 
or  preaching,  at  some  useful  occupation 
where  they  can  see  that  they  actually 
are  doing  something,  and  by  refusing  to 
let  them  dwell  on  their  unfortunate  ex- 
periences of  the  past.  One  man  recently 
said:  'My  name  is  so  and  so  and  I  used 
to  be  a  burglar.'  I  said:  '1  don't  care  what 
your  name  is,  or  what  your  past.  What 
can  you  do?'  He  said  he  had  learned  to 
cook  —  in  prison.  'All  right,'  1  said. 
'We  need  a  cook.  You  can  go  to  work 
right  away.  You  won't  get  much  pay, 
but  you  will  have  a  chance  to  forget  your 
old  profession.'  That  man  is  our  cook 
to-day,  and  while  we  get  him  to  open 
locked  doors  if  we  happen  to  lose  a  key 

—  and  he  does  it  in  a  manner  to  make 
you  lose  faith  in  locks  —  he  has  made 
himself  over  since  he  came  here. 

"We  put  some  of  the  men  to  work  in 
the  weaving  room  where  we  make  rugs. 
When  they  see  a  rug  begin  to  grow  under 
their  fingers  they  begin  to  pick  up.  They 
see  that  after  all  they  can  do  something. 
The  same  obtains  with  those  put  to  work 
around  the  farm.  On  an  average,  at 
the  end  of  two  months  they  come  to  me 
and  say:  'I'll  be  getting  out.  1  can  take 
care  of  myself  now.  I'll  give  some  other 
fellow  a  chance  to  come  here  and  get 
straightened  up.'  And  they  do  take 
care  of  themselves.  Every  few  days  I 
get  a  letter  from  one  of  the  boys  who  has 
gone  through  here  with  the  heartening 
word  that  he  is  making  good  and  playing 
the  part  of  a  man.    That  is  what  counts 

—  that  is  what  this  work  is  running  for." 
The  Self  Master  Colony  has  room  for 

thirty  men  at  a  time,  and  the  accommoda- 
tions always  are  crowded.  Its  struggle 
is  a  keen  one,  for  the  Colony  aims  to  be 
self  supporting.  It  draws  its  members 
from  seven  classes:  the  man  unable  to 
find  immediate  employment,  the  man  in 
middle  life  who  has  lost  his  business,  the 
intemperate  young  man  trying  to  control 
himself,  the  country  boy  stranded  in  the 
city,  the  rich  man's  son  wa>'ward  and 
estranged  from  his  family,  the  man  dis- 


couraged through  domestic  troubles,  and 
the  man  run  down  physically  and  mentally 
and  needing  outdoor  work.  These  are 
the  worth-saving,  who,  if  no  help  is  offered 
them,  drift  down  through  the  strata  of 
free  lodging-house  existence  into  the 
mire  of  hobo-dom,  criminality,  and  hope- 
less mendicancy.  Floyd's  idea  is  to  catch 
them  at  this  crisis  in  their  lives. 

At  this  writing  there  are  as  members 
of  the  colony  a  man  who  recently  acted 
as  secretary  to  a  successful  New  England 
novelist,  a  New  York  newspaper  editor, 
and  an  architectural  draftsman  of  some 
prominence.  The  latter  two  fell  through 
drink,  the  first  one  never  explained  and 
never  was  asked  to  explain  what  brought 
him  down.  All  three  are  men  of  education 
and  all  have  more  than  ordinary  ability. 
They  want  to  get  back  to  the  world  of 
usefulness  or  they  would  not  be  where 
they  are,  and  they  are  not  men  who 
possibly  could  bring  themselves  to  accept 
charity.  They  are  gentlemen  rankers 
—  who  now  have  the  chance  to  get  into 
condition  to  win  back  their  rightful  posi- 
tions. To  help  all  outcast  men  to  this 
chance  is  the  idea  of  the  Self  Master 
Colony. 

This,  too,  is  the  idea  upon  which  was 
founded  the  "Parting  of  the  Ways"  Home 
in  Chicago,  the  first  and  the  largest  of 
the  help-men-to-help-themselves  institu- 
tions to  be  established.  Every  week- 
day in  the  year  an  average  of  forty  men  are 
released  from  the  Chicago  House  of 
Correction,    the    "Bridewell,"    given    a 


COKTVICTS 
mOMTHI 

N«».  1909 

DISCHARGED 

:  "bsidewell" 

I82S  Mr. 

DISCHARGED  CONVICTS  PASS- 
ING THROUGH  THE  HOME 

6M«« 

D«.    - 

1721 

- 

62    - 

Jml   1910 

l%9 

•• 

117    - 

F**>.     - 

IWI 

- 

163    - 

March - 

1670 

- 

190    • 

Apnl     - 

1744 

- 

219    - 

M.*    - 

l(>30 

- 

242    - 

i-«r      - 

ISOO 

- 

270    - 

ISI7 

- 

2W    - 

A««     - 

1610 

- 

i\i    " 

Sept     - 

I4I<> 

- 

4ns   - 

Oct.      - 

l»3 

- 

470    " 

N...    - 

1406 

- 

«5    - 

MR.  MC  BRIDE  S  SCALE  OF  RESCUE 
SHOWING    BY  ACTUAL   FIGURES  THAT  THE    INFLUENCE 
OF  THE  "  PARTING  OF  THE  WAYS  "  HOME  CHECKS 
THE    NUMBER  OF  ROUND-TRIP  JOURNEYS  BE- 
TWEEN THE  PRISON  AND  THE  STREETS 


i86 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


nickel,  and  turned  out  into  the  world.  Up 
to  two  years  ago  more  than  40  percent,  of 
them  found  their  way  back,  simply  be- 
cause, after  being  broken  by  their  prison 
experience,  they  were  not  fitted  to  take 
up  the  battle  for  existence  on  the  outside. 
It  was  two  years  ago  that  the  Parting  of 
the  Ways  Home  was  founded. 

Judge  Mackenzie  Cleland,  of  parole 
fame,  and  a  group  of  interested  citizens 
thought  it  over  and  saw  that  what  was 
needed  was  a  place  where  these  ex- 
prisoners  could  go  on  their  discharge  from 
the  Bridewell,  where  they  could  be  fed 
for  a  few  days,  where  the  prison  taint 
would  wear  off  them,  and  where  they 
could  be  sent  to  places  of  employment 
before  drifting  back  to  the  "barrel  house" 
life  which  hitherto  had  been  their  only 
choice.  With  $2,000  as  a  starting  fund 
the  Parting  of  the  Ways  Home  was 
established  in  a  four-story  brick  building 
two  miles  east  of  the  prison  gates  and 
on  the  same  street,  and  Mr.  Rollo  H.  Mc- 
Bride  was  placed  in  charge  as  manager. 

It  is  a  question  which  was  the  more 
important  move,  the  establishing  of  the 
home  or  the  finding  of  McBride  to  do 
the  work.  It  is  significant  that  the  two 
men  who  are  breaking  ground  in  this 
new  sort  of  work,  Mr.  Floyd  of  New  Jersey, 
and  Mr.  McBride  of  Chicago,  have  his- 
tories that  are  similar  to  a  considerable 
degree.  McBride  at  one  time  was  near 
the  top  in  the  management  of  a  Middle 
Western  railroad.  From  there  he  fell 
to  the  uttermost  depths  into  which  liquor 
can  plunge  a  fallen  man.  He  was  a  "  levee 
bum"  for  seven  years  in  Chicago.  One 
night  he  stumbled,  drunken  and  blasphem- 
ing, into  a  house  of  God,  and  there,  like 
Saul  of  Tarsus,  he  says  a  voice  spoke  to 
him,  and  that  was  the  end  of  McBride, 
the  "bum."  When  the  time  came  for 
him  to  take  up  the  work  of  the  Parting 
of  the  Ways,  he  had  reestablished  himself 
in  the  railroad  business  and  was  one  of 
the  city's  leading  workers  among  the 
helpless  and  outcast. 

This  was  the  idea  and  the  man  that 
came  together  in  November,  1909,  to 
establish,  not  an  exhibition  of  emotional 
charity  for  curious  visitors,  but  a  hard, 
common    sense    factory    for    converting 


broken  ex-prisoners  into  independent 
men.  Now  when  a  prisoner,  whose  conduct 
has  indicated  that  he  is  not  hopeless,  is 
discharged  from  the  Bridewell,  Superin- 
tendent John  L.  Whitman  gives  him, 
besides  the  inevitable  nickel,  a  card  of 
introduction  to  Mr.  McBride  and  direc- 
tions for  reaching  the  Home.  When  he 
arrives  at  the  Parting  of  the  Ways,  Mc- 
Bride shakes  hands  and  says:  "I  will 
feed  you,  sleep  you,  clothe  you,  and  get 
you  a  job,  and  it  won't  cost  you  a  cent. 
After  your  first  pay-day,  if  you  do  not 
care  to  accept  charity  and  really  want 
to  show  your  appreciation  of  the  Home, 
you  may  settle  with  it  at  the  rate  of 
fifteen  cents  a  meal  and  bed."  Four 
hundred  and  thirty-two  dollars  have  been 
paid  back  to  the  Home  in  this  way  by 
men  who  were  bound  only  by  their  own 
sense  of  honor  and  gratitude. 

In  the  first  twenty-one  months  of  its 
existence  1264  men  were  passed  through 
this  "man  factory."  Of  these  953  were 
placed  in  employment  and  are  now  working 
and  making  an  honest  living.  Of  the  other 
311,  the  majority  were  assisted  to  return  to 
their  families  or  friends.  All  were  helped  in 
some  way.  Of  the  953  for  whom  jobs 
were  found,  24  are  listed  as  depositors  in 
one  Chicago  savings  bank.  How  many 
are  depositing  in  other  banks  is  not  known. 
Since  the  founding  of  the  Home  the 
population  of  the  Bridewell  has  been 
reduced  22  per  cent. 

The  cost  to  the  city  for  making  an 
outcast  by  a  prison  term  is  $9  a  man;  the 
cost  for  each  man  turned  out  of  the  Home 
is  J6.  The  proposition  is  so  simple  even 
in  dollars  and  cents  that  the  business 
men  and  tax-payers  of  Chicago  are 
becoming  interested. 

These  two  institutions  deal  with  tem- 
porarily helpless  men  and  boys.  The 
Children's  Aid  Society,  of  New  York, 
takes  hold  of  the  work  at  an  earlier, 
therefore  a  more  vital  and  hopeful  stage* 
by  helping  the  homeless  child  of  New 
York  City  to  find  a  home.  One  has  but 
to  read  the  records  of  this  society  to 
appreciate  the  human  and  economic  value 
of  charitable  work  that  removes  children 
from  the  slums  of  the  city  to  a  wholesome 
environment. 


THE  HELP  THAT  COUNTS 


187 


In  the  58  years  of  its  existence,  the 
society  has  found  homes  in  the  country 
for  27,701  orphans  or  deserted  children, 
and  has  provided  country  situations  with 
wages  for  27,451  older  boys  and  girls. 
Most  of  the  children  thus  sent  out  have 
become  farmers  or  farmers'  wives.  Some 
of  the  others  are  represented  in  the 
following  table: 


Governor  .... 

I 

Army  Officers     .     .       2 

Territorial  Governor. 

I 

Lawyers  ....     35 

Members  of  Congress 

2 

U.  S.  Trans.  Clerk    .       i 

Sheriffs      .... 

2 

Postmasters  ...       9 

District  Attorneys 

2 

Railroad  Officials     .       6 

City  Attorney      .      . 

I 

Railroad  Men     .     .     36 

Justice    of    Supreme 

Real  Estate  Agents .     10 

Court  (state)    .     . 

1 

Journalists    ...     16 

State  Legislators  .     . 

9 

Teachers  ....     86 

County  Officers    . 

10 

High  School  Principals    7 

Judges 

4 

School  Superintendents  2 

Artists 

2 

College  Professors          2 

State  Auditor .      .     . 

I 

Civil  Engineers    .     .     3 

Clerk  of  Senate    .     . 

I 

Clergymen      ...  24 

Bankers  ... 

29 

Merchants     ...     23 

Physicians       .     .     . 

19 

Business  Clerks  .     .  465 

Take  the  case  of  Burke.  In  1859 
there  came  to  the  society's  care  from  the 
streets  of  the  city  a  little  orphan  boy  who 
answered  to  the  name  of  "Andy"  Burke. 
He  was  ten  years  old,  homeless,  friendless, 
and  hopeless.  The  career  of  a  child  of 
the  streets  seemed  to  be  his  fate.  The 
society  took  him  under  its  wing  and 
placed  him  in  the  home  of  Mr.  D.  W. 
Butler,  of  Noblesville,  Ind.  In  1863 
the  boy  went  into  the  army  as  a  drummer 
boy  in  an  Indiana  regiment.  After  the 
war  he  came  back  and  went  to  school. 
From  the  common  school  he  was  sent  to 
Greencastle  College,  and  from  the  college 
he  moved  to  the  developing  country  of 
North  Dakota,  where  he  entered  a  bank 
as  cashier.  He  was  in  the  banking  busi- 
ness for  three  years.  In  1884  he  went  into 
politics  and  was  elected  county  treasurer. 
From  then  on,  his  progress  bore  steadily 
upward.  The  boy  now  is  Ex-Governor 
Andrew  H.  Burke,  of  North  Dakota. 

In  the  same  year  that  the  Burke  boy 
was  taken  away  from  the  streets  of  New 
York,  another  Irish  boy  of  the  same 
age,  John  Brady  by  name,  was  deserted 
in  the  city  by  his  father.  His  mother 
was  dead.  Young  Brady,  too,  was  sent 
out  to  Indiana,  to  the  farm  of  Mr.  John 
Green,  near  Tipton.  He  remained  there 
until  1867,  teaching  school  in  the  winter 


time.  In  1870  he  went  to  Yale  College, 
and  in  1874  he  entered  Union  Seminary, 
from  which  he  was  ordained  as  a  minister. 
He  went  to  Alaska  as  a  missionary  —  a 
far  cry  from  the  streets  of  New  York. 
In  1897  President  McKinley  appointed 
him  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Alaska, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  three  terms. 
He  is  now  a  resident  of  New  York,  Ex- 
Governor  John  G.  Brady. 

What  the  fate  of  these  useful  citizens 
would  have  been  had  they  been  left  to 
the  mercies  of  the  city  jungle  is  indicated 
by  another  case  on  the  society's  records. 
A  family  of  five  girls  came  under  observa- 
tion. The  father  was  a  drunken,  shiftless 
man  of  no  character.  The  mother  was  a  lit- 
tle worse.  The  family  lived  in  a  single  room 
in  an  upper  West  Side  basement.  The 
oldest  girl  was  ten,  the  youngest  an  infant. 

The  Children's  Aid  Society  secured 
the  four  older  children  as  its  wards  through 
court  procedure.  They  were  placed  in 
homes  in  Indiana  and  Missouri.  They 
are  now  grown  up.  The  oldest  two  are 
married  and  the  mothers  of  young  families. 
One  of  the  younger  ones  is  a  professional 
musician,  the  other  a  model  daughter  in 
a  model  home.  Their  little  sister,  whom 
the  mother  fought  for  and  retained  to 
bring  up  in  the  New  York  slum,  also  is 
grown  up  now.  But  the  life  that  she  leads 
is  one  degree  worse  than  was  her  mother's, 
a  life  which  her  sisters  scarcely  could  have 
escaped  had  they  remained  in  the  same 
environment  that  has  damned  her. 

The  results  obtained  by  these  charities 
show  that  it  pays  to  help  people  when 
you  really  help  them.  And  all  efTorts 
to  help  people  must  pay  in  such  results 
if  they  are  to  justify  themselves  in  an 
age  of  efficiency.  The  pauper's  dole, 
given  in  a  manner  which  carries  with  it 
no  hope  but  for  another  dole  in  the 
future,  is  not  progressive.  But  the  sav- 
ing of  children  from  the  certain  blight  of 
the  slum-sickness,  and  placing  them  in 
the  only  place  where  children  can  be  reared 
properly,  a  home — the  redeeming  of  men 
who  have  been  broken  in  the  whirl  of  life, 
is  the  kind  of  effort  that  really  helps.  It 
helps  make  useful,  self-reliant  men  axvd 
women.  And  tVvvs  \s  \.\v^  wJoVl'sX  ^o^V 
that  charity  —  ot  atvvXYv\tv%  ^\^— cmw  ^^. 


PENSIONS— WORSE  AND  MORE 

OF  THEM 

PROPOSED  INCREASES  OF  $50,000,000  A  RIOTOUS  AND  DEBAUCHING  WASTE  IN  THE 
GOVERNMENT  WHILE  THE  COUNTRY  SUFFERS 

BY 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS 

The  World's  Work's  disclosures  of  the  abuses  of  the  Pension  System  in  the  course 
of  the  astotindiyig  increase  from  $15,000,000  to  $160,000,000  a  year,  aroused  the  country. 
They  appreciably  contributed,  it  is  believed,  toward  checking  the  further  enormous  in- 
creases (with  the  necessarily  attendant  increase  of  fraud)  which  were  urged  upon  Congress 
at  the  special  session.  But  the  danger  still  overhangs,  and  with  the  opening  this  monib 
of  the  regular  session  of  Congress,  becomes  imminent  —  in  spite  of  the  pledges  of  reform 
and  retrenchment  made  by  the  Democratic  majority  in  the  House, 

In  its  battle  for  the  purification  of  the  Pension  Roll,  this  magazine  has  bad  the 
happiness  of  finding  itself  supported  by  multitudes  of  patriotic  citizens,  and  especially 
by  hundreds  of  veterans  of  the  Civil  IVar,  None  has  been  more  hearty  in  his  encourage^ 
ment  than  Mr,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  himself  a  Brigadier-General,  by  brevet,  of  the 
Union  Army.  Gen.  Adams  saw  more  than  three  and  a  half  years  of  actual  service, 
wholly  in  regimental  work. 

Actuated  in  particular  with  the  desire  to  voice  the  protest  of  the  conscience  and 
patriotism  of  fellouHjeterans  against  the  ignoble  and  demoralising  mendicancy  and  fraud 
committed  in  their  name.  Gen.  Adams  now  takes  up  the  fight.  In  a  series  of  three  articles 
he  examines  proposed  pension  increase  bills  and  lays  bare  their  faults.  Then,  turning  to 
constructive  suggestion,  he  outlines  the  elements  of  a  businesslike  plan  under  which,  wbUe 
the  perpetration  of  fraud  would  be  rendered  more  difficult,  and  ample  provision  for  all 
old  soldiers  in  need  would  be  liberally  and  equitably  supplied,  any  occasion  for  further 
pension  legislation  would  he  obviated.     Following  is  the  first  of  Mr.  Adams* s  articles.      .     . 

— The  Editors. 

THE  publication  known  as  the  in  dollars;  in  fact,  in  the  scores  of  millions 
Congressional  Record  is  an  of  dollars, 
awkward,  as  well  as  an  en-  The  special  session  of  the  62nd  Con- 
during  fact;  and,  with  it  at  gress,  convened  in  April  last,  adjourned 
hand  for  ready  reference  by  on  the  25th  of  August.  Called  in  advance 
political  opponents,  habitually  to  recon-  of  the  regular  date  of  meeting  to  consider 
cile  utterances  and  votes  of  a  wholly  con-  and  act  upon  the  proposed  commercial 
tradictory  tenor,  involves,  on  the  part  of  pact  with  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Con- 
the  average  member  of  Congress,  recourse  gress,  in  so  far  as  was  practical,  confined  its 
by  no  means  infrequent  to  a  fineness  of  action  to  the  business  immediately  in  hand, 
distinction  bearing  close  resemblance  to  attempting  no  general  legislation;  but,  at 
bare-faced  sophistry.  So  gross  is  this,  its  closing  session.  Mr.  Oscar  W.  Under- 
indeed,  as  at  times  to  seem  indicative  of  W(X)d  of  Alabama,  the  official  and  recog- 
scant  respect  for  the  intelligence  of  those,  nized  leader  of  the  dominant  party  in  the 
constituents  or  otherwise,  to  confuse  and  House  of  Representatives,  made  a  state- 
deceive  whom  it  is  designed.  A  somewhat  ment  in  regard  to  the  economies  in  national 
striking  illustration  of  this  commonplace  expenditure  so  far  effected,  as  a  result  of 
is  now  apparently  in  order  for  January,  the  incoming  of  the  political  party  of  which 
ic)i2,  an  illustration  to  be  writ  large  and  he  was  the  mouthpiece.    The  amount  was 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


189 


not  considerable;  in  fact,  as  national  ex- 
penditures go,  it  was  trivial.  In  Mr. 
Underwood's  own  language  "the  total 
saving  in  money  as  a  result  of  the  enforce- 
ment of  Democratic  fX)licies  during  the 
present  session  of  Congress  is  $308,836.67." 
But  he  then  went  on  further  to  say  that  "a 
determined  effort  will  be  made  to  effect 
proportional  savings  in  the  administration 
of  the  Government  in  every  department"; 
and  he  added  —  "  This  House  is  pledged 
to  reform  the  administration  of  public 
affairs  and  to  retrench  public  expendi- 
tures. .  .  Not  a  dollar  will  be  appro- 
priated which  a  careful  investigation  does 
not  demonstrate  should  be  expended  in 
a  wise,  efficient,  and  effective  adminis- 
tration of  public  affairs." 

The  programme  to  which  Mr.  Under- 
wood thus  committed  his  party  was 
excellent  as  well  as  pronounced.  The 
effect,  however,  was  somewhat  impaired 
by  a  subsequent  remark  of  Ex-Speaker 
Cannon,  to  the  effect  that  he  believed 
"  the  country  will  not  approve  the  waste 
of  time  over  the  saving  of  cents  here 
and  there,  when  the  great  affairs  touching 
expenditures  that  aggregate  nearly  a  thou- 
sand million  dollars  are  neglected!"  and 
he  might  have  said  *' ignored." 

The  saving  referred  to  by  Mr.  Under- 
wood, so  far  merely  in  the  nature  of  an 
earnest,  was  thus,  he  explicitly  asserted,  the 
first  step  in  a  systematic  house-cleaning 
policy,  both  sweeping  and  drastic.  So 
much  for  the  special  session  of  the  62nd 
Congress,  and  its  Record.  Meanwhile, 
throughout  that  session  there  was,  from 
its  beginning  to  its  end.  in  spite  of  its 
assurances  and  commitments,  an  under- 
tone curiously  and  distinctly  ominous  so 
far  as  any  reduction  of  the  aggregate  of 
public  expenditures  was  concerned  —  an 
undertone  most  suggestive  of  the  ancient 
adage  as  respects  saving  at  the  spigot 
and  wasting  at  the  bung-hole.  While 
a  jealous  and  watchful  eye  was  kept  on 
the  spigot  of  House  expense,  the  pension 
"Bung  Hole*'  was  with  difficulty  kept 
stopped.  The  opening  thereof,  it  was  well 
understood,  awaited  merely  a  more  op- 
portune, though  not  remote  occasion. 
Judging  from  the  official  report  of  what  was 
said  and  done  at  the  special  session,  that 


occasion  cannot   apparently  be  deferred 
far  beyond  the  beginning  of  the  new  year. 

For  present  purposes  it  is  not  necessary 
here  to  enlarge  upon  the  existing  pension 
system  of  the  United  States.  1 1  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  the  world  has  not  heretofore  in 
its  history  seen,  as  respects  volume,  any- 
thing like  it  —  anything  even  approaching 
it.  In  the  year  1866,  that  immediately 
following  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  the 
national  appropriation  for  the  payment  of 
pensions,  though  supfx)sedly  covering, 
under  existing  legislation,  cases  of  wounds 
and  disability  therein  incurred,  amounted 
to  a  little  in  excess  of  $1 5,000,000,  annually. 
Forty-four  years  later,  in  1910,  the  exact 
amount  reported  as  expended  under  that 
head  lacked  less  than  a  trifling  $16,000  of 
$160,000,000.  In  other  words,  fifty  years 
after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  the 
pension  payments  because  of  that  war 
having  increased  in  volume  ten-fold,  were 
still  on  the  ascending  grade.  And  that 
they  were  still  on  the  ascending  grade  was 
clearly  indicated  both  in  the  debates  and 
in  the  parliamentary  action  of  the  special 
session  of  the  62nd  Congress.  Moreover, 
that,  so  far  as  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives was  concerned,  it  was  not  then 
increased  by  an  amount  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  $20,000,000  to  $50,000,000 
annually,  was  due  solely  to  the  fact  that, 
by  a  recourse  to  ingenious  parliamentary 
expedients,  on  the  part  of  those  anxious 
to  make  a  showing  of  economies,  action 
was  prevented  on  a  measure  upon  the 
calendar  —  action  both  persistently  and 
strenuously  pressed.  Into  the  nature  of  the 
expedients  thus  resorted  to,  it  is  for 
present  purposes  unnecessary  to  enter. 
So  doing  would  involve  the  explanation 
of  a  most  complicated  system  of  parlia- 
mentary procedure.  The  fact,  however, 
was  patent  that  those  responsible  for  the 
conduct  of  affairs  knew  perfectly  well 
that,  could  a  way  under  the  rules  be 
found  to  compel  a  vote  on  the  measure 
in  question,  it  would  have  been  passed 
by  an  overwhelming  majority  of  an  oppo- 
sition house,  pledged  to  a  reduction  in 
the  volume  of  public  expenditures.  And 
this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  tcva^s- 
ure  in  quesl\otv  Tv^<es&\\^X^  ^xv  \TvQ.\^'vy?A 


igo 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


treasury  outgo  of  some  fifty  millions 
a  year  —  a  bare-faced  largess  —  in  no 
way  contributing  to  a  "wise,  efficient, 
and  effective  administration  of  public 
affairs." 

When,  in  December,  the  62nd  Con- 
gress meets  in  its  first  regular  session, 
recourse  can  apparently  no  longer  be  had 
to  parliamentary  expedients  to  prevent 
action.  Like  a  sword  of  Damocles,  the 
measure  impends.  It  will  have  to  be  met; 
and  it  will  have  to  be  disposed  of.  It  is 
the  present  purpose  to  discuss  the  true  na- 
ture of  the  impending  measure;  the  reason 
for  inferring  that  no  adequate  opposition 
will  or  can  be  offered  to  its  passage;  and 
finally,  its  defects,  and  the  character  of  the 
possible  measure  which  should  be  substi- 
tuted for  it.  The  modest  origin  and  phe- 
nomenal growth  of  our  pensions  has  been 
alluded  to.  Both  the  system  and  the 
abuses  which  accompanied  its  growth  have 
been  described  in  recent  numbers  of  the 
World's  Work.  The  question  is  no 
longer  of  the  past;  that  speaks  for  itself  in 
the  figures  of  a  disbursement  in  excess  of 
four  thousand  million  dollars.  The  pres- 
ent discussion  relates  to  what  is  proposed 
to  be  done  in  the  immediate  future;  the 
objections  to  it;  and,  finally,  the  sub- 
stitute policy,  which,  better  late  than 
never,  should  now  be  adopted. 

The  previous  favorite  measure,  the  pas- 
sage of  which  was  narrowly  prevented  by 
recourse  to  a  strict  observance  of  the  rules 
of  procedure  in  the  Senate  during  the  final 
days  of  the  closing  session  of  the  61st  Con- 
gress was  known  as  the  Sulloway  Service 
Pension  Bill.  As  reported  with  a  favorable 
recommendation  to  the  Senate,  after  its 
passage  by  the  House,  this  measure  would 
have  imposed  upon  the  Treasury  an  ad- 
ditional draft  estimated  by  the  Pension 
Ofiice  at  $50,000,000  a  year.  In  a  mi- 
nority committee  report  then  submitted,  it 
was  stated  that,  during  the  last  four  years, 
or  since  Februar\'  6,  1907,  Congress  had  in- 
creased the  pension  disbursements  by  the 
sum  of  $20,000,000,  per  annum.  The 
act  known  as  that  of  1907  increased  them 
by  $16,000,000,  and  the  act  of  April  19, 
1908,  added  another  $13,000,000  to  this 
amount.  And  now,  a  simple  amendment 
to  existing  laws,  strongly  urged,  granting 


$30  a  month  indiscriminately  to  every 
soldier  of  the  war  over  70  years  of  age, 
would,  it  was  estimated,  swell  these  aggre- 
gates by  $9,000,000  more.  There  would 
thus  be  a  total  increase  of  $38,000,000  in 
the  pension  payments  within  four  years. 
An  average  of,  approximately,  ten  millions 
increase  a   year. 

That  preference  in  the  order  of  bus- 
iness was  not  accorded  this  measure,  and 
that  it  should,  solely  because  of  a  recourse 
to  parliamentary  expedients  by  those 
opposed  to  it,  fail  of  passage,  was,  it 
is  needless  to  say,  warmly  resented  by 
a  large  class  of  would-have-been  bene- 
ficiaries. As  one  of  those  objecting  to  its 
precipitate  consideration  —  a  public  chai^ 
acter  of  long  and  varied  legislative  ex* 
perience — at  the  time  ruefully  expressed 
It,  while  in  daily  receipt  of  remonstrances 
nearly  all  "denunciatory"  and  many 
"excessively  abusive" — the  natural  in- 
ference would  be  that  a  government  now 
disbursing  a  hundred  and  fifty  millions 
a  year  in  pensions  "  had  never  done  any- 
thing for  the  soldiers  of  the  Civil  War, 
and  that  this  measure  (to  which  precedence 
over  other  measures  had  been  denied) 
was  an  effort  to  get  some  slight  recog- 
nition for  their  services." 

The  61st  Congress  expired  on  the  4th 
of  last  March,  and  the  62nd  Congress  met 
a  month  later.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  old  Congress  had  been 
strongly  Republican;  that  of  the  new  was 
as  strongly  Democratic.  This  House  had, 
moreover,  been  chosen  in  an  outspoken 
spirit  of  protest  against  the  extravagant 
and  even  reckless  scale  of  public  expendi- 
ture alleged  to  have  been  indulged  in  —  a 
scale  necessitating  most  onerous  taxation. 
Thus  the  popular  branch  of  the  62nd  Con- 
gress was  chosen  under  a  distinct  man- 
date —  the  inauguration  of  a  system  of 
economical  reform.  The  cost  of  living, 
already  excessive,  was  manifestly  in- 
creasing; and  a  halt  was  accordingly 
called  to  an  era  of  inordinate  and  ex- 
travagant public  profusion.  With  an 
eye  to  this  mandate,  the  committees  of 
the  new  House  were  in  due  time  appointed. 
Over  those  committees  Democratic  chair- 
men presided;  Democrats  predominated 
in  their  membership.    Among  the  com- 


PENSIONS  —  WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


191 


mittees  thus  appointed  was  that  on 
Invalid  Pensions.  It  met,  and  at  once 
proceeded  to  the  work  assigned  it  —  that 
of  a  reformed  and  economical  adminis- 
tration involving  far  the  largest  single 
item   of  national   disbursement. 

As  a  result,  it  may  be  assumed,  of  full 
and  deliberate  consideration,  it  at  last, 
on  August  19th,  reported  what  must  be 
taken  for  its  idea  of  an  improved 
economical  substitute  for  the  so-called 
Sulloway  bill  —  that  measure  which  had 
so  narrowly  failed  of  passage  by  the 
previous  Congress.  Of  this  bill  —  the 
Sulloway  bill  —  more  presently.  Mean- 
while, through  some  parliamentary  legerde- 
main unnecessary  to  consider,  another 
measure  was  already  before  the  House. 
This  was  known  as  the  Anderson  bill, 
and  was  a  measure  of  the  character 
usually  known  as  a  "blanket  bill."  That 
is,  it  provided  for  an  indiscriminate  and 
large  increase  of  pensions  under  pro- 
visions of  the  most  sweeping  character, 
including  not  only  veterans  of  the  war, 
but  the  widows  of  deceased  soldiers  and 
sailors;  and  it  was  estimated  that,  if  it 
became  a  law,  it  would  increase  the  draft 
on  the  Treasury  by  some  $50,000,000  a 
year  —  in  other  words,  raise  that  draft  in 
the  aggregate  to  the  two  hundred  million 
mark.  This  bill,  it  was  alleged,  had  been 
so  to  speak,  "sneaked"  into  its  position 
on  the  calendar;  and  this  charge,  which 
was  apparently  advanced  in  numerous 
papers,  led,  on  the  31st  of  July,  to  a  some- 
what unseemly  altercation  on  the  floor  of 
the  House  between  two  members,  both  from 
Ohio  —  General  Sherwood,  the  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Invalid  Pensions,  and 
Mr.  Anderson,  a  member  of  the  committee, 
the  introducer  of  the  bill.  Mr.  Anderson 
asserted  that,  though  he  might  have 
"sneaked"  in  his  bill,  he  at  least  did  not 
"sneak  into  the  corridors  and  fail  to  vote 
when  the  bill  came  up  for  action,"  thus 
intimating  that  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, claiming  paternity  of  another  mea- 
sure, had  in  this  way  sought  to  evade  respon- 
sibility. Passing  by  these  amenities  of 
debate  as  immaterial  to  the  main  issue,  it 
is  not  necessary,  for  present  purposes, 
seriously  to  consider  the  so-called  Anderson 
bill.     It  would,  however,  be  difficult  to 


suggest  anything  in  its  favor.  Crude  and 
slovenly  in  form,  it  was  in  its  provisions 
indiscriminate,  grossly  inequitable  and 
wildly  profuse.  "Blanket"  legislation  of 
the  most  pronounced  and  vicious  character, 
it  was  well  calculated  to  promote  mendi- 
cancy, destroying  all  sense  of  respect  in 
the  beneficiaries  under  it.  But  this  mea- 
sure has  been  practically  superseded  by 
the,  so-called,  Sherwood  bill,  formally 
reported  after  much  deliberation  in  com-" 
mittee,  with  one  dissentient  only.  It  thus 
embodies  the  final  conclusions  of  sixteen 
members  of  the  present  House,  ten  of 
whom  are  Democrats,  while  six  are  Re- 
publicans. Six  of  the  number  were  born 
subsequent  to  i860,  and  three  only  saw 
any  actual  Civil  War  service.  The 
measure  and  the  accompanying  report 
were,  after  presentation,  referred  to  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole  House  on  the 
State  of  the  Union.  Under  the  rules  it  is 
thus  in  position  to  be  called  up  for  action 
on  any  specified  Tuesday  of  the  coming 
session.  Over  the  head  of  the  Democratic 
House,  about  to  fulfil  its  Mandate  of 
Economy,  this  bill  now  hangs. 

In  the  report  which  accompanied  this 
bill  much  space  was,  for  appearance  sake, 
allotted  to  an  enumeration  of  economies 
to  be  effected  thereby.  The  measure 
itself  is  framed  on  the  basis  of  what  is 
known  as  the  "dollar-a-day  pension  bill," 
first  introduced  by  the  chairman  of  the 
present  Committee,  General  Sherwood  — 
"Old  Dollar-a-day  Sherwood"  as  he  likes 
to  have  himself  designated  —  then  a 
newly  elected  member,  early  in  December, 
1907.  Re-introduced  in  December,  1909, 
it  was  pending  before  the  Committee  on 
Invalid  Pensions  up  to  the  end  of  the  61st 
Congress.  In  the  report  now  accom- 
panying its  appearance  in  a  new  and  per- 
fected form,  much  emphasis  is  laid  upon 
the  fact  that,  during  the  preceding  year, 
the  Government  had  paid  out  over  $700, 
000  for  medical  boards  and  special  ex- 
aminers. It  was  now  proposed  that  these 
boards,  to  a  certain  extent  barriers  against 
abuse,  were  to  be  done  away  with,  as 
being  no  longer  required.  This  was  a 
measure  of  economy!  Furthermore,  it  is 
stated  that,  during  the  previous  year, 
$300,000  was  paid  out  for  special  pension 


192 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


examiners,  nearly  all  of  which,  it  is  stated, 
could  now  be  saved,  and  the  money  paid 
direct  to  the  soldiers.  A  second  barrier 
against  abuse  done  away  with  in  the  name 
of  economy!  A  further  "economy"  fea- 
ture was  that,  under  the  sweeping  pro- 
visions of  this  measure,  the  Pension 
Bureau  would  be  in  a  position  largely  to 
reduce  its  office  force.  Over  $1,000,000,  it 
is  claimed,  now  spent  in  salaries  could  thus 
be  saved,  and  paid  direct  to  the  soldiers. 
This  measure,  without  repealing  any 
existing  pension  law,  or  in  any  way  mod- 
ifying, restricting,  or  changing  the  laws  or 
rules  governing  the  payment  of  present 
pensions  to  the  inmates  of  national 
soldiers'  homes,  provided  that  every  sol- 
dier who  served  in  the  Civil  War,  no 
matter  where,  when,  or  how,  for  the  period 
of  ninety  days  should  receive  $1 5  per  month 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life;  every  soldier 
who  served  6  months,  $20;  every  one  who 
served  9  months  was  to  get  $25 ;  and  he  who 
served  one  year  or  more,  irrespective  of 
his  present  age,  was  to  receive  $30  per 
month.  All  these  payments,  it  is  to  be 
lx)rne  in  mind,  were  to  be  made  to  men 
who  suffered  no  wound  or  injury  dur- 
ing their  term  of  serivce,  or  incurred  there- 
in any  physical  disability.  Such  are  al- 
ready cared  for  by  virtue  of  other  legisla- 
tion. The  payments  now  provided  were 
to  be  a  pure  gratuity,  based  upon  the  fact 
that  the  recipient,  at  a  period  nearly  fifty 
\'ears  ago.  performed  some  sort  of  military 
service  for  ninety  days,  or  six  months,  or 
nine  months,  or  one  year  or  more.  Upon 
the  theory  that  all  the  money  to  be  appro- 
priated should  go  to  soldiers  in  distress, 
a  provision  was  added  that  no  ex-soldier 
enjcnin^i;  a  net  income  of  Si 000  a  year  or 
more,  should  draw  any  additional  pension 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The 
Word  "ailditional"  here  should  be  noted. 
It  is  a  Word  of  much  si-^nilicance  in  this 
connection. 

While  this  bill  was  being  drafted  and  was 
still  in  committee,  it  was  referred  to  the 
Pension  Bureau  for  the  usual  estimate  of 
the  cost  likely  to  be  entailed  thereby  should 
it  become  a  law.  The  Pension  Bureau 
refused,  however,  to  make  the  called  for 
estimate,  on  the  ground,  that,  owing  to 
the  section  which  excluded  soldiers  with 


a  net  private  income  per  year  of  |i,ooo 
or  more,  no  data  existed  upon  which  an 
estimate  could  be  based.  Thereupon  the 
Committee  proceeded  to  make  an  estimate 
of  its  own.  By  virtue  of  this  "estimate," 
the  possible  number  of  pension  recipients 
was  reduced  from  20  to  30  per  cent;  that 
number  of  "veterans"  it  was  "guessed" 
enjoying  incomes  of  over  9i,ooo  a  year. 
Other  deductions  of  somewhat  similar 
character  were  then  made;  and  finally  an 
estimate,  —  a  final  "  guess"  —  was  reached 
that  the  aggregate  increased  draft  on  the 
Treasury  during  the  first  year  of  the 
operation  of  the  bill  was  not  likely  to  ex- 
ceed $20,000,000.  But,  as  the  great  mass 
of  the  claims  are  necessarily  acted  upon 
during  subsequent  years  (the  Bureau 
being  swamped  by  the  number  thereof), 
and  all  operate  back  to  the  time  the  claim 
was  filed,  it  is  not  unsafe  to  estimate  that 
for  the  second  year  the  draft  made  on  the 
Treasury  by  virtue  of  this  measure  would 
be  in  the  neighborhood  of  at  least 
$40,000,000.  The  report  then  goes  on  to 
state  that  under  this  bill  no  provision 
was  made  for  the  soldiers  of  the  Mexican 
War;  while  any  further  measure  for  the 
benefit  of  soldiers*  widows,  etc.,  was  to 
be  considered  in  a  separate  bill  to  be  re- 
ported by  another  committee.  It  would 
thus  appear  that,  under  the  measure  now 
favorably  acted  on  by  the  Committee 
on  Invalid  Pensions,  the  $160,000,000  paid 
out  by  the  Pension  Bureau,  according  to 
its  report  in  1910.  is  to  be  increased  by  the 
sum  of  from  $50,000,000  to  $75,000,000 
in  the  not  remote  future;  further  pro- 
vision being  \'et  to  be  made  for  the  soldiers 
of  the  Mexican  War,  for  soldiers'  widows, 
etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Sweeping  and  extravagant  as  this  meas- 
ure is.  it  docs  have  one  feature  of  im- 
provement, and  of  marked  improvement, 
over  previous  lc;;islation.  It  recog- 
nizes to  a  certain  degree  the  period  of 
service  --  it  is  at  least  an  effort  in  the 
direction  of  manifest  justice.  The  ninety 
days  man,  the  six  months  man,  the  nine 
months  man,  and  the  three  years  man 
are  not  all  lumped  together  and  dealt 
with  as  if  the  mere  fact  of  service  at  all  or 
of  any  sort  alone  called  for  consideration. 
Under  this  system,  which  had  permeated 


PENSIONS  —WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


193 


all  previous  legislation,  men  who  had 
never  heard  a  hostile  shot,  or  seen  a  Con- 
federate flag  outside  of  a  museum ;  men  who, 
as  had  notoriously  been  the  case,  had  taken 
advantage  of  the  expiration  of  a  brief 
term  of  service  to  march  home  to  the 
sound  of  the  enemy's  cannon  after  battle 
had  been  actually  joined  —  such  were 
not  set  down  as  the  equals  in  every  re- 
spect of  those  who  went  in  for  the  whole 
war.  A  distinction  was  recognized  be- 
tween the  eleventh  hour  recruit  and  him 
who  had  borne  the  heat  and  burden  of 
the  entire  day.  The  bill  was  at  least  an 
attempt  to  recognize  the  one  great  essential 
distinction  —  differences  of  time  in  the 
manifold  enlistments.  It  ihad  in  this 
respect  much  to  commend  it  as  an  advance 
upon  all  previous  efforts  at  pension  legis- 
lation. So  much,  at  least,  must  be  said 
in  commendation  of  it. 

Conceding  this,  the  present  "Sher- 
wood" bill  —  that  under  immediate  con- 
sideration —  is,  as  presented,  none  the  less 
in  other  respects  a  somewhat  noticeable 
example  of  that  absence  of  care  and  exact- 
ness characteristic  of  all  "blanket"  leg- 
islation. It  invites  concealment,  de- 
ception, fraud,  and  perjury.  Take,  for 
example,  that  clause  upon  which  so  much 
emphasis  in  the  accompanying  report  is 
laid,  intended  to  confine  pension  pay- 
ments under  this  act  to  the  needy.  Under 
a  previous  pension  measure  of  a  different 
character  reported  in  the  Senate  in  1909 
(Senate  4183),  it  was  provided  that  a 
beneficiary  under  that  act  should  first 
"make  affidavit  that  his  income  derived 
from  private  sources  and  including  the 
income  of  his  wife"  did  not  exceed  a 
specified  amount;  but  in  the  Sherwood 
bill,  it  will  be  observed,  it  is  merely  pro- 
vided that  a  pension  under  the  act  should 
not  be  paid  to  any  soldier  whose  annual 
income  is  $1000  or  more.  As  already 
stated,  it  was  then  crudely  estimated  that 
from  20  to  30  per  cent,  of  the  possible 
beneficiaries  would  be  excluded  by  the 
operations  of  this  clause.  If  so,  they  must, 
it  would  appear,  be  excluded  at  their  own 
option.  No  affidavit  is  required;  no  pro- 
vision is  made  for  examination  of  in- 
dividual cases;  there  is  no  exception  be- 
cause of  income  derived  from  a  wife.    The 


possible  beneficiary  is  left  to  settle  the 
matt^  with  his  own  conscience.  Prac- 
tically, the  exception  thus  amounts  to 
nothing.  Moreover,  what  at  most,  or  in 
any  case,  does  it  amount  to?  The  accom- 
panying report  especially  says  that  the  bill 
does  not  repeal  or  modify  any  existing  pen- 
sion law.  The  exclusion,  therefore,  of  cases 
in  which  the  possible  recipient  has  a 
private  income  of  $1000  or  more,  would 
only  prevent  his  drawing  the  difference 
between  the  pension  provided  under  a  pre- 
vious law  and  a  penson  provided  under 
the  proposed  law.  The  economy  upon 
which  so  much  emphasis  in  the  report  is 
laid,  thus  amounts  to  nothing  at  all.  It 
is  an  economical  blind,  devised  to  "save 
the  face,"  so  to  speak,  of  a  committee 
conscious  of  a  mandate  to  reduce  the 
public  outgo. 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  no 
precedent  exists  in  the  history  of  the 
human  race  for  such  indiscriminate  and 
promiscuous  giving  as  that  already  pro- 
vided for  under  the  existing  pension  laws 
of  the  United  States,  or  for  anything  even 
approaching  it.  Of  this  the  British  Old 
Age  Pension  act  is  illustrative.  This  act,  — 
at  the  time  of  its  passage  deemed  one  of  un- 
precedented liberality  outside  of  our  own 
pension  system  —  it  was  estimated,  would 
impose  a  draft  on  the  Imperial  Treasury 
of  about  six  million  sterling  ($30,000,000) 
a  year.  Experience  is  uniform  and  in- 
variable to  the  effect  that  every  measure 
of  indiscriminate  public  giving  far  ex- 
ceeds, in  its  practical  operation,  any  pre- 
vious estimate  made  of  the  cost  thereof. 
It  proved  so  in  the  case  of  the  British  Old 
Age  Pension  act,  the  provisons  of  which 
were  most  general.  The  originally  es- 
timated disbursement  of  six  million  sterl- 
ing a  year,  will,  in  the  third  year  of  the 
operation  of  the  act  be  thirteen  million,  — 
the  equivalent  of  some  $65,000,000  in 
American  money.  The  annual  pension 
drain  on  the  American  Treasury,  because 
of  a  war  fought  close  upon  fifty  years 
ago,  already  considerably  more  than  twice 
that  amount,  will,  under  the  proposed 
legislation,  should  it  become  a  law,  exceed 
it  by  more  than  three  fold.  Nor  is  the 
limit  reached,  or  the  end  even  remotely  in 
sight. 


194 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


It  is  a  safe  and  good  rule  for  legislators, 
whether  municipal,  state,  or  national, 
to  measure  every  proposed  public  ex- 
penditure by  their  individual  and  private 
standards  —  in  other  words,  to  do  for 
and  with  the  public  as  under  similar  con- 
ditions and  circumstances  they  would 
do  for  themselves,  with  their  own.  When, 
for  instance,  it  is  a  question  of  making  a 
draft  on  the  public  treasury,  the  strictly 
conscientious  legislator  would  err  on  the 
right  side  only,  should  he  be  actuated, 
mutatis  muta^idis,  by  the  same  consid- 
erations of  reasonable  expenditure  which 
would  actuate  him  were  he  signing  a 
check  or  authorizing  a  draft  on  his  own 
bank  deposit. 

The  matter  of  provision  to  be  made  for 
those  who  for  any  reason  are  insufficiently 
provided  for,  is  no  new  question.  On  the 
contrary,  in  one  form  or  another,  it  has, 
as  a  problem,  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
individual  man,  the  legislator,  and  the 
business  administrator  or  director  almost 
since  the  beginning  of  time.  And  if,  as  a 
result  of  all  human  experience,  through 
largesses,  distributions,  charitable  bequests 
and  foundations,  poor-laws  and  work- 
houses, doles,  out-door  relief,  asylums,  and 
pensions  —  the  panem  et  circenses  of  all 
times  and  kinds  —  one  fact  stands  forth 
more  distinct  and  indisputable  than  most 
others,  it  is  that  promiscuous  and  indiscrim- 
inate benefactions  and  givings  are  a  curse  to 
all  concerned.  In  such  case  the  demand 
always  exceeds  the  supply;  feeding  on 
itself,  the  thing  fed  grows  with  an  exceed- 
ing growth.  Impairing  self-respect,  it 
saps  the  desire  of  self-help.  It  creates 
dependents  and  begets  mendicants. 

It  remains  to  apply  these  rules  of  action 
and  results  of  experience  to  the  United 
States  pension  legislation.  Did  any  one 
ever  hear  of  a  private  individual  or  a  large 
business  concern  which,  in  providing  for 
employees  and  dependents,  pursued  the 
policy  which  has  for  the  last  thirty  years 
been  pursued  by  the  United  States  Con- 
gress, a^  respects  what  are  known  as  the 
"veterans"  of  the  Civil  War,  or  those 
dependent  upon  them?  Did  any  one, 
either  in  a  private  capacity,  a  corporate 
capacity,  or  a  public  capacity,  ever  hear 
of  a  system  under  which  equal  amounts 


were  distributed  in  the  form  of  annunities 
to  every  one  who  had  been  in  a  public 
or  private  or  corporate  employ,  at  a 
given  period  of  time  —  provided  only  it  was 
in  excess  of  ninety  days  —  and  wholly  irre- 
spective of  his  means,  present  occupation, 
earning  capacity,  or  physical  condition? 
A  private  individual  who,  dealing  with 
his  own  funds,  adopted  such  a  policy, 
would  unquestionably  at  an  early  day 
be  in  bankruptcy;  provided  always  he 
was  not  put  under  guardianship  by  a 
court-of-law  on  petition  of  members  of 
his  family  or  those  dependent  on  him. 
The  directors  of  a  business  corporation, 
no  matter  how  large,  who  pursued  such 
a  policy,  would  unquestionably  be  held 
personally  liable  for  perversion  of  cor- 
porate funds.  Yet  this  is  exactly  the 
course  which,  in  the  case  of  the  Civil  War 
pension  roll,  has,  for  the  last  thrity  years, 
been  pursued  by  a  succession  of  Con- 
gresses. 

Custom  has  habituated  the  country  to 
the  spectacle;  and  the  extreme  crudeness, 
and  consequent  waste  and  incidental 
abuses  and  corruption  of  the  system  are 
taken  as  matters  of  course.  They  excite 
neither  notice  nor  criticism.  To  realize 
the  situation  it  becomes  necessary  to 
get  a  glimpse  of  it  objectively  —  to  see 
ourselves  as  others  must  see  us.  Let 
a  case  be  supposed.  Reference  has  al- 
ready been  made  to  the  British  Old  Age 
Pension  system.  By  virtue  of  that  act, 
ill-considered  in  many  respects  and  confes- 
sedly open  to  grave  criticism,  weekly  pay- 
ments are  made  under  clauses  necessarily 
general  in  their  phraseology,  to  all  persons 
coming  under  their  purview.  These  of 
course  are  numbered  by  tens  of  thousands. 
Now  let  it  be  assumed  that,  in  addition 
to  general  legislative  action.  Parliament 
were  to  assume  both  administrative  and 
judicial  functions;  inviting  individual 
applications,  exceptional  in  character  and 
undertaking,  to  pass  uf>on  each  separate 
appeal;  granting  special  exemptions  and 
favors,  and  in  cases  even  correcting;  and 
setting  aside  the  judgments  and  sentences 
of  judicial  tribunals,  declaring  him  not  a 
criminal  who  is  a  criminal  of  record;  and 
if  this  were  done  habitually  and  in  thou- 
sands of    cases    each   year    (pensioning 


PENSIONS— WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


i9i 


pardoning  being  recognized  as  a  par- 
intary  perquisite)  such  a  system, 
criminate,  illogical,  wasteful,  and  con- 
,  we  would  at  once  pronounce 
iithy  of  a  civilized  country  and 
ssible  of  continued  operation.  Yet 
is  the  exact  system  in  use  in  the 
*d  States.  As  a  result  of  its  workings, 
ndred  and  sixty  million  dollars  were, 
ID,  drawn  out  of  the  Treasury,  and 
r  those  workings  it  is  proposed  to 

out  two  hundred  millions  in  1913. 
;  this  not  a  fact,  the  statement  of  it 
i  seem  incredible. 

e  question,  therefore,  naturally  sug- 
itself  why  is  such  a  system  continued? 
nd  much  more,  how  has  it  come  about 
the  extension  of  such  a  system  is  not 
proposed  but  is  so  sure  of  passage, 

can  it  once  be  brought  to  a  vote, 
n  can  be  forestalled  only  by  recourse 
rliamentary  expedients?  To  any  one 
makes  a  study,  even  a  superficial 
^  of  existing  conditions,  the  answer 
vious.  Much  has  been  heard  of  late 
e  trusts  and  of  great  trade  combina- 

which  control  legislation,  greatly  to 
ublic  detriment,  while  more  conducive 
to  private  emolument  —  "predatory 
:h,"  as  the  phrase  goes.  It  is  safe, 
ver,  to  say  that  there  is  to-day  in 
lington,  or  in  the  world,  no  influence 
1,  in  its  power  to  break  down  opposi- 
and  to  bring  about  the  legislative 
ts  it  desires,  is  at  all  comparable  to 
influence  which  has  grown  up  and 
ne  organized  under  the  existing 
nd  States  pension  system.  That  sys- 
disburses  eight  score  millions  a  year. 
rever  disbursements  on  any  account 
into  the  millions,  the  opportunity 
^hat  is  known  as  "pickings"  cannot 
:xist.  To  that  rule  no  exception  can 
und.  The  Commissioner  of  Pensions, 
s  report  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
,  states  that  more  than  25,000  recog- 
1  attorneys  practise  before  the  Bureau. 
ng  the  year  1909  more  than  $320,000 
»ublic  money  was  disbursed  among 
.  He  further  states  that  there  was 
rked  increase  in  the  amount  of  attor- 

fees  paid,  due  to  claims  filed  and 
td  under  an  act  passed  during  the 
ous   year.      Every    "blanket"    act 


implies  an  enormous  increase  of  attorneys 
fees.  A  most  fair-faced  and  plausible, 
but  altogether  deceptive  and  very  in- 
nocuous clause  from  time  to  time  appears 
in  these  acts  to  the  effect  that  no 
money  under  the  provisions  thereof  shall 
be  paid  to  attorneys.  The  clause  amounts 
to  absolutely  nothing.  This  was  curiously 
demonstrated  in  the  case  of  possible  bene- 
ficiaries under  the  various  pension  laws 
after  the  Spanish  War.  "On  the  return 
of  the  army  from  the  Philippine  Islands, 
most  of  the  troops  were  mustered  out  in 
San  Francisco,  i  n  advance  of  their  arrival 
at  that  point,  the  pension  attorneys  of 
Washington  hurried  to  the  spot  to  open 
offices  or  have  their  agents  ready  to  meet 
the  returning  soldiers.  According  to  the 
language  of  the  soldiers  themselves,  the 
rival  agents  beset  them  at  once,  importun- 
ing them  to  file  their  claims  for  pensions 
without  delay.  To  the  bewildered  youths, 
eager  only  to  reach  their  homes,  seventy- 
five  attorneys  seemed  to  be  pursuing  each 
victim,  assuring  him  that  it  was  his  duty 
to  file  his  application,  whether  an  invalid 
or  not.  The  hospitals  had  to  be  guarded 
against  these  tormentors  masquerading 
as  friends  of  the  invalids."  In  the  case  of 
a  single  regiment  composed  of  officers  and 
men  of  exceptional  physical  excellence,  477 
applications  for  pensions  were  filed  within 
four  months,  for  over  twenty  different 
diseases! 

"Wheresoever  tne  carcass  is  there  will 
the  eagles  be  gathered  together."  For 
"carcass"  in  the  above  Biblical  aphorism 
read  "pension  largess"  and,  for  "eagles," 
"vultures,"  and  the  situation  with  us  as 
respects  pension  attorneys  is  not  in- 
adequately set  forth.  For  them,  each 
fijesh  "blanket"  bill  spells  — "Harvest"! 
And  it  is  safe  to  say  that,  if  the  exigencies 
of  legislation  called  for  it,  every  one  of  the 
25,000  attorneys  practising  before  the 
Pension  Buneau  could  be  depended  upon 
for  at  least  one  telegram  to  some  member 
of  Congress.  It  is  no  exaggeration,  there- 
fore, to  assert  that,  at  a  single  indication 
amounting  merely  to  a  warning  from  the 
sentinel  "vulture,"  from  twenty  to  thirty 
thousand  telegrams  would  in  a  single  day 
be  poured  in  upon  Congress.  The  pressure 
also  could  be  divecXed  «i^c^>j  ^X  >Jcs&  v^vccvs. 


196 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


where  pressure  was  most  necessar>'  or 
desirable.  Outside  of  Q>ngressional  circles, 
few  have  any  idea  of  the  influences  which 
can  thus  be  brought  to  bear.  It  is  to  be 
remembered  also  that,  on  the  other  side, 
nothing  is  heard.  What  is  ever>'  one's 
business  is  proverbially  no  one's  business; 
and  any  member  of  Congress,  whether 
Senate  or  Mouse,  questioned  on  the  point, 
would  slate  that  to  one  letter  or  message 
of  protest  against  some  "blanket"  act 
involving  the  expenditure  of  tens  of  mil- 
lions, he  will  receive  at  least  a  hundred 
urgent  messages  demanding  its  passage. 
If,  moreover,  any  member  of  Congress 
raises  his  voice  against  such  a  measure, 
he  beajmes  at  once  the  recipient  of  letters 
of  remonstrance,  some  indignant,  others 
abusive  and  threatening.  Most  rarely, 
however,  dfjes  he  get  a  letter  of  commenda- 
tion or  sympathy.  The  logical  result 
follows.  Members  of  Congress  are  some- 
what exceptionally  human. 

Looked  at  from  another  point  of  view, 
the  political  influence  in  favor  of  any  and 
every  additional  pension  measure,  no 
matter  what  its  character,  is  apparent, 
and  even  more  startling  than  apparent  — 
On  the  30th  of  June  last,  there  were 
upon  the  rolls  of  the  Pension  Office  the 
names  of  over  880,000  recipients.  These, 
of  course,  are  unequally  distributed.  They 
represent,  however,  on  an  average,  con- 
siderably more  than  2,000  recipients  for 
each  present  Q>ngressional  district  of  the 
country.  In  Indiana,  for  instance,  there 
are  4.176  pensioners  to  a  district;  in 
Maine  there  are  3,77).  The  six  New 
Kngland  slates  average  2,985  recipients 
to  each  district.  In  twelve  other  states  — 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Ohio.  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa,  Missouri,  Oklahoma,  and  Kansas 

the  districts  average  a  trifle  more  than 
2,8(X)  each.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the 
ficven  states  which  constituted  the  Con- 
fi'deracv,  represented  in  the  a^'gregate  by 
<)8  members  of  Omgress,  there  are  but  754 
recipients  to  a  district.  The  two  states  of 
ihe  C>)nfederacy  having  the  largest  number 
of  pensioners  are  Arkansas  and  Tennessee 
with  a  fraction  more  than  1,640  to  a  dis- 
trict; but  Georgia  with  eleven  representa- 
tives averages  jio  pensioners  only  to  each 


district;  while  South  Carolina  with  seven 
representatives  has  but  275.  In  seven 
former  Confederate  states  having^an  aggre- 
gate of  sixty-eight  representatives,  the 
pensioners  average  490  only  to  a  district, 
as  compared  with  3»2$8,  the  average  in 
six  populous  Northern  states  returning 
89  members  of  the  House.  Furthermore, 
the  pensioners  in  the  Southern  states 
referred  to  are,  presumbly,  nearly  all 
pensioners  coming  down  from  earlier  wars 

—  the  Mexican  \\  ar  or  even  that  of  1812 

—  and  the  provisions  of  the  pending 
Sherwood  bill,  with  its  fifty  millions  of 
increased  annual  outgo,  affect  the  states 
named  in  no  appreciable  degree;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  six  Northern  states 
— Ohio,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and  Kansas  —  have  at  least  120,000 
would-be  beneficiaries  under  that  bill, 
averaging  not  less  than  1 ,300  to  a  Con» 
gressional  district. 

For  reasons  that  at  once  suggest  them- 
selves, no  considerable  opposition  to  this 
indiscriminate  but  unequal  distribution 
of  public  money  has  as  yet  been  made  by 
the  representatives  of  the  Southern  states; 
though,  in  addition  to  their  share  of  the 
heavy  burden  of  taxation  imposed  gener- 
ally by  the  national  pension  payments* 
each  of  these  states  supports  a  local  system 
making  provision  for  the  disabled  and 
necessitous  yet  living,  among  those  furn- 
ished by  it  to  the  armiesof  the  Confederacy. 
Incidentally,  it  may  be  observed  that 
some  of  those  Confederate  pension  measures 
as  respects  administration  as  well  as  the 
measure  of  relief  furnished,  might  well 
afford  material  for  Congressional  study. 
Carefully  framed,  while  assisting  the 
deserving  and  needy,  they  do  not  hold 
out  temptation  to  fraud  or  actively  stimul- 
ate and  foster  mendicancy.  For  instance, 
under  the  pension  law  of  South  Carolina 
there  is  a  provision  that  property  sufficient 
to  produce  $7S  in  the  applicant's  own  or  his 
wife's  name,  debars  a  possible  beneficiary 
from  receipt  of  a  pension.  Furthermore,  it 
is  credibly  asserted  that  in  the  Confederacy 
the  veteran  "who  possesses  even  a  moder- 
ate competence,  who  has  sons  or  daughters 
able  to  provide  for  him  would  regard  it 
as  a  humiliation  to  be  offered  a  pension 
by  the  State." 


EDUCATION  AND  MONEY,  LEADER- 
SHIP AND  MORALITY 

THE   CASH   VALUE  OF  TRAINING   IN   ALL  PURSUITS  —  SEVENTiT-FIVE   PER  CENT.  OF 

LEADERS  EDUCATED  MEN — THE  VOTE  ON  THE  LORIMER 

QUESTION  A  MORAL  TEST 

BY 

PAUL  H.  NEYSTROM 


THE  results  of  education  may 
be  viewed  from  two  dif- 
ferent standpoints,  one  pos- 
itive and  commendatory  of 
what  has  already  been  ac- 
complished, and  the  other  negative 
and  critical  of  the  failure  of  the  schools 
to  do  what  seems  within  possibility.  In 
the  past»  most  discussions  upon  this 
subject  have  been  either  too  much  of  one 
or  the  other,  and  this  has  been  the  case 
because  arguments  had  to  be  built  upon 
beliefs  and  opinions  rather  than  facts. 
The  facts  were  not  obtainable.  It  is 
noteworthy,  however,  that  theoretical 
statements  concerning  the  values  of 
education  have  recently  given  place  more 
and  more  to  arguments  based  on  facts 
or  actual  conditions.  The  time  seems 
ripe  for  a  summary  of  such  facts. 

As  is  well  known  by  all,  the  positive 
results  of  education  are  in  some  resf)ects 
intangible  and  therefore  difficult  to  meas- 
ure, and  some  think  that  the  most  in- 
tangible of  the  results  are  the  most 
valuable.  The  breadth  of  view,  the 
liberality  of  thought,  the  increased  sat- 
isfaction in  living,  the  diversified  in- 
terests, the  various  touches  which  educa- 
tion lays  upon  character,  are  all  incom- 
mensurable but  of  undoubted  value. 

In  these  days  of  scientific  business 
management,  however,  when  all  lines 
of  human  activity  are  being  observed, 
experimented  upon,  and  standardized,  it 
is  not  strange  that  the  schools,  which 
are  in  a  certain  sense  business  institutions, 
collecting  and  expending  enormous  sums 
of  money,  should  be  challenged  to  show 
results  from  these  expenditures.  The 
demand  is  fair  and  should  be  squarely  met. 


But,  at  present,  it  is  obvious  that,  no 
matter  how  good  the  results  may  be,  it 
is  difficult  to  show  what  they  are  because 
of  failure  on  the  part  of  the  educational 
institutions  to  keep  suitable  records 
of  their  work.  Cost  accounting  is  the 
watchword  of  the  industrial  world,  and 
there  is  need  of  cost  accounting  and  other 
statistics  in  education  likewise. 

Meagre  as  they  are,  there  are  still 
certain  evidences  available.  These  ma)' 
be  grouped  under  three  heads;  —  first, 
those  which  show  the  money  value  of 
education;  second,  those  which  show  the 
relation  of  education  to  leadership;  and 
third,  those  which  show  the  relation  of 
education  to  good  citizenship,  public  and 
private  morality. 

The  facts  concerning  the  money  value 
of  education  have  been  obtained  in  a 
variety  of  ways.  A  number  of  schools 
have  kept  account  of  their  graduates, 
especially  as  to  positions  held  and  sal- 
aries received  from  year  to  year,  so  that 
average  incomes  for  each  year  after  leav- 
ing the  school  could  be  computed.  These 
schools  are  of  both  secondary  and  college 
grade,  so  that  the  value  of  progressive 
amounts  of  education  may  be  compared. 
State  commissions  on  industrial  education 
in  Massachusetts  and  in  New  Jersey  have 
compiled  statistics  comparing  the  average 
incomes  at  various  ages  of  those  who  have 
received  technical  education  with  those 
who  have  not  had  such  advantages. 
And  certain  individuals  have  made  spe- 
cial investigations  on  the  money  value 
of  education  in  definite  fields.  Mr. 
James  M.  Dodge  conducted  such  an 
investigation  in  the  mecKaLts\c^Vvcv<^^T>R3^\ 
Mr.  Herbert  V  H^jp^pcA,  \xv  \i>as««s&. 


198 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


10 


20 


22 


£i 


sa 

AQE 

Etoctrkal  CD(1oMra,  4  yMr  Ooarw  (WorrMtor  PolylwhBlc) 
Ebctiical  KBcliMen,  •  jrwir  OniuM 


*-— ^  TMliulcal  CHMliiaiM,  4  TMT  CoiUM         •*  * 

—  qwdtiat—  lu  UuiUng,  iMuniM*,  nflroadinff,  commmvi^ 
•1.(1  icviivnl  biwIbTM,  1  ynr  cnMliut*  courw 
(▲BMW  Tuck  ttdwolor  JkdnUalMimUoa  «ail  FUuiio*! 

THE  RESULTS  OF  TECHNICAL  TRAINING 

SHOWING  THAT  THE  SALARIES  OF  THE  GRADU- 
ATES OF  THE  WORCESTER  POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTE 
VARY  DIRECTLY  WIIH  THE  LENGTH  OF  THEIR 
TRAINING — AND  SHOWING  ALSO  THE  RESULTS  OP 
TRAINING  AT  IHE  AMOS  TUCK  SCHOOL  OF    BUSINESS 


and  Mr.  K.  C.  Livermore,  working  with 
Professor  G.  F.  Warren  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, has  made  a  study  of  the  earning 
power  of  the  farmers  of  four  townships 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  classified  accord- 
ing to  the  amount  of  education  they 
received. 

These  statistics,  although  admittedly 
imperfect  and  meagre,  show  with  sur- 
prising uniformity  that  education  dcxjs 
have  a  value  which  may  be  expressed  in 
dollars  and  cents;  and  it  is  noteworthy 
that  this  applies  with  equal  force  in  in- 
dustry, business,  and  agriculture.  It  is 
also  noteworthy  that  there  is  not  a  single 
exception  in  the  results  as  shown,  nor  in 
any  others  so  far  as  the  writer  knows,  to 
the  rule  that  the  higher  the  average  of 
education  the  higher  the  average  earning 
power.  The  late  William  T.  Harris,  when 
Commissioner  of  Education  of  the  United 


States,  pointed  out  that,  where  the  publk 
term  is  longest,  there  the  average  pro- 
ductive capacity  of  the  citizen  is  greatest 
He  took  as  his  example  the  United  States 
as  a  whole  and  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
The  average  school  period  per  inhabitant 
in  the  whole  United  States  was  4.3  years: 
the  average  school  period  for  Mas- 
sachusetts was  7  years.  The  ratio  <rf  the 
school  period  in  tiiat  state  to  the  whok 
United  States  being,  therefore,  70  to  43; 
but  the  ratio  of  productive  capacity  per 
individual  in  Massachusetts  to  that  of 
each  individual  in  the  whole  United  States 
was  then  66  to  37  which  is  equivalent  to 
70  to  40.5.  The  similarity  of  the  ratios — 
that  is,  of  education,  70  to  43  and  of  pro- 
ductivity, 70  to  40.5,  constituted,  accord- 
ing to  Harris,  more  than  a  coincidence; 
and  upon  this  basis  he  computed  that, 
for  each  year  spent  in  school  beyond  the 
average  of  4.3  years,  the  future  earning 
power  of  the  individual  would  be  in- 
creased more  than  one  thousand  dollars. 

As  to  leadership,  we  have  frequently 
heard  in  this  country  of  the  number  oif 
self-made  men  and  women  who  have 
forged  their  way  to  the  front  in  business, 
industry,    and    politics.    This    has    con- 


— Shcip  IrulDfd  ntAD 


(M«M.  Cotnmta'a  oa  tod.  EdM.) 


Ty>.huUMl  ikhwil  traliH^l  man     •«  u  m 

N-wark  Te<-LnlrKl  Srhuul  xraduatw  (V.J.  Con.  mm  lad.l 

Nv««rt  TfihulcAl  mucliinUtt  m       m      m         m 

H«-bniw  Tecbiilcal  Inat.  Rn.luatM  (Publbhad  ia  Ihrtr  citrtigl 

Willi iiiii«r.ti  Tru'lc  ScbMil  rrmdiMtM       t»        m      m        *» 


MASSACHUSETTS  AND  NEW  JERSEY  FIGURES 

COMPILED  BY  THE  COMMISSIONS  ON    INDUSTRIAL   EDU- 
CATION. WHICH  SHOW  THE    RELATIVE  EARNING 
POWER  OF  SHOP-TK.MNED  MEN  AND  TECH- 
NICAL  SCHOOL  GRADUATES 


EDUCATION  AND  MONEY,  LEADERSHIP  AND  MORALITY       199 

ments  one  should  be  able  to  determine 
quite  definitely  whether  education  has 
had  any  share  in  shaping  the  careers  of 
these  individuals  or  not.  If  it  should 
be  found  that  most  of  them  are  without 
education  such  as  is  received  in  schools, 
then  it  would  have  to  be  admitted  that 
the  school  systems  were  failing  to  accom- 
plish one  of  their  gi  eat  purposes. 

The  publishers  of  this  work  have  in- 
vestigated this  question  and  the  results 
found,  stated  in  condensed  form,  are 
as  follows:  —  Of  the  total  number  about 
whom  educational  facts  are  given,  71  per 
cent.  Rave  had  college  training;  58  per 
cent,  are  graduates  of  colleges  or  schools 
of  college  or  university  grades;  16  per 
cent,  ended  their  education  with  secon- 
dary schools  —  that  is,  high  schools,  acade- 
mies, normals,  or  seminaries;  9  per  cent, 
received  only  a  common  school  education ; 
3 .8  per  cent,  were  privately  educated.  But 
most  important  of  all,  as  a  contradiction 
of  the  critics,  is  the  fact  that  only  two- 
tenths  of  one  per  cent,  of  all  these  men  and 
women  were  self-taught.  It  is  perfectly 
clear  then  that  the  leaders  who  are  high 


(Prom  JaiDM  M.Ood<«) 


PatTEl—d  BMChAOioa 

.».^,_.ghop  trmtMd  mecbaBka  **               ** 

Tna§  Mbool  tnlae4  BMchMks  ** 

TKlUMcal  adiocd  tralMd  MMciMnlca  ««               *« 

— —  |loB«illese  tvmiaed  man  in  bu«ln«M  (Prum  B.  J.  BiM>ffood) 

— ^—  Ooitega  CrttBcd  hub  In  biMlncM  •*             * 

RESULTS  OF  ALL  KINDS  OF  EDUCATION 

FROM  THE  INVESTIGATIONS  OF   MR.  JAMES  M.  DODGE 
AND   MR.  H.  J.  HAPGOOD 

stituted  a  criticism  in  a  negative  way  of 
the  schools  and  particularly  of  higher 
education;  for,  if  the  schools  do  not  con- 
tribute in  any  large  way  to  the  develop- 
ment of  leaders,  one  of  their  purposes 
of  existence  is  challenged. 

For  definite  evidence  upon  this  point 
we  may  turn  to  "  Who's  Who  in  America," 
with  its  biographical  sketches  of  more 
than  17,000  men  and  women,  admittedly 
leaders  in  their  various  occupations  and 
successful  from  the  standpoint  of  present 
popular  opinion.  Among  these  names 
one  will  find  not  only  political  officials, 
such  as  congressmen,  judges,  governors, 
members  of  legislatures;  but  also  pro- 
fessional men,  engineers,  manufacturers, 
inventors,  industrial  organizers,  brokers, 
and  agriculturists. 

In  the  brief  account  of  each  individ- 
ual's  life,  there  is,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
a  statement  of  the  educational  advan- 
tage enjoyed.    By  studying  these  state- 


NUMBER 

OF 
FARMERS 

EDUCATION 

AV    RAGB 
LABOR 
INCOME 

10 

Attended  District  school  only 
Attended  high  school  or  equivalent 
Attended  co  lege  or  university 

|,.8 

632 

847 

COLLEGE  AND  NON-COLLEGE  BRED  FARMERS 
THE  RESULTS  OF  INVESTIGATIONS  IN  FOUR  TOWNSHIPS 


AVERAGE     LA- 

AVERAGE    LA- 

BOR     INCOME 

fiOR     INCOME 

OF     FARMERS 

OF     FARMERS 

tlAPfTAL 

WITH       MORE 

WITH    DIS- 

THAN      DIS* 

TRICT  SCHOOL 

TRtCT  SCHOOL 

EDUCATION 

£ DUCAT  J  ^H 

t  2,0m  and  under 

»  t87 

t   1S6 

4,001-6,000 
6,Qoi-B,ooo 

341 

273 

jgs 

466 

^l      ' 

709 

S,ooi-t  0,000 

7g6 

10,001-1^,000 

m 

noQi 

over      1  ^000 

1*054 

M7a 

HOW  EDUCATION  PAYS  ON  THE  FARM 

THE  FINANCIAL  RESULTS  OV  ^\AACX\\0>\  ^ViCilK^ 

THE  l>\ST1L\C\  V3MXA. 


200 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


in  the  ranks  of  industry,  business,  the 
professions,  and  politics,  come  from  the 
well  educated  classes.  These  figures  be- 
come much  more  significant  when  we 
recall  that  less  than  5  per  cent,  of  the 
youth  of  the  country  pass  from  the  com- 
mon school  to  the  high  school,  and  per- 
haps not  one  in  a  hundred  of  the  entire 
population  receives  any  college  training 
at  all;  yet  71  per  cent,  of  the  successful 
men  and  women  of  our  time  have  received 
this  college  training.  To  be  sure  this 
should  be  qualified  because  the  "Who's 
Who"  list  includes  most  college  profes- 
sors— men  who  from  their  professions  are 
naturally  college  graduates  —  which  makes 
it  proportionately  include  more  names 
of  educators  than  of  business  men,  etc., 
who  are  not  necessarily  college  graduates. 
The  result  nevertheless  has  significance. 

Another  interesting  fact  in  the  old 
discussion  of  whether  the  city  or  the 
country  is  most  prolific  in  the  production 
of  successful  men  may  be  drawn  from 
"Who's  Who  in  America."  Frederick 
Adams  Wood,  a  noted  student  of  hered- 
ity, investigated  the  question  by  means 
of  this  volume  and  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  cities  of  8,000  or  more  people  have 
furnished  twice  as  many  prominent  men 
as  the  country,  in  proportion  to  popula- 
tion. His  explanation  is  that  people  of 
strong  capacity  and  ability  are  attracted 
to  the  cities,  and  he  reasons  from  this  that 
their  children  must  be  brighter  and  more 
able  than  the  children  of  less  ambitious 
or  less  energetic  people  who  live  in  the 
country.  This,  however,  is  not  the  only 
explanation.  There  is  another  factor  of 
greater  significance,  and  that  is  the  dif- 
ference in  educational  opportunity  which 
exists  between  the  city  and  the  country. 
(Country  schools  are,  and  have  been,  de- 
fective. The  country  schcx)!  lacks  the 
equipment,  the  grading,  the  libraries,  the 
experienced  professional  teachers,  which 
the  city  school  has,  for  long,  been  able  to 
supply  to  its  children.  The  country  boy 
or  girl  who  is  to  become  a  leader  must  come 
to  town  to  be  educated. 

In  older  countries,  where  social  con- 
ditions are  much  more  firmly  fixed,  the 
ratios  of  numbers  of  great  men  from 
the  city,  to  those  from  the  country,  are 


considerably  higher.  Professor  Odin  has 
shown  that  the  ratio  in  France  has  been 
close  to  thirteen  from  the  city  to  one 
from  the  country  for  a  period  of  500 
years.  Professor  L.  F.  Ward  has  shown 
that  98  per  cent,  of  the  noted  people 
of  Europe  received  liberal  educations  in 
their  youth.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the 
percentage  of  college  graduates  listed  in 
"Who's  Who  in  America"  climbed  from 
56  per  cent,  in  the  1903-5  volume  to  58 
per  cent,  in  the  1 910-11  volume.  This 
indicates  the  tendency  of  the  times  in 
the  dependence  of  leadership  upon  higher 
education. 

The  relation  of  education  to  good  cit- 
izenship and  to  public  and  private  moral- 
ity is  not  so  clear  nor  so  easily  determined 
as  in  the  case  of  the  relation  of  educatk>n 
to  earning  power  and  to  preparation  for 
leadership.  Still  some  facts  may  be  cited 
which,  if  not  good  evidence,  are  at  least 
suggestive. 

When  the  public  schools  were  in  their 
infancy  and  educational  reformers  were 
busily  fighting  for  their  establishment,  a 
frequent  argument  used  was  that  money 
expended  in  schools  would  be  saved  many 
times  in  the  decrease  of  crime  which  would 
follow.  It  was  argued  that  the  schools 
would  take  the  place  of  jails  and  prisons. 
It  must  be  frankly  admitted  that  no  such 
large  results  have  as  yet  been  achieved, 
although  it  must  be  as  frankly  stated  that 
public  education,  according  to  the  ideals 
of  the  reformer,  has  not  yet  been  achieved. 
Not  until  our  society  can  require  and 
guarantee  that  every  child  shall  have 
what  constitutes  a  common  school  ed- 
ucation, can  we  say  that  even  the  first 
step  demanded  by  the  educational  re- 
former has  been  accomplished.  At  pre- 
sent the  average  number  of  years  attended 
by  children  in  the  American  schools  at 
the  present  time,  falls  short  at  least  three 
years  of  the  time  necessary  under  the  best 
conditions  to  give  this  common  school 
education. 

To  determine  the  positive,  moral  value 
of  education,  so  far  as  public  morality 
is  concerned,  the  following  plan  was 
adoped.  Lists  were  prepareid  of  names 
drawn  from  histories  and  biographies  oi 
individuals  who  have,  through  act  and 


EDUCATION  AND  MONEY,  LEADERSHIP  AND  MORALITY        201 


word,  sought  moral  progress;  who  have 
worked  for  the  general  welfare;  whose 
thoughts  have  been  for  the  weak  as  well 
as  for  the  strong;  and  who  have  not 
identified  themselves  with  a  class  or  clique 
with  the  intent  of  excluding  social  bene- 
fits from  all  others. 

Other  lists  have  been  prepared  using 
names  of  the  opposite  type;  those  who 
have  sought  individual  welfare;  who 
have  served  special  interests  at  the  ex- 
pense of  public  interests;  who  have  iden- 
tified them.elves  with  selfishness  of  a 
kind  dangerous  to  society.  Ideals  for 
men  are  constantly  changing  in  certain 
particulars.  Some  men,  considered  good 
citizens  in  times  past,  would,  if  they 
practised  the  same  methods  to-day  as  in 
their  own  times,  be  considered  dangerous 
members  of  modem  communities.  Still, 
there  is,  in  every  time,  an  opj>ortunity  to 
see  a  difference  between  those  individuals 
who,  professedly  and  actually,  considered 
only  personal  interest  as  opposed  to  those 
who,  though  they  perhaps  also  sought  per- 
sonal interest,  did  so  through  advancing 
the  welfare  of  all. 

Using  "Who's  Who  in  America"  on 
similar  lists  drawn  up  for  men  of  our  own 
time,  a  conclusion  of  this  question  of  the 
relation  of  education  to  moral  progress  and 
good  citizenship,  which  seems  fair,  has  been 
drawn.  The  investigation  showed  that 
there  is  clearly  a  general  rule  but  to  it  there 
are  many  exceptions.  In  both  past  and 
present  there  have  been  many  individuals 
who  were  self-made  or  who  have  had  but 
little  institutional  education,  who  have 
placed  themselves  in  the  front  ranks  of  the 
movement  for  social  or  general  betterment. 
Of  this  fraction  of  the  population,  the  Ameri- 
can people  are  justly  proud.  Society  owes 
much,  indeed,  to  this  class.  On  the  other 
hand,  many  individuals  with  most  excel- 
lent institutional  education  may  be  found, 
who  have  plainly  forgotten  the  services 
that  society  has  rendered  to  them  and 
who  are  using  their  education  for  mean 
and  selfish  purposes.  Making  allowances, 
however,  for  these  exceptions,  it  is  clear 
that,  during  the  last  fifty  years,  not  less 
than  75  per  cent,  of  those  who  have  stood 
as  leaders  for  the  best  things  in  society, 
have  received  the  best  educational  ad- 


vantages offered  in  the  country;  and  of 
that  other  group  of  well  known  individ- 
uals whom  we  shall  briefly  class  as  public 
wrong-doers,  fully  75  per  cent,  have  had 
even  less  than  the  influence  of  eight  years 
within  common  school  walls. 

Turn  where  you  will  and  you  will 
find  the  constructive  reformer  almost 
invariably  an  educated  man  or  woman. 
Study  the  life  history  of  the  grafter,  the 
crook,  the  subservient  handyman  for 
si)ecial  interests,  the  degenerate  f>oIitical 
boss  who  recks  not  how  victories  are  to 
be  gained,  who  buys  votes  as  he  buys  land, 
who  corrupts  legislatures,  dominates  city 
councils,  and  you  will  find,  almost  in- 
variably, a  man  with  limited  institutional 
education,  usually  one  who  began  his 
contact  with  the  realities  of  a  hard  world 
at  an  early  age,  and  who  daily  learned  the 
lesson,  so  frequently  taught  in  the  bus- 
iness world,  "each  one  for  himself," 
according  to  the  law  of  the  jungle. 

It  is  not  so  remarkable  that  this 
should  be  the  case  when  we  consider  that 
the  years  spent  in  school,  esj)ecially  the 
high  school  and  college,  are  the  most 
impressionable  in  life.  The  contact  in 
those  years,  not  only  with  liberalizing 
studies,  but  with  people  of  highest  moral 
and  social  ideals,  the  teachers — this  with 
the  absence  of  the  hard  competitive  en- 
vironment of  the  market  place  —  tends  to 
promote  development  and  growth  of  those 
social  sentiments  and  ideals  regarding  the 
welfare  of  our  fellowmen,  which  have 
their  germ  in  every  human  being.  Even 
if  there  were  not  a  single  subject  of  prac- 
tical value  taught  during  the  advanced 
school  period  to  the  boy  or  girl,  it  does 
not  seem  that  it  would  be  a  loss  to  society 
to  continue  to  supj>ort  and  encpurage 
attendance  in  these  higher  schools  in 
order  to  preserve  its  young  people,  during 
these  formative  years,  from  contact  with 
certain  phases  of  business  life.  As  it  now 
exists  in  some  quarters,  business  brutalizes 
and  dehumanizes  all  but  the  strongest 
characters.  Add,  now,  to  this  use  of  the 
school  as  a  shield  at  a  critical  time  of  life, 
the  education  which  comes  from  thought 
and  from  the  study  of  subjects  of  social  sig- 
nificance; and,  to  this,  the  personal  co^ta^cX 
and  instrucUoTv  o\  V\^-to«Aw\  x^asi^K^* 


j 


202 

and  you  have  a  combination  of  influences 
which  are  bound  to  have  their  effect  upon 
the  welfare  of  society,  through  the  students 
when  they  become  active  members  of 
that  society. 

The  exceptions  to  the  rule  may  be  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  the  school  does 
not  guarantee  education  to  any  one.  All 
that  it  offers  is  opportunity.  Teachers 
cannot  give  education  to  students. 
Equipment,  laboratories,  buildings,  libra- 
ries, all  that  one  finds  in  a  school  are 
no  surety  that  the  youth  will  be  educated. 
These  are  but  means  by  which  the  student 
himself  may  obtain  an  education.  The 
teacher  points  the  way,  the  student  must 
do  the  work.  It  is  entirely  possible  for  a 
student  to  pass  through  any  school  with- 
out getting  a  real  education.  No  exam- 
ination can  reveal  how  much  a  part  of  him- 
self the  studies  and  influence  of  the  schools 
have  become.  Everything  indicates, 
however,  that  the  better  the  teachers  and 
the  better  the  equipment,  the  greater 
the  likelihood  that  most  young  people 
in  attendance  will  get  the  results  desired 
from  the  schools. 

As  an  example  of  the  method  just 
described,  to  suggest  if  not  to  prove  the 
moral  effect  of  education,  an  investigation 
of  one  aspect  of  the  Lorimer  case  is 
illuminating.  During  the  last  session  of 
Congress,  the  United  States  Senate  was 
called  upon  to  decide  whether  William 
Lorimer  of  Illinois,  should  be  permitted 
to  retain  his  seat  in  that  body  or  not. 
It  was  alleged  by  his  opponents,  upi^n 
proof  quite  generally  accepted  by  the 
public  as  conclusive,  that  he  had  been 
elected  to  his  position  by  improper  means, 
which  reflected  upon  his  honor  as  well  as 
upon  -the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Ill- 
inois. As  provided  by  the  United  States 
Constitution,  judgment  as  to  his  guilt 
rested  with  members  of  the  Senate. 
The  question  was  not  a  political  one,  since 
both  Dcmcxrrats  and  Republicans  voted 
on  both  sides  of  the  question.  It  was  not 
a  question  of  local  or  sectional  interest, 
for  members  from  all  over  the  country 
voted  on  both  sides  of  the  question.  It 
was,  more  than  anything  else,  a  moral 
question.  It  was  one  which  involved  a 
careful  consideration  of  the  interests  of 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  whole  nation  as  opposed  to  the  in- 
terests of  a  few  individuals.  It  was  a 
question  that  called  for  high  moral  courage 
on  the  part  of  those  who  were  to  decide 
it,  and,  not  only  that,  but  a  broad  con- 
ception of  the  effects  of  their  decision  upon 
the  Senate,  upon  the  attitude  of  the  public 
toward  governing  bodies,  and  upon  the 
general  welfare  of  the  public  itself.  Using 
"Who's  Who  in  America"  and  the  "Con- 
gressional Register"  as  the  sources  of 
information,  facts  were  determined  con- 
cerning the  education  of  the  Senators. 
The  accompanying  table  gives  the  results. 


EDUCATION  OF  SENATORS 
WHO  VOTED 

AGAINST 
LORIMER 

FOR 
LORIMER 

College  education 
Secondary  education 
Common  school  education 
No  record 

Total 

35 

) 

40 

18 

«5 
11 

1 

46 

Seven  eighths  of  those  who  voted  against 
Lorimer  had  received  college  education, 
while  only  a  fraction  more  than  three 
eighths  of  those  who  voted  for  Lx)rimer  had 
received  any  college  education.  At  least 
twenty-six  of  those  who  voted  for  Lx)rimer 
had  never  attended  educational  institu- 
tions higher  than  secondary  grade,  while 
only  four  among  those  who  voted  against 
Lorimer  had  such  meagre  education. 

It  is  not  maintained  that  these  figures 
drawn  from  a  study  of  those  voting  on 
the  Lorimer  question  prove  anything 
definitely  however.  Even  though  value- 
less from  a  scientific  standpoint,  they  arc, 
at  least,  food  for  thought. 

After  making  a  number  of  such  lists  as 
that  given  above  in  various  fields,  the 
writer  has  been  drawn  strongly  to  the 
conclusion  that  there  is  a  close  relation- 
ship between  education  and  good  citizen- 
ship. There  is  even  something  to  be 
said  for  the  results  of  the  various  kinds 
of  education  —  classical,  technical,  pro- 
fessional, and  scientific.  Each  has  its  own 
tendencies  in  preparing  young  people  for 
s<x:ial  life.  But  this  constitutes  another 
story.  Here  we  must  be  content  if  we 
may  but  make  clear  the  value  of  general 
education  in  money,  in  preparation  for 
leadership,  and  in  making  good  citizens. 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 

THIRD  ARTICLE 

REMAKERS  OF  INDUSTRY 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  SCIENCE  WHICH,  THROUGH  TWO  MEN,  REVOLUTIONIZED  THE  TURPEN- 
TINE INDUSTRY  AND  THE  SOUTHERN  STEEL  BUSINESS  —  THE  SOUTHERN 
POWER  COMPANY   AND  A   NEW   ERA   IN   THE   COTTON   MILLS 

BY 

EDWIN  MIMS 

(PEOFESSOE  Of  ENCUSH  IN  THE  UHIVBESITY  Of  NOETH  CAEOUNA) 


FVRACTICALLY  every  Southern 
W  industry  is  now  being  put  upon 
^  a  more  substantial  basis  as  the 
result  of  better  organization,  expert 
management,  or  technical  skill.  Suc- 
ceeding the  era  in  which  the  resources 
of  the  South  were  developed,  sometimes 
with  remarkable  profits  even  in  spite  of 
crude  and  wasteful  methods,  has  come 
an  era  in  which  these  industries  are 
coming  into  the  hands  of  trained  men. 
Formerly  it  was  comparatively  easy  to 
make  money  by  the  manufacture  of  coarse 
cotton  goods  or  pig  iron;  men  went  into 
manufacturing  from  other  professions  and 
had  little  trouble  in  succeeding.  Unex- 
pected obstacles  and  increased  competition 
have  in  recent  years  caused  these  same 
men  either  to  fail  or  to  readjust  them- 
selves to  new  conditions.  A  prominent  cot- 
ton manufacturer  said  not  long  ago  that 
everybody  in  a  cotton  mill  to-day  from 
floor-sweeper  to  president  had  to  be 
educated  —  at  least,  in  the  school  of 
experience.  The  industrial  leaders  are 
putting  a  new  emphasis  on  expert  super- 
intendence and  the  training  of  employees. 
Sometimes  important  results  have  come 
from  superior  management.  Citizens  of 
Durham,  N.  C,  recall  vividly  the  reforms 
wrought  in  the  two  large  tobacco  factories 
of  that  city  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Toms,  formerly 
superintendent  of  the  city  schools.  He 
introduced  into  the  factories  the  same 
mastery  of  details  and  capacity  for  or- 
ganization that  he  had  displayed  in  the 
management  of  the  most  progressive 
system  of  schools  in  the  state.    The  "  prac- 


tical men"  were  surprised  that  a  school 
man  could  find  so  many  things  to  improve, 
so  many  wastes  to  cut  out.  The  Black- 
well  Durham  Tobacco  Company  was  a 
profitable  business  under  old  conditions, 
but  under  the  expert  management  of 
Mr.  W.  W.  Flowers  it  has  become  a 
far  more  profitable  one.  Mr.  Flowers, 
thwarted  in  his  ambition  to  become  a 
specialist  in  German,  has  applied  to 
manufacturing  the  accuracy  and  thorough- 
ness that  would  have  made  him  a  notable 
scholar.  No  controversy  as  to  the 
merits  of  a  large  corporation  should 
obscure  the  significance  of  such  men  in 
the  present  era  of  Southern  development. 
The  bags  in  which  Bull  Durham  smok- 
ing tobacco  is  put  up  were  made  by  hand 
until  a  young  North  Carolinian,  John 
Kerr,  a  graduate  of  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology,  invented  a  machine 
which  has  led  to  their  manufacture  on 
a  large  scale  by  the  Golden  Belt  Manu- 
facturing Company.  This  invention  sug- 
gests the  fact  that  the  South's  proj>ortion 
of  patents  has  increased  in  recent  years. 
Two  young  farmers  of  Moore  County, 
N.  C,  a  few  years  ago  invented  a  cotton 
planter,  for  the  manufacturing  of  which 
they  have  established  one  of  the  successful 
industries  of  Charlotte.  In  the  same 
town,  Mr.  Stuart  W.  Cramer  manufac- 
tures several  cotton  mill  machines  of  his 
own  patenting,  notably,  an  invention  for 
the  automatic  regulation  of  the  relative 
humidity  and  temperature  of  any  mill, 
that  is  used  in  the  mills  of  New  England 
as  well  as  in  the  South. 


204 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


What  science  is  doing  in  Southern 
industry  is  made  concrete  by  the  ex- 
periences of  two  men  from  the  same 
county  in  Georgia  both  of  whom  received 
an  inspiration  in  Germany  that  proved 
to  be  the  turning  point  in  their  careers 
and  of  great  service  to  their  native  sec- 
tion. Professor  C.  H.  Herty,  now  head 
of  the  department  of  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  North  Carolina,  while  taking 
lectures  at  Charlottenberg  (Berlin)  under 
Professor  O.  N.  Witt,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  industrial  chemists  of  Europe, 
inquired  of  the  professor  one  day  what  he 
thought  of  the  turpentine  industry  of 
America.  With  a  characteristic  German 
gesture  the  latter  threw  up  his  hands  and 
exclaimed:  "You  have  no  industry,  you 
have  a  butchery.  I  speak  from  personal 
knowledge,  for  1  have  been  in  Florida. 
You  are  wasting  your  natural  resources 
and  get  nothing  like  an  adequate  return 
from  them." 

The  remark  was  a  surprise  to  the 
young  American  scholar,  who  had  been 
bom  on  the  edge  of  the  turpentine  belt 
and  had  heard  all  his  life  of  the  money 
made  from  this  industry.  He  could 
make  no  reply  at  the  time,  having  never 
seen  the  actual  operation  of  getting 
resin  from  pine  trees.  He  decided  that 
as  soon  as  he  reached  home  he  would  see 
for  himself  and,  if  the  criticism  proved 
true,  devote  himself  to  finding  a  remedy. 

He  began  his  investigations  at  Valdosta, 
Ga.  He  saw  at  a  glance  the  wastefulness 
of  the  method  employed.  In  addition  to 
the  necessary  "wounding"  of  the  tree 
to  cause  the  resin  to  flow,  deep  holes 
("boxes")  were  cut  at  the  base.  These 
boxes  weakened  the  trees  so  that  they 
were  an  easy  prey  to  winds  and  forest  fires. 
Moreover,  there  was  a  good  deal  of  waste  in 
dipping  the  resin  from  the  boxes. 

Such  was  the  practice  which  he  saw,  a 
practice  that  was  not  very  efficient  in 
getting  resin  and  which  was  very  des- 
tructive to  the  forests.  He  secured  all 
the  literature  on  the  subject  and  found 
that  in  France  the  turpentine  operators 
had  used  clay  cups  instead  of  boxes  cut 
in  the  wood,  and  that  in  this  way  the  trees 
had  been  saved  for  as  much  as  a  hundred 
years.    He  found,  too,  that  many  patents 


had  been  procured  at  Washington  by 
men  who  had  worked  at  the  problem  of  a 
substitute  for  the  harmful  box  method. 
The  difficulty  with  the  French  method 
was  that  it  called  for  skilled  laborers  that 
could  not  be  commanded  in  the  South;  and 
the  difficulty  with  the  American  patents 
was  that  none  of  them  had  been  successful 
commercially.  So  he  went  to  work  to 
find  a  substitute  that  would  be  simple 
enough  to  be  used  by  Negro  laborers, 
cheap  enough  to  command  the  attentbn 
of  operators  and  renters,  and  efficient 
enough  to  secure  a  maximum  flow  of  resin. 

On  his  first  vacation  —  he  was  then 
adjunct  professor  in  the  University  of 
Georgia  —  he  went  to  Savannah  to  in- 
terest the  turpentine  operators  in  his  ideas 
and  plans.  He  met  with  almost  entire 
indifference  on  the  part  of  men  who  seemed 
to  feel  that  it  was  better  to  leave  gpod 
enough  alone,  especially  as  pine  forests 
seemed  almost  inexhaustible.  At  the 
end  of  his  second  day,  after  almost  aban- 
doning hope,  he  secured  the  promise  of 
some  timber  with  which  to  experiment  and 
a  pledge  of  $i$o  to  cover  actual  expenses. 
In  the  spring  of  1901  he  fitted  up  near 
Statesboro  a  sort  of  forest  laboratory, 
arranged  in  various  plots  of  timber  to 
test  the  comparative  results  of  the  box 
and  cup  methods.  He  found  it  difficult  to 
get  laborers,  the  Negroes  having  nothing 
but  contempt  for  the  "flower  pots"  that 
were  put  uj>on  trees,  for  his  system  con- 
sisted of  little  metal  gutters  running 
diagonally  down  across  the  facing  and 
emptying  into  a  cup  —  an  earthenware 
pot  hung  on  the  side  of  the  tree.  It  was 
a  very  simple  looking  thing  to  revolu- 
tionize a  great  industry. 

One  man  was  not  indifferent  to  the 
results  of  these  investigations.  Mr.  Gif- 
ford  Pinchot,  then  in  the  forestry  de- 
partment at  Washington,  after  hearing 
Professor  Herty's  story,  said: 

"You  are  the  man  I  have  been 
looking  for.  What  can  we  do?  We 
will  publish  anything  you  write.  You'd 
better  become  one  of  the  experts  of  the 
department.  This  means  not  only  in- 
creased profits  for  the  turpentine  operators 
but  the  conservation  of  our  forests." 

The  result  was  that  Dr.  Herty  resigned 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


205 


ofessorship  and,  with  the  support 
Bureau  of  Forestry,  conducted  ex- 
ints  on  a  much  larger  tract  of  tim- 
:  Ocilla,  Ga.  —  the  owners  of  the 
furnishing  labor  and  timber  and 
5  the  profits.  There,  with  a  squad 
ilve  Negroes,  by  systematic  tests, 
ved  still  more  conclusively  that  an 
\ed  yield  over  a  longer  period  of 
nd  a  better  quality  of  resin  came 
he  cup  method  than  from  the  old 

Three  years  later  similar  tests 
1  an  increased  yield  of  30  per 
n  the  "cuppings"  of  the  second  and 
/ears,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
/ere  preserved  from  storm  and  fire, 
next  problem  was  to  get  the  cups 
actured,  and  to  secure  the  co- 
ion  of  the  operators.  The  manu- 
jrs  of  pottery  said  that  they  could 
anufacture  the  cup  for  less  than 
:ents,  and  they  laughed  at  Professor 
when  he  said  that  he  wanted  not 
ids,  but  millions.  One  morning  in 
Cleans,  two  years  later.  Dr.  Herty 
le  million  and  a  half  cups  to  two  men 
hey  were  waiting  for  their  breakfast, 
ime  a  pottery  plant  was  bought  at 
Tenn.,  with  the  intention  of  manu- 
ng  cups  half  the  time  and  stoneware 
icr  half.  As  the  result  of  an  address 
at  Jacksonville  in  1902  before  the 
ition     of     Turpentine    Operators, 

had  been  organized  two  years 
to  limit  the  output  of  turpentine 
er  to  save  the  forests.  Dr.  Herty 
i  widespread  interest  in  the  new 
i.  The  newspapers  were  his  en- 
»tic  supporters.  The  railroads  be- 
interested  to  the  f)oint  of  giving  a 
'  reduced  rate  on  the  transportation 
cups,  while  some  owners  of  timber 
pledged  themselves  to  let  their 
miy  on  condition  that  the  operators 

use  cups. 

two  years.  Dr.  Herty  conducted 
strations  under  the  Bureau  of  For- 
beginning  with  a  convict  camp  in 
vamps  of  Georgia  in  water  one 
eep  on  a  cold  February  day,  and 

by   covering   the   territory   from 

Carolina  to  Mississippi.  While 
vcre  at  first  some  disappointments 
ted    with    the    cups,    they    have 


gradually  won  their  way  with  the  great 
majority  of  intelligent  operators.  Though 
the  company  has  a  monopoly,  they  have 
sold  the  cups  uniformly  at  a  cent  and  a 
half;  and  the  factory  has  worked  day  and 
night  to  supply  the  demand.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  cup  system  has  already 
added  more  than  ten  million  dollars  to  the 
annual  value  of  the  turpentine  industry. 

Not  satisfied  with  these  results,  Pro- 
fessor Herty  has  continued  his  inves- 
tigations during  the  past  five  years, 
especially  in  the  direction  of  determining 
the  results  of  narrow  and  shallow  chip- 
ping of  trees.  Profiting  by  the  discoveries 
made  by  a  Swiss  professor  as  to  the 
source  and  causes  of  the  production  of 
resin,  he  has  made  other  contributions  to 
the  improvement  of  the  turpentine  in- 
dustry. For  four  years,  near  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  the  Forest  Service,  with  his  advice, 
has  conducted  experiments  with  25,000 
trees  arranged  in  four  equal  crops  and 
chipped  in  different  ways;  while  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  experiments  have  determined 
the  effect  of  shallow  chipping  on  the 
quality  of  the  product.  The  results 
recently  published  go  to  show  that  the 
trees  which  were  chipped  lightly  yielded 
a  greater  percentage  of  turpentine  and 
a  better  quality;  that  such  chipping  left 
the  timber  in  a  condition  to  be  imme- 
diately worked  again  for  a  second  four- 
year  period;  and  that,  by  the  conservative 
selection  of  trees,  the  same  tract  may 
be  worked  indefinitely,  and  at  the  same 
time  yield  more  turpentine  than  was 
produced  by  the  old  destructive  methods. 
The  upshot  of  all  this  patient  scientific 
work  is  that  we  have  now  the  prospect  of 
an  intelligent  treatment  of  one  of  the 
South's  most  imj>ortant  industries. 
"Instead  of  being  a  self-destroying  in- 
dustry bound  to  disappear  before  many 
years,  the  naval  stores  industry,  after  hav- 
ing retreated  southward  and  westward 
because  its  material  in  the  old  regions 
gave  out,  is  now  in  prospect  of  becoming 
stable  throughout  the  present  Southern 
pine  belt."  To  test  these  results  on  a 
larger  scale,  the  Forest  Service  has  re- 
cently established  the  ChoctanhatcK<^j^ 
National  Foxest  "^VaOxhtJW^  c^tcCvcnt 


206 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


uously  yielding  turpentine,  continuously 
producing  lumber,  and  continuously  renew- 
ing itself." 

The  other  Southerner  to  whom  1  re- 
ferred as  moved  by  the  scientific  spirit  was 
Mr.  George  Gordon  Crawford,  now  pres- 
ident of  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron,  and 
Railroad  Company,  who  has,  during  the 
past  four  years,  by  expert  management 
and  by  the  application  of  technical 
knowledge,  revolutionized  the  iron  and 
steel  business  of  the  Birmingham  district. 
The  first  graduate  of  the  Georgia  School  of 
Technology  in  1890,  he  went  to  Germany 
to  spend  two  years  in  the  study  of  tech- 
nical chemistry  in  the  Karl  Eberhard 
University  at  Tubingen  with  a  view  to 
supplementing  his  knowledge  of  mechani- 
cal engineering  with  that  of  metallurgy  — 
hoping  thereby  to  prepare  himself  for 
success  in  the  iron  and  steel  business. 
Soon  after  reaching  Germany  he  heard  a 
professor  say  in  one  of  his  lectures  that  the 
Southern  states  of  America  were  in  the 
matter  of  kultur  ait  about  the  stage  of 
Europeans  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Some- 
what sensitive  at  this  remark,  he  found 
upon  inquiry  that  the  professor  did  not 
mean  intellectual  culture  but  rather  in- 
dustrial efficiency.  From  that  day  he 
had  a  new  sense  of  efficiency  as  a  factor 
in  industrial  development.  Upon  his  re- 
turn to  this  country  he  went  to  Birming- 
ham to  learn  the  practical  side  of  the 
iron  and  steel  business,  only  to  find  that 
his  German  professor  was  right  with  re- 
gard to  this  industry  at  least;  for  at  that 
time,  1892,  the  business  was  upon  a  crude 
basis,  from  the  standpont  of  both  financial 
management  and  the  processes  of  manu- 
facturing. 

After  three  months  he  became  an 
employee  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company 
at  l^ittsburgh,  first  as  chemist  and  then  as 
draftsman.  He  refused  promotion  at  dif- 
ferent times  in  order  to  learn  every  pro- 
cess in  the  manufacture  of  steel.  His 
technical  knowledge  and  practical  sense 
s<x)n  led  to  his  appointment  as  assistant 
superintendent  and  then  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  blast  furnaces  of  the  Edgar 
Thomson  steel  mills  —  the  largest  fur- 
naces in  the  world.  Later  as  manager  of 
the  National  Tube  Cx>mpany  at  McKees- 


port,  he  not  only  had  charge  of  every  kind 
of  steel  mills  but  directed  ten  thousand 
workmen.  He  completely  overhauled  the 
extensive  plant  of  the  Company,  putting  in 
improvements  to  the  extent  of  99,000,00a 
By  this  time  he  was  well  known  through- 
out the  United  States  Steel  Corporation, 
having  successfully  invented  original  de- 
vices and  labor-saving  expedients.  He 
was  serving  on  a  half  dozen  of  the  most 
imf>ortant  committees  of  the  Corporation, 
some  of  which  called  for  visits  to  the  iron 
and  steel  mills  of  Europe.  It  was  natuial 
that,  when  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and 
Railroad  Company  became  a  subsidiary 
of  the  Steel  Corporation  in  1907,  he  should 
become  its  president. 

In  the  prime  of  his  life  —  he  was  then 
only  thirty-eight  years  old  —  and  with 
the  knowledge  of  the  best  that  was 
being  done  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
and  steel  throughout  the  world,  he  en- 
tered ui>on  his  duties  at  Birmingham. 
Although  he  found  that  much  improv^ 
ment  had  been  made  since  he  haid  left 
there  fifteen  years  before,  yet  when  aD 
is  said  as  to  the  progress  of  the  district 
there  was  still  a  condition  of  uncertainty, 
of  restlessness,  and  even  of  feverishness. 
Booms  had  been  so  often  followed  by 
panics;  and  periods  of  the  wildest  enthusi- 
asm had  given  way  so  often  to  periodsctf de- 
pression that  confidence  was  necessary.  Im- 
provements made  in  various  departments 
needed  to  be  crystallized  into  an  organic 
whole.  This  was  the  state  of  affairs 
that  greeted  Mr.  Crawford  in  Birmingham. 

Mr.  Crawford  has  studied  the  cost 
sheets  —  not  only  those  of  his  company 
but  also  those  of  the  subsidiary  companies 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation, 
copies  of  which  are  sent  to  him  weekly. 
From  his  study  of  these  cost  sheets  he  has 
made  certain  demands  of  superintendents 
and  foremen;  he  has  gradually  brought 
about  more  efficient  management  and  a 
greater  tonnage  per  man  in  every  depart- 
ment of  the  company's  work.  Without 
any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  despot  he 
has  brought  the  entire  plant  in  line  with 
the  best  modem  business  practices. 
Moreover,  he  has  had  an  eye  upon  every 
detail  and  every  process  of  mining 
and  manufacturing.    He    has    used    the 


THE  SOLTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


xr: 


900  appTc?mted  by  ibt  Sted 
itkn  lo  iznprcnY  trfidouc;  to  in* 
t  iMbursaLxiiiz  de^ioes.  to  bciid 
s  thai  are  of   the   best   qualin- 

fid  in  the  mvirld  —  ia  a  mord.  to 
lit  a  axnpkac  plai:i  ciiaiactenzed 
mannvy.  eccoocsy.  cccrj'citt,  and 

The  climax  cfi  the  Eiislc>-  plant, 
indudcs  iic^i  and  coal  mines  and 
irnaces  for  the  manufacture  of  iron 
d.  b  the  rail  mill,  miuch  dov,  by 
t  of  the  duplex  process  of  steel 
cture,  turns  out  rails  that  are 
Y  many  of  the  laree  raflroads  of 
ntr>'  because  they  are  better  than 
er  rails. 

point  of  \iew  of  Mr.  Crawford  in 
e  improvements  may  be  the  better 
ood  by  two  of  his  sa\ings:    "  It's 

a  natural  development  u-e  are 
If,  ever>'  month,  returns  are  a  little 
than   the   month   bdore,   and   a 

gradual  improvement  sho^n,  I 
rfectly  satisfied."  "Better  than 
;  with  our  heads  in  the  clouds  and 
ng,  is  to  look  where  we  would 
cognize  obstacles,  and  avoid  them." 
IS  accordingly  been  patient,  for  the 
oratory  schooling  sticks.  He  has 
1  from  no  illusions  as  to  the  superior 
iges  of  the  Birmingham  district, 
e  optimistic  citizens  of  Birmingham 
dulging  in  bombastic  utterances. 
It  upon  get-rich-quick  processes, 
fves  in  telling  the  exact  truth.  In 
le  recently  published  in  the  Atlanta 
itian,  he  called  attention  to  the 
It  the  production  of  pig  iron  had 
d  almost  stationary  in  the  South 
102,  while  that  of  the  United  States 
:reased  8,000,000  tons;  that  the 
ce  of  pig  iron  had  been  due  to 
ling  the  cream"  and  bad  book- 
;  that,  though  the  quality  of  steel 
ide  in  the  Ensley  mills  is  as  good 
in  the  world,  its  cost  is  greater; 
though  the  juxtaposition  of  coal, 
I,  and  limestone  seems  most  favor- 
e  coal  is  handled  less  cheaply  than 
•  sections;  that  the  ore  has  so  much 
)rus  in  it  as  to  render  its  manu- 
Into  steel  a  more  expensive  process; 
le  Ensley  furnaces  manufacture 
tons  a  month  while  those  at  Mc- 


prodooe  iti<m>  tons:  liui  US?c  11:  c<)it? 
sted  districts  is  mow  e^ier,:  S^:Jlu$)t  :t 
has  heen  SKier  trained. 

He  has  insisted  hke^ise  that,  %'h,ie 
Birmingham  in  \iew  oc  its  kvatvn  has 
the  ri|it  to  the  iron  and  s^«J  ir^ie  v^' 
30  per  cent,  of  the  jv>puli:x>n  oe  the 
United  States  and  to  a  linje  e.vjwrt  irjKie 
in  Socth  and  Cer.tral  Arncrioa.  it  has 
failed  to  command  this  r^ariet,  l>,:s< 
he  sa\^  is  hecausae  of  its  lack  oif  f.mshcd 
prcductSs  its  suicidal  jv>lk\>  vrf  srilinj^  pijj 
iron  at  a  fcw  price  to  Nonhcm  plants  the 
ineffidencx*  of  transponation  faviiili<s. 
and  the  lack  of  steamships  fiwm  Souihcfti 
ports  that  renders  almost  im^v^Me  an 
eicport  trade*  And  an  export  trade  is  n<^ 
cessary*  in  the  sted  busine::^  to  Tdie\n^  a 
temporar>*  depression  in  the  home  market. 

With  the  full  recognition,  then*  of  all 
these  ohsudes,  Mr.  Crawford  is  >hwking 
constructivdy  to  remo\*e  them  as  fjist  as 
possible  —  they  ha\-e  heen  to  him  a 
challenge  for  more  aggre$si\*e  work  rather 
than  a  cause  of  depression.  He  has  al« 
ready  accomplished  much«  His  com- 
pany recently  sent  7.ix»  tons  of  stcd 
rails  to  South  America  by  chartering 
special  vessels  to  carr\'  them;  and  in 
labor-saving  machinery*  and  in  si^me 
special  improvements  in  manufacturirg 
iron  and  steel  he  has  made  contributions 
to  the  whole  countr>\ 

More  important  still  is  the  fact  that 
Mr.  Crawford  has  outlined  plans  kx)kiag 
to  the  development  of  diversified  steel 
plants,  which  will  contribute  still  further 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  Birmingham  dis- 
trict. A  §3.500,000  by-prikluct  coke  oven 
plant,  which  is  to  produce  ^stx>  to  41XX) 
tons  of  coke  a  day  and  which  l>osidcs  will 
conserve  such  by-pnxlucts  as  gas,  am- 
monia, and  tar,  is  now  nearing  completion. 
The  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company, 
another  subsidiary  company  of  the  Stivl 
Corporation,  is  just  finishing  a  plant 
capitalized  at  $4.ooo,(XX)  and  intended 
for  the  manufacture  of  nails,  staples,  ami 
various  kinds  of  wire.  The  pHxtuct  of 
this  plant  will  amount  to  450  tons  a  day 
and  will  call  for  i$oo  skilled  employees. 
The  Universal  Cfttutwt  0;^tcv^^xv>j  \%  wv«^ 
manufacturing  PotlVwvdi  c«ctv«ccc  \\acew  >5csfc 


2o8 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


slag  of  the  iron  furnaces  of  Ensley  —  an- 
other illustration  of  the  utilization  of 
waste  prrxlucts.  These  plants  are  but 
sujigestive  of  the  development  that  will 
inevitably  come  as  the  result  of  Mr. 
Crawford's  far-seeing  vision.  Their  work 
will  be  greatly  facilitated  by  the  correla- 
tion and  cfxjrdination  of  all  forces  and 
organizations. 

The  most  serious  obstacle  that  Mr. 
Crawford  has  met  is  the  lack  of  skilled 
laborers.  Negrrxis  cannot  be  used  except 
in  some  of  the  drudgery  work  of  the  coal 
mines,  foreigners  are  not  always  welcomed 
either  b\'  foremen  or  by  the  general  public, 
and  skilled  laborers  from  other  steel  dis- 
tricts have  been  difficult  to  secure  because 
of  the  lack  of  proper  living  conditions. 
The  situation  has  been  improved  by  offer- 
ing to  the  employees  prizes  and  bonuses 
for  suggestions  that  they  might  make  for 
the  improvement  and  efficiency  of  manu- 
facturing, by  the  building  of  bath  houses 
and  lockers  in  the  mines,  by  the  introduc- 


tion of  all  sorts  of  safety  devices,  and  by 
trying  in  every  way  to  make  life  pleasant 
for  the  employees.  In  1908  the  company.  , 
having  decided  to  encourage  gardening  by 
the  miners  on  the  grounds  sunounding 
their  houses,  built  neat  wire  fences  aniund 
the  yards.  An  agricultural  expert  fiomthe 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
was  hired  to  supervise  the  work,  and  the 
result  is  that  800  gardens  are  now  being 
cultivated  by  25  per  cent,  of  the  employees. 
The  effects  have  been  most  gratifying  to 
the  company  because  laborers  have  been 
made  more  efficient  by  the  increased 
satisfaction  they  have  in  their  home  sur- 
roundings—  and  gratifying  to  the  em- 
ployees in  that  their  cost  of  living  is  thus 
reduced  and  that  they  have  a  pleasant 
occupation  outside  of  work  hours. 

A  still  more  important  result  is  the 
building  at  Corey  near  Birmingham  of  a 
model  industrial  town  for  the  workers 
in  the  plants  that  are  now  being  con- 
structed.   This  has  been  done  not  by  the 


THF.  TERRITORY  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  POWER  COMPANY 

SHOWING  THK  TRANSMISSION  LINhS  OF  A  POWER   SYSTLM  WHICH,  THOUGH  ONh   OF   THH    YOUNG i.ST.  IS   ALREADY 

ONE  OF  THE  BIGGEST  IN  THE  WORLD 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


209 


A  TURPENTINE  BOX 

I    UNDER  THE   OLD   METHOD   WAS  CUT  DEEP 
O    THE     BASE    OF    THE    TREE    TO    CATCH 
E    RESIN.       IT    WAS    WASTEFUL   OF   THE 
ESIN  AND  DESTRUCTIVE  TO  THE  TREES 


!Ix)rporation  as  at  Gary,  Ind.,  but 
K:al  real  estate  company,  under  the 
)n  of  Mr.  Robert  L.  Jemison,  Jr. 
planning  of  this,  the  first  industrial 
n  the  Southern  States,  is  of  such 
ance  as  to  call  for  further  comment, 
imison,  a  young  man  thirty-three 
)f  age,  had  within  a  period  of  eight 
juilt  up  a  real  estate  business  that 
:x)nd  to  none  in  the  Soath.  When 
ched  upon  the  subject  of  providing 
te  living  conditions  for  the  skilled 
en  of  the  steel  plant,  he  visited  all 
del  industrial  towns  of  the  United 
read  all  the  literature  p)ertafning 
se  of  England,  France,  and  Ger- 
secured  the  well  known  landscape 
ct,  Mr.  George  H.  Miller,  of 
,  to  draw  up  the  plans;  and  with 
teristic  business  sagacity  and  far- 
public  spirit,  proceeded  to  build 
150  acres  a  town  that  would  reap 
nefit  and  at  the  same  time  avoid 
stakes  of  similar  experiments  else- 
Briefly,  the  fundamental  features 


of  Corey  are  the  following:  All  possible 
modern  improvements  for  health,  con- 
venience, and  cleanliness;  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  town  in  zones  or  districts  — 
some  of  them  for  business  houses,  and 
others  for  various  types  of  residences, 
ranging  from  a  minimum  of  $1,250  to  a 
maximum  of  $5,000;  a  system  of  streets, 
sidewalks,  and  boulevards,  artistically 
arranged  with  regard  to  each  other  and 
the  elaborate  planting  of  every  street 
and  avenue  with  many  varieties  of  trees, 
shrubs,  and  flowers;  and  crowning  all, 
a  large  central  portion  of  many  acies  to 
be  devoted  to  a  plaza,  a  civic  centre  in- 
cluding the  municipal  building,  school, 
public  library,  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building, 
and  a  large  central  park  with  provisions 
for  outdoor  athletics  of  every  kind  and 
for  recreation  and  amusement.  Already 
the  entire  system  of  streets  and  prac- 


THE  NEW  CUP  METHOD 

AFTER  A  SCIENTIFIC  INVESTIGATION  DR.  C.  H. 
HfeRTY  FOUND  HOW  HE  COULD  SUPPLANT  THE 
BOX  WITH  A  CUP  WHICH  DOES  NOT  INJURE  THE 
TREE  AND  WHICH  HAS  ALREADY  ADDED  TEN  MIL- 
LION DOLLARS  A  YEAR  TO  THE  TURPENTINE  BUSI- 
NESS AND  WHICH  WILL  MAKE  IT  A  PERPETUAL 
INSTEAD    OF    A    SELF    DESTROYING   IH^ViSWt 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


BIRMINGHAM  FORTY-FrVE  YEARS  AGO 

BEFORE    THE    COAL    AND    IRON    WAS    DISCOVERED 

WHEN   THIS   HOUSE    STOOD   ALONE 


licatly  aH  the  tree  planting  has  been 
finished,  while  attractive  houses,  ranging 
from  mmiern  bungalow  cottages  that  may 
be  rented  for  $i^  a  month,  to  more  ex- 
pensive homes  for  foremen  and  superin- 
tendents have  been  completed. 

Whatever,  then,  may  come  in  future 
years,  the  foundations  of  the  iron  and 
steel  business  have  been  so  well  laid  as 
to  insure  prosperitv.  The  outlook  for 
the  cotton  mill  industry  at  the  present 
lime  is  less  promising.  Following  an  era 
of  remarkable  success  has  come  an  era 
of  slaadstill  and  depression.  A  leading 
cotton  manufacturer  said  recently  that 
ever)  thing  seemed  to  be  against  the  cot- 
ton mills  this  year —  Providence  included. 
And  yet  there  is  a  favorable  view  to  take 
of  even  this  situation.  Fhe  present  de- 
pression in  the  cotton  mill  industry  has 
forced  the  presidents  of  these  mills  to 
make  rigid  inquiries  into  every  detail  of 
their  business  —  to  take  advantage  of 
every  labor-saving  machine,  to  study^ever> 
waste,   to   undertake  a   finer  quality  of 

^Upods  that  will  insure  better  profits,  to 
inish.  their  prodi^cts.  instead  of  sending 
liem  to  New  Enj*land  bleacheries  and 
lishing  mills,  to  study  the  markets 
intelligently,  and  above  alt  to  see 
importance  of  trained  foremen  and 
superintendents  and  of  a  mill  population 

\C'  ly    increasing    in    training    and 

1- 1  ;v  , 

lake,  for  instance,  the  recently  estab- 
lished Republic  Mill  at  Great  Falls.  S.  C. 


Its   president,   Mr.    R.  S.  Mebane,  and 
its   secretary  and    treasurer*  Mr    H.   P, 
Mebane,   were  formerly  engaged    in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  at  Graham,  N.  C 
They  saw  that  the  following  of  old^elhods 
and  processes  would  not  avail  at  the  pre* 
sent  time:  so  they  sold  out  their  inter- 
ests»  devoted  an  entire  year  to  the  studvi 
of  every  phase  of  the  cotton  mill  situation^ 
in  New  England  and  in  the  best  S^      ' 
mills,  and  with  the  aid  of  an  expt 
architect  drew^  up  plans  for  a  new  tactDn'i 
which  should  take  advantage  of  all  IhatJ 
they  had  learned  about  mill  architecture,] 
machinery,  expert  management,  and   the 
buying  and    marketing  of   gcMxls.     1  heT*"] 
secured    the    financial    backing    of    the 
Duke  family,  who  were  interested  in  the| 
Southern  Power  Company  and  who  sug- 
gested   that    the    new    factory    might  be 
advantageously    located    at    (^jreat    Falls 
On  March  1.1911 .  the  mill  began  operation| 
with    580   l<xmTs,   and   25,2(^0  spindle^ 


II H  I 
II « 

nil" 
nil 

Mil 

nil 
nil 
nri 


\    BIRMINGH,\M  SKYSCRAPER 

IN  191  I.  A^^ER  THiRir  YEARS  OF  HAI*- 
MAIARD  EXPLOmNG  OF  IHt  OrSTRICT'S  RB- 
<>OLrRCES.  THE  ERA  OF  SCIFNCE  AND  FROrER 
nrVElOPMFNT  OI-FfcRS  HorES  FOR  A  BETTEII 
jr    MOKE    CONSERVATIVE    FUTURE 


MR,  GEORGE  GORDON  CRAWFORD 

THB  FiR&T  GRADUATE  OF  THE  GEORGIA  SCHOOL  OF  TECHNOLOGY  IN  189O,  WHO  STUDIED  IN 
GERMANY,  RECEIVED  HIS  EXPERIENCE  IN  THE  PITTSBURGH  DISTRICT  AND  WHO  At  THIRTY- 
EIGHT  BECAME  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  TENNESSEE  COAL.  IRON,  AND  RAILROAD  CO. —  THE  NEW 
TYPE   OF   MEN  OF   SCIENCE  WHO  ARE  TAKING  HOLD  OF  THE  MANUFACTURING  OF  THE  SOUTH 


i 


313 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


-1:SB^iS^!lk^ 


THE  BLAST  FURNACES  OF  THE  ENSLEV  WORKS  OF  TH| 

WHrCK,    UNDtR    THE    EXPERT    MANAGEMENT    Or    HH.    CRAWFORD,    IS   CEASING   TO    ''SKJM    TKE   CK^AM 

UFACTUKE,    AND   IS    ENTERIMG    TH 


The  looms  are  the  latest  improvement  of 
the  Northrop  Draper  automatic  type, 
twenty-six  of  which  may  be  operated  by, 
one  weaver;  they  run  while  the  employees 
are  at  dinner  There  is,  furthermore,  a 
Barber-Coleman  drawing-in  machine  which 
takes  ihe  place  of  fifteen  or  twenty  girls. 
Excellent  provisions  for  light  and  ven- 
tilation in  this  mill  are  supplemented  by 
the  Cramer  humidifying  s>stem  already 
referred  to.  Electric  appliances  enable 
the  owners  of  the  mill  to  compute  ex- 
actly the  cost  of  power  for  any  depart- 
ment of  the  mill.  In  a  word,  it  is  as 
well  fitted  up  as  any  mill  in  the  country. 
1  he  living  conditions  of  the  employees  are 
on  a  par  with  every  other  feature  of  the 
mill;  among  other  noteworthy  provisions  is 
that  for  every  cottage,  in  addition  to 
electric  lights  and  sewerage,  pure  water 
is  produced  by  the  electric-ozone  process. 
Approximately  the  same  conditions 
prevail  —  on  a  larger  scale  to  be  sure  — 
in  the  twelve  mills  (four  at  Columbia, 
two  at  Greers,  one  at  Greenville,  etc.)  that 
have  recently  been  n>crged  into  the 
Parker  Cotton  Mills  Company,  with 
headquarters  at  Greenville,  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  Si5,ocK>,ooo.  The  merger 
has  been  brought  abr>ut  without  any  of  the 
ruthless  methcxjs  adopted  by  some  larger 
corporations;  it  appears  to  have  been  a 
normal  and  healthy  outgrowth  of  economic 
conditions.  The  main  idea  of  its  pres- 
ident —  Mr.  Lewis  W*  Parker  —  is  that 
by  <  V  ilion  the  individual  capacities 
of   ii  *    men   adapted    to   leadership 


and  management  may  best  be  realii 
Instead  of  each  mill  having  a  manager  wh 
--has*  charge  of  all  departments,  there  alt 
experts  in  finance,  in  the  operation 
the  plant,  in  buying  and  selling,  and  i^ 
the  study  of  the  scientitlc  phases  of  cottc 
manufacturing,  each  one  of  these  exper 
giving  his  attention  to  his  particula 
subject  in  all  the  mills.  The  policy  of  it 
president  is  to  do  for  the  less  progressiv 
mills  what  has  just  been  suggested  in  ihi 
consideration  of  the  Republic  Mill  — 
as  fast  as  possible  to  introduce  all  modern 
improvements,  to  manufacture  an  in- 
creasingly high  quality  of  goods,  and  t<j 
cut  out  the  middle  men  between  the  milll 
and  the  buyers  of  finished  products. 
Mr.  Parker,  originally  a  lawyer, 
came  interested  in  cotton  manufaciurir 
by  acting  as  a  receiver  for  a  bankruj: 
cotton  mill  which  he  set  going  agaio 
By  study  and  by  travel  he  has  bccon 
one  of  the  most  progressive  mill  men 
the  South,  having  been  president  of  til 
South  Carolina  Cotton  Manufacturer 
Association  and  of  the  National  Ass 
ciation,  and  being  still  a  recognized  lead^ 
in  all  meetings  that  are  concerned  wit 
the  cotton  mill  situation.  In  a  rec 
address  before  the  University  of  South 
Carolina,  on  "Science  and  its  Relation 
the  Industrial  Development  of  the  Soulh,^ 
Mr.  Parker  said,  in  speaking  especially 
of  the  cotton  mill  industry:  _ 

The  character  of  this  manufacture  has  been 
of  a  comparatively  low  order,  and  our  miUs 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


213 


TENNESSEE    COAL,    IRON,    AND    RAILROAD    COMPANY 

OF  THE   NATURAL   RESOURCES  OF  THE    REGION   TO   SELL   AS    PIG   IRON  TO  NORTHERN  MILLS  TO  MAN- 
PROFITABLE    FINISHED   PRODUCT   ERA 


have  been  content  to  manufacture  that  class  of 
goods  which  requires  the  least  skill,  both  on  the 
part  of  the  management  and  the  employees. 
Northern  mills  have  finished  and  printed  cotton 
goods.  They  require  a  scientific  knowledge 
beyond  that  possessed  by  most  of  our  manu- 
facturers, and  a  field  is  open  in  the  future  for 
the  possessors  of  such  knowledge.  In  all  these 
lines  we  have  been  content  to  be  "  hewers  of 
wood  and  drawers  of  water,"  allowing  to  others 
the  benefits  which  come  from  increased  skill 
and  greater  knowledge. 

He  has  accordingly  employed   in   the 
mills    under    his    control    graduates    of 


textile  schools.  He  was,  as  j>ointed  out 
in  a  preceding  article,  one  of  the  first 
to  support  Mr.  D.  R.  G)ker  in  his  plans 
to  lengthen  the  staple  of  upland  cotton 
and  thus  to  bring  about  a  greater  evenness 
of  fiber  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton. 
Seeing  the  large  percentage  of  waste 
products  in  his  own  mills,  he  has 
been  quick  to  profit  by  any  sugges- 
tions for  the  better  utilization  of  such 
products. 

Furthermore,  he  has  seen  that  one  of 
the  most  imj>ortant  changes  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  is  the  substitution  of 


BETTER  HOMES  MAKE  BETTER  WORKMEN 

SOME    OF    THE    80O  GARDENS    WHICH    EMPLOYEES    HAVE    MADE    ABOUT   THEIR    HOUSES    UNDER  THE 

SUPERVISION   OF   AN    EXPERT   FROM   THE    DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE  HIRED  BY  THE  COMPANY 

WHICH    IS   TRYING    TO    DRAW    TO    BIRMINGHAM    THE    SKILLED  WORKMEN  WHOM  IT  NEEttf 


ai4 


WORLD'S  WORI 


'  ii  : J  J 


-^'^' 


A  STREET  IN  COKhV,    Jilfc   AHjDI  L    RjWN   NfAR  BIRMINGHAM 

PftOVIDED   WITH   THE    MOST    IMPROVED  SANTTATION    AND    PLANNED  AROUND    A    CIVIC   CENTRE    AND   A 

LARGE    PUBLIC    PARK    IN    ZONES    FOR    BUSINESS    HOUSES   AND    FOR    RESIDENCES 

ADAPTED  TO  EVERY   SUED  INCOME 


electric  power  for  steam  which  in  addition 
to  other  advantages  produces  uniformity 
of  speed.  Electric  power  is  made  possible 
on  a  large  scale  by  the  development  of 
the  w^ater  powers  of  North  and  South 
Carolina  by  the  Southern  Power  Com- 
pany. The  organization  of  this  com- 
pany in  1903  was  due  to  the  dreams  of 
Dr  W.  Gill  Wiley,  the  capital  and  con- 
fidence of  Messrs  J.  B.  and  B,  N.  Duke, 
and  the  engineering  plans  outlined  by 
Mr.  W.  S.  Lee.  The  story  of  its  achieve- 
ment is  clearly  too  large  a  subject  to 
treat  in  the  course  of  this  article.  Suffice 
it  to  say  that  this  company,  with  its 
power  stations  at  Great  Falls,  Rocky 
Creek,  Ninety-nine  Islands  —  all  related 
to  one  another  and  capable  of  being  used 


to  supplement  each  other  in  cases  of  emer- 
gency—  now  supplies  electric  power  fot 
152  cotton  mills,  lights  some  forty-five  ofl 
fifty  towns,  has  a  vast  scheme  of  inter* 
urban  electric  railw^ays  well  under  way,  and 
besides  is  furnishing  power  to  a  constantly 
increasing  number  of  smaller  industries^j 
such  as  cotton  gins,  cotton  seed  oil  mills 
etc. 

From  the  standpoint  of  this  article, 
the  most  significant  phase  of  all  this  de- 
velopment is  the  w^ork  of  Mr.  W.  S.  Lee, 
vice  president  and  chief  engineer,  and 
Mr.  Fraser,  electrical  engineer,  who,  work- 
ing together  and  with  a  large  number 
of  other  trained  men  from  the  leading 
technical  colleges  of  the  country,  have  in 
six  years*  time   wrought   out    in   all    its 


JN  THE  BUSINESS  SECTION  OF  COREY 
A  TOWN  TKAT  CAN   NfiVfiA  HAVE  A  iLUM  FOA  THE   EMPLOYEES  Of  THE  ilEEL  MJLLft 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


2IS 


THE  REPUBLIC  MILL  AT  GREAT  FALLS,  S.  C. 

TIIF     NEW    TYPE     IN    THE   SOUTH,    BUILT    UPON    THB     KNOWLEDGE    GAINED    BY    A    YEAR'S    CAREFUL 

INVESTIGATION   OF  THE    MOST   ADVANCED   IDEAS   OF   MILL    MANAGEMENT 

AND  MACHINERY   IN   THE   COUNTRY 

details  one  of  the  most  significant  as  well 
as  one  of  the  largest  systems  of  electric 
power  in  the  world.  Mr.  Lee  was  a 
graduate  of  the  South  Carolina  Military 
Academy  and  had  spent  several  years  in 
engineering  work  in  different  parts  of  the 
South.  For  three  years  he  was  chief 
engineer  of  the  G)lumbus  Power  Com- 
pany, putting  in  a  large  dam  to  furnish 
power  for  the  city  and  for  the  large  cotton 
mills  of  Columbus.  The  Catawba  Power 
Company,  out  of  which  the  Southern 
Power  Company  grew,  was  all  but  a 
failure  until  Mr.  Lee  took  hold  of  it,  and 
with  his  knowledge  of  engineering  and 
his  broad  industrial  vision,  worked  out  a 
complete  plan,  the  details  of  which  he  has 
executed  with  remarkable  swiftness  and 
success. 

He  was  fortunate  in  securing  the  ser- 
vices of  Mr.  Fraser,  a  graduate  of,  and  for 
two  years  an  assistant  in,  McGill  Univer- 
sity in  Canada,  later  in  charge  of  a  large 
electric  plant  in  Montreal  and  later  still 
a  constructing  engineer  for  the  Westing-  ^^^'  ^^^'^  w.  parker 

house  Comoanv  for  whom  he  came  South       ^ ""  '^  building  up  a  staff  of  specialists  to 
nou5>e  vx>mpdn\ ,  lor  wnom  ne  came  Douin  ,mprovk  ihl  i  fficiency  of  the  twelve  mills 

to  install  some  electrical  machinery.     He  in  the  parker  cotton  mills  company 


THE  GREAT  FALLS  MILL  VILLAGE 
IN   WHICH    THE    HOUStS    PROVIDFD  WITH    ELECTRIC    LIGHTS,    SEWERAGE.     BATHROOMS. 
PURIFIED   BY   THE   OZONE    PROCESS   ARE    RENTED  TO  THE    EMPLOYEES 
FOR  ONE   DOLLAR  A   MONTH   PER   ROOM 


AND    WATER 


r^H 


IE  ^^•0R 


was  just  about  to  go  back  to  the  North 
when  Mr*  Lee  offered  him  the  position  of 
Electrical  Engineer  for  the  Southern 
Power  Company.  It  was  one  chance  in 
a  thousand,  he  said,  as  he  spoke  of  the 
opportunity  that  had  come  to  him  to 
design  and  build  this  vast  system  of 
transmission  lines.  In  doing  so  he  has 
made  contributions  to  the  development 
of  hydro-electric  power,  for  it  was  the  first 


Such  are  some  of  the  typical  industnes 

of  the  present  era  of  manufacturing  in  the 
South*  Instances  might  be  multiplied 
that  would  give  additional  significance 
to  the  general  idea  of  this  article.  One 
can  not  help  having  the  utmost  optimism 
in  regarding  the  situation  in  its  entirely. 
But  what  causes  one  to  have  the 
highest  hopes  for  the  future  of  Southern 
industries  is  that  an  increasing  number  of 


III    WHICH    THE    CRAMER    HUMfDIFICRS    REf^ULATE    THE    TEMPERATURE    AND   THE    MACHINERY    tS    SO 

PERFECTED  THAT  TWENTY-SIX  LOOMS  CAN  RE  OPERATED  BY  ONE  MAN.      THE  MACHINERY 

RUNS  ALTTOMATICALLY  WHILE   THE   OrERATORS   ARE   OLIT    AT   DINNER 


system  to  carry  100,000  volts  such  dis- 
[ances,  this  having  been  considered  im- 
practical heretofore.  He  has  therefore 
had  to  work  out  many  details  for  himself, 
such  as  the  three  supplementary  steam 
stations  in  Greenville,  Greensboro,  and 
Durham,  Engineering  papers  and  maga- 
zines throughout  the  country  have  pub- 
lished accounts  of  the  various  stages  of 
development  of  this  system  as  significant 
for  the  whole  country. 


business  men  are  realizing  that  unintelli- 
gent, unskillful  labor  is  in  the  long  run 
not  only  unprofitable  but  dangerous  to 
capital:  and  that  to  secure  the  best  living 
conditions  for  their  employees  is  at  once 
good  business  and  a  wise  provision  for 
the  improvement  of  the  masses  of  the 
people  for  whom  they  are  especially 
responsible. 

Mr  Julian  S.   Carr.  Jr.,  president  of 
the  Durham  Hosiery  Mills,  has  recently 


J 
I 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


217 


[iiade  provision  for  his  employees  in  the 
kvay  of  school  advantages  that  promise 
much  for  the  future.  He  has  announced 
For  some  time  that  no  child  under  fourteen 
years  of  age  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in 
his  factory.  Since  September  1,  no 
one  who  cannot  read  and  write  has  been 
emploxed.  To  meet  this  condition  he 
has  provided  the  night  school  taught  by 
the  most  successful  primary  teacher  in 
the  Durham  schools.  Furthermore,  he 
regularly  employs  a  trained  nurse  to  look 
after  all  the  sick  among  his  employees. 
At  first  regarded  with  suspicion,  she  is 
now  considered  as  a  devoted  friend  and 
helper  by  the  entire  mill  population. 
Within  the  past  week  Mr.  Carr  has  an- 
nounced a  plan  of  profit  sharing,  by  which 
employees  who  are  sick,  or  who  make 
valuable  suggestions  for  increasing  the 
efficiency  of  any  part  of  the  mill,  or  who 
have  grown  old  in  the  service,  will  reap 
the  benefit  of  a  fund  set  aside  as  their 
share  of  the  profits.  While  this  arrange- 
ment seems  but  a  slight  one  from  the 
financial  standpoint,  it  is  but  the  begin- 
ning of  a  more  extensive  development  of  a 
complete  system  of  cooperation  between 
employer  and  emplo>'ee. 


MR.  W.  S.  LEE 

VICE-PRESIDENT    AND    CHIEF    ENGINEER   OF  THE 
SOUTHERN    POWER  COMPANY 

The  necessity  for  such  provisions  for 
the  welfare  of  employees  has  been  stated 
strongly  by  Mr.  Thomas  F.  Parker, 
formerly  president  of  the  Monaghan  Mills 
(Greenville)   and   now    vice-president    of 


THE  ROCKY  CREEK,  S.  C,  STATION 

OF   THE    SOL'THFKN    POWFR   COMPANY  WHICH    SUPPLIFS    POWER   TO    1  $2    COTTON    MILLS,  LIGHIS 
FORTY-FIVE  OR    FIFTY   TOWNS,    AND   HAS   AN    EXTENSIVE    INTERURBAN 
TKOLLEY    SYSTF.M    I'NUFR    CON   TRUCTION 


THE  WORLD'S  WOR 


J 


IH\> 


nMlarJ^ 


OF   THE   SOUTHERN    F»OWEIt   COMPANY,  THE    FIRST 
SYSTEM   TO  CARRY    100.000  VOLTS 

LONG   DISTANCES 


the  Parker  Cotton  Mills  Company.  He 
was  perhaps  the  first  cotton  manufac- 
turer in  the  Carol inas  to  become  vitally 
interested  in  welfare  work  for  the  em- 
ployees. He  has  given  this  subject  much 
of  his  time  and  consideration:  the  con- 
structive results  wrought  out  in  his  own 
mills  give  evidence  of  his  practical  sense, 
his  wisdom,  and  his  spirit  of  earnest 
consecration.  1  know  of  few  more  in- 
spiring sights  than  that  of  the  various 
buildings  and  play-grounds  provided  for 
the  1500  people  who  compose  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  Monaghan  Mills.  The 
attractive  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building  with  its 
gymnasium,  its  baths,  its  reading  room, 
its  night  classes;  the  home  of  the  trained 
nurse  and  the  domestic  science  teacher  — 
a  sort  of  college  settlement  in  the  factory 
pc^pulation;  the  medical  dispensaries,  with 
loan  closets  and  nxjms  for  surgical  op- 
erations; the  public  school  building  and 
kindergarten,  recreation  grounds  and 
athletic  fields  —  all  these  are  under  the 
NUperVision  of  Mr,  Parker,  who  does  not 
consider  hi^  duty  done  when  money  is 
approjjriated  for  such  purposes. 

There  arc  some  mills  in  which  these 
same  features  may  be  found  and  yet 
without  a  corresponding  success  because 
of  the  lack  of  such  trained  Y.  M.  C,  A, 
secretaries   as    Mr.    Hollis,   who    knows 


everybody  in  the  community  and  act<^ 
as  a  unifying  and  socializing  force  for 
people  who  have  been  unused  to  the 
conditions  which  meet  them  in  their  new 
home.  Nor  have  all  mill  presidents  been 
so  constant  in  their  attention  to  the  de- 
velopment of  such  plans  as  has  Mr 
Parker,  who  has  done  everything  to  keep 
this  work  from  being  in  any  sense  pater- 
nalistic. Now  that  he  has  become  the 
supervisor  of  this  work  in  the  other  milh 
of  the  corporation,  his  ideas  and  plans 
may  be  expected  to  lead  to  even  monr 
significant  results.  Already  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A,  work  at  the  Victor  Mill  in  Greer 
surpasses  in  some  respects  the  corre- 
sponding work  in  Greenville.  It  is  surely 
a  new  era  in  the  South  when  a  man  of 
Mr.  Parker's  wealth  and  ability  devotes 
practically  his  entire  time  to  the  con- 
sideration of  this  one  feature  of  the  cotton 
mill  situation.  He  has  not  only  appealed 
to  his  associates  in  business  to  take  an 
enlightened  and  far-seeing  view  of  their 
responsibility  to  the  constantly  increasing 
mill  population,  but  he  has  through  arti* 
cles  and  addresses  spoken  to  the    heart 


bUlLDlNij  THE  DAM 
Ar    NINETY-NINE     ISLANDS.    ONE    OF    THE    COM- 
PANY'S THREE    BIG   HYDRO-ELECTRIC 
GENERATING   PLANTS 


THE  SOUTH  REALIZING  ITSELF 


and  conscience  of  the   state,    appealing 
for  wise  lef^islalion  —  and  to  the  church, 
appealing  for  a  larger  vision  of  the  re- 
lation between  spiritual   and   intellectual 
and  physical  well-being.    Altogether  one 
of  the  most   remarkable  addresses  ever 
made  in  a  Southern  institution  was  that 
made  at  Trinity  College  by  Mr.  Parker 
during  the  past  winter  —  a  moving  appeal 
to  the  future  leaders  of  the  South  to  con* 
sider  the  actual  conditions  that  prevail 
in  cotton  mill  villages.     With  candor,  he 


"This  army  has  to  be  trained  and  per- 
fected; facts  are  to  be  faced  and  seemingly 
insurmountable  difficulties  to  be  over- 
come that  the  God  of  our  fathers  may  be 
our  God  and  that  the  safety  and  greatness 
of  our  beloved  state  may  be  secured  to 
all  generations,  not  by  the  might  and 
wealth  of  a  few  but  by  the  education, 
development,  and  patriotism  of  a  united 
people/' 

*'They  ask  that  you  give  them  of  your 
time,  thought,  and   understanding;   they 


THE  GENERATORS  AT  THE  GREAT  FALLS  STATION 
PART  OF  THE   SYSTEM   WHICH    SUPPLIES   POWER   ALMOST   ACROSS   TWO   STATES 


spoke  of  conditions  as  they  are.  Some 
of  his  sayings  are  worthy  of  much  pub- 
licity: 

"Few.  if  any,  manufacturing  villages 
ol  the  world  are  more  destitute  of  interest 
and  amusements  for  the  people  than  are 
those  of  the  average  South  Carolina  mills/' 

"Any  illiterate  child  who  goes  to  the 
average  village  schawl  for  a  year  is 
thereby  increased   in  mill  efficiency/' 

"  Manufacturers  have  not  handled  this 
problem  as  they  have  the  agencies  em- 
ployed by  the  mills  in  the  manufacturing 
of  their  products/' 


do  not  want  and  would  not  accept  charity: 
their  great  need  is  mental  stimulus  and 
the  quickening  of  their  faculties/*  IR- 
"  Mental  stimulus  and  a  quickejpg 
of  the  faculties,**  the  inquiring  scienTific 
mind  in  men  and  managers  is  the  big 
force  behind  the  South*s  new  era  in  man- 
ufacturing. 

[/«  the  next  article  Dr,  Mints  will  ex- 
plain how  the  South  has  grappled  with 
peculiarly  difficult  problems  in  educatian 
and  haw  it  is  sokinfs,  them  in  ways  that  have 
great  national  significance. — The  Editors,] 


i 


^n.^ 


THi   STAUKTOM    PLAN  THAT   MADE   ONE    DOLLAR  OF  CITY   MONEY  CO  AS   FAR   AS 
^^  TWO  HAD  GONE    BEFORE 


A  CITY  WITH  A  GENERAL  MANAGER 


BY 

HENRY  OYEN 


ONE  Saturday  afternoon  in 
April,  igfuS,  a  crew  of  \^x)rk- 
ingmen  employed  on  the 
streiets  of  Staunton,  Va.« 
pushed  their  way  up  to  the  . 
city  paymaster's  window,  drew  ihdr  pay- 
cfccckt,  looked  at  them  in  surprise,  then 
they  drew  together  and  talked  it  over. 
At  tan  one  of  them  <itepped  back  to  the 
windfiw, 

'*Say,  boss/'  he  said,  "these  checks  are 
all  wronj^*' 
**  What's  the  matter  with  them?" 
"Why,  they  only  give  us  three  days 
pay  for  the  week." 

"Well  that's  riglit.     Vou  only  worked 
three   days.    Tht-    other   three    davs    it 


MLN    WHU    kARN    lllblK    FAV 

ttiTiAi»  or  iitNci  PAID  Fan  evemy  woukino  hour 

or  tvimv  tiAV  im  thb  wmK.  raim  om  khine, 

THI  CITY  LAiORIil  NOW  RI€KIVE  WAGf  S  ONLV 

90ft  fHi  MouAS  Tiiiv  AcruAU.y  wonit 


rained.  Three  days*  pa>  is  all  you  earned. 
That's  simple  enough,  isn't  it?" 

"Butp  boss/*  pn>iesied  ihe  man:  "this 
is  a  city  job!  We  never  beard  of  any- 
thing like  this  before.  WTien  it  rains  we 
always  go  over  in  the  school  house  base- 
ment and  sit  and  talk,  and  our  time  goes 
on  just  the  same/' 

"Well  it  won't  any  more/*  was  the 
sharp  answer.  "There's  been  a  change. 
There  is  a  General  Manager  in  this  town 
now,  and  a  city  job  has  ceased  to  be  a 
loafer's  cinch.  From  now  on  city  money 
is  going  to  buy  just  as  much  as  private 
money.     Do  you  understand?" 

"Mister/*  said  the  man.  "that's  some- 
ihing  that  I  just  can't  believe/* 

In  this  fashion  the  "Staunton  Plan" 
uf  municipal  management  was  inaugurated 
and  received .  By  it  a  step  forward  in  the 
science  of  city  government  has  been  taken. 
A  regularly  incorporated  American  dty 
with  its  business  affairs  managed  on 
a  sirictly  business  basis,  as  the  affairs  of  a 
business  corporation  are  managed,  with 
economy  and  efficiency  the  watchwords 
in  place  of  politics  and  spoils,  has  become 
a  reality  —  an  established  fact  in  history, 
by  which  other  cities  may  take  their 
bearings  in  this  day  of  strenuous  casting 
about  for  the  much  sought  haven  of  Good 
City  Government, 


A  CITY  WITH  A  GENERAL  MANAGER 


321 


Staunton,   vaT  planted  down  'mongst 
file  blue-veiled  hills  of  the  lower  Shenan- 
doih   Valley,    population   approximating 
0,000,  has  had  for  the  last  three  years, 
or  since  March,  1908,  'Business  In  The 
Gty  Hall"  as  no  other  city  has  had  it. 
During  these  years  it  has  been  a  municipal 
corporation   turned  into  a  business  cor- 
poration,    it  has  had  a  General  Manager, 
one  man  carefully  selected,  hired,  and 
paid,  to  manage  its  business  affairs  as 
business  affairs  should  be  managed.     And 
in  these  three  years  Staunton  has  been 
made  over.     It  has  been  lifted  from  mud 
to  asphalt.    A  fine  old  town,  which  was 
sagging  badly  at  its  foundation,  has  been 
placed  on  a  sound  basis  without  any  in- 
crease in  city  expenditures;  and  the  fact 
has  been  established  that  under  honest, 
capable    business    management  —  under 
the  Staunton  Plan  as  it  has  been  operated 
in   Staunton  —  the  value  of  the  city's 
money  to  the  city  is  increased  by  at  least 
100  per  cent. 

To  appreciate  the  history  of  this  re 
malleable  civic  experience  it  is  well  to 
know  something  of  Staunton,  the  scene 
ot  the  innovation. 

It  is  not  a  progressive  town,  as  Des 
Moines  is  progressive,  or  Memphis,  or 
Kansas  City.  It  is  an  old  town  with 
traditions  that  reach  back  to  the  days  of 
the  Old  South.  The  growth  of  its  pop- 
ulation is  less  than  the  natural  increase. 
It  runs  to  church  spires  and  schools 
rather  than  to  smoke-stacks  and  indus- 
tries. Gov.  Woodrow  Wilson  was  bom 
there  in  the  manse  of  the  old  Presby- 
terian Church.  The  manse  to-day  has  a 
new  coat  of  olive  green  paint;  otherwise 
it  is  said  to  be  quite  the  same  as  when  old 
Doctor  Wilson  thundered  in  the  pulpit 
next  door.  Woodrow  Wilson  removed 
from  Staunton  at  the  early  age  of  a  few 
months.  Many  have  followed  in  the  Gov- 
ernor's young  footsteps.  Staunton  has 
regarded  their  departure  with  equanimity. 
The  city  has  not  developed  much.  In- 
stead it  has  succeeded  in  raising  an  un- 
conunonly  fine  crop  of  intelligent  and 
educated  citizens.  That  is  why  the  Plan 
came  to  Staunton. 

These  intelligent  and  educated  citizens 
naturally  were  not  skilled  in  the  science 


of  town  management  any  more  than  the 
citizens  of  any  other  town  are  skilled  in 
this  science.  They  were  excellent  lawyers, 
bankers,  doctors,  merchants,  and  so  on. 
In  their  own  various  vocations  they  were 
experts,  and  successful.  In  the  city  hall 
—  which  was  something  quite  out  of  their 
line,  where  duty  came  to  them  as  strong 
members  of  the  community  —  they  were 
not  expert  and  not  successful.    There  is 


MR.   CHARLES   E.   ASHBURNER 

THE    GENERAL   MANAGER    OF   STAUNTON,   VA.,  WHO 
RESCUED  THE     CITY     FROM     BANKRUPTCY,    RE-OR- 
GANIZED THE  CITY  HALLON  BUSINESS  PRINCIPLES, 
AND  MADE  STAUNTON  LIVE  ON  ITS  INCOME 

nothing  exceptional  about  this;  you  can 
find  the  same  condition  prevailing  in  a 
thousand  other  city  governments.  But 
in  Staunton,  because  of  the  physical 
peculiarities  of  its  location,  the  results 
stood  out  in  a  way  that  even  the  blind 
might  observe. 

Staunton  may  be  divided  unto  three 
portions.  There  is  the  downtown  district 
—  the  business  district  —  which  lies  on 
the  floor  of  a  valley,  and  may  be  said  to 
be  four  blocks  square.  Long,  high  hills 
wall  in  this  small  heart  of  the  city.  On  the 
slopes  is  what  may  be  called  the  inter- 
m^iate  district,  composed  mainly  of 
residences,  schools,  and  churches,  with  a 
few  small  stores  and  business  establish- 


ments  scattered  here  and  there.  Beyond 
this,  on  top  of  the  surrounding  hills,  and 
farther  beyond,  is  the  outlying  district, 
composed  entirely  of  scattered  residences, 
the  suburbs  of  Staunton.  From  the 
heart  of  the  city  to  this  outlying  fringe 
is  about  a  mile. 

Under  its  old-fashioned  double-council 
system  of  government,  Staunton  had 
paved  and  kept  in  some  sort  of  fashion 
its  tiny  business  district.  The  inter- 
mediate district  had  at  one  time,  long 
ago,   been   paved   in  crude  fashion  with 


board  of  managers  wKo  gave  but  a  small 
part  of  their  time,  and  only  a  little  more  J 
thought  to  the  work  of  directing  itsfl 
affairs- 

I  wished  to  find  out  how  some  of  the 
city's  money  had  been  spent  in  these 
years,  I  didn't  succeed.  Nobody  knew, 
nobody  could  find  out.  There  had  been 
no  records  kept.  It  had  been  spent  — 
all  of  it,  and  honestly  —  but  how.  nobody 
could  tell  Under  this  lack  of  system 
Staunton  was  paving  about  one  block  of 
street  each  yean  other  streets  w^re  wear- 


A    HILL    SIKfetr    IN    SIAUNTON 

DURING  THE  THKEE  VE^RS  Of  MR.   ASHBUKNER'^  MANAGEMENT.  THE  CITV  HAS  INCREASED  THE  AMOUNT 

OF  STREET  PAVING   FROM   I.CXKJ  TO  9,577  ^^^^  ^^^  YEAR,  AND  THtS  AT  A   RATE    PER   FOOT  OF   LESS 

THAN  ONE  M\LF  THE  LOWEST  FIGURE  OF  THE  CONTRACTORS  UNDER  THE  OLD  REGIME 


crushed  stone.  But  as  the  years  went 
by  and  nothing  was  done  for  the  district's 
upkeep  the  crushed  stone  had  been  worn 
away,  and  the  streets  become  little  more 
than  mud  roads,  Ihe  outlying  district 
had  no  streets  at  all.  This  condition  re- 
sulted not  from  poverty  in  revenues^  and 
not  from  any  direct  graft  on  the  part  of 
its  governing  body.  Staunton  has  ap- 
proximately J5 1 60,000  a  year  to  care  for 
itself  and  no  one  can  be  found  in  the  city 
who  believes  that  there  was  anything  but 
honesty  in  the  council  But  Staunton 
was  like  a  business  corporation  without 
a  fnanag^r  and  with  only  an  amateur 


ing  out  much  more  rapidly,  and  the  town 
was  sinking  back  into  its  mud  roads.  It 
owed  ?6oo,ooo,  and  was  running  deeper 
and  deeper  into  debt,  being  forced  each 
year  to  borrow  money  to  meet  the  deficit 
that  resulted  from  this  lack  of  manage- 
ment. It  was  on  the  path  that  leads  to 
bankruptcy. 

This  was  the  condition  of  Staunton,  a 
mud  town  sinking  beneath  its  indebted- 
ness, when  a  few  of  its  leading  citizens 
began  casting  around  for  a  means  to  save 
it.  The  constitution  of  Virginia  (noble 
old  relic!)  requires  cities  of  the  first  class 
to  maintain  a  mayor  and  two  branches 


I 
I 


A  CITY  WITH  A  GENERAL  MANAGER 


223 


council,  the  board  of  aldermen 
common  council.  In  Staunton 
rfete  council  numbers  twenty-two. 
lus  deprived  of  the  right  to  adopt 
lOit  by  commission,  Staunton  be- 
earch  its  own  ingenuity  to  devise 
scheme  of  government. 
ohn  R.  Crosby,  President  of  the 
1  Council,  Mr.  H.  H.  Lang, 
t  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  and 
R.  Sydnor,  a  councilman  were 
ng  spirits  in  furthering  the  move- 
id  may  be  called  the  fathers  of 
eral  Manager  Plan.    In  March, 


except  the  Finance,  Ordinance  and  Auditing 
Committees.  The  General  Manager  shall  dis- 
charge such  other  duties  as  may  from  time  to 
time  be  required  of  him  by  the  Council. 

The  maximum  salary  was  placed  at 
$2,500  a  year. 

The  position  was  advertised,  for  this 
was  a  new  kind  of  job  and  there  was  no 
place  to  look  for  the  right  man.  There 
never  had  been  a  General  Manager  of  a 
city  before.  Applications  began  to  come 
in.  Most  of  them  naturally  were  from 
local  men,  from  plumbers,  contractors, 
superintendents,  and  so  forth.    All  these 


THE    BUSINESS    DISTRICT  OF   THE   "GENERAL   MANAGER"    TOWN 

WAS    MADE    OVER    IN    THREE    YEARS;    A    WATER   SHORTAGE    OVERCOME.    MUD    STREETS     PAVED,     A 
SEWER  SYSTEM  INSTAI  I  HD.  THE  GARBAGE  DISPOSAL  IMPROVED,  STREET  SIGNS  PUT  UP  AND 
MANY  OPHFR  IMPROVEMENTS  MADE— WITHOUT  INCREASING  THE  TAX  RATE 


r.  Crosby  introduced  an  ordinance 
as  passed  b\'  the  council  provid- 
the  appointment  by  the  council 
leral  Manager  whose  duties  were 
ed  as  follows: 

General  Manager  shall  devote  his 
fie  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  shall 
ire  charge  and  control  of  all  the  execu- 
:  of  the  city  in  its  various  departments, 
entire  charge  and  control  of  the  heads 
tments  and  employees  of  the  city. 
make  all  contracts  for  labor  and  sup- 
I  in  general  perform  all  of  the  adminis- 
nd  executive  work  now  performed  by 
a!  standing  committees  of  the  Council, 


were  willing  to  work  for  much  less  than 
the  maximum  salary,  the  figures  demanded 
running  from  $1,000  to  Si, 800  a  year. 
There  was  just  one  applicant  who  placed 
his  minimum  figure  at  the  council's 
maximum.  He  was  an  outside  man,  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Ashburner.  of  Richmond,  Va. 
Seven  years  ago  there  had  been  a 
washout  in  the  business  district  of  the  cit\', 
a  subterranean  creek  going  on  a  rampage 
and  swallowing  up  a  good  section  of  Staun- 
ton real  estate.  Local  contractors  were 
called  to  bid  upon  the  work  of  repairing 
the  damage  and  the  lowest  figure  offered 
on  the  job  was  $4,000.    A  few  councilmen 


demurred  and  called  the  bids  too  high. 
They  were  assured  that  the  work  couldn't 
be  done  for  less,  but  one  of  them,  Mr. 
W.  R*  Sydnor,  happened  to  be  local  agent 
of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
and  Mr.  Ashburner  happened  to  be  the 
C.  &  O's.  engineer  of  maintenance  for 
the  Staunton  division.  Sydnor  sent  for 
Ashburner  and  asked  him  to  calculate  what 
the  washout  could  be  repaired  for,  the  work 
being  done  as  cheaply  as  if  it  were  a  rail- 
road job.    Ashburner  calculated  and  said: 

** Seven  hundred  and  thirty-seven  dollars 
will  leave  you  a  little  margin/' 

The  local  contractors  scoffed,  but  the 


qualifications  were  combined.     Ashbum^r 
is  forty-two  years  old.  the  son  of  an  Knn^^ 
lish  army  officer,  and  was  bom  in  India^H 
He  was  educated  in  France  and  Germany^ 
winding  up  at  Heidelberg.     He  is  a  civil 
engineer.     His  training  since  leaving  school 
has   been   essentially   practical     He    ha^ 
been  engineer  in  charge  of  a   company 
town  in  Virginia,  was  connected  with  the^ 
Bureau  of  Highways  of  the  United  States  . 
he  served  in  a  similar  capacity  for  the  State- 
of  Virginia,  w^as  in  charge  of  maintenance 
work  on  the  C.  &  O.  R.  R.,  and  did  engi-i 
neering  work  for  the  city  of   Richmond] 
He  is  medium-sized   and   tw^itching  witi 


ANOTHER     EXA.MPLE  OI     HFI  [CIENCY 

A    SCHOOL    rA«D,    IN    WHICH     FOItMERLY     THE    CHILDREN     HAD    NOT     BEEN     ABLE    TO    PLAY     IN     HAIKV 

WEATHER  ON    ACCOUNT   OF   THE    MUD,    WAS    PAVED   UNDER   THE    SUPERVISION   OF   MR.    ASHBURNtR. 

WHO.  AFTER  REFUSING  A   CONTRACT    BIO    FOR  THE    JOB    AT   $1,000,    DID    IT    HIMSELF    FOR   $900 


councilmen  went  to  work  and  had  the 
work  done  under  their  own  direction,  and 
the  complete  bill  was  S725  and  a  few  cents. 

The  council  elected  Ashburner  when 
they  saw  his  name  among  the  applicants 
for  the  General  Manager's  position, 

Ashburner  made  a  success  of  his  job 
from  the  beginning,  in  spite  of  some 
opposition.  This  alone  pmves  him  to  be 
a  rather  extraordinary  man,  for  the 
postlion  of  General  Manager  is  one  re- 
quiring many  peculiar  qualifications  to 
fill.  Staunton  was  fortunate  in  getting 
al  the  beginning  a  man  in  whom  these 


the  nervous  energy  that  marks  the  en- 
thusiast.    He  is  a  practical  idealist:  no^ 
one  can  talk  with  him  for  five  minutes  ^ 
without  realizing  that   his  nature  would 
throw  him  body  and  soul  into  such  a  work  h 
as  town  management,  that  his  thoughts  f 
would  be  of  the  work  before  himself.     A 
man  in  Staunton  whom  he  had  antagon- 
ized  went  up  and  down  the  streets,  loudly  ■ 
announcing  that  he  was  going  up  to  Ash- 
burner's  office  and  run  him  out  of  town. 
Men  who  had  worked  with  the  General 
Manager  on  the  railroad  sought  out  the 
man  and  said: 


A  CITY  WITH  A  GENERAL  MANAGER 


225 


"  You  don't  know  that  man .  You  may 
run  him  out  of  town  sure  enough,  but 
he'll  be  right  there  in  his  office  working 
away  any  time  you  tell  him  you're  coming 
to  do  it." 

The  man  quit  talking. 

His  strongest  characteristics  probably 
are  his  desirb  for  "doing  a  job  right," 
his  enthusiasm,  his  excessive  supply  of 
energy,  and  his  inclination  to  shake  hands 
with  everybody,  including  his  avowed 
enemies.  When  he  was  given  the  task 
of  running  Staunton  his  natural  enthusiasm 
drove  him  to  a  single  aim: 

"To  make  this  the  finest  little  city  in 
America,  bar  none!" 

His  interpretation  of  the  job  was:  "I 
am  hired  by  everybody  in  this  town.  I 
am  working  for  everybody  in  it,  rich  and 
poor,  black  and  white.  Every  citizen  is  a 
shareholder  in  this  corporation,  and  every 
one  of  them  is  entitled  to  a  shareholder's 
full  privU^es.  As  manager  of  the  affairs 
of  their  corporation  I  am  responsible  to 
each  and  every  one  of  them.  My  office 
is  a  clearing  house  for  shareholders." 

The  office  was  opened  April  15,  1908. 
It  was  not  located  in  the  city  hall,  but 
in  a  two-room  suite  on  the  second  floor 
ot  a  business  block  in  the  heart  of  the 
downtown  district.  On  the  door  was 
stenciled: 

"General  Manager,  City  of  Staunton." 

Those  two  rooms  soon  became  the  most 
popular  offices  in  town. 

Staunton  at  this  time,  as  we  have  seen, 
was  mostly  a  mud  town,  with  no  dis- 
cernible prospects  of  becoming  anything 
else.  City  money,  under  the  old  mis- 
management, covered  the  floor  of  the 
valley;  but  it  wouldn't  reach  up  the  hills. 
Ashbumer's  first  task  as  General  Manager 
was  to  make  it  reach. 

On  October  3,  1905,  the  council  had 
passed  a  resolution  calling  for  the  laying 
of  a  small  piece  of  granolithic  sidewalk 
on  Prospect  Street.  All  such  work  had 
been  let  out  to  local  contractors  who  bid 
on  the  jobs.  Being  experienced  con- 
tractors and  knowing  the  ways  of  city 
governments,  these  contractors  bid  in  the 
same  way  that  contractors  to-day  are 
bidding  on  city  work  all  over  the  country, 
naming  figures   that   would   have    been 


ridiculous  on  a  business  job.  The 
lowest  bid  for  this  little  job  of  paving 
had  been  $2.25  a  yard.  One  dollar  and 
seventy-five  cents  per  yard  is  the  lowest 
that  any  granolithic  work  had  been  done 
for  by  contractors  in  Staunton.  Al- 
though the  resolution  had  been  passed  in 
1905  no  money  had  been  found  to  do  the 
work  with  up  to  - 1908,  and  Ashbumer 
found  the  resolution  among  the  council 
papers  on  his  arrival. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  contractors 
knew  him  to  be  a  paving  expert,  and 
therefore  certain  to  know  what  the  right 
price  should  be  for  this  piece  of  work^ 
when  he  called  for  bids  on  it  they  again 
turned  in  as  a  minimum  $2.25  per  square 
yard. 

"All  right,"  said  Ashbumer.  "Her© 
is  where  the  city  goes  into  the  paving 
business." 

His  report  on  the  Prospect  Street  work 
when  completed  reads:  "216  square  yards 
of  paving  at  96  cents  per  square  yard, 
$209.28."  The  total  under  the  contract 
system,  at  $2.25  a  yard,  would  have  been 

The  contractors  hooted,  said  that  he  was 
manipulating  his  figures  to  make  a  good 
impression,  that  he  was  putting  down  work 
that  wouldn't  last.  Interested  citizens 
came  into  the  General  Manager's  office 
and  inspected  the  books  and  saw  the  de- 
tailed reports  of  the  cost  of  material  and 
labor  that  made  the  price  96  cents.  And 
on  the  second  count,  the  city  was  tearing 
up  big  chunks  of  the  old  $2.25  contractor 
pavement  because  the  thin  surface  had 
crumbled  through;  and  the  city-laid  Pros- 
pect Street  pavement,  after  three  years 
use,  is  as  solid  as  the  day  it  was  laid. 

"There  was  nothing  to  this  but  simple 
business,"  said  Ashbumer.  "1  laid  it 
down  just  as  if  I  were  doing  it  for  a  rail- 
road or  for  a  business  firm.  I  found  that 
it  cost  96  cents  a  square  yard." 

Two  squares  away  from  Main  Street 
was  a  public  school  building  with  a  large 
yard  around  it.  This  yard  and  the  walks 
connected  with  it  never  had  been  paved  or 
even  properly  cindered.  In  the  spring  of 
1908,  the  school  children  played  in  mud  up 
to  their  anVXes  \tv  d^m^  ^^aSt«x  ,^tA  -ikvtx 
a  rainy  speW  xYvev  cjonAAxvX.  ^^.vj  ^  "^ 


226 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  aiuncil  passed  a  resolution  calling 
for  the  paving  of  this  yard.  The  con- 
tractors bid  again,  §2,000  for  the  job. 
Under  the  (Jeneral  Manager  I^lan,  the  city 
did  the  work  for  a  trifle  more  than  $900, 
which  was  the  "  business  price." 

Staunton  owns  its  water  and  lighting 
system.  Out  at  the  power  plant  the  year 
before  the  General  Manager  came,  they 
"lost"  192  tons  of  coal,  which,  at  $2.85  a 
ton,  amounted  to  $547.20  of  city  money. 
There  was  not  the  slightest  suspicion  of 
graft  involved  in  this  mysterious  disap- 
pearance; there  was  no  graft  in  it.  But 
somewhere  between  the  city  scales  and 
the  engineer's  record  book,  192  tons  of 
fuel  had  vanished  into  nothing  through 
poor  business  management,  and  the  city 
was  forced  to  add  to  its  coal  appropriation 
to  make  up  the  shortage.  Any  engineer 
knows  how  coal  will  disappear  in  the 
engine  room  when  nobody  is  watching 
the  firing.  Ashburner  put  a  steam-load 
record  gauge  in  the  power  house  and  called 
the  firemen  down  to  his  office. 

"Boys,"  he  said,  "you  aren't  getting 
enough  wages.  You  ought  to  be  getting 
$5  more  a  month.  But  you're  not  worth 
it  the  way  you've  been  firing.  Now, 
that  new  gauge  is  going  to  make  you  fire 
just  as  carefully  and  well  as  you  know  how, 
because  it  will  show  if  you  let  the  steam 
drop,  or  send  it  up  tcx)  high;  and  I'm 
going  to  watch  that  gauge.  You  boys 
watch  it,  too.  and  when  you're  delivering 
the  goods  you'll  get  the  $5  more  a  month 
that  you  ought  to  have." 

The  "gcKxls  were  delivered"  and  the 
men  got  their  advance  from  that  day. 
Previously  the  water  pumps  had  been 
forceil  to  run  24  hours  a  day,  365  days  out 
of  the  year,  and  in  dry  weather  there 
invariaWv  was  a  shortage  of  water.  With 
llie  |\>wcr  plant  running  on  a  business 
haNJs  tlie  pumps  were  able  to  shut  down 
frt»m  iwcntv-four  to  thirtv-six  luuirs  each 
week,  and  no  water  shortage  occurred. 
In  the  single  item  of  coal  alone,  business 
management  savt\l  for  Staunton  each  \ear 
the  amount  irf  the  General  .Manager's  sal- 
ary. Nearly  one  thousand  tons  less  were 
useil  each  year,  and  the  average  price  was 
5j.8i>  ;>er  ton. 
Sfjunron  ha:>  an  excellent,  thoroughly 


modem  little  theatre  in  the  city  hall. 
It  is  the  one  theatre  in  the  town,  and  its 
business  is  sufficient  to  attract  most  of 
the  companies  that  tour  the  South.  Up 
to  1908,  the  city  had  rented  the  theatre 
rights  of  the  house  to  a  local  manager 
under  conditions  that  made  it  what  he 
himself  called  "a  soft  snap."  The  city 
furnished  lights,  fuel,  and  attendants 
and  derived  a  tot?l  annual  revenue  of 
between  $300  and  $400.  There  was  no 
thought  of  graft  here,  either,  though  two 
councilmen  had  permanent  free  seats  in 
the  house.  The  General  Manager  secured 
authority  to  put  the  theatre's  lease  on  the 
market  and  sent  for  the  representative 
of  a  New  York  theatrical  syndicate  to 
make  a  bid.  The  syndicate  offer  was  in 
terms  that  would  yield  the  city  a  minimum 
rental  of  $1,250.  It  was  too  good  a  thing 
to  let  go  out  of  town,  and  the  local  manager 
rented  at  this  increased  figure,  to  his  own 
chagrin  and  the  benefit  of  the  city  treasury. 
In  purchasing  supplies,  the  city  formerly 
had  operated  in  the  old,  unbusinesslike  way 
that  is  chronic  with  most  cities.  Each 
department  purchased  its  own  supplies 
wherever  it  pleased  without  any  system 
whatever.  The  graft  that  is  a  nauseating 
part  of  most  city  purchasing  departments 
—  for  it  is  sad  but  true  that  firms  are 
willing  to  resort  to  bribery  to  get  city 
business  —  was  absent  here;  but  business 
management  was  absent,  also,  and  when 
any  records  of  purchases  and  expenditures 
were  kept  it  was  not  unusual  to  find,  for 
instance,  two  different  merchants  selling 
the  same  item  to  two  different  departments 
at  different  prices.  There  was  no  attempt 
to  save  city  money  by  buying  economically. 
How  many  dollars  of  tax-payers'  money 
were  frittered  away  in  this  fashion  the 
absence  of  records  makes  it  impossible 
to  compute.  When  the  General  Manager 
came  he  made  all  purchases,  from  horse- 
feed  to  sewer  pipes,  a  business  proposition* 
as  the  purchasing  agent  of  a  business 
corporation  would  do.  Requisitions  for 
purchases  were  made  out  in  duplicate. 
One  went  to  the  merchant  as  his  order, 
the  other  was  filed  in  the  records  of  the 
General  Manager's  office.  Any  citizen 
was  entitled  to  walk  in  and  examine  these 
records,  aud  by  doing  so  he  was  aUe  — 


A  CITY  WITH  A  GENERAL  MANAGER 


227 


under  this  simple  comprehensive  system 
of  book-keeping  —  to  see  just  what  every 
cent  of  city  money  was  spent  for,  who  got 
it,  and  what  was  got  in  return.  The 
records  also  comprised  daily  reports  of 
all  work  done.  Thus,  if  a  sidewalk  was 
being  laid  in  front  of  the  property  of  Mr. 
William  Jones,  Mr.  Jones  could  walk  into 
the  General  Manager's  office  at  any  time 
and  see  just  what  it  was  costing  in  labor 
and  material  to  lay  every  yard  of  that  walk. 

Furthermore,  if  any  citizen  had  anything 
to  complain  about  —  and  citizens  do  find 
such  things  or  if  he  wanted  to  know  why 
certain  city  work  was  not  being  done, 
he  knew  that  he  had  only  to  go  to  the 
General  Manager's  office  and  he  would 
find  the  man  to  talk  to.  This,  possibly, 
became  the  most  popular  feature  of  the 
innovation  with  the  average  citizen. 
There  is  now  hardly  a  citizen  in  the  town 
who  has  not  at  one  time  or  another  paid 
a  business  visit  to  the  office.  The  least 
prominent  citizen  received  the  same  atten- 
tk)n  as  the  big  tax-payer  and  the  smallest 
complaint  was  promptly  attended  to. 

In  this  fashion,  by  making  every  item 
of  city  business  a  purely  business  propo- 
sition, city  money  began  to  reach  much 
farther  and  it  began  to  be  possible  to  get 
things  done. 

To  get  the  streets  paved  was  Staunton's 
first  crying  need.  There  were  three  prin- 
cipal streets  to  consider.  West  Main  and 
i  East  Main,  which  ran  up  the  hills  from  the 
I  business  section  to  residence  districts,  and 
a  street  which  runs  out  to  the  city  park. 
Each  of  these  streets  had  a  single  street 
car  track  laid  on  ties  only,  at  one  side. 
The  rest  was  plain  mud.  In  wet  weather 
wagons  went  hub  deep  in  the  mire,  and 
it  was  a  feat  to  make  a  crossing  on  foot. 
The  sidewalks  at  one  time  had  been  cin- 
dered; but  that  was  long  ago  and  they 
liad  given  up  the  ghost  of  respectability 
and  had  sunk  back  into  the  mire  in  com- 
pany with  the  streets.  The  Stonewall 
Brigade  Band  plays  every  warm  Monday 
evening  in  the  park,  and  Staunton  waded 
and  drove  through  mud  to  get  out  to  hear 
the  music. 

These  were  the  best  residence  streets 
erf  the  town.  There  were  about  three 
miles  of  them.    As  for  the  side-streets. 


picture  a  red  clay  country .  road  with  a 
gully  washed  out  in  the  middle  and  you 
may  know  what  they  were  like. 

Staunton  never  would  have  got  these 
streets  paved  under  the  system  by  which 
it  was  managing  itself,  for  each  year  it 
was  losing  ground  physically  and  sinking 
deeper  in  debt  financially. 

In  the  first  year  under  the  General 
Manager  Plan  the  city  was  able  to  ma- 


Ocpwiintnt 

1 

Wtttr           1 
OtpwtiMirt      1 

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B«rMiialMMMi| 

BCHHAL   IIAMASEIIt 
OFFICE 

1  IKSZS 

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fuMKSaftty    | 

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Rtbtl 
Oa^rtniMt 

0<»ifttMat«l         1 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  '•  ONE  MAN  PLAN 
WHICH  GIVES  STAUNTON,  THROUGH  THE  MEDIUM 
OF  AN  EFFICIENT  BUSINESS  MAN,  EFFECTIVE 
CONTROL  OF  ALL    ITS    OWN    INTERESTS 

cadamize  9,677  lineal  feet  —  nearly  two 
miles  —  of  streets;  to  lay  1,824  feet  of 
cement  curb,  and  3,887  feet  of  granolithic 
sidewalk.  The  second  year  12,630  lineal 
feet  of  asphalt  and  macadam  streets, 
6,993  feet  of  walks,  and  2,556  feet  of  curb 
was  the  result;  while  the  third  year  the 
achievement  was  6,470  feet  of  macadam 
streets,  4,204  feet  of  sidewalk,  and  545 
feet  of  curb.   The  total  for  three  years  was: 

Macadam    and    asphalt 
streets  .... 

Granolithic  sidewalk 
Granolithic  curb       .     . 


28,730  lineal  feet 
14,084  lineal  feet 
4,925  lineal  feet 


This  was  done  without  incurring  any 
indebtedness.  The  city  actually  had  a 
surplus  of  $17.66. 

I  talked  with  a  dozen  men  who  were 
active  as  councilmen  or  in  other  official 
capacities  in  running  the  city  in  the  old 
days,  and  the  consensus  of  their  judgment 
is:  "Staunton  never  would  have  got  any 
of  that  work  done  under  the  old  system/' 

West  Main  Street  ^rvd  E^sX  ^^vcvSvxw^ 
now  run  wp  XVve  Yv\\\s  uxvAet  tw^caAsssw  -wA 


228 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


asphalt,  with  granolithic  sidewalks  at 
their  sides,  and  when  Staunton  goes  out 
to  the  park  it  has  a  firm  walk  and  a  good 
street  running  all  the  way.  One  may 
illustrate  the  difference  between  the  two 
systems,  so  far  as  street  paving  is  con- 
cerned with  two  statements: 

Under  council  system  annual  amount 
of  street  paved i  ,000  feet 

Under  General  Manager  Plan  annual 
amount  of  street  paved  .    9,577  feet 

The  water  famine  that  had  occurred 
every  summer  was  not  due  to  a  lack  of 
adequate  water  supply  or  pumping  facili- 
ties, but  to  the  absence  of  meters  and  the 
consequent  carelessness  and  wastefulness 
of  water  users.  The  city  wasted  through 
leaks,  open  faucets,  and  careless  usage  the 
water  for  which  it  suffered  each  summer. 

Ashburner  began  to  put  them  in  every 
place  where  there  was  a  faucet,  no  matter 
how  small  the  place. 

"What!"  protested  some  tax-payers, 
"putting  a  $9  meter  in  a  house  where  they 
use  only  $2  worth  of  water!" 

"And  waste  $50  worth,"  supplemented 
the  General  Manager. 

The  meters  went  in.  Soon  after  the 
waste  and  leakage  began  to  decrease.  A 
householder  wouldn't  let  his  faucet  run 
when  he  could  hear  the  meter  ticking. 
The  water  department  was  set  to  work 
looking  for  leaks  in  mains  and  pipes.  A 
campaign  against  water  waste  was  vigor- 
ously prosecuted.  So  successful  was  it 
that,  although  the  water  system  suddenly 
was  taxed  by  an  increase  of  three  hundred 
water  users  through  an  extension  of  the 
city  limits,  the  city  had  water  enough  and 
to  spare  even  during  the  hottest,  dryest 
spells  —  something  that  had  never  oc- 
curred before  —  and  the  pumps  were 
required  to  work  but  three  hundred  days 
out  of  the  year. 

The  sewerage  system  had  been  woefully 
incomplete.  An  open  creek  through  the 
town  was  the  best  it  had  to  carry  away 
its  sewage.  There  were  scores  of  houses 
without  sewer  connections,  and  many 
streets  where  no  sewers  were  laid.  The 
General  Manager  would  hardly  have  done 
/7/s  duty  unless  he  sought  to  equip  the 
/?/sce  with  an  adequate  sewerage  system, 


but  the  value  of  a  business  system  was 
shown  in  that  he  was  able  to  do  the  work 
with  the  city  money  then  available,  which 
it  had  not  been  possible  to  do  before.  In 
three  years  there  were  laid  14.201  lineal  feet 
of  sewer,  and  1 5,149  feet  of  water  mains. 

At  the  foot  of  a  hill,  smack  in  front 
of  the  main  entrance  to  the  city  park,  was 
the  city  dumping  ground.  Garbage  was 
hauled  here  in  open  barrels  or  cans  and 
dumped  where  every  one  going  to  or  from 
the  park  was  forced  to  become  conscious 
of  the  fact  through  the  olfactory  nerves. 
This  was  not  good  sense,  not  good  busi- 
ness. The  General  Manager  found  a  new 
dumping  ground  beyond  the  city  limits 
and  started  and  won  a  campaign  for  fly- 
tight  garbage  cans.  The  women  helped 
him  in  this:  one  is  forced  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  women  would  "keep  house" 
better  than  the  men  are  doing  if  they  had 
the  task  of  city  management.  Staunton's 
garbage  now  goes  out  of  the  city  in  covered 
metal  cans,  and  the  old  dumping  ground 
is  covered  up  and  seeded  to  grass. 

There  were  no  street  signs  in  the  town 
when  the  General  Manager  came,  another 
unbusinesslike  feature.  There  are  street 
signs  all  over  now.  But  most  startling 
in  this  crusade  of  cleaning  up  was  the  story 
of  Main  Street. 

The  work  was  hampered  by  politicians 
who  opposed  in  the  council  many  rnove^ 
ments  for  good.  It  had  the  bitter  oppo- 
sition from  the  day  of  its  inauguration 
of  the  contractors  and  others  who  had  fed 
off  the  city's  carelessness  and  of  the  ultra- 
conservative  citizens.  By  using  such  in- 
fluence as  they  possessed,  and  by  attack- 
ing the  office  through  attacking  the  man, 
these  men  crippled  its  efficiency  to  some 
extent.  So  much  did  they  cripple  it  that 
Mr.  Crosby,  one  of  its  fathers,  says  that 
the  idea  never  will  be  a  complete  success 
so  long  as  the  city  is  forced  to  encumber 
itself  with  a  big  unwieldy  council.  There 
are  twenty-two  men  in  the  council  at 
Staunton.  The  progressives  there  now 
are  preparing  to  petition  the  legislature 
to  amend  the  state  constitution  so  that  the 
council  may  be  cut  to  five.  Such  simpli- 
fication of  the  city  hall  machinery  is  de- 
clared necessary  to  permit  the  plan  to 
work  as  eff\c\^tvt\v  2is  \\.  ea.xv. 


EtI 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 

THIRD  ARTICLE 

THE  PROFESSOR  WHO  BECAME  PRINCETON'S  PRESIDENT 

HOW  A  TEACHER  OF   POLITICS   HELPED  MOULD   PUBLIC  OPINION   AND  HOW,   WHEN 
CALLED  TO  BE  HEAD  OF  A  UNIVERSITY,  HE  SET  ABOUT  TO  REFORM  IT 

BY 

WILLIAM   BAYARD  HALE 

(author  or  "a  week  in  the  white  house  with  president  ROOSEVELT") 


f  A  SCHOOL  teacher's  existence 
I  /%  is  not,  in  the  narration,  a 
I  /  \  thrilling  story.  The  first 
f  /  %  seventeen  years  of  Woodrow 
I  *  -^  Wilson's  life  after  he  left 
Johns  Hopkins  University  were  spent  in 
teaching.  They  were  years  of  usefulness 
—  thousands  of  students  will  testify  to 
the  still  enduring  inspiration  they  owe  to 
them  and  to  him.  They  were  years  of 
delightful  living,  of  cultured  and  genial 
oompanionship.  For  leisurely  reading, 
doubtless,  there  could  be  set  down  here  a 
volume  of  interesting  anecdote  and  schol- 
ariy  banter  and  epigram,  of  pleasant  fire- 
side reminiscences  of  savants  and  big-wigs, 
of  literary  gossip,  and  humors  of  the  lec- 
ture-room, with  perhaps  a  bit  or  two  of 
college  scandal.  No  doubt  there  could 
be  contrived  a  narrative,  fascinating  to 
patient  psychologists,  of  the  mental  evo- 
lution that  went  on  during  these  years. 
For  the  purpose  of  this  biography,  how- 
ever, the  point  is  that  they  led  up  to  one 
of  the  most  dramatic  and  significant  of 
recent  battles  for  the  cause  of  democracy 
and  freedom  and  prepared  a  man  for 
leadership  in  a  bigger  struggle,  the  battle- 
ground of  which  is  the  soil  of  the  American 
Republic 

Briefly,  then,  of  these  college  years: 
It  was  with  the  unrelinquished  purpose 
of  having  his  part  in  the  public  life  of  the 
nation  that  Woodrow  Wilson  entered 
apon  the  profession  of  a  teacher  of  law 
and  politics.  It  can  hardly  be  said,  how- 
ever, that  his  first  position  was  one  which 
gave  promise  of  any  large  immediate  in- 
fluence on  public  affairs.    A  number  of 


Johns  Hopkins  men,  on  the  opening  in 
1885  of  Bryn  Mawr  College,  accepted  as 
their  first  professorships  places  in  the 
faculty  of  the  new  institution  for  women; 
the  vulgar  even  referred  to  Bryn  Mawr 
as  "Johanna  Hopkins."  Some  were  so 
irreverent  as  to  suggest  that  the  young 
professors  were  "merely  trying  it  on  the 
dog."  Professor  Wilson,  though  called 
to  Bryn  Mawr  primarily  to  give  instruc- 
tion in  politics  and  political  economy, 
taught  a  good  deal  besides  those  subjects; 
classical  history,  and  the  history  of  the 
Renaissance  fell  to  him.  Perhaps  the 
young  ladies  profited  as  much  by  his 
teaching  of  these  latter  subjects  as  they 
did  by  expositions  of  political  science 
which  could  not  have  come  very  close 
home  to  many  of  them.  His  lectures  are 
said  on  high  authority  to  have  been 
**  marvels"  of  scholarship,  profoundly  im- 
pressing his  classes.  Yet  there  are  not 
lacking  bits  of  evidence  which  seem  to 
betray  a  certain  failure  to  take  the  idea 
of  instructing  young  ladies  in  politics 
quite  as  seriously  as  some  of  the  other 
faculty  members  took  their  tasks.  The 
higher  education  of  women  was  not  then 
a  thing  accepted;  'twas  rather  an  idea 
to  be  vindicated,  and  the  people  who  had 
organized  and  who  administered  Bryn 
Mawr  were  in  the  mood  to  do  a  good 
job  of  vindication. 

Professor  Wilson  worked  very  hard  to 
make  his  lectures  interesting;  one  of 
the  faculty  who  lived  next  door  testifies 
that  the  light  in  his  study  window  was 
invariably  burning  long  after  every- 
body else  had  gone  to  bed.    From  the 


230 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


start-off  of  his  professional  career,  Mr. 
Wilson  appears  to  have  realized  the  ne 
cessity  of  imparting  vivacity  and  reality 
to  his  lectures;  there  is  some  ground  to 
suspect  that  the  intense  young  ladies 
who  sat  under  him  did  not  always  appre- 
ciate the  lighter  side  of  his  discourses. 
At  all  events,  it  is  remembered  that  he 
appeared  one  day  in  the  lecture-room 
without  the  long  mustache  which  had  up 
to  then  adorned  his  countenance  —  a 
sacrifice  which,  it  was  hinted,  he  had 
made  in  the  hope  of  being  hereafter  better 
able  to  suggest  to  his  classes  certain  deli- 
cacies of  thought  and  fancy  which  they 
had  shown  little  sign  of  apprehending. 

Bryn  Mawr  College  at  the  beginning 
consisted  of  Taylor  Hall,  and  one  dor- 
mitory—  Merion.  It  opened  with  forty- 
three  students.  Three  houses  at  the  edge  of 
the  campus  were  occupied  by  the  dean  and 
professors,  many  of  the  latter  being  bach- 
elors. Later  Mr.  Wilson  leased  a  pretty 
cottage,  the  parsonage  of  the  little  Baptist 
Church  on  the  old  Gulf  Road,  in  the  midst 
of  a  lovely  countryside.  In  this  their  first 
hone,  the  Wilsons  took  great  pride  and 
satisfaction.  In  vacation  time  they  went 
back  South  among  old  friends.  It  was 
in  the  South  that  the  first  two  children 
were  born. 

In  June,  1886,  Professor  Wilson  took 
his  Ph.D.  at  Johns  Hopkins,  the  uni- 
versity accepting  as  his  thesis  his  book 
"  Congressional  Government."  During 
his  third  year  at  Bryn  Mawr,  Professor 
Wilson  accepted  a  lectureship  at  Johns 
Hopkins;  this  took  him  to  Baltimore 
once  a  week  for  twenty-five  weeks. 

Connection  between  the  school  where 
Mr.  Wilson  had  last  been  a  student  and 
the  one  in  which  he  was  first  a  teacher 
was,  as  has  been  said,  close.  Francis  E. 
King  and  John  Carey  Thomas,  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Johns  Hopkins,  had 
been  instrumental  in  drawing  up  the 
courses  of  study  on  the  "group  system," 
in  which  much  pride  was  justly  felt  at 
the  new  college.  Its  dean  was  Dr. 
Thomas's  daughter.  Miss  M.  Carey 
Thomas  —  who  continues  to-day,  since 
President  Rhodes's  death  under  the  title 
of  president,  to  administer  the  institution. 
Among  the  Hopkins  men  in  the  faculty 


were  E.  B.  Wilson,  a  celebrated  bid 
now  at  Columbia  University;   Prof 
F.  S.    Lee,   now   also  of  the  Colu 
faculty;    Professor  Paul  Shorey,  no 
Chicago  University,  who  representee 
literary    side    of    classical    study; 
E.  W.  Hopkins,  now  of  Yale,  a  ma 
contrasting     spirit    and    interest, 
taught  the  classics  as  a  philologist. 
Social   life   at    Bryn    Mawr  was 
agreeable.    An  invitation  to  an  oldei 
larger   institution   was   nevertheless 
to  be  declined;  ampler  opportunity  op 
in  a  school  attended  by  young  men, 
in    1888    Professor   Wilson   acceptec 
election  to  the  chair  of  History  and 
itical  Economy  at  Wesleyan   Unive 
Middletown,  Conn. 

Wesleyan  University  was  an  estabi 
institution  with  its  course  of  stud) 
faculty,  and  its  traditions  long  sel 
In  the  faculty  Mr.  Wilson  found  a  1 
ber  of  men  of  marked  ability — chief  ai 
them,  perhaps.  Professor  Caleb 
Chester,  head  of  the  Departmen 
English.  The  faculty  contained  st 
men  also  in  Dr.  W.  O.  Atwater, 
chemist,  and  Professor  W.  North  Ri 

The  university  is  most  fortunately 
beautifully  situated,  stretching  alo 
ridge  above  the  Connecticut  valley 
overlooking  pleasing  prospects.  Mi 
town  is  a  place  of  elms  and  old  col 
mansions.  The  Wilson  residence 
just  across  from  the  college  grounds, 
ing  out  over  the  valley.  Though  fon 
under  Methodist  control,  the  univ€ 
is  really  non-sectarian  and  liberal  ir 
best  sense.  It  was  then  co-educati 
but  only  five  or  six  young  women  wc 
that  time  in  each  class.  The  stu< 
body  was  made  up,  as  it  still  is,  of  I 
young  fellows  from  what  we  n 
describe  as  the  middle  walks  of 
Wesleyan  was  not  a  rich  man's  college 

From    the    start.     Professor    Wil 
courses    were    extremely    popular, 
well  indeed  they  might  be;  for  New 
land   had   rarely  heard  such   instru< 
as  was  given  in  the  lecture-room  of 
leyan's    Professor   of    History    and 
itical    Economy.    While   at    Middle 
he   continued   his   lectureship   at   J 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


231 


Hopkins:  now,  however,  instead  of  going 
down  once  a  week,  he  bunched  his  twenty- 
five  lectures  in  a  month  of  vacation  allowed 
him  by  the  Wesleyan  trustees.  His 
fame  as  a  popular  lecturer  also  was 
growing  apace,  and  he  was  frequently 
called  to  give  addresses  in  New  England 
and  the  Eastern  states.  It  was  while 
at  Middletown  that  he  wrote  "The  State" 
a  volume  which,  with  less  pretentions 
to  literary  form  than  his  other  work,  in- 
volved an  enormous  amount  of  labor. 

Mr.  Wilson  was  a  member  of  the  ath- 
letic committee  of  Wesleyan  and  took  the 
keenest  interest  in  the  college  sports. 
One  student  of  the  time  remembers  how 
incensed  he  became  at  the  limited  am- 
bition of  the  Wesleyan  boys  who,  when 
they  played  against  Yale,  were  satisfied 
only  to  keep  the  score  down.  "That's 
no  ambition  at  all,"  he  used  to  cr>'.  "  Go 
in  and  win;  you  can  lick  Yale  as  well  as  any 
other  team.  Go  after  their  scalps.  Don't 
admit  for  a  moment  that  they  can  beat 
you."  Is  it  possible  that  this  gallant  en- 
couragement drew  any  of  its  warmth  from 
the  traditional  hatred  of  Eli  and  the  Tiger? 

Life  at  Middletown  was  pleasant.  But 
Mr.  Wilson's  growing  reputation  would 
not  permit  him  to  remain  there.  When 
in  1890  the  chair  of  Jurisprudence  and 
Politics  in  Princeton  College  became 
vacant  through  the  death  of  Professor 
Alexander  Johnson,  the  trustees  elected 
to  it  the  Princeton  graduate  who  had  so 
quickly  distinguished  himself  as  a  student 
of  politics. 

September,  1890,  then,  found  Woodrow 
Wilson  again  domiciled  in  the  Jersey 
collegiate  town,  which,  fifteen  years  be- 
fore, he  had  first  gazed  'round  upon  with 
the  eyes  of  a  raw  student  from  the  South. 
He  was  now  a  man  whose  renown  had  be- 
gun to  spread  in  the  world,  an  author,  a 
public  speaker  of  enviable  repute,  the 
head  of  a  family,  a  figure  of  consideration, 
a  Doctor,  if  you  please,  both  of  Phil- 
osophy and  of  Law. 

The  Wilsons  rented  a  house  in  Library 
Place.  After  a  few  years  they  built  a 
home  for  themselves  on  an  adjoining  lot, 
an  attractive  half-timbered  house  designed 
1^  Mrs.  Wilson. 


The  new  professor  stepped  at  once 
into  the  front  rank,  as  indeed  became  a 
Princeton  graduate,  a  member  of  one  of 
the  most  famous  classes  the  old  college 
had  graduated,  a  man  thoroughly  imbued 
with  the  best  traditions  of  the  place. 
But  his  lectures  —  Princeton  had  no 
tradition  that  accounted  for  their  charm. 
They  instantly  became  popular;  the 
attendance  mounted  until  it  surpassed 
that  ever  before  or  since  given  any  course 
of  study  at  Princeton;  before  long  very 
nearly  four  hundred  students,  almost 
the  total  number  of  juniors  and  seniors 
combined,  were  taking  Wilson's  courses 
—  and  they  were  no  "cinches"  either. 
Widely  informed,  marked  by  a  mastery 
of  fact  even  to  slight  detail,  inspiring 
in  their  range  and  sweep,  and  spiced  with 
a  pervading  sense  of  humor.  Professor 
Wilson's  lectures  were  further  marked 
by  the  great  freedom  with  which  he  de- 
livered himself  of  his  views  on  current 
events.  It  was  his  custom  to  put  students 
on  their  honor  not  to  report  him;  there 
were  always  likely  to  be  in  attendance 
students  who  had  connections  with  city 
newspapers  who  might  frequently  have 
made  good  "stories"  out  of  the  professor's 
lively  comments  on  the  politics  of  the  day, 
but  none  ever  took  advantage  of  the 
opportunity. 

The  classes  were  now  so  large  that  the 
work  of  a  professor  consisted  almost  en- 
tirely of  lecturing.  As  we  shall  see  later, 
it  was  not  then  the  Princeton  idea  to  give 
the  students  any  particular  oversight  or 
inspiration  elsewhere  than  in  the  class- 
room; yet  the  Wilson  home  became,  and 
always  remained,  a  resort  hugely  popular 
with  the  young  men  who  were  so  lucky  as 
to  be  admitted  to  it  —  and  its  doors 
were  hospitably  hung.  Professor  Wilson, 
in  short,  stepped  into  the  position  of  first 
favorite,  alike  with  his  colleagues  of  the 
faculty  and  with  the  under-grads.  They 
have  at  Princeton  a  way  of  voting  at  the 
end  of  each  year  for  all  possible  sorts  of 
"  popular  personages."  For  a  number  of 
years  Professor  Wilson  was  voted  the 
most  popular  professor.  He  was  able, 
he  was  genial,  he  was  active;  a  member 
of  the  faculty  committee  on  outdoor 
sports,  and  of  the  faculty  committee  on 


232 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


discipline.  In  faculty  meetings  Mr. 
Wilson  soon  became  one  of  those  most 
attentively  listened  to.  Though  meetings 
were  generally  informal,  occasionally 
there  was  a  debate  in  which  his  quite 
remarkable  powers  showed  at  their  best. 

During  the  twelve  years,  1890  to  1902, 
Mr.  Wilson  continued  to  fulfil  at  Prince- 
ton the  duties  of  Professor  of  Jurispru- 
dence and  Politics.  They  were  twelve 
years  of  steady,  yet  pleasant  labor;  years 
of  growth  and  of  growing  influence,  both 
in  the  university  and  in  the  country. 
Four  new  books  were  added  to  the  list 
signed  by  this  man  who  wrote  history 
and  politics  with  so  much  literary  charm; 
"Division  and  Reunion";  "An  Old  Mas- 
ter"; "Mere  Literature,"  and  "George 
Washington."  He  was  heard  now  in 
lectures  and  occasionally  in  addresses 
in  many  parts  of  the  land  —  discussing 
public  questions  before  commercial,  in- 
dustrial, and  professional  bodies.  The 
vigor  of  his  views  on  questions  of 
the  day,  as  well  as  his  readiness, 
grace,  and  power  on  the  platform,  gave 
him  place  among  the  recognized  leaders 
of  national  thought.  He  had  for  a  time 
continued  going  down  to  Johns  Hopkins, 
and  now  he  gave  occasional  lectures  at 
the  New  York  Law  School. 

At  the  end  of  a  decade  in  his  chair, 
Mr.  Wilson  had  attained,  naturally,  and 
with  the  good  will  of  all,  a  position  of 
unchallenged  supremacy  in  the  uni- 
versity town  and  of  marked  distinction 
in  the  country. 

With  such  brief  summary  this  bio- 
graphy must  dismiss  a  period  the  ex- 
ternal facts  of  which  were  of  little 
dramatic  value  —  incommensurate  alto- 
gether with  their  importance  in  the  de- 
velopment and  strengthening  of  convic- 
tion and  character  which  were  to  have 
play  in  the  time  which  we  now  approach. 

As  one  Ux)ks  into  those  twelve  years  and 
(to  the  eye  that  regards  merely  externals) 
their  somewhat  prosaic  events,  what 
chiefly  impresses  him  in  the  man  is  the 
growth  in  vividness  of  his  social  sense, 
his  love  of  humanity  —  expressing  itself 
most  commonly  in  terms  of  patriotism. 
It  is  clear  too  that  he  is  winning  some  wise 
insight  into  the  mystery  of  the  unfolding 


of  the  minds  of  young  men;  acquiring 
much  skill  in  the  craft  of  the  teacher  and 
reaching  withal  some  conclusions  respect- 
ing principles  and  methods  of  educaticm. 
But  beyond  and  above  all  other  convictions 
that  ripened  during  these  twelve  years 
in  the  enlivening  cor^panionship  of 
students,  in  the  joyful  exercise  before 
them  of  his  gift  of  speech,  and  in  the 
lonely  stillness  of  a  heart  that  pondered 
the  history  of  human  institutions  and 
the  laws  of  progress,  there  grew  up  in 
Woodrow  Wilson  a  fervent  devotion  to 
democracy.  You  cannot  understand  the 
man  from  this  time  forth,  you  cannot 
follow  the  battle  of  the  next  few  years 
through  the  intricate  alleys  through  which 
it  raged,  unless  you  are  always  conscious 
that  you  are  beholding  a  scene  in  which 
the  central  figure  is  that  of  a  prophet  in- 
spired by  a  passionate  sense  of  the  majesty 
of  the  law  of  social  justice;  a  warrior 
burning  with  abhorrence  of  secret  things, 
of  things  that  divide  and  isolate,  hot  with 
hatred  of  the  artificial  distinction,  the 
unearned  privilege,  the  unequal  oppor- 
tunity; a  knight  animated  by  a  loving 
tenderness  for  the  man  at  the  bottom,  a 
tenderness  not  sentimental,  bpt  bom  in 
reason  —  like  the  reverent  regard  of  the 
philosopher  for  the  lowly  root  and  the 
good  homely  soil  from  which  it  pleases 
God  to  nourish  the  flower  that  nods  in 
acknowledged  beauty  in  the  air  above. 

All  this  you  would  discern  if  you  studied 
the  speeches  and  read  the  books  and  lis- 
tened to  his  pupils  describe  the  spirit 
of  the  lectures  of  the  Princeton  professor. 
But  you  will  see  it  all  manifest  in  action 
when  he  exchanges  his  professional  for 
an  executive  office. 

Princeton,  like  other  American  col- 
leges, had  been  going  through  a  period 
of  change.  The  serious-minded  men  of 
an  earlier  generation,  intent  on  fitting 
themselves  for  a  learned  profession,  and 
therefore  eager  to  study  —  and  to  study 
the  old  Tripod,  Greek,  Latin  and  Mathe- 
matics —  had  been  swamped  by  an  influx 
of  fellows  of  a  new  sort  —  fellows  who  • 
came  to  college  to  stay  for  a  few  jolly 
years  on  the  way  to  business.  They  had 
no   intention   of   doing   more   than    the 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


233 


JBtiiorities  required,  and  Princeton  had 
bDen  into  the  habit  of  requiring  little, 
cither  in  the  way  of  study  or  discipline. 
Pkcsident  Francis  Landey  Patton,  the 
iffilliant  scholar  who  would  have  been  in 
Ihs  glory  at  the  head  of  a  college  of  an 
Mrlier  day,  found  the  new  tasks  irksome 
aid  impossible,  and  in  June,  1902,  re- 
igned them. 

There  seems  to  have  been  no  discussion 
as  to  the  successorship.  It  appears  to 
have  been  the  most  natural  thing  in  the 
worid  that  it  should  fall  to  the  Princeton 
man  who  had  made  a  great  name  for 
himself  in  the  world  of  books  and  of 
*  scholarship;  who  had  been  one  of  the  most 
active  members  of  the  faculty;  and  who, 
above  all,  by  his  oratorical  powers  could 
best  represent  the  college  in  the  great 
ivorld.  Wilson,  therefore,  was  chosen, 
and  the  announcement  was  made  on  Com- 
mencement Day. 

The  presidency  of  Princeton  Uni- 
versity is  a  position  of  dignity  and  con- 
sideration. The  long  line  of  men,  reaching 
back  one  hundred  and  sixty  years  who 
had  filled  it,  were,  each  in  his  time,  among 
the  most  distinguished  divines  and  schol- 
ars of  the  land.  By  a  sort  of  instinct,  or 
chance  —  such  as  that  which  had  at  the 
be^nning  named  the  college  hall  Nassau 
rather  than  Belcher  —  Princeton  had 
gravitated  toward  the  aristocratic.  Lat- 
terly, the  university  had  come  to  be  known 
as  "the  most  charming  country  club  in 
America.''  Its  retiring  head  had  avowed 
it  impossible  that  it  should  be  other  than 
a  college  for  rich  men's  sons. 

Whatever  may  have  been  expected  of 
him,  it  was  impossible  for  the  new  pres- 
ident (who  by  the  way  was  the  first 
layman  to  occupy  the  chair),  to  fall  into 
the  easeful  tradition  of  the  office-.  It  was 
impossible  for  him  merely  to  institute  a 
few  necessary  reforms  and  let  things  go 
on  much  as  before.  He  had  scarcely  been 
inaugurated  when  everybody  became 
aware  that,  for  good  or  ill,  the  Judgment 
Day  had  dawn^  over  the  quiet  campus 
and  the  ivied  halls.  There  was  to  be 
no  lack  of  initiative,  no  fearfulness  and 
trembling  before  novel  proposals,  no  shirk- 
ing  of  responsibility,  no  failure  of  nerve. 


There  was  no  undue  precipitancy. 
President  Wilson  spent  a  year  studying 
conditions  —  he  already  knew  them  pretty 
well  —  from  his  new  vantage-point.  He 
did  not,  however,  feel  any  necessity  of 
awaiting  the  lapse  of  a  year  before  under- 
taking to  bring  the  scholarship  and  the 
discipline  of  the  school  up  to  what  it 
already  was  on  paper.  He  assigned  this 
work  to  a  committee  on  examination 
and  standing,  at  the  head  of  which  he 
appointed  Professor,  now  Dean,  Harry 
Fine.  Students  who  failed  to  pass  their 
examinations  were  dropped,  rich  or  poor, 
with  or  without  social  "  pull."  Work  was 
absolutely  demanded. 

There  was,  of  course,  an  immense  sen- 
sation when  the  Princeton  students  found 
that,  from  that  day  forth,  they  must  go 
to  work.  Work  had  not  been  a  Prince- 
ton tradition.  The  reverberations  of  in- 
dignation rolled  through  the  skies  for 
several  years,  until  there  came  in  a  new 
body  of  students,  prepared  and  willing 
to  live  up  to  the  new  standards. 

During  that  first  year  also  a  committee 
on  revision  of  the  course  of  study  was 
appointed  to  report  the  following  year. 

If  Princeton  was  to  be  a  place  of  work, 
it  was  to  be  fruitful  work,  work  worth 
doing,  worth  taking  four  years  out  of  a 
young  man's  life  to  do.  It  was  to  be, 
above  all,  as  President  Wilson  saw  it 
and  continually  phrased  it,  work  that 
would  fit  a  young  man  to  serve  his  country 
better  —  by  which  1  suppose  he  meant 
serve  it  by  living  as  a  citizen,  an  em- 
ployer, a  man  of  business,  that  larger  and 
fuller  life  which  true  education  imparts. 

He  even  went  so  far  as  to  say  that  he 
wanted  the  university  to  make  its  grad- 
uates henceforth  as  unlike  their  fathers 
as  possible  —  by  which,  of  course,  he  meant 
that  fathers,  being  settled  in  their  opin- 
ions and  in  reverence  for  what  is  estab- 
lished, have  a  part  to  play  different  from 
that  of  sons,  who  particularly  must  sym- 
pathize with  the  re-creative  and  re- 
formative processes  of  life  and  society. 
That  saying  blanched  the  cheek  of  many  an 
elderly  Princetonian;  it  was  spoken  in  an 
understanding  of  the  necessity  of  opening 
college  doors  to  the  new  facts  which  mod- 


234 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


em  sdence  have  added  to  the  store  of 
human  knowledge;  spoken,  also,  in  appre- 
ciation of  the  new  social  conscience  that 
has  been  bom  in  the  world,  though  it  is 
so  slow  in  coming  to  the  birth  in  colleges. 

First,  of  course,  a  university  that  would 
serve  the  nation  must  take  into  its  course 
of  study  —  its  system  of  intellectual 
training  —  the  mass  of  new  knowledge 
of  which  the  old  curriculum  was  ignorant; 
the  college  course  of  the  fathers  of  the 
present  generation  had  become  an  an- 
achronism. 

If  it  had  fallen  to  President  Eliot  of 
Harvard  to  proclaim  the  new  age  in  which 
the  old  educational  ideas  had  ceased  to 
suffice,  Princeton,  under  the  presidency 
of  Wilson,  now  took  up  the  completing 
work  of  positively  constmcting  a  system 
which  should  contain  the  new  ideas,  the 
new  subjects;  and  not  only  contain  them, 
but  organize  them,  coordinate  them,  put 
them  into  proper  sequence  and  relation. 

We  are  here  in  a  region  of  big  things 
in  the  educational  world,  yet  (so  little 
do  most  of  us  concem  ourselves  with 
questions  of  education,  which  do  so  pro- 
foundly concem  the  future)  it  would 
doubtless  be  unwise  to  dwell  on  them. 

President  Wilson's  committee,  after 
months  of  labor,  the  freed  and  enthu- 
siastic labor  of  eager  men,  promulgated 
a  revised  —  or  rather  new  —  system  of 
collegiate  study.  It  was  the  first  positive 
attempt  made  to  bring  the  new  college 
education  into  intelligent  and  systematic 
relationships  as  a  body  of  discipline. 
All  interested  in  education  know  of  the 
revolution  wrought  by  the  "department 
system"  that  has  ever  since  prevailed 
at  Princeton;  while  it  offered  the  widest 
scope  for  the  "election"  of  studies,  it 
practically  assured  that  the  studies 
"elected"  should  lead  to  one  settled  pur- 
pose; that  is,  it  intelligently  coordinated 
a  student's  work;  it  turned  him  out  of 
college  not  with  a  smattering  of  a  thousand 
subjects,  but  with  a  pretty  thorough 
training  in  some  one  broad  group  of  sub- 
jects. 

President  Wilson  is  entitled  to  the 
credit  of  presiding  over  this  revision.  He 
did  not  himself  work  it  out  in  detail. 
Poss/bJy  he  contributed   at   the  outset 


little  more  than  the  "group  system"  idea 
already  used  at  Bryn  Mawr.  But  from 
this  germinal  idea  the  plan  grew  into  a 
great  architectural  scheme.  The  educa* 
tional  edifice  now  erected  was  a  fabric 
of  fine  articulation,  of  nice  adjustment. 
It  was  a  first  evidence  and  result  of  that 
principle  of  Wilson's  mind  which  demands 
coordination,  and  right  relationship  — 
and  it  was  the  first  step  toward  the  trans- 
formation of  Princeton  into  a  university 
for  the  people. 

President  Wilson's  next  step  was  to 
commit  Princeton  to  the  revolution  that 
has  come  about  with  the  adoption  of 
the  preceptorial  system.  It  was  his  idea 
that  the  university  had  grown  too  large 
longer  to  train  its  students  merely  through 
lectures  and  examinations.  There  was 
no  provision  for  the  students  outside 
of  the  class-rooms.  What  they  did  else- 
where, where  they  lived,  what  they  talked 
about,  with  whom  they  associated,  what 
books  they  read,  what  ideals  of  life  were 
held  up  before  them  —  with  all  these, 
the  university  in  the  days  before  had  had 
nothing  to  do.  Fifteen  hours  a  week  in 
lecture  rooms  represented  the  only  oppor- 
tunity possessed  by  the  faculty  to  "edu- 
cate" the  men.  All  this,  said  the  pres- 
ident, must  be  changed.  These  young 
men  must  not  be  turned  out  into  the 
street  to  go  and  come  without  direction, 
without  proper  companionship,  without 
inspiration,  during  the  other  one  hundred 
and  fifty  hours  of  the  week.  His  idea  was 
to  put  the  students  more  intimately  into 
association  with  a  body  of  young  instmc- 
tors,  who  were  to  afford  the  under-grads 
friendly  companionship  and  oversight. 
Formal  recitations  were  largely  abolished. 
Men  studied  subjects;  they  did  not 
merely  "take  courses."  Constant  in- 
formal, personal  contact  between  students 
and  faculty  was  the  keynote  of  the  new 
plan. 

To  this  idea  also  there  was  little  objec- 
tion, though  some  of  the  tmstees  and 
perhaps  a  few  of  the  faculty  began  to 
get  a  little  uneasy  at  so  far  leaving  the 
old  ruts.  Long  after  the  preceptorial 
system  had  been  put  in  operation  it  was 
brought    up    against    President    Wilson 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  FARM? 


235 


that  he  had  inaugurated  it  on  his  own 
dictum  without  having  consulted  the 
faculty. 

The  cost  of  the  preceptorial  system  was 
very  great,  approximately  1 100,000  a 
year.  It  was  determined  to  raise  at  least 
a  part  of  this  by  subscriptions  from  the 
alumni.  Possibly  this  determination  was 
a  practical  error;  for  it  gave  the  alumni 
an  influence  and  voice  in  the  management 
of  the  university,  especially  it  gave  them 
a  degree  of  control  over  the  teaching  sys- 
tem which  has  not  thus  far  been  partic- 
ularly happy  in  its  results.  The  new 
does  not  always  flourish  best  under  the 
too  close  shade  of  the  old.  The  original 
idea  was  that  graduate  classes  should 
endow,  each  of  them,  two  or  three  pre- 
ceptorships.  This  was  so  modified  that 
classes  were  allowed  to  contribute  an- 
nually the  salaries  of  preceptors  in  lieu  of 
the  capital  for  a  foundation. 

The  preceptorial  system  was  established, 
and  became  a  distinctive  feature  of 
Princeton  life.  In  connection  with  the 
pew  curriculum,  it  worked  —  call  it  a 
miracle,  and  you  use  none  too  strong 
a  word.  It  created  a  new  Princeton,  a 
place  no  longer  of  set  tasks,  recitations 
and  examinations  unhappily  breaking  into 
the  pleasant  days  of  good  fellowship  and 
sport;  but  a  place  where,  to  a  consider- 
able degree  at  least,  good-fellowship  was 
seen  to  be  compatible  with  study,  and 


study  to  be  not  necessarily  a  grind.  The 
minds  of  hundreds  of  students  were  eman- 
cipated and  stimulated;  the  place  pul- 
sated with  a  new  sort  of  spontaneity  and 
zest. 

Princeton  University,  which,  when  the 
last  president  resigned,  was  in  such  a 
case  that,  according  to  a  trustee  of  the  day, 
its  career  "threatened  to  end  in  its  vir- 
tual extinction"  as  an  important  edu- 
cational influence  in  America,  was  attract- 
ing the  surprised  attention  of  the  country. 
It  had  a  constructive  programme.  It  had 
a  leader,  and  a  harmonious  faculty,  and 
it  had  at  least  an  acquiescent  board  of 
trustees. 

Alas!  that  the  further  steps  in  that 
programme,  the  further  ends  to  which  the 
leader's  clear  vision  and  firm  purpose 
looked,  meant  —  democracy.  Alas!  that  the 
educational  revolution  could  not  have 
proceeded  withoqt  laying  its  irreverent 
hand  on  what  the  spirit  of  old  Princeton 
recognized  as  the  sacred  ark  of  social 
privilege!  Alas!  that  it  showed  so  much 
more  concern  for  manhood  than  for  — 
money! 

[In  the  next  installment  Mr,  Halt  will 
tell  the  story  of  the  fight  at  Princeton  over 
the  "Quad*'  system  and  the  Graduate 
College  proposals  —  a  story  which  has  never 
been  told,  but  which  is  as  full  of  dramatic 
interest  as  it  is  of  national  siftnificance. — 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  FARM? 


LAST  month  the  World's  Work 
invited  any  reader  wishing  to 
make  a  home  on  a  farm  to 
write  and  say  so;  and  the  mag- 
azine offered  to  help  him  in  his 
quest.  The  purpose  of  this  invitation  was 
to  find  out  definitely  to  what  extent  the 
*'back  to  the  land"  movement  is  real, 
in  other  words,  whether  you  want  a  farm 
or  merely  want  somebody  else  to  go  and 
live  on  one. 

Following  this  same  cue,  the  magazine 
now  describes  a  number  of  farms  which 
are  for  sale  —  again  to  find  out  whether 


people  really  wish  to  go  to  the  country. 
By  the  expenditure  of  some  time  and 
money,  the  World's  Work  has  endeav- 
ored to  secure  accurate,  trustworthy, 
detailed  descriptions  from  men  who  are 
in  a  position  to  know  the  facts.  The 
locations  of  the  farms  are  well-known  and 
do  not  represent  doubtful  "agricultural 
paradises."  They  are  typical  farming 
communities  where,  under  the  direction 
of  the  right  men,  successes  have  been  and 
are  being  achieved  —  successes  that  mean 
homes,  health,  contentment,  good  legiti- 
mate work,  and  happiness. 


236 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


At  the  date  of  this  writing  (October  2 1  st) 
these  farms  are  for  sale  at  the  prices  named, 
which  are  judged  to  be  fair  and  which  are 
the  final  prices  and  terms.  The  World's 
Work  will  forward  direct  to  the  owners  of 
the  farms  all  inquiries  and  communi- 
cations in  the  order  in  which  they  are 
received.  It  cannot  guarantee,  of  course, 
that  by  such  a  time  the  properties  will 
not  have  been  sold,  but  until  they  are 
sold  all  readers  of  the  magazine  will  have 
equal  chances  of  applying  for  them. 
Of  course,  no  sensible  man  will  ever  buy 
land  without  making  a  personal  investi- 
gation of  it.  Every  precaution  has  been 
taken  to  have  these  descriptions  accurate 
and  reliable;  but  personal  examination 
is  the  very  foundation  stone  upon  which 
rests  the  successful  choice  and  develop- 
ment of  a  farm  home. 

Again  it  seems  almost  unnecessary  to 
add  that  the  World's  Work  is  not  acting 
as  an  agent  for  any  owner,  nor  will  it 
receive  any  commission  or  financial  reward 
if  any  or  all  these  farms  be  sold  through 
its  activity.  In  every  case  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  property  was  requested  before 
the  owner  knew  of  the  plan  on  foot.  The 
sole  object  of  the  magazine  is  to  find  out 
the  actual  extent  of  the  "back  to  the 
land"  movement.  All  inquiries  and  cor- 
respondence regarding  these  farms  should 
be  sent  to  the  Land  Department  of  the 
World's  Work,  referring  to  any  one 
farm  by  number  to  avoid  possibility  of  error. 

FARM    NO.    I. 

Located  in  Madison  County,  N.  Y.,  is  a 
farm  of  197  acres.  It  is  three  miles  from  the 
Madison  station  on  the  New  York,  Ontario 
and  Western  line;  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  a 
school  and  three  miles  from  a  milk  station  over 
excellent  roads.  The  general  surface  of  the 
farm  is  rolling.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam,  of  which 
80  acres  are  meadow,  40  acres  are  covered  with 
maple,  beech,  and  hemlock  timber,  and  150 
acres  are  tillable.  These  arc  best  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  hops,  com,  rye,  oats,  potatoes, 
peas,  beans,  grass,  and  alfalfa.  There  are  60 
bearing  apple  trees  as  well  as  cherry,  and 
plum  trees  and  various  kinds  of  berries.  The 
wire  fences  are  all  in  good  condition. 

The  house,  30  by  40  feet  with  a  piazza,  has 
been  recently  built  and  is  equipped  with  hot 
and  cold  water,  a  bathroom  and  a  furnace; 
/Ae  water  being  piped  from  a  windmill  and  liv- 


ing springs.  There  is  a  bam  30  by  60  feet,  also 
piped  for  water,  with  a  cement  floor  and  a  silo. 
The  horse  barn  is  30  by  40  feet,  and  near  by  are 
a  tool  house,  an  ice  house,  a  hog  house,  a 
granary,  and  a  smoke  house. 

The  farm  is  well  known  in  the  nei^borhood; 
it  is  highly  productive  and  the  location  affords 
healthfulness  and  a  magnificent  view.  Lake 
Morain,  a  summer  resort  of  considerable  im- 
portance, is  but  half  a  mile  away;  Utica  is 
but  20  miles,  and  Syracuse  about  30  miles 
distant,  'cross  country.  The  farm  b  occupied 
at  present  by  the  owner  who  desires  to  engage 
in  business  in  Brooklyn. 

The  price  of  the  farm  is  I6500;  the  terms, 
$2000  down,  and  the  balance  on  mortgage  at 
5  per  cent. 

Madison  County,  comprising  some  649 
square  miles,  at  an  elevation  of  about  1000  feet, 
is  in  the  heart  of  the  south  central  dairy  region 
of  New  York.  In  common  with  the  other 
dairy  counties,  it  is  also  well  adapted  to  the 
growing  of  com,  potatoes,  hops,  etc. 

The  climate  has  no  unusual  features,  al- 
though it  is  often  marked  by  a  great  variability. 
The  average  temperature  for  January  in  this 
region  has  been  known  to  vary  from  14.3^  to 
60.6®  in  different  years.  Almost  invariably 
the  highlands  exposed  to  the  winds  have  more 
severe  winter  conditions,  and  also  more 
moderate  summer  temperatures.  The  average 
growing  season  extends  from  about  May  13  to 
October  i.  The  rainfall  is  sufficient,  averaging 
about  40  inches  for  this  entire  region. 

FARM  NO.  2. 

Six  and  a  half  miles  from  the  Valley  City 
station  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
in  the  town  of  Hinckley,  Medina  County, 
Ohio,  is  Farm  No.  3,  of  108  acres.  This 
location  brings  it  within  three  miles  of  Bruns- 
wick, four  miles  from  an  electric  car  line,  eight 
miles  from  a  cheese  factory,  nine  miles  from 
an  electric  light  plant,  four  miles  from  a  milk 
station,  three  miles  from  a  butter  factory, 
one  mile  from  churches,  and  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  from  a  school.  In  all  directions  the 
roads  are  of  good  quality  stone  or  dirt  con- 
struction, especially  the  highway  leading  to 
Cleveland,  14  miles  distant,  which  is  paved 
with  brick  and  stone  for  all  but  two  and  a  half 
miles.  Medina,  a  town  of  2750  inhabitants, 
from  which  mail  is  delivered  to  the  farm  by 
Rural  Free  Delivery,  is  nine  miles  south. 
The  Rocky  River  is  two  and  a  half  miles  east.^ 

The  land  ranges  from  level  to  somewhat 
rolling.  The  soil  is  uniformly  of  a  good  quality, 
clay  loam  with  a  clay  subsoil,  well  adapted 
to  general  farming,  dairying,  and  the  growth 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  FARM  ? 


237 


of  grains,  grass,  winter  vegetables,  and  late 
varieties  of  apples.  There  are  25  acres  of 
meadow,  15  to  25  acres  of  natural  pasture,  10 
acres  of  maple  and  beech  timber,  and  about  85 
acres  tillable,  although  not  artificially  drained. 
Fifty  apple  trees,  ten  peach  trees,  five  plum 
trees,  four  pear  trees,  and  grape  vines  furnish 
a  good  supply  of  fruit.  The  fences  are  of 
wire  with  iron  posts. 

The  dwelling  is  a  one  and  one  half  story 
frame  house  of  12  rooms  and  a  good  cellar,  well 
painted,  and  watered  by  a  cistern  and  a  well. 
Near  the  good  bank  barn,  30  by  60  feet,  are  a 
sheep  shed  24  by  50  feet,  a  wagon  house  24  by 
40  feet,  a  new  hen  house  16  by  30  feet,  a  new 
com  house,  a  new  hog  pen,  a  wood  house,  a 
smoke  house  and  a  shop.  The  bam  is  watered 
by  the  cistem  and  well;  the  fields,  by  springs. 

The  farm  is  not  occupied  at  present,  the 
owner  having  recently  died  and  left  it  to  his 
son  who  has  another  business.  It  is  in  excel- 
lent condition,  live  stock  farming  having  been 
carried  on  in  addition  to  the  use  of  fertilizers; 
it  has  never  been  rented  (except  to  the  East 
Ohio  Gas  Co.,  for  oil,  at  $  1  per  acre  per  year)  and 
it  has  been  in  one  family  for  four  generations. 

The  price  is  $8 100;  the  terms  are  one-half 
cash  and  the  balance  on  mortgage. 

Like  the  eight  other  northeastem  counties 
of  Ohio,  Medina,  with  its  large  areas  of  heavy 
black  soil  is  especially  adapted  to  the  dairying 
industry,  particularly  since  there  is  so  near  at 
hand  an  excellent  market  for  all  perishable 
products.  Transportation  facilities  are  ex- 
cellent. The  roads  are  good  and  there  is  a 
good  distribution  of  railroad  service,  and  a 
cheap  medium  of  transportation  in  Lake  Erie. 
The  elevation  ranges  between  800  and  1200 
feet  above  sea  level.  The  temperature  is 
greatly  modified  by  the  presence  of  Lake  Erie, 
although  the  average  temperature  for  winter 
is  28.2®  F.  The  summer  temperature  in  all 
these  northem  counties  is  moderate,  the 
highest  maximum  recorded  up  to  1905  being 
99®  F.  There  are  occasional  hot,  humid  spells; 
but  these  are  usually  of  short  duration,  being 
driven  away  by  lake  breezes.  The  annual  pre- 
cipitation is  about  35.5  inches,  and  the  annual 
snowfall  about  42.5  inches.  The  average  grow- 
ing season  is  157  days,  sufTiciently  long  for 
growing  all  crops  of  the  temperate  climate. 

FARM   NO.    3. 

Near  the  southern  point  of  a  triangular  area 
in  the  south  central  part  of  Kandiyohi  County, 
Minn.,  of  which  triangle  the  northwest  apex 
is  the  city  of  Willmar  (4135  population),  the 
northeast  apex  the  village  of  Kandiyohi,  and 
the  southem  apex,  the  town  of  Svea,  lies  Farm 


No.  3,  of  182  acres.  It  is  eight  and  a  half  miles 
from  Willmar,  eight  and  a  half  miles  from 
Kandiyohi  (both  of  these  places  being  on  the 
Great  Northern  Railroad),  and  two  miles  from 
Svea.  At  Svea  are  two  general  stores,  a 
blacksmith  shop,  a  bank,  and  a  first  class 
creamery,  while  the  farm  is  kept  in  touch  with 
affairs  by  means  of  a  telephone  line,  and  a 
Rural  Free  Delivery  mail  service. 

The  level  and  gently  rolling  land  is  composed 
of  a  heavy,  black  loam  soil,  with  a  stiff  clay 
subsoil.  Of  the  182  acres,  115  are  already 
under  the  plow,  25  acres  more  are  ready  for 
plowing;  there  is  a  wild  grass  pasture  of  30 
acres,  and  there  are  three  acres  of  cottonwood 
and  box  elder  timber.  The  remainder  of  the 
farm  could  also  be  cultivated  if  some  tile 
draining  were  done.  Com,  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  and  flax  have  been  and  can  be  grown  on 
the  farm,  but  it  is  advised  that  more  stock  be 
kept  and  a  more  diversified  system  of  farming 
be  practised  in  order  to  improve  the  land. 

There  is  a  house  of  four  rooms,  and  a  barn 
worth  $600,  as  well  as  a  small  granary,  a  well 
and  a  windmill.  There  are  apple  and  plum 
trees  in  bearing,  30  bushels  of  apples  having 
been  harvested  this  fall. 

Willmar  and  Kandiyohi  offer  good  markets 
for  all  farm  products  and  also  good  oppor- 
tunities for  buying.  At  the  former  place  there 
are  two  large  department  stores,  and  a  far- 
mers' cooperative  store,  and  at  both  centres 
there  are  farmers'  grain  elevators.  The  roads 
are  level  and  for  the  most  part  in  good  con- 
dition. By  the  spring  of  1912  a  road  to  the 
main  Svea-Willmar  turnpike  will  have  been 
gravelled  and  finished.  As  it  is,  a  load  of 
112  bushels  of  wheat  was  hauled  to  Willmar 
this  fall  by  an  ordinary  team  without  any 
trouble.  In  renting  the  farm  on  shares,  the 
owner  (receiving  one-third)  received  this  year, 
f6oo  for  the  crops  harvested. 

The  price,  is  $8736.  There  is  a  first  mort- 
gage of  $4000  at  5  per  cent.,  due  on  or  before 
November  15,  1917,  and  a  second  mortgage 
of  $2000  at  6  per  cent.,  to  become  due  on  or 
before  three  years  from  date  of  sale.  The 
balance  of  $2736  must  be  cash.  An  abstract 
showing  good  title  will  be  furnished. 

Kandiyohi  County  is  typical  of  a  large 
portion  of  southern  Minnesota,  lying  between 
1000  and  1200  feet  above  sea  level.  Topo- 
graphically "there  are  three  general  provinces 
(1)  the  irregular  morainic  region,  north  and 
east  of  Willmar  (2)  the  area  of  gently  rolling 
prairie  south  and  east  of  that  city  (3)  the 
level  sandy  plain  in  the  northeastem  part  of 
the  county."  All  three  provinces  are,  as  a 
whole,    rather  poorly    drained   and   contain 


238 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


numerous  lakes,  but  these  are  most  abundant 
in  the  first  named  section.  In  general  the  soil 
is  a  heavy  glacial  loam,  a  hundred  or  more  feet 
deep.  In  the  northeast  it  becomes  rather 
sandy  and  poor,  and  southwest  of  Willmar, 
tracts  are  encountered  where  there  is  an  excess 
of  alkali.  The  price  of  land  in  this  region 
varies  from  $4^  per  acre  far  from  markets  to 
$75  per  acre  near  them.  The  ordinary  farm 
is  of  160  acres  although  some  places  are  of  240 
and  320  acres.  Most  of  the  farmers  are  Nor- 
wegians and  Swedes  with  a  good  sprinkling  of 
Germans,  Hollanders,  Danes,  Americans,  and 
Irish. 

The  climatic  conditions  are  typical  of  the 
Northwest  plains,  being  marked  by  moderate 
rainfall  and  a  rather  low  temperature.  In 
Lyon  County,  about  60  miles  southwest  of 
Willmar,  the  extreme  range  of  temperature  is 
142**;  38^  below  zero  has  been  registered  in  Feb- 
ruary and  104®  in  August.  The  average  growing 
season,  for  a  number  of  years  before  1903,  was 
141  days.  During  the  winter  the  prevailing 
winds  are  from  the  north  and  northwest; 
in  summer  they  are  from  the  south  and  south- 
west. Occasionally  a  hot  south  wind  will  tend 
to  damage  the  com  crop.  The  rainfall  is 
about  25.15  inches,  with  the  greatest  chances 
of  drought  during  July.  However,  the  rains 
of  August  and  September  are  usually  sufficient 
to  make  possible  fair  yields  of  com.  A  number 
of  farms  in  this  region  have  run  down  because 
of  continuous  cropping  without  rotation.  By 
means  of  green  manures,  rotation,  and  more 
stock  farming,  they  can  readily  be  brought  to 
a  productive  and  profitable  state. 

FARM   NO.   4. 

Of  this  farm  of  166  acres,  159^  acres  are 
located  outside  the  city  of  Great  Falls,  Cascade 
County,  Mont.,  on  the  Sun  River,  with  a  mile 
of  river  frontage;  the  remaining  6i  acres  lie 
within  the  limits  of  that  city,  which  is  the 
county  seat.  Within  three  miles  of  the  farm  is 
the  business  centre  of  the  city,  and  within  two 
miles  is  a  graded  city  school,  both  being  reached 
over  a  well-traveled  country  road. 

The  land  lies  on  three  levels:  fifty  acres  are 
unbroken,  perfectly  level  upland,  part  of  the 
"Sun  River  bench,"  (On  adjoining  bench 
lands,  grain  has  been  successfully  raised  with- 
out irrigation  for  a  number  of  years.);  fifteen 
acres  form  a  steep  northern  slope  suitable  for 
pasture,  the  base  of  the  slope  being  well  adapted 
to  the  growing  of  fruits;  the  remainder  is 
rolling  lowland  and  river  flat.  At  present 
there  are  25  acres  of  alfalfa,  1 5  acres  of  winter 
wheat,  and  10  acres  just  broken.  Including 
fAe  upland,    100  acres  more  can  be  plowed. 


The  soil  is  rich  loam,  well  supplied  with  humus 
and  plant  food,  especially  the  bottom  land 
which  is  high  enough  to  prevent  flooding. 

The  buildings  are  situated  about  half  way 
down  the  slope,  well  protected  from  the  pre- 
vailing south  and  southwest  winds.  TTiey 
include  a  house  of  eight  rooms  and  a  small 
cellar,  with  a  well  in  the  kitchen;  a  frame  bam, 
30  by  1 50  feet,  with  full  stone  stable  basement 
and  a  hay  capacity  of  150  tons;  and  several 
outbuildings.    The  fences  are  of  barbed  wire. 

There  are  no  irrigation  facilities  on  the  farm 
at  present  since  good  crops  have  been  raised 
on  this,  and  neighboring  lands,  without  arti- 
ficial watering.  But  irrigation  could  be  in- 
stalled on  this  land  to  great  advantage  for,  of 
course,  the  yields  under  such  treatment  are 
much  surer  and  larger.  This  would,  however, 
involve  additional  expense.  The  National  Sun 
River  Irrigation  Project,  now  8  per  cent,  com- 
pleted, will  irrigate  about  276,000  acres  of  land 
and  may  supply  water  to  part  of  this  farm  be- 
low the  bench.  There  is  a  market  for  all 
farm  crops  in  the  city.  The  taxes  paid  in 
1910  amounted  to  $62.78. 

The  owner  is  an  elderly  man  whose  family 
do  not  care  for  farm  life,  and  who  desires  to 
retire  after  disposing  of  the  farm.  He  has 
made  the  price,  I9130.  He  desires  all  cash, 
in  which  case  he  will  make  a  discount  of  )5oa 
Otherwise  his  terms  are  one-half  cash,  the  bal- 
ance for  three  years,  at  7  per  cent. 

He  will  sell  the  following  personal  property 
for  $1500:  household  goods  for  eight  rooms, 
including  a  piano,  4  head  of  horses,  i  yearling 
colt,  3  cows,  3  yearling  calves,  2  buggies,  1 
lumber  wagon,  350  chickens,  15  tons  hay, 
350  bushels  wheat,  25  sacks  potatoes. 

Great  Falls  is  perhaps  the  leading  industrial 
city  of  Montana.  Its  natural  water-power 
resources  are  excellent,  the  total  efficiency  of 
the  Missouri  River  at  this  point  having  been 
estimated  to  be  about  100,000  horse  power. 
The  city  is  therefore  growing  with  great  rapidi- 
ty both  in  population  and  importance,  and 
is  offering  a  constantly  growing  market.  The 
agriculture  of  the  region  too  has  made  great 
strides  within  the  last  few  years,  and  with 
the  development  of  irrigation  systems  will 
advance  still  further.  However,  Great  Falls 
is  in  the  heart  of  that  section  of  Montana  where 
hay  and,  to  some  extent,  grain-farming  can  be 
carried  on  fairly  successfully  without  irrigation. 
The  price  of  farm  land  abmit  Great  Falls  varies 
considerably  according  to  location  and  con- 
dition; $1000  to  $1600  per  acre  has  been  paid 
for  highly  improved  irrigated  farms. 

The  soil  in  the  neighborhood,  especially  in  the 
valleys,  is  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  the  growth 


DO  YOU  WANT  A  FARM  ? 


239 


of  a  number  of  crops  or  to  dairying.  The 
annual  average  precipitation  for  the  county  is 
only  14.77  inches  but  the  bottom  lands  are 
often  supplied  with  sub-surface  water  from 
the  rivers.  Moreover  the  large  amount  of  the 
rainfall  is  well  distributed  over  the  four  princi- 
pal growing  months  —  from  April  to  August. 
At  Great  Falls  the  average  monthly  temper- 
atures are  as  follows:  Jan.  24^  Feb.  25,®  Mar. 
32^  Apr.  45^  May  53^  June  60*,  July  67*, 
Aug.  66"*,  Sept.  57^  Oct.  48*",  Nov.  34^  Dec. 
31®,  Annual  45^ 

FARM  NO.  5a 

Albemarle  County,  Va.,  is  in  the  heart  of 
the  Piedmont  Section  of  the  South,  where, 
on  the  foothills  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Albe- 
marle Pippin  apple  reaches  its  most  delicious 
development.  In  the  northeast  part  of  the 
county  is  located  this  farm  of  267  acres,  one 
half  mile  from  Proffit  station  on  the  main  line 
of  the  Southern  Railway;  109  miles  from  Wash- 
ington, over  that  road;  and  seven  miles  north- 
east of  Charlottesville. 

'  The  surface  is  rolling;  the  soil  is  chiefly  loam 
and  clay  loam,  at  present  run  down  through 
poor  management,  but  well  suited  to  apple 
growing  if  humus  is  supplied  and  cover  crops 

I  arc  grown.  There  are  twenty  acres  in  timber; 
the  greater  part  of  the  remainder  is  cleared 
and  available  for  orchard  planting  or  dairying. 
Seven  hundred  Wincsap  and  York  Imperial 
apple  trees  are  just  coming  into  bearing,  the 
first  crop  having  been  shipped  in  1910. 

There  are  two  houses  in  good  repair,  one 
old,  the  other  modern,  both  supplied  with  water 
from  an  elevated  tank.  The  stable  is  ample  for 
40  head  of  cattle,  horses,  and  young  stock;  it 
is  supplied  with  water  by  a  windmill  which 
also  is  used  for  grinding  feed.  There  are  also 
a  hog  shed  and  other  outbuildings.  Excellent 
spring  water,  and  a  fresh  spring  branch  running 

'  across  the  farm  supply  water  for  grazing  stock. 
The  price  was  $10,000  until  November 
I,  when  it  was  increased  10  per  cent.,  as  the 
owner  expected  to  set  several  thousand  young 
trees  this  fall  if  the  property  had  not  by  that 
time  been  sold.  The  terms  are  one-half  cash, 
the  balance  on  easy  terms  to  be  agreed  upon. 

FARM  NO.   5b 

Almost  alongside  the  farm  just  described, 
but  a  mile,  instead  of  half  a  mile,  from  Proffit, 
are  465  more  acres  of  the  same  general  sort  of 
land.  Of  this,  325  acres  are  sufficiently  level 
to  permit  machine  cultivation,  the  remainder, 
rather  rough  and  rolling,  offering  opportunities 
^  for  pasturing  or  orcharding,  providing  sod 
culture  were  practised. 


Rich  bottoms  cover  100  acres;  100  acres 
more  are  on  a  slightly  higher  plane,  but  are 
also  approximately  level  and  valuable  for 
crop  raising;  the  remainder  slopes  upward  for 
about  200  feet  in  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  Fifty 
acres  of  cut-over  timber  land  are  now  being 
used  as  a  hog  range,  but  they  will  supply 
abundant  firewood  and  later,  saw-timber. 
Wire  fences  divide  the  farm  into  nine    fields. 

The  dwelling  house  and  two  tenant  houses 
are  well  located  where  springs  could  easily  be 
piped  to  furnish  a  gravity  supply  of  water. 
The  shed  barn  65  by  65  feet  in  size  will  accom- 
modate 12  horses,  50  cows,  and  75  sheep.  It  is 
supplied  with  three  driveways  and  a  hay  fork 
and  has  a  hay  capacity  of  25  tons.  A  black- 
smith and  machine  shop,  a  com  crib,  and  a 
buggy  shed  and  granary  combined  are  located 
nearby.  Many  springs  of  good  water  are 
scattered  over  the  farm,  which  could  be  de- 
veloped into  an  excellent  stock  raising  estate 
with  a  generous  acreage  in  fruit  and  alfalfa. 

The  price,  after  November  1,  is  $16,500;  one 
third  cash,  the  balance  on  terms  to  suit. 

These  two  farms  can  be  bought  together, 
giving  a  fine  combination  stock  and  fruit 
farm,  or  separately.  The  former  of  the  two 
is  at  present  rented;  the  latter  is  being  cared  for 
by  hired  help.  Both  renters  and  employees 
would  be  glad  to  stay  on  the  property  and 
could  probably  be  engaged  as  farm  laborers. 

Railroad  facilities  are  excellent,  the  Ches- 
apeake and  Ohio  system  crossing  the  county 
from  west  to  east,  and  the  Southern  Railway 
from  north  to  south,  the  two  lines  intersecting 
at  Charlottesville. 

The  mean  monthly  temperatures  at  Char- 
lottesville for  a  number  of  years  were  as  follows: 
Jan.  35^  Feb.  35^  Mar.  46^  Apr.  55®,  May 
66^  June  72^  July  76^  Aug.  74^  Sept.  68^ 
Oct.  57^  Nov.  47^  Dec.  38^,  Annual  56^ 

Rainfall  is  abundant  and  well  distributed 
throughout  the  year.  The  snowfall  is  relatively 
slight,  approximating  20  inches.  The  average 
dates  of  the  first  killing  frost  in  the  autumn  and 
the  last  killing  frost  in  the  spring  are  given  as 
October  28  and  April  7. 

If  you  really  wish  to  go  on  a  farm 
then  here  is  an  opportunity.  Write  to 
the  Land  Department  of  the  World's 
Work  and  it  will  put  you  in  touch  with 
the  owners  of  these  farms.  On  the  mag- 
azine's part  this  service  is  free  to  both 
parties,  nor  will  it  describe  any  more 
farms  in  this  way.  The  purpose  of  this 
article  is  to  make  an  actual  experiment 
into  the  demand  lot  Vaxvd^ 


THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 


WHAT  THE   WOMEN    DID   FOR   LOUISVILLE 

Following  Mr.  Henry  Oyen's  comprehensive  series,  "  The  Awakening  of  the 
which  showed  how  they  are  meeting  the  problems  that  twentieth  century  civili{aiiati 
upon  them  —  how  far-seeing  municipalities  are  the  hope  of  an  efficient  democTM 
World's  Work  has  decided  to  publish  a  series  of  city  achievemerts  as  encourages 
one  of  the  most  important  movements  of  progress  of  this  time  —  the  physical,  mar 
social  improvement  of  American  cities, —  The  Editors. 


IT  WAS  the  women,  who  woke  up 
Louisville.  They  first  realized  the 
tremendous  importance  of  concerted 
and  disinterested  action  to  secure 
permanent  civic  improvement.  With 
abundant  public  parks,  wide  avenues, 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  shade  trees,  and 
Seven  miles  of  river  frontage,  Louisville 
was  capable  of  being  made  into  a  beau- 
tiful city.  The  women  set  to  work  to 
bring  this  about  by  opening  a  campaign 
through  newspapers,  personal  letters,  and 
personal  solicitation. 

The  first  object  of  their  attack  was  the 
factory  situation.  The  factories  for  the 
most  part  dumped  their  rubbish  anywhere 
that  happened  to  be  convenient  and  made 
no  attempt  to  keep  their  premises  in  order. 
The  women's  movement  soon  brought  a 
change.  Manufacturers  quickly  re- 
sponded to  their  appeal.  Rubbish  was 
no  longer  dumped  carelessly.  Grass  seed 
was  sown.  Flower  beds  were  planted. 
Factory  windows  were  adorned  with  pots 
of  growing  plants  and  many  owners  were 
induced  to  apply  a  coat  of  well-nigh 
forgotten  paint.  Owners  of  tenement 
houses  were  appealed  to,  and  they  recog- 
nized the  commercial  advantage  of  beauti- 
fying their  premises.  A  successful  crusade 
was  inaugurated  against  awning  poles 
which  reached  to  the  street  and  tended 
to  block  traffic  on  the  pavement,  and 
against  overhead  wires,  which  now  have 
b^n  forced  underground. 

The  crusade  for  cleanliness  and  beauty 
had  a  peculiar  psychological  effect.  It 
was  to  be  expected  that  it  would  teach 
factory  hands  and  tenement  dwellers  to 
l^d  more  cleanly  lives  and  that  it  would 
stimuhte  wealthier  residents  to  beautify 


their  own  premises  and  these  th 
did;  but  it  did  far  more.  The  w 
crusade  was  hardly  completed  v 
crusade  was  begun  for  a  pure  milk  i 
Within  twelve  months  the  dairy  sii 
was  revolutionized.  The  public  h 
come  in9culated  with  the  fever  of  < 
ness  and  sanitation  and  a' mere  desc 
of  the  conditions  surrounding  the  2 
American  dairy  was  sufficient, 
brought  in  by  interstate  traffic  an< 
the  upstate  trade  was  subjected 
same  rigid  scrutiny  that  prevails  i 
dairies  and  Louisville's  milk  supp 
been  immeasurably  improved. 

The  leaven  kept  working.  Thr© 
the  voters  had  rejected  a  proposii 
issue  city  bonds  for  the  complel 
the  sewer  system.  The  issue  finally 
and  $4,000,000  was  spent  upon  a  cg 
system.  The  new  filter  plant  wa 
pleted  at  a  cost  of  $3 ,000,000.  / 
tucky,  Indiana,  and  Ohio  t 
commission  is  now  at  work  on  pi 
purify  the  water  of  the  Ohio  River 
it  reaches  the  Louisville  filter  plai 

In  the  wake  of  the  civic  renai 
public  attention  was  attracted 
river-front.  The  subject  of  watc 
parks  was  broached  and  though 
dream  has  not  yet  been  fully  n 
the  river-front  is  being  constant 
proved. 

The  burden  of  these  improv 
naturally  fell  most  heavily  upc 
business  men  and  property  owners 
city.  Yet  none  has  troubled  to  ca 
how  much  the  campaign  has  ^ 
business.  They  are  all  satisfied  J 
purely  speculative  standpoint;  the^ 
that  the  "cleaned  up"  city  pays. 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER  H.  PAGE.  Editor 


CONTENTS    FOR  JANUARY,  1912 

'I  - 

Mr,  Oscar  IV,  Underwood  -     ' Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  —  An  Editorial  Interpretation      -    -    -    ooo 

District  Attorney  Fredericks  .    Mrs.  Gene  Stratton-Porter  Maurice  Maeterlinck 

Breaking;  the  World's  Plowing  Records  Mayor  Shank,  of  Indianapolis 

A  Good  New  Year  Nevertheless  Every  Shop  a  School 

Looking  the  New  Year  in  the  Face  The  Constructive  Side  of  the  Sherman 

A  Kansas  Epigram  about  the  President  Law 

The  Tide  of  Socialism  The  Aldrich  Currency  Plan  as  It  Now 

The  Pension  Bureau's  "Investigation"  Stands 

of  Itself  Presidential  Guesses 

Women  and  Country  Life  Presidential  Primaries 

A    Fruitful    and    Beautiful    Memorial  The  Growth  of  Commission 

Forever  Government 

The  Morals  of  the  Present  Agitation  "As   Ithers  See  Us" 

Sherman  Was  Right 

THE  TRUSTEE  WHO  WENT  WRONG C  M.  K.     265 

MOTOR  TRUCKS— THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS  (Illustrated) 

RoLLiN  W.  Hutchinson,  Jr.     268 
DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO   (Illustrated) 

Joseph  Jackson     283 
DRIVING  TUBERCULOSIS  OUT  OF  INDUSTRY 

Melvin  G.  Overlock     294 
WOODROW  WILSON  — A  Biography  — IV    (Illustrated) 

William  Bayard  Hale     297 
SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  IN  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY 

(Illustrated)  Charles  D.  Brewer  311 
A  VERY  REAL  COUNTkt  SCHOOL  (Illustrated)  B.  H.  Crocheron  318 
PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM  — II 

Charles  Francis  Adams     327 
THE  UPBUILDING  OF  BLACK  DURHAM     (Illustrated) 

W.   E.   BURGHARDT  DuBoiS       334 

FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT  (Illustrated)    French  Strother  339 

THE  STORY  OF  A  D^BT Frank  Marshall  White  346 

DOES  ANYBODY  WANT  A  FARM?   THE  ANSWER 352 

MECHANICAL  PROGRESS 356 

THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 359 

TERMS:  $3.00  a  year;  single  copies,  25  cents.     For  Foreign  Postage  add  $1.28;  Canada,  60  cents. 

Published  monthly.     Copyright,  1911,  by  Doublcday,  Page  &  Company. 

All  rights  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  as  second-dass  mail  matter. 

Country  Life  in  America  The  Garden  Magazine-Farming 

,u8^!i!>^S^B,d.  DOUBLED  AY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY,  ^^^n^y."^^* 

F.  N.  DooutDAT.  President      h.^.™  ^ton!''' [  ^'^'^''^**^°^      H.  W.  Laniu.  SecxeUry      S.  A.  Emm.  Tmtoitt 


=^ 


I 


I 

I 


Mii.  OSCAR  VV.  UNDERWOOD 

CHAIRMAN   OF    THE    COMMITTEE   ON    WAYS  AND   MEANS  OF  THE   HOUSE   OF   REPRESENTA- 
TIVES UPON  WHOSE  LEADERSHIP  THE  SUCCESS  OF  TARIFF  REVISION  WILL  DEPEND. 
HE   HAS    EXPRESSED   HIMSELF    AS    WILLING   TO   CtWPtRATt    WITH    THE 
PRESIOBNT's  TARIff  BOARD  IN  SO  FAR  AS  IT  GlVtS  RtAL  HELP 


THE 


WORLD'S 
WORK 


JANUARY,    1912 


Volume   XXI 11 


Number  3 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


WE  FACE  a  new  year  of 
excitement  and  uncer- 
tainty. A  Presiden- 
tial campaign  some- 
what disturbs  normal 
activities,  but  it  is  also  made  the  excuse 
for  a  degree  of  disturbance  that  it  need 
not  cause.  The  election  of  this  candidate 
or  of  that,  of  a  Republican  or  of  a  Demo- 
crat, is  not  going  to  shake  the  foundation 
of  industrial  life;  but  we  find  it  convenient 
to  put  whatever  fears  or  doubts  we  have 
in  a  bundle  and  to  label  the  bundle  "the 
Presidential  year";  and  a  mental  habit 
is  stronger  than  a  physical  fact. 

There  is  much  to  say  in  favor  of  a  Pres- 
idential term  of  six  or  eight  years  with  a 
prohibition  of  reelection;  but  there  is,  of 
course,  something  to  be  said  against  such 
a  change,  and  the  great  trouble  of  so 
amending  the  Constitution  will  stand  in 
the  way  till  a  strong  agitation  be  made 
for  it. 

We  must  take  our  quadrennial  excite- 
ment and  disturbance,  then,  cheerfully,  as 
we  do.  We  even  take  it  with  enjoyment. 
In  addition  to  other  emotions  that  it  calls 
forth,  it  appeals  strongly  to  our  love  of  the 
conflict,  our  fondness  for  the  game,  our 

Copjrrifht.  191 1,  by  Douhladay, 


liking  for  the  excitement  of  it.  We  are 
all  politicians  at  bottom,  and  we  look  with 
condescension,  even  with  contempt,  on 
the  man  who  does  not  become  somewhat 
aroused  once  in  four  years  from  his  de- 
votion  to  his  own  personal  affairs. 

But  politics  and  business  affairs  are, 
after  all,  only  a  segment  of  life.  The  new 
year  brings  promise  of  cheerful  and  pros- 
perous activity  in  most  other  directions. 
It  is  a  good  time  to  live  and  to  work. 
Our  land  becomes  ever  more  fruitful,  our 
cities  more  beautiful,  our  training  more 
widely  spread  and  more  efficient,  our  life 
more  healthful,  the  common  sense  of  the 
people  more  surely  to  be  depended  on, 
the  plane  of  conscience  in  public  and 
private  affairs  becomes  higher,  our  great 
activities  go  on  well,  such  as  road-build- 
ing, school  improvement,  sanitation,  help- 
ful concern  for  the  unfortunate,  and  the 
growth  of  our  interest  in  one  another. 
We  are  free,  every  man  according  to  his 
ability,  towork  out  our  normal  development 
and  personal  comfort.  If  you  make  a  fair 
measure  of  the  conditions  of  life  at  any  time 
in  the  past  and  compare  them  with  the 
present,  you  will  not  be  likely  to  wish  that 
you  had  lived  in  any  former  period. 

P»ffe  St  Co.    All  rights  reserved 


I 
I 

I 


DISTRICT  ATTORNEY  JOHN  D.  FREDERICKS 

OF  LOS  ANGELES,  WHO,  UNDER  PECULfAR  DIFFICULTIES,  ABLY  CONDUCTED  THE  PROSECUTION 
THAT  ENDED  IN  THE  CONFESSION  OF  THE  MCNAMARAS 


BREAKING  THE  WORLD'S  PLOWING  RECORD 

THE   THREE   TRACIION    ENGINES   AND    3C>-CANG    PLOW   WHICH  CUT   FIVE-INCH    FtRROWS 

AT  THE   RATE   OF   AN   ACRE    EVERY   FOUR-ANI>A^JUARTER   MINUTES   AT 

THE    PURDUE    UNIVERSITY    FIELD  DEMONSTRATiOM 


MAURICE  MAETERLINCK  (and  his  wife) 

TO   WHOM   THE    NOBEL    PRIZE    (aBOUT   ^40,000)    FOR    LITERATURE    WAS   AWARDED   IN 

191  I,    AND   WHO   NOW   MAY    BE    FAIRLY    REGARDED   AS   THE    FOREMOST 

IMAGINATIVE   WRITER   ON   THE    EUROPEAN   CONTINENT 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


249 


LOOKING  THE  NEW  YEAR  IN  THE 
FACE 

THERE  is  an  interesting  time  be- 
fore us  —  very  interesting  as 
well  as  exciting. 
There  is  hardly  need  to  sketch  the  great 
poUticai  tasks  of  the  year  —  the  Congres- 
sional programme  for  trust  and  tariff 
legislation,  the  meeting  of  the  national 
conventions  to  nominate  candidates  for 
the  Presidency,  the  campaign,  and  the 
election.  The  hope  and  fear  of  a  Demo- 
cratic victory,  much  more  acute  than  at 
any  time  since  Cleveland's  last  election, 
give  an  interest  to  the  year's  politics 
that  perhaps  half  the  voters  never  before 
felt.  Nor  will  it  be  merely  a  straight 
struggle  between  the  two  parties;  for  each 
party  is  undergoing  a  rapid  internal 
change.  Party  lines  were  never  so  loose 
at  any  time  since  the  Civil  War.  New 
machinery  is  in  the  making,  too  —  prim- 
aries and  the  like;  and  there  is  the  effort 
of  the  people,  like  an  undercurrent,  to 
get  rid  of  bosses  and  other  mechanism  and 
to  take  government  more  and  more  into 
their  own  hands.  It  will  be  the  most 
interesting  political  year  that  most  men 
now  living  have  known. 

This  political  activity  and  other  and 
graver  causes  disturb  also  the  financial 
and  commercial  world,  which  looks  to  the 
new  year  with  anxiety  —  with  more 
anxiety  and  uncertainty  than  need  be. 
For  the  financial  and  commercial  world  is 
not  free  from  superstitions. 

II 

But  let  us  turn  now  from  the  turmoil 
of  politics  and  business  and  we  shall  still 
find  exciting  tasks  and  problem-. 

Life  ever  becomes  safer  from  disease. 
We  have  become  so  familiar  with  the 
masterv'  of  yellow-fever,  the  prevention  of 
malaria,  the  possible  and.  if  people  were 
careful,  the  com.plete  conquest  of  typhoid, 
the  successful  barricade  aj^ainst  cholera, 
the  lessening  of  tuberculosis,  even  the 
cure  of  meningitis  and  the  ^reat  discovery 
of  Ehrlch.  that  we  take  the  changes  that 
these  imply  for  LTantt-d.  .Many  diseases 
as  yet  baffe  our  <kill  and  lie  beyond 
our    knowledge  —  notably    cancer  —  the 


time  does  seem  within  measurable  reach 
when  most  of  the  worst  ailments  that  be- 
set us  will  be  under  command. 

It  is  worth  our  while  to  remember,  if 
we  wish  to  exercise  the  fine  quality  of 
gratitude,  that  there  are  no  more  useful 
or  devoted  men  living  than  those  zealous 
and  eager  investigators  at  such  institu- 
tions as  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for 
Medical  Research  in  New  York  and  the 
Pasteur  Institute  in  Paris.  They  take 
rank  among  the  very  greatest  benefactors 
of  mankind  in  our  time  or  in  any  time; 
and  their  discoveries  follow  one  another 
so  fast  that  any  year  may  be  made  his- 
toric by  them. 

In  fact  it  is  not  an  idle  thing  to  say  that 
a  new  era  in  human  ffistory  began  with  the 
work  that  our  scientific  men  have  already 
done  in  Cuba  and  in  Panama  and  in  the 
Philippines;  for  henceforth  the  conquest 
of  the  tropics  will  be  a  purely  economic 
question.  It  is  no  longer  a  question  of 
the  lives  of  men.  Any  tropical  region 
can  be  made  a  healthful  place  for  men  of 
our  race,  as  soon  as  it  be  worth  while  to 
make  it  so.  And  this  means  potential 
additions  to  the  wealth  of  the  world  that 
cannot  be  even  guessed  at. 

And  we  are  just  finding  out  that  the 
hookworm  disease  has  held  a  large  part 
of  the  population  of  the  tropic  and  lower 
temperate  zones  in  the  inefficiency  of 
anxmia  and  has  so  held  millions  of  human 
beings  for  centuries.  No  one  can  yet 
even  guess  at  the  great  influence  that 
this  disease  has  had  in  shaping  the  histor\' 
of  India,  of  China,  of  Africa,  not  to  speak 
of  our  own  Southern  states.  Henceforth 
millions  of  human  beings  ^^'i\\  rapidly  be 
released  from  this  bondage. 

In  surger\-.  too.  wonders  multipl>'  with 
the  triumphs  of  Dr.  Carel  and  other  great 
experimental  surgeons  —  even  the  possi- 
bility of  replacing  worn-out  human  organs 
with  sound  ones  from  other  bodies. 

Ill 

But  the  domain  of  medical  discover}' 
and  $urger\'  and  sanitation  is  only  one 
segment  of  the  great  circle  of  experimental 
and  applied  science  that  is  making  the 
world  a  new  world  to  live  in.  Not  less 
startling  are  the  changes  that  are  Uking 


250 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


place  by  reason  of  new  discoveries  and  new 
methods  in  agriculture  and  in  the  widening 
of  the  application  of  electricity.  Wireless 
telegraphy  is  taken  for  granted;  and  the 
new  area  of  convenience  and  economy 
covered  by  electricity  broadens  all  the 
while.  We  are  probably  on  the  edge  of 
a  revolution  in  the  cheapening  of  power. 
In  so  practical  and  abbreviated  a  sum- 
mary there  is  hardly  a  place  for  the  excit- 
ing experiments  and  investigations  that 
are  throwing  the  old  cosmic  theories  into 
the  scientific  scrap-heap.  Suns  and  solar 
systems  come  into  being  by  laws  that  we 
are  just  getting  glimpses  of;  and  the  hope 
fills  many  minds  of  tracking  the  very 
secret  of  life  nearer  to  its  revealing.  As- 
tromers  and  biologist^  alike  work  with  a 
keener  hope  than  ever  before. 

iV 

Definite  headway  has  been  made  by  the 
many  agencies  for  the  better  care  and  pro- 
tection of  the  child.  We  are  fast  taking 
the  view  that,  since  neglected  or  unfor- 
tunate children  are  not  responsible  for 
their  condition  and  since  children  are  the 
most  precious  asset  of  society,  it  is  the 
bounden  duty  of  society,  in  some  way,  to 
see  that  they  are  not  neglected. 

This  activity  takes  many  forms.  Local 
laws  are  every  year  rewritten  —  health- 
laws,  school-laws,  work-laws  —  looking 
toward  the  better  conservation  of  young 
life.  Private  organizations  of  many  sorts 
attack  various  phases  of  the  problem.  All 
these  activities  denote  that  the  American 
conscience  is  arousing  itself  on  this  sub- 
ject. And  we  may  look  for  greater  and 
greater  changes  toward  the  humaner 
and  more  helpful  attitude  of  society  in 
general  and  of  government  toward  the 
better  protection  of  children. 

As  a  part  of  the  same  awakening  there 
is  coming  a  greater  care  of  working  women. 
The  two  problems  go  together. 

And  the  feeling  that  woman  suffrage 
will  help  toward  these  ends  has  much  to 
do  with  the  growing  favor  in  which  it  is 
held.  We  shall  almost  certainly  see  its 
area  extended  beyond  the  five  states  that 
have  now  granted  it.  Much  of  the  sheer 
prejudice  against  it  is  melting  away. 

The  high  cost  of  living  —  of  food   in 


particular  —  is  the  powerful  incentive  to 
a  thorough  examination  of  the  cost  and 
methods  of  transportation  and  distribution. 
Thus  a  new  earnestness  is  felt  in  the  efforts 
to  secure  a  parcels  post,  a  new  impulse 
is  given  to  cooperative  trading  in  spite  of 
the  somewhat  discouraging  efforts  to  plant 
this  English  institution  in  the  United 
States.  The  unnecessary  middleman  and 
the  parasitical  distributing  agencies  can 
hardly  count  much  longer  on  the  public 
indifference. 

All  these  are  subjects  of  social  welfare. 
The  same  impulse  that  moves  them  takes 
many  other  forms,  such  as  the  better 
safeguarding  of  working  men's  lives  and 
health,  the  never-ending  if  often  futile  war 
against  the  unwholesome  tenement,  the 
humaner  view  of  criminals  and  their  bet- 
ter treatment — and  other  kindred  forms 
that  this  humaner  spirit  of  our  time  takes. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  speak  of  the 
rapid  improvement  in  city  government 
and  the  continued  beautification  of  our 
cities;  or  of  the  even  more  rapid  growth 
of  comfort  and  profit  of  fano-life  wherever 
skillful  and  competent  men  take  it  up. 

We  have  entered  upon  aw  era  of  unpre- 
cedented activity  in  road-building,  a  task 
that  was  delayed  too  long  but  that  is  now 
taken  up  in  most  sections  of  the  country 
with  zeal  and  intelligence.  Automobile 
travel  has  stimulated  this  activity,  but 
other  and  more  fundamental  causes  also 
have  been  at  work.  The  farmers  are 
awakening  to  the  profits  of  good  roads 
and  states  and  counties  from  one  end 
of  the  country  to  the  other  are  busy 
building. 

Loud  as  the  noise  of  Presidential  politics 
will  be  then.  Congress  and  the  campaign 
will  by  no  means  take  all  the  energies  of 
the  public  mind.  We  are  carrying  steadily 
forward  a  great  and  varied  volume  of  good 
work  to  make  our  land  a  better  land  to 
live  in.  And  there  is  so  much  to  be  done 
and  so  many  tasks  in  hand  that  no  man 
with  a  will  to  help  his  country  or  his 
fellows  can  plead  an  excuse  for  indifference 
or  for  inactivity. 


Abroad,  the  year  dawns  with  a  clouded 
sky.     The    European    eauilibrium    is    so 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


251 


unstable  that  it  justifies  concern.  The 
ambitions  and  mutual  suspicions  of  Eng- 
land, Germany,  and  France  make  a  con- 
flict possible  (to  put  it  mildly).  For  there 
are  many  men  in  each  of  these  countries 
that  look  for  another  great  European  war, 
not  this  year,  perhaps,  but  within  a  short 
period. 

These  countries  have,  too,  their  internal 
problems.  Socialism  is  growing  in  all  of 
them.  Spain  also  is  in  a  ferment;  almost 
anything  may  happen  there  and  in  For-, 
tugal.  In  Eastern  Europe,  too,  unrest 
prevails.  The  Austrian  Emperor  cannot 
in  the  natural  course  of  things,  live  much 
longer.  King  Peter's  throne  is  shaking. 
The  Young  Turks  are  making  a  mess  of  it 
in  the  Ottoman  capital,  and  the  Balkan 
ghost  is  likely  to  walk  at  almost  any  time. 
Persia's  chronic  state  of  revolution  is 
another  source  of  danger  to  Europe's 
peace.  Russia's  advance  toward  India 
has  been  going  on  quietly  for  many  years, 
but  she  is  not  likely  to  be  allowed  to  cross 
Persia  without  a  tussle  with  England. 

Still  the  great  p>olitical  happenings  of 
the  year  will  probably  take  place  in  Asia. 
What  191 2  will  bring  to  that  greatest 
and  most  ancient  of  empires,  China,  is 
past  all  speculation.  Were  no  other  great 
public  change  to  come  this  year  than  the 
determining  of  the  fate  of  China,  the  year 
is  still  likely  to  be  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant in  recent  annals.  Events  there  touch 
directly  a  large  proportion  of  the  human 
race. 

A   KANSAS  EPIGRAM  ABOUT  THE 
PRESIDENT 

AT  ONE  of  the  towns  in  Kansas 
where  President  Taft  stopped 
during  his  long  journey,  a 
great  crowd  of  country  people  came  to 
hear  him.  His  speech  was  an  historical 
discourse  which  provoked  no  enthusiasm. 
As  the  crowd  dispersed  one  countryman 
said  to  another:  "No,  he  ain't  one  of  us." 
There  is  much  testimony  to  show  that 
this  feeling  prevails  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  which  the  President  visited. 
At  a  club,  surrounded  by  lawyers,  where 
his  good-natured,  companionable  qualities 
have  free  play  at  close  range,  he  capti- 
vates the  company;  but,  when  he  meets  the 


masses  of  the  ]:>eople,  they  do  not  find 
themselves  in  direct  contact  with  him. 
They  do  not  feel  sure  that  he  knows  them 
or  understands  their  problems.  He  talks 
as  an  administrator  might  talk  to  his 
"little  brown  brothers"  or  as  a  judge  to 
a  jury.  His  thought  seems  impersonal, 
remote,  formal,  not  the  sj)ontaneous  utter- 
ances of  "one  of  us."  Even  his  policies 
that  the  people  approve  seem  in  a  way 
to  lack  directness  and  effectiveness.  Does 
he  want  tariff-reform?  It  must  come 
only  in  his  own  way,  by  his  tariff  board. 
Isn't  the  method  of  more  imj)ortance  to 
him  than  the  substance?  In  spite  of  his 
apparent  amiability  and  undoubted  good 
intentions,  he  will  presently  have  the 
House  aroused  against  him  in  his  tariff- 
plans  as  he  has  the  Senate  unfriendly  to 
his  peace-plans.  If  he  could  stir  up 
public  opinion  to  supj)ort  him  vigorously. 
Congressional  opposition  might  be  turned 
into  an  advantage;  but  public  opinion 
does  not  come  to  his  rescue. 

Again,  his  enforcement  of  the  Sherman 
law  (and  it  is  his  bounden  duty  to  enforce 
it)  displeases  the  world  of  "big  business" 
without  satisfying  the  world  of  "little 
business."  Mr.  Taft  even  in  his  most 
emphatic  and  vigorous  declarations  does 
not  wholly  convince  the  people.  They 
believe  him  sincere;  but  he  and  they 
speak  a  somewhat  diflTerent  langauge  and 
they  are  not  quite  sure  that  he  means 
what  they  would  mean  if  they  used  his 
same  words.  His  thought  moves  in  for- 
mal ways:  theirs  runs  straight  to  con- 
clusions. 

Again,  as  in  the  Ballinger  case,  the 
President's  postj)onement  of  decisive 
action  could  not  change  the  inevitable 
course  of  events,  but  it  continually  made  a 
bad  situation  worse  until  it  ended  as  every- 
body knew  it  was  bound  to  end;  so  in  the 
case  of  the  Agricultural  Department  a 
similarly  unfortunate  delay  has  a  similarly 
unfortunate  effect.  The  aged  Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  like  the  former  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  does  not  see  the  logic  of 
events,  and  the  President  mistakes  a 
personal  loyalty  for  a  public  service. 
Yet  the  inevitable  cannot  be  prevented 
by  any  such  mistake.  Everybody  knows 
that    this   great    Department    must    be 


252 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


reorganized  under  a  new  head.  The 
President  does  not  face  difficulties  de- 
cisively. 

Yet  no  man  has  more  patriotic  inten- 
tions. The  explanation  seems  to  be  tem- 
peramental—  that  "he  ain't  one  of  us." 

II 

Mr.  Taft's  interview  that  appeared  in 
The  Outlook,  explanatory  of  his  work 
and  purj)oses  as  President,  had  the  tone 
of  an  aj)ology.  His  amiable  personality 
showed  in  it,  as  in  everything  that 
he  does  or  says.  But  there  was  the 
tone  not  only  of  apology  but  even  of  a 
sort  of  helplessness.  The  very  illusion 
of  leadership  was  stripped  away  in  a 
perfectly  commonplace  explanation  that 
somehow  seemed  to  do  offence  to  the 
great  office.  ^Nothing  to  stir  the  imagina- 
tion, nothing  to  rally  men  —  one  can 
hardly  help  wishing  that  the  President 
had  not  made  such  an  explanation. 

THE  TIDE  OF  SOCIALISM 

THE  extraordinary  strength  shown 
in  the  fall  elections  by  the  So- 
cialist party  does  not  mean  that 
thorough-going  Socialism  is  likely  to  win  in 
the  United  States  —  certainly  not  at  any 
early  time — very  considerable  j)ower.  Yet 
the  number  of  persons  who  accept  this 
creed  is  constantly  increasing,  and  among 
them  are  an  increasing  number  of  men 
of  thought  and  character.  The  American 
Socialist  is  no  longer  a  creature  of  hoofs 
and  horns.  He  may  be  a  man  who,  as 
you  look  at  it,  holds  an  impracticable  and 
dangerous  doctrine.  But  he  is  no  longer 
necessarily  a  red-handed  revolutionist. 
He  may  be  a  popular  preacher  in  an 
orthodox  pulpit  or  the  instructor  of  youth 
in  an  important  university,  "a  gentleman 
and  a  scholar"  and  not  a  leader  of  a 
destructive  mob. 

The  growth  of  the  creed  measures  the 
growth  of  the  protest  against  the  present 
economic  and  political  order.  Old  wrongs 
are  so  hard  to  root  up  that  every  man 
sometimes  becomes  impatient  and  in- 
dignant and  rebellious,  except  the  man 
who  knows  and  has  long  pondered  on  the 
very  slow  ascent  of  human  society  to 
every  higher  level  that  it  has  reached. 


Historical  knowledge  is  the  best  restorer 
of  patience,  and  historical  knowledge  is 
got  only  by  considerable  labor.  Any 
good  man  who  loves  his  fellows,  when  he 
looks  out  over  the  world  and  sees  it  as 
it  is,  is  pretty  certain  at  times  to  accept 
some  revolutionary  plan  unless  he  have 
a  pretty  good  historical  perspective. 

Socialism,  then,  is  a  convenient  protest 
and  many  men  vote  a  Socialistic  ticket 
who  do  not  accept  a  thorough-going 
'Socialistic  creed.  They  mean,  for  in- 
stance, that  they  had  rather  entrust  their 
city  government  td  any  determined  enemy 
of  the  old  gangs  and  rings  than  to  the  old 
gangs  or  rings  themselves.  Especially 
does  the  Socialistic  programme  of  more 
rigid  supervision  of  public  utilities,  its 
promise  of  more  attention  to  the  regula- 
tion of  women's  and  children's  work 
and  recreation,  and  better  attention  to 
the  public  health  —  its  generally  more 
humane  programme  —  appeal  to  good 
men  who  have  become  weary  of  the 
tweedledum  and  tweed ledee  commonly 
called  Republican  and  Democratic  muni- 
cipal administrations. 

But  even  this  does  not  wholly  account 
for  the  great  increase  of  the  Socialist 
vote.  The  party  now  holds  nearly  five 
hundred  elective  offices  in  the  United 
States.  It  has  been  successful  especially 
in  winning  municipal  offices,  and  it  is 
strongest  in  the  Middle  West.  Many 
of  these  local  victories  have  been  won 
by  the  excellence  and  earnestness  of 
local  organizations.  They  work  com- 
pactly and  intelligently. 

The  strongest  reason  of  all  is  what 
may  be  called  the  humane  appeal  of 
Socialism.  Parks,  playgrounds,  medical 
examination  of  school-children,  sanitary 
inspection  of  places  where  women  and 
children  work  —  all  the  comparatively 
new  public  activities  that  the  old  parties 
are  slow  to  take  up  —  these  make  a  strong 
pull  on  all  good  men's  sympathies,  and 
men  who  wish  these  humane  things  done 
do  not  hesitate  to  vote  for  a  Socialist 
mayor  because  a  Socialist  Congress,  if 
we  should  have  one,  might  try  to  abolish 
the  Constitution.  In  fact  it  is  silly  to 
maintain  that  such  helpful  public  acts 
commit  a  community  to  the  state  owner- 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


253 


ship  of  all  productive  industries.  Thus 
Socialism  has  gained  much  from  the  con- 
servative stupidity  of  its  enemies. 

Of  course,  too,  it  gains  because  it  prom- 
ises a  root-and-branch  solution  of  the 
trust  problem.  There  are  very  many 
men  who  are  willing,  if  it  come  to  that, 
that  the  Government  should  take  over 
productive  industry,  merely  because  this 
would  be  a  "new  deal."  They  feel  that 
nothing  could  be  worse  than  the  present 
system  and  they  are  willing  to  try  any 
change.  For  this  feeling,  as  far  as  it 
exists,  "big  business"  and  the  privileged 
classes  have  themselves  to  thank;  and 
to  this  extent  they  are  a  direct  encourage- 
ment to  Socialism. 

But  this  growth  of  the  party  and  all 
these  overlapping  causes  of  its  growth 
give  no  reason  to  supj)ose  that  there  is 
going  to  be  a  Socialistic  party  in  the  United 
States  strong  enough  to  hold  the  balance 
of  power  between  the  two  old  parties. 
Long  before  it  reaches  any  such  strength 
it  will  have  so  scared  one  or  both  the  old 
parties  into  action  against  old  abuses 
that  much  of  the  reason  for  protest  will 
disappear.  Such  protests  have  a  human- 
izing and  liberalizing  influence;  and  it 
may  very  well  be  that  for  this  reason  the 
Socialists  are  playing  and  will  play  a  good 
part  in  preventing  the  fossilization  of  the 
old  parties.  This,  in  fact,  is  the  reason 
why  many  men  who  utterly  reject  the 
creed  see  the  party  win  minor  victories 
with  complacency  —  the  reason  why,  too, 
the  word  "Socialism"  no  longer  frightens 
them. 

THE  PENSION  BUREAU'S  "  INVESTI- 
GATION" OF  ITSELF 

THERE  are  now  892.098  names  on 
the  Federal  pension  list.  Among 
them  was  distributed  last  year 
$157,325,160.35.  The  distribution  of  this 
cost  32,517,127.06.  Thus  the  pension 
bill  last  year  was  only  a  few  thousand 
short  of  160  million  dollars.  This  is  for  the 
year  191 1.  In  the  year  1866,  the  pension 
bill  was  15  millions.  In  the  year  1876, 
it  was  28  millions.  But  that  was  only 
ten  years  after  the  Civil  War;  it  is 
now  forty-five  years. 
However,  $2,407.94  of  the  160  millions 


was  last  year  recovered  from  fraudulent 
recipients.  Fifty-one  pensioners  were 
convicted  of  fraud,  and  cases  are  pending 
against  109  more.  One  hundred  and 
forty-seven  names  were  dropped  from 
the  roll. 

The  year  was  one  of  unusual  activity 
on  the  part  of  the  Bureau  in  the  direction 
of  uncovering  fraud.  The  authentic  cases 
laid  before  the  country  by  The  World's 
Work  made  it  absolutely  necessary  that 
something  should  be  done. 

The  steps  taken  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Pensions  were  not  heroic.  They  were 
hardly  those  which  a  private  individual 
under  charges  would  have  taken  to  vin- 
dicate himself.  The  head  of  the  Pension 
Bureau  did  not  ask  for  a  committee  of 
investigation.  He  did  not  suggest  that 
disinterested  parties  examine  the  charges 
and  the  evidence.  He  did  not  invite 
this  magazine  to  submit  the  facts  that 
had  come  to  its  knowledge.  He  obtained 
permission  for  the  Pension  Bureau  to 
investigate  itself,  that  is  to  say,  to  check 
up  its  own  list  —  as  the  Commissioner 
explains  (See  page  30  of  his  Annual 
Report,  lately  issued)  —  to  go  from  pen- 
sioner to  pensioner  and  ask  each  if  he 
were  the  right  man.     He  says: 

Last  fall  it  became  apparent  from  letters 
received  in  the  Bureau  and  certain  press 
articles  that  the  impression  obtained  in  some 
parts  of  the  country  that  the  pension  roll  was 
honeycombed  with  fraud.  To  settle  the  ques- 
tion beyond  all  controversy  by  determining 
whether  the  pension  roll  was  a  roll  of  honor 
or  otherwise,  I  obtained  verbal  permission  from 
those  in  authority  over  me  to  check  up  the 
pension  roll.  1  mean  by  that,  ascertaining 
whether  every  person  drawing  a  pension  is  the 
person  entitled  to  it.  The  task  is  no  small 
one,  as  the  Bureau  must  first  get  the  names 
and  last-known  post-office  addresses  of  the 
pensioners  from  the  pension  agents,  and  then 
field  men  must  go  from  pensioner  to  pensioner 
to  learn  whether  the  proper  persons  are  draw- 
ing pensions. 

When  the  Commissioner  prepared  his 
rei>ort  he  had  not  been  through  the  whole 
list.  Hardly.  He  had  "investigated" 
about  one-twentieth  of  the  nine  hundred 
thousand  names.  "Up  to  this  date, 
47,181    pensioners  have   been   seen  and 


254 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


questioned  as  to  their  identity,  and  their 
certificates  examined." 

A  thief  is  not  to  be  caught  by  asking 
various  people  to  show  their  visiting  cards. 
Nobody  has  ever  charged  that  pensions 
were  being  drawn  on  forged  certificates. 
It  is  not  charged  that  false  impersonations 
are  very  commonly  at  the  bottom  of 
pension  frauds  —  if  they  were,  they  would 
very  seldom  be  discovered  by  the  plan 
of  asking  everybody  if  they  had  given  their 
right  names.  All  this  is  a  deliberate,  and 
a  very  dull  and  stupid  evasion  of  the 
whole  thing.  The  World's  Work  has 
exposed  a  score  of  tricks  by  which  the 
Government  has  been,  and  is  constantly 
being,  defrauded  by  wholesale;  (false  im- 
personation was  but  a  single,  minor  one) 
—  tricks  by  which  men  and  women 
not  entitled  to  pensions,  get  certificates 
and  get  pensions.  Most  of  these  tricks 
rest  on  the  simple  device  of  false  affidavits. 
But  you  do  not  apply  to  a  perjurer  to 
learn  whether  or  not  his  affidavit  is  true. 
Mr.  Davenport's  "investigation"  is  worth- 
less. Gravely  to  offer  it  to  the  country 
is  a  piece  of  casuistry  worthy  of  the  best 
days  of  pension  graft. 

Naturally,  the  "investigation"  resulted 
much  to  the  Commissioner's  satisfaction: 

As  a  result  of  this  checking  up,  5  widows' 
names  have  been  dropped  from  the  rolls  for 
violation  of  the  act  of  August  7,  1882,  1  on 
the  ground  that  she  is  not  the  legal  widow 
of  the  soldier,  and  the  names  of  2  invalid  pen- 
sioners because  it  was  shown  that  they  deserted 
from  former  services  and  received  bounties 
for  reenlistment.  There  are  now  under  con- 
sideration with  a  view  to  dropping,  the  names 
of  10  widow  pensioners  for  violation  of  the 
act  of  August  7,  1882;  2  on  the  ground  that 
the  pensioners  are  not  the  legal  widows  of 
the  soldiers;  3  who  have  remarried  and  have 
continued  to  draw  pension;  i  invalid  pen- 
sioner found  to  have  been  a  deserter;  and  2 
invalid  pensioners  who  served  in  the  Con- 
federate service  and  enlisted  in  the  Union 
Army  subsequent  to  January  1,  1865;  making 
18  more  whose  names  will  probably  have  to  be 
dropped,  a  total  of  26  in  all  out  of  47,181. 
There  are  a  few  other  cases  where  doubt  exists 
as  to  title  which  will  have  to  be  specially  ex- 
amined to  determine  the  facts. 

The  special  examiners  on  this  work  have 
succeeded  in  causing  the  arrest  of  two  bogus 
special  examiners,  as  well  as  in  ascertaining 


the  names  of  two  others,  for  whom  a  thorough 
search  is  now  being  made. 

Up  to  date  it  has  been  found  that  210 
pensioners  are  dead  whose  names  had  not 
been  reported  to  the  Bureau.     .     .     . 

A  few  irregularities  in  executing  vouchers 
were  discovered.  A  large  number  of  pension 
certificates  with  blank  vouchers  were  found 
in  the  hands  of  a  pension  attorney.    .    . 

So  it  seems  that  even  the  harmless, 
childish  inquiries  made  of  47,000  pension- 
ers themselves,  resulted  in  the  dropping 
of  26  names.  At  this  ratio,  the  complete 
pension  roll  would  be  relieved  of  about 
five  hundred  bogus  pensioners  —  consti- 
tuting a  saving  (calculable  according  to 
the  Bureau's  arithmetic  at  J86,ooo)  in 
consideration  of  which  the  Government 
could  well  afford  to  pay  the  cost  of  a  real 
investigation. 

A  real  investigation  would  save  the 
country  possibly  as  many  millions  as  Mr. 
Davenj)ort's  "investigation"  would  save 
it  thousands.  And  it  would  make  the 
pension  roll  again  a  roll  of  honor. 

II 

There  is  no  escaping  the  conclusion  that 
the  pension  roll  must  be  made  public  — 
the  names  and  residences  of  all  pensioners, 
why  pensioned,  the  amounts  they  receive, 
the  agents  who  secured  their  pensions,  and 
other  such  main  facts  —  made  public  so 
that  the  people  in  every  community  may 
know  whom  to  honor  as  right  and  worthy 
pensioners  and  whose  names  have  un- 
worthily been  put  and  kept  on  the  roll 
by  reason  of  its  secrecy. 

Consider  two  incidents  like  these: 

In  one  of  Mr.  Hale's  articles  last  winter 
the  case  of  a  deserter  was  cited  whose  name 
was  put  on  the  roll  by  a  private  pension 
bill.  The  member  of  Congress  who  intro- 
duced the  bill  then  investigated  the  case. 
That's  what  he  ought  to  have  done  before 
he  put  in  his  bill.  He  found  the  facts  as 
presented  in  this  magazine  true  —  the 
pensioner  was  a  deserter.  Now  what  has 
that  Congressman  done?  Confessed  his 
mistake  and  introduced  a  bill  to  remove 
the  man's  name  from  the  roll?  Not  yet. 
Well,  will  he  ever  do  so? 

Again,  at  a  private  dinner  in  Washing- 
ton not  long  ago,  at  which  men  in  high 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


255 


official  position  sat,  one  gentleman  re- 
marked: "  I  know  and  you  know  and  you 
know  that  I  know  and  I  know  that  you 
know  and  we  all  know  that  the  pension- 
roll  contains  so  many  shameless  and  de- 
grading scandals  that  it  smells  to  heaven." 
Somebody  suggested  that  perhaps  the 
number  was  exaggerated.  Then  facts  were 
cited  that  answered  this  objection.  The 
whole  company,  many  of  them  high 
Government  officials,  then  assented  to  the 
shame  of  it.  Yet  nobody  in  official  life 
lifts  a  hand  to  remove  it. 

The  pension-roll  must  he  made  public, 
Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams  shows  this 
necessity  so  plainly  that  the  scandal  does 
cry  to  heaven  in  fact. 

WOMEN  AND  COUNTRY   LIFE 

A  NUMBER  of  city  men,  out  of  the 
many  who  now  write  to  this  maga- 
zine about  buying  farms,  say  that 
they  would  straightway  go  to  the  country 
but  for  the  unwillingness  of  their  wives. 
One  man  writes  that  but  for  this  reason 
vast  numbers  of  salaried  men  would  seek 
country  life.  Does  this  argue  a  repre- 
hensible bondage  of  women  to  town  life, 
its  conveniences,  its  companionships,  its 
diversions,  and  frivolities? 

Not  necessarily  reprehensible.  Farm- 
life  in  the  past  has  been  very  burdensome 
to  women.  As  a  rule  it  is  very  burden- 
some yet.  Its  loneliness  and  its  lack  of 
conveniences  and  diversions  and,  in  many 
communities,  the  lack  of  first-rate  schools 
have  made  its  hardships  very  real  —  so 
real  that  no  woman  who  has  a  comfortable 
town  home  may  be  blamed  for  oreferring 
it  to  a  farm. 

But  may  farm-life  now  not  be  made  more 
attractive  and  comfortable  and  wholesome 
for  women  and  children  than  town  life? 
The  rich  of  course  can  do  what  they  will, 
even  duplicate  their  city  establishments 
in  the  country';  and  the  really  poor  will 
have  much  discomfort  wherever  they  are. 
But  need  the  women  and  children  of  a 
fairly  well-to-do  family  fare  worse  in  the 
country  than  in  the  town?  Yes,  as  farm 
life  has  been;  but  not  as  it  may  easily  be 
made.  And  this  is  the  point  —  the  pos- 
sibility now  of  bringing  about  this 
change.    There    are    country    regions  — 


perhaps  not  many  yet  —  where  the  schools 
are  as  good  as  in  the  cities,  where  roads 
are  good  enough  to  make  one's  neighbors 
accessible,  where  telephones  and  trolley- 
lines  prevent  isolation,  and  especially 
where,  by  gas  engines  or  in  other  ways, 
running  water  may  be  put  into  residences. 
With  these  conveniences,  no  woman  of 
reasonable  intellectual  and  social  resources 
need  suffer  by  going  from  the  town  to  the 
country  if  she  go  to  a  fairly  prosperous 
region.  Most  of  the  strong  women  who 
reared  most  of  the  strong  men  in  our  his- 
tory were  country  women  who  did  not 
have  these  advantages  and  conveniences. 
Running  water,  a  good  road,  and  a  good 
school,  however,  come  as  near  as  any  other 
three  things  to  making  the  difference  be- 
tween civilization  and  the  state  of  the 
pioneer. 

A  FRUITFUL  AND  BEAUTIFUL  ME- 
MORIAL FOREVER 

A  MOVEMENT  is  on  foot  to  make  a 
worthy  memorial  to  the  late 
Dr.  Seaman  A.  Knapp,  the  pro- 
moter of  demonstration  farm  work  in  the 
Southern  states,  a  method  of  teaching 
better  agriculture  that  the  West  also  is 
beginning  to  adopt.  Dr.  Knapp  organized 
and  set  going  a  veritable  revolution;  and 
no  man  of  his  generation  did  a  greater 
service  to  so  large  a  part  of  the  people 
nor  a  service  that  called  forth  a  heartier 
appreciation. 

Now  what  is  the  natural  form  for  a 
memorial  to  such  a  man?  Busts  and 
statues  and  buildings  are  common,  and 
they  sooner  or  later  lose  their  meaning. 
But  the  soil  will  rfemain.  It  was  by  the 
right  use  of  the  soil  that  Dr.  Knapp  bet- 
tered the  fortunes  and  lifted  the  characters 
of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  men.  The  soil 
itself  is  the  instrument  of  instruction  that 
he  used.  The  most  natural  memorial  of 
such  a  man  and  of  his  far-reaching  work 
would  be  a  piece  of  perfectly  tilled  soil 
—  a  farm  so  well  cultivated  and  made  so 
beautiful  and  bountiful  that  all  men  who 
till  the  earth  could  get  instruction  and  in- 
spiration from  it.  We  do  not  yet  know 
what  a  single  acre  in  Texas  or  Louisiana 
or  Georgia  or  the  Carolinas  or  Virginia 
will  do  under  perfect  treatment  over  a 


256 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


long  period.  Why  not  find  out  what  a 
few  acres  would  do  and  dedicate  it  to  the 
memory  of  the  man  to  whom  agriculture 
in  those  states  owes  its  chief  debt  of 
gratitude? 

It  might  be  made  a  place  of  pilgrimage, 
profitably  kept  forever  as  a  model  to  all  the 
world.  It  would  become  more  profitable 
and  more  beautiful  every  year;  and  it 
would  be  a  new  kind  of  memorial  —  the 
Knapp  Farm,  to  commemorate  the  life 
and  labor  of  the  man  who  taught  these 
great  commonwealths  the  value  of  their 
land  and  taught  the  land-worker  how  to 
become  a  better  man. 

THE  MORALS  OF  THE  PRESENT 
AGITATION 

FOR  A  TIME  the  trusts  and  the 
governmental  regulation  of  busi- 
ness is  receiving  undue  emphasis. 
There  is  not  going  to  be,  there  cannot  be, 
any  sudden  turn  for  better  or  for  worse  in 
the  experience  that  we  are  going  through. 
Neither  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  law  nor 
its  amendment,  neither  the  continuation 
of  prosecutions  nor  the  cessation  of  pros- 
ecutions, nor  any  other  event  would  sud- 
denly change  conditions. 

For  we  are  going  through  an  experience 
that  is  more  fundamental  than  any  statute 
or  action-at-law  can  express.  IVe  are  exam- 
ining the  economic  and  moral  soundness  of 
our  business  life  and  addressing  ourselves  to 
ibe  problem  of  putting  it  on  a  fairer  basis. 

The  prosecution  of  trusts,  the  examina- 
tion into  the  business  of  the  express  com- 
panies, the  growing  agitation  for  a  parcels 
post,  the  struggle,  in  many  forms,  to  get 
rid  of  unnecessary  middlemen,  the  sale  of 
potatoes  and  turkeys  by  the  Mayor  of 
Indianapolis  —  a  thousand  such  events, 
little  and  big,  all  have  one  meaning;  and 
that  meaning  is  this:  in  the  organization 
and  the  conduct  of  business,  many  condi- 
tions and  practices  arose  in  our  rush  that 
are  uneconomic,  unfair,  immoral;  and  we 
are  now  going  about  the  task  of  finding 
out  these  wrong  situations  and  practices 
and  the  correction  of  them. 

We  are  passing  out  of  a  period  of  head- 
long production  and  are  coming  into  a 
period  of  fairer  distribution  alike  of  pro- 
ducts  and  of  opportunities. 


Now  a  democracy  does  not  remove  old 
conditions  or  change  old  practices  gently, 
or  always  fairly.  We  use  rough  tools  and 
sometimes  abolish  injustice  by  unjust 
methods.  But  the  general  movement  is 
a  commendable  movement;  and  it  is  a 
short-sighted  man  who  does  not  recognize 
its  earnestness  and  its  moral  purpose.  We 
shall  continue  to  have  trusts  and  tariffs, 
express  companies  and  middlemen,  be- 
cause we  have  need  for  them.  But  we 
have  entered  upon  an  era  of  effort  to  re- 
duce them  and  other  privileged  or  para- 
sitical agencies  to  their  proper  place  of 
service.  Whatever  is  good  economics  is 
good  morals.  Good  discipline  also  makes 
for  good  morals.  This  is  a  disciplinary, 
economic  movement  that  we  are  witness- 
ing and  that  we  are  a  part  of;  and  we 
must  endure  its  embarrassing  incidents  for 
the  larger  good. 

EVERY  SHOP  A  SCHOOL 

EVERY  shop  a  school  and  every 
shop  a  place  of  health.  That  is 
an  ideal  toward  which  a  great 
many  industrial  institutions  look  and  for 
which  they  are,  in  one  way  or  other, 
working. 

An  example  of  such  a  step  forward  is 
the  opening  this  month  of  a  new  indus- 
trial hall  that  cost  5 100,000,  with  a  large 
auditorium  and  smaller  rooms  for  classes 
and  committees,  that  has  been  built  by 
the  National  Cash  Register  Company  at 
Dayton,  O.  It  will  be  used  for  all  kinds  of 
instruction  of  the  workers  —  in  their  own 
work,  and  in  health,  and  in  whatever  else 
is  useful  —  free,  of  course,  and  under  a 
thoroughly  organized  plan.  The  inven- 
tions department  will  hold  meetings  there, 
the  foremen,  the  sales  department,  and  so 
on  and  so  on,  every  one  for  discussion  and 
instruction  by  illustrated  lectures,  ''with 
the  idea  of  increasing  the  efficiency  of  the 
people  and  making  them  more  useful  not 
only  to  the  factory  but  to  themselves  and 
to  their  families." 

This  great  building,  perfectly  apf)ointed, 
thus  becomes  the  home  of  organized  in- 
struction in  a  great  factory  group  of  work- 
ers. And  such  an  example  is  sure  to  be 
followed.  It  ought  to  be  followed  by 
very  many  industrial  companies. 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


257 


THE    CONSTRUCTIVE   SIDE    OF 
THE  SHERMAN  LAW 

WE  CAN  now  see  with  some 
certainty  whether  the  Sherman 
law  as  interpreted  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  the  oil  and  tobacco  cases 
means  the  destruction  of  our  large  trade 
mechanism.  The  Standard  Oil  Company  of 
New  Jersey  has  complied  with  the  mandate 
of  the  court  and  distributed  to  its  stock- 
holders their  pro  rata  shares  of  all  the 
stocks  of  the  companies  controlled  by  it. 
The  American  Tobacco  Company  meets 
the  decree  of  the  court  by  splitting  itself 
into  four  companies  and  distributing  to 
the  holders  of  its  securities  their  pro  rata 
shares  of  the  stocks  of  these  four  companies. 

Thus  the  mechanism  of  commerce  in 
these  two  great  staple  trades  is  readjusted. 
These  existing  and  continuing  companies 
atfe  not  new  machines.  They  are  simply 
the  parts  of  the  old  machines  approved 
in  each  instance  by  the  courts.  The  real 
question  now  is  whether  these  machines, 
as  separated  under  the  courts'  direction, 
will  dliciently  perform  their  proper  trade 
functions  in  the  future  without  violating 
the  Sherman  law  and  at  the  same  time 
produce  for  those  who  hold  their  stocks, 
profits  in  due  proportion  to  the  original 
investment. 

Upon  the  answer  to  this  question  the 
future  of  the  Sherman  law  hinges.  If 
these  new  commercial  machines  can  pro- 
duce profits  for  their  owners  without  vio- 
lating the  law,  there  will  be  no  check  or 
hindrance  to  industrial  growth  by  giant 
industries.  But  if,  in  actual  practice  it 
is  found  that  these  new  machines  are  ex- 
travagant in  operation,  wasteful  in  method, 
and.  therefore,  unprofitable  to  their  owners, 
the  whole  industrial  world  will  halt  and 
wait  until  another  form  of  commercial 
machine  is  designed  which  will  do  the 
allotted  tasks  as  cheaply  and  as  efficiently 
as  the  old  illegal  industrial  machinery  did 
them,  or  until  the  law  is  changed. 

Many  critics,  including  Mr.  Roosevelt, 
fear  that  these  oil  and  tobacco  companies 
now  doing  business  are  no  better  than  the 
old  consolidations,  so  far  as  the  violation 
of  the  law  is  concerned.  These  gentlemen 
fear  that  the  new  forms  are  as  monopolistic 


and  as  capable  of  abuse  as  were  the  old; 
and  they  regard  the  readjustment  as  a 
mere  change  in  form  and  not  in  substance. 

Others,  especially  in  the  financial  world, 
declare  that  this  new  machinery  will  not 
work,  that  the  holders  of  securities  will 
be  disappointed  in  their  profits,  and  that 
the  consumers  will  be  obliged  to  pay  at 
least  as  much  if  not  more  for  the  products 
of  industrial  activity  under  the  new  system. 

In  spite  of  this  double  criticism,  the 
process  of  reconstructing  the  great  trusts 
goes  forward.  If  you  take  up  the  trade 
reports  and  the  market  rej)orts,  you  will 
find  evidences  that,  no  matter  what 
critics  may  think,  the  owners  of  oil  and 
tobacco  stocks  believe  that  the  existing 
companies  will  perform  their  tasks  effi- 
ciently under  these  new  conditions  and 
produce  abundant  profits.  The  old  com- 
mon stock  of  the  American  Tobacco  Com- 
pany is  still  worth,  in  the  open  market, 
well  over  $$00;  and  the  old  stock  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey 
closed  its  career  at  a  value  close  to  $6$o 
a  share.  The  new  stocks,  distributed  in 
lieu  of  these  issues,  are  really  based  on  these 
prices.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  there 
are  many  persons  interested  in  these  great 
companies  who  do  not  see  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  decrees  any  probability  of  ruin. 

As  for  those  who  think  that  the  change 
will  make  no  difference  in  commercial 
morals  or  methods  —  they  yet  seem  to  have 
only  personal  opinions  and  not  facts  to  sup- 
port them.  No  matter  what  form  the  new 
combinations  may  take  in  time,  there  is  a 
disciplinary  effect  during  this  period  of 
agitation  and  adjustment  which  will  tend 
very  strongly  toward  the  prevention  of 
monopoly  and  unfair  practices.  It  is 
impossible  to  believe  that  in  the  oil  and 
tobacco  trades  we  shall  see  again  in  many 
years  the  reprehensible  methods  and  the 
secret  and  defiant  making  of  prices  of  both 
raw  material  and  finished  products  that 
marked  the  history  of  the  great  combi- 
nations that  have  been  dissolved.  If 
within  the  next  few  years  competition  is 
not  free  and  open  in  these  trades,  it  will 
be  only  because  the  legitimate  trade 
machinery  of  these  companies  is  too  strong 
for  free,  independent  competition.  I f  there 
are  monopolies  they  will  be  based  \y^^ 


258 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


efficiency  in  legitimate  trade  and  not  upon 
unlawful  methods  and  practices. 

II 

The  Sherman  law,  then,  as  now  inter- 
preted, means  that  no  monopoly  shall  be 
based  upon  ruthless  restraint  of  trade. 
It  does  not  mean  that  every  combination 
will  be  broken  up  into  little  independent 
plants  and  factories,  or  that  there  shall  be 
a  return  to  eighteenth  century  methods 
of  trade.  It  recognizes  the  big  corporation 
as  an  efficient  and  legal  engine  of  com- 
merce. It  places  no  burden  upon  a  cor- 
poration merely  because  it  is  big,  nor  does 
it  eliminate  the  right  of  men  in  trade  to 
make  contracts  with  one  another  for  the 
more  efficient  and  economical  carrying  on 
of  business.  But  it  does  say  that  no  such 
contract  is  lawful  if  it  strikes  at  the  con- 
stitutional and  common-law  rights  of  a 
third  party,  whether  he  be  an  independent 
manufacturer  or  a  consumer.  It  strikes 
only  at  contracts  that  bring  into  play 
destructive  competitive  methods  in  trade 
and  usurious  prices  in  commerce. 

The  ground  which  has  thus  been  cleared 
by  the  Sherman  law  is  sufTiciently  briDad 
and  sufficiently  solid  for  the  full  and  com- 
plete up-building  and  carrying  forward  of 
American  industry.  No  man  can  say 
that  the  Government  is  opposed  to  cor- 
porations and  combinations  as  such.  There 
is  no  penalty  put  upon  bigness,  upon 
strength,  or  upon  the  possession  of  great 
wealth.  It  is  doubtful  if  there  is  a  single 
restriction  imposed  upon  the  tobacco  man- 
ufacturers which  is  not  recognized  in  the 
laws  in  every  civilized  commercial  nation. 

The  Supreme  Court  and  the  Govern- 
ment have  done,  or  seem  to  be  in  a  fair 
way  to  do,  the  task  that  seemed  impossible 
of  accomplishment,  namely  to  rid  the 
commercial  world  of  its  greatest  abuses, 
its  greatest  dangers,  and  its  wickedest 
practices  without  stopping,  or  at  any  rate 
setting  back  for  many  years,  the  advance 
of  industrial  America.  Of  course  it  will 
take  time  to  demonstrate,  even  in  the  case 
of  these  companies  that  have  already 
gone  through  the  process  of  adjustment, 
what  the  actual  commercial  results  will 
be;  and  it  will  probably  take  more  time  to 
readjust  dozens  of  other  concerns  to  the 


principles  now  nearing  a  clear  and  concise 
definition.  Investors,  therefore,  may  well 
be  cautious,  but  the  dangers  of  industrial 
adjustment  now  seem  very  much  less  ter- 
rible than  they  seemed  even  three  or 
four  months  ago. 

THE  ALDRICH    CURRENCY    PLAN 
AS  IT  NOW  STANDS 

THE  Aldrich  plan  to  reform  our 
currency  and  banking,  as  it  is 
now  presented,  involves  few  new 
features  not  in  its  original  draft.  It  still 
provides  for  the  establishment  of  the 
National  Reserve  Association  which  shall 
exercise  the  note-issuing  function,  and 
which  is  designed  to  extend  automatically 
and  to  contract  the  supply  of  money  ac- 
cording to  the  commercial  and  financial 
needs  of  the  country. 

The  members  of  this  Association  are  to 
be  the  National  banks  and  the  state  banks 
and  trust  companies  which  conform  to 
National  bank  methods,  these  banks  be- 
coming shareholders  in  the  National  Re- 
serve Association.  It  still  provides  that 
National  banks  shall  be  empowered  to 
open  and  operate  savings  departments  and 
to  lend  money  on  real  estate;  and  it  still 
provides  for  doing  away  with  our  present 
currency  secured  on  Government  bonds, 
and  for  the  establishment  of  a  sort  of 
foreign  branches  of  our  great  banks. 

The  crux  of  the  whole  question  from  a 
public  point  of  view  is  whether  or  not  the 
National  Reserve  Association  is  to  be  free, 
first,  from  political  control  and,  secondly, 
from  control  by  Wall  Street.  There  is 
probably  no  other  question  in  connection 
with  this  proposed  reform  upon  which  the 
public  will  put  more  than  a  passing  atten- 
tion. It  is,  therefore,  important  to  out- 
line clearly  how  the  National  Reserve  As- 
sociation is  to  be  organized  and  conducted. 

This  Association  is  to  have  $300,000,000 
of  capital  which  is  to  be  owned  by  the 
banks,  and  these  banks  and  the  United 
States  itself  will  be  the  sole  depositors  in 
the  Association.  This  is  what  is  mis- 
called a  "central  bank."  It  is  an  associa- 
tion, not  a  bank. 

The  country  is  to  be  divided  into  fifteen 
districts.  The  machinery  of  administration 
of  the  Central  Association  is  as  folk>ws: 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


259 


The  Governor  of  the  Association. — 
Appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  from  names  submitted  by  the  Board  of 
Directors. 

The  Board  of  Directors. —  39  members 
elected  in  three  classes. 

Class  A.  1 5  directors  elected  one  from  each 
distnct  by  the  members  of  the  association. 

Class  B.  12  directors  elected  by  sharehold- 
ing banks,  not  more  than  three  from  any  one 
district. 

Class  C,  12  directors  elected  by  classes  A 
and  B.  Class  C  is  not  to  include  bank  officers 
but  is  to  represent  commerce,  trade,  and  indus- 
try. 

The  Executive  Committee. —  9  members 
composed  of  four  ex-officio,  the  Governor  and 
two  Deputy-Governors  of  the  Association,  and 
the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  and  five, 
chosen  by  the  directors,  not  more  than  one  from 
any  one  district. 

The  purpose  of  this  Association  is  to 
provide  a  supply  of  money  to  meet  the 
demands  of  commerce.  I  ts  membership  is 
not  individual,  but  consists  only  of  banks. 
It  shall *have  the  right  to  discount  for  any 
of  its  members  notes  or  bills  of  exchange 
rising  out  of  commercial  transactions.  The 
words  used  in  the  plan  are  notes  and  bills 
"issued  or  drawn  for  agricultural,  indus- 
trial, or  commercial  purp>oses,  and  not  for 
carrying  stocks,  bonds,  or  any  other  invest- 
ment securities."  It  is,  therefore,  to  be 
part  of  the  commercial  and  industrial 
machine  of  the  country  rather  than  of  the 
purely  financial  machine. 

The  issuing  function  of  the  Association 
is  to  consist  of  the  power  to  issue  notes  up 
to  1^900,000,000  against  which  there  shall 
be  a  reserve  of  at  least  one  third  in  gold  or 
other  lawful  money.  Above  $900,000,000, 
the  notes  must  either  be  covered  by  law- 
ful money  or  pay  a  special  tax  to  the 
Government  of  i  J  per  cent,  a  year.  If  the 
issue  runs  over  5 1,200,000,000.,  such  part 
of  it  above  that  figure  that  is  not  covered 
by  lawful  money  must  pay  a  tax  of  5  per 
cent. 

These  provisions  are  intended  to  enable 
the  Association,  in  a  time  of  extreme  stress, 
to  meet  a  temporary  money  stringency; 
but  the  tax  is  heavy  enough  to  make  it 
practically  certain  that,  once  the  strin- 
gency is  past,  the  amount  of  money  will 


automatically  contract  so  that  there  shall 
not  be  an  excess  of  currency  afloat. 

The  plan,  as  a  whole,  is  undoubtedly  a 
long  step  forward.  The  most  serious  fear 
is  that  the  actual  control  of  this  Associa- 
tion, and,  therefore,  of  the  money  supply 
of  the  country,  will  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  great  banking  interests.  Competent 
critics  deny  the  possibility  of  this;  but  it 
still  remains  a  subject  for  debate  and  it 
will  be  the  centre  of  much  controversy 
in  Congress  and  out  of  it  during  the 
coming  year.  Every  possible  precaution 
has  been  taken  that  every  section  of 
the  country  and  every  important  branch 
of  commercial  activity  shall  be  represented 
in  the  organization  of  the  Association. 
Theoretically  it  seems  proof  against  local 
control.  Its  critics  have  the  burden  of 
proving  that  in  practice  it  may  fail. 

PRESIDENTIAL  GUESSES 

PREDICTIONS  about  nominations 
for  the  Presidency  six  months 
before  the  conventions  are  some- 
what hazardous.  Perhaps  it  is  their  un- 
certainty that  gives  zest  to  the  making  of 
them.  However  that  may  be,  you  yourself 
indulge  in  them  in  conversation,  and  so  do 
most  of  the  men  you  meet. 

As  public  opinion  stands  now  among  the 
mass  of  Republicans,  Mr.  Taft's  nomina- 
tion is  taken  for  granted  and  acquiesced  in 
with  increasing  regret.  A  nomination  for 
a  second  term  has  become  so  much  a 
matter  of  course  in  recent  times  that  a 
refusal  of  it  would  be  a  sort  of  confession, 
not  only  that  the  President  had  failed, 
but  that  the  party  also  under  his  leader- 
ship had  failed.  This  traditional  reason, 
together  with  the  influence  of  Federal 
office-holders  of  every  degree,  gives  a  very 
great  advantage  over  any  competitor. 

The  only  competitor  whose  friends  aro 
engaged  in  organized  activity  is  Senator 
La  Follette;  and  he  would  be  a  very 
formidable  rival  if  his  dramatic  method 
of  fighting  had  not  made  him  a  bugaboo  to 
many  conservative  men.  They  regard 
him  as  too  radical.  Many  so  regard  him 
who  are  as  radical  as  he  is.  The  public 
conception  of  a  man  is  always  false  in 
some  respect,  but  no  man  can  easily  es- 
cape the  image  of  himself  that  ^uhUc  ^^s^^kic^ 


26o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ion  throws  on  the  screen.  The  nomina- 
tion of  Senator  La  FoUette  is  conceivable 
but  improbable,  unless  the  convention 
should  give  way  to  an  extreme  progressive 
impulse. 

Yet  there  is  no  denying  the  ever-waning 
confidence  in  Mr.  Taft  as  a  successful 
candidate.  If  there  should  be  Presidential 
primaries  in  enough  states  to  reveal  the 
extent  of  the  fear  of  his  leadership  so  that 
the  convention  should  hesitate  to  nomin- 
ate him,  either  one  of  two  things  might 
happen:  any  available  Progressive  might 
be  nominated;  or  the  convention  might 
be  stampeded  by  the  friends  of  Mr. 
Roosevelt.  If  Mr.  Taft  should  fail  of  the 
nomination  on  the  first  ballot,  he  is  likely 
to  be  dropped  at  once  and  for  all.  Mr. 
Roosevelt  is  not  a  candidate.  He  has  sin- 
cerely requested  his  friends  not  to  speak 
of  him  in  connection  with  the  nomina- 
tion. But  suppose,  in  a  moment  of  doubt 
about  Mr.  Taft,  some  influential  member 
of  the  Convention  should  say: 

"Why  do  we  hesitate?  Hesitation 
means  defeat.  We  have  one  great  leader 
whose  dash  means  victory,  the  man  who 
has  already  written  his  name  large  in  our 
history  and  on  our  continent,  the  most 
conspicuous  and  courageous  citizen  of  the 
Republic  who  lifted  our  political  life  to 
such  a  high  level  of  achievement  and 
efficiency  that  other  leaders  seem  common- 
place. Conservative  and  Progressive  alike 
would  rally  under  our  banner  borne  again 
by  Theodore  Roosevelt."  His  nomina- 
tion might  be  made  in  a  minute.  Could  • 
he  decline? 

On  the  Democratic  side,  there  is  no 
longer  any  doubt  of  the  overwhelming 
popular  preference  for  Governor  Wood- 
row  Wilson.  If  the  Convention  reflect 
or  respect  the  preferences  of  the  masses 
of  the  party,  his  nomination  seems  as 
certain  as  any  such  further  event  can  be. 

His  so-called  "radicalism"  also  is  in 
some  quarters  held  against  him.  But  it 
is  a  two-edged  weapon.  The  conversation 
turned  on  this  subject  at  a  lunch-club 
in  the  financial  district  of  New  York  a 
little  while  ago.  One  man  asked:  "Isn't 
Wilson  radical?"  "  I  hope  so,"  was  the 
quick  reply  of  one  man  after  another  in 
the  company.    "Radicalism"  is  relative 


and  it  means  what  you  will.  If  it  mean 
doing  the  public  business  in  the  open, 
if  it  mean  dethroning  bosses  and  giving 
the  people  themselves  a  direct  controlling 
voice  in  public  affairs,  if  it  mean  the 
restoration  of  popular  government  and 
the  consequent  abolition  of  special  priv- 
ilege, he  is  radical.  There  would  other- 
wise be  no  sufficient  reason  for  his  political 
existence  or  his  swiftly  won  popularity. 
But  if  "radicalism"  mean  the  arraying 
of  class  against  class,  or  a  destructive  pro- 
gramme of  any  kind,  there  is  nothing 
in  his  public  career  or  in  his  often  ex- 
pressed opinions  to  warrant  his  being 
called  radical. 

Unless  the  present  tide  of  feeling  turn. 
Governor  Wilson  would  defeat  President 
Taft;  but  President  Taft  or  any  other 
reasonably  conservative  Republican  would 
defeat  any  other  Democrat.  If  the  nomi- 
nees sbould  be  Roosevelt  and  Wilson  (and 
stranger  things  have  happened  in  politics), 
we  should  have  the  most  exciting  campaign 
within  recent  times;  and  the  third-term 
might  very  well  be  the  determining  inci- 
dent.   Most  likely  it  would  be. 

Whatever  turn  events  take,  therefore, 
in  our  very  uncertain  political  world,  as 
the  game  now  stands.  Governor  Wilson 
seems  at  least  as  likely  as  any  other  man 
to  be  the  next  President. 

PRESIDENTIAL  PRIMARIES 

TH  E  rising  demand  of  the  people  that 
they  shall  nominate  as  well  a$ 
elect  the  President  is  a  just  de- 
mand, a  wise  one,  and  one  certain  to  suc^ 
ceed. 

Our  method  of  electing  a  President  is 
cumbersome  and  antiquated,  but  it  serves 
the  purpose.  The  Fathers  who  wrote  the 
Constitution  never  in  tended  that  the  people 
should  choose  the  President;  they  did  not 
believe  the  people  wise  enough  for  that; 
the  people  were  to  choose  Electors,  who 
would  choose  the  President.  It  did  not 
take  the  people  long  to  reduce  the  Electors 
to  a  purely  mechanical  function,  and  take 
the  whole  affair  into  their  own  hands.  So 
far  as  the  election  is  concerned,  the  j)eople 
perform  it  —  that  is,  they  themselves 
choose  between  two  or  three  nominees. 
But  who  makes  the  nominations?  Who 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


261 


names  the  two  or  three  men  —  usually 
two  —  between  whom  the  people  may 
choose?  Everybody  knows  that  those 
nominations  are  often  made  by  the  pro- 
fessional politicians.  An  overwhelming 
sentiment  among  the  members  of  a  party 
may  successfully  require  the  nomination 
of  a  popular  man,  but  even  when  such  a 
sentiment  prevails  it  is  only  by  grace  of 
the  ]X)liticians.  A  national  convention  is 
made  up  of  delegates,  most  of  whom  are 
put  on  the  slate  by  the  state  bosses  the 
night  before  the  state  conventions,  they 
go  as  the  bosses'  men;  they  vote  as  the 
bosses  order  them  to  vote.  The  conven- 
tion system,  state  and  national,  necessarily 
puts  the  management  of  parties  into  the 
hands  of  the  politicians.  As  long  as 
parties  are  managed  and  nominations 
made  by  conventions,  they  will  be  man- 
aged and  made,  not  by  the  people,  but 
by  the  ]X)liticians. 

II 

The  agitation  for  the  direct  nomination 
of  presidential  candidates  in  primaries  is 
a  phase  of  the  movement  so  rapidly  gain- 
ing ground,  for  direct  action  by  the  people 
in  all  their  ]X)litical  affairs;  and  it  is  the 
most  striking  phase  of  that  movement, 
alike  in  sentimental  and  dramatic  interest 
and  in  actual  importance.  The  presidency 
has  come  to  be  a  position  of  immense, 
collossal,  prodigious  power.  Perhaps 
never  has  the  whole  body  of  the  people 
been  so  concerned  over  the  election  of 
"the  next  President"  as  they  are  to-day. 
The  sense  of  social  crisis  is  upon  the  soul 
of  the  people  as  in  the  great  historic 
moments  of  national  existence. 

In  this  hour  the  people  will  not  tamely 
brook  the  rule  of  bosses;  and  the  raising 
of  the  cry  that  to  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
party  belongs  the  right  to  name  the  party's 
candidate,  has  called  forth  a  sudden  res- 
ponse that  is  troubling  some  of  the  old-line 
politicians  and  politicians'  candidates. 
If  a  majority  of  Republicans  prefer  some- 
one else  to  Mr.  Taft,  why  should  they  be 
obliged  to  cast  their  ballots  for  him  next 
November,  or  vote  for  a  Democrat?  Why 
should  a  progressive  Democrat  be  required 
to  vote  for  Mr.  Harmon,  if  a  majority  of 
the  party  are  for  Mr.  Wilson?    These  are 


very  simple  questions,  but  the  masses  of 
the  parties  have  thought  them  up  and 
thought  out  the  answer  —  and  a  change 
is  desired  in  our  political  methods. 

Ill 

It  may  come  sooner  than  most  of  us 
expect.  It  is  not  generally  realized  that 
five  states  have  already  established,  by 
law,  the  direct  presidential  primary.  These 
five  are  Oregon,  New  Jersey,  Wisconsin, 
Nebraska,  North  Dakota. 

One  other  state,  South  Dakota,  has  a 
permissive  provision  for  a  presidential 
primary,  and  it  is  certain  to  be  taken 
advantage  of. 

Delegates  to  the  National  G)nventions 
from  these  six  states  will  this  year  and 
hereafter  be  chosen  by  the  vote  of  the 
rank  and  file  of  the  parties,  and  will  go 
pledged  by  law  to  the  presidential  candi- 
dates for  whom  the  people  instruct. 

It  is  an  off  year  for  legislatures,  for  only 
ten  of  them  will  be  in  session  this  winter; 
but  it  is  quite  ]x)ssible  that  the  presidential 
primary  may  be  this  winter  established 
by  law  in  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  South  Carolina,  and 
Mississippi. 

The  California  legislature  is  to  hold  a 
special  session  in  which  a  presidential 
primary  bill  will  be  debated  and  probably 
passed. 

The  Governor  of  Kansas  is  considering 
the  advisability  of  calling  his  legislature 
in  special  session  for  various  purposes, 
including  the  consideration  of  a  presiden- 
tial primary  bill.  Senator  Bristow,  of  that 
state,  is  urging  it  upon  his  party  there 
that,  in  the  absence  of  a  law.  Repub- 
licans should  hold  a  voluntary  presidential 
primary  in  the  spring. 

For.  of  course,  in  order  to  secure  presi- 
dential primaries,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
enact  state  laws  requiring  them.  Parties 
may  voluntarily  decide,  each  for  itself,  to 
elect  national  delegates  by  popular  vote. 
The  Democrats  will  do  this  in  Louisiana, 
and  probably  they  will  do  it  in  Texas  and 
in  Delaware,  if  not  elsewhere.  The  Re- 
publicans may  do  it  in  Ohio.  It  will  be 
strange  if  the  popular  demand  for  the 
right  to  nominate  as  well  as  elect  Presi- 
dents does  not  prevail  in  other  —  perhaps 


a62 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


many  other  —  states,  either  through  party 
organizations  or  through  the  legislatures. 

IV 

Objection  is  made  to  extra-legal  prim- 
aries, primaries,  that  is,  established  merely 
by  party  rules,  that  they  would  cost  a 
good  deal,  that  there  is  nobody  to  pay 
the  bills,  and  that  (being  surrounded  by 
no  legal  guarantees)  they  would  not  yield 
trustworthy  results  anyhow. 

The  answer  is  that  the  cost  would  be 
slight  and  would  be  gladly  borne  by 
voluntary  subscribers;  Senator  Bristow, 
who  has  perfected  a  careful  plan  for  Kan- 
sas, thinks  that  a  primary  in  that 
state  would  not  cost  more  than  $i  500  —  a 
sum  which  may  be  considered  negligible 
where  so  many  are  interested.  As  for  the 
value  of  the  result,  it  is  true  that  informal, 
extra-legal  primaries  would  not  afford  the 
exact  certainty  that  attends  elections 
guarded  by  law.  Yet  they  would  be  much 
harder  for  corrupt  bosses  to  manage  than 
conventions  are,  and  they  would  generally 
give  a  dependable  result.  The  people  of 
most  sections  of  the  country  have  long 
been  familiar  with  voluntary  primary 
elections  and  have  managed  them  pretty 
well  on  the  whole.  It  is  absurd  to  talk  as 
if  it  would  be  the  work  of  years  of  legis- 
lation to  give  the  people  of  the  parties  a 
chance  to  name  their  nominees  for  the 
Presidency.  They  can  and  they  will 
nominate  the  candidates  for  President  at 
the  next  election  if  they  are  thoroughly 
minded  to  do  it. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  COMMISSION 
GOVERNMENT 

^T^HE  movement  for  commission  gov- 
I  ernment  of  cities  has  been  so 
X  rapid  that  no  one  has  been  able 
to  keep  up  with  it.  There  have  been 
published  several  lists  purporting  to  be 
complete  indices  of  the  municipalities 
which  have  adopted  the  commission  plan, 
but  no  list  has  been  complete.  There  is 
reason  to  believe  that  there  are  at  present 
under  commissioners  at  least  200  cities. 
Below  are  given  the  names  of  182  which 
have  adopted  the  plan,  and  we  cannot 
claim  that  the  list  is  complete.  It  does 
not  include  cities  like  Boston,  St.  Joseph, 


Mo.,  Seattle,  Wash.,  and  Charlotte,  N.  C, 
where  a  semi-commission  government  pre- 
vails, and  it  probably  omits  a  number  where 
commission  government  is  in  full  force. 

There  are  few  things  more  significant 
of  America's  political  progress  than  the 
fact  that,  where  ten  years  ago  with  but  a 
single  exception  our  cities  labored  under 
partisan  political  machinery,  to-day  an 
honest  non-political  system  has  been 
adopted  by  such  cities  as  Birmingham, 
Salt  Lake,  Mobile,  Spokane,  Tacoma, 
Chattanooga,  Memphis,  Knoxville,  Trenton, 
Sacramento,  Lynn,  Des  Moines,  Dallas, 
and  21  other  Texas  towns,  Springfield 
and  17  other  Illinois  towns,  and  Topeka 
heads  a  list  of  28  in  Kansas.  The  182 
cities  are  as  follows: 

Alabama  —  Birmingham,  Cordova,  Hart- 
selles,  Huntsville,  Mobile,  Montgomery,  Tal- 
ladega, Tuscaloosa. 

California  —  Berkeley,  Modesto,  Monterey, 
Oakland,  Sacramento,  San  Diego,  Santa  Cruz, 
§an  Luis  Obispo,  Vallejo. 

Colorado—Colorado  Springs,  Grand  Junction. 

Idaho  —  Boise,  Lewiston. 

Illinois  —  Carbondale,  Qinton,  Decatur, 
Dixon,  Elgin,  Forest  Park,  Hamilton,  Hills- 
boro,  Jacksonville,  Kewanee,  Moline,  Ottawa, 
Pekin,  Rochelle,  Rock  Island,  Springfield, 
Springvalley,  Waukegan. 

Iowa  —  Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids,  Des 
Moines,  Ft.  Dodge,  Keokuk,  Marshalltowo, 
Sioux  City. 

Kansas  —  Anthony,  Abilene,  Chanute,  Cof- 
feyville,  Cherryvale,  Caldwell,  Council  Grove, 
Dodge  City,  Emporia,  Eureka,  Girard,  Hia- 
watha, Hutchinson,  Independence,  lola,  Leav- 
enworth, Kansas  City,  Manhattan,  Marion, 
Newton,  Neodesha,  Parsons,  Pittsburg,  Pratt, 
Topeka,  Wichita,  Wellington. 

Kentucky  —  Newport. 

Louisiana  —  Shrevepor^. 

Maine  —  Auburn,  Gardiner. 

Maryland  —  Cumberland. 

Massachusetts — Gloucester,  Haverhill,  Lynn, 
Taunton,  Chelsea. 

Michigan  —  Fremont,  Harbor  Beach,  Port 
Huron,  Pontiac,  Wyandotte. 

Mississippi  —  Clarksdale,    Hattiesburg. 

Minnesota  —  Faribault,  Mankato. 

Montana  —  Missoula. 

Nebraska  —  Omaha. 

Newjersey— Irvington,Occan  City,  Passtic, 
Ridgewood,  Trenton. 

New  Mexico  —  Roswell. 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


363 


North  Carolina  —  Greensboro,  High  Point, 
Wilmington. 

North  Dakota  —  Bismarck,  Mandan,  Minot. 

Oklahoma  —  Ardmore,  Bartlesville,  Chick- 
asha,  Duncan,  El  Reno,  Enid,  Guthrie,  Law- 
ton,  Miami,  McAlester,  Muskogee,  Oklahoma 
City,  Purcell,  Sapulpa,  TulSa,  Wagoner. 

Oregon  —  Baker  City. 

South  Carolina  —  Columbia. 

South  Dakota  —  Aberdeen,  Canton,  Cham- 
berlain, Dell  Rapids.  Huron,  Lead,  Pierre, 
Rapid  City,  Sioux  Falls,  Vermilion,  Yankton. 

Tennessee  —  Bristol  Chattanooga,  Clarks- 
vill^  Etowah,  Knoxville,  Memphis. 


'AS  ITHERS  SEE  US' 


WHILE  we  are  thinking  of  pos- 
sible Presidents,  why  not  gather 
a  little  light  from  the  views  of 
disinterested  outsiders  ?  A  person  named 
Mr.  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe  has  visited  us, 
listened  and  observed  with  the  usual  acute- 
ness  of  the  middle-class  Englishman,  and 
now,  in  a  Fortnightly  Review  article,  has 
given  the  world  the  results  of  his  sur- 
vey —  which  are  indeed  remarkable  in 
many  particulars. 
Mr.  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe  takes  note  of 


THE  182  COMMISSION  GOVERNED  CITIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

THOSE  OF  MORE  THAN  35,000  POPULATION   ARE  NAMED  AND  THOSE  WITH  LESS  ARE  SHOWN  BY  BLACK  DOTS 
WITHOUT  NAMES.      THERE  ARE  SEVERAL  OTHER  CITIES  WHICH  HAVE  A  SEMI-COMMISSION  FORM 


Texas  —  Amarillo,  Aransas  Pass,  .\ustin, 
Barry,  Beaumont,  Corpus  Christi,  Dallas, 
Denison,  Ft.  Worth,  Galveston,  Greenville, 
Harlingen,  Houston,  Kenedy,  Marble  Falls, 
Marshall,  Orange,  Palestine,  Port  Arthur,  Port 
Lavaca,  San  Antonio,  Sherman. 

Utah  —  Salt  Lake,  Logan,  Murray,  Ogdcn, 
Prove. 

Washington  —  Chehalis,  Granger,  Hoquiam, 
North  Yakima,  Spokane,  Tacoma,  Walla  Walla. 

West  Virginia  —  Bluefield,  Huntington,  Par- 
kersburg. 

Wisconsin — ^Appleton,   Eau  Qaire. 

Wyoming  —  Sheridan. 


the  movement  in  behalf  of  Woodrow 
Wilson,  "Governor  of  New  Jersey  and 
Principal  of  Princeton  University."  The 
"Principal  of  Princeton  University"  is, 
we  learn,  a  sardonic  man,  with  an  expres- 
sion hard  and  cynical.  There  is  nothing 
picturesque  about  him,  nothing  to  touch 
the  imagination.  He  is  not  a  man  of 
ideas;  he  does  not  even  assimilate  other 
people's  ideas  readily;  he  cautiously  waits 
to  hear  whether  an  idea  is  "going  well." 
However,  when  he  speaks,  "he  punches 
out  the  words"  [no,  not  Mr.  Roosevelt; 


264 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


he  is  talking  about  Principal  Wilson,  the 
man  with  the  harshly  moulded  face  and  the 
eye  with  a  steely  glint  in  it]  "  he  punches 
out  the  words  as  a  machine  in  a  ship- 
yard punches  holes  in  a  steel  plate."  All 
who  have  seen  and  heard  Mr.  Wilson  will 
recognize  the  genius  of  this  picture. 

We  learn  from  Mr.  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe's 
valuable  article  that  "  Mr.  Taft's  energetic 
action  [in  vetoing  the  tariff  bills  passed 
at  the  last  session  of  Congress]  made  a 
good  impression,"  though  the  Insurgents 
"looked  sadly  on."  There  are  no  mis- 
prints or  transpositions  in  the  above 
quotation.  Another  candidate.  Senator 
LaFollette,  apart  from  his  increasing 
deafness  [and  a  few  other  things],  is  not 
regarded  as  dependable.  As  to  dependa- 
bility, there  is  little  choice  between  Prin- 
cipal Wilson  and  Governor  Harmon  — 
a  gentleman  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
fact  that  he  plays  golf  every  Saturday 
afternoon,  "a  relaxation  by  no  means 
usual  [Fortnightly  English]  in  American 
cities,"  and  whose  slogan  is  "Guilt  is  al- 
ways personal";  a  phrase  which  Mr.  H. 
Hamilton  Fyfe  confesses  puzzles  him. 

Another  likely  candidate  is  Mr.  Gaynor, 
Mayor  of  New  York,  whose  "chance  of 
nomination  was  greatly  improved  by  the 
attempt  on  his  life  last  year."  Mr.  Gay- 
nor is  as  remarkable  for  his  sweetness  of 
disposition  as  Principal  Wilson  is  for  his 
cynicism;  even  the  fact  that  Mr.  Gaynor 
was  once  a  judge  is  "scarcely  enough  to 
account  for  his  even  balance  of  temper." 
Moreover,  Mr.  Gaynor  is  characterized 
by  "a  cautious  habit  of  mind.  He  is  so 
cautious  as  to  be  uninteresting."  This  of 
a  man  whom  New  York  managing  editors 
mistakenly  regard  as  the  most  entertain- 
ing personality  who  ever  furnished  copy! 

But  what  avails  it  to  discuss  candidates? 
From  his  proud  pinnacle  of  authority, 
Mr.  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe  informs  the  world 
that  "unless  the  American  ship  of  state 
should  unexpectedly  glide  into  calm  waters, 
Theodore  Roosevelt  will  be  again  found  at 
the  helm."  In  the  meantime,  Woodrow 
Wilson  is  probably  the  man  he  would 
most  gladly  see  elected  to  the  Presidency. 

Inasmuch  as  in  all  the  above  there  is 
not  a  single  sentence  which  an  American 
reader  will  not  understand  as  a  piece  of 


delicious  irony,  one  is  induced  to  pause 
and  wonder  how  we  could  have  gathered 
such  wrong  impressions  regarding  men 
whom  we  thought  we  knew,  until  the 
English  observer  revealed  the  truth  about 
them.  The  sardonic  Wilson,  the  sweet* 
tempered  and  uninteresting  Gaynor,  the 
deaf  [though  not  dumb]  La  Follette,  the 
politically  energetic  Taft,  and  the  sad 
Insurgents,  the  Republican  ex-President 
who  wants  a  Democrat  elected  at  what  the 
Fortnightly  writer,  in  his  admirable  mas- 
tery of  American  slang  tells  us  is  known 
as  "  the  Presidential"— these  characters  all 
are  strangely  new  to  our  apperceptions. 
Can  it  be  that  we  are  too  close  to  the 
truth  to  see  it? 

SHERMAN  WAS  RIGHT 

A  GOOD  many  people  have  been 
grievously  shocked  and  horrified 
by  the  circumstantial  accounts 
and  photographs  of  Italian  atrocities  in 
Tripoli.  They  read,  with  deeply  wounded 
sensibilities,  of  scores  of  non-combatants 
driven  into  a  shed  in  relays  of  half  a  dozen 
to  be  shot  to  death  till  corpses  covered  the 
floor  three-deep;  and  of  wounded  children 
and  old  men  and  women  left  in  the  hot  sun 
to  die  in  anguish  of  thirst  while  the  in- 
vaders watched  them  and  photographed 
their  contortions. 

Yet  why  should  there  be  any  particular 
surprise  aroused  by  such  scenes?  The 
world  which  permits  war  legalizes  butch- 
ery like  this.  It  is  idle,  and  it  is  either 
foolish  or  insincere  to  talk  as  if  war  could 
ever  be  anything  but  cruel.  Every  soldier 
and  correspondent  who  has  seen  battle 
knows  that  once  the  "noble"  fighting 
blood  is  aroused  (as  it  is  aroused  by  uni- 
forms, music,  noise,  the  sight  of  the  enemy, 
all  acting  together  on  the  peculiar  sen- 
sibilities of  an  armed  multitude)  men  lose 
their  reason  and  become  savages.  Else 
they  would  not  kill.  And,  while  they  are 
killing,  the  desire  to  kill  more  and  to  kill 
more  terribly,  flames  up.  1 1  is  insane  work, 
inhuman,  beastly,  and  inglorious,  always 
and  inevitably.  "Rules  of  war"  are  a 
ridiculous  insincerity;  the  nobility  of  the 
soldier's  trade  is  a  superstition;  war  is 
always  war  and  what  war  is.  General 
Sherman  accurately  declared. 


THE  TRUSTEE  WHO  WENT  WRONG 


SOME  years  ago  in  a  little  town 
up  the  state  of  New  York,  a 
middle-aged  business  man, 
dying,  left  the  administra- 
tion of  his  affairs  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  another  man  about  his 
own  age  who  had  been  his  own  legal 
adviser  in  life.  No  injunctions  were  laid 
U]X)n  the  trustee  as  to  what  he  should  do 
with  the  money,  for  the  man  knew  that 
by  nature  the  trustee  was  a  conservative 
man  a(id  an  honest  man.  The  estate  was 
left  in  trust  for  two  children  of  ten 
and  eight  years.  During  the  life-time 
of  their  mother  the  entire  income,  except 
an  allowance  for  maintenance  and  educa- 
tion of  the  children,  was  to  go  to  the 
wife,  a  relatively  young  woman. 

The  trustee  at  first  followed  his  natural 
bent.  He  bought  some  good  local  mort- 
gages, kept  the  house  as  it  was  before,  and 
invested  the  rest  in  good  solid  bonds, 
bought  through  his  bank. 

Chie  day  the  woman  visited  him  at  his 
office.  She  started  by  asking  him  to  re- 
peat to  her  the  terms  of  the  will,  which  he 
did  in  full  detail. 

"It  means,"  she  said,  "that  whatever 
you  make  this  money  earn  with  the  ex- 
ception of  $250  a  year  for  each  of  the 
children  and  jioo  a  year  for  you,  belongs 
to  me." 

"That  is  exactly  it,"  he  answered. 

"What  per  cent,  does  it  earn?"  was 
was  her  next  question. 

He  told  her  that,  on  the  whole  invest- 
ment, it  had  earned  a  net  average  rate  of 
4.80  per  cent,  and  produced  an  itemized 
account  to  show  her  how  the  income  came. 
She  studied  over  it  a  long  time,  finally  she 
said: 

"If  this  part  of  the  money  that  earns 
6  per  cent,  is  perfectly  safe,  why  not  have 
it  all  invested  at  6  per  cent,  instead  of 
nearly  half  of  it  in  bonds  that  only  seem 
to  pay  a  little  bit  more  than  4  per  cent?" 

He  answered  vaguely.  The  next  day 
he  called  at  the  bank  and  put  the  same 


question  up  to  the  bank  president.  The 
president  had  been  in  oflfice  about  four 
years  and  up  to  that  time  had  been  a 
merchant. 

"There  is  a  good  deal  of  sense  in  that/' 
he  said,  "  but  the  fact  is  that  the  bonds  are 
supposed  to  be  safer  than  any  mortgages 
that  you  can  get  around  here;  and  if 
you  got  mortgages  just  as  safe  as  these 
bonds,  you  wouldn't  get  any  more  income 
on  them  than  you  do  on  your  bonds.  With 
my  own  money  1  don't  buy  either  these 
little  mortgages  that  yield  6  per  cent,  or 
these  bonds  which  the  savings  bank  buys. 
I  buy  good  bonds  and  stocks  that  yield 
me  a  fair  income  and  give  me  a  chance 
for  business  profit." 

The  trustee  went  away  not  much  wiser 
than  he  was  before.  Within  a  week  he 
was  visited  again  by  the  woman  who  told 
him  that  she  had  been  reading  about  in- 
vestments in  a  paper  and  that  she  saw 
no  reason  in  the  world  why  he  should  not 
get  at  least  5  per  cent,  on  all  his  invest- 
ments. He  was  at  a  loss  how  to  answer 
her  but  said  he  would  look  it  up.  He  did, 
and  within  a  month  he  had  sold  all  his 
gilt  edge  bonds  and  had  a  selection  of  good 
solid  securities  that  yielded  on  an  aver- 
age a  little  more  than  5  per  cent. 

This  lasted  a  year.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  she  came  in  with  a  complaint.  She 
said  that  the  cost  of  living  had  gone  up 
wonderfully,  and  as  he  looked  her  over  from 
hat  to  shoes  he  was  not  surprised.  The 
gi^  of  her  complaint  was  that,  while  half  a 
dozen  of  her  friends  had  money  invested 
in  stocks  and  other  securities  that  yielded 
them  all  the  way  to  10  per  cent.,  she 
had  to  be  content  with  about  half  as  much 
income  as  she  needed.  She  was  not  un- 
friendly but  she  was  decidedly  critical. 

The  trustee  was  uncomfortable  and 
began  to  wish  that  somebody  else  had  his 
job.  He  contented  himself  with  the 
reflection  that  his  main  trust,  after  all,  was 
the  principal  and  not  the  interest  of  the 
bonds,    lliis  contentment  did  not  last 


i66 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


long,  for  the  woman  came  regularly  and 
did  not  seem  to  accept  with  good  grace  his 
explanation  of  what  a  trust  fund  meant  to 
the  man  in  whose  hands  it  rested.  One 
day  she  came  with  a  companion,  a  visitor 
from  New  York  who  had  been  a  friend  of 
her  husband  and  still  maintained  his 
friendly  relationship  with  the  family. 
She  explained  that  she  had  asked  him  to 
look  over  the  list  and  to  collaborate  with 
the  trustee  to  see  what  could  be  done  to 
get  a  larger  income. 

The  trustee  did  not  want  to  collaborate, 
but  felt  delicate  about  saying  so.  The 
visitor,  as  it  turned  out,  had  very  definite 
ideas  of  his  own.  He  was  a  business  man 
of  some  standing,  and  he  stated  emphatic- 
ally that  his  own  money  was  invested 
in  business  enterprises  and  yielded  him 
well  over  lo  per  cent,  at  all  times.  Amongst 
other  things,  he  was  treasurer  of  a  cotton 
mill  company  and  president  of  a  manu- 
facturing company  in  New  Jersey.  Both 
these  companies  had  preferred  stock  out- 
standing, one  of  which  paid  7  per  cent, 
and  the  other  8  per  cent.  The  7  per  cent, 
stock  carried  with  it  a  bonus  of  common 
which  would  probably  pay  dividends  in  a 
year  or  so.  He  knew  other  securities  in 
which  he  was  not  interested  which  were 
equally  good  from  the  standpoint  of  in- 
come, and  he  did  not  see  why  any  sensible 
man  would  lend  money  at  5  per  cent,  or 
less  to  a  great  corporation  when  he  might 
just  as  well  and  with  equal  safety  lend  it 
at  7  or  8  per  cent,  to  a  corporation  that 
he  could  look  into  himself  and  know  all 
about  from  the  inside. 

The  trustee  had  a  bad  half  hour;  but  it 
was  only  the  beginning.  Within  six 
months,  under  the  constant  pressure  of 
the  woman  and  her  friend,  he  had  sold  all 
the  bonds  the  trust  owned  and  had  in- 
stead of  them  blocks  of  stock  in  seven 
industrial  enterprises,  two  trolley  lines, 
and  one  gas  company.  This  happened 
in  1905.  The  trustee  began,  after  a  little 
while,  to  feel  comfortable  again,  for  the 
dividends  came  in  all  right,  and  in  1906 
the  common  stock  of  one  company,  which 
he  had  received  as  a  bonus,  paid  a  dividend 
of  2  per  cent.  The  woman  ceased  to 
trouble  him  and  everything  went  well. 

At  the  beginning  of  December,  1907,  he 


was  due  to  receive  a  check  for  a  dividend 
from  the  manufacturing  plant  with  head- 
quarters in  New  Jersey.  The  check  did 
not  come.  After  a  while  there  came  in- 
stead a  letter  to  the  effect  that,  in  view 
of  the  unsettled  manufacturing  condition 
and  a  scarcity  of  money,  the  directors  had 
decided  to  postpone  the  dividend  for  a 
few  months.  It  was  a  great  shock.  The 
trustee  sat  down  and  wrote  a  letter  to 
the  woman  about  it.  She  came  down  in 
a  hurry  to  explain  that  she  had  to  have 
the  money  because  it  was  her  Christmas 
fund  and  she  could  not  get  along  without 
it.  The  trustee  loaned  it  to  her,  on  the 
understanding  that  he  was  to  get  it  back 
out  of  the  dividends  that  would  come  in 
January. 

The  January  dividend  came  all  right, 
except  that  the  common  dividend  was  not 
declared.  Therefore,  the  woman  paid 
back  only  half  of  her  December  loan,  the 
rest -to  be  paid  in  April.  During  1908 
two  additional  dividends  were  stopped, 
and  the  actual  net  income  of  the  trust 
dropped  down  below  the  level  of  the 
original  4  per  cent,  investment.  The 
trustee  grew  a  month  older  every  week 
through  this  year.  In  1909  none  of  the 
dividends  were  resumed  and  one  more 
dropped  off.  In  19 10  the  biggest  invest- 
ment of  the  lot,  a  very  good  Massachu- 
setts industrial,  ceased  paying  dividends, 
and  the  whole  fund  lost  a  third  of  its 
badly  depleted  revenue. 

It  was  after  that  that  the  trustee  took 
the  bull  by  the  horns.  He  called  the 
woman  down  to  his  office  and  read  the 
riot  act  to  her.  It  was  an  unpleasant 
scene  and  one  that  probably  did  nobody 
any  good.  The  net  result  of  it  was  that 
the  trustee  dumped  overboard  all  the 
stock  that  he  owned  and  went  back  in 
desperation  to  mortgages  and  bonds.  At 
the  end  of  19 10,  when  he  came  to  count  up 
his  fund  again,  and  when  he  brought  the 
whole  subject  up  for  discussion  with  the 
writer,  his  original  fund  had  shrunk  in 
value  of  principal  42  per  cent.,  and  the 
woman  was  living  in  half  a  house  and 
trying  to  get  reconciled  to  it.  So  far  as 
I  know  this  is  the  situation  at  the  present 
time. 

This  story  is  told  here  in  detail  for  a 


THE  TRUSTEE  WHO  WENT  WRONG 


267 


purpose.  The  reason  it  is  told  at  this 
time  is  that  the  number  of  letters  coming 
to  this  magazine  talking  about  vtry  high 
income  securities  is  too  big  in  pro]X)rtion 
to  the  total  number  of  letters  received. 
Too  many  people  seem  to  desire  to  reach 
for  lofty  income  without  due  regard  to  the 
fundamental  factor  of  investment,  which 
is  safety  of  principal  rather  than  very  high 
income.  This  is  particularly  true  in  the 
case  of  men  who  are  handling  money  for 
others.  The  life  tenant  of  an  estate, 
whether  it  is  the  estate  of  one  who  has 
died  or  one  who  still  lives,  has  certain 
specific  rights;  but  he  has  no  right  to  insist 
that  he  shall  enjoy  a  large  revenue  no 
matter  what  the  ultimate  consequences 
might  be. 

In  handling  other  people's  money,  the 
principal  must  be  kept  intact.  If,  as  a 
trustee,  those  to  whom  you  are  responsible 
insist  upon  an  income  which  you  in  your 
heart  know  cannot  be  obtained  without 
taking  some  slight  chance,  give  up  the 
trust  without  hesitation.  There  is  no 
more  bitter  experience  through  which  an 
honest  trustee  or  executor  can  pass  than 
the  rendering  of  an  accounting  for  a  lost 
or  depleted  trust.  No  reason  or  excuse 
can  weigh  for  an  instant  against  the  actual 
result  which  he  faces.  A  single  slip  in  the 
handling  of  funds  like  this  may  doom  all 
future  generations  of  that  family  to  lives 
of  poverty.  This  is  the  greatest  respon- 
sibility ever  laid  upon  a  trustee,  an  exe- 
cutor, a  banker,  or  an  adviser,  and  no 
honest  man  should  assume  it  unless  he  is 
prepared  to  endure  for  the  sake  of  the 
future  all  the  criticism  that  may  centre 
upon  him  on  account  of  extreme  conserv- 
atism in  the  present. 

This  article  is  not  addressed  to  trustees 
and  executors  alone:  for  the  conservation 
of  your  own  principal  for  the  use  of  your- 
self and  your  family  is  every  bit  as  im- 
portant as  the  conservation  of  a  trust. 
I  have  known  a  case  where  a  man  of 
ordinary  business  common  sense  sat  down 
with  a  banker  to  discuss  the  investment 
of  his  fund.  They  talked  for  an  hour. 
The  banker,  a  man  of  the  old-fashioned 
school,  urged  U]X)n  the  business  man  the 
principal  of  conservation  rather  than  the 
idea  of  making  money.  Finally  the  banker 


began  to  name  certain  bonds.  He  named, 
for  instance,  Illinois  Central  Refunding 
4's,  then  selling  at  96. 

"  How  much  do  you  think  they  will  go 
up?"  asked  the  visitor. 

The  banker  explained  that  if  there  were 
a  great  broad  booming  bond  market  they 
might  go  up  to  loi;  but  he  added  that 
his  reason  for  advising  the  buying  of 
this  stock  was  not  that  he  wanted  it  to 
go  up,  but  that  he  wanted  to  be 
absolutely  sure  of  his  principal  and 
income.  The  talk  continued  along  this 
line  a  little  longpr,  the  visitor  making  it 
plain  finally  that  what  he  wanted  the 
banker  to  do  was  to  get  him  about  7  per 
cent,  and  absolute  safety,  and  that  if  he 
was  going  to  do  business  with  the  banker 
the  latter  would  have  to  assume  all  the 
moral  responsibility  for  the  safety  of  the 
investment. 

The  old  banker  finally  leaned  back  and 
said  with  a  smile: 

"Mr.  Blank,  you  will  have  to  find 
another  banker  who  is  willing  to  assume  a 
grave  responsibility  for  very  much  less 
return  than  I  should  exact.  1  cannot  buy 
for  you  bonds  and  stock  that  yield  7  per 
cent,  or  more,  and  assume  the  responsi- 
bility for  the  choice.  I  do  not  make 
enough  out  of  business  to  make  such  a 
transaction  profitable  to  me.  You  will 
have  to  find  a  house  where  moral  respon- 
sibility is  quoted  at  a  lower  premium  than 
it  is  here.  I  am  perfectly  willing  to  get 
you  as  high  as  7  per  cent,  on  a  part  of 
your  fund,  letting  it  be  understood  that 
in  that  part  of  it  you  are  yourself  assum- 
ing some  slight  business  risk;  but  1  will 
not  undertake  to  get  a  high  rate  on  all 
your  funds  and  endorse  them  unqualifiedly 
as  gilt  edge." 

The  buyer  of  bonds,  stocks,  and  mort- 
gages must  recognize  the  principle  which 
lost  this  customer  to  this  old  banking 
house  as  a  sound  substantial  principle. 
It  is  the  most  ordinary  common  sense  that 
there  must  be  an  intrinsic  difference  be- 
tween the  bond  which  has  sold  for  years 
to  yield  the  buyer  4  per  cent,  and  the  bond 
or  stock  which  sells  at  7  per  cent.  The 
man  who  shuts  his  eyes  to  this  difference, 
particularly  in  handling  the  moiiey  oC 
others,  is  eithet  ^  toq^^  «  ^  \«^« 


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QUICKER  AND  MORE   RELIABLE   SERVICE.      CLEANER  AND  LESS  CONGESTED  CITIES. 

CONCRETE   EXAMPLES  OF   SAVING 

BY 

ROLLIN  W.  HUTCHINSON,  JR. 


A    HORSELESS  city  and  therefore 

i\        a  city  of  clean  streets,  a  city 

/  \       in  which    the    heavy    traffic 

/  ^  takes  less  space  on  the  street 
^  "^  and  also  moves  more  quickly 
than  it  does  now,  a  city  with  a  good 
delivery  service  to  all  the  territory  within 
twenty-five  miles  —  such  are  the  conditions 
which  the  motor  truck  builders  believe  in. 

The  passenger  automobile  has  been 
condemned  as  an  incentive  to  luxury, 
praised  as  an  influence  for  good  roads, 
and  lauded  for  helping  the  farmer  out  of 
his  isolation  and  for  taking  many  city 
people  to  the  country.  But  in  the  last 
few  years  the  other  kind  of  automobile  — 
the  motor  truck  has  become  a  large  part 
of  the  industry.  In  19 lo  the  sales  of 
pleasure  cars  (including  many  of  course 
used  for  productive  service  of  various 
kinds)  amounted  to  $307,000,000.  By  the 
beginning  of  19 11,  J^,ooo,ooo  worth  of 
business  vehicles  had  been  sold  since  the 
inception  of  the  industry.  These  30,000 
trucks  mean  usefulness  and  increased  effi- 
ciency. There  is  no  criticism  of  luxury 
against  these  cars,  and  they,  as  well  as  the 
pleasure  cars,  argue  for  good  roads,  and 
have  made  it  easier  for  men  and  for  busi- 
nesses to  move  to  the  country. 

The  motor  truck  bases  its  claim  purely 
on  utilitarian  grounds—  that  it  gives  better 
service  than  horse-drawn  vehicles  or  that 
it  does  work  cheaper,  or  both;  that  it  is 
increasing  efficiency. 

One  of  its  chief  advantages  over  the 
horse  and  wagon  is  in  the  greater  territory 
which  it  can  cover.  A  single  horse  with 
a  one-ton  wagon,  for  instance,  has  a  very 
restricted  radius  of  action,  averaging 
twenty-two  miles  a  day  —  and  to  attain 
rA/s^  one-half   the  distance   is   generally 


covered  without  load.  In  other  words  it 
has  a  productive  mileage  of  eleven  miles 
for  a  day's  service.  The  two-horse,  three- 
ton  wagon  will  average  twenty  miles  a 
day,  or  a  productive  service  of  ten  loaded 
miles.  The  three-horse,  five-ton  wagon, 
which  is  the  largest  practical  unit  for  city 
service,  is  limited  to  a  working  radius  of 
eighteen  miles  a  day,  or  nine  miles  with 
load.  It  is  interesting  to  compare  the 
daily  average  mileage  of  power  vehicles 
of  equal  and  larger  load  capacities  with 
these  figures.  A  first-class,  one-ton 
power  truck  is  easily  capable  of  travelling 
eighty  miles  a  day.  The  three-ton  truck 
can  cover  sixty  miles  and,  if  well  built, 
is  capable  of  repeating  the  performance 
six  days  a  week  without  material  yearly 
depreciation.  A  good  five-ton  truck  will 
average  fifty  miles  a  day  while  a  ten-ton 
truck  can  make  thirty-eight  miles. 

While  the  ordinary  horse  and  wagon  is 
going  four  miles  in  an  hour,  the  one-ton 
truck  will  cover  eighteen  miles.  It  can 
make  a  delivery  ten  miles  from  the  store 
very  nearly  two  hours  quicker  than  the 
wagon.  Where  time  is  money  in  delivery, 
such  a  saving  is  most  important.  Even 
a  five-ton  truck,  which  is  the  largest  size 
needed  in  most  businesses,  can  go  ten 
miles  in  an  hour,  or  about  three  times  as 
fast  as  a  three-horse  wagon's  speed.  Be- 
sides its  greater  speed  the  motor  truck 
has  the  added  advantage  of  being  able 
to  work  all  day  and  every  day  in  rush 
periods  without  rest.  It  can  run  night 
and  day  continuously  when  need  be.  It 
costs  much  less  to  store  than  idle  horses; 
it  takes  less  room.  A  garage  35  by  60 
feet  will  hold  five  heavy  trucks.  Thirty- 
five  or  forty  horses  and  eight  or  ten  wagons 
would  need  three  or  four  times  this  space. 


MOTOR  TRUCKS— THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS 


269 


Moreover  bad  weather  affects  motor 
truck  deliveries  very  little. 

With  the  coming  of  deep  snows  and 
glassy  pavements  the  limitations  of  the 
horse  are  forcibly  impressed  on  the  minds 
of  every  urban  dweller.  The  efforts  of 
horses  to  stay  on  their  feet  in  drayage 
service  in  our  Northern  cities,  much  less  to 
pull  heavy  loads,  is  so  exhausting  and  so 
laming  that  their  efficiency  is  badly  im- 
paired and  the  reliability  of  delivery  of 
merchandise  by  animal  pMDwer  is  reduced. 
The  power  vehicle,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
only  to  attach  chains  or  some  other  form 
of  anti-skidding  appliance  to  the  tires 
and  go  on  as  well  as  ever.  The  use  of 
the  power  vehicle  in  winter  does  necessi- 
tate, however,  a  certain  degree  of  care 
by  the  driver  to  obviate  freezing  of  the 
radiator  of  a  water-cooled  gasolene  ma- 
chine; but  with  ordinary  care  this  disad- 
vantage of  the  internal  combustion  motor 
is  a  negligible  factor. 

The  thorough  reliability  of  the  gasolene 
motor  business-truck  in  the  winter  season 
was  forcibly  demonstrated  in  an  extra- 
ordinary performance  with  a  three-ton 
truck  last  winter.  A  large  motor-cycle 
manufacturer  in  Massachusetts  had  an 
important  shipment  for  exhibition  at  a 
London  show  to  forward  to  New  York, 
and  it  was  necessary  to  get  it  on  a  certain 
steamer  or  be  debarred-  from  showing  his 
product  abroad.  The  heavy  snows  had 
congested  freight  traffic  so  badly  that 
the  railways  could  not  promise  a  car  in 
time  to  catch  the  steamer.  In  despair 
the  motor-cycle  maker  appealed  to  a 
power-truck  builder  to  get  the  shipment 
to  New  York  within  the  time  limit  —  three 
days.  Although  the  roads  were  badly 
blockaded  with  snow  and  ice  the  power 
truck  made  the  journey,  150  miles,  to 
New  York  in  less  than  two  days,  and  the 
shipment  went  on  its  way  to  Europe. 

But  to  an  even  greater  degree  does 
the  boiling  heat  of  summer  demonstrate 
the  superior  efficiency  of  power  business- 
vehicles  over  horses  in  the  actual  service 
.performed.  When  the  heat  brings  down 
the  normal  efficiency  of  draught  horses, 
causing  sickness  and  heavy  mortality  — 
delays  in  delivery  and  the  spoiling  of 
perishable  products  cost  the  public  hun- 


dreds of  thousands  of  dollars.  Those 
who  are  dis]X)sed  to  weigh  with  over- 
nice  discrimination  the  last  dollar  and 
cent  of  trucking  expense,  who  see  in  the 
power  business  vehicle  nothing  but  "  How 
much  can  1  save?"  or  "How  much  will 
it  cost  me?"  are  gradually  being  forced 
to  face  the  issue  on  its  rightful  basis  and 
to  appreciate  that  service  and  not  saving 
alone  is  the  true  standard  of  value  of 
the  power  wagon  (but  saving  is  usually 
a  concomitant  of  service).  The  pMDwer 
vehicle  will  give  just  as  good  service  on 
the  hottest  summer  day  as  in  ordinary 
times  and,  moreover,  will  perform  work 
which  no  animal  team  can  possibly  do. 

The  extraordinarily  warm  weather  of 
the  early  part  of  July,  191 1,  was  a  striking 
object  lesson  to  the  owners  of  horse- 
drawn  vehicles.  In  New  York  City, 
which  has  the  largest  number  of  horse 
teams  (as  well  as  power  trucks)  in 
service,  there  are  normally  140,000 
horses  hauling  loads.  In  ten  days,  com- 
mencing with  the  excessive  heat  period 
of  July  3  last,  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
ention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  reported 
that  1,200  of  these  horses  dropped  dead 
in  harness,  or  a  ratio  of  nearly  one  in  a 
hundred.  In  addition  to  this  heavy  mor- 
tality, which  is  nearly  double  the  ordinary 
death  rate,  thousands  of  animals  were 
wind  broken  or  ruined  for  hard  service. 

A  New  York  wholesale  grocer  who 
formerly  had  seen  only  the  monetary 
side  of  machine  delivery,  very  ably  and 
forcefully  sums  up  his  opinion  of  the 
advantages  of  pMDwer  vehicles  in  the 
summer  season: 

"  I  will  never  again  say  a  word  about 
what  my  trucks  cost  after  having  seen 
them  go  right  ahead  in  this  boiling 
weather,  just  as  they  do  in  ordinary 
times.  We  have  a  lot  of  trade  down  at 
Coney  Island  which  we  formeriy  tried 
to  hold  with  horse-drawn  vehicles,  but 
it  would  be  cruelty  to  horses  to  expect 
them  to  attend  to  it  in  weather  like  the 
past  week;  in  fact,  all  we  could  expect 
would  be  one  trip  a  day,  and  if  we  had 
made  that  this  week  our  horses  would 
have  had  to  lay  off  the  next  day.  As  a 
matter  of  prudence,  I  wouldn't  dare  to 
send  horses  down  there,  and,  ^^m^cw  ^j::^ 


270 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


is  considered,  it  would  have  been  almost 
prohibitive  to  use  a  pair  of  horses  all  day 
for  that  one  trip.  But  our  little  two-ton 
truck  has  been  making  three  trips  a  day 
easily  without  trouble. 

"On  some  of  the  stuff  we  have  been 
taking  down  we  formerly  had  to  ice  the 
goods  to  prevent  spoilage  on  the  trip. 
It  meant  paying  high  prices  for  ice  at  a 
time  when  there  was  mighty  little  ice 
to  be  had,  and  adding  that  much  more 
weight  to  the  load,  and  by  the  end  of  the 
trip  the  ice  would  be  gone.  Now  we 
merely  cover  the  stuff  over  with  wet 
burlap  and  it  arrives  at  the  Island  hardly 
any  warmer  than  at  the  start.  1  under- 
stand that  the  marketmen  who  use 
trucks  have  found  a  big  advantage  in 
the  ice  saving,  to  say  nothing  of  the  milk 
companies  and  the  ice  cream  manu- 
facturers. I  can't  see  what  the  element 
of  cost  has  to  do  with  delivery  at  times 
like  this,  and  even  what  slight  difference 
there  is  against  our*  trucks  is  nothing 
compared  with  our  maintaining  service. 
Our  horse  trucks  —  for  we  still  have  many 
of  them  —  have  been  less  than  half  as 
efficient  as  in  ordinary  times,  and  within 
a  week  two  of  our  best  horses  have  been 
prostrated  by  the  heat." 

Merchants,  manufacturers,  farmers, 
public  and  private  service  corporations  — 
all  have  been  benefited  by  the  motor  truck. 
In  truck  farming  zones  where  quantities  of 
perishable  produce  must  be  quickly  gotten 
to  market,  enterprising  men  have  in- 
vested in  motor  trucks,  and  make  it  their 
business  to  collect  loaded  wagons  of  fruit 
and  vegetables  at  stated  ]X)ints,  which  are 
hooked  on  as  trailers.  On  Long  Island 
one  can  sometimes  see  as  many  as  eight 
loaded  wagons  composing  a  truck  train 
going  to  New  York  to  market. 

In  municipal  service  the  motor  wagon 
and  truck  are  replacing  horses  for  ambu- 
lance, patrol,  street  cleaning,  garbage  re- 
moval, and  fire  engine  service.  A  single 
month's  reports  (August,  191 1)  disclose 
expenditures,  contracts,  or  appropriations 
aggregating  a  total  of  nearly  $425,000  for 
self-propelled  apparatus  in  seventy  cities 
and  towns,  scattered  through  24  states. 
New  York  City  alone  will  spend  $710,000 
in  1912  to  motorize  its  fire  department. 


As  an  extraordinary  example  of  the 
reliability  of  the  motor  truck,  the  Ameri- 
can manufacturers  of  a  well  known  truck 
of  Swiss  origin  took  a  4J  ton  demonstrate 
ing  truck  that  had  already  been  run  3500 
miles,  loaded  it  with  a  7,000  pound  cargo, 
and  sent  it  across  the  United  States  over 
the  worst  route  they  could  select,  and  at  a 
season  of  the  year  (March,  1911)  when 
the  roads  were  very  much  worse  than  their 
average  bad  condition.  In  spite  of  ice 
and  snow,  body  deep;  mud  and  sand  over 
the  hubs  of  the  wheels;  boulder  strewn 
water  courses  doing  duty  as  highways; 
freezing,  thawing,  and  "boiling"  temper- 
atures; hills  that  rose  one  foot  in  every 
three;  rivers  that  washed  the  flooring  of 
the  chassis  when  the  truck  was  driven 
across  the  fords  —  in  spite  of  every  hin- 
drance that  had  been  foreseen  and 
many  that  had  not  —  the  "Pioneer 
Freighter"  as  this  Ocean-to-Ocean  truck 
was  called,  overcame  every  obstacle  and 
pushed  its  way  through  without  a 
minute's  faltering  of  the  mechanism, 
without  the  bending  or  breaking  of  a 
part,  except  the  buckling  of  leaves  of  the 
forward  springs  when  the  truck  broke 
through  a  light  bridge  in  the  dark.  This 
was  the  first  motor  truck  that  ever  ac- 
complished such  a  feat;  it  did  what  had 
been  declared  impossible  for  a  motor 
truck.  A  more  exacting  test  of  the  power 
and  endurance  of  a  modern  machine  could 
not  have  been  devised. 

With  the  growth  of  our  cities  and  the 
increasing  density  of  traffic  on  our  streets, 
the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  no  system 
of  traffic  regulations  will  prevent  the  con- 
gestion which  is  already  costing  us  hundreds 
of  thousands  a  year  in  delayed  deliveries. 
The  utilization  of  power  wagons  for 
delivery  would  bring  about  prodigious 
economy  in  the  available  street  capacity, 
but  its  importance  has  not  been  generally 
recognized,  except  by  a  few  students  of 
urban  transportation.  The  streets  of 
our  cities  contiguous  to  docks  or  freight 
terminals  especially,  present  to-day  the 
most  disorganized,  chaotic,  and  dis- 
graceful scenes  —  a  crying  need  of  mod- 
em system  and  efficiency.  The  use  of 
power  trucks  would  help  to  remedy  this, 
especially    if   the   owners   of    piers   and 


MOTOR  TRUCKS— THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS 


271 


freight  yards  would  admit  power  trucks  to 
their  loading  platforms,  because  a  power 
truck  moves  faster  and  takes  less  space. 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Stone,  a  prominent 
truck  expert,  has  presented  some  interest- 
ing figures  which  show  the  great  economy 
in  space  on  our  streets  which  would  result 
from  the  substitution  of  trucks  for  horses. 
A  horse  delivery-wagon  has  an  over-all 
length  of  about  eighteen  feet  and  occupies 
ninety  square  feet  of  area.  To  stable  the 
horse  and  wagon  requires  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fourteen  ^sifbare  feet  of  area. 
The  motor  of  like  5rrying  capacity  will 
average  an  over-all  length  of  about  ten 
feet,  or  sixty  square  feet  of  area,  whether 
on  the  street  or  in  the  stable,  a  saving 
of  practically  one-third  on  the  street,  and 
nearly  60  per  cent,  in  the  stable,  where 
the  high  rental  value  has  to  be  considered. 

The  comparison  with  larger  drays  is 
even  more  striking.  The  five-ton  horse 
truck  will  require  about  twenty-five  feet  on 
the  street,  or  200  square  feet  of  surface,  and 
the  stable  space  for  this  equipment  would 
represent  281  square  feet.  A  motor  of 
equal  capacity  would  require  only  176 
square  feet. 

While  these  figures  show  a  very  decided 
saving  for  the  motor  as  against  the  horse, 
conservative  estimates  prove  that  it  is 
doing  two  and  a  half  times  the  work  of 
the  horse,  making  a  saving  of  street  space 


of  no  less  than  73  per  cent.;  so  the  same 
amount  of  work  could  be  done  with  only 
about  one-quarter  of  the  street  conges- 
tion, or  four  times  the  present  volume 
of  traffic  could  be  accommodated  before 
relief  measures  would  be  needed. 

We  have  legislated  against  the  house- 
fly and  the  mosquito  in  our  cities  as 
enemies  to  man's  welfare,  health,  and 
hygienic  comfort.  Tfie  congesting  con- 
ditions of  centres  of  population  now 
demand  that  we  legislate  the  horse  off 
our  streets.  The  horse  as  a  purveyor  of 
filth  which  serves  as  the  breeding  or  culture 
medium  of  flies  and  a  variety  of  noxious 
germs  is  doing  more  than  any  other  agency 
to  prevent  the  proper  sanitation  of  cities. 
He  is  costing  us  hundreds  of  thousands 
—  millions,  even,  to  keep  our  streets 
tolerably  decent,  and  he  is  spreading 
contagious  diseases  at  a  frightful  rate. 

In  economy  of  space,  in  cleanliness,  in 
the  rapidity  of  delivery,  and  in  reliability 
in  all  weather,  the  power  truck  is  far  ahead 
of  its  horse-drawn  competitor.  One  is 
the  twentieth  century  method,  the  other 
belongs  to  the  centuries  preceding. 

But  then  comes  the  question  of  cost. 

The  cost  of  operation  of  a  gasolene 
truck  (which  is  taken  for  illustratk>n 
because  it  is  considered  more  expensive 
to  maintain  than  an  electric  truck,  but  is 
capable  of  doing  service  for  which  the 


10   TOM  5    TO«  3   TON 

Chassis  cost J6,ooo  $5,000  $3,000 

With  stake  body 6,300  5,250  3,225 

Average  miles  per  day 38  50  60 

PER   YEAR 


$1,500 

1.700 
80 


Depreciation  (15%  less  cost  I  set  tires)   .     .$   780  $   695 

Interest.  5% 315  262 

Driver,  $16  to  $22  per  week 1,144  '»040 

Garage         300  300 

Tires 1,650  930 

Yearly  overhaul  and  current  repairs       .     .  550  450 

Gasolene  at  12c 450  450 

Oil  at  30c         120  90 

Insurance .220  200 

Cost  per  year $5»52o  $4^417 

Cost  per  day 18.43 '4-73 

GASOLENE  MOTOR  TRUCK  COSTS 
SINCE   THIS   DATA   WA»  COMPILED  THE   PRICE  OF  TIRES  HAS  GONE  DOWN  ABOUT    \^  V**.  CXSK\ 


$  421 

161 
936 
240 
620 
400 

375 

60 

150 

fe.363 
11.21 


225 

85 
832 
240 
300 
300 
275 

40 
125 


$2^422 

8.07 


272 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


latter  is  unfitted)  is  composed  of  nine 
separate  and  distinct  items.  The  first 
group  is  made  up  of  four  items  which  are 
practically  constant  in  all  makes  of  trucks 
of  equivalent  or  nearly  similar  sizes.  These 
are  interest  on  investment,  insurance, 
drivers'  wages,  and  garage  charges.  The 
second  group  of  operating  cost  items,  con- 
sists of  outlays  which  are  of  less  import- 
ance—  gasolene,  dil  and  grease,  and 
depreciation.  Good  engineering,  design, 
and  construction  affect  all  these  four 
charges;  but,  while  the  quantity  of  gasolene 
and  oil  consumed  should  be  reasonable 
for  the  service  the  machine  does,  the 
quantity  consumed  is  not  necessarily 
vital  to  the  success  or  failure  of  motor- 
truck operation.  Depreciation  more  prop- 
erly should  be  figured  in  the  group  of 
constant  or  fixed  charges.  Manufactur- 
ers differ  in  their  estimates  of  what  should 
be  charged  off  for  depreciation  as  no 
sufficient  number  of  well-built  power 
trucks  have  been  in  service  long  enough  to 
figure  accurately  what  the  yearly  depre- 
ciation should  be.  A  figure  of  15  per 
cent,  is  conservative  for  the  annua!  depre- 
ciation of  a  standard,  well-made  business 
motor  vehicle.  The  third  group,  operating 
cost,  comprises  tire  maintenance,  and 
machine  overhauling  or  up-keep.  If  a 
truck  or  delivery  wagon  is  fitted  with 
the  proper  sized  tires  and  is  geared  to 
the  right  speed,  the  tire  cost  can  be  pre- 
determined in  a  similar  manner  to  the 
fixed-charge  items.  Tire  manufacturers 
now  guarantee  a  specific  number  of  miles 
for  each  tire.  A  power  vehicle  owner 
has  merely  to  figure  out  his  daily  mileage, 
divide  that  into  his  guarantee,  divide 
this  quotient  into  the  price  of  a  set  of  new 
tires,  and  set  the  amount  aside  every  day 
as  a  tire-amortization  fund.  This  fund 
should  be  kept  distinctly  to  itself  the 
same  as  the  gasolene  fund,  drivers'  wages, 
or  any  other  expense. 

A  business  vehicle  should  be  thoroughly 
overhauled  once  a  year  in  the  manu- 
facturer's or  dealer's  shop  by  workmen 
familiar  with  its  construction.  At  this 
time  worn  parts  can  be  renewed,  new 
bearings  put  in  where  necessary,  and 
every  part  examined  for  flaws.  The- 
oretically the  annual  overhauling  should 


make  the  life  of  a  machine  indefinite, 
but  its  practical  result  is  to  double  or 
even  treble  the  life  of  the  vehicle  over 
what  it  would  be  without  overhauling. 

The  tables  below  made  by  Mr.  A.  N. 
Bingham,  a  prominent  motor  truck  expert, 
were  compiled  from  the  experiences  of 
a  large  number  of  business  firms  extend- 
ing over  a  five  year  period. 


COMPARATIVE  COST  OF  HORSE  AND  MOTOR 

Horse  Drawing  IVagon 

COST 
UAY 

TOK9 
FEB 
LOMI 

To»r 

€OST   tEM. 
mt%  WAT 

1  Horse 

2  Horses 
^  Horses 

S4 
6 
8 

1 

22 

ao 

18 

n 

ID 

6 

II 

45 

36c 
20c 

t8c 

Motor  Truck 


I  Ton 

$8 

1 

80 

40 

40 

20c 

3  Ton 

12 

3 

60 

30 

90 

13c 

5  Tons 

15 

5 

50 

25 

>25 

I2C 

10  Tons 

18 

10 

38 

19 

190 

9Jc 

Let  us  further  inquire  into  the  economy 
of  machine  hauling  by  citing  a  specific 
example  from  the  experience  of  users  of 
business  power  vehicles  for  (i)  heavy 
delivery;  (2)  light  delivery;  (3)  city 
transportation  and  (4)  suburban  trans- 
portation. 

The  coal  business  is  an  example  of 
heavy  work  which  presents  singular 
features.  The  coal  business  is  neces- 
sarily a  seasonable  one.  In  winter  it 
requires  a  delivery  service  of  great  ef- 
ficiency and  in  the  summer  comparatively 
little.  The  disparity  between  the  two 
conditions  has  long  been  the  source  of 
much  loss,  and  until  the  arrival  of  the 
power  truck  there  was  no  remedy.  Every 
fall  large  companies  would  be  com- 
pelled to  buy  hundreds  of  heavy  horses, 
use  them  a  few  months  and  in  the  spring 
either  sell  them  off  or  turn  them  out  to 
"eat  their  heads  off"  in  idleness.  In 
either  case,  those  horses  were  a  source 
of  large  loss  for  which  there  could  be  no 
return.  A  certain  large  coal  firm  in 
New  York  solved  the  problem  by  buying 
thirteen  ten-ton  power  trucks,  and  it 
estimates  that  one  such  truck  displaces 
nine  horses.  When  the  summer  dullness 
comes  in  coal  delivery,  this  firm  lays  the 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  — THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS 


273 


1 

^B^^^^^  *  ^ 

THROUGH   THE   SNOWS 

power  vehicle  up  in  its  own  garage, 
overhauls  and  paints  it  and  carries  on 
deliveries  with  horses.  Instead  of  sac- 
rificing about  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  horses  or  keeping  them  at  heavy 
expense,  this  firm  now  stores  the  power 
trucks  at  the  cost  only  of  interest  and 
insurance.  According  to  carefully  kept 
records  the  average  performance  of  these 


AND   SLOUGHS   OF   COLORADO 

trucks  was  as  follows  during  the  winter 
of  1910-191 1 : 

THE   COAL   TRLCK    RECORDS 

Average  no.  of  trips  a  day  8.88 

Average  no.  of  tons  delivered  93 

Average  no.  of  miles  traveled  32.33 

Average  cost  of  delivery          .  20  cents  a  ton 

The  op)erating  costs  p)er  day  of  these 
trucks  averaged  on  each  one: 


THE   "PIONEER   FREIGHTER       ON   THE    PLAINS 

THE   TRUCK   THAT  MADE   THE   TRANS-CONTINENTAL  JOURNEY   WITHOUT   A    HITCH    (EXCEPT   WHEN 

A    BRIDGE   GAVE   WAY) 


274 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


THE  COST  OF  THE  COAL  TRUCKS 

Depreciation  and  interest  $  6. 17 

Garage  charges  (at  S^^  u.  month)  1.17 

Gasolene  .  1  95 

Oil       .      .      ,  ft 

Driver  5.59 

Amortization  fund  lor  11  res  and  repairs  5.00 


A    FAST    EMERGENCY   WAGON 

FOK  KhPAlKlKG  TftOLLEY  WIRES.  ETC 


$18.24 

I  he  tires  lasted  seven  and  a  half  months, 
including  two  months  of  night  work,  or  an 
equivalent  of  more  than  nine  months  in  alt. 
The  depreciation  was  figured  high  because 
the  trucks  were  used  day  and  night  ^ring 
the  winter.  During  this  time  the  saving 
over  the  cost  of  horse  delivery  amounted 
to  50  per  cent.  At  other  limes  it 
amounted  to  30  per  cent. 

In  the  city  of  Indianapolis  a  proprietor 
of  a  vault  cleaning  company  is  operating 
a  three-ton  gasolene  truck  which  is  effect- 
ing a  saving  of  Ji 03,44  a  month  over  his 
f{)rmer  horse  drawn  wagons.  The  ma- 
chine displaced  four  wagons  and  eight 
horses,  which  with  harness,  etc..  had  cost 
$1,808.  and  which  cost  ?424.73  per  month 


4 


I  Kjfi^nt>ti  bj  iniwfi  JirTHk 

THE  MODERN   FIRB   ENGINE 

WHICH    tn    MANY    iNSTANCFfk   CUTS    IN    HALf    TttE    TIME   TAKEN    IN    REACHING    THE   nHfi. 

MOtOK  WACON&  tt|:|*LACIf  THE  HORSE  ALSO  IN  AMBULANCE.  fATKOL. 

STiitT  CtGANIWG.  AND  CAft»ACe  REMOVAL  SERVICE 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


A  FOUR-TON  COAL  TRUCK  AND  TRAILER 

ONE    LARGfi    DEALhK     SAVEU     HETWhEN     30   ANlJ    JO 

rtR   CENT.    OE   THE    COST    OF     DELIVERY    BY 

BUYING    fHlRTEEN    TEN-TON   TRUCKS 


to  operate.     The  itemized  cost  of  oper- 
ating the  truck  was: 

cost  of  operating   three-ton    truck   (per 

month) 
One  driver  at  $75  ,      ,      , 

Three  Helpers  at  $45 
Gasolene  bill     .      ,      . 
Lubricating  oil  and  grease 
Recharging  storage  baUery 
Kepairs  lo  (steel)  tires     . 
Tire  depreciation  (set  aside) 
Interest  on  $2,500  at  6  per  cent. . 
Depreciation  at  20  per  cent,  per  year 
Painting  and  re-teltering. 


Total  cost  per  month 


The  experience  of  a  large  laundry  consti- 
tutes a  good  example  of  the  economy  of 
light  delivery  service.  The  power  wagon 
of  500  pejunds  capacity  leaves  the  laundry 
at  7  A.M.,  and  returns  at  5  p.m.,  averaging 
36  miles  and  making  i  ^q  stops.    The  route 


jni. 


'4AIL    ANII     rASSLM..LK> 

■  ■  ^Y.    IN   COUNTIUES   STILL   WiTHOUr 

RAtLMOAO  lACItlTUS 


tif  this  wagon  is  made  up  of  unpaved  streets 
for  half  the  distance  which  makes  much 
slow  speed  work.  In  covering  the  same 
route  with  a  horse,  it  is  necessary  to  leave 
the  laundry  at  7  a.m.,  the  first  stop  being 
six  miles  away*  At  noon  a  relief  wagon 
is  sent  out  with  a  second  load  which  is 
transferred  to  the  first  wagon.  The 
sectmd  wagon  then  works  all  the  after- 
n(K>n  and  returns  to  the  laundry  between 
6  and  8  P.M.  With  the  auto-wagon 
the  return  trip  is  made  to  the  laundry 
for  the  second  load,  thus  saving  the 
work  of  an  extra  horse  and  driver.  Anal- 
ysis of  the  statistics  show  the  total  cost 
of  operating  two  one-horse  wagons  in  one 


* 
I 


A  contractor  s  truck 

PARTICULARLY    Al>APTED    TO    BUILDING    THE    GOOD 

RO*DS   WHICH    THE   COMING    OF    THE    AUTO- 

MOIilLES   AND  MOTOR   TRUCKS   DEMAND 

day  to  be  $5.1 1.  including  wages  for  two^ 
drivers  at  $2  per  day  each,  hay  and  oati 
for  two  horses  at  75  cents,  depreciation 
at  the  rate  of  one  cent  per  mile,  36  cents. 
The  total  cost  of  operating  the  delivery 
automobile  is  ?^.19  a  day  including  one 
driver's  wage  at  $2,  total  operating  cost 
of  47  cents,  with  depreciation  figured  at 
2  cents  per  mile,  or  72  cents.  The  saving 
is  thus  $i,q2  per  day  for  the  auto-wagon 
fwer  the  horse  wagon,  a  sum  which  would 
nearly  pay  the  first  cost  of  the  power 
wagon  in  one  year's  service. 

An  example  of  city  transportation  drawn 
frt>m  the  experience  of  a  milling  company 
in  a  large  city  delivering  flour  to  the  trade. 
furnishes  valuable  data  for  the  comparison 


4 


M 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  —  THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS 


of  a  horse-drawn  vehicle  and  gasolene 
power  truck  delivery  service.  The  first 
test  covered  eighty-eight  consecutive 
working  days  in  the  months  of  October, 
November,  December,  and  January.  The 
second  consisted  of  an  eighteen-day  test 
in  which  a  horse  truck  and  a  motor  truck 
were  used  side  by  side,  each  vehicle 
carrying  the  same  kind  and  weight  of 
load.  During  the  88  day  test,  the  power 
truck  made  2,171  deliveries  in  621  hnurs, 
aggregating  925,623  pounds,  which  is 
an  average  of  less  than  [7  minutes  per 
delivery,  25  deliveries  per  day,  and  426 
pounds  for  each  delivery.  The  mileage 
covered  in  the  four  months*  test  was 
2,784,  which  is  an  average  of  nearly  a  mile 


BUILDING    ROADS    IN    WASHINGTON 


THE    HEAT    THAT    KILLS   HORSES    rn 'I  s    not    AFFECT   THE   TRUCKS 

DURING  THE  TEN-DAf    HOT  SPELt  FROM  JULY  }.    I91  r.  THE  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  PREVENTtON  OF  CRUELTY 

TO   AKIMALS    REPORTED  THAT    I  ,aOO    HORSES   DROPPED   DEAD    IH   HARHESS    IN    NEW   YORK 

for  each  delivery.  The  consumption  of 
gasolene  was  ago  gallons,  and  of  oil  2  5  half- 
gallons,  the  cost  of  which  averaged  2  cents 
per  mile  delivery  of  426  pounds.  On 
the  18  day  test  of  horse  versus  power 
truck,  the  latter  made  418  deliveries 
in  1 14  hours,  covering  560  miles  at  a 
total  cost  of  S8.7f),  or  an  average  of  2 
cents  per  delivery:  whereas  the  horse 
truck  made  only  132  deliveries  in  155 
hours  covering  1 10  miles  at  a  total  cost 
of  $7.49*  or  an  average  cost  of  approxi- 
mately 6  cents  for  each  delivery. 

The  experience  of  a  large  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  department  store  is  of  particular 
interest  to  the  prospective  as  well  as  the 
actual  user  of  power  wagons  deliver- 
ing suburban  merchandise,  as  it  indicates 


OILING    ROADS    IN    MAb^ACHUSETTS 
THERE    HAS   ALSO    APPEAKED   IN   SEVERAL    CITIES 
STREET   CLEANING    MOTOR   TRUCK,    4Nn  OTHEft 
NEW  USES  ARE  CONSTANT L\  ^iVVKK, VtS^iVffik 


M 


THE  WORIjyS  WORK 


of  yK^6o  in  favor  of  the  machines,  which, 
itemized,  shows  the  following  interesting 

tabulation. 


row  en 

IIAIST. 

OVtRHKAD 

TWTAt 

THUCIi 

MIUEAOE 

COST 

COSTT 

CO»T 

VKT 

A 

7808 

Sr4i 

$548 

$465 

hS4 

B 

7722 

M7 

561 

469 

977 

C 

8157 

151 

^77 

459 

887 

I) 

7955 

140 

2a  1 

474 

824 

b 

8757 

15H 

P) 

470 

952 

\ 

7677 

146 

241 

474 

860 

i, 

8071 

t50 

250 

455 

854 

H 

7406 

n4 

290 

458 

88a 

1 

78(14 

M7 

281 

459 

887 

J 

85R4 

»5i 

281 

470 

904 

Iv 

6041 

100 

559 

47' 

till 

HAULING    FfVE   TONS   OF    GRAIN 
IXI»  A  llORSE-KlLLiNG  MILL  NEAR  KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 

just  what  may  be  expected  under  actual 
service  in  alt  kinds  of  weather,  and  it 
affords  an  excellent  basis  of  compariscin 
by  which  to  check  up  expense  accounts 
for  trans|>c»rtation.  Eleven  trucks  (one 
three*ton  and  the  remainder  one-ton)  dis- 
placed thirt)  -three  horses.  The  cost  for  six 
months  was  $8,709  for  the  horse  delivery. 
and  $7,349  for  the  electric  trucks,  a  saving 


The  figures  are  for  a  six  months  period 
from  August,  1910,  to  February,  1911, 
covering  exactly  the  same  service  that 
had  been  performed  a  year  previous  by 
horse-driven  vehicles  over  eleven  of  the 
long  routes  of  the  company.  In  both 
cases,  the  salaries  of  drivers  and  helpers 
were  the  same  and,  therefore,  not  a 
part  of  the  comparison.  The  horse  serv- 
ice on  one  route  was  formeriy  assisted 
by  shipment  of  the  goods  by  express  ten 
miles  out  In  a  distributing  point  from 
which  the  wagon  operated,  whereas  the 


4 


lAKlNi.    I:-    I'LAc.L    AMr.NG    TlIE    FRFilGHTERS 
lTLAMiftS«    FtlEtGMl   CAM,   AUO  A    »IVt*TON   TRiM:it   AI   THfe    VO^TON    WATE«*FIIOI<fT 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  — THE  NEW  FREIGHTERS 


PA  HI    Of      itit     MK3.000.CXXI    W 


A     LIKE     OF     TRUCKS 


REPRESENTING     A     TELEPHONE    COMPANY, 
AND  GROCERY   BUSINESSES 


SBRVrCE 
AND    MILK.    STORAGE.     BREWERY, 


power  wagons  cover  this  twenty  miles  by 
starting  from  the  main  store,  thus  saving 
the  express  charge. 

The  item  of  "power  cost"  in  these 
figures  is  materially  reduced  in  this 
firm's  case  by  using  charging  current 
for  the  batteries  of  these  wagons  from  its 
own  plant  at  onlv  two  cents  per  kilowatt, 
whereas  the  usual  cf>mmercial  charge 
is  about  six  cents.  Maintenance  cost 
includes  garage  and  other  labor,  supplies, 
and  any  work  done  on  the  cars,  and 
"overhead  cost"  is  made  up  of  such  items 
as  rent,  insurance,  interest,  and  salaries. 
Further  analysis  of  the  table  discloses 
a  cost  per  package  by  machine  delivery 
of  3J  cents.    Excluding  the  three-ton  truck. 


! 

I 


the  cost  per  mile  by  machine  delivery  is 
trifle  over  1 1  cents. 

"We  are  not  disposed  to  attribute  to 
automobiles  any  of  the  extravagant  econ- 
omies one  hears  of  sometimes  in  that  con- 
nection/' said  a  member  of  the  firm  in 
discussing  the  matter,  "but  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  the  serv^ice  is  decidedly  better 
than  the  service  that  horses  gave,  and  we 
find  that  the  results  are  more  than  we 
had  expected,  len  years  ago  we  bought 
four  electric  cars  and  tried  the  experiment, 
but  it  came  to  a  dismal  failure,  and  we 
were  glad  to  sell  the  cars  for  less  than  10 
per  cent,  of  what  they  cost  us.  Since  then 
there  have  been  marked  improvements 
in  cars  and  batteries,  and  we  have  been 


THE    DELIVERY    WAd   N-    f    iR    A    GREAT    STORl 

WHICH    TAKE     LESS    BOOM     IN    THE    STREET,    ARE    MORE     SANITARY    IN    THE     ClT>.   GIVE    A    VVIt>fcR 

AND   QUICKER   SERVICE,    AND  COST   NO  MORE    THAN    THE   MORSE    DRAWN 

WAGONS  THEY  SUPPLANT 


28o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


much  interested  in  working  out  the  pres- 
ent experiment  with  the  fleet  of  eleven  cars. 
'*  I  am  still  of  the  opinion  that  horse 
trucks  have  their  own  value  and  may  still 
be  relied  on  very  strongly,  but  we  feel 
that  a  reasonable  proportion  of  auto- 
mobiles can  be  intelligently  made  use  of 
to  great  advantage.  Our  service  is  more 
extensive,  more  expeditious  and  more  reli- 


delivery  was  made.    Goods  sent  by  ex- 
press   formerly    involved     12    per    cent, 
expense,  whereas  we  now  cover  it  with] 
our  own  truck  for  about  8  per  cent.    AJ 
careful    comparison   of  our   figures   leads] 
to   the   conclusion    that    the   experiment^ 
proves  the  value  of  the  automobile  for  the 
longer  runs  of  our  service;  we  have  not  ap-^^ 
plied  it  to  our  nearer  city  deliveries  as  yet."^^| 


A   fIteT  CUSS   fIVt-TON    TRUCK   CAU    AVEKAGE    FIFTY    HUES    h    DAY    AND    A    TEN-TON      TRUCK 
AS  MUCH   AS   THiRTY-EtGMf.   ON   MOKE    THAN    TWICE    IHt    Dt<iT^NCE    OF 
A    THREE   OR    FOUR    HORSE    WAGON 


able,  and  we  discover  on  compiling  results 
that  there  is  also  a  real  saving  in  money. 
Our  trucks  arc  making  in  some  cases  fifty 
to  sixty  miles  per  day  and  our  limits  of 
service  have  been  considerably  extended. 
"I  have  been  especially  impressed  by 
the  cost  of  making  deliveries  by  express, 
which  we  formerly  found  necessary  be- 
tween the  store  and  one  outlying  district 
station   from   which   our   house-to-house 


The  motor  truck  is  being  used  to-day 
in  125  separate  and  distinct  lines  of  trade 
and  industries,  and  newer  fields  of  adapt-] 
ability  are  constantl)  being  found  for  it. 
Practically  every  business  and  industry 
in  which  transportation  is  a  necessity  — 
and  there  are  few  in  which  hauling 
materials  or  goods  is  not  required  —  has 
been  invaded  by  the  horseless  wagon 
The    Government    has    authorized 


I 


ik 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


purchase  of  i,20C  motor  trucks  to  dis- 
place mule  teams  in  the  commissary 
department. 

The  motor  driven  street  cleaning  ma- 
chine has  already  appeared  in  several 
cities.  Last  winter  a  city  contracting  firm 
in  New  York  took  their  seven  ton  motor 
truck,  fitted  a  type  of  board  snow  plow 
to  its  front  end  in  diagonal  fashion  so  as 
to  sweep  the  snow  aside  in  a  continuous 
heap,  and,  in  an  eighteen-hour  use  of  it  for 
the  city,  did  as  much  work  as  200  street 
sweepers  w^ould  have  been  able  to  do  in 
the  same  time.  Figuring  the  wages  of 
the  sweepers  at  S2.00  per  day,  the  machine 
earned  $800  for  its  owners,  and  as  its 
cost  was  but  %\  5.  per  day  to  operate,  it  is 
obvious  w^hat  a  tremendous  saving  such  a 
machine  can  effect. 

In  the  metal  mining  districts  of  the 
West  the  motor  truck  is  slowly  but  surely 
coming  into  its  own  both  as  a  single  unit 


IN   7HB   NEW    HAMKSNIRt    WOODS 


ROCKY 

to  haul  ore  to  smelters  and  the  refined 
metal  to  shipping  points  and  as  a  '*road 
locomotive"  to  haul  "trailers"  of  loaded 
ore  wagons.  With  loads  of  more  than 
thirty  tons  these  mining"  truck-trains'*  are 
operated  at  speeds  of  five  to  six  miles  an 
hour,  and  they  travel  the  rough  trails  of 
Arizona  in  places  on  grades  as  high  as  la 
per  cent. 

In  mail  service  the  motor  wagon  and 
truck  are  daily  growing  more  common. 
For  express  service  the  four  leading  Amer- 
ican companies  have  already  invested 
$1,500,000  in  motor  trucks  to  faciliaie 
the  prompt  and  economical  handling  of 
packages.  In  this  age  of  speed  even  the 
undertaker  has  motorized  his  funeral  cars 
to  hasten  our  transportation  to  final 
resting  places. 

This  is  the  uncolored  status  of  the 
motor  truck.  Service  first  —  it  is  faster 
and  more  reliable.  Saving  second  —  but 
usually  where  modern  trucks  are  installed 
there  is  a  distinct  saving.  This  is  for  the 
owner.  For  the  cities  it  means  cleaner 
streets  and  less  congestion;  for  the  sub- 
urbs, service  that  was  beyond  the  horse* 
drawn    radius. 


I 


I 


^ 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA 
»      FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 

HIS    RECEPTION    IN    BOSTON    AND   NEW   YORK 

—  TRAVELS  SOUTH   AND  WEST  — THE 

NEWLY   DISCOVERED   ANSWER  TO 

AMERICAN    NOTES    BY    POE 

BY 

JOSEPH  JACKSON 


^siT 


WHEN  he  paid  his  first 
visit  to  this  country  in 
the  winter  and  spring 
of  the  year  1842,  Dick- 
ens was  universally  ac- 
claimed as  "Boz."  He  had  made  his 
literary  reputation  under  that  name,  and 
it  had  the  double  virtue  of  being  both 
short  and  irresistible.  When  the  Cu- 
narder  Britannia,  which  had  brought  him 
over,  was  being  warped  into  the  dock  at 
Boston,  a  dozen 
newspaper  men  of 
that  city  "at  peril  of 
their  lives,"  Dickens 
noted,  sprang  over 
the  rail  and  took 
Boz  by  storm.  He 
seemed  to  enjoy  the 
experience,  but 
showed  some  fas- 
tidiousness; for  he 
mistook  these  men, 
"with  great  bundles 
of  papers  undertheir 
arms  and  wearing 
worsted  comforters 
very  much  the  worse 
for  wear,"  for  news- 
boys. 

The  scene,  he 
wrote  to  his  friend, 
John  Forster,  put 
him  in  mind  of 
London  Bridge;  and 
the  reception  was  so 
violent  that  he  be- 
gan to  object,  espe- 
cially to  the  custom 


CHARLES  DICKENS  IN   1842 

FROM  A  PAINTING  BY  FRANCIS   ALEXANDER   OF    BOS- 
TON, MADE  ON  DICKENS'S  FIRST  VISIT  TO  AMERICA 
WHERE  HE  RECEIVED  THE  MOST  TRIUMPHAL 
WELCOME    EVER  GIVEN   A   FOREIGNER 


of  these  editors  (as  Dickens  says  he  dis- 
covered they  were)  "tearing  violently 
up  to  him  and  beginning  to  shake  his 
hands  like  madmen."  His  power  of  ob- 
servation did  not  abandon  him  at  this 
critical  moment.  He  noted  that  one  man, 
whom  he  haled  for  it,  had  very  dirty 
gaiters,  and  wry  protruding  upper  teeth. 
Boz  was  exasperated  at  hearing  this 
person  remarking  to  all  comers  after 
him,  "So  you've  been  introduced  to 
our  friend  Dickens 
—  eh?" 

Boz  was.  met  at 
the  ship  by  Francis 
Alexander,  a  Boston 
portrait  painter,  to 
whom  he  had  prom- 
ised to  sit  for  a  por- 
trait when  he  came 
to  America.  Alex- 
ander stepped  on 
board  the  Britannia 
as  soon  as  the  gang 
plank  was  in  pos- 
ition. He  sought 
out  Dickens  and 
took  him  and  his 
wife  and  the  Earl 
of  Mulgrave,  who 
was  one  of  Boz's 
fellow-passengers, 
off  in  a  carriage  to 
their  hotel. 

It  was  early  in  the 
evening  of  a  stinging 
cold  January  day, 
that  Dickens 
stepped  on  shore  uv 


SHOWIKO  THE   *UTMOI.  AS    ""^^J^"*;,^    AMERICAN   MAOtltS  ^M 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 


'United  States.  The  ground  was  cov- 
ered by  a  thick  enameling  of  hard  snow; 
but  the  stars  shone  brilliantly,  and  the 
darkness  was  tempered  by  a  fine  miKjn. 
Among  the  young  men  in  Boston  who  wore 
overjoyed  at  the  prospect  of  seeing  Boz  in 
the  flesh,  was  the  late  James  T.  Fields, 
subsequently   a   prominent    publisher   in 


the  immortal  author  of  Pickwick,  of  Little 
NelK  and  of  Nicholas  Nickleby,  As  the 
carriage  stopped  in  front  of  the  hous< 
Dickens  stepped  out.  cast  one  glance  ai 
the  tine,  hospitable,  warm  glow  of  light 
that  flucxled  the  entrance,  and  shouted, 
in  his  buoyant  way  to  those  in  the  car- 
riage. "Here  we  are!"  J 


CHARLES  DICKENS  IN    |8(>8 

cm  HIS  SECOItfD   AMfRICAN     TOUR,    DlRINC    WHICH    HE    CAVt  REAOINGS   FROM    HIS    BOOKS  TO    PACKED 

HOUSES    m  ALL  THE    LARGEST   CITIES 


that  city,  and  at  the  time  of  Dickens' 
death,  his  representative  in  America,  He 
has  described  how  he  lingered  to  see  Boz: 
how  he  followed  hiTii  up  the  street,  his 
rapture  rendering  him  immune  to  the  nip- 
ping cold;  how  he  sttxid  in  front  of  the 
^hoiel  as  the  carriage  drove  up,  and  how 
Itified  he  was  by  hearing  the  voice  of 


And  young  Fields  was  on  hand  later  iha^ 
evening  toward  midnight  to  see  Boz  com« 
bounding  out  of  the  Tremont  House,  with 
Lord  Mulgrave  for  a  companion.  Dickens 
was  muffled  up  in  a  shaggy  fur  coat,  and 
heedless  of  the  bitter  weather,  putting  al^ 
naught  the  frozen  surface  of  the  pave^S 
ments.  ran  lightly  ovet  IK^  sws^  li^TwcfiX 


FAREWELL  TO    DICKENS 
A«  ME  *BT   SAIL  OK   Hfli  !»ECO>iiP  VOYAGE  TO  THE  UNITtD     STATES.       FROW    A   CONTEMPORARY  SKETCH 

IN  "harpkr's  weekly" 


I 


DtCKENS  S  RECEPTION   IN    AMERICA 
iMf    AUmCM  ftiADlMO    '*NOT    AT    HOME**  TO   A  MOST   or  HIS    FORMER    ACQUAINTANCES.      fRCkM 

nupoRj^RYstirrcH  m  "harper's  wkekly** 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 


like  his  own  Bob  Crachit,  wisely  selecting 
the  middle  uf  the  street.  "We  boys,*' 
said  Fields,  describing  the  scene,  "fol- 
lowed cautiously  behind,  but  near  enough 
not  to  lose  the  fun.  Of  course  the  two 
gentlemen  soon  lost  their  way,  emerging 
into  Washington  from  Tremont  Street. 
Dickens  kept  up  a  continual  shout  of 
uproarious  laughter  as  he  went  rapidly 
forward,  reading  the  signs  on  the  shops, 
and  observing  the  'architecture'  of  the 
new  country  into  which  he  had  dropped 
as  from  the  clouds.     When  the  two  arrived 


287 

Even  the  triumphal  progress  of  Lafayette, 
fifteen  years  earlier,  seemed  tranquil  in 
comparison.  Had  Dickens  enjoyed  the 
strength  of  a  Goliath  he  could  not  have 
attended  every  dance  to  which  he  and  his 
charming  wife  were  asked.  To  have 
eaten  all  the  dinners,  suppers,  and  ban- 
quets to  which  he  was  invited  would  have 
been  physically  impossible.  He  early 
found  that  even  to  have  attempted  to 
reply  to  his  daily  mail  would  have  left 
no  time  for  anything  else,  and  would  have 
kept  him  out  of  bed  until  late  at  night. 


4 


"CHARLES   DICKENS    AS    HE    APPEARS    WHEN    READING 


FROM  A  SKETCH  BY  C_  A.  BAHRY    IN     "maRPER'S  WfeEKLY."   J867.  SATIRIIING  THE  ALTHOR's    SCRUPULOUS 

REGARD  FOR  HIS  STAGE    EFFECTS 


Opposite  the  Old  South  Church,  Dickens 
screamed.  To  this  day  I  could  not  tell 
why*  Was  it  because  of  its  fancied  re- 
semblance to  St.  Pauls  or  the  Abbey? 
I  declare  the  mystery  of  that  shout  is 
still  a  mystery  to  me/* 

1  he  following  day  all  Boston  knew  that 
had  landed,  and  then  began  those 
demonstrative  exhibitions  of  genuine  af- 
fect ion  and  curiosity  which  never  ceased 
to  accompany  Dickens  on  his  travels  for 
the  following  four  months.  No  such 
reception  had  been  given  any  foreign 
visitor  10  these  shores  before  that  time* 


"  How  can  I  give  you  the  fainte^^t  notion 
of  my  reception  here?"  he  asks^  writing  I 
to  Forster.  *'0f  the  crowds  that  pour| 
in  and  out  the  whole  day;  of  the  people 
that  line  the  streets  when  I  go  out;  of 
the  cheering  when  I  go  to  the  theatre; 
of  the  copies  of  verses,  letters  of  con- 
gratulation, welcomes  of  all  kinds,  balls, 
dinners,  assemblies  without  end?"  Again 
he  wrote:  *'  I  have  the  correspondence  of 
a  secretary  of  stale,  and  the  engagements 
of  a  fashionable  physician.  I  have  a 
secretary  whom  I  take  on  with  me.  He 
is  a  young  man  of  the  name  of  Putnam; 


A 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


I 


was  strongly  recommended  to  me;  and 
does  his  work  weli  He  boards  and  lodges 
at  my  expense  when  we  travel;  and  his 
salary  is  ten  dollars  per  month  —  about 
two  pounds  five  of  our  English  money/' 
And  Dickens,  although  then  only  a 
young  man  just  completing  his  thirtieth 
year,  kept  his  head  in  the  presence  of  all 
this  indiscriminate  adulation.  His  sec- 
retary. E.  W.  Putnam,  in  his  account  of 


He  began  joyously  by  admiring  every- 
thing and  everybody.  He  took  the  nicest 
pains  to  send  an  answer  to  every  corre- 
spondent; even  to  write  his  autograph  for 

sentimental  young  ladies  who  had  sought 
it  —  although  he  did  make  a  determined 
stand  against  those  who  wanted  one  of 
his  dark  brown  locks  to  accompany  his 
signature.  He  soon  found  himself,  how- 
ever, placed  on  the  defensive.     He  suffered 


4 
4 


OUR  ONLY  PUBLIC  MUNLMENT  TO  DICKENS 


THfi  STATU!  OF   DICKENS  AI4D 


LITTLE  NELL     BY    F    EDWIN  ELWELL,  IN  THE    CLARENCE  CLARK    PARK. 
PHILADELPillA 


L 


his  tour  with  Dickens,  declares  that  Boz 
had  been  an  invalid  before  his  voyage  to 
this  country  and  that  the  frightful  rough- 
ness i>f  the  passage  had  made  it  imperative 
for  him  to  take  a  rest.  But  it  does  not 
appear  that  Dickens,  in  spite  of  his  occa- 
sional voluntary  indispositions  which 
relieved  him  at  times  from  attending 
functions  arranged  for  lionising  him.  Cook 
much  rest  during  the  whole  time  he  was  in 
America. 


from  the  rapacity  of  some  hotel  proprie- 
tors.    He  wrote  in  one  of  his  first  letters  I 
to  English  friends  that  American  hotels 
were     terribly     expensive.       One     hotel 
charged  him  nine  dollars  a  day  for  the  | 
board  of  himself  and   Mrs.   Dickens  for 
a  whole  week  while  they  were  in  another 
city,  and  this  in  addition  to  a  handsome 
charge  for  their  nxjms,  which  they  had 
not  occupied.     He  was  welcomed  as  ml 
prince  of  literature  and  the  hotel  pro-l 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 


289 


prietors  seemed   to  believe  he  should  be 
charged  royally. 

In  New  England,  he  made  life-long 
friendships  with  Professor  Felton  of  Cam- 
bridge, Charles  Sumner,  Longfellow,  and 
Jonathan   Chapman,    Mayor  of   Boston. 

He  stayed  two  weeks  in  lilew  England, 
was  charmed  with  all  he  saw  and  heard  — 
in  Boston,  Cambridge,  and  New  Haven, 
and  he  always  gracefully  acknowledged 
the  attentions  paid  him  everywhere. 

In  spite  of  his  apparent  good  will  to- 
ward everybody,  however,  he  flatly  refused 
to  bow  to  national  sentiment.  When, 
after  he  had  unexpectedly  in  a  speech  in 
Boston  made  some  very  pointed  references 
to  the  justice  of  international  copyright, 
he  insisted  upon  making  public  reference 
to  the  same  thing  again  in  a  speech  at 
Hartford,  in  spite  of  the  protests  of  his 
friends  that  his  words,  though  true 
enough,  were  undiplomatic.  His  inde- 
pendence and  his  strong  sense  of  his 
own  righteousness  would  not  suffer  him 
to  use  tact  in  his  public  addresses. 

Once  out  West,  in  St.  Louis,  he  was 
approached  by  a  literary  man  who  be- 
lieved he  had  acquired  a  sufficient  intimacy 
with  Boz  to  entice  him  craftily  into  his 
camp.  He  asked  Dickens  how  he  liked 
our  "domestic  institution,  slavery"  in 
such  an  insinuating  manner  as  to  expect 
an  agreeable  reply,  if  not  an  honest  one. 
Dickens's  eyes  blazed  in  an  instant.  He 
took  in  the  situation  at  once.  "  Not  at  all, 
sir,"  cried  Dickens,  "  1  don't  like  it  at  all!" 

"Ah!"  returned  his  visitor,  who  showed 
some  evidences  of  being  abashed  by  the 
frankness  of  the  reply,  "you  probably 
have  not  seen  it  in  its  true  character,  and 
are  prejudiced  against  it." 

"Yes,  I  have  seen  it,  sir!"  said  Dickens, 
"all  1  ever  wish  to  see  of  it,  and  1  detest 
it,  sir!" 

After  the  presumptuous  visitor  had 
left,  Dickens  turned  to  his  secretary  and, 
burning  with  passion,  exclaimed,  "  Damn 
their  impudence!  If  they  will  not  thrust 
their  accursed  domestic  institution  in  my 
face,  I  will  not  attack  it,  for  1  did  not 
come  here  for  that  purpose.  But  to  tell 
me  a  man  is  better  off  as  a  slave  than  as  a 
freeman  is  an  insult,  and  I  will  not  endure 
it  from  any  one  I    1  will  not  bear  it  I" 


After  this  encounter  and  several  others 
like  it,  Dickens,  although  he  had  originally 
had  no  intention  of  referring  to  slavery, 
changed  his  purpose.  Being  personally 
so  utterly  opposed  to  anything  that  was 
inconsistent  with  personal  liberty,  he  was 
aroused  to  a  fever  heat,  and  when  he.  re- 
turned to  England  he  determined  to  depict 
this  "domestic  institution"  in  its  most 
abhorrent  form,  and  consequently 
"Slavery"  forms  a  whole  chapter  in 
"American  Notes." 

That  Dickens  was  indiscreet  in  stirring 
up  a  discussion  on  international  copyright 
at  a  most  inopportune  time  and  in  assert- 
ing his  views  on  slavery  with  so  much 
candor,  cannot  be  denied.  It  has  been 
asserted  that  his  tremendous  efforts  on 
behalf  of  international  copyright  actually 
postponed  for  nearly  two  generations  the 
American  acceptance  of  that  doctrine. 
His  views  of  slavery  only  added  fuel  to 
the  subterranean  fires  already  started  by 
the  abolitionists.  Certain  newspapers  and 
periodicals  began  a  campaign  of  retalia- 
tion against  him,  and  this  combination, 
which  was  continually  circulating  spiteful 
and  untrue  paragraphs  about  him,  resulted 
in  eventually  souring  his  early  appre- 
ciation and  love  for  America. 

New  York  as  well  as  New  England 
was  restless  for  Boz  to  appear,  and  as  soon 
as  it  learned  he  had  arrived  in  this  country, 
preparations  for  his  entertainment  were 
quickly  made.  An  invitation  signed  by 
every  well-known  man  of  letters,  many 
leading  merchants,  and  others  of  promi- 
nence in  that  city,  with  Washington 
Irving's  name  heading  the  list,  was  for- 
warded to  him,  asking  him  to  be  the  guest 
of  honor  at  a  dinner.  At  the  same  time 
the  citizens  of  New  York  arranged  for  a 
great  ball  at  the  Park  Theatre,  and  he  was 
asked  there  so  that  he  might  be  gratefully 
entertained. 

Dickens,  although  so  delighted  with  his 
stay  in  and  around  Boston,  was  impatient 
to  reach  New  York,  because  there  he  was 
to  meet  for  the  first  time  the  man  above 
all  others  in  America  he  most  craved  to 
see  —  Washington  Irving.  It  has  not 
been  sufficiently  understood  that  Irving 
was  indirectly  responsible  for  the  fact  that 
Dickens's  name  has  becoiae.^ii^xt^it^'vadSis^ 


290 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


from  thoughts  of  Christmas  literature. 
Those  chapters  on  Christmas,  which  could 
be  less  spared  than  any  other  part  of 
Geoffrey  Crayon's  Sketch  Book,  were 
read  by  Dickens  long  before  he  became  a 
writer.  He  has  himself  left  it  on  record, 
in  his  letters  to  the  American  author  and 
in  his  inimitable  speech  at  the  Boz  Dinner, 
that  he  was  fascinated  by  Irving's  beauti- 
ful prose.  How  delighted  he  was,  when, 
after  the  appearance  of  "Old  Curiosity 
Shop,"  he  found  among  the  hundreds  of 
admiring  letters  from  America  one  from 
Irving!  He  answered  it  in  his  rapturous, 
impatient  manner,  and  the  two  were 
instantly  friends.  From  that  time  for- 
ward there  was  a  strong  bond  of  sympathy 
between  the  two  writers. 

Dickens  had  not  been  half  an  hour  in 
New  York  before  Irving  called  on  him  at 
the  Carlton  House,  where  the  English 
novelist  had  rooms.  "Just  as  we  sat  down 
to  dinner,"  Dickens  wrote  to  Forster, 
"David  Colden  made  his  appearance; 
and  when  he  had  gone,  and  we  were  taking 
our  wine,  Washington  Irving  came  in 
alone  with  open  arms.  And  here  he 
stopped  until  ten  o'clock  at  night." 

To  run  over  the  names  of  those  who 
visited  Dickens  during  his  New  York 
stay  would  be  to  give  a  list  of  virtually 
all  the  men  connected  with  literature  in 
that  city  at  the  time.  Bryant  was  a 
frequent  visitor;  even  N.  P.  Willis  who 
had  described  Boz  so  unflatteringly  in 
one  of  his  papers  from  London,  came  in 
to  see  him.  with  an  air  of  assurance  and 
virtue.  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  the  poet, 
and  Lewis  Gaylord  Clark,  then  editing 
the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  were  often 
seen  at  the  Carlton.  On  one  occasion 
when  Dickens  had  a  few  of  his  choice 
spirits  to  dinner,  as  they  passed  into  his 
apartment  the  clerk  of  the  hotel,  who 
seems  to  have  been  a  great  lover  of  litera- 
ture, buttonholed  Boz's  secretary  long 
enough  to  exclaim  with  a  kind  of  rever- 
ential awe;  "Good  Heaven!  Mr.  Putnam, 
to  think  what  the  four  walls  of  that  room 
now  contain!  Washington  Irving,  Wil- 
liam C.  Bryant,  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  and 
Charles  Dickens!" 

But  the  "Great  Boz  Dinner,"  and  the 
^^Ba^  Ball"  were  the  crowning  events  of 


the  visit.  The  dailies  and  the  weeklies 
had  constant  references  to  them.  The 
dinner  committee  wisely  placed  the  price 
of  a  place  at  the  table  at  fifteen  dollars. 
Had  it  been  much  smaller  no  building 
in  New  York  would  have  accommodated 
the  diners.  ^The  Ball  was  given  first, 
and  as  a  result  of  the  hospitality  and 
attention  lavished  on  him,  Dickens  had 
to  remain  four  days  in  his  hotel  while  he 
nursed  a  sore  throat,  dozed,  and  drank 
hot  lemonade. 

Incidental  to  the  Ball,  which  was  held 
on  February  14,  was  a  series  of  tableaux 
vivanis  picturing  seven  scenes  from 
Dickens's  books.  There  were  two  scenes 
from  "Sketches  by  Boz,"  two  from  "Pick- 
wick," and  one  each  from  "Oliver  Twist/' 
"Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  and  "Nicholas 
Nickleby."  Although  the  papers  of  the 
time  contain  extensive  and  illuminating 
accounts  of  the  great  crush  —  there  were 
three  thousand  persons  crowded  into  the 
old  Park  Theatre  —  the  victim's  own 
account  of  the  glorification  of  Boz  presents 
the  scene  in  fewer  and  more  expressive 
words.  "At  a  quarter  past  nine  exactly 
(I  quote  the  printed  order  of  proceeding)/* 
he  tells  Forster,  "we  were  waited  upon 
by  David  Colden,  Esquire,  and  General 
George  Morris;  habited,  the  former  in 
full  ball  costume,  the  latter  in  the  full 
dress  uniform  of  Heaven  knows  what 
regiment  of  militia.  The  General  took 
Kate  (Mrs.  Dickens);  Colden  gave  his 
arm  to  me,  and  we  proceeded  down-stairs 
to  a  carriage  at  the  door,  which  took  us 
to  the  stage  door  of  the  theatre,  greatly 
to  the  disappointment  of  an  enormous 
crowd  who  were  besetting  the  main  door 
and  making  a  most  tremendous  hulla- 
baloo. The  scene  on  entrance  was  very 
striking.  There  were  three  thousand  jjeo- 
ple  in  full  dress;  from  the  roof  to  the  floor, 
the  theatre  was  decorated  magnificently, 
and  the  light,  glitter,  glare,  show,  noise, 
and  cheering,  baffle  my  descriptive  powers. 
We  were  walked  in  through  the  centni  of 
the  centre  dress-box,  the  front  whereof- 
was  taken  out  for  the  occasion;  so  to  the 
back  of  the  stage  where  the  mayor  and 
other  dignitaries  received  us;  and  we 
were  then  paraded  all  round  the  enormous 
ball-room,  twice,  for  the  gratification  of 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 


291 


the  many-headed.  That  done,  we  began 
to  dance  —  Heaven  knows  how  we  did 
it,  for  there  was  no  room.  And  we  con- 
tinued dancing  until,  being  no  longer  able 
even  to  stand,  we  slipped  away  quietly, 
and  came  back  to  the  hotel." 

The  "Great  Boz  Dinner,"  was  given 
at  the  City  Hotel  on  February  18,  and 
Irving,  as  the  acknowledged  dean  of 
American  letters  and  as  the  friend  of 
Dickens,  was  selected  to  preside. 

Dickens,  always  the  readiest  of  after 
dinner  speakers,  made  the  most  felicit- 
ous speech  of  his  whole  tour.  What  a 
beautiful  tribute  he  paid  Irving!  He 
said,  in  his  inimitable  manner,  that  he 
did  not  go  to  bed  two  nights  out  of  seven 
without  taking  Washington  Irving  under 
his  arm,  and  when  he  did  not  take  him  he 
took  Irving's  own  brother  Oliver  Gold- 
smith! And  how  loyal  Dickens  remained 
to  his  American  friend  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that,  in  his  most  intimate  letters  to  Forster, 
there  is  not  a  mention  of  the  fact  that 
Irving  broke  down  in  his  speech  at  the 
dinner. 

The  dinner  committee,  having  some 
apprehension  lest  Boz  should  speak  plainly 
about  copyright,  appealed  to  him  before 
the  function  not  to  do  so.  He  declared 
he  should,  but  his  reference  when  the 
time  came  to  speak  it  was  so  slight,  so 
gentle,  and  in  the  form  of  an  "  appeal  by 
one  who  had  a  most  righteous  claim"  to 
assert  his  right,  that  actually  the  sentence 
was  followed  by  cheers. 

From  Henry  Clay  at  Washington,  came 
a  warm  letter  of  encouragement;  he  wrote 
to  approve  Dickens's  "manly  course" 
and  mentioned  his  desire  to  "stir  in  it  if 
possible."  But  Clay  had  already  for- 
warded his  resignation  from  the  United 
States  Senate  to  the  Legislature  of  Ken- 
tucky, to  date  from  March  3 1  of  that  year. 

When  he  reached  Philadelphia,  which 
he  found  "a  handsome  city,  but  distract- 
ingly  regular,"  he  was  completely  taken 
in  by  an  unscrupulous  political  leader  in 
that  city.  This  man,  who  had  a  pleasant 
address  and  was  locally  prominent,  was 
introduced  to  the  distinguished  visitor, 
and  before  leaving,  received  Dickens's 
permission  to  bring  a  few  friends  to  see 
hint.    The  following  day  the  hotel  literally 


was  mobbed.  The  street  in  front  of  the 
house  was  impassable;  the  corridors  of 
the  hotel  were  packed,  and  the  landlord 
was  distracted;  for  Dickens  refused  to 
receive  this  mighty  army.  Finally  the 
landlord  prevailed  upon  him  to  hold  a 
levee,  urging  that,  if  he  did  not  accede, 
a  riot  very  probably  would  result.  The 
humor  of  the  situation  overcame  Boz's 
former  decision;  he  relented,  and  for  two 
hours  he  received  this  crowd.  He  then 
learned  that  the  crafty  politician  had  in- 
serted a  note  in  the  newspapers  that 
Dickens  would  receive  the  citizens  who 
would  call  at  a  certain  hour.  As  for  this 
ingenious  person,  he  stood  beside  Dickens 
introducing  by  name  almost  every  man 
in  the  line,  and  making  political  capital 
out  of  his  assumed  intimacy  with  the 
novelist. 

Washington,  where  he  subsequently 
journeyed  by  boat  and  railway,  Dickens 
described  as  "a  city  of  magnificent  in- 
tentions," but  he  was  deeply  interested 
in  Congress.  He  had  the  privilege  of 
appearing  on  the  floor  of  both  Houses, 
and  went  to  the  Capitol  every  day.  He 
complained  of  much  bad  speaking,  but 
found  "a  great  many  very  remarkable 
men,  such  as  John  Quincy  Adams,  Clay, 
Preston,  Calhoun,  and  others."  with  whom 
he  was  placed  in  the  friendliest  relations. 
Adams  he  found  "a  fine  old  fellow  — 
seventy-six  years  old,  but  with  most 
surprising  vigor,  memory,  readiness,  and 
pluck."  Clay  is  "perfectly  enchanting; 
an  irresistible  man."  He  was  on  the 
most  friendly  terms  with  Clay,  then  the 
leader  of  the  Senate,  and  it  was  due  to 
Clay's  suggestion  that  Dickens  did  not 
proceed   further   south   than    Richmond. 

The  remainder  of  his  stay  in  the  United 
States,  Dickens  found  more  to  his  liking. 
He  grew  fond  of  Americans,  found  the 
women  beautiful  and  the  men  chivalrous, 
but  their  expectorating  habit  aroused  his 
wonderment.  Americanisms  to  his  un- 
practised ear  incited  merriment,  but  he 
began  to  overlook  many  national  charac- 
teristics as  he  proceeded  on  his  'oumey. 
President  Tyler's  predicament  in  finding 
all  political  parties  against  him,  won 
Dickens's  sympathy,  but  he  nad  to  decline 
a  dinner  invitation  to  Xfc&  ^VcX^  Vv^^asfc 


292 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


for  want  of  time  to  attend.  He  parted 
from  Irving,  who  had  just  been  appointed 
Minister  to  Spain,  in  Washington,  and 
during  the  interview  the  American  author 
wept  heartily.  Dickens  found  the  most 
comfortable  hotel  in  Baltimore;  likened 
the  Potomac  steamboat  to  a  Noah's  Ark; 
discussed  slavery  in  Richmond;  bought 
two  accordions,  and  learned  to  play 
Home,  Sweet  Home  with  feeling;  and 
was  so  much  pleased  with  his  treatment 
everywhere  that  he  responded  agreeably 
to  a  petition  of  the  most  influential  men  in 
St.  Louis  to  visit  the  West.  Traveling 
across  part  of  the  country  in  canal  b6ats, 
he  also  had  a  taste  of  the  steamboats  on 
the  Mississippi  and  Ohio,  and  although 
he  frequently  had  to  put  up  with  great 
inconvenience  in  the  hotels  in  the  back 
country,  took  the  experience  good  na- 
turedly,  and  made  jests  of  it  in  his  books. 
He  went  to  Cairo,  III.,  then  a  young 
"boom"  town,  where,  it  is  said,  he  had 
purchased  lots.  He  was  in  Louisville, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Pittsburg, 
Buffalo,  and  then  went  to  Canada,  sailing 
from  Montreal  for  England,  in  May. 

Dickens  had  been  an  unknown  name  in 
the  United  States  until  after  the  first  four 
monthly  parts  of  "Pickwick"  had  been 
published  in  England.  Even  "  Boz,"  the 
name  under  which  he  then  wrote,  was 
unfamiliar  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  two 
volumes  of  his  "Sketches"  had  been 
published  in  London,  and  the  first  series 
had  been  reprinted  here.  But  long  before 
the  twenty  numbers  of  "Pickwick"  were 
comoleted.  American  readers,  like  their 
tardy  English  cousins,  discovered  the 
advent  of  a  new  power  in  literature. 

Carey.  Lea  &  Blanchard,  then  (in  1836) 
the  leading  publishers  in  Philadelphia, 
had  an  agent  in  London,  as  indeed,  was 
customary  for  prominent  American  pub- 
lishers in  the  East,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
forward  all  the  latest  publications  likely 
to  be  suitable  for  reprinting  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic.  When  the  fourth  part 
of  "Pickwick"  arrived,  the  firm  no  longer 
hesitated.  Sam  Weller  had  made  his 
appearance,  and  the  novelty  of  the 
character  and  the  general  improvement  in 
the  t<»i-  '^Acided  them  to  issue  a  volume 
/>  t/  style  —  a  12  mo  in  green 


boards,  cloth  back,  and  paper  label.  Thus, 
in  November.  1836,  "Pickwick" appeared 
for  the  first  time  in  book  form. 

To  those  who  may  have  thought  it 
remarkable  that  neither  in  Forster's  "Life 
of  Dickens,"  nor  in  any  of  the  three 
volumes  of  his  letters  which  the  novelist's 
daughter  and  his  sister-in-law  published 
after  his  death,  is  there  any  mention  of 
Edgar  Allan  Poe,  the  certainty  that  Poe 
wrote  a  most  scathing  answer  to  "Ameri- 
can Notes"  may  give  the  needed  explana- 
tion. When  Dickens  was  in  Philadelphia 
in  March,  1842,  among  those  who  wrote 
to  him  asking  for  an  appointment  was 
Poe.  That  an  interview  actually  took 
place  cannot  be  doubted.  Dickens  alludes 
to  it  in  a  letter  to  Poe  written  from 
London  eight  months  later. 

This  letter  was  dated  November  27, 
1842,  and  by  the  time  it  was  received, 
almost  at  the  time  it  was  written,  a  Boston 
publisher  had  brought  out  the  most 
incisive  attack  on  Dickens  that  had 
emanated  from  this  country.  This  work 
was  entitled  "English  Notes.  Intended 
for  very  Extensive  Circulation!  by  Quarles 
Quickens,  Esq."  It  is  a  sixteen  page 
pamphlet  in  the  form  of  a  small  quarto 
newspaper  of  the  time,  and  bears  the 
imprint  of  the  Boston  Daily  Mail.  And 
there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  the 
author  of  it  was  Poe. 

The  probability  is  that,  during  the  in- 
terval between  the  time  of  Dickens's  visit 
and  the  receipt  of  this  letter,  Poe,  then  an 
editor  at  a  small  salary  on  Graham* s  Maga^ 
line,  had  finally  convinced  himself  that  he 
had  been  entirely  forgotten  and  neglected 
by  his  English  contemporary,  and  he  had 
not  hesitated  to  take  revenge. 

Apart  from  his  tales,  "  English  Notes"  is 
probably  the  cleverest  bit  of  prose  writing 
Poe  ever  did.  While  in  the  main  it  is  a 
travesty,  it  also  is  a  rather  impish  retort. 
There  is  a  parody  of  Dickens's  man- 
ner that  is  as  excellent  burlesque  as 
anything  of  Thackeray's,  and  the  satire 
which  occupies  a  large  part  of  the  work, 
is  as  sharp  as  a  hypodermic  needle.  Sq. 
far  as  1  have  been  able  to  see,  no  review 
of  Poe's  "English  Notes"  ever  appeared. 

The  only  other  answer  to  "American 
Notes"  was  a  dull,  stupid  piece  written 


DICKENS  IN  AMERICA  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 


293 


in  England  entitled,  "  Change  for  American 
Notes";  yet  by  the  inscrutable  laws  of 
chance,  this  uninteresting  production  is 
fairly  well  known  and  Poe's  retort  passed 
unnoticed. 

I  think  I  should  explain  that  in  assign- 
ing the  authorship  of  "English  Notes" 
to  Poe,  I  have  done  so  on  my  own 
authority.  Of  course  the  pamphlet  did 
not  bear  his  name,  but  he  appropriated 
part  of  its  pseudonymic  —  "Quarles  "  — 
for  his  signature,  when  he  first  published 
"The  Raven"  in  the  American  IVbig  two 
years  later.  For  this  reason  and  as  a 
result  of  other  careful  investigations  I  was 
satisfied  that  Poe  was  the  author,  but  I 
was  unwilling  to  make  the  decision  ar- 
bitrarily; and  so  I  have  had  the  facts 
reviewed  by  others  whom  I  believed  to  be 
competent.  These,  I  need  not  state  here, 
have  been  unanimous  in  supporting  my 
conclusion.  That  the  book  has  been 
unnoticed  by  any  of  Poe's  numerous 
biographers  is  not  remarkable  when  it  is 
considered  that  the  work  was  of  the  most 
ephemeral  character  and  the  copy  in  my 
possession  is  the  only  one  I  have  ever  seen. 

Dickens  replied  to  his  critics  in  America 
by  giving  other  unpalatable  pictures  of 
life  in  the  United  States  in  his  novel 
"  Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  which  followed  close 
upon  the  heels  of  "American  Notes,"  but 
this  did  not  interfere  with  the  writer's 
popularity  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 
The  people  here  as  a  rule,  were  not  more 
offended  by  his  criticisms  than  they  were 
by  those  of  some  other  visitors.  They 
did  not  continue  to  read  them,  to  tell 
the  truth,  but  enjoyed  the  novels  and  the 
matchless  Christmas  stories  as  they  came 
forth  at  almost  regular  intervals  from  that 
master's  pen;  and  when  a  quarter  cen- 
tury had  passed,  a  new  generation  of 
readers  had  come  to  join  their  elders, 
and  it  was  unprejudiced  save  in  favor  of 
the  mighty  humorist.  So,  when,  in  1867, 
the  newspapers  reported  that  Dickens 
was  coming  to  America  to  read  his  works, 
his  host  of  friends  —  and  they  numbered 
every  one  of  his  readers  —  were  impatient 
for  his  arrival. 

On  the  occasion  of  his  first  visit,  Dickens 
was  treated  practically  as  "the  literary 
guest  of  the  nation."   His  passage  through 


the  East,  South,  and  West  was  one  continual 
triumph,  yet  he  came  as  a  private  person. 
His  second  tour,  in  the  winter  and  spring 
of  1867-8,  was  in  an  entirely  different 
character.  This  time  he  came  announced 
as  a  public  reader,  an  entertainer,  in  fact, 
and  his  welcome  was  none  the  less  warm 
and  hearty.  That  this  tour  was  not  in 
one  sense,  so  triumphal  as  the  former, 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  during  almost 
all  the  time  Dickens  spent  in  the  United 
States  he  was  ill.  What  he  describes  as 
American  catarrh  forced  him  to  abstain 
from  many  functions  intended  for  his 
honor. 

His  readings  from  his  popular  novels 
were  the  most  successful  entertainment 
of  the  kind  ever  given  in  this  country. 
Readers,  dramatic  readers,  there  were  in 
numbers  here  at  the  time,  but  how  differ- 
ently Dickens  read!  He  did  not,  in  fact, 
read  —  he  related  the  descriptive  passages 
and  when  he  came  to  scenes  he  acted 
them. 

With  a  trained  appreciation  for  stage 
management  and  theatrical  effect,  Dickens 
saw  to  it  that  no  accessory  was  lacking, 
although  he  was  the  sole  occupant  of  the 
stage.  He  carried  with  him  a  staff  con- 
sisting of  half  a  dozen  men,  including  a 
gas  man,  whose  duty  it  was  to  erect  the 
miniature  "border"  light,  which  was  sup- 
ported over  Dickens's  head  and  which 
threw  his  fine,  expressive  face  into  relief. 
Back  of  him,  on  the  platform,  was  a  white 
screen,  and  before  him  a  curiously  designed 
reading  desk,  arranged  with  a  high  rest 
for  his  book,  and  a  lower  convenient  shelf 
for  his  water  bottle  and  glass.  Always 
regarded  as  a  showy  dresser,  Dickens 
appeared  on  the  stage  at  his  readings, 
wearing  large  shirt  studs,  a  massive  ring, 
insistent  sleeve  buttons,  and  a  heavy  gold 
chain  fastened  by  a  locket  in  the  middle 
"and  leading  in  double  festoons  to  cither 
watch  pocket,  as  if  he  wore  two  watches." 
In  his  buttonhole  was  the  invariable 
scarlet  geranium. 

From  November,  1867,  to  the  middle 
of  April,  1868,  Dickens  toured  the  larger 
cities  in  the  East,  giving  in  all  seventy-six 
readings.  The  demand  for  tickets  which 
usually  were  sold  a  fortnight  before  the 
reading  were  gLveUi  hi^&  ^5i  ^\>ssc^^;s^  ^^»ax 


294 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  supply  was  always  exhausted  in  a  few 
hours.  People  stood  in  line  all  night  in 
the  biting  cold  of  winter  to  be  on  hand 
when  the  ticket  office  was  opened,  and  it 
was  useless  to  expect  to  purchase  a  ticket 
on  the  night  of  a  reading.  The  receipts 
of  the  tour  were  $228,000.  according  to 
George  Dolby,  who  was  Dickens's  man- 
ager, and  of  this  amount  $190,000  went  to 
Dickens  as  his  share. 

His  reception  wherever  he  went  was  just 
as  hearty,  just  as  demonstrative  as  if  he 
never  had  written  "American  Notes." 
The  pepple  of  all  classes  paid  him  homage 
in  every  possible  manner,  and  Dickens 
was  not  unmoved  by  these  exhibitions 
of  good  will.  He  seemed  to  feel  that  he 
owed  these  people  something  and  in  his 
speech  at  the  New  York  press  banquet 


at  Delmonico's,  made  just  before  he  sailed 
for  England  for  the  last  time,  he  gave 
ample  satisfaction  for  anything  he  had 
written  that  had  been  regarded  as  unjust. 
He  said  that  he  had  found  that  the  country 
and  its  people  had  changed  for  the  better 
in  the  intervenening  quarter  century, 
and  he  felt  that  he  too,  must  have  changed 
in  that  time.  He  also  declared  that 
thenceforth,  in  justice  to  the  American 
people,  his  latest  views  on  America  should 
be  inserted  in  the  introduction  to  those 
books  of  his  that  treated  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  as  good  as  his  word  and 
new  editions  of  "American  Notes"  and 
"Martin  Chuzzlewit"  were  issued  shortly 
after  he  arrived  in  England,  each  of  them 
containing  an  extract  from  his  New  York 
speech. 


DRIVING  TUBERCULOSIS  OUT  OF 

INDUSTRY 

THE  OVERLOCK   AGREEMENT  THAT   PROTECTS  2,000,000  WORKERS 

BY 

MELVIN  G.  OVERLOCK 

(SXATE  XNSrCCTOR  OF  HEALTH,  ELKVXNTB  MASSACHUSETTS  OXSTUCT) 


A  T  THIS  moment,  as  1  write,  I  have 
/\        before  me  more  than  a  hun- 

/  \  dred  letters  asking  in  sub- 
/  %  stance:  Kindly  describe  what 
^  ^  is  known  as  the  Overlock 
Tuberculosis  Agreement.  How  long  has 
it  been  in  operation  and  what  is  the 
bearing  of  this  agreement  upon  the 
great   question   of   tuberculosis? 

1  believe  that  the  agreement  provides 
a  simple  method  by  which  this  scourge 
of  humanity  can  be  driven  from  the 
factory  districts  in  this  country  where  it 
now  chiefly  flourishes.  The  agreement 
originated  in  the  following  manner:  I 
was  appointed  State  Inspector  of  Health 
of  the  Eleventh  Massachusetts  District 
in  1907,  and  a  part  of  my  duties  was  the 
regulation  of  pure  air  and  general  cleanli- 
ness in  factories  and  workshops.  I  was 
convinced  from  the  outset  that  I  should 
/^/id  many  cases  of  tubtTOJXosxs.     I  was 


convinced,  also,  that,  whenever  I  did  find 
such  cases,  the  percentage  of  those  able 
to  enter  sanatoriums  would  be  small 
because  $4  a  week  was  required  for 
entrance  to  any  of  the  sanatoriums  in  the 
state.  The  average  boy  or  girl  and, 
perhaps  1  may  add,  the  average  individual 
who  is  employed  in  a  factory  or  store,  if 
stricken  with  tuberculosis,  has  not  laid 
by  money  for  the  so-called  rainy  day. 
Therefore  some  provision  must  be  made 
for  them  if  they  were  to  have  a  chance 
of  being  saved  from  the  ravages  of  this 
disease  which  carried  off  more  than 
400,000  of  our  people  in  1900. 

The  records  of  the  Rutland  Sanatorium 
for  a  periodof  ten  years  (this,  by  the  way, 
being  the  first  sanatorium  established  by 
any  state  in  the  union  for  the  treatment 
of  incipient  cases)  showed  that  if  the  cases 
were  taken  early,  in  what  is  known  as 
the  incipient  stage,  about   60  per  cent. 


DRIVING  TUBERCULOSIS  OUT  OF  INDUSTRY 


295 


could  be  cured.  The  problem  was  to 
find  some  means  of  getting  the  money 
to  keep  the  incipient  cases  at  a  sanatorium; 
the  purpose  being  not  only  to  save  many 
of  the  patients'  lives  but  also  to  prevent 
them  from  being  centres  of  contagion. 

If  I  may  digress  for  one  moment  1  can 
easily  make  the  reading  public  see  why 
the  great  war  against  tuberculosis  is  being 
waged  at  the  present  time. 

Our  Civil  War  was  one  of  the  bloodiest 
and  deadliest  in  history.  Yet  four  years 
of  consumption  from  1904  till  1908  killed 
more  than  three  times  as  many  people 
as  were  killed  during  the  four  years  of  the 
Civil  War.  Every  six  years  we  lose  in 
the  United  States  from  consumption  as 
many  people  as  would  populate  the  City 
of  Philadelphia.  Three  years  ago  Gov- 
ernor Hughes,  addressing  a  great  anti- 
tuberculosis meeting  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  said : 

If  we  had  through  the  misfortune  of  war, 
or  the  sudden  rise  of  pestilence  or  through  some 
awful  calamity,  the  destruction  of  life  that 
annually  takes  place  on  account  of  the  spread 
of  this  disease  we  should  be  appalled.  Mass 
meetings  would  be  held  in  every  community 
and  demand  would  be  made  that  the  most 
urgent  measures  should  be  adopted.  It  is 
only  because  we  are  accustomed  to  this  waste 
of  life  that  we  look  calmly  on  and  go  about  our 
business,  paying  no  attention  to  this  enormous 
death  toll,  which  our  American  people  are 
paying. 

But  now  to  return  to  my  history  of  the 
movement  which  began  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  in  1908  and  which  has  spread  with 
lightning  rapidity,  until,  at  the  present 
time,  it  embraces  more  than  1 ,200  mercan- 
tile and  manufacturing  establishments, 
employing  approximately  2,000,000  peo- 
ple. I  had  made  up  my  mind  that  this 
campaign  against  tuberculosis  must  be  a 
campaign  of  education,  and  I  hit  upon 
the  idea  of  establishing  what  I  afterward 
termed  Noon-day  Talks  to  Factory  Folk. 
The  first  of  these  was  given  on  November 
12,  1908,  at  the  Royal  Worcester  Corset 
Company,  which  employs  twelve  hundred 
women  and  girls.  To  the  best  of  my 
knowledge,  this  was  the  first  of  a  series 
of  lectures  on  personal  hygiene  ever 
given  in  factories  in  the  United  States. 
During  this  lecture  I  was  pointing  out  in 


a  simple  fashion  in  lay  language  the  fact 
that  tuberculosis  was  a  preventable  and 
curable  disease;  that,  if  taken  early,  when 
certain  symptoms  were  manifest  to  the  in- 
dividual, and  if  a  physican  were  consulted, 
and  entrance  made  to  one  of  the  state 
sanatoriums,  in  60  per  cent,  of  the  cases 
the  patient  would  be  cured.  After  this 
lecture,  I  was  approached  by  a  young  girl 
employed  in  the  factory,  who  said  that 
she  had  been  told  that  she  had  tuber- 
culosis and  that,  if  she  could  obtain  ad- 
mission to  the  Rutland  Sanatorium,  she 
could  be  cured.  I  asked  her  why  she  did 
not  apply  at  once  for  admission  and  she 
said  that  even  if  she  could  gain  admission 
she  had  not  the  necessary  $4  a  week  to 
pay  for  her  care  and  that  therefore  she 
could  not  go.  I  told  her  I  would  take  up 
this  question  with  the  president  of  the 
company  for  which  she  worked.  I  there- 
fore sought  Mr.  Fanning  and  told  him  of 
the  conversation.  He  at  once,  without 
any  hesitancy,  said  to  me:  "  Why,  Doctor, 
1  will  not  only  pay  for  this  young  girl  at 
any  sanatorium,  but  I  will  pay  for  any  of 
my  people  who  are  so  unfortunate  as  to 
be  stricken  with  this  disease." 

I  asked  him  if  he  would  not  give  me 
a  letter  setting  forth  this  oflFer.  On  No- 
vember 14,  190)3,  he  sent  me  the  following: 

Dr.  M.  G.  Overlock, 
91  Chandler  Street, 
Worcester,  Mass. 
Dear  Sir: 

Referring  to  my  conversation  with  you  a 
few  days  since,  I  desire  to  say  that  should  any 
of   the   employees   of   the    Royal    Worcester 
Corset  Company  be  so  unfortunate  as  to  con- 
tract   tuberculosis,    our    Company    will    pay 
their  expenses  at  the  Rutland  Sanatorium  for 
a  period  of  three  months  or  longer  if  necessary. 
Yours  very  truly, 
(Signed)  David  H.  Fanning, 
Presideni. 

The  young  girl  referred  to  was  admitted 
to  the  Rutland  Sanatorium  where  she 
remained  from  November  until  the  fol- 
lowing June,  when  she  was  discharged  as 
a  cured  or  an  arrested  case.  She  returned 
to  her  former  occupation  and  has  since 
remained  well. 

This  was  the  beginning  of  what  is  now 
known    as    the    Ovedodlk  T\&Kt^ai^K»a 


2g6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Agreement.  With  Mr.  Fanning's  letter 
I  went  to  Mr.  John  Sherman,  president 
of  the  Sherman  Envelope  Company,  and 
he  at  once  gave  me  a  similar  letter.  I 
then  took  up  the  question  with  Mr.  James 
Logan,  general  manager  for  the  United 
States  Envelope  Company,  which  has 
three  large  factories  employing  approxi- 
mately two  thousand  people.  Mr.  Logan 
was  at  that  time  mayor  of  Worcester. 
His  letter  made  it  easy  for  me  to  secure 
similar  letters  from  other  manufacturers, 
not  only  in  the  city  of  Worcester  but 
throughout  Worcester  County.  I  put 
these  letters  in  my  pocket  and  when  I 
visited  an  establishment,  I  showed  them 
to  the  proprietors.  In  every  instance 
I  secured  a  similar  agreement.  By  the 
fall  of  1909  I  had  secured  about  one 
hundred  agreements.  By  this  time  the 
movement  had  begun  to  attract  attention 
outside  of  Worcester.  In  January,  1910, 1 
received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Harry  R.  Well- 
man,  Secretary  of  the  Committee  on 
Prevention  of  Disease  and  Accident  of 
the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  asking 
me  for  a  full  explanation  of  what  was 
known  to  him  as  the  Overlock  Tubercu- 
losis Agreement.  A  Committee  was 
appoint^  presumably  to  verify  my  state- 
ments. This  Committee  reported  its 
findings  to  the  Chamber  with  the  result 
that, on  March  loth,  the  Chamber,  without 
a  dissenting  voice,  adopted  the  following 
recommendations : 

Your  Committee  recommends  that  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  recommend  to  its  mem- 
bers a  measure  already  adopted  by  many  of  the 
large  manufacturing  plants  in  Worcester 
County  as  their  contribution  to  the  campaign 
against  tuberculosis.  The  management  of  the 
factories  just  referred  to  acting  upon  the 
aJvice  and  through  the  initiative  of  Dr.  M.  G. 
Overlock,  State  Medical  Inspector  of  the 
District,  have  agreed  to  be  responsible  for  the 
expense  of  boarding  at  Rutland  or  some  other 
hospital  or  other  place  suitable  for  the  cure  of 
tuberculosis,  any  employee  in  whom  the  disease 
is  discovered.  This  system  has  already  been 
put  in  force  by  some  members  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  and  your  Committee  is  of  the 
opinion  that  if,  through  the  recommendation 
of  the  Chamber,  the  system  is  adopted  by  all 
Its  members,  Boston  will  have  taken  a  long 
sre/?  toward  the  solution  of  the  problem  of 


tuberculosis.  And  that  Boston  Manufactm^ers 
generally  be  requested  to  make  conditkms 
more  sanitary  in  workshops,  factories  and 
stores  and  to  begin  a  system  of  education  which 
will  protect  employees  while  at  work  and  will 
teach  them  how  to  care  for  themselves  at  home 
and  when  away  from  their  occupation. 

I  then  began  to  interest  merchants' 
associations  and  boards  of  trade  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  New  England.  The  Wor- 
cester Merchants*  Association  in  a  body 
adopted  a  similar  recommendation  to  that 
of  the  Boston  Chamber. 

But  far  better  than  this  is  the  realiza- 
tion of  the  possibilities  of  the  movement 
by  the  working  people  themselves.  Day 
by  day  they  were  thrown  in  contact  with 
some  fellow  workman  who  had  been  sent 
to  a  sanatorium  and  cured.  How  deep 
this  feeling  was,  can  bg  seen  by  the  fact 
that  they  held  a  mass  meeting  in  Mechanics 
Hall  in  Worcester,  December  18,  1910, 
presided  over  by  the  mayor.  At  this 
meeting  they  presented  me  with  a  set  of 
resolutions  bearing  the  signatures  of  nearly 
15.000  people  employed  in  the  various 
industries  in  Worcester  County.  It  was 
said  at  the  time  that  they  were  the  first 
of  their  kind  ever  presented  to  an  indi- 
vidual, being  signed  by  the  millionaire 
and  the  water-boy. 

In  this  movement  against  tuberculosis, 
two  salient  points  stand  out  prominently. 
The  first  is  that  the  attack  is  not  for  to- 
day or  to-morrow,  but  continues  until  this 
disease  is  wiped  out.  A  concern  that  has 
cared  for  its  p)eople  this  year  will  do  so  next. 
The  whole  trend  of  the  times  is  toward  a 
wider  cooperation  between  employer  and 
employee.  The  second  point  is  that, 
instead  of  keeping  a  tubercular  patient  at 
work  until  it  is  too  late  for  him  to  get  well 
and  until  he  has  succeeded  in  thoroughly 
infecting  his  fellow  workmen,  the  employee 
under  this  agreement  is  removed  at  the 
first  evidence  of  the  disease,  and  the 
economic  efficiency  of  the  entire  estab- 
lishment is  always  kept  at  a  high  water 
mark.  Not  only  this,  but,  as  the  sanator- 
iums  teach  sanitation  as  well  as  cure 
people,  a  returned  patient  is  a  centre  of 
contagion  for  sanitary  knowledge  instead 
of  tuberculosis  germs.  They  become  ac- 
tive forces  lot   gpod.     \  daim  tvothing 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


297 


for  this  contribution  to  modern  economics 
other  than  the  desire  to  make  it  known. 
To  David  H.  Fanning  belongs  the  credit 
for  its  launching.  This  vigorous  old  man 
who,  on  August  4,  191 1,  celebrated  his 
eighty-first  birthday  —  the  head  of  a 
great  business  the  ramifications  of  which 
extend  through  both  hemispheres,  carry- 
ing on  his  shoulders  a  burden  that  might 
stagger  a  man  of  half  his  age  —  is  the 
author  of  this  plan.  Many  establishments 
have  adopted  profit  sharing  plans  by  which 
they  hope  to  incite  the  workmen's  help 
to  extra  exertions  and  hence  greater 
dividends.    Some  indeed  have  established 


pensions  for  their  aged;  but  none  have 
gone  higher  than  David  H.  Fanning, 
when  he  declared  that  his  responsibility 
to  his  employees  extended  to  the  pro- 
tection of  their  health,  and  that  he  would 
no  more  allow  disease  to  steal  away  their 
employment  than  he  would  allow  old 
age  to  do  so. 

Nearly  2,000,000  employees  in  New 
England  have  now  this  insurance  against 
tuberculosis.  A  simple  agreement  is  driv- 
ing the  plague  from  1,200  factories. 
Enough  has  been  done  to  show  that 
tuberculosis  can  be  driven  out  of  our 
industries. 


WOODROW  WILSON-A  BIOGRAPHY 

FOURTH  ARTICLE 

WHAT  HAPPENED  AT  PRINCETON 

THE  STORY,    FOR  THE   FIRST  TIME  TOLD,*  OF  THE   CONFLICT   BETWEEN   A 

PROGRESSIVE  AND   DEMOCRATIC   PRESIDENT   AND   THE    FORCES   OF 

PRIVILEGE   AND   ARISTOCRACY   IN   AN    ANCIENT  UNIVERSITY  — 

WHY   WILSON    LEFT   PRINCETON 

BY 

WILLIAM   BAYARD  HALE 

(AUTBOR  Of  "  A  WEEK  IN  THE  WBRE.HOUSE  WIIH  FRESIDEMT  ROOSEVELT") 


DOCTOR  WILSON  had  served 
five  years  as  President  of 
Princeton  University  before 
he  reached  the  point  of 
irrepressible  conflict.  So  long 
as  he  confined  himself  to  the  strictly  edu- 
cational workings  of  the  school  he  had  been 
allowed  to  have  his  way  without  much 
opposition.  But  now,  when  his  construc- 
tive mind  reached  over  to  the  student's 
social  life  and  undertook  to  organize  that 
and  bring  it  into  proper  relationship  with 
the  other  elements  of  university  life,  he 
found  that  he  had  put  his  hand  upon  what 
the  guardians  of  the  aristocratic  institution 
were  really  interested  in  and  what  they 
were  not  disposed  to  see  changed.  Having 
revised  the  system  of  study,  and  having 
refashioned  the  teaching  plan,  he  had 
now  reached  the  point  where  he  believed 
it   necessary   to  reconstruct   the   extra- 


collegiate  relations  —  that  is,  the  ordinary 
living  arrangements  of  the  place  —  taking 
them  in  as  a  necessary  part  of  the  total 
university  plan.  He  felt  the  necessity  of 
assuming  charge  of  the  housing  and  board- 
ing of  the  students,  and  of  doing  this  in  a 
way  most  advantageous  to  the  young 
men. 

In  brief,  his  idea  was  the  organization 
of  the  university  in  a  number  of  "colleges" 
or  "quadrangles"  —  practically  dormi- 
tories, each  of  which  should  harbor  a 
certain  number  of  men  from  every  class, 
with  a  few  of  the  younger  professors.  It 
was  not  a  new  idea  with  President  Wilson; 
people  remembered  that  he  had  talked  of 
it  at  least  ten  years  before  he  became 
president.  It  was  precisely  in  line  with 
the  preceptorial  plan;  indeed,  it  was  the 
necessary  culminatioTv  o<  \Vv^x^\^tv.  ^x^^sn.- 
dent  V/\\soTv  Y12A  ivo  xvcAlvo^  ^\  ^\nK^v^5^ 


298 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Princeton  University  into  colleges  at  all 
like  those  which  constitute  Oxford  Uni- 
versity or  Cambridge,  for  example.  The 
university  was  still  to  carry  on  all  instruc- 
tion and  maintain  its  authority  every- 
where. The  "quads"  were  to  be  merely 
residence  halls,  each  of  which  with  its 
dining-room  and  common-room  was  to  be 
a  little  world  in  itself  —  such  a  world  as 
the  university  by  reason  of  its  size  could 
no  longer  be. 

President  Wilson  securied  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  consisting  of  seven 
of  the  trustees  to  investigate  the  merits 
of  the  "quad"  proposal,  and  at  the  June, 
1907,  meeting  the  committee  reported  on 
"  the  social  coordination  of  the  university/' 
endorsing  Mr.  Wilson's  plan.  The  report 
of  this  committee  was  accepted,  and  its 
recommendation  adopted,  with  only  one 
dissenting  vote,  twenty-five  of  the  twenty- 
seven  trustees  being  present,  at  the  June 
meeting. 

Now,  it  is  probable  that  President 
Wilson  did  not  hit  upon  his  "quad"  plan 
primarily  as  a  means  of  reforming  the 
social  life  of  Princeton.  He  reached  it 
rather  as  a  student  of  education.  It  was 
very  clear  to  him  that  fifteen  hours  a  week 
out  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  is  not 
enough  in  which  to  "educate"  a  young 
man.  It  was  further  evident  to  him  that 
the  association  of  new  students  with  older 
students  and  professors  was  exceedingly 
to  be  desired;  he  knew  that  a  freshman 
learned  far  more  from  the  classmen  above 
him  and  from  association  with  his  in- 
structors between  lectures  than  he  learned 
from  the  lectures  themselves;  he  became 
convinced  of  the  advisability  of  cutting 
across  the  lines  of  class  isolation;  his 
proposal  was  to  divide  the  univeristy 
perpendicularly  rather  than  horizontally. 

What  was  amiss  with  the  "quad" 
proposal? 

This  —  that  it  cut  into  the  aristocratic 
social  structure  which  the  dominating 
element  in  Princeton  had  erected  for 
itself. 

If,  visiting  Princeton,  you  will  proceed 
to  the  top  of  a  street  known  as  Prospect 
Avenue,  and  pass  down  it,  you  will  see 
something  which  probably  is  not  paral- 


leled at  any  seat  of  learning  in  the  world. 
Prospect  Avenue  is  lined  with  club-houses, 
twelve  of  them,  with  handsome  buildings, 
beautiful  lawns,  and  tennis  courts,  and, 
in  the  case  of  the  more  favored  clubs  on 
the  south  side  of  the  street,  a  delightful 
view  across  the  valley  to  the  eastward. 
Some  of  the  club-houses  are  sumptuous, 
comparing  very  favorably  with  the  best 
city  clubs.  Their  aggregate  value  must 
be  much  more  than  $1,000,000.  The 
clubs  house,  on  an  average,  thirty  members 
each  —  fifteen  Juniors  and  fifteen  Seniors, 
about  350  in  all.  Juniors  and  Seniors  alone 
being  eligible.  Three  hundred  other 
members  of  those  classes  can  get  into 
no  club.  Freshmen  and  sophomores  can 
only  look  forward  to  admission  to  them. 

Princeton  has  long  forbidden  the  for- 
mation of  fraternity  chapters;  students 
are  required  on  matriculation  to  take  oath 
that  they  will  join  no  fraternities.  The 
clubs  are  the  comparatively  recent  out- 
growth of  eating-associations.  The  uni- 
versity has  never  provided  any  eating- 
places  for  the  students.  Some  thirty 
years  ago  the  members  of  an  eating-club 
which  called  itself  "The  Ivy"  conceived 
the  idea  of  perpetuating  itself.  From 
this  idea  has  grown  up  this  dominating 
feature  of  Princeton  life,  estranged  from 
the  university  and  yet  having  more  to  do 
with  the  real  forming  of  its  students  than 
any  other  feature  of  the  college  life. 

No  one  can  reflect  for  a  moment  upon 
this  club  system  without  understanding 
its  essentially  vicious  character.  Perhaps 
only  those  who  have  lived  at  Princeton 
thoroughly  understand  how  extremely 
vicious  the  system  is.  At  the  outset  it 
ought  to  be  made  clear  that  no  reflection 
of  any  sort  or  kind  is  or  can  be  cast  upon 
the  morality  of  the  clubs.  They  are  well 
managed;  they  are  delightful  homes;  they 
assemble  groups  of  undoubtedly  fine  and 
gentlemanly  men.  No  drinking  is  allowed, 
and  in  no  particular  has  there  ever  been 
the  slightest  scandal  about  their  conduct. 

The  trouble  is  that  they  necessarily 
constitute  an  aristocracy,  in  the  midst 
of  a  community  which  should,  above  all 
things,  be  absolutely  democratic.  It  may 
be  all  very  well  for  the  three  hundred 
youths  who  enjoy  the  delights  of  the 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


299 


" Ivy,"  the  "Cap  and  Gown,"  the  "Colon- 
iai,''  "Tiger  Inn,"  and  the  rest  (though 
such  luxury  is  of  questionable  value  to  a 
boy  who  has  yet  to  make  his  way  in  the 
world)  but  what  of  the  three  hundred 
young  men  who  have  not  been  able  to 
"make"  one  of  them?  They  feel  them- 
selves ostracized  and  humiliated,  and  the 
seeds  of  social  bitterness  are  sown  in  their 
souls.  There  is  no  provision  for  them 
outside  of  common  boarding-houses.  Not 
a  few  leave  the  university. 

Worse  yet,  rivalry  for  admission  to  the 
clubs  is  so  great  that  it  injures  the  work 
of  the  freshmen  and  sophomores.  The 
first  term  of  the  sophomore  year,  especially, 
is  considered  to  be  entirely  v/recked  by  the 
absorption  of  the  students  in  candidating 
for  the  club  elections  held  that  spring. 
True,  from  time  to  time  the  clubs  enter 
into  treaties  pledging  themselves  to  ab- 
stain from  soliciting  desirable  Sophomores 
—  and  the  result  of  that,  when  the  treaties 
are  lived  up  to,  is  to  make  impossible  any 
friendship,  no  matter  how  natural  or 
desirable,  between  a  Sophomore  and  an 
upper  classman;  and  when  they  are  not 
lived  up  to,  to  supplant  free  natural 
intimacies  with  secret  politics.  So  highly 
is  membership  in  a  swagger  club  regarded, 
that  parents  of  prospective  students  have 
been  known  to  begin  visits  to  Princeton 
a  year  or  two  before  their  son  entered 
college,  with  the  purpose  of  organizing 
a  social  campaign  to  land  him  in  the  club 
to  which  he  aspired. 

It  may  easily  be  seen  how  the  existence 
of  these  select  coteries  minister  to  snob- 
bery; how  they  foster  toadying;  how  they 
introduce  a  worldly,  material,  and  un- 
natural element  into  what  is  naturally 
one  of  the  finest  things  in  the  world  — 
a  democracy  of  boys;  how  they  set  up 
at  the  outset  of  a  student's  career  a  mis- 
taken ideal,  an  unworthy  aim;  and  how 
they  divide  students  along  unnatural 
lines.  Over  and  over  again,  Princeton 
sees  a  group  of  congenial  fellows  of  the 
incoming  freshman  class  gravitate  to- 
ward each  other  in  the  first  few  weeks  of 
the  term,  and  then,  in  obedience  to  some 
sudden,  mysterious  influence  from  Pros- 
pect Avenue,  dissolve.  The  members  of 
this  group  soon,  perhaps,  find  themselves 


in  friendly  associations  in  some  other 
direction,  but  again  these  associations 
also  are  broken  up.  The  spirit  of  the 
place  does  not  allow  men  to  form  friendly 
and  natural  associations  in  accordance 
with  their  tastes  and  dispositions;  they 
must  always  strive  to  become  friends  of 
those  particular  classmates  who  have  the 
best  chance  of  "making"  the  best  clubs, 
and  as  "the  hunch"  passes  "down  the 
line"  from  Prospect  Avenue,  the  prospects 
of  one  and  another  student  wax  and  wane, 
and  the  character  of  the  coteries  in  which 
he  finds  himself  goes  up  and  down.  The 
social  life  of  the  two  lower  classes  presents 
such  a  picture  as  would  a  layer  of  iron 
filings  over  which  a  magnet  is  passed, 
forming  groups  now  here,  now  there,  and 
keeping  all  in  constant  confusion.  So 
Princeton's  clubs  continually  agitate  the 
under-graduate  life,  prevent  the  forming 
of  natural  friendships,  beget  snobbery, 
set  up  an  aristocracy,  condemn  half  the 
student  body  to  an  inferior  social  position, 
and  make  the  chief  prize  of  the  student's 
career,  not  the  attainment  of  an  education, 
but  membership  in  a  favored  group.  In 
the  words  of  President  Wilson,  the  side- 
show had  swallowed  up  the  circus.  Noth- 
ing could  be  more  un-American;  nothing 
could  be  more  opposed  to  the  true  prin- 
ciples of  education. 

We  approach  now  one  of  the  most 
dramatic,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  involved 
chapters  in  the  life  of  any  American 
institution  of  learning  —  indeed  a  chapter, 
if  it  could  be  rightly  told,  not  often  ex- 
celled in  interest  in  any  story  of  American 
life.  To  appreciate  the  emotions  which 
were  stirred,  the  passions  which  were 
aroused,  the  bitterness  engendered,  the 
life-long  estrangements  created,  by  what 
outsiders  may  easily  regard  as  a  slight 
academical  question,  it  is  necessary  to 
consider  that  a  university  town  con- 
stitutes a  peculiarly  isolated  microcosm 
in  itself.  Its  own  affairs  loom  very  large 
to  the  members  of  a  university,  and, 
indeed,  very  large  in  their  expansive  in- 
fluence they  are.  In  such  a  place  as 
Princeton  are  gathered  men  of  ability 
and  force  of  character  much  above  the 
average;  men  likely  to  be  of  sXjksw;^  c«««- 


300 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


victions.  which  they  are  well  able  to 
express.  Ambitions  have  their  play,  too, 
in  the  college  world;  jealousies  are  easily 
aroused,  as  well  as  extraordinarily  de- 
voted friendships  cemented. 

In  Princeton,  too,  there  had  grown  up  a 
certain  duality  of  thought  and  ruling 
ideal.  The  town  had  become  the  chosen 
residence  of  a  number  of  .families  of 
wealth,  some  of  them  of  very  great  wealth. 
Having  been  for  a  number  of  years  a 
school  very  easy-going  as  to  scholarship 
and  discipline,  it  had  become  a  favored 
resort  of  rich  men's  sons.  Over  against 
the  wealthy  residents  (none  of  whom,  it 
should  be  said,  were  vulgar  of  display; 
most  of  whom,  on  the  other  hand,  were 
cultured  Christian  people  of  high  instincts, 
the  unconscious  habits  of  whose  minds 
only  it  was  that  separated  them  instinc- 
tively from  sympathy  with  the  less 
wealthy);  over  against  the  students  with 
automobiles  who  ran  over  to  Philadelphia 
or  New  York  at  week-ends  or  entertained 
small  parties  at  the  Inn  —  there  was  a 
body  of  somewhat  slenderly  paid  pro- 
fessors and  of  students  who  had  been 
enabled  to  take  a  college  course  only 
through  the  sacrifices  of  their  parents. 
The  Princeton  world  was  a  fair  epitome 
of  modem  America;  there  was  little  vice 
in  it;  there  was  little  conscious  estrang- 
ing pride;  there  was  no  acknowledged 
dislike  of  the  rich  on  the  part  of  the  less 
fortunate;  but  there  was  the  growing 
prominence  of  wealth  and  an  increasing 
exhibition  of  its  necessary  power,  and  the 
gradual  assertion  of  that  power  in  forget- 
fulness  of  the  needs  of  the  poor.  In  short, 
there  was  at  Princeton  all  the  elements 
that  go  to  make  up  the  drama  of  life, 
and  these  so  assembled  in  a  small  com- 
munity that  their  action  and  reaction 
could  be  easily  watched.  A  novelist 
might  have  found  at  Princeton  in  the 
years  1907-11  material  for  the  American 
novel. 

A  circular  setting  forth  in  outline 
President  Wilson's  "quad"  proposal  was 
sent  to  the  various  clubs  and  was  generally 
read  there  on  the  Friday  night  before 
Commencement,  1907.  Princeton  alumni, 
particularly  those  from  the  Eastern  cities, 
come  hack   in    large   numbers   to   their 


alma  mater  and  usually  "put  up"  at  the 
club-houses,  where  the  Friday  night  pre- 
ceding Commencement  is  given  over  to 
a  jolly  dinner.  The  "quad"  proposal, 
it  was  instantly  seen,  contemplated  the 
doing  away  of  the  clubs;  it  was  even 
said  that  Wilson  proposed  to  confiscate 
them.  The  wrath  of  the  alumni  jollifying 
that  night  in  Prospect  Avenue  was  in- 
stantly aroused,  and  the  shout  of  battle 
was  raised.  No  decent  consideration  was 
ever  given  the  new  idea.  The  grieved 
graduates  went  home#to  spread  stories 
of  the  attack  on  Princeton's  favorite 
institutions  and  rally  the  old  boys  to 
their  defense.  Old  Princetonians  wrote 
distressed  letters  to  the  Alumni  Weekly 
expressing  their  grief  and  astonishment 
that  a  Princeton  president  should  so  far 
forget  himself  as  to  try  to  "  make  a  gentle- 
man chum  with  a  mucker";  they  wanted 
to  know  what  the  world  was  coming  to 
when  a  man  was  to  be  "compelled  to 
submit  to  dictation  as  to  his  table  com- 
panions"; in  the  holy  name  of  liberty 
and  the  good  old  Princeton  spirit  they 
swore  to  preserve  for  the  student  "the 
right  to  decide  for  himself  whom  he  will 
associate  with." 

The  trustees,  who  had  voted  the  plan 
through  with  but  a  single  dissenting 
voice,  now  frightened  by  the  alumni  howl, 
were  persuaded  to  reconsider.  Oh  Octo- 
ber 17th,  the  Board  requested  President 
Wilson  to  withdraw  the  proposal. 

The  inalienable  right  of  the  American 
college  youth  to  choose  his  own  hat- 
band (and  compel  other  youths  to  wear 
untrimmed  head-gear)  was  thus  triumph- 
antly vindicated.  But  the  saviours  of 
the  club  system  were  not  generous  in 
victory.  They  continued  to  hurl  insults 
upon  President  Wilson.  It  was  now  dis- 
covered that  he  was  a  domineering,  brutal, 
bigoted,  inconsiderate,  and  untruthful 
demagogue.  The  preceptorial  system, 
which  had  been  in  operation  for  two  years, 
with  everybody's  approval,  was  now  also 
attacked.  President  Wilson  was  charged 
with  having  inaugurated  it  over  the 
heads  of  the  faculty;  various  classes 
among  the  alumni  withdrew  their  subscrip- 
tions for  the  support  of  preceptors.  It 
took  only  a  few  months  of  this  sort  of 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


301 


thing  for  the  board  of  trustees,  the 
faculty,  and  the  alumni  to  find  themselves 
divided  beyond  compromise.  Life-long 
friendships  were  broken.  Life-long  asso- 
ciates parted  in  bitterness.  Charges  and 
countercharges  were  exchanged.  The 
chasm  deepened,  and  passions  so  violent 
that  it  would  not  have  been  deemed  pos- 
sible for  a  collegiate  to  possess  them,  were 
aroused. 

It  is  a  little  difficult  to  see  why  the 
question  should  have  provoked  the  aston- 
ishingly bitter  fight  which  now  broke  out 
at  Princeton.  To  find  the  real  cause  of 
it  all  one  must  go  deeper  than  the  issue 
presented  on  the  surface,  much  deeper 
than  the  mere  personality  of  the  president. 
As  to  the  latter,  it  is  quite  possible  that 
Doctor  Wilson's  positive  character,  the 
certainty  of  his  convictions  and  his  aggres- 
siveness in  expressing  them,  may  have 
been  distasteful  to  men  long  accustomed 
to  other  methods.  It  is  even  possible 
that  the  president  was  not  as  gentle  in 
his  manner,  perhaps  not  always  as  tactful, 
as  he  might  have  been,  as  he  has  since 
become.  Undoubtedly  a  man  of  exceed- 
ing charm  of  personality,  he  had  his  grim 
side  —  no  man  descended  from  a  line  of 
Scottish  Presbyterians  has  not  —  and,  once 
aroused  in  a  fight,  he  was  a  ruthless  op- 
ponent. It  seems  to  be  the  case  that  the 
president's  reform  programme  grew  pri- 
marily out  of  his  convictions  as  a  teacher 
of  young  men.  He  did  not,  for  instance, 
deliberately  set  about  to  attack  the 
Princeton  clubs;  he  only  found  that  they 
were  in  the  way  of  a  better  educational 
plan,  the  adoption  of  which  he  deemed 
necessary.  But  when  the  host  gathered 
for  the  defense  of  an  aristocratic  institu- 
tion because  it  was  aristocratic,  when 
they  denounced  him  as  a  confiscator,  a 
leveler,  and  a  Socialist,  the  innate  de- 
mocracy of  the  man  flamed  up,  and  the 
fight  ceased  to  be  a  debate  over  educa- 
tional ideals,  having  become  an  irrecon- 
cilable conflict  between  democracy  and 
privileged  wealth. 

President  Wilson  continued  to  expound 
his  ideas  on  the  subject  of  the  social 
organization  of  the  university  when  in- 
vited to  do  so  at  gatherings  of  the  alumni 
in  various  cities,  but  he  made  no  aggres- 


sive campaign.  The  preceptorial  system, 
in  spite  of  the  growing  prejudice  against 
it,  continued  in  vogue,  the  necessary  funds 
being  voted  by  the  trustees. 

Before  we  turn  from  the  events  of 
'07,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  note  that, 
though  his  plan  was  for  the  present 
defeated,  Mr.  Wilson  was  still  meditating 
on  the  necessity  of  making  Princeton 
democratic.  In  October,  a  graduate,  Mr. 
E.  B.  Seymour,  called  on  President 
Wilson  and  had  an  interesting  talk. 
Though  he  disagreed  with  the  President's 
conclusions,  Mr.  Seymour  thus  reports 
Mr.  Wilson's  views: 

He  felt  that  in  this  country  at  the  present 
time  there  was  too  strong  a  tendency  to  glorify 
money  merely.  That  with  the  increasing 
wealth  of  the  country  this  tendency  would  be 
accentuated.  In  short,  he  feared  that  we  would 
rapidly  drift  into  a  plutocracy.  To  meet  this 
condition  he  felt  that  the  corrective  of  an 
education  along  purely  democratic  lines  should 
be  given  to  our  boys  in  our  institutions  of 
higher  learning.  At  Princeton,  whither  come 
many  sons  of  millionaires,  he  felt  we  should  so 
impress  these  boys  with  ideas  of  democracy 
and  personal  worth  that  when  they  became, 
in  the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  masters  of 
their  fathers'  fortunes,  they  should  so  use 
their  undoubted  power  as  to  help,  not  hurt, 
the  commonwealth. 

The  story  now  becomes  complicated 
through  the  injection  of  another  issue, 
that,  namely,  of  the  graduate  college. 

Some  time  before  the  election  of  Pro- 
fessor Wilson  to  the  presidency.  Professor 
Andrew  F.  West,  a  brilliant  and  per- 
suasive member  of  the  faculty,  with 
ambitions,  had  been  given  the  title  of 
Dean  of  the  Graduate  School,  together 
with  an  appropriation  of  $2500  to  be 
used  in  studying  graduate  systems  of 
instruction  in  various  universities.  Dean 
West  went  to  Europe  for  a  year,  returned, 
and  published  a  sumptuous  little  volume 
containing  an  elaborate  and  highly  illus- 
trated scheme  for  a  graduate  college. 
It  was  never  seen  by  the  faculty,  although 
President  Wilson,  in  oflf-hand  good-will 
for  the  general  idea  of  graduate  develop- 
ment, contributed  a  preface;  the  book 
was  sent  by  Dean  West  to  likely  con- 
tributors among  the  ^Imtcvtwv   Vew  x^f:^ 


302 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Doctor  West  was  invited  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. A  meeting  of  a  trustee's  com- 
mittee adopted  a  resolution,  expressing 
the  hope  that  he  remain,  as  the  Board 
had  counted  upon  him  to  put  into  opera- 
tion the  graduate  school.  Dean  West 
declined  the  call  to  Boston. 

In  December  of  that  year,  Mrs.  J.  A. 
Thompson  Swann,  dying,  left  $250,000 
*for  the  beginning  of  a  graduate  college; 
among  the  conditions  of  the  gift  was  the 
provision  that  the  new  college  should  be 
located  upon  grounds  of  the  university. 
The  trustees  decided  to  build  it  on  the 
site  of  the  president's  house,  "  Prospect," 
and  the  university's  consulting  architect, 
Mr.  Cram,  was  instructed  to  draw  the 
plans. 

In  the  spring  of  1909,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Dean  West,  Mr.  William  C. 
Proctor,  of  Cincinnati,  oflFered  $500,000 
for  the  graduate  college,  on  condition 
that  another  half  million  dollars  be 
raised.  Mr.  Proctor's  letter  seemed  to 
imply  that  the  money  must  be  used  in 
carrying  out  the  scheme  formulated  by 
Dean  West;  it  also  condemned  the  site 
chosen  for  the  graduate  college  by  the 
trustees.  In  his  second  letter,  addressed 
to  President  Wilson,  Mr.  Proctor  named 
tw^  locations  which  alone  would  be 
acceptable  to  him. 

So  long  as  Dean  West's  scheme  for  a 
graduate  school  was  a  paper  plan  only, 
it  had  received  no  special  examination. 
But  when  these  two  bequests  made  its 
realization  possible,  the  plan  was  given 
scrutiny.  It  was  apparent  to  many  of 
the  trustees  and  faculty  that  Dean  West's 
elaborate  plan  was  not  one  to  which  they 
were  prepared  to  commit  themselves 
definitely.  A  special  committee  of  five 
appointed  by  the  president  of  the  board 
of  trustees,  reported  (February  10,  1910) 
against  the  unconditional  acceptance  of 
Mr.  Proctor's  gift.  They  felt  that  grad- 
uate work  at  Princeton  was  still  in  its 
formative  period;  conditions  surrounding 
it  were  as  yet  experimental,  and  it  would 
be  a  mistake  to  let  the  organization,  de- 
velopment, and  conduct  of  a  graduate 
college  pass  in  any  measure  outside  the 
control  of  the  university  faculty  and  board. 


The  sites  which  Mr.  Proctor  insisted  upon 
were  remote  from  the  university  centre, 
and  the  committee  felt  that  this  was  a 
vital  mistake.  It  was  an  extremely  deli- 
cate matter  to  look  the  gift-horse  in  the 
mouth,  but  so  plain  was  their  duty  that 
they,  therefore,  called  Mr.  Proctor's  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  Dean  West's  plan 
was  merely  a  tentative  one  which  had 
never  been  adopted  in  its  entirety  and 
that  the  matter  of  the  location  of  the 
graduate  college  seemed  to  them  to  be 
so  important  that  it  could  not  be  decided 
offhand  by  a  donor,  however  generous; 
in  short,  they  desired  to  know  whether 
the  prospective  gift  was  to  place  in  the 
hands  of  the  authorized  guardians  of  the 
university  a  sum  of  money  to  be  used 
according  to  their  best  ideas  of  the  needs 
of  the  university,  or  to  be  spent  precisely 
as  the  donor  desired. 

Mr.  Proctor's  answer  was  a  withdrawal 
of  his  offer. 

The  withdrawal  naturally  caused  a 
sensation  and  brought  down  upon  the 
head  of  President  Wilson  all  the  vials  of 
wrath  that  had  not  been  already  emptied 
upon  him.  It  was  inconceivable  to  some 
in  the  board  of  trustees,  to  a  large  number 
of  the  alumni,  and  to  a  portion  of  the 
faculty,  that  a  gift  of  half  a  million  dollars 
(carrying  with  it  indeed  the  assurance  of 
another  half  million  —  for  this  had  already 
been  nearly  subscribed)  could  be  rejected, 
on  any  consideration  whatsoever.  Any- 
one who  knows  how  eagerly  funds  are 
sought  by  the  trustees  of  philanthropic 
and  educational  institutions  can  perhaps 
understand  the  amazement  with  which 
many  of  the  graduates  of  a  college  heard 
that  its  president  had  actually  turned 
down  the  prospect  of  getting  a  million 
dollars.  But  in  view  of  the  perfectly 
clear  position  taken  by  President  Wilson, 
backed  at  that  time  by  the  majority  of 
the  trustees,  the  passionate  outcry  against 
them  shown  by  some  Princetonians  of 
general  repute  for  intelligence  and  con- 
science, does  seem  inexplicable.  It  was 
a  perfectly  clear  case.  President  Wilson 
and  the  trustees  were  no  doubt  infinitely 
obliged  to  Mr.  Proctor;  they  were  eager 
to  accept  his  gift,  but  they  simply  could 
not  abrogate  the  duties  of  their  office  — 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


303 


they  simply  could  not  surrender  to  any 
donor  the  right  to  determine  the  uni- 
versity's policy  in  so  grave  a  matter  as 
that  of  its  graduate  school.  It  was  they 
who  were  charged  with  the  duty  of 
administering  the  university  —  not  Mr. 
Proctor.  It  would  have  been  fatal  for 
them  to  admit  the  principle  that  a  rich 
man  who  was  willing  to  give  away  money 
should,  therefore,  be  given  the  right  to 
dicta'te  the  educational  policy  of  the 
institution  of  which  others  were  the  elected 
officers.  They  were  not  there  to  allow  a 
private  plan  to  be  imposed  upon  the 
university,  determining  its  future. 

Furthermore,  the  particular  plan  which 
unconditional  acceptance  of  Mr.  Proctor's 
gift  would  have  forced  on  Princeton  was 
one  utterly  opposed  to  the  principles  in 
devotion  to  which  the  university  under 
its  president's  guidance  was  now  so 
happily  advancing. 

To  President  Wilson  its  details  were 
altogether  obnoxious.  Since  the  subject 
of  graduate  study  had  been  taken  up, 
the  dean  and  the  president  had  moved 
in  opposite  directions:  one  toward  seg- 
regation and  exclusiveness;  the  other 
toward  an  organic  whole,  cooperative, 
shot  through  with  a  common  motive  and 
spirit,  and  stimulated  by  a  common  life 
of  give  and  take.  Doctor  West  now  . 
proposed  the  erection,  in  a  distant  part 
of  town,  of  a  sumptuous  building  where 
a  selected  group  of  young  gentlemen  of 
peculiar  refinement  were  to  live  in  clois- 
tered seclusion  the  life  of  culture.  Presi- 
dent Wilson  had  his  own  plan  for  a  grad- 
uate school  —  a  plan  that  sprang  naturally 
out  of  the  new  system  of  studies  and  the 
preceptorial  organization  —  but  it  was  a 
plan  that  contemplated  a  corps  of  highly- 
competent  graduate  instructors,  proper 
laboratories,  an  adequate  library,  and  the 
practical  essentials  of  study  —  rather  than 
the   embroidery    of    fine    buildings    and 

I  seclusion.  "A  university  does  not  con- 
sist of  buildings  or  of  apparatus,"  he  said. 

I  "A  university  consists  of  students  and 
teachers."  He  looked  on  Dean  West's 
plan  as  frivolous  and  unworthy  of  an 
American  university  conscious  of  its  duty 
to  the  nation.  He  argued  that,  graduate 
stuc*£nts    being    generally    mature    men 


minded  to  pursue  practical  professional 
studies,  an  elaborate  and  peculiar  and 
ornamented  scheme  like  Dean  West's 
would  rep)el  rather  than  attract  them. 

The  fact  of  the  matter  is,  he  didn't  want 
a  hundred  nice  young  gentlemen  to  come 
to  Princeton  and  live  apart  pursuing  the 
higher  culture.  The  notion  violated  the 
ideal  of  democracy,  deliberately  set  about 
to  create  a  scholarly  aristocracy,  intro- 
duced a  further  element  of  disintegration 
—  when  what  Princeton  needed  was  in- 
tegration. His  own  thought  was  aflame 
with  the  picture  of  a  great  democratic 
society  of  students  in  which  under- 
graduates and  post-graduates  should  meet 
and  mingle,  the  contagion  of  education 
flying  like  sparks  struck  out  by  the  clash 
of  mind  on  mind,  beginners  discovering 
that  scholars  were  vital  men  with  red 
blood  in  their  veins  exploring  the  magical 
regions  of  still-undiscovered  truth,  while 
specialists  were  constantly  reminded  of 
the  common  underiying  body  of  truth 
and  so  prevented  from  growing  isolated, 
unsympathetic,  and  idiosyncranized. 

This  was  of  the  essence  of  the  whole 
programme  which  President  Wilson  had 
been  permitted  to  initiate  and  to  bring 
so  far  toward  success.  And  now  the 
university  was  asked  to  abandon  it  for  a 
million  dollars!    Mr.   Wilson  exclaimed: 

The  whole  Princeton  idea  is  an  organic 
idea,  an  idea  of  contact  of  mind  with  mind  — 
no  chasms,  no  divisions  in  life  and  organiza- 
tion —  a  grand  brotherhood  of  intellectual 
endeavor,  stimulating  the  youngster,  instruct- 
ing and  balancing  the  older  man,  giving  the 
one  an  aspiration  and  the  other  a  comprehen- 
sion of  what  the  whole  undertaking  is  —  of 
lifting,  lifting,  lifting  the  mind  of  successive 
generations  from  age  to  age! 

That  is  the  enterprise  of  knowledge,  an 
enterprise  that  is  the  common  undertaking 
of  all  men  who  pray  for  the  greater  enlighten- 
ment of  the  ages  to  come.  If  you  do  anything 
to  mar  this  process,  this  organic  integration 
of  the  University,  what  have  you  done?  You 
have  destroyed  the  Princeton  idea  which  for 
the  time  being  has  arrested  the  attention  of 
the  academic  world.  Is  that  good  business? 
When  we  have  leadership  in  our  grasp,  is  it 
good  business  to  retire  from  it?  When  the 
country  is  looking  to  us  as  men  who  prefer 
ideas  even  to  money»  ace  ^h^  ^vcw%  \s^  VjScb- 


304 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


draw  and  say,  "After  all,  we  find  we  were 
mistaken:  we  prefer  money  to  ideas?" 

This  may  be  as  good  a  point  as  any  at 
which  to  make  it  clear  that  the  anti-Wilson 
sentiment  was  far  from  general  among 
the  alumni;  it  was  practically  confined 
to  the  cities  of  the  East.  In  the  board 
of  trustees,  fourteen  out  of  the  thirty 
took  their  stand  against  him;  the  deciding 
few  wavered.  The  five  strong  men  who 
had  belonged  to  the  class  of  '79  were 
splendidly  loyal  members  of  the  board. 
The  fine  body  of  faculty  members  en- 
gaged in  graduate  work  were  practically 
unanimous  in  their  support  of  the  presi- 
dent's sound,  scholarly,  and  practical 
plans,  and  entirely  unsympathetic  with 
the  ornate  dreams  of  the  dean.  As  for 
the  students,  never  for  a  moment  did  he 
have  reason  to  doubt  their  essential 
soundness;  they  were  caught  in  the  toils 
of  a  vicious  system,  but  they  furnished 
the  best  of  material  for  the  development 
of  a  true  American  university  along  dem- 
ocratic lines.  Throughout  the  graduate 
school  controversy  they  were  ardent  Wilson 
men,  though,  of  course,  powerless  to  in- 
fluence the  result. 

With  the  Proctor  offer  withdrawn,  the 
original  plan  was  reverted  to  for  a  modest 
graduate  school  beginning,  financed  with 
the  Swann  bequest.  And  it  was  in  such' 
wise  as  this  that  the  President  spoke 
justifying  his  position: 

It  is  a  matter  of  universal  regret  that  any- 
thing should  have  occurred  which  seemed  to 
show,  on  the  part  of  the  university  authorities, 
a  lack  of  appreciation  of  Mr.  Proctor's  gen- 
erosity and  love  of  the  university.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  mere  progress  of  our  plans 
will  show  that  no  purpose  was  entertained  by 
any  one  which  need  have  led  to  any  misunder- 
standing. Our  gratitude  to  Mr.  Proctor 
on  behalf  of  the  university  is  not  in  any  way 
diminished  or  clouded  by  his  decision  to  with- 
draw the  offer  he  so  liberally  made. 

The  thought  which  constantly  impresses  and 
leads  us  at  Princeton,  and  which  I  am  sure 
prevails  among  the  great  body  of  her  alumni, 
is  that  we  are  one  and  all  of  us  trustees  to 
carry  out  a  great  idea  and  strengthen  a  great 
tradition  of  national  service.  We  are  not  at 
liberty  to  use  Princeton  for  our  private  purposes 
or  to  adapt  her  in  any  way  to  our  own  use  and 


pleasure.  It  is  our  bounden  duty  to  make  her 
more  and  more  responsive  to  the  intellectual 
and  moral  needs  of  a  great  nation.  It  is  our 
duty  at  every  point  in  our  development  to 
look  from  the  present  to  the  future,  to  see  to 
it  that  Princeton  adapts  herself  to  a  great 
national  development,  that  her  first  thought 
shall  be  to  serve  the  men  who  come  to  her  in 
the  true  spirit  of  the  age  and  in  the  true  spirit 
of  knowledge.  We  should  be  forever  con- 
demned in  the  public  judgment  and  in  our  own 
conscience  if  we  used  Princeton  for  any  private 
purpose  whatever.  It  will  be  our  pleasure, 
as  it  is  our  duty,  to  confirm  the  tradition  which 
has  made  us  proud  of  her  in  the  past  and  put 
her  at  the  service  of  those  influential  genera- 
tions of  scholars  and  men  of  affairs  who  are  to 
play  their  part  in  making  the  future  of  America. 

But  the  opposition  was  not  to  be  met 
on  any  such  ground  of  quiet  argument 
and  high  appeal.  Mr.  Wilson  never  per- 
mitted himself  to  approach  or  suggest 
personalities  (however  besought  by  grad- 
uates in  distant  cities  to  "tell  them  all 
the  truth.") ;  the  opposition  betook  itself 
to  sheer  slander  and  abuse.  Much  may 
be  forgiven  earnest  men,  but  it  is  simply 
inexplicable  that  college  trustees,  pro- 
fessors, and  alumni  could  have  indulged 
in  the  vituperative  bitterness  that  found 
its  way  into  privately  circulated  pamphlets 
and  round-robins  and  into  public  print. 

The  fact  is  that  the  discussion  of  the 
"quad"  system  and  of  the  rights  of  a 
donor  to  dictate  how  his  money  should 
be  used,  had  revealed  the  existence  of  a 
bottomless  chasm  in  the  ways  of  thinking, 
in  the  attitude  of  spirit  that  characterized 
two  sets  of  Princeton  men.  It  was  the 
chasm  that  divides  democracy  and  aris- 
tocracy, resp)ect  for  the  rights  of  manhood 
and  submission  to  the  rights  of  property. 
It  was  an  ineradicable  instinct  in  President 
Wilson  and  the  men  who  supported  him 
that  the  life  of  students  must  be  made 
democratic;  the  opposition  felt  no  in- 
dignation at  the  existence  in  college  of 
those  social  distinctions  which  they  be- 
lieved must  always  prevail  out  in  the 
world.  President  Wilson  and  his  sup- 
porters could  not  brook  the  idea  that  a 
man  of  wealth  should  undertake  to  dictate 
the  policy  of  a  school  professedly  conducted 
by  men  who  were  giving  their  lives  to  the 
problems  of  education. 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


"I  cannot  accede,"  he  wrote,  "to  the 
acceptance  of  gifts  upon  terms  which  take 
the  educational  policy  of  the  university 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  trustees  and  faculty 
and  permit  it  to  be  determined  by  those 
who  give  money/' 

Those  who  were  enthusiastic  for  a 
university  in  which  social  lines  should  be 
obliterated  and  a  group  of  coordinate 
democracies  set  up,  were  divided  from 
those  who  were  content  to  maintain  and 


college   independence.    When    the   going 

is  rapid,  Wilson  isn't  the  man  to  bother 
about  a  shock-absorber 

At  Pittsburg,  addressing  alumni,  he 
poured  out  all  his  soul: 

You  can't  spend  four  years  at  one  of  ouj 
modem  universiiies  without  gelling  in  youi 
thought  the  conviction  which  is  most  danger- 
ous to  America  —  namely,  that  you  must  treat 
with  certain  induences  which  now  dominate  in 
the  commercial  undertakings  of  the  country. 


I 


"Hfc  HAD  StAHtfcUV  BEEN  INAUCURATtO  PRESIDENT  OF  HRIKCETON  LtNIVERSITY  WHEN 

EVtRYDODY  BECAME  AWAKE  T»UT.  FOR  GOOD  OR  ILL,  THE 

JUDGMENT    DAt   HAD  DAWNED" 


^€Wn  accentuate  distinctions  by  a  cleavage 
as  deep  as  any  that  exists  in  the  world 
to-day.  No  wonder  that  the  partisans 
of  the  opposition,  in  the  Board  and  out» 
looked  on  Wilson  as  a  dangerous  man; 
no  wonder  that  he.  slowly  aroused  by 
their  villiftcation,  began  occasionally  to 
jUnslip  the  leash  of  his  tongue,  denounce 
(colleges  and  churches  for  yielding  to  "the 
accursed  domination  of  money"  and  make 
impassioned  appeals  for  a  declaration  of 


The  great  voice  of  America  does  not  come 
from  seats  of  learning.  It  comes  in  a  murmur 
from  the  htlls  and  wimxJs  and  (he  farms  and 
factories  and  the  mills,  rolhng  on  :ind  gaining 
volume  until  it  comes  to  us  from  the  homes  of 
common  men,  l>o  these  murmurs  echo  in  lh| 
corridors  of  universities?  I  have  not  hcan 
them. 

The  universities  would  make  men  forge 
their  common  origins,  forget  their  uni versa 
sympathies,  and  join  a  class  —  and  no  dafl 
ever  can  serve  America* 


3o6 


THE  WORl.D^S  WORK 


JHb    WILSON     HtJMb    DURING    HIS    PROF  bSSORSHU' 

"WHJCH    UlrtAME    A    RESORT   HUGELY    POPULAR    WITH   THE  YOUNG    MEN  WHO  WERE    SO    LUCKY  AS  TO    BE 

ADMITTED  TO  IT— AND    ITS  DOORS  WERE    HOSPITABLY  HUNg" 


\  have  dedkated  every  power  that  there 
is  within  me  to  bring  the  colleges  that  I  have 
anything  to  do  with  lo  an  absoluteiy  demo- 


cratic regeneration  in  spirit,  and  I  shall  not  be 
satisfied  —  and  I  hope  you  will  not  be  —  until 
America  shall  know  that  the  men  in  the  col- 


I 


"PROSPbCT** 
me  f>/fESIPENT*S  HOVSt  AT  PRINCETON   OCCUPIED  tJY  DOCTOK  WILSON    J^OJH^JO 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


}o7 


leges  are  saturated  wilh  the  same  thought,  !hc 
same  sympathy,  that  pulses  through  the  whole 
great  budy  politic. 

I  know  thai  the  cntlegcs  of  ibis  country 
must  be  reconstructed  from  top  to  bottom,  and 
I  know  that  America  is  going  to  demand  it. 
While  Princeton  men  pause  and  think,  I  hope 
—  and  the  hope  arises  out  of  the  great  lovt*  1 
share  with  you  all  for  our  inimitable  alma 
mater  —  I  hope  that  they  will  think  on  these 
things,  that  they  will  forget  tradition  in  the 
determination  to  see  to  it  that  the  free  air  of 
America  shall  permeate  every  cranny  of  their 
college. 

Will  America  tolerate  th<?  seclusion  of  grad- 
uate students?  Will  America  tolerate  the  idea 
of  having  graduate  students  set  apart?  Amer- 
ica will  tolerate  nothing  except  unpatron- 
ized  endeavor.  Seclude  a  man.  separate  him 
from  the  rough  and  tumble  of  college  life, 
from  all  the  contacts  of  every  sort  and  con- 
dition of  men,  and  you  have  done  a  thing 
which  America  will  brand  with  its  contempt- 
uous disapproval. 

To  an  utterance  like  thai  there  could 
be  no  reply;  in  an  issue  thus  clearly  de- 
fined before  the  whole  world  (for  the 
Pittsburg  speech  got  into  the  papers  and 
all  America  applauded)  no  living  board 
of  college  trustees  would  have  dared  separ- 
ate itself  from  the  bold  speaker. 


A    PR  IN  if   I    IN     TOWER 


I  ONt    OF     THE    NEWBR    BLIIDINGS     AT    PRINCETON 

I       PftfellO&NT  WILSON'S  rLAN   ^OR   PROMOTING   EOUCaTIONaL   EFFJCIENCY  WOULD   MWfc    PftOVtULD   A  **i 


No  reply?  No  living  men  to  take  issue? 
Behold  how  the  President  of  the  Im- 
mortals jests  with  us: 

In  the  town  of  Salem,  Mass,,  lived  an 
old  man  named  Isaac  C.  Wyman  —  so 
old  that  his  father  had  fought  at  the  battle 
of  Princeton,  January  3,  1777*  They 
were  rich  even  then,  the  Wymans,  for  the 
father's  father  had  given  General  Wash- 
ington £40,ocK3  for  his  army,  as  a  yellow 
slip  of  paper  signed  by  the  Revolutionary 
commander  still  attests.  Isaac  had  been 
graduated  at  the  G>llege  of  New  Jersey 
one  June  day  in  1848.  During  the  sixty- 
two  years  since  that  day  he  had  never 
returned  to  Princeton.  But  now,  the 
time  having  come  to  die,  and  he,  being  of 
sound  and  disposing  mind,  made  his  will, 
and  paid  the  debt  of  nature. 

President  Wilson's  Pittsburg  speech 
was  made  on  April  17  (this  was  in  1910). 
A  month  and  a  day  later,  May  18,  by  the 
decease  of  Isaac  C,  Wyman,  the  Graduate 
College  of  Princeton  University  became 
the  legatee  of  an  estate  estimated  at  more 
than  three  millions  of  dollars,  bequeathed 


THE   COLONIAL   CLLB 

'*SOME    OF    TttE    CILB'NOUStS    ARE    SUMrrUOCS, 

COMPARINO  VERY  fAVORABLY  WITH    Hlfc 

BEST    CITY    CLLItV 

in  the  trusteeship  of  John  M,  Raymond  of 

Satem  and  Andrew  F,  West  of  Princeton. 

Ihere  is  no  quarreling  with  the  dead 

At  the  June  trustee  meeting  the  Proctor 
offer  was  renewed,  and  accepted.  The 
president  made  a  polite  announcement 
of  his  acquiescence  in  the  situation  created 
by  the  miraculous  wind-fall;  the  gigantic 
new  fund   altered   everv  thing.     The   uni- 


IHh    CLUB    ROW    AT    PRINCETON 

'ir  vol;    WILL    1'RLK.kLD   Mi    IHE    lOI*  OF    A    STREET    KNOWN    AS    PROSPECT    AVENLE.    ANU    PA&S   DOWM 

IT,   YOU   WILL  »iS   SOMtTMINC   WHICH    IS   NOT    PARALLELED  AT  ANY    SCAT  Or   LEARN- 

mo  IM  Tlii  WOUJ».      riOfPCCT  AVENUe  IS   LIMED  WITH  CLUB-HOUSEi" 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY  jog 

year  as  usual  and  it  was  the  turn  of  th^| 


PROFESSOR    A\DHi\\    \  .    WEST 

*'A    BR.ILLIANT    AND    PERStASIVt    MEMBER   OF    THE 

FACULTY    WITH    AMBITIONS,    WAS   GIVEN 

THE  TITLE  OF   DEAN   OF  THE 

GRADUATE    SCHOOL** 

versiiy  architect  was  put  to  work  on  a 
scheme  of  magnificent  proportions. 

Commencemeni  was  a  season  of  careful 
observance  of  all  outward  amenities.  The 
President  made  the  speech  presenting  M, 
Taylor  Pyne.  Esq.,  the  leader  of  the 
opposition  among  the  trustees,  with  a 
gold  cup,  celebrating  the  attainment  ni 
his  twenty-fifth  year  as  a  trustee.  He 
attended  a  dinner  given  by  Dean  West 
in  honor  of  Mr.  Proctor.  All  that  a  man 
forced  to  confess  himself  defeated  by 
events  could  gracefullv  do,  he  did.  What 
it  cost  his  soul  no  man  could  guess.  A 
moral  defeat  he  had  not  suffered.  The 
principle  for  which  he  had  stcKxl  had  nut 
been  disproved,  discredited,  or  annulled: 
the  gods  had  overwhelmed  it.  that  was  all 

Of  course,  he  was  laughed  at.  sneered 
at  even  by  certain  alumni,  called  on  to 
resign.  If  they  had  dared,  the  triumphant 
party  would  have  dismissed  him;  they 
did  not  dare:  Woodrow  Wilson  was  too 
strong  before  the  country.  There  was 
this  fly  in  the  ointment  of  their  rejoicing: 
an  alumni  trustee  was  being  elected  this 


West  to  name  him.  But  Eastern  anti- 
Wilsonists  had  put  up  a  candidate  and 
made  a  frenzied  campaign  for  him.  At 
Commencement  the  result  was  made 
known:  the  anti-Wilson  man,  Mr  Jotine, 
had  been  overwhelmingly  beaten.  But 
the  president  himself  felt  that  his  work  at 
Princeton  was  done.  He  had  come  to  that 
alternative  of  the  Happy  Warrior;  of  one 

Who  if  he  rise  to  station  of  command 

Rises  by  open  means;  and  there  will  stand 

On  honorable  terms,  or  else  retire,  M 

And  m  himself  possess  his  own  desire.       f 

He  was  to  retire  —  but  not  to  obscurity. 
even  temporary.  The  country  had  not 
missed  altogether  what  was  going  on  at 
Princeton.  The  state  had  been  watching 
him.  And  now  there  came  rolling  up 
from  the  people,  the  people  outside  of  the 
colleges,  the  citizens  fur  whom  colleges 
exist,  a  great  shout  that  this  man  was  the 
sort  of  man  that  ought  to  be  leading  the 
fight  for  their  cause  out  in  the  world  of 
real  affairs.     Politicians  heard  that  call, 


MR.   M.  TAYLOR    PYNE 

THE   LEADER  AMONG  THE   TRUSTEES  OF  THE  OPPOSN 
TION  TO  PRtSlfifNT  WMSON's  PLANS  FOR  A  MOli 
EFFICILNT  AND  DEJiUCHATlC   UNIVERSITY 


3IO 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


and  shrewdly  joined  it.  September  is, 
a  New  Jersey  State  Convention  —  that  of 
the  Democratic  party  —  in  session  at  1  ren- 
ton,  nominated  W'oodrow  Wilson  for  the 
Governorship.  He  was  at  Princeton  when 
they  brought  him  the  news;  he  climbed 
,  into  a  motor-car,  and  in  twenty  minutes 
'  stood  on  the  platform  before  a  shouting 
throng  and  accepted  their  invitation, 

A  week  later  Princeton  Universrtv 
opened  for  a  new  term,  with  the  resignation 
ofits  president  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees 
— who.  in  due  time  voted  him  all  manner  of 


culture  planned  it.  and  rare  architectural 
skill  is  upreartng  it.  Nothing  outside 
of  Oxford  will  excell  it  in  dimensions^ 
nothing  anywhere  match  it  in  sumptuous 
luxury.  No  doubt  it  will  be  the  beautiful 
home  of  successive  generations  of  young 
gentlemen  wh(»  will  be  a  credit  to  our 
intellectual  life.  The  clubs  on  Prospect 
Avenue  still  house  lucky  youths  in  de- 
lightful existence  unthreatened  now  by  an 
impracticable   idealist. 

But  somehow  a  spirit  is  ^departed    that 
for  a  while  moved  like  a  refreshing  breeze 


I 


IHI-    M*»lli:l-     KJK     IHL    t.J.\U<     Nil.    LOILb».l 

'*THEV    ARE    FaSMIONIWC    AT    l*ti|NCETCiN    A    SPLENDID    FaBRJC   OF    STONE.    WHICH    WILL   DOMINATE 

THE   UANUSCAP£    FOU   MANY   MILES.      iHKtE    G*lEAl     FORTUNES    GO    tNTO    IT,    REFINED 

CULTURE  PLANNED  IT.  RAllE  ARCHITECTUItAL  SKILL  IS  UPREARINC  IT.     BUT '* 


fcomplimentary  resolutions,  made  him  still 
another  kind  of  Doctor,  inexpressibly  re- 
gretted his  resignation  —  and  accepted  it, 

I  on  the  part  of  a  small  majority  with  thanks 

^unspoken,  but  infinite  in  their  sincerity. 
November  8,  the  people  of  New  Jersey. 

,  by  a  great  majority,  made  him  Governor. 

They   are   fashioning   at    Princeton   a 

splendid    fabric    of    stone,    which    will 

dominate  the  landscape  for  many  miles. 

^T^iec  great  fortunes  go  into  it,  refined 


*>n  campus  and  in  hall  Because,  for  a 
while.  Princeton  promised  to  be  something 
more  than  a  college  for  rich  men's  sons. 
In  days  to  come,  when  the  ivy  is  over 
the  Graduate  College  and  the  clubs  as 
it  ib  now  over  Nassau,  the  most  interest- 
ing tale  that  men  will  tell  at  Princeton 
will  be  the  story  of  a  battle  ~  that  was 
lost;  and  of  a  leader  who  was  refused  and 
sent  away  —  only  to  become  a  captain 
in  the  broad  fieW  of  an  historic  national 
struggle. 


Copyright  Pictorial  News  Co. 


SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  IN  THE 
ARMY  AND  NAVY 

THE    WORK    OF   NAVAL     CONSTRUCTOR     EVANS  AT  MARE    ISLAND — NEW   MARKSMANSHIP 
AND  COALING   RECORDS  —  THE    BIG   SAVINGS   AT   THE    WATERTOWN   ARSENAL 

BY 

CHARLES  S.  BREWER 


THE  subject  of  "scientific  man- 
agement" was  much  treated 
in  periodical  literature  six 
or  eight  months  ago.  The 
words  became  familiar  even 
if  the  principle  was  not  very  thoroughly 
understood.  The  man  who  described 
Fletcherism  as  the  act  of  taking  720  chews 
on  a  raw  onion  explained  that  scientific 
management  was  a  method  of  shoveling 
dirt  by  a  stop  watch.  The  newness  wore 
off  and  the  magazines  ceased  to  mention 
the  subject.  Yet  its  progress  continued. 
New  instances  are  constantly  coming  to 
light,  in  manufacturing  plants,  in  railroad 
management,  even  in  the  Government 
service. 

Several  of  the  navy  yards  have,  to  a 
certain  extent,  introduced  the  principles 
of  scientific  management.  The  work  of 
Naval-Q)nstructor  Evans  at  the  Mare 
Island  yard  is  noteworthy.  In  two  years 
the  cost  of  building  small  boats  at  this 
yard  was  reduced  by  the  application  of 
scientific  methods  to  one  half  the  previous 
cost;  and  on  the  output  of  new  boats  a 


saving  of  over  $25,000  was  accomplished. 
The  output  of  the  wood-calkers  was 
increased  from  three  and  one  half  to  four 
times  the  amount  accomplished  at  day- 
work.  The  time  required  for  making 
clothes-bags  was  reduced  from  sixty  to 
thirty-six  minutes,  and  for  making  coaling 
bags  from  390  to  132  minutes.  1  hese  are 
examples  of  but  a  few  of  the  results 
accomplished  with  a  consequent  increase 
of  about  60  per  cent,  in  the  wages  of 
the  workmen,  all  which  was  done  under 
adverse  conditions. 

Progress  has  not  been  confined  to  the 
navy  ashore.  Mr.  Harrington  Emerson, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  civilian  board 
of  scientific  managers,  which  at  the  invi- 
tation of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
visited  and  reported  on  the  Eastern  navy 
yards  and  the  fleet,  recently  said  that  the 
work  of  the  Atlantic  fleet  at  target  prac- 
tice was  the  finest  example  of  scientific 
management  he  had  ever  seen.  Since 
that  was  written  the  Michigan,  winner  of 
the  pennant  for  engineering  and  gunnery 
work  for  191 1,  has  given  an  example  of 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


f 


improvement  in  gunnery,  making  about 
fifteen  times  as  many  actual  hits  as  were 
made  at  Santiago.  This  with  a  range  of 
over  10,000  yards  against  3.000  yards  at 
Santiago,  a  rough  sea  against  a  smooth 
sea  there,  and  a  target  sixty  feet  by  thirty 
feet  high  compared  with  a  fleet  of  Spanish 
vessels  for  a  target.  An  increase  of  fif- 
teen to  one  is  in  fact  a  modest  statement 
if  a  comparison  of  the  possible  effect  of  the 
hits  is  considered.  For  the  3  per  cent,  of 
hits  at  Santiago  was  with  the  smaller 
guns,  there  being  no  record  of  a  single 


hour;  soon  after  that  war  the  Iowa  estab- 
lished a  record  of  100  tons  an  hour.  At 
present  ships  take  from  200  to  350  tons 
an  hour,  and  the  record  for  the  best  hour 
is  550  tons. 

Signaling,  fuel  consumption,  oil  con- 
sumption, preparation  of  food,  hygiene, 
and  many  other  parts  of  the  work  aboard 
ship  have  made  similar  strides. 

In  the  army  also  an  adaptation  of  the 
Taylor  system  has  been  in  operation  in 
the  arsenal  at  Water  town,  Mass,  More 
than  two    years    ago,  when    the    claims 


\ 


A    BROADSIDE    FROM   THE    "NORTH    DAKOTA" 

MR,  HARRINGTON    EMERSON,  ONE  OF    THb  EXCtRTS    ON    SCIfcNTIfIC    MANAGEMENT   WHO  REPORTED 

ON  THE    EASTERN    NAVY    VARDS   AND  THE    FLEET,  SAID  THAT  THE  WORK   OF  THE 

ATLANTIC  FLEET  AT  TARGET  PRACTICE  WAS   THE    FINEST  EXAMI»LE  OF 

SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  THAT  HE  HAD  EVER  SEEN 


I 


hit  with  a  twelve  or  thirteen-inch  gun, 
whereas  all  the  22  hits  of  the  48  shots 
fired  b\'  the  Michigan  were  made  with 
twelve-inch  shell 

Considering  the  many  mechanical  ob- 
stacles and  the  human  equation  in  ihe 
coaling  of  naval  vessels,  probably  no 
better  example  of  scientific  management 
in  its  broadest  sense  could  be  cited  than 
the  development  in  rapidity  of  this  work. 
Lieutenant-Commander  Tardy,  of  the 
recently  appointed  Navy  Yard  Scientific 
Management  Board,  reports  that  not  long 
before  the  Spanish  War  thirty  or  forty 
tons  were  taken  aboard  and  stored    per 


made  by  the  advocates  of  scientific  man- 
agement came  to  the  attention  of  the 
War  Department,  a  trial  of  some  of  the 
elementary  features  of  the  Taylor  system 
was  authorized  at  the  Watertown  arsenal. 
The  following  excerpts  frum  a  statement 
by  Lieut-Colonel  J,  T.  Thompson  of  the 
Ordnance  Department,  explain  by  con- 
crete instances  some  of  the  very  remark- 
able results  obtained  —  and  the  methods 
by  which  they  were  achieved 

An  expert  in  shop  management  was  em- 
ployed, and  under  his  guidance  the  method 
of  pulting  work  inio  shops  so  systematized 
that  orders  for  manufacture  naw  go  from  the 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


I 


PRESIDENT  TAFT 


AND  SECRKi  ARY  MEYER 


WHOSE    ADWINISTRATION    HAS   GREATLY    INCREASED 

THE  EFUCIENCY  OF  THE  N^VV  ANDUKDEIT  WHOM 

SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  IS  HkINO   TRTED 

IN    SOME  OF    THE  NAVY   YAVtDS 

office  to  the  shops  with  a  mucn  more  com- 
plt'lc  arrangement  and  supply  than  form- 
erly* ,  .  .  The  foremen  arc  relieved  from 
much  of  the  semi-clerical  and  other  office  work 


which  they  used  to  have  to  do,  and  for  which 

I  hey  are  not  welf  qualified  and  which  they 
cannof  attend  to  wiihuut  a  neglect  of  or  her 
more  appropriate  duties.  The  work  of  plan- 
ning the  course  of  component  parts  of  the 
siructures  to  be  manufactured  through  the 
shops  of  the  arsenal  has  been  systematized. 

.  ,  ,  Fur  this  purpose  there  has  been 
installed  a  planning  room  equipped  with 
personnel  and  appliances  for  the  regular  pro- 
duel  ion  uf  what  might  be  called  the  lime 
labics  of  the  thousands  of  pieces  which  must 
travel  through  the  various  shops  on  their 
way  from  the  stage  of  raw  material  to  that  of 
finished  product*  without  collisions  or  un- 
necessary delays.     ,     .     . 

The  practical  effect  of  these  methods  at  the 
Watcrtown  Arsenal  has  been  a  material  re- 
duction in  the  cost  of  general  manufacture 
at  that  place.  The  most  important  manu- 
factures at  this  arsenal  arc  seacoasl  gun  car- 
riages, which  arc  large  structures  with  hundreds 
of  parls,  requiring  many  months  for  their 
completion.  It  is  therefore  diflkult  to  give 
at  this  lime  many  examples  of  the  decrease  of 
cost  of  production  due  to  the  improvements 
which  have  thus  far  been  made;  but  the  fol- 
lowing are  illustrative.  Five  different  orders 
each  for  forty  sets  of  parts  for  the  alteration 
of  12-inch  mortar  carriages  have  been  given 
in  comparatively  recent  years.  The  direct 
labor  cust  per  set  under  the  old  methods  was 
$480,  which  was  reduced  to  $275  per  set  as  a 
result  of  the  improved  methods  introduced, 
while  the  cost  of  indirect  labor  and  other  shop 


iluKiNu     tr     niL    KANUL     Ui     A     lAKc>Li 


A 


SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  IN  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY 


t.op]rTiKlU  6>   bai4^u«  Mullet 

THE  WAKE   OF   A   DESTROYER   IN    BATTLE    PRACTICE 


expenses  was  reduced  from  $335  to  $^52  per 
set.  Similarly,  the  direct  labor  cost  of  6-inch 
disappearing  gun  carriages  was  reduced  from 
$  1 0^229  to  $6,590  per  carriage,  and  that  of 
indirect  labor  from  $10,265  to  $8»956.  These 
stisfactory  results  have  been  attained  without 
faffed ing  the  pay  of  the  employees  or  requiring 
special  exertion  by  them. 


Following  the  successful  installation  of  the 
system  in  the  machine  shop  of  the  arsenal, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  extend  the  improve- 
ment in  methods  to  the  foundry.  A  lime 
study  was  made  upon  a  mould  for  the 
pommel  of  a  pack  saddle,  of  which  a  constder^H 
able  number  were  required.  Under  the  da}^| 
wage  svstem  a  moulder  had  been  making  these 


I 


Of    tHk    AVTEA   HO.  4  TUKRET  ON  IHt    U.  S.  &.     lltCHtGAN/     WHICH  ESTABLISHFD  A  NEW    WORLD  S  RECOUD 

ftY   MAttING    17  HITS  OUT  OF  2$  SHOTS   AT  A  RANGE   OF  14,000  YARDS  WHILE 

THi   SHIP  WAS  AT  PVLL  %fBmO 


^^_  IN  Tl 


THE     RANGE    FINDERS 

in  the  fire  control  top  who  direct  the 

ship's  fire,  by  speaking  tubes 

connecting  them  with 

thb  gun  ckews 


moulds  in  about  ^y  minutes  each.  The  time 
study  showed  that  they  ought  to  be  made 
in  24  minutes  each,  and,  in  accordance  with 
the  usual  rule,  the  earning  of  premiums  w^as 
to  commence  after  the  time  represented  by 
the  24  minutes  plus  two  thirds  of  the  24 
minutes  or  40  minutes.  Both  the  moulder 
and  the  foreman,  however,  thought  that  this 
lime  was  too  short,  and  the  officer  in  charge  of 
the  shop  therefore  increased  it  arbitrarily  to 
^11  minutes. 

However,  although  no  objection  to  the  time 
study  was  made  at  the  time,  on  the  same 
evening  a  meeting  of  the  moulders  was  held, 
and  it  was  decided  that  they  would  not  submit 
to  the  process,  and  when,  on  the  following 
day.  attempt  was  made  to  carry  it  on  with 
reference  to  another  man  on  another  job,  the 
moulders  all  struck,  leaving  their  work.  Their 
places  were  being  filled  by  other  men  employed, 
when,  after  a  few  days,  they  returned  to  work 
under  the  same  conditions  as  those  for  which 
they  had  left,  with  the  information  that  the 
whole  matter  would  be  made  the  subject  of 
an  investigation. 

After  the  return  of  the  striking  moulders  10 
work,  the  man  who  had  been  on  the  pommel 
job  was  again  put  at  it,  and  occupied  the  same 
lime  as  before,  about  5}  minutes  each.  One 
of  the  new  men  who  had  been  taken  on  was 
therefore  assigned  to  this   job,  and    ho   made 


I 


I 

i 
I 


THE    SPEAKtNC-TUBE    FROM   THE    lUNGE    FINDERS 

BlSlUtS  SUCH  APPUANCES  ON  TH£    SHIPS.  tMI*finVFD   METHODS  HAVE    LOWERED   THE    FUEt  CONSUMPTION, 

INCREASED  THE    EFFICIENCY  OF  COALING.  AND  AT   THE    MARK    ISLAND   YARD   LIEUTEN^NT-COMMANDEII 

RVANS   HA&  OY  >Cl£N1|riC   MANAGE^MENT    MADE  GREAT  REDUCTIONS    IN    MANY    COSTS 


SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT  IN  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY 


3n 


the  moulds  at  an  average  of  20  minutes  each; 
the  castings  from  them  not  being  distinguish- 
able from  those  made  by  I  he  former  moulder. 
That  this  time  of  20  minutes  each  was  not 
difficult  of  accomplishment  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  this  man  upon  one  occasion  did  a 
whole  day's  work  at  the  rate  of  16  minutes 
each,  and  on  one  occasion  was  observed  to  make 
one  of  the  moulds  in  10  minutes.  Also,  one 
of  the  striking  moulders  after  his  return  made 
them  in  2H  minutes  each. 

When    these  moulds  were  produced   in    5} 
minutes  each,  their  labor  cost,  including  helper 


per  day;  when  they  were  made  in  10  minutes 
each,  under  the  preniium  system,  the  mouldei 
earned  S5.74  per  day. 

During  the  month  of  September  last,  29 
men,  in  the  foundry  and  machine  shop,  were 
working  more  or  less  lime  under  the  premium 
system.  Their  total  pay  for  the  lime  that  they 
were  so  working,  at  their  regular  rate,  was 
$2, 1 2 r.  10;  the  premiums  which  ihey  earned 
amounted  to  $279.19.  They  thus  increased 
their  regular  daily  pay  by  an  average  of  some- 
thing over  15  per  cent.  Is  it  a  pcrlinenl 
inquiry  who  was  hurt  b>  this  process?    The 


I 


IHb    ATLANTIC    hLBEl 
THE    MOST    KtWEHFUL    AND    EFFICIENT    FLEET 

and  all  the  direct  and  overhead  charges,  was 
Ji.lj  each.  When  they  were  made  in  20 
linutcs  each  this  cost  was  reduced  to  54  cents; 
there  was  thus  a  saving  of  6j  cents  on  each 
mould,  and  as.  at  the  20'mtnute  rate,  24 
moulds  were  made  per  day,  the  net  daily 
saving  to  the  Government  upon  this  one 
moulder's  job  was  St^io.  The  pay  of  the 
lime  study  man,  a  high-priced  specialist,  was 
St>  a  day;  sci  that  hts  entire  day*s  pay  was 
ived  on  this  one  job.  When  the  moulds 
ere  made  at  the  rate  of  ^^  minutes  each. 
day  wages,  the  moulder  earned  S3.18 


UN     ihb    HLDSON    RiVfcR 
OF    AMERICAN    WAHSMIf'S    EVEft    ASSEMBLED 


I 


men  were  certainly  benefited  in  their  com- 
pensation. They  were  not  required  to  over- 
exert themselves,  nor  directed  to  speed  up,  and 
the  best  evidence  obtainable  is  to  the  effcci 
that  the  rate  at  which  ihey  worked  was  n< 
such  as  ought  to  have  been  other  than  pleasani 

A  shortsiglited  labor  union  opposition 
to  this  system  at  the  R«>ckford,  IIL.  ar- 
senal led  Congress  to  authorize  a  coinmit- 
tee  to  investigate  scientific  managemen: 
which  should  result  in  its  further 
cation  to  Government  work. 


nd 

1 


A  VERY  REAL  COUNTRY  SCHOOL 

HOW    IT    TOUCHES    AND    TEACHES    ALL    THE     PEOPLE 


BY 

B.  H.  CROCHERON 

{PRINCCPAL  or  TBI  AGRJCPLTUEAL  HIGH    sit  UC«:»L  TS   BALTDIOItZ  CODTCnv, 


UD.) 


T  IS  to  be  a  little  schot^I  on  a  hill- 
side a  few  miles  from  Baltimore**  — 
that  is  what  the  Voice  of  Authority 
said  to  me.  "There's  no  town  nor 
village  near,  but  the  railroad  station 
is  only  a  quarter-mile  below  the  school 
and  the  main  turnpike  a  quarter-mile 
the  other  side.  We  want  to  make  it 
an  agricultural  high  schooj  with  all 
the  trend  toward  rural  lif ..  Schools 
send  too  man>'  children  to  the  city. 
We  want  at  least  one  school  in  the 
Baltimore  County  system  to  keep  them  in 
the  country.  There  isn't  anything  there 
yet  but  farms  and  woods  and  streams  and 
in  our  office  a  bunch  of  blue  prints.  We 
want  someone  to  take  it  who'll  create  new 
customs  and  forget  old  precedents.  If  we 
give  you  the  chance,  it  wilt  be  'make  good 
or  get  out/     What  do  you  think  of  it?" 

"Well/'  said  L  ** there  ought  to  be  a 

four-year  course  in  agriculture  for  boys 

and  a  four  year  course  in  domestic  science 

for  girls.     There  ought  to  be  a  lot  of  good 

work  in  EngHsb  composition  and  literature. 


mathematics,  and  history:  and  there 
oughtn't  to  be  a  Latin  sentence  or  a  Greek 
verb  in  the  whole  show.  There  ought  to 
be  correlation  between  all  the  subjects, 
and  the  basic  idea  ought  to  be  that  these 
children  are  to  live  in  the  country.  Every- 
thing should  tend  toward  the  outdoors  as 
much  as  possible.  Then,  t(X),  the  schtx>l 
should  be  for  all  the  folks  instead  of  the 
school  children.  There  ought  to  be  meet- 
ings and  lectures  and  sociables  in  such  a 
steady  stream  that  they*d  keep  every  class 
of  persons  in  the  neighborhcHxl  interested 
all  the  time.  We'll  have  women*s  meet- 
ings and  farmers*  lectures,  young  people's 
literary  societies  and  rural  teachers*  con- 
ferences, boys'  field  day  sports  and  neigh- 
borhood    picnics    with     a     brass     band 

and    a " 

*'  Hold  on!"  said  the  Voice  of  Authority, 
"Wait  till  we  get  started.  Besides,  no- 
bfxly  has  ever  succeeded  in  doing  that. 
It  looks  fine  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
National  Educational  Association;  but 
the  thing  hasn't  been  done,  although  there 


I 


I 


J 


was  a  lt>t  I  if  talk  ahjul  it  for  a  dozen  \tfars. 
^Correlation  with  Rural  IJi'e"  and  "Making 
the  Scht»ol  a  Social  and  Neighborhood 
Centre'  are  regular  subjects  for  convention 
talks.  But  don't  think  you  can  do  it  for 
that  reason.  In  spite  of  all  the  talk. 
there's  been  little  done.  Belter  get  the 
school  running  first  and  then  go  at  it 
slowly.  However;  I  judge  that  you're 
interested  in  the  proposition?*' 


"Interested!  I've  got  plans  for  five 
years  made  already/'  And  then  I  went 
home  and  made  plans  for  another  five 
years. 

One  day  I  walked  up  the  hill  from  the 
station  to  see  a  small  gray  stone  building 
with  the  rrK>f  almost  on  and  many  work- 
men swarming  over  it.  Round  about 
were  the  green  fields  of  northern  Mary* 
(and.     The  plans  showed  five  class  rooms. 


I 
I 


TAKING  NOTES  FROM  NATURE 


CDUHING    THE    SUMMBR  IHE    STIDEMTS    ARE    REQUIRF.O  TO    PUT   THEIR    KNOWLEDGE   JNTO    PRACTtCE 
MAKING     EXPERIMEHTS     ON     THEIR    HOME-FARMS,     WITH    THE    RESULT    THAT     THh    DOCTRINE     0 
GOOD  S^feOS  AND   iMPROVtU  METHODS   IS   SfHEAD    IIIIOADCAST   AMONG    THE    FAKMEKS 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


a  science  laboratory,  a  domestic  science 
room,  a  manual  training  room,  and  a  farm 
machinery  room.  There  were  alsfj  offices, 
coat  rooms,  toilet  rooms,  and  the  hke. 
Four  rural  school  grades  were  to  be 
consolidated  into  two  large  class-rooms. 
The  other  three  class-rooms  were  to  house 
the  high  school  department.  To  a  man 
fresh  from  a  great  university,  one  lone  lab- 
oratory looked  such  a  small  beginning.  It 
was  going  to  be  a  problem  to  demonstrate 
a  four  year  course  in  agriculture  and  four 
years  of  science — botany,  zoology,  chemis- 
try, and  physics  —  in  one  small  laboratory. 


afterward,  the  school   was  organized,   it 

was  in  a  neigh borhfiod  to  which  the  in- 
stitution was  the  outgrowth  of  an  old 
desire.  In  order  to  secure  a  better  school 
building  farmers  of  the  neighborhood 
contributed  work  and  money  for  the  grad- 
ing of  the  grounds,  to  the  value  of  more 
than  a  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  decided  to  advertise  the  school 
locally  as  though  it  was  a  new  patent 
medicine  or  a  breakfast  food.  Posters 
telling  what  the  school  had  to  offer  were 
hung  over  the  county  in  post-ofllces.  rail- 
road stations,  country  stores,  on  schools, 


ANOTHER  SORT  OF  TEACHING 
INSfflUCTION    IN   SWIMMING,  IN  ATHLETICS   OF    ALL    SORTS,    IN    WOODCRAFT,    AND   IN    THE    LtTEKATUitE 
THAT   DEALS    WITH   NATURE,    HELIOS    FARM-CHILDRFN   TO   FEEL,    WITHOUT  SENTI- 
MENTALITY,  THE    LURE    OF    TUB   COUNTRY  LIFE 


In  Maryland  the  county  schfX)!  unit 
prevails  so  that  the  school  was  built 
entirely  by  county  school  funds,  at  a  cost 
of  about  twenty-five  thousand  dollars. 
it  is  an  integral  part  of  the  county  school 
system,  not  created  by  legislative  edict 
and  placed  where  political  pull  demanded, 
but  grown  where  the  people  wanted  it 
after  a  steadily  increasing  demand  that  was 
expressed  more  than  thirty  years  before  the 
school  materialized.  Records  show  that, 
several  years  befoa*  the  schours  first  prin- 
cipal was  born,  there  was  a  motion  in  a 
farmers'  club  that  the  club  should  agitate 
for  the  promotion  of  a  school  to  teach  the 
"les   of    agriculture.    When,  years 


blacksmith  shops,  trees,  and  even  churches. 
The  local  newspapers  contributed  plenty 
of  free  advertising,  Fveryone  knew  that 
an  ''Agricultural  High  School  of  Balti- 
more County**  was  to  be  started. 

The  first  event  was  to  be  the  dedication 
of  the  new  building.  The  management 
of  this  affair  was  put  in  the  charge  of  two 
farm  clubs,  one  of  women. the  other  of  men, 
which  locally  had  considerable  influence. 
As  the  new  principal  knew  practically  no 
one  in  the  county,  a  card  index  of  three 
thousand  names  was  made  up  from 
borrowed  poll  lists  of  voters,  account 
books  of  physicians,  memberships  of  farm* 
ers'  clubs  and  granges,  and  like  sources. 


4 


I 

4 


A  VERY  REAL  COUNTRY  SCHOOL 


321 


For  the  dedication  of  the  new  building 
three  thousand  personal  invitations  were 
issued  —  to  persons  whose  names  were 
on  the  card  index  —  and  a  great  throng 
came  on  a  special  train  and  by  carriage 
and  wagon  to  hear  the  speeches  and  to 
see  the  new  building.  Of  course  the  school 
wouldn't  hold  the  crowd  so  that  all 
exercises  were  outdoors  under  the  gray 
November  skies.  A  luncheon  was  served 
to  a  hundred  special  guests  by  the  women's 
club.  The  school  didn't  yet  own  any 
chairs  so  that  all  stood  during  the  meal. 
But  everyone  believed  in  the  school,  you 
couldn't  help  it  after  that  good  luncheon. 

After  the  dedication  came  the  opening 
of  school.  Fifty  prospective  students  regis- 
tered the,  first  day.  Only  a  dozen  had 
been  prophesied.  They  were  a  mixed 
crowd.  Some  were  youngsters  with  treble 
voices  and  short  trousers,  fresh  from  rural 
schools.  Some  were  grown  men  with 
hands  hardened  by  days  at  the  plow  and 
faces  browned  by  the  summer.  All  must 
enter  the  lowest  and  only  class,  for  none 
had  the  first  year's  training  in  science  or 
in  agriculture.  Ninety  pupils  comprised 
the  elementary  school,  filling  the  two  class 
rooms  allotted  for  their  use. 

Then  began  the  grind.  Text  books 
must  be  adapted  for  high  school  use;  for, 
although  agriculture  has  been  adapted  for 
college  instruction  and  exploited  for  ele- 
mentary teaching,  yet  there  are  no  com- 
petent texts  designed  for  four-year  high 
school  courses.  All  books  are  made  for 
collegiate  or  elementary  grades.  Second- 
ary schools  are  chaotic.  A  scientific 
equipment  had  to  be  selected  to  teach  ap- 
plied science  and  it  had  to  be  cheap  enough 
to  fit  the  purse  of  the  county  schools. 

Some  pupils  had  not  been  to  school  for 
six  years  and  had  forgotten  how  to  study 
—  if  they  ever  knew.  Some  came  for  a 
good  time,  some  for  work.  We've  still 
got  those  who  came  to  labor.  Some  who 
came  to  scoff  remained  to  study.  But 
many  fell  by  the  wayside  or  faded  away 
under  the  blast  of  lessons  and  laboratory 
exercise.  The  mortality  was  awful;  but 
at  the  end  of  six  months  we  emerged 
serene  with  half  of  our  original  number 
in  a  devoted  nucleus  of  children  who 
would  stand  by  the  school  till  the  last  fire. 


The  school  speedily  developed  "student 
self-government"  and  the  "honor  system" 
in  examinations.  The  students  practically 
manage  their  own  affairs.  No  teachers  are 
present  in  class  rooms  during  examinations. 
The  school  started  without  rules  or  regu- 
lations and  still  has  but  few.  Formal 
discipline  is  unknown.  The  scheme  works 
because  the  pupils  are  partners  for  the  good 
of  the  school;  and  then,  too,  they  are  good 
native  Americans  raised  from  two  centu- 
ries on  the  same  soil. 

The  community  work  started  almost 
at  once.  A  series  of  meetings  for  rural 
teachers  was  projected  for  one  Saturday 
a  month.  The  teachers  came  in  the 
morning,  heard  methods  of  instruction  dis- 
cussed by  the  county  supervisors,  and  ate 
luncheon  together  in  the  domestic  science 
room.  In  the  afternoon  each  teacher 
went  through  a  typical  agricultural  exer- 
cise suitable  for  use  in  his  school.  The 
meetings  were  not  successful.  The 
teachers  scattered  throughout  the  country 
could  not  all  easily  reach  the  school. 
Some  from  their  small  salaries  hired  a 
horse  and  buggy.  Others  came  across 
country,  riding  on  the  milk  wagon  to  the 
station  and  taking  the  early  train.  The 
weather  made  attendance  as  difficult  as 
possible.  One  teacher  came  thirty  miles 
in  a  blinding  snowstorm  to  attend  a  meet- 
ing. Ultimately  I  felt  sorrier  for  those 
rural  teachers  than  for  the  lack  of  agri- 
culture in  the  schools,  and  1  stopped  the 
meetings.  Another  plan  is  now  being 
tried. 

A  winter  lecture  course  for  farmers  was 
the  next  project.  The  plan  was  for  a 
series  of  ten  evening  lectures  once  a  week, 
throughout  the  winter.  The  subject  was 
"  Soils"  because  in  that  the  farmers  seemed 
most  interested.  Yet  there  was  no  definite 
demand  for  such  a  course.  Persons 
when  asked  whether  they  would  attend, 
uniformly  said  either  that  they  "didn't, 
know"  or  that  they  "might  come  once  or 
twice."  The  voice  of  authority  urged 
that  the  course  be  limited  to  five  lectures, 
since,  if  they  were  not  a  success,  the  fact 
would  not  then  be  so  disastrously  apparent. 
Ten  lectures  to  empty  seats  would  be  a 
real  disaster;  five  might  be  survived. 
But  the  posters  were  issued  fot  a.  ^vi^^ 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


HOW  THE   SCHOOL  REACHES  THE  WHOLE  COUNTY 

THE  CROSSES  REPRESENT  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  FARMERS,  THE  DOTS  ACRE  CORN  PLOTS  CULTIVATED 

BY    BOYS    FOR   THE    SCHOOL    PRIZE,  AND    THE    CIRCLES  BOYS*  CORN  CLUBS  IN  WHICH 

SEVERAL  HUNDRED  BOYS  ARE  GROWING  LESS  THAN  AN  ACRE  APIECE. 


of  Un  lectures  "to  be  illustrated  by  ex- 
periments in  soil  physics."  The  two 
largest  class  rooms  were  thrown  together 
to  make  a  small  auditorium.  A  tem- 
porary laboratory  table  was  built  fronting 
the  audience  and  weekly  series  of  experi- 
ments ranged  on  it.  Mimeographed  out- 
lines of  each  lecture  were  prepared  and 
audiences  were  asked  to  bring  the  out- 
lines of  all  previous  lectures  with  them  for 
reference. 

The  first  lecture  was  attended  by  sixty 
persons,  the  second  by  ninety,  the  third 
by  a  hundred,  and  so  forth.  For  the 
entire  course  the  attendance  averged  a 
hundred  and  twenty-five  at  each  lecture. 

For  the  second  winter  the  lecture  course 


was  on  "Dairying";  and,  while  the  at- 
tendance was  not  so  large  as  the  first  year, 
because  of  a  virulent  epidemic  which  for  a 
time  closed  the  school,  yet  it  was  demon- 
strated that  lecture  courses  for  farmers  in 
winter  have  come  to  stay  in  that  school. 
Almost  as  soon  as  the  winter  lectures 
were  well  begun  a  series  of  meetings  for 
women  was  projected.  The  school 
wagons,  used  for  the  elementary  con- 
solidated school,  are  run  over  their 
regular  routes  one  Saturday  afternoon  a 
month  to  bring  in  any  women  of  the 
neighborhood  who  cared  to  come.  Many 
arrive  by  train  from  more  distant  points. 
The  meetings  are  opened  by  a  talk  from 
some  woman  of  importance  who  comes 


A  VERY  REAL  COUNTRY  SCHOOL 


323 


to  address  the  gathering.  She  is  al- 
ways someone  busy  in  some  vital  phase 
of  the  work  of  the  worid.  After  her 
brief  talk,  there  is  some  good  music  by 
one  person  who  usually  comes  from  the 
city  for  the  occasion.  At  the  end  of  this 
general  meeting  the  audience  divides 
itself  into  four  sections.  Each  person 
chooses  a  course  of  work  for  the  entire 
year.  At  the  end  of  each  year  the  sections 
change.  There  are  sections  in  domestic 
science,  manual  training,  home  crafts, 
and  modern  literature.  The  basic  prin- 
ciple is  that  everybody  shall  do  something. 
Every  woman  of  the  domestic  science 
section  takes  an  equipment  —  gas  stove, 
and  cooking  utensils  —  and  goes  to  work 
under  the  direction  of  the  teacher.  They 
do  not  attend  a  "demonstration";  they 
do  the  thing  themselves.  1  n  manual  train- 
ing the  women  saw,  plane,  and  hammer 
under  t)ie  eye  of  the  manual  training 
teacher.  They  make  bread  boards,  iron- 
ing boards,  broom  racks  and  such  articles. 
These  women  will  not  have  to  wait  till 
the  men  find  time  to  build  the  chicken 
coops.  In  the  home-crafts  section,  rugs, 
baskets,  and  hammocks  are  woven  or 
chairs  are  caned.  Many  of  the  articles  are 
taken  home  and  finished  between  meetings. 
In  modern  literature  the  section  discusses 
various  authors  of  special  interest  to  them- 
selves. Readings  are  given  at  each  ses- 
sion. The  literature  section  is  a  large  one 
and  is  said  to  be  helpful.  After  the  meet- 
ing is  over  the  wagons  take  the  members 
home  in  time  to  get  the  family  supper. 

The  women's  meetings  are  very  uniform 
in  attendance.  Usually  from  eighty-five  to 
a  hundred  have  been  present  during  the 
two  years  they  have  been  conducted. 

A  young  people's  literary  society  was 
formed  by  those  who  were  not  in  school. 
The  community  seemed  to  lack  a  definite 
social  centre.  One  farmer  said  with  dis- 
gust that  "  most  of  the  folks  crawled  in  a 
hole  when  it  came  winter  and  pulled  the 
hole  in  after  them."  The  literary  society 
was  designed  as  a  social  nucleus;  and,  while 
it  is  doubtful  if  it  has  been  conspicuously 
literary,  it  has  at  least  been  remarkably 
social.  Before  two  months  it  had  almost 
a  hundred  members  on  its  rolls  paying 
dues  for  the  support  of  the  organization. 


Toward  spring  it  was  decided  to  hold 
a  corn  congress.  It  was  to  be  a  big  affair 
for  the  whole  neighborhood  and  to  last 
two  days  with  three  sessions  a  day  and 
meetings  for  both  men  and  women  at 
each  session.  We  put  up  the  posters  ad- 
vertising the  corn  congress  and  giving  a 
list  of  the  prominent  speakers  who  came 
from  the  state  experiment  station  and  agri- 
cultural college  and  from  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  at  Washington.  Corn  came 
in  from  all  over  the  county,  from  granges, 
clubs,  schools,  and  from  private  individ- 
uals. The  women's  cub  agrleed  to  con- 
ducta  lunch  counter  in  the  building  for 
the  benefit  of  the  school  and  hungry 
humanity. 

People  came  in  and  practically  camped 
for  the  two  days,  going  home  only  to  sleep 
at  night.  All  sessions  and  addresses  were 
well  attended  and  a  thousand  persons 
crowded  the  building,  seeing  the  corn- 
show  of  eighteen  hundred  ears  —  although 
seats  were  at  a  premium  and  half  the 
people  couldn't  hear,  it  was  good. 

During  the  summer  vacation  every 
boy  in  the  high  school  was  required  to 
undertake  an  experiment  of  his  own  choice 
on  his  home  farm.  This  mandate  has 
since  been  somewhat  tempered  with  jus- 
tice, since  some  of  the  boys  haven't  any 
farm  on  which  to  experiment.  Yet  the 
plan  remains  practically  as  started. 

Because  of  the  corn  congress  and  its 
influence,  many  students  wanted  to  experi- 
ment with  com.  Others  took  up  an  acre 
of  alfalfa,  or  tested  the  home  herd  of  dairy 
cows,  or  conducted  a  fertilizer  plot  test. 
For  the  "corn  boys,"  as  we  called  them, 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  supplied 
four  varieties  of  corn  of  promise  for  the 
locality,  in  quantities  sufficient  for  each 
boy  to  plant  a  quarter  of  an  acre  of  each 
variety.  These  acres  were  each  care- 
fully measured  and  planted  adjacent  to 
the  father's  corn  with  which  it  was  to  be 
compared.  The  boys  were  told  to  treat 
their  corn  precisely  as  their  fathers  did 
theirs,  for  this  was  to  be  a  variety  test. 

The  school  principal  gave  most  of  his 
summer  vacation  and  spent  his  days  jog- 
ging around  from  farm  to  farm  seeing  these 
experiments  of  the  boys.  Although  the 
boy  was  usually  «xv  o\X\xw«sX^  ^^  **  ^^ 


324 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


man"  was  almost  sure  to  be  a  pessimist  on 
the  subject  of  the  boy's  corn.  In  some 
cases  the  father  opposed  the  boy,  so  that 
he  had  difficulty  in  taking  care  of  his  corn 
plots.  One  boy,  unable  to  get  permission 
to  cultivate  his  corn,  stole  a  horse  from  the 
barn  at  night  and  cultivated  the  corn  by 
moonlight.  But,  as  the  summer  went  on, 
my  outlook  on  the  world  grew  more  and 
more  cheerful.  By  fall  1  could  look  at 
those  acres  of  corn  and  feel  happy.  When 
the  results  came  in  we  found  that,  com- 
pared with  the  adjacent  measured  quarter 
of  an  acre  of  the  father's  corn,  every  boy 
had  not  only  beaten  the  yield  once  but 
with  all  four  of  the  varieties.  One  fact 
was  of  more  value  still.  In  every  case 
one  variety,  "Boone  County  White," 
did  best  of  all.  As  a  result  of  those 
fifteen  com  experiments,  we  this  year 
have  "Boone  County  White"  growing  at 
more  than .  two  hundred  places  in  the 
county,  and  are  preparing  to  advocate 
it  wherever  our  new  results  shall  show  it 
to  be  of  special  value. 

Requests  now  began  to  come  in  for 
advice  of  many  kinds.  1  have  been  asked 
concerning  varieties  of  roses,  com,  wheat, 
servants,  schools;  concerning  breeds  of 
cows,  horses,  poultry,  mosquitoes  and 
hogs;  for  methods  of  treating  insect  pests, 
fungus  diseases,  and  all  varieties  of  farm 
animals.  1  have  been  sent  for  to  identify 
or  to  inspect  soils,  rocks,  ores,  gems,  books, 
insects,  fmit,  milk,  and  specimens  of 
other  languages.  1  have  been  asked  to 
deliver  addresses  on  education,  lawns, 
lime,  literature,  boys,  religion,  and  my 
work.  Life  in  such  a  school  is  always 
varied.  Among  the  requests  for  assis- 
tance was  one  asking  that  the  school  con- 
duct a  series  of  experiments  with  the 
members  of  a  farmers'  club.  From  this 
began  our  cooperative  work  with  farmers. 

From  the  beginning  the  school  had 
been  of  practical  help  wherever  possible. 
The  school  had  conducted  Babcock  tests 
for  butter  fat,  had  tested  clover  seeds  for 
purity  and  viability  and  had  made  a 
mechanical  analysis  of  soils  or  conducted 
fertilizer  tests  of  soil  samples  by  the  wire 
basket  method.  These  things  were 
wedged  in  between  classes  or  during  the 
noon  hour.     It  was  not  uncommon  to 


combine  a  Babcock  test  and  the  eating 
of  sandwiches.  But  to  go  into  the  ex- 
tensive work  of  experiments  with  many 
farmers  looked  a  little  impossible  with 
all  the  other  work  on  hand. 

A  conference  with  the  state  experiment 
station  disclosed  the  fact  that  they  were 
willing  to  cooperate  by  paying  part  of  the 
salary  of  an  assistant,  provided  duplicate 
results  of  the  experiments  were  sent  them« 
The  county  school  authorities  agreed  to 
furnish  the  other  portion  of  an  assistant's 
salary  because  of  the  additional  teaching 
which  he  could  do  in  the  school.  Thus 
the  experimental  work  with  farmers  was 
begun.  This  season  (191 1),  which  is 
the  second  summer  of  the  school's 
existence  there  are  140  cooperative  ex- 
periments in  the  county  which  cover  it 
almost  from  end  to  end.  Most  of  these 
are  conducted  through  various  farmer's 
clubs  and  granges  which  almost  cover  the 
entire  territory.  Others  are  secured 
through  individuals  who  apply  to  the 
school  for  such  experiments.  They  com- 
prise variety  tests  of  corn,  variety  tests 
of  potatoes,  and  fertilizer  plot  tests. 

As  the  result  of  the  offer  of  a  fifty  dollar 
prize  for  the  best  acre  of  com  raised  by  a 
boy  under  eighteen,  seventy  boys  in  the 
county  started  an  acre  prize  contest. 
While  many  of  the  agricultural  high  school 
boys  were  debarred  because  of  age,  yet, 
many  of  the  rural  schools  fumish«d  their 
most  enterprising  youngsters  for  the  event. 
These  formed  a  nucleus  for  the  later  com 
clubs  in  each  rural  centre. 

In  order  to  assist  the  spread  of  good 
seed  com  through  the  country,  we  pur- 
chased enough  high-grade  seed  to  give 
each  contestant  enough  to  plant  his  acre. 
On  an  appointed  day  the  boys,  many  of 
whom  had  never  seen  the  Agricultural 
High  School,  met  there  to  get  their  seed 
corn,  and  at  that  time  formed  a  county 
organization  of  "Boy  Corn-Growers," 
electing  a  county  president  and  secretary. 
It  happened  that  both  the  boys  elected 
were  high  school  pupils  so  that  in  the 
later  formation  of  boys'  corn  clubs  in 
the  rural  schools,  I  was  able  to  take 
these  boys  with  me,  have  them  meet 
the  rural  schools  and  their  teachers, 
and   even   talk   to    the    boys.    Indeed, 


#• 


A  VERY  REAL  COUNTRY  SCHOOL 


325 


it  soon  transpired  that  not  I  but 
ttey  formed  the  clubs,  roused  the  boys' 
enthusiasm  and  showed  them  how  to 
"ginger  up  and  get  busy."  The  boys 
look^  with  wonder  at  the  two  youngsters 
who  had  so  rapidly  become  leaders. 

Such  sentences  came  from  the  Secretary, 
Russell  Lord,  as  these  —  "  You  fellows  are 
fast  asleep";  "The  com  plant  is  the 
most  interesting  thing  I  ever  saw  " ;  "  The 
farmer  doesn't  get  a  square  deal  but  we 
mean  to  see  that  he  will.  In  a  few  years 
we'll  have  votes  and  be  real  citizens;" 
"Get  out  and  get  busy."  Under  such 
stimulus  the  boys  indeed  woke  up  and  went 
to  work,  some  of  them  with  only  ten  hills 
of  com,  but  all  in  the  game  with  the  rest. 
One  rural  teacher  said  that  those  two  boys 
had  done  more  in  half  an  hour  to  interest 
her  pupils  than  she  had  been  able  to  do  in 
years  of  work. 

Of  course  it  has  been  necessary  to  devote 
the  entire  summer  to  the  supervision  of  the 
farmers'  experiments  and  the  boys'  acres 
of  com.  Thus  something  more  than  two 
hundred  farms  in  the  county  are  this 
summer  growing  crops  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  the  school,  and  all  must  be 
carefully  observed  if  we  are  to  get  the  best 
results.  The  boys  and  their  com  are  the 
most  interesting.  They  are  sure  of  suc- 
cess and  optimistic  all  the  time.  The  men 
are  under  the  influence  of  other  work  and 
other  failures  and  are  "not  going  to  be- 
lieve in  a  thing  if  they  can  help  it." 

One  day  1  came  on  my  list  to  Willie 
Johnson,  whose  post  office  was  a  little 
settlement  the  most  distant  in  the  county. 
Inquiry  developed  that  he  lived  five  miles 
up  a  bad  road.  After  a  mile,  this  de- 
generated into  little  more  than  a  trail 
through  the  woods,  so  sandy  that  the 
automobile  could  hardly  plow  its  way, 
so  narrow  and  winding  that  tree  branches 
had  to  be  broken  off  to  get  through. 
Finally  1  reached  a  small  clearing  in  the 
woods,  a  tmck  patch,  and  a  dilapidated 
house.  Mrs.  Johnson  and  a  large  brood 
of  children  told  me  that  Willie  was  out 
in  his  corn  field. 

Said  Mrs.  Johnson,  "Willie's  clean  daffy 
over  that  corn.  He's  out  there  every 
chance  he  gets." 

"What  corn  is  it?" 


"Why  it's  that  tall  com  next  the  woods. 
We  sure  will  be  proud  of  him  if  he  gets  the 
prize." 

While  all  these  forms  of  community 
work  have  gone  on,  the  school  itself  — 
the  classes  of  boys  and  girls  in  the  build- 
ing —  have  been  growing  and  the  course 
of  study  opening  up  from  day  to  day. 
Boys  who  "hated  farmin'"  have  decided 
to  take  up  agriculture  for  life,  and  girls 
who  "always  did  detest  cooking"  have 
found  domestic  science  more  interesting 
than  any  other  subject,  rt  is  not  as 
spectacular  as  a  corn  congress  to  see  a 
trifling  crowd  of  youngsters  change  to  an 
interested  group  of  students,  but  it  is  far 
more  fun  to  d^  it.  The  success  of  the 
school  will  after  all  depend  not  on  its 
community  meetings  or  its  farm  experi- 
ments but  on  the  citizens  whom  it  turns 
out  as  its  graduates  and  the  use  which  they 
make  of  their  knowledge. 

Not  all  the  emphasis  is  placed  on  agri- 
culture and  domestic  science.  Almost 
as  much  interest  is  taken  in  literature  and 
history  as  in  the  purely  vocational  work. 
It  is  probable  that  they  can  both  be  made 
as  truly  an  impetus  toward  rural  life  as 
the  more  direct  knowledge  of  farm  things. 
In  many  cases  it  is  not  the  financial  side 
of  country  life  that  sends  persons  to  the 
city,  but  the  social  and  inspirational  con- 
ditions which  are  wrong.  If  we  can  show 
these  children  that  there  are  both  a  career 
and  a  vision  in  the  country  —  both  a 
living  and  a  life  —  there  is  no  doubt  that 
many  of  them  will  respond. 

Therefore  through  the  best  of  the  old 
imaginative  literature,  the  classics,  and 
through  the  best  of  modern  out-of-door 
and  nature  literature,  attempts  are  made 
throughout  the  entire  school  to  have  the 
children  feel  the  appeal  of  country  life 
without  sentimentalism  or  cant. 

Some  correlation  has  been  accomplished 
which  is  definite  and  clear.  A  production 
of  "The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  promoted 
by  the  students  as  the  result  of  a  dramatic 
study  in  class  reached  unlooked  for  propor- 
tions. The  costumes  were  made  in  sewing 
classes — copied  after  historical  prints. 
The  scenery  was  built  in  the  manual  train- 
ing department  by  the  boys.  The  re- 
hearsals were  held  by  the  cKMx^t^  ^^ft3Q^e- 


•  • 


326 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


selves  at  odd  times.  The  production,  given 
twice  at  the  school  with  a  neighborhood 
audience,  was  later  taken  to  Baltimore  for 
the  benefit  of  fifteen  hundred  children  of 
other  schools  who  had  studied,  or  soon 
would  study,  the  same  play.  The  whole 
school  became  temporarily  imbued  with 
the  Shakesperean  feeling  to  a  degree  im- 
possible otherwise.  For  some  weeks  they 
lived  in  the  days  of  good  Queen  Bess  and 
with  the  thoughts  of  the  Bard  of  Avon. 

In  manual  training,  of  which  four  years 
are  given,  the  work  is  all  centred  about 
country  things.  A  model  farm  power 
plant  was  installed  by  the  boys,  whereby 
are  operated  from  a  central  engine  a  wash- 
ing machine,  a  feed  cutter.a  cream  separa- 
tor, a  churn,  a  butter  worker,  and  a  grind- 
stone. In  carpentry  the  boys  turn  out 
brooders,  chairs,  butter  prints,  ironing 
boards,  and  other  articles  useful  at  home. 
They  have  been  lately  hard  at  work  fur- 
nishing the  school  library  with  a  table, 
chairs,  book  cases,  and  magazine  racks, 
while  the  girls  wove  the  rugs  and  made 
the  curtains. 

The  school  has  a  good  time.  As  one 
boy  expressed  it,  "there  is  always  some- 
thing doing."  I  n  the  spring,  lessons  are  as 
likely  to  be  given  outdoors  as  in,  classes 
ramble  over  the  hills  on  botany  field  trips, 
surveying  parties  signal  from  hill  to  hill, 
the  smaller  children  work  in  their  school 
gardens,  and  the  good  breezes  sweep  the 
building  from  end  to  end  as  it  rests  on  its 
hilltop  site.  The  boys  went  on  a  camping 
trip  engineered  by  the  principal.  At- 
tired in  khaki,  carrying  blankets,  slickers 
and  with  food  for  three  days,  they  built 
their  own  shack  in  the  woods  and  fished 
and  swam  to  their  heart's  content.  In- 
quiry developed  that  only  one  of  all 
these  boys  had  ever  slept  outdoors  before, 
yet  they  were  country  lads.  The  girls, 
attired  in  gymnasium  costumes,  went 
off  for  a  day  in  the  woods  with  the  distinct 
understanding  that  it  was  a  camping  party 
and  not  a  picnic.  On  a  picnic  you  wear 
your  best  clothes  and  carry  things  to  eat 
in  a  pasteboard  box.  On  a  camping  party 
you  wear  old  clothes  and  cook  your  meals 
over  a  smoky  fire. 

The  elementary  school  delights  in  its 
school  garden,  its  flower  beds  and  window 


boxes,  its  lessons  in  elementary  agri- 
culture, sewing,  and  manual  training. 
Their  school  garden  is  not  built  on  the 
graveyard  plan  whereby  each  child  has  a 
tiny  plot.  Their  garden  looks  like  the  real 
farm  garden  that  it  is.  There  are  no  paths 
or  plots.  Yet  each  has  a  part  of  his  own. 
During  the  summer  vacation  the  school 
wagons  bring  the  children  one  afternoon 
every  three  weeks  to  till  their  gardens  and 
harvest  their  crops.  They  meet  as  if  for 
a  school  day,  sing  some  songs,  and  then 
go  out  to  the  gardens  for  the  afternoon  of 
work.  The  summer  meetings  are  not,  of 
course,  compulsory  but  the  attendance  is 
fully  as  good  as  on  an  average  school  day. 
As  the  children  go  home  singing  in  the 
wagons  loaded  with  vegetables,  the  sum- 
mer meetings  seem  much  worth  while. 

There  are  many  problems  yet  to  be 
solved  before  the  Agricultural  High  School 
will  be  judged  complete,  but  a  few  lessons 
we  have  learned  and  on  a  few  points  we  ate 
convinced.    These  seem  to  be: 

1.  The  vital  school  will  be  one  placed 
where  the  demand  for  it  is  strong.  Schools 
created  by  legislation  and  distributed  on 
maps  at  regular  intervals  may  be  handi- 
capped for  years  by  lack  of  local  interest. 
The  folks  must  first  want  the  school. 

2.  Boys  and  girls  under  eighteen  should 
return  every  night  to  the  farm  home.  In 
this  manner  only  will  they  be  educated 
toward  the  farm  or  the  farm  itself  behelped 
by  the  new  knowledge  that  they  gain. 

3.  Community  work  is  not  only  possible 
but  easier  of  accomplishment  than  might 
appear.  Unless  a  school  reaches  every 
class  of  persons  in  the  community  it  fails 
to  live  up  to  its  possibilities.  Men  and 
women  need  the  school. 

4.  Experiments  and  demonstrations 
should  be  made  on  the  farms  of  the  com- 
munity and  not  on  the  school  farm.  Facts 
are  more  convincing  when  literally  brought 
home. 

5.  Agriculture  and  domestic  science 
can  be  taught  in  secondary  schools  as 
thoroughly  and  satisfactorily  as  in  colleges 
or  universities,  but  it  needs  as  competent 
an  equipment  and  distinctive  texts. 

6.  A  rural  school  of  the  new  type  takes 
the  whole  devotion  of  the  man  who  would 
work  it  out. 


PENSIONS  -  WORSE    AND    MORE 

OF    THEM 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

THE   MENACE   AND  MENDACITY  OF   THE   OLD   SOLDIER  VOTE  —  CONGRESSIONAL 

ORATORY   AND   IGNORANCE 

BY 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS 


REFERRING,  in  April  last, 
incidentally  and  in  the  course 
of  some  remarks  on  another 
but  cognate  subject,  to  the 
Civil  War  pension  system, 
the  present  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr. 
Franklin  MacVeagh,  observed  that  it  had 
lost  its  patriotic  aspects  and  now  become 
a  political  list.  In  Washington  this  fact 
is  understood  and  appreciated;  for,  while 
it  is  true  that  all  pensioners  are  not  actual 
voters,  it  is  equally  true  that  those  who 
are  not  voters,  largely  women,  when  it 
comes  to  political  action  are  probably 
more  formidable  as  factors  than  an  equal 
number  of  the  opposite  sex.  As  petition- 
ers for  relief,  women  are  apt  to  be  both 
tearfully  importunate  and  persistently 
persuasive;  men,  when  not  sympathetic, 
are  notoriously  good-natured.  As  a  class 
the  pensioners,  whether  male  or  female, 
act  as  a  unit;  and  exciting  the  hostility 
of  the  pensioners  is  to  a  ix)litician  like 
challenging  an  organized  phalanx  actuated 
throughout  by  the  strongest  motives  of 
self-interest.  Of  this  fact  Secretary  Mac- 
Veagh afforded  a  good  illustration  as  a 
result  of  his  altogether  truthful  assertion 
just  referred  to.  It  excited  a  storm  of 
angry  protest,  which  was  perhaps  best 
and  most  typically  voiced  by  a  leading 
orator  on  the  following  Decoration  Day, 
who  declared  that  the  Secretary  had 
recently  made  himself  ridiculous  "by 
raising  an  outcry  against  pensions,"  adding 
"if  I  were  President  of  the  United  States 
and  had  such  an  ingrate  in  my  Cabinet, 
1  would  fire  him  as  far  as  Chicago  so 
quickly  it  would  make  his  head  swim." 
Let  one  example  suffice;  but  generally  it 
may  not  unsafely  be  asserted  that  if  any 


member  of  Congress,  or  indeed  citizen 
in  private  life  of  sufficient  prominence  to 
excite  remark  at  all,  ventures  on  a  criti- 
cism, much  more  an  analysis,  of  the  pen- 
sion roll,  he  may  with  tolerable  certainty 
count  on  a  response  in  no  way  dissimilar 
to  that  visited  on  Secretary  MacVeagh; 
nor  need  he  hope  for  either  fairness  of 
treatment  or  moderation  of  speech.  He 
may,  on  the  contrary,  rest  assured  that 
the  denunciation  will  be  personal,  abusive, 
and  mendacious  —  that  usually  experi- 
enced from  the  sturdy  and  persistent 
mendicant  to  whom  alms  are  denied.  To 
the  outsider  this,  in  accordance  with  the 
everlasting  order  of  things,  matters  little; 
but  to  him  who  is  playing  the  game  of 
politics  it  counts  for  much.  It  may  to-day 
safely  be  asserted  that  any  member  of 
Congress  representing  a  district  north 
of  the  Potomac,  who  dares  to  criticize, 
much  less  to  challenge  a  measure  involving 
an  increase  in  the  appropriation  for  pen- 
sion payments,  practically  takes  his  polit- 
ical life  in  his  hand. 

Massachusetts  furnishes  an  example. 
Under  the  last  census  fourteen  Con- 
gressional districts  were  apportioned  to 
Massachusetts.  The  average  number  of 
pensioners  in  each  district  of  Massa- 
chusetts is  just  2,700.  At  the  election 
in  November,  1910,  in  which  the  members 
of  the  present  Congress  (62d)  were  chosen, 
the  vote  in  Massachusetts,  Republican 
and  Democratic,  was  almost  exactly  equal, 
203,136  Republican,  203,624  Democratic. 
In  five  districts  casting  an  aggregate  of 
182,000  votes,  the  total  of  the  pluralities 
of  the  successful  candidates,  one  way  or 
the  other,  amounted  to  only  2806.  In 
those  six  districts  there  wet^  ^\^VaI!s}c) 


328 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


18,000  pensioners.  The  average  plurality 
to  a  district  was  450.  Such  figures  speak 
for  themselves. 

It  is  idle  as  well  as  false  to  assert  in 
this  connection  that  the  pensioner,  in  point 
of  fact,  has  not  made  himself  actively 
felt  as  a  political  factor.  The  contrary 
is  susceptible  of  proof.  In  recent  debates 
in  Congress  it  was  asserted  that,  during 
the  campaign  of  19 10,  United  States 
Senators  went  through  certain  sharply 
contested  districts,  throwing  their  whole 
weight  for  or  against  the  respective  can- 
didates on  the  pension  issue  alone.  It 
was  urged  in  advocacy  of  one  man  that 
he  had  introduced  a  "dollar-a-day"  pen- 
sion bill;  while  against  another  it  was 
charged  that  his  whole  course  had  been  one 
consistent  effort  to  "fool  the  soldier." 
Elsewhere  districts  were  flooded  with 
letters  and  circulars  emanating  directly 
from  the  organization  of  pension  appli- 
cants, advocating  or  opposing  candidates 
on  this  issue,  and  this  issue  alone.  State- 
ments to  this  effect  made  openly  in  course 
of  debate  met  with  no  denial.  Members 
of  Congress  who  had  been  defeated  for 
reelection  attributed  that  result  to  these 
circulars.  Thus,  when  Secretary  Mac- 
Veagh,  in  the  occasional  speech  which  has 
been  referred  to,  spoke  of  the  pension  list 
as  no  longer  a  Roll  of  Honor,  but  as  a 
political  list,  he  used  language  of  modera- 
tion. He  might  truthfully  and  fairly 
have  referred  to  it  as  an  enormous  instance 
of  political  robbery  of  the  most  far-reaching 
character,  deeply  affecting,  both  in  its 
direct  and  its  indirect  outcome,  not 
merely  the  Treasury,  but  the  ix)litical 
health  and  lasting  well-being  of  the 
whole  body  politic.  In  plain  English,  the 
legislation  under  that  head  is  to  a  large 
extent  simply  a  disguised  method  of 
bribery  and  corruption  on  the  largest 
ix)ssible  scale,  and  with  money  paid  out 
of  the  National  Treasury  instead  of  from 
the  pockets  of  candidates. 

Take,  for  instance,  the  gross  abuse  of 
special  pension  legislation  as  a  ix)litical 
factor.  Since  1861  there  have  been 
granted  to  individuals  under  special  acts 
no  less  than  32401  original  pensions  or 
increases  of  existing  pensions.  In  the 
^pth    Congress,    that    immediately    suc^ 


ceeding  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  when 
exceptional  cases  of  peculiar  hardship 
were  naturally  fresh  in  memory  or  sight, 
138  cases  only  were  provided  for  in  this 
way.  Subsequently,  it  became  an  under- 
standing in  Congress  that  each  member 
of  either  House  was  entitled,  as  a  per- 
quisite or  special  bit  of  personal  pocket 
patronage,  to  two  acts  at  a  session  —  a 
sort  of  congressional  extra.  The  custom 
thus  obtained  a  foothold;  the  usual  result 
followed.  In  the  second  session  of  the 
6 1  St  Congress  there  were  6,063  individual 
cases  provided  for  by  special  acts,  at  rates 
varying  from  $6  a  month,  of  which  there 
were  three,  to  J 100  a  month,  of  which 
there  was  a  single  instance.  The  great 
mass  of  beneficiaries,  far  exceeding  in 
number  all  others  combined,  were  those 
to  whom  was  granted  J24  a  month  of  which 
there  were  2,639,  and  those  granted  I30 
a  month  of  which  there  were  1,921  —  in 
all,  4,560  cases  of  beneficiaries  at  either 
$24  or  $30  a  month.  And  this  by  special 
acts  including  perhaps  600  beneficiaries 
in  a  lump,  passed  with  hardly  a  word  of 
debate,  and  no  criticism  or  remonstrance. 
These  figures  represent  an  average  of 
rather  more  than  thirteen  special  benefici- 
aries to  each  member  of  either  house,  in  a 
single  session  thereof.  A  very  respectable 
bit  of  patronage,  which  the  average 
Senator  and  Representative  feels  little 
disposition  to  forego!  The  question  nat- 
urally suggests  itself:  how  would  it  be 
under  conditions  at  all  analogous  were 
that  Senator  or  Member  acting  for  himself 
or  as  the  directorof  a  business  corporation 
—  much  more  as  a  trustee,  which  last  a 
legislator  in  strictness  is?  A  breach  of  trust, 
such  action  is  a  travesty  of  legislation. 

Nor,  in  this  respect,  is  the  outlook 
alluring;  for,  during  the  special  session 
of  the  62d  Congress  just  closed,  the 
records  show  what  may  not  unfairly  be 
described  as  a  flood  of  special  cases  pre- 
sented and  referred  to  the  proper  com- 
mittees, sometimes  as  many  as  thirty 
by  a  single  member  in  one  day's  sitting; 
and  it  has  been  officially  stated  that 
30,000  applications  of  this  character  are 
now  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  proper 
House  Committee  alone. 

The  condition  of  affairs  existing  in  the 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


329 


room  of  that  Committee  at  the  beginning 
of  the  last  session  of  the  61st  G>ngress  was 
indeed  forcibly  set  forth  in  a  report 
presented  December  15,  1910,  by  Mr. 
Fuller,  one  of  its  members,  speaking  on 
its  behalf.  The  really  curious  thing, 
however,  in  connection  with  the  report 
referred  to,  was  its  unconscious  betrayal 
of  the  mental  condition,  as  respects  what 
is  known  as  a  system  of  constructive 
legislation,  of  the  member  who  drew  the 
document  up,  and  of  the  committee  which 
authorized  its  presentation;  for  it  was 
therein  stated  that  there  was  not  a  mem- 
ber of  either  branch  of  Congress  who  was 
not  besieged  with  hundreds  of  applica- 
tions for  relief  by  special  act,  there  being 
no  "existing  law  to  cover  these  distressing 
cases."  The  report  then  goes  on  to  say: 
"The  pension  committees  of  Congress, 
working  by  night  and  by  day,  have  been 
able  to  bring  relief  to  a  few  thousand 
soldiers,  yet  in  comparison  with  the 
thousands  who  are  still  knocking  at  its 
doors  for  help,  it  is  but  a  drop  in  the  bucket. 
In  this  Congress  alone,  there  has  been 
referred  to  the  two  pension  committees 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  more 
than  20,000  bills  for  private  legislation." 

The  committee  in  question  is  thus  de- 
picted, graphically  though  unconsciously, 
as  a  shifting  and  necessarily  unorganized 
charity  bureau,  indiscriminately  distri- 
buting money  not  its  own. 

Under  these  circumstances,  it  might 
naturally  be  supposed  that  a  committee 
composed  of  men  of  average  intelligence 
and  business  experience  would  reach  the 
conclusion  that,  when  the  exceptional  cases 
under  the  system  in  use  had  grown  to 
such  dimensions  and  the  system  itself  had 
fairly  broken  down,  some  other  system  —  a 
system  based  on  well-considered,  construc- 
tive legislation  —  was  altogether  desirable, 
indeed,  quite  essential;  for  such  alone 
would  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  situation. 
Nothing  of  the  sort  seems  to  have  sug- 
gested itself.  On  the  contrary,  all  that  the 
committee  had  to  propose  was  the  passage 
of  yet  another  "blanket"  bill  of  the  cus- 
tomary, indiscriminate  kind,  raising  exist- 
ing pensions  in  a  lump  and  to  an  extent 
which  would  constitute  an  additional 
fifty-million  draft  on  the  Treasury.    It 


was  then  innocently  observed  that, 
though  this  was  a  large  sum  to  be  added 
to  the  present  pension  appropriation  of 
$160,000,000  a  year,  yet  it  was  necessary 
to  grant  it  if  Congress  was  to  be  relieved 
of  a  vast  amount  of  special  pension  legis- 
lation !  That  the  passage  of  the  proposed 
bill  would  only  increase  the  scale  but  in 
no  degree  correct  the  evil  referred  to, 
seems  no  less  apparent  than  that,  just  so 
long  as  the  old  system  is  thus  continued, 
special  cases  of  particular  alleged  individ- 
ual hardship  will  arise,  and  importunately 
present  themselves.  Members  of  Congress 
will,  moreover,  be  just  as  desirous  of  at 
once  signalizing  their  fidelity  to  their 
duties  and  incidentally  making  themselves 
solid  with  their  constituencies  by  ob- 
taining consideration  for  such  applica- 
tions on  the  new  scale  as  they  were  on 
the  old.  Thus,  the  whole  experience  of 
forty  years  went  in  this  case  for  nothing. 
The  general  increase  proposed  was  simply, 
in  other  words,  another  entering  wedge. 

But,  in  other  respects,  the  debate  on  the 
so-called  Fuller  Bill  (January  10,  191 1), 
which  accompanied  this  report,  and  the 
speeches  —  not  delivered  in  the  course 
thereof,  but  subsequently  published  by 
permission  in  the  Record  January  12, 
191 1)  —  are  curiously,  and  far  from  pleas- 
antly, suggestive  to  one  who  actively 
participated  in  the  military  operations 
of  the  Civil  War.  Rhetorical,  and  evi- 
dently intended  for  use  in  the  various 
districts  of  the  Members  thus  delivering 
themselves,  they  certainly  are  not  in- 
dicative of  close  acquaintance  with  the 
facts  in  the  case,  or  even  of  desire  to 
present  those  facts  with  any  approach  to 
either  accuracy  or  realism. 

It  is,  of  course,  to  be  borne  in  mind 
that  nearly  all  those  responsible  for 
the  utterances  referred  to,  besides  being 
politicians,  were  bom  either  subsequent 
to  the  Civil  War,  or  had  not  at  that  time 
attained  an  age  of  distinct  memory,  much 
less  of  accurate  knowledge.  Accordingly, 
those  engaged  in  the  war  are  uniformly 
referred  to  in  somewhat  stilted  terms  as 
"veterans"  and  "heroes";  as  being 
"battle-scarred,"  and  invariably  as  "de- 
serving and  worthy";  men  who  "enlisted 
at  the  call  of  duty  with,  rii:^  xVas^^^  ^ 


330 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


emoluments,  pay,  or  pension.  They  were 
patriots  then  and  they  are  patriots  now"; 
—  and  so  forth  and  so  on !  Furthermore 
they  are  *  uniformly  described  as  "old 
and  infirm,  some  blind,  some  crippled, 
some  bed-ridden;  most  of  them  poor  and 
many  destitute."  It  is  furthermore  al- 
leged of  them  as  a  body  that  those  who  are 
not  dependent  on  others  or  the  public 
for  support  constitute  "so  few  exceptions 
as  to  be  negligible." 

To  those  who  themselves  personally 
took  part  in  the  struggle,  none  of  these 
statements  or  implications  commend  them- 
selves. They  are  simply  absurd  in  their 
exaggeration.  Speaking  coldly,  and  bear- 
ing witness  as  one  personally  acquainted 
with  the  facts  in  the  case,  the  army  of  the 
Union,  numbering  more  than  two  million, 
was  a  very  miscellaneous  body,  composed 
of  material  of  all  sorts  and  conditions; 
and  this,  moreover,  was  a  necessary  result 
of  the  radically  vicious  and  wasteful  system 
pursued  in  recruiting  its  loss  and  waste. 

The  original  enlistments,  those  of  the 
first  eight  months  following  April,  1861, 
constituted  probably  as  fine  a  body  of 
raw  military  material  as  was  ever  got 
together.  It  was  composed  of  the  very 
pick  of  American  youth  of  that  period. 
Those  men  did  indeed  enroll  themselves 
in  a  storm  of  enthusiasm  and  from  a 
sense  of  duty.  Enlisting  for  three  years, 
and  at  the  expiration  of  those  three  years 
to  a  large  extent  re-enlisting,  they  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  Union  Army.  Too 
much  cannot  be  said  in  their  praise. 

The  beginning  of  a  war  is  always  in  the 
nature  of  a  picnic.  A  stimulating  novelty, 
everyone  is  anxious  to  have  a  hand  in  it, 
in  some  shape  or  manner.  Men  almost 
shed  tears  if  rejected  as  recruits.  But 
after  the  glow  of  the  first  call  to  arms  dies 
away,  and  real  war  reveals  its  grim, 
repulsive  aspect,  the  response  to  each 
renewal  of  that  call-to-arms  grows  less 
and  less  in  volume;  until,  in  the  case  of 
our  Civil  War,  within  the  very  first  year 
of  the  struggle  (April,  1862)  volunteering 
practically  ceased.  Under  such  circum- 
stances, as  everyone  at  air  informed  on 
that  subject  knows  perfectly  well,  there  is 
but  one  true  course  to  pursue  —  recourse 
should  be  had  to  a  system  of  conscription. 


exacting,  stem,  and  even  cruel.  Per- 
mitting the  fewest  possible  grounds  of 
exemption,  it  should  accept  no  excuses. 
That,  however,  our  Government  in  the 
Civil  War  never  dared  have  a  real  re- 
course to.  Conscription,  in  the  states  of 
the  Confederacy  a  stern,  unrelenting  real- 
ity, was  in  the  loyal  states  a  scarecrow. 
Enacted  under  the  pressure  of  necessity 
into  a  law,  that  law  was  used  as  a  threat  to 
compel  local  communities  to  band  together 
to  fill  their  quotas  —  somehow !  Recourse 
was  then  naturally  had  to  the  bounty  sys- 
tem; and  this  early  in  the  second  year  of 
the  war.  The  frightful  losses  incurred  in 
McClellan's  Peninsular  Campaign  thus  had 
to  be  made  good. 

The  communities,  local  and  otherwise, 
then  combined;  enlisting  agencies  were 
established;  and  men  sold  themselves  and 
were  bought  and  delivered  singly  and  in 
lots  at  so  much  a  head,  like  cattle.  It 
was  a  wretched  system,  cowardly,  waste* 
ful,  inhuman;  but,  under  it  —  and  it 
was  pursued  for  three  years  —  men  were 
quoted  much  as  bullocks  at  Smithfield  — 
a  fair  average  valuation  being,  say,  three  to 
six  dollars  a  pound  —  the  only  difference 
from  Smithfield's  being  that  quality  was 
not  considered.    Anything  went! 

Needless  to  say,  the  material  forwarded 
to  the  front  under  such  a  system  —  the 
bogus  conscription  system  —  constantly 
deteriorated.  In  the  army,  this  was 
notorious  —  notorious  not  only  to  every 
one  who  held  a  commission,  but  to  every 
man  in  the  ranks  called  upon  to  associate 
with  those  forwarded  under  guard  to  fill 
up  the  war-worn  battalions.  Desertion  and 
"bounty-jumping,"  having  become  a  call- 
ing, were  reduced  to  a  system.  As  the  war 
went  on,  the  "recruits,"  recent  importa- 
tions from  Europe,  or  picked  up  in  the 
slums  and  from  the  gutters  of  the  great 
cities,  were  notoriously  looked  upon  by 
the  veterans  of  '61  with  averted  eyes  — 
objects  of  contempt,  they  were  treated 
with  scant  consideration.  Yet  these,  "the 
cankers  of  a  calm  world  and  a  long  peace" 
to  a  large  extent  constituted  what  are  now 
known  as  "war-worn  veterans,"  "glorious 
heroes,"  and  "worthy  patriots!" 

To  one  who  personally  recalls  the  events 
of  that  struggle  —  its  hard,  realistic  and 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


331 


mercenary  features  —  the  present  day 
utterances  concerning  it  are  a  constant 
source  of  amused  astonishment.  In  skim- 
ming over  the  columns  of  the  Congres- 
sianal  Record,  such  cannot  but  marvel 
at  the  amount  of  cant  and  fustian  — 
nauseating  twaddle,  perhaps,  would  not 
be  too  extreme  a  term  —  deemed  useful 
properly  to  lubricate  the  creaking  district 
machinery.  Any  detailed  recurrence  to 
the  facts  and  evidence  is,  however,  apt 
to  be  denominated  "muckraking,"  and 
denounced  as  such.  Perhaps,  however,  a 
brief  reference  in  this  connection  might  be 
permitted  to  such  standard  authorities 
as  Mr.  James  Ford  Rhodes'  History  and 
Secretary  Gideon  F.  Welles'  diary.  Mr. 
Rhodes  would  inform  the  gushy  members 
of  G>ngress  referred  to  that  "  The  Govern- 
ment, the  states,  the  counties,  and  other 
political  divisions  were  munificent  in  their 
offers  of  bounties,  of  which  a  salient 
example  is  seen  in  the  advertisement  of 
the  New  York  Volunteer  Committee: 
'}o,ooo  Volunteers  Wanted.'  The  follow- 
ing are  the  pecuniary  inducements  offered: 
'County  bounty,  cash  down  $300;  State 
bounty,  J75;  United  States  bounty  to 
new  recruits,  ^302;  additional  to  veteran 
soldiers,  $100';  making  totals,  respec- 
tively, of  $677  and  $777  for  service  which 
would  not  exceed  three  years,  which  was 
likely  to  be  less,  and  which  turned  out  to  be 
an  active  duty  of  little  more  than  one  year 
—  besides  the  private  soldier's  pay  of  $16 
per  month  with  clothing  and  rations.  The 
bounty  in  the  county  of  New  York  was  more 
than  that  generally  paid  throughout  the 
country,  although  in  some  districts  it  was 
even  higher."  As  respects  the  "bounty- 
jumper,"  the  inevitable  product  of  such 
a  system,  Mr.  Rhodes  next  says:  "The 
Provost-Marshal-General  stated  in  his 
final  report  that  'A  man  now  in  the  Albany 
penitentiary,  undergoing  an  imprisonment 
of  four  years,  confessed  to  having  jumped 
the  bounty  thirty-two  times/  It  was 
stated  that  'out  of  a  detachment  of  625 
recruits  sent  to  reinforce  a  New  Hampshire 
regiment  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
137  deserted  on  the  passage,  82  to  the 
enemy's  picket  line,  and  36  to  the  rear, 
leaving  but  370  men.'"  (Rhodes,  Vol.  IV. 
pp.  430-1) 


Recurring  next  to  the  recently  pub- 
lished diary  of  Gideon  F.  Welles,  President 
Lincoln's  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the 
following  is  from  the  report,  written  down 
at  the  time,  of  a  species  of  council  of  mag- 
nates held  at  the  White  House,  Septem- 
ber 1 ,  1862,  before  the  war  was  yet  eighteen 
months  old:  ".  .  .  In  these  remarks 
the  President  concurred,  and  said  he  was 
shocked  to  find  that  of  140,000  whom  we 
were  paying  for  in  Pope's  army  only  60,000 
could  be  found.  McClellan  brought  away 
93,000  from  the  Peninsula,  but  could  not 
to-day  count  on  over  45,000.  As  regarded 
demoralization,  the  President  said,  there 
was  no  doubt  that  some  of  our  men  per- 
mitted themselves  to  be  captured  in  order 
that  they  might  leave  on  parole,  get  dis- 
charged, and  go  home.  Where  there  is 
such  rottenness,  is  there  not  reason  to 
fear  for  the  country?" — (Diary  of  Gideon 
Welles,  Vol.  I,  p.  117).  Later  on,  as  is  well 
known,  Andersonville  put  an  effectual  stop 
to  that  familiar  game;  but  it  went  briskly 
on  at  first.  Lincoln  and  his  advisers  called 
it "  rottenness";  but  now  they  differentiate 
it  in  Congress  as  only  a  form  of  nostalgia! 
The  poor  lads,  fresh  from  their  innocent 
homes,  labored  under  such  an  uncontrol- 
lable desire  to  get  back  to  their  mammas 
and  the  vine-covered  cottage  that  they 
instinctively  sought  the  enemy's  lines  as 
being  the  most  direct  road  thereto.  They 
were,  however,  all  good  boys,  though  a  bit 
guileless  p)erhaps;  but,  all  "heroes"  now, 
every  one,  without  discrimination,  is  to 
have  for  life  a  dollar-a-day  pension  money! 

Historically  speaking,  it  is  a  fact  not 
to  be  denied  that  the  bounty-bought 
material  constituted  a  large  percentage 
of  the  whole  Civil  War  levy  —  how  large 
it  is  impossible  to  say;  but  it  certainly 
sounds  strange  to  the  ears  of  those  per- 
sonally cognizant  of  the  facts,  and  is,  to 
say  the  least,  an  incorrect  use  of  language, 
to  assert  that  those  men  enlisted  without 
"thought  of  emoluments,  pay  or  peitsion." 
They  did  nothing  of  the  kind;  nor  were 
they  "  patriots  "  either  then  or  now.  They 
sold  themselves  for  bounty  money;  and 
they  got  it!  Simply  and  avowedly  mer- 
cenaries, they  were  constantly  referred 
to  by  the  older  and  more  reliable  as  the 
"  seven-dollars-a-QQiu\d  I^VVrws"     VssAsjr^ 


332 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


for  powder,  such  were  paid  at  the  time  all, 
and  more  than  all,  they  were  worth.  And 
to  the  truth  of  every  word  of  this  state- 
ment, any  officer  who  had,  during  the  last 
two  years  of  the  war,  charge  of  recruits 
on  their  way  to  the  front  —  and  there 
were  many  such  —  can  bear  testimony 
still.  The  great  difficulty  of  preventing 
these  "patriots"  and  "worthy  soldiers" 
from  deserting  the  moment  they  had 
handled  their  bounty  money  was  one  of 
the  problems  of  the  service.  Then,  far 
more  battle-scared  than  now  battle- 
scarred,  they  are  indiscriminately  pen- 
sioned as  "disinterested  heroes!" 

Much  the  same  tone  of  reckless  exag- 
geration is  noticeable  in  the  references 
made  to  the  present  condition  of  those  who 
served.  It  is  little  less  than  a  libel  to 
speak  of  them  as  a  class  as  prematurely 
old,  or  decrepit,  or  unable  to  support 
themselves,  or  as  dependents,  or  as  a  band 
of  virtual  paupers.  As  a  mass  they  do  not 
in  any  of  these  respects  differ  from  the 
great  body  of  other  American  citizens. 
It  was  asserted  in  the  recent  G>ngressional 
debate  referred  to  that  there  are  some 
800,000  or  900,000  of  these  men  still 
surviving.  This  again  was  a  gross  ex- 
aggeration. There  are  in  fact  somewhere 
in  the  neighborhood  of  half  a  million; 
but,  speaking  of  the  survivors  of  the  Civil 
War  as  a  whole,  wounds  and  disabilities 
apart  —  and  such  cases  are  liberally  pro- 
vided for  in  the  pension  acts  —  there  was 
nothing  connected  with  the  service  or  life 
in  the  army  which  differentiated  such  in 
any  noticeable  respect  from  those  who  had 
passed  through  no  similar  experience. 
The  drunkard,  the  "  bounty-jumper,"  the 
deserter,  the  malingerer,  the  "dead  beat," 
after  his  term  of  service  expired,  was  just 
what  he  was  before  it  began.  He  in  time 
became  a  dependent,  in  many  cases  a 
pauper.  He  was  born  that  way,  and 
traveled  to  his  destined  end;  but  the 
great  mass  of  those  who  obtained  an 
honorable  discharge,  especially  those  of 
volunteering  days,  were  subsequently  self- 
respecting  and  self-supporting,  and  such 
as  survive  to-day  are  as  well-to-do  and 
quite  as  sufficiently  provided  for  as  the 
average  American.  Two  years  after 
Cromwell's  Puritan  army  oi  the  British 


Commonwealth  was  disbanded,  following 
the  Stuart  restoration  in  1660,  the  Royalist 
office  holder,  Samuel  Pepys,  wrote  in  his 
diary  "of  all  the  old  army  now  you  cannot 
see  a  man  begging  about  the  street;  but 
what?  You  shall  have  this  captain  turned 
a  shoemaker;  the  lieutenant,  a  baker; 
this  a  brewer;  that  a  haberdasher;  this 
common  soldier,  a  porter;  and  every  man 
in  his  apron  and  frock,  etc.,  as  if  they 
never  had  done  anything  else."  And 
much  the  same  might  have  been  said  of 
the  earlier  enlistments  of  the  Civil  War 
during  the  years  that  immediately  fol- 
lowed its  close.  Then  the  politicians  and 
pension-mongering  vote-buyers  got  after 
them  with  the  usual  demoralizing  result: 
but  even  then  they  were  and  are  as  other 
American  citizens;  and  surely  it  would 
be  a  libel  on  the  average  of  American 
citizens  to  assert  that  the  greater  part 
of  them,  or  indeed  that  more  than  a  small 
percentage,  are  unable  to  obtain  even  the 
necessaries  of  life  without  assistance  from 
the  public.  Those  who  composed  the 
bone  and  sinew  of  the  army  of  the  Union 
were  in  these  respects  certainly  not  below 
the  American  average.  To  assert  of  them, 
as  has  been  asserted  in  Congress,  that 
96  per  cent,  of  them  would  be  paupers  if 
they  were  not  pensioners  —  a  grotesque 
perversion  of  facts  —  is  remote  from  the 
truth. 

So  also  as  respects  deserters,  toward 
whom,  judging  by  the  Record,  a  most 
lenient  Congressional  disposition  exists 
—  "amending"  or  "correcting"  the  record, 
the  wise  call  it.  Bills  to  effect  this  result  — 
in  other  words  bills  seeking  by  legislative 
action  to  set  aside  court  records  are  intro- 
duced by  the  score  on  every  private-bill 
legislative  day.  All  duly  referred,  they 
were  formerly  acted  upon  by  committees 
so  carelessly,  and  consequently  so  favor- 
ably, that  the  thing  grew  to  be  a  scandal. 
The  committees  were  finally  notified  that 
the  President  would  feel  obliged  to  veto 
such  acts.  Measures  looking  to  a  "cor- 
rection of  records"  with  a  view  to  the 
extended  drawing  of  pensions  have,  accord- 
ingly, dwindled  in  number.  Nevertheless, 
our  Civil  War  annals,  as  respects  deser- 
tions, are  not  pleasant  reading.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  history,  the  subject  has  never  been 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


333 


thoroughly  investigated;  hut  this,  to- 
gether with  the  bounty  abuse  just  re- 
ferred to,  would  constitute  for  youthful 
and  rhetorical  members  of  Congress  a 
field  of  inquiry  at  once  fruitful  and  in- 
structive. If  called  for,  or  if  the  assertions 
here  made  are  challenged,  the  record  can 
be  produced.  That  muck-heap  would  not 
require  much  raking  to  yield  malodor- 
ous results. 

For  present  purposes  it  can  be  briefly 
disposed  of.  It  has  been  asserted  that, 
in  the  whole  course  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  of  1870,  so  far  as  the  German  army 
was  concerned,  there  were  recorded  but 
seventeen  cases  of  established  desertion. 
The  reason  is  obvious.  The  deserter 
from  that  service  had  nowhere  to  go. 
His  apprehension  was  certain;  the  con- 
sequences thereof,  not  less  so.  In  our 
Civil  War  it  was  otherwise;  and  the 
records  consequently  show  that  the  de- 
serters on  the  Union  side  numbered  in 
excess  of  125,000.  But  in  extenuation 
of  this  apparently  most  discreditable  fact, 
it  is  sometimes  urged  that  the  number  was 
largely,  if  not  in  greatest  part,  made  up 
of  men  who,  having  served  faithfully  until 
hostilities  ceased,  then  disappeared,  or 
failed  to  report  back  for  duty,  because  of 
their  eagerness  to  return  to  their  families 
and  to  civil  life.  That  some  such  cases  oc- 
curred is  indisputable;  but  they  were  only 
rare  exceptions.  As  any  company  or  regi- 
mental officerwho  served  in  that  war  knows 
and  will  testify — General  Isaac  R.  Sher- 
wood of  Ohio,  for  example  —  those  men 
who,  having  served  in  the  war,  served  it 
out,  were  not  indiff'erent  whether  the  word 
"Deserter"  was  then  inscribed  against 
their  names  on  the  last  regimental  muster- 
roll.  Proud  of  what  they  had  done,  they 
wanted  honorable  discharge.  Beyond  this, 
the  deserter  forfeited  his  pay  and  emolu- 
ments; he  forfeited  transportation  to  his 
home.  The  plea  in  extenuation  just 
stated  shows  in  fact  only  the  simple- 
minded  ignorance  —  the  charitable  dis- 
position perhaps  —  of  him  who  advances 
it.  Those  who  witnessed  what  was  prob- 
ably the  most  notable  display  of  the 
nineteenth  century  —  the  review  of  the 
Union  army  at  Washington  after  the  close 
of  hostilities  —  cannot  but  retain  a  distinct 


recollection  of  the  occasion,  and  of  the 
character  and  bearing  of  the  men  who 
figured  in  it.  How  many  of  those  who 
there  tramped  in  review  before  the 
President  and  Commander-in-Chief  is  it 
supposed  subsequently  deserted,  without 
pay  and  transportation,  in  their  eagerness 
to  get  back  to  their  families  and  homes? 
Safe  to  say,  not  one! 

But,  as  matter  of  history,  the  deserter 
was,  in  the  army  of  the  Union,  referred  to 
with  scorn  and  treated  with  contumely; 
and  any  one  who  commanded  either  a 
company  or  a  regiment  will  now  bear 
witness  that  those  who  deserted  from  it 
were  almost  invariably  of  the  scum  and 
dregs  thereof.  As  a  rule,  their  absence, 
unaccounted  for,  was  better  than  their 
"Present"  at  roll-call.  One  and  all, 
they  then  deserved  to  be  shot;  now,  by 
act  of  Congress,  they  are  pensioned  by  the 
score!  More  extraordinary  still,  not  in- 
frequently a  suggestion  has  been  heard 
on  the  floor  of  Congress  to  this  effect  — 
"Isn't  it  about  time  to  let  up  on 
the  deserters?"  As  respects  such,  the 
"blanket"  pension  bill  is  unquestionably 
convenient.  Nor  was  it  with  undue 
strength  of  speech  that  Mr.  Underwood, 
the  leader  of  the  majority  in  the  present 
House,  recently  referred  in  debate  to  a 
measure  of  this  description,  which  it  was 
proposed  to  introduce  out  of  the  regular 
order,  as  "a  bill  to  pension  deserters  who 
have  had  the  charge  of  desertion  removed 
by  this  House;  to  pension  men  who  were 
never  within  five  hundred  miles  of  a  firing 
line;  men  who  did  not  serve  over  thirty 
days  in  the  army."  And,  when  his  atten- 
tion was  called  to  the  fact  that  the  par- 
ticular "blanket"  bill  then  in  question 
provided  for  a  somewhat  longer  period  of 
service,  he  answered  with  a  manifest 
sneer:  "Yes,  it  says  ninety  days  instead 
of  thirty  days!" 

It  remains  to  consider  the  measure  of 
remedial  constructive  legislation  mani- 
festly called  for  to  meet  such  conditions. 
One  of  those  who  last  winter  participated 
in  the  House  debate  on  the  so-called 
Sulloway  Bill  truly  observed  that,  if  our 
National  pension  system  policy  were 
"tested  by  the  pension  policy  of  any 
civilized  govemmeat  vci  Vc&Vcsci  ^  ^5b.^sv  -^ 


334 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


measure  as  that  then  proposed  (the  Sul- 
loway  bill),  ignoring  the  cardinal  factors 
of  merit  and  need,  could  never  stand.  The 
country  has  already  gone  too  far  in  the 
pension  policy  in  confounding  the  deserving 
with  the  undeserving,  and  the  stupendous 
expenditures  for  unworthy  cases  is  sure 
at  last  to  imperil  the  cause  of  the  deserving. 
The  time  has  come  when  our  pension 
policy  is  tending  to  pauperize  able  bodied 


men  and  restrict  the  funds  available  for 
really  needy  soldiers  and  their  depen- 
dents." The  facts  thus  stated  are  in- 
disputable; but,  before  considering  the 
remedy,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  clear 
understanding  of  the  cause. 

[Mr.  Adams's  third  article  will  contain  a 
constructive  programme  for  dealing  honestly 
with  the  pension  problem. — The  Editors.] 


THE  UPBUILDING  OF  BLACK  DURHAM 

THE   SUCCESS  OF  THE   NEGROES   AND  THEIR  VALUE  TO  A  TOLERANT  AND 

HELPFUL   SOUTHERN   CITY 

BY 

W.  E.  BURGHARDT  DU  BOIS 


DURHAM,  N.  C,  IS  a  place 
which  the  world  instinctively 
associates  with  tobacco.  It 
has,  however,  other  claims 
to  notice,  not  only  as  the 
scene  of  Johnston's  surrender  at  the  end 
of  the  Civil  War  but  particularly  to- 
day as  the  seat  of  Trinity  College,  a 
notable  institution. 

It  is,  however,  because  of  another 
aspect  of  its  life  that  this  article  is  written: 
namely,  its  solution  of  the  race  problem. 
There  is  in  this  small  city  a  group  of  five 
thousand  or  more  color^  people,  whose 
social  and  economic  development  is  per- 
haps more  striking  than  that  of  any  similar 
group  in  the  nation. 

The  Negroes  of  Durham  County  pay 
taxes  on  about  a  half  million  dollars'  worth 
of  property  or  an  average  of  nearly  $$00 
a  family,  and  this  property  has  more 
than  doubled  in  value  in  the  last  ten  years. 
A  cursory  glance  at  the  colored  people 
of  Durham  would  discover  little  to  dif- 
ferentiate them  from  their  fellows  in 
dozens  of  similar  Southern  towns.  They 
work  as  laborers  and  servants,  washer- 
women and  janitors.  A  second  glance 
might  show  that  they  were  well  repre- 
sented in  the  building  trades  and  it  would 
arouse  interest  to  see  500  colored  girls 


at  work  as  spinners  in  one  of  the  big 
hosiery  mills. 

The  chief  interest  of  any  visitor  who 
stayed  long  enough  to  notice,  would, 
however,  centre  in  the  unusual  inner 
organization  of  this  group  of  men,  women, 
and  children.  It  is  a  new  "group 
economy"  that  characterize^  the  rise  of 
the  Negro  American  —  the  closed  circle 
of  social  intercourse,  teaching  and  preach- 
ing, buying  and  selling,  employing  and 
hiring,  and  even  manufacturing,  which, 
because  it  is  confined  chiefly  to  Negroes, 
escapes  the  notice  of  the  white  world. 

In  all  colored  groups  one  may  notice 
something  of  this  cooperation  in  church, 
school,  and  grocery  store.  But  in  Durham, 
the  development  has  surpassed  most 
other  groups  and  become  of  economic 
importance  to  the  whole  town. 

There  are,  for  instance,  among  the 
colored  people  of  the  town  fifteen  grocery 
stores,  eight  barber  shops,  seven  meat 
and  fish  dealers,  two  drug  stores,  a  shoe 
store,  a  haberdashery,  and  an  undertaking 
establishment.  These  stores  carry  stocks 
averaging  (save  in  the  case  of  the  smaller 
groceries)  from  $2,000  to  58,ooo  in  value. 

This  differs  only  in  degree  from  a  num- 
ber of  towns;  but  black  Durham  has  in 
addition  to  this  developed  five  manufac- 


THE  UPBUILDING  OF  BLACK  DURHAM 


335 


turing  establishments  which  turn  out 
mattresses,  hosiery,  brick,  iron  articles, 
and  dressed  lumber.  These  enterprises 
represent  an  investment  of  more  than 
f  $0,000.  Beyond  this  the  colored  people 
have  a  number  of  financial  enterprises 
among  which  are  a  building  and  loan 
association,  a  real  estate  company,  a  bank, 
and  three  industrial  insurance  companies. 

The  cooperative  bonds  of  the  group  are 
completed  in  social  lines  by  a  couple  of 
dozen  professional  men,  twenty  school 
teachers,  and  twenty  churches. 

All  this  shows  an  unusual  economic 
development  and  leads  to  four  questions: 
(1)  How  far  are  these  enterprises  effective 
working  businesses?  (2)  How  did  they 
originate?  (3)  What  has  been  the  atti- 
tude of  the  whites?  (4)  What  does  this 
development  mean? 

The  first  thing  I  saw  in  black  Durham 
was  its  new  training  school  —  four  neat 
white  buildings  suddenly  set  on  the  sides 
of  a  ravine,  where  a  summer  Chautauqua 
for  colored  teachers  was  being  held. 
The  whole  thing  had  been  built  in  four 
months  by  colored  contractors  after  plans 
made  by  a  colored  architect,  out  of  lum- 
ber from  the  colored  planing  mill  and 
ironwork  largely  from  the  colored  foundry. 
Those  of  its  two  hundred  and  fifty  students 
who  boarded  at  the  school,  slept  on  mat- 
tresses from  the  colored  factory  and 
listened  to  colored  instructors  from  New 
York,  Florida,  Georgia,  Virginia,  Penn- 
sylvania, New  Jersey,  and  North  Carolina. 
All  this  was  the  partially  realized  dream 
of  one  colored  man,  James  E.  Shepard. 
He  formerly  worked  as  secretary  for  a 
great  Christian  organization,  but  dis- 
satisfied at  a  peculiarly  un-Christian  draw- 
ing of  the  color  line,  he  determined  to 
erect  at  Durham  a  kind  of  training  school 
for  ministers  and  social  workers  which 
would  be  "different." 

One  morning  there  came  out  to  the 
school  a  sharp-eyed  brown  man  of  thirty, 
C.  C.  Spaulding,  who  manages  the  largest 
Negro  industrial  insurance  company  in 
the  world.  At  his  own  expense  he  took 
the  whole  school  to  town  in  carriages  to 
"show  them  what  colored  people  were 
doing  in  Durham." 

Naturally  he  took  them  first  to  the  home 


of  his  company  —  "The  North  Carolina 
Mutual  and  Provident  Association,"  an 
institution  which  is  now  twelve  years  old. 
One  has  a  right  to  view  industrial  in- 
surance with  some  suspicion  and  the 
Insurance  Commissioner  of  South  Carolina 
made  last  year  a  fifteen  days  thorough 
examination  of  this  enterprise.  Then  he 
wrote:  "  1  can  not  but  feel  that  if  all  other 
companies  are  put  on  the  same  basis  as 
yours,  that  it  will  mean  a  great  deal  to 
industrial  insurance  in  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  especially  a  great  benefit 
to  the  Negro  race." 

The  company's  business  has  increased 
from  less  than  a  thousand  dollars  in  1899 
to  an  income  of  a  quarter  of  a  million  in 
1910.  It  has  200,000  members,  has  paid 
a  half  million  dollars  in  benefits,  and  owns 
its  office  buildings  in  three  cities. 

Not  only  is  the  society  thus  prosperous 
at  present  but,  it  is  making  a  careful  effort 
to  avoid  the  rocks  upon  which  the  great 
colored  order  of  "True  Reformers"  split, 
by  placing  its  business  on  an  approved 
scientific  basis.  It  is  installing  a  new  card 
bookkeeping  system,  it  is  beginning  to 
construct  morbidity  and  mortality  re- 
cords, and  its  manager  is  a  moving  spirit 
of  the  Federated  Insurance  League  for 
colored  societies  which  meets  '  annually 
at  Hampton,  Va. 

The  Durham  office  building  of  this 
company  is  neat  and  light.  Down  stairs 
in  the  rented  portion  we  visited  the  men's 
furnishing  store  which  seemed  a  business- 
like establishment  and  carried  a  con- 
siderable stock  of  goods.  The  shoe  store 
was  newer  and  looked  more  experimental; 
the  drug  store  was  small  and  pretty. 

From  here  we  went  to  the  hosiery  mill 
and  the  planing  mill.  The  hosiery  mill 
was  to  me  of  singular  interest.  Three 
years  ago  I  met  the  manager,  C.  C.  Amey. 
He  was  then  teaching  school,  but  he 
had  much  unsatisfied  mechanical  genius. 
The  white  hosiery  mills  in  Durham  were 
succeeding  and  one  of  them  employed 
colored  hands.  Amey  asked  for  per- 
mission here  to  learn  to  manage  the 
intricate  machines,  but  was  refused. 
Finally,  however,  the  manufacturers  of  the 
machines  told  him  that  they  would  teach 
him  if  he  came  to  PtivVad^V^vk.  Vsr.^^ssx 


336 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  learned.  A  company  was  formed 
and  thirteen  knitting  and  ribbing  machines 
at  seventy  dollars  apiece  were  installed, 
with  a  capacity  of  sixty  dozen  men's 
socks  a  day.  At  present  the  sales  are 
rapid  and  satisfactory,  and  already  ma- 
chines are  ordered  to  double  the  present 
output;  a  dyeing  department  and  factory 
building  are  planned  for  the  near  future. 

The  brick  yard  and  planing  mill  are 
part  of  the  general  economic  organization 
of  the  town.  R.  B.  Fitzgeraki,  a 
Northern-born  Negro,  has  long  furnished 
brick  for  a  large  portion  of  the  state  and 
can  turn  out  30,000  bricks  a  day. 

To  finance  these  Negro  businesses, 
which  are  said  to  handle  a  million  and  a 
half  dollars  a  year,  a  small  banking  in- 
stitution has  been  started.  The  "Me- 
chanics' and  Farmers'  Bank"  looks  small 
and  experimental  and  owes  its  existence 
to  rather  lenient  banking  laws.  It  has 
a  paid-in  capital  of  (11,000  and  it  has 
$17,000  deposited  by  500  different  persons. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  origin  of 
this  Durham  development  shows  that 
in  a  peculiar  way  it  is  due  to  a  combination 
of  training,  business  capacity,  and  char- 
acter. The  men  who  built  200  enter- 
prises are  unusual,  not  because  the  enter- 
prises in  themselves  are  so  remarkable, 
but  because  their  establishment  met  pe- 
culiar difficulties.  To-day  the  white  man 
who  would  go  into  insurance  or  haber- 
dashery or  hosiery  making  gathers  his 
capital  from  rich  men  and  hires  expert 
managers  who  know  these  businesses. 
The  Negro  gathers  capital  by  pennies 
fronl  people  unused  to  investing;  he  has 
no  experts  whom  he  may  hire  and  small 
chance  to  train  experts;  and  he  must 
literally  grope  for  success  through  re- 
p2ated  failure. 

Three  men  began  the  economic  building 
of  black  Durham:  a  minister  with  college 
training,  a  physican  with  professional 
training,  and  a  barber  who  saved  his 
money.  These  three  called  to  their  aid 
a  bright  hustling  young  graduate  of  the 
public  schools,  and  with  these  four,  repre- 
senting vision,  knowledge,  thrift,  and 
efficiency,  the  development  began.  The 
college  man  planned  the  insurance  society, 
but  it  took  the  young  hustler  to  put  it 


through.  The  barber  put  his  savings 
into  the  young  business  man's  hands, 
the  physician  gave  his  time  and  general 
intelligence.  Others  were  drawn  in  — 
the  brickmaker,  several  teachers,  a  few 
college-bred  men,  and  a  number  of  me- 
chanics. As  the  group  began  to  make 
money,  it  expanded  and  reached  out. 
None  of  the  men  are  rich  —  the  richest 
has  an  income  of  about  $25,000  a  year  from 
business  investments  and  eighty  tene- 
ments; the  others  of  the  inner  group  are 
making  from  $5,000  to  $15,000  —  a  very 
modest  reward  as  such  rewards  go  in 
America. 

Quite  a  number  of  the  colored  people 
have  built  themselves  pretty  and  well- 
equipped  homes  —  perhaps  fourteen  of 
these  homes  cost  from  $2,500  to  $10,000; 
they  are  rebuilding  their  churches  on  a 
scale  almost  luxurious,  and  they  are 
deeply  interested  in  their  new  training 
school.  There  is  no  evidence  of  luxury 
—  a  horse  and  carriage,  and  the  sending 
of  children  off  to  school  is  almost  the  only 
sign  of  more  than  ordinary  expenditure. 

If,  now,  we  were  considering  a  single 
group,  geographically  isolated,  this  story 
might  end  here.  But  never  forget  that 
Durham  is  in  the  South  and  that  around 
these  5,000  Negroes  are  twice  as  many 
whites  who  own  most  of  the  property, 
dominate  the  political  life  exclusively, 
and  form  the  main  current  of  social  life. 
What  now  has  been  the  attitude  of  these 
people  toward  the  Negroes?  In  the  case 
of  a  notable  few  it  has  been  sincerely 
sympathetic  and  helpful,  and  in  the  case 
of  a  majority  of  the  whites  it  has  not  been 
hostile.  Of  the  two  attitudes,  great  as 
has  undoubtedly  been  the  value  of  the 
active  friendship  of  the  Duke  family, 
General  Julian  S.  Carr,  and  others,  1  con- 
sider the  greatest  factor  in  Durham's 
development  to  have  been  the  disposition 
of  the  mass  of  ordinary  white  citizens  of 
Durham  to  say:  **  Hands  off  —  give  them 
a  chance  —  don't  interfere."  As  the 
editor  of  the  local  daily  put  it  in  a  well 
deserved  rebuke  to  former  Governor 
Glenn  of  North  Carolina:  "If  the  Negro 
is  going  down,  for  God's  sake  let  it  be 
because  of  his  own  fault,  and  not  because 
we  are  pushing  him." 


THE  UPBUILDING  OF  BLACK  DURHAM 


337 


Active  benevolence  can,  of  course,  do 
much  in  a  community,  and  in  Durham  it 
has  given  the  Negroes  a  hospital.  The 
late  Mr.  Washington  Duke  conceived  the 
idea  of  building  a  monument  to  ex-slaves 
on  the  Trinity  College  campus.  This 
the  colored  people  succeeded  in  trans- 
muting to  the  founding  of  a  hospital. 
The  Duke  family  gave  nearly  ^20,000  for 
building  and  equipping  the  building  and 
the  Negroes  give  largely  to  its  support. 
Beside  this,  some  white  men  have  helped 


IN   THE    HOSIERY   MILL 

OWNED  AND  OPERATED  SUCCESSFULLY    BY  NEGROES 
WITH  NEGRO  HELP 

the  Negroes  by  advice,  as,  for  instance, 
in  the  intricacies  of  banking;  and  they 
have  contributed  to  the  new  training 
school.  Not  only  have  Southern  philan- 
thropists thus  helped,  but  they  have 
allowed  the  Negroes  to  administer  these 
gifts  themselves.  The  hospital,  for  in- 
stance, is  not  simply  for  Negroes,  but 
it  is  conducted  by  them;  and  the  training, 
school  is  under  a  colored  corps  of  teachers. 
But  all  this  aid  is  as  nothing  beside  that 
more  general  spirit  which  ailows  a  black 
contractor  to  bid  on  equal  terms  with  a 
white,  which  affords  fair  police  protection 


THE   WHITE    ROCK    BAPTIST  CHURCH 

"THEY  ARE  REBUILDING  THEIR  CHURCHES  ON  A 
SCALE  ALMOST  LUXURIOUS" 


THE   INSURANCE  COMPANY  S   BUILDING 

THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  MUTUAL  AND  PROVIDENT  ASSO- 
CIATION WHICH  IS  TWELVE  YEARS  OLD  AND  WHICH 
CONDUCTS  THE  BUSINESS  OF  ITS  300,000  MEMBERS 
ON  SCIENTIFIC  PRINCIPLES    . 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


L 


C.  C.  SPAULDING 

THE  MANAGER  OF  T1HE  LARGEST  NEGRO  JNSURANCE 
COMPANY  IN  THE  WORLD,  ONE  OF  THE  LEADERS 
IN  THE  CROUP  OF  NEGROES  WHO  HAVB 
BUILT  UP  BLACK  DURHAM 


and  reasonable  justice  in  court,  which 
grants  substantial  courtesy  and  con- 
sideration on  the  street  and  in  the  press, 
and  which  in  general  says:  ''Hands  ofF, 

don't    hinder,    let    them    grow/'     It    is 


R.  B.   nrZGtRALD 

OMl  OF  THE    INNER  GROUP  WMO&E  BRICKYAllD  CAN 
MAKE  30,000  BRICKS  A  DAY 


■        ONI  OF  1 


precisely  the  opposite  spirit  in  places  like 
Atlanta,  which  makes  the  way  of  the  black 
man  there  so  hard,  despite  individual 
friends. 

A  Southern  community  is  thus  seen 
to  have  it  in  its  power  tochmise  its  Negro 
inhabitants.  If  it  is  afraid  of  ambition 
and  enterprise  on  the  part  of  black  folk, 
if  it  believes  that  "education  spoils  a 
nigger/'  then  it  will  get  the  shiftless, 
happy-go-lucky  semi-criminal  black  man; 
and  the  ambitious  and  enterprising  ones 
will  either  sink  or  migrate.  On  the  other 
hand,  many  honest  Southerners  fear  to 
encourage  the  pushing,  enterprising  Negro. 
Durham  has  not  feared.  It  has  distinctly 
encouraged  the  best  type  of  black  man  by 
active  aid  and  passive  tolerance. 

What  accounts  for  this?  I  may  be 
over-emphasizing  facts,  but  I  think  not, 
when  I  answer  in  a  word:  Trinity  Col- 
lege, The  influence  of  a  Southern  in- 
stitution of  learning  of  high  ideals;  with  a 
president  and  professors  who  have  dared 
to  speak  out  for  justice  toward  black 
men;  with  a  quarterly  journal  the  learn- 
ing and  Catholicism  of  which  is  well 
known  —  this  has  made  white  Durham 
willing  to  see  black  Durham  rise  with- 
out organizing  mobs  or  secret  societies 
to  "keep  the  niggers  down/* 

To  be  sure,  the  future  still  has  its 
problems,  for  the  significance  of  the  rise 
of  a  group  of  black  people  to  the  Durham 
height  and  higher,  means  not  a  disap- 
pearance but,  in  some  respects,  an  accen- 
tuation of  the  race  problem. 

Bui  let  the  future  lay  its  own  ghosts; 
to-day  there  is  a  singular  group  in  Dur- 
ham where  a  black  man  may  get  up  in 
the  morning  from  a  mattress  made  by 
black  men,  in  a  house  which  a  black  man 
built  out  of  lumber  which  black  men  cut 
and  planed;  he  may  put  on  a  suit  which 
he  bought  at  a  colored  haberdashery  and 
socks  knit  at  a  colored  mill;  he  may 
cook  victuals  from  a  colored  grocery  on  a 
stove  which  black  men  fashioned;  he 
may  earn  his  living  working  for  colored 
men,  be  sick  in  a  colored  hospital,  and 
buried  from  a  colored  church;  and  the 
Negro  insurance  s^jciety  will  pay  his 
widow  enough  to  keep  his  children  in  a 
colored  school.    This  is  surely  progress. 


4 


;ress.   ^ 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 

C.    p.    RODGERS     AND    THE    FIRST    AERIAL    TRANS<ONTINENTAL    TRIP  — DODGING 
THUNDER-STORMS  — REBUILDING   THE   MACHINE    IN   TRANSIT 


BY 

FRENCH    STROTHER 

(ntOM  DTTZKVIXWS  WITH  MR.  lODGESS.  HIS  mECHAKIClANS.  AND  HIS  FAMILY  WHO  ACCOMPANIED  HIM  ACROSS  THE  CONTINKNT) 


ON  JUNE  6.  1911,  Calbraith 
Perry  Rodgers  mounted  an 
aeroplane  for  the  first  time 
in  his  life.  Ninety  minutes 
later  he  said  goodbye  to  his 
instructor  and  soared  away,  fearless  and 
alone,  into  the  open  sky. 

Two  months  later,  this  same  man 
Rodgers  entered  the  aviation  meet  at 
Chicago  against  all  comers  and  won  the 
duration  prize  of  $\  1 ,000,  having  remained 
in  the  air  twenty-nine  hours  of  a  possible 
thirty-three  hours  during  the  nine-day 
exhibition. 

On  November  5,  191 1,  or  five  months 
almost  to  the  day  from  the  day  he  learned 
to  fly,  he  signed  the  register  at  the  Hotel 
Maryland,  Pasadena,  Cal.,  as  follows: 

"C.  P.  Rodgers,  New  York  to  Pasadena 
by  Air." 

He  had  flown  across  the  North  American 
continent,  from  Sheepshead  Bay,  N.  Y., 


to  Pasadena,  Cal.,  4231  miles  in  4924 
minutes  actually  in  the  air,  and  in  49  days 
of  elapsed  time  from  start  to  finish. 

Rodgers,  in  making  this  flight,  had 
crossed  three  ranges  of  mountains,  two 
deserts,  and  the  great  continental  plain; 
he  had  wrecked  and  rebuilt  his  machine 
four  times  and  replaced  some  parts  of  it 
eight  times;  he  had  ridden  through  dark- 
ness and  wind  and  rain  and  lightnings 
at  the  heart  of  a  thunder  cloud;  he  had 
driven  through  black  night  and  landed 
safely;  he  had  raced  express  trains  all 
across  the  continent,  mules  in  Missouri, 
jack-rabbits  and  coyotes  in  Texas,  and 
antelope  in  Arizona;  his  engine  had  blown 
to  pieces  while  he  was  4000  feet  aloft 
over  an  inland  sea,  leaving  him  to  spiral 
six  miles  to  earth;  he  had  found  the  aero- 
plane a  dangerous  curiosity  and  proved 
it  a  practicable  vehicle  of  unlimited  radius 
on  land. 


» 


MO 


THE  WORLD'S   WORK 


And  the  night  of  the  day  he  ended  the 
flight,  after  seven  weeks  of  strain  and 
hardship,  he  ate  a  dinner  of  crackers  and 
cream  and  then  drove  a  six-cylinder  racing 
automobile  over  the  moonlit  roads  from 
Pasadena  lo  Los  Angeles  and  the  beaches 
until  three  o*cbck  in  the  morning,  just 
for    the    fun    of    ihe    thing.     The    flying 


I 


I 
I 


LEAVING    NkW    YORK 
roR    THE    TACIFIC    4OOO   MILES    AWAY 

machine  is  a  mechanical  wonder,  but  the 
first  man  who  guided  it  across  a  continent 
is  a  physical  marvel. 

Rfxigers  undert(x>k  the  coast-to-coast 
flight  in  an  eflort  to  win  the  prize  of 
$^0,000  offered  by  the  New  \'ork  American 
to  the  man  who  should  first  fly  from  New 
York  to  the  Pacific  Coast  in  thirty  days. 
He  had  money  enough  to  buy  his  machine. 
but  not  enough  to  stand  the  expenses  of  a 
flight  across  country,  with  its  necessar>* 
accompaniments  of  special  train  service, 
mechanicians*  and  repairs.  However,  his 
performances  at  the  Chicago  meet  in 
August  had  attracted  the  interest  of  a 
^Kfieaf  manufacturing  firm  of  that   city. 


which  was  anxious  to  launch  a  new  product 
m  a  way  to  startle  the  attention  of  the 
country.  A  newspaper  man  suggested  to 
Rodgers  that  he  offer  his  skill  to  the 
company,  and  twenty  minutes  after  the 
scheme  was  proposed  to  its  advertising 
manager  a  contract  was  closed  by  which 
the  company  agreed  to  pay  all  expenses  of 
the  flight  except  repairs  to  the  machine. 
and  to  pay  F<odgers  $5  a  mile,  Rodgers 
in  turn  to  fly  under  the  auspices  of  the 
company  and  to  display  its  advertising 
matter  on  his  machine. 

The  Wright  Brothers  at  once  designed 
and  built  for  him  a  special  model  of  their 
aeroplane,  known  as  Model  EX.  the  only 
one  of  its  kind  ever  built.  It  is  smaller 
than  their  standard  Model  B.  and  larger 
than  the  Baby  Wright,  though,  like  the 
Baby,  it  was  designed  especially  for  speed, 

Ihe  Wrights  had  taught  Rodgers  to 
fly.  and  said  he  had  the  greatest  natural 
genius  for  flight  of  any  man  in  the  business. 
But  when  he  ordered  the  machine  for 
this  trip.  Orville  Wright  said  to  him: 

'Well  build  the  aeroplane  for  you,  and 
it  will  be  the  best  we  can  do;  but  you  are 
trying  the  impossible.  If  the  man  has 
been  born  who  can  do  it,  you  are  the  one» 
but  the  machine  hasn't  been  made  that 
can  do  it." 

They  showed  their  faith  in  the  man 
by  letting  him  take  with  hmi  as  chief 
mechanician.  Charles  E  Taylor,  their 
master  mechanic  since  they  first  had  a 
machine  shop.  A  great  deal  of  credit 
for  the  flight  belongs  lo  the  master  me* 
chanic  for  his  skill  in  keeping  the  aero- 
plane together  and  the  engine  going. 

A  special  train  was  made  up  to  accom- 
pany Rodgers.  A  Pullman  sleeping  car 
and  a  day  coach  carried  four  represent* 
atives  of  the  company  that  financed  the 
flight.  Rodgers's  mother,  hi^.  wife,  his  man- 
ager, and  three  mechanicians  —  Charles  E. 
Taylor.  Frank  Shaffer,  and  C,  L.  Wiggins 
—  a  chauffeur,  and  a  number  of  assistants. 
The  hangar-car^  the  first  of  its  kind  in 
America  —  completed  the  special.  This 
hangar-car  contained  complete  sets  of 
duplicate  parts  of  the  aeroplane,  a  full 
equipment  of  tools  for  making  repairs, 
a  supply  of  oil  and  gasoline,  an  at^roplane 
truck  for  moving  the   aeroplane   bodily 


4 


4 

^ 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 


from  place  to  place,  and  a  six<ylinder 
Palmer-Singer  racing  automobile  for  use 
in  reaching  the  aeroplane  quickly  with 
supplies  or,  if  necessary,  with  medical 
aid.  When  I  saw  the  hangar-car  at 
Pasadena,  it  was  filled  literally  with  junk, 
the  wreckage  for  four  flying  machines. 
The  party  assembled  for  the  start  at 


breasted  the  gusty  air  currents  that  rise 
from    the    canons  of    lower   Manhattan 
and  then  headed  steadily  into  the  wesi 
wind  and  winged  across  the  Huds4)n  ov< 
the  Jersey  shore,  where  his  waiting  specia' 
on  the  Erie  Railroad  picked  up  his  trail 
and  he  was  off  for  the  Pacific  Coast, 
He  ^tnpped  at   Middletown,  N     V.. 


fal 


WHO,  IN  sn\h  OF  sniKMs  and  eNr.rNE  iroubi.es.  small  accidents  and  all  &UT  fatal 

WkLCKS,  MAUt  IHt  nitSi    TRAN!r<:ONTINEMTAL  AEKUI*LANE   FLIGHT 


Sheepshead  Bay  on  September  17.  The 
aeroplane  was  christened  with  a  bottle 
of  unfermenled  grape  juice  —  Rodgers 
has  never  tasted  alcohol  in  his  life.  At 
4:18  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  machine 
took  the  air,  and  Rodgers  headed  at  once 
across  East  River  for  New  York  City, 
Here    he    circled    the    higher    buildings, 


6  o'clock.  He  had  made  the  104  miles  from 
New  York  in  lo^  minutes.  That  night  he 
and  his  party  exultantly  multiplied  one 
hundred  miles  by  two  as  a  fair  day's  flight 
on  the  showing  of  that  afternoon,  multi- 
plied that  by  thirty,  and  wondered  whether 
he  had  better  spend  the  prize  money  on  au- 
tomobiles or  invest  in  Government  bonds. 


34^ 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


THE    END   OF    A    DAV  &    FLU.HT 
READY  FOR  TKKEE  DAVS  OF  REPAIK« 


I 


i 


The  next  day  altered  these  calculations. 
As  the  machine  took  the  air  it  snagged  a 
tree-lop  and  pitched  head  downward  45 
feet  into  the  back  yard  of  a  residence, 
landing  on  a  chicken  coop  and  killing  half 
a  dozen  chickens.  This  was  the  ugliest 
fall  Fttxigers  got  on  the  journey,  lie  was 
stunned  and  bleeding  from  a  big  cut  in 
the  left  temple.  I  he  doctor  who  attended 
him  put  him  to  bed,  under  orders  to  stay 
there  at  least  twenty-four  hours.  Five 
minutes  after  the  docttrr  left.  R*KJgers 
was  out  of  bed  and  in  the  yard,  working 
over  the  remains  of  his  aeroplane^  which 
had  been  completely  wrecked. 

The  machine  was  rebuilt  in  three  da  vs. 
and  on  September  21.  Hew  to  Hanc*>ck. 
N.  Y,,  96  miles  in  78  minutes.  Landing 
was  made  in  a  field  where  a  German  was 
digging  potatt^»es.  He  continued  to  dig, 
in  spite  of  Rodger's  abrupt  stop  in  a  corn- 
shock  and  the  shattering  of  the  skids  of 
the  aeroplane.  He  continued  to  dig  when 
Rodgers  asked  the  way  to  the  railroad 
station.  But  his  stolidity  was  finally 
broken  up,  for  the  next  morning  he  hunted 
up  the  management  and  demanded  dam* 


ages  for  the  havoc  wrought  in  his  potato 
patch  by  the  crowds  of  curious  people  who 
had  walked  through  it  to  see  the  aeroplane. 

Afterward,  when,  having  lost  his  way. 
Rodgers  landed  at  Scranton.  Pa.,  he  began 
to  realize  more  keenly  the  dangers  to 
which  the  heedlessness  of  the  public  ex- 
posed him  throughout  the  journey.  He 
detected  a  woman  screwing  a  loose  nut  off 
the  machine  with  her  fingers.  She  ex- 
plained that  she  wanted  it  for  a  souvenir, 
and  that  she  had  n<»t  imagined  it  would 
cause  any  harm  to  take  it  because  '*  there 
were  so  manv .  surelv  one  would  not  make 
any  difference/'  After  explaining  to  her 
that  it  might  make  all  the  difference  be^ 
Iwcen  this  world  and  the  next  for  him. 
Rodgers  turned  back  to  his  machine,  only 
to  find  another  souvenir  hunter  —  a  man, 
this  time  —  trying  to  take  a  valve  off  the 
engine  with  a  cold  chisel. 

He  ttx)k  flight  again*  after  getting  his 
bearings  toward  Elmira,  and  followed 
the  F.rie  tracks,  stopping  at  Great  Bend 
and  Binghamton  by  the  way.  As  he  flew 
into  Elmira  at  half  past  five  in  the  even- 
ing, he  saw  his  special  train  racing  along 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 


343 


on  the  clear  track  below  him.  It  was 
passing  a  long  siding  on  which  a  freight 
train  had  been  switched  to  give  it  the 
right  of  way.  The  sidetracked  train  was 
drawing  along  slowly  to  the  upper  end  of 
the  siding,  to  be  ready  to  take  the  main 
track  as  soon  as  the  special  passed. 
Rodgers  was  horrified  to  see  that  its  train 
crew,  with  their  heads  all  thrust  upward 
to  follow  his  flight,  had  forgotten  that 
their  train  was  in  motion  and  were  about 
to  run  out  on  the  main  line  before  the 
special  could  pass  the  head  of  the  switch. 
He  swooped  low  and  yelled  a  warning 
that  was  heeded  just  in  time,  though 
almost  too  late  at  that,  for  the  freight 
train  "side-swiped"  the  special,  splinter- 
ing some  of  the  timbering  at  the  side  of 
the  hangar-car  and  ripping  out  the  vesti- 
bule of  the  Pullman. 

On  his  flight  next  day,  from  Elmira  to 
Canisteo,  N.  Y.,  the  magneto  plugs  came 
out  and  for  twelve  miles  Rodgers  had  to 
hold  them  in  with  one  hand,  managing 
the  plane  with  the  other.  While  at  2,600 
feet  elevation  he  shut  off"  his  engine  and 


PATCHING    UP  THE   MACHINE 

CHARLES  TAYLOR,  FOREMAN  OF  THE  WRIGHT  FACTORY, 

AND  RODGERS  AT  WORK  ON  THE  TRANS-CONTINENTAL 

"model  ex"  A  SPECIALLY  BUILT  WRIGHT  BIPLANE 

volplaned  (or  soared  downward  like  a  bird) 
two  miles  to  a  landing.  The  crux  of  a 
safe  landing  is  to  keep  the  propellers  going 
full-speed  until  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
ground;  hence  the  danger  of  volplaning 
is  great,  and  Rodgers's  numerous  feats 
of  the  sort  on  this  journey  were  examples 
of  cool  daring  and  skill. 


THE   AEROPLANE    IN   TOW    OF    ITS    AUTOMOBILE  TENDER 

THE  SPECIAL  TRAIN  WHICH  FOLLOWED  RODGERS  INCLUDED  A  HANGAR  CAR  CARRYING  DUPLICATE  PARTS, 
TOOLS,  OIL.  GASOLENE.  AND  AN  AUTOMOBILE 


» 


344 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


Again  the  next  day,  September  24. 
after  a  flight  of  eighty-nine  miles  the 
magneto  plugs  forced  him  to  descend. 
He  landed  in  the  Cattaraugus  Indian  re- 
servation at  Red  House,  N,  Y,.  eight  miles 
west  of  Salamanca.  An  incident  occurred 
here  that  gave  point  to  Rodgers's  oft- 
repeated  complaint  of  the  foolhardiness 
of  the  public  in  venturing  on  the  field 
where  his  machine  was  about  to  alight 
or    ascend.     After    repairing    his    engine, 


Red  House  and  was  carried  back  to  Sala- 
manca, where  it  was  practically  rebuilt 
for  the  second  time. 

On  September  28.  Rodgers  started 
again,  headed  for  Akron.  O.  This  day's 
night  furnished  one  of  the  most  pictur- 
esque incidents  of  the  trip.  As  Rodgers 
Oew  over  Akron  in  the  dusk  of  late  after- 
noon, he  became  somewhat  confused  and 
remembering  a  field  a  few  miles  back  as  a 
good  landing  ground,  he  suddenly  wheeled 


LbAVING    THE   CURIOUS    CROWD 
WHICH  AT  MAMY  ftACift  SO   MAMPEKED  RODCERS'S  RJSINGS  AND  LANDINGS  K%JO  SERIOUSLY 

jeorARDUE    ltl«    Uffe 


■  he  made  several  attempts  to  rise,  and  at 
length  came  down  sharply  in  a  narrow 
lane  between  two  wire  fences.  The  machine 
rolled  forward  along  the  ground  with  such 
force  that  the  planes  sheared  off  several 
five-inch  fence  posts  as  if  they  had  been 
sawed  smooth.  A  man  in  its  path  would 
have  been  cut  in  two  instantly  —  but 
people  everywhere  along  his  route  crowded 
the  fields,  as  at  Huntington.  Ind.,  so  thick 
that  he  flew  on  to  an  empty  pasture  to 
land  rather  than  risk  killing  spectators, 

_       The    machine    was    nearly    ruined    at 


his  plane,  and  went  winging  away  in  the 
darkness.  His  party  below,  in  thespeciaK 
at  once  put  back  to  Kent,  O.,  where  they 
detrained  the  automobile  and  raced  hack 
in  the  gloom  to  the  country.  1  hen  began 
one  of  the  oddest  searches  ever  made  by 
man  —  trying  to  find  a  lost  aviator  by 
the  memorv  of  the  sound  of  his  flight* 
They  stopped  at  farmhouses  and  inquired, 
**Have  you  heard  him?*'  and  "where?" 
and  following  the  pointed  fingers  that 
told  where  the  unseen  sound  had  come 
from,  they  found  him  at  length  in  a  lonely 


THREE  THOUSAND  MILES  BY  AIR 


345 


pasture,  companioned  by  one  dairyman 
and  gaped  at  by  a  ring  of  solemn-eyed 
cows. 

The  wind  held  him  at  Kent  the  next 
day.  He  made  204  miles  westward  on 
September  30  in  258  minutes.  Octo- 
ber I  he  made  only  about  80  miles, 
but  he  had  more  than  a  day's  share  of 
thrills.  As  he  flew  toward  Huntington, 
Ind.,  he  saw  a  thunder  storm  approach- 
ing, and  turned  south  to  Portland,  Ind., 
to  avoid  it.  He  not  only  failed  to  escape 
the  first  storm  but  ran  into  a  second,  and 
in  the  dash  to  escape,  passed  about  600 
feet  above  a  third,  with  the  lightning 
playing  about  him.  He  landed  safely, 
however,  at  Huntington,  late  in  the  after- 
noon. 

The  crowding  of  spectators  on  the  field 
the  next  day,  when  he  was  trying  to  rise 
in  a  heavy  wind,  made  it  impossible  for 
him  to  land  properly  after  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  go  up,  and  the  machine  was 
wrecked  again.  For  a  third  time  three 
days  were  consumed  in  rebuilding  it. 

He  flew  again  on  October  5  making 
the  122  miles  between  Huntington  and 
Hammond,  Ind.,  in  137  minutes.  The 
engineer  of  the  special  train,  as  usual,  tried 
to  keep  up  with  Rodgers,  who  was  flying 
directly  over  the  train.  But  Rodgers 
soon  drew  away,  racing  several  hundred 
yards  ahead.  As  the  train  neared  a  sharp 
curve  around  the  base  of  a  hill,  the  crew 
saw  Rodgers  suddenly  dip  his  aeroplane 
toward  the  ground,  swoop  low  and  rise 
again.  Instead  of  straightening  out  on 
his  course,  he  repeated  the  maneuver.  A 
moment  later  the  special  whizzed  by  a 
wild-eyed  crew  of  men  who  were  just 
releasing  their  hold  of  a  hand-car  they  had 
the  moment  before  jerked  off  the  track. 
Rodgers  had  seen  them  staring  up  at  him, 
ignorant  of  the  approaching  train,  and 
had  instantly  dipped  his  plane  to  within 
twenty-five  feet  of  the  ground  and  yelled 
to  the  men  to  clear  the  track.  They  did 
not  understand,  and  he  had  returned  to 
repeat  the  warning,  just  in  time  to  save 
not  only  them  but  probably  his  family 
and  friends  as  well  from  death.  A  few 
minutes  later  this  near-tragedy  was  re- 
lieved by  an  amusing  though  grim  exhi- 
bition of  human  nature;  for,  as  Rodgers 


flew  past  a  funeral  party  walking  beneath 
him,  the  pall  bearers  put  down  the  coffm 
and  took  off  their  hats  and  waved  him 
godspeed. 

High  winds  held  Rodgers  at  Hammond 
for  two  days.  On  October  8  he  flew 
on  to  Chicago.  He  stopped  in  Chicago 
only  from  noon  till  four  o'clock,  when  he 
rose  again  and  headed  west.  The  maze 
of  railroad  tracks  and  trains  confused 
him,  so  that  he  could  not  distinguish  his 
special  nor  the  route  of  the  Chicago  and 
Alton  Railroad  on  which  it  was  running. 
Some  time  was  lost  regaining  his  direction, 
so  that  the  flight  of  38  miles  to  Lockport 
consumed  72  minutes  —  his  speed  most 
of  the  time  being  nearly  a  mile  a  minute. 

The  next  day,  Rodgers  broke  the  world's 
record  for  cross-country  flight  when  he 
passed  Dwight,  111.,  on  his  way  to  Spring- 
field. The  previous  record  was  1272 
miles,  held  by  Atwood.  Two  days  later 
he  was  in  Kansas  City  —  half  way  across 
the  continent  by  air.  In  celebration  he 
broke  his  usual  habit  of  extreme  caution 
by  making  an  exhibition  landing  of  fancy 
turns,  spirals,  and  glides  at  Overland 
Park.  He  made  one  quick  turn  in  which 
he  "banked"  his  machine  (corresponding 
to  the  side  pitch  of  a  sailboat  when  tack- 
ing) at  an  angle  of  55  degrees.  One  of 
his  mechanicians,  describing  the  incident 
to  me,  remarked: 

"A  man  has  about  three  times  to  do  that 
stunt,  and  then  they  lay  him  away  in  a 
box.  Rodgers  is  usually  the  most  careful 
fellow  in  the  worid,  but  he's  done  that 
twice  now,  and  he'd  better  stop  it." 

Up  to  this  time  he  had  broken  all 
world's  records  for  distance  and  had  shown 
a  persistence  hardly  equalled  on  any  other 
flight;  for  up  to  this  time  he  had  practically 
rebuilt  his  machine  three  times,  had  en- 
countered hostile  weather,  and  foolish 
crowds,  engine  trouble  and  many  other 
things  which  would  have  discouraged  a 
less  persevering  man.  He  had  done  better 
than  any  other  man  and  his  performance 
was  hardly  half  done. 

Tbe  story  of  the  remainder  of  his  epeni^vl 
trip  and  a  character  study  of  the  man  himself 
will  appear  in  tbe  next  number  of  ibis 
fuagaiine. — ^The  Editors.I 


THE  STORY  OF  A  DEBT 


THE    PLIGHT  OF  THOUSANDS   OF   WORKERS   IN   THE  TOILS   OF   THE    LOAN- 
SHARKS  AND  THE    FIGHT  FOR  THEIR   RELEASE  —  SHYLOCK  IN 
COURT  AND  STATE  LEGISLATION 

BY 

FRANK   MARSHALL  WHITE 


SOME  hundred  clerks,  consti- 
tuting a  part  of  the  machin- 
ery recording  the  operations 
of  a  big  industrial  corporation, 
were  bending  over  their  desks 
in  an  office  that  occupied  a  floor  of 
a  New  York  skyscraper,  when  a  female 
of  dashing  appearance  bustled  aggressively 
in.  She  appeared  to  be  between  thirty 
and  forty  years  of  age;  she  was  attired 
in  a  close  imitation  of  the  fashionable 
garmenture  of  the  period;  her  features 
were  large  and  indicative  of  determination, 
and  she  rolled  a  coldly-glittering  eye. 
When  she  was  well  inside  the  office,  she 
called  out  in  a  loud,  nasal  tone: 

"1  want  to  speak  to  William  Henry 
Cogg!" 

Even  if  the  other  occupants  of  the  room 
had  not  turned  simultaneously  to  gaze 
upon  William  Henry  Cogg,  it  would  have 
been  impossible  for  any  one  there  to  have 
doubted  his  identity.  At  the  sound  of 
his  name,  his  face  had  turned  white  and 
he  had  slightly  staggered  and  seized  the 
edge  of  his  desk  for  support. 

"Oh,  there  you  are,  you  dirty  bum!" 
she  cried,  as  she  caught  sight  of  her  victim. 
"When  are  you  going  to  pay  that  money? 
Thought  you  could  hide  away  from  us, 
did  you?  Well,  you've  got  another  think 
coming." 

The  female  was  at  once  recognized  as 
the  "bawler-out"  for  a  money-lending 
concern,  and  in  another  moment  the  head 
clerk  was  outside  the  office  railing  escort- 
ing her  to  the  door  by  which  she  had 
entered.  She  went  without  any  show  of 
resistance,  only  turning  to  call  back  to 
Cogg: 

"Well.  I  know  where  to  find  you  — 
until  your  week's  up." 

The  visit  of  the  bawler-out  meant  that 


Cogg  was  undergoing  final  treatment  in 
the  process  of  spoilation  by  a  salary-loan 
money-lender,  or  shark  —  as  these  pred- 
atory traffickers  are  called.  Of  course 
no  reputable  concern  could  retain  in  its 
service  a  clerk  who  was  likely  to  receive 
visits  from  functionaries  of  the  loan 
sharks,  and  Cogg  lost  his  job  at  the  end 
of  the  week. 

It  had  been  only  two  years  before  that 
Cogg's  boy  had  fallen  from  the  swing 
and  fractured  his  arm  in  Stuyvesant  Park, 
and  the  (15  Cogg  had  been  called  upon 
to  pay  for  setting  the  fracture,  with  $2 
per  visit  to  the  doctor,  had  made  necessary 
Cogg's  first  visit  to  the  money-lenders. 
He  was  then,  at  the  age  of  thirty-five,  a 
clerk  in  an  office  where  he  had  been  em- 
ployed for  fifteen  years.  He  was  receiving 
](i8.5o  per  week,  which  he  knew  to  be  the 
limit  of  his  earning  capacity.  His  stock 
in  trade  was  merely  the  ability  to  write 
a  plain  hand  and  a  familiarity  with  simple 
arithmetic.  He  was  aware  that  a  hundred 
men  as  well  qualified  as  he  were  ready  to 
take  his  place  any  moment,  and  that  he 
could  retain  it  only  so  long  as  his  services 
were  satisfactory  to  his  superiors  in  the 
office.  He  was  further  aware  that  to 
lose  his  position  would  constitute  him  a 
member  of  the  great  out-of-work  army; 
that  once  a  member  of  that  army  it  might 
be  months  before  he  secured  employment 
again,  and  that  then  he  would  be  com- 
pelled to  begin  at  a  far  lower  salary  than 
he  was  receiving. 

Cogg's  weekly  $18.50  fitted  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  household,  consisting  of  Mrs. 
Cogg,  the  two  children  and  himself,  with- 
out leaving  a  margin  of  more  than  a  dollar, 
and  he  had  learned  by  experience  that 
neither  his  landlord,  his  butcher,  nor  his 
grocer  would  extend  credit  to  a  man  in 


THE  STORY  OF  A  DEBT 


347 


his  circumstances,  so  that  he  might  expect 
no  consideration  from  any  one  of  them 
in  bridging  over  his  difficulties.  Never- 
theless, the  money-lender  was  a  desperate 
extremity,  for  if  the  fact  that  Cogg  was 
borrowing  on  his  salary  was  discovered 
in  the  office  it  would  mean  dismissal. 
Such  a  measure  is  considered  only  a 
justifiable  means  of  self  protection  on  the 
part  of  an  employer,  since  transactions 
with  loan  sharks,  if  they  do  not  actually 
lead  to  dishonesty  in  the  borrower,  in- 
variably impair  the  quality  of  his  work 
because  of  the  worry  entailed.  However, 
Cogg  had  to  have  money.  Should  he 
fail  to  pay  the  doctor,  that  practitioner 
would  get  judgment  against  him  and 
take  proceedings  to  get  part  of  Cogg's 
salary,  which  would  almost  certainly 
bring  about  his  discharge  also,  as  an 
unsafe  man  who  did  not  live  within  his 
income.  Cogg  conceived  the  money- 
lender to  constitute  the  less  dangerous 
horn  of  the  dilemma,  because  relations 
with  him  might  remain  secret. 

Cogg's  experience  with  the  Anaconda 
Financial  Company  of  Nassau  Street, 
New  York,  is  identical  with  that  of  tens 
of  thousands  of  the  victims  of  the  loan 
sharks  throughout  the  United  States. 
Having  decided  that  J30  would  be  neces- 
sary to  carry  him  through  the  pecuniary 
crisis,  he  accepted  the  Anaconda's  offer 
of  that  amount,  agreeing  in  return  to 
make  them  six  bi-weekly  payments  of 
J6.60  each.  The  preliminary  negotiations 
for  the  company  were  conducted  by  a 
spinster  of  mature  years;  but  a  man  took 
her  place  at  the  desk  when  Cogg  called  to 
complete  Jhe  transaction,  an  investigation 
having  been  made  in  the  meantime  as  to 
the  accuracy  of  his  representations  about 
his  position  and  salary.  When  Cogg  had 
affixed  his  signature  to  six  notes  for  $6.60 
each,  maturing  on  the  ist  and  the  15th 
of  the  three  following  months,  and  had 
given  a  power  of  attorney  to  the  Anaconda 
Company  to  deal  with  them  as  they  might 
deem  proper,  the  money-lender  handed 
him  $24. 

"You  are  six  dollars  short,"  Cogg 
remarked,  politely,  when  he  had  counted 
the  money. 

"There's  six  dollars  costs  for  inquiries 


and  drawing  up  the  papers,"  said  the 
other,  shortly.  "If  you  don't  like  the 
terms,  give  me  the  money  back." 

Cogg  did  not  like  the  terms,  but  he  had 
to  have  the  money,  and  he  reflected  that 
J24  would  at  least  pay  the  doctor,  and  it 
would  necessitate  only  a  trifle  more  close 
management  at  home  under  the  altered 
conditions  of  repayment.  On  the  day 
the  first  of  the  notes  was  due,  Cogg  went 
at  the  lunch  hour,  to  the  office  of  the 
Anaconda  Company. 

"That  note  was  due  at  12  o'clock,  noon. 
It's  half  past  12  now,  and  the  cashier  is 
gone.  Come  in  to-morrow,"  said  the 
woman  at  the  window,  the  obvious  spin- 
ster with  whom  he  had  opened  negotia- 
tions for  the  loan. 

Cogg  congratulated  himself  that  the 
money-lending  concern  took  his  remissness 
so  lightly,  although  he  could  not  remember 
that  he  had  bound  himself  to  take  up  the 
notes  by  noon  on  the  days  they  were  due. 
The  next  morning  he  found  a  notification 
from  the  Anaconda  Company  at  his  office 
to  the  effect  that,  in  addition  to  the  $6.60 
due  on  the  note,  he  was  indebted  to  them 
for  the  sums  of  $(1.49  protest  fee,  (1 
brokerage  fee,  and  §5  collection  fee,  a 
total  of  $14.09,  which  must  be  paid  before 
three  o'clock  that  afternoon,  and  that, 
failing  payment,  suit  would  be  brought 
against  him,  in  which  event  it  would  be 
necessary  to  notify  his  employers  that 
the  company  held  his  notes. 

Cogg  got  half  an  hour's  leave  of  absence 
from  the  office,  and  anxiously  betook 
himself  to  that  of  the  Anaconda  Company, 
assuring  himself  that,  when  the  occur- 
rences of  his  visit  of  the  day  before  were 
recalled,  the  management  would  acknowl- 
edge itself  in  error.  Another  spinster 
whom  he  had  not  seen  before  came  to  the 
window  on  this  occasion.  She  knew 
nothing  about  the  matter  of  the  loan, 
she  declared,  except  that  $14.09  was  due 
the  company  and  that  it  would  have  to  be 
paid  before  the  close  of  banking  hours 
if  he  wished  to  avoid  a  suit  at  law. 

"You're  a  business  man,"  she  said, 
tersely.  "  You  ought  to  know  that  your 
note  wasn't  due  until  three  o'clock  yes- 
terday, and  that  it  was  due  ai  three. 
Ulioever  gave  you  the  idea.  ^ou.  cssq&aL^^v:) 


348 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


it  to-day  without  any  costs  hadn't  no 
business  to." 

"  But  I  can't  possibly  raise  the  money," 
cried  the  unfortunate  clerk.  "And  if 
you  notify  my  company  I'll  be  fired  — 
and  then  I  can't  pay  the  notes  at  all." 

"Why  not  fix  it  this  way,"  suggested 
the  second  spinster,  who  was  aware  of 
both  contingencies.  "You  take  out  an- 
other loan  to-day  and  pay  the  $14.09, 
and  that  will  give  you  two  weeks  to  make 
some  arrangement  before  the  next  note 
is  due." 

In  deadly  fear  that  his  employers  might 
learn  of  his  affair  with  the  sharks,  Cogg 
jumped  at  this  chance.  He  made  out 
an  application  for  a  loan  of  $15,  for  which 
he  received  (10;  and,  the  rate  of  interest 
being  higher  on  small  amounts,  gave  six 
notes  for  {4.20  each,  payable  like  the  others 
on  the  ist  and  the  15th  of  the  month  for 
three  months  thus  making  his  weekly  finan- 
cial burden  (5.40  for  nearly  three  months, 
and  leaving  $1 3. 10  per  week  for  the  family 
to  live  on  during  that  period. 

Another  readjustment  of  the  household 
schedule  was,  of  course,  essential  in  order 
to  meet  the  new  situation,  but  by  the 
exercise  of  rigid  and  painful  economy  the 
Cogg  family  managed  to  exist  and  its 
head  to  pay  the  money-lender's  notes  as 
they  became  due,  for  ten  weeks.  By  that 
time  he  had  paid  the  Anaconda  Company 
]E6i49  in  return  for  the  JS34  he  had  re- 
ceived from  them,  and  still  owed  them 
(10.80.  He  had  been  given  the  $10  in 
the  form  of  a  check  drawn  in  Providence, 
and  had  been  instructed  to  send  the  bi- 
weekly {4.20  in  payment  of  the  six  notes 
on  account  of  that  transaction,  to  an 
address  in  the  Rhode  Island  capital. 
These  remittances  he  had  made  by  post 
office  orders,  which  he  took  pains  to  send 
two  days  before  the  amounts  became  due 
in  order  that  they  might  be  sure  to  reach 
their  destination  in  time.  The  amounts 
due  at  the  office  of  the  Anaconda  Com- 
pany he  paid  personally  in  cash  during 
the  noon  hour  on  the  ist  and  15th  of  the 
months  as  his  notes  matured. 

On  the  1 6th  day  of  the  month  during 
which  he  made  his  fifth  payment,  Cogg 
found  in  his  mail  at  the  office  a  notice 
iremi   the  Anaconda    Company    to    the 


effect  that  he  was  indebted  to  them, 
aside  from  other  sums,  to  the  amount  of 
f  14.40,  comprising  $5  collection  fee,  $2.60 
protest  fee,  telegraphic  expenses  $1.80, 
and  legal  expenses  $5,  which  must  be  pakl 
before  three  o'clock  that  afternoon  or 
suit  would  be  brought  against  him.  In 
response  to  his  frenzied  inquiries  at  the 
office  of  the  company  half  an  hour  later, 
he  was  informed  that  the  post  office 
order  due  in  Providence  the  previous  day 
had  not  reached  its  destination  until 
after  banking  hours,  and  that  the  $14.40 
were  the  costs  attendant  upon  tiiat 
incident. 

In  vain  did  poor  Cogg  protest,  that  he 
had  sent  the  money  order  on  the  evening 
of  the  1 3th.  The  spinster  in  the  window 
was  as  ignorant  of  conditions  as  before. 
The  sum  of  her  intelligence  in  the  matter 
was  that  his  note  had  been  protested  with 
the  costs  enumerated,  and  that  the  amount 
must  be  forthcoming  before  three  o'clock. 
The  result  was  that  Cogg  made  an  appli- 
cation for  a  third  loan  —  (30  again,  at 
the  same  rate  as  before,  receiving  only 
(20  on  this  occasion,  however,  because 
the  company's  risk  was  now  greater  he 
was  told.  When  he  left  the  money- 
lender's office  that  morning  he  had  bound 
himself  to  pay  $17.40  out  of  his  $18.50 
the  week  in  which  the  first  day  of  the 
next  month  fell;  $10.80  two  weeks  after- 
ward, and  $6.60  bi-weekly  for  ten  weeks 
more.  Being  unable  to  meet  the  $17^0 
payment  and  his  rent  on  the  first  of  the 
month,  he  was  compelled  to  apply  for 
another  $30  loan  (for  which  he  got  $1$ 
this  time),  in  order  to  prevent  the  sharks 
from  suing  him  and  from  notifying  his 
employers  that  he  was  in  debt. 

Within  a  year  from  the  date  of  his 
first  transaction  with  the  Anaconda  Com- 
pany, Cogg  had  paid  them  more  than 
twice  the  money  he  had  borrowed,  and  was 
regularly  handing  over  to  them  more  than 
half  of  his  salary.  He  had  become  so 
shabby  that  the  other  clerks  in  the  office 
looked  askance  at  him,  and  Mrs.  Cogg 
and  the  children  were  shabbier  still,  while 
everything  in  the  house  that  was  pawn- 
able  had  been  disposed  of,  and  they  barely 
had  enough  to  eat.  It  soon  came  to  a 
point    where    he    borrowed    from    other 


THE  STORY  OF  A  DEBT 


349 


money-lenders  to  keep  up  his  payments 
to  the  Anaconda  G)mpany,  and  then  it 
was  only  a  matter  of  a  brief  space  of  time 
before  he  found  himself  obliged  to  put 
the  children  in  an  institution,  while  he  and 
Mrs.  Cogg  kept  house  in  a  hall  bedroom, 
where  she  addressed  envelopes  and  man- 
aged to  contribute  a  dollar  or  two  a  week 
to  the  sharks.  Finally  Cogg  accomplished 
an  object  he  had  long  had  in  mind;  and, 
forfeiting  the  prestige  of  his  long  con- 
nection with  the  corporation  with  which 
he  was  employed,  he  accepted  another 
position  at  $1$  per  week,  with  a  view  to 
disappearing  from  the  ken  of  the  money- 
lenders —  to  whom  he  felt  under  no  moral 
obligation.  A  "tracer"  was  put  on  his 
trail,  and  he  was  discovered  within  a  day 
or  two,  after  default  in  a  payment,  when  the 
money-lenders  filed  a  lien  upon  his  salary. 
This  meant  dismissal,  but  Cogg,  being  a 
competent  workman  and  willing  to  work 
cheap,  got  several  positions  afterward, 
only  to  be  followed  up  and  discharged  as 
has  been  related,  until  the  bawler-out 
finally  drove  him  from  his  last  employ- 
ment. The  story  of  his  subsequent  career, 
after  he  took  to  drink  and  his  wife  left 
him  for  a  man  who  could  support  her, 
until  his  recent  suicide,  is  as  banal  as  it 
is  commonplace. 

Whatever  the  economic  reason  may  be, 
the  fact  remains  that  there  are  a  great 
number  of  honest  and  industrious  men 
and  women  throughout  the  United  States, 
who  are  working  for  compensation  that 
is  barely  sufficient  for  their  support  and 
that  of  those  dependent  on  them.  To 
these  men  and  women,  illness  or  death 
in  the  family  or  any  other  cause  of  un- 
expected expenditure  means  that  they 
must  borrow.  Many  of  such  borrowers 
are  those  possessing  personal  property 
which  they  take  to  the  pawnbroker. 
Those  next  in  order  of  indigence  obtain 
loans  on  chattel  mortgages  covering  house- 
hold furniture  and  effects  that  remain 
in  their  possession.  Then  comes  the 
person  whose  only  asset  is  a  salary  or 
wage,  who  has  no  recourse  save  to  pledge 
his  or  her  potential  earnings. 

These  three  classes  of  borrowers  have 
been  the  principal  victims  of  the  pawn- 
broker, the  chattel-mortgage  hokler,  and 


the  salary-loan  money-lender.  The  pawn- 
broker, holding  the  borrower  to  the 
strict  letter  of  his  contract,  is  merely  a 
negative  oppressor.  The  chattel-mort- 
gage knave  and  the  salary-loan  shark  are 
aggressive  extortioners.  Theif  scheme  of 
business  could  have  been  devised  only 
by  rogues;  it  can  be  carried  out  only  by 
scoundrels.  The  writer  had  a  conver- 
sation in  May  with  an  expert  accountant 
in  the  employ  of  a  corporation,  who  has 
been  in  the  clutches  of  the  money-lenders 
for  six  years,  during  which  period  he  has 
paid  $4,000  into  their  coffers  and  still 
owes  them  $4,700,  and  has  been  compelled 
to  forfeit  real  estate  on  which  he  had  paid 
$4,000.  He  was  able  to  give  from  memory 
names  and  addresses  of  more  than  twenty 
money-lending  concerns  with  which  he 
has  done  business.  All  these  transactions 
grew  out  of  a  single  loan  of  $135  in 
190$.  A  case  reported  from  Chicago 
recently  is  that  of  a  man  who  borrowed 
$15  on  his  salary  ten  years  ago;  who  has 
since  paid  the  sharks  $2,153,  ^"^  who 
still  owes  the  $15.  The  books  of  one 
salary-loan  money-lender  in  New  York 
show  that  in  a  list  of  400  borrowers,  163 
had  been  making  payments  for  more  than 
two  years,  and  an  equal  number  for 
from  one  year  to  a  year  and  a  half. 

The  chattel-mortgage  knave  follows 
the  same  general  course  as  the  salary- 
loan  shark  in  the  matter  of  taking  back  a 
big  percentage  of  the  money  originally 
advanced,  and  the  piling  up  of  "fees"  and 
"expenses,"  whenever  the  slightest  de- 
fault in  a  payment  is  made,  but  his  final 
coup  is  the  confiscation  of  the  borrower's 
household  furnishings. 

Illustrative  of  the  operation  of  the 
chattel-mortgage  fraud,  the  Sage  Founda* 
tion  reports  the  case  of  a  woman  who 
recently  responded  to  an  advertisement, 
whereby  one  SeifT,  in  125th  Street,  offered 
to  loan  money  on  furniture  and  house- 
hold effects  at  one  half  of  one  per  cent, 
per  month.  The  woman  had  been  de- 
serted by  her  husband,  and  her  sole 
possessions  were  the  furniture  in  her  flat, 
worth  about  $400,  and  a  piano  for  which 
she  had  paid  $400.  She  applied  for  a 
loan  of  |8o  for  four  months  on  the 
furniture,  which,  after  an  aj^^^nasaL,  ^bR. 


350 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


money-lender  agreed  to  give  her  at  his  ad- 
vertised rate,  the  money  to  be  returned  in 
four  monthly  payments.  She  accordingly 
signed  four  notes  for  $20  each  and  the  in- 
terest, and  he  gave  her  his  check  for  J80, 
telling  her  that  she  must  get  the  check 
cashed  and  give  him  back  $1$. 

"What  for?"  inquired  the  startled 
borrower. 

"There  is  no  profit  in  lending  money 
in  small  amounts  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent. 
a  year,"  replied  the  chattel-mortgage  man. 

The  woman  had  urgent  need  for  money 
that  same  day,  and  she  consented  to 
accept  I65  and  pay  back  J80  with  interest. 
She  paid  the  four  notes  as  they  became 
due,  but  having  had  no  previous  business 
experience,  she  did  not  ask  for  their  return 
or  for  written  satisfaction  of  the  mortgage 
she  had  given  on  the  furniture.  A  short 
time  after  the  loan  had  been  repaid  the 
woman  found  it  necessary  to  borrow  again, 
and  she  went  to  the  same  money-lender 
and  asked  for  J80  as  before.  On  this 
occasion,  for  reasons  that  afterward  ap- 
peared, he  refused  to  loan  her  anything 
on  the  furniture,  but  offered  to  advance 
the  money  on  the  piano.  He  gave  her 
his  check  for  58o  on  her  signing  four  notes 
as  before,  but  now  told  her  he  must  have 
J30  of  it  back.  A  day  or  two  later  she 
received  a  note  from  the  money-lender 
bidding  her  call  at  his  office,  where  he  told 
her  that  she  must  put  the  piano  in  storage 
and  bring  him  the  warehouse  receipt. 
She  complied  with  this  demand,  paying 
out  of  her  own  pocket  the  58  it  cost  to 
have  the  instrument  moved. 

When  the  first  instalment  of  the  loan 
on  the  piano  became  due  the  woman  was 
unable  to  meet  it;  and,  being  in  great 
pecuniary  distress,  she  asked  the  money- 
lender to  take  the  instrument  in  payment 
of  the  loan  of  $50,  for  which  he  held  her 
notes  for  $80.  Although  the  piano  was  a 
valuable  one,  he  would  only  allow  her  530 
for  it  on  account  of  the  loan  —  which, 
when  the  $8  she  had  paid  for  moving  it 
was  deducted,  amounted  to  $42.  She 
declined,  however,  to  sign  other  documents 
he  had  prepared  for  her,  and  finally  told 
him  that  he  must  take  the  piano  in  satis- 
faction of  his  claim,  and  left  him. 

On  the  loUowing  day  the  woman  re- 


ceived a  note  from  a  firm  of  lawyers 
threatening  her  with  the  immediate  fore- 
closure of  a  mortgage  on  her  furniture, 
unless  she  paid  $81.20  due  to  the  money- 
lender. When  the  harried  creature  hurried 
to  the  lawyers'  office  to  learn  what  was 
behind  this  threat,  she  found  that  the 
shark  —  having  kept  her  notes  and  the 
mortgage  on  the  furniture,  and  she  having 
no  proof  that  it  had  been  satisfied  —  was 
preparing  to  seize  her  household  goods. 
It  was  only  through  the  efforts  of  the 
Sage  Foundation  and  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society,  and  by  bringing  the  matter 
to  the  attention  of  the  District  Attorney, 
that  the  money-lender  was  induced  to 
relinquish  the  project  of  completely  de- 
spoiling his  victim.  It  would  have  been 
impossible  to  secure  a  conviction  of  the 
money-lender  in  this  instance,  because  in 
the  event  of  his  prosecution  there  would 
have  been  no  proof  of  a  criminal  transac- 
tion beyond  the  word  of  the  victim.  In 
the  case  of  each  of  the  $80  loans,  he  had 
given  her  his  check  for  the  full  amount, 
and  had  got  his  rebate  in  cash.  Further, 
he  was  in  possession  of  all  the  documents 
she  had  ever  given  him,  while  she  had  not 
a  line  of  writing  to  show  that  she  had  ever 
returned  one  dollar  of  the  money  which 
his  check  vouchers  proved  that  he  had 
given  her. 

Incidents  such  as  these  might  be  multi- 
plied by  thousands  in  New  York,  and  by 
thousands  more  throughout  the  country, 
for  there  is  not  a  city  of  10,000  inhabitants 
in  the  United  States  without  its  loan 
sharks.  Such  conditions  are  fortunately 
less  frequent  than  they  were  a  few  years 
ago;  and  in  the  future  they  are  to  be  less 
frequent  still;  relief  is  undoubtedly  at 
hand  for  the  small  borrower. 

A  benevolent  movement  for  his  rescue 
from  the  money-sharks  is  already  nation- 
wide. It  is  due  primarily  to  the  Provident 
lx)an  Society  and  the  Russell  Sage  Founda- 
tion. Vice  President  Frank  Tucker,  who 
is  the  executive  officer  of  the  Society,  has 
associated  himself  with  Dr.  Samuel  Mc- 
Cune  Lindsay  and  Roswell  C.  McCrea  of 
the  Bureau  of  Social  Research  in  the  study 
of  conditions  affecting  the  f>oor  man  who 
must  borrow  to  meet  an  emergency.  And 
he  has  acted  as  adviser  in  the  investi- 


THE  STORY  OF  A  DEBT 


351 


gations  of  the  chattel  —  mortgage  salary- 
loan  sharks,  conducted  on  behalf  of  the 
Sage  Foundation  by  Clarence  W.  Wassam 
and  Arthur  H.  Ham  who  has  charge  of 
the  Remedial  Loan  Bureau  of  the  Founda- 
tion. 

According  to  Mr.  Wassam's  report  to 
the  Sage  Foundation,  there  are  in  New 
York  City  30,000  men  and  women  in  the 
toils  of  some  300  salary-loan  and  chattel- 
mortgage  sharks,  and  the  money-lenders 
are  making  at  least  two  and  a  half  times 
their  capital  every  year  in  this  cruel  com- 
merce; Mr.  Ham,  who  made  a  very 
thorough  investigation  of  this  phase  of  the 
subject  last  summer,  believes  that  the 
victims  of  the  sharks  may  number  as  many 
as  200,000,  and  declares  that  he  knows 
hundreds  of  cases  in  which  extortionate 
rates  of  interest  mount  up  to  five  times 
the  original  amount. 

Commissioner  of  Accounts  Raymond 
B.  Fosdick's  investigation  last  summer 
of  the  relations  between  New  York  City's 
civil  service  employees  and  the  money- 
lenders showed  that  about  20  per  cent,  of 
these  employees  had  borrowed  from  the 
sharks  at  one  time  or  another;  that  the 
interest  they  had  paid  varied  from  a  half 
to  four  times  the  principal ;  and  that  thebor- 
rowers  ranged  in  importance  from  $90o-a- 
year  clerks  to  assistant  corporation  coun- 
sels and  an  alderman.  Fosdick  further 
received  evidence  that  at  least  one  city 
magistrate  and  two  justices  of  the  supreme 
court  were  in  the  clutches  of  the  sharks. 
The  army  of  victims  there  as  elsewhere 
comprises  employees  of  the  public  service 
corporations,  the  insurance  and  telegraph 
companies,  the  banks,  the  department 
stores,  and  scores  of  smaller  concerns,  as 
well  as  of  the  municipal  departments. 

The  remedy  that  the  philanthropists 
are  trying  is  the  widespread  establishing 
of  remedial  loan  societies,  not  so  much 
with  a  view  to  the  annihilation  of  the 
extortioner  as  to  the  creation  of  conditions 
whereby  he  becomes  superfluous  —  the 
idea  being  that,  since  it  seems  to  be  im- 
possible to  make  anti-usury  laws  which 
he  cannot  evade,  organizations  can  be 
built  up  that  shall  enter  into  compe- 
tition with  him,  cutting  his  rates  below  the 
point  that  makes  his  business  worth  while. 


The  practicability  of  this  idea  has  been 
demonstrated  in  New  York  City  by  the 
Provident  Loan  Society  and  the  St. 
Bartholomew's  Loan  Association,  both 
semi-philanthropic  organizations  that  are 
conducted  at  a  profit.  The  Provident 
Loan  Society,  next  to  the  great  Paris 
Monte  de  Pieik^  the  largest  pawnbroking 
establishment  in  the  world,  lends  money 
on  personal  property  at  the  rate  of  one 
per  cent,  per  month,  and  during  the 
seventeen  years  of  its  existence  has  loaned 
more  than  $100,000,000.  The  St.  Barthol- 
omew's Loan  Association,  in  connection 
with  St.  Bartholomew's  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  does  a  chattel-mortgage 
business  at  the  rate  of  one  and  one  half 
per  cent,  per  month,  charging  a  single  fee 
that  is  never  more  than  J2. 

In  eighteen  of  the  principal  cities  of  the 
United  States,  including  New  York,  Wash- 
ington, Baltimore,  Boston,  Providence, 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland, 
Minneapolis,  Louisville,  Milwaukee,  and 
Detroit,  "remedial  loan  societies"  have 
been  established.  In  addition  to  these 
(which,  during  the  last  twelve  months 
have  made  loans  aggregating  $1;, 000,000 
to  small  borrowers  at  low  rates  of  interest), 
plans  are  almost  completed  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  similar  institutions  in  ten 
more  cities,  while  in  still  twenty  others 
an  active  interest  in  the  competitive  loan 
movement  has  been  aroused. 

Besides  this,  it  is  said  that  in  New  York, 
a  semi-philanthropic  society  is  soon  to  be 
founded  that  will  provide  for  people  who 
wish  chattel-mortgages  as  the  Provident 
Loan  Company  provides  for  those  who  ask 
for  personal  property  loans. 

The  loan-sharks'  victim  that  the  benevo- 
lent institutions  have  not  yet  reached, 
however,  is  the  small  wage  earner  who 
borrows  on  his  salary.  But  very  practical 
steps  have  been  taken  to  lighten  his 
burden  likewise. 

In  large  part  due  to  the  efforts  of  Mr. 
Ham,  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  New 
York  Merchants'  Association  which  was 
attended  by  the  heads  cH  seventy  d  the 
leading  business  firms  and  commercial 
and  financial  institutions  of  the  dty 
who  passed  resolutions  rescinding  the  dd 
rule  discharging  employees  deaii^cucin^ 


352 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


loan  sharks,  and  advocating  the  establish- 
ment of  loan  agencies  by  the  employers 
themselves. 

Heavy  blows  have  lately  been  dealt 
the  money-lenders  in  the  New  York  courts. 
Recently  the  first  conviction  under  the 
banking  law  of  a  loan  shark  had  the  effect 
of  placing  the  fraternity  in  the  position 
of  violating  the  criminal  statutes.  Before 
that  the  firm  of  Gimbel  Brothers  won  a 
suit  brought  against  them  by  a  loan  shark 
on  behalf  of  one  of  their  employees,  that 
again  shortens  the  tether  of  the  rogues. 
The  law  provides  that,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  valid  claim  against  the  salary  of  a  bor- 
rower, the  money-lender  must  within  three 
days  after  the  loan  is  made  file  with  the 
employer  a  copy  of  the  agreement  or  of  the 
notes  given.  The  practice  of  the  sharks 
was  to  take  a  power  of  attorney  from  the 
borrower,  and  not  to  fill  out  the  assign- 
ment of  salary  until  he  had  defaulted  in 
one  of  his  payments.  Then  by  virtue 
of  the  power  of  attorney,  the  money- 
lender would  fill  out  the  assignment,  and 
file  a  copy  within  the  three  days  then 
following.  The  decision  in  the  Gimbel 
case  invalidates  this  process  —  which  had 
been    a    mainstay    of    the   extortioners. 

Mr.  Ham  of  the  Sage  Foundation,  who 
has  made  an  exhaustive  study  of  the 
remedial  loan  question,  has  this  to  say 
upon  the  subject  of  legislation  in  the 
interest  of  the  small  borrower: 

Until  quite  recently,  whenever  the  exac- 
tions of  the  loan  sharks  became  particularly 


flagrant,  it  has  been  the  practice  in  most 
states  to  introduce  bills  in  the  legislature 
forbidding  a  higher  rate  of  interest  than  the 
banking  rate,  under  penalty  of  criminal 
prosecution.  Experience  has  proved  that 
drastic  measures  of  this  sort  do  not  regulate 
the  interest  charges.  Such  restrictions  result 
as  a  rule  in  further  evasions  on  the  part  of 
the  lender  with  consequent  higher  charges,  and 
a  more  submissive  attitude  on  the  part  ol  the 
borrower. 

As  an  illustration  of  a  more  intelligent 
attitude  on  the  part  of  legislators,  bills  have 
been  introduced  within  the  past  year  in  ten 
states  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  allowing 
an  interest  charge  greater  than  the  banking 
rate.  The  majority  of  these  bills  prescribe 
a  rate  of  2  per  cent,  per  month,  which  experience 
has  proved  to  be  equitable  for  both  borrower 
and  lender.  The  states  referred  to  are  Ala- 
bama, California,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Ohk>p 
Missouri,  Iowa,  Maine,  Michigan,  and  Mon- 
tana. Similar  laws  had  previously  been  en- 
acted in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Georgia, 
Maryland,  and  New  Jersey.  Several  other 
states  allow  a  higher  rate  than  the  banking 
rate    under  contract. 

A  law  was  passed  by  the  last  Massa- 
chusetts legislature,  creating  the  ofTice 
of  Supervisor  of  Loan  Agencies,  which 
marks  the  first  step  toward  the  regulation 
of  small  loans  by  a  state.  The  super- 
visor licenses  all  individuals,  associations, 
or  corporations  that  make  loans  of  less 
than  $300,  and  fixes  the  interest  rate. 

These  things  show  the  beginnings  of  an 
awakening  for  which  there  is  a  crying 
need. 


DOES  ANYBODY  WANT  A  FARM? 
THE  ANSWER 


IN  THE  November  number  of  this 
magazine  the  question  was  asked 
"Who  really  wants  a  farm?"  and 
answers  were  invited  from  its  readers 
—  with  the  sole  purpose  of  finding 
out  whether  the  talk  about  getting  back 
to  the  land  were  all  talk.  Between 
October  31  and  November  18  there 
were  181  replies.    These  have  been  taken 


for  study.  Others  keep  coming,  of  which 
more  hereafter.  Of  these  181  persons,  176 
want  farms.  The  merely  curious  and  the 
"jokers"  did  not  turn  up.  There  is  a 
spirit  of  sincerity  in  every  letter. 

In  104  letters  the  available  capital  of 
the  farm  seeker  was  definitely  stated. 
The  total  amount  represented  by  these 
104  persons  is  $354,550.     Its  distribution, 


DOES  ANYBODY  WANT  A  FARM?  THE  ANSWER 


353 


according  to  the  amount  of  capital  that 
each  has,  is  interesting  and  significant: 


CAPITAL 

NUMBER 
OF  CASES 

More  than  $10,000       .     .     . 
Between  l5,ooo  and  1 10,000  . 
Between  1 1,000  and  $5,000   . 
Less  than  |i,ooo     .     .     . 
No  capital 

8 
8 

69 

17 

2 

The  average  capital  is,  $3,510. 

It  has  been  determined  by  investigation 
and  analysis  that,  in  the  State  of  New  York 
at  least,  the  smallest  amount  with  which 
the  average  man  can  hope  successfully  to 
become  an  independent  farm-owner  is 
$5,000.  This  sum  marks  the  division  line 
in  that  state  between  the  successful  farm- 
owner  and  the  renter  or  sharer.  For  those 
persons  who  contemplate  farming  in  a  less 
developed  country,  or  upon  new  or  aban- 
doned farm  land  which  can  be  bought  for 
from  $10  to  $30  per  acre,  the  minimum 
amount  of  capital  necessary  may  be 
reduced  nearly  one-half,  dependent  always 
upon  the  willingness  of  the  farmer  to 
undergo  for  a  time  certain  discomforts  and 
privations. 

Probably  the  next  most  interesting  fact 
about  these  letters  is  the  distribution  of 
their  writers  over  the  country,  and  also 
of  the  lands  to  which  they  wish  to  go. 
Seventy  inquiries,  about  40  per  cent.,  came 
from  the  North  Atlantic  States;  forty-four, 
or  25  per  cent.,  from  the  North  Central 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi;  and  twenty- 
four,  or  14  per  cent.,  from  the  North 
Central  States  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
In  other  words,  79  per  cent,  of  all  the  in- 
quiries came  from  the  states  where  agri- 
culture is  most  highly  developed,  and 
presumably  most  successful.  From  out- 
side the  United  States  proper  there  came, 
in  this  group,  six  letters,  two  each  from 
Canada  and  the  Canal  Zone,  one  from 
Mexico,  and  one  from  a  native  of  France, 
temporarily  resident  in  this  country. 

The  "back  to  the  land"  cry  is  often 
thought  to  be  merely  the  voice  of  city  men 
tired  of  their  environment  —  those  who 
have  no  real  appreciation  of  the  life  on  the 
farm,  but  who  crave  a  change  in  any  direc- 


tion. These  letters  rather  contradict  that 
theory.  Several  of  the  writers  had  been 
raised  on  farms,  or  had  lived  on  them  for 
a  greater  or  less  time,  and  are  merely  giv- 
ing vent  to  a  repressed  or  latent  longing 
to  get  back  to  the  country. 

From  the  larger  cities  came  forty-four, 
or  25  percent.,  of  the  inquiries;  seventeen 
from  New  York  (including  Brooklyn); 
seven  from  Chicago;  four  from  Boston; 
three  from  Washington  and  three  from 
Minneapolis;  two  each  from  Philadephia, 
Cleveland,  Milwaukee,  Cincinnati;  and 
one  from  Columbus. 

Twenty-eight  writers  directly  state  that 
they  have  had  no  experience,  yet  the  wil- 
lingness to  work  and  endure  hardship 
and  the  expressed  decision  obviously  based 
on  careful  consideration,  do  not  indicate 
a  mere  commuter's  weariness  nor  a  mere 
desire  to  dabble  in  suburban  farming. 

Men  of  forty-five  years  of  age  or  more 
write  of  their  desire  to  get  to  farms,  not 
merely  as  a  retreat  for  their  later  years,  but 
as  a  good  business  opportunity  for  their  ac- 
tive life.  One  man,  indeed,  describes  him- 
self as  being  sixty-four  years  young,  and 
with  the  feelings  of  a  man  of  forty.  Two 
letters  come  from  women  who  are  planning 
to  own  and  manage  their  own  farms  on  a 
business  basis. 

The  desire  for  farms  is  undoubtedly 
the  result  of  a  wish  really  to  practice 
agriculture,  and  not  merely  to  speculate 
in  land  values.  In  but  one  case  was  the 
agricultural  value  of  the  land  disregarded, 
and  the  possibility  of  its  being  "a  good 
investment  for  a  few  years"  made  para- 
mount. Then,  too,  there  is  exhibited,  in 
many  cases,  proof  of  a  preliminary  study 
of  conditions  and  a  tentative  choice  of 
location  that  also  testify  to  the  sincerity 
of  the  writers.  Twenty-three  inquiries 
are  merely  "feelers"  with  no  definite  sec- 
tion yet  in  mind,  although  in  several  cases 
a  distinct  type  of  farming  had  already 
been  chosen.  On  the  other  hand,  twenty 
inquiries  aim  at  New  York  or  New  Jersey; 
eight  point  toward  New  England;  twelve 
toward  Arkansas,  Missouri,  and  Oklahoma; 
and  ten  toward  Iowa,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and 
Indiana.  The  natural  result  of  recent 
developments,  advertisement,  and  progress 
in  regard  to  specific  localities  is  oil  css^xyt. 


354 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


apparent.  Sixteen  inquiries  are  directed 
toward  Florida,  eleven  toward  the  Pacific 
Northwest,  and  twenty-four  toward  the 
South  Atlantic  States.  Six  inquirers  will 
locate  according  to  the  dictates  of  their 
health,  in  high  altitudes,  or  in  arid  or  warm 
climates.  Strangely  enough,  but  two  in- 
quiries come  about  homestead  possibilities. 
No  description  of  these  letters  will  give 
as  clear  an  idea  of  their  spirit  as  quota- 
tions from  them.     For  examples: 

.  .  .  1  have  had  about  two  years'  ex- 
perience as  a  fanner.  I  simply  tired  of  working 
from  fourteen  to  twenty  hours  a  day  for  the 
miserable  low  wage  paid  farm  hands,  quit  and 
went  into  the  news  business.  1  am  twenty- 
eight  years  of  age,  married,  and  have  about 
seven  or  eight  hundred  dollars  which  1  could 
invest  in  a  small  farm. 

.  .  .  What  the  writer  wants  is  that  in- 
dependence mentioned  in  your  paper.  I  left 
the  farm  at  twenty  —  some  twenty-one  years 
ago.  I  entered  the  U.  S.  federal  service  and 
have  traveled  extensively.  Now  I  am  desk 
tired  and  after  some  twenty  years  of  hard  work 
I  am  confronted  with  the  fact  that  1  have  been 
a  slave.  What  are  my  chances  to  gain  that 
independence  and  where  can  1  go  to  get  it? 

.  .  .  Yes!  There  is  a  real  land  hunger. 
Thousands  of  men  occupying  responsible  posi- 
tions in  life  would  leave  it  for  the  farm  if  they 
knew  how  to  tide  over  the  first  few  years. 

...  I  am  twenty-five  years  of  age,  mar- 
ried, and  earning  I45  a  month  as  a  waiter.  It 
is  all  inside  work,  and  I  don't  like  it  at  all.  I 
have  no  trade.  I  have  been  longing  to  go  to 
farming  for  the  last  eight  years,  but  1  cannot 
get  away,  as  it  takes  every  cent  1  make  to  live. 
I  am  now  trying  to  scrimp  and  save  one  hundred 
dollars  by  next  spring  in  order  to  go  to  Califor- 
nia, leaving  my  wife  here  until  I  can  send  for 
her. 

.  .  .  I  want  a  farm,  but  I  do  not  know 
how  to  get  one.  The  resources  of  a  teacher 
who  earns  only  a  good  living  with  little  or  no 
saving  are  not  great,  but  if  there  are  places 
where  a  good  farm  can  be  secured  without 
much  immediate  outlay  and  a  prospect  for  a 
living  from  the  start,  I  want  to  know  about  it. 
I  want  a  farm,  but  I  cannot  risk  my  family 
in  a  venture  of  which  I  know  nothing. 

...     Do  I  want  a  farm?    Did  I  since 

happy  childhood  ever  crave  anything  as  much 

MS  /  have  of  hte  yestn  lift  in  the  open  under 


God's  btlie  sky  and  close  to  all  the  nianifesta- 
tions  of  the  Creator's  art?  ...  Do  not 
misinterpret  my  designs.  I  do  not  seek  great 
wealth.  All  I  want  is  a  comfortable  living  for 
Mother  and  the  kiddies,  with  something  to 
leave  them  some  day  when  the  last  call  comes. 

.  .  .  For  many  years,  long  before  there 
was  any  exodus  particularly  in  this  direction, 
I  have  been  craving  the  independence  of  an 
outdoor  farm  life,  but  circumstances  forced  me 
and  continued  me  in  commercial  life.  In  the 
past  year  this  feeling  has  become  so  intense  that 
1  have  really  gotten  to  the  point  where  I  am 
looking  around  and  am  going  to  cash  in  my 
available  assets  just  as  soon  as  possible. 

.  .  .  The  last  issue  of  The  World's 
Work  has  been  of  an  unusual  interest  and 
worth.  Many  city-bred  men  have  begun  to 
feel  a  growing  discontent  with  the  confinement 
and  routine  of  office  work,  and  to  question 
themselves  as  to  whether  life  might  not  have  a 
broader  and  more  independent  outlook.  I  am 
a  city-bred  man  but  with  a  strong  love  for  the 
out  of  doors,  and  your  inspiring  articles  arouse 
a  latent  desire  for  country  life. 

.  .  .  "Does  anybody  really  want  a  farm?" 
Ask  the  poor,  tired,  traveling  man  who  sees 
his  family  once  a  month  for  a  day  or  two  before 
he  hot-foots  it  again  for  another  tiresome  and 
lonely  month.  Ninety-nine  out  of  the  hundred 
will  say  "Show  me."  The  question  we  don't 
know  is  where  or  how  to  begin,  etc.  Most  of 
the  farming  we  see  is  of  the  old-timer  who  works 

like  the  and  makes  an  indifferent 

success.  We  then  ask  "Is  there  anything  io 
this  scientific  farming?"  We  read  articles  that 
listen  good,  but  we  don't  know.  The  principal 
trouble  is  we  don't  know  where  to  get  in  touch 
with  the  beginning  or  the  ending  of  the  inform- 
ation necessary  to  take  the  first  step  in  this 
matter.  To  tell  you  as  precisely  as  possible 
what  we  want  is  a  hard  matter  for  we  don't 
know  what  there  is  in  the  different  farming 
ventures. 

.  .  .  Born  and  reared  on  the  farm,  I  get 
homesick  for  a  return  to  it  as  the  years  multiply. 
I  have  no  delusions  as  to  its  demands,  limita- 
tions, nor  of  its  freedom  and  quiet;  but  after 
thirty  years  of  city  life  and  professional  interests, 
1  am  wondering  whether  it  is  wise  to  contemplate 
a  return.  At  best  I  can  hardly  expect  to  con- 
tinue present  work  as  a  teacher  more  than  ten 
years.  What  then?  Could  one  reasonably 
expect  a  small  farm,  of  ten  to  twenty  acres,  to 
be  of  material  help  in  the  way  of  livelihood? 
My  city  home  might  realize  some  )io,ooo,  and 


DOES  ANYBODY  WANT  A  FARM?  THE  ANSWER 


355 


its  income  in  bonds  would  bring  about  5  per 
cent.  Would  half  of  it  invested  in  a  farm  enable 
one  to  materially  increase  the  income?  As  a 
scientific  man  it  has  seemed  that  it  might  be 
practicable  for  me  to  take  advantage  of  the 
farm  for  conducting  experiments  in  breeding, 
etc     But  is  this  likely  to  provide  any  income? 

.  .  .  Working  in  the  office  of  one  of  Chi- 
cago's largest  manufacturing  concerns.  I  come 
in  contact  with  a  great  many  people  living  on 
small  salaries.  There  are  quite  a  number  of 
us  who  run  small  farms  just  outside  Chicago 
on  the  side,  and  I  know  of  none  who  have  tried 
this  and  given  it  up.  There  are  at  least  a  dozen 
of  the  men  in  the  office  who  have  larger  farms 
in  other  states.  One  man  holds  90  acres  in 
Florida,  which  he  is  planting  in  oranges.  Five 
others  have  each  ten  acres  in  the  Bitter  Root 
Valley.  Two  of  the  boys  own  farms  in  Michi- 
gan, and  another  a  farm  in  Wisconsin.  Besides 
these,  several  of  us  have  one  or  two  acres  near 
Chicago.    How  does  that  look? 

And  so  it  goes  on  —  the  call  of  the  man 
who  wants  freedom  and  independence  and 
active  work  in  place  of  the  rush  and  grind 
and  squeeze  of  city  toil.  The  greatest 
drawbacks  seem  to  be,  first,  the  possibility 
of  making  the  break  from  one  occupation 
to  another;  second,  the  acquisition  of  in- 
formation about  practical  farming;  and 
third,  the  acquisition  of  accurate  and  re- 
liable information  about  the  possibilities 
and  resources  of  the  various  sections  of 
the  country.  Probably  the  first  of  these 
three  obstacles  —  the  acquisition  of  capital 
to  start  —  will  remain  longest  and  most 
troublesome.  Yet  every  source  of  agri- 
cultural information  and  education  assists 
in  removing  it.  Organizations,  coopera- 
tive and  otherwise,  for  the  purpose  of 
helping  the  farmer  to  buy  his  land  gradually 
and  easily,  are  increasing  in  number  and 
effectiveness.  Moreover,  the  unreliable 
and  unscrupulous  types  of  such  organiza- 
tions are  gradually  being  exposed,  con- 
demned, and  put  out  of  existence. 

But  there  is  one  more  cause,  apparently, 
that  does  much  to  prevent  a  wider  purchase 
and  occupation  of  farms  —  namely,  the 
aversion  of  women  to  farm-life.  Read 
these  two  letters: 

.  .  .  The  city  in  which  I  live  is  one  of 
over  300,000  people,  and  I  am  safe  in  saying 
that  there  are  in  this  city  at  least  50,000  who 


would  like  to  quit  the  city  to-morrow  and  go 
to  the  farm  if  they  consulted  their  own  wishes 
only.  And  I  think  I  am  safe  in  saying  that 
this  is  also  true  in  the  same  proportion  in  every 
city  and  large  town  in  this  country.    .    .    . 

.  .  .  Now  if  this  statement  is  true,  which 
can  be  proven,  you  will  say  "Why  do  not  these 
men  go  at  once  and  buy  farms?"  The  answer 
to  this  answers  your  question.  The  women 
of  these  men  prefer  to  have  their  husbands  live 
a  life  they  do  not  enjoy,  that  many  of  them 
detest,  rather  than  go  with  them  out  into  the 
country  where  they,  as  well  as  their  husbands 
and  children,  can  enjoy  God's  pure  air,  good 
health,  and  wholesome  living.  This  is  the 
main  reason  why  the  farms  of  this  country  go 
begging  to-day,  to  be  later  taken  up  largely 
by  an  ignorant,  uncultured  lot  of  the  lowest 
kind  of  foreigners  whom  we,  as  educated 
Americans,  do  not  consider  our  equals  or  fit 
associates  for  ourselves  or  our  families.  This 
fact  also  prevents  the  man  who  has  a  sane, 
sensible  wife  from  going  to  the  farm. 

.  .  .  "Does  Anybody  Really  Want  a  Farm?" 
Yes,  more  than  one-half  the  male  citizens  of  the 
large  cities,  especially  those  who  were  country 
bom.  When  I  was  forced  by  overwork  and 
ill  health  to  leave  business,  I  told  my  acquaint- 
ances 1  was  going  onto  a  farm.  They  almost 
all  said  "O  how  1  would  like  to  buy  a  place  in 
the  country  and  go  to  farming!"  Asked  why 
they  did  not,  they  said  with  equal  sincerity 
"My  wife  or  my  children  would  not  live  in  the 
country."  Or  "  I  must  first  educate  my  children 
but  1  would  go  in  a  minute  if  it  was  not  for 
them."  It  is  always  the  same  story.  When- 
ever  I  go  back  and  meet  them,  their  families 
are  hopelessly  tied  to  the  town's  attractions  — 
department  stores,  theatres,  clubs,  and  social 
conditions,  even  though  it  involves  a  third 
story  flat,  and  a  vitiated  atmosphere.  The 
men  want  the  farm;  the  women  want  the  town 
and  its  pretty  things  rather  than  the  life  of  a 
farmer's  wife.  Convert  the  women  and  you 
will  be  able  to  answer  the  question  as  to  whether 
"  Back  to  the  Land  "  is  all  cry  and  no  wool. 

The  World's  Work  is  answering  every 
such  inquiry  to  the  best  of  its  ability;  and 
it  is  able,  in  practically  every  case,  at  least 
to  refer  the  inquirer  to  trustworthy  sources 
of  information;  and  it  will  take  great  pleas- 
ure in  continuing  to  do  this.  And  the 
subject  will  be  followed  further  month  by 
month  by  articles  explaining  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  land  without  sentimentality 
and  glamor,  and  explaining  also  many  of 
the  pitfalls  that  beset  the  new  farmer  and 
how  to  avoul  them. 


MECHANICAL  PROGRESS 


THE    KNIGHT  VALVELESS  MOTOR 

THE  usual  automobile  engine, 
as  everyone  knows,  is  fitted 
with  poppet  valves  for  reg- 
ulating the  flow  of  the  gas 
mixture  into  the  cylinders. 
The  valve  is  closed  by  a  spring.  For 
the  spring  to  close  it  takes  an  appre- 
ciable time,  and  this  time  remains  the 
same  whether  the  engine  is  going  fast  or 
slow.  At  very  high  speed,  therefore, 
either  the  spring  has  to  be  so  strong  as 
to  create  considerable  pumping  for  the 
valve  to  open  at  all,  or  else  it  will  not  get 
the  valve  closed  in  time.  This  makes 
irregularity  in  the  engine  and  a  loss  of 
compression  and  power.  Moreover,  no 
spring  will  keep  on  working  indefinitely 
without  sooner  or  later  giving  out  and 
snapping.  It  is  inherent  in  the  nature 
of  tempered  steel.  Sooner  or  later  the 
gas  motor  must  come  to  positively 
driven  valves,  like  those  of  the  steam 
engine  —  valves  that  must  move  when 
it  comes  their  turn  to  do  so  in  the 
cycle  of  events.  It  is  this  thought  that 
makes  interesting  the  working  principles 
of  the  Knight  engine,  one  of  the  first  gas 
engines  to  adopt  this  kind  of  valve. 

It  is  called  "  valveless"  —  it  has  no  disc 
poppet-valves  until  now  universal  on 
gas  motors  —  but  of  course  it  has  the 
equivalent  of  the  valve,  something  to 
control  the  admission  and  escape  of  the 
mixture.  As  every  automobile  owner 
knows,  the  gas  engine  has  four  things  to 
do  to  make  a  complete  cycle.  It  must 
fill  the  cylinder  with  mixture,  compress 
it,  ignite  it  to  make  the  power  stroke,  and 
finally  sweep  out  the  burnt  gas.  In  the 
four-cycle  engine,  the  mixture  is  sucked 
in  through  the  spring  poppet  valve,  which 
valve  must  close  promptly  at  the  end  of 
the  stroke,  as  compression  then  begins. 
The  excellence  of  the  compression  de- 
pends upon  the  tightness  of  the  inlet 
valve,  of  the  piston  rings,  and  of  the 
exhaust  va}vt,  which  is  held  tight   shut 


by  the  cam  of  its  mechanical  valve  gear. 
When  the  power  stroke  has  been  made, 
the  exhaust  valve  is  then  opened  by  its 
cam  and  allows  the  burnt  gases  to  escape. 
Now,  in  a  two-cycle  engine,  these  valves 
are  done  away  with  by  having  ports  in 
the  cylinder  walls,  which  are  uncovered 
at  the  proper  times  by  the  piston.  It  is 
not  very  economical  of  gas  mixture,  be- 
cause, the  ports  being  fixed,  both  the 
exhaust  and  inlet  must  be  open  at  the 
same  time  —  at  that  fleeting  instant  when 
the  piston  is  at  the  lower  end  of  its  stroke 
and  the  full  volume  of  the  cylinder  avail- 
able. 1 1  is  the  only  time,  because  of  course 
it  is  not  possible  to  have  a  port  at  the 
compression  end  of  the  stroke.  But 
in  the  Knight  motor  this  is  precisely  what 
is  done.  There  are  two  sets  of  ports, 
one  in  the  cylinder  walls  and  the  other 
in  a  sleeve  which  slides  closely  over 
the  cylinder  and  is  in  its  turn  surrounded 
by  the  usual  water-jacket.  Both  the 
cylinder  and  the  sleeve  are  positively 
moved  by  eccentrics  on  the  lay-shaft  of 
the  engine,  and  the  ports  are  so  cut  that 
they  will  "register"  (or  come  opposite) 
at  precisely  the  right  moments  to  control 
the  admission  and  escape  of  the  gas 
mixture. 

The  proper  place  for  the  inlet  port 
is  at  the  top  (compression)  end  of  the 
cylinder.  It  cannot  be  put  there  in  a 
two<ylinder  engine  as  it  would  still  be 
there  during  the  compression  stroke  and 
allow  all  the  gas  to  get  out.  But  in  the 
Knight  engine  the  sleeve  and  the  cylinder 
ports  match  during  the  filling  stroke,  thus 
admitting  gas,  but  one  of  them  has  slid 
past  the  other  when  it  comes  time  for 
compression,  thus  holding  in  the  gas. 
They  remain  closed  during  the  power 
stroke  also,  but  the  sleeve  and  the  cylinder 
ports  again  register  when  it  comes  time 
for  the  exhaust  stroke,  opening  a  passage 
for  the  burnt  gases  out  to  the  muffler. 

Such  a  motor  will  stand  phenomenal 
endurance  tests  and  will  run  at  un- 
limited speed,  as  everything   works    in 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


357 


THE  KNIGHT  MOTOR 
THB  BLACK  LINE  SHOWS  THE  SLEEVE  AND  THE  DARK 
LINE  JUST  INSIDE  IS  THE  CYLINDER  WALL  BOTH  OP 
WHICH  ARE  ACTUATED  BY  ECCENTRICS  SO  THAT  THE 
PORTS  (shown  by  white)  COME  OPPOSITE  EACH  OTHER 
AT  THE  PROPER  TIMES  TO  ALLOW  THE  CAS  TO  GET  IN 
THE  CYLINDER  AND  TO  ESCAPE  AFTER  THE  EXPLOSION 

unison  with  the  crank  shaft  and  there  is 
no  chance  for  anything  to  lag  or  stick. 
To  prevent  leaking,  a  set  of  piston  rings  is 
necessary  on  the  cylinder-head  as  well  as 
on  the  piston,  and  the  head  is  made  of 
the  long  peculiar  shape  shown  in  the 
drawing  for  that  reason.  The  large 
amount  of  close-fitting  oiled  surface  be- 
tween the  cylinder  and  its  sleeve  prevents 
leakage  between  them  by  way  of  the  inlet 
and  exhaust  ports. 

THE    NEWEST    TYPE    OF    STEAM 
ENGINE 

IN  THESE  days  of  strenuous  conser- 
vation of  all  the  raw  materials  which 
go  to  make  up  our  national  resources, 
those  new  types  of  steam  engines  called 
lokamobiUs,  by  the  Germans  and  detni' 


fixes,  by  the  French,  which  use  only 
half  as  much  coal  as  our  best  engines  and 
turbines,  are  of  interest  to  everyone. 
During  the  last  ten  years  they  have  been 
developed  by  several  large  manufacturers 
in  Germany  until  there  are  now  more 
than  50,000  of  them  at  work  all  over 
Europe  —  all  over  the  world  in  fact  — 
wherever  the  French  and  German  trade 
routes  go.  They  range  from  the  big 
1,000  horse-power  units  directly  con- 
nected to  a  dynamo,  such  as  the  one  which 
supplied  all  the  light  and  power  at  the 
Brussels  Exposition  last  year,  down  to 
the  small  40  horse-power  units,  light 
and  exceedingly  economical  of  coal,  which 
are  so  very  popular  at  present  in  Russia, 
where  steam  coal  is  mc-  e  or  less  at  a  pre- 
mium and  the  import  duty  charged  by 
the  pound  weight. 

These  units  work  in  all  conceivable  in- 
dustries —  one  lokomobile  firm  alone  hav- 
ing furnished  1615  installations  for  electric 
light  and  power;  1429  factory  engines  in 
the  metal  industries;  1400  for  brick  works 
and  potteries;  1885  driving  sawmills,  turn- 
ing and  planing  mills  and  the  like;  and 
1253  for  other  purposes.  These  installa- 
tions aggregate  a  million  and  a  half 
horse-power,  while  another  big  German 
firm  has  installed  980,000  horse-power 
of  lokomobiles  during  the  last  four 
years. 

The  only  country  in  the  worid,  civilized 
or  uncivilized,  that  has  none  of  them  is 
our  own  United  States  of  America.  As- 
tonishing, but  explainable — partly  because 
of  our  tariff  wall,  and  partly  because  of  the 
metric  system,  as  all  the  parts  of  the 
lokomobile  down  to  the  last  nut  and 
pipe  thre4d  are  in  metric  system  measure- 
ments and  will  therefore  fit  nothing  at 
all  that  we  have  in  stock.  If  the  lokomo- 
bile should  lose  a  single  nut  off  a  stud- 
bolt  or  if  a  new  rivet  have  to  be  put  in,  it 
would  cost  out  of  all  proportion  to  replace 
it  in  this  country,  as  all  our  stock  sizes  are 
in  inches  and  it  is  a  delicate  machine  shop 
job  to  turn  out  a  duplicate  in  metric 
measurements.  This  is  one  reason  why 
we  do  not  import  them  regardless  of  the 
duty;  and  another  is  our  tendency  to 
"standardize"  everything,  which  too  often 
stifles  further  progress.    However^  tbftscfc 


358 


MECHANICAL  PROGRESS 


is  much  talk  of  an  American  alliance  at 
nresent  in  Germany,  so  we  may  soon  see 
^hese  really  modern  and  economical  super- 
heated steam  units  made  in  America  and 
taking*  rhcir    rightful    place    among   our 

Cower  producers. 
As  to  construction,  the  lokomobile  is, 
riefly,  a  compact  combination  of  a 
boiler  and  engine,  and  a  superheater 
in  one  unit.  The  engine  is  mounted 
on  top  of  I  he  boiler  in  order  to  do  away 
with  long  and  wasteful  steam  piping  and, 
to  insure  ihat  both  engine  and  boiler 
will  be  under  the  care  of  one  careful  and 
intelligent  man  —  the  engineer  —  as  he 
alone  can  easily  fire  and  run  such  units, 
even  those  as  large  as  350  horse-power. 
The  engine  uses  superheated  steam,  which 
is  much  more  economical  of  coal  than 
the  ordinary  saturated  steam  —  which  all 
our  engines  use  —  because  it  will  not  con- 
dense inside  the  cylinder  as  does  saturated 
steam.  Superhc;ited  steam,  it  may  be 
explained  in  passing,  is  ordinary  steam 
overheated  by  passing  it  through  the 
superheater  tubes  immersed  in  the  hot 
chimney  gases.  It  then  has  this  extra 
heat  to  draw  upon  when  it  enters  the 
comparatively  cold  cylinder,  which  would 
otlierwise  condense  part  of  it  in  the  form 
of  drops  of  water  upon  the  interior  surface 
of  the  cylinder.  Drops  of  water  do  not 
aid  in  pushing  the  piston,  so  it  is  essential 
to  keep  the  steam  in  the  state  of  vapor 
in  order  that  all  of  it  can  do  useful 
work — which  is  accomolished  by  super- 
heating it* 
■  The  loss  from  cylinder  condensation 
^With  ordinary  saturated  steam  amounts 
to  a  third  of  all  the  steam  furnished  to  the 
engine  by  the  boiler.  Another  loss  is  the 
waste  of  most  of  the  heat  of  the  gases 
going  up  the  chimney.  In  the  lokomobile 
these  arc  used  to  superheat  the  steam  from 
the  boiler:  for  the  chimney  gases  pass 
Bpver  the  two  coils,  (C  and  D.)  containing 
Kteam  on  its  way  to  the  high  and  low- 
-pressure cylinders  (A  and  B)  of  the  engine 
respectively.  The  exhaust  of  the  "high" 
goes  to  the  low-pressure  cylinder  and,  as  it 
is  quite  cool  (only  260°),  it  takes  nearly 
ill  the  heat  out  of  the  chimney  gases, 
leaving  only  enough  for  draught. 
S^  i/ius  eJi/nwating  all  three  of  these 


losses  —  radiation  from  steam  pipes,  cylin- 
der condensation,  and  stack  losses,  the 
lokomobile  actually  uses  only  one  half  of 
the  coal  that  the  ordinary  engine  and  boiler 
plants  do.  Lokomobiles  need  from  seven 
to  ten  pounds  of  steam  per  hour  to  the 
horse-power  at  the  flywheel,  while  satur- 
ated steam  engines  use  from  sixteen  to 
twenty-three  pounds  for  the  same  duty. 
These  figures  are  for  engines  from  40  to 
250  horsepower,  which  cover  the  bulk 
of  alt  the  small  central  station  and  factory 
engines  over  the  United  States. 

In  the  coal  pile  the  difference  is  still 
more  remarkable,  the  lokomobile — the 
one  which  furnishes  electricity  for  the 
lights  of  the  Czar's  palace  at   Peterhof 


TJIE   FUEL   SAVING   LOKOMOBILE 
A   COMPACT   COMBINATION  OF    A    fiOILER,    ENCntl^ 
AND  SUPERMEaTQK  IN  ONE  UNIT  WHU  H  DO   WOHR   OM 
ABOUT  HALF  THE  STC  AM  NECESSARY  FOR  THE^ORDtNAKT 
AMERICAN  STEAM  ENGINE 

for  instance  —  using  but  half  a  pound  of 
coal  to  the  horse-power-hour  (it  is  in  130 
horse-power  units),  while  the  engine 
driving  the  dynamo  for  any  one  of  our 
large  hotels  will  use  not  less  than  three 
pounds  of  coal  for  the  same  work  —  six 
limes  as  much.  This  is  because  the  boiler 
has  to  be  so  much  larger  for  our  engine* 
and  of  course  the  boiler  losses  are  conse- 
quently that  miich  bigger  in  proportion. 
Again,  these  superheated  steam  units 
use  so  little  coal  that  one  man,  the  engineer 
alone,  can  run  and  fire  it  — does  so  as  a 
matter  of  course  in  Germany  and  France. 
Two  men  are  used  only  on  the  500  to 
1000  horse-power  units.  By  this  arrange- 
ment, the  wages  of  the  fireman  are  saved 
and  the  whole  plant  is  under  the  care  of  a 
vastly  more  intelligent  man,  the  engineer, 
who  will  keep  it  all  clean  and  up  to 
maximum  efficiency. 


I 


A 


THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 


THE  DELIVERANCE  OF  DAYTON  —  EXAMPLES  OF  MUNICIPAL  ALTRUISM 

Following  Mr.  Henry  Oyen's  comprehensive  series,  "  The  Awakening  of  the  Cities  " 
which  showed  how  they  are  meeting  the  problems  that  twentieth  century  civilisation  thrust 
upon  them — hew  Jar-seeing  municipalities  are  the  hope  of  an  efficient  democracy  —  the 
World's  Work  has  decided  to  publish  a  series  of  city  achievements  as  encouragement  to 
one  of  the  most  important  movements  of  progress  of  this  time  —  the  physical,  moral,  and 
social  improvement  of  American  cities. —  The  Editors. 


DAYTON,  O.,  has  always  been 
a  well-intentioned  city,  but 
threats  were  necessary  to  per- 
suade it  that  its  highest  good 
did  not  lie  in  abject  submis- 
sion to  an  old-fashioned  political  machine. 
The  politicians,  secure  in  the  public's 
trustfulness,  managed  the  city's  destiny 
from  the  city  hall  in  a  way  that  con- 
tributed largely  to  their  own  interests, 
but  not  to  Dayton's.  They  had  a  way  of 
giving  or  denying  railroad  franchises 
according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own 
fancy.  The  result  was  that  shipping 
facilities  were  not  all  that  they  should  be. 
Now  it  happened  that  in  the  course  of 
swift  expansion  a  certain  big  business 
came  to  need  a  railroad  line  to  serve  its 
plant.  A  company  was  organized  to 
build  it,  a  franchise  was  asked  for  — 
and  denied.  The  machine  was  not  pleased 
with  the  idea. 

"Then,"  said  the  head  of  the  company, 
"we  shall  have  to  leave  Dayton." 

That  was  enough  to  make  Dayton  sit 
up  and  take  notice.  It  investigated  and 
found  that  the  great  majority  of  citizens 
regarded  the  prospective  removal  as  a 
civic  calamity;  and  that  their  will  was 
being  thwarted  by  a  small  clique  of 
politicians. 

From  this  discovery  came  the  reclama- 
tion of  Dayton. 

The  business  men  got  together,  formed 
a  "  Booster"  organization,  and  said:  "That 
business  must  stay,  and  the  politicians 
must  go."  The  Chamber  of  Commerce 
asserted  its  latent  power  and  forced 
the  city  council  to  pass  the  franchise 
which  gave  to  the  big  plant  its  needed 
railroad.    The  citizens  served  notice  that 


henceforth  they  would  have  a  hand  in 
the  government  of  their  city.  The  poli- 
ticians protested.  A  campaign  was  fought, 
and  the  people  won.  Since  then  Dayton's 
history  has  been  one  of  regeneration  and 
progress. 

Dayton,  once  aroused  to  consciousness 
of  a  single  one  of  its  needs,  straightway 
inaugurated  a  general  programme  of 
self-improvement.  In  parks  it  had  lagged 
almost  as  badly  as  in  its  government. 
There  were  only  19  acres  of  parks  in 
10,500  acres  of  city  area  housing  125,000 
people.  By  a  vote  of  nearly  five  to  one 
the  people  expressed  their  desire  for  the 
creation  of  a  park  commission,  and  a 
vigorous  campaign  for  park  development 
was  begun.  Present  plans  call  for  the 
acquisition  of  nearly  1,200  acres  of  land 
for  park  purposes,  at  an  expenditure  of 
about  one  million  dollars. 

For  years,  through  one  of  the  best 
residential  districts,  there  ran  an  un- 
sightly mill  race,  abandoned  since  manu- 
facturing plants  had  supplanted  water- 
power  with  steam  and  electricity.  The 
banks  of  the  race  were  lined  with  fine  old 
trees  but  the  ditch  itself  was  filled  with 
pools  of  stagnant  water,  patches  of  mud 
and  weeds,  frogs,  mosquitoes,  and  tin 
cans.  Dayton  turned  loose  its  new- 
found energies  on  this  eye-sore,  and  the 
result  is  a  macadamized  boulevard  which 
has  become  the  showplace  of  the  city. 

In  many  sections  there  were  scattered 
dozens  of  old,  tumbledown  frame  buildings 
gone  to  ruin  and  awaiting  only  the  in- 
evitable fire.  Progressive  citizens  who 
wished  to  improve  and  beautify  their 
grounds  were  seriously  hampered  by  the 
presence  of  these  dangerous  shacks.    The 


360 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


state  legislature  was  induced  by  com- 
mercial organizations  to  enact  a  building 
code  law  and  to  increase  the  powers  of 
the  state  fire  marshal.  Dayton  took 
advantage  of  this  new  power,  and  many  of 
the  menacing  buildings  have  been  torn 
down. 

Dayton  has  adopted  a  new  standard 
of  civic  housekeeping;  the  awakening, 
caused  by  the  threat  of  the  great  factory's 
removal,  has  not  only  kept  that  factory, 
but  it  has  made  Dayton  a  better  place 
for  other  factories  to  go  and  for  people 
to  live.  The  creation  of  the  commission 
to  make  parks,  the  building  of  the  boule- 
vard, and  the  destruction  of  the  old 
fire-inviting  shacks  are  three  concrete 
forward  steps. 

II 

Not  many  of  the  cities  that  have  opened 
their  eyes  in  the  last  decade  have  had  so 
altruistic  an  awakening  as  Dubuque,  la. 
This  city,  instead  of  adopting  the  selfish, 
though  natural  slogan  "Do  it  for  Du- 
buque,'' has  taken  as  its  watchword 
"Do  it  for  Eastern  Iowa." 

Dubuque  is  an  old  and  a  rich  city. 
Its  faults  were  complacency  and  inactivity. 
When  it  woke  up,  it  became  humble  and 
energetic.  It  voted  $175,000  for  promo- 
tion in  no  time  at  all,  turned  this  amount 
over  to  the  newly  created  "Dubuque 
Industrial  Corporation,"  and  then  set 
about  "capitalizing  its  ideals."  By  this 
it  meant  the  establishing  of  a  sort  of  idea- 
sharing  alliance  between  itself  and  the 
neighboring  cities. 

"In  Dubuque,"  says  the  secretary  of 
the  Industrial  Corporation,  "we  do  not 
begrudge  our  sister  cities  any  knowledge 
or  experience  which  has  put  us  on  the 
upgrade.  When  any  one  of  us  has  a 
wise  or  happy  thought  he  is  glad  to  pass 
it  on  to  the  commercial  secretaries  of 
other  cities.  We  think  this  is  not  only 
our  duty  as  an  honest  and  progressive 
municipality,  but  we  think  it  is  "good 
business." 

That  Dubuque  is  not  sowing  her  seed 
on  stony  ground  is  shown  by  the  following 
example:  The  citizens  of  Des  Moines, 
a  few  months  ago,  discovered  that  living 
expenses  "wtrt.  higher  in  their  town  than 


in  Dubuque,  so  they  sent  to  thft  "Key 
City,"  investigators,  who  received  the 
willingly  offered  information  that  Dubuque 
owed  its  advantage  to  its  open  city  market, 
which  enables  the  hucksters  and  poultry- 
men  to  waive  the  services  of  the  grocer, 
and  to  sell  their  produce  direct  to  the 
housewife  —  to  the  great  benefit  of  all 
concerned. 

And  Des  Moines  went  away  and  did 
likewise.  It  not  only  established  a  profit- 
able market  of  its  own,  but  gave  wide 
publicity  to  the  idea  among  other  seekers 
after  municipal  betterment. 


Ill 


Another  such  city  as  Dubuque  is  Little 
Rock,  Ark.  This  paragraph  from  the 
creed  of  its  board  of  trade,  illustrates  how 
this  broader  vision  is  spreading. 

"We  work  for  the  whole  state  of  Arkan- 
sas and  we  believe  that  what  helps  our 
city  benefits  Arkansas.  We  will  not 
enter  into  competition  to  take  from  any 
Arkansas  city,  any  factory  or  any  institu- 
tion that  they  may  have.  This  does  not 
mean  that  we  would  not  welcome  them 
cordially  if  they  moved  here,  but  what  W€ 
want  you  to  understand  is  that  we  would 
not  work  to  bring  about  a  spirit  of  dissatis^ 
faction  that  might  cause  the  removal." 

What  a  contrast  to  the  narrowness  of  a 
few  years  ago  when  it  was  considered  by 
many  similar  bodies  the  height  of  enter- 
prise to  take  an  industry  away  from  a 
neighboring  city,  no  matter  what  the 
means  employed! 

Not  long  ago  the  shops  of  the  Iron 
Mountain  and  Southern  Railroad,  located 
at  Little  Rock,  were  destroyed  by  fire. 
The  shops  had  been  of  frame  construction. 
They  had  been  unsightly  to  the  eye  and  a 
menace  to  surrounding  property  by  their 
susceptibility  to  fire.  Before  the  railroad 
had  completed  its  plans  for  rebuilding, 
the  city  ofTered  the  company  $30,000 
if  it  would  rebuild  of  stone  and  brick. 
The  offer  was  accepted  and  the  shops 
were  built  much  larger  than  had  originally 
been  planned. 

Among  all  the  awakened  cities  one  of 
the  most  encouraging  characteristics  is 
this  broadening  of  the  point  of  view. 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER   H.  PAGE,  Editoi 


CONTENTS   FOR   FEBRUARY,  1912 

President  Tajiks  Tariff  Board Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  — An  Editorial  Interpretation      -    -    -    363 

Mr.  Waiiam  C.  Rekk  The  Executive  Committee  Mr.  CUrence  H.  MacUy 

Mr.  Ralph  Pulitxer  of  the  American  FederatioD  of  Labor  Selma  Lagerldf 

Work  in  the  Open  The  Arbitration  Treaties 

A  Case  of  Pot  and  Kettle  The  Mystery  of  the  Orient 

Railroad  Publicity  Every  Fire  a  Crime 

Where  Publicity  is  Needed  A  Shock  to  Youthful  Modesty 

AChallengefor  Efficiency  and  Cleanness  The  Rural  Conquest  of  Typhoid 

A  Good  Deed  in  a  Naughty  World  Good     Roads  —  Who     Should     Build 
Control  of  the  New  Currency  Plan  Them? 

One  Way  to  Diffuse  Credit  The  Gifts  of  the  Rich 

An  Equal  Suffrage  State  in  Earnest  How  Pensions  Make  Cowards 

The  Programme  of  the  Carnegie  Peace  An  American  Adventure  in  Persia 

Fund  The  Distribution  of  the  Nobel  Prizes 

AN  ACCIDENT  THAT  SAVED  A  BUSINESS-    -    -    -    C  M.  K.  382 

PENSIONS— WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM  — 111.    (Illustrated) 

Charles  Francis  Adams  385 

FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT— 11.  (IIIus.)  French Strother  399 
THE  PRESENT  PLIGHT  OF  "LABOR" 

A  Member  of  the  World's  Work  Staff  409 

SELMA  LAGERLOF    -------    Velma  Swanston  Howard  416 

WOMAN  THE  SAVIOR  OF  THE  STATE  Selma  Lagerlof 

{Translated  by  Velma  Swanston  Howard)  418 

THE  FATE  OF  ALASKA  (Illustrated)  -    -    -    -  Carrington  Weems  422 

OUR  IMMIGRANTS  AND  THE  FUTURE  (Illustrated) 

E.  Dana  Durand  431 

HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED     -    -    -    W  J  McGee  443 
A  CABLE  RATE  FOR  COMMON  USE  (Illustrated)  ^  - 

Arthur  H.  Gleason  452 

THE  WORLD'S  UNREST  (Illustrated) 458 

WOODROW  WILSON  — A  Biography  — V.     -  William  Bayard  Hale  466 

SCIENTIFIC  PROGRESS Charles  Fitzhugh  Talman  472 

HOW  WE  FOUND  OUR  FARM Jacob  A.  Riis  475 

THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES -. 480 


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All  rights  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  Qtr.  N.  Y.,  as  secood-cUit  mail  matter. 

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THE 


WORLD'S 
WORK 


FEBRUARY,    I912 


Volume   XXIII 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


Number  4 


PUBLICITY,  publicity  —  the 
further  we  go,  the  clearer  it 
becomes  that  the  best  pre- 
ventive of  most  of  the  evils, 
alike  in  low  politics  and  in 
high  finance,  is  publicity.  The  President's 
Commission  to  report  on  the  abuses  of 
railroad  finance  rely  more  upon  publicity 
than  upon  penal  statutes.  The  investiga- 
tions and  prosecutions  of  the  trusts  show 
clearly  that  their  worst  offences  could  not 
have  been  committed  with  open  doors. 
The  vast  pension  frauds  could  not  have 
grown  up  if  the  public  in  every  community 
had  known  of  them. 

In  small  ways  as  well  as  large,  publicity 
becomes  more  general.  It  is  worth  noting 
that  the  distribution  of  stock-holdings  in 
large  corporations  is  becoming  more  gen- 
eral —  more  stockholders  and  consequently 
a  smaller  average  holding;  that  the  number 
of  corporations  that  offer  shares  of  stock 
on  advantageous  terms  to  their  own  em- 
ployees increases  rapidly;  and  that  other 
forms  of  profit-sharing  are  adopted  by  an 
ever-growing  number  of  business  concerns 
of  all  sorts.  Every  diffusion  of  ownership, 
consistent  with   capable  management,  is 

Copyright.  19IS.  by  Doabl«d«7, 


a  step  forward  in  the  ethics  of  business 
organization. 

For  with  the  increase  in  the  number  of 
stockholders  there  goes  inevitably  greater 
publicity;  and  publicity  makes  for  franker 
and  therefore  often  more  honest  dealing 
alike  with  the  public  and  with  employees. 
Of  course,  too,  there  follows  a  closer 
sympathy  and  a  better  understanding. 

These  are  merely  general  tendencies,  but 
they  mean  much;  for  they  are  in  keeping 
with  the  whole  movement  in  business  life 
toward  a  higher  level  of  conduct  by  more 
open  methods.  Business  men  are  not  a 
dishonest  class,  nor  an  unfair  class.  They 
"average  up"  at  least  to  the  level  of  any 
other  class  in  American  life.  But  all 
men's  actions  take  color  from  their  cus- 
toms and  environment;  and  secrecy  in 
business  is  a  temptation  to  selfishness, 
just  as  secrecy  in  politics  is  a  temptation 
to  trickery. 

The  best  result  of  all  the  agitation  that 
we  are  going  through  will  perhaps  be  the 
greater  degree  of  publicity  that  must 
follow  it.  It  is  healthful  to  live  out- 
doors. It  is  no  less  wholesome  to  work 
in  the  open. 

Page  A  Co.    All  rlglits  ifCfTcd 


THE  NEW  PROPRIETORS  OF  TWO  GREAT  NEW  YORK  NEWSPAPERS 

1.      MR.  WILLTAM  C.  REICK,  WHO,  AFTER  BEING  SUCCESSIVELY  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  NEW 

YORK  ''herald''    company.    PRESIDENT   OF   THE  '*  PUBLIC  LEDGER  *'   COMPANY   OF    PHILA- 

Df^lPHlA,     AND     PART   OWNER  OF    THE    NEW    YORK  "  TIMES,"  RECENTLY,  AT   THE   AGE    OF 

roRTr-SEVEN,  PURCHASBD  THE  CONTROL  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  "  SUN  " 


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TMR  NEW  PROPRIETORS  OF  TWO  GREAT  NEW  YORK  NEWSPAPERS 

II.      MR.  RALPH  Pl'LITZLR,  PROMINENT  NOW  IN  THE  DIRECTION  AND  OWNERSHIP  OF  THE 

NEW  YORK  "world,"  SINCE  THE  DEATH  OF  ITS  PICTURESQUE  AND  AI>- 

VENTUROUS  OWNER,  THE  LATE  JOSEPH  PULITZER 


MR.  CLARENCE  H.  MACKAY 

PRESlDtNT  OF   THE    COMMERCrAL  AND  OTHER  CABLE  COMPANIES;  ONE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 

FIGURES  IN  THE  RATE-WAR  AROUSED  BY  THE  rNSTfTl'TTON  OF  THE  WEEK-END 

CABLE  LETTERS  BY  THE  WESTERN  UNION  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY 


btLMA   LAGERLOF 

AUTHOR  OF  "the  WONDERFUL  ADVENTURES  OF  NILS  "  AND  "THE  FURTHER  ADVEN- 
TURES OF  nils/'  in  which  she  has  created  a  truly  national  literature  for  SWEDEN 
AND  GAINED  FOR  HERSELF  PERHAPS  THE  WIDEST  AUDIENCE  AND  THE  WARMEST  AFFECTION 
OF  ALL  WOMEN  WRITERS  OF  THIS  GENERATION 


H        OF  ALL 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


369 


A  CASE  OF  POT  AND  KETTLE 

A  RECENT  number  of  American 
Industries,  the  organ  of  the 
National  Association  of  Manu- 
facturers, early  in  the  winter  reported  a 
poll  of  10,000  business  men  and  summa- 
rized their  answers  in  this  way: 

Manufacturers  representing  every  industry, 
financiers  of  national  reputation,  important 
raih^ray  officials  and  commercial  organizations 
in  large  industrial  centres  are  practically  one 
in  their  firm  conviction  that  we  as  a  nation 
and  our  business  activities  as  a  whole  are 
suffering  because  politics  has  run  mad  in  this 
country. 

In  its  comment  it  spoke  of  "demagogic 
office-seekers  "  who  work  to  "  secure  polit- 
ical power  at  any  cost/'  and  emphasized 
this  opinion  by  the  accompanying  cartoon. 


From  "Amcricaa  Indurtrica" 

THE  REAL  RULER  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

AS  SEEN  BY  THE  ORGAN  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ASSO- 
CIATION OF  MANUFACTURERS 

About  the  same  date,  the  New  York 
Journal  of  Commerce,  which  had  the  habit 
of  speaking  for  the  commercial  world  long 
before  the  National  Association  of  Manu- 
facturers was  bom,  contained  this  diag- 
nosis: 

What  was  to  be  expected  after  the  reck- 
less trust  mania  which  began  twenty  years 


ago?  What  was  the  effect,  psychologically, 
upon  the  public  mind  of  the  corporate  mis- 
deeds which  have  disgraced  American  finance 
for  years?  What  has  been  the  effect  of  the 
idiotic  displays  of  the  idle  rich  upon  popular 
imagination?  And  were  the  politicians  any 
more  unscrupulous  in  taking  advantage  of  an 
aroused  public  opinion  than  the  promoters 
and  financiers  who,  through  legal  privilege 
or  defiance  of  law,  created  the  'swollen  for- 
tunes' ?  When  those  who  complain  find  time 
to  ponder  on  such  questions  they  may  better 
understand  what  is  behind  the  hostile  atti- 
tude of  legislators  toward  corporations  and 
what  created  the  dangerous  and  unreasoning 
hatred  of  capital. 

Both  American  Industries  and  the 
Journal  of  Commerce  are  doubtless  right 
—  to  a  degree.  The  misdeeds  and  bad 
manners  of  "big  business"  have  inflamed 
the  public,  and  an  inflamed  public  has  set 
demagogues  in  action.  It  is  a  very  serious 
situation  when  business  men  look  upon 
public  men  as  a  class  under  suspicion  and 
when  public  men  regard  business  as 
predatory.  Biit  how  are  we  going  to  get 
away  from  this  state  of  affairs?  How 
are  we  going  to  inspire  in  the  factions 
confidence  in  each  other?  That  is  the 
only  question  really  worth  discussing. 

This  is  a  venture  at  one  answer  —  not 
very  profound,  perhaps,  but  it  may  be 
none  the  less  practical  for  that  reason: 
It  is  a  good  time  to  select  new  leaders  and 
spokesmen  in  each  camp.  They  can  begin 
on  a  new  plane  of  action  —  a  plane  of 
complete  frankness  with  the  public  and  of 
good  manners.  Mere  manners  go  a  long 
way.  And  both  in  business  and  in  politics 
the  public  now  wishes  more  frankness  and 
sincerity  and  less  mere  abuse. 

RAILROAD   PUBLICITY 

THE  report  of  the  President's 
Railroad  Securities  Commission, 
which  was  appointed  to  investigate 
whether  the  Government  should  super- 
vise and  control  the  future  issue  of  railroad 
securities,  is  probably  the  most  conserva- 
tive document  on  a  matter  of  commerce 
that  has  come  from  Washington  since  the 
days  of  McKinley.  Almost  all  the  theories 
with  regard  to  railroad  matters  that  have 
found  expression  in  the  speeches  of  radical 
reformers  East  and  West  arc  demQUsJ\<wi 


370 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


I 
I 
I 
I 

I 
I 


I 


I 
I 


irith  a  single  blow.  This  Commission 
was  composed  of  President  Hadley  of 
Yale.  B.  H.  Meyer  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  Frederick  Strauss, 
a  banker,  Frank  S.  Judson  a  Western 
lawyer,  and  Waller  L.  Fisher,  Secretary 
of  the  Interior, 

Their  finding  lays  emphasis  upon  the 
following  points: 

First,  that  further  Federal  restrictions 
with  regard  to  securities  would  tend  to 
create  further  confusion  in  a  situation 
already  too  complex. 

Second,  that  physical  valuation  cannot 
be  made  a  basis  for  the  establishment  of 
a  standard  of  capitalization. 

Third,  that  the  amount  and  face  value 
of  our  standard  securities  have  only  an 
indirect  effect  on  the  making  of  rates 
and  that  should  not  be  of  any  great  im- 
portance in  rate  regulation. 

Fourth,  that  no  attempt  should  be  made 
by  law  to  limit  railroad  profits  to  a  fixed 
percentage. 

Fifths  that  scrip  and  stock  dividends 
should  be  prohibited. 

Sixth,  that  no  attempt  should  be  made 
to  prohibit  the  sale  of  stock  to  stock- 
holders of  an  established  road  at  prices 
below  the  ruling  market  price. 

Seventh,  that  it  is  much  better  to  issue 
stock  in  this  way  to  carry  on  the  expansion 
of  a  railroad  than  to  issue  bonds  or  in- 
terest bearing  securities  below  their  face 
value. 

The  whole  report  deals  very  gently 
with  the  habits  and  methods  of  capitaliza- 
tion that  have  been  very  severely  criticized 
by  the  radicals  of  this  generation.  It  is 
fhe  opinion  of  this  Commission  that  the 
surest  cure  for  any  evils  in  the  present 
system  of  capitalizing  railroad  properties 
is  full  and  complete  publicity.  The  mak- 
ing of  all  railroad  capital  matters  public 
records^  is  reiterated  again  and  again  in 
the  report-  We  must  do  away  once  and 
for  all  with  secrecy  in  the  administration 
of  the  public  service  companies  of  the 
country.  We  must  see  to  it  that  expenses 
of  operation  are  not  disguised  in  the  form 
of  an  open  capital  account  and  written 
into  the  cost  of  the  property  or  into 
capitalization »  to  become  a  permanent 
burden  upon  the  business  of  the  country. 


Tthe  use  of  money  in  former  presi 
dential  elections,  which  are  both 
amusing  and  humiliating,  ought  to  serve 
one  good  purpose:  public  opinion  ought 
to  demand  complete  publicity,  both  before 
and  after  the  election,  of  every  contribu- 
tion and  of  every  expenditure.  The  law 
that  requires  such  publicity  does  not 
apply  to  presidential  elections.  But  pub- 
lic opinion  might  bring  about  such  a 
result,  and  it  ought 


4 


n 


We  must  simply  lay  open  before  the  eyes 
of  the  whole  woHd  all  the  financial  opera- 
tions of  our  railroad  systems. 

Yet  the  report  is  not  reactionary.  It 
does  not  open  the  way  to  another  era  of 
jugglery,  of  stock  watering,  of  over- 
bonding,  and  of  dishonesty  such  as  reached 
its  climax  with  Jay  Gould,  the  after- 
fruits  of  which  are  now  being  gathered 
by  the  stockholders  and  the  bondholders 
of  the  so-called  Gould  Railroads.  Such 
manipulations  and  dishonesty  as  underlay 
the  operations  of  Jay  Gould  could  not 
have  been  carried  on  in  an  era  of 
publicity.  ^ 

In  every  phase  of  finance  the  habit  of    " 
publicity  is  growing.    The  most  searching 
questions  are  asked  and  answered  with 
regard  to  every  big  issue  of  new  securities 
and   every   flotation  of   new   companies. 
It  is  practically  impossible  to^ay  to  put    ^J 
together  and  to  finance  successfully  any    ^M 
heavily    watered    money-making    enter-    ^^ 
prise.    One  who  doubts  it  may  study,  if         i 
he  will,  the  story  of  the  attempt  made  a     H 
few  years  ago  to  merge  the  Cincinnati.    ™ 
Hamilton  &  Dayton  and  the  Pere  Mar- 
quette roads;  and  the  later  attempts  to 
finance   and   foist    upon   the   public    the 
Wabash-Pittsburg  Terminal,  and  to  gain 
from  the  public  the  cash  to  make  of  the 
ill-conceived   Hawley  system  a  powerful 
financial  re-organization.     In  recent  years 
there  have  been  no  great  booms  in  any 
railroad  securities  which  were  not  based 
upon  values.     It  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that,  as  long  as  full  publicity  is  demanded 
and,  indeed,  forced  by  law.  there  can  be 
no  repetition  of  the  financial  crimes  of 
yesterday. 

WHERE     PUBLICITY     IS    NEEDED 


4 
4 


4 


HE  persistent  controversies  about    S 


■ 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


371 


A    CHALLENGE   FOR   EFFICIENCY 
AND  CLEANNESS 

PRESIDENT  TAFT  in  one  of  his 
messages  to  Congress  made  a 
recommendation  that  would  do 
him  and  Congress  great  honor  if  it  should 
be  carried  out  —  that  all  local  Federal 
offices  should  be  by  law  put  in  the  classi- 
fied service,  that  appointments  to  them  be 
permanent  and  be  made  by  merit,  and  that 
thus  this  whole  body  of  political  patronage 
be  done  away  with.  That  is  getting  at 
the  root  of  the  matter.  That  done.  Con- 
gressmen and  Presidents  would  have 
much  more  time  and  freedom  for  the  pub- 
lic business. 

The  way  the  matter  works  now,  is  this: 
Every  incoming  President  has  an  army  of 
office-holders  to  appoint  —  postmasters, 
marshals,  collectors  of  revenue  and  of 
customs,  and  all  the  rest.  In  states  and 
districts  represented  by  Senators  and  Rep- 
resentatives of  the  President's  own  party, 
these  Senators  and  Representatives  nomi- 
nate these  appointees.  They  practically 
dictate  them.  In  most  cases  these  offices 
are  given  as  rewards  for  political  activity. 
In  states  and  districts  where  the  opposite 
party  has  a  majority,  these  appointments 
are  dealt  in  by  national  committeemen  of 
the  President's  party  or  by  local  "advisers." 
Thus  the  great  Federal  political  machine 
is  built  up. 

Several  Presidents  —  Cleveland  and 
Roosevelt  among  them  —  forbade  (or  tried 
to  forbid)  office-holders  fr6m  taking  an 
offensive  part  in  political  campaigns.  But 
this  is  at  best  a  mere  palliative;  for 
most  of  these  office-holders  are  purely 
partisan  appointees  and  the  very  cir- 
cumstances of  their  appointment  give 
them  partisan  political  influence.  The 
only  real  remedy  is  that  recommended 
by  Mr.  Taft  —  to  make  such  offices  per- 
manent during  good  behavior  and  effi- 
ciency and  to  fill  them  only  by  the  merit 
system. 

Then  we  should  have  men  as  postmasters 
and  collectors  and  the  like  only  because 
they  knew  the  business  and  did  it  well;  and 
we  should  develop  a  degree  of  general 
efficiency  in  such  work  as  is  now  only  in- 
dividual and  accidental.    That  would  be 


the  positive  gain.  And  the  negative  gain 
would  be  quite  as  important;  for  Presi- 
dents and  members  of  Congress  would  be 
free  from  bondage  to  this  patronage 
system  —  a  kind  of  slavery  that  makes  a 
slippery  trickster  of  many  a  man  who  would 
like  to  be  an  honest  public  servant. 

But  Congress  is  not  in  the  least  likely 
to  follow  the  President's  recommendation, 
especially  in  the  year  of  a  Presidential 
election.  Nor  is  the  President  likely  to 
give  the  subject  the  same  emphasis  that 
he  gives  to  arbitration  treaties  and  peace 
programmes;  Yet  it  is  sometimes  well  to 
make  a  challenge  even  when  you  know  it 
will  not  be  accepted.  It  may  be  good  for 
future  reference. 

A  GOOD  DEED  IN  A  NAUGHTY 
WORLD 

IN  A  TIME  when  most  great  corpora- 
tions receive  chiefly  curses  and  investi- 
gations —  in  the  spirit  of  fair  play  let's 
praise  one  now  and  then  for  a  good  deed. 
For  example:  when  Atlanta  was  pre- 
paring for  a  big  corn-show  that  it  held 
a  little  while  ago,  the  Southern  Bell 
Telephone  Company  had  its  managers 
call  up  100,000  persons  in  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, and  South  Carolina  and  tell  them 
by  'phone  about  the  show  and  its  import- 
ance and  its  attractions;  and  the  messages 
received  in  reply  were  given  out  at  At- 
lanta free.  That  was  a  piece  of  public- 
spirited  work  surely. 

Of  course,  if  you  are  a  cynic  you  will 
say  that  it  cost  the  company  little  and 
that  it  advertised  its  service.  Well,  most 
good  deeds  cost  little  money  and  every 
good  deed  advertises  somebody  or  some- 
thing; and  praise  God  that  it  does.  Else 
we  should  have  a  silent  and  inappreciative 
world,  the  cynics  would  rule  it,  and  life 
would  be  much  less  pleasant. 

CONTROL  OF  THE  NEW  CURRENCY 
PLAN 

THE  discussion  of  the  report  of  the 
Monetary  Commission  now  turns 
almost  wholly  on  this  question, 
Will  it  be  possible  for  "big  finance"  to 
control  the  proposed  National  Reserve 
Association  and  through  it  the  banks 
behind  it? 


WORLD'S  WORK 


President  Taft  in  his  general  message 
to  Congress,  approves  the  plan  and  says, 
"There  must  be  some  form  of  Govern- 
ment supervision  and  ultimate  control, 
,  .  .  1  entertain  no  fear  of  the  intro- 
duction of  politics  or  of  any  undesirable 
influences  from  a  properly  measured  Gov- 
ernmental representation."  He  expresses 
the  expectation  also  that  the  individu- 
ality and  the  independence  of  every 
bank  will  be  preserved.  These  two  con- 
ditions are  necessary  both  for  the  proper 
working  of  any  plan  and  for  securing  popu- 
lar approval  of  it :  there  must  be  no  danger 
I  of  control  concentrated  in  any  hands, 
and  every  bank  must  be  left  in  its  full 
independence. 

There  would,  of  course,  be  objection 
to  out-and-out  Government  control;  for 
then  we  should  surely  have  political 
management  sooner  or  later  The  prob- 
lem consists  of  such  a  balance  of  control 
that  this  great  central  financial  machine 
cannot  in  its  practical  working  fall  into 
the  hands  of  any  "money  power"  nor 
into  the  hands  of  any  National  Adminis- 
tration —  a  difficult  but  not  an  impossible 
undertaking. 

No  other  constructive  legislation  now  in 
hand  is  of  such  far-reaching  importance 
as   this. 

ONE  WAY  TO  DIFFUSE  CREDIT 

THERE  is  one  side-aspect  of  banking 
as  we  practise  it  that  is  neglected 
in  most  of  the  current  discussion: 
and  that  is  the  diffusion  of  credit.  Numer- 
ous as  our  banks  are  and  capable  as  most 
of  their  officers  are,  banking  is  yet  done 
too  much  by  and  for  a  class.  Many  of 
our  banks  do  not  serve  as  many  of  the 
people  as  they  ought  —  as  many  of  the 
"small"  people,  people  who  have  not  yet 
established  banking  credit,  This  too 
exclusive  method  is  part  of  our  traditions 
and  our  history.  Our  conception  of  a 
bank  is  of  an  Institution  to  serve  the  pros- 
perous. 

Yet  almost  rvery  man  who  has  a  stable 
place  of  abode  is  a  possible  profitable 
borrower,  and  the  poorer  he  is  the  more  he 
needs  credit.  They  have  proved  in  nearly 
all  the  European  countries  that  poor  men, 
vtFy  poor  men,  can  by  a  proper  system  be 


made  the  safest  kind  of  borrowers,  and  the 
process  builds  up  the  man  as  no  other 
experience  can. 

In  Germany,  which  was  the  birth-place 
of  the  cooperative  credit  banks  that  have 
spread  almost  over  the  whole  of  Europe 
and  have  been  introduced  successfully 
even  in  India,  the  smallest  shop-keeper  or 
the  smallest  farmer  —  men  far  below  the 
economic  class  that  have  credit  in  our 
banks  —  can  borrow  money  for  any  pro- 
ductive purpose.  The  latest  accessible 
German  report  shows  that  more  than 
§200,000,000  a  year  are  so  lent,  with  a 
negligible  percentage  of  loss.  The  two 
important  lessons  that  this  experience  has 
for  us  are  these: 

A  man  who  establishes  and  maintains  a 
bank-credit,  not  only  widens  his  activities 
and  opportunities  and  puts  himself  in  an 
economic  class  far  above  men  who  have 
no  such  credit,  he  does  more  than  that  ^— 
by  such  an  experience  he  develops  his  own 
character  and  trustworthiness  and  his  own 
productivity  as  he  could  develop  them  in 
no  other  way. 

In  the  second  place,  by  developing  all 
the  possible  good  borrowers  within  its 
area,  a  bank  serves  its  highest  purpose 
and  does  its  greatest  usefulness.  The  main 
point,  bearing  on  present  discussion,  comes 
here,  and  it  is  this:  the  more  money  a 
bank  can  profitably  keep  within  its  own 
neighborhood,  the  better  for  the  bank 
and  the  better  for  the  neighborhood.  Such 
a  condition  prevents  the  easy  flow  of  its 
deposits  to  the  great  money  centres. 

In  other  words,  one  great  evil,  perhaps 
the  greatest  evil,  of  our  present  financial 
system  would  be  removed  by  (let  us  say) 
the  doubling  of  the  number  of  safe  bor- 
rowers from  banks  in  any  community. 
The  credit  or  cooperative  banks  of  Europe 
have  gone  far  toward  working  out  this 
very  result. 

True,  these  credit  banks  are  not  banks 
at  all  in  our  sense  of  the  word.  They  are 
merely  borrowing  societies  of  poor  men. 
But  they  become  outlets  of  enormous 
value  to  the  banks  that  have  money  to 
lend.  They  are  important  agencies  in 
drawing  money  into  productive  pursuits 
and  consequently  away  from  speculative 
centres. 


I 

I 
I 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


373 


AN  EQUAL   SUFFRAGE   STATE    IN 
EARNEST 

THE  men  of  California  gave  women 
the  suffrage  and  how  find  that  they 
have  enfranchised  nearly  a  hun- 
dred thousand  more  voters  than  they  can 
themselves  muster.  The  subject  has  its 
jocular  aspect.  Suppose,  for  example, 
some  issue  should  arise  whereon  there 
would  be  a  division  of  opinion  by  sex! 
Both  the  jocular  and  serious  aspects 
of  the  subject  are  emphasized  by  the 
political  zeal  of  the  women.  Every 
woman's  club  in  California  has  turned 
to  the  study  of  American  history  and  of 
the  problems  of  the  day.  Even  the  women 
who  opposed  suffrage  or  were  indifferent 
to  it,  take  their  new  status  with  a  sober 
sense  of  its  responsibilities.  They  are 
diligently  studying  the  proper  use  of  the 
ballot.  It  may  be  that  the  men  did 
better  than  they  guessed. 

THE  PROGRAMME  OF  THE  CAR- 
NEGIE  PEACE  FUND 

EVERY  thoughtful  man  must  have 
asked  himself  many  times,  "When 
all  the  oratory  and  benevolent 
dinners  have  been  taken  out  of  the  peace 
movement,  what  is  left?  What  sort  of 
definite,  practical  work  can  be  done  by 
serious  men  to  lessen  the  danger  of  war 
in  the  future?" 

The  trustees  of  the  Carnegie  Peace 
Fund  of  $10,000,000  have,  perhaps,  come 
nearer  to  answering  such  questions  than 
any  preceding  body  of  men.  They  will 
have  about  half  a  million  dollars  to  spend 
this  year;  and  their  plans  include  three 
kinds  of  work : 

Under  the  Division  of  International 
Law,  Prcrfessor  John  Bassett  Moore,  of 
Columbia  University,  will  direct  the  prep- 
aration and  publication  of  a  complete 
collection  of  international  arbitrations, 
to  establish  a  basis  by  precedents  for 
arbitration  in  the  future.  Such  clearly 
edited  and  arranged  decisions  will  aid 
arbitrators  and  their  advisors  and  diplo- 
mats in  general,  and  will,  it  is  hoped, 
reduce  arbitratioli  to  a  clearer  statement 
and  system  and  thus  give  it  renewed  forced 
This  division  will  also  edit  and  publish 


all  arbitration  treaties.  In  effect  this 
work  will  codify  arbitration.  This  divi- 
sion plans  to  hold  next  year  a  summer 
school  of  arbitration  at  The  Hague. 
Professor  Moore  is  one  of  our  foremost 
authorities  in  this  field;  and  this  work, 
done  under  his  direction,  will  be  definite 
and  useful. 

The  second  division  of  the  work  laid 
out  by  the  trustees,  is  in  economics  and 
history  and  is  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  John  B.  Clark,  also  of  Colum- 
bia University.  This  division  called  to- 
gether last  summer  at  Berne,  Switzerland, 
a  conference  of  more  than  twenty  econ- 
omists and  publicists  of  distinction.  They 
made  an  extensive  plan  for  future  work, 
the  study  of  such  subjects,  for  example, 
as  international  loans  and  the  complica- 
tions that  have  sometimes  followed  them; 
the  position  of  organized  labor  and  of  the 
socialists  with  regard  to  armaments;  the 
effect  of  waf  on  food  supplies,  upon  bank- 
ing conditions  and  the  like;  the  burdens 
of  armaments  and  pensions  and  such 
topics.  This  division,  under  the  direction 
of  this  distinguished  and  capable  econ- 
omist, will  bring  together  a  useful  body  of 
much  scattered  information. 

The  third  division — Intercourse  and 
Education  —  is  vaguer  in  its  plan  and 
scope.  It  has  the  task  of  educating  the 
public  opinion  of  the  world.  It  will 
maintain  a  bureau  at  Paris  with  an  ad- 
visory council  of  distinguished  men  from 
the  several  nations;  and  it  will  aid  the 
permanent  international  peace  bureau 
at  Berne  and  a  corresponding  organiza- 
tion, also  already  in  existence,  at  Brussels. 
This  division  will  try  to  bring  into  closer 
relation  influential  classes  of  men  in 
South  America  and  the  United  States,  and 
in  Japan  and  the  United  States,  by  an 
interchange  of  lecturing  professors  and  in 
other  ways.  This  division  is  under  the 
direction  of  President  Butler,  also  of 
Columbia  University. 

Columbia  University  seems  to  have 
secured  the  direction  of  all  the  work  of 
the  Fund,  a  fact  that  must  be  regarded 
as  a  weakness.  There  is,  in  truth,  some- 
what too  much  of  the  academical  in  the 
programme.  Colleges  and  men  of  learn- 
ing do  not  bring  about  wars  nor  can  they 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


I 


prevent  them.  They  can  bring  together 
and  make  accessible  and  useful  such 
information  as  Professor  Moore  and  Pro- 
fessor Clark  will  address  themselves  to; 
and  this  surely  is  most  useful  work.  But 
how  the  academic  world  can  do  much  to 
educate  the  public  opinion,  let  us  say. 
that  drives  or  checks  the  German  Emperor 
and  the  British  Foreign  Office  is  not  very 
clear.  This  part  of  the  programme  seems 
yet  somewhat  in  the  air 

Yet  somebody  somewhere  must  make 
a  beginning;  and  this  may  be  as  intelli- 
gent a  beginning  as  any,  in  spite  of  its 
present  too-great  identification  with  one 
of  our  universities, 

II 

Who  really  controls  the  forces  that 
make  for  peace  or  for  war?  So  far  as 
individuals  go,  great  rulers  and  cabinets 
and  their  advisers  and  the  great  bankers 
of  the  world.  Behind  them  are  strong, 
blind  forces  —  such  as  the  pressure  of  Ger- 
man manufacturers  for  wider  markets 
and  the  clash  in  those  markets  of  German 
and  English  trade;  and  such  as  the  in- 
creasing population  of  Japan  that  requires 
and  will  continue  to  require  more  room. 
Peace  meetings  and  the  codification  of 
arbitrations  and  careful  studies  of  econ- 
omic facts  do  not  touch  these  strong 
blind  forces  with  directness. 

But  they  do  make  men  think.  They 
put  war  in  its  true  light  as  a  destroyer  of 
life  and  treasure.  They  rob  it  of  its  old- 
time  glory.  They  dissipate  historic  illu- 
sions of  many  sorts*  They  present  a 
humaner  and  a  truer  conception  of 
civiiistation. 

Something,  then,  perhaps  much,  may 
be  done  by  the  programme  of  these  men 
of  learning — ^a  beginning  made  at  least; 
and  later,  let  us  hope,  the  real  powers  of 
the  world  will  follow  these  academic 
blazers-of-the-way. 

I     THE  ARBITRATION  TREATIES 

/^'^F    COURSE    the    promotion    of 

I        1  peace  is  not  a  definite,  concrete 

V.,^   task.     It  means  rather  the  build- 

m  ing  up  of  a  public  sentiment  in  the  ruling 

P  circles  of  the  world  that  shall  look  at  life 

from  a  new  angle  —  a   process  of  slow 


I 


education.  For  even  great  blind  econ- 
omic forces  are,  in  a  measure  at  least, 
within  human  control. 

Now,  viewing  the  so-called  peace  move- 
ment as  a  slow  process  of  education,  surely 
the  pending  arbitration  treaties  with 
Great  Britain  and  France  are  practical 
and  desirable  undertakings.  Assuming 
that  in  form  they  comply  with  diplomatic 
precedents  and  custom,  their  ratification 
would  be  a  friendly  act.  It  is  easy  to  say 
that  no  paper-treaty  can  prevent  war 
when  two  nations  wish  to  fight.  But  is 
that  to  the  point?  The  point  is,  that 
such  friendly  agreements  to  use  all  honor- 
able means  to  prevent  war  are  likely  to 
make  men  and  nations  less  hasty  in  yield- 
ing to  a  warlike  mood. 

The  spirit  of  these  treaties  is  approved 
by  the  public  opinion  of  the  United  States 

—  there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  about  that. 
President  Taft  has  done  a  distinctly  high 
public  service  in  insisting  on  their  ap- 
proval, always  with  a  deep  conviction 
and  good  temper.  The  people  now  have 
a  right  to  expect  the  Senate  to  act. 

THE  MYSTERY  OF  THE  ORIENT 

THE  difference  between  the  Asiatic 
and  the  European  minds  doubtless 
is  only  such  a  superficial  difference 
as  expresses  itself,  for  example,  in  religions, 

—  a  difference  that  longer  association  by 
larger  groups  of  each  people  will  in  time 
overcome.  But  for  the  present  at  least 
the  Chinese  public  mind  is  so  different 
from  ours  that  the  great  change  which  is 
undoubtedly  taking  place  in  the  Orient 
is  practically  untranslatable  in  terms  of 
our  experience.  Judging  by  our  own 
history  we  do  not  know  with  any  approach 
to  accuracy  what  to  predict  in  China. 
Our  next  step  and  their  next  step  from  a 
given  place  in  the  evolution  of  a  freer 
government  would  not  necessarily  be  the 
same.  Moreover  the  difficulty  of  under- 
standing the  great  changes  that  are  taking 
place,  is  made  the  greater  by  the  very 
abbreviated  reports  of  events  that  reach  us. 

But  one  thing  is  certain,  whether  or 
not  the  so-called  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment turn  out  to  be  anything  that  we 
should  regard  as  republican  —  it  is  certain 
that  the  great  mass  of  mankind  in  the 


L 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


375 


Orient  is  undergoing  a  prodigious  change, 
a  change  that  will  have  a  profound  effect 
on  the  thought  and  the  condition  of  a 
large  part  of  the  human  race.  It  may 
be  a  change  comparable  to  the  evolution 
of  what  we  call  free  institutions  from  the 
old  monarchies  of  Europe. 

Consequently  the  most  interesting 
theatre  of  events  is  not  now  our  side  of  the 
world,  but  the  antipodes.  This  shifting 
of  interest  will  in  itself  be  a  powerful  force 
for  change  —  a  change  in  our  point  of 
view  as  well  as  a  change  in  the  Chinese. 
Absorbed  in  our  own  experiences  and  our 
own  history,  we  have  thought  of  our  side 
of  the  earth  as  by  far  the  most  interesting 
and  instructive  and  important.  Even  if 
it  come  as  a  shock,  the  realization  of  this 
possible  mistake  may  be  a  broadening 
influence  on  Western  thought  and 
character. 

EVERY    FIRE  A   CRIME 

THAT  is  the  law  in  Berlin.  And 
why  not?  Run  down  the  truth 
about  any  fire,  and  some  one 
person  will  be  found  whose  negligence 
was  the  cause  of  it.  Somebody  stored 
dangerous  quantities  of  inflammable  or 
explosive  goods  on  his  premises;  or  he 
built  a  frame  structure  next  to  a  crowded 
sweatshop.  He  took  chances  with  human 
lives  —  because  it  was  cheap.  In  Berlin 
it  is  not  cheap.  The  police  investigate 
every  fire,  and  the  responsible  person  pays 
the  cost  of  putting  out  that  fire,  and  dam- 
ages besides.  Note  the  result :  in  Chicago, 
the  American  city  of  equal  size,  the  annual 
fire  loss  is  j^,ooo,ooo;  in  Berlin,  $300,000. 
This  comparison  is  being  used  in  Wis- 
consin to  further  the  passage  of  a  bill  to 
make  the  person  or  corporation  that  is 
responsible  for  a  preventable  fire  liable 
to  criminal  prosecution.  The  fire  in- 
surance companies  favor  such  a  law;  care- 
lessness is  not  cheap  to  them.  And 
enlightened  public  opinion  will  favor  it 
for  two  reasons:  first,  that  it  will  tend  to 
arrest  the  recklessness  that  has  caused 
so  many  awful  deaths;  and  second,  that 
it  will  help  to  stop  the  enormous  drain 
upon  the  resources  of  the  American  people 
represented  by  our  annual  national  fire 
loss  of  1200,000,000. 


A  SHOCK  TO  YOUTHFUL  MODESTY 

MODEST  people  in  many  cities  are 
shocked  at  the  tendency  to  over- 
dress by  young  giris;  for  we  seem 
to  be  suffering  from  an  epidemic  of 
youthful  immodesty  in  dress.  One  does 
not  need  to  read  the  report  of  the  New 
York  Child  Welfare  League  to  learn 
that  the  school-girl  of  to-day  has  aban- 
doned the  simple  and  charming  garb  which 
made  her  so  enchanting,  and  has  taken 
to  hobble  skirts,  Louis  XV.  heels,  gossamer 
hose,  corsets,  coiffure,  and  cosmetics 
—  yes,  an  astonishing  number  of  girls 
even  to  powder  and  paint. 

It's  a  pity.  Of  course,  the  feminine 
young  person  thus  makes  herself  a  sad 
caricature  to  an  elder  eye;  but  the  trouble 
is  with  the  mothers  of  such  children.  For 
the  correction  of  such  an  impropriety 
must  come  by  the  strong  hand  of  authority. 
And  fashion  seems  to  have  got  the  better 
of  maternal  taste  or  power. 

The  subject  may  seem,  in  some  moods, 
a  mere  passing  fad;  but  it  is  really  a  very 
serious  misfortune.  In  the  first  place, 
no  nice  girl  should  be  permitted  to  make 
a  guy  of  herself;  in  the  next  place,  over- 
dressing costs  money  and  time,  endangers 
health,  and  distracts  the  mind  from  the 
more  important  interests  of  that  most 
important  and  delightful  period  of  exis- 
tence—  school-days.  Not  to  speak  of 
snobbishness,  overdressing  causes  envy, 
and  a  great  many  other  unpleasant 
things. 

There  is  no  other  country  in  which 
misses  are  permitted  to  attire  themselves 
in  the  fashion  of  their  mammas  and  married 
sisters.  No  English  peeress,  no  German 
gr^f^n  would  dream  of  allowing  her  daugh- 
ter to  do  up  her  hair,  don  a  corset,  and 
take  to  high  heels,  while  she  was  in  school. 
Common-sense  shoes  and  braided  hair  are 
the  happy  lot  of  school-girls  everywhere  — 
except  in  our  own  cities. 

It  is  said  that  the  girls  in  private  schools 
show  more  common-sense  than  those  in  the 
public  schools.  In  a  word,  the  percentage 
of  children  of.  comparatively  wealthy 
parents  who  •  overdress  is  less  than  the 
percentage  ol  the  poorer  —  this,  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  it  has  been  commonly 


376 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


supposed  thai  offences  against  good  taste 
and  modesty  are  more  often  committed 
by  the  rich.  But  whether  it  be  the  rich 
or  the  well-to-do  or  the  poor  who  encourage 
or  permit  their  young  girls  to  overstep 
the  proper  bounds  of  youthful  modesty, 
it  is  a  very  serious  and  sad  fact, 

THE  RURAL  CONQUEST  OF 
TYPHOID 

INOCULATION  against  typhoid  has 
reached  the  Farmers'-Bulletin  stage. 
That  is  to  say,  the  Government's 
experiments  in  the  army  have  proved  so 
successful  that  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture has  fell  warranted  in  explaining 
the  treatment  to  the  farmers  and  in  sug- 
gesting advice  about  it.  It  may  fairly 
be  said,  therefore,  that  this  inoculation 
will  now  become  common  in  regions 
where  the  danger  is  greatest.  But.  before 
the  method  of  inoculation  is  described, 
methods  of  prevention  are  insisted  on  — 
foremost  the  screening  out  of  flies  and 
the  eating  of  only  cooked  food  in  times 
and  places  of  danger. 

In  thearmy,  inoculation  is  compulsory — 
see  the  result: 

'*  In  rSgS,  in  the  Seventh  Army  Corps* 
stationed  at  Jacksonville.  Fla.,  consisting 
of  10.759  men,  there  were  i  ,729  undoubted 
cases  of  typhoid  fever,  and  2,695  ad- 
ditional cases  of  fever  believed  to  be 
typhoid,  making  a  total  of  4422  cases,  with 
248  deaths.  In  the  recent  manoeuvres 
at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  there  were  12,801 
men,  all  inoculated.  Among  these  men 
there  was  only  one  case  of  typhoid  fever 
and  no  deaths/'  The  British  army  in 
India  makes  a  similar  showing.  Of  8,754 
inoculated  men,  there  were  16  cases  and 

»no  deaths*  while  among  7,^76  uninoculated 
men  there  were  68  cases  and  14  deaths. 

All  persons  whose  occupations  or  resi- 
dence brings  them  into  known  danger  ought 
to  be  inoculated.  It  is  a  painless  and 
harmless  and  simple  thing  in  the  hands  of 
Sin  intelligent  physician.  The  very  old 
or  the  very  young  are  not  likely  to  take 
typhoid  and  no  ill  person  ought  to  be 
inoculated.  But,  as  for  the  rest  of  the 
population,  there  will  soon  be  no  better 
reason  for  contracting  typhoid  than 
■  smallpox. 


GOOD    ROADS  — WHO   SHOULD 
BUILD  THEM? 

THE  campaign  for  good  roads  con- 
ducted with  great  vigor  by  many 
organizations  has  gathered  such 
volume  that  it  must  now  be  reckoned 
among  the  strong  educational  influences 
of  the  time.  The  amount  of  instructive 
literature  that  is  distributed,  outruns  the 
dreams  of  the  agitators  of  even  a  few 
years  ago;  and  much  of  it  throws  light 
on  many  sides  of  economic  and  community 
life.  For  a  good  road  is  the  key  to  almost 
every  kind  of  rural  progress.  Consider 
such  facts  as  these: 

In  Durham  County,  N.  C,  there  were 
sixty-five  public  school  houses.  Many  of 
them  were  the  homes  of  starveling  schools 
—  little  neglected  buildings  situated  in 
inaccessible  places.  The  county  built  good 
roads.  Quickly  thereafter,  seventeen  of 
these  remote  little  schools  were  consoli- 
dated with  others  and  absorbed,  and  the 
forty-two  remaining  schools  were  much 
better  located,  much  better  taught  and 
much  better  patronized.  How  truly  rural 
education  depends  on  roads  —  and  roads 
on  education  —  is  shown  also  by  such 
facts  as  follow:  In  1904  only  2J  per  cent, 
of  the  roads  in  Missouri  were  **  improved," 
and  in  1900  there  were  80,000  illiterates 
in  the  state.  Contrast  Massachusetts 
with  4S  per  cent,  of  its  roads  improved 
and  only  2,000  illiterates.  An  educated 
people  build  good  roads,  or  good  roads 
lead  to  the  education  of  the  people  — 
as  you  like.  The  Good- Roads  Office  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  announces  that 
in  five  good-roads  states  the  average  school 
attendance  is  77  per  cent,  and  in  five  bad* 
roads  states  it  is  59  per  cent. 

More  than  that,  the  rural  counties  in 
Tennessee  and  West  Virginia  that  lost 
population  during  the  last  decade  are 
counties  that  are  notorious  for  their  bad 
roads.  Before  Massachusetts  carried  into 
effect  the  present  highway  improvement  by 
state  aid.  there  were  many  abandoned 
farms  in  the  state.  Now  there  is  no  such 
thing.  Of  course  good  roads  helped.  In 
fact  in  most  rural  regions  any  place  in 
the  Union»  into  which  more  food-stuff 
for  man  or  beast  is  shipped  than  is  shipped 


4 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


377 


out  —  practically  every  such  community 
is  a  community  of  bad  roads.  In  a  word, 
country-folk  who  have  good  roads  grow 
their  own  food  as  a  rule,  and  generally 
more.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  facts 
and  parallels  like  these  are  making  an 
impression. 

II 

The  already  loud  clamor  for  national 
aid  to  construct  highways  becomes  louder 
at  every  session  of  Congress.  There  is  a 
probability  that  we  shall  have  good-road 
"pork-barrels"  as  we  have  so  long  had 
river-and-harbor  "  pork-barrels  " ;  for  Con- 
gress does  not  easily  learn  economy  by 
experience.  And  is  there  a  member  or  a 
Senator  who  would  not  win  favor  at  home 
by  an  appropriation  to  be  spent  in  his 
district  or  his  state? 

President  Taft  spoke  a  reasonable  and 
timely  word  of  warning  against  national 
aid  in  road-building  at  the  recent  dinner 
of  the  Automobile  Club  of  America,  in 
New  York.  If  such  a  warning  may  be 
interpreted  as  a  threat  of  a  veto,  it  may 
postpone  this  additional  pork-barrel  for 
a  while. 

The  states  and  counties,  of  course,  ought 
to  pay  for  road-making.  That  is  good 
economics. 

THE  GIFTS  OF  THE  RICH 

THE  newspaper  compilations  of 
benefactions  made  by  rich  per- 
sons and  corporations  last  year  to 
such  public  institutions  as  colleges,  hos- 
pitals, and  museums,  and  to  charitable 
uses,  sets  the  sum  at  more  than  1 50  mil- 
lions; and  during  the  last  eleven  years, 
the  corresponding  sum  is  estimated  to 
be  about  a  billion-and-a-quarter  dollars. 
These  estimates  include  only  the  large 
gifts  known  to  be  made  by  persons  of 
great  wealth.  A  very  much  larger  sum, 
of  course,  was  given  for  these  purposes  in 
the  smaller  donations  of  a  multitude  of 
givers  —  an  enormously  larger  sum. 

These  imperfect  figures  may  well  set 
any  man  to  thinking.  In  no  other  country 
do  the  people  —  either  the  rich  or  the 
well-to-do  —  give  with  anything  like  such 
freedom.  The  reasons  for  this  good  Amer- 
ican habit  are  instructive.    We  have  more 


rich  and  well-to-do  persons  than  any  other 
country.  There  are,  no  doubt,  more  great 
fortunes  in  England  but  by  no  means  so 
much  diffused  wealth.  But  our  diffusion 
of  wealth  is  not  the  only  reason  for  our 
freer  giving  for  public  purposes.  The 
main  reason  is  that  we  have  not  even  yet 
come  to  look  to  the  Government  to  do  all 
such  tasks  as  people  expect  the  govern- 
ments of  the  Old  World  to  do.  Something 
at  least  remains  of  our  old-time  theory 
that  the  Government  should  not  become 
a  general  almoner.  While  the  functions 
of  our  Government,  from  municipal  to 
national,  have  constantly  been  multiplied 
and  widened,  still  we  recognize  the  duty 
of  giving  private  help  to  our  institutions 
for  the  public  welfare.  In  fact  a  rich  man 
is  regarded  as  having  fallen  short  of  his 
duty  if  a  part  of  his  fortune  does  not  go 
to  some;,  such  use.  And  that  is  a  whole- 
some sentiment  in  a  democracy. 

An  inevitable  inquiry  is,  "  Do  rich  men 
not  waste  much  money  in  their  donations 
and  bequests  by  giving  it  for  less  good  uses 
than  they  might  select  —  for  uses,  for 
example,  that  will  in  some  way  gratify 
their  vanity  to  be  remembered?"  Doubt- 
less. But  there  seems  from  decade  to 
decade  to  be  a  process  of  education  by 
experience.  For  instance  more  and  more 
money  is  given  to  relieve  suffering  and  to 
eradicate  diseases.  That  surely  is  well. 
Another  kind  of  work  that  is  almost  new 
in  the  world  and  is  of  incalculable  help  to 
the  human  race  is  the  endowment  of 
institutions  of  scientific  research.  Such 
an  institution  with  $2,500,000  endowment 
was  recently  established  in  Berlin;  and 
Professor  Adolf  Harnack,  the  President, 
gave  credit  for  it  to  American  activity 
in  this  direction,  mentioning  the  Rocke- 
feller Institute  for  Medical  Research,  the 
Institute  at  Manila  and  the  Carnegie 
Institution  at  Washington. 

And  more  and  more  money  is  given  to 
save  children  from  neglect  and  ignorance. 
Here  any  man  may  find  one  sound 
method  of  help,  even  if  there  be  no  other. 
Give  to  adults  or  for  adults  as  you  may, 
you  will  sometimes  put  your  money 
where  it  will  do  harm  as  well  as  good. 
It  is  a  difficult  business  to  make  sure 
that  the  help  yo\i\Tv\.^Kwi\w  ^cswc^^iw^vr. 


378 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


will  always  be  help.  But  help  to  child- 
hood stands  a  better  chance. 

If  you  are  a  rich  man,  you  may  find  it 
worth  your  while  to  make  an  investiga- 
tion to  see  if  this  difference  be  not  funda- 
mental and  true;  and,  if  you  are  a  poor 
man,  study  the  problem  betimes  so  that 
when  you  become  rich  you  may  have  no 
doubt  about  a  wise  way  to  bestow  your 
fortune  for  the  public  good. 

HOW  PENSIONS  MAKE  COWARDS 

DURING  the  debate  in  December  in 
the  House  of  Representatives  on 
the  Sherwood  pension  bill,  a 
group  of  Representatives  sat  in  a  smoking 
room  just  off  the  chamber. 

"  It's  an  infernal  shame  to  waste  the 
public  money  in  that  way,"  said  one. 

"It's  bad  politics,  too,"  said  another. 
"The  Republicans  have  worked  that  game 
as  long  as  there's  anything  in  it  and  now 
we  Democrats  are  fools  enough  to  take  it 
up  too  late  to  make  anything  by  it." 

"Just  in  time,"  said  a  third,  "to  prevent 
us  from  carrying  out  any  programme  of 
economy.    We're  all  in  the  same  boat." 

The  conversation  went  on  with  such 
remarks  as  these: 

"  1  don't  blame .     He  comes  from  a 

strong  old-soldier  district  and  he'd  be  left 
at  home,  if  he  opposed  the  bill,  and  his 
career  of  usefulness  cut  short.  But  the  rest 
of  you  fellows  —  it's  simply  cowardice." 

"Cowardice  or  not,  1  must  now  go  in 
and  deliver  some  buncombe  for  the  old 
soldier  and  save  my  mutton."  And  in 
an  hour  afterward  the  last  speaker  was 
delivering  an  old-glory,  old-soldier,  high- 
falutin,  humbug  speech  without  a  word 
of  sincerity  in  it  in  favor  of  the  bill  that 
is  meant  to  add  $75,000,000  to  the  annual 
pension  cost. 

This  conversation  was  narrated  to  the 
writer  of  this  paragraph  by  a  member  of 
the  House,  as  truthful  a  man  as  lives.  "Of 
course,"  he  added,  "  1  can't  give  the  names 
of  these  cynical,  cowardly  members." 

At  the  hotels  in  Washington  —  or  any 
place  where  Congressmen  gathered  to  gos- 
sip, about  the  time  this  Sherwood  bill  was 
before  the  House  —  anybody  who  would 
be  l3t  into  the  circle  of  conversation  heard 
similar    remarks.       Every     Washington 


newspaper  correspondent  has  heard  such 

confessions  time  and  again. 

II 

What  have  we  here,  then?  A  great 
fabric  of  fright,  a  school  of  hypocrisy,  a 
state  of  mind  which  permits  and  excuses 
falsehood  and  cowardice.  Men  publicly 
proclaim  what  they  privately  admit  is 
false  and  wrong.  And  Congressicmal 
opinion  tolerates  this  conduct. 

As  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams  points 
out,  there  has  never  been  in  the  United 
States  since  our  government  was  formed 
such  an  organization  as  has  grown  up 
around  pension  frauds,  nor  an  organization 
that  has  so  intimidated  political  parties 
and  public  men  —  from  Presidents  down. 

The  "old-soldier  vote"  has  already  cost 
the  treasury  more  than  the  Civil  War  cost. 
The  cost  of  the  war,  above  ordinary  ex- 
penses of  government,  was  $3,250,000,000; 
and  there  have  been  paid  out  for  pensions 
since  1866,  $4,245,000,000.  There  are 
now  on  the  pension-rolls  (including  mer- 
cenary widows  and  deserters)  almost  as 
many  names  as  there  were  soldiers  serving 
in  the  field  at  any  one  time  during  the  war. 

Yet  nobody  in  authority  \i  brave  enough 
to  demand  even  publicity  of  the  pension- 
roll.  Suppose  a  private  business  or  a 
corporation  carried  a  pay-roll  of  more  than 
$150,000,000  a  year,  and  there  was  even  a 
whisper  of  fraud  —  do  you  not  suppose 
that  it  would  have  a  thorough  examination 
made  to  determine  at  least  whether  every 
man  on  the  roll  was  alive? 

The  pension-roll  now  costs  more  than 
$1 50,000,000  a  year.  One  per  cent  of  that 
would  pay  for  the  publication  of  every 
name  with  the  sum  received  by  every 
pensioner,  for  what  reason  received,  and 
upon  whose  examination  of  the  facts  and 
upon  whose  recommendation.  If  such 
publicity  were  made,  public  opinion  in 
every  community  would  probably  point  the 
way  to  a  proper  revision  of  the  list  and  to 
the  restoration  of  neighborhood  opinion  it- 
self on  this  subject  to  proper  self-respect. 
The  worthy  pensioners  would,  every  man 
of  them,  be  held  in  higher  honor  than 
they  are  now  held ;  and  the  improper  pen- 
sioners would  be  held  up  to  deserved  scorn. 

This  would   be   the  first  step  toward 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


379 


recovery  from  this  national  degradation 
of  character. 

Yet  no  Secretary  or  no  President  re- 
commends such  an  obvious  piece  of  good 
house-cleaning  and  good  book-keeping; 
no  political  party  demands  it;  no  Repre- 
sentative or  no  Senator  introduces  a  reso- 
lution to  force  it.  They  all  live  in  this 
artificial  House  of  Fright.  Before  the 
vast  organization  of  claim  agents  and  bun- 
combe orators  they  are  all  cowards. 

Ill 

It  is  such  insincerities  of  political  life  as 
this  that  cause  the  public  to  hold  Congress- 
men and  other  officials  in  contempt,  to 
suspect  them,  often  to  despise  them,  and 
still  oftener  to  fear  their  insincerity.  For 
there  is  no  substitute  for  moral  earnest- 
ness. Without  it  public  life  can  no  more 
escape  degradation  and  suspicion  than 
private  life  can. 

So  long  as  by  a  conspiracy  of  silence  and 
fear  and  by  buncombe.  Congress  permits 
about  $160,000,000  a  year  to  be  spent  for 
pensions,  and  adds  to  this  cost,  and  refuses 
even  to  investigate  its  expenditure  and  to 
permit  the  people  to  know  who  receives  it 
—  just  so  long  will  Congress  and  adminis- 
trations, of  whatever  party,  deserve  and 
receive  public  suspicion  of  insincerity  and 
a  degree  of  public  contempt. 

•Reduction  of  expenses?  Reform  of  the 
tariff?  There  can  be  no  effective  efforts  at 
either  so  long  as  the  Government  has  to 
pay  this  vast  pension-tax;  and  every  man 
who  is  tinkering  at  reductions  and  reforms 
knows  this  and  knows  that  he  is  merely 
tinkering  or  playing  a  political  game. 

IV 

Go  out  among  the  people;  and  you  will 
not  fmd  a  single  man  who  will  dissent  from 
these  two  propositions: 

(1)  Every  deserving  pensioner  should 
be  rewarded  and  held  in  honor. 

(2)  Every  undeserving  pensioner  should 
be  exposed  and  dropped  from  the  rolls. 


So  pervading  is  the  effect  of  this  long 
pension  debauchery  that  this  incred- 
ible thing  happened:  a  petition  to  Con- 
i^ress   to  grant   pensions  to  Confederate 


veterans  received  many  signatures  in  an 
intelligent  Southern  community  and  was 
sent  to  Washington.  The  argument  was 
that  the  Confederate  veterans  fought  for 
a  principle  that  they  believed  to  be  right. 

Such  an  incident  might  be  dismissed  as 
ludicrous  or  pathetic  or  imbecile;  but  it 
has  this  important  significance:  it  shows 
that  many  people  have  come  to  regard 
pensions  as  a  charity.  If  the  Government 
gives  out  hundreds  of  millions  to  the  de- 
serving who  fought  for  one  principle  why 
not  to  others  who  fought  for  another  prin- 
ciple? Are  we  not  living  in  a  liberal  age? 
Should  charity  be  narrowly  circumscribed? 

Thus  it  is  possible  that  the  poison  of  this 
demoralization  may  in  time  taint  all  public 
opinion  and  the  Government  come  to  be 
regarded  as  a  great  dispenser  of  alms. 


There  are  many  arguments  in  favor  of  a 
pension  for  men  and  women  who  have 
given  long  and  faithful  service  in  the  civil 
branches  of  the  Government.  But  no 
thoughtful  man  can  favor  such  pensions  in 
the  light  of  our  experience  with  military 
pensions.  We  have  proved  that  the 
Government  cannot  be  trusted  with  fur- 
ther responsibilities  of  this  nature.  The 
Civil  Service  Reform  Association  at  its 
recent  meeting  in  Philadelphia  objected 
to  such  pensions  and  proposed  instead 
that,  if  necessary,  the  salaries  of  civil 
servants  be  increased.  At  any  rate  they 
must  manage  themselves  to  provide  for 
their  old  age. 

AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN 
PERSIA 

AMERICANS  have  watched  with  a 
good  deal  of  interest  and  not  a 
little  pride  the  efforts  of  Mr.  W. 
Morgan  Shuster  to  defend  what  was  left 
of  the  oldest  empire  on  earth  against  the 
aggression  of  the  rival  empires  of  modern 
times,  Russia  and  Great  Britain.  When 
the  Persian  Government  wanted  a  dis- 
interested expert  to  straighten  out  its 
demoralized  finances,  at  its  request  Presi- 
dent Taft  suggested  Mr.  Shuster  as  a  man 
capable  of  doing  the  work.  In  six  months 
he  converted  a  treasury  deficit  of  $500,000 
into  a  surplus  of  l&x^fxx^.  t^c^^^s^"^  ^nv^- 


38o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ing  that  time  he  had  to  provide  $1,500,000, 
for  the  suppression  of  a  rebellion  backed 
by  Russian  influence. 

But  by  his  very  success  he  necessarily 
made  enemies  not  only  of  Persian  officials 
by  putting  a  stop  to  their  graft  and  ex- 
tortion, but  also  of  the  two  great  Powers 
which  regard  Persia  as  their  prot6g6  or 
prey.  He  put  his  foot  into  a  diplomatic 
web  that  has  been  two  hundred  years  in 
the  weaving.  The  keynote  of  Russian 
policy  has  always  been  to  gain  an  outlet 
to  open  water.  The  Persian  Gulf  was  her 
only  chance  between  Vladivostok  and  St. 
Petersburg.  The  keynote  of  British  policy 
has  always  been  to  protect  the  overland 
route  to  India.  This  also  necessitates 
control  of  southern  Persia.  In  1722  Peter 
the  Great  sailed  down  the  Volga  with  his 


little  fleet  and  took  possession  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  including  the  provinces  on  its 
southern  coast  which  the  Russian  troops 
are  now  again  occupying.  In  1903  Lord 
Curzon,  Viceroy  of  India,  sailed  up  the 
Persian  Gulf  with  three  cruisers  and  held 
durbars  on  the  coast  to  reassert  the  old 
British  claim,  and  now  Indian  troops  have 
been  sent  to  Bushire  and  Shiraz.  The 
two  Powers,  without  taking  the  trouble 
to  consult  Persia,  calmly  proceeded  in  1907 
to  carve  up  the  country  into  such  "spheres 
of  influence"  as  suited  them.  Their  com- 
mercial and  military  mancEuvres  since  may 
be  regarded  as  merely  the  exercise  of  this 
"influence,"  and  everything  was  going 
smoothly  until  Mr.  Shuster  appeared  upon 
the  scene. 
This  American   "filibuster   in   a   pea- 


T  U  1^  K  E  S  T  A  N 


THE   DARKENING   SHADOWS  OVER  THE   MOST  ANCIENT  tMPIRE 

RUSSIA,  IN  SEARCH  OF  AN  OUTLET  TO  OPEN  WATER,  IS  WIDENING  HER   "SPHERE  OF  INFLUENCE  "    IN  NORTHERN 

PERSIA,    WHILE    GREAT    BRITAIN,   JEALOUS   OF   THE   OVERLAND    ROUTE    TO    INDIA,    PLANS    SIMILAR    AGGRES- 

SJONS   JN    NEUTRAL   TERRITORY.     RUSSIAN    TROOPS   NOW  OCCUPY    KASBIN.   THE    OUTCRY    OF    PERSIA'S 

AMERICAN  TREASURBR-CENERAL,  MR.  MORGAN  SHUSTER.  HAS  ONLY  HASTENED  THE  DISMEMBERMENT 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


381 


jacket  and  a  paper  collar/'  as  the  Russian 
papers  call  him,  stood  up  and  with  a  loud 
voice  and  rude  words  said  right  out  what 
the  world  had  tacitly  ignored.  But  his 
plucky  stand  for  Persian  independence 
precipitated  rather  than  retarded  the  par- 
tition of  the  country.  The  British  Gov- 
ernment has  plainly  indicated  to  Parlia- 
ment that  it  has  no  intention  of  interfering 
with  anything  Russia  may  do  in  the 
northern  half  of  Persia.  At  the  same  time 
the  recent  activity  of  Great  Britain  gives 
grounds  for  the  suspicion  that  she  hopes 
ultimately  to  absorb  what  was  designated 
by  the  Anglo-Russian  Convention  of 
August  31,  1907,  as  neutral  territory. 

Thus  the  Persian  effort  at  independence 
will  be  balked  by  English  and  Russian 
aggression.  But  Mr.  Shuster  at  least 
gave  this  international  game  a  kind  of 
world-publicity  that  it  would  otherwise 
not  have  had. 

THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE 
NOBEL  PRIZES 

ALFRED  NOBEL  was  an  inventor— 
of  a  new  way  of  making  money 
and  of  a  new  way  of  spending  it. 
He  made  JiS9,ooo,ooo  by  the  manufacture 
of  something  which  the  British  Govern- 
ment, after  due  consideration  by  official  ex- 
perts, pronounced  valueless,  that  is,  dyna- 
mite; and  he  devoted  the  bulk  of  his  for- 
tune to  the  reward  of  contemp)orary 
greatness.  We  all  know  who  are  the  great 
men  of  the  past,  or  we  think  we  know.  But 
to  find  out  who  among  those  now  living  are 
doing  the  most  for  the  advancement  of 
the  race  is  a  more  difficult  problem  and 
more  imp)ortant,  especially  if  the  recogni- 
tion is  accompanied  by  an  award  of  money 
sufficient  to  afford  enlarged  opportunities 
for  usefulness.  It  was  Nobel's  intention 
that  the  income  from  his  estate  should  be 
divided  into  five  equal  parts  to  be  annually 
bestowed  respectively  up)on  the  persons 
who  should  during  the  preceding  year  have 
made  the  most  important  discovery  in 
physics,  in  chemistry,  and  in  physiology 
or  medicine,  and  produced  the  most  im- 
portant work  in  literature  of  an  idealistic 
character,  and  done  the  most  for  the  pro- 
motion of  international  peace.  The  selec- 
tion was  entrusted  to  the  Swedish  aca- 


demies  of  science,  medicine,  and  literature, 
and,  for  the  peace  prize,  to  the  Norwegian 
Storthing.  The  Committees  have  per- 
formed their  delicate  task  conscientiously 
and  impartially  and  the  worthiness  of  most 
of  the  recipients  has  not  been  questioned  by 
those  who  know  their  work,  even  though 
they  may  challenge  their  preeminence. 

The  Nobel  roll  of  honor,  therefore, 
affords  a  unique  opportunity  to  see  which 
nations  are  doing  the  most  for  civilization 
as  indicated  by  the  sixty-five  individuals 
who  since  1901  have  received  this  award. 
Germany  has  been  so  honored  sixteen  times 
and  stands  at  the  head  in  all  five  depart- 
ments except  peace.  France  stands  second 
with  ten  Nobel  prizemen,  followed  by 
England  with  seven  and  Holland  with 
five.  Then  come  Russia,  Italy,  Switzer- 
land and  Sweden  with  four  each;  and  Den- 
mark, Spain,  Belgium,  Austria,  and  the 
United  States  with  two  each;  and  Norway 
with  one. 

It  is  humiliating  to  American  pride  to  be 
put  in  the  lowest  rank  with  countries  as 
small  as  Denmark  or  as  backward  as  Spain; 
but  when  we  consider  the  list  it  is  not  so 
easy  to  suggest  names  of  many  Americans 
who  are  clearly  entitled  to  crowd  out  the 
European  recipients  of  the  prizes.  We 
are  obliged  to  confess  that  our  achieve- 
ments in  science  and  literature  are  not 
what  might  be  expected  of  us,  considering 
the  p)opulation,  wealth,  diffusion  of  educa- 
tion and  number  of  laboratories  in  the 
United  States.  Why  not,  is  a  hard  ques- 
tion but  one  worth  thinking  about. 

The  two  Nobel  medals  which  have 
crossed  the  Atlantic  came  to  Professor 
Michelson  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
for  his  investigations  of  the  wave-length 
of  light  and  to  Theodore  Roosevelt  for  his 
services  in  bringing  about  peace  between 
Russia  and  Japan.  Last  year  the  peace 
prize  was  divided  between  Professor  T.  M. 
C.  Asser  of  Amsterdam,  an  authority  on 
international  law  and  now  73  years  old. 
and  Alfred  Fried  who  was  bom  in  Vienna 
in  1866  and  is  the  founder  of  the  German 
Peace  Society.  The  prize  in  medicine 
went  to  Professor  Allvar  Gullstrand  of 
the  University  of  Upsala  for  his  work  in 
ophthalmology;  and  the  prize  in  physics  to 
Professor  WUhft\mWvwi^^\OTi5^a%.^\^ 


382 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


coverer  of  "Wien's  Law",  and  expert  on 
"canal  rays." 

Madame  Sklodowska  Curie  has  the  dis- 
tinction of  being  the  only  person  who  has 
received  two  Nobel  prizes.  In  1903  the 
prize  in  physics  was  divided  between 
Becquerel  and  Pierre  Curie  and  his  wife, 
since  all  three  were  concerned  in  the  open- 
ing of  the  new  and  rich  field  of  radio- 
activity. Professor  Curie  was  killed  by 
being  run  over  on  a  Paris  street  a  few  years 
ago  but  Madame  Curie  has  continued  her 
research  work  and  has  recently  succeedep 
in  isolating  the  metal  radium,  whose  mys- 
terious emanation  and  perpetual  flow  of 
heat  have  revolutionized  physical  science. 
Like  Sienkiewicz,  who  holds  the  Nobel 
literature  prize,  Madame  Curie  is  a  Pole 
and  she  has  given  her  country  a  name  in 
science  which  it  is  denied  on  the  map,  by 
calling  the  most  energetic  element  she  dis- 
covered, "polonium."  Two  other  women 
have  been  honored  by  the  Nobel  Founda- 
tion, Baroness  Bertha  von  Suttner  for  her 


great  peace  novel,  "Lay  Down  Your 
Arms,"  and  Selma  Lagerlof  for  her  imagin- 
ative Swedish  stories. 

The  public  takes  more  interest  in  the 
literary  prizes  than  in  the  scientific,  and 
there  will  be  general  satisfaction  with  the 
latest  award  to  Maurice  Maeterlinck. 
Yet  who  would  have  prophesied  twenty 
years  ago  that  the  young  Belgian  poet  who 
was  printing  on  a  hand  press  a  very  limited 
edition  of  a  symbolistic  tragedy  filled  with 
weird  echoes  of  Shakespeare,  would  ever 
become  a  popular  author,  beloved  of  old 
and  young  in  many  lands?  Maeterlinck 
has  known  how  to  win  more  than  one  pub- 
lic. Some  who  cannot  endure  such  dramas 
as  "P6116as  and  M61isande,"  enjoy  his 
interpretation  of  "The  Life  of  the  Bee"; 
many  go  to  see  "The  Blue  Bird"  wh^will 
not  read  his  essays  on  "  Wisdom  and  Des- 
tiny." Yet  through  all  these  varied  forms 
there  is  a  sane  and  simple  philosophy  of 
life,  not  unworthy  to  be  called  idealistic  in 
the  sense  in  which  Nobel  used  the  word. 


AN  ACCIDENT  THAT  SAVED  A 

BUSINESS 


By  C.  M.  K. 


ONE  day  about  ten  years  ago, 
a  salesman  for  a  New  York 
bond  house,  foraging  for 
business,  called  on  the  presi- 
dent of  a  little  $50,000  man- 
ufacturing company  in  Connecticut  to  try 
to  sell  him  some  bonds.  He  met  the 
usual  response. 

"  Young  man,"  said  the  president,  "  1 
haven't  any  use  for  bonds  or  any  other 
kinds  of  stocks.  1  have  always  put  all 
my  money  into  this  business.  I  started 
it  in  a  barn  twenty-five  years  ago,  and  it 
has  grown  up  now  to  pay  me  about 
j20,ooo  a  year  because  1  have  always 
attended  to  it  and  put  my  money  into  it." 
The  salesman  was  an  adaptable  man. 
He  asked  a  lot  of  questions  about  the 
business  and  was  genuinely  interested. 
Fwjlly,  as  he  rose  to  go,  the  salesman  said : 


"A  good  many  men,  carrying  on  suc- 
cessful business  enterprises,  and  putting 
all  their  earnings  back  into  the  business, 
find  out  some  time  that  it  would  have 
been  a  good  thing  not  to  have  quite  all 
the  eggs  in  one  basket.  Sometimes  a 
reserve  that  is  not  tied  up  in  the  business 
turns  out  to  be  pretty  useful.  1  hope  it 
won't  be  so  in  your  case." 

About  two  weeks  later  a  letter  was 
forwarded  to  the  salesman  from  his  home 
office  in  New  York.  It  came  from 
the  manufacturing  president  —  an  invi- 
tation to  call.  The  salesman  accepted 
it  with  alacrity.  They  talked  over  the 
whole  subject  of  bonds,  what  they  repre- 
sented, how  they  paid  their  interest,  how 
they  could  be  used  in  a  business  way,  and 
all  the  other  details  with  which  only  the 
bond  buyer  or  seller  is  familiar,     in  the 


AN  ACCIDENT  THAT  SAVED  A  BUSINESS 


38} 


end,  the  manufacturer  bought  two  stand- 
ard railroad  bonds  for  cash. 

A  few  months  later  the  salesman  dropped 
in  again  and  he  found  that  the  merchant 
had  $2,000  more  which  he  was  perfectly 
willing  to  invest.  He  had  explained  the 
thing  to  his  wife  and  she,  being  a  cautious 
woman,  had  endorsed  the  idea.  He 
wanted  to  know  from  the  salesman  whether 
the  bonds  could  be  put  in  his  wife's  name, 
and  the  salesman  explained  the  matter 
of  registration. 

In  the  course  of  the  conversation  it 
developed  that  the  buyer  had  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  he  would  put  away  regu- 
larly $500  a  month  into  bonds.  The 
idea  of  a  sort  of  sinking  fund  had  taken 
firm  hold  of  him.  Several  times  in  the 
course  of  this  talk  he  brought  up  the  idea 
of  not  having  all  his  eggs  in  one  basket. 
When  he  told  that  he  intended  to  set 
aside  regularly  a  certain  amount  of  his 
profits,  the  salesman  conceived  another 
idea  which  might  be  of  mutual  advantage. 

"Why  not,"  he  said,  "instead  of  buying 
small  blocks  of  bonds,  buy  $10,000  of  a 
good  bond,  pay  20  per  cent,  on  it  down 
and  pay  the  rest  month  by  month,  send- 
ing us  your  check  every  month  until  the 
bonds  are  paid  for.  We  don't  do  that 
very  much,  but  if  you  are  going  to  be  a 
steady  investor  1  think  1  can  persuade 
the  house  to  make  a  deal  whereby  the 
interest  on  the  unpaid  balance  will  not 
be  any  more  than  the  interest  paid  by  the 
bond,  so  that  every  dollar  you  put  in 
begins  to  earn  some  money  right  away." 

They  talked  this  over.  In  the  end  the 
manufacturer  bought  $3,000  of  bonds  and 
paid  $500  on  account  with  an  understand- 
ing that  he  was  to  pay  the  same  amount 
each  month  until  the  bonds  were  fully 
paid  for.  That  was  the  beginning  of  a 
habit.  For  nearly  ten  years  it  continued. 
Sometimes  the  bonds  were  high  grade 
railroad  issues,  once  they  were  municipals, 
twice  they  were  short  term  notes,  and  on 
several  occasions  they  were  public  utilities 
underwritten  by  the  banking  house.  The 
salesman  never  bothered  to  call  except 
when  the  last  payment  was  made  on  each 
block  of  bonds,  when  he  would  go  around 
and  discuss  with  his  client  what  he  should 
buy  this  time. 


For  all  these  years  the  accumulation 
went  on  without  any  business  use  being 
made  of  the  bonds.  The  buyer  forgot 
that  part  of  the  conversation,  and  he  be- 
came to  all  intents  and  purposes  simply  an 
investor,  thoroughly  contented  and  easy 
in  his  mind,  and  did  not  think  of  any 
financial  advantage  from  his  investment 
except  the  steady  income  which  it  paid. 
When  this  income  reached  a  p)oint  where 
it  would  itself  buy  a  bond  a  year  he  in- 
creased his  purchases  by  that  much. 
He  began  to  assume  the  appearance  of 
an  inveterate  investor. 

About  a  year  ago  his  health  broke  down 
and  he  and  his  wife  went  to  Europe  for 
a  rest.  The  business  was  left  in  charge 
of  his  nephew.  A  block  of  bonds  was 
bought  to  be  paid  for  while  he  was  away 
by  checks  sent  from  the  office.  He  went 
away  and  rested  with  an  easy  mind.  By 
August  he  was  in  good  health.  Then, 
one  day,  he  received  an  urgent  cable 
calling  him  back  in  a  hurry  and  stating 
that  matters  of  urgent  import  demanded 
his  presence.  He  packed  up  and  came 
home  as  fast  as  he  could. 

It  developed  that  the  company  had  been 
robbed  on  a  wholesale  scale  by  the  nephew. 
The  discovery  of  a  shortage  nearly  equal 
to  the  entire  capital  stock  had  practically 
wrecked  the  institution.  The  nephew 
had  absconded.  The  credit  balance  of 
the  company  had  disappeared  and  one  of 
the  banks  was  calling  for  the  payment 
of  its  loans.  The  situation  when  the 
president  arrived  was  extremely  critical. 
The  banks,  as  usual  in  the  case  of  a  client 
with  long  standing  credit,  had  allowed 
over  expansion  and  the  result  of  the  sud- 
den curtailment  of  credit  facilities  seemed 
to  be  inevitable  bankruptcy. 

The  first  few  days  were  spent  in  trying 
to  arrange  new  credit  facilities.  Then  a 
few  anxious  days  followed  wherein  the 
president  tried  on  his  personal  credit 
to  raise  funds  from  his  friends.  Un- 
happily, little  could  be  done  in  this  direc- 
tion, for  he  had  himself  never  been  a 
liberal  lender  of  money,  particularly  in 
times  of  distress,  and  he  found  his  personal 
goodwill  in  the  financial  field  of  very  little 
avail.  He  reached  home  from  the  last 
salvage  expedition  on  3.  SaXxl\&a:^^  t\v^!X. 


384 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


worn  out  and  almost  ready  to  give  up  and 
let  the  aflFair  take  its  natural  course. 

His  wife  told  him  that  she  had  been 
called  up  in  the  morning  by  his  friend  the 
salesman,  who  had  called  at  the  office 
and  learned  a  little  of  the  situation.  He 
had  stated  that  he  would  spend  the  night 
at  a  hotel  in  town  and  would  like  to  see 
the  president  either  Saturday  night  or 
Sunday,  about  some  more  bonds.  The 
message  flashed  an  idea  to  the  old  man's 
mind  and  he  lost  no  time  in  getting  to  the 
telephone.  Fifteen  minutes  later  the  sales- 
man was  in  his  library  listening  to  a  plain 
unvarnished  tale  of  all  that  had  happened. 
When  the  story  ended  with  the  statement 
that  the  company  needed  $50,000  and 
needed  it  right  away  the  salesman  justified 
his  existence. 

"Why,"  he  said,  "as  close  as  1  can  figure, 
you  have  about  $75,000,  altogether,  of 
bonds,  and  you  bought  them  all  from  me. 
I  can't  speak  officially  for  the  house,  but 
I  wouldn't  be  afraid  to  bet  any  amount 
of  money  that  we  will  lend  you  $50,000 
on  that  collateral  at  the  current  rate  of 
interest  for  as  long  as  you  want  it,  or.  that 
we  will  buy  back  the  bonds  from  you  and 
give  you  pretty  close  to  what  you  paid 
for  them  if  not  more  than  you  paid  for 
them.  If  you  will  let  me  call  up  the  house 
of  one  of  our  partners  in  New  York  I  will 
see  if  I  can  make  it  official." 

In  half  an  hour  it  was  arranged.  The 
money  would  be  loaned  at  5  per  cent., 
and  if  more  money  was  needed  the  bonds 
would  be  purchased  for  cash  at  the  market 
value.  Since  the  bonds  were  all  registered 
the  salesman  undertook  to  get  them  in 
shape  to  be  used  as  collateral  and  the 
money  would  be  delivered  by  Tuesday 
at  the  latest. 

At  the  present  time  that  loan  is  still 
standing.  None  of  the  bonds  have  been 
sold  and  none  of  them  are  likely  to  be  sold, 
for  when  the  banks  discovered  that  1^50,000 
cash  had  been  thrown  into  the  business, 
the  business  was  on  its  feet  again  imme- 
diately with  as  good  credit  as  it  ever 
enjoyed  if  not  better. 

This   episode    is    the    best    illustration 

possible  of  a  growing  habit  of  building  up 

reserves    against    business    contingencies. 

T/iere  are  a  great  many  husxntss  men  in 


the  country  to-day  who  recognize  the 
cardinal  truth  that,  if  they  put  all  their 
resources  into  their  own  business  and  into 
matters  that  are  dependent  upon  their 
own  business  for  success,  they  are  carry- 
ing all  their  eggs  in  one  basket,  and  there 
are  probably  a  thousand  companies  in 
the  Eastern  States  that  are  putting  away 
year  by  year  what  they  consider  solid 
and  substantial  reserves  in  the  form  of 
investment.  These  funds  are  never  dis- 
turbed for  the  ordinary  exigencies  of 
business.  They  are  not  used  in  the  buy- 
ing of  raw  material  or  in  the  process  of 
manufacture,,  which  can  be  carried  on 
bank  credit.  They  are  understood  to  be 
cash  resources  which,  if  necessity  arises, 
can  themselves  be  made  the  basis  of 
additional  bank  credit  at  the  rate  of  $400 
of  credit  to  $100  of  cash. 

While  the  practice  is  general  enough 
at  the  present  time,  the  method,  I  should 
say,  in  the  majority  of  cases  is  extremely 
imperfect.  1  know  of  one  case  where 
this  so-called  reserve  is  invested  in  sub- 
urban real  estate  mostly  very  near  the 
factory  itself.  No  mistake  could  be  much 
worse.  Real  estate  is  not  a  liquid  asset. 
It  cannot  be  sold  at  a  moment's  notice. 
In  most  cases  it  could  not  even  be  mort- 
gaged at  a  moment's  notice,  and  in  the 
case  I  refer  to  most  of  it  is  bought  already 
fully  covered  by  mortgage. 

This  matter  of  buying  with  a  reserve 
something  that  could  not  be  used  quickly 
in  case  of  an  emergency  is  about  as  sensible 
as  it  would  be  to  equip  fully  your  factory 
with  fire  escapes,  lock  every  door  leading 
to  them  and  throw  the  keys  away.  The 
effect  will  be  the  same  in  case  of  an  emer- 
gency in  nine  cases  out  of  ten. 

Therefore,  if  there  is  one  thing  that  a 
reserve  of  this  sort  ought  to  be,  it  ought 
to  be  liquid.  Standard  listed  bonds  are 
undoubtedly  the  best  possible  form  for 
it  to  take.  When  a  man  starts  out  to 
set  aside  such  a  reserve,  he  ought  to  pay 
attention  to  this  form  of  securities  alone 
for  the  first  few  purchases  at  least.  After 
he  has  bought  one  or  two  blocks  of  these 
standard  bonds,  which  would  be  good 
collateral  in  his  own  bank  or  almost  any 
other  bank,  or  which  he  could  throw  into 
the  market  at  any  time  and  get  his  money 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


385 


the  next  day,  he  can  turn  to  the  idea  of 
getting  a  little  higher  revenue.  The 
standard  bonds  will  yield  him  from  4}  to 
4I  per  cent,  a  year.  His  second  class  will 
yield  him  5  to  5^  per  cent,  though  the 
latter  rate  is  high  under  present  market 
conditions.  He  should  not  try  to  go  over 
that  rate  at  the  present  time  under  any 
circumstances. 

Specialty  bonds  and  stocks,  dealt  in 
by  people  who,  if  crisis  arose,  would  not 
bid  for  the  bonds  at  any  reasonable  price 
and  who  would  almost  certainly  refuse 
even  to  loan  upon  them  at  a  reasonable 
rate,  should  not  be  touched  under  any 
circumstances  by  this  kind  of  buyer. 
They  may  be  all  right  for  income  only; 
but  the  man  who  is  putting  away  funds 
as  an  anchor  to  windward  cannot  afford, 


for  the  sake  of  income,  to  throw  away  the 
whole  purpose  and  intention  of  this 
investment.  Therefore,  insist  always  that 
bonds  or  stocks  bought  for  a  reserve  of 
this  sort  be  salable  and  loanable. 

If  your  banker  tells  you  that  this  block 
of  bonds  yield  5J  per  cent,  and  has  a 
"reasonable"  market  and  that  that  one 
yields  only  4J  per  cent,  but  could  be  sold 
at  any  time,  your  natural  inclination  ought 
to  be  toward  the  second  rather  than  the 
first.  In  a  man's  own  personal  invest- 
ment he  does  not  often  need  to  be  able 
to  throw  his  securities  into  the  market 
any  day,  and  the  5J  per  cent,  issue  might 
be  much  the  better  of  the  two  for  him; 
but  business  money  must  be  real  money, 
and  not  a  non-negotiable  promise  to  pay 
twenty-five  years  from  now. 


PENSIONS  -  WORSE    AND    MORE 

OF    THEM 

THIRD  ARTICLE 

THE  COSTLY    SUCCESSION    OF  "' BLANKET"  BILLS  —  $l60,000,000   ANNUALLY   AND 
THE  END  NOT  IN  SIGHT  —  OUR  REMUNERATIVE  ROLL  OF  HONOR 

BY 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS 


FORTY-SIX  years  after  the 
echoes  of  the  last  gun  dis- 
charged in  the  Civil  War 
had  died  away,  it  was  offi- 
cially estimated  that  rather 
more  than  550,000  of  those  who  served 
therein  in  any  military  capacity  still  sur- 
vived, and  that  96  per  cent,  of  those  sur- 
viving were  the  recipients  of  pensions. 
Such  a  statement,  including,  as  the  ag- 
gregate of  survivors  necessarily  must, 
those  whose  term  or  character  of  service 
was  merely  nominal,  those  who  were  in 
advance  paid  for  all  they  did,  and  paid 
most  liberally,  those  who  are  otherwise 
amply  provided  for,  and  those  who  for  vari- 
ous causes  are  undeserving  of  assistance  — 
and  when  men  gathered  up  promiscuously 
are  numbered  by  the  hundreds  of  thou- 


sands the  percentage  of  such  is  of  necessity 
invariably  large,  —  taking  all  these  cases 
into  consideration,  the  statement  speaks 
for  itself.  Such  a  showing  is  not  credit- 
able. On  its  face  it  is  suggestive  of 
reckless  and  indiscriminate  giving  on  the 
part  of  the  public,  and  of  fraud  and  false 
pretence  on  the  part  of  the  recipients. 
That  more  than  one  quarter  of  those  who 
genuinely  participated  in  a  war  half  a 
century  ago  still  survive  is,  to  say  the  least, 
surprising.  If  substantiated,  however,  the 
fact  speaks  volumes  for  the  excellent 
physical  condition  in  which  they  came 
out  of  it.  On  the  other  hand,  the  impli- 
cation that  no  less  than  ninety-six  out  of  a 
hundred  of  these  survivors  of  the  stalwart 
American  youth  of  1861  are  now  if  not 
virtually  ^^axv^t^  '^^^  ^^k^tj^rxc^  Vs^  -^ 


?86 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


t comfortable  support  on  others  or  on 
the  public  is  certainly  in  no  degree  con- 
ducive to  an  increased  national  self* 
complacency.  The  simple  fact  is,  neither 
of  the  things  stated  is  really  so.  No  such 
number  of  proper  and  worthy  recipients  of 
public  assistance  survive;  no  such  propor- 
tion (96  per  cent.)  of  average  American 
citizens  of  any  class  stand  in  need  of 
assistance  from  the  public.  If  any  faith 
at  all  can  be  put  in  the  statistics  of  Amer- 
ican life.  or.  throwing  statistics  aside,  if 
any  reliance  can  be  put  on  ordinary, 
every-day  observation,  it  is  manifest  that 
more  than  half  of  the  enormous  sum 
($157,325,160.35)  thus  expended  in  1910-1 1 
was  worse  than  thrown  away;  that  is,  if 
the  rule  universally  deduced  from  human 
experience  —  that  profuse  and  indiscrim- 

»inate  giving  is  a  curse  —  holds  good  in  this 
case  also.  That  our  pension  system  tends 
to  pauperize  the  community  by  under- 
mining that  sense  of  self-respect  always 
incident  to  self-support,  hardly  admits  of 
denial;  that  indiscriminate  giving,  re- 
gardless of  individual  requirements,  re- 
stricts the  funds  available  for  the  relief 
of  the  really  deserving  and  really  needy. 
is  a  self-evident  proposition.  That  such  a 
condition  of  things  calls  for  reform  is 
obvious;  but  before  a  proper  measure  of 
reform  can  be  devised,  it  is  necessary 
to  have  a  clear  understanding  of  the 
real  cause  of  difficulty  —  the  root  of  the 
evil 

In  the  case  of  the  pension  system,  that 

root   of  evil  is  found   in    the  legislative 

policy  which  has  for  nearly  thirty  years 

been    steadily  followed  in    regard    to   it 

■ —  a    piecc-mcal    instalment-plan    policy, 

■gradually    assuming    shape    through    an 

nil-considered    succession    of    progressive 

■  ^'blanket  bill"  enactments.   I  n  other  words. 

while  perpetually  legislating,  no  measure 

thas  ever  been  even  suggested  which  pro 
fesscd,  much  less  which  was  intended,  to 
be  comprehensive  and  final.     Itself  avow- 
jtdly  an  entering  wedge,   the  passage  of 
ach    measure    is    forced    through    by   a 
system  of  tactics  which  might  most  aptly 
described  as  the  "flying  wedge/*     In 
Jther    words,    the    organization    having 
j£5g75Jation  in   charge  —  the  General 
Sr^/r,  i*r  will  call  it  —  first  con- 


siders what  can  probably  be  obtainei 
under  conditions  at  the  time  prevailing  — 
the  particular  political  party  in  control, 
the  state  of  the  Treasury,  and  the  greater 
or  less  proximity  of  an  election.  A  meas- 
ure is  then  introduced  intended  for  im- 
mediate action,  with  a  distinct  intimation 
that  further  and  ulterior  results  are  in 
view:  but  reserved  for  a  more  opportune 
occasion!  The  measure  selected  is  as 
much  as  can  probably  be  made  to  go  now. 
As  the  result  of  a  varied  experience  stretch- 
ing through  the  lifetime  of  an  entire  gen- 
eration, the  General  Pension-StafT  is  well 
advised  as  respects  both  pension  strategy 
and  congressional  tactics.  The  method 
of  procedure  has  been  reduced  to  a  system. 
In  the  last  Congress  it  was  time  and  again 
asserted  in  debate  that  the  end  ultimately 
in  view  was  the  securing  of  legislation 
which  would  give  what  is  known  as  the 
"dollar-a-day'*  pension  to  every  man  who, 
having  served  cp  days  during  the  Civil 
War,  had  received  an  honorable  dis- 
charge, and  $20  a  month  to  the  widows  of 
such,  regardless  of  the  date  of  marriage. 
The  so-called  "Sulloway**  bill,  it  was 
claimed,  would  "at  once  put  at  least  75 
per  cent,  of  all  soldiers  on  the  roll  at  $30 
per  month,  and  the  balance  will  receive 
a  like  amount  before  long."  The  widows. 
dependents,  hospital  nurses.  team>lers. 
camp-followers  generally,  and  even  militia, 
were  to  follow,  an  endless  procession  as 
long  as  the  money  held  out. 

The  legislation  thus  immediately  pro- 
posed, which  would  unquestionably  have 
gone  through  could  it  have  been  brought 
to  a  vote,  would  easily  have  lifted  the 
appropriation  above  the  two-hundred- 
mill  ion  s-a-y  car  mark.  Upon  this  the  ''Hy- 
ing" wedge  was  directed;  but  this  again 
was  merely  an  "entering"  wedge.  Judg- 
ing by  the  experience  of  the  past,  it  can 
admit  of  no  question  that,  if  the  Sulloway 
bill  had  become  a  law.  and  the  doUar-a-day 
pension  basis  had  been  established,  the 
cry  would  next  have  been  heard  that 
the  cost  of  living  had  so  increased  that  a 
dollar  and  a  half  a  day  was  in  purchasing 
power  now  no  more  than  a  dollar  a  day 
at  the  time  the  measure  was  first  ad- 
vocated. The  pensions  should  in  "jus- 
lice"  be  increased  accordinKlv.     Further-, 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


387 


more,  under  no  measure  yet  even  intro- 
duced, much  less  made  law,  has  any  at- 
tempt been  made  toward  reducing  to  a 
system  legislation  by  special  act  covering 
individual  cases.  On  the  contrary,  it  was 
distinctly  stated  in  the  debate  on  the 
"Sulloway  bill,"  nor  was  the  statement 
denied  that,  if  the  most  extreme  of  the 
present  "blanket"  measures  were  passed, 
the  future  introduction  of  special  acts 
would  in  no  way  be  restricted.  Rather, 
a  new  life  would  be  infused  into  that 
vicious  practice,  but  on  a  higher  level. 


was  at  once  pronounced  excellent;  its 
further  application  was  proposed.  So  the 
next  year  a  bill  was  prepared  and  sub- 
mitted, generalizing,  but  in  moderation 
only,  the  exceptional  case.  Presented 
May  7,  1906,  and  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Military  Claims,  this  measure, 
strictly  limited,  had  a  most  plausible 
sound.  As  such  it  appealed.  In  fact, 
as  soon  became  apparent,  it  was  only  the 
second  blow  upon  the  wedge  inserted  the 
previous  year.  Under  this  bill  (59th 
Congress,    Document   No.   489,   rep)orted 


THE    SWELLING    "ROLL   OF   HONOR"   OF    PENSIONERS    BV   SPECIAL   ACT 


CONGRESS 

NUKBEm 

NX7MBKE 

Thirtv-sevenlh  fi86i-iSG^)                  

13 

a? 
i}8 

\tl 
98 

1. 01 5 

Fifty-first  ( I  R§Q-iSqi) 

1,388 
217 

'i 

694 

1*391 
2,171 
3.355 
6,030 
6,600 

Thirtv-ciehth  f  tS6i-i86<;j           

Fifty-second  ( 1 891;  - 1 8fj^ ) 

Thirtv-ninth  h 86^-1867} 

Fifty-third  (iSg^-iSg^) 

Fortieth  r  1 867-1860! 

Fifty-fourth  (j 89S-18Q7) 

Fortv-first  f  1 060-18?  0 

Fifty-fifth  (1807-1800) 

Fortv-second  f  1871-1871) 

Fifty-sixth  (1899-1901 ) 

Fortv-third  f  1871-187^1 

Fifty-seventh  (icio  1-^005) 

Fortv-fourth  ^187^-1877) 

Fiftv-eiehth  (loo^-ioos) 

Forty-fifth  ( 1377-1 870) 

Fifty-ninth  (1905-1907) 

Fortv-sixth  (  iBtcj- I SSi i .    

Sixtieth  (1907-1909) 

Fortv-scventh  (iHSi-i^t) 

Sixty-first  (1909-191 1) 

9.649 

Forty-eight^   ft-^j-i^^O 

Fortv-ninth  f  iSSs-iSSt^ 

Total 

35.987 

Fiftieth  (1887-1880) 

Every  bill,  therefore,  yet  introduced 
has  been  of  the  "blanket"  and  "entering 
wedge"  character  —  an  instalment  only. 

The  "flying  wedge"  is  then  brought 
into  legislative  play.  All  the  forces  be- 
hind every  p)ossible  description  of  pension 
act,  whether  reported,  contemplated,  or 
hoped  for,  are  concentrated  in  solid 
phalanx  behind  that  measure  which  im- 
mediately holds  the  stage.  That  carried, 
the  next  is  in  order. 

Next,  thus  in  order,  to  the  Sherwood 
DoUar-a-day  bill  —  now  actually  re- 
ported and  immediately  impending  — 
the  measure  known  as  the  Volunteer 
Officers  Retired  List  affords  in  its  history 
an  apt  illustration  of  the  "entering  wedge" 
tactics.  This  measure  originated  in  1905. 
On  March  3,  of  that  year.  Gen.  Joseph 
R.  Hawley  and  Gen.  P.  J.  Osterhaus. 
ofTicers  of  the  Volunteer  Civil  War  service, 
were  placed  by  special  act  on  the  pension 
roll'  as  Major  Generals  "retired."  A 
precedent  was  thus  created;  the  narrow 
edge  had  been  inserted.    The  principle 


June  13,  1906,)  it  was  proposed  to  create 
a  special  roll  to  be  known  as  the  Volun- 
teer Retired  List.  A  place  upon  this 
roll  was  limited  to  those  70  years  and 
upward  of  age,  who  had,  after  an  actual 
Civil  War  service  of  two  and  one-half 
years,  attained  the  rank  of  Major  General 
or  Brigadier  General  of  Volunteers,  or 
who,  being  field  officers  of  volunteer 
regiments,  had  been  brevetted  Major 
General  or  Brigadier  General.  Eligibility 
to  this  roll  was  very  properly  extended 
to  all  who,  without  reference  to  the  length 
of  their  service,  having  attained  the  above 
rank,  had  in  the  line  of  duty  sustained 
injuries  of  a  specified  character.  Those 
on  the  roll  were  to  be  entitled  to  three- 
fourths  pay  on  the  scale  received  by  officers 
of  like  rank  in  the  regular  army.  A  some- 
what imperfect  list  was  prepared,  assum- 
edly  containing  the  names  of  191  persons 
reported  as  possible  beneficiaries  under 
this  act,  should  it  become  law.  The 
passage  of  the  act,  would,  it  was  stated^ 
involve  axv  2^TVMa\  cK^^ssiicosa^  ^  ^s^^^^ 


388 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


fcs 50,000;  not.  for  the  end  in  view  and 
^nder  the  conditions  set  forth,  a  consid- 
erable or    unreasonable    addition  to    an 
annual    pension   appropriation    exceeding 
$150,000,000. 

At  first  glance  the  measure  commended 
itself.     The  length  of  service  rendered  — 
tiiirty  months  —  the  rank  achieved  —  that 
of  general  —  the  age  attained  before  be- 
coming   eligible    as    a    beneficiary  —  70 
wears  —  all    served    as    guarantees,    and 
Kstablished    limitations.     Here   was   hon- 
Ibrable  recognition  and  reasonable  reward 
for  exceptional  service,  long  rendered.     It 
soon  became  apparent,  however,  that  this 
bill,  in  the  form  proposed,  stood  no  chance 
of  passage;  and  this  on  obvious  grounds. 
For,   whereas,   a   "blanket''   pension   bill 
covering  enlisted  men  as  well  as  officers 
would  affect  some  six  or  eight  hundred 
thousand  voters,  a  bill  which  affected  less 
than  two  hundred  voters  only,  no  matter 
how  individually  deserving,   was  plainly 
lacking  in  political  merit;  for,  in  consid- 
ering   proposed    pension    legislation,    the 
voting  strength  of  those  affected  is  in  the 
Congressional   mind   the  prime  consider- 
ation.   The  measure  now  suggested  went 
home  to  but  half  a  vote  on  the  average 
in  each  Congressional  district;  argal,  as 
Shakespeare's    clown    would     have    dis- 
coursed, it  was  undeserving  of  consider- 
»ation.    Though   a   strenuous   effort  was 
hnade  toward  the  passage  of  this  measure. 
nothing    could    be    effected.    Obviously. 
Kt  was  necessary  to  enlarge  it.     It  would 
be  purposeless  here  to  follow  it  through 
its  several   subsequent  stages.    Annually 
brought  up,  and  ever  in  a  new  and  more 
attractive  form  pressed  upon  the  notice  of 
Congress,  it  made  no  progress;  and  so, 
gradually  assuming  new  shape,  it  at  last 
became    thoroughly    comprehensive  —  so 
to  speak,  broad-bottomed.     The  age  limit 

Kisappcarcd:  the  length  of  service  was 
zduoxl;  one  after  another,  every  grade  of 
commissioned  officer  was  included  in 
its  scope. 

A  little  "log  rolling"  was  also  at  this 
Itage  expedient.  The  consideration  and 
passage  of  the  measure  could  tacitly  but 
nost  advantageously  be  combined  with 
he  comiderMkm  and  passage  of  another 
y^nAci"  measure  in   favor  of  the  en- 


listed man;  a  measure  affecting,  it  was 
said,  800,000  beneficiaries,  and  adding 
$5  5,000,000  to  the  pension  payments.  This 
was  business!  In  thirty  states  of  the 
Union  the  two  measures  would,  if  com- 
bined, probably  affect  an  average  of  3,000 
beneficiaries  in  each  Congressional  district; 
and,  while  it  was  true  the  establishing 
of  the  retired  list  alone  would  in  those 
stales  probably  affect  on  the  average 
hardly  more  than  one  hundred  voters  in 
each  district,  yet  they  were  active  and 
influential  voters! 

In  its  final  shape,  and  so  accompanied, 
the  original  bill  of  1906  had  thus  assumed 
a  wholly  new  aspect.  The  measure  as 
now  framed  applied  to  all  ever  having  held 
a  commission  in  the  Civil  War  Volunteer 
Army,  without  regard  to  age,  provided 
only  that  the  entire  term  of  service  of 
the  proposed  beneficiary  had  exceeded  six 
months.  In  other  words,  every  individual 
who  had  received  a  commission  during 
the  Civil  War  and  had  served  half  a  year 
or  more,  whether  as  enlisted  man  or  officer, 
at  the  front  or  in  the  snug  retirement  of  a 
recruiting  office,  was  placed  for  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  on  the  Retired  Volun* 
teer  Officers  Pension  Roll,  with  two  thirds 
pay,  quite  irrespective  of  whether  he  had 
received  injury  during  his  period  of  service, 
which  had  to  a  degree  already  been  pro- 
vided for  under  other  legislation,  and  with- 
out regard  to  his  extraneous  means  of 
support.  And  yet  it  is  safe  to  say  that 
quite  a  large  proportion  of  these  proposed 
beneficiaries  had.  during  their  period  of 
military  service,  been  the  recipients  of 
larger  salaries  than  had  ever  subsequently 
come  their  way. 

The  innocent  looking,  strictly  limited 
measure  introduced  in  1906  had  thus  in 
tqio  become  "blanket"  legislation  of  the 
widest  and  most  vicious  character.  As 
such,  it  was  estimated  that  it  would  in- 
clude 22.000  beneficiaries,  instead  of  less 
than  200  as  originally  proposed,  and, 
instead  of  8550,000  a  year,  it  would  add 
$14,600,000  to  the  annual  pension  roll  of 
S 1 5  5 .000.000.  Though  favorably  reported, 
this  handsomely  enlarged  measure  still 
failed  in  obtaining  the  necessary  support. 
In  other  words,  it  did  not  even  yet  repre- 
sent a  sufficient  number  of  votes  to  make 


4 


4 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


389 


its  passage  worth  while  in  the  average 
Congressional  estimate.  Nor  did  the  rank 
and  file  of  the  pension  roll,  so  to  speak, 
regard  it  with  favor.  In  the  eye  of  the 
enlisted  man,  the  commissioned  officer  had 
already  enjoyed  sufficient  advantages;  he 
was  in  no  way  entitled  to  further  favors. 
That  the  bill  should  again  be  recast,  and 
re-appear  in  a  still  more  seductive  form 
was  reluctantly  recognized  as  essential. 
This  work  was  accordingly  next  taken 
in  hand,  and,  on  February  21,  1911,  the 
measure  was  rep)orted  in  the  Senate  in 
an  entirely  new  and  altogether  more 
reasonable  shape.  It  now  included  all 
surviving  volunteer  commissioned  officers 
who  had  served  during  the  Civil  War  for  a 
term  or  terms  aggregating  two  years; 
they  were  to  receive  a  reasonable  retiring 
allowance  at  a  diminishing  rate,  running 
from  $900  per  annum  in  the  case  of  a 
colonel,  or  grades  higher  than  colonel, 
those  holding  the  same  having  served  two 
years  and  more,  to  $450  to  Lieutenants 
having  served  in  excess  of  one  year; 
provided  that  no  ex-officer  should  be  en- 
titled to,  or  should  receive  the  retired 
allowance  until  he  should  have  arrived 
at  the  age  of  70  years,  nor  until  he  should 
first  make  affidavit  that  his  income,  de- 
rived from  private  sources,  including  the 
income  of  his  wife,  did  not  exceed  $1200 
per  annum.  It  was  estimated  that  the 
first  year's  net  cost  of  the  measure  thus 
recast  and  limited  would  be  approximately 
$5,000,000  in  excess  of  all  pensions 
(13,000,000)  now  paid  to  the  proposed 
beneficiaries  under  existing  pension  laws. 
It  might  apply  in  all,  it  was  assumed,  to 
about  15,000  persons;  and  right  of  ad- 
mission to  the  roll  without  retired  pay 
was  very  properly  extended  to  all  sur- 
viving officers  who  had  served  six  months 
or  more,  irrespective  of  age  or  private  in- 
come; a  merely  honorary  recognition. 

Reduced  to  this  final  form,  the  measure 
may  be  considered  as  now  pending,  and 
ready  for  consideration  by  the  present 
Congress  at  its  first  regular  session;  that 
is,  practically,  after  the  passage  of  a 
previous  "blanket"  measure,  satisfactory 
to  a  much  larger  number  of  the  rank-and- 
file,  has  been  secured.  That  has  the  right 
of  wayl    In  the  form  it  now  bears,  the 


Volunteer  Officers  bill  is  plausible.  Never- 
theless, under  the  established  and  pre- 
scriptive system  of  pension  legislation, 
this  measure  also  if  now  passed,  will  in 
all  human  probability  prove  to  be  merely 
another  stage  of  the  Hawley-Osterhaus 
wedge.  Once  it  becomes  law,  the  cry 
will  be  raised  —  Why  this  discrimination 
between  the  list  of  the  Regular  Service 
and  the  Civil  War  Volunteer  list?  The 
limitation  of  age  will  hardly  be  swept 
away,  because  the  number  of  the  Civil 
War  commissioned  officers  already  less 
than  70  years  old  is  inconsiderable.  The 
other  limitations  would,  however,  one  by 
one  be  removed,  until  finally  all  dis- 
tinctions between  the  volunteer  retired 
list  and  the  regular  army  retired  list 
would  cease.  The  Hawley-Osterhaus  pre- 
cedent would,  in  the  joint  names  of  Justice 
and  Honorable  Recognition,  be  applied 
universally! 

The  arguments  most  confidently  urged 
in  its  support  are,  if  calmly  considered 
from  a  detached  point  of  view,  the  most 
curious  feature  in  the  very  earnest  ad- 
vocacy of  this  measure  by  those  interested 
in  its  passage.  And  apparently  those 
who  advance  these  arguments  actually 
believe  in  them!  They  never  weary  of 
asserting,  until  they  have  convinced  them- 
selves, that  the  measure  is  one  of  right; 
that  it  merely  carries  out  a  solemn  pledge 
made  by  Congress  and  confirmed  by 
Abraham  Lincoln  during  the  first  year  of 
the  Civil  War  (July,  1861)  —  a  promise 
to  the  effect  that  those  mustered  into  the 
volunteer  Civil  War  service  should  be 
placed  on  the  same  footing  as  to  pay  and 
allowances  as  similar  corps  of  the  regular 
army.  The  proposed  beneficiaries  then 
go  on  somewhat  strenuously  to  ask  — 
"How  has  the  Government  kept  this 
promise?"  And  it  is  pointed  out  that 
since  1866  Congress  has  passed  various 
acts  conferring  honors  and  benefits  on 
officers  of  the  regular  army,  solely  on 
account  of  their  Civil  War  service;  but 
has  passed  no  acts  of  a  similar  character 
in  favor  of  the  officers  of  the  volunteer 
service. 

The  passage  of  similar  measures  re- 
lating to  the  volunteer  officers  vs  ^«l^c 


the  redemption  of  a  solemn  contract 
volunteered  by  the  Government  when  in 
dire  need,  etc*,  etc.  The  fact  is  con- 
veniently ignored  that  no  one  of  the  several 
measures  referred  to  applied  to  officers 
of  the  regular  service  who  had  subsequent 

»to  the  war  been  mustered  out  of  that 
service.  It  appHed  only  to  oflkers  of  con- 
tinued and  consecutive  service  lasting  until 
those  to  whom  the  acts  applied  had  been 
retired  for  age  or  incapacity.  No  one  of 
these  acts  applied  to  those  who  had  been 
mustered  out,  least  of  all  those  who  had 
been  mustered  out  more  than  forty  years 
before  at  their  ow^n  request,  and  in  order 
that  they  might  enter  upon  other  occu- 

Ppations  which  at  the  time  had  seemed  to 
them  likely  to  be  more  remunerative,  or 
in  other  respects  desirable.  There  is, 
consequently,  no  analogy  whatever  be- 
tween the  tw^o  cases,  and  no  pledge  was 
ever  made  which  the  Government  can 
justly  be  called  upon  now  to  redeem- 
^Regulars  and  volunteers  are  on  precisely 
"the  same  footing.  Yet  those  who  would 
be  beneficiaries  under  the  proposed  act 
have  actually  argued  themselves  into  a 
firm  belief  that,  in  demanding  a  great 
preference,  they  are  merely  insisting  upon 
the  fulfilment  of  an  obligation  which  has 
up  to  dale  been  unduly  and  unrighteously 
withheld. 

A  similar  analogy  is  drawn  between 
the  officers  of  the  Civil  War  and  the  ofliicers 
of  the  so-called  Revolutionary  army, 
wholly  oblivious  again  of  the  fact  that 
there  is  no  real  analogy  between  the  two 

Peases,  No  benefits  or  pensions  of  any 
idescription  were  conferred  upon  the  of- 
ficers of  the  Revolutionary  army  until 
the  lapse  of  close  upon  half  a  century 
after  that  struggle  closed.  During  the 
Civil  VV^ar  the  officers  of  the  volunteer 
army  were  paid,  as  were  the  officers  of  the 
regular  army,  what  belonged  to  the 
grades  they  held  in  the  legal-tender  money 
then   in   use  —  "the   blood-sealed   green- 

Rack"  —  which  possessed  a  recognized 
alue.  The  officers  of  the  Revolutionary 
army,  on  the  contrary,  were  paid  in  a 
continental  money,  constantly  depreciat- 
ing and  finally  altogether  valueless.  Every 
of  the  Cm\  War  who  has  seen  fit 
ch/m  ii  hss  ^ince  hrm   thi'  rcdpicni 


I 


of  a  regular  pension,  the  same  as  that  of 
the  enlisted  man.  No  real  analogy,  there- 
fore, exists  between  the  two  cases;  and 
yet  the  analogy  is  constantly  urged,  as  if 
it  were  perfect  at  every  point,  and  as  if  a 
right  conceded  to  the  otTicers  of  the  earlier 
struggle  had  been  denied  to  those  of  the 
later.  In  other  words,  a  preference  is 
importunately  demanded  in  the  names  of 
Justice  and  Equality. 

Such,  as  respects  pensions,  is  the  system 
of  progressive,  patch-work,  instalment- 
plan,  blanket  legislation  which  has  been 
pursued  for  the  last  forty  years,  and  is 
still  being  pursued.  Nor  is  any  end  in 
sight,  or  limit  proposed.  It  simply  feeds 
on  itself  ^ — and  $150,000,000  a  year  of 
public  money,  soon  to  be  $200,000,000! 
Under  such  circumstances,  what  the  oc-  ^| 
casion  now  calls  for  is  obvious.  It  calls,  ™ 
and  it  calls  imperatively,  for  some 
measure  of  a  wholly  new  character  —  at 
once  constructive,  definite,  and  final  A 
measure  which  will  discharge  the  over 
loaded  and  groaning  committees  of  Con- 
gress from  all  further  consideration  of 
pension  acts,  general  or  special.  The 
framing  of  such  a  measure  should  also, 
it  would  seem,  be  easy;  nor  in  framing  it 
would  it  be  necessar>'  to  tax  the  knowledge 
or  ingenuity  of  the  Congressional  Com- 
mittee on  Invalid  Pensions.  On  the  con- 
trary, such  a  measure  would  best  be  pre- 
pared under  instruction  and  for  the  use 
of  that  committee  in  the  Pension  Bureau 
and  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General, 
Then,  prepared  by  experts  in  the  full  light 
of  a  vast  accumulated  experience,  it 
would  be  so  framed  as  to  make  provision, 
at  once  suitable  and  liberal,  for  all  or- 
dinary classes,  as  also  to  provide  for  cases 
of  exceptional  hardship.  The  business 
of  Congress  is  to  legislate,  not  sit  as  a 
tribunal,  whether  executive,  administra- 
tive, judicial,  or  eleemosynary. 

The  first  existing  condition  manifestly 
calling  for  attention  in  such  a  measure 
would  be  a  purging  of  the  roll.  It  is 
useless  to  assert,  as  is  generally  asserted, 
that  no  purging  of  the  roll  in  this  case  is 
necessary:  or  that,  so  far  as  it  is  necessary, 
the  machinery  for  it  already  exists. 
Neither  statement  is  true.  During  the 
year  closing,  luno  ^o  last,  in  consequence 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


39* 


of  repeated  allegations  of  extensive  fraud, 
the  Commissioner  of  Pensions  has  in- 
stituted what  he  terms  a  "checking  of  the 
pension  roll."  It  amounts,  however,  to 
nothing  more  than  the  ascertainment 
that,  in  the  localities  selected  for  investi- 
gation, the  person  receiving  the  pension 
was  actually  the  person  entitled  to  draw 
it.  Beyond  that  somewhat  immaterial 
consideration  there  was  no  attempt  to  go. 
The  charge  is  that  in  this,  as  in  all  similar 
cases,  the  inducement  to  fraud  has  be- 
gotten fraud.  Measures  of  a  more  search- 
ing and  drastic  character  are  called  for; 
and,  in  the  case  of  a  private  company 
engaged  in  the  business  of  insurance  or  the 
payment  of  annuities,  would  be  in  use. 
But  even  allowing  that  a  machinery, 
such  as  it  is,  for  the  elimination  of  fraud 
already  exists  and  is  in  use,  the  charge 
is  made,  and  moreover  is  supported  by 
reference  to  cases  judicially  and  otherwise 
exposed,  that  the  existing  pension  roll  is 
largely  factitious,  built  upon  perjury, 
misrepresentation,  and  evasion.  Notor- 
iously, it  is  a  sealed  book.  Within  the 
last  year  it  has  been,  in  private,  confidently 
asserted  by  officers  of  the  Government, 
than  whom  none  have  better  means  of 
reaching  a  correct  conclusion,  that  if  the 
existing  roll  were  as  thoroughly  purged 
as  a  similar  roll  would  be  by  a  private 
business  organization,  the  amount  paid 
out  thereunder  would  be  reduced  by  one- 
half. 

Such  cases  as  the  following,  too  numer- 
out  to  specify,  are  on  record  and  have  in 
course  of  recent  debate  been  brought  to 
the  notice  of  Congress.  A  responsible 
man,  himself  a  veteran  of  the  war,  wrote 
from  a  town  in  Ohio  that  he  "could  name 
at  least  twenty  men  in  the  same  company 
to  which  he  belonged  who  are  receiving 
under  special  pension  acts  $24  a  month, 
and  who  never  stood  in  line  of  battle." 
Still  another  case  was  specified  on  the 
floor  of  the  last  House  of  a  man  "who  en- 
listed in  1864,  got  a  big  bounty;  stayed  in 
the  hospital  until  discharged;  never  fired 
a  gun  or  did  a  day's  duty  at  the  front; 
came  home;  was  examined;  was  pensioned 
at  $12  per  month  for  the  last  stages  of 
consumption,  and  is  living  yet."  A 
system  under  which  such  abuses  exist,  and 


are  practically  connived  at,  is  one  not 
improperly  characterized  as  a  "system 
which  offers  every  possible  inducement 
to  mendicancy  and  conceals  every  possible 
inducement  to  fraud." 

Without  going  into  the  exact  truth,  or 
possible  exaggeration,  of  such  statements, 
it  should  be  sufficient  that  they  are  made, 
publicly  made,  and  in  Congressional  de- 
bate. The  pension  beneficiaries,  in  this 
respect  resembling  all  other  recipients  of 
public  money,  should  be  peculiarly  sensi- 
tive under  such  imputations.  Demand- 
ing inquiry,  they  should  challenge  search- 
ing investigation.  The  pension  roll,  it 
is  claimed,  is  one  of  honor.  If  it  be  one 
of  honor,  those  who  discredit  it  by  their 
presence  should  be  exposed,  and  their 
names  stricken  therefrom. 

The  first  and  obvious  step  to  this  end 
would  be  publicity.  The  fullest  light 
should  be  let  on.  This  would  be  brought 
about  by  the  annual  publication  of  a  list 
of  pensioners,  indicating  in  each  case  the 
name,  place  of  residence,  and  the  amount  of 
which  the  beneficiary  is  in  regular  receipt. 
It  should  be  by  state  and  county,  town 
and  ward,  the  appeal  being  to  persons 
dwelling  in  the  immediate  vicinage  of 
the  recipient. 

Against  this  most  obvious  remedial 
measure  two  arguments  are  advanced  — 
arguments  singularly  contradictory  as 
well  as  futile.  In  fact,  in  this  respect  as 
in  others  when  pensions  are  in  question, 
great  mental  ingenuity  is  displayed  in  the 
invention  of  objections  to  any  measure 
looking  to  public  enlightenment.  In  the 
first  place,  the  pension  roll  is  proclaimed 
a  roll  of  honor.  It  is  then,  however, 
immediately  argued  that  the  acceptance 
of  public  money  savors  of  pauperism,  and 
places  the  recipient  thereof  somewhat  in 
the  position  of  a  mendicant.  "Veterans" 
are  sensitive;  and  their  sense  of  delicacy 
should  not  be  outraged  by  any  publica- 
tion of  a  roll,  even  though  it  be  one  of 
honor!  In  other  words,  the  presence 
of  his  name  on  that  particular  roll  of 
honor  carries  with  it  a  stigma.  Next, 
and  with  increasing  ingenuity,  it  is  as- 
serted that  the  publication  of  such  a  roll 
subjects  those  whose  names  thereon  ap- 
pear  to  X^CfcVNVCV^  ^.^'^\caS\ss^&  \\<:k^.  ^ 


392 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


torneys,  "green-goods"  men,  dealers  in 
quack  medicines,  and  other  well-known 
solicitors  of  patronage,  and  in  this  way 
subjects  the  battle-scarred  veteran  to 
unnecessary  annoyances;  which,  however, 
are  shared  in  common  by  them  with  the 
ten  to  twelve  thousand  persons  whose 
names  appear  in  "  Who's  Who  in  America" 
and  other  similar  publications. 

The  simple  fact  is  that  those  advancing 
these  ingenious  arguments,  as  well  as 
others  of  similar  character,  do  so  for  the 
excellent  reason  that  they  well  know 
the  existing  pension  roll  would  not  bear 
the  glare  of  the  limerlight.  Cases  of 
fraud  by  the  thousand  would,  it  is  alleged, 
at  once  become  patent  were  that  light 
let  on.  Those  who  take  a  proper  pride 
in  the  presence  of  their  names  upon  the 
roll  of  honor  should  on  this  score  alone 
demand  that  the  roll  be  made  public. 

Finally,  it  is  urged  that  this  and  the 
other  measures  proposed  involve  an  annual 
expenditure  of  large  sums,  which  had 
much  better  be  saved  and  given  to  the 
veteran  under  the  "blanket"  system, 
without  formal  examination  or  prying 
inquiry  into  the  particular  case.  Any 
private  corporation  distributing  annually 
considerable  amounts  in  the  form  of  pen- 
sions to  superannuated  employees,  or 
employees  injured  in  the  service  of  the 
company,  would  unquestionably  consider 
5  per  cent,  of  the  amount,  distributed 
well  expended  in  the  work  of  adminis- 
tering its  relief.  Were  5  per  cent,  of  the 
United  States  pension  appropriations  so 
expended  it  would  amount  to  no  less  than 
the  absurdly  unnecessary  sum  of  $8,000,000 
a  year.  One  half  of  that  amount  would 
amply  provide  for  all  existing  Pen- 
sion Bureau  expenses  and  also  pay  the 
cost  of  the  most  drastic  investigation, 
including  the  annual  publication  of  the 
roll  of  beneficiaries.  The  argument  from 
economy  through  dispensing  with  eflFective 
administrative  work  is  merely  a  cover  for 
a  public  expenditure  fraudulently  profuse. 
Publicity  and  the  consequent  purging 
of  the  roll  being  then  first  provided  for, 
the  next  step  would  be  to  prepare,  in  the 
light  of  the  experience  of  fifty  years,  a  de- 
/in/t/ve 3nd comprehensive  measure, under- 
^tond  to  be  of  a  final  character,  covering 


all  possible  cases  and  classes  of  cases, 
both  ordinary  and  exceptional.  It  is 
useless  to  argue  that  such  a  measure  is 
difficult  of  preparation.  All  the  material 
necessary  for  framing  it  must  have  been 
accumulated,  and  is  now  in  the  hands  of 
bureaus  and  officials  amply  competent 
to  frame  a  measure  accordingly.  It  only 
needs  that  they  should  be  set  to  work. 
That  the  ordinary  member  of  a  Committee 
on  Invalid  Pensions  is  not  qualified,  or  in 
any  respect  competent,  to  prepare  so 
complex  a  measure,  is  obvious.  He  has 
not  the  knowledge  of  precedents  and 
statistics,  nor  could  he  devote  to  the 
framing  of  the  bill  the  necessary  amount 
of  time  and  thought.  It  should  be  pre- 
pared to  his  hand;  taking  the  place  of  one 
of  those  slip-shod  "blanket"  measures 
so  discreditable  to  legislators,  but  which 
committees  seem  always  ready  to  accept 
and  report. 

The  course  now  to  be  pursued  by  the 
honestly  sympathetic  but  yet  conscien- 
tious Congressman  would  thus-  seem  tol- 
erably plain.  When  the  next  bill  pro- 
viding for  an  indiscriminate  increase  of 
pensions  is  proposed,  he  should  not  oppose 
it  as  a  measure  of  relief  to  the  "Vorthy 
soldier"  and  "veteran,"  but,  objecting 
to  its  form,  he  should  ask  that  it  be  re- 
ferred back  to  the  committee  reporting 
it,  with  instructions  to  prepare  a  bill  of 
a  definitive  character,  understood  to  be 
final  as  well  as  comprehensive,  covering 
all  cases  which  a  century's  experience  has 
shown  likely  to  arise;  the  same  to  be  re- 
ported as  a  substitute  for  the  last  pending 
specimen  of  "blanket"  legislation.  After 
all  these  years  and  in  the  face  of  such  an 
accumulation  of  experience,  involving  more 
than  four  thousand  millions  of  public 
money  already  actually  disbursed,  no 
measure,  not  so  framed  and  reported  as 
final,  is  entitled  to  respectful  consider- 
ation. 

Finally,  a  comprehensive  measure,  un- 
derstood to  be  definitive,  and  as  such 
doing  away  with  all  necessity  for  future 
Congressional  action,  having  been  pre- 
pared—  it  would  remain  to  provide  the 
administrative  machinery  necessary  to 
its  efi'ective  working.  This  should  not 
be  diffxcult.     It  was,  in  fact,  clearly  pointed 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


391 


out  in  the  debate  on  the  Sulloway  bill  by 
Mr;  Payne  of  New  York.  The  committee 
in  its  report  had  complained  in  terms 
already  referred  to  of  being  hopelessly 
oven\'orked,  it  was  unable  by  utmost 
exertion  "day  and  night''  put  forth,  to 
dispose  of  more  than  one  in  fifty  of  the 
cases  referred  to  it.  In  reply  Mr.  Payne 
said  that,  if  the  committee  was  not  able 
to  reach  all  these  "distressing  cases/'  he 


Houses*  under  which  they  are  reporting 
special  bills,  and  give  the  Commissiunei< 
of  Pensions  authority  to  grant  pension^ 
in  accordance  with  these  rules.  Thd 
aflldavits  which  are  now  examined  hastilw 
by  the  committees,  from  the  necessitiesj 
of  the  case,  would  then  have  to  undergoj 
the  scrutiny  of  the  Pension  Bureau,  and} 
the  facts  could  be  far  more  easily  and 
accurately  established."     Such  a  disposiJ 


REPRESENTATIVE    ISAAC    R.    SHERWOOD  OF  OHIO 

AUTHOR    OF    Tllfc     "DOLLAR    A    DAY**    BILL.    WHICH     RECENTLy    PASSED    THE    HOUSE    BY    A    VOTE    OF 

329  TO  92;  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE   COMMITTEE  ON    INVALID    PENSIONS  WHICH  HAS  A  LARGER  I'AT- 

RONACE  AT  ITS  DISPOSAL  THAN   PROBABLY  ANY    OTMhR   COMMITTEE    OF    CONGRESS 


m 

r.   If 


wished  to  point  out  ti»  them  that>  bs ''en-     lion   of   the  matter  would,   however 
acting  into  general  law  the  rules  which     must  be  confessed,  be  inconsistent  with 
the\  enforce  when  bills  are  brought  before     the    economical    theories,    more    popular 


that  committee,  giving  the  administration 
of  it  to  the  Pension  Bureau,  they  would 
relieve  the  committee  of  the  consideration 
of  nearly  all  these  cases/'  It  would,  he 
then  added,   be  far  more  just  than   the 


in  the  Congressional  mind,  advanced  in 
the  same  debate  by  a  Representative  from 
Ohio.  This  gentleman  thus  expressed 
himself:  **  I  would,  in  a  spirit  of  real 
economy,    abolish    the    brass   ornaments 


passage  of  the  *' blanket"  bill  then  pend-  and  expensive  machinery  of  the  Pension 
\n^^  to  enact  into  law  '*the  rules  adopted  Bureau*  muster  out  iK^  ^xvcv^  ^  -^^^x^*** 
by   the   Pension  Committees  of  the  two     «ixarc\m^Ts,  uv^^  tw^^\'^'A\^^x^'^.  ^a3>&.S^ 


i 


3Q4 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


Mranl    without    question    a    pension    to 
»ery    Civil     War    veteran    holding    an 
honorable  discharge  or  being  able  to  satis- 
factorily account  for  its  absence.     Thus 
would  millions  be  saved  annually  to  the 
Government   which    it    now   expends   in 
K$eless  salaries/' 

^  The  administrative  method  here  sug- 
gested has  certainly  the  merit  of  simplic- 
■ty*  It  would  effectually  do  away  with 
^yery  barrier  to  a  free  access  to  the 
Hteasury.  The  most  ardent  supporter 
Bf  pension  appropriations  could  hardly 
psk   ff)r  more.    On   this   head,   however, 


the  gentleman  Just  quoted  is  hardly  en- 
titled to  the  consideration  which  properly 
belongs  to  Mr.  Payne.  That,  however, 
the  Committee  on  Invalid  Pensions  will,  or 
any  other  Congressional  committee  sim- 
ilar! v  situated  would,  take  such  a  rational 
view  of  the  subject  as  that  suggested  by 
him  can  scarcely  be  hoped;  for.  under  the 
legislative  system  now  in  vogue,  the  Com- 
mittee on  Invalid  Pensions  has  a  larger 
patronage  at  its  disposal  than  probably 
any  other  committee  of  Congress,  perhaps 
larger  than  all  others.  Able  to  report 
favorabl\'.  or  to    refuse    to   act,  on  any 


PENSIONS -WORSr  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


30^ 


THH    REAL    OLD    SOLDI tRS 
THE  VAST  MA/OftirV  OF  WHOM  ARE  NEITHER   PAUf'DRS  NOR  CRIPPLFS  BtTOKOrNARY  AMERICAH  CITIZENS 


pensions  on  its  files,  with  the  number  in- 
creased by  many  hundreds  each  legisla- 
live  week,  the  members  of  that  commit- 
tee can  exercise  a  political  influence  most 
considerable.  That  they  should  willingly 
divest  themselves  of  it  is  scarcely  to  be 
hoped.  They  can  be  divested  of  it  only 
by  action  from  without;  but.  until  thev 
are  divested  of  it,  the  abuse  of  special 
pension  legislation,  which  has  now  grown 
to  unprecedented  dimension,  cannot  be 
corrected.  None  the  less,  the  simple 
measure  alone  necessary  for  its  correction 
is  obvious.  Mr.  Paine  pointed  it  out, 
and  his  remarks  in  so  doing  can  be  found 
in  the  Record  * 

Tribunals  would  thus  be  provided,  suf- 
ficient in  number  to  insure  reasonably 
prompt  action  on  all  cases  which  pre- 
sented themselves;  and  to  them  b\'  stand- 
ing rule  would  he  referred  ever>^  appli- 
cation of  exceptional  character.  Such 
tribunals  would  be  in  the  nature  of  a 
Court  of  Claims.  Instead  of  the  com- 
mittee undertaking  to  pass  upon  the 
individual  application,  the  members  of  it 
thus  assuming  judicial  or  administrative 
functions,  it  would  confine  itself  to  proper 
legislative  work.  Framing  and  enacting 
general  rules,  it  would  receive  each  ap- 

•  The  ipeech  of  Mr-  Pajroeis  to  thtfUcord  of  JanujiTy  17.  loii; 
PP  to  3A-J4.  The  mle*  refer«<l  to  of  the  Cumniittcc  on 
Invo-lid  PrnaioMi  Afc  to  be  found  in  the  Rticofd  of  January 
16,  Totf ;  fi  «f!S> 


plication  for  special  relief,  refer  the  same 
at  once  to  the  proper  branch  of  the  Pension 
Bureau,  by  which  the  application  would  be 
intelligently  and  locally  passed  upon,  and 
the  applicant  either  refused  or  given  that 
measure  of  relief  provided  in  thegeneral  act. 
Could    such    a    system    as    that    here 
outlined    be   adopted   even   at    this   late 
day»  it  would  do  away  with  the  necessity 
of  any  further  pension  legislation,  whether 
blanket    or    individual.     The   Committee 
on    Invalid    Pensions  would   be  at  once 
relieved    of    its    congestion  —  its    groans 
would  cease  for  lack  of  occasion  therefor. 
This  result  attained,  it  would  be  of  compara- 
tively little  importance  how  liberal,  within 
reason,  the  provisions  of  the  general  and 
definitive  act  might  be.  or  what  addition 
it  might  make  to  I  he  present  drain  upon 
the    Treasury.     The    "entering    wedge'* 
and    instalment-plan    system    would    be 
brought  to  an  end;  but.  until  that  system 
is  brought  to  an  end,  no  reduction  of  the 
pension  roll  disbursements  can  be  expected. 
On  this  point  no  one  can  longer  either  be 
deceived  or  deceive  himself.     It  is  always 
and  regularly  admitted  that  the  present 
appropriation  is  large  and  the  amount  al- 
ready expended,  running  into  the  billions, 
is  beyond  human  comprehension;  yet  it  is 
argued  with  wearisome  iteration  that  the 
additional    relief    now    provided    is    but 
one    of    some    ^o.ooo    applications    for 


"irifi 


1HE  WORinS  WORK 


I 


IHE    PENSION    BUILDING 

FKOM    WHICH    A    SIXTH    OF    THE    <K)VERNMENT*S   TOTAL    EXHEND1TURE    GOES.      TWO    AND   A    HALF    PER 
CENT,    OF    JT    WOULD    VAX   FOR    A    Rf.AL    tNVESTIGAriON   OF    THE    PENSION    ROLL    AND    FOR 
ITS    PUBLIC^rrON    AS  WELL    AS    PAT  THF    ORDINARY    ADMINISTRATIVE    EXPENSES 


temporary*  and  within  the  next  ten  years 
Iftrill  cease  through  the  death-rate,     Noth- 
Bing  of  the  sort  will   occur.     Under  the 
■Existing  system,  every  year,  new  acts  will 
be  reported  and  passed,  and  ever  increas- 
ing  recourse   had   to  special   acts.    The 
future  will,  in  this  respect,  be  merely  a 
repetition    of    the    past.     This    slovenly 
lakeshifl  and  manifest  fraud  should  stop; 
and   stop  now.     Were  it   made  to  stop, 

■the  life  of  the  pension  system  would  admit 
bf   actuarial   computation.     The   process 
of  regular  reduction  and  ultimate  extinc- 
tion  would   begin,   and  could   be   figured 
Mto    a    nicety.     For    instance,    take    the 
^neasure  already  referred   to,   introduced 
in  the  last  Congress,  and  providing  for  a 
^ulunteer  Officers  Retired   List.     It  was 
Bfestimated   that   under   the  proposed   bill 
there  would   be  at  first   21,995   possible 
■beneficiaries.     The  annual  reduction  which 
pii^ould    occur  was  then    computed,   with 
the  result  that,  while  the  measure  would. 

Iin  1911,  call  for  an  appropriation  of 
In, 52 1,395,  in  1929  the  amount  required 
under  it  would  be  reduced  to  §179,940. 
There  would  then  remain  only  243  beneftc- 
■laries. 

■    Under  any  well  considered  measure  of 

Konstructive  legislation,  it  should  be  the 

^ame  with  the  general  pension  list.   To-day 

there  are  upon  that  list  more  than  900,000 


40,000  and  upward  are  dropped  from 
natural  causes  each  year.  The  computa- 
tion is,  however,  to  a  degree  deceptive.  If 
even  such  a  proportion  were  maintained 
the  existing  roll  would  practically  disappear 
during  the  life  of  the  next  generation. 
We  all  know  nothing  of  the  sort  will  lake 
place,  and  that  the  last  name  will  hardly 
have  been  removed  from  that  roll  when  the 
twenty-first  century  is  ushered  in.  On  this 
head,  the  experience  of  the  Revolutionary 
past  is  instructive. 

Any  such  action  as  that  here  outlined  — 
action  at  once  obvious,  simple,  effective, 
and  economical  of  the  public  money  — 
is  most  improbable;  and  it  is  made  im- 
probable by  the  condition  of  affairs  which 
admits  of  easy  illustration.  In  the  course 
of  the  debate  of  January  last  on  the  Sul- 
loway  bill  (Rrcord,  }an,  10,  191 1;  p.  750) 
one  member  voiced  his  opposition  in  few 
words,  closing  thus  —  "  Y  et  I  want  to  say 
this  here  and  now,  though  I  realize  theeffect 
of  my  vote  upon  this  question,  that 
$50,000,000  a  year  is  too  big  a  price  for 
the  country  to  pay  to  bring  me  back  to 
Congress/'  The  nail  was  here  hit  on 
the  head;  but  the  average  member  of  thci 
House  is  not  afflicted  with  any  similar 
excess  of  modesty.  )n  his  estimation  no 
price  seems  to  he  too  considerable  to  pay 
for  his  retention  in  Congress,  provided 
always  the  money  paid  to  bring  that  rei^uU 


PENSIONS  — WORSE  AND  MORE  OF  THEM 


397 


MR.   JAMES    L.    DAVENPORT 

1I1E  COMMISSIONER  OF  PENSIONS  UNDER  WHOSE  AD- 
MINISTRATION  THIS    PAUPERIZING   AND 
CORRUPTING  FUND  IS  SPENT 

about  comes  not  out  of  his  private  re- 
sources, but  from  the  National  Treasury. 
Hence  in  the  same  debate  another  member 
proclaimed  himself  not  only  in  favor  of 
the  pending  measure  —  the  dollar-a-day 
pension  —  but  also  of  the  most  unques- 
tioning private  legislation  in  addition 
thereto,  and  the  sweeping  away  of  all 
limitation  of  the  date  of  marriage  in  the 
case  of  soldiers'  widows  and  increasing 
the  amount  in  such  cases  to  $20  per  month. 
Obviously,  a  somewhat  excessive  premium 
on  immorality;  but  it,  also,  meant  votes! 
Furthermore,  he  advocated  the  extension 
of  this  beneficent  system  to  cover  all  the 
militia  of  the  war  period,  who,  though 
"never  technically  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States,"  yet  "served 
their  country."  Those  men,  he  claimed, 
"should  in  justice  and  honor  be  granted 
military  status  and  the  accruing  benefits." 
Here  was  indeed  a  bid  for  votes!  It 
included  not  only  the  aged  and  war-worn 
veterans  and  the  "spring  chicken"  relict, 
but  that  body  of  participants  known  in 
civic  processions  as  "citizens  generally." 
1  his  gentleman  evidently  set  not  fifty,  but 


a  hundred  and  fifty  millions  a  year  as  the 
value  to  the  country  of  a  retention  of  his 
presence  in  the  National  Council  Chamber. 
The  case  of  this  member  will,  however, 
sufficiently  exemplify  what  the  particular 
measure  then  under  discussion  —  the  Sul- 
loway  bill  —  meant  as  a  political  factor 
in  a  single  district  —  ex  pede,  Herculem! 
In  the  absence  of  a  detailed  statement  it 
is  not  possible  to  specify  the  aggregate 
number  of  pensioners,  or  the  number  of 
pensioners  of  each  description,  resident 
in  the  district  in  question.  The  average 
number  in  each  district  of  the  state,  which 
the  member  in  part  represented,  is  almost 
exactly  2300.  Assuming  that  his  partic- 
ular district  did  not  fall  behind  the  aver- 
age, it  is  not  unfair  to  assume  that  one 
half  at  least  of  those  receiving  pensions 
were  "Veterans,"  and  would  be  bene- 
ficiaries under  the  provisions  of  the  meas- 
ure then  pending.  The  average  amount 
of  the  pension  paid  under  the  existing  law 
is  $15.00  a  month;  this  it  was  proposed  to 
double  in  the  case  of  the  beneficiaries  under 
the  pending  measure,  making  it  $30.00  a 
month.    The  net  result  would  be  that  in 


Copyright  by  Harris  and  Ewing 

REPRESENTATIVE    WILLIAM   RICHARDSON 

OF    ALABAMA,    CHAIRMAN    OF   THE    HOUSE    COMMITTEE 

ON    PENSIONS 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


Ihis  particular  district  the  passage  of  the 
Sulloway  bill  meant  the  gratuitous  dis- 
bursement among  the  voters  of  an  ad- 
ditional sum  of  $17,000  a  month p  a  similar 
sum  being  already  disbursed,  or  §200,000 
j>er  annum  in  addition  to  the  $200,000 
pirovided  by  existing  law.  The  plurality 
received  by  the  member  in  question 
_at  the  last  election  was  2500  in  a  lr»ial 
irote  of  46,000.  Comment  is  unnecessar) ; 
Ihe  inference  suggests  itself 


Cop>Ti^lil  \ij  lluri*  AJtKl  lowing 

PORTER   J.    MCCUMBF.R 
Of  JIUI   SENATE   COMMTTTBe   ON    PENSIONS 

There  arc  at  this  time  two  Senatorial 
candals  exciting  much  public  attention. 
)f  these,  one  involves  the  use  made  of  a 
fund  of  S50.000  raised  to  effect  the  result: 
|he  other  the  use  made  of  a  sum  of  81 17.000 
jrnished  by  the  successful  candidate  for 
tfnatorial  honors-    The  two  amounts  seem 
irge;  the  last  so  excessive  as  to  be  scan- 
ilous.     Here,    however,    is    a    sum    of 
),ooo  a  year  —  $400,000  for  a  single 
^ressional  term  —  voted  by  a  member 
^  ihe  National  Treasury  *'to  bring 


me  back  to  Congress/'  And  in  his  view, 
even  this  does  not  suffice!  — The  alleged 
corruption  funds  so  interminably  dis- 
cussed in  the  Lorimer  and  Stephenson 
cases  sink  into  insignificance. 

As  already  observed  at  the  commence- 
ment of  this  series  of  papers,  the  party  of 
political  opposition  elected  under  a  man- 
date to  restrict  a  too  profuse  public  ex- 
penditure, is  now  in  control  of  the  National 
House  of  Representatives,  Measures  are 
pending  before  that  body  looking  to  the  in- 
crease of  the  present  appropriatrnn  for  pay- 
ment of  pensions  merely  because  of  the  age 
of  the  recipients  thereof,  from  Si  57,000.000 
a  year  to  $200.000,000 and  more.  '*  Pro- 
gressive" measures  are  in  agitation  and 
warmls  advocated  which,  if  they  become 
law.  would  increase  this  amount  to  $250.- 
000,000,  An  average  sum  of  §600,000  to  be 
t  ach  year  gratuitously  disbursed  in  every 
(.ungressional  district  of  iheentire country! 
The  measure  immediately  impending*  in- 
volves the  additional  gratuitous  annual 
disbursement  of  approximately  $175,000 
in  each  of  the  Congressional  districts  of 
the  more  Northern  section  of  the  country; 
the  more  Southern  section  will  not  par- 
ticipate in  it  to  any  considerable  extent. 
Each  of  its  districts  may  possibly  gel 
from  it  $2,000  a  year —  crumbs  from  the 
table!  —  At  the  close  of  the  opening 
session  of  the  present  Congress,  Mr. 
Underwood,  the  leader  of  the  Democratic 
party,  on  the  floor  of  the  House  declared* 
in  language  already  quoted,  that  "This 
House  is  pledged  to  reform  the  adminis- 
tration of  public  affairs  and  to  retrench 
public  expenditures.  ,  ,  Not  a  dol- 
lar will  be  appropriated  which  a  careful 
investigation  does  not  demonstrate  should 
be  expended  in  a  wise,  efficient  and 
effective  administration  of  public  affairs/' 
fhe  issue  will  soon  be  presented,  and  it 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  gratuitous 
expenditure  of  fifty  millions  a  year  in 
addition  to  the  $157,000,000  already  pro- 
vided, "to  bring  Me  back  to  Congress," 
is  in  the  estimation  of  a  majority  of  the 
present  House  of  Representatives,  a  sum 
"expended  in  a  wrse,  efficient  and  effective 
administration  of  public  affairs." 

*Sincr  Ibi*  wu  wtittca  the  Sbmruod  ttti  [laMed  Um  Home  Inr  ft 
vote  of  139  ti>  91  iB  t|ill«  of  Mr.  Uadcnrood'te  nppnritfciB. 
—Tarn  KoitOBs. 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

RODGER'S  TRIP  FROM  KANSAS  CITY  TO  PASADENA 


BY 


FRENCH  STROTHER 


(ntoM  ormvDcwi  with  mk.  looons,  ma  hbcmamicians,  amd  ns  faiuly  wboaooomfanhd  am  Acioas  m  umiiimii) 


BY  HIS  flight  from  New  York 
to  Kansas  City,  Rodgers  had 
.  broken  the  world's  record 
I  for  distance;  continuing  in 
spite  of  three  wrecks  can 
fairly  be  called  a  world's  record  for  per- 
severance. His  wild  spirals  as  he  landed 
in  Kansas  City,  turning  comers  at  55-de- 
gree  angles  showed  another  characteristic 
of  Rodgers's  skill  and  a  spirit  of  reckless- 
ness which  he  usually  controlled. 

But  the  trip  from  Kansas  City  to  the 
Pacific  was  even  more  eventful  than  the 
first  half  of  the  journey.  From  the  time 
he  left  Kansas  City  the  official  log  of  the 
trip  sounds  like  the  day-book  of  an 
automobile  repair  shop.  For  instance, 
the  entry  under  date  line  of  McAlester 
reads:  "Leaking  oil  tank  and  a  cracked 
cylinder  kept  Rodgers  from  continuing  his 
flight  this  day." 

Four  days  later,  after  hops  from  Mc- 
Alester to  Fort  Worth,  to  Dallas,  to  Waco, 
and  to  Kyle,  the  log  says:  "  Rodgers 
nearly  met  his  death  while  in  the  air  at 
3.300  feet.  Crystallized  piston  and  intake 
valves  nearly  made  a  wreck.    The  aviator 


shut  off  his  engine,  volplaned  two  miles  and 
made  a  perfect  landing  in  the  only  pasture 
within  forty  miles." 

On  the  22d  he  reached  San  Antonio, 
where  his  friends  on  the  Special  adopted 
a  baby  jackrabbit  as  a  mascot,  which 
was  soon  discarded;  for  a  wreck  at 
Spofford  and  broken  skids  at  Sanderson 
within  a  few  days  did  not  look  as  if  the 
rabbit  was  a  potent  charm  for  good, 
though  the  day  he  reached  Sanderson  he 
had  made  one  of  the  best  speed  records 
of  the  trip,  174  miles  in  140  minutes. 

Before  he  left  Texas  he  had  another 
wreck.  Two  miles  west  of  the  old  post  at 
.Fort  Hancock,  the  pump  connection 
sheared  off,  freezing  the  motor,  and  Rod- 
gers fell  five  feet,  the  fall  being  broken 
by  the  mesquite,  otherwise  the  entire  plane 
would  have  been  smashed.  As  it  was, 
the  skids  were  destroyed. 

At  Deming,  N.  M.,  he  came  down  again 

with  a  broken  magneto  spring 

He  examined  the  propeller  chains,  and 
decided  that,  though  eleven  of  the  rollers 
were  missing,  he  would  not  stop  to  make 
the  very  necessary  repairs. 


4oa 


I  HE  WORLirS  WORK 


I  he  condition  of  his  machinery  was 
getting  more  and  more  desperate,  but  that 
lid  not  at  any  time  daunt  Rodgers.  In- 
lecd,  he  seemed  to  grow  more  daring  and 
esourceful  the  farther  west  he  went  and 
the  worse  his  machine  behaved.  For 
icample:  two  water  lowers  stand  on  the 
lihtary  reservation  at  Fort  \\ brth.  They 
are  forty-two  feet  apart.  The  spread  of 
the  planes  uf  Rodgers's  machine  is  thirty- 
two  feet.  With  that  ten  feet  of  leeway. 
or  five  feet  at  either  tip  of  his  planes, 


THE    'IRON       AVIATOR 

ITHi     CHANiJSON     OF     CimMOtKJllE      l»E»ltr     WNO 
OfENED  JArAN  to  TMt  WORLD,  THi  GRAND-NErHtW 
OF  THE  VICTOR  OF   LAH£    ERIE.  WHOSE    FArHI^M.   \ 
CArTAiN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMV.  WAS  KILLfeU 
flGirriNO  INDIANS  IN  ARIZONA 
Rodgers  *•  looped  the  loop"  around  and 
between  those  lowers,  making  a  figure  8 
in  the  air,  at  sixty  miles  an  hour. 

But  the  most  remarkable  example  of 
Ifiis  courage  and  skill  and  presence  of 
mind  —  indeed,  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
pieces  of  cool-headed  nerve  ever  recorded 
was  his  descent  at  Imperial  Junction, 
I.  He  was  flying  west  from  Ari- 
:ona,  intending  to  go  on  to  Banning, 
Cal  He  had  flown  over  Imperial  June- 
I  tion,  in  the  solitar>'  waste  of  the  Colorado 
■desert,  and  was  speeding  along  above  the 
^^)loj>  Sea  at  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet. 


when  suddenly,  without  a  moment's  warn- 
ing* the  No.  I  cylinder  of  his  motor  blewJ 
out,  completely  wrecking  his  engine  and^ 
filling  his  right  arm  with  flying  splinters 
of  steel     An   instant's  hesitation  would 
have  meant  sudden  death;  a  false  move* 
with  his  injured  arm,  which  controlled  the 
warping  lever,  would  have  lilted  him  over 
sideways   and    sent    him    hurtling  down 
4,000  feet  to  destruction.    The  aeroplane; 
made    two   terrifying    lunges   downward/ 
before    Rodgers    could    control    it;  and 
then    he    began    a    long.    easy,    graceful 
spiral  glide,  descending  in  loop  after  k»op 
of   diminishing   radius,    six   miles   in   all. 
judging   his   distance   so   nicely    that    he 
landed    only  a    short    space    from    the 
station  at  Imperial  Junction.     I  saw  the 
remains  of  this  engine  at  Pasadena,  and 
a  man  could  literally  put  his  head  into 
the  hole  that  had  been  blown  out  of  it. 

Before  reaching  Imperial  junction, 
Rodgers  had  flown  from  Willcox  to 
Maricopa.  Ariz.,  on  the  ist  of  November. 
In  the  middle  of  this  flight  he  had  slopped 
at  Tucson,  to  shake  hands  with  Robert 
G.  Fowler,  who  was  flying  from  Los  Angeles 
to  New  York.  This  was  the  first  meeting 
of  transcontinental  aviators  in  history. 

Proper  caution  would  have  made 
Rodgers  slop  a  long  time  at  Imperial 
Junction,  for  he  not  only  lacked  adequate 
materials  for  repairs,  but  he  had  lost 
the  aid  of  his  chief  mechanician,  who 
had  been  called  away  by  the  illness  of 
his  wife.  But  he  was  now  only  178 
miles  from  Pasadena,  which  he  and  his 
managers  had  chosen  as  the  official  desti- 
nation  of  the  trans-continental  journey. 
and  he  was  determined  to  go  on  at  once. 
The  old  Model  B  machine,  in  which  he 
had  won  his  first  success  at  Chicago,  was 
in  the  hangar-car.  lie  took  the  motor 
out  of  this  machine,  and  two  c>  Itnders  of 
the  discarded  first  engine  he  had  used 
when  leaving  New  York,  and  from  these 
parts  of  two  old  engines  pieced  together 
a  new  engine,  which  he  mounted  on  his 
aeroplane.  That  was  the  equipment  wiih 
which  he  flew  through  the  narrow  San 
Gorgonia  Pass,  where  the  ceaseless  tradfl 
w*ind  sucks  through  as  if  through  a  funnel^^ 
and  where  sheer  m<»untain  walls  rise  ^.000 
and   6,000  feel   above   the   rocky   floor. 


I 
I 


RODGERSS  RECKLESS  SPIRALS  AT  KANSAS  CITY 

WHERE  HE  TURNED  CORNERS  AT  AN  ANCLE  OF  MORE  THAN  FIFTY  aC.<;.%.%VS> 


making  manteuvring  dangerous  and  land- 
ing places  few  and  uncertain. 

He  went  into  the  air  at  10:45  the  morn- 
ing after  his  descent  at  Imperial  Junction, 
intending  to  go  on  to  Pasadena  at  once. 
But  six  miles  east  of  Banning,  in  San 
Gorgonia  Pass,  a  connecting  rod  broke, 
his  radiator  began  to  leak,  and  the  magneto 
plugs  worked  loose,  Rodgers,  holding 
one  of  the  vital  levers  of  his  machine  witli 
his  knee,  held  the  jumping  broken  con- 
necting rod  together  with  his  right  hand, 
and  flew  on  to  Banning,  six  miles  away. 
Here  he  made  a  dive  of  2,000  feet,  almost 
straight  downward  toward  the  face  of 
a  mountain,  at  such  terrific  speed  that  he 
seemed  certain  to  be  dash^  to  pieces 
against  the  nxky  cliff.  But  a  hundred 
feet  from  it,  he  sharply  swerved  and  shot 
down  in  a  semicircular  drop  into  a  plowed 
field, 

Rodgers  spent  the  night  of  Saturday, 
November  4.  at  Banning.  The  next 
afternoon,  ten  thousand  of  us  waited  for 
him  in  the  warm  afternoon  sun  at  Tourna- 
ment Park,  in  Pasadena,  where  the 
glorious  Tournament  of  Roses  celebrates 
the  New  Yearns  da>'.  A  few  miles  to  the 
K  east  the  almost  sheer,  cliff-like  walls  of 
■  Ml,  Lowe  and  Mt.  Wilson  towered  up- 


I 
I 


ward  6.000  feet  overhead.  As  a  group  of 
men  laid  out  a  white  sheet  in  the  centre 
of  the  field  to  mark  his  landing  place,  the 
local  manager  of  the  telephone  company 
was  talking  from  the  special  aviation 
telephone  at  the  edge  of  the  field,  asking 
the  scientists  in  the  observatory  on  the 
summit  of  Mt.  Wilson  to  keep  watch 
through  telescopes  and  to  flash  us  word 
when  I  he  aviator  should  be  sighted  in  the 
air  on  the  last  lap  of  his  epcjch-making 
journey.  1  he  band  played  stirring  music 
for  us  as  we  fidgeted  about  and  watched 
the  blue  haze  southward  down  the  Pass. 
Then  a  bar  of  white  light  shot  across  the 
field  from  the  crest  of  Mt.  Wilson,  and 
we  knew  that  he  was  on  his  way.  The 
band  broke  into  quickstep,  and  the  ten 
thousand  rose  to  their  feet.  A  small 
boy  on  the  roof  of  the  judges'  stand  beside 
the  race  course  saw  him  first. 

'There  he  comes!"  he  screamed,  and 
began  madly  ringing  the  starling  bell, 

A  yell  broke  from  the  crowd;  sure 
enough,  there  he  came,  a  great  way  off, 
growing  larger  and  larger,  seeming  about 
to  pass  by  the  city  altogether,  when  sud- 
denly he  turned  with  the  wind  behind 
him  and  came  rushing  toward  us  like 
the  gigantic  roc  of  the  Arabian  Nights* 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 


403 


while  a  roar  rose  from  the  crowd  that  was 
really  terrifying  in  its  mixture  of  triumph 
and  savage  joy  in  the  sight  of  danger. 
For,  just  as  he  swept  over  us,  he  tilted 
forward  suddenly  and  seemed  to  lose 
control.  Two  men  who  had  been  with 
him  all  the  way  from  New  York  turned 
their  heads  away  —  they  thought  he  was 
gone.  Down  toward  us,  1,500  feet  he 
swooped,  till  he  seemed  about  to  drive 
into  the  ground,  when  he  shifted  his 
planes  and  swept  grandly  in  spirals  down 
to  earth,  alighting  within  twenty-five  feet 
of  the  marked  landing  place. 

Then  suddenly  the  barriers  that  had 
held  the  crowd  melted  away,  policemen 
disappeared  and  fences  were  not,  while 
the  thousands  swept  upon  the  field  and 
mobbed  him.  The  next  moment  a  tele- 
phone transmitter  was  thrust  into  his 
hands,  and,  while  the  crowd  crushed  the 
guard  that  gave  him  barely  room  to  move, 
he  told  the  Associated  Press  by  telephone 
that  he  had  finished  his  journey.  Then 
a  flying-wedge  was  formed  that  hurled 
him  through  the  crowd,  and  he  was  landed 


SOME  OF   THE    BROKEN    PIECES 

WITH  WHICH  RODGERS'S  HANGAR  CAR  WAS  FILLED 

WHEN  HE  REACHED  PASADENA 

safely  in  an  automobile.  After  circling 
the  track  twice  so  everybody  could  see 
him,  and  after  being  introduced  to  Roy 
Knabenshue,  who  first  sailed  a  dirigible 
balloon  in  this  co|intry,  and  to  Mrs. 
Hoxsey,  mother  of  Arch  Hoxsey,  the 
aviator  who  was  killed  a  few  months  ago, 
he  was  carried  to  his  hotel.  When  he 
had  received  the  congratulations  of  his 
party  and  the  reception  committee,  and 


A   CYLINDER  THAT   BLEW  OUT  4,000  FEET  IN  THE  AIR 

WRECKING  THE    ENGINE  AND  FILLING  RODGERS'S  ARM  WITH   FLYING   PIECES  OF  STEEL,  IN  SPITE  OP 
WHICH,  HOWEVER,  HE  MADE  THE  THREE  QUARTERS  OF  A  MILE  DESCENT  IN  SAFETY 


404 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


had  registered  as  an  evidence  of  the  suc- 
cessful termination  of  his  transcontinental 
journey,  the  chairman  of  the  da\^  asked 
him,  in  tones  thai  implied  he  might  have 
the  fulness  of  the  earth  if  he  wanted  it: 

**And  now,  Mr.  Kodgers,  what  can  we 
do  for  you?" 

**  I'd  like  some  crackers  and  a  glass  of 
cream/'  was  R(xlgers*s  reply, 

I  hat  reply  was  in  tune  with  his  whole 
character  and  with  the  traditions  that 
have  come  down  in  his  family  for  genera- 
lions.  Rodgers  is  a  great  grandson  of 
Commodore  Calbraith  Perry,  w^ho  in 
r8s4  opened  the  ports  of  Japan  to  the 
world.  He  is  a  grand  nephew  of  Oliver 
Hazard  Perry,  who  won  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie.  His  father  was  Capt.  C.  P.  Rixlgers, 
who  was  killed  fighting  Indians  in  Arizona 
in  the  early  '8o's.  Me  is  a  double  first 
cousin  of  Capt,  John  Rodgers,  the  naval 
aeronautical  expert  and  aviator.  Nearly 
ail  his  male  relations  for  several  genera- 
tions have  been  in  either  the  army  or  the 
navy;  and  he  would  have  tried  to  enter 
Annapolis  if  he  had  not  been  left  almost 
completely  deaf  by  an  attack  of  scarlet 
fever  in  his  boyhood.  That  same  illness 
also  affected  his  speech,  so  that  he  talks 
with  an  effort,  and  very  slowly. 

'Xal  was  always  a  serious  boy/'  his 


mother  said  to  me  after  he  had  com- 
pleted his  flight.  "  He  was  always  interested 
in  mt?chanics,  and  early  declared  he  would 
be  a  locomotive  engineer  when  he  grew 
up.  He  went  to  the  Princeton  Prepara- 
tory School  and  various  other  schcK>ls, 
but  he  never  cared  much  for  books.  He 
was  an  undergraduate  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity for  a  short  time,  but  I'm  afraid 
he  played  more  football  than  anything 
else." 

Those  few  sentences  pretty  fully  de- 
scribe his  equipment.  He  showed  signs 
of  speed  mania  early  in  life,  drove  fast 
horses  when  they  were  the  swiftest  things 
available,  steertxl  a  racing  yacht  for 
greater  speed,  took  up  the  motorcycle 
when  that  was  invented,  and  then  became 
an  expert  amateur  automobile  racer. 
The  aeroplane  was  his  last  attempt  to 
find  new  sensations  of  speed.  It  is  the 
fastest  thing  he  has  found,  but  he  still 
says  he  prefers  a  good  automobile  to  an 
aeroplane. 

His  failure  to  gain  admission  to  Anna- 
polis was  a  deep  disappointment  to  Rodgers, 
and  no  other  ambition  seemed  to  take  the 
place  of  his  wish  to  become  a  sea  fighter 
like  his  ancestors,  until  the  idea  of  making 
the  first  transcontinental  aerial  flight 
was  presented  to  him.     That  roused  his 


RLBIJLDING    THE    ENGINE    IN    THE    DLSERl 
HODCilUl   RfifLACED  THi    feNGINE    Wlt£cHELl  OVLH    THE   WALTON    SEA    BY  OKE   MADE   OP   A  COM61MA- 
ntm  OF   TWO  OTHtB,  LHQIHES  AHO  THUS  COVIiflEll    ttlU    LAST    J 78  MItfiS  OP    N1&  TilP 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 


405 


sporting  blood,  and  when  the  way  was 
opened  for  him  to  attempt  it  he  followed 
it  through  with  persistence,  with  courage, 
and  at  times  with  reckless  daring.  It  is 
doubtful  if  any  aviator  has  ever  taken  the 
number  of  chances  of  death  that  he  has 
taken,  and  lived  through  them  all.  As 
Orville  Wright  said  of  him,  "  He  was  born 
with  four  horse  shoes  in  his  pockets." 

In  spite  of  an  ever  present  cigar,  he 
seems  to  have  no  nerves  at  all.  He 
handles  himself  easily,  without  haste. 
On  the  trip  he  was  literally  tireless  —  he 
worked  tremen- 
dously and  was 
never  weary.  His 
companions  called 
him  "the  iron  man." 
But  he  has  odd  con- 
tradictions of  these 
characteristics.  For 
example,  when  he 
stopped  at  Ei.  Paso, 
a  member  of  his 
party  took  him 
across  the  Rio 
Grande  to  Juarez  to 
see  ^  Mexican  buU- 
fight.  Rodgers 
watched  until  the 
matadors  began  to 
wound  the  bull,  and 
then  he  exclaimed: 
"  I  can't  watch  it. 
It  would  make  me 
sick."  And  he 
turned  his  back  on 
the  bull  ring  and 
asked  that  his  com- 
panion tell  him 
when  the  bull  had  been  killed  and 
dragged  out  of  sight. 

A  similar  angle  of  character  cropped 
out  when  someone  spoke  of  the  evil  of 
flying  on  Sunday.  Rodgers  is  not  at  all 
a  religious  man,  but  the  next  Sunday 
that  he  flew,  he  asked  that  the  members 
of  the  party  on  the  special  train  hold 
services  while  he  was  in  the  air.  And 
so,  as  the  train  raced  madly  across  the 
prairie  in  pursuit  of  the  birdman  winging 
ahead,  the  little  party  in  the  Pullman 
improvised  a  church  service  as  he  had 
requested. 


This  feeling  of  uncertainty  about  the 
ethics  of  Sunday  flight  developed  into  a 
bit  of  superstition  toward  the  end  of  the 
journey,  so  that  after  a  series  of  accidents 
happening  on  Sunday,  the  last  one  being 
his  most  dangerous  fall  near  Compton, 
Cal.,  he  declared  he  would  never  fly  on 
that  day  again. 

The  popular  idea  of  an  aviator  is  of  a 
small  man  —  "that  flimsy  thing  couldn't 
hold  up  a  full-grown  man."  Rodgers 
stands  six  feet  four  inches  in  his  socks,  and 
weighs  192  pounds  stripped,  though  he 
does  not  look  it  — 
is  spare  and  not 
especially  muscular 
in  appearance. 

He  is  not  so  young 
as  many  of  the  more 
successful  airmen. 
He  is  thirty-two 
years  old,  and 
married. 

So  much  for  the 
man-  who  made  the 
flight:  the  machine 
is  noteworthy  too. 
The  aeroplane,  com- 
plete, cost  Rodgers 
$5,000,  and  he  be- 
gan the  journey 
with  j^,ooo  worth 
of  extra  parts. 
With  a  member  of 
his  party,  I  checked 
over  the  contents  of 
the  hangar  car  at 
the  end  of  the  jour- 
ney, at  Pasadena, 
and  made  the  following  list  showing  the 
number  of  times  various  parts  were 
broken  and  replaced  in  the  flight: 

6  Back  Skids 
5  Front  Skids 
8  Propellers 


IN  SPITE  OF  AN  EVER  PRESENT  CIGAR  HE  SEEMS 
TO  HAVE  NO  nerves" 


2  Engines 
2  Tails 

2  Tail  Springs 
4  Propeller  Chains 
(11  rollers  in  links 
broken) 
4  Back  Tail  Skids 
4  Fins 


6  Planes  (double  sets) 
3  Seats 
2  Radiators 
6  Cylinders 
2  Steering  Rods 
I  Elevating  plane 

In  fact,  the  only  parts  of  the  machine 
with  which  Rodents  lril\U'e^X^se^^CKiix>>fc 


4o6 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


brought  into  Pasadena  were  the  vertical 
rudder  and  the  drip  pan.  Everv  other 
part  had  been  replaced  more  than  once. 

These  repairs  cost  a  good  deal  of  money, 
for  only  one  factory  in  the  country  makes 
these  exact  parts,  and  they  are  high- 
priced.  An  engine,  alone,  costs  about 
$1*500.  Altogether,  Rtxigers  spent  be- 
tween $17,000  and  $18,000  for  repairs. 

The  engine  used  was  a  Wright  patent 
aeroplane  motor,  and  is  made  exclusively 
by  the  Wright  Brothers,  ft  differs  radi- 
cally from  automobile  motors  in  its  method 


grade  —  64  proof  —  gives  an  intense  heat 
and  tends  to  preserve  a  uniform  tem- 
perature in  the  motor  at  all  altitudes 
and  to  promote  the  proper  combustion. 
One  thousand  gallons  of  gasolene  were 
used  on  the  trip,  though  not  at!  this 
amount  went  into  the  engine  —  some  of  it 
was  waste. 

Rfjdgers  has  several  ideas  of  changes 
in  aeroplanes,  based  on  the  experiences 
of  his  long  night.  For  example,  he  thinks 
the  overhead  oil  tank  should  be  lowered, 
to  provide  a  better  distribution  of  weight. 


I 
I 


THE    FIRST   HANGAR    CAR    IN    THE    COUNTRY 

WHICH,    WHLK   IT    REACHED   PASADENA,   WAS    FILLED     Wlftl     BROKEN     PARTS     THAT     HOUC'TM*^     H^n 
DISCARDED   AFTER   HIS   MANY   WRECKS  OK    HIS   WAY    ACROSS    THE    CONTINENT 


of  general inj»  power  from  gasolene.  In 
an  auinmobilc  motor,  the  gasolene  is 
heated  in  a  chamber  called  the  carbureter, 
until  it  vaporizes.  This  vapor  is  intro- 
duced into  the  cylinder  and  there  ex- 
ploded by  an  electric  spark,  the  explosion 
driving  the  piston.  1  he  aeroplane  motor, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  a  *' direct  explosion*' 
or  "injection**  motor:  that  is,  it  has  no 
carbureter,  but  the  gasolene  is  intrcxluced 
dirrctly  into  the  cylinder,  a  drop  at   a 

I  time,  and  the  gasolene  itself  exploded. 
The  gasolene  which  Rodgers  found  best 
for  A/5  purpixse  is  of  a  comparatively  low 


He  would  also  increase  the  bore  of  the 
cylinders  and  the  length  of  the  piston's 
stroke  in  the  motor,  to  gain  power.  At 
present,  at  least  three  quarters  of  the 
power  generated  by  the  motor  is  necessary 
to  gain  momentum  enough  to  fly  at  all. 
This  leaves  a  very  small  margin  of  reserve 
power  for  emergency  use  or  for  unusual 
speed,  and  it  should  be  enlarged.  He 
thinks  the  skids  should  be  strengthened 
to  guard  against  the  dangers  of  a  smash-up 
arising  from  even  a  slight  error  of  judgment 
in  landing.  He  also  intends  to  study  out 
some  means  of  concentrating  the  entire 


4 

J 


FLYING  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT 


407 


control  of  the  rudder  and  planes  in  one 
hand,  or  in  one  foot  and  one  hand,  so  that 
he  may  leave  the  right  hand  free  to  make 
adjustments  or  emergency  repairs  in  the 
engine  while  in  the  air.  The  necessity 
for  this  last-named  improvement  was 
forced  upon  him  repeatedly  during  the 
journey,  when  magneto  plugs  worked 
loose,  or  when,  as  in  his  flight  from  Im- 
perial Junction  to  Banning,  a  connecting 


a  fair  chance  to  right  his  machine  and 
regain  control  of  it  before  striking  the 
ground,  whereas  the  man  who  is  flying 
low  is  likely  to  become  entangled  in  wires 
or  tree  tops  even  if  he  does  not  go  to  smash 
on  the  earth  before  the  buoying  tendency 
of  his  planes  has  a  chance  to  operate. 

The  transcontinental  trip  itself  ofl'ers 
two  especially  hard  problems.  To  quote 
Rodgers: 


JUST   LANDED   IN    PASADENA 
lELLPHONING    THE    ASSOCIATED    PRESS   OF    HIS   ARRIVAL 


nxl  broke,  and  he  was  forced  to  risk 
losing  control  of  his  steering  or  warping 
apparatus,  or  risk  a  shutting-ofl"  of  his 
power  in  a  dangerous  part  of  the  country 
where  no  landing  place  was  available. 

But  perhaps  the  most  broadly  useful 
generalization  that  he  draws  from  his 
experiences  is  that  high  flying  is  the  safest 
flying.  If  the  aviator  is  up  several  thou- 
sand feet  when  an  accident  occurs,  he  has 


"  The  worst  places  I  encountered  on  my 
trip  were  just  out  of  New  York  and  down 
in  Texas.  Mountains  caused  the  trouble. 
In  the  ranges  between  New  York  and 
Chicago  1  had  my  hardest  battles.  In 
Texas,  near  Sanderson,  I  was  compelled 
to  cross  the  Rio  Grande  three  times 
because  of  the  terrific  winds." 

Of  the  possibilities  of  transcontinental 
aviation  he  says: 


I 

I 


408 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


"Thirty  days  is  too  short  a  time  in 
which  to  attempt  a  flight  from  coast  to 
coast  at  this  stage  of  the  aeroplane's 
development.  The  machine  is  too  much 
in  its  infancy  for  such  a  feat  to  be  accom- 
plished now.  But  I  expect  to  see  the 
time  when  we  shall  be  carrying  passengers 
in  flying  machines  from  New  York  to 
the  Pacific  Coast  in  three  days.  That 
is  at  an  average  of  more  than  hx)  miles 
an  hour,  and  cannot  be  done  until  some 


had  been  money;  but  of  course  the  under- 
lying motive  was  not  financial,  it  was  the 
same  spirit  of  adventure  and  love  of  speed 
that  made  Rodgers  drive  fast  horses  and 
racing  motor  cars  before  the  flying  ma- 
chine opened  a  way  for  new  manifesta- 
tions of  nerve  and  skill. 

He  unconsciously  summed  up  the  sig- 
nificance of  his  flight,  not  only  its  mean- 
ing to  him  personally,  but  its  signifi- 
cance to  the  future  of  aviaticm  and  to  the 


THE   MACHINE   AT    PASADENA 

MOttt    THAN    4,000   MHJE5  fUDM  ITS  SlAHTrNC  l«tACt        1HIS  WAS  THE  OFFICIAL  END  OF  THE  JOURNEY, 

BUT    LATFU.    IN    SPITE   OF   ANOTHER   WRECK    At   COMPTON    WHERE    HE    NEARIV    LOST 

HIS    LIFE.    Kai>CiltS    LAKIJFO   HIS   MACKINIi   ON    THi-    rAClFiC    HkACH 


I 


i'3i\  IS  devised  to  box  in  the  passengers, 
as  the  wind  tears  one  awfully  at  such 
speed  as  that/* 

The  trip  was  a  financial  disappointment 
to  Rodgers.  He  received  $5  ^  niile  for 
his  flight  from  New  York  to  Fort  Worth; 
and  from  Fort  Worth  to  I^asadena,  $4  a 
mile  and  all  the  purses  he  could  arrange 
for  on  the  side.  He  thus  received  about 
$3o.QQ0  from  his  backers  and  about  $3,000 
or  S4,tX)o  prize  money.  But  his  machine 
cost  S^.ooo  and  repairs  cost  about  $17,000 
more,  so  his  net  return  was  small;  very 
small  indeed  if  the  inspiration  of  the  trip 


forward  impulse  of  humanity,  at  Pasa- 
dena, after  he  had  heard  the  last  of  the 
applause  and  received  the  last  congratula* 
tions  and  had  laid  oflF  the  American  (lag 
they  had  thrown  across  his  shoulders.  He 
placed  his  hand  on  his  mother's  shoulder 
and  said: 

**  Never  mind  about  the  money.  It 
don't  amount  to  much  that  way — but 
I  did  it.  didn't  1!" 

And  that  is  the  important  thing.  The 
rest  of  us  may  take  our  lime  following 
the  path  he  blazed,  but  the  path  15  there. 
The  thing  has  been  done. 


I 


I 


THE  PRESENT  PLIGHT  OF  "LABOR" 

THE    EFFECT   OF   THE    MCNAMARA    CASES    ON    UNION    MANAGEMENT  —  WHAT   THE 

FEDERATION     OF    LABOR    IS 

By  a  number  of  the  World's  Work  staff 


MANUAL  OF  COMMON    PROCEDURE  FOR  THE 

USE   OF    LOCAL  AND   FEDERAL   UNIONS 

AFFILIATED  WITH  THE  AMERICAN 

FEDERATION   OF   LABOR 

//  is  desirable  that  ibis  Manual  shall  be 
kept  under  lock  and  key  in  tbe  meeting  room, 
and  not  be  exposed  or  submitted  to  tbe  inspec- 
tion of  any  person  not  a  member  in  good 
standing  of  tbe  American  Federation  of  Labor 
witbout  auibority  of  tbe  President. 

So  runs  the  title  and  first  page  of  a  little 
book  that  lies  before  me  —  the  secret 
ritual  of  the  great  labor  organization 
which  the  confessions  of  two  murderous 
dynamiters  have  put  on  trial  before  the 
country. 

I  have  it  honestly,  by  due  authority 
of  the  President;  in  fact,  from  his^own 
hand.  Before  he  gave  it,  he  cut  out  half 
of  the  last  page;  this  he  handed  me  to 
inspect;  it  contained  the  Federation's 
secret  cipher  code  —  a  checker-board 
arrangement  which  a  trained  reporter's 
eye  could  hardly  study  for  sixty  seconds 
without  learning  something.  "  Perhaps 
that  had  better  not  go  out  of  the  office," 
said  President  Gompers,  "but  take  the 
manual  along  with  you  and  look  it  over 
if  you  have  time." 

Here  is  the  oath  of  initiation: 

You  also  promise  to  keep  inviolate  the 
traditional  principles  of  the  American  laborer, 
namely:  To  be  respectful  in  word  and  action 
to  every  woman;  to  be  considerate  to  the 
widow  and  orphan,  the  weak  and  defenseless: 
and  never  to  discriminate  against  a  fellow 
worker  on  account  of  creed,  color  or  nationality. 
To  defend  freedom  of  thought,  whether  ex- 
pressed by  tongue  or  pen,  with  all  the  power  at 
your  command? 

You  further  agree  to  educate  yourself  and 
fellow  workers  in  the  history  of  the  labor  move- 
ment, and  to  defend,  to  the  best  of  your  ability, 
the  trades-union  principle  which  guards  its 


autonomy  and  which  regards  Capital  as  the 
product  of  the  past  labor  of  all  toilers  of  the 
human  race;  and  that  wages  can  never  be 
regarded  as  the  full  equivalent  for  labor  per- 
formed, and  that  it  is  the  mission  of  the  trades- 
unions  in  the  present  and  the  future  to  protect 
the  wage-earners  against  oppression,  and  to 
fully  secure  the  toilers'  disenthralment  from 
every  species  of  injustice? 

You  further  promise  that  you  will  never 
knowingly  wrong  a  brother,  or  see  him  wronged, 
if  in  your  power  to  prevent  it,  and  that  you 
will  endeavor  to  subordinate  every  selfish  im- 
pulse to  the  task  of  elevating  the  material, 
intellectual,  and  moral  condition  of  the  entire 
laboring  class? 

You  further  solemnly  promise  on  your  word 
of  honor  that  you  will,  whenever  and  wherever 
possible,  purchase  only  strictly  union  made 
goods  and  that  you  will  use  your  best  endeavors 
to  influence  others  to  do  the  same,  and  never 
become  faithless  to  your  obligation? 

It  seems  all  innocent  enough,  and  yet 
—  What  manner  of  thing  is  actually  this 
societj^  into  which  more  than  two  millions 
of  American  workingmen  have  been 
thus  initiated?  Is  it,  in  fact,  a  brother- 
hood whose  logic  leads  necessarily  to 
bomb-planting  and  murder?  Are  the 
McNamaras  natural  products  of  its 
methods? 

It  was  bom  in  1881.  A  few  convinced 
trades-unionists  put  their  heads  together 
and  concluded  it  was  time  for  a  federation 
of  the  trades. 

November  15th  of  that  year,  ninety-six 
delegates  met  in  Turner  Hall,  Pittsburg, 
and  formed  the  present  society.  The 
next  year,  at  Cleveland,  they  perfected 
the  organization,  electing  a  permanent 
president,  in  the  person  of  Samuel 
Gompers,  of  the  Cigarmakers'  Inter- 
national Union. 

At  first  the  Federation  grew  but  slowly. 
In  1900  there  was  a  surprising  spurt 
upward,  followed  by  another  and  atvc^tK^x  ^ 


TtlE  WORLD'S  WORK 


till  in  1904  the  membership  reached 
t  ,675.000.  It  fell  back  a  little  after  that, 
but  to-day  numbers  1.760,000  —  a  million 
and  three  quarters.  In  Germany  alone 
is  to  be  found  a  greater  number  of 
federated  labor-unionists. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor  is 
an  association  composed  of  trades-unions, 


«,M«,M( 


,,l«fr«*« 


\jmij»i^ 


MM** 


MM** 


»M** 


iM^Mfl 


iN^IM; 


MM** 


!ii|liHri!iiyii*liliiiiiyiii 


The  growth  of  the  American 
federation  of  labor 

WHICH  D£CAK  IN  r88l    AKI>  WillCM    HAS   REACHED, 
IN  igi  I,  A  MEMOCkSJIlP  OF  NEAHLY  2,<X».000 

(termed  'Mnternational/'  because  they 
include  Canada  and  Mexico,  as  well  as 
the  dependencies  of  the  United  States), 
covering  every  form  of  labor  Strictly, 
the  Federation  itself  has  no  members; 
workingmen  belong  to  their  unions,  and 
the  unitjns  form  the  Federation,  This  is 
the  general  plan;  it  is  not  necessary  to  go 
into  the  complexities  and  some  apparent 
anomalies  of  organization*  The  Federa- 
tion does  deal  directly  with  individuals 
and  with  local  unions  in  many  matters 
such  as  commissioning  organizers  and 
issuing  charters  and  giving  advice  and 
arbitrating  disputes.     Under  the  constitu- 


tion each  trade  manages  its  own  affairs 
this  guaranteed  autonomy  was  a  principle 
strongly  msisted  on  by  the  founders  of  the 
Federation,  But  the  tendency  of  federa- 
tions IS  always  to  develop  more  and  more 
centralized  authority,  and  though  the 
officers  Stoutly  deny  it,  it  is  clear  that  the 
strong  men  who  have  been  drafted  out 
of  the  various  unions  into  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  Federation  have  come  to 
exert  throughout  the  whole  fraternity 
very  powerful  moral  inffuence,  if  nothing 
more. 

To-day  the  Federation  comprises  116 
international  unions,  many  of  which  it 
itself  organized.  The  organization 
laboringmen  in  trades-unions  is,  indc 
its  principal  labor.  On  December 
last,  1622  organizers  held  commissic 
from  the  Federation's  headquarters.  M< 
of  these  are  unsalaried,  except  that  on 
reporting  a  successful  piece  of  work  they 
are  paid  for  it.  Only  forty-five  are  on 
full-time  pay  — $4.50  a  day.  with  actual 
traveling  expenses  and  an  allowance 
$2-50  per  day  for  hotel  bills.  Organizi 
means  starting  local  unions  in  any  trac 
increasing  membership  in  local  unions 
by  inducing  workers  to  join  or  persuadijfe 
shops  to  unionize;  bringing  local  uni<^P 
together  in  "central."  state,  national,  or 
international  unions;  persuading  rival 
unions,  local  or  national,  to  consolidate, 
and  so  forth.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  workingmen  have  formed  themselves 
in  a  haphazard  way  into  hundreds  of 
unions,  under  hundreds  of  names,  fre- 
quently invading  one  another's  trades 
and  territories  and  giving  rise  to  endless 
friction.  It  is  a  principal  concern  of  the 
Federation  to  straighten  out  these  tangles, 
reclassify,  assimilate,  and  harmonize  mu- 
tually competing  and  antagonizing  organi- 
zations. The  last  year  has  been  marked 
by  especial  success  in  this  direction. 

The  American  Federation  now  all  bui 
completely  dominates  the  worid  of  organ- 
ized labor  Over  against  its  1 16  intc 
national  unions  only  five  considerat 
organizations  are  without  its  fold,  ^ 
negotiations  are  underway  with  somei 
these. 

The     particular    objects    which     tl 
Federation  sets  itself,  in  addition  to  t| 


1 10 

l\9 

t  on 
they 
t  on 
tual 

'^ 

ade: 


THE  PRESENT  PLIGHT  OF  "LABOR" 


411 


organization  of  labor,  and  the  spread  of 
organization  sentiment,  are  the  shortening 
of  working  hours,  the  spread  of  recognition 
of  the  union  label,  the  obtaining  of  legis- 
lation favorable  to  workers,  the  securing 
of  more  sanitary,  safe,  and  comfortable 
conditions,  the  abolition  of  child-labor. 

With  an  intermission  of  a  single  year, 
Samuel  Gompers  has  been  president  of 
the  American  Federation  ever  since  it 
first  elected  a  president,  in  1882.  He  is 
unapproached  in  the  position  he  occupies 
in  the  regard  of  labor  union  men.  Ad- 
miration, confidence,  and  affection  are 
words  that  should  be  coupled  with  regard. 
There  is  a  tremendous  amount  of  senti- 
ment among  workingmen,  those,  at  all 
events,  who  have  the  imagination  and  the 
spirit  to  join  unions  —  a  tremendous 
amount  of  it,  and  it  spends  itself  lavishly 
on  the  head,  the  big  but  scantily-covered 
head,  of  this  little  cigar-making  English 
Jew.  Any  one  who,  the  day  before  Christ- 
mas, in  the  height  of  the  attacks  on  him 
following  the  McNamara  exposures,  could 
have  seen  his  desk  and  his  office  piled  with 
pretty  gifts  and  heard  the  affecting  con- 
tents of  the  letters  and  telegrams  con- 
stantly pouring  in,  would  have  been  deeply 
impressed  with  the  fervid,  even  religious, 
sentiment  of  the  movement  of  which  this 
squat-figured,  putty-faced  man  is  the 
head  —  and  with  his  own  not  unenjoying 
sense  of  martyrdom.  He  is  a  very  re- 
markable man,  a  figure  of  dignity  and 
ability,  for  all  you  may  say.  There  is  no 
company  in  which  he  does  not  rank  among 
the  ablest  —  and  the  most  eloquent. 

Bom  in  England,  sixty-two  years  ago, 
Sam  Gompers  —  unionists  love  to  talk  of 
"Sam"  —  worked  at  the  bench  of  a  cigar- 
maker.  He  rose  to  leadership  in  his 
union  —  he  is  still  its  vice-president  — 
and  then  he  became  head  of  all  the  allied 
unions.  Shrewd  he  is,  perhaps  wise. 
Labor  in  this  country  never  had  a  leader 
who  won  so  much  for  it.  He  is  candidly 
a  practical  man,  and  an  opportunist. 
He  has  no  social  vision,  no  great  dreams. 
Socialism  is  his  pet  abhorrence.  For  it 
and  its  professors  he  reserves  his  choicest, 
richest,  and  most  copious  vituperation. 
A  very  practical  man  he  is,  yet  an  arrant 
sentimentalist  by  temperament.    He  talks 


always  in  the  tone  which  he  would  use  in 
making  a  speech  before  the  assembled 
parliaments  of  the  world;  he  has  become 
rather  a  victim  of  his  own  rhetorical  genius; 
he  orates  at  you,  when  you  would  have  him 
converse.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  Ameri- 
can  Federaiionist,  the  official  organ,  in 
which  he  supplies  the  workers  with  the 
inspiration  that  can  come  only  from  an 
eloquent,  daring,  experienced  master  of 
popular  appeal,  amply  seasoned  with 
vituperation  and  invective.  His  gifts 
have  made  him  a  welcome  figure  at  fash- 
ionable public  dinners,  on  public  occasions, 
at  conventions  and  conferences  where 
public  questions  are  discussed;  he  is 
I  St  vice-president  of  the  Civic  Federation, 
that  society  which  attempts  to  bring  to- 
gether great  capitalists  and  labor  leaders. 
Always  and  everywhere,  however,  Gom- 
pers is  the  apostle  of  labor,  never  for  a 
moment  beguiled  from  the  remembrance 
that  his  popularity  rests  on  his  influence 
over  the  workingmen. 

The  secretary,  Frank  Morrison,  is, 
next  to  Mr.  Gompers,  the  best  known 
and  the  most  active  officer.  A  Canadian 
printer,  who  came  to  Chicago  to  go  to 
college  and  take  a  law  course,  Mr.  Morrison 
has  been  the  second  in  command  of  the 
Federation  for  the  last  fourteen  years, 
the  period  of  growth.  He  is  a  man  of 
attractive  personality,  with  the  clean- 
shaven face  and  fine  head  of  a  senator  or 
a  judge,  but  they  do  say  he  is  the  very 
mischief  in  a  fight. 

The  published  accounts  of  the  Federa- 
tion show  that  Mr.  Gompers  receives 
9(3,000  a  year  for  his  services,  and  Mr. 
Morrison  $4,000.  Either  could  easily 
earn  much  more. 

Mr.  Gompers's  only  real  rival  is  James 
Duncan,  ist  vice-president,  a  Scotch 
granite-cutter,  with  strong  proclivities 
for  political  argument,  a  good  debater 
and  a  sturdy  fighter.  Though  he  differs 
with  the  president  on  many  points,  Dun- 
can has  always  managed  to  keep  the  peace 
with  him.  Duncan  fulfills  to  the  utmost 
the  type  of  professional  labor  leader.  He 
is  not  burdened  with  a  sense  of  social 
responsibility.  Ambitious  for  personal 
power,  he  is  without  wide  outlook  on  the 
world. 


412 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


It  will  be  noticed  that  neither  Com  pars, 
Morrison,  nor  Duncan  is  a  native  Ameri- 
can. Neither,  from  his  name,  was  James 
O'Connell,  3d  vice-president,  one  of  the 
strongest  men  in  the  Executive  Council. 

The  2d  vice-president,  John  Mitchell, 
became  well  known  during  the  spectacular 
anthracite  strike  in  which,  though  then 
very  young,  he  bore  himself  so  well. 
Mitchell  has  on  occasion  used  language  as 
violent  as  any  labor  fanatic  could  desire, 
though  his  general  reputation  is  that  of  a 
safe  and  sane  counsellor.  The  writer 
of  this  article  has  heard  Mr.  Mitchell 
express,  at  the  table  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  sentiments  that  in- 
tensely delighted  Mr.  Roosevelt.  Indeed, 
Mr.  Mitchell  is  charged,  by  some  of  his 
fellow  unionists,  with  eating  too  often  at 
great  men's  tables  and  with  being  too 
thrifty  in  his  private  affairs.  He  was  for 
several  years  chairman  of  the  Trade 
Agreement  Department  of  the  Civic  Feder- 
ation until  his  union  (the  United  Mine 
Workers)  compelled  him  to  resign  that 
$6,000  job  and  rely  on  Chautauqua 
lecturing  for  a  living.  They  say  at 
Federation  headquarters  that  Mitchell  is 
a  growing  man.  It  was  thought  for  a 
while  that  he  was  ambitious  to  oppose 
Gompers,  but  his  opposition  never  de- 
veloped much  vigor. 

John  B.  Lennon,  the  treasurer  —  John 
Brown  Lennon  he  likes  to  write  it  and 
tell  you  that  he  is  a  descendant  of  the 
abolitionist  martyr  —  came  from  the 
Tailors*  Union,  and  Bloomington,  111., 
where  he  is  known  as  a  man  of  piety  and 
a  temperance  worker. 

All  these  and  several  more  vice- 
presidents  were  elected  by  the  last  con- 
vention by  single  ballot  cast  by  the 
secretary.  They  usually  are.  Oppo- 
sition would  be  futile.  They  constitute 
practically  a  self-perpetuating  body. 

N'isitors  to  Washington,  when  some- 
times they  look  across  G  Street  from  the 
old  Patent  Office,  see  rows  of  windows 
marked  with  the  initials  "A.  F.  of  L." 
which  means  nothing  to  most  of  them; 
they  would  be  surprised  if  they  were  told 
that  half  of  that  seven-story  building  was 
occupied  hy  the  offices  of  "  Mr.  Gompers's 
Unions  "  —  busy,  crowded  offices  thev  are, 


with  a  telephone  exchange  and  sixty 
people,  working  at  high  speed,  clearly 
under  the  most  business-like  discipline 
but  all  very  happy,  apparently. 

So  crowded  are  the  offices  that  it  has 
been  determined  to  erect  a  building  for 
the  exclusive  use  of  the  Federation.  A 
committee  is  now  hunting  for  a  site  in 
Washington. 

In  the  meantime,  in  the  building  on 
G  Street,  there  is  no  evidence  of  dark, 
nefarious  deeds;  Mr.  Morrison  invites 
a  visitor  into  his  office,  and  asks  him  to 
sit  down  while  he  continues  a  conference 
with  a  legislative  expert  or  anybody  else, 
and  then  takes  him  through  the  twenty- 
odd  rooms  of  the  establishment  or  lets 
him  wander  about  at  will.  Mr.  Gompers 
will  take  great  pains  to  order  out  any 
paper  or  book  about  the  place  to  give  you 
documentary  replies  to  your  questions. 
"Ask  me  anything  you  like,"  he  says. 
"There  is  nothing  secret  about  the  place. 
Anybody  with  a  serious  purpose  is  as  free 
to  come  here  and  to  go  right  through 
everything  we  have  as  the  air  is  to  circulate 
through  our  doors  and  windows.  Ask 
what  you  like." 

I  liked  to  ask  a  great  many  things  — 
some  rather  impertinent  things. 

First,  as  to  the  labor-unions  and  public* 
ity.  Why  did  not  the  unions  incorporate? 
Mr.  Gompers's  reply  was  that  there  was 
nothing  for  the  public  or  the  unions  to 
gain  by  their  incorporation.  The  power 
to  sue  and  be  sued  was  nothing.  No 
contract  could  be  drawn  between  em- 
ployers and  employees  that  the  courts 
could  enforce;  they  had  been  trying  for 
years  and  had  given  it  up.  Incorporation 
would  make  their  affairs,  their  accounts, 
for  instance,  no  more  public  than  they 
were  already.  The  president  of  the  Fed- 
eration rang  and  telephoned  for  various 
ofticials.  bookkeepers,  and  clerks  and  had 
his  desk  piled  with  books  containing  the 
receipts  and  exp)enditures  day  by  day,  back 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Opening  them 
at  random  one  saw  accounts  of  receipts 
and  expenditures  minutely  itemized,  ex- 
cept that  here  and  there  John  Doe  and 
Richard  Roe  were  paid  round  sums,  fre- 
quently $100.  for  "organizing  expenses'' 
and  "  ie^vslaivoa  expenses.*'    Against  any 


THE  PRESENT  PLIGHT  OF  "LABOR' 


4>3 


of  these  items,  however,  Mr.  Compers 
offered  to  produce  vouchers  showing  the 
details  involved. 

"Now,  what  knowledge  would  the 
public  gain  from  our  incorporation?  These 
accounts  which  you  have  just  seen  are 
published  regularly  month  by  month  in 
our  official  organ,  the  Federationist,  for 
all  the  world  to  see." 

"Are  the  accounts  of  the  international 
unions  so  published,  Mr.  Compers?" 

"  1  believe  they  are.  Certainly  those 
of  my  own  union,  the  Cigarmakers',  are." 

"How  about  the  International  Bridge 
and  Structural  Ironworkers'  Union?" 

Mr.  Compers  was  understood  to  say 
that  he  knew  nothing  about  that,  but  he 
burst  into  a  denunciation  of  those  who  had 
insinuated  that  he  had  guilty  knowledge 
of  the  McNamara  work  so  fierce  that  his 
explicit  reply  was  lost  in  the  rage  of  his 
indignation. 

What  was  the  authority,  then,  that  the 
Federation  had  over  the  unions,  1  asked. 
It  hadn't  any,  said  Mr.  Compers.  The 
Federation  respected  absolutely  the  auton- 
omy of  the  internationals,  and  no  one  was 
more  zealous  than  he  in  guarding  that 
autonomy. 

"  We  are  here  to  advise  our  friends  in 
the  ways  of  right  and  justice,  not  to  lay 
commands  on  them.  Moral  influence? 
Yes,  to  the  limit,  but  moral  influence 
only." 

"Mr.  Compers,  you  had,  you  say,  no 
executive  authority  in  the  International 
Bridge  and  Structural  Ironworkers'  Asso- 
ciation, but  did  you  never  feel  called  on 
to  exercise  some  moral  influence  there? 
Was  your  attention  never  called  to  the 
remarkable  number  of  explosions  and 
accidents  on  works  of  construction  in 
which  this  union  was  engaged?" 

"No,  never." 

"The  Erectors'  Association  publishes 
a  list  of  113  dynamitings  within  six  years 
in  connection  with  jobs  on  which  this 
union  was  engaged.  Had  these  happen- 
ings never  been  called  to  your  attention 
during  the  years  in  which  they  were 
occurring?" 

"No,  they  had  not.  I  knew  nothing 
about  them,  and  I  know  no  more  now 
about  the  occurrences  in  that  list  than  you 


do,  sir.  1  know  nothing  whatever  about 
it  except  seeing  it  in  the  paper." 

"  You  have  not  inquired  into  this  very 
serious  circumstantial  charge?" 

"  No,  I  have  not.  I  can't  notice  every 
silly  allegation  made  against  us  by  our 
enemies.  Why,  they  even  charge  us  with 
responsibility  for  those  misguided  wretches 
—  us  who  reprobate  coercion  and  law- 
lessness with  unceasing  denunciation  and 
exhortation  to  law-abiding  behavior.  We 
are  constantly  and  forever  preaching  that 
our  only  hope  and  reliance  must  be  on 
reason  and  good  will;  and  pointing  out 
that  violence  is  bound  always  to  rebound 
on  our  own  heads  to  our  own  hurt." 

"You  admit  there  is  violence,  then?" 

"Yes,  here  and  there,  occasionally. 
Seldom  indeed,  are  our  men  implicated 
in  it.  Take  a  street-car  strike,  for  in- 
stance. You  have  no  idea  how  many 
of  the  general  public  have  grievances 
against  the  company,  which  they  seize 
the  occasion  of  a  strike  to  express.  The 
strikers,  quiet,  peaceable  fellows,  get 
blamed  for  everything.  And  you  have 
no  idea  how  much  of  the  disorder  is  the 
work  of  detectives  hired  for  the  purpose 
of  making  the  unions  appear  as  law- 
breakers. Do  you  know  the  possibilities 
of  the  art  of  the  agent  provocateur?  "  And 
Mr.  Compers  waxed  eloquent  again.  Eigh- 
ty per  cent,  of  the  work  of  the  detectives 
constantly  under  hire  by  enemies  of  the 
men  of  labor  were  engaged  in  the  dast- 
ardly, vile,  doubly-treacherous  business 
of  the  agent  provocateur, 

"Since  the  moral  influence  that  goes 
down  from  the  officers  of  the  Federation 
is  so  strongly  against  violence,  Mr. 
Compers,  what  account  do  you  give  of 
the  psychology  of  men  like  the  McNa- 
maras?  They  were  not  working  for  them- 
selves; they  had  nothing  to  gain;  they 
did  not  know  the  men  they  killed;  they 
had  no  personal  grievance;  they  did  all 
for  the  cause.  How  do  you  account  for 
them?" 

"  I  can  no  more  explain  their  psychology 
than  I  can  that  of  any  other  insane  fanatic. 
But  I  want  to  say  this:  It  is  an  awful 
commentary  on  existing  conditions  when 
even  one  man,  among  all  the  millions  q( 
workers,  cx\  bnTi%>M«s!«*S\  x^  ^^^  Vwss>r. 


414 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


of  mind  to  believe  that  the  only  means  of 
securing  justice  for  labor  is  in  violence, 
murder." 

Discussing  the  McNamara  case,  I  asked 
Mr.  Gompers  if  he  had  made  anything 
like  a  judicial  inquiry  into  it  before  he 
committed  himself  and  the  Federation 
to  the  position  that  the  men  were 
innocent. 

"Not  a  judicial  inquiry.  1  made  some 
investigation.  Everybody  I  talked  with 
believed  them  innocent  —  pooh-poohed 
the  idea  of  their  guilt.  To  me,  knowing 
as  I  did  the  spirit  of  the  unions  during 
so  many  years,  it  was  incredible  that  any 
of  our  people  could  have  done  such  things 
as  they  were  charged  with.  Knowing 
'  the  methods  of  detectives  as  I  do,  it  was 
perfectly  easy  to  see  how  they  could  have 
framed  up  the  entire  case.  All  our  sus- 
picions were  confirmed  by  the  manner  in 
which  the  accused  men  were  kidnapped. 
Then,  at  Los  Angeles,  I  learned  that  there 
really  was  no  .doubt  that  the  destruction 
was  done  by  gas  —  natural  gas,  you  know, 
which  is  almost  without  odor  and  very 
dangerous.  The  fact  now  appears  that 
it  was  gas,  after  all,  that  did  the  horrible 
work  —  though  that  fact  doesn't  in  the 
slightest  lessen  the  McNamaras'  guilt. 
Then,  the  Structural  Ironworkers  had  no 
grievance  against  the  Los  Angeles  Times, 
The  Times's  troubles  were  with  the 
printers,  who  are  too  intelligent  to  resort 
to  murderous  violence.  We  know  the 
bitter  eagerness  with  which  our  enemies, 
the  Otises,  Posts,  Drews,  and  others,  seize 
every  occasion  to  attack  and  discredit 
the  unions,  and  to  us  it  all  seemed  per- 
fectly clear  that  innocent  men  were  being 
made  the  victims  of  an  assault  on  trades- 
unionism.  In  that  belief,  we  stood  by 
them.  When  we  learned  that  they  were 
guilty  we  denounced  their  deeds  in  ab- 
horrence and  grief." 

What  are  we  to  conclude*  Opponents 
of  organized  labor  listen  with  cynicism 
to  the  explanations  of  the  high  officers. 
They  grin  at  the  smooth  assertion  that  the 
unions  never  use  coercion.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  eve^body  knows  they  do.  Every- 
^'ody  knows  the  strong-arm  methods,  the 
'S^'n^,   the  stone-throwing,   the  sand- 


bagging, which  are  resorted  to  in  very 
many  strikes  and  in  the  preparation  for 
them.  Nobody  in  the  world  of  labor  is 
ignorant  of  the  methods  by  which  open 
shops  are  sometimes  terrorized  and  inde- 
pendent workers  "persuaded"  to  join 
the  union. 

It  is,  of  course,  absurd  to  attempt  to 
implicate  the  officers  of  the  Federation  of 
Labor,  or  any  of  them,  in  such  a  tragedy 
as  that  at  Los  Angeles.  It  is  not  so  easy 
to  acquit  them  altogether  of  moral  re- 
sponsibility. They  are  strong  men  who 
ought  to  have  been  able  to  send  down  the 
line  the  stem  word  of  forbiddance;  they 
ought  to  have  made  it  clear  that  the 
unions  would  never  be  allowed  to  become 
the  beneficiaries  of  violence;  they  ought, 
as  one  of  their  first  duties,  to  have  been 
alert  to  discover  and  thwart  plots  of 
violence  by  which  unions  were  to  be 
benefited. 

As  to  the  officers  of  the  Structural 
Ironworkers'  Union,  it  is  another  matter. 
It  is  hard  to  believe  that  they  were 
ignorant  of  the  McNamaras'  activity, 
unconscious  that  "the  boys"  were  busy 
with  large  sums  of  money  in  shady  ways. 
It  is  difficult  to  imagine  the  Ironworkers* 
officers  so  feeble  of  intellect  as  not  to 
connect  the  swiftly-growing  list  of  dyna- 
mite outrages  with  the  secret  work  of  the 
secretary-treasurer  and  his  brother. 

In  any  event.  Union  Labor  received  a 
severe  blow  when  the  McNamaras  con- 
fessed to  their  misdeeds.  Nothing  has 
ever  shaken  the  country  as  did  the  killing 
of  the  score  of  Los  Angeles  men  in  the  cold 
blood  of  union  terrorism.  The  country  will 
not  stand  for  that.  No  amount  of  sym- 
pathy for  the  legitimate  aims  of  unionism 
can  excuse  the  insolent  carelessness  of 
human  life  and  property  into  which  its 
fanatics  have  been  led.  If  it  is  to  survive 
in  this  country,  it  has  got  to  reform  itself 
completely.  It  has  got  to  pu-ge  itself  of 
lawlessness  and  give  guarantees  of  its 
respect  for  life  and  property.  It  has  got 
to  abandon  secret  practises;  and  work, 
as  we  are  compelling  all  other  social 
factors  to  work,  in  the  open. 

Mr.  Gompers  will  continue  to  be  the 
captain,  for  awhile;  his  position  in  the 
Fedeialiotv  is  for  the  present  impregnable. 


THE  PRESENT  PLIGHT  OF  "LABOR' 


415 


A  dozen  Socialist  members  of  the  Federa- 
tion have  assured  me  that  there  would  be 
no  attack  on  him  within  the  union  —  no 
section  within  will  assail  him  while  he  is 
the  victim  of  attack  from  without.  It 
is  hinted  that  Mr.  Gompers's  friends  like 
to  keep  him  in  the  position  of  a  martyr; 
they  suggest  that  the  Bucks  Stove  Com- 
pany contempt  case  has  been  unduly 
drawn  out  with  an  eye  to  keeping 
"Sammie"  in  the  martyr's  r61e.  Yet, 
in  the  long  run,  the  McNamara  case  must 
necessarily  ruin  the  old  chieftain's  in- 
fluence. It  puts  him  in  a  comic  position. 
He  should  have  known  if  he  did  not  know, 
the  shrewd  workingman  will  argue. 

One  thing  which  deserves  to  be  made 
clear  to  everybody  interested  in  the  labor 
problem  is  the  conflict  between  labor- 
unionism  and  Socialism  —  as  the  advocates 
of  each  to-day  understand  them.  The 
issue  is  sharp,  and  the  opponents  fierce. 
The  point  of  the  matter  is  that  labor- 
unionism  exists  to  gain  all  it  can  from 
private  capital,  while  Socialism  wants  to 
abolish  private  capital. 

All  Socialists,  within  or  outside  the 
unions,  look  upon  Mr.  Gompers  as  a 
conservative,  a  reactionary.  They  desire 
political  action.  Anything  short  of  that 
is,  according  to  the  non-union  Socialist, 
idle;  according  to  the  union  Socialist, 
at  least  an  incomplete  programme.  The 
radicals  hold  that,  under  the  present 
organization  of  society,  the  interests  of 
labor  are  always  inevitably  in  conflict 
with  those  of  capital.  One  can  gain  only 
at  the  other's  expense.  There  can  be  no 
compromise,  no  conciliation,  no  harmoniza- 
tion of  interest.  The  officers  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  do  not 
embrace  this  view.  They  are  willing  to 
confer,  they  attempt  to  harmonize. 

The  issue  focussed  itself  at  the  last 
Federation  Convention,  Atlanta,  Novem- 
ber 13-25,  on  a  resolution  calling  on  all 
union  men  to  resign  from  the  National 
Civic  Federation.  John  Mitchell  had 
already  been  asked  by  the  Mine  Workers' 
Union  to  sever  his  connection  with  this 
body,  founded  on  the  false  assumption  of 
"identity  of  interest."  The  Atlanta  de- 
bate raged  for  many  hours  during  two 


days;  in  the  end  the  convention  refused, 
by  a  vote  in  the  proportion  of  12  to  5,  to 
pass  the  radical  resolution. 

On  the  other  hand,  paradoxically  if 
not  inconsistently.  Socialists  outside  the 
unions  charge  that  dynamite  is  the  logical 
result  of  trades-union  opportunist  policy. 
It  promises  so  little,  says  Congressman 
Victor  Berger,  a  union  man,  that  "the 
desperate  character  readily  turns  to  des- 
perate acts."  "  Dynamite  is  a  logical 
result  of  an  attempt  to  wage  the  class 
struggle  without  the  ballot,"  declares 
the  editor  of  the  Coming  Nation,  "Had 
the  McNamara  brothers  understood  the 
philosophy  of  Socialism  they  would  never 
have  resorted  to  deeds  of  violence," 
says  the  Appeal  to  Reason.  These  are 
Socialist  sheets. 

Put  into  more  reasoned  shape,  the  idea 
of  the  Socialists  is  like  this:  "The  McNa- 
mara result  shows  the  futility  of  alt 
methods  of  fighting  the  capitalistic  op- 
pressors, except  the  political  method. 
The  American  Federation  of  Labor  has 
been  growing  up  for  thirty  years,  and  it 
has  now  reached  formidable  proportions. 
But  it  has  grown  in  consequence  of  violent 
methods  of  persuasion,  and  the  moment 
these  methods  are  revealed  to  the  world, 
they  meet  with  a  crash  a  public  sentiment 
which  will   not  tolerate  them." 

There  are  some  Socialists  in  the  unions, 
but  not  enough  to  make  a  fight  for  its 
control.  There  is  Duncan  MacDonald 
and  William  Johnson  and  Max  Hayes 
and  Morris  Braun;  practically  the  whole 
of  the  Western  Federation  of  Miners  is 
socialistic.  But  there  is  going  to  be  no 
organized  opposition  to  Gompers. 

The  most  interesting  question  in  the 
worid  of  labor  is  whether,  in  the  months 
ahead.  Socialism  or  Trades-unionism  will 
grow  the  faster.  Both  will  grow.  The 
Los  Angeles  tragedy  is  not  going  to  dis- 
courage the  Federation.  It  will  only  stir 
it  to  new  energy.  But  the  Socialists  have 
a  more  picturesque  if  a  less  practical 
appeal.  Their  leaders  are  younger  and 
more  brilliant;  they  speak  a  later  word; 
they  interest  a  bigger  audience.  Their 
hope  now  is  that  the  Los  Angeles  tragedy 
will  make  it  plain  that  theirs  is  the  policy 
of  law  and  ordet. 


SELMA  LAGERLOF 


SWEDEN  S     IDOLIZED    WRITER. 


A    WOMAN    WHO    HAS    CONQUERED    ALL    EUROPE 
WITH    HER    PEN 


BY 


VELMA  SWANSTON   HOWARD 


NO  SWEDISH  writer  past  or 
present  has  so  faithfully  mir- 
rored the  soul  of  the  Swedish 
people  as  Selma  Lagerlof,  and 
no  writer  past  or  present  is 
so  idolized  as  she.  When  the  Internationa! 
Woman  Suffrage  Congress  met  in  Stock- 
holm last  June,  it  was  the  spirit  of  Selma 
Lagerlof  that  dominated  the  Congress  of 
Nations.  In  making  her  address  before 
this  diverse  audience,  she  was  able,  by  the 
compelling  earnestness  of  her  plea,  to  move 
profoundly  even  those  who  could  not  un- 
derstand her  language.  Yet  she  is  a  wo- 
man who  aspires  to  no  prominence.  She 
is  modest,  retiring,  and  with  no  trace  of 
self  consciousness,  or  desire  to  compete  or 
impress. 

In  her  native  province  her  work  has 
sunk  deep  into  the  hearts  of  the  people. 
The  places  and  characters  she  has  de- 
scribed have  become  so  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  her  stories  and  legends  that 
the  real  names  are  constantly  being 
confused  with  the  fictitious  ones.  This 
summer  I  visited  Marbacka,  sailing  up 
Lake  Fryken  on  the  steamship  Selma 
Lagerlof  and  returning  on  the  Costa  Ber- 
ling.  Everywhere  in  Sweden  one  finds 
postal  cards  representing  scenes  in  "The 
Adventures  of  Nils."  There  is  a  Nils 
Holgersson  game;  there  is  a  topical  song  in 
Swedish  dealing  with  the  author  and  her 
tiny  hero,  and  even  in  this  country  there  is 
a  Nils  Holgersson  Club. 

Selma  Lagerlofs  popularity  is  not  con- 
fined exclusively  to  the  Scandinavian 
countries.  I  n  Germany  she  is  more  widely 
read  than  any  other  foreign  writer.  A 
Berlin  critic  has  said  of  her  that  she  is  the 
"foremost  woman  writer  of  our  time." 
She  is  egualiy  beloved  in  Russia  and  Hol- 
/^nd,    and  recently  she   has   conquered 


France.  Although  prize  after  prize  has 
been  awarded  to  her,  it  is  only  since  the 
bestowal  of  the  Nobel  prize  that  she  has 
become  a  world  figure. 

In  her  own  land  no  crowned  queen  has 
wielded  a  greater  influence,  has  been  more 
ffited  and  honored  than  this  woman  of 
the  people.  She  sprang  into  fame  with 
her  first  book,  "Costa  Beriing,"  which 
won,  for  her  a  substantial  prize.  Soon 
after  the  publication  of  the  first  volume 
of  "The  Adventures  of  Nils,"  she  was 
crowned  with  the  laurel  wreath  at  the 
Cathedral  of  Upsala  and  received  from  the 
University  of  Upsala  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Letters.  About  a  year  after  the  second 
volumg  of  "Nils"  had  made  its  appear- 
ance, she  was  awarded  the  Nobel  prize  in 
literature. 

Selma  Lagerlof  might  well  be  called  the 
founder  of  a  new  school  of  literature. 
She  arrived  at  the  psychological  moment 
when  the  literary  tendency  of  Europe  was 
morbidly  realistic.  She  saw  what  other 
writers  had  seen  —  only  in  another  light. 
Hers  was  the  seer's  vision  rather  than  the 
critic's  judgment,  and  so  clear  was  her 
vision  that  she  discovered  life  where  we 
had  seen  but  dead  things  and  gray. 

Her  method  is  to  throw  into  obscurity 
human  frailties  and  vices  and  to  turn  the 
light  on  what  is  biggest  and  strongest  in 
men  as  she  sees  them.  It  was  for  "op- 
timism in  literature"  that  she  was  awarded 
the  Nobel  prize. 

Her  religion  can  be  expressed  in  two 
Words:  Love  and  Compassion.  She  has 
written  three  notable  books  of  a  marked 
religious  tendency,  two  of  which  are 
modem  novels:  "Jerusalem"  and  "Mir- 
acles of  Antichrist,"  while  the  third, 
"Christ  Legends,"  is  her  own  treatment 
of  material  gathered  mostly  in  the  Orient 


SELMA  LAGERLOF 


417 


—  simple  lessons  in  tenderness  and  self- 
forgetfulness. 

Selma  Lagerlof  has  broken  away  from 
conventional  and  academic  literary  forms; 
$he  tells  her  stories  in  her  own  way,  which 
is  as  distinctly  individual  as  that  of  Kip- 
ling. Her  style  is  marked  for  its  sim- 
plicity and  purity;  in  her  work  there  are  no 
involved  sentences,  no  meanings  lost  in  a 
maze  of  rhetorical  windings. 

Feeling  the  need  of  radical  reform  in  the 
public  school  system  of  education,  the 
National  Teachers'  Association  of  Sweden 
commissioned  Miss  Lagerlof  to  write  a 
book  which  should  embody  the  geography 
and  natural  history  of  the  country,  to  be 
used  as  supplementary  reading  in  the 
schools.  Having  once  been  a  teacher  her- 
self, she  understood  the  requirements  of 
children  and  how  best  to  attract  and  hold 
their  interest.  After  four  years  of  study 
and  research  the  author  gave  her  rich 
imagination  full  play,  ingeniously  and 
delicately  weaving  and  interweaving  fact 
with  fancy.  The  result  was  "The  Won- 
derful Adventures  of  Nils,"  an  enchanting 
fairy  story  which  has  been  compared  to 
the  fairy  classics  of  Grimm  and  Andersen. 

The  innovation  was  so  successful  that, 
since  the  appearance  of  Miss  Lagerlofs 
book,  other  distinguished  authors  have 
followed  in  her  footsteps.  And  now  edu- 
cational works  in  fairy  tale  form,  includ- 
ing an  interesting  history  of  Sweden's 
heroes,  have  been  added  to  the  list  of 
school  books.  However,  Miss  Lagerlofs 
book  remains  preeminently  the  most 
popular.  Her  book  is  to  be  found  in 
every  home  where  there  are  children;  and 
tourists  visiting  Sweden  find  it  an  inter- 
esting and  invaluable  guide  book.  While 
I  was  stopping  with  Miss  Lagerlof  in  her 
old  manor,  which  she  so  charmingly  pic- 
tures in  "  The  Further  Adventures  of  Nils, " 
everything  about  the  place  recalled  in- 
cidents connected  with  the  fairy  tale. 
Here  was  the  pond  she  described,  where  ho 
one  was  allowed  to  fish  lest  they  disturb 
the  carp;  here  at  any  moment  Thumbietot 
might  appear,  or  the  doves  and  Lady 
Brown  Owl;  for  it  was  here  that  Miss 
Lagerlof  made  the  acquaintance  of  little 
Thumbietot  (Nils  Holgersson),  who  told 
her  all  about  himself  —  how  he,  a  human 


being  like  herself,  had  been  turned  into 
an  elf;  of  his  travels  with  the  wild  geese 
and  his  wonderful  adventures.  To  quote 
her  own  words:  "What  luck  to  have  run 
across  one  who  has  traveled  all  over 
Sweden  on  the  back  of  a  goose!  Just  this 
which  he  has  related  1  shall  write  down  in 
my  book." 

And  when  the  story  was  finished  she 
bought  back  the  home  of  her  childhood 
among  the  blue  hills  of  Vermland,  where 
she  now  lives  with  her  aged  mother  and 
where  she  can  have  the  solitude  she  craves 
for  her  work.  Farming  is  her  recreation 
and  the  farm  animals  are  her  pets.  A 
recent  acquisition  to  her  household  is  a 
little  orphan  boy  whom  she  took  from  a 
poor-house  and  who  happens  to  bear  the 
same  name  as  the  hero  of  her  fairy  story  — 
Nils  Holgersson. 

However,  Miss  Lagerlof  does  not  live 
exclusively  in  her  own  fairy  world.  She 
finds  time  in  her  busy  life  for  the  enjoy- 
ment of  other  writers  and  reads  with  deep 
appreciation  the  best  standard  works  of 
English  and  American  authors.  Dickens, 
Tennyson,  Kipling,  Hawthorne,  Emerson, 
George  William  Curtis,  and  "Longfellow 
are  among  her  favorites.  Like  most 
educated  Swedes,  she  is  an  accomplished 
linguist  and  can  read  understandingly 
English,  German,  and  French  works  in 
the  original. 

Alive  to  the  needs  of  the  peasants  in 
her  district  she  has  in  her  drawing  room  an 
open  library  of  books  which  she  herself 
has  carefully  selected. 

Selma  Lagerlof,  as  is  typical  of  her  peo- 
ple, is  of  the  blonde  type.  She  is  of 
medium  height,  with  figure  well  rounded. 
Her  hair  is  quite  gray.  Her  face  is  broad, 
her  steady  clear  blue  eyes  light  up  won- 
derfully when  she  smiles.  Her  move- 
ments are  slow,  her  gestures  few.  The 
most  striking  thing  about  her  is  her  rich 
contralto  voice  with  its  soft  low  tones  vi- 
brant with  feeling.  She  cannot  "make 
talk,"  as  we  say,  but  speaks  only  when  she 
has  something  to  say.  When  one  of 
Miss  Lagerlofs  close  friends  laughingly 
said  to  her  in  my  presence:  "Selma,  you 
cannot  pay  compliments,"  it  seemed  to 
me  that  her  very  manner  of  listening  was 
in  itself  a  Qtado^'^  cxs^^^t^kcx* 


WOMAN  THE  SAVIOR  OF  THE  STATE 


HER    FUNDAMENTAL    ACHIEVEMENT    IN     HER    WORL0»    AND  MAN  S    HALF-SUCCESS    IN    HIS, 
AS   THE    BASIS    OF    THE    DEMAND    FOR    SUFFRAGE 


SELMA 


BY 

LAGERLOF 


TRANSLATBD  FROM  THE  SWEDISH   BY  VELMA   SWANSTON   HOWARD 

address  dAhered  he/or i  (he  Si:Kth  Congrns  of  the  Intrrnattonal  IV(ffnan  Suffrage  Alliance  in  StoekMm 
and  regarded  as  the  most  ehquent  UaUnunt  oj  the  mjjragisi  plea  made  in  any  cauniry 


H 


AVE    women    done    nothing 
which    entitles    us    to  equal 
rights  with  man?    Our  time 
on  earth  has  been  long  —  as 
long  as  his.      Has  it  left  no 
trace  in  passing?     Have  we  created  noth- 
ing of  incontestable   worth   to  life  and 
civilization?     Beside  this,   that  we  have 
brought   human    beings  into   the  world, 
have  we  contributed  nothing  of  use  to 
mankind?     1  know  that  the  women  before 
our  time  did  not  fritter  away  their  lives 
as  playing  children,  but  worked.     1  look 
at  paintings  and  engravings,  pictures  of 
old  women  of  olden  times.     Their  faces 
are  haggard  and  stern;  their  hands  rough 
and  bony.    They  had  their  struggles  and 
I  heir  interests.    What  have  they  done? 

I  place  myself  before  Rembrandt's  old 
peasant  woman,  she  of  the  thousand  wrink- 
les in  her  intelligent  face,  and  I  ask  myself 
why  she  lived.  Certainly  not  to  be  wor- 
shipped by  many  men,  not  to  rule  a  state, 
not  to  win  a  scholar's  degree!  And  yet 
the  work  to  which  she  devoted  herself 
could  not  have  been  of  a  trivial  nature. 
She  did  not  go  through  life  stupid   and 

I  shallow!  The  glances  of  men  and  women 
rest  rather  upon  her  aged  countenance 
than  upon  that  of  the  fairest  young  beauty. 
Her  life  must  have  had  a  meaning. 

We  all  know  what  the  old  woman  will 

reply    to    my    question.    Wc    read    the 

answer  in  her  calm  and  kindly  smile:  ''All 

that  I  did  was  to  make  a  good  home. " 

And.  I(x»k  you!    This  is  what  the  women 

»  would  answer  if  they  could  rise  from  their 
graves,  generation  after  generation,  thou- 
sands   upon    thousands,    millions    upon 
15:  "All  that  wc  strove  for  was  to 


How  few  among  them  would  answer 
differently!  One  and  another  nun  might 
cry  that  her  aim  in  life  had  been  to  serve 
God.  One  and  another  queen  would  de- 
clare that  she  had  served  her  country* 
Buttheirformswouldbelost  in  the  throngs, 
their  voices  would  not  be  heard  among 
all  those  who  answer:  "Our  only  am- 
bition has  been  to  create  a  good  home/' 

We  all  know  that  this  is  true.  We  know 
that  if  we  were  to  ask  the  men,  could  wc 
line  them  up,  generation  after  generation, 
thousands  and  millions  in  succession,  il 
would  not  occur  to  one  of  them  to  say  that 
he  had  lived  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
good    home. 

We  know  that  it  is  needless  to  seek 
further.  We  should  find  nothing.  Our 
gift  to  humanity  is  the  home  —  that, 
and  nothing  else.  We  have  been  building 
upon  this  little  structure  ever  since  the 
time  of  our  Mother  Eve.  We  have 
altered  the  plan;  we  have  experimented; 
we  have  made  new  discoveries;  we  have 
gone  back  to  the  old:  we  have  adapted 
ourselves:  we  have  gone  forth  and  tamed 
such  among  the  wild  beasts  as  were  needed 
in  the  home:  we  have  selected  from  the 
growths  of  earth  fruit-bearing  treesr  lus- 
cious berries,  seeds,  and  the  choicest 
flowers.  We  have  furnished  and  decor* 
aled  our  home;  we  have  developed  its 
customs;  wc  have  created  the  art  of  child 
training,  comfort,  courtesy,  and  pleasant 
S4xial  intercourse. 

For  the  home  wc  have  been  great;  for 
the  home  wc  have  also  been  petty.  Not 
many  of  us  have  stood  with  Christina 
Gyllensliema  on  the  walls  of  Stockholm 
and  defended  a  city;  still  fewer  of  us  have 
gpne  forth  with  Jeanne  D'Arc  to  battle 


4 

4 


n 


^ 


WOMAN  THE  SAVIOR  OF  THE  STATE 


419 


for  the  Fatherland.  But  if  the  enemy 
approached  our  own  gate,  we  stood  there 
with  broom  and  dish  rag,  with  the  sharp 
tongue  and  clawing  hand,  ready  to  fight 
to  the  last  in  defence  of  our  creation,  the 
home.  And  this  little  structure  which  has 
cost  us  so  much  effort,  is  it  a  success  or' 
a  failure?  Is  this  woman's  contribution  to 
civilization  inconsiderable  or  valuable? 
Is  it  appreciated  or  despised? 

For  answer  we  need  only  listen  to  the 
comments  we  constantly  hear  around  us: 
Why  does  it  go  well  with  this  or  that  one? 
Because  he  has  had  the  advantage  of  a 
good  home  training.  Why,  for  instance, 
is  this  person  so  much  better  able  to  meet 
the  trials  of  life  than  many  others?  Be- 
cause his  training  in  the  home  had  been 
along  right  lines.  Another  fails.  Why? 
you  ask.  This,  again,  is  in  a  great  meas- 
ure due  to  the  faulty  upbringing  he  re- 
ceived in  the  home.  How  has  that  man 
been  able  to  bear  up  under  all  his  mis- 
fortunes? Because  his  wife  has  always 
eased  his  burden  by  making  a  good  home 
for  him. 

Isn't  it  wonderful,  this  little  retreat!  It 
receives  us  with  joy  as  tiny,  helpless 
troublesome  babes;  it  has  an  honored  place 
for  us  as  feeble  and  broken  old  men  and 
women;  it  gladdens  and  refreshes  the. man 
when  he  returns,  exhausted  by  the  day's 
toil;  it  cherishes  him  as  warmly  when  the 
world  goes  against  him  as  when  it  honors 
him.  Here  there  are  no  laws,  only  cus- 
toms, which  one  follows  because  they  are 
useful  and  expedient.  Here  one  is  disci- 
plined not  for  the  sake  of  punishing,  but 
only  for  development.  Here  one  finds 
employment  for  all  talents,  but  one  who 
has  none  can  make  himself  just  as  beloved 
as  the  most  gifted  genius. 

The  home  can  take  into  its  world  humble 
servants,  and  keep  them  for  life.  It  does 
not  lose  sight  of  its  own,  and  slaughters 
the  fatted  calf  when  the  prodigal  returns. 
It  is  a  store  house  for  the  legends  and 
ballads  of  our  forefathers.  It  has  its  own 
ritual  for  ffetes  and  ceremonies;  it  treasures 
memories  of  our  forebears  which  no  history 
can  record.  Here  every  one  may  be  him- 
self so  long  as  he  does  not  disturb  the 
harmony  of  the  whole.  One  finds  noth- 
ing more  adjustable,  more  compassionate 


among  all  that  mankind  has  effected,  and 
there  is  nothing  so  beloved  and  so  highly 
•  prized  as  woman's  creation,  the  home. 

Since  this  is  so,  since  we  admit  that  all 
the  other  work  of  woman  is  of  evanescent 
character  as  compared  with  the  extraor- 
dinary work  which  she  has  accomplished 
in  the  home;  when  we  see  how  persistently 
the  woman's  talents  point  in  this  direction, 
must  we  not  with  all  our  heart  bemoan 
the  Woman  Movement  —  this  departure 
from  the  home,  their  emigration,  1  might 
say,  from  their  one  accustomed  field  of 
usefulness  to  the  man's  field  of  labor? 

Most  men  and  a  large  proportion  of  the 
women  themselves  have  fretted  and 
grieved  over  this.  They  have  also  hindered 
and  obstructed  in  so  far  as  they  could,  but 
nothing  has  availed.  The  young  woman 
in  her  search  for  employment  has  received 
but  little  encouragement,  rather  has  she 
been  scorned  and  ridiculed.  The  least 
desirable  places  have  been  open  to  her; 
the  poorest  pay  has  been  offered  for  her 
services,  which  she  has  gratefully  accepted. 
Few  have  found  anything  praiseworthy 
in  this.  One  instinctively  had  the  feel- 
ing that  she  acted  wrongly  in  leaving  the 
home  service. 

Nowadays  we  are  making  the  most 
extensive  investigations  as  to  the  causes 
of  emigration.  We  find  that  it  is  due  to 
economic  oppression,  to  a  desire  for 
equality  and  freedom,  to  a  yearning  for 
change,  to  tempting  examples 

But,  with  that  has  all  been  said? 
Do  we  not  all  feel  that  this  breaking  away 
from  the  land  of  our  fathers  is  due  to  an 
irresistible  force?  We  liken  it  to  a  fever, 
this  which  drives  thousands  upon  thou- 
sands from  familiar  surroundings  and  be- 
loved associations,  away  to  strange  lands, 
to  adapt  themselves  to  a  new  country, 
to  learn  a  new  language,  to  acquire  new 
methods  of  work  —  while  the  rewards  are 
uncertain,  the  hardships  and  discomforts 
are  inevitable.  May  it  not  be  that  some 
great  law  of  Nature  sets  into  motion  the 
emigration  throngs?  The  rest  of  us  scarcely 
dare  do  aught  to  check  it,  for  we  know  that, 
so  long  as  there  is  an  acre  of  unbroken 
ground  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  there  will 
be  pioneers  who  will  find  their  way  to  it. 
One  cannot  ^t^«^\  ViMsscMcCci  \v^\^  ^v*^ 


420 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ulating  the  earth  and  making  it  habitable; 
^  therefore  no  one  laughs  at  the  emigrant, 
■  And  I  believe  that  there  will  soon  be  an 
end  to  all  ridicule  of  the  working  woman. 
It  will  be  understood  that  when  she  was 
forced  to  leave  home  it  was  not  solely  for 
economic  reasons,  not  only  from  a  desire 
for  equality,  not  only  from  a  longing  for 
change  and  freedom,  all  of  which  have 
played  a  part,  but  there  are  also  other 
reasons.  A  force  stronger  than  Nature 
herself,  a  touch  of  the  indefinable  has 
stirred  woman.  Yellowing  wheat  fields, 
new  cities,  flourishing  states  show  us  where 
the  immigrant  has  advanced.  Perchance 
the  woman,  also,  shall  some  day  show  us 
that  when  she  forced  her  way  into  the 
man's  working  territory,  she  too  wished 
to  cultivate  wildernesses  and  deserts! 

But  before  wc  venture  to  predict  any- 
thing as  regards  the  future,  let  us  consider 
what  the  man  has  accomplished  in  his 
world. 

First  of  all,  in  what  has  his  labor  con- 
sisted? During  the  thousands  of  years 
that  woman  has  been  working  upon  her 
humble   creation,    the    home,    what    has 

»been  man's  greatest  achievement? 
There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the 
answer.     Man  has  created  the  state.     He 
has  served  it  and  suffered  for  it;   he  has 
given  to  it  his  almost  superhuman  efforts; 

I  he  has  risked  life  for  its  upbuilding:  he  has 
given  to  it  his  profoundest  thought.  To 
defend  it  he  has  placed  himself  at  the 
cannon's  mouth.  He  has  constructed  its 
laws  and  has  classified  the  inhabitants  of 
this  elaborate  creation,  which  embraces 
all  of  us  and  unites  us,  like  the  members  of 
a  human  body. 
We  must  not  deny  the  man  the  great 

I  honor  due  him  as  founder  of  the  state, 
and  not  only  the  state  as  a  unit,  but  also 
the  smaller  and  greater  organizations  of 
which  it  is  comprised;  for  they  are  all  his 
work.  As  soon  as  we  step  outside  the  four 
walls  of  the  home,  we  meet  him,  and  him 
only.  He  has  created  the  farm,  the  village, 
the  city.  He  has  constructed  the  church, 
the  university,  the  industrial  world.  All 
the  states  within  states  arc  from  the  start 
his  work.  He  is  the  great  builder  of 
hum^n  ant  hiJJs.  He  never  stands  alone, 
tui  ^Iw^ys  in  coalition.     Man's  greatest 


L 


contribution  to  civilization  is  the  well 
organized,  strong,  and  protecting  state. 

Let  us  be  clear  on  one  point!  It  is  not 
my  meaning  that  the  home,  as  I  have  just 
presented  it,  is  perfected  everywhere.  If 
such  were  the  case,  then  verily  humanity 
had  reached  its  goal,  and  further  reforms 
and  improvements  would  not  be  needed. 
Naturally  I'm  aware  of  the  fact  that  the 
majority  of  homes  are  not  perfect,  and 
that  many  are  bad.  Bui  the  good  and 
happy  homes  do  exist;  we  have  seen  them; 
we  have  lived  in  them.  We  may  not  have 
had  them  ourselves^  perhaps,  but  we  can 
bear  witness  to  their  existence.  ITiey 
are  no  mere  dream.  Women  can  create 
them  in  poverty  and  in  affluence,  in  lowli- 
ness and  in  refinement.  They  are  to  be 
found  in  kings'  castles  and  in  cotters*  huts. 

Now,  as  to  the  states  —  these  our 
greater  homes,  so  difficult  to  build,  con- 
structed with  so  much  effort,  watered  by 
so  much  blood  and  so  many  tears,  builded 
by  the  help  of  the  strongest  characters, 
the  boldest  minds  —  is  there  or  has  there 
ever  been  one  that  has  satisfied  all  its 
members?  Are  they  not  always  in  the 
midst  of  continuous  reform  work?  Does 
one  not  desire  even  to-day  to  reform  and 
reconstruct  them  from  the  bottom  up? 
Do  they  not  present  constant  reasons  for 
discontent  and  bitterness? 

In  the  "Nardesta'*of  Runeberg,  Cather- 
ine of  Russia  says  to  her  friend,  the  Coun- 
tess Natalia,  apropos  of  her  home: 

"What  happiness  is  yours!  To  be  able 
to  extend  toward  all  a  helping  hand;  to 
be  able  to  meet  all  needs,  creating  a  little 
paradise  of  joy  and  bliss  only  with  the 
heart's  desire!" 

Catherine  was  a  woman,  but  here  she 
does  not  speak  as  woman  but  as  regent 
of  the  greatest  kingdom  on  earth.  She 
knew  what  every  statesman  knows;  that 
the  state  can  enforce  order  and  procure 
defense;  yet  she  was  permeated  with  the 
feeling  of  its  limitations,  and  its  help- 
lessness in  many  ways. 

Where  is  the  state  in  which  there  are  no 
unprx>tecled  children?  wherein  no  budding 
genius  is  crushed,  but  where  all  its  young 
are  lovingly  nurtured? 

Where  is  the  state  that  gives  to  all  its 
aged    poor    the    protection    and    respect 


4 


4 
I 

4 


WOMAN  THE  SAVIOR  OF  THE  STATE 


421 


due  those  who  are  nearing  the  end  of  this 
life?  Where  is  the  state  that  punishes 
offenders  only  with  the  idea  of  correction 
and  development?  Where  is  the  state 
that  utilizes  every  talent,  that  gives,  and 
in  which  the  unfortunate  receives  as  much 
thoughtful  consideration  as  do  the  most 
favored? 

Where  is  the  state  which  does  not  em- 
body alien  peoples  it  cannot  care  for? 
Where  is  the  state  which  gives  to  all  the 
opportunity  of  living  their  own  lives,  so 
long  as  they  do  not  disturb  the  harmony 
of  the  whole?  Where  is  the  state  wherein 
none  of  its  members  may  go  to  waste  in  idle- 
ness, drunkenness,  and  in  shameless  living? 

Perhaps  you  will  answer  that  this  is  not 
the  business  of  the  state.  It  stands  for 
law  and  order.  But  if  such  is  the  case, 
why  does  it  meddle  with  all  these  other 
matters?  It  does  so  because  it  knows 
that  the  state  which  does  not  create  hap- 
piness cannot  prosper.  It  is  essential  to 
its  welfare  to  be  beloved  by  high  and  low. 
The  state  must  be  a  promoter  of  comfort, 
security,  education,  culture,  and  ennobling; 
for  to  it  mankind  must  look  for  the  real- 
ization of  their  hopes. 

Nor  has  the  state  been  remiss  in  making 
great  enough  demands  upon  humanity  it- 
self; but  thus  far,  for  some  reason,  the  state 
has  been  unable  to  enforce  these  demands. 

There  is  one  thing  more  to  be  coasidered. 
I  have  been  bold  enough  to  state  that  the 
home  is  woman's  creation.  But  1  did  not 
say  that  she  alone  created  it.  Fortunately 
for  her  and  for  all  of  us,  she  has  ever  had 
the  man  with  her.  Master  and  mistress 
have  sat  side  by  side.  Had  the  woman 
toiled  alone  she  could  not  have  solved  the 
problem.  The  home  would  not  have  been 
in  existence,  either  as  a  dream  or  a  reality. 

But  in  the  creating  of  the  state,  man 
has  stood  alone.  Nothing  has  impelled 
man  to  take  woman  with  him  into  the 
Hall  of  Justice,  into  the  Civil  Service  De- 
partment, into  the  House  of  Commerce. 
He  has  forged  his  way  alone. 

Think  how  long  he  alone  performed  the 
duties  of  physician!  He  still  prepares  his 
own  meals  at  the  barracks;  he  coaches  at 
the  boys'  school.  He  has  taken  upon  him- 
self the  hardest  tasks,  and  he  has  not  been 
afraid  of  work. 


But  has  he  succeeded?  Witness  the 
hatred  between  the  classes;  witness  the 
stifled  cries  from  beneath,  all  the  threats 
and  revolutions.  Witness  the  complaints 
of  the  unemployed;  witness  emigration! 
Does  all  this  signify  that  he  has  succeeded, 
or  that  he  ever  can  succeed? 

And,  mark  you!  At  this  very  moment, 
when  governments  are  tottering,  admir- 
ably constructed  though  they  be;  when 
social  revolution  appears  at  our  very 
door  —  it  rs  right  here  that  the  great 
Woman  Invasion  into  man's  field  of  labor 
and  into  the  territory  of  the  state  begins. 

Does  this  signify  anything?  Or,  does  it 
simply  mean  that  women  desire  a  better  lot 
in  life  —  equality,  change,  freedom,  power? 

Why  does  all  this  come  just  now?  One 
must  be  blind  not  to  see,  deaf  not  to  hear! 

Has  not  something  within  been  calling 
and  urging?  Go  forth  to  new  and  difficult 
work!  Take  your  place  at  the  railway 
switch,  sweep  the  street,  copy  at  the  office, 
sell  postage  stamps  at  the  postoffice,  teach 
the  elementary  branches,  take  your  place 
at  the  telephone  switchboard,  be  a  sur- 
geon's helper;  do  all  this  subordinate  work 
and  be  assured  that  it  is  not  wasted ! 

Above  all,  be  assured  that  it  was 
necessary  work!  You  must  enter  all  fields; 
you  must  be  on  hand  everywhere,  if  the 
state  is  ever  to  be  beloved  like  the  home. 
Be  certain  that  your  services,  now  so 
despised,  shall  soon  be  sought  after. 
They  will  be  in  such  demand  that  you  will 
hardly  be  able  to  meet  the  wants.  Be  as- 
sured that  we  shall  soon  be  in  evidence 
everywhere  —  in  uninhabited  regions  and 
in  cities,  with  many  new  occupations  not 
yet  known  to  us,  but  all  working  toward 
the  One  Good. 

Alas,  we  women  are  not  perfect  beings! 
You  men  are  no  more  perfect  than  we 
are.  How  are  we  to  attain  that  which  is 
great  and  good  unless  we  help  each  other? 

We  do  not  think  that  the  work  can  be 
accomplished  at  once,  but  we  do  believe 
that  it  would  be  folly  to  reject  our  help. 

We  believe  that  the  winds  of  God  are 
bearing  us  onward,  that  our  little  master- 
work,  the  home,  was  our  creation  with  the 
help  of  man.  The  great  masterwork,  the 
state,  shall  be  perfected  by  man  when  in  all 
seriousness  K<t  xaViKs  ^^xwmv  ^Sk\v\s\«^«^^  ^ 


THE   FATE  OF  ALASKA 


A   BATTLEGROUND    FOR  CONTROVERSY   LEFT   UNDEVELOPED  —  LITTLE    DANGER  OP 

MONOPOLY  — THE    ACCEPTANCE   OF   THE    LEASING    SYSTEM  — THE 

DUTY   OF   CONGRESS 

BY 


iT 


CARRINGTON    WEEMS 

H^ritUn  ajUr  Mr.  IVitms  had  viuUd  Alaska  in  person 


not 


HE  Alaskan  coal  supply  is  not 
in  danger  of  monopolization, 
nor  is  any  one  "interest"  likely 
to  gain  control  of  its  outlets. 
The  actual  market  value  — 
the    amount    or    absolute    value  — 

I  of  the  coal  has,  moreover,  been  greatly 
overestimated  in  fhe  violent  struggle  be- 
tween  those  who  were  more  or  less  content 
with  the  old  methods  of  dealing  with  the 
public  domain  and  the  conservationists 
who  brought  a  new  and  vital  conception 
to  the  public  mind.  In  the  struggle  be- 
tween these  two  forces,  Alaska  served  as  a 
battlefield,    and    the    importance    of   its 

t  problems  was  somewhat  magnified  while 
its  interests  were  sadly  neglected  and 
abusi^.  In  the  conflict  over  how  it 
should  be  developed,  development  was 
stopped.     For  five  wasted   years  Alaska 

I  has  suffered,  and  Congress  now  has  before 
it  the  duty  of  starting  the  country  for- 
ward on  a  wise  course. 
1  he  general  lack  of  trustworthy  and 
accurate  information  about  Alaska  is  ap* 
parcntly  the  fundamental  difficulty.  On 
one  authority  it  is  reported  that  the  coal- 
fields of  Bering  River  contain  wealth 
undreamed    of.     Upon    another    we    are 

■  asked  to  believe  that  the  geologists  have 

■  been  mistaken  in  the  deposits  which  are 
all  but  worthless;  that  from  excessive 
faulting  their  product  is  crushed  and  un- 
marketable; that  ''California  oil  has  killed 
Alaska's  goose."  One  day  the  country  is 
startled  by  learning  that  Controller  Bay 
is  the  sole  key  to  the  coalfields,  and  that 
with  ofltcial  cognizance  it  has  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  an  unscrupulous  syndicate 
bent  upon  monopoly.  Not  long  aftcr- 
Y^fd  t/iis  alarm  is  discounted  by  news 


BK7/Z/    t 


from  the  front  which  characterizes  Con- 
troller Bay  as  a  windswept  mudflal,  valu- 
able as  a  duckmarsh,  utterly  worthless  as 
a  harbor.  1  he  public  may  well  wonder 
where  the  truth  is  to  be  found. 

To  all  intents  and  purposes,  the  Bering 
River  field  comprises  the  Alaskan  coal 
question.  Of  all  Alaskan  coal  deposits 
this  field  contains  the  most  accessible  of 
the  high  grade  coals.  The  Matanuska 
field,  several  hundred  miles  to  the  north- 
westward, comes  next  in  importance;  its 
quantity  and  quality  are  about  the  same 
or  better,  but  it  is  removed  nearly  five 
times  farther  from  tidewater  Eventually, 
increasing  demands  will  Justify  the  exploi* 
tation  of  the  Matanuska  field,  and  it  will 
be  connected  with  the  sea  either  by  a 
branch  —  already  surveyed  —  of  the  Cop- 
per River  and  Northwestern  main  line  from 
Cordova  to  the  interior,  or  by  a  railroad 
having  Seward  on  the  Kenai  Peninsula 
as  its  terminus,  l-ater,  of  course,  increas- 
ing industrial  demands  will  automati- 
cally open  up  one  interior  Alaskan  coal- 
field after  another.  The  settlements  in 
the  Arctic  region  will  have  coal  near  at 
hand  on  Colville  River  and  at  Cape 
Lisbume.  In  the  interior  near  Eagle 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  Fairbanks,  as  at 
various  points  along  the  Yukon  River* 
lignites  are  found  in  abundance.  The 
same  is  true  of  the  Innoke  River  dis* 
trict,  and  of  all  the  eastern  half  of 
Kenai  Peninsula.  Even  far  out  to  the 
westward  in  Chignik  Bay  and  on  Kodiak 
Island,  coal  of  good  grade  is  waiting  to 
be  mined.  In  falling  back  thus 
widely  scattered  coal  deposits 
will  be  protected  naturally  from 
opoly  and  extortionate  fuel  charges. 


n 


Kodiak 

ting  to  I 

;   upon  B 

Alaska  H 

I   mon-  ^M 


THE  FATE  OF  ALASKA 


423 


Only  one  fifth  of  Alaska  has  ever  been 
surveyed  geologically.  How  much  coal 
the  rest  may  contain  no  man  can  guess. 
From  many  scattered  points  within  this 
area,  prospectors  have  reported  coal  dis- 
coveries. Upon  well-established  data,  the 
head  of  the  Geological  Survey  in  Alaska 
states  that  the  minimum  of  coal  resources 
should  be  placed  at  150,000  million  tons, 
although  the  actual  tonnage  is  likely  to 
be  many  times  that  amount.  Mining  in 
a  small  way  by  Arctic  whalers  has  revealed 
a  high  grade  bituminous  coal  in  the  Cape 
Lisbume  region,  and  there  is  good  reason 
to  believe  that  the  coal  deposits  of  the 
Arctic  slope  are  more  extensive  than  all 
the  other  fields  combined,  covering  roughly 
3000  square  miles.  Of  course  the  large 
part  of  this  coal,  which  is  not  easily  acces- 
sible from  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  practically 
non-existent  as  far  as  export  trade  is  con- 
cerned in  the  near  future.  But  the 
present  generation  and  the  next  will 
have  more  than  enough  natural  obstacles 
to  overcome  in  building  railroads  and  pro- 
fitably opening  up  coal  mines  near  at  hand. 

Those  who  first  undertake  to  market 
Alaska  coal  are  very  far  from  having  the 
bonanza  which  alarmists  have  described. 
The  difficulty  lies  in  the  market.  Even 
after  the  excessive  first  costs  have  been 
overcome,  and  the  present  high  price  of 
labor  in  Alaska  reduced  by  settled  con- 
ditions, the  most  sanguine  estimate  is 
only  able  to  place  Bering  River  coal 
in  Seattle  at  something  like  four  dollars 
a  ton,  which  is  the  average  price  now 
paid  there  for  British  Columbia  and 
Vancouver  coal.  This  Canadian  coal  is 
sold,  moreover,  at  an  excessive  profit,  and 
under  competition  its  price  could  be  very 
materially  reduced.  With  Australian 
coal,  which  is  cheaply  mined  at  tidewater, 
the  Alaska  product  will  also  experience 
lively  competition.  It  is  true  that  for 
special  purposes  these  coals  would  not  be 
able  to  compete  on  the  same  footing  with 
the  best  from  the  Bering  River  field,  to 
which  they  are  inferior.  But  here,  too, 
the  high  grade  product  will  not  find  an 
undisputed  market.  Statistics  show  that 
when  the  Panama  Canal  is  completed,  it 
will  be  possible  to  lay  Pennsylvania  coal 
down  at  San  Francisco  for  a  price  in  the 


neighborhood  of  four  dollars  and  sixty 
cents  a  ton.  Nor  is  this  all  that  Alaska 
coal  will  have  to  face.  A  competitor  even 
more  to  be  feared  is  California  petroleum, 
which  in  the  Pacific  states  controls  the 
fuel  market  at  present.  This  oil  is  being 
introduced  by  the  Alaska  Syndicate  — 
the  Morgan-Guggenheim  interests  —  on 
its  steamships,  upon  the  Copper  River 
&  Northwestern  Railroad,  and  at  the  fa- 
mous Bonanza  copper  mine.  At  the  tide- 
water terminal  of  the  road  its  manager 
stated  that  oil  could  be  bought  for  some- 
thing like  one  dollar  a  barrel,  or  in  terms 
of  the  fuel  equivalent  of  coal,  about  four 
dollars  a  ton.  Tiie  enormous  plant  of 
the  Treadwell  mines  in  southeastern 
Alaska  burns  fuel  oil  at  a  coal  equivalent 
of  approximately  three  dollars  a  ton. 

Various  estimates  place  the  bare  cost 
of  mining  Bering  River  coal  and  placing 
it  on  vessels  at  the  nearest  port,  between 
J2.25  and  J2.66  per  ton.  From  which  it 
will  be  seen  that  Alaska  coal  will  be 
reasonably  secure  only  in  the  home  market 
—  a  market  demanding  annually  less  than 
150,000  tons,  or  a  fair  yearly  output  for 
one  small-sized  mine.  Beyond  that,  Ber- 
ing River  coal  can,  on  the  score  of  its 
very  high  quality,  be  counted  upon  to  sell 
in  the  face  of  competition  to  the  extent 
of  a  million  tons  a  year  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
including  sales  to  the  United  States  navy. 
A  million  and  a  half  tons  is  a  safe  estimate 
of  the  amount  of  Alaska  coal  which  in  the 
beginning  could  be  marketed  annually 
with  profit.  In  the  face  of  such  a  showing 
the  incentive  for  creating  a  monopoly  is 
lacking.  The  game  appears  not  to  be 
worth  the  candle  by  a  good  deal. 

Even  in  the  much  discussed  Cunning- 
ham case,  while  the  illegality  of  their 
methods  finally  lost  them  their  claims,  the 
evidence  hardly  substantiates  the  idea 
that  this  was  an  incipient  monopoly. 
Outside  of  this  group,  which  is  only- a 
small  fraction  —  about  one  eighth  —  of 
the  whole  field,  and  that  by  no  means  the 
best,  the  Guggenheim  interests  made  no 
efforts  to  gain  holdings,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  they  had  full  opportunity 
before  the  ore-bearing  areas  were  entirely 
occupied.      Their    agreement    wvtiv  \fcR. 


424 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ningham,  in  regard  to  securing  coal  at 
stipulated  prices,  might  have  been  no 
more  than  a  protective  measure  which 
any  large  consumer  would  take.  They 
were  assured  thereby  of  a  supply  of  fuel 
at  reasonable  cost  for  the  development 
of  their  immense  copper  properties  and 
for  their  railroad,  which  is  plainly  designed 
to  become  the  great  trunk  line  to  the 
interior  of  Alaska;  their  profit  from  the 
development  of  the  coalfield  was  to  come 
out  of  increased  tonnage  for  their  rail- 


for  honest  and  constructive  land  laws  — 
has  made  impossible  the  monopoly  of 
which  there  was  little  danger,  but  be- 
sides this  it  has  accomplished  a  really  con- 
structive task.  It  has  brought  about  the 
general  acceptance  of  the  leasing  principle 
for  the  development  of  Alaska  coat. 
This  means  that  the  Government  will 
hold  the  title  and  lease  the  privilege  of 
mining  under  such  conditions  as  the  ex- 
perience and  study  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines 
indicate  are  proper  to  prevent  waste  of  coal 


THE   ALASKA  COAST   LINE 
SHOWING  THE  TWO  POSSIBLE  OUTLETS  FOR  THE  COALFIELDS  —  THE  PROPOSED  BRANCH  OF  THE  ALASKAN 
syndicate's  road  CONNECTING  WITH  ITS  MAIN  LINE  TO  CORDOVA,  AND  THE  PROPOSED  LINE  OF  THE 
CONTROLLER  RAILWAY  A  NAVIGATION  CO.  FROM  THE  COALFIELDS  TO  CONTROLLER  BAY 


road.  Such  an  agreement  was  unlawful 
on  the  part  of  the  claimants  while  their 
patents  were  pending,  under  the  coal 
land  laws  then  in  effect,  and  it  cost  them 
eventually  the  loss  of  their  claims.  In 
the  meantime  the  danger  was  that  an 
illegality  would  be  countenanced,  and 
that  the  old,  wasteful  methods  of  mining 
would  be  encouraged,  not  that  a  mon- 
opoly would  be  formed. 

The    controversy    which    was    hailed 

chiefly  as  an  attempt  to  prevent  a  mon- 

opoJy  in  Ahska  —  but  which  in  reality 

^^s  but  one  battle  in  the  long  campaign 


and  human  life.    So  much  for  the  coal. 

As  for  the  later  cry  that  the  same  sad 
result  was  about  to  be  achieved  by  the 
acquisition  of  exclusive  control  of  trans- 
portation routes,  that  also  appears  to  be 
a  false  alarm  when  two  ports  are  able  to 
offer  outlets  from  the  coal  fields. 

Cordova  possesses  an  excellent  harbor, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Copper  River 
&  Northwestern  Railroad,  belonging  to 
the  Morgan-Guggenheim  Alaska  syndicate. 
On  the  word  of  its  general  manager,  it 
is  ready  to  build  a  line,  already  located, 
to  the  coalfields  in  eight  months. 


THE  FATE  OF  ALASKA 


425 


Controller  Bay  offers  the  other  outlet, 
one  not  so  far  by  half,  and  there  the  Con- 
troller Railway  and  Navigation  Company 
awaits  the  patenting  of  terminal  grounds 
to  begin  the  construction  of  its  road  and 
dock. 

It  has  been  urged  that  the  interests  be- 
hind these  two  roads  are  identical,  but  not 
a  shadow  of  proof  has  been  advanced  to 
controvert  the  postive  affirmations  to 
the  contrary  made  by  the  officers  of  both 
roads.  And  these  denials  are  amply  sup- 
p)orted  by  the  history  of  the  two  ventures. 
Mr.  R.  S.  Ryan,  a  former  delegate  from 
Alaska,  is  the  promoter  of  the  Controller 
Bay  enterprise.  Between  this  gentleman 
and  the  Guggenheim  faction  cross- 
purposes  have  always  been  the  rule.  He 
fought  them  bitterly  in  the  last  election, 
as  Alaskans  well  remember,  and  was  in- 
strumental in  defeating  Orr,  their  can- 
didate for  Congressional  Delegate. 

The  Syndicate  has  given  every  evi- 
dence of  satisfaction  with  Cordova  as  a  per- 
manent terminal.  They  have  gone  ahead 
with  improvements  there,  and  are  now  in 
possession  of  the  entire  waterfront.  Mr. 
E.  C.  Hawkins,  their  general  manager  and 
chief  engineer,  has  repeatedly  expressed 
his  belief  in  the  superiority  of  Cordova 
as  the  logical  outlet  for  coal,  relying  on 
the  natural  advantages  of  its  harbor 
to  offset  the  greater  distance  from  the  coal 
mines.  In  this  judgment,  the  Syndicate 
has  shown  every  willingness  to  back  him 
up.  Nothing  they  have  done  would 
indicate  any  thought  of  another  port. 

Prior  to  1909,  the  existence  of  an  ade- 
quate deep  water  channel  in  Controller 
Bay  was  suspected  by  only  a  few.  En- 
closed by  a  long  narrow  spit  and  three 
outlying  islands,  the  bay  at  low  tide  is 
anything  but  promising.  Miles  of  mud- 
flats, the  deposits  of  heavily  laden  glacial 
streams,  are  exposed  on  all  sides.  Ap- 
parently they  fill  the  bay.  It  is  easy  to 
see  how  the  engineers  of  the  Alaska 
Syndicate,  when  weighing  the  respective 
advantages  of  \  aldez,  Cordova,  and  Ka- 
talla  as  ports  of  entry  into  the  interior, 
failed  to  give  Controller  Bay  very  serious 
consideration.  After  a  disastrous  attempt, 
costing  nearly  three  million  dollars,  to 
erect  terminals  at  Katalla,  which  is  prac- 


tically an  unprotected  roadstead,  they  were 
glad  to  fall  back  upon  Cordova  whose  natu- 
ral landlocked  harbor  cannot  be  questioned. 
This  was  in  the  fall  of  1907,  and  it  was 
not  until  two  years  later  that  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey  Boat  Patterson, 
commanded  by  Captain  Denson,  made  a 
systematic  survey  of  Controller  Bay,  and 
the  official  chart  for  the  use  of  mariners 


'.  >c 


Phn(oi:nph  by  lleirg.  Cordovm 

THE   COPPER    RIVER   AND   NORTHWESTERN 

THE  RAILROAD  OF  THE  MORGAN-GUGGENHEIM  ALASKA 
SYNDICATE,  WHICH  FOLLOWS  THE  COPPER  RIVER  INTO 
THE  INTERIOR,  AND  WHICH  IS  READY  TO  BUILD  A 
BRANCH  TO  THE  COAL  FIELDS  AS  SOON  AS  THEY  ARE 
OPENED 

was  published.  The  1909  chart  authorita- 
tively established  the  fact  that  Okalee 
Channel  for  a  distance  of  nearly  eight 
miles  within  the  entrance  carries  six  to 
seven  fathoms  of  water  at  mean  low  tide, 
average  high  tides  adding  ten  feet  more. 
What  was  even  more  surprising,  it  in- 
dicated a  fairway  from  three  quarters  to 


426 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


P 


I 


I 


half  a  mile  in  width,  enough  to  insure  a 
safe  harbor  for  all  classes  of  vessels. 

At  low  tide  the  Hats  are  exposed  on  the 
mainland  out  to  a  distance  of  three  miles, 
and  up  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  channel 
proper,  which,  like  a  river  between  cut 
banks,  keeps  itself  scoured  of  the  glacial 
mud  by  tidal  action  and  its  own  current, 
Okalee  Channel  might  almost  be  de- 
scribed as  a  river— undoubtedly  It  was 
such  in  prehistoric  limes  —  which  a  rising 
tide  forces  out  of  its  banks  over  the  ad- 
jacent mud  flats  outlining  Controller  Bay. 
Tributary  to  it  are  the  numerous  glacial 
streams  which  drain  the  lowlands  to  the 
north.  The  channers  fairway  is  ample 
for  the  manGeuvring  of  tlie  largest  ships. 
being  wider  than  that  of  any  European 
harbor*  and  approximately  the  width  of 
the  Hudson  River  fairway. 


In  the  Coast  Pilot  Notes,  issued  by  the 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor, 
and  accepted  as  unquestionable  by  naviga- 
tors the  world  over,  the  harbor  is  de- 
scribed as  follows: 

Okalee  Chaonel  between  the  north  end  of 
Wingham  Island  and  Kanak  Isbnd  Is  fivcv 
eighths  of  a  mile  wide  with  a  depth  of  six 
to  seven  fathoms  at  entrance,  and  thcic 
depths,  or  more,  can  be  taken  through  ihc 
greater  parr  of  the  channcK  The  channel  is  4 
secure  harbor,  but  is  little  used  in  ihe  absence 
of  aids.  Masters  of  vessels  familiar  with  the 
Alaska  coast  expressed  great  confidence  in  ihe 
possibilities  of  Controller  Bay  as  soon  as  buoys 
and  other  aids  essential  to  navigation  in  all 
harbors  were  installed. 

The  objections  raised  on  the  score  of 
floating  ice  are  not  supported  by  local 
opinion:  Controller  Bay  has  been  under 


1Mb    IHJ^K    At    CORDOVA 

WlllCtI  i%  IlifNO  DEVELOPED  Br  IHU  ALASKA  SYNmCAlE  AS  IHE  TIDEWAT&K    TERMfNUS    OF   ITS   1t\IL- 

MOAD  TO  THB  {NTBMOn  AflD  AS  ^  fOSSIBLE  COAL  POUT  WM£N  THE  FULDI  AII6  OPENED 


THE  FATE  OF  AlASKA 


427 


regular  and  careful  observation  through 
several  hard  winters,  and  such  objections 
are  known  to  be  groundless.  As  the 
waters  of  the  bay  never  freeze  over,  the 
only  difficulty  would  lie  in  enough  ice 
being  brought  down  by  the  fresh-water 
rivers  to  menace  docks  and  shipping  dur- 
ing the  action  of  the  tides.  Closer  ac- 
quaintance with  winter  conditions  has 
shown  that  this  difficulty  is  not  in  the 
least  formidable.  Nor  are  the  high  winds, 
upon  which  some  stress  has  been  laid, 
excessive,  and  they  blow  evenly  and  stead- 
ily, and  always  offshore  from  the  east 
and  northeast.  The  writer  occupied  a 
tent  which  has  been  standing  for  two  years 
or  more  without  wind  damage,  ten  feet 
from  high  water  mark  on  the  Controller 
Bay  flats. 

After  becoming  perfectly  familiar  with 
Controller  Bay  in  good  weather  and  bad, 
in  all  craft,  from  a  native  "  kyak"  or  dug- 
out canoe  to  a  power  launch,  one  can  have 
no  doubt  of  the  potentialities  of  its  harbor. 

The  unfavorable  reports  about  Con- 
troller Bay,  published  at  the  time  of 
Secretary  Fisher's  visit,  are  as  little  per- 
tinent to  the  matter  in  question,  as  ob- 
jections to  the  channel  into  New  York 
harbor,  raised  on  the  score  of  Little  Hell 


BRITISH    COLUMBIA    COAL    AT    CORDOVA 

WHICH,  WITH  OIL  FROM  CALIFORNIA,  SUPPLIES  FUEL 

FOR  ALASKA  UNTIL  CONGRESS  MAKES  IT  POSSIBLE 

PROPERLY  TO  DEVELOP  ALASKAN  COAL  FIELDS 


Gate's  unfitness  for  ocean  greyhounds. 
Strawberry  Bar,  where  rough  water  was 
encountered,  is  nearly  five  miles  from 
Okalee  Channel  and  the  harbor  proper. 
It  is  a  submerged  sandspit  that  bounds 
the  bay  on  the  north.  For  a  short  cut 
to  Katalla  it  is  passable  in  good  weather 
at  high  tide  only  and  for  the  smallest 


rbotograph  by  La  Voy,  KaUil . 

KATALLA,    DESERTED    BY   THE   SYNDICATE 
AFTER  IT  HAD  SUNK  NEARLY  $^.OQO,OCXi  IN  A  VAIN  ATTEMPT  TO  ERECT  TERMINALS  ON  THE  ALMOST 

UNPROTECTED  ROADSIEAD 


42^ 


THE  WORt.D-S  \VO[?K 


I 


THE   MAIN    CAMP    ON    THE    CUNNINGHAM    CLAIMS 

WHICH,  AFTER  NEARLY  EICHT  YEARS  OF  JNVtSTIGATION,  WERE  OECL\KttJ  ILLEGAL.      SECRU  ^«v    m< 
NOW  ADVOCATiS  A  LEASING  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ALASKAN  COAL 


boats.    Gimpletely   exposed   as   il   is   to 
^Ihe  open  ocean,  surf  breaks  there  con- 
pstantly.    At  this  bit  of  water,  the  Sec- 
retary's boatman  found   it   necessary  to 
land  some  of  the  timid  members  of  the 
■party  before  he  crossed  into  the  open  sea 
^ind  thence  to   Katalla  where  the  U.  S. 
Revenue  Cutter  Tabania  lay  at  anchor, 
having  never  so  much  as  entered  0>n- 
Iroller  Bay* 

Despite  the  President's  explanation  in 
his  message  on  the  subject,  some  credence 
seems  still  given  to  the  fiction  that  I  he 
Omtrnller  Railway  and  Navigation  Com- 

any  have  gained  exclusive  a)ntr(>l  t)f  the 
waterfront.     It  is  true  that  by  the  per- 

istence  of  this  company  an  elimination 
was  secured  from  the  large  adjacent  area 
6f  National  Forest;  and  being  first  in  the 

icid  they  have  made  four  locations  which 

ppear  to  have  a  shade  the  advantage. 
Be  that  as  it  may,  the  freedom  of  the 

ighty  rods  reserved  by  law  between  each 
of  these  claims,  not  to  mention  the  re- 
tnainder  of  the  shore  front  which  is  still 
open,  effectually   prevent   undue  control 

i  the  situation,  as  do  likewise  the  re- 
Iservcd  powers  in  the  bill  which  authorizes 
the  railroad  to  build  over  the  tide  flats, 
hert  ;»s  always  a  part  of  the  public  domain. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  an  aspect  of  the 
elimination  episode  which  has  escaped 
general  comment.  Along  the  whole  adjoin- 
ing coast,  only  three  possible  harbtjrs 
exist  which  could  serve  the  Bering  River 
coal  field:  Cordova,  Katalla,  and  G>n- 
troller  Bay.  Katalla  was  proved  im- 
practicable, and  Controller  Bay  was  vir- 
tuall\'  wiped  off  the  map  for  the  lime  being 
when  its  shores  were  held  as  part  of 
a  National  Forest.  Under  solicitation  to 
release  some  of  this  area  for  commercial 
purptises,  the  .Administration  faced  an 
embarrassing  choice.  To  comply  prom- 
ised to  raise  —  as  it  did  raise  —  the  cry 
that  special  interests  were  being  favored 
in  the  person  of  the  applicant:  not  to  do 
so  left  Cordova,  where  the  Ala^ka  Syn- 
dicate is  entrenched  behind  ever\'  foot  of 
available  waterfront,  in  undisputed  con- 
trol of  coal  transportation.  Whichever 
it  did.  clearly  the  Administration  stood  ta 
be  equally  damned. 

One  encounters  everywhere  in  Alaska 
discontent  over  the  inability  of  the  country 
to  utilize  its  own  fuel  resources.  Since 
all  the  coal  lands  in  Alaska  were  with- 
drawn from  entry  five  years  ago,  the  hope 
has  been  sustained  that  Congress  was 
about  to  effect  some  arrangement  by  which 


L 


THE  FATE  OF  ALASKA 


429 


relief  wtiuld  be  secured  from  the  tax  of 
having  to  pay  exorbitant  prices  for  British 
Columbia  coaL  The  discontent  is  not 
to  be  wondered  at. 

Practically  all  the  coal-bearing  areas 
in  the  Bering  River  and  Matanuska  fields 
were  covered  with  claims  prior  to  this 
order  Wherever  they  were  within  the 
law  definite  rights  became  established. 
Passing  upon  these  rights  has  already 
occupied  nearly  eight  years,  although  in 
many  cases  the  purchase  money  had  been 
received  and  receipts  issued.  During 
all  this  time,  definite  action  has  been 
taken  in  regard  to  only  one  set  of  claims, 
the  notorious  Cunningham  group,  in 
which  patents  were  refused.  Other  ille- 
gal entries  ought  to  have  been  detected 
and  similarly  dropped  before  this,  or 
else  patents  should  have  been  granted. 
It  is  the  prolonged  paralysis  which  has 
aggravated  the  people  of  Alaska,  not  con- 
cern  over  the  fate  of  particular  entry  men, 
the  majority  of  whom  are  not  permanent 
residents. 

The  delay  has  been  due  to  the  inability 
of  Congress  to  pass  a  leasing  bill  or  other- 


uelav 

skaW 


wise  determine  how  Alaska  coal  is  to 
mined.  In  the  interval  the  Departmi 
of  the  Interior  has  been  marking  time. 

However,  the  burden  of  the  delay 
should  not  be  borne  exclusively  by 
gress.  Alaskans  themselves  share 
blame.  For  as  many  prominent  Alaska! 
as  are  summoned  before  Congressional 
committees  on  Alaska  affairs  to  give  in- 
formation and  advice,  as  many  difTerenl 
varieties  of  opinion  will  be  disclosed.  The 
invariable  exchange  of  mutual  recrimina- 
tion and  the  utter  lack  of  unanimity  as 
to  what  is  needed  and  desired  in  Alaska, 
results  in  Congressional  distrust  of  all 
information  and  a  natural  diffidence 
and  hesitancy  about  taking  any  action. 
Alaska's  Delegate  to  Congress,  also,  cum^ 
in  for  a  large  responsibility  for  this 
action. 


I 


From  the  Alaskan  point  of  view,  Con- 
gress is  faced  by  a  comparatively  simple, 
definite  question  of  administration  which 
has  been  distorted  and  magnified  out  of 
all  reason.  Unquestionably  the  leasing 
svslem    will    be    the    ultimate    solution. 


t>\b    Oh     UIL     ILNNLLS    ON     iHL    ^AMUL  m    ^1    wMs 

WHICH  BECAME  THE  BONE  OF  CONTENTrON  IN  THE  STRUGGLE  OF  CONSERVATIONIST  AND  ANTI- 
CiONSEItVATIONlST  ABOUT  THE  ^ROPER  METHOD  OF  DEVELOPING  THE  COAL  FIELDS 


130 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  Administration  favors  it;  experience 
in  the  several  coal-mining  states  —  in 
Western  Australia  and  elsewhere  —  has 
proved  its  superiority;  it  has  the  support 
of  practically  all  who  have  studied  the 
situation  in  Alaska.  Congress  has  only 
to  devise  a  suitable  leasing  arrangement. 
and  to  apply  it  without  delay  to  those 
lands  upon  which  claims  have  already 
been  forfeited,  and  to  others  as  they  revert 
to  the  public  domain.  So  exhausted  have 
all  the  coal  claimants  become  that,  rather 
than  face  the  possibility  of  more  delay, 
most  of  them  would  be  willing  to  assist 
the  Government  to  wipe  the  slate  clean 
for  the  new  system  by  relinquishing  their 


as  a  coaling  base  for  the  navy*  If  the 
occasion  should  arise,  the  Government 
could  build  and  operate  therefrom  its 
own  coal  road.  Certainly  nothing  at 
present  seems  to  justify  the  building  of  a 
Government  road.  Two  competing  lines 
are  ready  to  connect  the  field  with  tide- 
water at  two  different  ports  as  sotjn  as 
the  coal  can  be  mined,  and  additional 
outlets  are  available  at  G)ntroller  Bay  for 
possible  future  competitors.  Furthermore 
Alaska's  chief  protection  against  extortion- 
ate rates  will  have  to  be,  as  it  is  else- 
where, regulation.  Freight  shipped  in  or 
out  will  automatically  come  under  the 
regulation   of    the    Interstate    Commerce 


HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  CONTROLLER    RAILWAY  AND  NAVIGATION    COMPANY 
ON  THE  FLATS  OF  CONTROLLER  BAY  WHICH  IS  LESS  THAN  HALF  AS  FAR  AS  CORDOVA  FKOW  THf  COAL  FICLOS 


nalf-established  property  rights  for  some 
Bp references  in  the  awarding  of  leaseholds. 
R^rom  those  who  demurred,  and  were 
Rable  to  perfect  their  titles,  their  holdings 
might  be  purchased  by  the  Government, 

ior.  in  what  would  prove  to  be  a  very 
^mall  number  of  cases,  patents  could  be 
'granted  without  any  prejudice  to  a  fair 
trial  of  the  leasing  system  in  the  rest  of 
Ihe  field.     Indeed,  side  by  side,  a  com- 

Iparative  test  of  the  two  schemes  could  be 
made. 
Ihe    coal    carrying   situation    is    even 
simpler.     No  legislation  is  needed,  unless 
public    interests    would    be    safeguarded 

I  by  the  reservation  of  a  suitable  tract  on 
Ihe  shore  of  Conlroller  Bay  to  be  used 


Commission,  as  interstate  ousiness  does' 
elsewhere.     For  instance  the  Copper  River 
and    Northwestern    Railroad   unquestion* 
ably  controls  the  splendid  entrance  into 
the  interior  which  the  valley  of  the  Cop- 
per River  affords.      1  he  situation  therej 
is  strikingly  like  that  which  existed  wher 
a    right-of-way   was   first    secured    alon| 
the  shore  of   the   Hudson   River.     And^ 
similarly  the  ill  effects  of  a  virtual  con-. 
trol  of  transportation  ^^ill  be  obviated  byj 
Governmental  regulation. 

Alaska  wants  now  two  things:  prompt, 
sane  legislation  and  powerful  capital.  With- 
out them  the  tremendous  obstacles  with 
which  Nature  has  protected  her  vast  re- 
sources will  not  be  overcome  for  generations. 


OUR  IMMIGRANTS  AND  THE  FUTURE 

NOT    THE    NUMBER    BUT    THE     KIND    OF    IMMIGRANTS  —  RUSSIAN    JEWS,    SOUTH 
ITALIANS   AND   POLES  AND  SLOVAKS  —  GIVES   GROUND   FOR  APPREHENSION 


BY 

E.  DANA  DURAND 

(THB  DOtaCTOl  OP  TIB  OEXSUS) 


THE  agitation  in  recent  years 
for  a  further  restriction  of 
immigration  into  the  United 
States  lends  particular  in- 
terest to  the  statistics  pub- 
lished by  the  Census  Bureau  with  reference 
to  the  foreign-born  population  of  the 
country.  These  statistics  show  that,  al- 
though there  has  been  less  increase  in  the 
foreign-bom  population  during  the  last 
decade  than  is  generally  supposed,  the 
change  which  has  been  going  on  in  the 
composition  of  that  population  has  been 
very  great  and  furnishes  food  for  serious 
thought  if  not  for  apprehension. 

Too  much  emphasis  has  perhaps  been 
laid  in  recent  popular  discussion  upon  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  immigrants. 
It  is  true  that  the  number  of  immigrants 
reported   for  the  decade    1900-1910  was 


nearly  nine  millions,  two  and  one  hal 
times  as  many  as  for  the  preceding  decade 
and  more  than  7$  per  cent,  greater  thai 
for  1880-1890,  which  was  the  decade  o 
greatest  immigration  during  the  nine 
teenth  century.  It  must  be  remembered 
however,  that  we  now  have  a  much  largei 
population  to  absorb  an  increased  immi 
gration  than  we  had  before.  Moreover 
the  net  addition  to  the  population  througl 
immigration  during  recent  years  has  beei 
much  less  than  would  be  indicated  by  thi 
number  of  immigrants.  There  has  beei 
a  very  large  return  current,  the  importance 
of  which  is  often  overlooked.  More  thai 
2,576,000  immigrant  aliens  arrived  ii 
the  country  during  the  three  years  ending 
June  30,  1910,  but  during  the  same  perio( 
a  little  more  than  1 ,000,000  of  the  foreigi 
born  departed  from  this  country,  so  tha 


THE  WORLD'S  WORI 


the  net  addition  from  immigration  was 
only  1,571,000.  The  census  statistics  of 
1910  show  that  only  about  five  million 
persons  were  then  living  in  the  United 
States  who  had  come  to  this  country  since 
1900.  In  other  words,  by  reason  of  de- 
parture or  death,  the  approximately  nine 
millions  of  immigrants  during  the  decade 
added  only  about  five  millions  to  the 
population  of  the  country. 

Nor  does  this  mean  that  we  have  five 
million  more  foreign  born  in  the  country 
at  the  present  lime  than  we  had  ten  years 
ago.  The  immigration  has  had  to  replace 
deaths  and  departures  among  the  foreign 
bt)rn  who  were  here  in  1900.  The  actual 
addition  to  the  foreign  born  white  popu- 
lation has  been  only  a  little  more  than 
three  millions,  the  figures  being  10,214,000 
for  1900  and  13,344.000  for  1910.  The 
Kate  of  increase,  which  amounted  to 
%earlv  31  per  cent.,  was,  to  be  sure, 
decidedly  greater  than  that  during  the 
same  period  in  the  native  white  popula- 
tion, which  was  21   per  cent,:  and  was^ 


also,  much  greater  than  the  increase  in 
the  foreign  white  population  from  1890 
to  1900.  which  was  13  per  cent.  Never- 
theless, the  percentage  of  increase  in  the 
foreign  white  from  1900  to  1910  was  less 
than  in  any  other  decade  since  1830, 
except  1870  to  1880  and  1890  to  1900. 
Immigration  comes  in  waves,  being  af- 
fected by  variations  in  economic  and 
political  conditions  abroad,  and  still  more 
by  variations  in  economic  prosperity 
in  this  country.  The  effect  of  business 
depression  in  checking  immigration  and 
increasing  the  return  current  to  foreign 
countries  was  conspicuously  shown  even 
by  the  slight  and  temporary  depression 
of  1907.  Should  there  be  any  considerable 
halt  in  the  prosperity  of  the  country 
during  the  next  decade,  it  is  probable 
that  the  immigration  would  be  less  than 
during  the  past  decade. 

It  is  not  true,  therefore,  that  the  foreign 
born  constitute  a  larger  proportion  of 
the  total  population  at  the  present  time 
than    ever    before.      1  he    proportinn    nf 


A    SHIPLOAD    mUM   SUUTHtRN    IFALY 

\  f  At?  Of  TNIl  a,)76pOOO  IMmCllANT  AUEMS  WHO  CAME  TO  THIS  COUNTHY  DUKIMG  THB  THRBfi  YEARS 

ENDIKG  jUNi   JO,   I9IO 


OUR  IMMIGRANTS  AND  THE  FUTURE 


4>^ 


LEAVING   NEW   YORK    FOR    EUROPE    IN   THF    PANIC   YEAR    igoy 
DURING  THE   tHK^E  YE.^RS  liNDTNG  JUNE  iO,  I910,  MOKE  THAN  A  MILLION  OF  THb  FORbKiN  BORN 
Tl'RNtD  TO  £UROl»li,  LEAVING  A  NET  INCREASE  OF  ABOUT  A  MtLUON  AND  A  HAEF 


'foreign-born  whites  in  1910  was  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  in  1890,  14.5  per 
cent.  In  fact,  there  has  been  no  very- 
conspicuous  change  since  i860.  In  1850 
the  foreign-born  white  population  con- 
stituted 9.7  per  cent,  of  the  total.  In 
i860  the  proportion  rose  to  13  per  cent.; 
1870,  14.2  percent  ;  1880,  ni  percent.; 
1890.  14.5  per  cent.:   1900.  13,4  per  cent.; 

[and  1910,  14,1  per  cent.  The  number 
of  the  foreign  born  increased  from  only 
about  four  milHons  in  i860  to  more  than 
thirteen  millions  in   1910,  but  the  native 

'white  population  had  trebled  during  the 
same  period. 
The  really  important  thing  is  the  change 

jin  the  character  of  the  foreign  born  who 

[are  coming  to  our  shores.  Prior  to  abtjut 
1890,  much  the  greater  proportion   of  the 

[immigrants  were  from   the  countries  of 

[Northwestern    Europe  or   from   Canada. 

lAl  the  present  time  these  countries  con- 

[tribute  only  a  comparatively  small  part 
of   the    totaL    whereas    the   countries   of 

[Southern  and  Western  Europe  contribute 
more  than  two  thirds. 
For  example,  in  the  year  1882.  in  which 


the  immigration  was  greater  HMn  c 
any  other  year  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
2; 1, 000  of  the  780.000  immigrants  were 
from  the  German  Empire;  106.000  from 
Scandinavian  countries;  and  179,000  from 
the  United  Kingdom ^ — these  countries  to- 
gether contributing  five  sixths  of  the  total 
number  of  immigrants  coming  from 
Europe,  and  two  thirds  of  the  total  from 
all  countries  combined.  In  1910,  on  the 
other  hand,  out  of  the  1,042,000  immi- 
grants only  ^1,000  were  from  the  German 
Empire,  48,000  from  Scandinavian  coun- 
tries, and  Qchooo  from  the  United  King- 
dom, these  countries  furnishing  less  than 
one  fifth  of  the  total  immigration.  The 
combined  immigration  from  all  the  coun- 
tries just  named  in  1910  was  less  than 
that  from  Austria-Hungary^  alone«  less 
than  that  from  Italy  alone,  and  less  than 
that  from  the  Russian  Empire  and  Fin- 
land alone.  The  countries  of  Southern 
and  Eastern  Europe,  which  contributed 
only  one  tenth  of  the  total  immigration, 
in  1882,  contributed  almost  seven  tenth 
in  1910. 
The  effect  of  this  extraordinary  chang 


414 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


in  the  character  of  immigration  is  naturally 
shown  only  in  much  slighter  degree 
in  the  census  statistics  of  the  foreign- 
bom  population.  1  he  foreign  born  now 
residing  in  the  United  States  include  a 
very  large  remainder  of  those  who  came 
in    the    earlier    he.ivv    imnnL^rtilioi-i    ium\ 


I 


horn  in  S<iulhern  and  Eastern  Europe 
constituted  only  lo  per  cent,  of  the 
f(jreign-born  white  population  in  1890; 
in  1910  the  proportion  had  risen  to  57 
per  cent.  In  1910  there  were  in  this 
country  about  6,82o,(X)0  persons  bom 
in   Northwestern   Europe,  4,000.000  bom 


ril««i:i|rr4plii   iff  btutm  iMv*m 

V   TWENTIETH  CENTURY    PURITAN 

^  Mninns  rMMh^HANI  ui    nil    CL,\«iS  TH^T  Ht.'nf>LE<i  tS   rHC  GREAT  CITIES.     THE  CENSUS  OF   IQIO  SHOWS 

THAT  iw  THE  cirv  or  new  vnRK  Monn  than  4%  cf  r  cunt,  m  utn  auult  white  r«oi»UL\TioN 

WLItb  riifttIGN  RORN,      NI.4lt|.Y  A  FOURTH  Ol"  Tllfi  TtH  YLARs'  INCKEASI   IN  FOREIGN- 
fiURN    POPULATION  IN   THE   UNITED  fTATES  OCCURRED   IN    THIS  ONE   CITY 


Northern  and  Western  Europe.  Never- 
theless, the  change  is  striking.  In  i86o« 
nearly  tjo  per  cent,  of  the  foreign-bom 
whites  in  the  United  States  consisted  of 
persons  bom  in  Northwestern  Europe. 
ITic  proportion  still  stood  at  79  per  cent. 
in  1890,  but  by  19(0  it  had  fallen  to  ^1 
per  tent.     On  ihe  other  hand,   persons 


in  Southern  and  Eastern  Europe,  and 
1,56^,000  born  in  other  continents,  three 
fourths  of  the  latter  being  Canadians, 

A  somewhat  more  detailed  statement 
of  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in 
the  composition  of  the  foreiRn-bom  white 
population  since  1900  appears  in  the  fol- 
lowing  table: 


OUR  IMMIGRANTS  AND  THE  FUTURE 


435 


England,  Scotland,  and  Wales    .      .      .      . 

Ireland 

Norway,  Sweden,  and  Denmark. 
Holland,  Belgium,  and  Luxemburg  . 

Germany 

France  and  Switzerland 

Spain  and  Portugal 

Northern  and  Western  Europe       .      .      .      . 

Russia  and  Finland 

Italy         

Austria-Hungary 

Balkan  States  and  Turkey  in  Europe  . 

Greece 

Europe,  not  specified 

Southern  and  Eastern  Europe         .      .      .      . 

Canada  and  Newfoundland 

West  Indies,  Mexico,  Central  and  South 

America 

Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  Oceanic  Islands,  etc. 

Non-European  Countries 


TOTAL 
IQIO 


1,222,460 

1^352,564 
1,251,792 

172,317 

2,501,576 

242,060 

84,548 


6,827,317 

1,708,356 

1,342,800 

1,667,442 

117.346 

101,206 

23.940 


4,961,090 


1,199,120 

253.167 
115,656 


.567,943 


TOTAL 
1900 


1,166,863 
1,615,232 
1 ,062,  I  24 

137,708 
2,813,413 

219,612 
36,702 


7.051,654 

640,710 
483,963 
636,968 

24,928 
8,513 

22,573 


1,817,655 

1.172.745 

126,387 
45.376 


1.344.508 


DfC&EASE 
PKR  CENT. 
I9OO-I91O 


4.8 

-16.3 

179 
25.1 

-11. 1 
10.2 

130.4 


-3-2 

166.6 

177.5 
I6I.8 

370.7 
1,088.8 

6.1 


172.9 
2.2 

100.3 
1549 


16.6 


PES  CEMT.  OP 
TOTAL  POSZIGN- 
BORN  WHITE 


92 

10.  I 

9.4 

1.3 

18.7 

1.8 
0.6 


$1.1 

12.8 

10. 1 

12.5 

0.9 

0.8 

0.2 


37- 1 
9.0 

1.9 
0.9 


1 1 . 


11.4 

15.8 

10.4 

1.3 

275 

2.1 

0.4 


69.0 

6.3 

4-7 
6.2 
0.2 
0.1 
0.2 


17.8 

II. 5 

1.3 
0.4 


13.2 


THE    FOREIGN-BORN    WHITE    POPULATION    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES 
IN  THE  YEARS  I9OO  AND  I9IO  SHOWN  BY    THE    PRINCIPAL   COUNTRIES   OF    BIRTH 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  number  of  per- 
sons living  in  the  United  States  who  were 
born  in  Northwestern  Europe,  actually 
decreased  from  1900  to  19 10,  while  the 
number  born  in  Southern  and  Eastern 
Europe  increased  173  per  cent.  —  not 
far    from    trebling    in    ten    years.     The 


Germans  are  still  the  most  numerous 
single  element  in  the  foreign-born  popula- 
tion, but  they  have  decreased  1 1  per  cent, 
since  1900.  The  Irish,  who  ranked  next  to 
the  Germans  in  number  in  1900,  have 
fallen  oflF  one  sixth,  and  are  now  less 
numerous  than  the  persons  born  in  Russia 


436 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


and  Finland,  or  llian  those  born  in  Au^tria- 
llungary,  and  only  slightly  exceed  those 
burn  in  Italy.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  our  population  coming  from  Russia 
includes  ver>  few  Russians  proper,  but 
is  composed  chiefly  of  Jews  and  Poles. 
Persons  born  in  Austria-Hungary  include 
comparatively  few  of  the  German  slock 
of  that  country,  but  consist  mainly  of 
Bohemians.  Slovaks.  l^oles»  and  others 
of  non-Teutonic  origin.    The   Italians  in 


There  has  been  no  very  great  increase 
in  the  aggregate  number  of  persons  born 
in  non-t!uropean  countries,  although  those 
born  in  Mexico  and  in  Turkey  in  Asia 
show  high  percentages  of  increase. 

I  he  statistics  in  the  preceding  table  re- 
late only  to  the  white  population.  It  is  a 
well-known  fact  that  almost  ntme  of  the 
Negroes  or  Indians  in  this  country  were 
born  abroad,  but  that,  on  the  other 
hand,  nearly  all  our  Chinese  and  Japanese 


I 


r 

r 

i 

r 

h    rtoBLlM    aROt/GHT    BY  Tlifi   LATER   UM    mMir«R,\TI<m 


this  country  are  largely  from  Southern 
Italy,  and  are  generally  considered  a  less 
csirable  element  than  the  North  lulinns 
WDuld  be. 

Especially  striking  are  the  i>ir..rTiiagr> 
increase  in  the  number  of  those  born 
Greece  and  in  the  Balkan  States  and 
Turkey,  although  the  absolute  numbers 
arc  still  ojmparatively  small.  Of  per- 
sons bom  in  Greece,  there  were  nearly 
ti^elve  times  as  many  in  1910  as  in  1900. 


population    is    of   foreign    birth.    Owing 
to   the   restrictive   laws   the   number   ofJ 
Chinese  in  the  L'nited  States  has  steadilyJ 
declined  since  1880.  but  there  has  been  a| 
verv    rapid    increase   in    the   number 
Japanese.     In  \di)ij  there  were  only  abouci 
2,000  Japanese  in  this  country,  in    ic>io| 
more   than    70,000.    The   Chinese   num^ 
bered   loy.ocx)  in    1890;  at  present  they 
are  about  70.000, 
Statistics  comparing  the  total  number 


< 


Sil.VNDINAVlAN    FARMtRS    IN    THE    NORTHWEST 

A  PART  Oi  THE  OLDER  STREAM  OF  IMMfG RATION,  THE  BACKBONE  OF  MANY  COUNTIES  IK  IOWA,  ftUKKE- 

SOTA,   AND  WISCONSIN,  ANO  THE  STATES  FARTHEII  WEST 


4 


CANADIAN    LUMBERMEN    IN    NEW  HAMP^HiKr: 

THERE  ARE  MORE  THAN  A  MILLION  CANADIANS   IN    TIMS  COUNTRY    BUT   THE   NUMBER  HAS   INCREASED 
ONLY  3.2    PER  CEHT     IN   THE    LAST   OECAOB 


438 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


I 


of  the  foreign  born  with  that  of  the  native 
population  fail  to  show  the  full  imporiancf 
of  the  former  in  the  economic  and  social 
life  of  the  country,  for  the  reason  that  the 
age  and  sex  distribution  of  the  one  class 
is  very  different  ironi  that  of  the  other. 
Adult  immigrants  relatively  far  out- 
number immigrant  children.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  children  of  the  foreign  born 
are  bom  after  their  parents  reach  this 
country,  and  swell  the  total  of  the  native 
population  with  which  the  foreign  born 
are  compared.  How  different  is  the 
age  composition  of  the  two  classes  may  be 
seen  from  the  fact  that,  in  1900  (figures 
for  1910  not  yet  issued),  of  the  total 
number  of  foreign*bom  whites,  95  per 
cent,  were  15  years  or  more  of  age,  while 
of  the  native  whites  only  about  6r  per 
cent,  were  as  old  as  that.  For  this  reason 
the  foreign  bom  constitute  a  much  larger 
percentage  of  the  adult  population  than 
they  do  of  the  total  population.  In 
1900  of  the  total  number  of  persons  of  all 
races  of  fifteen  >ears  of  age  and  over, 
nearly  one  fifth  (197 per  cent.)  were  whites 
born  abroad;  while,  of  the  total  number 
of  whites  of  that  age,  the  foreign-born 
were  21.9  per  cent. 


i 


A    POLISH    SltCL    Wi>RKER 

or  TMB  »ErrEII  class  of  the  tMMir,K,%NTS  FHOM 

»OUTttEHN  ANU  «Vitri:RH  iUltOfE 


AN   iKlSH   PUJJCBMAN 

A  TYPE  OF  THE  OLD  STRAIN  OF  IWMtGRATiaN  FHOH 
THE  tIRINSH  tSLfS  AND  NORTKI-RN  FUROPE 


Again,  there  is  a  large  and  increasing 
preponderance  of  males  among  the  foreign- 
born  population*  The  earlier  immigra- 
tion, coming  mostly  from  Northern  and 
Western  Europe,  was  much  more  largely 
a  movement  of  families  than  the  present 
immigration  is,  althougli  the  Jewish  im- 
migrants from  Russia  come  mostly  in 
families.  Thousands  of  the  more  recent 
immigrants  are  married  men  who  leave 
their  fannlies  behind  and  come  to  this  coun- 
try for  temporary  employment  only.  For 
the  year  1910,  the  male  immigrants  were 
nearly  two  and  a  half  times  as  numerous 
as  the  female  immigrants,  7)6.o>8  as 
compared  with  355.532.  The  figures, 
however,  give  a  somewhat  exaggerated 
impression  of  the  preponderance  of  males 
in  the  net  addition  to  the  population  from 
immigration*  as  there  is,  however,  a  still 
greater  proporticmate  excess  of  males  in 
ihe  returning  current  of  emigration. 
Nevertheless,  it  appears  that  among  the 
foreign-born  whites  in  the  United  States  in 
1910,  who  had  been  in  this  country  les  than 
ten  years,  there  were  155  males  to  every 
100  females,  (^  all  foreign-born  whites 
combined,  the  males  numbered  7.522,000 
and  the  females  5821.000.  or  uq  males 
to  every  100  females;  in  1900  the  propor- 


I 
I 


OUR  IMMIGRATION  AND  THE  FUTURE 


439 


UNWELCOMED   WORKERS 

THE  JAPANESE  OF  WHOM  THERE  ARE  ONLY  71,722 
IN  THIS  COUNTRY 

tion  was  117  to,  100.  These  figures  con- 
trast strikingly  with  the  sex  distribution 
of  the  native  white  population,  in  which 
there  were  103  males  per  100  females. 

The  combined  eflfect  of  the  disparity 
in  age  distribution  and  that  in  sex  dis- 
tribution is  shown  in  the  fact  that  the 
foreign  born  constitute  a  very  much  larger 
proportion  of  the  males  of  voting  age 
(21  years  and  over)  than  they  do  of  the 
total  population.  In  1900  the  foreign- 
born  whites  were  no  less  than  23  per  cent, 
of  the  total  number  of  males  of  voting 
age,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  figures 
for  the  census  of  1910,  when  available, 
will  show  them  to  constitute  fully  one 
fourth  of  the  total  number.  Of  the  white 
men  of  voting  age  in  the  country  in  1900, 
those  born  abroad  constituted  26  per  cent. 
Of  course  it  should  not  be  understood 
that  any  such  proportion  of  the  actual 
voters  were  born  in  foreign  countries,  for 
many  of  the  immigrants  have  not  yet 
become  naturalized,  and  the  proportion 
not  naturalized  is,  in  fact,  also  increasing. 

The  question  as  to  the  desirability  or 
undesirability  of  any  given  class  of 
immigrants  depends  less  upon  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  immigrants  themselves 
than  upon  the  characteristics  of  their 
children  born  in  this  country  and  of  their 


children's  children  —  chiefly  upon  the 
degree  to  which  they  become  assimilated 
to  the  older  native  stock  in  respect  to 
language,  customs,  and  ideas. 

The  census  of  19 10  will  for  the  first 
time  present  statistics  showing  the  prin- 
cipal characteristics  of  the  persons  born 
in  each  foreign  country,  and  also  of  the 
natives  whose  parents  were  born  in  each 
foreign  country.  The  data,  however,  are 
not  yet  available.  It  is  possible  now  to 
show  the  magnitude  of  the  class  of  native 
persons  of  foreign  parentage.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  United  States  in  19 10  was 
made  up  of  the  following  elements: 

THE   ELEMENTS  OF   POPULATION   IN    I9IO 


1910 


White 

Native,  total 
Native  parents 
Foreign-born  parents 

Foreign-born 
Negro 
Indian 
Chinese 
Japanese 
Other  Asi 


atics  . 
Total 


68,389,104 
49,488,441 
18,900,663 

» 3.343,583 

9,828,294 

265,683 

70.944 

71,722 

2,936 


91,972,266 


PER 
CENT. 


74.4 
53.8 
20.6 

14.5 

10.7 

0.3 

O.I 

O.I 


100.0 


A  TYPICAL  DAY   LABORER 

ONE  OF  THE  l.343,800  ITALIANS  IN  THIS 

COUNTRY 


440 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


U 


A    GtKMAN    I^ARMER  S    HOUSE    IN    TH  F    SOUTH 

THi  OtRMANS  — 2,501.576— A«F   STrLL    THE    MOST   NUMEROUS   FOREIGN    BOKN   IN  ^TME  COUHTRV 

THOUGH   ONty  A  FEW  ARE  IN  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES  WHICH  HAVE  ONtV 

2.5    PER   CfcNT,    OF    FOREIGN    BORN 


4 


A   CONrRAST    IN    PHYSICAL    SIATURb 

A    NLW    YDMK    SUfiW /^Y    tOSlUAi  lOR     \ND    SOMF    01    HIS    tlALKN    tAltONIIIS 


OUR  IMMIGRATION  AND  THE  FUTURE 


441 


The  native  whites  of  foreign  parentage 
(i.  e.,  with  either  one  or  both  parents 
foreign  born)  constitute  more  than  one 
fifth  of  the  total  population  of  the  country 
and  nearly  one  fourth  of  the  total  white 
population.  This  class,  together  with 
the  whites  who  were  themselves  born 
abroad,  number  more  than  thirty-two 
millions  and  constitute  35  per  cent,  of  the 
total  population  of  the  country,  and  almost 
two  fifths  of  the  total  white  population. 

The  economic,  social,  and  political 
difficulties  due  to  heavy  immigration  are 
greatly  increased  by  the  exceedingly  un- 
equal geographic  distribution  of  the  immi- 
grants. The  foreign  born  have  largely^ 
concentrated  in  cities,  and  most  of  them 
have  settled  in  the  northern  and  western 
states,  very  few  going  to  the  South. 

In  1910  there  were  about  9,640,000 
foreign-bom  whites  in  urban  communities 
(i.  e.,  places  of  2,500  or  more  inhabitants) 
and  only  about  3,700,000  in  rural  com- 
munities. Thus,  72  per  cent,  live  in 
cities;  the  corresponding  figure  for  1890 
was  61  per  cent.  To  put  the  matter  in 
another  way,  the  census  of  19 10  shows 
that,  of  the  total  urban  population  of 
the  country,  considerably  more  than  one 
fifth,  22.6  per  cent.,  consists  of  foreign- 
bom  whites,  while  of  the  mral  population 
they  constitute  only  7.5  per  cent.  The 
recent  immigrants  from  southem  and 
eastern.  Europe  have  gone  very  largely 
to  the  cities.  Of  the  persons  bom  in  these 
countries  and  resident  in  the  United 
States  in  19 10,  no  less  than  78  per  cent, 
were  found  in  urban  communities.  Among 
all  the  foreign-born  nationalities,  the  Irish 
have  shown  the  greatest  preference  for 
urban  life,  more  than  five  sixths  of  all 
persons  bom  in  Ireland  who  lived  in  the 
United  States  in  1910  being  city  dwellers. 

The  proportion  of  the  natives  of  foreign 
parentage  who  live  in  cities  is  also  much 
larger  than  in  the  case  of  the  natives  of 
native  parentage.  Of  the  total  urban  pop- 
ulation in  1900  the  foreign-bom  whites  plus 
the  native  whites  of  foreign  parentage  rep- 
resented more  than  one  half  (53  per  cent.). 

It  is  probable  that  the  marked  increase 
in  the  tendency  of  the  foreign  bom  to 
settle  in  cities  is  due,  not  so  much  to  the 
change  in  the  character  of  the  immigrants 


themselves,  as  to  the  fact  that  free  public 
lands  and  lands  that  can  be  purchased 
for  low  prices  have  largely  disappeared, 
so  that  the  immigrants  more  and  more 
seek  manufacturing  industries  rather  than 
agriculture.  There  has,  however,  never 
been  a  time  when  the  immigration  was 
chiefly  to  agricultural  communities,  and 
it  is  probable  that,  at  no  time  since  1850 
have  less  than  50  per  cent,  of  the  foreign 
born  been  city  dwellers. 

In  many  of  the  larger  cities  of  the  coun- 
try the  foreign  bom  decidedly  outnumber 
the  native  population  of  native  parentage. 
New  York  City,  which  is  to-day  the 
largest  organized  municipality  in  the 
world,  is  probably  also  the  most  heter- 
ogeneous in  its  population.  In  19 10, 
of  the  4,767,000  inhabitants  of  the  metrop- 
olis, 1,928,000  (or  more  than  two  fifths) 
were  foreign-bom  whites.  The  native 
whites  whose  parents  were  bom  abroad 
numbered  1,820,000,  or  almost  another 
two  fifths.  The  native  whites  of  native 
parentage  numbered  only  921,000,  or 
less  than  half  as  many  as  the  foreign-born 
whites.  Of  the  adult  white  population 
of  the  city  more  than  45  per  cent,  are 
foreign  bom.  The  extraordinary  growth 
of  New  York  City  has  been  very  largely 
due  to  immigration.  The  number  oL. 
the  foreign-born  whites  in  the  city  in- 
creased nearly  700,000  during  the  last  de- 
cade, while  the  number  of  native  whites  of 
native  parents  increased  less  than  200,000. 
Nearly  one  fourth  of  the  total  increase 
in  foreign  born  population  in  the  United 
States  occurred  in  this  one  city. 

Several  of  the  other  large  cities  of  the 
country  fall  but  little  below  New  York 
in  the  proportion  of  the  foreign  born. 
In  Chicago  more  than  one  third  (35.7 
per  cent.)  of  the  total  population  is  of 
foreign  birth,  more  than  two  fifths  are 
natives  whose  parents  were  born  abroad, 
and  only  a  little  more  than  one  fifth  are 
native  whites  of  native  parentage.  In 
Boston,  Cleveland,  and  Detroit  the  pro- 
portions are  not  very  different  from  those 
in  Chicago.  In  Milwaukee,  which  was 
a  mecca  for  German  immigration  two  or 
three  decades  ago,  there  is  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  native  whites  of  foreign  parent- 
age than  in  any  other  city,  namely,  49 


442 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


per  cent.,  but  the  proportion  of  persons 
themselves  born  abroad  is  somewhat 
lower  than  for  the  cities  mentioned  above, 
being  about  30  per  cent. 

Of  the  nineteen  cities  of  more  than 
250,000  inhabitants,  there  are  nine  in  which 
the  foreign-born  whites  exceed  the  native 
whites  of  native  parentage.  1  n  all  but  four 
of  these  nineteen  cities  the  foreign-born 
whites  plus  the  native  whites  of  foreign 
parentage  constitute  more  than  half  of  the 
total  population,  the  exceptions  being  Bal- 
timore, New  Orleans,  Washington,  and  Los 
Angeles.  The  tremendous  economic,  po- 
litical, aitd  social  importance  of  the  foreign 
elements  in  these  great  cities  would  be 
even  more  forcibly  shown  by  the  percent- 
ages which  they  constitute  of  the  total 
adult  population. 

The  differences  between  the  several 
grand  geographical  sections  of  the  country 
with  respect  to  the  proportion  of  the 
foreign  bom  are  largely  due  to  the  dif- 
ferences in  the  proportion  of  urban  popula- 
tion. Where  cities  abound,  the  foreign 
bom  and  their  immediate  descendants 
are  the  most  numerous.  The  following 
table  shows  for  four  great  groups  of  states 
the  percentages  of  the  total  population, 
represented  by  the  several  main  classes. 

The  proportion  of  the  foreign  element 
is  highest  in  the  North  Atlantic  states, 
including  New  England,  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  New  Jersey.  In  these 
states  one  fourth  of  the  total  population 


consists  of  whites  bom  abroad,  while 
they,  together  with  the  native  whites 
whose  parents  were  born  abroad,  con- 
stitute 55  per  cent,  of  the  total  number. 
New  England,  once  looked  upon  as  the 
most  essentially  American  section  of  the 
country,  now  has  less  than  two  fifths  of 
its  population  consisting  of  the  native 
born  of  native  parentage.  There  has 
been  a  decided  increase  in  the  proportion 
of  the  foreign  bom  in  the  North  Atlantic 
states  during  the  past  decade. 

Very  large  numbers  of  the  foreign  bom 
and  their  immediate  descendants  are  also 
found  in  the  remainder  of  the  Northem 
states  and  in  the  West.  The  proportion 
is,  however,  lower  than  in  the  North 
Atlantic  states.  In  the  North  Central 
states,  moreover,  the  native  whites  of 
foreign  parentage  are  one  and  two  thirds 
times  as  numerous  as  the  foreign  whites, 
while  in  the  North  Atlantic  states  the 
former  class  does  not  greatly  exceed  tKe 
latter  in  number.  This  difference  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  recent  immigration 
has  more  largely  gone  to  the  North 
Atlantic  states  while  the  effect  of  the 
older  immigration  to  the  central  sections 
of  the  country  is  shown  in  the  large 
proportion  of  the  second  generation. 

The  South  has  comparatively  few  of 
the  foreign  born  or  of  their  immediate 
descendants,  the  two  classes  combined 
being  only  about  one  fifteenth  of  the  total 
population.    This   is  partly  due  to  the 


TABLE   SHOWING  THAT   IMMIGRATION   TENDS  TO  CONGEST  WHERE   GREAT  CITIES  ARE 


Total  population,  1910 

Per  cent,  of  total 
Native  white,  native  parents  1910 

1900 

Native  white,  foreign  parents   1910 
*'  "  1900 


Foreign-born  white,  1910 
"  '*       1900 


Negro  and  other  colored  1910  . 
1900  . 


.     NOKTH 
ATLANTIC 
STATES 

CENTKAL 
STATES 

WESTERN 

STATES 

SOUTHKIH 
STATES 

25,868,573 

29,888,542 

6,825,821 

29*389.330 

42.8 

54-4 

52.4 

63.1 

47- 1 

53.7 

49 

4 

60.6 

29.6 

27.8 

24 

5 

4.3 

28.4 

28.4. 

26 

7 

4.5 

25  7 

>5  7 

19 

0 

2.5 

22.5 

15.8 

18 

6 

2.3 

"9 

2. 1 

4 

I 

30.1 

19 

2. 1 

5 

3 

32.6 

HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 


443 


fact  that  the  Southern  states  are  still 
primarily  agricultural  and  partly  to  the 
presence  of  the  Negroes,  who  perform  the 
cheap  labor  which  in  the  North  falls  so 
largely  to  the  foreign  element.  The 
proportion  of  foreign  born  in  the  Southern 
states  has  increased  but  little  since  1900, 
and  the  prop)ortion  of  native  whites  of 
foreign  parentage  has  actually  decreased. 
Such  efforts  as  have  been  made  to 
distribute  immigration  more  widely  over 
the  country  have  thus  far  had  little  success. 
Of  the  total  increase  of  3,130,000  in  the 
foreign-born  population  of  the  entire 
country  from  1900  to  19 10,  more  than 
1 ,900,000  was  in  the  North  Atlantic  states, 
and  most  of  the  remainder  was  either  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  North  Central 
section  or  in  the  Mountain  and  Pacific 
Coast  states.  It  is  obviously  highly  de- 
sirable that  more  vigorous  measures  for 


the  dispersion  of  the  incoming  thousands 
should  be  undertaken.  The  high  prices 
of  agricultural  products  point  to  the  need 
of  more  intensive  cultivation  of  the  soil. 
A  large  proportion  of  our  immigrants 
were,  in  their  home  lands,  farmers  accus- 
tomed to  such  intensive  cultivation.  In 
the  past  the  wages  of  farm  labor  —  ac- 
count being  taken  of  the  usual  lack  of 
continuous  employment  —  have  been 
relatively  lower  than  city  wages,  but  it 
is  doubtful  whether,  cost  of  living  con- 
sidered, this  is  now  true,  and  certainly 
it  cannot  long  remain  true.  The  chief 
factor  which  will  continue  to  draw  the  new 
arrival  to  the  city  is  the  presence  there 
already  of  most  of  the  fellow-countrymen, 
friends,  and  relatives  who  have  come  to 
America  before  him.  Whether  this  "  snow- 
ball" influence  can  be  overcome  by  any 
practicable  means  remains  to  be  seen. 


HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 

THE  RAINFALL  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES   CAPABLE  OF   SUPPORTING    1,000,000,000 
PEOPLE — WATER   AND  NOT  LAND   SETTING  THE   LIMIT  TO    POPULATION 


BY 

W  J  McGEE 


AMERICA  is  reaching  an  econ- 
omic balance  between  pro- 
duction and  consumption  by 
its  growth  of  manufacturing 
and  by  the  utilization  of 
power;  and  it  is  timely  to  consider  the 
stability  and  possible  permanency  of  that 
balance.  Shall  we  be  able  to  feed  our 
increasing  population? 

Our  growth  has  been  beyond  precedent 
or  parallel.  Our  increase  in  population 
from  4,000,000  in  1790  to  92,000,000  in 
1910  is  unequalled  in  the  world's  history; 
and  our  production  of  staples  —  food- 
stuffs, cotton,  wool,  and  leather  —  has 
somewhat  exceeded  our  advance  in  popu- 
lation, though  increase  in  per  capita 
consumption  and  waste  are  curtailing 
export.  Our  manufactures,  especially  dur- 
ing the  last  half-century,  have  far  outrun 
both  population  and  the  production  of 


materials  for  food  and  apparel;  and  our 
utilization  of  power  has  grown  much  more 
rapidly  than  our  manufactures.  To-day 
we  use  mechanical  energy  to  the  extent 
of  some  30,000,000  horsepower,  or  the 
equivalent  of  say  360,000,000  man-power. 
Since  much  of  this  is  employed  for  long 
hours  or  continuously  day  and  night,  and 
since  the  unit  is  the  adult  male  worker  — 
representing  only  about  a  quarter  of  the 
total  population  —  the  aggregate  power 
employed  by  our  ninety  millions  is  approxi- 
mately equal  to  the  power  of  1,440,000,000 
primitive  people,  or  about  as  many  as  the 
total  human  population  of  the  globe. 
The  conquest  and  utilization  of  power 
during  recent  decades  is  the  most  striking 
fact  in  our  history,  if  not  the  most  effective 
factor  -in  our  growth;  it  has  outrun  all 
other  lines  of  advance,  save  only  that  of 
the  intensified  intelligence  —  perhaps  best 


444 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


expressed  by  the  capacity  for  invention, 
social  and  moral  no  less  than  mechanical 
—  guiding  the  material  growth.  Of  all 
the  world,  we  are  the  Power-People. 

With  manufacturing  and  transporta- 
tion —  the  chief  uses  for  power  —  the 
occupation  and  mode  of  life  of  our  people 
are  undergoing  changes  which  strike  at 
the  very  root  of  our  industrial  and  social 
(indeed  national)  existence;  a  decreasing 
proportion  of  our  men  and  women  are 
occupied  in  the  primary  industries  of 
producing  materials  for  food  and  clothing, 
and  an  increasing  share  are  occupied  in 
the  secondary  industries  of  manufacturing 
and  moving  commodities  and  in  the 
incidental  industries  arising  in  a  complex 
society  —  so  that  urban  population  is 
outstripping  the  rural,  while  the  cost  of 
living  has  already  risen  above  that  of 
any  other  age  or  country.  Since  food 
and  clothing,  with  suitable  habitations, 
are  necessaries  of  life  for  those  engaged  in 
manufacturing  and  transportation  and 
incidental  occupations,  no  less  than  for 
those  occupied  in  primary  production, 
and  since  these  necessaries  are  derived 
mainly  from  the  soil,  the  secondary  in- 
dustries (with  the  cities,  towns,  and  Vil- 
lages in  which  they  are  carried  forward) 
must,  in  the  last  analysis,  be  viewed  as 
dependent  on  the  soil  and  measured  as  a 
burden  on  that  source  of  individual  and 
collective  existence;  for  no  less  than  in 
the  days  of  Piers  Plowman  it  remains 
true  that — 

Let  come  to  each  whate'er  befall. 
The  farmer  still  must  feed  then)  all. 

This  country  took  the  lead  among  na- 
tions in  manufacturing  and  in  railway 
construction  and  operation  by  reason  of 
abounding  coal  and  iron,  coupled  with 
our  inventive  genius  and  the  superior 
nourishment  of  our  workers;  yet  the 
concentration  of  energy  on  this  growth 
was  made  feasible  only  through  a  teeming 
soil  yielding  materials  for  food  and  apparel 
so  lavishly  as  to  sustain  not  only  their 
producers  but  the  secondary  and  incidental 
workers  with  the  families  of  all. 

During  the  half-century  1850-1900  our 
marvelous  advance  in  manufacturing  and 
transportation  was  accompanied  by  an 


extension  of  settlement  and  agriculture, 
whereby  the  necessaries  of  life  were  sup- 
plied at  a  rate  fully  keeping  pace  with 
population,  so  that  the  burden  of  the 
secondary  industries  on  the  soil  was  little 
felt.  The  value  of  our  manufactures  is 
now  more  than  twice  that  of  the  primary 
products  from  the  soil,  including  timber, 
while  the  sum  annually  paid  for  trans- 
portation (which  pretty  accurately  gauges 
the  complexity  of  modern  life)  is  nearly 
a  third  of  the  value  of  the  primary  pro- 
duction. Reckoned  as  an  impost  on  the 
soil,  this  transportation  tax  is  something 
more  than  ^1.25  per  acre  for  the  entire 
area  of  mainland  United  States,  or  $5.25 
per  acre  on  the  475,000,000  acres  erf 
improved  land;  reckoned  as  a  personal 
impost  it  is  $150  per  family  (of  five),  or 
about  one  third  the  average  cost  of  living. 

Of  late,  with  the  increasing  average 
distance  of  movement,  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation is  limiting  production,  and  still 
further  diverting  energy  and  population 
from  farm  to  town;  the  highly  productive 
lands  are  so  far  in  cultivation  already 
that  agricultural  settlement  can  no  longer 
keep  up  with  the  growth  of  secondary 
industries  at  the  old  rate;  while  crude 
farming  has  often  impoverished  the  soil 
and  reduced  its  original  productivity. 
In  a  word,  our  manufacturing  and  trans- 
porting industries  resting  directly  on 
mineral  resources  and  the  use  of  power 
have  reached  a  magnitude  approaching 
the  apparent  capacity  of  the  country  to 
produce  the  prime  necessaries  of  life; 
so  that  attention  naturally  turns  to  the 
resources  yielding  material  for  food  and 
clothing  (and  hence  measuring  our  ulti- 
mate population  and  strength  among  the 
nations  of  the  world),  and  to  the  question 
of  multiplying  the  yield  to  meet  growing 
needs. 

At  the  same  time  manufacturing  and 
transportation  have  gradually  changed 
the  ideals  and  standards  of  life  among  our 
people:  The  primary  producer  is  essen- 
tially a  freeholder,  the  head  of  a  home- 
owning  family  whose  members  cooperate 
according  to  their  strength  in  the  common 
labor  —  so  that  the  industrial  and  social 
unit  tends  to  become  the  independent 
family;  the  secondary  worker,  especially 


HOW  ONE  BILLION.  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 


445 


in  those  industries  using  mechanical  power, 
is  essentially  a  wage-earner  to  whom  the 
maintenance  of  a  family  and  home  are  a 
burden  rather  than  a  benefit,  so  that  the 
civic  unit  tends  to  become  either  a  de- 
tached worker  or  an  industrial  group  — 
i.  e.,  a  special  class  —  as  conditions  or 
issues  may  determine.  Our  form  of 
government  was  founded  on  the  idea  of  the 
independent  cooperative  family  repre- 
sented by  its  head,  and  during  the  earlier 
half  of  our  national  existence  the  pre- 
vailing type  of  citizenship  conformed  to 
this  idea;  but,  with  the  stupendous  de- 
velopment of  secondary  and  incidental 
industries  during  the  later  half  of  our 
history,  the  type  of  citizenship  altered 
until  to-day  probably  a  majority  of  our 
electors  are  industrial  dependents  —  and 
attention  naturally  turns  to  the  relation 
between  our  industries  and  institutions, 
and  to  the  question  of  maintaining  that 
independent  citizenship  on  which  alone 
free  government  can  safely  rest. 

Mainland  United  States  (i.  e.,  the  chief 
body  of  our  territory,  exclusive  of  Alaska 
and  insular  possessions)  comprises  about 
3,000,000  square  miles,  or  a  trifle  less  than 
2,000,000,000  acres,  of  plain  and  mountain, 
prairie  and  woodland,  with  sage-plain 
and  chaparral  and  marshland. 

Settled  first  in  the  humid  East  where  a 
luxuriant  natural  growth  bespoke  pro- 
ductivity, nearly  every  acre  the  pioneers 
cultivated  yielded  rich  returns  —  two 
heads  of  grain  were  grown  where  a  blade 
of  grass  grew  before,  luscious  fruits  or 
pliable  fibres  were  substituted  for  bitter 
shrubs,  and  the  well-watered  acres  teemed 
with  material  for  food  and  clothing; 
settled  later  in  the  sub-humid  interior 
and  semi-arid  West,  the  returns  were 
still  richer  —  the  pond-gemmed  prairies 
smiled  into  marvelous  harvests,  while 
under  irrigation  a  hundred  heads  of  grain 
replaced  the  blade  of  buffalo-grass  and  a 
hundred  head  of  kine  grazed  where  an 
antelope  or  two  wandered  before  —  and 
diverted  thought  from  the  inadequate 
rainfall.  How  different  the  course  of 
empire  had  the  Pilgrims  landed  at  the 
Golden  Gate  instead  of  at  Plymouth 
Rock,  and  the  Cavaliers  in  San  Diego  Bay 
instead  of  on  the  Chesapeake,  and  both 


learned  early  the  vital  value  of  water  and 
the  relative  worthlessness  of  mere  land! 

For,  advancing  inland  from  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  the  settlers  merely  fixed  more 
firmly  the  simple  standards  of  humid 
Europe  in  which  water,  like  air,  is  accepted 
without  thought  or  measure,  as  a  bounty 
of  Providence,  and  only  the  land  and  its 
appurtenances  (natural  and  artificial  pro- 
ducts above  the  minerals  below)  are 
objects  of  consideration  and  measure- 
ment and  property-right.  Were  these 
standards  just  (as  they  are  still  purblindly 
viewed  by  many),  the  adjustment  of 
our  industrial  relations  might  perhaps 
be  postponed  some  generations;  for  our 
2,000,000,000  acres  peopled  to  the  density 
of  Belgium  (some  640  per  square  mile) 
would  sustain  a  population  of  2,000,000,000, 
and  Uncle  Sam  would  still  be  rich  enough 
to  give  farms  to  millions  more.  Un- 
happily, the  standards  are  fallacious; 
and  our  lands  habitable  and  productive 
under  existing  conditions  are  virtually 
exhausted. 

In  truth  (as  we  are  just  learning)  pro- 
ductivity and  even  habitability  are  not 
attributes  of  land  in  itself  so  much  as 
measures  of  the  water  with  which  the  land 
is  supplied.  Irrigation  has  given  much 
to  this  country:  It  has  reclaimed  many 
millions  of  acres;  it  has  improved  agri- 
cultural methods  and  enormously  in- 
creased crop  yields;  it  has  raised  stand- 
ards of  production  and  of  the  social  and 
civic  organization  depending  on  ample 
production  of  the  staples  of  life;  yet 
best  of  all,  it  has  stirred  realization  of  the 
paramount  place  of  water  among  resources 
and  led  to  its  quantitative  measurement 
as  the  basis  of  living.  Under  irrigation, 
twenty-five  acre-feet  (one  foot  of  water 
covering  twenty-five  acres)  of  water  prop- 
erly distributed,  will  sustain  a  family 
of  five  for  a  year;  the  best  results  follow 
its  application  on  five  acres  of  land  to  an 
aggregate  of  five  feet  in  depth  as  neoded 
during  the  season.  At  this  rate  the 
population  would  indeed  be  one  per  acre, 
or  640  per  square  mile,  in  terms  of  land; 
but  it  is  justly  measured  only  as  one  for 
each  five  acre-feet  of  the  water  which  alone 
renders  land  productive.  •  Now  the  annual 
rainfall  of  mainland  United  States  —  the 


446 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


sole  original  source  of  our  fresh  waters 

—  is    barely    5,000,000,000    acre-feet;  it 

^averages  hardly  two  and  one  half  feet 


10 

IMO 


-L,OU7.000,000 


-877,000.000 


-9tlMKXM>00 


•  7t7 ,000^000 


-MftiOOO^OOO 


t4U0O0^00O 


THE  CURVE   OF  OUR   POPULATION  S 
INCREASE 
FROM  3,939,000  IN  1790  TO  91,972,366  IN  I9IO  CAR- 
RIED ON  TO  2200  WOULD  GIVE  US  1,017,000,000  PEO- 
PLE,   ABOUT    THE     LIMIT    OF    THE    COUNTRY'S    LIFE 
SUSTAINING  CAPACITY  AS  JUDGED  BY  ITS   RAINFALL 

(30  inches)  over  our  2,000,000,000  acres. 
So  our  greatest  possible  population,  meas- 
ured by  our  highest  standards  of  primary 
production,  would  not  exceed  i  ,000,000,000 

—  a  number  which  at  the  current  rate  of 
increase  will  be  reached  in  three  centuries, 
or  when  the  span  since  the  landing  at 
Jamestown    is   doubled. 

Realization  once  awakened  —  as  it  was 
chiefly  by  experience  in  semi-arid  districts 

—  the  primary  place  of  water  among 
our  measurable  resources  is  evident.  For 
men  and  other  animals  it  is  the  leading 
food.  The  average  human  ration  is  some 
six  pounds  daily,  four  and  one  half  liquid 
and  one  and  one  half  nominally  solid; 
but  of  this  so-called  solid,  actually  more 
than  one  third  is  water — that  is,  more  than 
five  sixths  of  our  daily  sustenance  (and 
indeed  a  like  proportion  of  our  bodies) 
is  water.  Within  the  body  there  is  no 
assimilation,    no   metabolism   or   growth 


process,  in  the  absence  of  water;  noi 
does  germination  or  any  other  vita 
process  take  place  without  water  or 
apparently,  otherwise  than  as  a  manifesto 
tion  of  its  inherent  properties.  .  In  plani 
life  water  is  essential  to  germination,  tc 
tissue-making,  to  all  growth  — in  fact  thi 
vitality  of  our  planet  appears  to  be  directlj 
dependent  on  the  water  distributed  bj 
atmospheric  movement  and  freely  circulat 
ing  through  the  soil  and  its  products. 

The  water  required  for  the  growth  d 
given  crop  plants,  determined  by  measur 
ing  transpiration  from  the  leaves  during 
growth,  averages  from  300  to  600  time 
the  weight  of  the  plants  after  drying 
and,  in  addition  to  that  passing  through 
the  plants,  the  soil  requires  an  even  largei 
quantity  of  moisture  to  maintain  a  suit 
able  texture,  much  of  which  passes  awaj 
through.  evap)oration  and  seepage.  Oi 
this  basis  the  agricultural  duty  of  wate 
in  this  country  has  been  determinec 
as  the  production  of  one  thousandth  par 
of  its  weight  in  average  plant  crop. 

Of  the  substance  so  produced,  only  i 
part  is  available  as  food  for  animals  ani 
men,  and  this  is  transmuted  into  anima 
tissue  through  the  alchemy  of  vital  proces 
only  with  considerable  loss;  probably  no 
more  than  a  tenth  of  the  vegetal  produc 
is  actually  converted  into  animal  tissu 
or  rendered  available  in  animal  energ> 
Thus,  a  pound  of  grain  is  the  equivalen 
of  two  tons  of  water  used  by  the  growin 
wheat,  and  a  pound  of  beef  the  equivalen 
of  fifteen  to  thirty  tons  of  water  cor 
sumed  by  the  beeve  chiefly  in  the  form  c 
feed;  and  the  adult  who  eats  200  pound 
each  of  bread  and  beef  in  a  year  consume 
•  something  like  a  ton  of  water  in  drin 
and  the  equivalent  of  400  tons  in  brea< 
and  4,000  tons  in  meat,  or  4.401  tons  i 
all  —  figures  corresponding  fairly  wit 
the  results  of  intensive  agriculture  in  an 
districts  where  five  acre-feet  or  6,80 
tons  of  water  (including  run-off  and  I05 
by  seepage)  per  year  afford  a  good  livin 
for  each  inhabitant. 

Of  course  all  these  figures  are  bi 
approximations;  they  will  be  rectifie 
and  refined  as  time  passes  and  experienc 
advances;  yet  to-day  they  show  ths 
the  time-honored  standards  for  measurir 


HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 


447 


capacity  for  production  and  population 
must  change,  and  that  the  potential 
strength  of  countries  must  be  expressed 
in  terms  of  water  supply  rather  than  in 
terms  of  acres  or  square  miles. 

In  relation  to  natural  water  supply, 
mainland  United  States  comprises  three 
divisions:  (i)  the  humid  section  or  East- 
ward states  —  thirty-one  in  number  — 
extending  from  the  Minnesota- Louisiana 
column  to  the  Atlantic,  commonly  viewed 
as  the  chief  part  of  the  country  though 
forming  only  two  fifths  of  its  area;  (2)  the 
sub-humid  section,  or  six  median  states 
from  the  Dakotas  to  Texas,  containing 
a  fifth  of  our  area;  and  (3)  the  semi-arid 
section  or  Westward  states  (eleven  in 
number,  including  Arizona  and  New  Mex- 
ico) making  up  the  remaining  two  fifths  of 
the  country. 


southern  Appalachians),  averaging  some 
forty-eight  inches,  or  four  fifths  of  that 
required  for  full  productivity.  In  the 
state  of  nature  found  by  settlers,  the 
surface  slopes,  the  rainfall,  and  the 
vegetal  cover  (generally  forests  on  the 
uplands  and  grasses  on  the  plains)  were 
adjusted  to  a  natural  balance  in  which 
the  rains  and  melting  snows  soaked  into 
the  soil,  mainly  to  be  used  in  plant  growth 
or  to  reappear  in  springs  and  seepage 
forming  clear  streams  —  of  which  the 
"blue  Juniata"  of  the  ballad  was  a  type; 
the  residue  saturated  the  subsoil  and 
underlying  rocks,  forming  a  reservoir 
available  for  plant  growth  during  droughts 
—  a  store  estimated  as  equivalent  to 
twenty-five  feet  in  depth  of  water  or  more 
than  six  years'  rainfall  within  the  first 
hundred  feet  of  the  surface.    Such  was 


THE   RAINFALL  MAP  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES 

IN  THE  HUMID  SECTION  (EASTWARD  STATES)   THE  AVERAGE  ANNUAL  FALL  IS  48  INCHES.      IN  THE  SUB-HUMID 

(median  states)  REGION   IT   IS   30  INCHES,  AND  IN  THE  SEMI-ARID  (WESTWARD  STATES)  COUNTRY  IT 

AVERAGES  12  INCHES,  THOUGH  IT  VARIES  FROM  MORE  THAN   lOO  TO  LESS  THAN  2  INCHES. 

ABOUT  60  INCHES  IS  REQUIRED  FOR  FULL  PRODUCTIVITY 


Over  the  humid  section  the  mean  annual 
rainfall  ranges  from  about  twenty-five 
inches  in  Minnesota  to  fifty-five  in  Missis- 
sippi   (and   more   than   seventy   in   the 


the  land  on  which  our  unprecedented 
development  was  started  and  shaped  — 
a  land  well  watered  by  moderate  rainfall 
and  accumulated  moisture,  generally  well 


448 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


drained  by  clear  streams,  and  rendered 
fertile  through  by-products  of  vegetal 
growth  gathered  during  the  ages. 


SEMI-ARID 

SUB-HUMID 

HUMID 

SECTION 

SECTION 

SECTION 

8.000.000.000 

1.000.000.000 

3.000.000.000 

ACRE- FEET  CM 

ACRE- FEET  ON 

ACRE- FEET  ON 

800.000.000 

400.000.000 

800.000.000 

ACRES 

ACRES 

ACRES 
RAINFALL 

MEAN 


AMMUAl 


GRiDUND  WATER  iN 

i'<,iHU  JO 


FIRST  too  §T    mOM  SURFACE. 


JltHjUL  TO 


Ib.tKiO.QGtVOaCi  iCREf £El 
ICISJAIL  TO. 


OiiOuvQ  -^^TEH  t,thST-- 


THE  nation's  water  SUPPLY 
SHOWN  FOR  THE  SEMI-ARID,  SUB-HUMID.  AND  HU- 
MID SECTIONS.  THE  DARK  SHADING  REPRESENTS 
THE  ANNUAL  RAINFALL.  AND  THE  LIGHT  SHADING 
THE  PERMANENT  SUPPLY  OF  WATER  IN  THE  FIRST 
HUNDRED  FEET  UNDER  THE  SURFACE  OF  THE 
GROUND.  IN  THE  HUMID  REGIONS  MORE  THAN  AS 
MUCH  AS  li  YEARS'  RAINFALL  HAS  BEEN  LOST  FROM 
THIS  PERMANENT  SUPPLY  BY  UNSCIENTIFIC  LUM- 
BERING AND  FARMING 

This  natural  home  for  a  people,  however, 
was  sadly  abused  by  short-sighted  and 
over-greedy  clearing  and  farming.  With 
deforestation  of  slopes,  the  storm  waters 
ran  off  over  the  surface  instead  of  sinking 
through  spongy  duff  and  humus  into  the 
soil,  and  the  clear  and  steady  streams 
became  torrents  during  the  storms  and 
ran  low  or  dry  between  —  it  is  the  brown 
Juniata  now,  though  only  part  of  its 
watershed  is  cleared.  With  hasty,  profit- 
seeking  tillage  the  natural  protective 
cover  was  removed,  the  rich  mulch  and 
humus  were  dissipated,  and  much  of  the 
rain  flowed  from  the  fields  in  turbid  floods, 
always  taking  the  cream  of  the  soil  and 
often  eroding  gullies,  instead  of  soaking 
into  the  subsoil  to  feed  growing  plants 
and  maintain  the  store  of  ground  water. 
The  shrinkage  of  agricultural  capital 
through  the  drainage  of  the  ground  water 
reservoir  was  long  neglected,  albeit  at- 
tested in  the  falling  of  springs  by  which 
most  pioneer  homesteads  were  located, 
in  the  frequent  necessity  for  deepening 
wells,  and  in  the  gradual  drying  up  of 


brooks,  as  settlements  advanced;  it  is 
best  measured  by  the  lowering  of  water 
in  wells  —  in  Michigan  during  an  average 
period  of  1 8  years  794  wells  lowered  2.2 
feet,  in  Minnesota  during  14  years  920 
wells  lowered  3.45  feet,  in  Iowa  during 
21  years  1 160  wells  lowered  3.6  feet,  or  a 
mean  of  1.8  feet  each  decade;  of  late  the 
depletion  of  the  store  is  increasing  the 
danger  of  droughts,  with  loss  of  crops  in 
the  country  and  water-famine  in  towns. 
As  the  forests  and  fields  were  skinned  in 
response  to  the  demand  for  products 
attending  the  growth  of  the  secondary 
and  incidental  industries,  these,  too,  added 
to  the  abuse  of  the  country;  culm  heaps 
became  eyesores,  coke  ovens  poisoned  the 
air  with  gaseous  waste,  sewage  polluted 
the  shrunken  and  torrent-ridden  streams, 
•and  factory  towns  were  often  foul  blots 
on  the  fair  face  of  nature  no  less  than 
reproaches  to  the  freedom  and  equality 
for  which  our  Fathers  fought. 

Happily,  the  tide  is  turning,  and  the 
Eastward  states  promise  to  come  into  their 
own  in  that  service  to  mankind  for  which 
they  are  adapted,  both  through  superior 
water  supply  and  consequent  productivity 
in  staples,  and  through  proximity  of  the 
food-yielding  areas  to  those  resources  for 
secondary  industries  which  tend  to  form 
centres  of  dense  population.  The  signs 
of  renaissance  are  many:  culm  heaps 
are  re-mined,  coke  ovens  are  giving  way 
to  by-product  furnaces,  and  even  in 
factory  towns  civic  spirit  is  blossoming 
in  waterworks  and  hospitals,  improved 
streets  and  homes,  and  enlarged  schools 
and  parks,  all  tending  to  promote  that 
healthfulness  and  attractiveness  of 
dwelling-places  whence  patriotism  springs. 
In  rural  districts  four  signs  are  especially 
gratifying:  intensive  cultivation  ("truck- 
ing") adjacent  to  cities,  in  which  the 
entire  rainfall  is  used  and  sometimes 
augmented  by  irrigation;  great  increase 
in  value  of  intensively-cultivated  land; 
extension  of  State  and  National  forests 
largely  to  protect  headwaters  and  to  main- 
tain the  natural  flow  of  streams;  and  both 
private  and  public  parking  of  selected 
tracts,  primarily  for  beautification.  yet  in 
such  wise  as  to  restore  the  natural  balance 
between  rainfall  and  to  cover  and  slope. 


HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 


449 


Most  significant  is  the  control  of  land 
connected  with  municipal  water  supplies; 
for  despite  an  archaic  and  unconstitutional 
figment  imported  into  this  country  through 
judicial  decisions  holding  that  water  is 
a  mere  appurtenance  to  land,  our  Eastern 
communities  are  ever  learning  that  water 
is  tbe  prime  necessary  of  life  and  that  the 
lands  over  which  it  is  conveyed  (if  not 
on  which  it  is  collected)  are  but  a  secondary 
and  appurtenant  resource.  Still  the  humid 
section,  with  its  75,000,000  population,  is 
scarcely  beyond  the  threshold  of  progress; 
of  its  800,000,000  acres  of  soil  annually 
receiving  more  than  3,000,000,000  acre- 
feet  of  rainfall  (or  nearly  two  thirds  of  the 
entire  supply  of  the  country),  only  a 
third  are  productive  and  most  of  these 
only  to  a  fraction  of  their  capacity;  when 
the  3,000,000,000  acre-feet  of  water  are 
fully  utilized  they  will  sustain  600,000,000, 
or  eight  times  the  present  population. 

It  is  the  manifest  destiny  of  the  well- 

EASTWARD  STATES 
1.200,000  square  miles 


MEDIAN 

STATES 

600,000 

square  miles 


WESTWARD  STATES 

UOO.OOO 

square  miles 


200.000.000- 
167  ptr  I 


•1 

i  s 
1  s 

S  7 


10^000,000  ■■ 


600.000.000- 
500  par  tquart  t 


OUR   PRESENT  AND  OUR   POSSIBLE 
POPULATION 

THB  SHADED  PORTIONS  REPRESENTING  THE 
PBOPLB  NOW  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  BY  THREE 
DIVISIONS,  75,000,000  IN  THE  EASTERN  STATES, 
10,000,000  IN  THE  MEDIAN  STATES  AND  7,000,000 
IN  THB  WESTWARD  STATES  IN  RELATION  TO  THB 
600,000,000.  200,000,000  AND  200,000,000  WHICH 
THESE  THREE  DIVISIONS  WOULD  SUPPORT  IF  ALL 
THEIR  WATER   RESOURCES  WERB  USED 


watered  Eastward  states  (including  some 
70,000,000  acres  of  swamp  and  overflow 
lands  not  now  occupied,)  after  reserving 
a  quarter  or  a  third  of  the  area  in  forests 
for  protecting  the  running  waters  and 
supplying  timber,  to  come  under  intensive 
cultivation  in  which  each  ten-acre  lot 
will  sustain  a  family  of  primary  producers 
and  perhaps  an  equal  number  of  those 
living  by  secondary  production.  This 
will  involve  multiplying  the  crop  yield; 
not  only  must  the  product  of  wheat  and 
barley  be  doubled  to  equal  that  of  the 
English  and  German  fields,  but  the  acres 
of  land  and  tons  of  water  must  be  made  to 
respond  to  invention  and  labor  in  those 
diversified  products  required  for  the  elab- 
orate modem  dietary  —  fruits,  berries, 
vegetables,  eggs,  poultry,  dairy  products, 
meats,  no  less  than  grains.  Here  opens 
a  field  for  our  genius  hitherto  engaged 
chiefly  with  secondary  occupations;  here 
lies  the  true  way  to  conquest  over  nature, 
to  the  subjugation  of  natural  forces  for 
human  welfare  —  for  the  face  of  nature 
must  be  transformed.  The  traveler  who 
now  sees  between  the  capital  and  the 
metropolis  of  the  country  more  wild  land 
than  fields  will  then  view  landscapes  more 
completely  artificialized  than  those  be- 
tween London  and  Liverpool,  or  Paris  and 
Amiens;  and  of  all  the  abounding  pro- 
ducts, the  best  (if  there  be  aught  in  the 
promise  of  our  early  history)  will  be  the 
sturdy  manhood  and  graceful  womanhood 
of  an  independent  citizenry  strengthened 
by  joint  exercise  of  brain  and  hand  in  the 
open  country. 

Over  the  median  states  from  the 
Dakotas  to  Texas,  the  mean  annual  rain- 
fall averages  a  scant  thirty  inches,  or  half 
the  water  required  for  full  productivity 
—  though  from  60  to  more  than  80  per 
cent,  of  it  falls  during  the  six  summer 
■months.  This  is  supplemented  by  natural 
sub-irrigation  from  the  mountainous  coun- 
try farther  westward  to  an  average  of 
three  or  four  inches,  whereby  the  store 
of  ground  water  is  kept  up  and  serves  as  a 
partial  protection  from  drought.  Indeed 
this  subterranean  supply  (locally  measur- 
ing 10  or  12  inches)  eked  out  by  the  meagre 
and  variable  rains,  served  to  sustain  a 
fairly  luxuriant  natural   growth   before 


450 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


settlement  and  later  to  produce  the  crops 
required  for  habitability.  It  remains  the 
-  agricultural  insurance  of  the  section. 
The  natural  range  first  of  the  buffalo  and 
then  of  domestic  stock,  the  sub-humid 
section  lent  itself  readily  to  extensive 
farming  in  which  machine  and  horse  were 
balanced  against  area,  and  the  yield  was 
measured  in  terms  of  men  rather  than 
acres — ^and  the  cropping  was  wasteful 
and  destructive,  except  in  so  far  as  the 
plowed  land  better  absorbed  rainfall  than 
the  grass-land,  its  destiny  must  be  a 
continuation  of  extensive  cultivation,  since 
the  water  supply  is  inadequate  for  full 

»  productivity;  its  400,000,000  acres  re- 
ceive from  above  and  below  about 
1,000,000,000  acre-feet,  which  at  five 
acre-feet  per  capita  would  sustain  a 
maximum  population  of  200,000,000, 
(twenty  times  that  of  to-dayj  or  a  family 
to  each  40-acre  lot  with  another  living 
in  town  or  on  transportation.  Already 
the  expanses  of  this  "Great  American 
Desert,"  which  to  the  pioneer  were  treeless 
for  days  of  travel,  arc  grove-dotted,  and 
within  two  generations  the  mooted  ques- 
tion as  to  the  influence  of  forests  on  rain- 
fall will  be  settled  —  though  at  the  best 
the  increase  will  doubtless  be  more  in 
equability  than  in  quantity  of  life-giving 
rains  and  dews. 

Over  the  Westward  states  the  rainfall 
ranges  from  less  than  2  to  more  than  100 
and  averages  about  t2  inches,  aggregating 
some  800,000,000  acre-feet  yearly,  or  a 
fifth    of    the    productivity    standard;  so 
that  hardly  one  in  five  of  the  800,000,000 
acres    can    be    made    fully    productive. 
Fortunately  the  diversified  surface  and 
K  attendant  irregularity  of  rainfall  render 
Kit    feasible    to   concentrate    the    meagre 
Hp^ers  (largely  gathered  in  the  mountains 
^^tld  performing  their  first  duty  in  main- 
taining forests  and   snow-fields  whereby 
the   streams   are   steadied    in    flow)    on 
alluvial  areas,  where  the  yield  is  varied 
and    prolific  —  indeed   the  section   gives 
object  lessons  in  agriculture  to  the  country 
and  to  the  world. 

Under  the  effective  treatment  learned 

tfrom  experience  within  a  quarter  century, 
the  water  is  put  where  it  is  needed  when 
it  is  needed;  and  the  value  of  the  annual 


product  reaches  hundreds  and  the  price 
of  the  watered  soil  runs  into  thousands 
of  dollars  per  acre  —  a  five-acre  lot 
yielding  a  better  and  easier  living  for  a 
family  than  a  quarter  section  or  even  3 
full  section  (640  acres)  on  the  Plains. 
The  annual  agricultural  product  of  Cali- 
fornia is  comparable  with  that  of  all  the 
gold  produced  in  her  entire  history. 
and  mineral-bearing  Arizona  and  Utah 
and  Idaho  are  a  hundred-fold  richer  in 
food-stuffs  than  in  ores;  and  the  irri- 
gated valleys  tend  to  pass  at  once  from 
sage-dotted  desert  into  suburbs  where 
independent  yet  cooperating  families  are 
well  supplied  with  roads  and  schools 
and  churches,  and  served  by  telephones 
and  mails  even  better  than  the  average 
in  Eastern  cities.  The  diversity  of  nature 
is  reflected  in  the  thinking  and  living  of 
the  people;  individuality  grows  large  and 
character  intense;  human  faculty  luxur- 
iates like  the  growing  plants  and  forms 
the  richest  crop  of  our  semi-arid  section. 
Its  manifest  destiny  is  to  continue  raising 
standards  of  perfection  in  apple  and 
orange  and  grape,  standards  of  yield  in 
staple  crops,  standards  of  method  in 
cultivating  and  caring  for  crops,  standards 
of  utilization  and  enrichment  of  essential 
resources,  standards  of  self-supporting 
yet  comfortable  living,  and  (as  provin- 
cial isolation  passes)  standards  of 
patriotism  bom  of  pleasant  homes.  Of 
the  160,000,000  acres  for  which  the  water 
supply  suffices,  probably  more  than  hall 
will  eventually  be  irrigated;  a  part  is 
adequately  watered,  considerable  areas 
receive  rain  enough  for  forest  growth. 
and  there  are  vast  areas  of  meagre  rain* 
fall  available  for  stock  range  and  the 
"dry  farming"  made  feasible  by  sub- 
terranean flow  from  neighboring  ranges; 
and  the  aggregate  rural  and  urban  folk 
may  well,  through  wise  use  of  the  waters* 
come  to  exceed  the  mean  ratio  of  one  to 
each  five  acre-feet  of  water  and  attain 
200,000,000  —  thirty  times  the  present 
population  of  the  eleven  Westward  states. 
The  key  to  America's  industrial  prog- 
ress was  the  application  of  power  through 
invention.  Thus  far  both  the  invention 
and  the  power  plant  have  been  largely 
confined  to  the  secondary'  industries  of 


4 


HOW  ONE  BILLION  OF  US  CAN  BE  FED 


451 


manufacturing  and  transportation;  and 
to  these  lines  our  creative  genius  has  been 
directed.  A  change  is  inevitable  —  indeed 
it  has  already  begun,  since  a  great  depart- 
ment of  the  Government  is  helping  to  make 
primary  production  no  less  respectable 
than  it  was  when  the  Nation  was  founded. 
In  truth  the  primary  producer  is  the 
great  power-user.  The  plane  of  most 
effective  energizing  on  the  planet  is  the 
infinitely  complex  one  (in  soil  and  organ- 
ism) in  which  water  is  evap)orated  by  the 
power  of  the  sun.  Neglecting  all  this 
power  save  the  fraction  utilized  in  evapor- 
ation from  growing  plants,  it  is  easily 
computed  that,  with  a  transpiration  450 
times  the  weight  of  the  dry  plant  and  a 
product  of  6  tons  per  acre  (with  the  me- 
chanical equivalent  of  780  food-pounds  of 
energy  required  to  warm  a  pound  of  water 
one  degree  Fahrenheit  and  a  co-efficient  of 
967  for  the  latent  heat  of  vapor),  the 
energy  expended  during  a  growing  season 
of  four  months  of  ten-hour  days  is  1,714 
horse-power  per  acre.  On  this  basis,  our 
475,000,000  acres  of  farm  land,  even  if  the 
yield  average  only  one  and  one  half  tons, 
use  a  sum  of  mechanical  energyexceeding 
200,000,000,000  horsepower,  or  nearly 
7,000  times  the  aggregate  mechanical 
power  utilized  in  manufacturing,  trans- 
portation, and  incidental  industries.  This 
use  may  —  indeed  must  —  be  multiplied 
with  our  growth.  Here  opens  our  most 
promising  field  for  the  application  of  in- 
telligence to  that  conquest  over  nature 
which  is  the  end  and  aim  of  human  effort; 
in  this  field  lie  the  richest  rewards  within 
reach  of  constructive  genius  —  the  prize  of 
control  over  that  power  with  which  the 
farmer  now  idly  plays.  Within  a  gener- 
ation the  biometricians  abroad  and  Bur- 
bank  and  others  in  this  country  have 
shown  that  men  may  devise  and  virtually 
create  living  forms  adapted  to  their  needs, 
much  as  com  and  wheat  and  domestic 
stock  were  slowly  artificialized  in  ages 
past  —  in  short,  that  the  field  of  invention 
is  passing  from  the  realm  of  the  mechanical 
and  physical  into  that  of  the  vital  and 
physiological,  in  which  the  development 
of  power,  once  started,  becomes  automatic 
and  continuous.  Through  inventions  and 
applications  on  the  lower  plane  Americans 


became  the  leading  power  users  of  the 
world;  and  as  our  genius  turns  toward 
its  most  promising  field  our  farms  will  be 
our  best  laboratories  and  our  farmers 
must  become  ibe  Power-People  par  ex- 
cellence. 

Despite  a  discouraging  economic  bal- 
ance indicated  by  high  cost  of  living  and 
decrease  of  exports  (due  chiefly  to  extrav- 
agance in  transportatioYi  and  excessive 
enrichment  of  captains  of  industry),  what 
a  future  opens  before  us  as  our  resources 
are  duly  balanced  and  developed!  What 
promise  lies  in  the  life-giving  waters,  in 
the  soil  made  fertile  by  rains  and  irrigation, 
in  the  forests  conserving  moisture  and  con- 
trolling streams,  in  the  abounding  mineral 
fuels  and  ores,  and  in  a  strong  citizenry 
amply  fed  and  clothed  from  teeming  crops! 

The  limit  of  our  capacity  for  production 
and  population  lies  not  in  the  land  or  its 
living  forms  —  both  susceptible  of  im- 
measurable improvement  —  but  in  the  sup- 
ply of  water  on  which  life  depends;  for 
without  water  there  are  no  plants,  no  soil, 
no  animals,  no  men,  no  intelligence  to 
control  lower  nature.  In  the  light  of 
current  knowledge  our  water  supply  would 
sustain  a  population  more  than  ten-fold 
that  of  to-day,  about  half  of  which  might 
be  occupied  in  primary  industries.  Should 
invention  go  far  enough,  this  limit  may  be 
raised;  for  if,  through  plant  energy  or 
otherwise,  water  may  be  produced  from 
hydrated  and  oxidated  earth-matter,  then 
will  mankind  rise  to  a  new  plane  of  prog- 
ress, and  the  desert  will  blossom. 

The  leaders  in  human  progress  are  of 
the  Caucasian  race  and  of  Aryan  (chiefly 
Anglo-Saxon  or  Germanic)  speech;  and  in 
expanse,  in  climate,  in  resources,  and  in 
opportunities  for  development,  mainland 
United  States  is  better  adapted  than  any 
other  area  for  the  continued  advancement 
of  this  leading  type  of  mankind  —  it  is  a 
natural  home  not  merely  for  a  great  people 
but  for  th€  world-leading  people,  and  un- 
less it  fulfills  its  manifest  destiny,  progress 
will  fall  short  and  the  human  world  will 
suffer.  In  this  richly  endowed  country 
patriotism,  begotten  of  union  between 
man  and  soil,  must  produce  a  higher  hu* 
manity  unifying  the  race  and  guiding  the 
material  and  moral  progress  of  mankind. 


A  CABLE  RATE  FOR  COMMON  USE 


TO  OPEN  THE  OCEAN  WIRES  TO  THE  SMALL  MERCHANT  AND  TO  SOCIAL  MESSACES- 
AN    INTERVIEW   WITH    THEODORE   N.  VAIL,    THE    HEAD  OF  THE  BELL  TELE- 
PHONE   AND  WESTERN    UNION    TELEGRAPH    AND  CABLE  COMPANIES 

BY 

ARTHUR  H.  GLEASON 

Mr,  Theodore  Vail  §ave  mankind  a  new  lever  in  its  lift  toward  a  completely  social  organs-' 
laiion  when  be  originated  the  cheap  *'nightrUiler*'  and  ^'dayAciter'  by  telegraph.  He  gave  it 
a  new  grasp  when  he  added  the  dejerred  cablegram  and,  inddenially,  started  a  rate  war,  H^by 
these  conveniences  did  not  come  sooner,  why  they  are  feasible  now,  and  what  sort  of  man  solved 
the  complicated  problem  of  cheap  tolls,  Mr.  Gleason  tells  in  ibis  article.  —The  Editors* 


I 


KIPLING  sings  of  the  cable. 
"  I  sent  a  message  to  my 
dear,  a  thousand  leagues  and 
more  to  her"  —  but  that  is 
just  what  we  haven't  been 
doing,  though  we  should  have  well  liked 
to  du  it.  If  we  are  a  mighty  and  imperial 
newspaper,  we  send  a  wire  to  our  man 
walliiwing  in  the  equatorial  swamps,  or 
scratching  his  way  toward  the  dim  Polar 
Sea,  Wizards  of  finance  speed  words 
over  to  their  London  firm  to  buy  at  ii6|. 
But  if  we  are  just  an  obscure  ardent  lover, 
or  the  wide-wandering  husband  of  a  faith- 
ful home-keeping  wife,  or  the  father  of 
an  emigrated  daughter,  we  don't  send  a 
message  to  our  dear,  because  we  can't 
afford  it. 

We  are  living  in  two  worlds.  We  share 
with  all  the  rest  of  mankind  immediacy 
of  news.  While  the  politician  is  busy 
in  releasing  his  peroration,  we  are  already 
reading  his  modest  introduction.  We 
become  eye-witnesses  of  battles,  fires, 
disasters,  pageants,  carnivals,  coronations. 
Wc  arc  present  in  the  room  with  inter- 
national crises,  and  watch  each  pulse- 
beat  and  nerve*t witched  pose  of  the 
Sick  Man  of  Europe. 

But  when  we  turn  from  that  large  public 
life,  all  is  changed.  The  small  trader 
is  locked  up  inside  his  own  country.  He 
can't  peddle  his  wares  over  the  frontier 
lines*  because  talk  is  too  costly.  To 
learn  the  other  fellow's  mind  eats  up 
money.  So  he  clamps  down  the  boundaries 
his  narrow  world,  and  never  casts  his 


eye  over  the  edge.  Obscure  lives,  with 
their  network  of  human  sympathies,  have 
been  somewhat  neglected  in  the  onward 
sweep  of  applied  science. 

These  two  worlds  of  swift  news  and 
tardy  intimacy  are  out  of  relation  with 
each  other.  One  is  rotating  on  its  sober 
axis  at  the  pace  of  fifty  years  ago.  The 
other  is  spinning  merrily  with  the  new 
century.  It  is  as  if  a  man  should  go  to 
business  in  an  aeroplane,  but  light  his 
home  with  tallow  dip^. 

Into  this  hold-up  of  high  rates,  where 
only  one  message  in  a  hundred  is  social, 
human,  domestic.  Theodore  Vail,  presi- 
dent of  the  Western  Union,  thrusts  a 
potent  hand,  and  institutes  a  system  of 
daily  and  week-end  cable  letters,  which 
will  render  the  world  of  family  life  and 
affection  a  sharer  in  romantic  benefits. 
Other  cable  companies  instantly  follow 
where  he  has  shown  the  way,  and  by  their 
rivalr>'  extend  the  benefits  of  his  plan  — 
even  hasten  his  own  advance,  perhaps. 

At  a  touch  he  makes  the  w^orld  mort 
neighborly,  having  decided  to  push  back 
the  horizon  line,  and  let  in  some  of  the 
vision  on  the  lives  of  common  folk.  The 
little  family  episodes,  which  are  the  very 
$tufT  of  life,  will  be  exchanged  while  they 
are  still  warm  with  human  quality. 
There  is  small  joy  in  telling  your  Australian 
niece  that  baby  has  a  tooth,  when,  by 
the  time  you  have  received  the  Anti- 
podean congratulations,  the  little  beggar  is 
chewing  through  beef^^teaks. 

From  ten  a.  m.  to  three  p.  m.  of  the  day. 


n 


I 


4 
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A  CABLE  RATE  FOR  COMMON  USE 


453 


most  of  the  cable  business  is  done,  the  hot- 
test, swiftest  hour  being  ten  in  New  York 
and  three  in  London.  For  a  brief  sixty 
minutes  the  two  Stock  Exchanges  throb 
in  unison,  the  tides  of  panic  or  of  pros- 
perity flowing  through  both  close-knit 
organisms  in  one  unbroken  current,  of 
which  the  carrier  channels  are  the  seven- 
teen Trans-Atlantic  cables. 

That  hour  of  ten  to  eleven  is  furious  with 
tiny  flash  messages  of  two  or  three  words 
each,  in  which  the  brokers  in  London  and 
New  York  scalp  the  variations  in  stock 
prices  between  the  two  exchanges.  This 
crowded  hour,  when  cable  business  touches 
its  highest  peak,  is  known  as  the  hour  of 
"arbitrage"  business.  The  $4,000,000 
stock  cable  has  carried  600  messages  in 
one  hour,  1900  messages  in  four  hours,  or 
almost  eight  a  minute. 

It  is  Mr.  Vail's  plan  to  send  full  length 
letters  at  reduced  rates  between  England 
and  the  United  States.  The  cable  com- 
panies, carrying  out  his  plan,  will  send 
messages  in  the  unutilized  portions  of  the 
day  and  night,  reserving  the  feverish  mid- 
day hours  for  the  urgent  public  news  and 
the  messages  of  high  finance. 

Four  flights  below  the  click  of  the  send- 
ing and  receiving  instruments  of  the 
Western  Union  service,  in  a  large  wind- 
swept room,  Theodore  Vail  sat  and  talked 
of  the  future.  He  wore  a  black  silk  skull 
cap  over  his  white  hair.  Seeing  him  for 
the  first  time  sitting  rather  massively, 
almost  inertly,  in  the  chair,  you  would 
think  him  tired  and  a  little  stolid.  He  is 
heavy  in  body,  heavy  in  face.  But  there 
is  something  large  and  emancipating  in  the 
way  he  talks.  He  opens  vistas  in  a  low- 
pitched  even  voice,  and,  without  the 
slightest  effort  to  impress,  he  conveys  the 
sense  of  a  man  of  unusual  vision,  with  the 
executive  position  and  power  to  build  up 
into  system  what  is  seen  by  his  inner  eye. 

"In  the  early  days  of  transportation," 
he  said,  "  the  stage  coach  stopped  at  each 
village  and  cluster  of  houses.  Then  came 
your  train,  stopping  at  each  town.  Then, 
later,  the  longer  runs,  and  so,  gradually, 
the  express  train  was  evolved.  And, 
finally,  the  long  swift  through  carry  be-^ 
tween  far-distant  points,  and  there  is 
'the  limited.'     Such  is  the  development 


of  transportation,  from  the  constantly 
broken  and  delayed  journey  to  the  ex- 
pedited continuous  long  carry. 

"With  telegraphic  communication  it 
has  been  just  the  opposite.  The  swift, 
uninterrupted  message  of  prime  business 
imp)ortance  between  distant  points  was  the 
first  thing  to  be  obtained.  At  any  cost 
there  must  be  uninterrupted  speed  and 
efficiency  —  the  expedited  instantaneous 
communication.  But,  lately,  we  have 
found  that  there  was  another  and  separate 
class  of  business,  less  urgent,  lying  in  the 
region  between  the  flash  message  by  tele- 
graph and  telephone  and  that  of  the  mail. 
First  we  installed  the  night-letter  per- 
mitting fifty  words  to  be  sent  over  night  at 
the  cost  of  10  words  of  express  service. 
Then  we  put  in  the  day-letter  service. 
We  were  told  we  should  lose  the  52,500,000 
of  business  which  we  received  from  those 
people  who  had  been  sending  telegrams 
with  an  excess  number  of  words.  We  were 
told  that  these  people,  instead  of  paying 
the  extra  rates  for  speed  in  sending,  say 
nineteen  words  (an  excess  of  nine  words 
over  the  regular  ten),  would  drag  out  their 
message  to  fifty  words  and  send  it  by  the 
slower  day  letter  method,  at  the  cheaper 
rates.  So  we  would  load  our  wires  with 
more  words,  the  same  number  of  messages, 
and  smaller  returns. 

"But  none  of  that  proved  true.  We 
have  held  that  two  and  a  half  million  of 
business  intact,  in  spite  of  the  day-letter. 
The  reason  is  plain.  When  a  man  is  pay- 
ing two  to  five  cents  a  word  for  extra  words, 
what  he  wants  is  speed.  He  won't  wait 
for  the  non-urgent  day-letter,  slightly  de- 
layed. So  that  urgent  business  still  stays 
with  us,  while  we  receive  the  additional 
day-letter  business  —  social,  industrial  — 
which  used  to  go  by  'United  States  mail.' 

"  Now  the  cable  situation  is  like  that  of 
the  telegraph.  There  is  a  class  of  peremp- 
tory business  which  must  receive  instan- 
taneous flash  service.  But  we  believe 
there  is  a  large  amount  which  now  goes 
by  mail  but  which  would  make  use  of  a 
non-urgent  cable  at  reduced  rates.  We 
have  set  ourselves  the  task  of  discovering 
that  business  and  winning  it  over  to  the 
use  of  the  cable. 

"A  man  goes  home  Saturday  evening 


454 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


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I 

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after  the  week's  toil  and  worry.  His 
family  is  in  London.  He  can  write  a 
letter  which  will  reach  them  twelve  days 
later.  But  here  at  last  is  a  chance  to 
send  them  that  same  letter  (for  thirty 
words  will  communicate  a  real  family 
message),  and  it  will  be  in  their  hands  on 
Tuesday   morning. 

**We  believe  that  a  large  proportion  of 
the  social  and  business  messages  will 
make  use  of  a  system  which  provides 
communication  half  way  between  the 
instantaneous  wire  and  the  delayed  slow- 
moving  mails.  It  is  our  hope  to  capture 
90  per  cent,  of  the  word  traffic  that  ncAv 
goes  by  mail.  That  is  the  goal  toward 
which  we  are  moving." 

Well  aware  that  he  had  said  a  startling 
thing,  Mr.  Vail  paused  and  sketched  out 
a  strong  slanting  90  per  cent,  on  a  sheet 
of  white  paper. 

**  Take  a  typical  cable  wire.  At  present 
it  is  doing  100  per  cent,  of  its  business  on 


*hVl*l^l"  "  '^l '  I  >!' !*'»*•''' I>  »  i»  Ji  i£  J_l.  *.£. 


UNUTILIZED 

CAPAOTY 


THE  CAPACITY  OF  THREE  CABLE    LINES 

THE  WErrERN  UNION,  THE  ANCLO-AMERICAN,  AND  TUB 
DllECT  UNrrEO  STATES.  WHICH,    WOKKING    IN    BUSI- 
NESS CONNECTION  WITH  EACH  OTHER,  AT  PRESENT 
USE  »UT  25  PER  CENT.  OF  THEIR  CAPACITY 

25  per  cent,  of  its  capacity.  Right  there 
at  the  centre  of  the  day,  it  is  paying  all 
its  expense  of  maintenance,  its  original 
cost,  its  return  to  the  stockholders.  On 
either  side  of  those  central  hours  of  ac- 
tivityt  there  is  a  57I  per  cent*  of  capacity 
going  idle.  If  we  can  fill  up  those  two 
unused  capacities  of  37J  per  cent,  each,  it 
will  be  at  almost  no  added  cost.  The 
increase  of  business  will  be  almost  pure 
gain.  When  alt  is  done  that  can  be  done 
in  increased  facilities  and  efficiency  and 
there  are  no   improvements  in  ihc  sur- 


roundings of  the  working  force  to  be  made, 
then  possibly  we  can  bring  down  the  cable 
rates  to  12 J  cents  a  word, 

"We  will  increase  efficiency  of  facilities 
and  bring  down  the  cable  rates  as  fast 
as  the  people  give  us  the  business.  There 
should  and  will  be  proper  dividends  paid 
to  the  stockholders  —  dividends  to  which 
a  public  utility  is  entitled.  Beyond  that, 
the  company  does  not  ask  anything.  The 
public  should  get  the  advantage, 

*'  With  few  exceptions,  the  cable  system 
of  the  world  is  to-day  complete.  The 
great  trade  routes  are  covered.  As  that 
trade  develops,  other  lines  will  be  laid  to 
handle  increased  traffic.  But  they  will 
duplicate  existent  lines.  Two  great  trade 
regions  are  still  left  on  the  map  of  the  world 
for  the  future  to  develop.  One  is  Siberia 
and  Manchuria.  The  other  is  South 
America,  south  of  the  Equator,  not  north 
of  It.  If  our  business  is  left  free  to  develop 
in  units  of  100  and  1000,  instead  of  in 
fragments  of  ten.  our  nation  can  take 
possession  of  the  trade  opportunity  in 
South  America.    We  can  lead  the  world/* 

Some  of  the  cable  kings  are  already 
planning  a  new  wire  to  South  America 
for  that  trade  opportunity  —  the  one 
great  wire  at  present  needed.  It  would 
run  to  Cuba,  the  Barbados,  and  then 
on  down  the  East  Coast.  Some  day,  a 
wire  will  be  laid  across  the  Bering  Strait 
over  in  the  rich  Asiatic  Territory. 

Of  the  cables  needed  for  trade  not  our 
own.  one  is  between  the  Azores  and  Ber- 
muda. This  would  connect  Europe  with 
the  United  States  and  Canada  by  one  more 
electrical  bridge.  Another  desirable  cable 
would  be  between  Mauritius  and  the  West 
Coast  of  Australia.  A  useful  extension 
of  existent  cables  would  be  that  of  con- 
necting the  Central  and  South  American 
cables  with  San  Francisco.  The  all- 
British  girdle  requires  a  cable  from  As- 
cension to  Jamaica  via  the  Barbados, 
and  from  there  to  Bermuda  and  Halifax. 

Cable  companies  do  not  fear  the  compe- 
tition  of  wireless.  Because  the  given  mes- 
sage can  be  interfered  with  by  other  mcs^ 
sages,  and  because  all  messages  within 
fifty  miles  can  be  blurred  out  of  recognition 
by  one  powerful  instrument  pulsing  out 
high-geared  ether  waves,  they  believe  that 


4 

4 


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A  CABLE  RATE  FOR  COMMON  USE  455 

wireless  will  never  carry  the  dependable  Fifty  years  ago,  it  took  a  London  or  Liver- 
trans-oceanic  business.  They  believe  that  pool  merchant  a  half  year  to  receive  an 
the  future  of  wireless  is  as  an  ally  and  answer  to  his  letter  sent  to  Calcutta.  Now 
complement  of  the  cable,  connecting  light-  it  is  a  matter  of  a  few  hours, 
ships  and  lighthouses  with  the  shore,  in'  In  recent  years,  a  message  of  68  words 
places  where  the  shallow  cable  would  be  was  dispatched  in  2 J  minutes.  It  was  sent 
ground  to  bits  by  waves  on  rocks.  12,608  miles,  and  the  answer  was  received 

Mr.  Marconi  has  stated  his  hope  for  within  seven  minutes.    A  patron  in  Texas 

wireless  —  "Two  hundred  words  a  minute  complained  of  poor  service  recently  because 

at  one  cent  a  word,  and  the  general  use  his  message  reached  the  Liverpool  Cotton 

of  wireless  telegraphy  instead  of  the  mails  Exchange    half    a    minute     after     four 

for  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  personal  o'clock,  just  too  late  to  make  the  sale, 

correspondence  that  now  passes  between  He  had  turned  it  in  at  3:53,  Greenwich 

America  and  Europe."  time,  in  Texas.     He  felt  aggrieved  that 

While  the  cable  has  failed  as  yet  to  seven  minutes  was  not  ample  time  for  its 

fulfill  the  early  hopes  of  cheap  universal  journey  to  New  York,  to  Newfoundland, 

rates,  it  has  long  ministered  efficiently  to  to  Ireland,  to  Liverpool,  to  the  floor  of 

great  human  needs.     Besides  its  own  star  the  Exchange. 

rfile,  it  has  often  served  as  substitute  and  The  people  of  the  Argentine  Republic 

understudy  for  other  systems  when  they  were  so  interested  in  the  launching  of  their 

fell  sick  from  the  weather  or  the  rush  great  battleship  Moreno,  at  the  yards  of 

hours.  the   New    York    Ship    Building   Co.    in 

A  severe  storm  swept  the  country,  from  Camden,  N.  J.,  on  Saturday,  Sept.  23, 
the  Alleghanies  to  the  Atlantic  Coast,  a  191 1,  that  the  Central  and  South  American 
few  winters  ago.  Telegraph  poles  and  lines  Telegraph  Co.  asked  the  Western  Union 
were  levelled  in  all  directions,  interrupting  to  arrange  a  special  wire  to  flash  the 
communication  between  New  York  and  announcement.  The  Moreno  glided  into 
the  West.  A  New  York  Bank,  desiring  to  the  water  at  2:33  p.  m.;  instantly  Camden 
protect  some  large  interests  in  San  Fran-  flashed  "2:33"  to  New  York,  New  York 
Cisco,  arranged  with  the  Western  Union's  cabled  to  Colon  in  the  same  instant.  Colon 
New  York  office  to  cable  a  message  flashed  it  to  Valparaiso  and  Valparaiso 
from  New  York  to  England,  thence  via  to  Buenos  Aires.  Buenos  Aires  acknowl- 
the  Eastern  Telegraph  Company's  Sub-  edged  its  receipt  and  bulletined  the  in- 
marine  Cables  through  the  Mediterranean,  formation  at  2 .-33 'p.  m.  In  other  words, 
the  Suez  Canal,  IndianOcean,  up  toChina,  the  news  arrived  in  Buenos  Aires  in  the 
thence  across  the  Pacific  to  its  corres-  fraction  of  a  minute,  even  before  the 
pondent  in  San  Francisco,  being  relayed  a  ripples  caused  by  the  battleship's  entrance 
dozen  times.  into  the  water  had  subsided. 

So  overloaded  are  the  London  to  Paris  The   Western   Union   has   summarized 

wires  that  every  day  numerous  messages  their   business  from   the  American   side 

are  cabled  from  London  to  New  York  and  over  their  own  cables. 

then  to  Paris,  because  of  the  prompter  .                                              pmceot. 

service.    Such  messages  are  called  "turn-  ^^^^^^  ^^;^^-  ^^   agriculture;  natural    ^"^ 

backs.  products,   meat,  cotton,  etc.       ,     .     .     17 

During  the  1888  blizzard,  communica-     Press 15 

tion  was  held  between  New  York  and     Social      12 

Boston  by  way  of  cable  to  Paris.  Exporters  and  Importers    ....       8 

•,„        •'^t-      !•                              J    i_  -.  Steamship  busmess  (keep mg  hnes  m  touch 

When   the   line  was  opened   between        ^j^  ^o^ts,  booking,  ctcf 7 

England  and  Spain,  a  message  required  •  Miscellaneous  ...'.!..!!!    u 
from    nine    to    ten    hours.    Before    the 

Pacific  cables    were  laid,  a  message   to  The  surprise  in  that  table  of  compara- 

Manila  cost  J2.3 5  a  word,  traveled  14,311  tive  traffic  is  that  the  diplomatic  and 

miles,  and  underwent  nineteen  different  Government  business  is  so  slight  as  to 

transmissions.    Now  the  cost   is  )i.oo.  cut  no  figure  at  all  in  the  total  volume. 


456 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


It  lags  in  among  half  a  hundred  items 
cluttered  together  under  "Miscellaneous." 
Compare  our  meagre  touch  with  consulates 
and  embassies  with  that  of  England,  which 
spends  a  million  and  a  quarter  dollars  a 
year  in  cabling  official  Government  de- 
spatches. 

The  cable  letter  is  aimed  first  at  that 
12  per  cent  of  social  interchange  —  to 
raise  its  volume  mightily  —  and  second,  at 
commercial  correspondence.  The  people 
now  cabling  will  cable  more  fully  with  the 
reduced  rates.  Even  under  the  old  system 
there  was  much  'Tiled"  business,  reports, 
and  extended  statements,  turned  in 
throughout  the  day,  and  reserved  till  after 
business  hours  and  then  sent.  For  still 
longer  reports,  these  firms  used  the  mails, 
with  the  ten  day  delay.  They  will  turn 
to  the  cable  letter.  New  firms^  of  smaller 
grade,  who  have  relied  largely  upon  the 
mails,  will  become  cable  users. 

One  of  Canada's  Postmaster  Generals, 
M.  Lemieux,  has  said:  "  Every  reduction 
in  rates  would  open  the  door  to  a  class 
of  trader  who  cannot  now  afford  to  use 
cables." 

There  is  a  double  value  to  the  cable 
letter.  It  saves  time,  closing  the  deal, 
while  it  is  still  hot,  and  the  other  man  in 
mood.  And  the  cable  lends*  an  adver- 
tising value  to  the  proposition.  It  en- 
hances its  importance  in  the  eyes  of  the 
recipient.  If  a  business  man  finds  on  his 
desk  four  communications  —  a  cable,  a 
telegram,  a  letter,  and  a  postal,  he  will 
be  apt  to  regard  them  as  of  about  that 
relative  importance,  with  the  cable  a  sure 
leader  for  his  attention. 

Atlantic  cable  rates  could  have  been 
lowered  a  decade  ago  with  the  cable  letter 
system,  if  there  had  been  a  man  big  enough 
to  do  it.  The  idea  had  been  publicly 
exploited,  but  it  had  to  wait  for  execu- 
tion for  Mr.  Vail  with  courage  to  fight 
the  conservatism  of  capital.  It  is  with 
his  coming  into  control  of  the  Bell  Tele- 
phone and  the  Western  Union  in  con- 
junction that  the  night-letter  and  the  day-  . 
letter  systems  have  been  installed.  He 
has  made  every  private  telephone  of  the 
land  a  telegraph  and  cable  station.  A 
man  with  a  telephone  is  called  up  and  the 

st-arrivcd  telegram  is  read  to  him  over 


the  wire.  He  has  the  privilege  of  calling 
up  the  nearest  telegraph  station  that  is 
open  and  sending  his  message  over  his 
telephone  wire.  As  the  result,  a  man  in 
the  country  can  receive  or  send  an  im- 
portant message  at  2  a.  m.,  even  if  the 
village  telegraph  station  has  been  tightly 
closed  for  eight  hours. 

This  has  put  every  man  with  a  Bell 
telephone  in  telegraphic  communication 
with  every  other  Bell  telephone  user  in 
the  country.  Mr.  Vails's  new  schedule  of 
cable  tolls  is  to  put  him  in  touch  with 
the  whole  world  —  and  at  a  reasonable 
rate. 

Of  the  need  of  combination  in  wire 
transmission,  Mr.  Vail  says: 

"Any  wire  system  to  be  universal,  to 
give  a  universal  service  by  electrical  trans- 
mission of  intelligence,  whether  spoken  or 
written,  must  be  one  system,  all  the  wires 
under  one  control  and  operated  by  the  same 
methods  and  under  the  same  policy. 

"From  every  place  the  service  must 
radiate  to  all  points  in  all  directions,  each 
place  being  a  centre  from  which  conmiuni- 
cation  must  go  direct  to  the  place  to  be 
communicated  with,  and  the  lines  or 
circuits  of  communication  or  transmission 
must  be  direct  and  continuous.  If  the 
distance  is  beyond  that  possible  for  direct 
communication,  the  transfer  or  relay  must 
be  from  and  to  lines  or  circuits  belonging 
to  the  same  system  under  one  control 
and  terminating  in  the  same  offices." 

The  great  principle  to  observe  is  that 
every  possible  use  must  be  made  of  every 
possible  facility.  All  of  everything  must 
be  utilized.  "Any  part  of  the  plant  that 
can  be  used  for  several  purposes  at  the 
same  time  must  be  so  used.  A  separate 
system  for  telegraph  long  distance  trunk 
lines  and  a  separate  system  for  telephone 
long  distance  trunk  lines  has  duplicated  the 
trunk  wire  plant  of  the  United  States.  In 
ten  years,  if  the  telegraph  and  telephone 
are  worked  in  unison,  the  long  distance 
lines  of  either  will  do  the  business  for  both. 

"The  plant  for  the  joint  use  of  the 
telegraph  and  long  distance  or  toll  tele- 
phone can  be  one  and  the  same,  con- 
structed, maintained  and  looked  after 
by  one  organization  —  it  will  be  one 
plant.    The  investment,   the  interest  on 


A  CABLE  RATE  FOR  COMMON  USE 


the  investment,  the  depreciation,  the 
maintenance  of  the  duplicate  plant,  can 
all  be  saved.  This  investment  will  amount 
to  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  at  an 
annual  cost  of  tens  of  millions.  All  this 
saving  can  go  into  increased  efficiency, 
new  services,  or  reduction  of  charges. 


"The  only  hindrance  to  the  i 
tion  of  all  these  features  or  inn 
except  the  time  necessary  for  re< 
tion  and  re-organization  and  re-e< 
is  the  question  of  just  how  far  this 
ation  can  go  and  not  be  techn 
violation  of  the  trust   laws.     N< 


"Although  the  same  trunk  plant  can  be     being  done  that  can  be  a  possible 
used  at  the  same  time  for  both:  the  ex-     so  far  as  human  judgment  can 


MR.    THEODORE    N.  VAIL 
WHOSE  SYSTEM  OF  DAY-tETTEItS  AND  WEEK-END  LETTERS  BY  CABLE  AT  GHEaTLY  REDUCED  RATI 
KE  HOPES.   CAPTURE   QO   PER   CENT.   OF   THE   WORD-TRAFFIC   THAT    NOW   GOES    »Y   MAIL 


change  systems  proper,  the  apparatus  and 
the  operating  organization,  are  distinct  and 
separate  and  must  always  remain  so  — 
lhe\'  cannot  be  combined.  The  telephone 
instruments  likewise  are  distinct  from  the 
telegraph  instruments  and  cannot  be  sub- 
stituted for  one  another.  Nevertheless  it 
is  obvious  that  bolh  economy  and 
efficiency  can  be  achieved  by  a  close  co- 
operation of  the  systems. 


tha^ 


but  it  is  safer  to  go  slowly 
to  retrace  any  steps. 

"When  all  this  is  worked  ou 
spondence  will  be  by  wire  —  coni 
and  documents  only  by  mail. 

"When  the  telegraph  is  treal 
by-product  of  the  telephone  | 
does  not  take  much  imagination  to 
can  be  done  in  the  broadening  ai 
sion  and  cheapening  of  telegrapl 


1 


THE    WAR    TN 


THE  WORLD'S  UNREST 


THH    DESERT   OF    TRIPOLITANI A  —  THE    RUSSIAN     GAME 
AND  MONGOLIA  —THE    NEW    ERA    IN    CHINA 


IN     PERSIA 


4 


I 


flE    war  on   the  African 
desert,  the  massacres  in 
Persia    by    the    Russian 
soldiers,  and    the   revo- 
lution   in    China  —  the 
three  centres  of  active  unrest, 
mark  dramatic  steps  in  great 
movements    that    have    been 
going  on  for  many  years. 

It  took  Italy  only  six  days 
to  present  an  ultimatum  to 
Turkey,  declare  war,  send  a 
fleet  across  the  Mediterranean  and  bom- 
bard the  city  of  Tripoli.  But  it  was  thirty- 
three  years  after  the  treaty  of  BeHin, 
when  Austria  and  Gennany  tacitly  ad- 
mitted Italy's  designs  upon  Tripolitania, 
before  Italy  found  herself  in  a  p<isition 
to  share  the  sp<3il.  The  Italian  expedition 
captured  the  city  of  Tripoli  and  made 
landings  at  several  other  places.  The 
Turkish  army,  cut  off  from  all  help  or  even 
communication  with  Turkey,  had  little 
hope  of  a  successful  ultimate  outcome 
in  spite  of  its  determined  resistance. 
Tripolitania  is  lost  to  Turkey,  But  what 
is  lost  to  Turkey  is  not  altogether  gained 
for  Italy.  Tripolitania  is  a  fourth  as  large 
as  the  United  States.  Its  pacification  is  a 
work  of  years.    It  is  estimated  that  Algeria 


has  cost  France  $7>o.ooo.ooo,  and  the 
French  brought  to  their  task  a  powerful 
army  and  the  tact  and  experience  gained 
in  their  long  years  of  colonization.  With 
less  experience  and  fewer  resources,  Italy 
has  a  similar  problem  to  face,  the  paci- 
fication and  development  of  a  vast  desert 
Empire  peopled  by  warlike  nomads*  The 
coast  line  of  Tripolitania  is  as  long  as  ours 
from  Maine  to  Florida,  and  the  province 
stretches  inland  fur  more  than  one  thi>u» 
sand  miles. 

For  many  years  Russia  ha^  had  designs 
on  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  little  by  little 
her  sphere  of  influence  has  moved  south- 
ward —  and  the  corresponding  English 
sphere  of  influence  to  protect  the  over- 
land route  to  India  comes  over  Persia 
from  the  Indian  border.  In  the  way  of 
the  Russian  game  stood  W.  Morgan 
Shuster,  the  Treasurer-General  of  Persia, 
an  American,  formeriy  a  member  of  the 
Philippine  Commission,  app<^inted  to  his 
post  in  Persia  on  the  recommendation  of 
President  Taft.  This,  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Shuster's  criticism  of  Russia,  added 
much  to  Russia's  resentment  of  our 
attempt  to  force  the  Czar's  Government 
to  recognize  the  passports  of  Americanized 
Russian  Jews.    Mr.  Shuster's  administm* 


« 


A 


THE  WORLD'S  UNREST 


459 


THE    WAR    IN    THE    DESERT 

OUTSIDE   THE  CITY    OF    TRIPOLI    WHERE  THE   ITALIAN    TROOPS    HAVE  FIRST   THE  PROBLEM  OP  SUB- 
DUING THE   TURKISH   ARMY  AND  THEN   THE    TASK    OF     PACIFYING  A    COUNTRY  A   FOURTH 
AS  LARGE  AS  THE   UNITED  STATES,   PEOPLED  BY  NOMADIC  TRIBES 


uKuRuL    l^AKUMLilLl-r 


THE  N£W  RUSSIAN  AMBASSADOR  ^^IIO  IS  HANDLING  THE  DELICATE  QUESTIONS  THAT  ARISE 
IN   THE    PRESEKT  RELATIONS    BETWEEN    THE   UNITED  STATES  AND  RUSSIA 


iVlk,   W.    MORGAN   SHUSThR 

THE   AMERICAN    WHOSE   WPRK   AS  TREASURER-GENERAL   OF    PERSIA    PROVOKED    1 
SLUMBERING  TROUBLE.      HE     PROPHESIES    FURTHER    RUSSIAN    AND    BRITISH 
ENCROACHMENTS  ON    PERSIA 


I 
I 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


lion  gave  the  Persian  finances  a  balance 
instead  of  a  deficit  in  less  than  a  year. 
But  in  his  vigorous  and  efficient  conduct 
of  his  office  he  gave  Russia  an  excuse 
to  make  demands  on  Persia,  or  Russia 
made  his  work  an  excuse  —  it  matters 
little.  Russia  requested  Mr.  Shuster's 
removal  and  Great  Britain  acquiesced 
in  the  demand.  The  Persian  National 
Assembly    refused    to    remove    him.      In 


not  go  to  war  with  Russia  for  thai  would 
mean  the  end  of  the  little  independence 
left.  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  in  ihe 
capital  and  Mr.  Shuster  was  dismissed. 
The  Russian  and  English  paths  of  empire 
have  moved  on  another  step. 

In  another  quarter,  also,  Russia  has 
pushed  forward  her  influence.  For  years 
she  has  wished  to  increase  her  interests  in 
Mongolia,  a  province  more  than  half  as 


ii 


A     PfcRSIAN     PKuitST     AGAlN:>i      IHb     DISMISSAL    OF     SHUSTtR 

WHO   NAD   HESCUEO  THE   COUNTRY    FROM    HANKRUPTCY    ANO,    IN   \  YEAR   DISTUKIIED   BY  REVOLUTIOM, 

CHANCED    A    DEriClT  OF   ISOO^OOO    INTO   A    SURPLUS   OF   IBOO.OOO 


the   capital,    feheran,    great   crowds  col- 

tkcted  to  protest  against  his  dismissal. 
They  collected,  also,  in  Tabriz  and  in 
other  cities  where  Russian  tnKips  were 
quartered.  Riots  followed  and  then  mas- 
sacres of  men,  women,  and  children  by  the 
»  Russian  soldiers.  In  Resht,  five  hundred 
people  were  killed,  and  in  Tabriz  the 
Persian  constitutionalists  and  the  Russian 
guards  were  in  conflict.     But  Persia  could 


large  as  China  proper,  by  building  the 
trans-Mongolian  railroad.  And  naturally 
she  is  now  ready  to  protect  this  province^ 
which  has  taken  advantage  of  the  present 
weakness  of  the  Pekin  Government  to 
shake  free.  Simultaneously  with  the  re^ 
ports  about  Mongolia,  came  the  news  of  a 
similar  situation  in  Chinese  Turkestan. 
With  Manchuria  under  foreign  domina- 
tion, and  with  Mongolia  and  Turkestan 


THE  WORLD'S  UNREST 


463 


Cepjmfiit.  by  I 
PREMIER  YUAN   SHI-KAI 
(in  the  centre  of  the  picture,  facing  the  reader)  head  op  the  imperial  forces,  and  long  con- 
sidered china's  most  constructive  statesman 


on  the  way  to  be  Russianized,  China  has 
lost  direct  and  independent  control  of 
nearly  one  half  of  its  territory. 

While  Russia  is  fastening  its  tentacles 
on  Mongolia  and  Turkestan,  there  are, 
in  China  proper,   two  or  three  govern- 


ments and  a  great  lack  of  government. 
At  Shanghai,  Wu  Ting-Fang  for  the  Revo- 
lutionists and  Tang  Shao-Yi  representing 
the  Pekin  Government,  have  concluded  an 
agreement  to  submit  the  form  of  the  future 
government  of  China  to  a  National  Con  ven- 


IMPERIAL    TROOPS    AWAITING    THE     ENEMY    NEAR    HANKOW 

IN   THE   CHINESE     RtVOLUTION    WHICH    PROBABLY   AFFECTS   DtRECTLY    MORE    PEOPLE   THAN    ANY    PRE* 

VIOUS    REVOLUTION    IN    THE    WOULD's    HISTORY 


tion.  pending  the  assembling  of  which  there 
is  an  armistice.  This  situation  is  some- 
what complicated  by  the  election  of  Dr. 
Sun  Yat-Sen  as  President  of  the  Republic 


of  China  at  Nankin.  But  in  spile  of  this, 
the  calling  of  the  Convention  has  improved 
the  situaiion  and  the  prospects  of  peace- 
One  important  fact  to  be  noted  is  that  the 


THE  WORLD'S  UNREST 


465 


present  rebellion  is  not  a  protest  against 
foreign  aggression  so  much  as  a  protest 
against  Manchu  tyranny  and  misrule.  It  is 
the  demand  for  a  progressive  China  from 
the  Chinese  themselves.  For  nearly  twenty 
years  the  story  of  the  awakening  of  China 
is  intimately  bound  up  with  the  career  of 
one  man,  Yuan  Shi-kai.  Politically  he 
has  been  sometimes  allied  with  the  Pro- 
gressive party  and  sometimes  with  the 
reactionary  element  under  the  old  Dowager 
Empress.  But  by  his  works  he  is  known 
as  a  Progressive.  He  has  been  the 
dominant  figure  in  China  since  the  death 
of  Li  Hung  Chang,  whose  pupil  he  was. 

After  the  disastrous  war  with  Japan 
in  1894,  for  which  Yuan  Shi-kai  was  held 
partially  responsible,  he  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  troops  in  the  metropolitan  province. 
With  the  help  of  German  officers  he  formed 
an  army  of  12,500  men  trained  in  the 
European  fashion  —  the  first  modem  sol- 
diery in  China.  From  this  grew  by  1910 
a  fairly  well  trained  and  equipped  army, 
•half  again  as  large  as  that  of  the  United 
States  —  an  army  in  which  every  soldier 
had  two  hours  of  Western  teaching  a  day, 
and  for  which  the  officers  were  trained  in 
military  schools.  Yuan  Shi-kai,  though 
a  Progressive,  joined  with  the  reactionary 
Dowager  in  1899  against  the  Emperor. 
But  the  next  year,  during  the  Boxer  re- 
bellion, we  find  him,  as  Governor  of  Shan- 
tung, ignoring  the  Imperial  edicts,  and 
dealing  so  summarily  with  the  Boxers  that 
not  a  foreigner  was  hurt  in  his  province. 
In  1902  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Northern 
Railway,  and  "wherever  he  was  he  gave 
as  much  attention  to  the  city  government 
as  to  that  of  the  province  or  the  nation; 
and,  in  spite  of  having  no  foreign  education 
himself,  he  began  building  up  a  system 
of  public  schools  in  his  province,  the  like  of 
which  there  is  nothing  in  all  China." 

The  most  patent  signs  of  progress  in 
China,  the  army,  the  schools,  and  the 
railroads,  are  the  work  of  Yuan  Shi-kai 
more  than  of  any  other  one  man.  But 
the  Radical  reformers  held  not  only  that 
he  had  betrayed  the  Emperor  to  the 
Dowager  Empress  in  1898  but  that  he  was 
instrumental  in  the  Emperor's  death  in 
1908.  At  any  rate,  the  Prince  Regent 
Chun  dismissed  him  for  a  time  because 


he  had  "rheumatism  of  the  leg."  When 
the  present  revolution  commenced  and  he 
was  recalled  he  answered  that  his  rheuma- 
tism was  still  bad.  But  the  Manchu  rule 
was  almost  at  an  end;  it  needed  his 
strength  to  help  it  so  much  that  it  was 
willing  to  take  him  on  any  terms.  The 
revolution  was  making  headway  in  the 
South,  and  even  the  National  Assembly 
at  Pekin  had  shown  a  revolutionary  tend- 
ency. On  October  27th,  Yuan  Shi-kai  took 
command  of  the  Imperial  army.  Eleven 
days  later  the  National  Assembly  ap- 
pointed him  Premier.  In  his  cabinet 
he  appointed  several  active  sympathizers 
with  the  Revolution.  While  the  first 
attacks  on  Nanking  and  Hankow  were 
repulsed  by  the  Imperial  troops,  later 
these  cities  and  also  Wuchang,  Hang- 
yang  and  Foochow  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Revolutionists.  The  Revolutionists 
at  Shanghai  formed  a  cabinet,  with  Wu 
Ting  Fang,  former  minister  to  the  United 
States,  as  director  of  foreign  affairs.  Dr. 
Sun  Yat  Sen,  the  agitator  long  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe  collecting  funds, 
joined  this  group  on  his  return  to  China. 
Another  party  set  up  a  republic  at  Chi-fu, 
and  in  the  interior  General  Li  Yuan- 
hung  was  in  command  of  the  rebel  armies. 
Early  in  December  Prince  Chun  ab- 
dicated his  regency,  leaving  Yuan  Shi-kai 
to  deal  as  best  he  could  with  the  Assem- 
bly at  Shanghai  and  the  leadership  of 
Sun  Yat  Sen.  However  the  warfare  or 
negotiations  between  Yuan  Shi-kai  and 
the  more  radical  progressives  turn  out, 
one  thing  is  certain:  the  old  regime  of 
the  Manchus  is  at  an  end.  Since  the 
time  of  Li  Hung  Chang  all  the  stronger 
men  in  the  Government  have  been  Chinese 
without  Manchu  blood,  and  when  the 
final  test  came  the  Manchus  dropped 
out,  leaving  two  Chinese  parties  contend- 
ing for  control.  The  republicans  won 
over  the  monarchists,  and  China  was  pro- 
claimed a  "republic."  On  December  29th, 
Dr.  Sun  Yat  Sen  was  chosen  president. 
Thus  China  has  ended  the  dynasty  of  the 
despots.  The  Chinese  Empire  is  over- 
turned, and  the  most  populous  nation  of 
the  world  has  begun  a  new  era.  There 
have  been  few  events  in  the  world's  history 
that  affected  more  people. 


WOODROW  WILSON -A  BIOGRAPHY 

FIFTH  ARTICLE 

OUT  OF  PRINCETON  INTO  POLITICS 

THE   TRUE   STORY  OF   HIS   NOMINATION    FOR  THE   GOVERNORSHIP   OF  NEW 
JERSEY  —  THE   ASTONISHING   MANNER   IN   WHICH   SOME   OF   HIS   SUP- 
PORTERS   LEARNED  THAT  THERE  ARE  MEN   WHO   MEAN 
WHAT  THEY   SAY  — IS   THIS   "INGRATITUDE"? 
BY 

WILLIAM   BAYARD  HALE 

(AUTHOR  OY  "A  WEEK  IN  THE  WHXTB  HOUSE  WITH  PEE8DENT  lOOSEVEU") 


THE  State  of  New  Jersey  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1910 
was  in  the  case  of  many 
another  commonwealth  in  this 
Union  of  States.  It  was  in 
the  grip  of  the  politicians  and  the  cor- 
porations, and  the  good  people  resident 
within  its  borders  had  about  as  much  vo^ce 
in  the  management  of  their  public  affairs 
as  they  had  in  deciding  the  weather  or 
determining  the  phases  of  the  moon.  For 
years  the  state  government  had  been  run 
by  agents  of  "the  interests"  —  for  a 
time  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  pre- 
dominating, more  recently  a  combination 
of  electric  light  and  power  companies, 
gas  companies,  and  trolley  lines,  controlled 
by  the  Prudential  Insurance  Company 
and  the  malodorous  United  Gas  Improve- 
ment Company  of  Philadelphia. 

Latterly  it  was  the  Republican  Organi- 
zation that  had  been  in  power  at  Trenton, 
but  the  system  was  really  a  bi-partisan 
one.  The  Republican  bosses.  Senator 
John  Dryden,  Senator  John  Kean,  ex- 
Governor  Franklin  Murphy,  ex-Governor 
Edward  C.  Stokes,  and  David  P.  Baird, 
had  come  to  be  known  as  the  "Board  of 
Guardians,"  in  which  the  public  service, 
railroad,  insurance,  and  other  corporation 
interests  were  duly  represented.  The 
Democratic  Organization  was  the  private 
property  of  James  Smith,  Jr.,  a  politician 
who  had  made  his  way  into  the  United 
States  Senate  in  consequence  of  having 
delivered  the  vote  of  the  Jersey  delegation 
to    Mr.    Cleveland    at    the    Democratic 


National  Convention  of  1892,  and  who  had 
retired  from  that  body  under  criticisms 
connected  with  certain  scandals  incidental 
to  the  framing  of  the  Wilson  Tariff.  Ex- 
Senator  Smith  is  a  polished  man  of  affairs 
whose  business  interests  are  identical  with 
those  of  his  friends  on  the  Republican 
"Board  of  Guardians."  His  chief  lieu- 
tenant was  James  K.  Nugent,  a  typical 
representative  of  the  old-style,  strong- 
arm  methods  in  politics.  "  Bob  "  Davis, 
the  thrifty  boss  of  Essex  County,  some- 
times rebelled  against  his  feudal  lord  and 
sometimes  played  in  with  him,  but  be- 
tween Smith  and  Davis,  the  Organiza- 
tion through  a  dozen  lean  years  had 
existed  to  garner  the  spoils  of  munici- 
pal jobs  and  contracts  in  Newark,  Jersey 
City,  and  Hoboken;  to  fill  a  few  minority 
memberships  on  state  commissions  of  one 
sort  and  another;  and  to  furnish  the  Re- 
publican machine  with  needed  help  in  time 
of  danger. 

However,  the  great  moral  movement 
which  during  the  last  five  years  has  been 
abroad  in  the  land,  had  not  left  New 
Jersey  unaware  of  its  gathering  power. 
The  leaders  of  both  parties  were  forced 
to  heed  it.  In  the  Republican  party, 
Everett  Colby,  George  L.  Record,  and 
others  stirred  up  a  dangerous  enthusiasm 
among  "new  idea  Republicans."  Some- 
how, somewhere,  by  someone,  there  was 
suggested  to  Mr.  Smith's  Organization 
a  plan  of  getting  aboard  the  reform  wagon 
and  riding  on  .it  into  power.  The  fight 
against   privilege  and   the  championship 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


4O7 


of  democracy  in  college  life  captained  by 
the  President  of  Princeton  University 
had  attracted  the  attention  of  the  state 
and  now  suggested  him  as  a  man  who 
could  lead  a  party  to  victory  under  the 
banner  of  political  reform.  President 
Wilson  was  a  student  of  public  affairs  of 
authority  throughout  the  country;  he 
was  an  accomplished  and  persuasive 
speaker;  a  man  of  lofty  character  and 
winning  personality.  Indeed,  from  out- 
side the  State,  from  the  press  of  many 
cities,  had  come  the  suggestion  that  the 
nation  would  be  fortunate  if  it  could  place 
such  a  man  as  Wilson  in  the  Presidential 
chair. 

It  is  easy  enough  to  see  how  the  idea  of 
running  Wilson  for  Governor  needed 
only  present  itself  to  the  imagination  of 
a  shrewd  boss  to  become  immediately  con- 
genial. Mr.  Smith  had  a  son  at  Prince- 
ton and  had  on  one  or  two  occasions 
exchanged  greetings  with  the  head  of  the 
college,  but  there  was  no  real  acquaintance 
between  the  two  men,  and  the  Democratic 
leader  no  doubt  naturally  imagined  that  a 
learned  collegian  would  be  as  putty  in  the 
hands  of  an  experienced  politician — especi- 
ally if  his  eyes  were  rose-spectacled  by  the 
promise  of  a  nomination  for  President. 
The  man  was  a  hero  for  progressive,  in- 
dependent citizens  everywhere  and  espe- 
cially within  the  state  where  he  was  best 
known;  a  spontaneous  popular  feeling 
that  he  would  make  an  ideal  Governor 
had  arisen;  what  could  be  better  politics 
than  to  become  sponsor  of  his  nomination 
and  use  his  popularity  for  a  ride  back  to 
power? 

During  the  early  summer  of  19 10,  Presi- 
dent Wilson  was  told  by  a  number  of  his 
friends  that  he  could  probably  have  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  Governor  if 
he  desired  it.  These  intimations  became 
so  numerous  and  so  pointed  and  were 
accompanied  by  so  many  assurances  of 
the  benefit  the  party  and  the  state  would 
derive  from  his  acceptance  that  Mr. 
Wilson  was  constrained  to  lend  them  a 
favorable  ear.  His  work  at  Princeton 
was  apparently  arrested  —  that  he  realized. 

And  yet  the  prospective  nominee  was 
profoundly  puzzled.  While  sentiment 
among  the  best  class  of  voters  through- 


out the  state  was  strong,  the  practical 
overtures  came  from  the  Organization 
headed  by  Smith.  Mr.  Wilson  was  per- 
fectly aware  of  ex-Senator  Smith's  political 
character  and  history;  he  knew  what  the 
Organization  was.  How  could  such  a 
gang  support  him?  What  quid  did  they 
expect  for  their  quo?  Were  they  deceiving 
themselves  as  to  their  man?  Did  they  fancy 
that  his  life-long  detestation  of  corrupt 
politics  was  simply  pose?  Or  were  they 
merely  willing  to  take  him  because  they 
knew  he  was  the  only  sure  chance  of 
party  victory?  Willing  to  have  an  incor- 
ruptible Governor  if  it  were  impossible 
otherwise  to  get  a  Pemocratic  Governor? 
Did  Smith  regard  the  schoolmaster  as  a 
simple  soul  who  would  hand  out  corpora- 
tion favors  without  knowing?  Did  he 
expect  to  get  a  United  States  Senatorship 
through  the  Democratic  legislature  which 
Wilson's  popularity  was  likely  to  elect? 

On  that  point,  Mr.  Wilson  made  specific 
inquiry  of  the  gentlemen  who  came  to 
him  on  their  puzzling  errand.  He  required 
their  assurance  that  Mr.  Smith  would 
not  seek  the  Senatorship.  "Were  he  to 
do  so,  while  I  was  Governor,"  he  told 
them,  "  I  should  have  to  oppose  him.  He 
represents  everything  repugnant  to  my 
convictions."  They  told  him  categorically 
that  Smith  had  no  idea  of  going  back  to 
the  Senate;  that  he  was  a  man  thought  to  be 
sick  with  a  dangerous  constitutional  aifment 
and  borne  down  by  domestic  bereavement 
and  that  he  was  definitely  out  of  politics. 
Furthermore  they  called  his  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  election  laws  of  New 
Jersey  called  for  a  primary,  in  which  the 
respective  parties  by  popular  vote  selected 
their  candidates  for  Senator.  James 
Smith,  Jr.,  would  not  enter  that  primary 
race.  Nothing  could  be  more  convincing 
on  that  score. 

Talking  afterward  of  his  perplexity  at 
this  time.  Governor  Wilson  said: 

"I  was  asked  to  allow  myself  to  be 
nominated,  and  for  a  long  time  it  was 
impossible  for  me  to  understand  why  I 
had  been  asked.  The  gentlemen  who 
wanted  to  nominate  me  were  going  outside 
the  ranks  of  recognized  politicians  and 
picking  out  a  man  whom  they  knew  would 
be  regarded  as  an  absolutely  independent 


468 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


person  and  whom  1  thought  they  knew 
was  an  absolutely  independent  person. 
1  tried  to  form  a  working  theory  as  to 
why  they  should  do  it.  1  asked  very 
direct  and  impertinent  questions  of  some 
of  the  gentlemen  as  to  why  they  wanted 
me  to  make  the  run.  They  didn't  give 
me  any  very  satisfactory  explanation,  so 
1  had  to  work  one  out  for  myself.  1  con- 
cluded on  the  whole  that  these  gentlemen 
had  been  driven  to  recognize  that  a  new 
day  had  come  in  American  politics,  and 
that  they  would  have  to  conduct  them- 
selves henceforth  after  a  new  fashion. 
Moreover,  there  were  certain  obvious 
practical  advantages  to  be  gained  by  the 
old-time  managers.  Whether  they  could 
control  the  Governor  or  not,  a  Democratic 
victory  would  restore  their  local  prestige 
and  give  them  control  of  a  score  of  things 
in  which  the  Governor  could  not  command 
them,  even  if  he  wished.  It  was  one 
thing  to  put  a  Governor  in  and  a  Legisla- 
ture; it  was  another  to  control  their  coun- 
ties and  municipalities." 

The  sequel  will  show  how  accurate  was 
this  theory. 

On  Tuesday,  July  12,  19 10,  a  number  of 
gentlemen  gathered  in  a  private  room  of 
the  Lawyers'  Club,  120  Broadway,  New 
York,  to  have  dinner  and  to  inquire  of  Mr. 
Wilson  whether  he  would  allow  his  name  to 
be  presented  to  the  New  Jersey  Democratic 
State' Convention.  At  that  meeting  were 
present  Robert  S.  Hudspeth,  national  com- 
mitteeman for  New  Jersey;  James  R. 
Nugent,  state  chairman;  Eugene  F.  Kin- 
kead.  Congressman;  Richard  V.  Lindabury, 
George  Harvey,  and  Milan  Ross.  But  one 
practical  inquiry  was  made  of  Mr. 
Wilson;  it  was  voiced  by  Mr.  Hudspeth, 
and  was  in  substance  this: 

"Doctor  Wilson,  there  have  been  some 
political  reformers  who,  after  they  have 
been  elected  to  office  as  candidates  of  one 
party  or  the  other,  have  shut  the  doors 
in  the  face  of  the  Organization  leaders, 
refusing  even  to  listen  to  them.  Is  it 
your  idea  that  a  Governor  must  refuse  to 
acknowledge  his  party  Organization?" 

"Not  at  all,"  Mr.  Wilson  replied.  "I 
have  always  been  a  believer  in  party 
Organizations.  If  I  were  elected  Governor 
I  should  be  very  glad  to  consult  with  the 


leaders  of  the  Democratic  Organization. 
I  should  refuse  to  listen  to  no  man,  but  I 
should  be  especially  glad  to  hear  and 
duly  consider  the  suggestions  of  the 
leaders  of  my  party.  If,  on  my  own  inde> 
pendent  investigation,  1  found  that  recom- 
mendations for  appointment  made  to  me 
by  the  Organization  leaders  named  the 
best  possible  men,  I  should  naturally 
prefer,  other  things  being  equal,  to  ap- 
point them,  as  the  men  pointed  out  by 
the  combined  counsels  of  the  party." 

On  July  fifteenth,  Mr.  Wilson  issued  a 
public  statement  in  which  he  said  that 
if  it  were  the  wish  "of  a  decided  ma- 
jority of  the  thoughtful  Democrats 
of  the  state,"  that  he  should  be  their  can- 
didate for  Governor,  he  would  accept  the 
nomination. 

The  announcement  caused  a  sensation. 
It  was  received  with  enthusiasm  by  many 
men  of  both  parties,  yet  there  were  not 
lacking  those  who  were  so  suspicious  of 
Smith  and  his  associate  bosses  that  they 
could  not  believe  the  nomination  was  to 
be  given  Mr.  Wilson  without  pledges  from 
him.  Again,  some  of  the  best  and  most 
intelligent  men  of  the  Democratic  party, 
while  they  did  not  doubt  the  integrity  of 
the  proposed  nominee,  did  fear  that  his 
inexperience  in  practical  politics  would 
make  him  an  easy  instrument  of  the  gang. 
Mr.  Wilson  had  been  assured  that  only 
his  consent  was  necessary  for  his  un- 
challenged nomination,  but  in  fact  oppo- 
sition to  it  at  once  arose  and  continued 
until  the  convention  balloted.  Three 
other  Democrats,  Frank  S.  Katzenbach, 
George  S.  Silzer,  and  H.  Otto  Wittpen, 
immediately  entered  the  ring.  Wittpen 
was  the  successful  Mayor  of  Jersey  City 
and  the  sworn  foe  of  "  Bob"  Davis;  Davis, 
though  lately  he  had  quarrelled  with  Smith, 
was  now  reconciled,  and  threw  his  Jersey 
City  Organization  for  Wilson's  candidacy. 

After  issuing  his  statement,  Mr.  Wilson 
went  to  the  little  town  of  Lyme,  Conn., 
where  he  has  been  in  the  habit  of 
spending  his  summers,  and  —  spent  his 
summer.  He  moved  not  one  of  his  ten 
fingers  in  behalf  of  the  nomination. 
Certain  other  people,  however,  were  mov- 
ing everything  moveable  to  that  end.  The 
fact  that  the  Smith  crowd  were  advocating 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


469 


him  puzzled  many  who  otheiwise  would 
have  been  his  foremost  supporters.  It  was 
only  (as  Mr.  Wilson  afterward  learned 
to  his  amazement)  by  sharp  dragooning 
that  a  majority  sufficient  to  make  him  the 
choice  was  seated  in  the  Trenton  Con- 
vention on  September  fifteenth. 

The  speech  made  in  that  body  by  Clar- 
ence Cole,  formally  putting  Princeton's 
President  in  nomination,  was  interrupted  by 
jeers,  cat-calls,  and  sarcastic  questions.  A 
few  remarks  made  by  Mr.  Smith  were,  how- 
ever, closely  listened  to.  The  Big  Boss 
said  that  he  had  no  personal  acquaintance 
with  Mr.  Wilson.  Mr.  Wilson  and  he 
did  not  move  in  the  same  world.  He  had 
never  conversed  with  him.  Had  con- 
ditions been  different,  he  should  have 
preferred  a  candidate  identified  with  the 
Organization.  But  it  was  necessary  to 
find  a  man  who  could  be  elected.  Mr. 
Wilson  was  a  Democrat  and  he  could  be 
elected;  he  knew  nobody  else  who  for  a 
certainty  could  be.  Therefore  he  was 
for  Wilson,  who  had  consented  to  accept 
a  nomination  without  any  private  obli- 
gations or  undertakings  whatever  —  he 
was  for  him  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
time  New  Jersey  had  a  Democratic 
Governor.  - 

These  were  sagacious  sentences  —  and 
had  the  incidental  merit  of  telling  the 
truth.  It  is  undeniable  that  Smith  organ- 
ized the  Wilson  candidacy;  it  is  the 
curious  fact,  however,  that  he  could 
ensure  its  success  only  by  publicly  separat- 
ing himself  from  it  as  far  as  he  could. 

On  the  first  ballot,  709  votes  being  neces- 
sary to  a  choice,  Woodrow  Wilson  received 
749  and  was  declared  the  nominee  for  Gov- 
ernor. Hastily  summoned  from  Princeton, 
eleven  miles  away,  he  appeared  on  the 
platform  and  made  a  speech  of  acceptance 
so  ringing  in  its  assertion  of  independence 
and  so  trumpet-toned  in  its  utterance 
of  the  principles  of  progressive  democracy 
that  the  convention  was  fairly  carried  off 
its  feet.  Few  of  the  delegates  had  ever 
seen  or  heard  Mr.  Wilson.  Had  he  made 
that  speech  before  the  ballot  —  there 
would  have  been  no  ballot.  Having  made 
it,  he  became  the  candidate  of  a  united 
and  enthusiastic  party. 

The   language   in   which    Mr.   Wilson 


made  clear  to  the  convention  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  he  was  accepting 
the  nomination  was  as  follows: 

I  did  not  seek  this  nomination.  I  have 
made  no  pledge  and  have  given  no  promise. 
Still  more,  not  only  was  no  promise  asked,  but 
as  far  as  I  know,  none  was  desired.  I  f  elected, 
as  I  expect  to  be,  I  am  left  absolutely  free  to 
serve  you  with  all  singleness  of  purpose.  It 
is  a  new  era  when  these  things  can  be  said. 

In  the  first  speech  of  his  campaign,  at 
Jersey  City,  September  28,  the  candidate 
said: 

Some  gentlemen  on  this  platform  can  tell 
you  more  specifically  than  I  can  that  I  did 
not  seek  the  nomination  as  Governor.  They 
were  generous  enough  to  offer  it  to  me,  and 
because  they  offered  if  to  me  they  were  generous 
enough  to  let  me  understand  that  I  was  under 
no  obligation  to  any  individual  or  group  of 
individuals. 

Now  this  story  of  Mr.  Wilson's  nomina- 
tion is  worth  telling  in  some  detail  because, 
in  the  first  place,  it  is  a  funny  story,  in  the 
light  of  its  sequel;  and  because,  in  the 
second  place,  it  has  to  do  with  the  charge 
of  "ingratitude"  —  the  gravest  brought 
against  New  Jersey's  Governor.  "What 
do  you  think  of  Woodrow  Wilson,"  a 
New  York  reporter  asked  Mr.  Richard 
Croker  on  the  latest  of  those  brief  visits 
which  the  ex-Tammany  chieftain  deigns 
occasionally  to  pay  to  the  land  and  city, 
now  bereft  of  his  political  leadership. 
"Nothing  to  say,"  replied  Mr.  Croker. 
After  a  few  pulls  at  his  cigar,  however, 
he  brought  out:  "An  ingrate  is  no  good 
in  politics." 

Which  is  sound  political  sagacity.  Is 
Wilson  an  ingrate? 

After  a  few  speeches  in  which  it  was 
apparent  that  the  nominee  had  a  little 
difficulty  in  bringing  himself  to  ask  any- 
body to  vote  for  him,  Mr.  Wilson  de- 
veloped unusual  power  as  a  campaigner. 
The  speeches  required  of  a  candidate  are 
not  of  the  nature  of  those  in  which  a  col- 
lege president  or  a  polished  occasional 
orator  is  practised,  but  this  candidate 
had  things  to  say  on  which  his  convictions 
were  so  strong  and  his  sense  of  their 
importance  so  great  that  he  soon  learned 
language  that  caught  the  ear  and  won  the 


470 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


warm  attention  of  the  great  body  of  the 
plain  voters  of  New  Jersey.  He  talked 
to  them  of  the  need  of  dragging  public 
business  out  of  private  rooms  where  secret 
interests  and  professional  political  jobbers 
conspire,  into  the  open  air  where  all  might 
see  what  is  being  done;  of  the  need  of  new 
political  machinery  that  the  people  might 
resume  the  control  of  their  own  affairs; 
he  talked  of  the  vast  social  and  industrial 
changes  of  the  past  twenty  years,  making 
necessary  the  renovation  of  all  our  old 
social  and  industrial  ideas;  of  the  need  of 
new  relations  between  workingmen  and 
their  employers,  now  that  these  are  days  of 
great  corporations;  of  the  need  of  regulating 
strictly  those  corporations;  talked  simply, 
straightforwardly,  of  all  manner  of  specific 
public  things  in  a  way  that  brought  them 
home  to  the  individual  voter  with  a  new 
sense  of  his  own  personal  concern  in  them 
and  awakened  in  him  a  new  realization 
of  his  duty,  his  power,  and  his  oppor- 
tunity. He  not  only  did  this;  he  lifted 
political  discussion  to  a  new  plane,  till  at 
every  meeting  the  audience  was  thrilled 
with  the  consciousness  that  the  problems  of 
to-day  are  gigantic,  critical,  big  with  the 
purposes  of  Providence,  as  they  heard  this 
man  picture  them  on  the  broad  back- 
ground of  history,  in  the  inspiration  of  a 
soul  aflame  with  love  of  common  humanity 
and  faith  in  its  progress  toward  splendid 
futures. 

One  incident  of  the  campaign  was  the 
candidate's  reply  to  a  list  of  questions, 
presumed  to  be  embarrassing,  asked  him 
in  an  open  letter  by  a  Progressive  Republi- 
can, Mr.  George  L.  Record.  Mr.  Record 
put  into  careful  form  nineteen  queries 
requiring  Mr.  Wilson  to  declare  himself 
on  such  subjects  as  a  public  service  com- 
mission with  power  to  fix  rates;  the 
physical  valuation  of  public  service  cor- 
poration properties;  direct  primaries;  pop- 
ular election  of  United  States  Senators;  bal- 
lot reform;  corrupt  practices  legislation; 
employers'  liability  for  workingmen's  in- 
juries; and  finally  his  own  opinion  of  the 
Democratic  bosses,  namely.  Smith,  Nugent, 
and  Davis. 

With  instant  readiness,  with  audacious 
glee,  Mr.  Wilson  gave  his  answers:  he 
'•'"cepted  the  whole  Progressive  Republican 


programme  and  asked  for  more;  no  Re- 
publican could  satisfy  a  Progressive  Demo- 
crat's appetite  for  reform.  As  for  Smithy 
Nugent,  and  Davis,  he  would  join  any- 
body in  denouncing  them;  they  diflTered 
from  Baird,  Kean,  Stokes,  and  Murphy 
in  this,  that  the  latter  "are  in  control  of  the 
government  of  the  state,  while  the  others 
are  not,  and  cannot  he  if  the  present  Demo- 
cratic  ticket  is  elected,"  Mr.  Wilson  went 
further;  he  asked  himself  a  twentieth 
question  which  Mr.  Record  had  been 
too  polite  to  ask:  What  would  be  his 
relations  with  those  men  if '  elected 
Governor?  "  I  shall  always  welcome  ad- 
vice and  suggestions  from  any  citizen, 
whether  boss,  leader.  Organization  man 
or  plain  citizen,  but  all  suggestions  and 
advice  will  be  considered  on  their  merits. 
I  should  deem  myself  forever  disgraced 
should  I,  in  even  the  slightest  degree, 
cooperate  in  any  such  system  or  any  such 
transactions  as  'the  boss  system'  describes." 

Election  day  was  November  8th.  On 
that  day  the  people  of  New  Jersey,  for 
many  years  a  Republican  state,  chose 
Woodrow  Wilson  for  Governor  by  a 
plurality  of  49,150.  Two  years  before^ 
Taft  had  carried  the  state  by  a  plurality 
of  82,000.  IVilson  had  changed  the  poUU 
teal  mind  of  66,000  out  of  4^^,000  voters. 
You  will  hunt  hard  to  find  the  like  of  tbat 
in  American  politics.  At  the  same  ratio, 
if  the  new  Democratic  National  Convene 
tion  were  to  nominate  him  for  the  Presi" 
dency,  IVilson  would  transform  Taft's  igoS 
plurality  of  i, 270,000  —  that  marvelous, 
almost  unparalleled  plurality  —  into  a 
Democratic  triumph  by  1,6^0,000  popular 
votes. 

On  the  same  day,  the  majority  of  those 
Democrats  who  took  the  trouble  to  mark 
their  ballots  in  this  particular,  selected 
James  E.  Martine  as  their  choice  for  United 
States  Senator.  The  total  Democratic 
vote  for  Senator  was  only  73,000.  Mar- 
tine  received  54,000.  Nobody  voted  for 
James  Smith,  Jr. 

James  E.  Martine  was  an  honest  and 
faithful  Democrat,  with  radical  views; 
a  spell-binder  of  the  farmer  type,  leather- 
lunged  and  of  peripatetic  platform  habit; 
as  genial  and  good-hearted  a  man  as  ever 
breathed  —  and  as  unfitted  for  the  digni- 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


47» 


ties  of  membership  in  the  august  body  that 
sits  in  the  Northern  end  of  the  National 
Capitol.  Regularly,  for  years,  he  had 
been  put  up  as  candidate  for  any  old 
office  to  which  there  was  no  hope  of 
election.  Once  he  had  run  for  sheriff; 
twice  he  had  run  for  Congress;  four  times 
for  the  assembly;  four  times  for  the 
state  senate.  Defeat  had  ever  been  his 
cheerfully  accepted  portion.  It  was  a 
well-established  rule  that  Martine  was 
always  to  run  —  never  to  reach  anything. 
Now,  to  general  astonishment,  Wilson's 
popularity  bad  given  Democrats  a  majority 
on  joint  ballot  of  the  two  houses  of  the 
legislature;  a  successor  was  to  be  elected 
to  United  States  Senator  John  Kean, 
and  Martine  had  been  permitted  to  lead 
in  the  primary! 

Ten  days  after  the  election,  James 
Smith,  Jr.,  called  on  Governor-elect  Wil- 
son at  his  home  in  Princeton.  The  ex- 
Senator  is  a  gentleman  of  taste,  of 
Chesterfieldian  manner  and  delightful 
conversation,  and  his  congratulations, 
we  may  depend  upon  it,  were  gracefully 
phrased.  Equally  graceful  was  his  modest 
confession  that  he  found  his  health  now 
greatly  bettered,  and  his  intimation  that 
he  now  indeed  felt  justified  in  taking  into 
serious  consideration  the  idea  of  asking 
reelection  to  the  United  States  Senate. 

Governor-elect  Wilson,  when  he  had  sat- 
isfied himself  that  he  heard  aright, expressed 
the  very  great  astonishment  which  he 
felt;  he  then  said  to  Mr.  Smith  that  he 
regarded  the  idea  as  impossible,  and  he 
begged  him  to  abandon  it  forthwith.  Fol- 
lowed a  long  conversation,  in  which  Smith 
sought  to  justify  his  political  past,  while 
the  Governor-elect  made  more  and  more 
explicit  his  warning  that  he  would  never 
permit  the  election.  The  ex-Senator 
turned  the  talk  on  Martine's  qualifications, 
or  lack  of  them  —  which  Mr.  Wilson  re- 
fused to  discuss.  The  issue  was  not 
Martine,  but  the  party's  faith.  The 
primary  had  elected  Martine,  and  there 
was  nothing  for  the  legislature  to  do  but 
ratify  that  election. 

"The  primary  was  a  joke,"  said  Smith. 

"  It  was  very  far  from  a  joke,"  rejoined 
the  Governor-elect.  "  But  assume  that  it 
was.  Then  the  way  to  save  it  from  being  a 


joke  hereafter,  is  to  take  it  seriously  now. 
It  is  going  to  be  taken  seriously,  and  there 
will  be  no  more  jokes.  The  question  who 
is  to  enjoy  one  term  in  the  Senate  is  of  small 
consequence  compared  with  the  question 
whether  the  people  of  New  Jersey  are  to 
gain  the  right  to  choose  their  own  Senators 
forever." 

Smith's  candidacy  was  now  made 
publicly  known,  and  the  party  sharply 
divided,  the  Organization  declaring  its 
purpose  and  its  ability  to  carry  the  legis- 
lature for  him,  and  the  decent  rank  and 
file  denouncing  the  attempt  to  steal  a 
Senatorship  for  a  discredited  politician 
who  dared  not  run  in  the  primary.  The 
greatest  eagerness  was  shown  as  to  the  atti- 
tude of  Governor-elect  Wilson.  He,  how- 
ever refrained,  for  a  little  while,  from  tak- 
ing either  side  publicly,  hoping  his  public 
interference  would  not  be  necessary.  Priv- 
ately, he  sent  many  men  of  influence  to 
Smith  to  urge  him  not  to  try  the  race. 
These  measures  availed  nothing. 

As  a  last  effort  to  save  Mr.  Smith  from 
the  humiliation  he  was  determined  should 
overtake  him  if  he  j)ersisted,  Mr.  Wilson 
called  on  Mr.  Smith  by  appointment  at 
his  house  in  Newark.  It  was  in  the 
late  afternoon  of  Tuesday,  December  6. 
The  Governor-elect  said  he  had  come  to 
say  that,  although  he  had  as  yet  taken  no 
public  stand,  it  was  his  intention,  unless 
Mr.  Smith  withdrew  from  the  Senatorial 
contest,  to  announce  his^  opposition  .to  him. 

"Will  you  be  content  in  having  thus 
publicly  announced  your  opposition?" 
asked  the  aspirant. 

"No.  I  shall  actively  oppose  you  with 
every  honorable  means  in  my  power," 
replied  the  Governor-elect. 

"  Does  that  mean  that  you  will  employ 
the  state  patronage  against  me?"  inquired 
Mr.  Smith. 

"No,"  answered  Wilson.  "1  should 
not  regard  that  as  an  honorable  means. 
Besides,  that  will  not  be  necessary." 

The  Governor-elect  then  laid  down 
this  ultimatum: 

"  Unless  I  hear  from  you,  by  or  before 
the  last  mail  delivery  on  Thursday  night, 
that  you  abandon  this  ambition,  I  shall 
announce  my  opposition  to  you  on  Friday 
morning." 


472 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  last  mail  Thursday  night  brought 
no  message  from  Smith,  and  Mr.  Wilson 
by  telegraph  released  to  the  morning 
newspapers  a  statement  he  had  prepared 
denouncing  the  Smith  candidacy.  Half 
an  hour  later  came  a  special  delivery  letter 
from  Smith,  asking  for  a  few  days'  delay. 
The  denunciation  had  gone  out. 

It  was  a  bitter  fight.  The  Governor 
did  not  wait  for  the  assembling  of  the 
legislature;  he  appeared  before  large  audi- 
ences in  the  chief  cities  — and,  making  a 
clear  statement  of  the  case,  asked  the  peo- 
ple to  see  to  it  that  their  representatives 
voted  right.  Among  the  legislators  there 
was  panic;  none  of  them  had  ever  heard 
of  such  a  thing  as  this  smiling  defiance, 
by  a  mere  novice  in  the  political  field,  of  a 
boss  who  had  ruled  twenty  years.  Not  all 
of  them  had  instant  faith  in  the  outcome. 
But  there  never  was  any  doubt  about 
the  result.  As  Governor  Wilson  afterward 
told  the  story,  he  brought  no  pressure 
to  bear  upon  the  wavering  members  of  the 
legislature.  He  merely  told  them  to 
follow  their  consciences,  and  tried  to 
assure  them  that  they  would  suffer  no 
harm  if  they  did  so.     He  said  to  them: 

"  Do  not  allow  yourselves  to  be  dis- 
mayed. You  see  where  the  machine  is 
entrenched,  and  it  looks  like  a  real  fortress. 
It  looks  as  if  real  men  were  inside,  as  if 


they  had  real  guns.  Go  and  touch  it.  It 
is  a  house  of  cards.  Those  are  imitatioii 
generals.  Jhose  are  playthings  that  look 
like  guns.  Go  and  put  your  shoulder 
against  the  thing  and  it  collapses/' 

They  took  heart  and  put  their  shoulders 
against  it,  and  it  collapsed. 

On  January  28th  the  NeW  Jersey  Legis- 
lature elected  James  E.  Martine  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  giving  him  forty 
votes.  The  Organization  mustered  four 
for  Smith. 

Such  is  the  tale  of  Woodrow  Wilson's 
"ingratitude." 

The  most  moderate  and  charitable 
account  of  the  matter  that  any  way  reaches 
its  pith  is  that  which  Wilson  hunself 
once  gave: 

"They  did  not  believe  that  I  meant 
what  I  said,  and  I  did  believe  that  they 
meant  what  they  said."  In  their  sophis- 
tication, they  had  gold-bricked  somebody, 
certainly,  but  not  the  school-master  nor 
the  people  of  New  Jersey.  They  had  diggej^ 
a  pit  and  fallen  into  the  midst  of  it  th«n- 
selves.  For  the  intended  victim  to  escape 
was,  of  course,  rank  ingratitude! 

Next  month  Mr.  Hale  will  carry  to  a  con^ 
elusion  the  story  of  Governor  IVilson's 
administration,  as  far  as  it  has  progressed. 
— ^The  Editors. 


SCIENTIFIC  PROGRESS 

'aerology**  the  new  science  — how  it  explores  the  upper  atmosphere 

BY 

CHARLES  FITZHUGH  TALMAN 


ABOVE  the  highest  ice  clouds, 
which  float  more  than  six 
miles  above  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  there  is  a  region  in 
which  there  are  no  storms. 
Here  the  air  is  cold  and  dry,  and  so  tenuous 
that  a  human  being  could  not  live  in  it,  if 
he  should  succeed  in  reaching  so  great 
an  altitude. 

This  region  is  called  the  "isothermal 
layer  of  the   atmosphere,"  and    its  dis- 


covery is  one  of  the  capital  achievements 
of  the  new  science  of  "aerology."  For 
it  has  established  the  remarkable  fact  that, 
above  a  certain  height,  the  air  stops  grow- 
ing colder. 

In  the  year  1902,  a  French  meteorologist, 
M.  Teisserenc  de  Bort,  who  had  sent  aloft 
a  great  number  of  balloons,  carrying  ther- 
mometers and  other  apparatus  for  testing 
the  upper  air,  discovered  that  in  every 
case,  after  a  height  of  about  6J  miles  was 


SCIENTIFIC  PROGRESS 


473 


attained,  the  steady  fall  in  temperature 
abruptly  ceased,  often  giving  place  to  a 
slight  rise  in  temperature  for  a  certain  dis- 
tance upward.  A  new  "shell"  of  the 
earth's  atmosphere  had  been  reached  -^ 
the  isothermal  layer,  or,  as  its  discoverer 
now  prefers  to  call  it,  the  "  stratosphere." 

The  temperature  at  the  bottom  of  the 
stratosphere  averages,  in  European  lati- 
tudes, about  68  degrees  below  zero  Fahr- 
enheit. The  stratosphere  is  not,  how- 
ever, uniformly  high  over  different  parts 
of  the  world;  it  is  lowest  over  the  poles  and 
highest  over  the  equator.  Hence,  in 
equatorial  regions,  the  regular  fall  in  tem- 
perature of  the  lower  air  with  ascent  of  the 
thermometer  continues  to  a  greater  height 
than  elsewhere.  This  accounts  for  the 
paradoxical  fact  that  colder  air  is  found 
over  the  equator  than  anywhere  else  in 
the  world.  The  lowest  air-temj)erature 
ever  recorded — 119  degrees  below  zero 
Fahrenheit  — was  found  at  a  height  of 
Ijvelve  miles  over  the  heart  of  Africa! 

Perhaps  this  is  not  the  place  to  discuss 
in  detail  the  scientific  results  of  the  world- 
wide campaign  of  aerology  —  one  of  the 
most  fascinating  developments  of  the 
twentieth  century.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
these  results  have  upset  a  great  many 
beautiful  theories  of  our  forbears  concern- 
ing the  atmosphere. 

Ours  is  an  age  that  demands  a  tangible 
return  for  the  energy  expended  in  research. 
Of  the  practical  bearings  of  aerology  the 
most  obvious  is  the  immense  service  it  is 
rendering,  and  is  destined  to  render,  to 
aeronautics. 

If  marine  meteorology  is  useful  to  the 
sailor,  aeronautical  meteorology  —  the 
practical  outgrowth  of  aerology  —  is  in- 
dispensable to  the  aeronaut.  It  is  the 
newest  of  applied  sciences  —  its  first 
formal  textbook  (by  Dr.  Linke,  of  Frank- 
fort, Germany)  having  been  published  in 
the  year  191 i. 

A  few  decades  ago  meteorologists  were 
busily  studying  and  charting  ^he  wind- 
systems  of  the  globe  —  the  lower  winds, 
that  are  vitally  important  to  the  seaman. 
To-day  aerologists  have  entered  upon  the 
gigantic  task  of  mapping  the  upper  winds, 
which  concern  the  aeronaut.  The  first 
tentative  step  in  this  direction  was  taken 


a  few  months  ago  by  two  Americans, 
Messrs.  Rotch  and  Palmer,  who  published 
a  series  of  "Charts  of  the  Atmosphere  for 
Aeronauts  and  Aviators." 

The  weather  forecaster  once  concerned 
himself  only  with  the  bottom  of  the  weather, 
so  to  speak;  for  instance,  with  the  ground 
plan  of  a  storm,  as  it  appears  upon  a  daily 
weather  map.  Now  he  is  called  upon  to 
survey  the  storm  as  far  up  as  it  goes,  and 
to  tell  the  aeronaut  just  what  winds  and 
weather  he  will  encounter  thousands  of 
feet  above  the  earth. 

A  striking  illustration  of  the  new  order 
of  ideas  is  seen  in  Germany,  where  on 
January  i,  191 1,  was  founded  the  world's 
first  aeronautical  weather  bureau. 

Every  morning,  between  7  and  8  o'clock, 
at  fourteen  stations  scattered  over  the 
German  Empire,  the  movement  of  the  up- 
per air  currents  is  observed  by  means  of 
small  free  balloons  —  technically  called 
"pilot-balloons"  —  whose  tracks  are  de- 
termined with  the  aid  of  theodolites.  The 
remits  of  the  observations  are  flashed 
by  telegraph  to  Lindenberg  Observatory, 
where  this  service  has  its  headquarters, 
and  thence  bulletins  are  sent  broadcast 
over  the  country  for  the  information  of 
such  of  the  great  host  of  German  aeronauts 
as  may  be  planning  aerial  journeys.  This 
novel  weather  bureau  —  the  happy  crea- 
tion of  Dr.  Richard  Assmann,  director  of 
Lindenberg  Observatory  —  is  the  pre- 
cursor rather  than  the  prototyj)e  of  a  class 
of  institutions  destined  to  become  common. 
Its  utility  is  limited  by  the  fact  that  only 
one  meteorological  element,  the  wind,  can 
be  observed  with  the  simple  pilot-balloon, 
and  its  perfection  awaits  the  establishment 
of  an  extensive  network  of  observatories, 
equipped  with  the  more  elaborate  appara- 
tus of  upj)er-air  research. 

The  pilot-balloon  is  one  of  four  principal 
aerial  vehicles  now  used  in  the  exploration 
of  the  atmosphere;  the  others  being  the 
sounding-balloon,  the  captive  balloon,  and 
the  kite.  No  meteorological  apparatus  is 
sent  aloft  with  the  pilot-balloon,  which 
therefore  serves  only  to  measure,  by  its 
observed  drift,  the  direction  and  force  of 
the  upper  air  currents.  By  night  an 
illuminated  pilot-balloon  (an  invention  of 
the  past  year)  carries  a  small  storage  bat- 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tery  and  an  electric  lamp  inside  the  gas- 
bag, which  is  colored  bright  red.  so  that  the 
lighted  balloon  may  be  easily  distinguished 
from  the  stars  when  it  reaches  great  alti- 
tudes. 

The  sounding-balloon  —  often  known  by 
its  French  name,  ballon-softde — ^is  the 
happiest  invention  of  aerology,  and  has 
led  to  the  most  remarkable  discoveries  in 
this  department  of  science.  It  is  a  small 
free  balloon,  which  carries  no  human  aero- 
naut, but  instead  a  set  of  superhuman 
meteorological  instruments,  which  register 
continuously  and  automatically  through 
the  whole  course  of  the  journey.  In  its 
commonest  form  the  sounding-balloon  is 
made  of  india-rubber,  and  when  launched 
is  inflated  to  less  than  its  full  capacity  with 
hydrogen.  As  it  rises  to  regions  of  dimin- 
ished air  pressure  it  gradually  expands,  and 
finally  bursts  at  an  elevation  approximately 
determined  in  advance.  A  linen  cap  serves 
as  a  parachute,  and  the  case  containing  the 
instruments  falls  gently  to  the  ground. 
This  usually  happens  many  miles  —  some- 
times two  hundred  or  more  —  from  the 
place  of  ascent.  Attached  to  the  appar* 
atus  is  a  ticket  offering  the  finder  a  reward 
for  its  return,  and  giving  instructions  as 
to  packing  and  shipping.  Sooner  or  later 
it  usually  comes  back.  In  fact,  the  large 
percentage  of  records  recovered,  even  in 
sparsely  settled  countries,  is  not  the  least 
surprising  feature  of  this  novel  method  of 
research.  The  instruments  attached  to 
sounding-balloons  register  the  temperature 
of  the  air.  the  barometric  pressure,  and 
sometimes  the  humidity.  The  record  is 
traced  on  a  revolving  drum  or  disc,  usually 
coated  with  lampblack.  The  whole  ap- 
paratus weighs  a  little  more  than  a  pound 
(except  the  type  now  generally  used  in 
England,  which  weighs  only  three  and  one- 
half  ounces).  By  means  of  sounding-bal- 
loons the  air  is  explored  to  greater  heights 
than  can  be  reached  by  any  other  form  of 
apparatus  now  known  to  man.  An  altitude 
of  la  miles  is  frequently  attained;  18.9 
miles  (nearly  3!  times  the  height  of  the 
tallest  mountain)  is  the  present  "record." 
made  September  1.  1910,  at  Huron.  S,  D,, 
by  the  United  States  Weather  Burciu. 
It  was  by  the  aid  of  sounding-balloons  that 
the  stratosphere  was  discovered. 


For  observations  which  have  to  be 
corded  quickly  —  as  in  connection  witl^ 
weather  forecasting — ^  captive  balloons  or 
kites  are  used,  though  of  course  they  can 
not  reach  such  heights  as  the  sounding^ 
balloons.  Thus  the  highest  kite-flight  hiil 
erto  achieved  —  viz.,  at  Mt.  Weather  Ob 
servatory,  Va.,  on  May  5.  1910 —  reachc 
an   altitude   of   23,826  feet    (4 J    miles) J 
The  instruments  attached  to  captive  bal-1 
loons  and  kites  are  somewhat  heavier  andj 
more  complicated  than  those  used  will 
sounding-balloons.    They   frequently    in*' 
elude  an  anemometer,  for  registering  the 
force  of  the  wind. 

With  these  instruments  the  survey  of  thc^ 
upper  air  is  now  carried  on  systematically 
under  the  general  oversight  of  an  inter- 
national committee,  with  headquartersj 
at  Strassburg,  and  the  network  of  aero 
logical  observatories  and  stations  is  spread- 
ing rapidly  over  the  globe.  A  model  in 
stitution  of  this  class  is  the  Royal  Prussiar 
Aeronautical  Observatory  at  Lindenberg;! 
the  head  and  front  of  aerological  research 
in  Europe.  At  Friedrichshafen  —  known 
to  fame  as  the  home  of  Zeppelin  —  the 
German  Government  has  maintained.  sinceH 
April.  1908,  the  so-called  "Kite-Station fl 
on  Lake  Constance,"  where  daily  kite  or 
balloon  ascents  are  made  from  a  movtngi 
steamboat.  Other  important  aerological  [ 
centres  of  Europe  include  the  RoyaJ  Ob-j 
servatory  of  Belgium,  at  Uccle.  famous  few  J 
its  remarkably  high  sounding-balloon  as-j 
cents;  the  private  observatory  of  M. 
Teisserenc  de  Bort.  at  Trapi>es,  near  Paris.  I 
where  was  made  the  epochal  discover)'  of 
the  "isothermal  layer";  the  active  institu* 
tion  founded,  through  the  munificence  oft 
Professor  Schuster,  by  the  University  of 
Manchester  at  Glossop.  England,  which 
occasionally  sends  up  whole  flotillas  of 
sounding-balloons  —  one  every  hour  for^ 
twenty-four  hours.  Half  the  countries  of  fl 
Europe  maintain  at  least  one  instituiiooi " 
apiece  for  upper  air  research. 

In  the  United  States,  atmospheric  sound- 1 
ings  are  made  regulariy  at  but  two  places  j 
—  the  Weather  Bureau  observatory  at  Mt. 
W'eather,  8  miles  from  Bluemont,  Va.,  on] 
the  crest  of  the  Blue  Ridge;  and  Blue  Hill ' 
Observatory,  near  Boston,  Occasionallyi 
however,  our  Weather  Bureau  carries  out 


1 


HOW  WE  FOUND  OUR  FARM 


475 


a  series  of  sounding  ballon  ascensions  at 
favorable  places  in  the  Middle  West,  as 
was  the  case  when  the  record  height  was 
attained  in  South  Dakota.  The  Meteor- 
ological Service  of  Canada  has  recently 
made  some  remarkable  sounding-balloon 
ascents  at  Toronto  and  Woodstock.  There 
are  aerological  stations  in  Egypt,  India, 
Java,  Samoa,  and  Argentina,  and  on  the 
peak  of  Teneriffe.  Every  year  additions 
are  made  to  the  list.  Finally,  aerology  has 
of  late  become  a  regular  part  of  the  routine 
work  of  oceanographic  and  polar  expedi- 
tions, while  many  expeditions  have  been 
organized  for  aerological  research  alone. 
The  Prince  of  Monaco  has  been  the 
Maecenas  of  some  of  these;  the  Emperor 
of  Germany  of  others. 

Just  a  word  about  the  uppermost  atmo- 
sphere: the  books  tell  us  that  air  is  a  mix- 
ture of  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  with  a  little 
carbonic  acid,  a  little  argon,  a  little  water- 
vapor,  and  an  infinitesimal  amount  of 
other  gases.  According  to  this  definition, 
the  atmosphere  at  great  altitudes  is  not 
"air.''  The  heavier  gases  of  the  atmos- 
phere accumulate  at  the  bottom;  the 
lighter  float  on  top.  Above  a  certain  level 
we  believe  that  the  atmosphere  consists 
chiefly  of  the  very  light  gas  hydrogen,  of 
which  only  a  trace  is  found  at  the  earth's 
surface.  Within  a  few  months,  evidence 
has  been  offered  to  prove  that  even  the 
hydrogen  dwindles  out  at  great  altitudes, 
giving  place  to  a  stifl  lighter  gas,  unknown 
in  chemical  laboratories,  which  it  is  pro- 
posed to  call  "  geocoronium." 


The  rarefied  atmosphere  of  these  lofty 
regions  will  no  longer  support  our  balloons. 
Even  at  eighteen  miles  the  air  is  only 
about  y^  as  dense  as  at  sea-level;  and  this 
is  far  indeed  below  the  "top"  of  the 
atmosphere. 

The  study  of  the  atmosphere  above  the 
greatest  height  attainable  by  balloons, 
forms  a  separate  chapter  in  the  science  of 
aerology  —  and  one  of  the  most  interesting. 
Here  we  must  depend,  in  part,  upon  ob- 
servations of  meteor  trains  and  auroras. 
The  drift  of  meteor  trains  tells  us  some- 
thing of  the  movement  of  the  upper  cur- 
rents; their  spectra,  and  those  of  auroras, 
give  us  a  clew  to  the  cKemical  composition 
of  the  atmosphere  at  various  levels.  Op- 
tical phenomena  —  the  upper  range  of  the 
twilight  and  of  the  general  light  of  the  sky 

—  tell  us  something  of  its  density. 
Occasionally  a  gigantic  volcanic  eruption 

—  such  as  that  of  Krakatoa  in  1883  — 
hurls  a  mass  of  fine  dust  to  a  height  of  fifty 
miles  or  more,  where  it  floats  for  a  few  years, 
giving  us  the  interesting  phenomenon  of 
"noctilucent  clouds";  hence  another  peg 
on  which  to  hang  our  aerological  theories. 

Even  the  phenomena  of  sound  are  in- 
voked to  aid  the  aerologist.  The  echoes 
of  great  explosions  from  the  bounding 
planes  between  atmospheric  strata  of 
different  densities,  scores  of  miles  above 
the  earth  —  as  in  the  case  of  a  violent 
dynamite  explosion  on  an  Alpine  railway 
a  few  years  ago  —  have  been  studied  by 
aerologists,  with  illuminating  results. 

And  aerology  is  yet  in  its  infancy. 


HOW  WE  FOUND  OUR  FARM 

BY 

JACOB  A.   RlIS 
The  World's  Work  will  publish  an  article  every  month  about  getting  on  the  land 


IT  WAS  settled  that  we  were  to  have 
a  farm.  The  matter  had  been  up  for 
discussion  for  months  —  a  pleasant 
concession  to  the  democratic  spirit 
of  our  household;  for,  Mrs.  Jake 
having  demonstrated  conclusively  (i)  that, 
our   little   hoard  was  demanding  invest- 


ment; and  (2)  by  columns  of  figures 
cunningly  arranged  and  added  up,  that 
the  farm  was  a  paying  investment,  the 
thing  was  really  as  good  as  done.  There 
remained  the  question,  which  farm?  Our 
inclinations  ran  to  fruit,  potatoes,  and 
sheep.    Fruit,  because  with  much  travel 


476 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  observation  in  the  far  Northwest, 
had  come  the  conviction  that  the  Eastern 
soil  could  grow  as  fine  apples  and  peaches 
as  could  be  found  in  the  Hood  River 
country,  or  the  Wenatchee  Valley,  given 
as  much  and  as  intelligent  care  of  trees 
and  products  —  apples  as  fine  to  look  at 
and  as  good  to  eat,  if  not  better  Pota- 
toes, because  they  were  a  good  crop,  of 
which  there  couldn't  be  enough;  every- 
body eats  potatoes.  Sheep  —  well  be- 
cause I  like  them.  Hens  and  bees  were 
side  issues,  Mrs.  Jake  allowed  the  hens, 
if  I  would  let  her  feed  them;  else  she 
knew  they  would  ^et  too  fat.  To  which 
I  assented  with  a  mental  reservation. 
Plump  hens  do  look  so  comfortable.  The 
bees  she  left  to  me,  seeing  that  they  did 
their  own  foraging  and  were  capable 
generally  of  taking  care  of  themselves. 

Now,  where  was  our  farm?  The  Agri- 
cultural Bureaus  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  York  had  sent  us  opulent  pamphlets, 
fairly  swelling  with  information  about 
farms  for  sale.  Painfully  plowing  through 
them  —  real  sub-soil  plowing,  for  when- 
ever she  found  one  to  her  liking  she  put 
ihe  owners  through  a  process  of  quizzing 
that  would  have  discouraged  anybody 
bent  on  evasion  —  Mrs,  Jake  had  evolved 
an  eligible  list  of  some  thirty  or  forty, 
with  three  hot  favorites.  Speak  not  to 
me  of  feminine  intuition  being  a  figment 
of  the  brain:  they  were  the  very  ones  that 
eventually  proved  worth  while,  and  yet 
to  my  duller  masculine  understanding 
they  were  in  no  way  distinguishable  from 
the  lot. 

Meanwhile,  they  were  all  to  have  a 
trial.  We  did  the  sensible  thjng:  we  took 
a  week  in  the  autumn  sunshine  and  went 
up  to  see  for  ourselves.  It  was  no  end  of 
good  fun,  even  if  it  involved  the  pulling 
down  of  some  of  our  images;  this,  for 
instance,  that  ever>'  farmer  is  a  bom 
philanthropist. 

From  that  delusion  we  recovered  on  the 
first  day.  We  wene  up  at  the  time  a 
thousand  feet  surveying  a  wide  landscape 
and  a  wretched  weather-beaten  hut,  upon 
the  dcior-stcp  of  which  huddled  a  dozen 
scrawny  chickens  seeking  shelter  from  the 
bitter  blast.  "Good  farm  for  crops/* 
was  the  way  it  had  looked  in  print,     I 


:> 


will  say  for  the  owner  that,  after  sizi 
us  up.  he  "guessed  we  wouldn't   like  it 
on    the   hill    farm";    but    we    respond 
curtly  that  we  were  from   Missouri,   al 
least  half  of  the  family  was,  and  want 
to  be  shown.    The  way   up  was  carvi 
out  of  the  solid  rock.     I  doubt  if  Ihei 
were  a  dozen  loads  of  soil  on  the  entire 
hill;  it  was  just  one  enormous  wart  <rf 
slate,     I  leaven  knows  how  the  trees  grew 
which  we  passed  going  up.     Now  that  wc 
were  perched  on  the  perfectly  hard  bald 
top,  our  friend  swept   the  horizon  with 
his  whip:  *'lt  is  nice  when  you  get  up 
here!"    The    "crops"    were    represented 
by  a  bag  of  hickory  nuts,  *'good  to  ba^ 
around  for  Thanksgiving." 

I  forget  how  we  got  down.    Wc  foni 
ourselves  next  on  nice  rolling  land  half  i 
score  of  miles  away»  piloted  about  by  a 
pathetic  old  man  whose  wife  was  in  I 
hospital.     He  needn't  have  told  us: 
house  smelled  it;  it  was  awful.     He  wa: 
all  alone,   keeping  house  for  his   handsel 
baking  bread,  and  getting  three  meals 
day,     "  I  can  do  it,"  he  said  and  brought 
out  a  cake  of  the  substance  of  a  grind* 
stone,     1  think  we  both  would  have  done 
almost  anything  for  the  lonely  old  man,      i 
and  in  a  sudden  panic  lest  he  ask  us  tofl 
sample  it  we  bolted  for  the  open.    We^ 
took  note,  in  going,  of  some  very  excellent 
King   apples   on    badly    neglected    trees^ 
struggling  bravely  against  an  adverse  fate 
The  farm  was  all  right,  but  then,  one  has 
to  live  in  the  house. 

Our  next  and  unwilling  host  was  a 
tenant  farmer.  His  wife  was  dead.  The 
man  was  '* lacking,"  said  our  conductor, 
meaning  that  he  had  gone  out  of  his  head. 
Before  our  week  was  over  we  had  learned 
the  sad  suggestion  of  both:  the  wife  worn 
out  by  a  life  of  toil,  the  husband, helpless, 
bewildered  without  her.  In  the  scheme 
of  things  the  wife's  and  mother's  functiofi 
had  always  seemed  to  me,  until  then, 
to  be  as  the  heart  of  the  home,  I  saw  her 
now  as  hands  and  head  as  welK  Wherever 
she  had  dropped  out,  discouragcmoit 
reigned. 

Despite  the  portents  of  a  "wet  moon,* 
morning  dawned  bright  and  clear.    The 
smell  of  fresh-lighted  wood  fires  was  on' 
the  breeze  as  we  drove  into  the  hills  on  the 


HOW  WE  FOUND  OUR  FARM 


477 


Massachusetts  border.  To  the  left  loomed 
the  Catskill  crags;  beyond  the  creek 
which  we  followed  stretched  a  country 
of  smiling  farms,  "all  bought  up  in  the 
last  five  years,"  said  our  driver,  and  added: 
"good  reason;  it's  as  cheap  as  the  Western 
land  and  well  watered,  within  three  hours 
of  New  York  and  four  of  Boston.  Why 
should  a  man  bury  himself  out  there 
then?"  Every  field  and  copse  shouted  a 
loud  amen.  Woodbine  and  purple  grape- 
vine over-running  crumbling  stone  fences 
against  a  background  of  crimson  and  gold, 
made  it  seem  a  veritable  fairyland  of  de- 
light. Our  spirits  rose  high.  The  sight 
of  a  girl  in  a  red  jacket  feeding  a  flock  of 
chickens  summoned  up  visions  of  a  second 
Petaluma,  of  eggs  and  broilers  numberless 
as  the  sands  of  the  ocean.  The  sign  on  a 
cross-roads  store  "Home  Cured  Pork" 
plunged  Mrs.  Jake  and  the  driver  into 
deep  discussions  of  pigs  and  the  profit  in 
hams.  Every  turn  of  the  road  added  to 
our  stock  of  information.  Here  was  a 
man  banking  celery  or  something  in  a 
muck  bed,  mysterious  term  no  longer: 
it  was  an  old  lake-bottom,  drained  out, 
that  was  his  gold  mine.  We  drove  through 
a  sleepy  little  village  set  in  an  amphitheatre 
of  hills,  from  which  decaying  old  farm- 
houses looked  down  upon  the  flourishing 
bottoms.  Hundreds  of  acres,  relapsed 
into  brush  and  woods,  to  be  had  for  a 
song.  Why?  They  had  prosj)ered  once, 
those  farms;  land  had  been  cleared.  The 
houses  had  once  been  good,  their  lines 
were  fine.  They  had  certainly  cost  twice 
what  their  present  owners  were  asking 
now  for  land  and  all.  Again,  why?  We 
had  not  come  to  the  end  of  the  second  day, 
at  least  1  had  not,  before  my  interest  in 
their  reasons  for  selling  greatly  out- 
balanced that  in  most  of  the  farms  them- 
selves; for  many  of  them  were  a  sorry  lot. 
Sometimes  the  people  were  old  and 
tired,  needing  rest.  The  "stone  age" 
had  worn  them  out,  with  the  generation 
before  them.  The  evidence  of  it  was 
there  in  the  mighty  stone  fences,  miles 
upon  miles  of  them,  picked  by  hand  and 
piled  by  hand,  the  hand  that  guided  the 
plow,  too.  It  was  enough  to  wear  any- 
body out,  strength,  patience  and  all. 
That  and  the  unending  chores,  all  work 


and  no  play,  had  frightened  the  boys 
away.  The  bright  ones  had  gone  to  the 
city;  the  dullards,  grubbing  away  in  the 
old  rut,  robbing  the  soil,  not  tilling  it, 
made  the  farm  duller  than  ever.  The 
girls  had  fled  to  the  factory.  "Anyhow, 
they  are  not  much  good  on  a  farm"  said 
one.  I  saw  Mrs.  Jake  bristle.  "Oh! 
are  they  not?"  was  all  she  said,  but  1 
caught  the  contemptuous  look  with  which 
she  took  in  what  be  had  made  of  it.  Over 
and  over  again  they  gave  us  another 
reason,  all  unwittingly,  those  farmers  who 
were  so  anxious  to  sell.  It  was  in  answer 
to  some  question  why  this  was  not  done, 
or  that;  why  the  orchard  was. not  pruned, 
sprayed,  why  some  good  acres  were  not 
cleared,  why  they  let  an  unsightly  swamp 
remain  an  eyesore  and  a  loss,  when,  by 
draining,  it  could  be  made  the  most 
valuable  field  on  the  farm:  "that  looks 
too  much  like  work!"  Ignorance,  in- 
difference, incapacity  brooded  like  a  cloud 
over  their  land.  I  am  sj)eaking  of  the 
farmers  who  wanted  to  sell,  having  skinned 
ofi"  the  valuable  timber  to  make  a  quick 
profit,  if  timber  they  had.  There  were 
others,  but  they  were  not  selling  out.  The 
day  of  brains  in  farming  was  moving  in  on 
their  land  and  replacing  the  day  of  mere 
brawn  and  endless  weary  toil. 

Our  driver  pulled  up  in  front  of  a  low 
straggling  house  standing  at  the  head  of 
a  sweeping  valley  that  oj)ened  a  long  and 
charming  view  toward  the  sun  — fine  slopes 
for  fruit,  potatoes  being  dug  then;  on 
the  farther  hill  beyond  the  brook  a  huckle- 
berry patch  that  brought  its  owner  four 
hundred  dollars  last  year,  so  he  said,  and 
I  believe  it.  That  huckleberry  patch 
was  his  undoing.  Hard  work  was  not 
his  long  suit;  this  was  easy  money,  too 
easy.  It  was  not  enough  to  keep  him,, 
just  to  tempt  him:  if  he  could  only  lay 
his  hands  on  some  ready  cash,  he  saw 
chances  to  make  more  lying  all  about, 
so  he  thought.  But  the  farm  left  him  no 
margin,  so  it  had  to  go.  It  was  cheap, 
and  it  grew  cheaper  as  fear  lest  we  pass 
it  by  took  hold  upon  him.  There  were 
two  or  three  little  brooks  rippling  down  the 
hillsides,  and  a  nasty  slough  right  behind 
the  house  which  they  might  fill  and  make 
a  duck-pond,  water  power  too  with  a 


little  falL  Already  1  heard  the  music 
of  it  plainly  in  the  valley.  Water  has  a 
strong  fascination  for  me,  and  here  was 
plenty.  But  Mrs.  Jake  turned  it  down. 
It  could  not  be  made  to  yield  enough  of  a 
profit,  she  said,  for  we  had  to  build  new 
bams.  That  was  it.  It  was  always  the 
same  story.  The  farms  that  had  human 
appeal  could  not  be  made  to  pay;  those 
upon  which  the  profit  stuck  out  all  over 
I  wouldn't  have  touched  with  a  ten-foot 
pole.  That  grew  by  degrees  to  be  the 
real  line  of  division  between  us.  Who 
would  have  thought  it? 

There  was,  for  instance,  the  farm  over  in 
the  Massachusetts  hills  ^^^thin  a  stone's 
throw  of  the  Connecticut  line.  It  was 
the  very  cunningest  place  that  was  ever 
seen,  and  kept  —  why,  the  very  hens  when 
they  laid  their  eggs  delivered  them  into 
the  hands  of  the  farmer,  through  a  trap- 
door contrived  at  the  back.  The  little 
flock  of  sheep  looked  as  if  they  came 
right  out  of  a  picture  book.  You  could  have 
eaten  off  the  barn-floor,  and  every  con- 
ceivable mechanical  contrivance  was  there. 
And  the  brook  had  been  dammed  and  made 
into  a  pond  with  fish  in.  That  was  what 
was  the  matter  with  that  farmer.  He  was 
a  Connecticut  Yankee,  though  his  lands 
were  over  the  Vine,  and,  having  exhausted 
every  chance  of  making  further  improve- 
ments there,  his  fertile  mind  was  busy 
with  patents  that  needed  money,  ready 
money,  always  the  same.  May  they 
bring  him  fame  and  fortune,  those  patents; 
contentment  such  as  he  had  there,  he 
will  not  find  again.  I  wanted  that  farm 
with  the  nice  sheep  and  the  fish-pond  and 
the  cute  little  tricks;  but  Mrs.  Jake 
pointed  out  that  he  had  made  the  last 
penny  that  could  be  made  out  of  its  lean 
lands  by  endless  little  economies  and 
makeshifts.  To  us  it  would  be  a  loss; 
no  profit  in  it  at  all. 

Wc  drove  sadly  away,  but  presently 
I  had  my  revenge.  We  were  up  on  a  sky 
farm,  one  of  the  three  favorites,  where 
the  land  was  the  richest  grass  land  ever. 
Mrs.  Jake  strode  over  it,  head  in  air. 
Here  were  profits,  with  hay  at  I  forget 
how  many  dollars  a  ton,  I  never  can 
remember  figures.  Such  hay,  too.  A 
farm  that  would  pay  from  ihe  ver>'  outset. 


tnl 

ctirij 
cheo4 


Fine  view,  too.  Yes,  the  view  was  fine. 
The  sun  rose  in  the  far  Eastern  hills  of 
Massachusetts,  and  set  behind  the  Western 
crags  of  New  York,  never  out  of  sight  for 
a  minute  when  it  shone  at  all,  I  have 
not  often  seen  so  grand  a  view.  Bui 
it  left  me  cold.  The  house  was  a  wretched 
shack  without  individuality,  on  the  bald 
top  of  the  hill,  without  trees,  wttbout 
background,  utterly  without  appeal.  I 
should  get  the  mollygrumps  if  I  stayed  i 
week,  I  know  1  should.  And  not  a  glin! 
of  water  in  the  landscape,  I  sat  on  t 
step  of  the  house  and  shivered  until  ev< 
Mrs.  Jake  took  pity  on  me,  and  with 
sigh  let  hqr  visions  of  a  corner  in  bay* 
depart. 

Glorious   forests    hedged   in    the 
farmhouse  we  bided   at.      The   mercui 
was  down  almost  to  freezing,   but  t 
was   no  cordwood   piled   by  the  kitchen' 
door.     **lt  is  so  much  trouble   to   haul 
it,"  said  the  farmer's  wife,  "my  husband 
wants  a  hay  farm,  where  there  isn't  so 
much   work."     I   glanced   apprehensivel 
at   Mrs.  Jake,  but  her  robust  soul   hcl 
nothing  but   contempt  for  that  farmcrj 
Here  was   his  wife  shivering  with   coli 
winter  knocking  at  the  door,  and  to  haul 
wood  "too  much  trouble!"    We  did  not 
buy  that  farm,  or  the  next,  in  spite  of  it; 
bounding  brook.    That  one  was   behefl 
with    "sand    rights."     What    are    they? 
Why,  a  former  owner  had  found  valuabli 
deposits  of  moulding  sand  some  two  oi 
three  feet  under  his  acres,  and  had  sold  ii 
to  a  company  that  came  when  it  pleased 
and   turned   the  farm  over,  as  it   were,| 
taking   away    its   own    and   leaving    th< 
particular  field  about   three  steps  lower 
than  it  had   been.    And  it  might  come 
any  time,  when  the  crops  were  sown  or 
growing  —  whenever,  in  fact,  it  had  need 
of  the  sand.     Nice  farm  otherwise,   but 
a    running   earthquake   like   that    u 
you  —  no  thanks! 

And   so  we  came,   traveling  eastward 
through    the   glorious   autumn   days,    at 
last  to  the  town  of  Barre,  as  nearly  as  I 
can  put  my  finger  on  the  map  in  the  vci 
heart  of  the  old  Bay  State  in  which  I  h 
alwa>'s  secretly  longed  to  plant  our  home-] 
stead.    When  wc  went  out  that  morning 
and  stood  on  the  common  of  the  beautiful 


ilCClJ 

.   but     I 
jndrifl 

ward^ 


HOW  WE  FOUND  OUR  FARM 


479 


little  New  England  town,  undefiled  by  the 
smoke  of  factory  chimneys,  mellow  sunhght 
upon  the  tall  elms  and  maples  —  upon 
grass  so  green  that  even  to  Mrs.  Jake  the 
suggestion  of  hay  seemed  a  profanation,- 
we  both  exclaimed:  "Oh,  if  it  were  here!" 
It  was  with  almost  a  solemn  feeling  that 
we  drove  over  the  hills  to  the  last  farm 
on  our  list.  And,  as  we  crossed  a  murmur- 
ing brook  and,  mounting  up  on  the  other 
side,  turned  into  a  country  lane  with  an 
old. square  house  standing  at  the  end  of 
it,  we  felt  that  it  was  there  indeed,  that 
the  Crown  Hill  farm,  which  from  the 
first  we  had  liked  the  name  of,  was  the 
end  of  our  journey.  We  had  found  what 
we  sought. 

Let  me  try  to  set  before  you  the  farm 
of  our  dreams,  as  it  stood  revealed  in  life. 
A  house  a  hundred  years  old,  with  large 
rooms  and  two  mighty  chimneys,  of  the 
kind  men  build  no  more,  one  with  an  old- 
fashioned  bake-oven  in  the  sitting  room. 
Perfectly  simple,  but  with  noble  lines  and 
sound  timbers.  Repairs  in  plenty  to  make 
on  house  and  barn  —  we  are  shingling 
the  house  even  now  —  run  down,  yes, 
but  in  its  day  a  fine  old  proj)erty  that 
can  be  made  so  again.  Behind  the  house 
a  swelling  hill  that  rises  to  a  thousand 
feet  with  slopes  ideal  for  fruit.  Two 
hundred  and  odd  broad  acres,  shut  in  by 
pine  woods  and  with  little  groves  here  and 
there,  where  partridges  build  their  nests 
and  hatch  their  young.  Bounded  on  two 
sides  by  a  rippling  brook  in  which  little 
trout  leap  that  shall  have  a  chance  to 
grow  big  and  fat  before  they  are  caught. 
Beyond  the  road  broad  stretches  of  low- 
bush  huckleberry,  crimson  in  the  October 
day.  Cool  springs  on  the  hillside;  foxes, 
coons,  and  deer  in  the  woods.  What 
mortal  could  want  more? 

Almost  I  forgot  Mrs.  Jake,  which  would 
have  been  outrageous,  for  she  has  agreed 
that  my  share  of  the  farming  shall  be  the 
hunting  and  fishing  on  our  land,  if  1  will 
leave  her  hens  alone.  But  the  human 
appeal  of  Crown  Hill  almost  swept  her 
under  too,  yet  not  quite.  1  held  my 
breath  through  anxious  days,  while  she 
rallied  the  agricultural  sharps  from  farm 
and  college  and  discussed  soil,  exposures, 
crops  and  heaven  knows  what,  as  if  they 


had  anything  to  do  with  it.  But  the 
fates  were  kind.  The  verdict  was  that, 
given  energy  and  brains  and  some  outlay 
to  repair  old  waste,  there  was  no  reason 
why  the  farm  should  not  be  made  to  yield 
a  profit  now  and  many  hereafter,  when 
our  young  fruit  trees  grow  up  to  bear. 
So  now  the  farm  is  ours,  the  brook  is  ours, 
the  woods,  the  partridges,  the  hills,  the 
coons  —  they  are  all  ours.  The  huckle- 
berries we  will  give  to  the  sheep.  And 
if,  as  my  pessimistic  neighbor  says,  you 
cannot  build  a  fence  high  enough  and 
tight  enough  to  keep  them  in,  or  the 
murdering  dogs  out  —  what  is  the  matter 
with  a  couple  of  collies,  I  should  like  to 
know,  if  we  do  have  to  get  them  over 
there  where  they  train  them  for  their 
work? 

I  see  with  prophetic  vision  the  little 
lane  leading  up  from  the  road  lined  with 
blossoming  cherries  in  May.  I  see  our 
porch  overrun  with  crimson  ramblers, 
black  starlings  building  in  the  two  giant 
maples  in  front  of  the  house  —  1  heard 
them  whistle,  all  right  —  I  see  acres  and 
acres  of  apples  on  the  south  slopes  of  our 
hill.  Bell  Flower,  Northern  Spy,  Graven- 
stein  that  came  from  the  land  where  I 
was  bom,  and  the  russet  apple  beloved 
of  boys  and  of  some  men  I  know  —  trees 
pruned  and  sprayed  and  tended  as  they 
are  out  West,  and  with  raspberries  and 
gooseberries  and  currants  between  the 
rows.  I  see  other  acres  of  j>each-trees  on 
the  northern  slope  that  shall  demolish 
the  hoary  old  lie  that  you  can't  raise 
peaches  as  good  as  the  best  in  those  hills. 
1  see  our  farm  become  sanctuary  for  all 
the  wild  things  of  field  and  forest,  except 
the  foxes  for  whom  1  reserve  my  gun. 
1  see  peace  and  prosj)erity  abiding  on 
Crown  Hill  for  evermore,  the  cunning 
calculations  of  its  mistress  made  good, 
and  more  than  good.  I  saw  it  all  that 
day  when  we  had  left  the  farm  and  gone 
down  to  the  little  depot  by  the  brook, 
saw  it  in  the  masterful  look  she  cast  up- 
ward over  her  domain  as  she  pulled  down 
the  flag  from  its  socket  and  signaled  the 
train  that  was  whistling  around  the  curve. 
My,  it  beats  all!  I  didn't  know  there 
was  a  flag,  or  that  she  was  the  station- 
master,  till  1  saw  her  do  it. 


THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 

MORE  THAN   $700,000   IN    IMPROVEMENTS   FOR  7,000   PEOPLE 


WHAT  do  we  need  with 
a  new  form  of  govern- 
ment?" demanded  Our 
Most  Prominent  Citizen. 
'The  commission  idea 
may  be  a  good  thing  for  Galveston,  or 
Des  Moines,  or  any  of  the  larger  cities 
where  there  is  opportunity  for  graft  and 
for  maladministration,  but  this  is  Grand 
Junction,  Col.  We  have  only  about  7,000 
people,  and  we  know  each  other  and  what 
our  city  officials  are  doing.  We  had  better 
let  well  enough  alone.'' 

But,  because  the  majority  of  citizens 
did  not  agree  with  him.  Grand  Junction 
has  been  able  to  prove  that,  even  in  cities 
of  less  than  10,000  inhabitants,  where 
there  is  small  chance  for  graft  or  public 
thievery;  miracles  for  good  can  be  wrought 
by    intelligent    government. 

It  was  the  saloons  that  were  responsible 
for  the  reform  wave  in  Grand  Junction; 
they  mixed  liquor  with  politics  in  a  way 
which  was  too  much  for  the  every-day 
citizen  to  endure,  so,  in  April,  1909,  the 
citizens  voted  the  saloons  out  and  made 
provision  for  the  charter.  They  placed 
the  framing  of  it  in  the  hands  of  its  friends, 
and  a  commission  composed  of  five  was 
authorized,  each  man  to  be  at  the  head  of  a 
department  of  city  government  previously 
held  by  a  salaried  official.  The  prefer- 
ential system  of  voting  was  tried  and 
proved  to  be  a  success. 

Two  years  of  the  charter  government 
has  demonstrated  its  success,  and  fully 
90  per  cent,  of  the  voters  now  pro- 
nounce it  an  improvement  over  the  old 
disorganized  form.  Even  the  former  en- 
emies of  the  system  are  now  its  friends. 

In  the  last  year  of  the  old  form,  the  total 
cost  of  administration  was  $56,788.49. 
The  estimate  for  the  present  year  is 
$49,986.43  —  a  saving  of  $7,000.  The 
first  year  under  the  business  administra- 
tion represented  a  reduction  in  the  warrant 
indebtedness  of  the  city,  of  $20,000. 
Formerly  the  city  enjoyed  a  revenue  of 


$10,000  annually  from  the  saloons;  the 
new  government  has  been  maintained 
without  that  help  and  with  an  increase 
in  the  tax  levy  of  but  two  mills. 

In  addition  to  this  showing  of  economy, 
the  commissioners  have  increased  the 
wages  of  city  employees  fifty  cents  per  day, 
or  $5,000  per  year.  They  have  equipped 
the  city  with  an  expensive  auto-fire  truck 
out  of  the  ordinary  revenues;  have  pro- 
vided a  free  garbage  collection;  have 
improved  parks;  established  a  municipal 
wood-pile  and  a  municipal  bathing  pool. 
But  the  greatest  benefit  of  all  has  been  the 
increased  confidence  of  the  people  in  their 
officials — which  is  exemplified  by  the 
authorization  granted  at  a  special  election 
for  the  expenditure  of  nearly  three  quarters 
of  a  million  dollars  in  public  improvement. 

The  new  charter  has  taken  a  decided 
stand  in  forbidding  absolutely  the  con- 
tract method  of  accomplishing  city  work. 
By  so  doing,  it  has  saved  $7,000  on  the 
sewer  system  just  completed. 

The  paving  of  the  down-town  streets 
—  for  years  an  impassable  bog  during 
winter — is  nearly  finished.  The  estimated 
cost  was  $1 50,000,  but  the  completed  work 
will  be  considerably  lesj. 

The  mountain  water  system  for  which 
the  tax  payers  voted  $450,000  is  probably 
as  great  a  municipal  contract  as  was  ever 
undertaken  by  a  community  the  size  of 
Grand  Junction.  Water  will  be  carried 
by  gravity,  through  underground  conduits, 
a  distance  of  thirty  miles  down  the  mount- 
ain side  direct  to  reservoirs  located  high 
enough  to  give  plenty  of  pressure  for  fire 
purposes.  No  contractor  will  share  in  the 
profits  of  this  enterprise;  for  it  is  being 
managed  personally  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Water  and  Sewers. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  achievements 
of  the  commission  system  in  a  small  town — 
a  town  however,  of  public  spirit — which 
authorizes  the  expenditure  of  one  hundred 
dollars  for  every  man,  woman  and  child 
within  its  borders. 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER  H.  PAGE,  Editor 


CONTENTS   FOR   MARCH,  1912 

Mr,  IVilHam  G,  McAdoo  -         - Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  — An  Editorial  Interpretation      -    -    -    483 

Surgeon-Genenl  Rupert  Blue  Dr.  John  Grier  Hibben  Miss  Harriet  L.  Keder 

Mr.  Caraegie  before  the  Investigating  G>mmittee  The  Fall  of  Nanking 

How  to  Use  a  Presidential  Campaign        The  Proper  Publication  of  Pensioners 
Mr.  Roosevelt  ?  Is  Business  Going  Ahead  ? 

A  Plea  for  Fair  Judgment  About  "Peopleizing"  Industry 

A  Corporation's  Employees  Baffling  Kinds  of  Ignorance 

Credit  for  the  Poor  Man  The  Railroads'  Toll  of  Life 

The  Recall  of  the  Judges  in  California      How  to  Prevent  Human  Waste 
Germany's  Political  Crisis  A  World-Wide  Menace  to  Social  Order 

In  the  Interest  of  Peace  A  Revolving  Oration  on  Pensions 

A  Christian  and  Asiatic  Clash 

PAYING  FOR  THINGS  YOU  DON'T  WANT     -    -    -    -    C  M.  K.  503 

THE  MISFIT  CHILD Mary  Flexner  505 

CLEANING  UP  A  STATE    (Illustrated) Henry Oyen  510 

WOODROW  WILSON  — A  Biography —  VI.    (Illustrated) 

William  Bayard  Hale  522 

CHAIRMAN  UNDERWOOD Willis  J.  Abbott  534 

"WHAT  I  AM  TRYING  TO  DO"— An  Authorized. Interview  with 

Hon.  Oscar  W.  Underwood  -    - Thomas  F.  Logan  538 

THE  TESLA  TURBINE    (Illustrated)    -     Frank  Parker  Stockbridge  543 

"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND  (Illustrated)    Arthur W.  Page  549 
"THE  INSIDE  OF  A  BUSINESS  MAN" 

Introductory  Sketch  - Arthur  H.  Gleason  564 

Mr.  Fels's  Own  Story  --- •..     Joseph  Fels  566 

WHAT  1  SAW  AT  NANKING James  B.  Webster  570 

WHY  1  AM  FOR  ROOSEVELT John  Franklin  Fort  571 

UNSHACKLING  THE  ARMY  (Illustrated)      ....  Owen  Wilson  573 

THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION William  G.  McAdoo  579 

OUR  STUPENDOUS  YEARLY  WASTE— I     -    -    -    Frank  Koester  593 

POPULAR  MECHANICS Warren  H.  Miller  595 

THE  CHOOSING  OF  A  FARM 597 

THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 599 

TERMS:  $3.00  a  year;  tingle  copies,  25  cents.     For  Foreign  Posuge  add  I1.18;  Canada,  60  cents. 

Published  monthly.     Copyright,  1912,  by  Doubleday,  Page  ft  Company. 

AU  rifhu  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  as  seoond-dass  mail  matter. 

Country  Life  in  America  The  Garden  Maguine-Farming 

lu•gI£^t2Bld.  DOUBLLDAY.PAGE  &  COMPANY,  """^^y?"' 

F.  N.  DouBLKDAY.  President     H'^si^mroif!^' f  ^'^^'**'*'*"^      H.  W.  Lanin,  Sedctaiy     S.  A  EvnsTT, 'Hviancr 


I 


MR.  WILLIAM  G.  McVDUO 

PRLSIDEKT  OF  THE    MtOSON    AND   MANHATTAN    RAILROAD  COMPANY,   AND   INSPIRIMH 
AOVOCATS  or  "THE   PUBLIC  UZ  PLtASEI*  **  I'OLICV  Of  CORPORATION   MANAGEMENT 


THE 


WORLD'S 
WORK 


MARCH,    1912 


Volume  XXIII 


Number  $ 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


NATIONAL  politics,  as  we  take 
it,  is  at  once  a  duty,  a  di- 
version, a  sport,  and  a  nui- 
sance. 
There  is  justification  of  a 
Presidential  election  every  four  years  in 
the  educational  value  of  such  an  experience. 
We  hear  important  principles  and  policies 
discussed,  and  we  come  in  contact  with 
the  real  leaders  of  the  people.  We  take 
a  measure  of  the  way  we  are  going. 

But,  along  with  this  serious  and  im- 
portant work,  we  mingle  a  lot  of  trivial 
and  dissipating  gossip  and  speculation. 
We  ask  whether  Mr.  Roosevelt  empha- 
sized tweedledum  or  tweedledee,  and 
whether  Governor  Wilson  was  really  aus- 
tere or  only  direct  in  his  conversation 
with  his  friends  of  the  gentle  military 
titles.  Thus  in  social  diversion  do  we 
waste  our  time  and  magnify  trifles  every 
four  years. 

As  a  sport  every  campaign  brings  its 
excitement.  We  argue  and  lay  wagers; 
we  enjoy  the  combat;  we  applaud  the 
belligerent  orators.  And  this  sporting 
quality  of  a  vigorous  campaign  is  health- 
ful exercise  and  worth  while. 

But  we  make  our  politics  at  such  a 

CoftyriKht.  ipt*.  by  Deobladajr. 


time  also  a  nuisance.  We  hesitate  in 
business;  we  become  timid  in  forming 
commercial  or  financial  opinions  and  in 
making  plans;  if  trade  be  dull,  we  blame 
the  politicians,  and  saying  a  thousand 
times  that  politics  hinders  us  makes  the 
saying  true.  Of  course,  too,  there  is  a 
direct  bearing  on  trade  of  possible  changes 
in  policies. 

But  has  it  occurred  to  you  that  the 
shrewd  and  unexcited  man  may  find  an 
advantage  in  this  very  situation?  When 
everybody  else  has  a  tendency  to  hesitate, 
that  is  the  very  time  when  a  shrewd  man 
may  profit  by  renewed  diligence.  The 
degree  of  disturbance  is  always  exagger- 
ated. You  may  measure  the  truth 
by  a  frank  examination  of  your  own 
affairs. 

The  wise  use  of  a  Presidential  campaign 
is  seriously  to  study  the  men  and  subjects 
that  it  brings  forward,  to  form  clear 
judgments  and  to  make  your  influence 
felt  as  earnestly  as  you  can ;  then  to  enter 
into  and  enjoy  the  contest,  but  to  omit 
the  silly  details;  and  all  the  while  to  go 
about  your  work  with  at  least  as  much 
zeal  and  confidence  as  if  all  your  neighbors 
and  competitors  were  doing  their  best. 

Pif  t  *  Co.    All  richtt  ttKCfd 


MR.  CL^RNEGIE:  ''thlrl  is  no  cuMPbiiTioN."     '  smi    nmi'^  no  lARirr.' 

Other   assertions   thai   startled    the  Stanley  Steel    Investigating  Committee  of  Congress  were  : 

"The  time  has  arrived  when  it  is  absolutefy  necessary  for  the  Federal  Government  to  come  in  and 

fix  maximum  prices/'     "The  consumers  are  absoftilely  at  the  mercy  of  these  corporations"     '*i 

recant  what  J  said  in  1888  about  the  '  Bugaboo  of  Trusts'  and  the  return  of  ihe  age  of  competiiioR" 


THE  NEW  PRESIDEN  r  OH  l*'*'^^^  woodrow  wilson 

^p^lNED  PRESBYTERIAN  MINISTER 


MfSS  HARRIET  L  KEELER 

THE   NEW  CITY  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  SCHOOLS  OF  CLEVELAND*  C,  WHO  BELIEVES  THAT  POOR 
CHILDREN   SHOLXD   BE   FED  IN   SCHOOL:  AND  THAT  "THE   WORLD  HAS 
CONE   AS   FAR  AS   MAN    CAN  TAKE    IT   ALONE  *' 


I 


i  HE  hALL  Ul    NANKING 

UFPER  PICTttRi:  THE  REMAINS  OF  THE  IMPERIALIST  CAMP,  OVERLOOKING  NANKING 

MIDDLE  picture:   THE  FLAG  OF  THE  REPUBLIC,  OVER  GENERAL  CHIl's  HEADQUARTERS 

LOWER  picture:   REVOLUIIOMSTS  RRINOING  AN  IMPERIALIST  CAPTIVE  IHW  CAMP 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


489 


O 


MR.  ROOSEVELT? 

N  NOVEMBER  8,  1904,  the  night 
of  his  election  to  the  Presidency, 
Mr.  Roosevelt  said: 

On  the  4th  of  March  next  I  shall  have 
served  three  and  a  half  years,  and  this  three 
and  a  half  years  constitute  my  first  term. 
The  wise  custom  which  limits  the  president  to 
two  terms  regards  the  substance  and  not  the 
form,  and  under  no  circumstances  will  I  be  a 
candidate  for  or  accept  another  nomination. 

There  was  no  necessity  for  his  making 
this  statement  except  his  own  feeling  that 
such  a  clear  understanding  with  the  people 
would  enable  him  the  better  to  do  the 
duties  of  the  great  office.  It  was  in  the 
nature  of  a  contract  which  meant  this: 

"1  wish  to  make  sure  that  no  act  of  mine 
shall  be  done  with  reference  to  my  own 
political  fortunes  or  shall  seem  so  to  be 
done;  and,  to  remove  all  temptation  and 
to  prevent  misunderstanding,  1  now  de- 
clare that  1  will  not  seek  to  be  nor  consent 
to  be  President  again."  That  was  the 
meaning  of  it.  It  was  a  good  impulse 
that  prompted  this  declaration  and  it 
was  made  with  sincerity  and  wisdom. 

Three  years  later,  on  December  11, 
1907,  Mr.  Roosevelt  said: 

I  have  not  changed  and  shall  not  change 
that  decision  thus  announced. 

Nor  has  he  said  at  any  time  since 
that  he  has  changed  his  decision.  But 
there  has  lately  arisen  such  a  clamor 
for  his  nomination  that  it  is  confidently 
expected,  apparently  by  an  increasing 
number  of  men,  that  if  he  be  nominated 
he  will  not  refuse.  These  friends  say  that 
he  ought  not  and  cannot  refuse.  Read, 
for  example,  the  explanation  in  this 
magazine  by  ex-Govemor  Fort  of  New 
Jersey  of  his  reasons  why  Mr.  Roosevelt 
ought  to  change  his  decision.  That  is 
typical  of  many  such  explanations  and 
"demands"  —  a  personal  argument  and 
little  more. 

II 

What  does  this  clamor  for  Mr.  Roose- 
velt mean  to  the  Republican  party?  It 
means  a  confession  that  Mr.  Taft  has  failed 
as  a  party  leader,  that  the  division  in  the 


party  has  not  been  healed  but  has  become 
wider,  and  that  there  is  a  practical  cer- 
tainty of  defeat  if  he  be  renominated. 
All  this  may  be  true.  But  the  call  for 
Mr.  Roosevelt  means  also  a  confession 
that  there  is  no  other  Republican  who 
can  win  the  election.  It  means  a  con- 
fession of  an  amazing  paucity  of  men  in  the 
party  who  can  command  the  party's 
confidence.  It  means  Mr.  Roosevelt  or 
defeat,  or  —  both. 

If  it  be  granted  that  only  one  man  can 
save  the  party,  the  party  ought  to  be 
defeated.  Any  party  that  reaches  such 
a  predicament  ought  to  be  defeated;  for 
it  thereby  confesses  that  it  has  ceased  to 
be  a  party  held  together  by  principles  or 
large  policies,  but  has  degenerated  into 
the  personal  following  of  an  individual. 
There  is  a  sad  confession,  therefore,  in 
this  clamor  —  a  confession  that  may  turn 
out  to  be  the  forerunner  and  partial  cause 
of  defeat. 

And  what  does  this  call  for  Mr.  Roose- 
velt mean  to  him?  It  means  that  those 
who  make  it  confess  that  the  party  is  in 
so  bad  a  plight  that  only  his  personal 
popularity  can  save  it,  that  it  has  been 
done  to  death  by  the  leader  of  his  own 
choosing  whom  he  is  now  asked  to  opj)ose, 
that  an  honored  precedent  and  a  solemn 
personal  resolution  must  be  set  aside  to 
save  the  personal  political  fortunes  of 
party  leaders.  For  who  dares  say  that 
any  great  principle  is  at  stake?  As  be- 
tween possible  Republican  nominees,  it 
is  a  struggle  chiefly  of  personalities.  What 
large  policy  separates  Mr.  Taft  from  Mr. 
Roosevelt  or  Mr.  Cummins?  Perhaps  a 
shade  of  difference  in  protection,  or  a 
shade  of  difference  about  treaties  of 
arbitration.  For  the  rest,  the  differences, 
great  as  they  are,  are  merely  personal. 
This,  then,  is  the  low  level  of  a  personal 
political  struggle,  not  of  a.  statesmanlike 
contest.  And  Mr.  Roosevelt  fs  asked  to 
enter  this  personal  struggle. 

Ill 

It  is  worth  recalling  that  the  mood  and 
thought  of  the  people  are  not  the  same  as 
they  were  in  1904,  when  Mr.  Roosevelt 
was  last  a  candidate.  The  House  is 
Democratic  and   the   Senate,  too,   may 


490 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


become  so.  The  Republican  factions  are 
irreconcilable.  Campaign  contributions 
must  be  made  public.  Party  ties  are 
looser  than  ever  before.  Mr.  Bryan's 
shadow  has  passed  from  the  Democratic 
horizon.  The  old  Senate  oligarchy  has 
been  overthrown.  Most  of  the  old  bosses 
are  gone.  The  people  are  trying  new 
devices  to  use  their  j)ower  themselves. 
Most  of  all,  the  long-suppressed  demand 
for  tariff-reduction  has  been  heard;  and 
this  most  important  subject  is  even  yet 
outside  the  wide  range  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
didactic  activities.  He  will  now  hardly 
De  likely  to  get  credit  for  discovering 
its  importance  or  to  profit  by  the  strong 
tide  in  favor  of  its  reform.  However 
spirited  his  manner,  he  must  ride  in  the 
rear  during  this  charge.  Big  Business  has 
bought  copies  of  the  ten  commandments 
and  has  heard  them  expounded  from  the 
Supreme  Court.  The  year  1912  is  not 
the  same  as  the  year  1904. 

IV 

Let  us  assume  that  he  will  be  nominated, 
without  his  active  seeking  and  that  he 
will  accept  after  a  bitter  personal  struggle 
and  against  precedent  and  against  his  own 
patriotic  resolution  —  what  then?  A  cam- 
paign in  the  forced  false  note  of  hero- 
worship;  the  resentment  by  independent 
men  both  of  the  vanity  and  of  the  servility 
implied  in  the  confession  that  a  party's 
fate  lies  in  the  hands  of  one  man;  then, 
in  all  probability,  defeat  —  not  an  heroic 
defeat  but  only  a  hero's  defeat.  That 
would  be  repeating  Democratic  history 
under  Mr.  Bryan's  leadership. 

Or  suppose  Mr.  Roosevelt  should  be 
elected?  Then  it  would  be  a  personal 
triumph  rather  than  a  party  victory;  and 
his  third  administration  would  be  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  personal  struggle  whereby 
it  was  won  —  a  bitter  administration, 
however  brilliant. 


Now.  by  contrast,  consider  this  ending 
of  the  present  noise:  Mr.  F^oosevelt,  after 
his  exceedingly  successful  and  distin- 
guished career  as  President  when  for  seven 
years  he  ^ave  a  healthful  stimulus  to  our 
whole  political  life  and  lifted  it  to  a  new 


level,  now  decisively  withdrawn  from 
all  partisan  struggles;  assuring  his  too- 
zealous  friends  that  no  party-crisis  war- 
rants the  breaking  of  his  honorable  resolve; 
remaining  apart  from  the  personal  turmoil 
that  his  own  energy  brought  when  he 
shook  the  stagnant  calm  of  public  life  into 
wholesome  struggle  and  set  a  new  standard 
of  activity  —  it  was  a  great  task  that  he  did 
just  when  it  needed  doing,  a  new  impulse 
that  he  gave  when  politics  had  sunk  to  a 
sodden  level;  but  that  task  is  done,  that 
day  is  gone,  new  personalities  are'  come, 
new  duties,  needs  of  other  qualities  ~ 
think  of  Mr.  Roosevelt  with  this  great 
achievement  to  his  credit,  giving  his  days 
henceforth  to  friendly  aid  of  the  forces 
that  he  set  going.  No  amount  of  further 
political  activity  can  bring  him  the  position 
of  influence  and  of  dignity  that  is  now 
within  his  reach,  nor  the  profound  respect 
of  the  great  body  of  silent  citizens,  which 
he  can  keep  and  strengthen  by  dismissing 
his  followers  who  have  caught  his  manner 
without  catching  his  nobler  spirit  or  his 
larger  vision. 

But,  if  he  should  mistake  the  voice  of  a 
bewildered  and  desperate  faction  for  the 
voice  of  the  nation,  he  would  follow  a 
dying  sound.  For,  in  our  democracy  at 
least,  no  man  can  long  remain  a  hero  who 
permits  the  noise  of  hero-worship  to  echo 
in  the  chambers  either  of  his  vanity  or  of 
his  patriotism.  Defeated  or  elected,  he 
would  not  be  the  natural  greater  Roose- 
velt but  a  revival  of  himself,  in  danger 
always  of  a  comic  repetition  of  deeds  that 
no  more  need  doing. 

VI 

The  natural  nominees  of  the  two  parties 
—  the  bosses  and  Big  Business  keeping 
their  hands  off  and  allowing  the  people 
to  name  the  men  that  most  naturally 
now  represent  the  masses  —  would  be 
President  Taft  and  Governor  Wilson. 
One  represents  the  bewildered  inefficiency 
of  one  party,  and  the  other  the  best  as- 
pirations of  the  other  party  in  its  hope  of 
rejuvenation. 

The  call  for  Mr.  Roosevelt  must  be 
classed  not  a  normal  and  calm  but  excited 
and  mistaken  act  of  desperation,  an  unfair 
temptation    to    him,    a    violence    to   an 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


491 


honored  national  tradition  and  to  a 
patriotic  resolution  of  his  own,  and  a 
humiliating  and  ominous  confession  of 
impending  defeat. 

A  PLEA  FOR  FAIR  JUDGMENT 

AS  THE  national  conventions  come 
near  and  i)olitical  activity  becomes 
L  fierce,  it  is  a  good  time  to  make  sure 
that  we  do  not  form  political  judgments  of 
which  we  shall  be  ashamed  later.  It  is  a 
good  time  to  make  sure  that  we  judge 
public  men  fairly. 

For  instance,  President  Taft.  While  he 
has  not  been  a  tactful  or  inspiring  political 
leader,  he  has  been  by  far  a  better  Presi- 
dent than  most  men  who  have  held  the 
great  office.  Now  when  his  mistakes  and 
misfortunes  are  emphasized  by  his  critics, 
let  us  remember  in  fairness  that  he  has 
kept  his  patriotic  course  true.  He  has 
made  judicial  appointments  with  care  and 
in  good  conscience.  He  has  enforced  the 
Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law.  He  has  done  all 
that  he  could  to  further  such  excellent 
plans  as  the  postal  savings  banks  and  a 
parcels  post.  He  has  made  economies  in 
the  administrative  branch  of  the  Govern- 
ment. He  has  had  instructive  inquiries 
made  into  tariff-schedules  and  into  rail- 
way finance  and  values.  He  has  had  a 
clean  and  patriotic  administration.  If  it 
has  not  been  invigorating  and  inspiring, 
it  has  been  safe  and  of  high  aim.  He  is 
not  the  kind  of  man  by  temperament  for 
leadership;  but  among  clean,  common- 
place presidents,  he  will  take  high  rank; 
and  most  presidents  have  been  merely 
clean  and  commonplace.  Our  political 
system  generally  puts  such  men  in  the  office 
in  quiet  times. 

For  another  example,  Mr.  Roosevelt. 
Heaven  knows  he  is  energetic  enough  even 
in  the  calmest  weather.  It  is  a  dull  day 
when  by  word  or  deed  he  does  not  give 
the  newspapers  an  acceptable  item;  and 
in  a  time  of  political  excitement,  he  is  a 
centre  of  whiriwinds.  But,  suppose  if 
you  can  that  he  wished  to  be  forgotten, 
how  could  he  accomplish  it?  It  is  not 
probable  that  reporters  really  annoy  him; 
but  how  could  he  avoid  them  if  they  did 
annoy  him?  A  man  of  another  tempera- 
ment might  be  an  ex-President  in  quiet. 


but  hardly  he.  Yet  does  any  man,  in  his 
calm  judgment,  imagine  that  Mr.  Roose- 
velt, with  all  his  energy  and  all  his  some- 
what tiresome  self-consciousness,  is  such 
a  man  as  a  large  part  of  the  press  now 
picture  him?  It  is  a  good  time  to  recall 
the  real  Mr.  Roosevelt  and  to  refuse  to 
accept  the  current  caricature. 

Or  Governor  Wilson.  He  has  made  New 
Jersey  a  respectable  commonwealth.  He 
has  set  forth  the  Democratic  philosophy 
of  government  and  of  life  with  a  force  and 
clearness  new  to  this  generation;  and  he 
has  lifted  his  party  to  a  much  higher  plane 
of  thought  and  purpose  and  economic 
character  than  it  has  held  for  a  very  long 
time.  If  he  changed  his  conviction^  about 
such  machinery  as  the  referendum,  and  if 
he  wrote  an  inquiry  about  his  eligibility 
to  an  academic  pension,  if  he  suffered  an 
amusing  and  inconsequential  flood  of  Wat- 
tersonian  words  (what  a  comedy  Kentucky 
sometimes  gives  the  country!),  are  these 
base  acts  in  an  honorable  man's  career? 
The  disproportionate  publicity  given  to  ^ 
such  things  as  these  may  indicate  the  prob- 
ability of  Governor  Wilson's  nomination. 

Again,  Senator  La  Follette  has  for  a 
long  part  of  his  career  thriven  on  abuse  and 
ridicule.  But  misrepresentation  has  not 
checked  the  development  of  his  career. 
It  may  j)ossibly  have  confirmed  him  in 
some  of  his  more  advanced  (or  "radical" 
if  you  prefer)  ideas,  for  his  is  the  fight- 
ing temperament.  But  many  men  who 
harshly  criticize  him  now  do  more  harm 
to  themselves  than  to  him. 

For  the  point  of  these  paragraphs  is 
not  so  much  a  defense  of  the  men  who 
are  in  the  field  for  the  Presidential  nomina- 
tion as  a  defense  of  ourselves  against  the 
low  and  cheap  vice  of  misrepresentation 
and  misjudgment.  An  unjust  judgment  of 
any  man  in  public  life  may  be  an  injury  to 
that  man;  but  the  easy  habit  of  forming 
unjust  judgments  is  sure  to  be  an  injury 
to  right  public  opinion;  and  this  is  a  more 
serious  matter.  For  precisely  in  propor- 
tion to  the  prevalence  of  unjust  judgments 
does  public  opinion  become  untrustworthy. 
Before  you  form  or  accept  or  repeat  cheap 
partisan  judgments  of  eminent  men,  think 
of  the  kind  of  critics  that  easily  excel  in 
such  unworthy  exercise,  and  desist.    Any 


40 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


common  stump  politician  can  outdo  you 
in  passing  snap  judgments  on  men  whose 
character  and  labors  are  among  the  chief 
assets  of  the  country.  For  the  foregoing 
men  (and  the  list  might  easily  be  extended) 
are  men  that  any  country  might  be  proud 
of. 

A  CORPORATION'S  EMPLOYEES 

A  STOCKHOLDER  of  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  Mr. 
Cabot,  of  Boston,  has  caused  an 
investigation  to  be  made  into  the  working 
conditions  of  the  employees  of  the  cor- 
poration. This  is  a  friendly  investigation 
of  precisely  the  sort  that  ought  to  be  made 
when  there  is  any  suspected  reason  for 
such  information.  And  the  supposition 
is  that  it  will  lead  to  a  correction  of  some 
of  the  worst  conditions  to  be  found  in  the 
whole  working  world. 

In  the  Pittsburg  survey  made  by  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation,  it  was  shown  that 
the  8-hour  day  in  the  steel-working  trades 
has  practically  disappeared;  that  most  of 
the  employees  engaged  in  processes  of  mak- 
ing steel  work  12  hours;  that  many  work 
seven  days  in  the  week,  either  without  a  full 
day  of  rest,  or  with  a  free  Sunday  one  week 
and  24  hours  of  continuous  duty  the  next. 

Speeding-up  methods  have  augmented  pro- 
duction in  every  department.  Even  where 
no  new  processes  or  machines  have  been  in- 
troduced, the  output  has  increased  and  in  many 
cases  is  double  what  it  was  fifteen  years  ago. 

.  .  These  physical  conditions,  coupled 
with  the  prolonged  tension,  result  at  many 
points  in  the  working  life  of  the  mills,  in  human 
overstrain. 

This  investigation  was  made  in  1908. 
The  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  has 
made  a  report  of  conditions  in  1910: 

Working  hours  were  reported  for  90,564; 
of  this  number  44,993  had  a  working  week  of 
72  hours  or  over,  which  is,  in  effect,  at  least 
a  12-hour  day  for  six  days  a  week.  Approxi- 
mately one  third  of  all  the  employees  had  a 
regular  working  week  of  more  than  72  hours, 
which  practically  means  some  work  on  Sunday. 
Over  22,000  had  a  working  week  of  84  or  more 
hours,  which  means  at  least  12  hours  every 
day  in  the  week,  including  Sunday.  Approxi- 
mately three  fourths  of  all  the  employees  had 
a  working  week  of  over  60  hours;   1 1  per  cent. 


of  all  the  employees  had  a  working  week  of 
just  60  hours;  while  only  16  per  cent,  had  a 
working  week  of  less  than  60  hours. 

Since  these  figures  were  compiled  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation  and  many 
of  the  independent  companies  have 
adopted  a  plan  for  giving  one  day  of  rest 
in  seven  even  to  those  employees  engaged 
in  processes  necessarily  continuous. 

There  is,  however,  no  evidence  that  any 
move  has  been  made  to  eliminate  the  12- 
hour  day.  But  it  is  only  by  abolishing 
such  a  working  schedule  that  the  steel 
companies  can  free  themselves  from  the 
charge  of  maintaining  conditions  out  of 
harmony  with  American  standards.  In 
most  other  industries  a  shorter  work-day 
has  come  to  be  the  standard.  Indeed, 
it  was  as  long  ago  as  the  administration  of 
President  Van  Buren  that  10  hours  was 
established  as  the  working  day  in  Govern- 
ment service,  and  in  1869  Congress  passed 
an  8-hour  law  for  Government  work. 

The  steel  industry  cannot  be  operated  on 
a  lo-hour  basis,  because  the  processes  are 
continuous.  The  mills  must  be  operated  24 
hours  in  the  day,  and  that  means  that 
either  two  shifts  of  men,  each  working  12 
hours,  or  three  shifts  of  men  and  an  8- 
hour  day. 

The  paper  industry  also  is  continuous, 
but  the  largest  paper  mills  in  the  United 
States  are  operated  by  three  shifts  of  men, 
each  working  8  hours,  and,  although  there 
are  some  paper  mills  still  operating  on  the 
12-hour  schedule  with  the  two  shifts, 
the  8-hour  mills  seem  to  be  able  to  com- 
pete with  them  successfully.  The  smel- 
ters of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Ore  Districts 
have  to  be  operated  continuously  also, 
and  these,  too,  have  adopted  three  shifts 
and  an  8-hour  day. 

Was  Judge  Gray  not  mistaken,  then. 
when  he  said,  as  he  was  lately  reported 
to  say,  that  "the  treatment  accorded  by 
our  Corporation  to  its  employees  com- 
pares favorably  with  that  of  any  line  of 
industry  in  this  country  or  any  other 
country  at  the  present  time,  or  any  period 
in  the  history  of  the  world?" 

The  Bureau  of  Labor's  report  gives  these 
facts  about  the  wages  of  these  workers:  » 
"  Of  the  total  of  90,599  employees    .    .    . 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


493 


44,913  receive  less  than  18  cents^per  hour. 
Those  earning  18  and  under  25  cents  per 
hour  number  22,975,  while  22,711,  earned 
25  cents  and  over.  A  few  very  highly 
skilled  employees  received  $1.25  per  hour, 
and  those  receiving  50  cents  and  over  per 
hour  number  3,915. 

Eighteen  cents  an  hour  means  $2.16 
for  a  12-hour  day.  Practically  50  per 
cent,  of  the  employees  earn  less  than 
$2.16  a  day.  More  than  21  per  cent, 
earn  $1.92  a  day.  And  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  in  Pennsylvania  were  in  oper- 
ation, in  1910,  an  average  of  286  days, 
according  to  the  Pennsylvania  Bureau 
of  Industrial  Statistics.  That  would  pro- 
vide an  income  in  1910  of  less  than  1^17 
for  $0  per  cent,  of  the  workers,  and  less 
than  $549  for  21  per  cent.,  less  than  a 
family  can  get  the  necessities  of  life  for. 

And  in  this  whole  industry  unionism 
has  been  eliminated.  No  part  of  these 
300,000  workmen  are  organized. 

Now  this  is  not  an  industry  of  doubtful 
financial  success.  It  is  the  very  industry, 
too,  in  which  the  system  of  selling  stock 
to  employees  on  favorable  terms  has  been 
held  up  as  a  proof  that  they  are  well 
treated.  But,  until  further  facts  come 
out  or  some  change  is  made,  this  great 
corporation  will  rest  under  the  conviction 
by  public  opinion  of  profiting  by  ill-paid 
labor  done  under  inhuman  conditions. 

II 

The  good  point  is  that  a  stockholder 
has  caused  an  investigation  to  be  made  for 
the  information  of  his  fellow-stockholders. 
They  have  direct  responsibilities  in  the 
matter,  and  they  alone  can  put  the  man- 
agement of  the  corporation  on  effective 
trial  before  public  opinion.  Query:  Are 
you  a  stockholder  in  any  corporation  that 
may  be  treating  its  working  force  in- 
considerately? If  you  are,  is  it  not  your 
personal  concern  to  find  out  the  truth  and 
to  correct  the  evil  if  there  be  evil? 

When  any  considerable  number  of 
holders  of  stock  in  corporations  bring  this 
responsibility  home  to  themselves,  we 
shall  be  getting  at  the  root  of  the  matter 
in  a  proper  and  fundamental  way.  And 
if  you  draw  dividends,  haven't  you  such 
a  responsibility? 


CREDIT  FOR  THE  POOR  MAN 

TIME  and  again  the  World's  Work 
has  directed  attention  to  the 
system  of  credit-banks  that  has 
overrun  Europe  —  organizations  whereby 
farmers  and  other  men  of  small  resources 
and  credit  so  cooperate  as  to  secure  loans 
for  productive  uses  at  low  interest.  It 
is  a  system,  in  other  words,  whereby  the 
poor  man  can  establish  and  profit  by  a 
credit  and  build  up  his  business  and  lift 
himself  into  a  higher  economic  class.  It  is 
perhaps  the  best  economic  and  truly 
educational  invention  of  the  last  century. 
In  Germany  alone  more  than  a  billion 
and  a  half  dollars  were  so  lent  last  year 
at  about  5  per  cent,  interest  —  lent 
safely  to  poor  men  who  otherwise  could 
not  have  commanded  loans  at  all. 

Now  Mr.  David  Lubin  of  the  Inter- 
national Institute  of  Agriculture,  whose 
society  has  published  and  distributed 
many  explanations  of  this  system  of 
credit-banks,  is  coming  to  the  United 
States  to  hold  meetings  to  induce  our 
business  men  and  farmers  to  adopt  it. 
It  would  be  hard  to  find  in  the  whole  range 
of  human  experience  a  more  useful  help 
to  the  tillers  of  the  soil  in  the  United  States. 

THE  RECALL  OF  JUDGES  IN 
CALIFORNIA 

THE  people  of  California  were  boss- 
ridden  for  fifty  years.  Political 
advancement  lay  through  the  favor 
of  the  officials  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad,  and  through  no  other  channel. 
Even  judges  —  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  as  well  as  judges  of  the  county 
courts  —  came  to  the  bench  only  by  way  of 
this  railroad  favor.  Perhaps  this  control 
of  the  courts  was  the  most  exasperating 
thing  in  all  the  long  history  of  political 
misrule. 

A  year  ago,  California  swept  the  rail- 
road machine  into  the  scrap-heap  and 
elected  a  progressive  Governor  and  legis- 
lature. One  of  the  first  acts  in  their 
comprehensive  programme  of  reform  was 
to  submit  to  the  people  constitutional 
amendments  providing  for  direct  legisla- 
tion, for  the  recall  as  well  as  for  the 
initiative  and  the  referendum  —  the  recall 


494 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


even  of  judges.  President  Taft  declared 
himself  against  so  "radical"  an  "attack" 
upon  the  independence  of  judges.  Con- 
servative opinion  throughout  the  country 
expressed  alarm  lest  judges  might  be 
recalled  by  the  hasty  action  of  the  people 
when  the  people  were  moved  by  deep 
resentments.  The  amendments  wee 
adopted  by  a  vote  of  four  to  one. 

California  may  be  fairly  taken  as  an 
extreme  example  of  such  resentments  as 
the  conservatives  fear.  When  the  recall 
was  adopted,  men  sat  on  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  of  whom  it  was  known 
beyond  a  doubt  that  they  owed  their 
position  to  the  friendship  of  the  railroad, 
and  of  whose  actions  on  the  bench  the 
railroad  had  no  reason  to  complain.  If 
deep  resentments  were  to  sway  the  public 
mind,  here  was  the  occasion.  But  no 
responsible  person  in  California  has  yet 
suggested  that  any  judge  be  recalled. 
The  power  is  in  the  people's  hands,  but 
they  seem  conservative  in  using  it  against 
the  courts.  They  no  doubt  regard  it  as 
a  gun  behind  the  door. 

GERMANY'S  POLITICAL  CRISIS 

THE  most  surprising  and  important 
fact  in  contemporary  European 
history  is  the  strength  of  the 
Socialists  in  the  present  German  parlia- 
ment —  the  Reichstag.  At  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  last  session,  they  mustered 
53;  this  year's  elections  give  them  no 
members  and  make  theirs  the  largest 
individual  group  in  Germany's  imperial 
legislature. 

The  significance  of  this  fact  is  enhanced 
by  several  circumstances:  Under  the  pres- 
ent suffrage  laws  of  Germany,  Socialists 
vote  under  a  tremendous  handicap.  The 
empire  was  divided  into  parliamentary 
districts  in  1871,  and  that  division  is  still 
in  force,  though  since  1871  the  population 
of  the  cities  and  industrial  districts  has 
increased  out  of  all  proportion  to  that  of 
the  agricultural  districts.  The  strength 
of  the  Socialist  vote  is  in  the  cities,  and 
under  a  fair  apportionment  they  would 
be  entitled  to  many  more  seats.  In  the 
last  Reichstag,  2,150,000  Conservative 
voters  were  represented  by  112  members, 
while  3,2(k),ooo  Socialist  voters  had  only 


43  meml^jers.  That  is,  it  took  only  2,000 
votes  to  return  a  Conservative  member, 
but  7,600  votes  were  required  to  elect  a 
Socialist.  East  Prussia  contains  400,000 
voters  and  has  17  seats  in  Parliament; 
Berlin,  500,000  voters  and  only  6  seats. 
That  is,  in  the  agricultural  country,  every 
23,500  electors  has  a  Reichstag  member; 
in  the  industrial  city,  every  83,000.  The 
city  man's  vote  counts  for  less  than  one 
third  as  much  as  the  agriculturist's. 

In  Germany,  elections  go  by  majorities, 
not  by  pluralities  as  with  us,  and  when 
no  candidate  shows  a  majority,  a  sec- 
ad  ballot  is  necessary.  In  this  case  the 
.  ocialists  were  stronger  at  the  second  bal- 
liting  thin  at  the  first.  In  the  reballot- 
in,^,  the  made  far  greater  gains  than  they 
had  h'  d  for;  that  is  to  say,  in  a  sur- 
pris  mber  of  districts.  Progressives 

and  .  Is  combined  upon  the  Socialist 

cand  .  A  curious  result  was  reached 
in  th  Kaiser  division"  of  Berlin.  In 
the  fi...t  election,  the  Socialists  captured 
every  election  district  in  Berlin,  except 
the  one  in  which  the  Emperor's  city  palace 
is  located  and  in  which  his  Ministers  live. 
Here  the  Socialists  led,  but  on  the  second 
ballot,  the  Ministers  and  the  Govern- 
ment's civil  employees,  headed  by  the 
Imperial  Chancellor,  Dr.  von  Bethmann- 
Hollweg  himself,  went  to  the  polls  and 
voted,  not  for  their  own  candidate,  a 
Conservative,  but  for  the  Radical  can- 
didate, securing  his  election  by  a  majority 
of  7  over  the  hated  "  Red." 

A  circumstance  which  must  have  been 
particularly  humiliating  to  the  Emperor 
was  the  election  of  a  Socialist  in  his  own 
district  at  Potsdam,  the  chief  imperial 
residence  and  the  chief  garrison  town.  To 
make  that  matter  worse,  if  possible, 
Dr.  Liebknecht,  who  will  have  the 
Kaiser  for  one  of  his  constituents,  had  just 
been  released  from  prison,  where  he  had 
served  a  sentence  of  eighteen  months  for 
activity  in  the  anti-militarist  propaganda. 
N()thin<^  could  more  emphatically  declare 
the  difference  between  the  Kaiser's  govern- 
ment and  his  people. 

II 

The  final  results  appear  to  be:  Social- 
ists, no;   Radicals,  42;  Liberals,  46;  other 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


495 


progressives,  7;  total  "Left,"  205;  Cler- 
icals (Roman  Catholics),  93;  Particu- 
larists,  29;  Conservatives  and  allies,  69: 
total  "Right,"  192;  Independent,  i. 

It  is  clear  that  the  chancellor.  Dr. 
Bethmann-HoUweg,  cannot  carry  on  the 
government  through  the  old  "bloc"  — 
the  combination  of  Conservatives  and 
Catholics  —  by  means  of  which  he  has 
heretofore  secured  majorities  for  his  meas- 
ures. The  balance  of  power  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  National  Liberals,  whose 
chief  is  Ernst  Bassermann.  With  Liberal 
assistance,  the  Government  ought  to  be 
able  to  get  its  army  and  navy  bills  throu  Th 

—  but  that  assistance  will  cost  somethii  ^. 
The  session  will  be  a  stormy,,  one.  it 
may  be  a  short  one.  It  can  hi  dly  bf'so 
short  but  that  the  vital  qi.  tiony  of 
redistricting  the  empire  and  I  jjjg  the 
Ministry  under  control  of  th         pistag 

—  that  is,  the  creation  of  a  co  -  ptional 
Germany  —  will  be  raised. 

The  Kaiser  is  an  able  and  ^rilliant 
man  with  a  record  of  daring  and 
effective  deeds.  He  has  a  dominating 
sense  of  the  value  of  dramatic  action. 
The  moment  is  opportune  for  a  coup. 
It  might  take  the  form  of  a  dissolution  of 
this  legislature,  the  raising  of  the  anti- 
English  or  some  other  patriotic  cry,  and 
a  new  appeal  to  the  people.  The  Reac- 
tionaries advise  and  expect  some  such 
course  as  that.  What  a  pity  it  is  that 
the  Emperor,  with  all  his  ability  and 
brilliancy,  is  not  sufficiently  alive  to 
the  movement  of  the  age  to  throw  off 
the  trammelling  superstitution  of  "divine 
right,"  break  the  shackles  of  bureaucracy, 
and  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  popular 
awakening  which  has  suddenly  made 
Germany,  despite  its  Mediaeval  govern- 
ment, one  of  the  most  progressive  and 
prosperous  of  modem  nations,  and  which 
might  make  it,  under  democratic  rule, 
led  by  an  Emperor  as  sympathetic  with 
the  aspirations  of  the  people  as  he  is  bold, 
energetic,  imaginative,  and  magnetic  — 
the  most  enviable  of  all! 

The  "Socialist"  vote  of  Germany  does 
not  denote  belief  in  the  doctrines  of 
Socialism;  it  represents  actually  dissatis- 
faction with  the  present  Government. 
What  a  chance  for  a  great  ruler! 


IN  THE  INTEREST  OF  PEACE 

THE  interest  with  which  the  fate  of 
the  General  Arbitration  Treaties 
is  awaited  oyght  not  to  be  al- 
lowed to  divert  public  attention  from 
another,  and  a  much  more  immediately 
practical  concern  of  the  friends  of  inter- 
ijational  peace  —  namely,  the  fate  of  the 
treaties  negotiated  last  year  between  the 
United  States  and  Honduras  and  the 
United  States  and  Nicaragua,  now  await- 
ing confirmation  by  the  Senate. 
.  These  conventions  aim  to  establish 
conditions  under  which  two  Central  Ameri- 
can countries  can  hope  to  advance  to  a 
state  of  settled  peace  and  civilization. 
They  provide  for  loans  to  be  made  them 
by  private  bankers  of  the  United  States, 
sufficient  to  cover  all  their  outstanding 
obligations,  the  interest  on  these  loans 
to  be  guaranteed  out  of  the  customs 
receipts  of  the  two  countries,  the  custom- 
houses to  be  administered  under  the 
general  oversight  and  the  protection  of 
the  United  States. 

The  arrangement  is  on  the  general  line 
of  that  made  seven  years  ago  with  Santo 
Domingo,  which  has  brought  about  the 
happiest  and  most  gratifying  results. 
The  Dominican  Republic  was  in  desperate 
straits  in  1904;  European  Powers  were 
on  the  point  of  descending  on  the  island 
for  long-delayed  arrears  of  interest  on 
the  country's  gigantic  debt.  The  Mon- 
roe Doctrine  was  menaced.  The  United 
States  undertook  an  adjustment  of  the 
Dominican  debt  and  assumed  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  custom-houses.  The 
Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Knox,  in  a  speech 
delivered  before  the  New  York  State  Bar 
Association  the  other  day,  thus  described 
the  results: 

The  creditors  now  punctually  receive  their 
interest,  and  there  is  at  present  turned  over  to 
the  Dominican  Government  for  the  purposes 
of  defraying  its  current  expenses  an  amount 
far  in  excess  of  what  the  total  revenues  of  the 
Republic  had  previously  been.  Since  the 
American  management  of  the  customs  has 
existed  it  has  been  found  possible  to  reduce 
the  import  tariff  by  approximately  one  half, 
notwithstanding  which  the  import  duties 
have  increased  from  one  million  eight  hundred 
thousand  dollars  in  1904  to  over  three  million 


496 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


three  hundred  thousand  in  191 1,  while  the 
total  foreign  trade  of  the  Republic  has  grown 
from  about  six  millions  to  over  seventeen 
millions  of  dollars  in  the  same  period,  and  the 
annual  harvest  of  revolutions  is  no  longer 
gathered  and  military  expenses  which  formerly 
depleted  the  treasury  have  been  reduced  to  a 
minimum. 

What  has  been  done  in  the  Dominican 
Republic  can  be  done  in  Guatemala  and 
Honduras,  that  cock-pit  of  Central  Amer- 
ica. Left  to  themselves,  these  coun- 
tries will  never  be  able  to  extricate  them- 
selves from  the  mesh  of  national 
bankruptcy  and  the  confirmed  habit 
of  constant  civil  strife.  They  Have  in- 
vited the  aid  of  their  great  neighbor  to  the 
extent  of  extending  a  j)owerful  arm  over 
their  custom-houses  —  the  explanation  of 
all  revolutions,  the  key  to  all  peace, 
prosperity,  and  progress.  To  extend  that 
help  would  cost  us  nothing  —  it  would, 
on  the  contrary,  relieve  us  of  the  expense 
and  worry  of  watching  constant  revolu- 
tions—  and  would  very  greatly  promote 
civilization  in  this  hemisphere. 

THE   PROPER   PUBLICATION  OF 
PENSIONERS 

IT  IS  inconceivable  upon  what  patriotic 
ground  any  Congressman  or  Senator 
can  vote  against  Senator  Bryan's 
bill  directing  the  Commissioner  of  Pen- 
sions to  publish  in  his  next  annual  report 
the  names  and  residences  of  every  pensioner 
on  the  rolls,  together  with  his  term  of 
military  service  and  the  act  of  Congress 
under  which  he  draws  his  pension.  The 
publication  of  the  roster  will  go  a  long 
way  toward  cleaning  it  up  —  toward 
expunging  from  it  the  names  of  frauds 
and  scoundrels  who  never  wore  the  uni- 
form or  who  dishonored  it  by  desertion, 
of  undeserving  relatives  and  fake  wid- 
ows. 

Senator  Bryan's  bill  looks  in  the  right 
direction.  Yet  it  is  not  as  effective  a 
measure  as  it  might  be  made  by  amend- 
ment. It  contemplates  the  publication 
of  the  roll  by  states.  Now  there  are 
85,000  pensioners  in  Pennsylvania;  8$,- 
000  in  Ohio;  75,000  in  New  York; 
60,000  in  Illinois;  55,000  in  Indiana,  and 
so  forth.    Nobody  is  going  to  hunt  over 


a  list  of  many  thousand  names  in  order 
to  find  a  few  which  he  knows.  The  names 
should  be  grouped  under  their  post  office 
addresses;  for  only  so  can  the  attention 
of  communities  be  secured;  on  any  other 
arrangement  the  publication  is  hardly 
worth  while.  Let  the  roster  be  made 
public  in  such  a  way  that  citizens  every- 
where may  have  a  chance  to  learn  who 
in  their  own  neighborhoods  are  drawing 
Government  money.  Citizens  are  entitled 
to  that  knowledge.  Pensioners  are  en- 
titled to  have  their  neighbors  know  of  the 
honor  and  distinction  they  enjoy.  There 
is  nothing  disgraceful  in  being  a  pensioner. 
The  list  is  always  referred  to  as  a  roll  of 
honor  —  and  it  would  be  one,  if  it  could 
be  cleansed  by  the  erasure  of  the  names  of 
those  who  have  won  places  on  it  by  fraud 
and  retain  them,  thanks  to  the  secrecy 
with  which  the  Government  surrounds 
pension  matters. 

If  Senator  Bryan  is  in  earnest,  he  will 
amend  his  bill.  There  ought  to  be  enough 
honest  men  in  Congress  to  pass  it  in  a 
really  effective  form. 

IS    BUSINESS   GOING  AHEAD? 

EARLY  in  the  new  year,  more  cheer- 
ful signs  appeared  in  many  branches 
of  trade.  In  the  steel  trade  partic- 
ularly orders  came  in  at  a  tremendous  rate, 
but  of  course  at  prices  far  below  the  prices 
to  which  the  steel  people  havq  been  accus- 
tomed in  recent  years.  In  other  words, 
while  the  volume  of  new  business  booked 
was  very  satisfactory,  and  the  prospects 
were  therefore  cheerful  from  the  stand- 
point of  labor,  the  business  was  taken  on 
a  basis  that  does  not  promise  by  any  means 
a  bumper  year  in  the  profits  of  the  steel 
manufacturers. 

In  a  measure,  this  has  been  true  all  along 
the  line.  The  great  machinery  trade,  the 
textile  trade,  and  nearly  all  the  metal 
working  trades  eased  off  prices  in  some 
cases  to  a  point  that  promises  smaller 
dividends  to  stockholders  and  occasionally 
smaller  wages  to  the  employees.  Two  or 
three  strikes  have  been  fought  to  a  finish, 
and  in  nearly  all  trades  there  is  a  tendency 
to  stiffen  against  the  demands  of  labor 
in  order  to  keep  the  relatively  small 
margin  of  profit  intact. 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


497 


When  it  comes  down  to  a  final  analysis 
it  is  quite  apparent  that  the  tide  has  not 
yet  fully  turned.  A  more  or  less  artificial 
cheerfulness  is  the  correct  attitude  in  Wall 
Street  and  in  the  great  branches  of  trade 
that  are  most  closely  allied  with  the  Wall 
Street  market.  But  the  scattered  indus- 
tries of  the  country  are  still  running  on 
rather  scanty  orders  and  at  reduced  prices 
for  their  products.  The  attempt  to  create 
enthusiasm  by  fictitious  activity  at  the 
great  market  centres  is  thoroughly  well 
understood,  not  only  by  the  student  of 
finance  and  trade  but  by  the  rank  and  file 
of  merchants  and  manufacturers  them- 
selves. 

While,  therefore,  superficial  appearances 
seem  to  indicate  a  possible  sudden  revival 
of  business  from  the  blows  which  it  has 
suffered  in  the  last  twelve  months,  the 
real  facts  in  the  case  point  to  continued 
dullness,  somewhat  curtailed  demand,  and 
a  good  deal  of  lethargy  in  the  manufactur- 
ing branches  of  commerce.  This  diag- 
nosis was  borne  out  by  the  money  condi- 
tions in  financial  centres.  Many  hundreds 
of  millions  of  dollars  that  are  noruially 
occupied  in  manufacturing  and  moving 
the  products  of  commerce  are  lying  idle 
in  the  banks,  or  seeking  employment  in 
temporary  loans  at  very  low  rates  of  in- 
terest. Thus,  the  American  banks  lent 
enormous  sums  of  money  in  the  fall  of  191 1 
in  Europe  and  were  perfectly  willing  to 
renew  these  loans  in  January  at  almost 
any  rate  that  could  be  obtained.  In  New 
York,  at  the  turn  of  the  month,  loans  were 
made  for  six  months  on  good  security  at 
3 1  per  cent.;  the  markets  were  full  of 
money  and  this  more  than  any  other  one 
cause  kept  the  security  market  going  and 
helped  to  create  an  appearance  of  great 
buoyancy,  and  reviving  confidence,  where- 
as in  reality  it  was  a  sign  of  lethargy  in 
the  real  commercial  pursuits  of  the 
country. 

It  would  appear  that  191 2  is  no  excep- 
tion to  the  ordinary  rule  of  Presidential 
years.  Perhaps,  however,  the  situation 
has  its  cheerful  aspects.  It  may  be  that  a 
year  of  dullness  will  do  more  than  anything 
else  could  do  to  heal  the  scars  left  over  from 
the  catastrophe  of  1907.  Every  one 
knows  that  the  panic  of  1907  did  not  run 


its  course  and  that  the  evils  which  occa- 
sioned it  were  only  partly  remedied  by  the 
collapse  and  by  the  relatively  short  period 
that  followed  that  collapse  up  to  date. 
Another  year  of  uncertainty,  hesitation, 
and  doubt,  while  it  may  be  painful  as  it 
goes,  may  be  a  most  salutary  and  bene- 
ficent dispensation  of  providence-. 

At  any  rate,  it  will  give  us  time  to  digest 
the  Aldrich  banking  and  currency  reform, 
the  great  Trust  question,  possibly  the 
tariff  question,  and  the  growing  uneasiness 
of  the  people  in  a  political  and  commercial 
sense.  If  business  were  running  at  full 
speed,  any  one  of  these  problems  might 
cause  a  great  commercial  catastrophe; 
but  if  we  are  moving  forward  slowly  and 
in  an  orderly  progression  all  of  them  may 
be  adjusted  without  great  danger  or  great 
loss. 

ABOUT  "PEOPLEIZING"  INDUSTRY 

THE  holding  of  corporation-stock 
by  the  employees  of  corporations 
is  an  excellent  plan  for  many 
reasons,  and,  under  wise  management, 
brings  good  results  of  many  kinds.  But 
there  is  no  warrant  for  the  continued  re- 
petition of  the  fallacy  that  it  makes  such 
corporations  "national  institutions,"  or 
"puts  their  management  into  the  hands 
of  the  people,"  or  "peopleizes"  them. 

The  truth  is  —  and  it  is  vicious  to  con- 
ceal it  or  to  smear  it  over  with  sentimental 
misrepresentation — that  practically  all  suc- 
cessful corporations  are  controlled  by  little 
groups  of  men,  however  many  small,  scat- 
tered stockholders  there  may  be.  Even 
when  the  managing  group  do  not  own  a 
majority  of  the  stock,  they  can  keep  the 
control,  particularly  if  they  are  successful, 
but  often  even  if  they  are  not  successful, 
in  their  management.  When  the  elections 
of  officers  and  directors  in  big  corporations 
are  held,  the  small  stockholders'  votes  are 
practically  all  cast,  if  cast  at  all,  by  proxies 
made  out  in  the  names  of  the  officers  or 
directors  then  in  charge.  Should  a  small 
stockholder  desire  a  new  deal,  he  would 
encounter  great  natural  difficulties,  lo  say 
nothing  of  artificial  difficulties  which  could 
be  easily  put  in  his  way.  In  the  case  of 
very  large  corporations,  such  as  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  and  the  Steel  G>rpora- 


498 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tion,  the  mere  copying  of  the  names  and 
addresses  of  the  shareholders  would  be  a 
prohibitory  trouble  and  expense. 

The  controlling  influence  in  the  large 
corporations  is  necessarily  self-perpetuat- 
ing, and  is  likely  to  be  the  more  easily  self- 
perpetuating  in  proportion  to  the  increase 
of  the  number  of  stockholders. 

To  induce  wage-earners  to  buy  stock, 
then,  with  the  idea  that  they  are  iikelyto 
have  any  influence  on  the  control  of  a  cor- 
poration, or  to  work  up  a  maudlin  false 
notion  about  the  "democracy  of  industry" 
as  represented  by  big  corporations  is,  when 
stripped  of  fine  phrases,  a  mere  falsehood. 
It  belongs  with  the  tender  concern  for 
widows  and  orphans  which  big  rogues  af- 
fected till  it  wore  out. 

Yet  there  are  most  excellent  good  reasons 
why  the  employees  of  any  honest  and  suc- 
cessful corporation  should  own  stock  in  it; 
and  the  smaller  the  corporation,  as  a  rule, 
the  better  are  these  reasons.  Such  an 
arrangement  makes  a  more  homogeneous 
and  friendly  and  efficient  and  considerate 
working  family.  It  brings  managers  and 
employees  closer  together  in  interest  and 
in  sympathy.  And  in  small  corporations, 
small  stockholders  can  have,  and  often  do 
have,  much  influence  on  the  management, 
even  though  they  lack  influential  voting 
power.  These  good  reasons  make  the 
loose  talk  of  our  "capitalistic  philanthro- 
pists" the  more  disgusting. 

BAFFLING   KINDS  OF  IGNORANCE 

THERE  are  certain  sorts  of  ignorance 
against  which  society  seems  to 
make  little  headway,  do  what  it 
will.  For  instance,  the  promoters  of 
fraudulent  investment  schemes  whom  the 
Government  convicted  last  year  by  their 
use  of  the  mails,  swindled  people  in  the 
United  States  out  of  77  millions  of  dollars. 
Hardly  one  of  these  schemes  could  stand 
even  the  superficial  examination  of  any 
man  of  the  least  experience  or  ^<kx1  judg- 
ment. They  were  transparent  frauds. 
And  these  swindlers  that  were  caught  and 
convicted  are  only  a  small  proportion  of 
their  tribe.  The  sums  of  money,  there- 
fore, that  simple  people  pemiit  themselves 
to  be  swindled  out  of  must  be  enormous  — 
big  enough  to  establish  and  maintain  many 


schools  for  teaching  common  sense  if 
schools  could  really  do  such  a  thing. 

The  question  that  this  vast  gullibility 
raises,  is  —  what  is  lacking  in  our  schools, 
our  churches,  our  magazines,  our  news- 
papers, and  all  other  agencies  of  instruc- 
tion? They  seem  to  have  no  effect,  in 
this  particular  way  at  least,  in  lifting  the 
popular  intelligence.  Or  what  is  the  matter 
with  the  people?  Or  has  a  large  part  of 
the  population  always  been  so  simple  and 
credulous  and  we  are  just  now  finding  this 
fact  out?  Whatever  the  truth  be,  it  is  a 
sad  revelation  that  in  our  democracy  there 
are  persons  who  by  thrift  or  by  inheritana 
have  come  into  the  possession  of  money, 
and  are  so  silly  as  to  invite  rogues  to  take 
it  by  correspondence  —  persons  enough  of 
this  sort  to  enrich  these  clever  circular- 
writers  with  hundreds  and  hundreds  of 
millions  of  dollars. 

And  the  loss  of  the  dollars  is  not  the 
saddest  part  of  it.  Heaven  knows,  that's 
bad  enough.  But  the  credulity  which 
this  experience  shows  is  worse.  This 
fundamental  ignorance  —  in  spite  of  the 
work  of  schools,  of  churches,  of  periodicals, 
and  travel  and  all  the  rest  —  such  funda- 
mental ignorance  explains  how  it  is  that 
Doctor  Ccx>k  gets  audiences  for  his  lecture 
about  his  Polar  experiences.  It  explains 
how  it  is  that  there  are  people  willing  to 
believe  that  Lord  Bacon  rewrote  the  St. 
James  version  and  gave  style  to  the  Bible. 
It  explains  why  any  medical  or  religious  ab- 
surdity so  easily  finds  dupes  and  followers. 

What  is  the  remedy  for  a  lack  of  common 
sense  about  money,  about  health  or 
medicine,  and  about  religion?  That's  a 
hard  question.  But  it  is  a  very  serious 
one.  For  many  —  doubtless  most — of 
the  dupes  of  quacks  and  promoters  and 
religious  impostors  and  lunatics  show 
common  sense  about  most  other  practical 
affairs  of  life.  If  you  could  discover  the 
whole  truth,  you  would  probably  find 
among  your  own  friends  and  neighbors 
and  kinspeople  the  victims  of  some  of  these 
falseh(xxls.  No  grade  of  life  is  exempt 
from  them. 

The  trouble  probably  strikes  deep  into 
our  family  life.  The  usual  American  family 
has  neglected  to  train  its  children  in  what  a 
lawyer  would  call  the  sifting  of  evidence 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


499 


lesc  subjects.  Surely  there  has  been 
tcided  neglect  of  frank  instruction 
t  health  and  medicine  and  the  body 
about  the  use  of  money.  The  almost 
►nal  weakness  —  certainly  the  very 
ral  weakness  —  of  American  character 
intelligence  in  these  respects  must 
some  general  cause  and  explanation. 

II 

lis  ignorance  and  credulity  shows  it- 
t  a  time  when  men  of  all-round  sound- 
of  judgment  have  taken  a  long  step 
ird,  and  when  jxjsitive  knowledge  is 
asing  at  a  rate  never  before  known, 
nherited  set  of  opinions  or  a  ready- 
;  set  of  theories  no  longer  satisfies  any 
ligent  man.  The  mood  of  inquiry 
rf  experiment  has  succeeded  the  mood 
ssiye  faith;  and  opinions  thus  formed 
lot  only  more  satisfying  to  men  who 
them,  but  they  are  also  for  that  reason 
nore  stubbornly  held.  It  is  a  time, 
when  deed  has  succeeded  doctrine 
most  every  part  of  life,  a  time  when 
leasure  one  another  by  achievement, 
ips  as  men  never  did  before.  For 
:  reasons,  survivals  of  such  primitive 
ties  of  mind  and  faith  seem  all  the 
inexplicable. 

E  RAILROADS'  TOLL  OF  LIFE 

FEW  years  ago  the  Southern 
Railway  killed  its  president,  Sam- 
L  uel  Spencer.  The  other  day  the 
As  Central  killed  its  ex-president, 
ng  the  year  ending  June  30,  191 1, 
rican  railroads  killed  356  passengers 
•  say  nothing  of  employees  and  victims 
rade  crossings.  As  to  the  latter,  an 
of  their  number  may  be  deduced  from 
nvestigation  made  by  the  National 
ways  Protection  Society:  It  was 
i  that  during  seven  months  for  which 
^-were  secured,  68  persons  were  killed 
67  persons  seriously  injured  —  in  the 
s  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Con- 
cut  alone!  The  Society  estimates 
in  the  United  States  one  thousand 
>ns  were  killed  and  twice  that  number 
ed  last  year  at  grade  crossings.  In 
and  not  one  was  killed  or  injured  at 
grade  crossing,  either  last  year,  or 
year  before,  or  for  many  years  —  for 


the  sufficient  reason  that  there  are  no 
grade  crossings  in  England. 

The  fact  is,  we  have  had  little  conscious- 
ness of  the  value  of  human  life  —  of  the 
economic  value  of  a  living  man,  to  say 
nothing  of  value  of  other  sorts. 

HOW  TO  PREVENT  HUMAN  WASTE 

UNSKILLED  labor  is  a  poor  thing 
—  as  poor  as  it  is  common;  it  is 
the  mother  of  poverty  and  of  in- 
efficiency; and  the  extent  of  it  is  a  fair 
measure  of  the  shortcoming  of  our  whole 
system  of  training.  It  is  an  interesting 
plan,  therefore,  that  the  state  of  Wiscon- 
sin has  made  looking  toward  the  com- 
pulsory teaching  of  skill  at  something. 
The  legislature  has  passed  a  law  requiring 
the  industrial  training  of  apprentices  and 
minors  between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and 
sixteen,  to  be  carried  on  in  "continuation" 
schools  supported  partly  by  local  taxation 
and  partly  by  state-aid  from  a  State  Board 
of  Industrial  Education.  In  every  town 
of  5,000  inhabitants  or  more,  there  must 
be,  and  in  every  smaller  town,  there  may 
be,  a  local  board  of  industrial  education 
composed  of  the  superintendent  of  schools, 
and  four  members  appointed  by  the  school 
board,  two  employers  and  two  skilled 
laborers.  Their  duty  is  to  "maintain 
industrial,  commercial,  continuation,  and 
evening  schools."  The  towns  must,  upon 
petition  of  twenty-five  people  qualified  to 
attend  them,  establish  such  schools. 

The  course  of  study  "must  include  Eng- 
lish, citizenship,  sanitation,  hygiene,  and 
the  use  of  safety  devices,  and  such  other 
branches  as  the  state  superintendent  and 
the  state  board  of  industrial  'education 
shall  approve." 

'Every  employer  of  minors  from  fourteen 
and  sixteen  must  allow  five  hours  of  the 
48  allowed  for  labor  in  one  week,  for  in- 
struction, and  this  instruction  must  be 
carried  on  for  at  least  six  months  in  the 
year.  The  employer  must  allow  this  reduc- 
tion in  working  hours  without  decrease  of 
wages. 

Under  this  I^w  no  apprentice  under 
eighteen  may  be  indentured  for  less  than 
two  years  and  the  total  number  of  hours 
of  work  may  not  exceed  fifty-five  a  week. 
At  least  five  hours  of  this  time  must  be 


500 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


allowed  by  the  employer  for  instruction 
in  the  local  industrial  school.  Lacking 
such  a  school,  instruction  may  be  given  in 
any  manner  approved  by  the  local  or  state 
boards  of  industrial  education.  More- 
over, the  indenture  must  contain  an  agree- 
ment on  the  part  of  the  employer  to  teach 
the  whole  trade  as  it  is  carried  on  in  the 
shop  and  must  specify  the  amount  of  time 
to  be  spent  at  each  process  and  each 
machine. 

Employers  favor  the  law,  and  some 
manufacturers  took  the  trouble  to  visit 
the  legislature  to  insist  on  it.  When  the 
plan  shall  have  been  worked  out,  utterly 
unskilled  labor  will  be  unknown  in  Wis- 
consin. 

II 

What  a  tragedy  any  person's  life  may 
become  who  is  not  definitely  trained  to  do 
some  particular  thing  whereby  a  living 
may  be  got!  A  large  part  of  the  vast 
waste  of  human  material  becomes  waste 
for  the  lack  of  this.  1 1  may  be  a  mechanical 
trade,  it  may  be  a  profession,  it  may  be 
farming  or  finance  or  salesmanship,  base- 
ball or  politics,  telegraphing  or  laundrying 
—  a  poor  trade  or  a  good  trade;  but  a  man 
or  a  woman  who  does  not  know  how  to  do 
something  that  is  useful  enough  to  com- 
mand work  and  pay  is,  or  is  likely  to  be- 
come, a  part  of  the  mere  floating  d6bris 
of  life.  This  has  been  a  hard  lesson  for 
us  to  learn.  It  has  been  so  easy  to  live 
by  one's  wits  in  our  rich  new  land  that  we 
have  been  slow  to  realize  that  the  pioneer 
period  of  our  civilization  has  passed. 

In  some  of  the  mechanical  trades,  more- 
over, the  unions  so  limit  the  number  of 
apprentices  that  skilled  workmen  are 
scarce.  Society  as  a  whole  must  take  up 
the  task  of  such  training;  and  Wisconsin 
leads  the  way  in  this  as  in  many  other 
useful  things.  It  is  jnving  "education" 
a  new  and  proper  meaning. 

A    WORLD-WIDE    MENACE    TO 
SOCIAL    ORDER 

THE  increased  cost  of  livin^^,  which 
troubles  everybfxly  in  the  United 
Slates,  troubles  as  well  the  people 
of  most  of  the  other  countries  of  the  world. 
It  is  not  a  national  condition:  it  is  inter- 


national. England,  Fiance,  Bdgiun 
Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Austria 
Russia,  India,  and  Japan  are  among  land 
from  which  come  complaints  as  serious  s 
those  heard  here.  This  rise  in  prices  is 
phenomenon  of  tremendous  importano 
It  means  under-ndurishment,  enfeeble 
children,  shorter  lives;  it  means  social  an 
industrial  changes  of  far-reaching  impor 
and  it  ought  not  to  b^  permitted  1 
go  on  without  an  effort  to  learn  its  caus 
or  causes  and,  if  possible,  do  away  wit 
them. 

A  study  of  the  problem,  to  be  wort 
while,  must  be  a  study  of  it  in  all  lands,  nc 
in  one  country  alone;  for  it  is  clear  tha 
no  explanation  can  be  found  in  a  study  < 
conditions  in  a  single  country.  The  cii 
cumstances  of  life  in  India,  for  exampK 
are  too  unlike  those  in  the  United  State 
to  permit  the  same  internal  explanatio 
to  account  for  parallel  and  simultaneou 
increases  in  prices.  Only  a  world-widi 
international  inquiry  can  hope  to  expos 
its  reason.  It  is  clear,  too,  that 'such  a 
inquiry  should  be  official,  in  order  to  reac 
the  sources  of  information. 

An  International  Commission  to  inquir 
into  the  increased  cost  of  living  is  th 
proposal  of  an  eminent  economist,  Prd 
Irving  Fisher,  of  Yale  University.  He  ha 
laid  his  plan  before  leading  statesmer 
commercial  bodies,  and  financiers  of  tb 
world,  and  it  has  met  with  the  appmbatioi 
of  an  impressive  list  of  them.  In  tb 
Senate  of  the  United  States  a  bill  has  beei 
introduced  authorizing  the  President  t 
take  steps  to  bring  such  a  commission  int 
existence;  and  it  is  expected  to  pass. 

II 

A  number  of  committees  and  commis 
sions  of  national  or  local  character  hav 
already  been  at  work  upon  the  problem 
with  various  results,  but  with  this  resul 
in  particular  —  to  show  that  only  wide 
investigation  can  get  at  the  roots  of  th 
matter.  A  score  or  more  of  possible  ex 
planations  have  been  advanced,  such  a 
the  increased  production  of  gold;  the  ex 
pansion  of  credit  and  the  increased  use  c 
the  check  as  a  substitute  for  money;  th 
trusts;  the  increase  of  the  middleman' 
charges,    through   modern   traveling  an 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


501 


advertising;  the  practice  of  cold  storage; 
the  shortening  of  the  hours  of  labor;  the 
adulteration  of  goods;  the  improved 
quality  of  goods;  the  progressive  exhaus- 
tion of  natural  resources;  the  increasing 
burden  of  military  armaments.  In  view 
of  these  manifold  explanations,  it  is,  as 
Professor  Fisher  says,  as  absurd  for  any 
particular  locality  or  state  to  grapple  with 
the  problem  on  the  mere  basis  of  its  own 
experience  as  it  would  be  for  the  villagers 
on  the  Bay  of  Fundy  to  attempt  to  arrive 
at  the  cause  of  their  seventy-foot  tide  by 
exploring  the  bay.  Its  causes  lie  far 
beyond  their  vision  or  control. 

The  whole  world  is  coming  to  realize 
that  the  divergence  now  going  on  between 
income  and  its  purchasing  ix)wer  is  one  of 
the  most  portentous  facts  of  modem  his- 
tory, a  fact  which,  if  a  remedy  be  not  found 
for  it,  may  easily  mean  social  revolutions 
in  many  countries. 

A    REVOLVING    ORATION   ON 
PENSIONS 

ON  TUESDAY,  December  12, 191 1, 
during  the  debate  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  on  the  Sher- 
wood pension  bill,  the  Honorable  William 
Sulzer  of  New  York  delivered  an  impres- 
sive argument  in  favor  of  this  measure 
which  would  add  73  millions  of  dollars 
annually  to  the  country's  pension  burden 
of  160  millions  a  year.  Without  making 
any  invidious  comparisons,  let  it  be  said 
that  Mr.  Sulzer's  speech  was  at  least  as 
informing,  as  enlightening^  as  logical,  as 
any  heard  in  favor  of  General  Sherwood's 
bill.  Here  it  is,  reprinted  in  full  as  a  noble 
example  of  the  kind  of  speech  delivered 
in  Congress  (or,  at  least,  printed  in  the 
Record)  almost  every  day  when  a  bill  to 
increase  pensions  is  up.  It  is  worth 
reading: 

Mr,  Chairman,  I  shall  vote  for  Gen.  Sher- 
wood's bill.  I  want  to  do  justice  to  the  soldiers 
who  saved  the  Union.  I  want  to  reward  them 
while  they  live.  Nobody  can  ever  say  that 
during  the  years  I  have  been  a  Member  of  this 
House  I  ever  voted  against  a  just  bill  in  the 
interests  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  who  saved 
the  Union.  This  is  a  rich  country;  this  is  the 
land  of  liberty;  this  is  the  grand  Republic;  and 
it  is  all  so,  to  a  large  extent,  on  account  of  what 


the  gallant  men  who  marched  from  the  North 
did  in  the  great  struggle  for  the  Union. 

There  is  no  gift  in  the  Republic  too  great 
for  the  men  who  saved  the  Republic.  We 
should  be  grateful  to  the 'brave  soldiers  who 
fought  that  great  war  to  a  successful  end.  I  can 
not  bring  my  ideas  regarding  this  bill  down  to 
the  level  of  mere  dollars  and  cents.  I  place  my 
vote  for  it  on  higher  ground.  I  want  this  bill 
to  pass  for  patriotism  —  the  noblest  sentiment 
that  animates  the  soul  of  man. 

Let  me  say  again  what  1  have  often  said 
before,  that  I  am  now,  ever  have  been,  and 
always  expect  to  be  the  friend  of  the  men  who 
saved  our  country  in  the  greatest  hour  of  its 
peril.  We  owe  them  a  debt  we  can  never  pay. 
They  are  entitled  to  our  everlasting  gratitude, 
and  gratitude  is  the  fairest  flower  that  sheds 
its  perfume  in  the  human  heart.  Let  us  be 
grateful  lest  we  forget.  My  sympathy  will 
always  be  with  the  heroic  sailors  and  soldiers  of 
the  Union  who  went  to  the  front  in  the  greatest 
crisis  in  all  our  marvelous  history. 

Mr.  Sulzer  is  a  Democrat;  he  belongs  to 
the  party  of  retrenchment  and  economy. 
Yet  "the  old  soldier"  looms  large  in  the 
Tenth  New  York  District.  On  Tuesday, 
January  10,  191 1,  just  eleven  months 
before  his  Sherwood  pension  bill  speech, 
Mr.  Sulzer  made  an  impressive  argument 
in  favor  of  the  Sulloway  pension  bill  —  a 
measure  constructed  on  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent principle,  but  effecting  the  same 
end  of  increasing  the  pension  expenditure 
'by  a  number  of  millions  annually.  On 
this  occasion  Mr.  Sulzer  thoughtfully  said: 

Mr,  Speaker,  let  me  say  again  what  I  have 
often  said  before,  that  I  am  now,  ever  have 
been,  and  always  expect  to  be  the  friend  of  the 
men  who  saved  our  country  in  the  greatest  hour 
of  its  peril.  We  owe  them  a  debt  we  can  never 
pay.  They  are  entitled  to  our  everlasting  grat- 
itude, and  gratitude  is  the  fairest  flower  that 
sheds  its  perfume  in  the  human  heart.  Let  us 
be  grateful  lest  we  forget.  My  sympathy  will 
always  be  with  the  heroic  men  who  went  to  the 
front  in  the  greatest  crisis  in  all  our  marvelous 
history. 

1  want  to  do  justice  to  the  soldiers  who 
saved  the  Union,  and  I  want  to  reward  them 
while  they  live.  Nobody  here  can  ever  say, 
and  nobody  outside  of  these  halls  will  ever  be 
able  to  say,  that  during  the  16  years  i  have  been 
a  Member  of  this  House  I  ever  voted  against  a 
just  bill  in  the  interests  of  the  soldiers  and 
sailors  who  saved  the  Union.    This  is  a  rich 


$02 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


country;  this  is  the  land  of  liberty;  this  is  the 
grand  Republic;  and  it  is  all  so,  to  a  large 
extent,  on  account  of  what  the  gallant  men 
who  marched  from  the  North  did  in  the  great 
struggle  for  the  Union. 

There  is  no  gift  in  the  Republic  too  great 
for  the  men  who  saved  the  Republic.  We 
should  be  grateful  to  the  brave  soldiers  who 
fought  that  great  war  to  a  successful  end.  I 
can  not  bring  my  ideas  in  favor  of  this  bill 
down  to  the  level  of  mere  dollars  and  cents. 
1  place  my  vote  on  higher  ground.  I  want  this 
bill  to  pass  for  patriotism  —  the  noblest  senti- 
ment that  animates  the  soul  of  man. 

One  of  the  beauties  of  Mr.  Sulzer's  ar- 
gument is  that  it  is  applicable  to  any  old 
pension  increase  bill.  There  was  another 
such  measure  up  at  the  first  session  of  the 
Sixty-first  Q)ngress,  and  on  the  last  day 
of  the  session,  June  25,  1910,  Mr.  Sulzer, 
having  carefully  studied  the  measure,  laid 
before  his  colleagues  the  following  thought- 
ful argument : 

Mr,  Chairman,  in  the  closing  hpurs  of  this 
session  of  Congress,  let  me  again  say  a  few  words 
for  justice  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the 
Union,  the  bravest  men  on  land  or  sea  that 
ever  faced  a  foe,  those  heroes  who  saved  the 
Republic  during  the  darkest  hour  in  all  our 
history.  They  need  no  eulogy.  If  you  seek 
their  monument,  look  around. 

I  say  there  is  no  gift  in  the  Republic  too 
good  to  give  to  the  men  who  saved  the  Republic. 
Gratitude,  Mr.  Chairman,  is  the  fairest  flower 
that  sheds  its  perfume  in  the  human  heart. 
Most  of  those  heroes  have  been  gathered  to 
their  fathers,  and  those  that  remain  will  soon 
cross  the  Great  Divide  to  join  their  comrades 
on  the  eternal  camping-ground.  This  is  a  rich 
country,  this  is  the  land  of  liberty,  this  is  the 
grand  Republic.  I  cannot  bring  my  ideas  of 
justice  and  gratitude  down  to  the  low  level  of 
mere  dollars.  1  place  my  views  on  higher 
grounds.  1  speak  for  patriotism,  the  noblest 
sentiment  that  animates  the  soul  of  man. 

It  is  a  gcx)d  speech,  typical  of  the  best 
Congressional  thought  on  the  pension 
question,  a  model  of  big-pension  logic. 
Hvery  session  of  Congress  deserves  to  hear 
it  at  least  twice. 


There  was  another  speech  delivered  the 
other  day  in  Congress  which  is  in  strong 
contrast  to  Mr.  Sulzer's.  It  was  made 
by   William    Hughes,   of   New   Jersey,  in 


announcing  that  he  would  vote  again 
the  Sherwood  bill.    Mr.  Hughes  said: 

I  know  that  the  effect  of  my  vote  in  e 
district  may  be  disastrous  to  me.  And  yet 
have  conscientiously  reached  the  condusi 
that  $50,000,000  a  year  is  too  much  to  ask  t 
country  to  pay  for  the  privilege  of  retaini 
me  in  Congress. 

A  CHRISTIAN  AND  ASIATIC  CLAS 

TRIPOLI  is  a  Mohammedan  staf 
it  has  been  raided  by  a  Christis 
army.  Persia,  a  Mohammed^ 
state,  is  torn  between  the  rivalries  of  U 
Christian  powers. 

There  are  perhaps  a  thousand  millioi 
of  people  to  whom  this  is  the  most  serioi 
fact  in  their  lives.  There  is  a  solidarity 
sentiment  among  Asiatics  no  less  stroi 
than  among  Christian  Caucasians.  If  1 
dread  a  yellow  peril,  they  are  racially  co 
scious  of  a  white  danger.  When  Japane 
soldiers  won  battles  against  the  Russian 
bonfires  were  lighted  on  the  plains  of  Indi 
and  in  the  mountains  of  Afghanistan.  Tt 
triumph  of  one  yellow  nation  over 
Western  foe  has  been  followed  by  tb 
awakening  of  another  yellow  nation- 
China.  And  the  funds  for  the  Chine 
Revolution  were  raised  largely  in  Indi; 
Malaysia,  and  Japan.  There  is  a  home 
geneity  among  the  peoples  of  Asia. 

What  will  follow  the  Chinese  Revolution 
Can  it  be  ignored  for  a  single  moment  th^ 
the  modernization  of  Asia's  biggest  natio 
may  be  the  signal  for  movements  of  n 
volution,  independence,  and  republicanisi 
throughout  that  continent?  Even  no^ 
the  news  of  what  has  happened  in  th 
Celestial  Kingdom  has  crossed  the  desert 
and  the  Himalayas  and  is  eagerly  discusse 
in  every  palace,  hut,  and  tent  from  tfa 
Yellow  to  the  Red  Sea. 

It  is  no  time  for  Christian  nations  to  h 
grabbing  Mohammedan  land.  The  nativ 
press  of  Asia  —  it  should  surprise  no  on 
to  know  that  Asia  now  has  a  native  pre5 
—  Indian,  Mala\an,  Cingalese,  Japanes< 
Arabic  —  is  ablaze  with  indignation  ovc 
events  in  Tripoli  and  Persia.  It  would  h 
most  unfortunate  if  what  Islam  and  Budd 
hism  can  regard  as  a  Christian  attac 
should  solidify  the  East  against  the  Wcsi 
But  it  is  possible. 


PAYING    FOR  THINGS  YOU    DON'T 

WANT 


A  BOUT  ten  years  ago  a  woman 
/\  in  Connecticut  received  a  legacy 
/  %  of  J 1 5,000.  She  had  been  poor 
/  %  all  her  life,  and  she  had  the 
^  -^terror  common  to  people  who 
do  not  handle  money  lest  some  one 
get  ahead  of  her  and  take  the  J  15,000 
away  from  her.  She  had  a  speaking 
acquaintance  with  the  president  of  the 
savings  bank,  and  she  went  to  him  for 
advice.  He  was  the  ordinary  president 
of  an  ordinary  savings  bank  in  a  small 
town.  The  limit  of  his  knowledge  about 
investments  was  the  Connecticut  savings 
bank  law,  and  even  within  the  limits 
of  this  law  he  was  conservative.  Acting 
on  his  advice  she  invested  her  fund  as 
follows: 

^5,000  New  York  Central  3I  per  cent,  bonds, 

cost ?5»350 

3,000  B.  &  0. 4  per  cent,  of  1948  bonds,  cost    3, 120 
3,000  C.  B.  &  Q.,  Nebraska  Ext.,  4  percent. 

bonds,  cost 3.300 

3,000  R.  1.  General  4  per  cent,  bonds,  cost.      3,150 

The  total  investment  was  $14,920  of 
principal  and  the  total  income  was  J535. 
The  average  rate  of  income  which  she 
has  been  receiving  since  on  her  investment 
is  about  3.6  per  cent. 

When  this  investment  was  proposed 
to  her  she  objected  to  the  low  rate,  and 
said  that  she  wanted  to  put  some  of  the 
money  into  a  5  per  cent,  mortgage.  Her 
adviser's  reply  was  that  it  was  better  to 
have  high  grade  standard  bonds,  first  be- 
cause they  were  absolutely  safe  and  second 
because  they  could  be  sold  readily  at 
any  time.  This  second  consideration  was 
emphasized  very  strongly. 

When  this  woman  brought  her  case  to 
the  Financial  Editor  of  the  IVorld's  IVork 
she  was  told  at  once  that  her  bonds  were 
much  too  good  for  her.  In  the  ten  year 
period  she  had  not  made  a  single  change  in 
the  investment.  The  element  of  market- 
ability, for  which  she  had  paid  such  a  high 


price,  had  been  of  absolutely  no  value 
to  her.  She  had  not  seen  a  quotation 
on  her  bonds  for  more  than  five  years 
and  did  not  know  what  they  were  worth. 

An  investment  like  this,  for  a  person 
of  relatively  small  means  living  upon 
income,  is  ridiculous  in  normal  times. 
It  is  all  very  well  for  a  savings  bank, 
which  pays  from  3  to  4  per  cent,  interest 
to  its  depositors,  to  buy  securities  of  this 
class  and  to  insist  upon  marketability; 
but  it  is  silly  for  a  person  who  is  going 
to  live  on  income  and  who  has  no  in- 
tention whatever  of  trading  in  bonds, 
to  pay  more  than  100  for  securities  which 
yield  4  per  cent,  or  less,  a  year. 

Of  course,  this  woman's  case  is  an 
extreme  illustration.  It  happened  that 
her  investment  was  made  at  a  time  when 
prices  of  high  grade  bonds  were  extraor- 
dinarily high.  They  have  not  seen  the 
same  prices  from  that  time  to  this,  and 
there  are  many  critics  who  are  oif  the 
opinion  that  none  of  the  bonds  which  this 
women  bought  will  ever  be  quoted  at  those 
high  prices  again.  Nevertheless,  there  are 
still  a  great  many  thousands  of  people  who 
buy  securities  that  are  a  great  deal  too 
high-grade  for  ordinary  investment,  and 
who  do  not  realize  that  in  such  buying 
they  are  simply  wasting  money. 

A  business  man,  putting  away  money 
which  he  may  want  at  any  moment,  or 
accumulating  a  surplus  for  some  partic- 
ular pur]X)se,  can  well  afford  to  take  the 
low  rate  of  interest  in  order  to  get  quick 
marketability  and  large  borrowing  power 
on  his  funds.  Even  in  this  field,  however, 
the  wise  business  man  knows  perfectly 
well  that  he  can  get  4^  per  cent,  just  about 
as  surely  as  he  can  get  3  J  per  cent.  More- 
over, he  studies  prices  carefully,  and  he 
declines  to  buy  gilt  edge  securities  at  a 
time  when  the  savings  banks,  trustees, 
and  custodians  of  other  people's  money 
are  bidding  these  bonds  up  to  high  prices. 


504  THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

Bonds  of  this  clisiss  are  useful,  first  for  uals  —  old  men  and  women  who  do  not 
their  marketability  and  second  as  a  know  that  the  times  have  changed,  and 
means  of  avoiding  responsibility.  If  a  wealthy  people  who  are  content  with  very 
man  is  acting  as  trustee  or  is  advising  low  yield  on  their  money, 
somebody  how  to  invest  his  money,  he  Supix)se,  for  the  sake  of  argument,  that 
naturally  recommends  the  very  high  grade  the  Connecticut  woman  who  is  the  illus- 
issues.  By  doing  so  he  evades  all  re-  tration  for  this  story  now  had  $i$,ooo 
sponsibility.  The  law  makes  bonds  of  to  invest.  How  would  a  conservative 
this  class  legal  investments  for  trustees  modern  banking  house  suggest  that  she 
and  savings  banks.  If,  for  instance,  the  use  this  money?  Let  us  take  it  for 
man  who  advised  this  Connecticut  woman  granted  in  the  first  place  that  the  bank- 
to  buy  the  high  grade  bonds  referred  to,  ing  house  has  no  fish  of  its  own  to  fry, 
were  now  upbraided  for  his  advice  on  and  has  no  interest  to  serve  except  that 
account  of  the  drop  in  prices,  he  might  of  its  clients.  The  investment  might 
answer  truthfully:  be  worked  out  something  like  this: 

"These  are   bonds  that   the   law   has  ^               ,      ,        .....   ^     .       "**^ 

stipulated  as  being  the  best  corporation  *'''^eld*^'pe*S"'!^^..';^T  .     "*^V*%.35 

bonds  there  are.     My  advice  was  backed  3.000  high  grade  mortgage  at  4J  per  cent.  (5r 

up  by  the  law  of  my  state  and  many  other  '"^'^^^  •    ; •  •,* ;       •  ,.•    '^5 

/  ^-^       ir    a.L           •        L         J     1-      J         J  5»ooo  par  value  seasoned  5  per  cent,  public 

states,     if   the   price   has   declmed   and  utility  bonds  at  about  105 250 

loss  of  income  and  principal  has  resulted,  4.000  par  value,  split  up  between  four  good 

I  should  not  be  blamed.     If  I  had  recom-  f:^^,,;^.  rJi^'""  .'.•'"' ""*:   «« 

mended  somethmg  that  I  felt  to  be  good  — 

and  urged  my  opinion  strongly  on  this  Total  income fpo 

investment  and  then  loss  had  resulted  I  The  income  is  at  the  rate  of  4.8  per 

should  have  been  responsible;  but  I  am  cent.    Quite  enough  of  the  fund  is  freely 

not  now  responsible."  marketable  for  all  practical  purposes  oif 

It  was  upon  this  theory  of  evading  an   investor.    Safety  in   the  first   three 

responsibility  that  the  old-fashioned  bond  items  requires  only  ordinary  business  judg- 

house  and   banking  house  was  founded,  ment.     In  the  last  item  it  requires  good 

There  are  still,  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  judgment  and  an  honest  banking  house, 

and  Boston  particularly,  dozens  of  bank-  In  a  fund   invested  in  this  way,  the 

ing  houses  that  will  not  take  the  respon-  investor  gets  what  he  pays  for  and  pays 

sibility  of  advising   investments  in  any  for  what  he  gets.     He  is  not  buying  the 

but  standard  issues  of  bonds  and  stocks,  ability   to   dump   the  whole  investment 

If  losses  ensue,  the  house  disclaims  re-  overboard  at  a  moment's  notice,  because 

sponsibility  except  in  an  indirect  way.  he  does  not  want  such  ability  and  would 

The  modern  banking  house  has  been  not  use  it  if  he  had  it.     He  is  not  paying 

created  and  has  grown  up  largely  because,  for  certain  elements  in  his  bonds  which 

with  the  increase  in  the  cost  of  living,  the  make  them   legal  for  savings  banks  in 

public  demanded  a  larger  revenue  from  New  York,  for  he  is  not  a  savings  bank 

its   investments   than    the  old-fashioned  in  New  York  and    has  no  use  for  this 

bankers  could  afford.     The  demand  for  privilege.     Neither  is  he  paying  a  high 

"  5  per  cent,  and  safety"  crowded  the  old-  price  for  a  chance  to  make  profits,  for  he 

fashioned    banking    house    back    into    a  is  investing  for  income  and  safety  and 

corner.     The    houses    that    studied    the  not  with  the  idea  of  making  money  out 

needs  of  the  people  and  that  were  willing  of  his  principal. 

to  assume  a  very  much  larger  responsibility  He  wants  security,  a  substantial  in- 
than  comes  with  the  selling;  of  gilt-edge  come,  and  a  reasonable  degree  of  market- 
bonds  and  stocks,  are  to-day  the  best  ability.  He  gets  just  those  elements. 
known  and  the  largest  banking  houses  Some  of  his  fund  could  be  sold  immediate- 
in  the  United  States.  Practically  the  ly  —  all  of  it  within  a  reasonable  time, 
clientele  of  the  old  fashioned  houses  con-  Perhaps  the  most  striking  illustration 
sists  to-day  of  only  two  classes  of  individ-  of  paying  for  what  you  do  not  want  and 


THE  MISFIT  CHILD 


505 


cannot  use  is  the  purchase  of  Govern- 
ment bonds  by  an  individual.  If  you  go 
into  the  market  to  buy  a  $1000  U.'S. 
Government  3  per  cent,  bond,  you  will 
pay  a  little  more  than  $1000  for  it  and  you 
will  get  $30  a  year.  The  bonds  are  not 
selling  at  that  price  simply  because  they 
are  perfectly  safe,  but  because  a  National 
Bank  can  use  them  as  security  for  Govern- 
ment deposits  in  the  bank  and  for  the 
security  of  its  own  notes  to  be  issued 
against  the  bond  at  $1000  a  bond. 

The  individual,  on  the  contrary,  is 
not  a  National  Bank.  He  cannot  issue 
notes  against  the  bond  he  owns.  He 
cannot  get  the  Government  to  deposit 
any  of  its  money  with  him  merely  because 
he  jowns  the  bond.    These  two  privileges 


are  paid  for  by  everybody  who  buys  the 
bonds,  whether  he  can  use  the  privilege 
or  not.  Purely  as  an  investment,  each 
$1000  2  per  cent,  bond  is  worth  perhaps 
J750,  but  no  more.  The  investor  who 
pays  $1000  for  it  is  paying  $250  for 
something  that  he  does  not  want  and 
cannot  use.  Yet  there  are  thousands  of 
people  throughout  the  country  who  can- 
not afford  the  luxury  of  a  2  per  cent, 
investment  but  will  make  it  a  habit  to 
own  nothing  but  Government  bonds. 
I  know  of  one  trustee,  handling  a  fund  of 
about  $20,000  for  two  orphans,  who 
traded  out  of  Government  2's  into  Gov- 
ernment 3's  last  summer,  but  who  would 
not  dare  to  take  the  responsibility  of 
trying  to  get  4  per  cent.    — C.  M.  K. 


THE  MISFIT  CHILD 


THE  WORK  OF  THE  VISITING-TEACHER  AMONG  DIFFICULT  CHILDREN 
SUCCESS  AS  A   LINK  BETWEEN  THE  HOME  AND  THE  SCHOOL 

BY 

MARY  FLEXNER 

VBITINO-TEACHZK  Df  THE  NEW  YOKE  CTTT  SCHOOLS 


—   HER 


DO  YOU  believe  that  every  child 
has  a  vulnerable  spot?"  1  was 
asked  when  speaking  of  the 
five  visiting  teachers  main- 
tained by  the  Public  Educa- 
tion Association  and  working  in  connection 
with  eight  public  schools  of  New  York 
City.  1  answered  in  the  affirmative.  Up- 
on that  belief  rests  our  raisan  d'etre. 
It  is  the  mainspring  of  our  action,  the 
motive  power  that  animates  us  day  by  day. 
And  it  will  be  seen  as  1  proceed  that 
Achilles'sheel  is  not  limited  to  the  children; 
there  are  "grown-ups"  that  j)ossess  it,  too, 
if  one  has  only  the  wit  to  lay  it  bare.  It 
is  the  task  of  the  visiting-teacher  to  find, 
therefore,  a  point  of  contact  with  child, 
parent,  teacher,  and  principal.  Once  found 
this  forms  the  basis  of  action,  the  ultimate 
outcome  of  which  is  a  child  normal  and 
happy  in  its  home  and  school  relations. 

The  work  broadly  considered  is  two-fold 
in  character.     It  is  at  once  educatranai 


and  social;  but  its  scope  is  limited,  for  it 
concerns  itself  only  with  the  difficult  child. 
Within  this  field  variety  abounds;  for  each 
child  is  dealt  with  as  an  individual  and  not 
merely  as  a  case  of  irregular  attendance, 
poor  scholarship,  incorrigibility,  immoral- 
ity, or  poverty  with  its  attendant  evils  of 
household  cares  and  child-labor. 

The  visiting  teacher  acts  as  the  link 
between  the  child's  school  and  his  home. 
She  interprets  one  to  the  other.  She  is 
the  sympathetic  observer,  the  helpful 
friend  of  both.  To  fulfill  this  function, 
she  visits  not  once  or  twice,  but  frequently, 
both  the  home  and  the  class-room,  confer- 
ring with  parent,  teacher,  and  principal. 
From  all  three  she  asks  full  cooperation. 
The  child  is  the  problem  to  be  solved.  To 
achieve  the  result  desired,  it  is  necessary 
that  all  available  forces  be  united.  Every- 
thing that  exists  for  the  purpose  of  making 
the  lot  of  child  or  man  more  harmonious  — 
relief  societies,  day-nurseries,  settlements. 


5o6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


hospitals,  fresh  air  funds,  gymnasiums, 
scholarship  funds,  trade,  cooking,  art, 
folk-dancing  classes,  public  libraries  —  is 
invoked,  once  the  facts  of  the  individual 
child  are  known.  It  is  the  visiting-teacher 
that  acts  as  diagnostician.  In  her  intimate 
capacity  of  friend  to  the  erring  child,  she 
sees  what  he  needs  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  she  endeavors,  by  all  known  means, 
to  make  good  the  deficiencies  that  she 
finds.  She  does  not  stop  at  suggesting 
that  an  over-burdened  mother,  the  only 
wage-earner  in  the  family,  take  her  baby 
to  a  day-nursery,  thereby  gaining  freedom 
for  herself  to  go  out  washing  and  freedom 
for  her  twelve-year  old  daughter  to  go 
regularly  to  school;  but  she  goes  herself 
to  the  nearest  day-nursery,  enlists  and 
secures  its  cooperation,  and  then  returning 
to  the  home,  helps  the  mother  to  plan  the 
day  so  as  to  include  this  new  feature. 

This  story  she  carries  to  the  teacher, 
whereuix)n  a  new  relation  is  established  be- 
tween the  latter  and  Concetta,  Italian  by 
birth,  once  thought  merely  dull,  listless, 
and  uninterested.  To  her  she  becomes  an 
individual,  heavily  handicapped  to  be  sure, 
and  on  that  account  deserving  of  every 
attention  she  has  it  in  her  power  to  bestow. 
She  watches  her  at  her  work  and  perceives 
that  her  eyes  are  not  normal.  An  ex- 
amination proves  that  she  needs  glasses. 
These  follow.  A  little  later,  she  reports 
that  the  child's  color  is  bad;  she  seems  ill; 
she  wonders  what  her  diet  consists  of.  Aa 
inquiry  is  made.  Coffee  and  bread  make 
up  her  breakfast  and  luncheon.  The  in- 
jurious quality  of  the  former  is  explained 
to  the  mother  and  the  child;  the  charity 
organization  is  asked  to  supplement  the 
mother's  small  earnings  with  food.  Daily 
visits  are  made  to  the  class-room  to  note 
Concetta's  progress,  and  frequent  visits 
are  paid  at  the  home  to  see  that  the  sug- 
gestions made  are  carried  out.  It  is  clear 
from  this,  then,  that  the  visiting-teacher's 
duty  does  not  end  with  setting  the  wheels 
of  reform  in  motion.  A  successful  out- 
come means  for  her  "eternal  vigilance." 

This  sort  of  friendly  visiting  engenders 
a  feeling  of  mutual  trust.  It  is  often  slow 
of  growth,  but  when  it  comes  the  reward 
is  great.  John's  teacher  found  him  stupid, 
unmanageable,  always  leading  his  neigh- 


bors astray.  It  was  impossible  to  do  any« 
thing  with  him  for  he  was  so  frequently 
absent  and  so  rarely  on  time  when  he  came. 
At  this  picture  of  her  eight-year-old  son, 
the  mother,  an  Irish  woman  of  more  than 
average  intelligence,  recoiled,  aghast.  He 
had  made  a  good  record  at  the  school  pre- 
viously attended;  he  was  a  good  boy  at 
home;  there  was  no  reason  for  his  not  at- 
tending regularly,  and  only  now  and  then 
was  he  sent  on  errands,  the  cause,  probably, 
of  his  tardiness.  This  she  would  stop. 
To  me  the  little  lad  seemed  timid,  shrink- 
ing. He  spoke  with  a  babyish  lisp  and 
confessed  himself  afraid  of  his  teacher.  I 
conferred  with  the  principal,  emphasizing 
my  own  impression  of  the  child.  She  was 
sympathetic  and  our  conference  ended 
with  her  saying,  "Go  to  his  teacher  and 
tell  her  to  mother  the  boy."  This  I  did, 
not  so  much  in  words  as  by  making  her 
gradually  see  the  child  as  I  saw  him; 
little  by  little  she  veered.  He  grew  less 
afraid  and  instead  of  stopping  between  the 
two  syllables  of  the  word  "stocking," 
when  asked  to  spell  it  —  his  old  offense  — 
he  achieved  in  one  breath  the  who}e  word. 
Invariably,  as  I  entered  the  class-room,  I 
was  greeted  with  an  encouraging  word. 
"See  how  well  John  writes  his  name,"  or 
"His  number  work  is  good;  he  is  really 
trying."  The  only  drawback  was  that  the 
irregularity  persisted.  There  was  evidendy 
some  cause  in  the  home  that  had  not  yet 
come  to  light,  despite  the  numerous  visits 
made.  These  I  continued,  carrying  to  the 
mother  when  I  called,  the  reports  of  John's 
improvement;  suddenly  one  day  the 
whole  hideous  story  of  a  drinking,  unem- 
ployed husband  and  a  starving  family  — 
a  state  of  affairs  they  had  endured  for  more 
than  two  months  —  was  revealed  to  me. 
An  appeal  was  made  to  theCharity  Organi- 
zation and  together  we  worked  out  a  plan 
for  rehabilitating  the  family.  The  hus- 
band was  sent  to  a  colony  for  inebriates, 
the  three  younger  children  were  placed  in 
a  day-nursery,  and  the  family  was  moved 
so  as  to  be  near  enough  to  the  nursery  for 
the  mother  to  leave  the  children  on  her 
way  to  her  daily  work.  The  effect  upon 
John  was  instantaneous.  He  was  prompt 
and  regular  in  the  performance  of  his  school 
duties. 


THE  MISFIT  CHILD 


507 


This  instance  is  typical;  it  illustrates  at 
once  the  problem  and  the  point  of  view 
from  which  the  Public  Education  Associa- 
tion attempts  its  solution.  This  com- 
posite democracy  of  ours  is  in  its  make-up 
various  beyond  any  other  nation  of  which 
history  tells  us.  Its  salvation  reduces  it- 
self in  the  long  run  to  the  individual  sal- 
vation of  its  constituent  units;  on  the 
personal  fate  of  all  the  little  Edwards  and 
Nicolos  and  Rosinas,  depends  the  civic 
outcome  of  the  American  experiment. 
Each  of  these  little  enigmas  has  got  to  be 
solved  early.  Who  is  to  solve  them? 
Assuredly  not  single-handed  the  teacher 
who  faces  some  forty  or  fifty  of  them  in  a 
group.  Her  task  is  in  any  event  a  pro- 
digious one;  and  those  who  know  her  most 
intimately  can  testify  to  the  devotion  and 
intelligence  which  she  brings  to  it.  But 
consider  —  these  diverse  human  units  rep- 
resent a  conglomeration  of  Italian,  Greek, 
Irish,  German,  Russian,  Hungarian,  etc. 
To  conquer  them  as  human  units  the 
teacher  must  contend  with  notions,  in- 
capacities, capabilities  of  parents  and  chil- 
dren lately  come  from  all  the  comers  of 
the  worid.  The  difficulties  that  she  en- 
counters in  the  child  are  the  reflex  and 
outcome  of  the  poverty,  ignorance,  indif- 
ference, or  sickness  in  the  home.  The 
visiting-teacher  enlarges  her  reach,  in- 
creases her  knowledge,  adds  to  the  resources 
applicable  to  the  solution  of  the  school's 
problem. 

There  was  Michael,  for  example.  He 
came  from  Southern  Italy.  He  had  had  a 
checkered  school  career.  When  we  met 
he  was  in  a  special  class.  He  took  little 
pleasure  in  his  work,  and  his  teacher,  alert 
and  quick  to  take  suggestions,  found  it 
impossible  to  arouse  him.  To  him  the 
only  joy  that  life  contained  was  selling 
newspapers.  His  mother  and  father  had 
pleaded  with  him  to  give  this  up.  He  was 
obdurate.  It  was  foolish  to  argue.  It  was 
clear  that  he  needed  something  that  neither 
his  home  nor  his  school  offered.  Little  by 
little  it  developed  that  he  liked  to  use  his 
hands;  that  he  liked  to  draw,  even  to 
paint;  that  he  had  once  made  his  mother 
a  box  for  knives  and  forks.  With  these 
facts  as  a  clue,  I  asked  his  teacher  to  try 
to  arrange  his  time  so  as  to  give  him  more 


drawing.  This  she  did,  and  in  time,  when 
the  palette  and  brushes  for-  the  older  chil- 
dren were  given  out,  Michael  was  given  a 
set  too.  Arrangements  were  also  made  at 
the  carpentry  class  at  a  school  nearby  to 
take  Michael  after  school  hours.  He  at- 
tendM  once  a  week  unfailingly.  In  his 
class-room  he  was  no  longer  so  apathetic. 
He  had  been  stirred  out  of  his  lethargy. 
Here,  finally,  was  something  that  he  could 
do.  Confidence  grew;  the  mind  once 
roused  responded  to  other  stimuli.  Read- 
ing, writing,  and  arithmetic  appeared  to 
him  in  a  new  light.  He  took  pride  in  try- 
ing to  satisfy  their  demands.  The  next 
autumn  he  was  promoted  to  a  regular  class 
and  then  the  cooperation  of  a  gymnasium 
director  was  secured  and  Michael  was  al- 
lowed to  attend  the  gymnasium  every 
Tuesday  evening.  The  next  promotion 
time  carried  him  to  another  school,  but  the 
cordial  relation  established  with  the  home 
continued.  The  mother  set  a  high  stand- 
ard of  scholarship  and  conduct  for  her  son, 
and  whenever  he  seemed  to  her  to  fall 
below,  she  sent  for  me  and  asked  me  to  go 
to  see  his  teacher  and  to  continue  my  in- 
terest. She  always  apologized  for  calling 
upon  me,  adding,  "  I  no  understan'  teacher, 
she  no  understan'  me;  too  much  to  do; 
too  much  children." 

With  Frank  the  situation  was  even  more 
complex.  By  birth  a  Russian,  slow,  mis- 
chievous and  with  a  leaning  toward  what 
did  not  rightfully  belong  to  him,  he  was 
not  an  easy  boy  for  a  teacher  of  thirty-five 
children  to  control.  He  was  a  pathetic 
little  figure,  cowardly,  untruthful,  stunted 
in  mind  and  body;  and  a  strange  little 
thief  too,  sharing  generously  with  his  play- 
mates everything  that  he  took.  The  direc- 
tion that  he  was  taking  was  unmistakable. 
He  was  headed  for  the  Juvenile  Court. 
It  was  just  at  this  ]X)int  that  our  paths 
crossed.  My  duty  was  plain.  It  was  to 
prevent,  if  possible,  a  recurrence  of  what 
had  happened  and  to  save  him  and  his  fam- 
ily, who  gave  me  a  free  rein,  the  humilia- 
tion of  his  being  branded  as  a  delinquent. 
There  was  scarcely  a  day  for  weeks  at  a 
time  that  Frank  and  I  did  not  visit  with 
each  other.  It  came  about  naturally  —  in 
his  class-room,  going  to  the  dispensary, 
where  it  was  discovered  that  his  adenoids 


5o8 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  tonsils  must  be  removed,  and  calling 
upon  a  doctor  who  was  working  with  the 
Juvenile  Court  children.  1  saw  him  fre- 
quently in  his  home,  where  we  finally 
planned  a  summer  outing.  In  a  period  of 
several  months  he  was  guilty  of  no  glaring 
irregularity  of  conduct,  his  worst  offense, 
according  to  the  school's  report,  consisting 
in  his  talking  to  and  nudging  his  compan- 
ions on  the  stairs.  Later  an  effort  will  be 
made  to  place  him  in  an  ungraded  class 
and  there,  as  one  of  fifteen,  with  an  elastic 
curriculum,  he  may  find  himself  sufficiently 
interested  to  direct  his  energies  to  good 
purpose. 

Such  influences  as  children  of  Frank's 
type  exercise  on  other  pupils  must,  of 
course,  be  checked.  No  organization  can 
risk  the  many  for  the  one,  and  so  the  child 
that  for  one  reason  or  another  fails  to  fit 
into  the  system,  is  singled  out  and  fortu- 
nately becomes  the  recipient  of  individual 
thought  and  care. 

Tessie  had  been  put  in  Frank's  category. 
She  was  suspected  of  being  a  delinquent. 
Her  goings  and  her  comings  were  care- 
fully scrutinized.  No  one  seemed  to  trust 
her.  She  was  a  strong,  well  developed 
girl,  overflowing  with  spirit  and  beautiful 
to  look  upon,  of  Sicilian  stock.  There  was 
an  older  brother,  whom  she  adored  and 
who  seemed  to  lord  it  over  her.  The 
mother  and  father  were  away  from  home 
all  the  day.  Tessie  and  her  teacher  were 
in  conflict  constantly,  and  during  her  first 
term  she  was  frequently  sent  from  the 
class-room.  The  father  was  visited  in  the 
factory  and  was  besought  to  come  to  school 
to  see  the  principal.  He  came  occasion- 
ally, but  usually  he  sent  the  older  brother, 
whose  accounts  of  her  strengthened  the  im- 
pression of  Tessie  that  the  school  held.  She 
must  be  "put  away,"  he  insisted.  All  this 
came  to  me  by  degrees.  iMeantime  Tessie 
and  I  were  becoming  acquainted.  1  sug- 
gested that  she  join  the  library  by  way  of 
varying  the  monot<jny  of  household  duties, 
and  she  eagerly  agreed  and  together  we 
went  there.  The  librarian  became  in- 
terested in  her  and  told  me  later  that  she 
had  excellent  taste  in  b(X)ks.  Her  first 
choice  had  been  Ruskin's  "  King  of  the 
Golden  River."  The  second  term  brought 
with  it  promotion  and  a  new  teacher,  with 


whom  she  was  at  peace.  Still  the  suspi- 
cion hung  around  her  and  I  wanted,  if  I 
could,  to  make  the  school  believe  in  her  as 
I  did.  And  so  I  determined  to  look  into 
the  brother's  school  iife.  It  meant  search- 
ing the  schools  of  the  neighborhood,  for 
he  had  falsely  represented  himself  to  the 
principal  both  in  grade  and  school.  Hb 
teacher  corroborated  me  in  my  opinion 
that  the  fault  lay  with  him  and  not  with 
Tessie.  This  story  1  carried  to  the  school 
and  to  Tessie's  father,  both  of  whom  had 
been  imix)sed  upon.  To  this  the  father 
commented  simply:  "My  boy,  he  tell 
lies,  eh?  1  send  him  no  more.  I  come." 
But  there  was  no  occasion.  Tessie's  con- 
duct was  exemplary.  The  cloud  had  been 
lifted  from  her. 

Uix)n  Sophie's  shoulders  rested  a  heavy 
burden.  She  had  been  born  in  Italy  and 
was  the  oldest  of  eight  children.  She  her- 
self was  barely  fourteen.  Her  father  was 
a  bootblack  and  to  his  earnings  the  family 
contributed  theirs,  for  all,  from  the  four- 
years-old  sister  up,  helped  make  violets. 
From  Sophie  came  the  greatest  number  and 
when,  in  consequence,  she  fell  below  the 
school  standard,  something  had  to  be  done. 
The  child  was  a  fit  applicant  for  a  scholar- 
ship, for,  in  addition  to  working  illegally, 
she  was  physically  incapable  of  carrying 
the  double  load.  She  received  $3  a  week 
from  the  Henry  Street  Settlement  Scholar- 
ship Fund  on  condition  that  she  give  up 
flower  making  and  attend  to  her  school 
duties.  She  was  also  urged  to  substitute 
milk  for  tea  and  to  seek  the  sunshine. 

It  was  several  months  since  Elizabeth 
had  left  school.  The  knowledge  came  to 
me  by  chance.  The  father,  an  intelligent 
Irishman,  was  incapacitated  through  tuber- 
culosis and  the  Charity  Organization  Soci- 
ety was  helping.  So  Elizabeth,  as  soon  as 
she  was  fourteen,  felt  that  she  must  assume 
her  share  of  the  responsibility  of  the 
younger  children.  A  long  period  of  idleness 
followed  and  when  1  finally  found  her,  she 
was  working  in  a  so-called  novelty  factory, 
putting  candy  in  boxes.  For  this  she  re- 
ceived $2  a  week.  An  attempt,  at  least, 
1  must  make  to  find  for  her  something 
better  than  this,  and  so  1  called  at  the  home 
and  plead  the  cause  of  vocational  training. 
The  father  was  interested  and  consented 


THE  MISFIT  CHILD 


509 


to  Elizabeth's  leaving  her  work  and  return- 
ing to  school  —  a  trade  school  —  provided 
I  could  secure  a  scholarship  for  her.  This 
I  was  able  to  arrange  through  the  Students, 
Aid  Committee  of  the  Manhattan  Trade 
School  for  Girls. 

In  this  way  we  endeavor  to  prolong  the 
child's  school  life  to  his  sixteenth  year, 
and  in  so  doing,  we  not  only  diminish  the 
army  of  child  workers,  but  we  also  lessen 
somewhat  its  haphazard  character.  The 
factors  that  determine  our  choice  of  an 
industrial  school  are  the  child's  taste  and 
capacity  as  well  as  the  family's  needs. 

As  we  have  seen,  it  often  happens  that 
school  indications  point  to  one  conclusion, 
while  those  found  in  the  home  make  neces- 
sary an  entire  reconstruction  of  the 
teacher's  impression.  It  is  idle  to  expect 
to  arrive  at  all  the  facts  by  merely  quizzing 
the  child  at  school.  To  the  questions  that 
are  put  come  the  inevitable  "Yes'm"  or 
"No'jn,"  in  addition  to  whatever  else 
seems  to  be  the  answer  expected,  and  so 
one  is  in  the  end  just  where  one  started. 
Instead  of  having  the  facts,  one  has  one's 
original  impression  confirmed.  The  situa- 
tion calls  for  a  fresh  pair  of  eyes,  an  open 
mind. 

In  the  instances  cited,  the  "point  of 
contact"  with  the  school  and  the  home  was 
promptly  discovered,  but  this  is  not  in- 
variably the  rule.  Sometimes  to  do  so 
has  meant  the  work  of  months.  The 
mother  or  the  father,  or  both,  as  the  case 
may  be,  have  been  unwilling  to  recognize 
the  school's  claims  and  they  have  had  to 
be  pressed  again  and  again.  An  amusing 
example  of  this  is  the  mother  who  finally 
yielded  to  the  pressure  exerted  by  the 
visiting-teacher  and  sent  her  boy  regularly 
to  school,  giving  as  her  reason  "that  the 
teacher  nagged  her  so."  Another,  not 
in  the  least  amusing,  is  Bertha,  of  Italian 
origin,  aged  twelve,  the  oldest  of  a  large 
family,  the  household  drudge  and  also 
the  manufacturer,  in  her  leisure  moments, 
of  willow  plumes.  The  remnants  of  time 
left  over  after  doing  the  family  washing, 
scrubbing  the  floors,  cooking  the  meals, 
washing  the  dishes,  minding  the  babies, 
and  making  willow  plumes,  she  devoted 
to  coming  to  school.  She  was  an  object 
of  pity  to  all  the  neighbors.     Repeated 


appeals  were  made  to  the  mother.  To 
each  she  made  a  different  excuse.  Often 
she  pleaded  Bertha's  ill-health,  pointing 
to  the  bed  on  which  she  lay.  Investiga- 
tion showed  that  she  had  thrown  herself 
into  bed,  fully  dressed,  when  the  knock 
at  the  door  came  to  disturb  her  at  her 
chores.  The  father  was  hunted  up  in  his 
place  of  business  and  his  help  was  asked. 
For  a  time  Bertha  attended  with  fair 
regularity.  Then  came  a  relapse.  The 
visit  that  followed  made  the  mother  under- 
stand once  and  for  all  what  the  compulsory 
education  law  demanded,  what  the  penalty 
for  its  violation  was,  and  further,  forced 
home  to  her  the  truth,  that  she  was  at  her 
last  ditch.  At  a  previous  visit  she  had 
been  instructed  in  the  provisions  of  the 
child-labor  law.  At  the  same  time  I  in- 
terested Bertha  herself  in  a  folk-dancing 
class  that  I  was  starting  for  the  children 
of  the  school,  whose  days  like  hers  con- 
tained so  little  of  joy.  From  that 
moment  on  a  change  set  in.  Her  teacher 
greeted  me  with  a  smile  when  I  came  ipto 
the  class  room  to  inquire  for  her,  and  to 
the  dancing  class  she  came  unfailingly. 
It  was  there  that  I  discovered  that  she, 
too,  could  smile. 

Perhaps  then  it  is  not  too  much  to  claim 
for  the  visiting-teacher  that  her  work  is 
both  constructive  and  preventive.  The 
adjustments  that  she  brings  about  in  the 
home  make  feasible  adjustments  in  the 
school.  In  the  home  these  efforts  may 
remove  the  obstacles  to  study;  in  the 
school  they  may  result  in  awakening  an 
interest  on  the  part  of  the  child,  and  the 
facts  that  the  visiting-teacher  has  gathered 
enable  principal  and  teacher  to  act  with 
full  knowledge  of  conditions.  Not  only 
the  so-called  "incorrigible"  child  profits 
from  the  new  relation  that  springs  up;  the 
conscientious  plodder,  in  fact  the  entire 
class  reaps  the  benefit  as  well. 

lmix)rtant  as  this  feature  of  the  work  is, 
it  would  not  be  fair  to  the  cause  as  a  whole 
to  direct  attention  to  this  alone.  There 
are  other  sides  to  it,  the  aim  of  which  is  to 
harmonize  the  elements  of  the  child's  life 
at  home  and  at  school  so  that  conflict  is 
at  least  lessened,  if  not  entirely  avoided. 
This  we  do  when  we  take  from  the  child  the 
necessity  of  becoming  a  wage  earner  after 


5IO 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


school  hours  by  providing  him  with  a 
scholarship,  in  amount  the  equivalent  of 
his  previously  hard  won  earnings.  We 
achieve  a  similar  result  when  we  find  for 
him  a  quiet  place  for  study,  such  as  a 
study-room  in  a  neighboring  school  or 
settlement  or  a  public  library  reading- 
room,  and  when  we  urge  the  parents  to 
help  the  child  to  arrange  his  day  so  that 
this  quiet  time  is  not  crowded  out.  We 
have  this  also  in  mind  when  we  stimulate 
the  child  in  his  play;  reminding  him  of  and 
sometimes  even  escorting  him  to  the  story- 
telling hour  at  a  public  library,  forming 
clubs  just  for  playing  games  or  classes  for 
dancing,  cooking,  or  housekeeping,  and 
gaining  admission  for  him,  where  there  are 
settlements,  into  their  carpentry  and  gym- 
nasium classes.  We  try  to  take  thought 
for  the  child  on  all  his  sides,  and, 
through  lightening  his  burdens  and  sup- 
plementing his  activities,  to  insure  to  him 
the  normal  development  that  he  is  entitled 
to. 

Such  procedure  successfully  executed  is 
obviously  preventive  in  character.  By 
taking  hold  in  time  of  the  irregularity, 
provided  it  be  remediable,  and  tracing  it 
back  to  its  source,  altering  or  removing  the 
cause  where  possible,  the  chances  are 
that  what  is  wrong  will  be  set  right.  It  is 
a  short  step  from  repeated  causeless  ab- 


sences to  real  truancy,  from  the  latter  to 
some  sort  of  delinquency,  from  this  to  the 
Juvenile  Court  and  thence  to  a  reform 
school.  Wherever  we  can,  we  act  as  a 
check  upon  such  a  course.  We  hope  to 
curtail  the  necessity  of  reform,  by  antici- 
pating some  of  its  measures.  Why  wait, 
for  instance,  until  a  child  is  in  the  grasp  of 
the  law  and  has  been  "  put  away,"  to  use  his 
own  language,  before  attempting  to  sec 
if  he  will  respond  to  some  sort  of  manual 
or  farm  work?  Why  not  give  the  chikl 
not  erring,  but  with  so  many  encouragje- 
ments  to  err,  at  least  an  equal  chance  with 
the  one  already  wayward?  Not  until  he 
reached  the  school  in  the  Detention  Home 
connected  with  the  Chicago  Juvenile  Court 
did  one  boy  of  fourteen  or  thereabouts 
learn  that  he  had  a  real  gift  for  modeling, 
and  then  his  one  ambition  in  life  was  to 
make  money  enough  to  take  him  to  the 
Art  Institute.  Our  experience  furnishes 
many  a  repetition  of  this  incident.  Hence 
we  make  connection,  wherever  they 'exist, 
with  carpentry,  trade,  and  art  classes,  and 
thus  we  hope  to  take  the  square  peg 
from  the  round  hole  and  to  find  for  it  its 
appropriate  setting.  Economic  waste  as 
well  as  spiritual  waste  threatens.  Assuredly 
prudence  and  sympathy  alike  recommend 
timely  action  adjusted  to  individual  con- 
ditions. 


CLEANING  UP  A  STATE 

HOW     DR.     OSCAR     DOWLING     AND     HIS     HEALTH     TRAIN   MADE    LOUISIANA 

SANITARY — A   SERIOUS   MAN   WHO    CHOSE   A   SPECTACULAR    METHOD  — 

SOME  OF  THE   HUMORS   OF   SANITARY   REFORM 

BY 

HENRY  OYEN 


IN  AUG  L' ST,  1910,  when  Dr.  Oscar 
Dowling  became  president  of  the 
Louisiana  State  Board  of  Health, 
Louisiana  was  dirty,  and  didn't  care. 
The  every-day  citizen  didn't  care 
how,  where,  or  under  what  condition  he 
secured  his  Unxi  supplies,  and  the  average 
town  didn't  care  if  it  dumped  its  sewage 
into  the  bayou  that  supplied  its  water. 


To-day  the  citizens  of  this  state  are 
rapidly  becoming  enthusiasts  on  the  sub- 
ject of  pure  food.  I'he  towns  are  as 
jealous  of  the  purity  of  their  water  supply 
as  a  Louisiana  Tiger  of  his  war  record. 
In  less  than  two  years  the  people  have 
been  awakened  from  the  insanitary  slum- 
ber of  decades  and  have  become  imbued 
with  a  spirit  that  promises  to  lift  them 


CLEANING  UP  A  STATE 


511 


from  near  the  tail  of  the  procession  straight 
to  a  place  among  the  leaders  in  sanitary 
civilization. 

Dr.  Dowling  is  the  force  that  is  re- 
sponsible. Since  his  induction  into  office 
he  has  waged  a  campaign  unique  in  the 
history  of  state  officials  in  this  country. 

"What's  the  matter  with  Louisiana?" 
"Dirt/'  was  Dr.  DowHng's  verdict.  And 
in  two  years  he  has  forced  a  whole  common- 
wealth literally  to  give  itself  a  thorough 
washing. 

To  stand  up  before  a  state  —  especially 
one's  own  state  —  and  tell  it,  not  in  care- 
fully emasculated  terms  but  in  the  short, 
ugly  words,  that  it  is  a  dirty  state  and 
that  its  dirt  is  due  wholly  to  dirty  people, 
comes  near  to  being  an  ultimate  test  of 
courage.  But  to  do  it  in  such  a  way  that, 
though  it  shocked  and  awakened  the 
state  as  it  seldom  had  been  shocked  or 


awakened  before,  it  did  not  "make  it 
mad,"  that  surely  must  be  considered  a 
feat  of  genius  —  especially  in  proud,  easy- 
going Louisiana. 

Dr.  Dowling  said  to  his  people:  "We 
are  all  right,  but  we  have  got  a  bad  repu- 
tation. Other  states  think  of  Louisiana 
as  the  home  of  swamps,  and  malaria,  and 
mosquitoes,  and  fever,  and  general  un- 
healthiness.  We  deserve  this.  It  isn't 
true,  but  we  deserve  it.  It's  all  our  own 
fault.  Our  bad  reputation  is  due  not  to 
climate,  not  to  swamps,  not  to  our  geo- 
graphical location,  but  to  —  dirt.  Plain 
dirt.  Dirt  caused  by  dirtiness.  Dirtiness 
accumulated  through  decades  of  care- 
lessness. Dirt  caused  by  dirty  people. 
That's  all  that's  the 'matter  with  us: 
we're  a  dirty  crowd." 

It  didn't  make  much  of  an  impression 
at  first. 


MAP  OF 

LOUISIANA 


■Uri«4  VffiH»b»rtih,  IMi.  a^ii  Ibm 
t»p  •xt«ii4*d  onr  1  fwldd  of  umm  ^^»t^ 

n.';.w«  [viFpk  niLic4  n^  trtiL 

U*  iKluns  dciii^rriJ  b?  Ok  airp*  of  lictwn 
to  Ch*  tnia.  i»,«M 


THE   PATH   OF   THE   HEALTH   EXHIBrT  TRAIN 
WHICH  WAS  GIVEN  TO  DR.  DOWLING  BY  THE  RAILROADS,  AND  IN  WHICH  HE  AND  HIS  STAFF  LIVED  FOR 

SEVEN  MONTHS 


512 

"Dirt?"  said  Louisiana.  "Of  course 
there's  some  dirt.  Always  has  been. 
Alwa>s  will  be.  Folks  are  used  to  it. 
Hverxbody's  got  to  eat  a  peck  of  dirt 
before  he  dies.'* 

"No."  said  Dowling.  "Cut  the  peck 
in  half  and  you  won't  die  half  so  soon  and 
\ou"ll  live  twice  as  much  while  Nou're 
living." 

This  was  a  new  idea.  It  was  a  shock. 
Before  the  state  had  recovered.  Dr.  Dowl- 
ing had  his  coat  off  and  was  up  to  his  eyes 


To  the  People 
of  Winnfield: 


This  is  to  notify  you  that  I  will 
discontinue  my  market  after  April 
30th  until  I  can  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  St^te  Board  of  Health, 
which  will  be  only  a  short  time. 

I  desire  to  thank  my  friends  and 
customers  for  their  past  patronage 
and  hope  in  the  near  future  to  be 
able  to  serve  you  again. 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


T.  Q.  MILAM 


\    \:>I?ll    RS:: 


A  l:x.*  s  v.: 


and  he  knew  that  Louisiana,  instead  of 
preaching  about  its  pleasant  climate  and 
fertile  soil,  must  first  of  all  wake  up  and 
have  a  sensational  house-cleaning  before 
it  could  hope  to  join  the  procession  of 
progressive,  prosperous  states.  He  came 
to  office  with  one  firm  conviction  above 
all  others:  it  was  the  duty  of  the  health 
board's  president  to  see  that  this  house- 
cleaning  was  brought  about. 

The  conditions  that  were  to  be  faced 
were  appalling.  Louisiana  was  deep  in 
the  jungle  of  insanitation:  There  was 
little  regulation  of  food  or  water  supplies, 
or  of  physical  conditions.  Milk  was 
produced  by  mangy,  sickly  herds  in 
dairies  where  cleanliness  never  had  been 
thought  of.  It  was  conveyed  and  sold 
to  the  consumer  in  a  way  that  made 
purity  impossible.  Cattle  were  slaugh- 
tered under  conditions  that  will  not  bear 
mention,  and  the  meat  was  sold  in  markets 
where  screens  and  scrubbing  brushes  were 
unthought  of.  Storekeepers  kept  their 
stocks  of  food  ^ith  absolutely  no  thought 
of  its  condition.  In  a  few  stores  in  Louisi- 
ana flies  and  insects  did  not  swarm 
in  and  out  and  over  the  oposed 
food  supplies  without  hindrance.  But 
the\'  were  so  few  as  to  be  conspicuous. 
In  small  towns  the  water  supply  was 
contaminated  in  terrible  fashion.  One 
third  of  the  stale  has  good  water — sup- 
plied from  artesian  wells  —  but  the  re- 
maining two  thirds  seemed  to  regard 
pure  water  a>  a  minor  matter.  Children 
went  to  school  in  unimproved  buildings. 
The  conimon  drinkinti  cup,  the  public 
roller  toNxe!.  habit-forming  medicines. 
d:rt>  streets,  bad  drainage,  everything 
tha:  breed>  disease  or  communicates  it. 
!'ouri>hed     in     pracriallv      uncontrolled 


^  N 


r  t-.e  :j>n  :"  ceaning  up  more 

:l  luS'. -^  '."^  Louisiana  natives. 
:~;  i-'\u'r'.e  coTibination  of 
.u*  ■  .>  .  -u-.^e  blossoms,  and 
"..i- j  :ru:  care  for«:ot.  never 
•:  •  -C--.U  ar. thing  harmful 
•J.  :     •>   :•.i^c'  hai  stopped  to 

".  -  -  : -.  a  hch  death  rate. 
•i->     ..-.:    a    bad    reputation. 

..  :-..  ■  -  -..;;:  >:r.ce  ihey  could 
: . --  r  .    ::-t-.    v^ere   deplor- 


CLEAN  FNG  UP  A  STATE 


5U 


able.  But  the  roses  bloomed  riotously 
in  the  front  yard.  The  state  was  being 
kept  back  because  of  such  things?  Per- 
haps. But  one  got  along  fairly  well  in 
spite  of  it.  A  high  death  rate?  Oh, 
well,  people  had  got  sick  and  died  since 
the  beginning  of  time. 

These  conditions  and  this  spirit  were 
not  the  exceptions  but  the  rule. 

Dowhng  knew  that  to  alter  this,  to 
bring  the  state  out  of  the  jungle  of  in- 
sanitation  to  the  light  of  civilization. 
ordinary  methods  would  not  suffice.     A 


ing  it  three  cars  and  by  falling  over  them- 
selves to  take  care  of  the  train.  Two  of 
the  cars  were  devoted  to  specimens. 
specimens  calculated  to  sh(xk  the  soundest 
sleeper,  and  dairy  exhibits;  the  third 
was  the  living  quarters  of  the  health  force. 

"This  car,"  said  Dowling,  "is  to  be  our 
home  until  Louisiana  has  been  washed.'' 

It  was.  The  health  special  left  Ne 
Orleans  November  5,  1910,  a  little  more' 
than  two  months  after  Dr.  Dowling  had 
come  into  office.  Its  tour  ended  June 
5,  191 1,  seven  months  later.     In  this  time 


I 


THE    HEALTIf    EXHIBIT   TRAIN 

WHICH,  IN  SeVEN  MONTHS,  TRAVELLED  71XM7  MILES  ON  TKE  EIGHT  TRUNK  LIVES  WITHIH  THE  STATE  AND 
VISITED  eVEKY  TOWN  IN  LOUISIANA  OF  MORE  THAN  3^  INHABITANTS 


fipaign    of    bulletins,    publicity,    and 

lies  wouldn't  do  it,     A  severe  and 

shocking    awakening    must    be    effected. 

The  gospel  of  health  and  cleanliness  must 

be  carried  forth  to  the  people  and  ham- 

kinered  home  in  a  way  that  they  could  not 

'  forget - 

The    result    was    the    Health    Exhibit 
.Train  of  the  Louisiana  State   Board  of 
fealth,  the  celebrated  **  gospel  of  health 
on  wheels/* 

**The  people  will  not  come  to  us  to  be 
shocked  and  awakened."  said  Dr  Dowling. 
*'We  will  go  to  the  people." 

He  talked  the  railroads  into  giving  him 
two  cars  to  carry  cleanliness  over  un- 
washed Louisiana.  The  railroads  laughed, 
humored  him,  and  wound  him  up  by  mak- 


it  had  covered  7,000  miles  on  the  eight 
trunk  lines  within  the  state;  had  stopped 
in  2>6  cities  and  towns  —  every  town  in 
the  state  of  more  than  250  inhabitants; 
660  lectures  had  been  delivered  to  120,000 
people,  2,500  sanitary  inspections  had  been 
made,  and  more  than  225,000  visitors  had 
passed  through  the  cars  and  had  health 
talked  to  them  in  a  manner  they  would 
not  forget.  Every  schoolhouse,  jail,  asy- 
lum, almshouse,  practically  every  public 
institution  in  the  state  was  visited  and 
inspected.  Most  of  the  stores,  restau- 
rants, barber  shops,  hotels,  butcher  shops, 
slaughter  houses,  drug  stores,  dairies  — 
every  sort  of  business  that  might  affect 
public  health  —  went  under  the  same 
inspection.     Back  yards,  ponds,  bayous, 


4 


5t4 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


4 


"CLEAN  UP,  THE  DOCTORS  ARE  COMING 

THE  CRY  THAT  SOUNDED  ALL  OVEIt  LOUISIANA  AFTER  DR.  DOWLING's  HEALTH  TRA|^  HAD 

VISITED  A  FEW  TOWNS 


Streets,  barnyards,  every  odd  corner 
where  disease  might  lurk  and  breed  and 
threaten  a  community,  likewise.  Where 
these  things  were  found  as  they  should  be, 
compatible  with  good  health  —  which 
was  very,  very  seldom  —  Dowiing  said  so. 
When  they  were  found  otherwise,  which 

I  was  very,  very  frequently,  the  doctor 
also  said  so.  Markets*  stores,  restaurants, 
jails,  almshouses  were  ordered  closed  or 

t  cleaned  up.  patent  medicines  were  de- 
stroyed, tubercular  beef  burned.  The 
doctor  and  his  train  and  force  of  assistants 
went  Mke  a  storm  of  cleanliness  from  one 
point  in  the  state  to  the  other,  peering 
into  dark  corners,  condemning,  praising, 
teaching;  and  when  it  was  over  and  the 
special   was  back  in   the  yards  in  New 


A 


Orleans.   Louisiana  was  tingling   from 
new  sensation:  it  had  been  washed. 

One  town  after  another  went  through  ^ 
the  same  mill  that  Dn  Dowiing  had  fl 
planned.  Upon  the  arrival  of  the  train 
at  a  town,  the  time  of  which  had  been 
advertised  to  the  local  municipal  hcialth^ 
and  school  authorities,  every  member  of 
the  force  hastened  at  once  to  fulfil  his 
allotted  duties.  Dowiing  hurried  to  in- 
spect the  town's  water  and  food  supply* 
its  public  buildings,  and  sanitary  am- 
ditions.  He  went  everywhere.  Some*- 
times  he  took  a  handcar  and  pumped  his 
way  down  a  narrow  track,  sometimes 
a  motor  car  bore  him  into  the  cauntiy, 
sometimes  a  bugg>\  sometimes  he  walked. 
While    he    was    thus    occupied,  the    two 


■  Cl-t:AN    UP    OR     SHUT     IP 
AH  ORDift  THAT  CLOSED  OR  CiCANSEP  MUftDRCDi  OF  DIRTY  SOURCES  OF  THE  rUBUC  POOO  ftUrrtY 


CLEANING  UP  A  STATE 


515 


physicians  attached  to  the  train  were 
lecturing  at  the  railroad  stations  and  at 
public  halls,  and  an  instructor  of  School 
and  Home  Hygiene  for  the  state  —  a 
woman  —  was  talking  to  the  children 
and  women.  In  the  evening  a  moving 
picture  show,  with  films  demonstrating 
the  connection  between  dirt,  flies,  and 
disease,  was  given;  and  at  the  evening 
meetings  Dr.  Dowling  told  the  assembled 
citizens  how  he  had  found  things  in  their 
town. 

"Thank  God,  our  air  and  sunshine  were 
reasonably  good,"  said  a  Thibodeaux 
paper  after  the  doctor's  visit  to  that  town. 
"Otherwise  we  wouldn't  have  a  sanitary 
leg  to  stand  on." 

It  was  one  shocked  community  after 
another  —  with  rare  exceptions  —  until 
the  tour  ended,  and  with  the  shock  came 
the  desired  awakening.  After  putting 
in  the  day  looking  over  a  town,  Dowling 
would  stand  up  in  the  evening  and  say: 
"To-day  I   inspected  your  town.    John 


DR.   OSCAR   DOWLING 

WHO  STARTLED    LOUISIANA  FROM  APATHY   INTO  A 

UNIVERSAL  CAMPAIGN  FOR  SANITATION 

AND  CLEANLINESS 


CONVERTS  TO   THE   GOSPEL   OF   HEALTH 

CHILDREN  VISITING  THE  SANITATION  EXHIBIT 
ON  THE  SPECIAL  TRAIN 

Jones's  dairy  is  bad,  Bill  Smith's  butcher 
shop  is  vile,  Tom  Johnson's  restaurant 
is  rotten.  Your  jail  is  imix)ssible  and 
your  schoolhouse  unfit  to  house  children. 
1  wouldn't  care  to  shoulder  the  responsi- 
bility if  an  epidemic  should  break  out 
here,  which  it  is  likely  to  do,  if  conditions 
remain  as  they  are." 

The  Lake  Charles  Press  said,  after  the 
tour  had  been  in  progress  a  few  weeks, 
"  Dr.  Dowling  has  visited  twenty  parishes 
and  inspected  fifty-two  towns,  each  of 
which  he  classified  as  'bad,'  'worse,'  or 
'  the  limit,'  as  the  case  might  be." 

There  were  few  towns  that  did  not  find 
some  such  classification.  The  Donald- 
sonville  Chief,  after  the  train's  visit,  said: 
"  Donaldsonville  got  hers  from  the  doctor. 
Dr.  Dowling  didn't  quite  denounce 
Donaldsonville  as  a  desert  of  dirt.  For 
I  he  few  oases,  dear  doc,  many  thanks. 
Well,  the  schoolhouse  was  clean,  anyway." 

As  the  tour  progressed  and  the  news 
of  Dowling's  denunciations  became  known, 
local  papers  began  to  carry  such  warnings: 

"The  Health  Train  is  coming  on  April 
6th.  This  will  give  us  plenty  of  time  to 
clean  up." 


At  one  town  the  doctor  upon  his  arrival 
said  l(»  the  mayor:  "Don't  you  want  to 
clean  up  your  town?'* 

"Why,  doctor/'  was  the  reply,  "we've 
been  cleaning  for  a  week." 

The  dirty  condition  of  a  public  building 
was  pointed  out  to  its  old  time  caretaker. 

*'Dr  Dowling,  suh/'  said  he,  "your 
ideas  on  cleanliness,  suh,  differ  from 
mine/' 

A  baker  in  a  small  town  was  found  at 


his  dough  with  his  hands  and  undershirt 
in  hardly  presentable  condition. 

'*  Hadn't  you  better  wash  up  and  chanf^e 
shirts?**  suggested  the  doctor. 

"  Yessuh/'  said  the  man,  proudly,  "To- 
night's the  night/' 

Few  men  could  have  waged  such  a  cam* 
paign  against  such  conditions  without 
incurring  the  enmity  of  the  towns  assailed. 
But  Dowling  damned  them  in  a  w^ay  to 
win  their  friendship. 


I 


1 


I 


WAYS    OF   COVERING    GROUND 

MB  WIMT  EVrRrWHPKI  —  IN  ALL  KIWDS  OF  VfcHi 

CLE§*  AND60Jk|£TtMES  ItC     TCX3K  A  HAMD  CAR 

AND  rUSNtO  Ht$  WAY  DOWN  THE  TRACK 


AT  ODD  MOMENTS 


THE  DOCTOR  S  ASSISTANTS  TAKING  ADVANTAOfi  Of  H 
ABSENCE  ON  AN  INSPECTION  TOUR  TO  CATCH  UP 
ON    RECORDS  AND  REPORTS 


CLEANING  UP  A  STATE 


517 


"  Misery  loves  company.  All  the  other 
dirty  towns  in  the  state  will  find  satis- 
faction that  the  president  of  the  state 
board  of  health  roasted  Baton  Rouge  as 
severely  as  he  did  any  of  us/' 

This  was  the  spirit  that  began  to  mani- 
fest itself  after  the  sting  of  the  first  shock 
had  worn  away. 

The  larger  and  older  towns,  the  homes 
of  Louisiana's  aristocracy,  were  handled 
in  the  same  brisk,  ungloved  fashion  as  the 
little  mill  towns  up  in  the  lumbering 
parishes.  There  was  inevitable  resent- 
ment here.  But  the  new  idea  already  had 
been  accepted  by  the  whole  state.  When 
a  town  grew  indignant  the  other  towns 
paused  long  enough  in  their  labors  of 


citizen  was  constrained  to  cry  out.  "  Dr. 
Dowling,  for  God's  sake,  hush!  I  drink 
milk." 

In  another  parish,  one  of  the  health 
force,  upon  being  offered  a  drink  of  milk 
said:  "Sir,  1  wouldn't  drink  anything 
but  alcohol  in  this  parish." 

At  Alexandria  many  school  children  at 
recess  sought  permission  to  go  home. 

"The  doctors  are  coming,"  they  ex- 
plained, "and  we  want  to  get  cleaned  up." 

An  old  colored  mammy  in  a  crowd 
awaiting  the  train  broke  out  to  her  daugh- 
ter; "Honey,  you  go  home  right  quick 
and  clean  up  that  mess  in  yoh  kitchen. 
Don't  let  them  doctors  think  you  ain't 
clean  as  yoh  neighbors." 


A   HOME-MADE   SCHOOL   FOUNTAIN 
A  CRUDE  BUT  EFFECTIVE  WAY  OF  ABOLISHING  PUBLIC  DRINKING  CUPS 


house  cleaning  to  laugh  at  it,  and  presently 
the  indignant  one  was  turning  to  with 
pick,  shovel,  broom,  and  brush  along  with 
the  rest. 

Shreveport  is  Dr.  Dowling's  home  town. 
He  gave  up  a  practice  of  $15,000  a  year 
there  when  he  accepted  his  present  office 
at  $5,000.  Shreveport  chortled  as  other 
towns  writhed  under  the  doctor's  find- 
ings. Shreveport  felt  safe;  the  doctor 
wouldn't  say  anything  harsh  about  his 
own  town. 

But  he  did.  Shreveport  went  over  the 
coals  the  same  as  the  rest. 

At  a  banquet  given  by  the  Shreveport 
Chamber  of  Commerce  for  the  purpose  of 
hearing  the  doctor  tell  them  the  things 
they  didn't  want  to  know,  one  tortured 


In  one  small  town  a  woman  conducted 
a  country  hotel.  After  Dr.  Dowling's 
report  on  the  place  was  read,  the  woman's 
little  son  threw  his  arms  around  his 
mother's  neck  and  cried:  "He  says  it 
will  pass,  mother,  he  says  it  will  pass." 

One  hotel  keeper,  on  being  reprimanded 
for  keeping  a  hog-pen  just  outside  of  his 
kitchen  window,  said :  "  Why  doctor,  those 
hogs  have  been  there  five  months  and 
none  of  them  ain't  been  sick  yet." 

A  barber  said  to  an  inspector:  ''Ain't 
1  a  free  citizen?  Can't  I  be  just  about 
as  dirty  as  I  damn  please?'' 

A  butcher  proudly  displayed  his  took. 

"Just  cleaned  'em  up,  doctor/' 

Dowling  promptly  scraped  half  a  pound 
of  filth  off  one  saw. 


I 


I 

I 


"Well,  1  didn*t  clean  'em  that  way." 
explained  the  man. 

In  one  place  the  doctor  remonstrated 
with  a  dairyman  for  currying  his  horse 
at  the  door  of  his  milk  rcx»m. 

*'0h,  that's  all  right,  doctor/'  said  he, 
**We  get  all  that  out  when  we  strain  the 
milk/* 

It  was  uphill  fighting  against  such  ignor- 
ance, but  bowling  would  not  be  denied. 

'*  Clean  up  or  shut  up/*  he  told  dirty 
merchants  and  dairymen.  One  man,  at 
least,  shut  up  his  business.  The  rest 
cleaned  up. 

In  Madison  Parish  he  condemned  the 
almshouse  as  a  relic  of  the  dark  ages  unfit 
to  house  cattle  in, 

"  I  would  rather  have  my  life  crushed 
out  by  slow  torture/*  said  he,  **than  have 
to  stay  in  your  almshouse.  You  remodel  it 
and  have  it  cleaned  up  or  I'll  have  it  torn 
down/' 

His  orders  were  obeyed. 

At  one  town  he  found  the  jail  impossible. 


**  You  clean  that  place  up  or  you'll  have 
to  turn  your  prisoners  loose.  You  can't 
keep  such  a  filthy,  disease-breeding  place 
in  this  state/* 

The  jail  was  cleaned  up. 

*' There's  no  way  of  stopping  that  man/' 
said  an  Alexandria  citizen,  *' He's  just 
bound  to  have  his  way.** 

He  began  to  have  his  way  after  he  had 
made  it  clear  that  he  would  have  it  in 
spite  of  good-natured  opposition  and 
carelessness.  When  this  lesson  had  been 
firmly  hammered  home  by  a  few  choice 
examples,  the  towns  began  to  fall  in  with 
the  doctor*s  line  of  thinking. 

In  one  town  the  mayor  stepped  forth 
and  said:  "This  town  was  once  the  pride 
of  the  surrounding  country  and  noted 
for  its  cleanliness,  but  we've  been  in  debt. 
Give  us  a  few  weeks  and  we'll  show  you 
that  we  know  what  a  really  clean  town  is." 

Another  place.  Oakdale.  had  itself 
incorporated  in  order  to  acquire  the 
authority  to  regulate  conditions. 


..,     .     AN    TO    SEE    'THE    BIG    SHOW 

THi    PAMi    OP    THE  HEAtlH    TRAIN    SPREAD   TO   THE    REMOTEST    RURAL    DISTRICTS   AMD    MAOt 
n  A    RIVAL   OF    1H£    CIRCUS    IN    POrUUAR    INTEREST 


!:eaning  up  a  state 


'*  First  thing  we  know/*  said  a  country 
editor,  "we'll  all  he  ashamed  to  be  caught 
dirty/' 

Dowling  had  thoroughly  awakened  the 
state  that  had  been  dirty  and  didn't 
care. 

I  he  Health  Exhibit  Train  was  only  one 
—  though  the  most  important  —  of  Dr. 
Dowling's  efforts  to  bring  good  health 
to  Louisiana.  The  abolition  of  public 
drinking  cups  and  the  public  towel;  the 
appointment  of  traveling  salesmen  as 
deputy  health  inspectors:  the  furnishing 
csf  antinJiphtheretic  serum  to  the  indigent; 


make  use  of  the  board  in  the  mannei 
desired.  Every  da>'  reports  come  to  it! 
ortices  in  New  Orleans  concerning  con- 
ditions in  various  towns,  and  inquiries 
concerning  matters  of  health  and 
sanitation. 

In  New  Orleans,  the  Progressive  Union 
stimulates  the  awakening  by  displaying 
on  the  curtains  of  moving  picture  show: 
such  legends  as: 

"Do  you  know  what  the  sanitary  codi 
is?  Look  it  up.  Maybe  you  are  violat 
ing  the  law." 

The  health  board  expects  that  its  wot] 


1 


A  SUNDAY  HEALTH  SERMON  UNDER  THT 

DR.  DOWLING  TRYING  TO  PERSUADE  THE  LOUI51ANIAT4S  THAT  THEKi 

AND    THE     DEATH    RATE 


'LIAS 
\TION  BETWEEN  DIRT 


the  regulation  of  barber  shops,  hotels, 
and  restaurants;  the  registration  and  scor- 
ing of  dairies;  the  regulation  and  control 
of  fish  and  game,  and  the  regulation  of  all 
food  supplies;  the  screening  of  stores  and 
markets:  and  the  enthusiastic  battles 
against  the  fly  —  all  are  achievements 
toward  the  same  end. 

By  its  new  system  of  registering  and 
scoring  dairies,  for  instance,  the  State 
Board  of  Health  makes  it  possible  for  every 
citizen  who  writes  to  it  for  the  information 
to  know  under  just  what  conditions  the 
milk  sold  to  his  family  is  pnxluced.  Every 
citizen  of  the  stale  is  a  potential  health 
inspector  Every  report  of  violations  of 
the  sanitary  code  is  investigated  by  the 
board,  and  the  transgressor  warned  and 
corrected.    The  citizens  are  beginning  to 


J 


among  the  school  children  will  bear  the 
most  valuable  fruit,  it  is  hard  to  start 
the  adult  native  of  an  easy-going  region 
along  entirely  different  lines  of  thought 
and  activity  from  those  in  which  he  has 
pleasantly  lived,  and  lived  as  he  wanted 
to  all  his  life.  But  by  putting  the  study 
of  health  into  the  public  schiiols  the  next 
generations  will  be  inclined  toward  a 
different  point  of  view.  Every  mont 
the  board  of  health  sends  a  bulletin 
every  school  child  in  the  state.  The: 
are  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  school  super- 
intendents for  direct  distribution  to  the 
children.  Teachers  are  constantly  in- 
structed in  school  and  home  hygiene,  and 
they  in  turn  communicate  the  knowledge 
to  the  children  and  their  mothers.  In 
Donaldsonville   the   first    health    parade 


a. 


that  ever  marched  in  the  South  was  made 
by  the  children  of  the  public  schools. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  think  of  the  man  who 
is  responsible  for  this  as  a  story-telling 
**  mixer/*  or  as  a  man  whose  serious 
critical  sense  has  been  at  all  blunted  by 
the  development  of  his  "mixing"  talent. 
Dr  Dowling  is  first  of  all  a  grave,  serious- 
minded  physician.  He  romps  with  chil- 
dren, but  he  is  very  serious  when  talking 
about  health.  He  has  a  genius  for  plung- 
ing to  the  centre  of  any  problem,  for  taking 
hold  of  it  and  doing  the  essential  thing 
without  any  waste  effort.  But  he  does 
not  plunge  until  careful  thought  has 
showed  him  the  way.     He  knew,  as  few 


knew,  the  serious  need  of  awakening 
Louisiana  to  conditions  in  the  state,  and 
he  knew  the  value  of  the  spectacular 
That  is  why  he  went  at  it  as  he  did,  not 
because  his  character  loves  the  sensational. 
But  his  campaign  v»'3is  characteristic:  he 
saw  that  the  spectacular  was  the  thing 
to  do.  and  he  did  it. 

He  is  a  marvel  in  accomplishment. 
During  the  seven  months  that  he  was 
traveling  on  the  health  special,  he  averaged 
two  talks  a  day,  made  his  daily  inspections, 
wrote  his  re(3ijrts,  and  attended  to  his 
regular  routine  work  as  president  of  the 
State  Health  Board  without  hitch  or  con- 
fusion.   At  his  oftke  in  New  Orleans  he 


n 


ADVERTISING   AN    EVENING    LECTURE 

IN  WHICH  PM.  DOWLING,  BY  ME^NS  OF  MOVING  PICTURES,  LEFT  NOTHING  TO  BE  IMAGINED  ABOUT  THE 

CXiNNIiCTION  Of  FUE&.  I  Itm  AMP  DISEA&E,  ANU  IH  WHrcil  HE  TOLU  THE  CITIZENS 

HOW  HE  HAD  FOUND  THtNGi  IN  THLIR  TOWN 


CLEANING  UP  A  STATE 


performs  feats  at  which  the  less  strenuous 
natives  gasp, 

"Cicero,"  someone  asked  the  doctor's 
office  tender,  "what  lime  did  the  doctor 
get  down  this  morning?'* 

'*  Dat  Ah  can't  say,  suh,"  said  Cicero, 
"Ah  didn't  git  down  till  foh  thuhty 
mahself/' 

He  has  new  ideas  of  how  a  state  office 
should  be  run.    He  found  it  necessary  to 


red-hot  speeches.  He  picks  up  child re^ 
and  rides  them  on  his  shoulder,  then  godH 
forth  and  damns  their  fathers  fur  keeping 
dirty  stores  that  may  make  children  ill. 
He  is  one  of  the  happiest  men  and  one  of 
the  busiest.  Bur  he  is  serious  about  it 
all.  His  manner  shows  the  kind  of  fight 
he  has  enlisted  in.  It  is  not  a  merry  ca 
paign  of  publicity.  It  is  a  stern,  serial 
fight  for  civilization. 


5ht 


THE    MAN    WHO   HAS   HIS   WAY 

AND  WHO  HAS  SUCCKED^D,  AFTER  7^0U  SAI4ITARY  IKSPECT10N5.  IK  GAINING  THE  REGt^LATJON  OF  VAKIIEII 

SHOPS  AND  RtSTAUIl\mTS*  THE   RCGULATiON  AND  CONTROL  OF  FISH  ANO    GAME,    THE    PRO- 

TECllON  Of  ALL  fOOO  SUPPLIES.  THE  SCREENING  OF  STORES  AND  W^RRFTS, 

BESIDES  MANY    OTHER  ASTONISHING  IMPROVEMENTS 


discharge  a  food  inspector,  and  the  man's 
friends  and  several  of  fhe  papers  howled. 

**  I  can't  help  it/*  said  Dowling.  "  1 
am  responsible  for  the  efficiency  of  this 
office  the  same  as  if  I  was  managing  a 
business.  I  have  got  to  have  men  who 
work  for  the  interests  of  the  public.  Your 
man  would  not/* 

He  is  a  big  man  physicallyp  and  nobody 
has  yet  seen  him  tired.  He  tramps  all 
day  in  the  rain,  inspecting  dairies,  and 
comes  home  ready  to  make  a  couple  of 


There  was  once  a  boy  in  a  small  count; 
schocil    whose    general    standing    in    the 
community   was    hampered    by    the    un- 
savory reputation  attached  to  him  becauj 
of  his  dirtiness.     One  day  a  newly  arrivi 
teacher  caught  him,  held  him,  and  ga 
him  a  good  scrubbing, 

'*Huh!"    said    the    other    boys 
was  just  as  clean  as  any  of  us,  'cepling 
for  the  dirt." 

Dr.  Oscar  Dowling  is  the  new  teacher 
who  has  arrived  in  Louisiana. 


jn- 

1 
1 


d 


I 

i 


^Itt     I)      I.  m   Cfi*lLKMi   d^   L'Otie/O'Lhl-i 


WOODROW  WILSON -A  BIOGRAPHY 


CONCLUDING   ARTICLE 

THE  PRESIDENCY  LOOMS  UP 

^OW  A  GENTLE  GOVERNOR   PERSUADED  A  CORPORATION    ROUGH-RIDDEN  STATE  TO~ 
A  PROGRAMME  OF  RADICAL  LEGISLATION  AND  HOW  THE  FAME  OF  HIS  ACHIEVE- 
■  MENT  WENT  THROUGH  THE  LAND  —  THE  ASTONISHING  METHODS  OF  JER- 


BY 


WILLIAM  BAYARD   HALE 


j^^T^^HE  platform  upon  which 
I  I  Governor  Wilson  had  been 
B  I  elected  had  promised  four 
I        I        principal  things  —  which  prob- 

■  *       ably   not   a   man   in  the   con- 

■  vention  that  adopted  it  expected  to  see 
H  realized:    the  direct   primary;    a  corrupt 
Hjpictices  election  law,  a   public   service 
Vrammission  with  power  to  fix  rates,  and 
P  an    employers'    habihty    and    working- 
men's  compensation  law.     The  Governor's 
inaugural  address  —  a  remarkable  docu- 
iiient»  vibrant  with  the  spirit  and  the 


consciousness  of  a  new  age,  new  alike  iri 
politics  and  in  the  very  elements  of  social 
and  industrial  life  —  made  it  clear  that 
he  regarded  the  platform  promises  as 
binding.  He  spoke  of  them,  and  of  a 
dozen  kindred  steps  of  enlightened  re- 
form, with  the  blithe  confidence  of  a 
captain  who  gives  the  word  of  advance 
to  an  assured  and  easy  victory: 

It  is  not  the  foolish  ardor  of  too  sanguine  or 
too  radical  reform  that  I  urge  upon  you,  but 
merely  the  tasks  that  arc  evident  and  pressing* 
the  things  we  have  knowledge  and  guidance 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


523 


enough  to  do;  and  to  do  with  confidence  and 
energy.  I  merely  point  out  the  present  busi- 
ness of  progress  and  serviceable  government, 
the  next  stage  on  the  journey  of  duty.  The 
path  is  as  inviting  as  it  is  plain.  Shall  we 
hesitate  to  tread  it?  I  look  forward  with 
genuine  pleasure  to  the  prospect  of  being  your 
comrade  upon  it. 

The  new  Governor  of  New  Jersey  had 
little  respect  for  the  doctrine  of  "the 
three  coordinate  branches,"  as  it  had  been 
pedantically  exaggerated  in  practice.  His 
study  of  the  English  parliamentary  system 


completely  waste  a  term  of  office,  unable 
to  do  anything  but  play  politics!  It 
ought  to  be  impossible  to  have  an  execu- 
tive administration  trying  to  carry  on  the 
government  without  the  backing  of  a 
legislature  of  the  same  political  com- 
plexion. It  ought  to  be  impossible  to 
have  a  legislature  in  which  the  executive 
administration  cannot  suggest  legislation. 
It  is  not  necessary  here  to  go  further 
into  Mr.  Wilson's  ideas  of  res[X)nsible  gov- 
ernment (he  believes  that  the  American 
plan  is  capable  of  natural  improvement), 


Copyright  by  Underwood  5c  L'odenrood 

10,000  CALIFORNIANS   GREET  GOVERNOR   WILSON 

AT  THE  GREEK  THEATRE  AT  BERKELEY.       PRESIDENT  BENJAMIN  IDE  WHEELER  IS  MAKING  THE 
PRESENTATION  SPEECH  FOR  GOVERNOR  WILSON  WHO  IS  SEATED  AT  THE  RIGHT 


had  long  ago  directed  his  attention  to  the 
advantages  of  having  the  executive  closely 
associated  in  counsel  with  the  legislature. 
His  investigation  of  the  American  congres- 
sional system  had  confirmed  him  in  the 
opinion  that  the  attempt  to  maintain  in 
pedantic  precision  the  classic  theory  of 
separation  tended  to  divide  and  destroy 
responsibility,  render  official  leadership 
impossible,  and  make  a  muddle  where 
ought  to  be  a  clear-headed,  decisive 
government.  How  often  an  executive 
of  one  party  and  a  legislature  of  another 


except  to  remark  that  he  attributes  the 
up-growth  of  the  boss  system,  with  its 
exiraAegdil,  ^x/rj-official  leaders,  largely 
to  the  absence  of  constitutional  provision 
for  official  leaders,  and  to  add  that  he  had 
determined  to  be,  as  Governor,  an  official 
leader  —  the  chief  of  his  party  in  the  state, 
the  party  put  into  power  by  an  over- 
whelming vote  of  the  people  —  the  leader, 
therefore,  responsible  not  only  for  admin- 
istering the  routine  business  of  the 
Governor's  office,  but  for  seeing  that  the 
policies  endorsed  in  the  party  platform  on 


524 


THE  WORLD S  WORK 


AT   THE    TEXAS     STATE    FAIR 

WITH  COVEKNOR   COLQUFTT  (mIDDLe)  AND  SENATOR 

CULBERSOM   (rJGHT).  AND  HIS  ASSISTANT 

SECRETARY,  WALTER  MEASDAY 

which  he  had  been  elected  were  embodied 
in  legislation-  During  the  campaign  he 
had  explicitly  requested  that  no  man 
vote  for  him  who  did  not  want  him  to  be 
the  party  leader.  He  had  warned  the 
electorate  of  the  state  that  if  elected  he 
meant  to  be  an  "  unconstitutional  Gov- 
ernor/' as  the  Constitution  was  mistakenly 
interpreted  to  forbid  his  taking  part  in 
legislation.  And  the  electorate  had  given 
him  a  majority  of  fifty  thousand. 

It  was  not  idly,  therefore,  that  the 
Governor's  inaugural  bugle-call  summon- 
ing the  legislators  to  enter  upon  the  path 
of  progress,  ended  with  the  jubilant  note 
of  pleasure  at  the  prospect  of  being  their 
"comrade"  upon  it. 

What  was  the  situation  that  confronted 
this  hopeful  Governor? 

His  party  had  a  majority  on  joint 
ballot  of  the  legislature:  but  the  senate, 
without  whose  concurrence  no  bill  could 
become  law,  stood  Republican  12  to  9. 
Democrats  were  in  a  majority  of  42  to  18 
in  the  assembly,  but  many  of  the  party's 
representatives  were  connected  with  the 
old  organization  and  resentful  of  the 
college  president's  advent  into  politics. 
The  Governor's  triumph  in  seating  Mr. 
Martine  in  the  United  States  Senate  over 
ex-Senator  Smith's  candidacy  had  not 
^nded  the  war  between  him  and  the  old 
organization.  It  had  given  him  prestige, 
It  had  heartened  the  friends  of  good  gov- 


ernment; but  it  had  even  more  savagel> 
embittered  the  old  leaders  and  engendered' 
sullenness  among  their  still    faithful  fol- 
low^ers.     "We  gave  him  the  Senatorship/'^ ' 
they  said  among  themselves,  ''  but  that  is| 
the  end;  we've  done  enough;   if  he  asks 
for  more,  he'll  find  out  who  is  runningl 
the  stale  of  New  Jersey/*     The  state  of  j 
New^  Jersey  had  been  **run"  for  years  by| 
the    allied    corporation    interests.     The> 
might  put  up  with  the  loss  of  a  SenalorJ 
but  legislation  that  proposed  to  fasten  a' 
workingnien*s  compensation  liability  upon^ 
them;  put   them,   their   books,    and   the 
rates  they  charged,  under  the  control  of 
the  people;  and  that,  above  all,  proposed 
to  destroy  the  boss  system,  through  \vhich| 
they  held  their  domination  of  the  State 
House  —  such   things   simply    could    not 
and  should  not  be.     If  anyivhere  in  the 
Union,  the  beautiful  theories  of  representa- 
tive government   met  the   ugly  realitiesJ 
of  actual  politics,  they  met  them  in  ihej 
corporation-ruled    state  of    New  Jersey,] 
What  mattered  the  wishes  of  a  majority] 
of  fifty  thousand  voters  to  a  legislature. 


CopyrigtAhy  Underwood  At  Uaderwood 

IN    CALIFORNIA 

GOVERNOR  WrLSON  WfTH  PRESIDENT  WHEELER 

OF  THE  UKIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


525 


tw^o  thirds  of  whose  members  were 
under  obligations  to  one  or  the  other 
of  the  organizations  they  were  asked  to 
destroy? 

The  way  in  which  a  situation  so  dis- 
couraging was  forced  to  yield  the  sur- 
prising results  it  did  yield  is  full  of  promise 
to  men  of  hope. 

Governor  Wilson  relied  from  the  start 
on  the  merits  of  the  bills,  on  public  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  them,  and  on  his  power 


I 


Those  who  did  not  come,  he  sent  for,  on 
one  pretext  or  another,  and  the  matter 
of  the  bills  naturally  came  up.  He  told 
them  that  he  had  no  patronage  to  dispose 
of,  no  promises  to  make,  and  no  warnings 
to  issue,  but  that  he  should  like  to  have 
them  consider  the  bills  on  their  merits,  and 
let  him  know  where  they  stood. 

Heretofore  Republican  governors  had 
consulted  Republican  members,  and 
Democratic  governors  had  consulted 
Democratic  members,     \\  ilson  consulted 


GOVERNOR  WILSON  S  W^ELCOiME   IN  N  t W 


.  It  tiy  Uodnirocd  A  r  I 
ML  \  ICO 


TALKIMG  FAMlLlAttLY  WITH  THE  CROWD  AT  THE  SANTG  FE  STATION  IN  ALaUQUERQUE  ON  HIS  TOUR  OF  THE 

WESTEHN  STATES 


force  the  open  discussion  of  them.  He 
3uld  not  permit  them  to  be  done  for 
m  secret  conferences;  there  should  be 
public  debate;  he  would  make  his  own 
arguments  for  the  bills  so  that  all  the  state 
should  hear  him,  and  he  would  compel 
the  opponents  to  give  the  reasons  of  their 
opposition  publicly.  Ihe  dmirs  of  his 
office  stood  always  open,  and  he  encouraged 
senators  and  assemblymen  to  make  it 
a  ''abit  to  come  to  see  him  and  talk  things 
over  —  familiarly,    but    never    secretly. 


members  of  both  parties,  lie  talked  to 
them  all  alike  of  the  gmid  of  the  common- 
wealth; to  Hemocrats  he  added  arguments 
based  on  the  platform  promises.  He 
made  it  clear  that  he  considered  himself 
chosen  party  leader,  but  he  gave  no 
orders  --  he  would  not  be  a  boss;  though 
he  might  be  much  bold  to  enjoin,  yet 
he  rather  besought,  with  argument,  with 
appeals  to  patriotism,  state  pride  and 
party  loyalty,  with  the  simple,  cheerful 
assumption  that  they  were  all  agreed  acv 


526 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


essentials  (hard  they  found  it  to  deny 
that  smiling  assumption!),  and  need  dis- 
cuss only  incidental  details.  The  nearest 
that  he  ever  came  to  a  threat  was  in  the 
suggestion  to  a  few  stubborn  opponents 
that  they  debate  the  question  with  him  in 
public  in  their  own  districts.  From  time 
to  time,  the  Guvernor  issued  public  state- 


On  the  opening  of  the  legislature,  Jan- 
uary lo.  1911,  it  was  with  difllculiy  that 
sponsors  ctmld  be  found  to  intrcjducc  the] 
Governor*s  bills.  Few  believed  that  a  I 
single  one  of  them  could  be  forced  j 
through  before  the  end  of  the  session.  1 
"Very  well,  then,  we  shall  have  lo  have  j 
a  special  session  to  do  it/'  was  Govern<»r 


UNITED  STATES    SENATOR  JAMES  E*  MARTfNE 

WHOSE  ELECTION  WAS  FORCED  BY  GOVERNnit  WILSON  HECAUSE  THE  ^EOPLE  HAD  CHOiEN  HtM 

AT  THE   PRIMARY 


mcnts  regarding  his  measures;  in  one  he 
expressed  the  fear  that  he  might  have 
lo  name  the  meu  who  were  preparing 
to  be  faithless  to  the  platform  promises 
and  to  betray  the  people.  He  never 
had  lo  do  this;  when  it  came  to  a 
vote,  as  we  shall  see,  there  was  nobody 
to  name  worth  naming. 


Wilson's  undismayed  reply,     "However, 
let  us  hope  that  won't  be  necessary/' 

First  in  order  came  up  the   IMmary 
Elections  Bill,  to  which  an  assemblyman 
from  Monmouth  Oiunty  had  allowed  his      1 
name  to  be  given:  the  Geran  BilL  H 

This  revolutionary  piece  of  legislation  " 


528 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


AN    INTIMATE    VIEW  OF  GOVtivxijiv    >>iL:.ON 


contemplated  the  turning  aver  of  both, 
or  all  poUticaf  organizations  to  the  people. 
Nominating  conventions,  so  easily  mani- 
pulated by  bosses,  were  done  away  with. 
All  candidates  for  office  from  that  of  con- 
stable to  President  were  to  be  nomin- 
ated directly  by  ballot  of  the  people:  all 
party  officers,  committeemen,  delegates 
to  national  conventions,  and  the  Hke,  were 
to  be  so  elected  by  popular  ballot,  and  the 
primary  elections  at  which  all  this  was 
to  be  done  were  to  be  conducted  by  the 
state  under  strict  laws,  the  election  officers 
being  chosen  from  citizens  who  had 
passed  special  civil  service  examinations. 
The  respective  parly  platforms  were  to  be 
written  by  the  party's  candidates  for  the 
legislature  meeting  together  with  the 
state  committee  —  the  men  who,  if  elected, 
were  themselves  to  carry  out  the  platform 
promises. 

To  those  who  understand  the  signifi- 
cance of  the  great  movement  for  the  re- 
sumption by  the  people  of  the  direct 
powers  of  government,  it  would  have  been 
sufTiciently  astonishing  that  a  governor 
of  a  slate  like  New  Jersey  should  have 
thought  it  worth  while  to  make  to  his 
legislature  such  an  audacious  proposal 
as  the  direct  primary,  with  popular  selec- 
tion of  United  Slates  Senators,  popular 
nomination  of  Presidential  candidates,  and 
popular  choice  of  party  officers.  This 
meant  the  killing  of  the  bosses;  it  meant 
Ibe  extinction   of  corpora tion<on! roiled 


organizations;  it  meant  everything  that 
New  Jersey  had  never  had  and  that  th( 
professional  politicians  and  the  big  busi 
ness  interests  could   never  permit   it   to 
have. 

No  wonder  there  was  a  battle  royal  f 
James  R.  Nugent  was  in  active  direction 
of  the  opposition.  Ex-Senator  Smith's  re-! 
lation.he  urged  the*'ingrate**  argument  — 
Wilson  knew  no  honor  and  would  knife 
the  men  who  assisted  him ;  state  chairman, 
he  was  officially  in  command  of  the  party 
organization,  and  could  promise  and 
threaten  with  the  prestige  of  fifteen  long 
years     of     almost      unopposed      party 


I 


ON   DUTY  AS  GOVERNOR 
tE VIEWING  THE  NATIONAL  GUARD  OF  NEW  JEltSIT 


4 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


529 


supremacy  against  this  new  Governor's 
bare  month  of  troubled  experience. 

Nugent  easily  arranged  a  coalition  with 
the  Republicans.  Their  organization  was 
equally  threatened,  and  far  greater  than 
the  fall  of  the  minority  party  bosses 
would  be  that  of  the  Republican  "  Board 
of  Guardians"  who  had  for  years  "  bossed  " 
the  majority  party  in  the  state.  If  the 
Republican  majority  still  in  control  of 
the  senate  stood  pat,  the  Geran  bill  would 
fail  there;  but  Nugent  wanted  more: 
he  wanted  the  Democratic  lower  chamber 
to  repudiate  the  Governor's  plan.  He 
was  so  confident  that  this  could  be  man- 
aged that  he  arranged  for  a  conference  on 
the  bill  as  a  preliminary  test. 

It  was  a  fatal  error. 

The  Governor  heard  of  the  conference, 
and  genially  suggested  that  he  be  invited. 
It  was  unprecedented  for  a  Governor  to 
attend  a  legislative  caucus,  but  it  would 
have  been  awkward  to  have  declined  to 
invite  him  if  he  wanted  to  come.  So  he 
went. 

The  gathering  was  in  the  Supreme 
Court  room,  on  the  second  floor  of  the 
State  House.  One  assemblyman,  Martin, 
challenged  the  Governor's  intervention;  he 
had  no  constitutional  right  to  interfere  in 
legislation;  had  it  not  been  written  by 
them  of  old  time  that  the  executive  and 
legislative  branches  must  be  kept  sacredly 
apart?  The  Governor  replied  by  drawing 
from  his  pocket  the  Legislative  Manual 
and  reading  a  clause  of  the  constitution 
which  directed  the  Governor  of  New 
Jersey  to  communicate  with  the  legislature 
at  such  times  as  he  might  deem  necessary, 
and  to  recommend  such  measures  as  he 
might  deem  expedient.  He  was  there, 
he  continued,  in  pursuance  of  a  constitu- 
tional duty,  to  recommend  a  measure  of 
that  character. 

In  noble  fashion  did  he  recommend  it. 
That  conference  lasted  four  and  a  half 
hours;  for  three  hours  of  it  Mr.  Wilson  was 
on  his  feet,  first  expounding  the  bill,  clause 
by  clause;  answering  all  queries  and  reply- 
ing to  all  objections  out  of  a  knowledge  not 
only  of  the  experience  of  other  states  but 
of  the  practical  workings  of  politics,  that 
greatly  surprised  his  audience.  One  by 
one  he  met  and  silenced  all  critics.    1*hen, 


looking  about  upon  them,  he  began  what 
will  always  remain  one  of  the  notable 
speeches  of  his  career,  a  speech  which  no 
man  who  was  present  will  ever  forget.  They 
were  Democrats,  and  he  spoke  to  them  as 
such.  This,  he  told  them,  was  no  attempt 
todestroy  the  party;  it  was  a  plan  to  re- 
vitalize it  and  arm  it  for  the  war  to  which 
the  swelling  voice  of  a  people  called  it  in 
an  hour  of  palpitant  expectancy.  With 
an  onrush  of  words  white-hot  with  speed 
and  suppressed  emotion,  he  displayed 
before  them  the  higher  view  of  political 
duty,  and  expanded  the  ground  of  his 
hope  for  the  future  of  the  Democratic 
party  as  a  servant  of  the  people. 

One  repeats  only  what  the  attendants 
at  this  remarkable  meeting  unite  in  testi- 
fying when  he  says  that  they  came  down 
stairs  not  knowing  whether  more  amazed 
by  the  force  of  logic  that  had  fairly  won 
them  over,  or  moved  by  the  inspiring  ap- 
peal to  which  they  had  listened.  The  con- 
ference, called  to  refuse  the  Geran  Bill, 
voted  to  make  it  a  party  measure. 

A  Republican  caucus  was  proposed, 
to  insure  party  unanimity  against  the  bill, 
but  so  many  Republican  members  refused 
in  advance  to  be  bound,  that  the  plan 
was  abandoned.  The  opposition  had 
hoped  that  the  senate  committee  on 
elections  would  refuse  to  report  the  bill 
out,  but  to  this  Senator  Bradley,  Republi- 
can, chairman  of  the  committee,  declined 
to  be  a  party.  Senator  Bradley  had  for 
several  sessions  been  chairman  of  the 
joint  committee  on  appropriations,  and 
though  the  Democrats  now  controlled  this 
committee,  Governor  Wilson  had  asked 
that  Mr.  Bradley,  because  of  his  long 
experience,  be  retained  in  its  chairman- 
ship. Doubtless  this  had  nothing  to 
do  with  Mr.  Bradley's  refusal  to  bury 
the  Geran  Bill.  Doubtless  the  straight- 
forward Governor  had  had  no  thought  of 
reciprocity.  But  the  circumstance  is 
interesting. 

The  senate  elections  committee  did 
hold  a  public  hearing,  arranged  by  the 
opposition.  It  was  a  melancholy  affair, 
from  their  standpoint;  the  speakers  who 
were  to  demolish  the  bill  never  came, 
while  a  battery  of  able,  and  by  now  en- 
thusiastic,  cannoneers   riddled   the  pre- 


530 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tensions  of  the  enemy.  It  is  a  pity  that 
the  scathing  sarcasm  drawled  from  the 
scornful  lips  of  Joseph  Noonan,  whose 
native  Irish  wit  has  not  been  spoiled  by 
his  Oxford  education,  was  not  stenographi- 
cally  reported.  Traditions  of  its  effective- 
ness still  hang  about  that  senate  chamber. 

Among  the  expected  lights  who  failed 
to  come  and  scintillate  for  the  senate 
committee  and  the  public  was  Mr.  John 
William  Griggs,  McKinley's  Attorney- 
General,  and  Governor  of  the  state  during 
the  palmiest  days  of  unrebuked  misrule. 
Mr.  Griggs's  part  in  the  world  to-day  is 
to  bewail,  with  a  heart  of  infinite  sorrow, 
the  tendency  of  a  lawless  generation  to 
depart  from  the  ancient  land-marks  of 
established  order  recommended  by  the 
prescription  of  immemorial  usage,  and 
certified  by  the  sanction  of  many  years 
of  Republican  prosperity.  Governor  Wil- 
son informed  the  senators  that  if  Mr. 
Griggs  appeared,  he  would  come  himself 
and  make  a  few  remarks  suggested  by 
the  former  Attorney-General's  speech.  1 1 
would  have  been  a  great  debate  had  it 
ever  come  olT.  The  Governor  waited 
in  his  office,  but  Mr.  Griggs  never  came. 
The  total  of  the  opposition  was  repre- 
sented by  James  Smith,  Jr's.  private 
secretary,  who,  after  some  desultory  vapor- 
ings,  sent  word  to  his  chief  that  open 
opposition  to  the  Geran  bill  was  futile. 

So  now  was  secret  opposition.  Nugent 
still  hung  about  Trenton.  One  day  he 
went  into  the  Governor's  office,  at  the 
Governor's  request,  to  "talk  things  over." 

Nugent  very  quickly  lost  his  temper. 

"  I  know  you  think  you've  got  the 
votes,"  he  exclaimed.  "I  don't  know  how 
you  got  them." 

"  What  do  you  mean  ?"  queried  the 
Governor  sharply. 

"  It's  the  talk  of  the  State  House  that 
you  got  them  by  patronage." 

"  Good  afternoon !  Mr.  Nugent,"  said 
Governor  Wilson,  pointing  to  the  door. 

"  You're  no  gentleman,"  shouted  the 
discomfited  boss. 

"  You're  no  judge."  replied  Mr.  Wilson, 
his  finger  continuing  to  indicate  the  exit. 

Let  us  finish  with  a  disagreeable  sub- 
ject of  some  slight  interest  in  a  picture  of 


Jersey  politics.  Nugent  crept  away.  Six 
months  later,  he  came  again  into  the 
prominence  of  his  kind.  Still  state  chair- 
man, he  was  giving  a  dinner  to  a  small 
but  convivial  party  at  "Scott/s,"  a 
restaurant  at  Avon,  on  the  Jersey  coast. 
A  party  of  officers  of  the  New  Jersey 
National  Guard,  then  in  camp  at  Sea  Girt, 
near  by,  was  seated  at  an  adjoining  table. 

Nugent  sent  wine  to  the  officers*  table 
and  asked  them  to  join  his  own  party  in 
a  toast.  The  diners  at  both  tables  arose. 
"  I  give  you,"  cried  Nugent,  "  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  "  —  all 
glasses  were  raised;  Nugent  finished  —  "a 
liar  and  an  ingrate!" 

The  diners  stood  a  moment  stupefied. 
"Do  I  drink  alone?"  shouted  the  host. 

He  did  drink  alone.  The  glasses  were 
set  down  untouched;  some  of  the  officers 
indignantly  threw  out  their  wine  on  the 
floor.  Then  all  dispersed,  and  Nugent 
was  left  alone. 

The  following  day  a  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  state  committee^  signed 
a  call  for  a  meeting  to  elect  a  new  chair- 
man. The  meeting  was  held  a  few  days 
later  at  the  Coleman  House,  Asbury  Park. 
A  little  strong-arm  work  was  indulged 
in,  in  Nugent's  behalf,  by  a  gang  headed 
by  Charlie  Bell,  a  wine  tout,  but  the  New- 
ark man  was  duly  deposed,  and  a  suc- 
cessor elected  in  the  person  of  Edward  W. 
Grosscup,  a  member  of  the  organization 
who  had  come  to  be  a  supporter  and  an 
admirer  of  the  Governor. 

The  Geran  bill  came  to  its  passage  in 
the  assembly  and  went  through  with 
one  third  more  votes  than  it  needed. 
The  Republican  senate  accepted  and 
passed  it  without  a  struggle. 

The  whole  legislative  programme  fol- 
lowed. To-day,  Jersey  has  the  most  ad- 
vanced and  best  working  primary  election 
law  in  the  Union.  It  has  a  corrupt  prac- 
tices law  of  the  severest  kind.  Betting  on 
elections  is  forbidden.  Treating  by  candi- 
dates is  forbidden.  All  campaign  expenses 
must  be  published;  corporations  may  not 
contribute;  the  maximum  amount  allowed 
to  be  spent  by  candidates  for  any  office 
is  fixed  by  law. 

New  Jersey  to-day  has  a  public  utilities 


WOODROW  WILSON  — A  BIOGRAPHY 


531 


commission  with  power  to  appraise  prop- 
erty, fix  rates,  forbid  discriminations, 
regulate  finances,  control  all  sales,  mort- 
gages, and  leases  in  the  case  of  all  rail- 
roads, steam  and  electric,  in  the  case  of 
express  companies,  of  canal,  subway,  pipe 
line,  gas,  electric  light,  heat,  power,  water, 
oil,  sewer,  telegraph,  telephone  companies, 
systems,  plants,  or  equipments  for  public 
use.  This  commission's  orders  as  to 
rates  go  into  effect  immediately  or,  if 
they  are  cuts,  at  the  end  of  twenty  days' 
notice.  To-day,  New  Jersey  has  an  em- 
ployers' liability  law  which  gives  an  injured 
employee  immediate  automatic  compen- 
sation paid  by  the  employer.  The  work- 
ing man,  may,  however,  sue  for  damages, 
if  he  prefers  to  take  his  chances  before  a 
jury.  The  state  has  to-day  a  provision 
for  the  adoption  by  such  cities  and  towns 
as  may  desire  it,  of  the  commission  form  of . 
government  on  the  Des  Moines  plan,  with 
the  initiative  and  referendum  and  recall. 
Under  this  law,  Trenton,  the  capital, 
and  eight  other  Jersey  cities  and  towns 
are  trying  scientific  municipal  govern- 
ment. Governor  Wilson  has  spoken  in 
many  places  in  advocacy  of  the  plan. 

To  this  extraordinary  record  of  pro- 
gressive legislation  must  be  added  an 
intelligent  statute  regulating  the  cold 
storage  of  food;  legislation  establishing 
the  indeterminate  sentence  in  place  of 
the  old  discredited  fixed  sentence;  and 
the  complete  reorganization  of  the  public 
school  system. 

It  is  worthy  of  special  remark  that  the 
achievement  of  these  surprising  results  over 
and  against  its  original  opposition  left  the 
legislature,  nevertheless,  in  a  very  friendly 
attitude  of  mind  toward  the  Governor. 
He  earned  their  respect,  and  he  won,  to 
boot,  the  hearty  good-will  of  most  of  the 
legislators.  At  first  an  atmosphere  of 
diffidence  hung  over  the  executive  ante- 
rooms; visitors  were  not  sure  how  they 
would  be  treated.  But  they  soon  found 
it  a  delight  to  visit  the  Governor's  office, 
and  began  to  think  up  excuses  for  a  look 
in.  The  spare  gray  man  with  the  long  jaw 
had  a  mighty  taking  way  about  him; 
there  was  always  a  ready  smile  and  often 
a  lively  story,  and  you  seldom  failed  to  go 
away  with  a  glow  around  your  heart. 


The  senators  found  him  out  in  due 
course  of  the  session  one  night  at  a  little 
dinner  given  him  and  them  by  the  Adju- 
tant-General, Mr.  Sadler,  at  the  Country 
Club.  There  were  some  darkey  music-mak- 
ers on  hand,  and  presently  the  high  tenor 
voice  that  had  led  two  college  glee-clubs 
was  carolling  in  darkey  dialect,  and  before 
long  (it  was  in  the  confidential  privacy 
of  a  group  of  sympathetic  senators)  the 
rather  lengthy  legs  and  other  members  of 
a  Governor  were  engaged  in  a  duet  cake- 
walk  with  one  of  the  older  senators. 
Nobody  knows  how  many  votes  for  pro- 
gressive legislation  were  won  that  night. 

A  very  practical  understanding  of  human 
nature  was,  from  the  beginning,  displayed 
in  the  gubernatorial  dealings  with  legis- 
lators —  j)erhaps  not  a  little  of  it  due 
to  the  keen  political  sagacity  of  the 
Governor's  secretary,  Joseph  P.  Tumulty, 
one  of  the  bright  young  men  of  the  state, 
experienced  beyond  his  years  in  the  ways, 
moods,  and  foibles  of  politicians  in  gen- 
eral and  legislators  in  particular.  But 
Mr.  Wilson  is  himself  the  most  human  of 
men.  He  is  very  positive,  he  can  be  very 
indignant,  he  takes  the  high  ground  for 
himself;  but  he  is  not  vindictive,  and  he 
knows  how  to  make  allowances. 

No  retaliation  was  ever  visited  upon  ad- 
versaries of  the  Governor.  Assemblyman 
Martin,  of  Hudson  County,  for  instance, 
was  prominent  in  the  fight  against  Martine; 
and  he  was  a  leader  in  opposition  to  the 
Geran  Elections  Bill,  his  opposition  being 
doubtless  sincerely  based  on  his  belief  that 
it  would  destroy  the  party  organization. 
Martin  was  much  interested  in  a  bridge  bill 
affecting  Hoboken  and  the  north  end  of 
his  county.  As  the  time  drew  near  for 
action  upon  the  bridge  bill,  he  grew  very 
uneasy  and  was  observed  to  be  much  in 
the  vicinage  of  the  Governor's  room, 
inquiring  of  all  and  sundry  who  were 
in  communication  with  the  Executive 
whether  they  thought  he  would  let  it  go 
through.  It  was  difficult  to  persuade  a 
man  used  to  the  customs  of  the  old  days 
that  there  was  a  new  kind  of  politician 
in  the  Governor's  chair,  a  politician  who 
dealt  with  proposed  legislation  on  its 
merits  and  not  in  the  harboring  of  vin- 
dictiveness     nor   the     remembrance    of 


532 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


promised  reward.  Mr.  Martin's  bridge 
bill  was  a  just  and  desirable  measure, 
and  he  got  it.  When  the  fight  for  reform 
in  the  educational  department  came  on, 
Martin  was  in  the  front  rank  in  support 
of   the  Governor's   proposals. 

Ex-Senator  Smith,  the  notorious  James, 
Jr.,  now  Mr.  Wilson's  bitter  enemy,  owns 
a  great  deal  of  real  estate  in  Newark. 
His  relative  and  chief  lieutenant,  James 
R.  Nugent,  controls  the  city  so  absolutely 
that  a  laborer  can't  get  a  job  on  the  street 
without  his  consent.  However,  there  are 
some  things  which  a  New  Jersey  city 
council  has  to  ask  the  legislature  for  per- 
mission to  do.  This  session,  there  was  to 
come  up  at  Trenton  a  bill  allowing  the 
Newark  common  council  in  its  discretion 
to  widen  certain  streets.  The  improve- 
ment would  enhance  the  value  of  realty 
owned  by  Smith.  It  would  have  been  the 
easiest  thing  in  the  world  for  a  vindictive 
Governor  to  have  vetoed  the  bill,  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  a  job,  and  to  have  won 
applause  for  his  act,  while  striking  a 
telling  blow  at  Smith  and  Nugent.  But, 
considering  the  case  on  its  merits,  Governor 
Wilson  could  conclude  only  that  it  author- 
ized a  real  improvement,  irrespective  of  its 
effect  on  the  Smith  property.  He  signed 
the  bill. 

"  Mr.  Smith  and  the  Governor  do  not 
always  see  precisely  eye  to  eye,"  was 
his  remark,  as  he  laid  down  the  pen, 
"but  that  circumstance  constitutes  no 
reason  why  Mr.  Smith  should  be  deprived 
of  any  of  his  rights  as  a  citizen." 

There  was  one  case,  however,  in  which 
Mr.  Wilson  violated,  unblushingly,  his 
declaration  that  he  had  no  rewards  for 
those  who  supported  nor  punish- 
ment for  those  who  opj>osed  his  meas- 
ures. Assemblyman  Allan  B.  Walsh, 
of  Mercer  County,  was  a  mechanic  em- 
ployed by  the  Roebling  Company.  This 
corporation,  which  paid  Walsh  something 
like  three  dollars  a  day  for  his  labor  in 
its  shops,  naturally  felt  that  this  sum  in- 
cluded what  service  he  could  render  in 
his  capacity  as  a  legislator.  When  the 
election  of  United  States  Senator  came 
up,  he  was  instructed  to  vote  for  Smith. 
He  went  to  the  Governor  and  told  him 
how  the  case  stood  with  him.    "  I  quite 


understand,"  said  the  Governor,  "and  I 
don't  want  to  advise  you  what  to  do.  I 
am  not  the  man  to  ask  you  to  imperil 
your  family's  living.  Whatever  you  con- 
clude to  do,  1  shan't  hold  it  against  you." 

Something  in  the  common  sense  and 
human  kindliness  of  Wilson's  attitude  so 
touched  Walsh,  not  heretofore  known  as  a 
hero,  that  he  went  to  the  caucus  and  voted 
for  Martine.  His  work  was  cut  till  he 
could  make  only  $io  a  week.  When  the 
battle  was  joined  on  the  Wilson  legis- 
lative programme,  his  employers  warned 
him  to  vote  against  it.  He  voted  for  it 
—  Walsh,  you  see,  had  a  man  in  him  — 
and  was  discharged.  The  Governor  heard 
of  that  —  and  those  who  happened  to  be 
in  the  State  House  that  day  heard  language 
flow  in  a  vigor  drawn  from  resources 
not  commonly  tapped  by  Presbyterian 
elders.  Walsh  was  a  poor  man  with  a 
family,  whose  livelihood  had  been  taken 
away  from  him  because  he  voted  accord- 
ing to  his  conscience.  "Something  must 
be  done  for  Walsh;  we  can't  see  him  suffer 
like  this,"  said  Mr.  Wilson.  He  was 
reminded  of  his  declaration  that  he  would 
neither  punish  nor  reward.  "No  matter 
what  1  said!"  he  exclaimed.  "This  is  a 
good  time  to  be  inconsistent.  We'll 
find  a  place  for  Walsh." 

So  it  is  a  true  charge  that  the  present 
clerk  of  the  Mercer  County  tax  board 
(though  indeed  he  is  a  competent  man) 
owes  his  position  to  the  fact  that  he  voted 
for  Wilson  measures  in  the  legislature. 

Mr.  Wilson's  appointments  were  for 
the  most  part  wise  and  happy  —  some  of 
them  remarkably  so.  One  of  the  best, 
in  its  results,  was  that  of  Samuel  Kalish 
to  the  Supreme  Court  bench.  Kalish 
is  a  Jew,  and  he  happened  to  be  Nugent's 
personal  counsel,  but  neither  of  these 
circumstances  closed  the  Governor's  eyes 
to  the  fact  that  he  was  able,  honorable, 
vigorous,  and  peculiarly  fitted  for  such 
work  as  lay  before  the  New  Jersey  Supreme 
Court.  It  is  Justice  Kalish,  now  sitting 
in  the  Atlantic  County  Circuit,  who  is 
cleaning  up  Atlantic  City;  it  was  he  who, 
finding  justice  made  a  joke  of  in  Atlantic 
County  by  juries  picked  by  the  corrupt 
sheriff,  turned  to  the  early  common  law 
and  appointed  "  elisors  "  to  select  jury-men. 


^■Bi 


WOODROW  WILSON— A  BIOGRAPHY 


533 


A  grand  jury  thus  obtained  indicted  the 
sheriff,  and  the  work  of  bringing  the 
big  resort  under  subjection  to  law  goes 
thrivingly  on.  Justice  Swayze,  who  was 
prominently  mentioned  for  a  place  on  the 
United  States  Supreme  bench,  has  resorted 
to  Justice  Kalish's  "elisors"  in  dealing 
with  corrupt  political  conditions  in  Hudson 
County. 

New  Jersey  elects  its  Assembly  anew 
each  year.  In  the  autumn  of  1911 
Governor  Wilson  went  before  the  people 
to  ask  for  the  return  of  men  pledged  to 
sustain  the  accomplished  legislation  and 
to  support  what  further  progressive  meas- 
ures should  come  up.  For  the  first  time, 
a  primary  was  held  under  the  Geran  law. 
The  Smith-Nugent  influence  was  fran- 
tically exerted  everywhere  to  nominate 
anti-Wilson  men.  It  failed,  failed  utterly, 
everywhere  except  in  Essex  County  —  the 
home  of  the  ex-Senator  and  his  lieutenant. 
For  the  first  time  a  Geran  law  convention 
was  held.  The  Wilson  men  controlled 
it.  A  sound  platform  was  adopted.  In 
Essex,  the  Smith-Nugent  machine  won 
the  primary,  nominating  a  ticket  expressly 
chosen  in  antagonism  to  the  Governor. 

In  the  campaign  that  followed.  Governor 
Wilson  visited  every  county  in  the  state 
except  Essex.  He  cancelled  his  engage- 
ments for  that  county,  refusing  to  ask 
supj>ort  for  the  Smith  ticket. 

The  result  of  the  election  has  been 
twisted  by  opponents  of  Mr.  Wilson  into 
a  defeat  for  him.  It  was,  in  fact,  a  signal 
victory  —  a  striking  endorsement.  In  all 
the  state  outside  of  Essex,  in  the  counties, 
that  is,  where  he  asked  support  for  Demo- 
cratic candidates  for  the  Assembly,  tbeir 
majorities  aggregated  8^7  votes  more  than 
they  did  the  previous  year,  when  the  state 
was  ablate  with  the  excitement  of  a  guber^ 
natorial  campaign.  In  Essex,  which  he  re- 
fused to  visit,  in  Essex,  where  the  Demo- 
cratic  candidates  were  pledged  anti-lVilson 
men,  the  Democratic  vote  fell  off  12,000 
and  the  Republicans  won. 

It  is  clear  enough,  certainly,  whether  this 
is  repudiation  or  endorsement.  What  hap- 
]:)ened  was  simply  this:  Smith  and  Nugent, 
who,  like  minority  party  bosses  generally, 
expect  to  receive  help  occasionally  from  the 


opposite  party  and  more  frequently  to  give 
it,  turned  a  very  common  trick.  They 
nominated  the  weakest  possible  ticket  and 
then  left  it  to  the  fate  they  expected  it  to 
meet.  They  gave  the  legislature  back  to 
the  Republicans,  for  the  sake  of  being 
able  to  raise  the  cry  that  the  state  had  re- 
pudiated Wilson.  Few  are  deceived  by 
such  a  play. 

The  Assembly  is  Republican  again,  it 
is  true  —  made  so  by  Smith's  treachery  — 
but  among  the  Republicans  are  enough 
progressive  men  to  sustain  what  has  been 
done  and  probably  to  support  new  meas- 
ures of  public  good.  In  a  statement 
issued  immediately  after  the  election. 
Governor  Wilson  called  upon  them,  in 
the  name  of  the  pledges  of  their  own  plat- 
form, to  co6j)erate  in  "  reforms  planned  in 
the  interest  of  the  whole  state  which  we  are 
sworn  to  .serve."  Backed  by  the  en- 
thusiastic approval  of  the  people  of  New 
Jersey  freshly  evidenced  at  the  last 
election.  Governor  Wilson  will  un- 
doubtedly have  his  way  with  the  Legisla- 
ture this  year,  as  he  had  last. 

In  the  spring  of  191 1  it  became  evident 
that  a  sentiment  looking  toward  Mr. 
Wilson's  nomination  for  the  Presidency 
was  abroad  in  the  nation.  The  sug- 
gestion had  been  made  long  ago  —  several 
years  ago  —  but  it  had  had  no  more  than 
faint  interest  till  the  Governor's  masterful 
grapple  with  the  difficulties  of  practical 
politics  at  the  New  Jersey  capital  had 
focused  country-wide  attention  upon  him, 
and  led  to  the  general  discovery  of  his 
grasp  of  political  problems,  the  vigor 
and  originality  of  his  thought,  and  his 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  government  by 
the  people.  In  all  parts  of  the  Union, 
from  its  populous  Eastern  cities  to  remote 
comers  of  the  West,  people  seemed  sud- 
denly to  become  aware  that  there  was 
a  man  named  Wilson  who  looked  more 
like  a  great  man  than  any  who  had  been 
seen  of  late  days.  Letters  began  coming 
into  Trenton  and  Princeton  until  they 
could  no  longer  be  read,  not  to  speak  of 
being  answered;  newspaper  clippings  by 
the  bushel  basket. 

The  time  soon  came  when  invitations 
to  speak  in  cities  clamorous  to  see  and 


534 


THE  WORLiyS  WORK 


hear  grew  so  insistent  that  it  would  have 
been  vain  pride  longer  to  disregard  them. 
A  few  friends  took  it  upon  themselves  to 
arrange  an  itinerary  among  some  of  the 
cities  that  wanted  to  see  New  Jersey's 
Governor,  and  he  put  himself  in  their 
hands  to  the  extent  of  agreeing  to  get  on 
a  train  with  the  itinerary  in  his  pocket 
and  fare  forth  toward  the  nearest  point 
at  least. 

Before  he  returned  he  had  traveled 
8,000  miles,  made  twenty-five  speeches, 
addressed  thousands  of  people,  and  been 
acclaimed  in  eight  states  as  the  next 
President.  Stopping  to  rest  over-night  at 
Washington,  as  he  neared  home,  the  hotel 
to  which  he  went  was  besieged  by  Senators 
and  Representatives  come  to  make,  or 
renew,  acquaintance  with  the  man  about 
whom  the  whole  country  was  talking. 

That  was  the  beginning  of  it.  On  his 
Western  journey,  Mr.  Wilson  had  replied 
to  all  questions  by  saying  that  the  Presi- 
dency was  too  big  a  thing  for  any  man  to 
set  about  to  capture,  as  it  was  too  big  for 
any  man  to  refuse.  Now,  however,  there 
set  in  a  spontaneous  movement  which 
over-night  made  him  a  candidate,  willy- 
nilly,  and  which  within  a  few  weeks  had 
put  his  name  apparently  ahead  of  all  others 
in  popular  favor  -^  for  the  movement  was 
distinctly  a  movement  rather  of  citizens 
than  of  politicians,  rather  of  the  people  than 


of  party  leaders.  To  answer  the  constant 
demands  of  the  newspapers  for  informa- 
tion, a  press  bureau  was  established,  its 
nxxiest  expenses  met  by  the  chipping-in 
of  personal  friends,  many  of  them  Princes 
tonians.  The  state  committee  of  his 
party  —  which  had  thrown  off  the  crfd 
domination  and  was  now  a  group  of  freed 
and  enthusiastic  men  —  announced  New 
Jersey's  Governor  as  her  choice  for  the 
Presidency  and  opened  headquarters  in 
Trenton  to  promote  his  nomination. 

Early  in  January,  Governor  Wilson  was 
present  as  a  guest  at  the  Jackson  Day 
banquet,  attended  by  all  the  members  of 
the  Democratic  National  Committee  and 
the  most  prominent  men  of  the  party  from 
all  over  the  country,  gathered  in  Washing- 
ton; and  there  made  an  address  so  com- 
manding in  power  that  he  fairly  swept  the 
800  off  their  feet  with  the  vision  of  duty 
and  opportunity  whkh  beckoned  the  party 
of  the  people  in  this  hour  of  national  crisis. 

From  that  day  Mr.  Wilson's  life  has 
been  lived  in  the  full  light  of  publicity. 
The  press  has*  given  a  daily  record  of  bis 
acts  and  words  —  and  has  brought  to  an 
end  the  work  of  this  biography,  whose 
purpose  it  has  been  to  trace  the  course  of 
not  widely  known  events  which,  in  ways 
unusual  in  our  i>olitical  history,  has  singu- 
larly equipped  Woodrow  Wilson  for  a  chief 
part  in  the  political  life  of  the  nation. 


CHAIRMAN    UNDERWOOD 

THE    KNOWLEDGE  AND   PUBLIC   SERVICE   THAT   HAVE   MADE    HIM    THE    LEADER   OF 

THE    HOUSE    WITHOUT   ORATORY,    WAR    RECORD,   OR   ANY    OTHER 

SPECTACULAR   APPEAL 


BY 


WILLIS  J.  ABBOTT 


THE  galleries  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  were  packed 
and  the  floor  crowded  on  the 
afternoon  of  May  8,  191 1. 
Everybody  knew  that  it  was 
going  to  be  a  Democratic  field  day,  the  first 
of  the  Sixty-second  Congress,  the  first  in- 
deed since  1 897  when  the  Democrats  retired 
from  control  of  the  House.    On  this  day 


Representative  Oscar  W.  Undenvood  was 
to  bring  up  for  passage  the  Farmers  Free 
List  bill  and  the  Democratic  majority 
would  press  it  to  enactment  regardless  of 
opposition.  The  "steam-roller,"  which  un- 
der the  masterful  guidance  of  Cannon, 
Payne.  Dalzell,  and  Mann  had  for  so  many 
years  been  employed  to  crush  protesting 
Democrats  into  the  dust,  had  passed  into 


CHAIRMAN  UNDERWOOD 


535 


new  hands,  and  the  people  crowded  in  to 
see  it  operate  under  the  new  captaincy. 

The  battle  began.  From  the  Republi- 
can side  Representatives  Mann,  Payne, 
and  Cannon  volleyed  and  thundered.  In 
the  chair  sat  Alexander,  of  Missouri,  for 
the  House  was  in  Committee-of-the- 
Whole,  and  Speaker  Clark  was  on  the  floor 
though  he  took  no  part  in  the  debate. 

The  "steam-roller"  was  in  perfect  order. 
The  hand  in  control  was  firm  and  deter- 
mined. If  occasional  outcry  was  heard 
from  the  victims,  Underwood  was  swift 
to  show  that  the  action  was  in  complete 
accord  with  precedents  laid  down  by 
Speakers  Reed  and  Cannon.  Neverthe- 
less Mr.  Underwood  and  his  associates  on 
the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  decry 
the  use  of  the  term  "steam-roller"  as 
applied  to  their  excellent  team-work. 
They  point  out,  and  truthfully,  that  their 
leader  has  not  once  tried  to  shut  off  debate, 
but  has  time  and  again  deferred  to  the 
wishes  on  that  subject  of  the  minority 
leader,  Mr.  Mann.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
when  the  galleries  were  emptied  at  ad- 
journment, people  went  home  with  the 
conviction  that  the  House  Democrats 
had  found  a  new  and  forceful  leader. 

This  impression  had  grown  with  fuller 
knowledge  of  Underwood.  After  that 
fighting  day  in  the  House,  there  came  the 
first  really  critical  moment  for  the  Demo- 
cratic majority  in  that  body.  The  passage 
of  the  Free-List  bill  was  a  struggle  be- 
tween the  Democrats  and  the  Republicans. 
The  Wool  Schedule  was  a  more  serious 
matter.  Its  mere  presentation  involved 
a  bitter  contest  between  factions  in  the 
Democratic  party. 

Men  of  the  highest  sincerity,  and  of 
national  reputation  for  their  careful  study 
of  the  tariff  took  radically  different  sides. 
Night  after  night  the  majority  members 
of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means, 
made  up  of  the  most  powerful  Democrats 
in  Congress,  met  to  discuss  the  question 
of  free  wool  or  a  reduced  tariff  on  wool. 
Out  of  that  long  debate,  mainly  behind 
closed  doors,  came  the  wool  schedule 
as  adopted  in  the  Democratic  caucus  and 
finally  carried  through  the  House  with  the 
loss  of  but  one  Democratic  vote,  and  with 
the  favor  of  twenty-four  Republicans. 


This  was  no  small  achievement.  It  was 
no  light  endeavor  to  calm  down  in 
committee  meeting  and  in  caucus  the 
voices  of  those  who  were  convinced  that 
to  abandon  the  principle  of  free  wool 
would  be  party  j)erfidy.  The  task  was 
not  made  lighter  by  a  sudden  and  unex- 
pected onslaught  by  Mr.  Bryan  upon  those 
who  put  the  need  for  revenue  above  devo- 
tion to  the  free  wool  fetish. 

Mr.  Bryan  charged  that  Mr.  Under- 
wood was  a  protectionist  at  heart,  holding 
back  the  bill  for  the  reduction  of  duties 
on  iron  and  steel  because  his  ]:)ersonal 
fortune  was  invested  in  an  iron  mill. 
When  the  Democratic  leader  rose  in  his 
seat  the  Democratic  side  broke  into  such 
a  fury  of  applause  as  no  Congress  for  a 
decade  past  has  witnessed.  Men  clam- 
bered on  chairs,  banged  the  tops  of  their 
desks,  and  cheered  to  the  limit  of  lungs 
well  trained  in  the  hurricane  school  of 
political  oratory.  Scarcely  could  the  Ala- 
bamian  get  time  to  speak.  The  clatter 
of  the  Speaker's  gavel  was  futile  —  indeed 
shrewd  observers  noted  that  Champ  Qark, 
Mr.  Bryan's  close  friend  and  reported 
political  heir,  made  but  little  effort  to 
check  the  outburst.  What  Mr.  Underwood 
said  is  not  of  the  least  (importance  now. 
Sufficient  that  it  was  a  complete  con- 
tradiction of  all  the  Bryan  charges  and  a 
flat  defiance  of  the  long  powerful  Nebras- 
kan.  Some  men  remembered  the  scene 
in  the  same  Chamber  about  a  quarter  of 
a  century  ago  when  the  then  young  and 
little  known  Bryan,  after  his  speech  on  the 
Wilson  bill,  was  carried  about  the  hall  on 
the  shoulders  of  cheering  Democrats  who 
proclaimed  him  the  coming  champion. 
Now  comes  a  Southern  Democrat,  one 
far  from  possessing  the  quality  of  great 
eloquence,  and  wins  a  like  ovation  for  his 
defiance  of  the  former  hero.  Most  signifi- 
cant of  all  was  that  not  one  voice  was 
raised  in  defense  of  the  Nebraskan.  The 
wheel  of  time  had  made  its  complete 
revolution. 

In  speaking  of  the  preparation  of  the 
Democratic  tariff  bills,  Mr.  Underwood 
said: 

"  Ever  since  the  extra  session  began  we 
have  had  our  experts  at  work.  The  'ex- 
perts'  are  mainly  men  with  a  natural 


536 


THE  WORLiyS  WORK 


liking  for  tariff  statistics.  One  was  for 
years  a  statistician  for  the  Reform  Qub 
of  New  York  and  another  served  in  the 
Treasury  Department.  When  the  Wool 
Schedule  was  completed  we  called  in  an 
expert,  holding  office  under  the  present 
administration  in  the  Treasury.  The 
question  hinged  upon  the  amount  of 
revenue  that  would  be  produced  by  our 
reduced  duties  for,  as  you  know,  a  re- 
duction of  duty  does  not  necessarily 
imply  a  reduction  in  revenue.  Our  ex- 
j)erts  and  the  Treasury  expert  agreed 
within  a  few  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
an  almost  negligible  sum  in  the  total  of 
the  revenue  involved." 

"  Do  you  endorse,  altogether,  the  prin- 
ciple of  revision  by  schedule?"  I  asked* 
Mr.  Underwood.  "That  is  to  say,  if  in- 
stead of  working  in  an  extra  session 
necessarily  limited,  or  a  regular  session 
on  the  eve  of  a  Presidential  election,  you 
had  a  long  session  with  no  election  dis- 
traction, would  you  stick  to  this  method 
regardless  of  everything  ?" 

"Well,  it  is  clear  to  me  that  the  most 
coherent,  equable,  and  symmetrical  revision 
of  the  tariff  is  a  general  revision  in  which 
each  schedule  shall  be  considered  with 
reference  to  the  effect  that  changes  in  it 
may  have  upon  the  market  for  articles 
in  other  schedules.  But  we  can't  always 
adopt  ideal  methods  of  attaining  an  end. 
History  shows  that  all  the  scandal  attend- 
ing earlier  tariff  bills  and  nine  tenths  of 
their  unpopularity  proceeded  from  the 
methods  of  log-rolling  adopted  by  those 
producers  or  manufacturers  who  thought 
their  interests  in  jeopardy.  For  local 
reasons  a  certain  number  of  Congressmen 
are  inclined  to  defend  steel  against  any 
threatened  cut,  others  feel  their  political 
futures  tied  up  in  wool,  or  cotton  goods, 
or  lumber.  No  one  faction  could  control 
the  action  of  the  committee  or  of  the 
House,  but  combinations  of  factions  to 
prevent  reduction  in  the  schedule  affecting 
each  have  always  been  formidable  when 
a  downward  revision  was  sought.  The 
socialist  maxim  'Each  for  All,  and  All  for 
Each'  is  well  enough  when  the  'all'  signifies 
all  the  people,  all  the  consumers.  In  tariff- 
making,  however,  it  usually  signifies  only  all 
the  beneficiaries  of  the  protective  system." 


This  is  a  very  quiet  statement  of  a 
condition  which  has  made  the  tariff  per- 
haps the  chief  instrument  of  privilege. 
The  plan  adopted  under  Mr.  Underwood's 
leadership  at  least  made  possible  a  tariff 
bill  not  based  upon  the  swapping  of  par- 
ticular privileges  by  different  interests 
at  the  public  expense. 

"The  advantage  of  the  individual  sched- 
ule method,"  continued  Mr.  Underwood, 
*'is  that  we  get  team-work  on  the  part  of 
the  committee  and  concentration  on  one 
specific  topic  without  encountering  this 
organized  opposition.  We  don't  want  to 
do  injustice  to  any  industry,  but  we  don't 
propose  to  let  our  action  on  wool,  for 
example,  be  hindered  because  of  a  com- 
bination between  wool  men  and  lumber- 
men. Our  first  study  is  to  reduce  taxation 
and  to  provide  enough  revenue  for  the 
needs  of  the  Government.  The  aid  or  the 
injury  to  special  interests  is  to  be  con- 
sidered only  incidentally.  Our  duty  is 
to  the  consumer.  The  woman  in  Chicago 
buying  woolen  goods  valued  abroad  at 
$\o  under  the  Payne  schedule  pays  $10.20 
in  duties  if  the  goods  are  imported;  or,  if 
she  buys  domestic  goods  the  amount  of 
the  duty  is  added  to  the  home  cost.  The 
$10.20  goes  to  the  manufacturer,  not 
to  the  Government.  I  have  estimated 
that  the  Payne-Aldrich  tariff  gives  the 
manufacturers  $100,000,000  while  a  pal- 
try $15,000,000  goes  to  the  Treasury. 
Under  the  bill  we  passed,  the  bounty  to 
the  manufacturers  —  for  that  is  all  it 
is  —  would  have  been  reduced  more  than 
one  half,  the  other  half  saved  to  the 
buyer,  and  the  revenue  to  the  Treasury 
largely  increased. 

"This  is  the  first  step  toward  breaking 
the  backbone  of  protection  in  this  country, 
and  that  is  the  purpose  of  all  Democratic 
legislation.  Of  course  there  will  always 
be  incidental  protection,  but  as  the  wool 
schedule  has  been  prepared  without  other 
thought  than  reducing  the  burden  of 
taxation  upon  the  people,  so  will  the  other 
schedules  be  prepared." 

"Why,"  1  asked  Mr.  Underwood,  "do 
men  scheme,  plan,  and  log-roll  to  get  places 
on  the  committee  that  mean  for  them 
double  work,  with  no  concrete  personal  ad- 
vantage?   Indeed,  this  committee,  being 


CHAIRMAN  UNDERWOOD 


537 


intrusted  with  the  task  of  cutting  off 
privileges  and  of  reducing  bounties,  is 
likely  to  get  more  kicks  than  halfpence 
for  its  pains." 

The  answer  was  characteristic  of  a  man 
who  forgets  hard  study  in  the  joy  of  the 
knowledge  gained.  "  Why,  the  work  of  our 
committee/'  he  said,  "touches  the  business 
life  of  the  nation  at  every  point.  Be- 
sides," with  the  characteristic  Undenvood 
smile,  ">ou  forget  the  popular  reward. 
When  there  is  to  be  a  tariff  bill  framed, 
men  on  the  majority  side  of  the  committee 
have  national  prominence,  and  that  is  the 
mainspring  of  political  advancement." 

Such  money  as  Mr.  Underwood  has, 
is  invested  in  an  independent  steel  and 
iron  plant  at  his  home  in  Birmingham, 
Ala.  Yet  that  interest  has  not  affected 
his  course  in  Congress  an  iota.  Indeed, 
one  of  the  dramatic  moments  in  his  career 
was  when  he  made  this  statement  on  the 
floor  of  the  House: 

"  1  am  in  receipt  of  telegrams  from  my 
district  to-day  stating  that  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation  have  stopped 
work  on  some  of  the  great  plants  in  my 
district,  have  turned  3,000  men  out  of 
employment,  and  have  given  as  their 
reason  that  1  was  supporting  the  Demo- 
cratic tariff  bills  that  are  before  the  House. 
1  regret  that  this  great  trust  should  punish 
the  constituency  that  1  represent  because 
of  the  position  I  take  here,  but  I  can  say 
this  to  you:  I  stand  to-day  where  I 
stood  two  years  ago,  for  an  honest  revision 
of  the  tariff  schedules." 

The  tariff  has  been  his  specialty  and 
revision  downward  his  fixed  purpose.  Yet 
he  represents  a  district  which  is  protection- 
ist by  nature  and  but  for  his  personality 
would  send  a  Republican  to  Congress. 
In  reaching  the  chairmanship  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee,  therefore,  he  has 
but  come  into  his  own.  Among  radicals 
in  the  country  1  have  noted  a  certain 
inclination  to  distrust  him  because  he 
comes  from  an  iron  and  steel  district. 
There  is  a  tendency  to  class  him  with 
Senator  Bailey  as  a  protectionist  in  Demo- 
cratic clothing.  John  Sharp  Williams, 
when  leader  of  the  House,  at  first  yielded 
somewhat  to  this  sentiment  and  took  him 
off  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  only 


to  put  him  back  again  some  months  later. 
Underwood  took  the  deposition  and  the 
restoration  with  the  silent  serenity  charac- 
teristic of  him.  Some  years  earlier  his 
first  term  in  Congress  had  been  terminated 
by  a  decision  against  him  of  a  contested 
election.  He  took  the  reverse  uncom- 
plainingly, went  home,  and  was  imme- 
diately reelected  without  the  possibility 
of  denial  of  his  seat.  He  has  been  ever 
since  —  eight  terms  in  all  —  working  away 
quietly  at  whatever  came  to  his  hand, 
usually  the  tariff,  and  every  year  com- 
manding more  and  more  of  the  respect  of 
his  fellows. 

In  the  regular  session,  too,  he  unsuc- 
cessfully opposed  the  indefensible  Sher- 
wood j)ension  bill,  for  he  does  not  lead 
the  majority  by  following  it. 

It  is  sixteen  years  since  he  first  came  to 
Congress.  Before  that  he  had  been  active 
in  Alabama  politics,  and  in  the  first 
state  convention  that  he  attended  he  was 
a  member  of  the  committee  on  resolutions. 
It  is  characteristic  of  him  to  aim  high 
wherever  he  may  be,  but  his  ambition  is 
tempered  with  sound  common  sense. 
Nearly  a  year  ago,  when  it  was  suggested 
to  him  that  there  was  a  strong  probability 
that  Alabama  would  direct  her  delegates 
to  the  next  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention to  present  his  name  for  President, 
he  smiled.  "Of  course  the  compliment 
would  be  kindly,"  he  said,  "but  1  have  no 
illusions  as  to  that."  His  position  seems 
to  be  the  same  to-day.  Were  the  nomina- 
tion offered  him,  like  every  other  man  in 
American  history,  he  would  probably  take 
it.  But  he  has  no  "headquarters"  work- 
ing for  it. 

In  his  long  Congressional  service  he 
has  impressed  himself  on  the  work  of  his 
party,  but  very  little  on  its  play.  He 
takes  Congressional  duties  seriously.  He 
does  smile  occasionally,  and  he  has  the 
habit,  peculiar  to  sincere  men,  of  laughing 
with  his  eyes  as  well  as  with  his  lips.  But, 
although  he  enjoys  a  good  story  with  his 
associates,  his  name  is  seldom  attached 
to  the  vivacious  anecdotes  that  make  the 
cloak-rooms  attractive  to  Representatives 
when  somebody  on  the  floor  is  droning 
through  a  speech  for  the  benefit  of  the 
voters  at  home. 


538 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


There  really  isn't  anything  funny  about 
being  the  Chairman  of  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee.  The  task  of  that  committee 
is  to  raise  some  $335,000,000  by  customs 
duties,  without  unsettling  business  con- 
ditions, or  causing  a  political  upheaval. 
The  Payne-Aldrich  combination  succeeded 
well  enough  in  raising  revenue,  but  in- 
cidentally it  raised  the  political  revolt 
that  gave  control  of  the  House  to  the 


Democrats  and  put  Mr.  Underwood  in 
Mr.  Payne's  seat  at  the  head  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  table.  It  is  the  study  of  the 
Chairman  to  reduce  taxation  without 
reducing  revenue,  to  make  protection  an 
incident  rather  than  the  prime  purpose  of 
the  revenue  bill,  and  to  do  it  all  so  much 
to  the  public  satisfaction  that  a  Demo- 
cratic President  and  a  Democratic  Senate 
may  be  elected  this  year. 


"WHAT  1  AM  TRYING  TO  DO" 

AN    AUTHORIZED    INTERVIEW    WITH 

HON.  OSCAR  W.  UNDERWOOD 

(CHAIUCAN  07  THE  OOMMTTTIX  ON  WAYS  AND  MEANS  Or  THE  HOUSE  Or  EEPEESENTATIVBS) 


BY 


THOMAS   F.   LOGAN 


M 


R.  OSCAR  W.  UNDER- 
WOOD, the  leader  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  is 
a  man  with  a  purpose  and 
a  plan. 

"It  is  impossible  to  change  the  whole 
world  in  a  day,"  said  he.  "It  is  impos- 
sible to  wipe  out  all  the  injustices  and 
inequalities  in  a  day.  Every  man  must 
take  the  task  that  is  nearest  to  him.  Let 
every  man  do  his  own  task  well  and 
order  will  reign  where  disorder  now  sits 
enthroned." 

That  is  about  as  near  as  Mr.  Underwood 
ever  came  to  an  epigram.  He  is  not  a 
man  of  pretty  phrases,  but  he  is  a  man  of 
definite  ideas.  He  never  sacrifices  sense 
to  sound.  His  mind  leads  him  inevitably 
to  tariff  and  financial  problems.  His  im- 
agination is  broad  enough  to  encompass 
other  problems  of  government,  but  he 
considers  the  adjustment  of  the  tariff, 
according  to  the  Democratic  standard, 
his  particular  problem. 

He  believes  in  working,  not  talking. 
He  realizes  that  one  of  the  chief  reasons 
why  great  reforms  are  not  easily  brought 
about  is  because  of  the  indifference  of 
millions  of  persons  to  governmental  prob- 


lems. He  also  believes  that  this  indiffer- 
ence soon  would  be  eradicated  if  party 
leaders  defined  the  issues  more  cleariy. 
Clearer  definitions,  in  his  mind,  would 
wipe  out  many  of  the  differences  that  are 
bred  of  misunderstandings. 

"The  line  of  work  that  1  am  most 
interested  in  is  the  line  that  comes  before 
the  Ways  and  Means  Committee,"  he 
said.  "1  have  always  been  interested 
in  the  economic  questions  involved  in 
the  levying  of  taxes  and  the  equitable 
distribution  of  the  burden  of  supporting 
the  Federal  Government. 

"  I  recognize  the  fact  that  the  Govern- 
ment, as  long  as  it  exists,  must  continue 
to  tax  the  American  people;  that  cannot 
be  avoided.  But  1  have  thought  for  many 
years  that  the  present  system  of  taxation 
is  not  an  equitable  distribution  of  the 
burdens  and  1  should  like  to  formulate 
legislation  that  would  more  fairly  and 
more  equitably  distribute  those  burdens." 

"  Do  you  believe,"  1  asked  Mr.  Under- 
wood, "that  the  inequalities  of  which 
you  s];)eak  are  due  to  artificial  or  to  funda- 
mental conditions?  That  is  to  say,  do 
you  believe  they  are  due  to  the  tariff  or 
to  other  more  natural  causes?" 


"WHAT  1  AM  TRYING  TO  DO" 


539 


In  the  slow,  deliberate  manner  that  has 
become  so  familiar  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives and  has  won  for  all  his  utter- 
ances a  consideration  that  is  given  only 
to  the  man  who  speaks  after,  and  not 
before  thinking,  he  replied: 

"  I  do  not  think  that  the  revision  of  the 
tariff,  or  a  revision  of  the  laws  relating 
to  taxes  —  which,  in  their  scope  go  far 
beyond  the  levying  of  taxes  at  the  customs 
houses  —  will  correct  all  the  evils  of  the 
country.  But  I  think  there  are  evils 
that  grow  out  of  our  method  of  levying 
taxes  that  can  be  more  fairly  and  properly 
adjusted  and  that  is  as  far  as  I  am  trying 
to  go  at  present." 

"There  are  other  conditions  in  the 
country  which  need  righting,"  was 
suggested. 

Mr.  Underwood  swung  his  big,  strong 
form  around  in  his  chair,  and  remained 
thoughtful  for  a  moment. 

"I  know,"  he  finally  declared,  "that 
no  man  in  the  world  can  work  out  all 
these  reforms,  but  1  think  the  task  before 
me  at  the  present  time  is  that  relating 
to  the  question  of  taxation,  and  if  I  can 
accomplish  some  good  results  along  that 
line,  1  feel  that  I  shall  be  doing  my 
share." 

"  Do  you  believe  that  that  will  be  the 
chief  occupation  of  the  present  session  of 
0)ngress?" 

"  1  think  it  is  the  most  important  work 
that  the  Congress  has  in  hand;  and 
it  certainly  will  be  one  of  the  chief 
results  that  will  be  accomplished,  in  my 
judgment." 

"What  do  you  think  will  be  the  effect 
that  the  lowering  of  the  tariff  will  have 
on  the  masses  of  the  people?" 

"I  think  the  lowering  of  the  tariff 
along  some  lines  will  undoubtedly  reduce 
the  cost  to  the  consumer.  1  think  a 
readjustment  along  other  lines  will  have 
a  tendency  to  develop  our  foreign  trade 
and  supply  new  markets  for  our  surplus 
products." 

"In  what  way  can  such  a  result  be 
brought  about?" 

He  put  the  whole  Democratic  doctrine 
—  the  doctrine  on  which  the  party  will 
go  before  the  people  in  19 12  —  in  very 
few  words.    It  is  conceded  that  the  two 


great  national  parties  will  make  their 
whole  fight  over  the  tariff  in  the  next 
national  campaign.  In  previous  years,  the 
question  of  a  mere  reduction  of  the  tariff 
was  allowed  to  obscure  the  exact  issue 
between  a  tariff  for  revenue  only  and  one 
based  on  the  principle  of  protection.  In 
coming  out  at  the  present  session  for  a 
reduction  that  will  meet  the  exact  line  of 
the  difference  in  the  cost  of  production 
at  home  and  abroad,  the  Republicans  have 
put  the  issue  squarely  up  to  the  Democrats. 
It  will  be  no  longer  possible  for  them  to 
say  they  are  in  favor  of  a  reduction  of  the 
tariff,  they  must  say  they  are  in  favor  of 
overthrowing  the  protective  policy.  And 
that  is  precisely  what  Mr.  Underwood 
does  say. 

"In  the  first  place,"  he  explained. 
"  trade  must  have  two  sides.  No  country 
in  the  history  of  the  world  has  ever  de- 
veloped a  great  foreign  trade  by  insisting 
on  selling  its  goods  to  other  people  and 
demanding  the  entire  payment  in  cash. 
That  would  bankrupt  any  nation  that 
continued  to  trade  on  such  a  basis.  The 
great  commercial  nations  of  the  world 
have  developed  along  lines  of  reciprocal 
trade.  If  we  have  so  high  a  tariff  wall  that 
it  prevents  other  nations  from  dealing 
with  us  to  a  reasonable  extent,  they  will, 
of  necessity,  purchase  their  supplies  not 
from  us  but  from  other  nations  who  will 
deal  with  them  on  fairer  terms." 

That  embodies  Mr.  Underwood's  posi- 
tion on  the  tariff  —  that  lower  rates  will 
open  up  new  markets  to  the  American 
manufacturer  as  well  as  lower  the  rates 
to  American  consumers.  That  is  the 
policy  on  which  he  would  go  before  the 
country  should  he  be  nominated  for 
President,  and  it  is  the  policy  that  the 
Democratic  party  will  put  forward  at 
the  present  session  of  Congress  under  his 
leadership. 

Mr.  Underwood  is  a  diplomatic  leader. 
He  tries  to  avoid  any  conflict  with  the 
rank  and  file  of  his  party.  He  seems  al- 
ways to  be  bowing  to  their  judgment, 
even  when  they  are  accepting  his.  He 
makes  it  seem  that  every  chairman  of  a 
committee  is  the  absolute  master  of  the 
legislative  work  over  which  he  has 
supervision. 


540 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


When  asked  what  matters  other  than 
the  tariff  would  be  considered  at  the 
present  session,  he  hesitated  about  saying 
just  what  might  be  accomplished. 

"Among  the  other  questions  of  great 
importance  that  are  before  this  Congress," 
he  said,  finally,  "are  the  trust  problem, 
which  is  now  before  the  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee of  the  House;  the  banking  and 
currency  issue,  which  is  now  before  the 
Committee  on  Banking  and  Currency; 
the  regulation  of  tolls  of  the  Panama 
Canal,  which  is  before  the  Committee  on 
Interstate  and  Foreign  Commerce;  re- 
organization plans  relating  to  the  army 
and  navy,  now  before  the  Military  and 
Naval  Committees;  questions  relating  to 
the  conservation  of  public  lands,  now 
being  considered  by  the  Committee  on 
Public  Lands,  and  a  number  of  other 
questions  that  are  of  importance,  which 
all  these  committees  must  work  out  and 
present  to  the  House  as  soon  as  they  can 
secure  the  information  necessary  for  their 
solution,  and  prepare  the  legislation  to 
submit  to  the  House. 

"It  is  impossible  for  me  to  say  how 
soon  these  questions  will  come  before  the 
House  as  I  am  not  on  the  committees 
having  charge  of  them  and  have  not  had 
the  time  or  opportunity  to  give  them  the 
careful  consideration  that  will  be  given 
by  the  committees  having  jurisdiction 
over  these  subjects." 

That  is  a  sample  of  Mr.  Underwood's 
tact.  He  never  talks  for  the  members 
of  the  House.  He  permits  the  chairmen 
of  committees  to  do  their  own  talking. 
He  works  with  them,  frequently,  to  keep 
them  from  making  moves  that  might 
react  on  the  whole  party.  Recently, 
for  instance,  when  the  Committee  on 
Pensions  decided  to  report  a  $75,000,000 
pension  bill,  Mr.  Underwood  labored 
with  the  chairman  and  the  members  to 
have  them  reconsider  their  action,  though 
he  failed  to  stay  the  tide.  Fear  of  the 
old-soldier  vote  was  stronger  than  he; 
and  the  fear  won. 

Mr.  Underwcxxl  is  now  engaged  in  a 
struggle  to  prevent  the  passage  of  bills 
for  public  buildings  and  rivers  and 
harbors,  involving  the  expenditure  of 
$40,000,000;  and    he    may    succeed    in 


halting  the  Democratic  tendency  toward 
extravagance.  That  is  part  of  his  work 
as  leader;  part  of  the  work  of  which  he 
does  not  care  to  speak,  as  his  success  as  a 
leader  depends  on  his  ability  to  keep  his 
leadership  in  the  background,  except  with 
reference  to  the  tariff. 

"Can  you  say,"  Mr.  Underwood  was 
asked,  "whether  the  tendency  of  the 
Democrats  on  general  legislation  will  be 
radical  or  conservative?" 

"Of  course,  1  cannot  answer  that 
question  directly,  as  the  legislation  pro- 
posed will  come  from  many  different 
committees  and  the  men  on  the  committees 
will  formulate  the  legislation  so  as  to 
present  it  to  the  House.  So  far  as  my  own 
views  are  concerned,  1  believe  that  legis- 
lation must  of  necessity  be  progressive; 
that  the  world  is  moving  forward  along 
business,  industrial,  scientific  and  legis- 
lative lines;  that  if  the  legislation  of  the 
country  does  not  keep  pace  with  its 
industrial  and  business  growth  the  time 
will  soon  come  when  the  legislation  will 
not  respond  to  the  needs  of  the  country. 
But  when  we  come  to  progressive  legisla- 
tion my  own  inclination  has  always  been 
to  proceed  along  conservative  rather  than 
radical  lines.  I  believe  in  the  axiom  of 
David  Crockett,  that  it  is  always  wise  to 
be  sure  you  are  right  and  then  go 
ahead." 

It  is  significant  that  this  axiom  glued 
itself  to  Mr.  Underwood's  mind,  because 
he  is  not  given  to  quotations,  no  matter 
what  the  source.  It  is  an  indication  of 
his  general  attitude  toward  all  public 
questions.  He  never  jumps  at  anything. 
He  is  never  put  in  the  position  of  denying 
interviews,  because  he  rarely  gives  inter- 
views. Whatever  he  says,  whatever  he 
does,  is  well  considered. 

"Herbert  Spencer.*'  remarked  the  inter- 
viewer, "once  said  that  in  thirty-one 
cases  investigated  by  him,  thirty  laws, 
enacted  by  the  parliament  of  England, 
brought  about  results  directly  opposite 
to  the  results  intended.  Do  you  think  that 
this  is  true  of  the  American  Congress,  or 
do  you  think  that  legislation  usually 
achieves  the  results  intended?" 

"I  think  the  percentage  indicated  by 
Mr.  Spencer  is  entirely  too  large,  but  there 


^a 


'WHAT  I  AM  TRYING  TO  DO' 


54« 


is  no  doubt  in  the  worid  that  Congress 
sometimes  passes  a  bill  intended  to  ac- 
complish one  result  which,  when  the  courts 
have  construed  it,  produces  an  entirely 
different  effect." 

"  Do  you  think  that  that  is  true  of  the 
Sherman  law?  " 

"  1  cannot  say  that  that  is  yet  the  case. 
The  courts  have  not  yet  decided  finally 
what  is  the  most  important  feature  of  the 
trust  law  so  far  as  its  enforcement  is  con- 
cerned. The  question  is  now  pending 
in  the  Chicago  packers'  case.  It  is  for 
the  courts  to  say  now  whether  or  not  the 
criminal  feature  of  the  trust  law  can  be 
enforced.  It  seems  to  me  that  we  should 
delay  reaching  definite  conclusions  as  to 
how  this  law  should  be  further  amended 
until  the  courts  shall  have  marked  their 
proper  interpretation  of  it." 

"  Do  you  believe  that  an  amendment  is 
necessary?" 

"I  am  not  in  favor  of  amending  the 
Sherman  law,"  replied  Mr.  Underwood, 
with  some  emphasis.  "It  has  taken 
twenty  years  now  for  us  to  get  an  inter- 
pretation by  the  courts  of  what  the  statute 
means.  After  the  decision  by  the  Supreme 
Court  as  to  the  criminal  feature  of  the  law, 
supplemental  legislation  may  be  necessary; 
but  1  shall  not  be  preparai  to  say  what 
supplemental  legislation  may  be  necessary 
until  I  shall  have  ascertained  first  what 
interpretation  the  courts  will  finally  put 
upon  the  law." 

The  interview  turned  then  to  the  chances 
of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  next 
campaign,  and  Mr.  Underwood  was  asked 
whether  there  was  any  reason  why  honest 
business  should  be  scared  by  the  prospect 
of  a  Democratic  President. 

"  I  see  no  reason  in  the  world,"  he 
answered,  "why  honest  business  interests 
should  be  alarmed  at  the  prospects  of 
electing  a  Democratic  President.  There 
is  certainly  no  intention  on  the  part  of 
any  Democrat  to  injure  any  man  who  is 
conforming  to  the  laws  of  the  country. 
Of  course,  should  the  Democratic  party 
be  returned  to  power  there  will  be  a  real 
and  honest  revision  of  the  tariff  laws  down- 
ward, but  1  do  not  think  that  will  injure 
legitimate  business. 

"There  will  be  a  revision  of  the  law  to 


a  revenue  basis,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned, 
and  if  I  have  the  writing  of  the  statute. 
The  law  can  be  written  in  compliance  with 
the  Democratic  platform,  which  calls  for 
a  tariff  for  revenue  only,  and  of  necessity 
it  would  be  written  on  a  basis  of  raising 
the  revenue  that  the  Government  re- 
quires and  of  eliminating  the  protection  of 
profits." 

"  Has  not  the  Democratic  party  recently 
drifted  from  its  professed  standard  of 
economy?" 

"Well,  1  do  not  think  that  is  so,  except 
in  the  passing  of  the  pension  bill." 

"What  about  the  rivers  and  harbors 
and  public  buildings  bills  which  are  pro- 
posed by  the  Democratic  committees?  " 

"  They  have  not  yet  rej>orted  any  rivers 
and  harbors  bill,  nor  have  they  reported 
a  public  buildings  bill.  The  party  cannot 
be  charged  with  any  j>osition  taken  by 
committees  until  the  Democrats  of  the 
House  have  ratified  that  position." 

"What  is  it  that  the  Democratic  party 
can  do  in  (>ower  that  the  Republican  party 
cannot  do?" 

"  I  think,"  said  the  Democratic  leader, 
deliberately,  "  that  the  past  history  of  the 
Democratic  party  clearly  demonstrates 
that  we  can  give  a  more  economical  ad- 
ministration of  the  Government  than  the 
Republican  party,  an  adminstration  more 
beneficial  to  the  people  as  a  whole.  There 
is  no  question  that  we  can  write  laws  that 
will  raise  the  revenue  to  supj)ort  the 
Government  at  lower  rates  and  less  bur- 
densome rates  than  the  Republican  party 
can  write  them,  because  our  principles 
enable  us  to  do  so. 

"We  stand  for  raising  revenue  for 
Government  purposes  only;  the  Republi- 
can party  advocates  levying  taxes  not 
only  for  Governmental  purposes  but  to 
protect  the  profits  of  the  manufacturer. 
Necessarily  their  taxes  must  be  more 
burdensome  to  the  consumer  than  those 
levied  by  the  Democratic  party  because 
their  theories  require  them  to  make  the 
taxes  more  burdensome." 

"Would  you  be  able  to  raise  as  much 
revenue  as  the  Republican  party,  with  a 
tariff  for  revenue  only — substituted  for  a 
protective  tariff?" 

"I  do  not  think  there  is  any  doubt 


542 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


that  more  revenue  can  be  raised  on  the 
revenue  basis  than  on  the  protective  basis. 
I  can  illustrate  this  by  the  wool  bill  that 
we  passed  at  the  last  session  of  Congress. 
The  Payne  bill  for  1910  produced  about 
$41,000,000  of  revenue;  the  bill  that  the 
Democrats  of  the  House  sent  to  the 
Senate  last  spring  was  estimated  to  pro- 
duce about  $40,000,000  of  revenue.  This 
estimate  was  made  by  the  experts  of  the 
committee  and  by  an  expert  from  the 
Treasury  Department.  The  two  bills 
produced  substantially  the  same  amount 
of  revenue. 

"The  rate  of  dut>  on  raw  wool  in  the 
Payne  bill,  when  reduced  to  an  ad  valorem 
basis,  amounted  to  44  per  cent.;  the  rate 
under  the  Democratic  bill  was  20  per  cent. 
The  rate  on  manufactured  wool  under 
the  Payne  bill  was  90  per  cent.;  the 
average  rate  on  manufactured  wool  under 
the  Democratic  bill  was  42 J  per  cent. 
Of  course,  the  result  was  obtained  by  an 
estimate  of  increased  importation  and  the 
total  importations  as  estimated  under 
the  Democratic  bill  would  not  have 
exceeded  6  per  cent,  of  the  American  con- 
sumption on  woolen  goods  and  could  not 
be  regarded  as  very  dangerous  competition. 
The  importations  under  the  Payne  bill 
would  be  about  3  per  cent,  of  the  American 
consumption." 

In  any  interview  with  Mr.  Underwood 
it  is  impossible  to  get  away  from  the  fact 
that  he  regards  the  tariff  as  the  most 
important  issue  before  the  country  to-day. 
Like  McKinley,  he  has  made  the  tariff 
his  life's  study.  What  McKinley  was  to 
protection,  Mr.  Underwood  is  to  a  tariff 
for  revenue  only.  He  has  the  same  gift 
for  conciliation  and  compromise.  He  is 
in  no  sense  a  radical.  He  would  rather 
take  what  he  can  get  than  to  cry  inces- 
santly for  the  moon.  He  believes  that 
the  man  who  pursues  the  impossible,  no 
matter  how  virtuous  it  may  be,  is  of  little 
service  to  humanity  if  he  refuses  to  do 
the  work  that  remains  to  be  done  for  the 
country,  while  pursuing  the  vision  in  the 
distance. 

Mr.  Underwood  is  not  in  favor  of  the 
present  Tariff  Board.  He  made  that 
fact  very  clear.  In  fact,  he  takes  the 
position  that  no  Tariff  Board  exists. 


"You  see,"  he  said,  "the  Payne-Aldrich 
tariff  bill  provided  for  the  appointment  of 
experts  to  aid  the  President  in  regulating 
the  tariff  rates  under  the  maximum  and 
minimum  provision.  When  those  rates 
had  been  adjusted,  the  President  decided 
to  keep  his  experts  at  work.  He  merely 
decided  to  call  the  experts  a  Tariff  Board 
and  increase  the  number  of  members  from 
three  to  five. 

"Naturally  I  am  not  in  favor  of  this 
arrangement.  The  Constitution  has  given 
to  the  House  of  Representatives  the  right 
to  originate  all  tariff  legislation.  Under 
the  present  Tariff  Board  system,  all 
reports  are  made  first  to  the  President. 
If  Congress  should  wish  to  enact  one 
schedule,  it  might  have  to  wait  months 
for  the  information  from  the  Tariff  Board, 
which,  acting  under  instructions  from  the 
President,  might  be  working  on  a  schedule 
in  which  Congress  had  no  interest. 

"This  is  exactly  why  we  have  deter- 
mined to  proceed  with  the  revision  of  the 
Steel  and  Chemical  schedules  in  the  House, 
putting  the  wool  bill  aside  for  a  time. 
We  feel  that  the  country  wants  the  wool 
material  that  has  come  from  the  Tariff 
Board  to  be  given  careful  consideration. 
Were  we  to  proceed  with  wool  revision 
now,  we  should  be  obliged  to  re-enact 
our  own  bill  because  that  is  the  only  one 
on  which  we  can  really  rely.  The  data 
from  the  Tariff  Board  may  be  correct  and 
it  may  not  be.  The  information  sent  to 
the  House  by  the  Board  makes  several 
volumes  —  2,500  pages  of  printed  sta- 
tistics. It  will  take  at  least  six  weeks 
or  two  months  to  compare  the  information 
obtained  by  the  President's  experts  with 
the  information  obtained  by  our  own 
experts.  In  the  meantime,  we  do  not 
wish  to  be  idle.  We  have,  therefore,  deter- 
mined to  proceed  with  the  steel,  chemical, 
and  then  probably  the  sugar  schedule. 
After  that,  we  will  be  ready  with  the 
wool  bill,  probably,  and  if  there  is  any 
thing  worthy  in  the  material  supplied  by 
Mr.  Taft's  experts,  we  shall  make  use  of 
it.  It  is  because  we  wish  to  give  the  data 
every  consideration  that  we  are  proceed- 
ing now  with  other  schedules. 

"  I  believe  that  the  present  Congress 
will  lop  off  the  Tariff  Board  experts.   I  am 


THE  TESLA  TURBINE 


543 


strongly  in  favor  of  a  real  commission, 
however,  one  that  will  make  its  reports 
direct  to  Congress  and  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  Congress.  Then  the  House  can 
direct  the  board,  or  commission,  to  in- 
vestigate the  matters  that  need  investi- 
gation and  on  which  Congress  wishes  to 
be  informed.  We  won't  be  working  at 
cross-purposes  then." 

Mr.  Underwood  believes  in  an  improved 
system  of  public  highways,  deeper  water- 
ways, a  parcels  ]X)st  system,  and  in  all 
the  conservatively  progressive  movements 
engaging  the  public  interest  to-day.  He  is 
unalterably  opj)osed  to  the  initiative,  the 
referendum,  and  the  recall.  But  none  of 
these  issues,  whether  he  is'  for  them  or 
against  them,  will  ever  distract  him  from 
the  work  which  he  has  set  himself  to  do. 
He  refuses  to  spread  his  substance  over 
too  great  a  surface. 

Mr.  Underwood  was  asked  to  outline 
briefly  what  he  believed  would  be  the 
platform  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the 
next  campaign. 

"  1  cannot  define  what  will  be  the  plat- 
form of  the  party,"  he  said.  "I  do  not 
believe  that  the  politicians  of  the  country 
make  the  issues;  the  issues  come  up  from 
the  people.  Conditions,  as  a  rule,  pro- 
duce the  issues  and  the  politicians  fight 
them  out.  1  think  the  great  issue  before 
the  American  people  —  the  issue  on  which 
the  next  campaign  will  be  determined  — 
is  whether  or  not  the  country  stands  for 


a  tariff  that  protects  the  profits  of  the 
manufacturer  or  whether  it  favors  a 
tariff  that  is  levied  for  revenue  purposes 
only." 

"  What  are  you  personally  trying  to  do?" 

For  several  minutes,  the  Democratic 
leader  reflected  upon  the  question.  His 
strong,  even-featured  face  reflected  his 
resolute  purpose.  When  he  answered  it 
was  with  a  careful  weighing  of  his 
words. 

"  1  do  not  think  there  is  any  doubt," 
he  said,  "that  my  best  qualification  as  a 
public  man  will  run  along  the  lines  of 
work  that  come  before  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee.  I  have  more  informa- 
tion and  more  knowledge  of  the  subjects 
embraced  in  the  general  question  of 
taxation  than  of  any  other  subjects  and 
my  work  has  always  been  along  those 
lines. 

"  If  I  could  aid  in  writing  on  the  statute 
books,  laws  that  would  equalize  the  bur- 
dens of  taxation,  make  the  wealth  of  the 
country  carry  its  fair  share  of  the  taxes 
to  support  our  Government,  and  lift  from 
the  backs  of  the  masses  of  the  people  the 
inequitable  load  of  taxes  they  are  com- 
]:)elled  to  carry,  due  to  the  fact  that  our 
taxes  are  levied  on  consumption  and  not 
on  wealth,  I  should  accomplish  a  vast 
deal  of  good  for  the  American  people 
—  a  result  worthy  of  the  ambitions  of  any 
man  who  desires  to  accomplish  results 
for  the  good  of  his  country." 


THE  TESLA  TURBINE 

A   MACHINE   AS    BIG   AS   A   DERBY   HAT  THAT  GENERATES    IIO  HORSEPOWER 

BY 

FRANK   PARKER  STOCKBRIDGE 


WE  FOLLOWED  Dr. 
Nikola  Tesla  through 
the  Waterside  Power 
Station  of  the  New 
York  Edison  Company 
—  along  narrow  passages  lined  with 
huge    electric   switches,   the   turning   of 


any  one  of  which  would  throw  a 
whole  section  of  Manhattan  into  dark- 
ness or  a  blaze  of  light.  We  stumbled 
in  the  shadows  of  whirring  dynamos, 
skirted  great  Coriiss  engines  that  seemed 
to  rise  from  the  very  bowels  of  the  earth 
beneath  us  and  ditoured  past  thundering 


544 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


turbines.  Before  the  largest  turbine  we 
paused  for  a  moment. 

"Here/'  said  Dr.  Tesla,  pointing 
to  the  huge  machine,  "is  a  triumph  of 
engineering  skill.  This  turbo-dynamo,  the 
largest  ever  made,  developing  30,000 
horsepower,  was  built  from  plans  worked 
out  on  paper.  It  was  never  tested  until 
it  was  erected  here  and  it  worked  per- 
fectly from  the  first  turning  on  of  steam. 
That  is  engineering.  But  that  is  not 
what  we  are  here  for." 

We  pressed  on  until  we  reached  an  open 
space  where  a  mechanic  in  blue  jeans 
was  wiping  the  oil  and  grease  from  a 
machine  so  tiny  in  comparison  with  the 
gigantic  turbine  we  had  just  inspected 
that  it  seemed  like  a  toy. 

"Here  it  is,"  said  the  tall,  thin  man  — 
or  rather  he  shouted,  for  the  noise  of  a 
hundred  thousand  horsepower  of  moving 
machinery  is  not  conducive  to  free  vocal 
expression.  "  Better  take  off  your  coats," 
he  continued,  "for  it  is  a  cold  night  and 
it  gets  pretty  hot  in  here." 

We  followed  his  advice  and  example 
and  stripped  down  to  shirt-sleeves. 

"Turn  on  the  steam,"  said  the  inventor 
to  the  mechanic.  The  workman  gave 
a  valve  a  short  turn.  From  inside  the 
little  machine,  which  seemed  to  be  com- 
posed of  two  identical  parts  connected  by 
a  spiral  spring,  came  a  humming  sound; 
the  connecting  spring  began  to  revolve 
so  rapidly  that  it  looked  like  a  solid  bar 
of  steel  and  the  floor  under  our  feet  shook 
with  rapid  vibrations  which  died  down. 
1  glanced  at  a  speed-gauge  attached  to 
what  seemed  to  be  the  main  shaft  of  the 
device  and  saw  that  it  was  registering 
7,000  revolutions  a  minute.  1  looked 
up  at  the  main  steam  gauge  overhead  and 
saw  a  pressure  of  ninety  pounds  to  the 
square  inch   indicated. 

Dr.  Nikola  Tesla,  inventor  of  the 
alternating-current  motor,  and  pioneer 
in  research  into  high-tension  electric  cur- 
rents generally,  was  demonstrating  his 
latest  invention  —  a  steam  turbine,  differ- 
ent in  principle  from  any  heretofore  in  use 
and  one  which  will  take  less  rcxjm  and  less 
coal  per  horsepower  than  the  best  engines 
now  running.  "It's  up  to  its  normal 
speed  now  —  about  nine  thousand  revo- 


lutions," said  Dr.  Tesla,  and  the  tacho- 
meter bore  out  his  statement.  "You 
see,  for  testing  purposes,  1  have  these  two 
turbines  connected  by  this  torsion  spring. 
The  steam  is  acting  in  opposite  directions 
in  the  two  machines.  In  one,  the  heat 
energy  is  converted  into  mechanical  power. 
In  the  other,  mechanical  power  is  turned 
back  into  heat.  One  is  working  against 
the  other,  and  by  means  of  this  beam  of 
light  we  can  tell  how  much  the  spring  is 
twisted  and  consequently  how  much  power 
we  are  developing.  Every  degree  marked 
off  on  this  scale  indicates  twenty-two 
horsepower."  We  looked  at  the  scale. 
The  beam  of  light  stood  at  the  division 
marked  "  lo."* 

"Two  hundred  and  twenty  horsepower/' 
said  Dr.  Tesla.  "We  can  do  better 
than  that."  He  opened  the  steam  valves 
a  trifle  more,  giving  more  power  to  the 
motive  end  of  the  combination  and  more 
resistance  to  the  "brake"  end.  The 
scale  indicated  330  horsepower.  "These 
casings  are  not  constructed  for  much 
higher  steam  pressures,  or  I  could  show  you 
something  more  wonderful  than  that. 
These  engines  could  readily  develop  1,000 
horsepower,"  he  said,  as  we  watched  the 
turbine  running  smoothly,  steadily,  al- 
most noiselessly  except  for  that  single 
clear,  musical  note. 

Standing  nearby  was  another  and 
smaller  machine  of  the  same  type,  con- 
nected through  a  gear-box  with  a  dynamo. 
The  engine  itself  would  almost  go  into  an 
ordinary  hat-box.  At  a  signal  from  Dr. 
Tesla  the  mechanic  turned  on  the 
steam.  Instantly,  without  the  fraction 
of  a  second's  apparent  delay,  the  dy- 
namo was  under  full  speed,  and  from 
the  end  containing  the  motor  rose  the 
same  clear  note,  indicating  a  well-bal- 
anced machine  running  freely  at  its  nor- 
mal speed. 

"This  little  turbine  has  developed  no 
horsepower  under  tests,"  said  Dr. 
Tesla.  It  was  about  the  size  of  a  derby 
hat. 

"Careful  tests  have  shown  that  the 
single-stage  turbine,  running  at  9,000 
revolutions  per  minute,  with  a  steam 
pressure  of  125  pounds  at  the  inlet,  devel- 
oping 200   brake   horsepower,   consumes 


THE  TESLA  TURBINE 


545 


38  pounds  of  saturated  steam  per  horse- 
power hour/'  said  Dr.  Tesla. 

"  But  I  can  do  better  than  that  by  com- 
pounding/* he  added.  *'The  heat-drop 
under  the  conditions  I  named  is  only  r^o 
British  thermal  units,  and  that  is  less  than 
one  third  of  the  amount  available  under 


constant  load,  use  about  eleven  pounds. 
I  have  undertaken  a  contract  to  produce 
one  which  will  consume  less  than  nine. 
*The  idea  on  which  all  steam  engines 
—  gas  engines,  too  —  have  been  built  in 
the  past  was  that  there  must  be  something 
solid   and   substantial  for  the  steam   to 


VR>    NIKOLA    TbSLA 

WHO.  IN  HIS  SEARCH  l-OR  AN  ENGINE  SUFFICIENTLY  LIGHT  AND  POWERFUL  TO 

OPERATE  THE    IDEAL   FtYTNG   MACHINE.  HAS  INVENTED  A  WONDERFUL 

LITTLE    TURBINE    MOTOR.    FOR  GENERAL  USE.  THAT  tS  AN  EN- 

IIRLLY  NEW  APPLICATION  OF  MECHANICAL  PRINCIPLES 


modern  conditions  of  superheated  steam 
and  high  vacuum.  By  compounding  the 
turbines  1  shall  get  a  steam  consumption 
of  not  more  than  eight  pounds  per  horse- 
power hour. 

*The  most  efficient  steam  engines  in 
America,  big,  slow-moving  pumping  en- 
gines working  under  ideal  conditions  and 


push  against.  The  piston  of  a  recipro-  | 
eating  engine  and  the  blades  and  buckets 
of  modern  turbine  engines  are  examples 
of  what  I  mean.  That  idea  has  made 
them  rather  complicated  devices,  requir- 
ing careful  fitting  for  efficient  operation, 
great  expense  for  repairs,  and.  especially 
in  the  case  of  turbines,  great  liability  to 


I 


546 

damage.  rfTias  also  made  them  bulky 
and  heavy. 

"What  I  have  done  is  lo  discard  en- 
tirely the  idea  that  there  must  be  a  solid 
wall  in  front  of  the  steam  and  to  apply 
in  a  practical  way,  for  the  firsl  time,  two 
properties  which  every  physicist  knows 
to  be  common  to  all  fluids  (including  steam 
and  gas)  but  which  have  not  been  utilized. 
These  are  adhesion  and  viscosity. 

"  You  know  that  water  has  a  tendencv 
to  stick  10  a  solid  surface.     That  is  the 


I 

I 

I 


Tins  ABSUUDLY  SMALL  ENGINE  — TESLA'S  SMALL- 
EST MODEL  —  OLVE  LOPS    110  HORSE    POWER 

property  of  adhesion  which  every  fluid 
—  gas.  steam,  water,  or  whatever  it  be  — 
possesses.  You  also  know  that  a  drop  of 
water  tends  to  retain  its  form,  even  against 
a  considerable  forc^,  such  as  gravity. 
That  is  viscosity,  the  tendency  to  resist 
molecular  separation,  and  all  fluids  have 
this  property,  too. 

•'  It  occurred  to  me  that  if  I  should  take 
circular  disks,  mount  them  on  a  shaft 
through  their  centres,  space  them  a  little 


.D'S  WORf 

distance  apart,  and  let  some  fluid  under 
pressure,  such  as  steam  or  gas,  enter  iht? 
interstices  between  the  disks  in  a  tangen- 
tial direction,  the  fluid,  as  it  moved,  owing 
to  these  properties  of  adhesion  and 
viscosity,  would  tend  to  drag  the  disks 
along  and  transmit  its  energy  to  them. 
It  happened  just  as  1  had  thought  it  would, 
and  that  is  the  principle  of  this  turbine 
It  utilizes  the  very  properties  w^hich  cause 
all  the  loss  of  power  in  other  turbines, 

"  Inside  of  the  casings  of  those  engines 
you  saw — instead  of  buckets  or  blades 
or  vanes  on  the  edge  of  a  wheel,  there  are 
simple  disks  of  steel  mounted  on  the  shaft. 
Ih  the  two  larger  turbines  these  disks 
are  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  and  one 
thirty-second  of  an  inch  thick.  There  ate 
twenty-three  of  them,  spaced  a  little 
distance  apart,  the  whole  making  up  a 
total  thickness  of  three  and  one  half 
inches.  The  steam,  entering  at  the 
periphery,  follows  a  spiral  path  toward 
the  centre,  where  openings  are  provided 
through  which  it  exhausts.  As  the  disks 
rotate  and  the  speed  increases,  the  path 
of  the  steam  lengthens  until  it  ctrmplctes 
a  number  of  turns  before  reaching  the 
outlet  —  and  it  is  working  all  the  time. 
In  the  ordinary  turbine  the  steam  passes 
only  around  the  periphery  and  the  central 
portion  of  the  wheel  is  useless.  Moreover, 
every  engineer  knows  that,  when  a  fluid 
is  used  as  a  vehicle  of  energ>',  the  highest 
possible  economy  can  be  obtained  only 
when  the  changes  in  the  direction  and 
velocity  of  movement  of  the  fluid  arc 
made  as  gradual  and  easy  as  possible.  In 
previous  forms  of  turbines  more  or  less 
sudden  changes  of  speed  and  direction 
are  involved/* 

Later,  in  his  laboratory  in  the  Metro- 
politan Tower,  discussing  the  commen- 
dations which  eminent  engineers,  many 
of  them  with  international  reputations, 
have  expressed  concerning  his  turbine. 
Dr.  Tesia  summarized  the  points  that 
make  it  a  long  step  in  advance  in  mechan* 
ical  engineering. 

"To  say  nothing  of  it  being  a  new  appli- 
cation of  mechanical  principles,"  he  said, 
"it  has  many  decided  advantages.  First 
of  these  is  its  simplicity.  Jt  is  com- 
paratively inexf>ensive  to  construct,  be- 


I 

4 


THE  TESLA  TURBINE 


547 


cause  nothing  but  the  bearings  need  be 
accurately  fitted,  and  exact  clearances 
are  not  essential.  Then  there  is  nothing 
in  it  to  get  out  of  order  and  the  disks 
can  easily  be  replaced  by  any  competent 
mechanic.  It  can  be  reversed  without 
complex  or  cumbersome  apparatus  — all 
that  is  needed  is  a  two-way  valve  to  let 
the  steam  in  at  one  side  or  the  other,  as 
desired.  Reversing  an  ordinary  turbine 
is  next  to  impossible. 
"My   machine  occupies,  as  you  saw 


cation  of  it  is  as  a  pump,  either  for  water 
or  for  air.  The  same  disk  arrangement 
is  used,  but  the  casing  is  so  arranged,  when 
built  as  a  pump,  that  the  fluid  enters  at 
the  centre  and  is  ejected  at  the  periphery." 
He  led  the  way  into  an  adjoining  room 
where  a  tiny  turbine  pump,  with  disks 
only  three  inches  in  diameter,  operated  by 
a  one  twelfth  horsepower  electric  motor, 
was  pumping  40  gallons  of  water  a  minute 
against  a  9-foot  head, 

'*How  did  you  happen   to  turn  your 


TESTING    THE    SPEED.    TOWER,    AND    STEAM    PRESSURE    OF    A    TESLA    TURBINE 

THE  t»ICTURE  SHOWS  TWO  ENGINES,  EACH  CAPABLE  OF  PHOOUCING  3^0  HORSE-POWER,  WORKING  AGAINST 

ONE  ANOTHER  FOR  TEST  PURPOSES.  THE  TORSJON  SPRING  CONNECTING  FHE  TWO 

BEING  USED  TO  INDICATE  T>IE  AMOUNT  OF  POWER  DEVELOPEU 


little  space  —  the  i  ro  horsepower  turbine 
has  disks  only  9I  inches  in  diameter  — 
and  in  consequence  it  weighs  very  little. 
The  lightest  engines  now  in  use  weigh 
2\  pounds  to  the  horsepower,  while  these, 
in  their  crudest  forms,  weigh  less  than 
that,  and  1  expect  to  be  able  to  produce 
10  horsepower  to  the  pound.  Using  gas 
instead  of  steam  it  gives  most  gratifying 
results,  doing  away  with  the  complicated 
valv^  and  springs  of  the  prevailing  types 
of  gas  engines.    Another  interesting  appli- 


I 


attention   to  mechanics  instead  of  elec- 
tricity?" I  asked, 

"  1  was  a  mechanical  engineer  before 
I  ever  took  up  electricity/*  replied  Dr. 
Tesla.  "  1  went  into  electric  science  years 
ago  because  I  thought,  in  that  direction, 
1  was  going  to  solve  the  problem  1  have 
been  working  on  all  my  life  —  the  pro- 
duction of  an  engine  sufficiently  light  and 
powerful  to  operate  the  ideal  flying 
machine.  All  my  work  in  the  wireless 
transmission    of    power,    which    has   at- 


54^ 

traded  more  public  atlenlion  than  any- 
thing else  1  have  ever  done,  wa?;  toward 
that  end.  I  do  not  expect  to  build 
that  ideal  machine  to-morrow,  any  more 
than  1  expect  every  steam  engine  in  the 
world  to  be  thrown  into  the  scrap-heap 
because  of  this  new  application  of  mechan- 
ical principles,  but  such  a  flying  machine 
will   come   some  day,   and   meantime    I 


"My  age?  What  do  you  think  it  is?" 
he  asked. 

"  If  I  didn't  know  belter,  Td  say  around 
forty/*  I  ventured.     "Fifty,  for  a  gues:>." 

"  Fifty-four,"  was  the  answer. 

'*And  you  still  expect  to  perfect  your 
flying  machine?" 

""Why  not?  I  have  half  a  century  yet 
to   live,    if   no   accident    happens.    One 


4 
4 


A  TESLA  TURBINE  WITH  THE  TOP  OFF 

SHO^TNO  THE  SERIES  OF  THIN  DISKS  BETWEEN  WHICK  THE  STEAM  RASSES  AND  WHKH,  RY  THE  POWfiM 

OF  ADHESION  AND  VlSCOSITV.  THB  STtAM  DRAGS  WITH  IT  tN  ITS  REVOLVING  COURSG 


I 


have  succeeded  in  developing  something 
new  in  prime  movers.  I  am  young  yet 
and  have  plenty  of  time  ahead  of  me." 

I  remembered  that  it  was  twenty-seven 
years  ago  that  he  had  come  over  from 
Lika  with  the  principle  of  the  rotating 
field  for  alternating  current  motors  al- 
ready worked  out,  and  began  some  mental 
calculations,    which    Dr.  Tesia    noticed. 


of  my  grandfathers  lived  to  be  ii8.  the 
other  past  loo.  One  of  my  mother's 
grandfathers  won  a  footrace  at  the  age 
of  7).  I  hope  it  will  not  take  me  fifty 
years  to  perfect  the  flying  machine,  but 
if  it  does,  I  expect  to  be  voung  enough 
at  104  to  make  a  flight  in  it.  The  TesU 
turbine  will  be  on  the  market  long  before 
that,  however/* 


:^ 


"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 

THE  NEW  BUREAU  OF  MINES  AND  ITS  LIFE  SAVING  CAMPAIGN  IN  THE  COAL  FIELDS 

—  TESTING  $4,000,000  WORTH  OF  GOVERNMENT  FUEL  A  YEAR.      THE  GREAT 

ANACONDA  SMELTER  STACK— A  PROBLEM  AND  AN  OPPORTUNITY 

BY 

ARTHUR  W.  PAGE 


EARLY  in  the  morning  of 
December  9th,  men  outside  the 
Cross  Mountain  Mine,  at  Brice- 
ville,  Tenn.,  saw  smoke  pouring 
from  the  main  entrance.  This 
was  all  the  intimation  they  had  that  an 
explosion  had  taken  place.  There  were 
eighty-seven  men  inside  at  the  time,  and 
none  came  out.  The  fan  which  pumped 
air  into  the  tunnels  had  been  wrecked  and 
they  were  filled  with  poisonous  gases.  The 
main  entry  stretched  two  miles  and  a  half 
straight  into  the  hillside,  and  from  it  on 
each  side,  at  right  angles,  ran  side  entries 
about  three  quarters  of  ^  mile  long, 
adjacent  tunnels  being  connected  here 
and  there  by  cross  cuts.  There  were  fifty- 
four  of  them  altogether,  alternating,  lead- 
ing out  first  on  one  side  and  then  on  the 
other. 

Back  in  this  labyrinth  were  the  miners, 
and  if  any  were  alive  they  had  probably 
barricaded  themselves  in  a  room  to  keep 
out  the  gas  caused  by  the  explosion.  The 
main  tunnel  in  places  was  filled  with 
fallen  roof  and  walls,  dead  mules,  and  men 
and  cars,  and  there  were  all  kinds  of  d6bris 
in  the  side  entries.  It  was  the  task  of  the 
rescuers  thoroughly  to  explore  the  seventy- 
five  miles  or  so  of  gas  infested  passages 
in  spite  of  these  obstructions. 

From  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  and  from  Pitts- 
burg, the  Bureau  of  Mines  rushed  rescue 


cars  and  apparatus.  The  Director  of  the 
Bureau  himself  came  across  from  South 
Carolina  where  a  telegram  informing  him 
of  the  disaster  had  caught  him. 

Thirty  thousand  miners  have  been 
killed  in  explosions  and  other  accidents 
in  the  last  ten  ytaits.  To  stop  this  waste 
of  life  —  and  incidentally  of  property  — 
was  one  of  the  main  reasons  for  the  creation 
of  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  Its  rescue  work 
is  one  of  its  first  undertakings.  In 
the  past,  after  explosions,  volunteer 
rescuers  without  training  or  apparatus 
rushed  into  the  wrecked  mines  to  save 
their  comrades.  More  often  than  not 
some  of  the  rescuers  perished. 

At  the  greatt  Cherry  disaster  two  years 
ago  a  rescue  party  went  down  the  shaft. 
When  the  cage  was  pulled  up  later,  after 
the  engineer  had  waited  long  for  a  signal, 
it  contained  eight  dead  bodies.  At 
the  Hanna  mine,  in  Wyoming,  when  a 
rescue  crew  of  forty  men,  including  a 
State  Mine  Inspector  and  every  mine 
official  in  the  camp  attempted  to  rescue 
about  half  that  many  entombed  miners, 
all  forty  were  killed. 

At  the  Cross  Mountain  mine  not  a 
rescuer  lost  his  life.  Soon  after  the  ex- 
plosion, one  of  the  men  from  the  Bureau 
of  Mines  experiment  station  at  Knoxville, 
arrived  with  an  oxygen  helmet.  By 
Saturday  night  a  rescue  car  with  more 


THE    SIGN    LEFT    FOR    THE    RESCUERS 

BY  THE  FIVE  SURVrVORS  OF  THE  CROSS  MOUNTAIN 

MINE  DtSASlER,  EXFLAtNlNG  THAT  THEY  HAD 

GONE  TO  SIDE  ENTRY  NO.   |6  LEFT 

equipment  had  arrived,  and  by  Sunday 
night   another. 

Attempts  were  made  to  restore  ventila- 
tion by  building  a  fire  in  the  air  shaft. 


Later  a  ten  fctot  tan  was  set  up 
opening.  Wherever  air  cx)uld  be  forced 
along  the  passages  the  rescuers  followed. 
Sunday  with  two  gangs  of  fifty  men  cad 
working  feverishly  in  two-hour  shift 
they  had  been  able  to  clear  a  way 
almost  to  the  end  of  the  main  tunnel 
and  to  restore  ventilation  in  it.  Bui  after 
thirty-six  hours  of  continuous  toil  only 
eight  bodies  had  been  brought  out  and 
no  one  rescued.  Up  to  this  time  t 
search  for  men  in  the  side  eniri( 
had  been  impossible.  This  began  upoi 
the  arrival  of  Director  J.  A.  Holmes  oT 
the  Bureau  of  Mines.  He  took  charge 
of  the  oxygen  helmet  squads  and  begao 
the  slow  work  of  exploring  the  rec( 
where  any  survivors  were  most  likely  t( 
be.  Sixty  hours  after  the  explosion  t 
miners  found  their  way  tu  the  main  tunn 
and  reported  to  the  rescue  parties  thai 
three  of  their  comrades  were  still  alive. 
The  helmet  men  went  after  them  and 
brought  them  out.  These  five  men  had 
barricaded  themselves  in  one  of  the  rfM'>m^, 


'm 


1 


t 


AWAtTING    THE    RESCUE    WORK 

THE  CROWD  OimtDE  THE  CROSS  MQUHTAIN  MINE  AT  BRICEVILLE,  TEKN,,  WHERE  Bl  MINERS  WERB 

ftU*L6D  BY  AN    iEfLOSION,      THE  BESCUE  CAR  OF  THE  RUREAU  OF  MINES  IN  THE  FOBEOROU14l> 


"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


keeping  out  the  gases  until  the  rescue 
crews  had  gone  down  near  them. 

Besides  these  five  men,  who  would 
probably  not  have  been  saved  without 
the  help  of  the  Government  experts. 
eight  other  men  nearly  died  of  gas,  Whilu 
in  the  rescue  party  they  succumbed  to 
the  deadly  gases  encountered,  and  but 
for  (he  quick  administration  of  oxygen 
would  have  died.  All  but  one  were 
miners  who  entered  without  oxygen  hel- 
mets. The  exception  was  a  member  of 
the  helmeted  crew,  whose  helmet  was 
knocked  off  by  falling  slate.  He  imme- 
diately sank  to  the  ground,  but  his  com- 
panions got  him  out,  although  it  delayed 
their  work. 

In  the  Cross  Mountain  Mine,  the 
United  States  Mine  Bureau  was  demon- 
strating, as  it  has  at  many  previous 
disasters,  the  effectiveness  of  its  methods 
and  apparatus.  The  oxygen  helmets, 
like  a  diver's  outfit,  allowed  the  men  to 
penetrate  gas  infected  places  which  would 
otherwise    have    been    impassable.    The 


HANDLING  POWDER  UNDER  AN  OPEN  LIGHT 

THE  CARELESSNESS  OF  THE  MINERS  m  USING  - 

EXPLOSIVES  IS  ONE  OF  THE  CAUSES  OF  ■ 

THE  MANY  MINE  ACCIDENTS  1 

pulmotor,  which  pumps  oxygen  into 
asphyxiated  lungs,  revived  those  that 
had  been  partially  overcome.  The  elec- 
tric lights  burned  where  no  other  lights 


THE  WORK  OF  THE  HELMET  MEN 

WHOSE  EQUirHEIilT  FUtNI&HES  THEM  OXYGEH  AND  MARES  THEM   IMMUNE    TO  THE  DEADLY  GASES  WHICH 

FOLLOW  A  MIHE  SXFt06ION 


HE  WORL 


HLl  V.ll     MhN     AT   THB    CHBRRY    MINE 

AFTER  ElG»tT  UNEQUIPPED  RESCUERS  HAD  LOST 

THEIR  UVES  TRYING  TO  SAVE  THOSE 

CAUGHT  DY  THE  DISASTIR 


L 

■  would  stay  lit,  and  the  canaries,  when  the 

■  miners  finally  consented  to  use  them,  pre- 
I     vented  asphyxiation  by  their  timely  warn- 
ings.    Canary  birds  may  seem  queer  aids 
in  the  dangers  of  mine  rescue  work.    As  a 
leader  of  one  of  the  rescue  gangs  remarked 


RESCUED   FROM   SUFFOCATION 
AFTER  AN  EXPLOSION  IN  A  MINE 


when   a   bird  cage  was  o! 

"  Do  you  think  that  twelve  strong  men 

need  a  canary  bird  for  protection?" 

Often,  After  every  mine  explosion  there 
is  likely  to  be  carbon  monoxide  in  the  air. 
It  is  the  result  of  the  incomplete  burning 
of  the  dust  or  gas  where  there  is  little  air. 
It  has  no  odor.  Its  presence  is  not  dis- 
cernible until  it  gets  its  victim.  "All  I 
knew  was  my  knees  gave  way  and  I  fell, " 
was  the  account  of  one  miner  who  was 
saved  by  his  a)mpanions.  But  a  canaiy 
bird  is  much  more  quickly  affected  by  it 
than  a  man.  As  long  as  the  canar>*  is 
well,  the  rescuer  need  have  no  fear  of  the 
deadl\  and  indiscernible  gas.  but  when 
the  canary  becomes  restless  and  finally 
drops  off  its  perch  it  is  time  for  those  with 
oxygen  helmets  to  put  them  on  and  for 
others  to  get  out  into  the  open  air.  There 
are  canaries  in  the  service  of  the  Bureau 
of  Mines  which  have  saved  several  lives; 
for  after  being  taken  out  quickly  after 
succumbing,  they  have  been  revived  and 
kept  to  go  through  the  experience  again. 

The  helmets,  the  canaries,  the  almost 
military  methods  of  the  work  of  the  crews 
from  the  rescue  car  were  convincing 
touches  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  year-old 
Bureau  of  Mines  to  the  miners  at  Brice- 
viJle.  Everywhere  in  the  coal  fields  if 
is  becoming  wet!  known,  for  it  has  started 
the  foundations  of  a  new  attitude  in  that 
industry. 

Since  its  creation »  in  the  summer  or 
igto,  the  Bureau  has  placed  seven  fully 
equipped  cars  — old  Pullman  cars  re- 
arranged  —  in  the  principal  coal  regions 
of  the  country,  and  has,  besides,  six  rescue 
stations.  It  has  the  names  of  more  than 
7,000  miners  on  its  list  who  have  taken 
the  rin!.t  aid  and  mine  rescue  trainings  and 
there  are  nearly  1.000  helmets  in  the 
ajuntry.  In  the  last  two  vcars,  between 
thirty  and  forty  coat  companies  have 
purchased  full  rescue  equipment  and  have 
crews  thoroughly  trained  in  rescue  work. 

The  Prick  0»ke  Omipanv  has  several 
stations,  the  Qjnsolidaled  Coal  Company 
of  Maryland  has  one,  and  the  Fairmount 
Coal  Company  also.  There  is  another 
at  the  Marianna  mine  in  Pennsylvania. 
Illinois  has  three  rescue  stations  and  three 
rescue   cars.    Ohio    is    now    putting    in 


4 


4 

4 


"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


stations;  and  the  Philadelphia  and  Read- 
ing, and  the  Delaware.  Lackawanna  and 
Western  railroads,  the  Tennessee  Coal 
and  iron  Q>mpany,  and  the  Q>lorado 
Fuel  and  Iron  Company  have  equipptxl 
cars.  And  this  is  what  the  Bureau  ol 
Mines  wishes  chiefly  —  to  persuade  the 
railroads,  the  coal  companies,  and  the 
miners  of  the  efilcacy  of  mine  rescue  work. 
It  has  no  intention  of  establishing  a  great 
Federal  rescue  service.  Its  work  is  to 
find  out  rescue  methods,  demonstrate 
their  eflfectiveness,  and,  by  the  force  of 
example,  get  them  adopted  by  the  coal 
companies. 
The  explosion  in  the  Cross  Mountain 


UFhN    t-OK    iNSPECTiON 

AWO  ALSO  FOIt  INSTHUCTtON.       MORE  THAN  y,if 
MINFRS  HAVE  BEEN  TAUGHT  RESCUE  AND 
FIRST  AJO  WORK  BY  THE  CREWS  OF 
THE  MIKE  RESCUE  CARS 

mine  was  a  coal  dust  explosion.  It  was 
considered  a  safe  mine  as  far  as  gas  was 
concerned,  but  the  Tennessee  Department 
classified  it  as  dry  and  dusty  enough  to 
be  dangerous  from  dust  explosions.  Until 
within  the  last  years,  the  general  opinion 
both  among  the  miners  and  the  operators 
was  that  coal  dust  would  not  explode. 
Some  admitted  that  it  might  augment  a 
gas  explosion,  but  that  it  would  explode 
where  there  was  no  gas  they  did  not 
believe.  The  Bureau  of  Mines  on  the 
other  hand  maintained  that  many  of  the 


CANARY  SAFEGUARDING  A  RESCUE  PARTY 

THE  BIRD  IS  QUICKLY  SUbCfcPTIBLE  TO  THE  DEAD 
AND  IMPERCEPTIBLE    CARBON  MONOXIDE  GAS 
WHEN  THE  CANARY  SUCtUMliS  THE  MEN 
KNOW    THERE    IS    DANGER 


r%IV  I  I 

I 


FIRST   AID  TREATMENT 

BUT    LITTLE    rRACTlSED    AMONG    COAL    MINE 
BEFORE  THE  RECENT  CRUSADE   FOR  SAFETY 
f  IRST  AID  CREWS  ARE  NOW  BEING  FORMED 
IN  ALL  THE  COAL  DISTRICTS 


ORLDS  WORT 


HOLES  READY  FOR  THE  EXPLOSIVE 
L  IN  AN  ANTHIUCtTE  COAL  MINE 

worst  accidents  were  the  result  of  coal 
dust  explosions,  and  this  view  is  now  be- 
ginning to  be  generally  accepted. 

The  great  Monongah  disaster,  in  Decem- 
ber. 1907,  the  worst  that  this  country 
ever  had,  in  which  356  men  were  killed, 


went   far  to  bear  out   the  Governrnenl 

experts'  contention.  It  was  a  model  mine» 
with  every  precaution  taken  against  gas: 
yet  the  tremendous  explosion  took  place 
just  the  same. 

That  coal  dust  will  explode  has  been 
proved  again  and  again  at  the  Bureau's 
testing  station  at  Pittsburg,  where  tests 
have  been  made  with  dust  from  all  the 
soft  coal  fields.  1  he  dust  is  placed  in  a 
steel  cylinder  six  feet  in  diameter  and  one 
hundred  feet  long.  At  one  end  the 
muzzle  of  a  cannon  is  used  to  explode 
the  "shots"  in.  The  results  have  shown 
uniformly  that  the  dust  explodes  with 
great  violence.  Yet  a  steel  tube  and  a 
mine  offer  different  conditions  and  there 
were  still  many  doubters  among  those 
operators  who  were  not  sufficiently  con- 
vinced to  take  precautions  against  coal 
dust.    The  experts  made  a  conclusive  test. 

The  Bureau  leased  a  small  piece  of  coal 
property  twelve  miles  from  Pittsburg, 
at  Bruceton,  Pa.,  and  put  in  two  y^o^fool 
entries  into  the  hillside.  They  wer 
connected  by  cross  cuts. 


THE    CANNON    MOUTH    FOR    THE    SHOTS    IN    THE    EXPERIMENTAL    GALLERY 

IN  WHICH  THI  BURtAU  OF  MINES    HAS  OGMONSTRATID  THE  EXPLOStBIl  (TY  OF  COAL  OUST.      THE  DUit 

<J^N  Bt  SEIH  OH  THE  BOARDS  AT  THE  &IOES  OF  tHB  GALLfellV 


SAFETY  FIRST**  UNDERGROUND 


THE    PULMOTOR    AT   WORK 

BY   WHICH  MANY  MEN  WHO  ARE  BEYOND  THE  HELP  OF  ORDINARY  METHODS  OF  RESUSCITATION  ARE 

PUMPED  FULL  OF  AIR  AND  SAVED 


I 


On  October  30th,  and  51st.  a  great  mine 
safety  demonstration  was  held  by  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  at  its  station  at  Pitts- 
burg. The  President  was  there  and  thou- 
ands  of  operators,  foremen,  and  owners; 
and  thirty  thousand  miners  to  represent 
the  number  killed  in  the  mines  of   the 


United  States  in  the  last  ten  years.  On 
the  afternoon  of  the  first  day  a  demon- 
stration of  a  coal  dust  explosion  was  to  be 
given  at  the  experimental  mine.  About 
fifteen  hundred  mine  owners  and  officers 
went  out  to  see  it.  It  had  rained  all  day 
and  the  fields  around  the  mine  were  ankle 


INSIDE    A    MTNE    RESCUE    CAR 

ONE   or  THE    SEVEN,    EQUIPPED  BY  THE  BUREAU  OF  MINES,  WHICH  ARE  INTRODUCING  INTO  THE  GOAL 

FIELDS    SUCH    LIFE   SAVING    EQUIPMENT  AS  OXYGEN   HELMETS,    PULMOTORS,    IMPROVED  SAFETY 

LAMPS,  AND  WHICH  ARE  ALSO  TEACHING  THI  USi  09  CANARY  BIRDS  FOR  OBTfiCTIMG  GAS 


J 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


deep  in  mud.  The  weather  little  suited 
the  spectators  and  still  less  the  engineers 
of  the  bureau,  for  coal  dost  has  to  be  dry 
to  explode,  and  the  mine  entry  was  only 
750  feet  long. 

The  spectators  went  through  the  mine 
to  see  that  there  was  no  gas  and  to  see 
how  much  coal  dust  there  was  —  six  hun- 
dred   pounds   scattered   along  the   main 


and  this  time,  much  the  same  as  before, 
nothing  happened.  Some  of  the  specta- 
tors began  to  leave  and  skepticism  poured 
forth  on  all  sides.  The  engineers  hurried 
into  the  mine.  They  found  that  the  crowd 
in  going  through  had  accidentally  stepped 
on  and  broken  the  electrical  connections. 
These  were  repaired  and  the  engineers 
came  out  to  make  a  third  attempt.     Jets 


k 


PRESIDENT    TAFT    AND    DR.    J.    A.    HOLMES,    DIRECTOR    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    MINES 

WATCHING  AN  EXPLOSION  IN  THE  fXPERlMPNTAL  GALLERY  AT  PITTSBURG  DLrRING  THE  NAtiait^L 

MINE  SAFETY    DEMONSTKATION  WKICH  WAS  ATTENDED  BY  HUNDREDS  OF  MINE  OWNERS. 

OPERATORS,  SUPFRrNTKNDENTS,  ETC.,  AMD  BY  ^O.OOO  MINERS —  THE  NUMBER 

THAT  HAVE  BEEN  KILLED  AT  WORK  IN  THE  LAST  TEN  YEARS 


entry  at  the  rate  of  one  pound  to  each 
linear  foot.  Then  they  came  out  and 
stood  in  the  mud  on  the  hillside  above  the 
mine»  or  sat  on  the  fence  to  watch  the 
explosion.  The  engineers  pressed  the  but- 
ton to  set  off  the  charge  of  black  powder 
which  was  to  simulate  the  ordinary  blown 
out  shot-  Nothing  happened.  Many  of 
the  spectators  were  much  amused  and  the 
engineers  were  much  chagrined.  Again 
Aht  engineer  in  charge  pressed  the  button 


of  flame  burst  out  of  the  two  entrances 
of  the  mine  and  set  fire  to  the  tops  of  the 
surrounding  trees.  A  partly  loaded  car 
followed  and  landed  more  than  one 
hundred  yards  down  the  bank  from  the 
mine  mouth,  which  was  littered  up  with 
the  brattices  and  heavy  sand  bags  which 
had  been  1 50  feet  inside  the  entrance. 

In  a  second,  part  of  the  spectators  were 
involuntarily  and  rapidly  increasing  the 
distance    between    themselves    and    ihe 


SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


557 


mine,  and  half  the  others  were  picking 
themselves  out  of  the  mud  where  they 
had  been  deposited  by  the  collapse  of  the 
fence.  The  violence  of  a  coal  dust  ex- 
plosion had  been  proved  beyond  the  wild- 
est desires  of  the  engineers  and  there  was 
not  a  man  present  or  running  away  who 
did  not  believe  it. 

The  knowledge  of  this  fact,  proved  in 
so  dramatic  a  manner,  is  saving  lives 
every  month;  for  a  mine  which  is  properly 
sprinkled,  or  in  which  the  air  is  humidified, 
or  in  which  fine  stone  dust  or  fine  ashes 
are  properly  distributed  cannot  have  a 
dust  explosion;  and  if  a  gas  explosion 
occurs  it  will  not  be  spread  by  the  explo- 
sion of  dust  throughout  the  mine.  A 
good  example  of  this  is  reported  by  the 
Coal  Age.  There  was  a  gas  explosion  in 
the  Bottom  Creek  Mine  at  Vivian,  W.  Va., 
which  killed  five  men.  There  were  about 
150  men  in  the  mine  at  the  time,  and  it 
is  a  mine  in  which  explosive  dust  is 
prevalent.  If  the  air  had  not  been 
thoroughly  humidified  there  is  little  doubt 
that  the  dust  would  have  carried  the 
explosion  all  over  the  mine  and  caused 
another  severe  catastrophe. 

At  the  Mine  Safety  Demonstration  at 
Pittsburg  came  about  forty  mine  rescue 
and  first-aid  crews  from  every  coal  mining 
state  in  the  Union  to  join  in  the  demon- 
stration and  to  receive  prizes  presented 


by  the  President.  A  few  days  after  this 
great  meeting,  papers  in  all  the  coal 
mining  districts  began  to  print  such 
extracts  as  the  following: 

FIRST     AID     RESCUE     CORPS     AT    DALTON    COAL 
MINES 

Nashville,  Dec.  6  —  A  first-aid  rescue 
corps  has  been  organized  by  the  Dayton  Coal 
and  Iron  Company  at  its  mines  in  East  Ten- 
nessee. .  .  .  The  Dayton  Coal  and  Iron 
Company  sent  its  superintendent  as  a  delegate 
to  the  recent  rescue  experiment  meeting  at 
Pittsburg,  which  was  also  attended  by  Mr. 
Sylvester. 

"Safety  first"  has  become  a  common 
slogan  in  the  coal  field. 

Intimately  connected  with  the  tests  of 
the  explosibility  of  coal  dust  are  the  tests 
of  explosives  made  by  the  Bureau  at 
Pittsburg.  In  the  coal  districts  now  there 
are  two  kinds  of  explosives  —  those  that 
are  on  the  permissible  list  of  the  Bureau 
of  Mines  and  those  that  are  not.  On 
this  list  are  nearly  one  hundred  brands 
representing  about  twenty-five  different 
companies.  When  the  Bureau  began  its 
investigations  it  found  out  that  black  pow- 
der, for  example,  when  there  was  a  blown 
out  shot  either  in  gas  or  in  coal  dust,  or 
in  both,  resulted  in  explosions. 

When  black  powder  ignites,  its  flame 
is  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  the 


A  coal  dust  explosion    in  the   experimental  steel  gallery   at  PITTSBURG 

THOUGH  MANY  OF  THE  WORST  DISASTERS,  INCLUDING  THB  ONB  ATMONONGAH  WHERE  356  MEN  WERE 

KILLED,  HAVE  BEEN  DUE  TO  COAL  DUST,  ITS  EXPLOSIBILITY  WAS  NOT  APPRSaATED  OR 

GUARDED  AGAINST  UNTIL  THE  GOVERNMENT'S  DEMONSTRATlONt 


I 


THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  BUREAUS  MINE 

AT  BRUCETON.  PA  .  WHERE   I.5OO  I^EOPLE  WATCHED 

AH  EXPERIMENTAL  COAL  DUST  EXPLOSION  SO 

VIOLENT     THAT    EVEN    THE    MOST 

SKEPTICAL  WERE  CONVINCED 


flame  of  the  penrnssmle  explosives  am 
it  has  a  duration  three  thousand  or  four 
thousand  times  as  long  as  their  flames. 
The  longer  the  Hame  and  the  longer  its 
duration,  the  more  danger  there  is  of  its 
starting  an  explosion.  The  Bureau  sent 
a  letter  to  manufacturers  of  explosives 
asking  whether  or  not  they  would  like 
to  have  their  products  tested  for  safety 
in  gaseous  or  dusty  mines.  This  letter 
brought  samples  from  about  a  dozen 
manufacturers  to  the  Pittsburg  experi- 
ment station.  About  half  of  these  passed 
the  tests,  and  a  list  of  seventeen  "per- 
missible" explosives  was  printed.  The 
manufacturers  found  that  having  their 
products  on  this  list  helped  their  sales. 
The  next  list,  printed  six  months  later*  had 
twenty-one  explosives  on  it,  and  the 
fourth  contained  more  than  ninety.  Every 
year  severer  tests  are  being  made  and  some 
of  the  accepted  explosives  are  dropped 
from  the  list. 

There  have  been  no  laws  passed  re- 
quiring the  use  of  "permissible'*  ocplo- 
sives,    nor  is    it    necessary    that    there 


h 


4 


WATCHING   THE    THERMOMETER    THROUGH    A    MAGNlfVING   GLASS 

TO  GET  THI  EXACT  T&MFEltATtrftt  BY  WHICH  TO  TELL  THE  NUMBER  09  HEAT  UNITS  IN  TNB  flECB  Of 

COAL  IN  THE  CALORIMETER.      MORE  THAN  $4,000.0(10  WORTH  OF  COAL  IS  ROUGHT  FOR  THE 

GOVERNMENT  EVERY  YEAR  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE    RUREAU'S  TEST» 


*' SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


should  be;  for  the  operators  voluntarily 
or  under  orders  from  the  State  Mine 
Inspectors,  have  made  the  practice  almost 
universal  in  dangerous  mines.  The  two 
million  pounds  of  short  tlame  explosives 
used  in  1908  had  become  twelve  million 
pounds  by  1910,  which  is  more  than  is 
used  in  England  although  the  English 
authorities  there  have  the  power  to  enforce 
the  use  of  permitted  explosives. 

State  iMine  Inspector  Laing,  of  West 
Virginia,  some  time  ago  aeciared  that  by 
using  the  explosives  recommended  by  the 
Bureau  of  Mines,  and  by  the  wetting  of 
the  mines  in  his  stale,  there  had  not  been  a 


company  letter  heads,  from  mine  ownc 
officers  of  mining  companies,  superin- 
tendents, foremen,  and  the  like»  all  the 
way  down  to  scraps  of  paper  covered  with 
the  bungling  scrawls  of  the  coal  shooters 
asking  for  these  pamphlets  of  information. 
The  Bureau's  selected  lists  of  miners 
and  such  requests  as  the  following  that 
come  into  the  office  daily,  take  up  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  thousand  copies  of  each 
pamphlet: 

Hanna,  Wyo..  Box  lu.*^ 
Kind  Sir: 

Just  a  few  lines  thanking  you  for  the  in- 
jormation   and   the   circulars    that    1    am    r^ 


I 


THE   PR 

THE  MtNERAL  INDUSTHV  DIRECTLY  EMPLOYS  MOKL   IHAN   l.0O0,UDt)  PEOPLE  AT  THE  MINES  AHO  TWICE 
THAT  NUMBEK  IN  MAMDLING,  TRANSI»OBTINr..  AND  MANUFACTURING  THE  PRODUCTS 


life  lost  from  gas  or  coal  dust  explosions 
in  seventeen  months  —  which  is  the  record 
for  that  state. 

Without  the  power  to  compel  anybody 
to  do  anything,  the  Bureau  has  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  complete  change  in  the 
safety  of  coal  mining  by  proving  beyond 
all  cavil  or  doubt  that  its  remedies  are 
real  and  workable.  The  hearty  coopera- 
tion of  State  Mine  Inspectors,  the  coal 
operators,  and  the  miners  have  done  the 
rest, 

I  looked  through  a  hundred  or  two 
letters  to  the  Bureau  requesting  its  Miners' 
circulars*     There    were    many   on    coal 


cciving,  that  I  think  they  are  very  useful  for 
miners  that  are  working  in  the  mine,  I  have 
got  lots  of  information  out  of  the  Miners' 
Circular  No.  2,  which  I  have  read  pcrfectl 
well,  I  shown  others.  I  would  be  very  ihank 
to  hear  all  the  information  about  the  bureau 
of  mines.  I  was  very  pleased  with  my  certifi- 
cate you  sent  me,  but  you  made  one  mistake 
in  my  name.  Thanking  you» 
I  oblige, 
(Sigmd)  Mr.  Joseph  Lucas, 

Hanna.  Wvo.,  Box  iii.*j 


1 


About  seventy  thousand  more  of  these 
circulars  get  into  a  more  general  circtjla- 
tion.  chiefly  through  Congressmen* 


d 


THE  WORLDS  WORI 


I 


THE  SMELTER  FLUE  AT  ANACONDA 

h  VIEW  DURING  CONSmUCTlON  GIVING  AN  IDEA 

OF  ITS   I20-FT.  WIDTH  AND  20-FT.  DEPTH 


The  man  who  made  the  Bureau  of  Mines 
and  who  is  at  the  head  of  it,  Dr.  J.  A, 
Holmes,  is  as  energetic  a  personality  as 
you  will  find  in  the  City  of  Washington, 
and  about  half  the  time  you  will  not  find 
him  there.  1  happened  to  catch  him  ai 
his  office  holding  a  conference  with  his 
engineers  late  in  the  afternoon  of  December 
30,  191  K  He  was  busy  with  them  that 
evening  and  the  next  day,  Sunday. 
About  six  oclock  Sunday  he  Bnished 
his  labors.  He  took  the  midnight  train 
for  Pittsburg,  because  there  were  certaiii 
things  that  he  could  do  there  on  New 
Year's  Day  and  not  lose  any  time  in 
Washington,  He  came  back  on  the  mid- 
night train  on  Monday  night  and  was  in 
his  office  early  Tuesday  morning.  Thai 
is  the  Government  gait  in  the  Bureau  of 
Mines. 

In  introducing  the  oxygen  helmet  and  in 
studying  the  causes  and  efl'ects  of  mine 
disasters,  Dr.  Holmes  is  not  content  to 
depend  upon  second-hand  information. 
If  he  is  within  reach  of  a  mine  explosion  he 


4 
4 


THE  GREAT  ANACONDA   STACK   SPREADING    FUMES  OVER  THE   COUNTRYSIDE 
THROUGH  Tlli  rLUf  LEADINC  UP  TO  THIS  STACK  f  VERY  DAY  PASS  GASES  CONTAINING  NEARLY  )0  TONS  OF 
AUfiNlC,  1  TONS  OF  LtAO.  ^  TONS  OP  2|NG»  A  TON  AND  A  HALF  OF  BISMUTH.  AND  ENOUGH 
SUtFHUR  TO  MAKE    $0  TANK-CAR  LOADS  OF  SULPHURIC  AOD 


"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


561 


will  go.  He  reached  one  mine  disaster 
in  Alabama  where  there  was  not  another 
man  who  had  ever  used  a  helmet.  It  is 
considered  best  to  have  the  helmet  men 
go  in  squads  of  eight,  certainly  no  fewer 
than  four.  But  in  this  case  it  was  im- 
possible to  get  four.  He  got  one  volunteer, 
explained  the  workings  of  the  helmet  to 
him  and  proceeded  into  the  mine.  Far 
back,  in  one  of  the  side  entries,  they  found 
four  dead  bodies.  Dr.  Holmes  was  bend- 
ing over  one  of  them  to  get  a  sample  of  his 
blood  to  find  out  whether  the  victim  died 
from  shock  or  asphyxiation  when  his  safety 
lamp  went  out.  Standing  in  a  gas  in- 
fested tunnel  over  the  dead  with  a  man 
bent  on  collecting  blood  samples  was  too 
much  for  the  volunteer.  He  collapsed 
and  begged  to  be  carried  out.  He  weighed 
225  pounds,  and  it  was  a  mile  or  more  to 


TESTS   OF   BLACK    POWDER   AND 
PERMISSIBLE    EXPLOSIVES 

THE  FLAME  OF  THE  BLACK  BLASTING  POWDER  HAD 
2. $4  TIMES  THE  HEIGHT  AND  45OO  TIMES  THE  DURA- 
TION OF  THE  MORE  POWERFUL  PERMISSIBLE  EXPLO- 
SIVE. THE  GREATER  THE  FLAME  AND  THE  LONGER 
IT  LASTS  THE  MORE  DANGER  THERE  IS  OF  IT  CAUSING 
AN  EXPLOSION 

the  mine  entrance.  It  was  nerves  not 
gas  that  had  affected  him,  but  the  Director 
could  not  be  sure  that  it  was  not  gas  until 
they  reached  the  open  air  and  then  much 
precious  time  had  been  lost.  On  such 
experiences  are  founded  the  rules  of  going 
into  the  mines  only  in  squads  of  four  or 
more,  and  these  of  trained  men. 

His  belief  in  the  canary  bird  is  also 
founded  on  personal  experience.  He  was 
in  a  mine  after  an  explosion  and  after 
most  of  the  gases  had  apparently  escaped. 
He  was  carrying  a  canary  as  a  warning 
against  carbon  monoxide  and  he  had  an 
oxygen  helmet  on  his  back.  Studying 
conditions  as  he  went  along,  he  forgot  the 
bird.  After  awhile,  feeling  a  little  shaky 
in  the  knees,  he  looked  down  and  it  was 
dead.  How  long  it  had  been  dead  he 
did  not  know.  He  hastily  put  on  a  helmet, 
sat  down  to  rest  a  little,  and  came  out 
none  the  worse,  but  a  little  longer  time 
would  probably  have  been  serious.     But 


neither  this  nor  the  slate  that  fell  on  his 
head  in  the  Cross  Mountain  Minedampend 
his  enthusiasm  for  first  hand  information. 

Working  Sunday  and  New  Year's  Day 
in  Washington  and  Pittsburgh,  twelve 
hours  of  uninterrupted  helmet  work  in  the 
Cross  Mountain  Mine,  and  traveling  by 
horse  and  boat  to  the  Matanuska  coal  fields 
of  Alaska  are  typical  of  J.  A.  Holmes. 
So  also  is  the  way  in  which  he  made  the 
fuel  testing  exhibits  at  the  St.  Louis  Fair. 
The  Geological  Survey  exhibit  needed 
power  to  run  it,  but  when  Dr.  Holmes 
reached  the  Fair  none  had  been  provided. 
The  Fair  officials  refused  to  furnish  any 
and  there  was  no  time  to  get  funds  from 
the  Government.  Not  at  all  abashed, 
he  hurried  around  —  which  is  his  natural 
gait  —  and  persuaded  boiler  manufacturers 
and  coal  operators  that  it  would  be  to 
their  advantage  to  have  their  products 
represented  in  the  Government  Experi- 
ment Station  at  the  Fair.  They  were 
repaid  for  their  expense,  the  Surveys' 
exhibit  could  go  on,  and  the  Government 
had  spent  nothing. 

Physically,  Dr.  Holmes  is  nearly  six 
feet;  thin,  strongly  made,  with  a  slight 
stoop.  Some  of  his  friends  say  that  his 
thinness  saved  his  life.  Last  summer  in 
Alaska,  he  and  a  guide  met  a  big  brown 
bear  far  up  above  the  timber  line  on  one 
of  the  mountains.  The  guide  fired  and 
hit  the  bear  in  the  leg.  It  came  straight 
on  to  Dr.  Holmes.  He  had  no  weapon. 
There  was  nowhere  to  run  so  he  stood 
his  ground.  About  ten  feet  from  him 
the  bear  rose  on  his  hind  legs  —  and  turned 
away.  The  mine  director  was  not  fat 
enough  to  kill,  so  the  story  goes.  But  thin 
or  not,  he  is  as  hard  a  traveler  in  the  open 
as  he  is  a  hard  worker  in  Washington. 

In  the  abondoned  buildings  of  the  old 
Pittsburg  Arsenal,  the  Bureau  is  conduct- 
ing fuel  testing  experiments;  preaching 
that  coal  should  be  bought  on  the  basis 
of  the  amount  of  heat  units  it  contains 
and  not  as  it  is  now  on  its  general  reputa- 
tion. The  great  public  is  still  ignorant 
of  the  letters  B.  T.  U.  (British  Thermal 
Units).  Probably  most  retail  coal  deal- 
ers are.  In  a  small  Illinois  town  the 
school  board  got  hold  of  one  of  the  bulle- 
tins  of   the    Bureau    of    Mines.    They 


$62 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


called  up  the  dealer  who  supplied  the 
schools  with  fuel. 

"  How  much  ash  is  there  in  your  coal?" 

"1  don't  know  exactly,"  he  said, 
"There's  a  plenty." 

"  How  many  B.  T.  U's  does  it  contain?" 
was  the  next  question. 

"  Not  a  d B.  T.  U.,"  was  his  answer. 

"You've  been  getting  this  coal  for  years 
now  and  you  know  that  there's  nothing 
like  that  in  it." 

But  many  of  the  larger  coal  consumers 
have  come  to  buy  their  coal  upon  speci- 
fications limiting  the  amount  of  ash  and 
volatile  matter  and  requiring  a  certain 
number  of  heat  units  per  ton.  The 
investigations  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines  are 
chiefly  responsible  for  the  growing  prac- 
tice in  this  country,  and  the  Bureau  is 
itself  one  of  the  largest  purchasers,  for 
one  of  its  duties  is  to  buy  the  Govern- 
ment coal.  By  specification  it  buys  about 
J4,ooo,ooo  worth  a  year.  If  its  services 
save  the  Government  2.5  per  cent.,  the 
saving  pays  for  the  fuel  testing  of  the 
Bureau;  because  the  appropriation  for  that 
purpose  is  $100,000.  The  Bureau  saved 
the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  $40,000 
on  one  purchase.  It  also  renders  import- 
ant aid  to  the  Navy  in  its  $4,000,000 
yearly  purchase  of  coal,  as  it  examines 
every  mine  from  which  the  Navy  gets 
coal  for  the  ships. 

Not  so  concrete  but  perhaps  as  valuable 
to  the  Government  and  in  the  long  run  to 
the  general  public,  are  the  experiments 
with  gas  producers,  with  briquetting 
machines,  and  for  the  elimination  of  the 
smoke  problem,  etc. —  experiments  which 
have  the  rare  distinction  of  provoking 
envious  commendation  in  Germany.  The 
Tecbnische  Rundschau  of  Berlin  writes 
of  one  of  the  bulletins: 

The  work  shows  again  what  high  value 
the  United  States  Government  places  upon 
the  accurate  knowledge  of  its  mineral  resources 
and  directions  for  utilizing  them  to  the  best 
advantage;  in  this  respect  it  can  serve  as  a 
model  worthy  of  imitation  by  our  German 
Government. 

The  Bureau  of  Mines  is  the  only  insti- 
tution in  this  country  with  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  its  fuel  resources  and  a  definite 


programme  for  adapting  our  power  needs 
to  them.  High  grade  coking  coal  is  none 
too  abundant  nor  is  it  widely  distributed. 
It  is  especially  scarce  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  and  in  the  Western  States.  The 
Pittsburg  Experiment  Station  shows  how 
other  and  cheaper  coals  may  be  used  to 
make  coke.  There  are  large  beds  of 
lignite  coal  in  this  country  that  will  not 
burn  in  an  ordinary  furnace  and  that 
pulverizes  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The 
Bureau  shows  how  these  low  grade  coals 
can  be  utilized  in  gas  producers  or  in  any 
type  of  furnace  if  made  into  briquettes. 
A  large  German  machine  was  imported 
that  molds  these  lignites  into  briquettes 
of  good  fuel.  The  Bureau  has  also  been 
active  in  the  campaign  for  the  abatement 
of  the  smoke  nuisance.  Its  investigations 
have  shown  clearly  that  the  various  kinds 
of  coal  can  be  burned  without  smoke  in 
the  proper  type  of  furnace,  or  with  some 
arrangement  of  mechanical  stoker,  draft, 
etc.  The  devices  in  eliminating  the  smoke 
improve  the  combustion  of  the  fuel,  making 
it  more  efficient.  A  hundred  other  possi- 
bilities of  making  us  a  more  efficient 
nation  are  before  this  Bureau  and  for  its 
work  there  is  an  ever  growing  public 
demand. 

And  this  is  only  the  coal  and  fuel  side 
of  the  Bureau's  work.  Its  chemical  anal- 
yses and  its  opportunities  in  the  metallur- 
gical field  have  not  been  mentioned.  A 
little  idea  of  it  all  can  be  had  by  a  glance 
at  the  controversy  about  the  smelter  fumes 
at  Anaconda.  The  farmers  of  that  region 
and  the  Government  have  sued  the 
smelter  because  the  solids  and  fumes  from 
it  have  damaged  the  crops  and  the  forests. 

The  flue  leading  from  the  smelter  to 
the  base  of  the  stack  is  about  1 ,000  feet 
long,  120  feet  wide,  and  20  feet  high. 
A  billion  and  three  quarters  cubic  feet  of 
gas  pass  through  it  every  day.  In  those 
fumes,  being  wasted  at  present,  are  nearly 
30  tons  of  arsenic,  2  tons  of  antimony 
oxide,  2  tons  of  lead,  3  of  zinc,  and  nearly 
half  a  ton  of  bismuth  worth  about  J1.50 
a  pound,  and  enough  sulphur  fumes  to 
fill  50  tank-cars  a  day  with  sulphuric  acid. 

These  are  poured  forth  every  day  into 
the  atmosphere  and  lost,  because  the 
methods  for  extracting  them  are  too  costly 


"SAFETY  FIRST"  UNDERGROUND 


563 


or  because  there  is  not  a  profitable  market 
for  them,  as  is  the  case  with  the  sulphuric 
and  arsenic  acid.  At  every  smelter  in 
the  country  the  same  thing  is  happening. 

These  wastes  spell  opportunity  for  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  which  appeals  to  its 
practical  minded  investigators. 

This  particular  smelter  situation  is 
very  acute  at  present;  for  in  many  places 
farmers  and  forest  owners  near  the  smel- 
ters have  forced  them  to  shut  down  be- 
cause of  the  damage  done  by  the  fumes. 
In  Shasta  County,  CaL,  for  example,  three 
of  the  four  smelters  have  ceased  operations 
and  the  fourth  is  running  only  at  half 
capacity. 

Cement  mills  which  scatter  from  twenty 
to  forty  tons  of  dust  a  day  are  facing  the 
same  problem.  One  of  them,  at  Riverside, 
Cal.,  hearing  of  an  electrical  precipitation 
process  by  which  a  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  was  taking  care  of 
the  dust  and  other  solids  at  one  of  the 
smelters,  got  him  to  outline  a  similar 
plan  for  a  cement  mill.  Here  seemed  to 
be  the  beginning  of  a  distinct  advance  in 
these  two  industries.  The  Bureau  of 
Mines  got  the  inventor  of  it.  Prof.  Frank 
Cottrell,  as  chief  metallurgical  chemist. 
He  had  formed  a  company  around  his 
patents  and  the  company  was  making 
money.  But  money  does  not  seem  to  be 
Professor  CottrcU's  main  interest.  The 
capital  that  had  been  put  into  the  com- 
pany was  paid  back,  the  other  scientific 
men  in  it  given  rights  to  the  patents  in 
six  Western  states,  and  the  patents  them- 
selves turned  over  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  Washington,  to  earn  money 
with  which  to  carry  on  further  research, 
and  perhaps  to  encourage  other  scientific 
discoverers  to  do  likewise. 

The  scientific  study  of  the  wastes  of 
a  smelter  flume  has  untold  possibilities 
for  usefulness  to  the  country.  And  it  is 
but  an  example.  These  are  the  modem 
dreams  of  which  great  results  come. 

The  rich  corporations  engaged  in  the 
mineral  industries  can  afford  to  carry  on 
investigations  and  to  send  men  all  over 
the  world  to  seek  out  the  information  that 
leads  to  efficiency.  But  the  smaller  min- 
eral workers  cannot  do  so.  To  raise  the 
standard  of  the  whole  industry  some  cen- 


tral, efficient,  and,  above  all,  disinterested 
organization  is  necessary.  For  this  reason 
the  establishment  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines 
was  pushed  with  such  vigor  by  the  Amer- 
ican Mining  Congress.  All  the  influence 
of  this  body  was  also  directed  toward  hav- 
ing Dr.  Holmes  made  director  of  the 
Bureau,  for  his  work  in  the  Geological 
Survey  had  convinced  the  Congress  that 
he  was  the  man  to  make  the  Bureau  live 
up  to  its  opportunities. 

When  Dr.  Holmes  persuaded  the  boiler- 
makers  and  the  coal  operators  into 
furnishing  him  with  materials  for  his 
testing  plant  at  St.  Louis,  there  was  prac- 
tically no  use  made  of  the  gas  engine  in 
this  country,  and  250  horsepower  was  the 
capacity  of  the  largest  gas  engine  made 
in  the  United  States.  He  had  one  there, 
however,  operating  on  gas  from  a  gas 
producer.  The  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration alone  now  has  engines  of  more 
than  250,000  horsepower,  which  use  the 
waste  gases  of  the  blast  furnaces  as.  fuel. 
These  two  things  are  not  direct  cause 
and  effect.  One  is  merely  the  initial 
move  in  a  campaign  in  economic  efficiency 
of  which  the  other  is  a  large  and  notable 
example. 

Moreover,  this  is  not  all  the  saving  at 
the  blast  furnaces.  The  slag  that  was 
formerly  carted  to  the  dump  pile,  is  now 
being  made  into  cement.  There  are  plants 
now  in  operation  or  under  construction 
that  will  use  1,300,000  tons  of  slag  each 
year  in  making  cement.  The  mills  making 
this  cement  are  run  by  gas  engines  fed  on 
the  waste  gas  of  the  blast  furnaces.  One 
waste  product  that  formerly  polluted  the 
air  is  now  converting  another  waste 
product  into  a  useful  commodity. 

Similarly,  within  the  last  two  years, 
contracts  have  been  made  for  more  than 
$5,000,000  worth  by-product  coke  ovens, 
to  supersede  the  beehive  coke  ovens  that 
have  been  wasting  more  than  J^o,ooo,ooo 
yearly  in  by-products. 

The  two  great  purposes  for  which  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  was  created  were  to 
lessen  the  loss  of  life  in  mining  —  the 
campaign  to  do  this  is  well  under  way  — 
and  to  lessen  the  waste  of  mineral  re- 
sources. This  is  the  great  constructive 
task  on  which  the  Bureau  has  begun. 


"THE   INSIDE  OF   A  BUSINESS  MAN" 


BY 

JOSEPH    PELS 

WITH 

AN   INTRODUCTORY  SKETCH 

BY 

ARTHUR   H.   GLEASON 


WHEN  Joseph  Pels,  at  a 
public  dinner  in  Chi- 
cago, said  something 
about  being  a  robber, 
those  who  heard  him 
believed  he  was  referring  to  sharp  busi- 
ness tricks.  But  in  his  business  life 
he  is  a  poor  illustration  of  his  contention 
that  business  is  robbery.  His  record 
is  fairly  clean  of  the  ecstatic  advertising, 
the  injurious  and  deceptive  tricks  of 
salesmanship,  the  falsity  of  the  final  pro- 
duct, the  underpayment  and  neglect  of 
employees. 

He  wishes  equality  of  opportunity  for 
all  men.  His  method  of  effecting  this  is 
the  "single  tax"  on  land  values.  He  is 
devoting  his  fortune,  through  the  Pels 
Pund  Commission  (whose  membership 
includes  other  than  single  taxers)  to 
bring  this  to  pass  swiftly.  A  keen  Ameri- 
can business  man,  full  of  Yankee  shrewd- 
ness, a  Jew,  and  therefore  a  man  of  vision 
—  that  is  the  combination  of  qualities 
in  Mr.  Pels  which  explains  most  of  his 
acts.  Without  that  much  for  a  key  he  will 
seem  excitable,  impulsive,  erratic.  He 
makes  a  swift  dart  to  the  heart  of  things. 
He  can  sum  up  the  causes  and  meaning  of 
the  South  African  War  in  a  few  sentences 
which  are  penetrative  and  adequate.  He 
has  the  genius  of  the  American  business 
man  for  cutting  through  surfaces  and  side 
issues  and  dealing  with  realities.  He  is 
the  sort  of  man  who  is  best  illustrated 
by  anecdotes. 

His  invasion  of  London  was  as  simple, 
direct,  and  naive  as  the  forthright  actions 
of  the  Homeric  men  who  saw  what  they 
wished  and   took  it.     He  I(x>ked  around 


the  streets  a  bit,  and  found  the  office  he 
wished,  the  right  situation  and  right  size. 

"  rU  take  it,"  he  said  to  the  owner. 

"  But  that  is  not  customary.  To  whom 
will  you  refer  me?    To  your  solicitor?" 

"  I  haven't  any." 

"But  friends  of  yours  in  London?" 

"I  came  yesterday,  haven't  got  ac- 
quainted with  anybody  yet.  Here's  the 
rental  money  for  the  first  six  months. 
Take  it  or  leave  it." 

"But  won't  to-morrow  be  more  satis- 
factory for  coming  to  a  settlement?" 

"That's  one  day  too  late.  F  want 
the  office  to-day,  now." 

He  got  his  office. 

Pive  minutes  later  he  stepped  around 
the  comer  to  a  stenographic  agency. 

"  1  wish  to  engage  the  services  of  a  young 
woman  for  my  office  work." 

"Excellent.  We  will  supply  you  with 
one." 

"I  wish  her  now." 

"Good.    We  will  see  to  it." 

"  Let  her  come  right  along  with  me/' 

She  came. 

With  Mr.  Pels  and  the  girl,  came  a  boy 
bearing  a  typewriter  case  and  a  box  for 
the  girl  to  sit  on.  There  was  no  office 
furniture. 

"How  much  a  week  are  you  receiving?" 
Mr.  Pels  asked  her. 

"Twelve  shillings  a  week,"  she  answered, 
"but  the  firm  said  1  was  worth  fourteen 
shillings." 

"Can't  afford  it,"  said  Pels.  "1  can't 
afford  to  have  any  one  here  who  isn't 
worth  a  pound." 

At  the  end  of  the  first  week  she  came  to 
Mr.  Pels  and  asked. 


"THE  INSIDE  OF  A  BUSINESS  MAN" 


565 


"Did  I  earn  my  pound?" 

"No,"  he  said,  "but  you  will." 

Later  she  did. 

Mr.  Fels  doesn't  waste  money.  He 
makes  it  shrewdly  and  then  spends  it  to 
get  results.  Yet  he  is  saving,  with  an 
anxious  care.  With  a  friend  he  was 
riding  west  along  Oxford  Street  to  an 
engagement  two  blocks  beyond  Oxford 
Circus.  The  friend  pulled  out  fourpence 
for  the  fare  and  held,  out  the  handful 
to  the  omnibus  conductor.  Mr.  Fels 
lifted  twopence  from  the  extended  palm 
and  dropped  them  in  his  pocket. 

"  It's  only  a  penny  apiece  to  the  Circus," 
he  said.  "  We'll  walk  the  rest  of  the  way." 
They  did. 

The  next  day,  at  the  solicitation  of  the 
same  friend,  on  his  way  north  to  Scotland, 
he  stopped  off  half  way  up  the  island  and 
deposited  $2,500  in  the  hat  of  a  needy 
psychological  professor  who  was  per- 
fecting a  new  system  of  instruction. 

His  mind  plays  out  over  a  large  area. 
Much  of  his  activity  is  sheer  fun  to  him. 
He  had  to  find  out  what  fats  were  best, 
of  what  benzine  consisted,  the  economic 
use  of  by-products.  Closely  akin  to  this 
intellectual  search  is  his  fondness  for 
inventions.  Almost  any  man  with  a  new 
device  for  getting  the  best  of  nature  can 
gain  a  hearing.  He  trots  his  machine  and 
his  theory  down  to  the  soap  office  and  sets 
the  thing  in  motion.  At  this  point,  life 
is  a  vaudeville  show  to  Mr.  Fels,  full  of 
fresh  turns  and  infinitely  surprising  "  num- 
bers." 

Then  deeper  and  more  real  than  this 
holiday  abandon  lies  another  trait.  He 
has  a  knack  at  divining  the  creative 
impulse  in  other  men  of  various  sorts. 
He  is  deeply  interested  in  a  young  violinist 
who  with  instant  strides  took  a  first  place 
in  European  reputation.  To  a  penniless 
artist  who  can  really  paint,  whose  work 
is  spoken  of  with  enthusiasm  by  one  of 
the  best  hanging  committees  in  the  United 
States,  he  is  giving  a  yearly  subsidy  till 
his  pictures  begin  to  sell.  This  sum 
installs  him  and  his  wife  on  a  farm  and 
there  he  can  work  out  his  technique. 
Knowing  little  of  painting  or  music,  Mr. 
Fels  was  yet  quick  to  reach  the  conclusion 
that  a  man  who  was  ready  to  starve  for 


his  idea  had  a  sound  idea.  "Why  not 
keep  him  from  starving  and  give  his  idea 
a  chance?"  would  be  the  line  of  reasoning 
in  his  mind.  Another  of  the  directions 
in  which  he  is  liberating  creative  impulse 
is  that  of  a  young  man  with  an  excellent 
scheme  for  athletic  instruction  in  uni- 
.versities.  For  five  years  he  makes  it 
possible  for  the  man  to  spread  his  ideas. 
He  is  donating  to  the  State  of  Oregon, 
for  working  toward  a  progressive  tax 
on  land  value,  part  of  S2 5,000  a  year  for 
five  years.  He  built  and  supported  the 
first  school  clinic  in  Lx>ndon,  and  now  the 
metropolis  has  taken  the  hint,  and  in- 
stituted several  such  clinics.  He  loves, 
to  start  a  movement,  to  liberate  energy, 
then  let  it  gather  its  own  momentum  from 
the  community.  Several  times  already 
he  has  been  discussed  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

He  prefers  a  christening  to  a  funeral, 
and  would  rather  endow  a  cooperative 
farm  for  men  in  the  prime  of  their  strength 
than  a  burial  lot  for  paupers,  though  he 
would  not  leave  the  latter  unburied.  He 
thinks  he  disbelieves  in  alleviation,  and 
once  wrote  a  letter  to  a  Philadelphia 
sanatorium  for  consumptives  in  which  he 
said:  "Mr.  Fels  contributes  no  money 
to  charity.  He  knows  that  what  the 
poor  need  most  is  not  alms,  but  a  change 
in  social  conditions  which  will  make  alms- 
giving unnecessary.  You  certainly  must 
know  that  the  conditions  under  which 
the  poor  live  and  work  inevitably  breed 
both  consumption  and  poverty.  You 
must  know  that  a  system  which  places 
a  premium  on  the  withholding  of  valuable 
land  from  use  must  bring  about  the  over- 
crowding of  millions  into  disease-breeding 
tenements.  You  know  this,  and  yet 
imagine  that,  when  you  announce  your 
readiness  to  care  for  fifty  victims  of  this 
outrageous  system,  your  duty  is  done." 

This  is  much  the  sort  of  letter  that 
Ruskin  once  wrote  in  his  impatience  at 
partial  justice. 

Joseph  Fels  is  by  nature  modest  and 
unassuming.  He  likes  a  quiet  hotel  on  a 
shabby  street,  he  likes  to  travel  second 
and  third-class  in  England.  He  rides  by 
'bus  in  London,  instead  of  in  hansoms. 
He  talks  to  strangers,  goes  to  see  obscure 


566 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


men  instead  of  waiting  to  be  looked  up. 
He  goes  through  life  with  the  freedom  of 
a  tramp,  or  a  visionary.  He  has  battered, 
shoved,  and  manipulated  his  way  without 
growing  cynical  and  hard. 

But  you  end  with  the  impression  that 
you  have  spent  time  with  a  good  man. 
There  is  something  clear  and  simple  to 
his  nature.  That  swift-darting  figure, 
with  the  impulsive,  almost  irritable  man- 
ner,   and   the    kindly   eyes,  living   in    a 


whirl,  talking,  gesticulating,  creating  mcv 
tion,  seems  truer  and  sweeter  and  strcHiger 
than  most  of  the  men  you  meet. 

Here  is  the  story  of  Joseph  Pels' s  life 
as  it  looks  to  him  at  the  age  of  fifiy^seven 
years.  Note  all  through  his  talk  the  artful 
propaganda,  as  he  describes  the  growth  of  a 
village,  or  jobbing  a  city  lot.  His  own  name 
for  what  he  is  telling  here  is  "The  Inside  of 
a  Business  Man," 


MR.  FELS'S  OWN  STORY 


In  Chicago  they  reported  me  as  saying 
I  was  a  robber.  Well,  in  a  way  that  is 
true.  I  am  a  robber,  and  so  is  every  other 
business  man.  1  am  a  robber  first  be- 
cause I  have  taken  advantage  of  the 
tariff,  going  and  coming,  and  second 
because  I  have  taken  advantage  of  the 
increase  in  land  values,  the  unearned 
increment.  And  now  1  am  down  on  every 
custom  house,  and  want  to  knock  the 
bottom  out  of  land  value  speculation. 

About  1870,  when  I  was  a  lad  fourteen 
years  of  age,  1  started  in  as  an  office  boy 
in  the  toilet  soap  trade  in  Baltimore; 
then  came  the  big  business  crash  known 
as  the  Fiske  and  Gould  panic.  Business 
reverses  made  it  necessary  for  me  to  get 
to  work  in  earnest  and  1  became  office  boy 
again,  this  time  for  the  firm  of  Foster  & 
Sellman,  merchandise  brokers.  This  was 
about  the  first  real  labor  that  I  had  ever 
done.  It  was  perhaps  the  most  valuable 
single  year  of  my  life,  as  it  trained  me  in 
concentrating  brain  forces.  1  came  to 
the  work  as  a  boy  and  left  it  a  fairly  good 
salesman.  By  the  advice  of  my  dear 
friend  Sellman,  who  has  long  since  passed 
away,  I  was  able  to  see  pretty  clearly  the 
effect  of  privilege  and  monopoly  in  deal- 
ing with  sugar  and  the  other  materials 
which  have  since  then  become  very  much 
of  a  monopoly.  1  was  too  youn*:;  at  the 
time  to  take  it  all  in  but  I  got  some  of  it. 
iMy  father  and  I  then  joined  a  small  s<^^)ap 
manufacturer  and  I  went  out  as  local 
traveler.  I^ter  we  both  came  to  an  old 
Philadelphia  soap  man  as  travelers  for 
the  firm,  with  the  understanding  that 
when  a  certain  sum  of  monev  had  been 


made  by  our  help,  the  principal,  an  aged 
Englishman,  would  retire.  This  all  came 
about. 

Up  to  this  point  of  the  business  develop- 
ment, we  were  protected  by  a  fairly  stiff 
custom  charge  against  the  entry  of  foreign 
soap.  We  then  quadrupled  the  business 
within  a  few  years.  As  the  trade  increased* 
the  proportion  of  the  protection  increased, 
because,  of  course,  the  more  soap  that  we 
made,  the  more  money  was  made  out  of 
the  protected  monopoly.  The  next  move 
was  to  get  hold  of  the  invention  for  com- 
bining naphtha  or  benzine  with  a  soap 
for  all  ordinary  household  purposes.  For 
many  years  we  were  favored  by  the  free 
entry  of  raw  material  and  a  heavy  duty 
on  the  finished  product. 

We  were  also  protected,  when  we  began 
to  grow  large,  by  freight  arrangements 
which  perhaps  smaller  firms  would  not 
have  been  able  to  obtain;  such  arrange- 
ments, for  instance,  as  that  by  boat  to 
Baltimore  with  a  ten  cent  rate  when  the 
ordinary  rate  was  twelve  cents.  Under  thb 
same  rebating  system,  could  be  included 
the  free  railroad  and  steamer  passes  to 
members  and  travelers  of  the  firm.  This 
system  was  wrong  in  that  the  trans- 
portation companies  were  able  to  differ- 
entiate between  large  and  small  firms. 
And  by  the  same  process  it  was  wrong 
for  a  firm  to  accept  such  rebating  even 
though  it  was  entirely  legal.  We  simply 
did  as  all  the  other  firms  did  at  that  time. 
To  the  extent  that  such  favoritism  is 
legal  to-day  I  should  have  no  hesitation 
in  accepting  and  taking  advantage  of  it. 
It  is  simply  an  illustration  of  the  fact  that 


THE  INSIDE  OF  A  BUSINESS  MAN' 


567 


equality  of  opportunity  was  not  then  much 
thought  of.  That  rebating  system  does 
not  exist  any  more  so  far  as  we  are  con- 
cerned, nor  does  it  seem  to  exist  through- 
out the  country  in  general.  There  is 
practically  no  competition  among  trans- 
porting companies  so  there  is  no  need  for 
them  to  fight  among  themselves.  They 
simply  divide  up  the  rates  as  exigencies 
dictate. 

Since  1894  the  public  knows  more  or 
less  about  our  goings  on.  During  that 
time  we  have  been  helped  by  heavy 
duties  on  soap  from  other  countries  and 
hampered  by  duties  on  raw  material.  A 
peculiar  example  is  that  of  American 
borax.  In  Liverpool  it  was  being  sold 
at  £14  less  5  per  cent,  per  ton,  that  is, 
say,  $70.  The  identical  material  was 
being  sold  at  that  time  in  the  United 
States  by  the  same  company  that  pro- 
duced it,  at  $140  per  ton.  I  shipped  this 
borax  across  to  Philadelphia  from  Liver- 
pool, paid  5  cents  duty  for  it  to  come 
into  the  port  and  only  discovered  it  was 
American  borax  when  the  goods  were 
used.  Using  this  particular  borax  in 
soap  which  we  exported  to  Great  Britain 
we  recovered  the  five  cents  duty  from  the 
custom  house  as  the  soap  went  through 
on  its  return  trip  to  Liverpool.  Perhaps 
we  even  caused  the  Government  to  lose 
say  10  per  cent,  in  refunding  duty  on  the 
original  product,  because  it  would  cost 
about  that  much  to  run  that  particular 
rebating  department. 

Before  the  duty  was  put  on,  when  the 
borax  was  free,  it  sold  at  two  cents  a 
pound.  With  the  duty  on,  it  sold  at  seven 
cents  a  pound  and  huge  quantities  were 
dumped  into  Europe  at  the  time  when  I 
made  this  particular  purchase,  at  a  price 
less  than  two  pence  a  pound.  This  all 
was  proved  by  our  firm's  ability  to  take 
advantage  of  the  dumping  and  purchase 
it  on  the  other  side  in  the  way  I  have 
described.  This  particular  borax,  then, 
mined  in  the  West  and  shipped  from  the 
West  to  an  Atlantic  seaport,  was  trans- 
shipped to  Liverpool,  shipped  back  from 
Liverpool  to  Philadelphia,  put  into  soap, 
and  shipped  back  to  London. 

There  was  still  another  odd  thing  about 
that    particular   lot   of   borax;  we   later 


found  out  that  what  we  had  bought  as 
American  borax  was  actually  from  South 
America  but  was  stamped  American  borax, 
because  the  American  borax  company 
seemed  to  control  the  whole  chute.  This 
was  very  much  in  the  same  way  as  oil 
from  wells  in  Asia  is  stamped  "Standard 
Oil"  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 

Under  the  present  system  the  manu- 
facturer is  being  robbed  just  as  well  as 
the  workman  because  of  the  limitation 
of  industry  by  monopoly  and  special 
privilege. 

You  ask  why  the  employer  doesn't  give 
back  all  profits  in  the  shape  of  wages  to 
the  workman,  after  deducting  the  value 
of  his  own  directive  services.  Why  don't 
1,  for  instance,  take  no  profit  from  my 
business  instead  of  seeking  to  overthrow 
the  present  economic  system?  There  are 
two  reasons.  First,  under  the  present 
conditions  a  man  simply  can't  calculate 
what  his  brain  is  worth  nor  what  part  of 
the  product  his  knowledge,  experience, 
and  capital  amount  to.  -  It's  all  more 
or  less  guess  work,  just  as  the  valuation 
for  taxation  purposes  of  city  lots  under 
the  present  system  is  guess  work.  The 
second  reason  is  that  a  man  may  do  bis 
best  to  be  just  and  yet  tbe  present  conditions 
prevent  bim  from  being  just  because  be 
can't  tell  wbere  be  will  be  a  year  from  date. 
The  investor  is  bound  in  self-defence 
to  hold  his  surplus  as  an  insurance  against 
ibe  future  of  tbe  business,  wbicb  is  tbe  future 
of  tbe  capital  invested  and  tbe  laborers  emr 
ployed.  The  employer  cannot  be  expected 
to  do  more  under  the  present  conditions 
than  to  pay  a  considerable  percentage 
above  the  current  rate  for  labor,  though 
that  percentage  may  be  a  material  in- 
crease over  the  average  wage,  dictated 
by  his  own  goodness  of  heart. 

What  would  be  the  inducement  to  him 
to  be  in  business  at  all  if  a  surplus  did  not 
come  to  him?  Under  equality  of  oppor- 
tunity there  would  be  no  inducement  for 
a  man  to  go  into  business  unless  full  scope 
were  offered  for  his  enterprise.  What 
the  present  employer  is  justified  in  keep- 
ing out  of  his  profits  under  present  con- 
ditions, is  that  amount  which  will  be 
sufficient  to  insure  the  business  and  then 
to  help,  if  he  so  chooses,  in  wiping  out  causes 


568 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


of  economic  injustice  that  make  the  few  the 
masters  and  the  many  the  wage-slaves. 

Where  a  man  has  a  monopoly  in  an 
article  and  is  making  profit,  he  can  pay 
large  wages.  Our  wages  on  the  average 
are,  1  believe,  the  highest  of  those  in  any 
soap  factory  in  existence.  We  pay  those 
high  wages  because  in  the  first  place  our 
people  are  helping  us  to  make  money, 
and  in  the  second  place  because  high 
wages  lead  to  efficiency.  In  our  factory 
we  have  no  piece  work,  everything  being 
paid  for  by  the  week,  because  piece  work 
is  a  slave-driving  operation. 

It  pays  the  boss  to  give  high  wages 
because  of  the  better  quality  of  work 
which  he  receives  in  return.  High  wages 
remove  that  haunting  feeling  of  anxiety 
with  which  the  underpaid  employee  faces 
each  week.  Absence  of  anxiety  means 
a  higher  grade  of  work.  Tonday  the 
matter  of  wages  is  according  to  the  con- 
science of  the  employer.  It  rests  with 
him  and  it  shouldn't  rest  with  him.  It  is 
impossible  for*  labor  unions  to  do  more 
than  to  hamper  industry  by  pushing  for 
higher  wages  under  the  present  system. 

Every  new  street  forced  through  a  city, 
every  slum^  destroyed,  every  park  and 
open  space  created,  every  hospital  erected, 
every  school  put  up  increases  land  values 
and  makes  the  grip  of  the  landlord  that 
much  tighter  around  the  neck  of  industry 
and  labor.  Some  day  we  shall  see  the 
business  and  human  need  of  exempting 
everything  created  by  labor,  whether 
house  or  potatoes,  a  set  of  harness  or  a 
sky-scraper,  from  all  taxation  of  whatever 
character,  and  we  shall  place  all  taxes 
upon  land  values.  In  this  way  we  shall 
provide  a  bottomless  reservoir  of  publicly 
created  wealth  from  which  to  draw  public 
revenues,  and  give  employment  to  an 
increased  number  of  workmen  who  will 
^et  increased  wajiies  by  virtue  of  the 
increased  supply  and  demand.  As  more 
working  people  would  be  employed,  wa^^es 
would  thereupon  gr)  up  to  the  economic 
value  of  a  man's  work.  In  my  own  shop, 
the  carpenters  receive  fifty  cents  an  hour, 
1  believe.  Under  a  projKT  system  of 
land  values  taxation,  let  us  suppose  there 
would  h?  three  limes  the  present  demand 
for    carpenters.        I  hen    our    carpenters 


wouldn't  work  for  a  man  at  fifty  cents  an 
hour;  they  wouldn't  work  for  me  or  any- 
one else  if  by  working  for  themselves 
they  could  make  a  dollar. 

The  taking  by  private  individuals  of 
land  values,  which  belong  by  right  to  the 
whole  people,  encourages  holding  land  out 
of  use.  Both  capital  and  labor  are  ham- 
pered. Six  hundred  thousand  persons, 
10  per  cent,  of  London's  population,  are 
living  on  an  average  of  three  in  a  room, 
and  yet  there  are  ten  thousand  acres  of 
unused  land  within  the  metropolis  of 
London.  I  believe  that  25  per  cent,  of 
the  superficial  area  of  Philadelphia  has 
never  been  built  on  nor  the  land  ever  put  to 
practical  use  since  farmers  plowed  the  fields. 

In  relation  to  the  site  of  our  factory, 
the  present  wrongful  system  of  land 
holding  did  not  operate  as  much  as  it 
might  in  other  cases,  because  our  factory 
is  on  its  present  site  by  mere  chance.  We 
found  a  little  business  and  we  took  over 
the  property.  Since  then  we  have  added 
what  extra  land  we  needed  at  an  ever 
increasing  cost. 

Under  equal  opportunities  the  man 
would  have  the  chance  to  get  exactly  what 
his  labor,  industry,  and  brains  create. 
This  is  only  a  process  of  creating  ten  jobs 
for  nine  men  instead  of  our  present  con- 
dition of  nine  jobs  for  ten  men.  There 
is  no  limit  to  the  possibility  of  production 
nor  is  there  any  limit  to  the  wants  of  the 
people.  If  all  the  land  in  the  United 
States,  whether  in  cities,  towns  or  the 
country,  were  forced  by  a  community- 
owned  tax  to  its  best  use,  every  man  who 
wanted  to  work  would  have  work.  This 
country  would  be  able  to  supply  enough 
for  the  whole  European  population  in 
addition  to  its  own.  If  this  were  the  case 
in  respect  to  our  own  business,  for  in- 
stance, there  would  probably  be  ten  times 
the  quantity  of  materials  for  soap- 
making  turned  out.  Several  times  the 
amount  of  soap  now  used  would  be  re- 
quired, for  even  the  people  of  this  country 
are  not  to<^j  clean. 

I  have  done  a  little  land  purchasing  in 
my  time.  Not  many  years  ago  I  bought 
12  acres  of  land  on  the  then  outskirts  of 
Philadelphia.  1  paid  $33,750  for  this 
piece  of    property.      I-ast    year    a    real 


'THE  INSIDE  OF  A  BUSINESS  MAN" 


569 


estate  broker  reported  to  me  an  offer 
from  one  of  his  clients  of  $100,000  for  the 
land.  In  other  words,  I  became  the  pos- 
sessor of  $66,000  for  not  doing  anything 
with  my  property. 

I  had  a  similar  experience  in  taking  a 
vacant  farm  of  700  acres  in  Essex,  50  miles 
from  London,  three  and  a  half  miles  from  a 
railroad  station.  Within  five  years  we 
there  created  a  little  agricultural  village 
sheltering  a  population  of  300  persons. 
The  industry  of  these  people,  joined  to  my 
capital,  has  increased  the  value  of  land 
within  a  radius  of  three  miles  of  the  village 
of  May  land  from  50  to  100  per  cent. 

I  bought  another  farm  in  England. 
Ckldly  enough  it  was  also  in  Essex,  but 
this  one  was  one  and  a  half  miles  from  a 
junction  railway  station,  24  miles  from 
London.  I  bought  this  farm  of  525  acres 
at  $34  an  acre,  and  1  purchased  it  with  the 
purpose  of  offering  it  at  cost  to  some  of  the 
public  authorities  as  a  colony  for  the 
unemployed.  1  was  to  give  the  public 
authority  free  use  for  three  years  to 
experiment.  They  didn't  accept  my  al- 
leged benevolence,  and  so  I  have  held  on 
to  the  land  until  the  junction  station  has 
become  a  town  and  we  began  to  blossom 
into  building  value.  I  am  afraid  now  to 
offer  it  at  $75  an  acre  for  fear  a  large 
number  of  enterprising  Englishmen  would 
take  me  on.  This  value  has  come  to 
pass  by  quietly  holding  on.  Mr.  Gardner, 
the  excellent  farmer  in  charge,  won't 
carry  my  farm  away  when  he  chucks  up 
his  job.  I  visited  this  property  four  times 
in  five  years.  1  think  I  will  stick  to  this 
rate  of  frequency  as  it  seems  to  add  a 
considerable  per  cent,  in  increased  value. 
I  can't  find  any  other  reason  than  that 
the  people  who  have  been  foolish  enough 
to  increase  the  size  of  the  village  of  Wick- 
ford  have  brought  increased  value  to  all 
the  adjacent  land. 

These  little  experiences  of  mine,  added 
to  various  experiments  of  the  dukes, 
lords,  and  the  monopol\'-mongers  of 
England,  are  squeezing  the  life-blood  out 
of  the  common  people.  That  this  is  the 
case  is  clearly  proved  by  the  fact  that  the 
land  clauses  of  the  recent  budget  actually 
became  law,  and  now  the  whole  of  the 
land  of  England  is  being  valued.    There 


is  going  to  be  a  land  value  tax  put  in 
operation  under  the  finance  act.  When 
the  people  of  England  once  get  a  proper 
taste  of  this  kind  of  blood  nothing  is 
going  to  prevent  them  from  quietly  in- 
creasing the  tax  on  land  values,  until 
we  leisurely  gentlemen  are  prevented 
from  taking  the  unearned  increment  which 
betongs  to  them. 

This  is  the  principal  reason  why  their 
royal  highnesses  and  eminences,  the  dukes, 
the  landlords,  and  the  land  speculators, 
are  kicking  up  such  a  wholesome  row  in 
Great  Britain.  The  more  they  kick  the 
more  quickly  will  the  tax  on  land  values 
be  increased,  because  kicking  is  good 
propaganda.  Those  who  are  not  anxious 
to  take  what  doesn't  belong  to  them  nor 
what  they  have  not  earned,  will  go  on 
increasing  in  numbers  and  strengthening 
their  demands  from  year  to  year,  so  that 
ultimately  the  population  whose  presence 
gives  value  to  land  will  own  that  value 
up  to  twenty  shillings  on  the  pound  in 
Great  Britain  and  a  hundred  cents  on  the 
dollar  here. 

Under  present  conditions  the  men  who 
control  the  basic  source  of  supplies  are 
able  to  dictate  their  own  will.  Suppose 
my  business  controlled  the  supply  of 
fats  in  the  United  States.  We  could 
run  up  the  price  of  soap  to  the  point  at 
which  it  could  be  imported  from  other 
countries  with  the  duty  added.  We  could 
then  go  to  Washington  and  complain  of 
the  foreign  fellows,  and  of  the  foreign 
stuff,  made  by  foreign  labor,  and  we  could 
get  our  misguided  Congress  to  whack 
on  another  30  per  cent,  of  duty.  This 
is  being  done  in  various  directions.  As 
our  only  competition  is  among  ourselves, 
we  are  forced  to  use  cheaper  and  often 
inferior  materials.  As  there  is  neither  free 
production  nor  free  exchange  we  are  ham- 
pered at  every  point.  So  you  find  that 
the  suit  oi  clothes,  made  by  a  good  cus- 
tom tailor  in  London,  from  goods  made  in 
England,  can  be  purchased  for  $20.  The 
same  garment  here  cannot  be  bought  from 
the  same  kind  of  tailor  at  less  than  $40. 
The  difference  in  the  cost  of  labor  between 
the  two  countries  put  on  the  garment 
may  be  about  three  dollars.  Where  does 
the  rest  of  the  difference  come  in? 


WHAT  1  SAW  AT  NANKING 


BY 


JAMES    B.    WEBSTER 


w 


(OF! 


;  AMEUCAN  RID  OLOSS  SOCIETY.) 


HEN  I  first  reached  the 
top  of  Tien  Bao  Chen, 
overlooking  Nanking, 
shortly  after  it  had  been 
captured  by  the  Revo- 
lutionists, the  dead  and  wounded  were 
lying  about  pretty  thick.  Half-way  down 
the  slope  toward  the  city  I  saw  a  man 
who  was  evidently  too  badly  injured  to 
walk.  1  knew  at  once  that  he  must  be 
an  Imperialist  soldier.  I  went  in  search 
of  the  doctor,  and  we  returned  in  a  few 
minutes  to  consider  the  wisdom  of  going 
in  such  close  range  of  the  rifles  along  the 
city  wall.  We  got  there  just  in  time  to 
see  two  soldiers  with  savage  sword  thrusts 
putting  the  poor  chap  beyond  the  need 
of  our  assistance. 

Such  acts  of  cruelty,  however,  are  not 
confined  to  the  Revolutionists.  Several 
days  before,  while  the  Imperialist 
troops  were  still  out  in  the  country, 
and  skirmishes  between  the  two  parties 
were  frequent,  one  of  the  most  popular 
of  the  Revolutionist  staff  officers  was 
captured  by  the  enemy.  They  cut  off 
his  ears,  his  nose,  and  his  tongue,  carved 
out  his  heart  and  then  compelled  some  of 
the  country  people  to  take  his  body  back 
to  the  Revolutionist  camp.  The  soldiers 
were  wild  with  grief  and  anger,  and  swore 
they  would  kill  every  man  in  Chang 
Hsuin's  regiment  if  they  ever  got  into  the 
city.  In  view  of  such  precedents,  the 
outcome  of  the  following  instance  surprised 
me.  1  was  told  that  some  soldiers  had  just 
brought  up  to  the  hill-top  an  Imperialist 
whom  they  had  found  hiding  down 
below  among  the  rocks.  1  found  them 
standing  on  the  fortification  holding  a 
temporary  investigation  of  his  case.  None 
of  the  officers  in  command  were  present. 
One  man  held  the  poor  trembling  wretch 
by  his  queue  and  grasped  his  naked  sword 
with  his  right  hand,  ready  to  put  the 
court's  decision  into  execution.     I   went 


over  and  said  to  them  that  the  treat- 
ment their  men  had  received  at  the 
hands  of  Chang  Hsuin's  soldiers  was  no 
excuse  for  their  being  equally  barbarous, 
and  1  told  them  how  the  foreign  countries 
would  look  at  such  treatment  of  a  prisoner 
without  arms.  By  that  time  one  of  the 
officers  had  come  up,  and  he  assured  me 
that  they  would  not  kill  the  man,  but  the 
soldier  with  the  sword  proceeded  to  saw 
off  his  victim's  queue  with  his  dull  sword. 
The  Revolutionists  then  gave  the  prisoner 
food  and  clothing  and  fixed  a  shelter 
for  him  and  called  pie  later  that  evening 
to  dress  a  slight  gash  in  his  foot.  Two 
days  later,  I  returned  and  found  that 
they  were  still  caring  for  him  and,  at 
their  request,  1  put  on  a  new  dressing. 

The  wounded  men  are  restless  while 
in  the  hospital  and  are  eager  to  get  out 
and  rejoin  their  comrades  at  the  front. 
They  are  fighting  for  a  worthy  cause, 
and  are  out  to  win. 

The  soldiers  on  both  sides  showed  that 
they  have  courage,  and  after  1  had  spent 
several  days  among  them  in  camp,  in 
their  trenches,  and  on  the  scene  of  battle, 
I  was  convinced  of  their  earnestness  of 
purpose,  of  their  good  behavior,  and  ability, 
especially  so  in  the  case  of  the  Revolu- 
tionist troops,  These  men  are  fighting  for  a 
republic  and  not  a  few  will  lose  that  notion 
only  when  they  lose  their  heads  under  the 
knife,  or  lay  down  their  lives  on  the  field 
of  battle.  Their  faces  light  up  with  inter- 
est when  they  find  that  the  visitor  is  an 
American  and  they  ply  him  with  eager 
questions  about  our  government.  The 
name  of  Washington  is  most  often  on  their 
lips  and  the  government  of  the  United 
States  is  their  ideal.  How  little  the 
writers  of  our  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence and  those  who  fought  to  maintain 
it  dreamed  that  in  so  short  a  time  their 
example  would  be  the  light  and  hope  of 
distant  and  unknown  China! 


WHY  I  AM  FOR  ROOSEVELT 


BY 


EX-GOVERNOR  JOHN   FRANKLIN   FORT 


(or  NEW  jxisby) 


{Among  the  Republican  governors  who  favor  Mr.  Roosevelt* s  nomination  are  Aldricb 
of  Nebraska,  Glasscock  of  West  Virginia,  Osborn  of  Michigan,  Hadley  of  Missouri,  Stubbs 
of  Kansas,  and  Vessey  of  South  Dakota.) 


YOU  ask  me  to  give  a  "state- 
ment of  reasons  why  Mr. 
Roosevelt  should  be  nomi- 
nated." 
The  first  reason  arises  out 
of  the  political  conditions  of  the  time. 
Both  the  great  parties  are  divided  into 
factions  which  are  as  strongly  opposed  to 
each  other  as  the  parties  themselves  are 
to  one  another.  Socialism  only,  which 
made  great  strides  in  the  last  election,  is 
united.  The  only  man  who  can  get  prac- 
tically all  the  support  of  all  factions  ifi  the 
Republican  party  is  Mr.  Roosevelt.  He  is 
sufficiently  progressive  to  stand  for  the 
things  which  make  for  progress,  and  is 
sufficiently  conservative  to  conserve  exist- 
ing interests  which  are  right  while  advanc- 
ing in  popular  governmental  policies.  He 
believes  in  conservation  in  the  sense  that 
Dr.  Hibben,  the  new  president  of  Prince- 
ton, defined  it,  namely:  " progress  without 
the  loss  of  essential  values." 

No  other  man  can  mould  the  thought  of 
our  public  life  as  he.  There  is  no  one  else 
whom  the  people  follow  so  gladly  and  in 
whom  they  believe  so  intensely.  They  be- 
lieve he  is  sincerely  their  friend  and  that  he 
wishes  the  government  to  be  conducted 
solely  on  lines  which  will  give  to  all  an 
equal  chance  in  the  hard  struggle  for  ex- 
istence. They  know  that  no  man  who 
asks  a  fish  will  be  given  a  stone  if  he  can 
help  it.  They  believe  that  he  first  at- 
tempted to  check  conditions  to  which, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  the  masses  of  our  people 
are  opposed.  They  believe  that  he  stood, 
as  President,  for  industrial  honesty;  for 
the  elimination  of  watered  stock  and 
worthless  securities;  for  the  principle  that 
only  that  which  has  value  should  be  sold; 
for  the  same  treatment  for  the  man 
who  works  for  his  daily  bread  and  gets 


his  wages  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow  as 
for  the  man  who  capitalizes  the  output 
which  that  labor  produces;  for  honest 
corporate  management;  for  just  laws  for 
the  factory  operative,  the  railway  em- 
ployee, the  mine  worker,  the  lumber-jack 
and  the  mill-hand;. that  he  thinks  as  much 
of  them  and  their  interests  as  he  does  of 
their  employers;  in  a  word,  favors  the 
"square  deal"  for  every  one. 

Others  may  be  as  capable  of  doing  this 
as  Mr.  Roosevelt,  but  the  people  do  not 
believe  it,  certainly  do  not  know  it.  Thej' 
have  tried  him,  and  these  are  times  when 
the  average  man  feels  that  he  does  not 
want  to  take  any  chances.  These  are 
days  when  there  is  a  feeling  abroad  that 
every  man  does  not  have  an  equal  chance. 
It  may  not  be  true,  but  it  is  believed,  and 
the  people  do  not  care  to  experiment.  They 
want  to  be  sure  that  the  President  of  this 
nation  is  a  man  in  whose  justice  and  fair- 
ness of  purpose  they  have  an  abiding  faith, 
that  whatever  arises,  every  man  will  be 
treated  equally,  get  just  what  is  coming- 
to  him  —  no  more  and  no  less. 

These  things  relate  to  our  domestic 
conditions.  Our  foreign  policy  needs  him. 
He  knows  the  nations  of  this  earth  and 
their  rulers  as  no  other  man  does.  He  is 
democratic  to  the  core.  He  is  in  sym- 
pathy with  all  peoples  striving  for  Repub- 
lican government.  He  will  stand  for 
American  ideals,  for  the  spread  of  our 
commerce,  for  restoring  our  flag  on  the 
seas  as  of  old,  so  that  Americans  will  not 
be  humiliated  by  not  seeing  it  on  more 
than  a  half  dozen  craft  of  any  kind,  at  any 
point,  in  the  fifteen  thousand  miles  of 
ocean  highway  between  the  Strait  of 
Gibraltar  and  the  Golden  Gate.  He  would 
put  it  in  South  America  or  in  the  Orient, 
or  have  it  fly  in  the  ports  of  the  world.     . 


574 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


country  in  nearly  fifty  posts.  The  largest 
detachment  at  any  one  place  was  less  than 
2500  men.  The  General  StaflF  was  work- 
ing over  a  consolidation  plan  to  save  ex- 
pense, to  get  the  troops  together  in  tactical 
units,  and  to  give  the  officers  and  men  more 
opportunities  to  become  soldiers  and  to 
burden  them  with  fewer  ground  superin- 
tendent and  post  janitor  duties.  Some  one 
in  the  War  Department  had  been  working 
on  plans  toward  this  reform  ever  since 
Mr.  Root  was  Secretary  of  War  —  prob- 
ably before  that  —  but  very  little  con- 
solidation had  been  accomplished.  The 
reasons  why  it  has  not,  will  appear  as  this 
article  goes  on. 

The  Committee  on  Expenditures  in  the 
War  Department  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives now  comes  on  the  scene.  Mr. 
Tawney  had  failed  of  reelection.  The 
House  was  Democratic.  It  was  pledged 
to  a  policy  of  economy.  It  set  its  machin- 
ery to  work  in  various  ways  to  see  whether 
or  not  it  could  carry  out  its  pledges.  The 
Expenditure  Committee  was  part  of  that 
machinery.  In  previous  sessions  this 
committee  had  been  practically  defunct. 
Sometimes  it  did  not  even  meet.  But  the 
young  Democrats  who  were  assigned  to  it 
in  the  62d  Congress  took  their  duties 
seriously  from  the  beginning  whether  any- 
one else  there  did  or  not.  They  had  not 
gone  very  far  in  their  hearings  before  they 
began  to  get  testimony  about  the  excessive 
cost  of  maintaining  the  many  small  posts 
scattered  over  a  wide  area.  The  subject 
kept  coming  up  until  finally  the  chairman, 
Mr.  Harvey  Helm,  of  Kentucky,  asked 
Major  B.  F.  Cheatham,  in  charge  of  the 
construction  and  repair  of  posts: 

"Could  there  be  any  possible  way  of 
expending  more  money  or  incurring  greater 
cost  than  by  the  present  method?" 

The  Major  answered: 

"None,  unless  the  number  of  posts  was 
increased.  That  is  the  only  way  that  1 
can  see." 

The  Committee  brought  out  in  the  tes- 
timony taken  before  it  a  great  mass  of 
evidence  corroborating  Secretary  Stim- 
son's  statement  of  the  situation. 

"The  mobile  army  itself  is  distributed 
among  49  army  posts  in  24  states  and 
territories.     Thirty-one    of    these    posts 


have  a  capacity  for  less  than  a  regiment 
each;  only  6  have  a  capacity  for  more 
than  a  regiment;  and  only  one  has  a  capac- 
ity for  a  brigade.  The  average  number 
of  organizations  to  each  of  the  49  posts 
is  only  9  companies,  giving  an  average 
strength  in  men  for  each  post  of  only  650. 

"Nearly  all  of  these  posts  have  been 
located  in  their  present  situations  for 
reasons  which  are  either  now  totally  ob- 
solete or  which  were  from  the  beginning 
purely  local.  .  .  .  Comparatively  few 
of  them  are  in  positions  suited  to  meet  the 
strategic  needs  of  national  action  or  de- 
fence. 

"  In  short,  we  have  scattered  our  army 
over  the  country  as  if  it  were  merely  groups 
of  local  constabulary  instead  of  a  national 
organization.  The  result  is  an  army  which 
is  extraordinarily  expensive  to  maintain, 
and  one  whose  efficiency  for  the  main 
purpose  of  its  existence  has  been  nullified 
so  far  as  geographical  location  can  nullify 
it.    .    .    . 

"A  thorough  reorganization  of  our  mili- 
tary establishment  to  remedy  the  foregoing 
defects  would  involve  much  legislation  and 
would  encounter  many  most  serious  diffi- 
culties. Upward  of  $94,000,000  have  been 
spent  upon  our  existing  posts. 

"Ineffective  and  expensive  to  maintain 
as  this  system  is,  it  nevertheless  repre- 
sents an  investment  which  cannot  be 
easily  changed  or  abandoned.  Tbe  source 
of  profit  which  each  post  furnishes  to  neigb- 
boring  communities  causes  a  local  pressure 
against  any  change  in  location  and  brings 
constant  influence  to  bear  toward  further 
expenditures  in  that  locality," 

The  italicized  sentence  explains  why 
former  reorganization  plans  have  failed. 
It  is  in  proper  official  language.  Stated 
more  baldly  the  fact  is  that  Senators  and 
Representatives  have  had  posts  enlarged 
which  should  have  been  abandoned  and 
others  created  which  have  no  military 
reason  for  existence,  as  a  way  of  distribut- 
ing money  from  the  Federal  Treasury  in 
their  districts.  Stated  thus  baldly  it 
sounds  as  if  the  practice  should  be  indict- 
able. But  long  usage  has  sanctioned  such 
distribution  of  "pork"  not  only  through 
army  posts  but  through  special  pension 
acts,    tariflF   privileges,  river  and  harbor 


UNSHACKLING  THE  ARMY 


575 


appropriations,  public  buildings  bills,  and 
through  a  hundred  other  minor  methods. 
And  as  long  as  constituents  are  made  of 
the  stuflF  they  are  it  is  not  easy  to  change 
this  order  of  things.  If  the  army  posts 
can  be  consolidated  upon  purely  military 
lines  and  this  item  of  "pork"  eliminated, 
it  will  mean  as  much  to  the  public  in  limit- 
ing the  most  corrupting  influence  in  the 
National  Legislature  as  it  will  in  the  in- 
creased efficiency  and  economy  in  the 
army. 

It  is  not  an  easy  situation  to  face.  Year 
after  year  the  War  Department  has  asked 
for  appropriations  from  G^ngress,  which 
it  has  spent  on  these  political  patronage 
posts  as  freely  —  if  not  more  so  —  as  it 
has  on  the  other  posts.  It  knew  that  the 
"pork"  system  was  wasteful,  but  it  was 
afraid  that  if  it  did  not  accept  money  under 
the  system  it  would  not  get  it  at  all.  A 
part  of  General  Wood's  testimony  makes 
the  army's  embarrassment  very  clear. 

General  IVood.  We  dislike  to  come  before 
Congress  with  a  request  for  money  to  build  new 
barracks  and  quarters  when  there  is,  perhaps, 
a  fairly  well-built  and  complete  establishment 
standing  in  a  place  where  we  believe  it  never 
should  have  been  put  originally,  but  still  it  is 
there.  .  .  .  We  are  now  going  ahead  to  make 
a  serious  effort  to  get  out  of  these  places,  but  we 
are  exactly  in  the  position  of  a  man  who  finds 
himself  in  a  fairly  comfortable  house  located  at 
a  place  on  his  property  that  he  does  not  like 
and  maintained  from  time  to  time  with  many 
little  expenses  that  he  would  like  to  avoid,  and 
he  constantly  considering  the  question  of  put- 
ting a  lot  of  money  into  a  new  house,  and  yet 
confronted  always  with  the  fact  that  he  has  a 
good  old  house  and  is  fairly  comfortable.  That 
is  exactly  the  condition  we  arc  confronted  with. 
If  I  may  be  perfectly  frank,  we  are  always  meet- 
ing with  a  certain  amount  of  opposition  when 
we  suggest  the  giving  up  of  a  post.  You  gentle- 
men know,  as  well  as  I  do,  the  pressure  which 
your  constituents  put  upon  you  when  a  post 
is  to  be  given  up  or  when  there  is  any  talk  of 
reducing  the  personnel  of  the  garrison.  That, 
of  course,  all  comes  back  to  us.  The  concerted 
effect  of  many  petitions  and  many  applications 
oftentimes  is  sufficient  to  make  the  department 
hesitate  in  abandoning  stations.  .  .  .  It  is 
embarrassing  to  come  before  Congress  with  a 
request  for  a  large  appropriation  to  build  a  new 
post  when  there  are  quarters  enough  for  troops 
at  old  posts,  unsuitably  located,  perhaps,  and 


at  places  which  make  supply  extremely  ex- 
pensive, and  there  is  a  tendency  to  keep  up  an 
establishment  perhaps  at  excessive  cost  rather 
than  frankly  abandon  it  and  ask  for  an  appro- 
priation sufficient  to  construct  a  new  one.  To 
be  perfectly  frank,  it  would,  as  a  rule,  be  difficult 
to  secure  an  appropriation  under  these  circum- 
stances. 

It  is  not  altogether  plain  sailing  for  the 
administration  either.  To  sanction  the 
plan  of  concentration  necessitates  the  ad- 
mission that  the  Government  has  been  for 
years  wasting  a  great  deal  of  money — while 
in  the  control  of  the  Republican  party. 
To  admit  this  truth  and  to  act  on  the  ad- 
mission is  putting  patriotism  above  politics, 
which  is  not  always  an  easy  thing  to  do. 

Then  the  Congressmen  —  those  who 
have  gained  popularity  by  securing  mili- 
tary appropriations  for  theirdistricts — will 
be  roundly  abused  by  their  constituents 
if  they  allow  their  posts  to  be  abandoned. 
And  other  Congressmen,  if*  they  vote 
against  the  military  "pork"  of  their  col- 
leagues, can  hardly  expect  those  colleagues 
to  vote  for  their  river  improvement  "pork/' 
or  whatever  variety  it  is  that  their  con- 
stituents demand.  It  takes  courage  to 
vote  against  a  bill,  no  matter  how  bad  it 
is,  if  there  is  a  desk  full  of  telegrams  from 
home  demanding  its  passage. 

The  committee  in  its  hearings  soon  ran 
upon  evidences  of  the  delicacy  of  the  sit- 
uation. One  of  its  members  asked  Major 
Cheatham  whether,  if  it  had  been  left  to 
him  to  select  a  point  in  the  United  States 
to  make  a  complete  brigade  post,  he  would 
have  selected  Fort  D.  A.  Russell. 

The  Major  begged  to  be  excused  from 
answering.  It  does  not  appear  in  the  pro- 
ceedings, but  ever>'one  in  the  room  knew 
that  Fort  D.  A.  Russell  is  the  pet  post  of 
Senator  Warren  of  Wyoming,  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs. 

Later  the  same  committee-man  ques- 
tioned General  Wood  about  Fort  D.  A. 
Russell. 

"What  advantages,  in  your  judgment, 
does  it  possess  for  building  up  such  a  plant 
or  institution  as  is  there  now,  costing 
practically  $5,000,000  up  to  this  time?" 

"It  has  a  good  healthy  climate,"  ans- 
wered the  General. 


576 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


"  That  advantage  is  what  might  be  called 
indigenous  to  the  whole  Rocky  Mountain 
region." 

"It  had  no  advantage",  the  General 
added  "over  —  any  place  in  the  West 
having  good  water,  a  good  climate,  and 
good  railroad  communications." 

According  to  other  testimony  the  water 
supply  at  Fort  D.  A.  Russell  has  been  very 
costly,  and  it  took  lonj^er  to  get  troops 
entrained  there  for  the  Texas  manoeuvres 
than  at  any  other  post;  but  these  are 
matters  of  secondary  importance.  The 
climate  had  little  to  do  with  its  increased 
size.  Senator  Warren  did  that.  His  efforts 
in  behalf  of  his  fort  are  similar  to  those  of 
other  Congressmen  to  get  appropriations 
for  theirs,  with  this  difference:  the 
Senator,  from  his  position  on  the  Military 
Affairs  Committee,  has  more  power  than 
any  one  else,  and  with  that  power  he 
has  been  more  successful  than  any  one 
else. 

From  June  30,  1906  to  June  30,  1911,  the 
amount  expended  on  new  construction  for 
the  army  in  Wyoming  was  $4,694,699.95, 
which  is  about  $400,000  more  than  was 
expended  in  any  other  state.  From  its 
establishment  in  1867  as  a  protection 
against  Indians  until  June  30,  1906,  by 
which  time  its  chief  advantage  seems  to 
have  been  in  sharing  the  climate  of  a  large 
part  of  the  West,  Fort  D.  A.  Russell  had 
cost  the  United  States  $937,77921.  In 
the  next  five  years,  with  only  the  same 
climatic  advanta^jes  to  recommend  it,  it 
enjoyed  an  expenditure  of  $3,873,158.29. 

Of  the  twenty-six  states  which  have 
been  represented  on  the  Military  Affairs 
Committees  of  the  House  and  Senate,  two. 
West  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  have  had 
no  money  spent  for  military  construction 
or  repairs  within  their  bord;.TS.  The 
other  twenty-four  states  have  received 
$28,107,534  out  of  the  5)6.408,990  that 
has  been  spent  in  all  the  states  in  the  five 
years  ending  June  30.  191 1. 

The  committee's  findin/];s  evoked  little 
interest  in  the  Halls  of  C()n.",ress.  Tck) 
much  else  was  goin^  on.  Over  in  the  War 
Department  men  talked  over  the  testimony 
and  wondered  whether  anything  Vvould 
come  of  it.  Thev  were  not  over-sanguine 
of  any  wholesale  reform.     For  example, 


General  Wood,  when  pressed  for  the  names 
of  posts  which  he  thought  ought  to  be 
abandoned,  as  he  expressed  it,  side-stepped 
the  question,  and  for  this  reason: 

"Whatever  move  we  make,  involving 
as  it  will  the  abandonment  of  a  number  of 
posts,  will  meet  with  the  strongest  opposi- 
tion from  the  people  of  the  locality  and  it 
does  not  seem  wise  to  announce  at  the 
present  time  what  places  are  under  con- 
sideration for  abandonment/' 

At  another  point  he  said: 

"If  we  make  any  announcement  of 
policy  now,  except  to  you  gentlemen  con- 
fidentially, there  will  be  such  an  ever- 
lasting uproar  that  it  will  embarrass  ever>' 
move  we  make." 

The  General  evidently  thought  that  the 
only  feasible  plan  was  to  abandon  the  worst 
posts  on  a  piece-meal  policy  creating  as 
little  uproar  and  commotion  as  possible. 
Something  has  already  been  accomplished 
along  this  line. 

The  chairman  of  the  committee  spoke 
for  a  more  vigorous  policy: 

"Is  not  that  a  situation  that  you  have 
to  face,  and  would  it  not  be  just  as  well  for 
you  to  roll  up  your  sleeves  and  go  at  it?" 

"  1  think  you  will  find  some  help  from 
the  membership  of  this  committee/'  he 
continued. 

In  this  he  was  right.  Mr.  Bulkley,  of 
Ohio,  one  of  the  members  of  the  committee, 
"rolled  up  his  sleeves  and  went  at  it/'  He 
offered  a  resolution  on  the  floor  of  the 
House  requesting  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
furnish  the  house  with  the  names  of  all 
army  posts  (1)  "which  have  been  located 
in  their  present  situations  for  reasons 
which  are  now  totally  obsolete,"  (2)  of 
those  "which  have  been  located  in  their 
present  situations  for  reasons  which  were 
from  the  be^'jnning  purely  local"  and  (^) 
of  those  "which  were  originally  placed  with 
reference  to  possible  Indian  troubles — and 
the  names  of  such  of  those  as  are  placed 
where  such  troubles  are  no  longer  possible/' 

These  three  classes  will  include  all  the 
posts  which  have  been  established  or  are 
maintained  for  political  reasons  or  through 
mistakes  of  the  War  Department. 

The  resolution  also  called  for  the  names 
of  all  posts  situated  in  suitable  stategic 
points. 


UNSHACKLING  THE  ARMY 


577 


When  Mr.  Bulkley  presented  his  reso- 
lution it  was  actively  opposed  by  only 
one  member.  Mr.  MondeU  of  Wyoming, 
after  defending  Fort  D.  A.  Russell, 
wound  up  his  objections  with  the  interest- 
ing remark: 

"  I  would  prefer  to  take  the  judgment 
of  a  committee  of  the  House  .  .  . 
rather  than  the  judgment  of  the  generals 
of  the  army,  who  view  these  matters 
entirely  from  a  military  standpoint." 

But  in  spite  of  Mr.  Mondell's  objection 
the  resolution  passed.  The  Secretary's 
memorandum  in  answer  met  the  request 
fairly.  Fort  after  fort,  long  coddled  into 
expensiveness  for  the  benefit  of  their 
localities,    are    slated    for    abandonment 


that  was  willing  to  pass  a  resolution  asking 
for  the  labelling  of  the  posts. 

The  Secretary's  memorandum  shows 
that  the  effective  training  of  the  army  and 
its  economical  housing  at  strategic  points 
necessitates,  at  most,  eight  or  nine  groups 
of  posts,  each  group  to  be  garrisoned  by  a 
force  properly  proportioned  between  the 
three  branches  of  the  service  and  near 
enough  together  for  manoeuvres  in  com- 
mon. To  protect  the  Eastern  coast,  there 
should  be  two  and  possibly  three  groups 
on  the  line  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
Atlanta.  Fort  Porter,  N.  Y.,  and  forts 
Ogelthorpe  and  McPherson,  Ga.,  would  be 
made  use  of  in  this  group. 

In  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  are  three 


REGULARS    IN   CAMP 

THE  MOBILIZATION  IN  TEXAS  DURING  THE  MEXICAN  REVOLUTION  PROVED  THE  INEFFICIENCY  OF  THE 
POLITICAL  METHOD  OF  DISTRIBUTING  ARMY  POSTS 


immediately.  Others  are  marked  for  aban- 
donment later  and  for  retrenchment  now. 

The  communities  that  have  fattened 
on  the  army  posts  will  fight  to  keep  them. 
Private  citizens,  boards  of  trade,  city 
councils,  mayors,  Governors,  and  Con- 
gressmen will  struggle,  as  they  have  in 
the  past,  to  keep  up  the  old  regime.  In 
the  past  they  have  been  successful. 

But  the  situation  is  different  now. 
The  Stimson  memorandum  has  separated 
the  military  posts  from  the  political  posts. 
It  will  be  hard  henceforth  for  a  self  seek- 
ing community  to  get  army  appropriations 
under  cover  of  helping  the  army.  What 
"pork"  is  distributed  will  have  to  be 
distributed  with  the  label  on  —  and  that 
will  not  be  so  easy,  particularly  in  a  House 


posts  one  or  more  of  which  might  be 
retained  as  a  nucleus  of  a  concentration 
centre  in  that  region. 

The  same  is  true  of  seven  posts  scattered 
over  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Minne- 
sota, and  Missouri.  From  Kansas  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  there  would  be  no  garrison 
of  the  mobile  army.  On  the  Pacific, 
posts  already  in  existence  near  Portland, 
Seattle,  San  Francisco,  and  Monterey 
could  be  used;  and  in  the  Southwest,  Fort 
Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  is  located  in  the  proper 
strategic  position.  There  are  military  rea- 
sons for  the  retention  of  these  also:  Fort 
Sill,  Okla.;  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.;  Fort  Hua- 
chuca,  Ariz.;  and  Fort  Myer,  Va.  There 
the  list  ends,  and  if  the  army  were  con- 
centrated on  this  basis  it  would  mean  an 


THE  UOKLD^  W 


>^l  (  Ml  I^KV  OP  WAt  HiNRY  si  IMsoN 
Wild  Am*  ia  cuMi  TiiR  ahmy  *'  pomx  vaiikci. 

anntml  uivIhk  f>f  $|,mk>«ooo,  and,  more 
iiMpiir1;iii1  ^tilL  iiri  eflkient  ;irmy, 

1(1  iTi«ikt*  tla*  i'h^in^c  would  tost  ap- 
|in»iiitiutfly  Sn.f3*Jo,cHK>.  I  he  "warch 
do^,i  <if  tlif  treasury**  nf  the  Tawney  and 
(laiuutn  ty|teivill  nppnsc  such  an  expend i- 
lure.     As  ihc  Sccrrlarv   sa>>: 

••The  utihitlnn  of  ihis  prt»hleni  k  ap- 
parently coTiipHcttted  by  the  fact  that  the 
prist *i  mm  occupied  by  the  mobile  army 
irpu>ent  a  large  investment  which  must 
he  ^ibamlnntHl  if  an  efficient  plant  is  to  be 
e>iabli>hcil. 

**Rut.**  he  ciintinues,  **  white  most  of 
tl  T     now^  iv     1      *  have  lr»st  their 

IV  value,  tlu  .d  militan  ncser- 

tr«tion%  have  acquireil  a  grrat  vahie  as 

tl  rotate.  A%  a  business  pa^position 
It  sIkiuM  be  p(tsitible  to  nefand  the  invest* 
ment  anJ  '  '  finance  the  aMtvation 
of  the  a  ni   the  prvvetxis  <rf  the 

lale  k4  ii  ^tate  which  is  no  longer 

necUc^l  1*^.  I i-iry  purpQ$c!i.    .    .    /* 

1  be  new  lionise  ct  Kepresrntatives  had 


detegaijon;  for  W>t 
brgBf  bciicficxar>'  of 
recent  yeajs. 

IneflficieBcy,  viste^  ind  comaptiaQ 
generaDy  go  toeether.  TTic  army  ad- 
mittedly is  ineffidoit,  its  matnccnancc 
is  wasteful,  and  by  any  decent  stms 
the  obtaining  of  mofie>  by  Con| 
delegations  for  norv-military  posts  is  a 
corrupt  practice.  The  Commtttec  on  tbe 
Fixpenscs  in  the  War  Department,  and  tbe 
Secretary  of  War.  have  pla>ed  their  parts 
well  The  facts  are  known.  If  the  pub^ 
lie  comes  on  the  stage  with  a  real  dcmar 
for  it,  the  army  will  be  concentrated 
it  should  be.  It  will  be  given  a  chance  1 
become  an  efficient  army. 


I^XERAL  lEOSAk 


THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION 

HOW    (TS    DOMINATING    PERSONALITY    IS    ALWAYS    REFLECTED    IN    THE   ATTITUDE 
OF   MIND    AND   IN    THE    MANNERS   OF    ALL    HIS    SUBORDINATES  —  THE    SUR- 
PRISING   AND    INSPIRING.  RESULTS   OF    *' THE    PUBLIC    BE    PLEASED" 
POLICY   OF   MANAGEMENT  — A    PERSONAL    EXPERIENCE 

BV 

WILLIAM  G.  McADOO 

PUSI|>EIIT  or  TBL   HUlkSON    ASD   MAJmAlTAM    ■ACLKOAJ)   CuMTAJn 

lUmtraiid  with  photographs  taken  i specially  for  the  Worlu's  Work  by  Edwin  Levick 


Wc  believe  in  "the  public  be  pleased*'  policy 
as  opposed  to  '*thc  public  be  damned"  policy; 
we  believe  ihal  that  railroad  is  best  which 
serves  the  puhhc  best;  that  decent  treatment 
of  the  public  evokes  decent  treatment  from 
the  public;  that  recognition  by  the  corpora- 
tbn  of  the  just  rights  of  the  people  results  in 
recognition  by  the  public  of  the  just  rights  of 
the  corporation.  A  square  deal  for  the  people 
and  a  square  deal  for  the  corporation!  The 
latter  is  as  essential  as  the  former  and  they 
ire  not  incompatible. 


T 


.  HAT  is  the  creed  of  the  Hudsoij 
and  Manhattan  Railroad  0*i 
panv,  which  operates  the  tubes 
between  New  York,   l^obuken^ 
and  Jersey  City,     ll  is  a  work^ 
able   creed;    it    has    been    in    effect    for 
four  years*  and  it  has  made  our  relations 
with    the    public    a    source   of   constant 
satisfaction,    0>mplaints  have  become  ^h 
rarity;  letters   of   commendation   are   qIH 
frequent  occurrence.    The  reason  for  this 


•^   -    w 


I  HE  HOME  OF  A  C0RK>R\T10N  THAT  CARES 

TMt    HUDSON   T£»MINAI    BUILDINGS,  IN    NBW    YORK   LI  fY,  MEAOgUARTERS   OF  A    SUCCESSFUL 
SXPiRtMHNT    IN  CORPORATE  CONSmERATION    FOR  THE    PUBLIC 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


tnjOaON  AHO  MAJWATTAW  KMLRUAD  COMTA^nr 


HkC«'««  Tl.««l  < 


NOTICE 

ON  AND  AFTEH  JVLY  }si^  im 
THE  EXCLUSIVE  CAR  FOR  WOMEN 


7X1  Mil  ^30  a  nv  An'  >w»  M»«  V-4   li:^  FUrtkm  b«l*.^ 

WILL  BH  DISCONTINUED 


NOTICE 


>^% 


9^kwm,      VMi^ftW  •»  MMliUlMii  ikpH  aa^.     W.  «•«  av  ^ 
ptorHdk  c««d  «#r«i«*  **<!  •wry  rMM.^k  r**«#M«M«    tmm    <^ 


TAKING    THE    PlfBLIC    INTO   THE    COMPANY  S    CONFIDENCE 

FRANKNESS  AND  GOOD  MANNERS  MAKE  A    METHOD   OF    PROMOTING    FRIENDLY    RELATIONS  WfTM 

PASSENGERS  THAT    HAS    BEEN    VERY    SUCCESSFUL 


&ms  clear:  we  have  tried  to  put  the 
human  quality  into  the  nnanagement  and 
operation  of  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan 
Railroad,  and  thepubhc  has  responded  by 
putting  the  like  quality  into  its  treatment 
of  the  managers  and  employees  of  the: 
road. 

It  is  common  belief  that  public  service 
corporations  are  '* soulless/'  This  is  a 
mischievous  error,  because,  so  long  as  the 
corporation  manager  can  hide  behind  the 
screen  of  an  impersonal  entity,  he  will 
do  things   that    he  would   not   do  if  he 


knew  that  the  public  considers  him   thi 
personification    of    the    corporation    an^ 
holds  him  personally  accountable  for 
corporate  acts. 

This    pernicious    belief   that 
tions  are  soulless  has  induced  a  sort 
helpless  submission  on   the  part   of   it 
public    to    the    actions    of   corporations, 
even   when   objectionable.     People   of  ten  j 
say,  when  something  has  happened  justifv-. 
ing  criticism,  "What  is  the  use  of  ^^ 
a  complaint  to  a  soulless  corpora 
When  they  do  this  they  not  only  excuse | 


4 


N|iAlNhb:>    AND   ALtiKiNbSS   Ab   ELEMENTS   OF    COURTESY 


iWR.    TLINV    HSK 


HEAD   OF   THE    BANKING    HOUSE    OF    HARVEV    FISK    *    SONS.    AND   FINANCIER   OF 
THE    HUDSON    TUBE    SYSTEM 


i 


DIRECTING    A    PASSENGER    TO    THE    RIGHT    TRAIN 
COURTESY  TO  THE    PUBLIC  IS  THE    FIRST  DUTY   IMPRESSED  ON   THE    EMPLOYEES 


MR.    WlLbUR 


FISK 


WHO,    A&   VICi-PRESIOENT   A>«D    GE»IEit4L    MANAGER   OV    THE     HUDSON    AHD    MANHATTAN    RAfLROAO.   » 
MR.  MCADOO'fi  CMIEf   COADJUTOR    IN   CARRYING  OUT   THt   COMPANY'S    POUCY 


THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION 


585 


the  objectionable  act,  but  they  encourage 
its  repetition.  Whether  a  corporation  is 
soulless  or  not,  complaint  of  abuses  or 
derelictions  should  always  be  made  to 
the  management.  In  no  other  way  can 
remedies  be  found  and  right  results 
secured. 

No  corporation  is  soulless.  The  trouble 
is  that  they  too  frequently  have  the 
wrong  kind  of  souls.  The  soul  of  a  cor- 
poration is  the  soul  of  its  dominant  ofTicer, 
and  the  management  of  the  corporation 
reflects  that  soul  almost  as  infallibly  as  a 
looking-glass  reflects  an  object  set  before 
it.  If  the  soul  is  selflsh,  little,  and  nar- 
row, the  policy  of  the  corporation  will  be 
selfish,  little,  and  narrow;  if  it  is  broad, 
progressive,  and  liberal,  the  policy  will 
be  broad,  progressive,  and  liberal.  So 
true  is  this  that  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
corporation  —  its  employees  —  will  in- 
evitably imbibe  the  spirit  of  the  controlling 
officer  and  reflect  it  in  their  attitude  to 
the  public.  But,  of  course,  an  officer 
must  be  long  enough  in  command  to  assert 
his  power  effectively,  before  his  spirit 
can  dominate.  This  is  readily  seen  when 
there  is  a  change  in  management.  Some 
time  necessarily  elapses  before  the  new 
order  is  able  to  make  its  impress  upon 
the  corporate  organization  as  well  as 
upon  the  public  itself. 

For  many  years  the  utterly  unnecessary 
and  senseless  incivility  of  corporation 
employees  has  been  a  striking  fact,  and 
we  determined  to  put  into  practice  at  the 
first  opportunity  certain  views  we  had 
long  entertained  about  the  management 
of  a  railroad.  That  opportunity  came  on 
February  21,  1908,  when  the  first  Hudson 
River  Tubes  were  thrown  open  to  the 
public.  Five  days  before  that  date,  the 
employees  were  assembled  at  the  Hoboken 
Station,  New  Jersey,  and  were  addressed 
by  the  president  of  the  company,  in  part, 
as  follows: 

I  want  to  impress  upon  you  the  fact  that 
this  railroad  is  operated  primarily  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  public.  It  is  designed  to 
accommodate  the  people  who  traverse  this 
river  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York, 
and  the  duly  devolves  upon  you  to  do  every- 
thing in  your  power  to  make  this  facility  as 
perfect  as  possible.     This  can  be  accomplished 


by  your  taking  that  intense  and  intelligent 
interest  in  your  work  which  is  the  only  guaran- 
tee of  success. 

Safety  and  efficiency  of  the  service  are,  of 
course,  the  first  consideration,  but,  among  the 
things  of  the  highest  importance,  are  civility 
and  courtesy  in  your  dealings  with  the  public. 
It  requires  a  great  deal  of  patience  to  be  court- 
eous to  people  who  are  rude  and  offensive 
to  you,  and  it  is  human  nature  not  to  be,  but 
at  the  same  time,  you  must  learn  to  take  such 
things  in  good  temper;  it  is  a  part  of  your 
job.  You  must  treat  people  courtcx)usly,  no 
matter  how  they  treat  you.  You  must  not 
engage  in  unnecessary  conversation  with 
passengers,  and  you  must  not  address  them 
before  thcv  enter  into  conversation  with  you. 
You  are  not  there  for  the  purpose  of  entertain- 
ing the  public;  you  are  there  for  the  purpose 
of  seeing  that  the  road  is  safely  and  properly 
operated.  Attend  strictly  to  your  duties, 
answering  questions  when  they  arc  addressed 
to  you.  No  matter  if  questions  seem  to  you 
foolish,  give  civil  replies.  The  day  of  "the 
public  be  damned"  policy  is  forever  gone. 
It  was  always  an  objectionable  and  inde- 
fensible policy,  and  it  will  not  be  tolerated  on 
this  road  under  any  conditions. 

I  want  to  caution  all  conductors,  guards  and 
platform  men  against  telling  passengers  to 
''step  lively."  It  does  no  good;  people  step  as 
lively  as  they  can,  anyway,  and  to  order  them 
to  do  so  in  a  loud  and  commanding  tone  is 
irritating  and  objectionable.  We  don't  want 
to  be  governed,  necessarily,  by  precedents. 
We  want  to  disregard  precedents,  custom,  and 
habits,  and  be  as  different  as  we  can  in  so  far 
as  these  differences  mean  better  operation  and 
better  service. 

It  is  important  that  you  always  announce 
distinctly  the  names  of  the  stations.  Enun- 
ciate clearly;  do  not  say  "Christopher  Street" 
so  that  no  one  knows  what  it  is.  It  is  just  as 
easy  to  say  it  so  that  people  can  understand  it. 

There  is  a  thing  which  the  French  call 
esprit  de  corps:  this  means  a  spirit  of  common 
devotedness,  of  common  sympathy  or  support 
among  all  the  members  of  an  association  or 
body.  It  means  comradeship  and  a  common 
pride  in  the  general  work  in  which  we  are 
engaged  and  in  each  other.  Let  us  start  this 
road  with  this  feeling  of  esprit  de  corps.  We 
arc  all  working  together  for  the  good  of  each 
other,  as  well  as  for  the  good  of  the  company 
and  of  the  community.  Let  us  convince  the 
public  that  public  service  facilities  can  be 
operated  in  such  a  way  that  the  just  claims  of 
the  public  will  be  recognized  and  that  the  public 
will  have  proper  service  and  treatment. 


$86 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


In  carrying  out  this  policy  it  is  necessary, 
first,  that  the  officers  shall  sincerely  be- 
lieve in  it,  and  second,  that  the  employees 
shall  catch  its  spirit  and  earnestly  seek 
its  enforcement. 

We  have  devoted  much  effort,  therefore, 
to  the  creation  of  a  body  of  picked  men 
who  would  feel  a  genuine  interest  in  es- 
tablishing this  policy.  When  a  man 
applies  for  a  position,  the  superintendent, 
besides  consideration  of  essential  quali- 
fications, carefully  observes  his  manners 
and  personality.  He  may  be  rejected 
on  the  sole  ground  of  deficient  personality. 
If  accepted,  he  is  required  to  read  the 
address  of  the  president,  above  referred 
to,  in  which  the  general  policy  toward 
the  public  is  defined,  and  he  is  examined 
about  the  contents  of  that  address,  just 
as  he  is  about  the  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  operation  of  trains. 

It  is  difficult  to  assure  civility  from 
employees  at  all  times.  Many  of  them 
have  had  few  or  no  advantages  and, 
though  they  wish  to  do  the  right  thing, 
they  do  not  always  know  how;  but,  by 
patience  and  kindly  admonition,  we  have 
succeeded  in  educating  them  to  the  re- 
quired standard,  and  we  now  have  a 
body  of  men  who  are,  we  believe,  ex- 
ceptional among  corporation  employees 
for  their  civility  to  the  public;  and  the 
public  shows  its  appreciation  by  treating 
them  in  like  manner. 

The  following  letter,  written  by  Mr. 
D.  W.  Cooke,  General  Traffic  Manager 
of  the  Erie  Railroad,  may  be  taken  as  an 
example  of  the  effect  these  methods  pro- 
duce in  the  public  mind: 

There  arc  so  many  things  to  commend  in 
the  management  of  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan 
Tunnels  that  the  whole  would  be  a  long  story, 
hut  the  average  of  your  men  is  so  conspicuously 
higher  than  that  of  any  other  public  service 
institution  that  1  know,  that  I  believe  it  is 
(»ne  of  the  most  satisfying  things  you  have 
accomplished  from  the  standpoint  of  the  public. 
Last  night  I  came  to  the  ticket  office.  Twenty- 
third  Street  and  Sixth  Avenue,  at  nine-thirty, 
bound  for  the  Pennsylvania  Station.  I  gave 
the  ticket  agent  a  quarter  for  three  tickets, 
and,  being  unaccustomed  to  purchasing  tickets, 
walked  away  without  my  change.  1  was 
scarcely  more  than  seated  in  the  car  when 
the  guard  or  the  chopping-box  man,  I  do  not 


know  which,  came  in  and  asked  me  if  I  had 
failed  to  collect  my  change,  and  on  being  in- 
formed that  I  had,  proceeded  to  get  it  for.  me. 
1  do  not  say  that  1  kept  it,  but  he  did  his  part 
and  I  congratulate  you  on  having  men  of  this 
sort  in  your  employ. 

Such  letters  are  highly  gratifying,  be* 
cause  they  confirm  our  conception  of  the 
duty  of  the  corporation  to  the  public 
They  serve  the  further  purpose  of  stimulat- 
ing the  men  to  continue  their  good  work, 
and  for  this  reason  we  post  them  on  the 
bulletin  boards  so  that  they  may  be  seen 
by  all  the  employees. 

Here  is  an  instance  of  the  effect  of  the 
policy  of  the  company  upon  the  spirit 
of  an  employee,  brought  to  our  attention 
by  a  letter  from  Mr.  Famham  Yardley, 
No.  37  Liberty  Street,  on  January  22, 
1910: 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  you  to  leam  of  a 
courteous  action  on  the  part  of  one  of  your 
employees,  that  was  rather  out  of  the 
ordinary. 

On  the  2 1  St  inst.,  a  woman,  a  stranger, 
entered  the  tunnel  at  Hoboken.  On  opening 
her  bag  she  thought  that  all  of  her  money  had 
been  stolen.  She  was  naturally  very  nervous 
and  in  her  excitement  asked  your  adored 
porter.  No.  10,  what  she  should  do.  He 
courteously  told  her  that  he  would  give  her 
what  money  she  required,  and  she  was  thus 
enabled  to  reach  her  friends  in  New  York. 

Frequently,  questions  arise  involvinjs 
public  relations  and  policy,  which  are 
hard  to  determine.  Wherever  practicable, 
we  take  the  public  into  our  confidence  and 
give  the  reasons  for  the  action  taken. 

A  notable  instance  in  point  arose  about 
four  years  ago,  in  connection  with  an 
agitation  for  separate  cars  for  women  in 
the  subways  of  New  York.  It  was  doubt- 
ful if  the  anticipated  relief  would  be 
realized  from  their  operation.  We  be- 
lieved that  the  experiment  was  worth 
trying,  but  we  hesitated  to  take  the  odium 
or  criticism  that  might  result  from  its 
failure.  However,  we  felt  that  anything 
that  would  make  it  more  comfortable 
for  women  and  children  to  travel  during 
the  crowded  hours  should  be  done,  so 
we  decided  to  make  the  trial. 

The  new  service  was  announced  with  a 
poster  in  which  it  was  frankly  said: 


THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION 


587 


This  is  an  experiment  which  the  manage- 
ment hopes  will  prove  successful  in  practice, 
and  which  it  reserves  the  right  to  terminate 
if  it  should  be  found  to  work  unsatisfactorily. 

The  suggestion  for  separate  cars  came 
from  an  organization  known  as  "The 
Woman's  Municipal  League."  In  order 
that  no  doubt  should  arise  about  the  com- 
pany's good  faith,  representatives  of  the 
League  were  invited  to  attend  the  in- 
auguration of  the  separate  cars,  to  watch 
their  operation,  and  to  make  any  sug- 
gestions they  might  care  to  offer. 

On  the  morning  of  March  31,  1909,  a 
large  and  representative  number  of  women 
assembled  at  the  railroad  station  in 
Hoboken.  The  company  had  issued  spe- 
cial instructions  to  all  guards  and  plat- 
form men  to  announce  the  separate  car 
and  direct  women  to  it,  so  that  little  or 
no  confusion  resulted.  One  woman  asked 
if  the  car  would  be  kept  in  service  long 
enough  to  demonstrate  its  usefulness. 
She  was  asked  how  long  she  would  sug- 
gest, and  said,  "two  weeks."  The  com- 
pany replied  that  it  would  be  tried  for 
three  months.  i 

The  car  was  popular  at  first,  but  the 
newspapers  wrote  so  humorously  about 
it  that  many  women  became  sensitive. 
It  was  referred  to  as  the  "Jane  Crow 
Car,"  the  "Hen  Car,"  "The  Adamlcss 
Eden,"  "The  Old  Maid's  Retreat,"  etc. 
The  women  were  advised  that  all  that  was 
necessary  to  keep  this  car  in  service  was 
for  them  to  prove  that  they  wanted  it  by 
actually  using  it.  The  patronage,  how- 
ever, continued  to  decline.  Many  women 
frankly  admitted  that  they  preferred  to 
ride  in  the  cars  with  men;  that  they  felt 
a  greater  sense  of  security  in  case  of  acci- 
dent than  if  they  were  alone.  Long 
before  the  expiration  of  three  months  it 
was  obvious  that  the  experiment  was  a 
failure,  but  we  kept  our  word  and  con- 
tinued it  to  the  end. 

When  it  became  necessary  to  discontinue 
it.  an  important  question  of  policy  arose. 
Should  we  simply  drop  the  car  without 
saying  anything  about  it,  or  should  we 
give  notice  of  its  termination?  True  to 
our  policy,  we  decided  that  just  as  con- 
spicuous notice  of  the  discontinuance,  and 
the  reasons  for  it,  should  be  given,  as  when 


the  service  was  inaugurated.    Accordingly, 
the  following  was  posted  in  all  the  cars: 

On  and  after  July  ist,  1909,  the  exclusive 
car  for  women  will  be  discontinued,  as  the 
patronage  does  not  warrant  further  main- 
tenance of  this  service. 

Some  of  our  staff  feared  adverse  criti- 
cism for  discontinuing  this  car,  but  the 
exact  contrary  was  the  result.  Our  frank- 
ness in  giving  complete  and  truthful 
information  was  commended,  and  we  were 
praised  for  having  demonstrated  that 
there  was  no  real  demand  for  the  segre- 
gation of  women  on  subway  trains. 

These  incidents  are  not,  in  themselves, 
of  much  importance,  but  as  illustrating 
the  value  of  a  policy,  they  are  highly 
instructive.  They  have  been  recounted 
for  that  purpose. 

Our  theories  of  corporation  manage- 
ment were,  however,  put  to  a  supreme 
test  in  December,  191 1,  when  it  became 
necessary  to  make  a  40  per  cent,  increase 
in  the  rate  of  fare.  Increases  of  this  kind 
are  never  popular,  and,  even  when  justified 
by  the  facts,  may  cause  much  ill-will  and 
resentment  if  tactlessly  or  arbitrarily 
imposed. 

The  Hudson  Tube  System  comprises 
two  divisions:  one,  extending  from  New 
Jersey  to  33d  Street  and  Broadway, 
known  as  "uptown";  the  other,  extend- 
ing from  New  Jersey  to  the  Hudson  Ter- 
minal, known  as  "downtown." 

When  the  tubes  were  opened  a  uniform 
five  cent  fare  was  established  on  both 
divisions. 

It  was  necessary  to  raise  the  rate  on 
the  uptown  division  from  five  cents  to 
seven  cents.  The  rate  on  the  downtown 
line  was  not  disturbed. 

When  a  railroad  company  engaged  in 
interstate  commerce  raises  a  rate,  the 
practice  is  to  file  with  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  a  tariff  reciting  the 
new  rate  without  giving  the  reasons  therefor. 

If  the  public  objects,  complaint  is  made 
to  the  Commission,  which  may  suspend 
the  rate,  order  an  investigation,  and 
determine  the  question.  Upon  such  in- 
vestigation, the  corporation  is  required 
to  give  its  reasons  for  the  increase,  and  the 
burden  of  proof  rests  upon  it  to  establish 


588 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  reasonableness  of  the  new  rate.  The 
same  old  question  of  policy  presented 
itself:  should  we  anticipate  the  public's 
objection  by  immediately  giving,  in  line 
with  our  practice,  a  full  statement  of  our 
reasons  for  the  increase,  or  should  we 
(following  the  usual  railroad  custom) 
simply  file  our  tariff,  and,  if  a  protest  was 
filed,  meet  it  then  with  a  statement  of 
the  facts? 

Without  hesitation  we  decided  to  issue 
immediately  a  full  statement  and  to 
publish  it  (notwithstanding  the  large 
cost)  as  an  advertisement  in  the  daily 
papers  of  New  York  City  and  vicinity. 

Our  policy  has  been  based  upon  the 
consistent  belief  that  the  public  is  reason^ 
able  —  as  reasonable  as  the  average  in- 
dividual. This  is  not  the  view  of  most 
corporation  managers.  They  have  acted 
too  much  upon  the  hypothesis  that  the 
public  is  ttfireasonable.  It  is  a  mistake. 
The  public  is  wwreasonable  only  when  it 
is  uninformed.  It  is  often  vitally  affected 
by  corporate  action,  but  rarely  does  the 
corporation  manager  make  it  acquainted 
with  the  facts  upon  which  alone  rational 
and  intelligent  opinion  may  be  founded. 
He  would  rather  establish  his  position,  or 
do  the  thing  in  hand  so  long  as  he  believes 
he  has  the  right,  without  the  labor  of 
explanation,  even  though  it  involves  the 
loss  of  popular  approval.  Why?  Because 
it  is  less  trouble  and,  anyway,  what  can 
the  public  do  about  it?  He  does  not 
realize  that  in  the  arbitrary  exercise  even 
of  undeniable  rights,  the  consequences  of 
public  disfavor  and  ill-will  are  far-reaching, 
manifesting  themselves,  at  times,  in  un- 
expected quarters  and  upon  unrelated 
subjects,  to  the  great  injury  or  disadvan- 
tage of  the  corporation. 

Even  where  the  corporation  has  an  un- 
disputed rif'jit  to  do  a  thing  —  particularly 
if  that  thing  vitally  affects  the  public  —  it 
is  far  better  to  accomplish  it  ii-ith  than  with- 
out  the  favor  and  approval  of  the  public. 
There  is  no  corporation,  however  strong, 
whose  property  and  assets  are  not  en- 
hanced in  value  and  made  more  secure 
by  possession  of  the  ^ood-will  and  friend- 
ship of  the  public.  This  is  merely  common 
sense,  or  "enlightened  self-interest,"  so 
called. 


And  so  we  set  out  to  convince  the  puUic 
that  the  increase  of  rate  was  just  and 

reasonable. 

Besides   the  advertisement    before  re- 
ferred to,  we  issued  and  distributed  to 
passengers  on  our  trains  a  small  pamphlet 
in  which  we  compared  the  convenience, 
speed,  and  cost  of  transportation  from  New 
Jersey  to  uptown  New  York  by  way  of 
the   tubes   with    the   facilities    formerly 
available,  including  the  necessary  change 
from   ferry    to   street    cars,    consequent 
delays,  and  total  cost  of  eight  cents.    We 
then  explained  at  length  why  the  five 
cent  rate,  that  we  had  been  charging  for 
the  superior  service,  had,  after  three  years' 
trial,  failed  to  earn  fixed  charges.     "For 
these  reasons,"  continued  the  pamphlet, 
"it  has  been  decided  to  increase  (begin- 
ning December  24,  191 1)  the  rate  between 
Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  and  Sixth  Avenue, 
or  uptown  New  York,  to  seven  cents." 
After  pointing  out  that  "it  is  needless 
to  comment  on  the  fact  that  the  earning 
of  fixed  charges  is  absolutely  essential," 
the    pamphlet    concluded:  "We    submit 
the  facts  with  the  hope  that  the  justness 
of  the  company's  position  will  be  recog- 
nized, and  with  the  belief  that  the  public 
is  willing  to  support  an  enterprise  that  has 
been  consistently  managed,  from  the  be- 
ginning, in  the  public  interest." 

Immediately  letters,  mostly  commenda- 
tory, began  to  come.  The  following  will 
serve  to  illustrate  the  temper  and  attitude 
of  the  general  traveling  public: 

My  dear  Sir. —  A  fair  and  just  recognition 
of  the  convenience  of  the  Hudson  River  Tubes 
should,  it  seems  to  me,  entirely  justify  in  the 
public  mind  the  proposed  increase  in  fare  for 
the  uptown  service.  —  Frederick  W.  Kelsey. 

Dear  Sir. —  I  wish  to  congratulate  you  on 
your  card  of  November  22d.  1  believe  that 
the  public  will  accept  your  explanation  and 
accept  the  raise  of  fare  cheerfully.  Railroad 
corporations  so  often  raise  their  rates  without 
even  recognizing  that  the  public  exists,  con- 
sequently the  public  are  offended.  When 
a  railroad  president  takes  the  trouble  and  ex- 
pense to  explain  things  of  this  kind  to  the  public 
it  is  apt  to  please  them. 

Your  road  thus  far  practically  docs  all  it 
can  to  accommodate  the  public  with  comfort 
and  I  think  you  have  its  good  will. —  George 
H.  Hull. 


THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION 


589 


Dear  Mr.  McAdoo:  Your  circular  of 
November  21st  issued  to  the  public  regarding 
the  raise  in  rates  to  uptown  New  York,  via 
the  Hudson  Tube,  carefully  noted,  and  1  wish  to 
say  that  I  consider  you  are  perfectly  within 
your  rights  in  making  this  increase  in  rate  as 
you  are  most  certainly  entitled  to  at  least  10 
per  cent,  profit  over  the  operating  expenses  of 
your  enterprise. 

In  view  of  the  matter  therefore  as  set  forth 
in  your  pamphlet  of  November  21st,  I  do  not 
see  how  any  one  can  conscientiously  object  to 
this  raise,  particularly  in  view  of  three  facts: 

(i)  That  even  at  a  fare  of  7  cents,  we  are 
making  the  trip  cheaper  than  the  old  way  of 
car  and  ferry; 

(2)  We  are  saving  about  two  thirds  of  the 
time  taken  up  in  going  by  the  old  route; 

(3)  That  the  old  service  by  car  and  ferry  is 
not  to  be  compared  with  the  excellent  service 
given  in  the  Hudson  Tubes. 

From  one  who  admires  very  much  the  enter- 
prise which  you  have  put  through  and  one  who 
appreciates  very  much  the  added  comfort  to 
travel  that  your  Tube  affords.  —  A.  E.  Willis. 

Dear  Sir:  Noting  your  adv.  —  you  are 
worrying  about  the  wrong  thing.  The  people 
of  New  York  and  vicinity  are  with  you  to  a 
man.  They  and  I  will  cheerfully  pay  any 
fare  you  ask.—  R.  J.  Caldwell. 

Dear  Sir:  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  circular, 
issued  November  21,  191 1,  in  regard  to  your 
proposed  increase  in  fare.  It  seems  to  me 
that  the  reasons  set  forth  in  your  circular  are 
entirely  sufficient  —  and  I  also  think  that  you 
are  handling  it  in  the  right  manner  in  giving 
the  reasons  to  the  public  before  putting  in 
the  tariff. —  W.  J.  Harahan. 

(A  yice-President  oj  the  Erie  Railroad.) 

Dear  Sir:  Referring  to  your  circular  of  the 
2 1st  instant  addressed  to  the  public.  You 
have  stated  the  position  of  your  Company  very 
fairly  and  squarely  and  the  public  should  con- 
sent to  the  slight  increased  charge  which  you 
propose  making.  The  service  which  you  give 
is  excellent  and  should  be  appreciated. — 
Geo.  E.  Hardy. 

Dear  Sir:  I  was  very  much  interested  in 
reading  the  public  announcement  of  your 
increase  in  rates  as  it  appeared  in  the  papers 
this  morning.  I  desire  to  congratulate  you 
upon  realizing  the  necessity  for  placing  these 
changes  upon  a  logical  basis.  In  London, 
for  instance,  those  who  ride  a  short  distance 
do  not  pay  as  much  as  those  who  ride  a  long 
distance,  and  I  have  wondered  for  some  time 
whether  it  would  be  possible  to  have  an  arrange- 


ment of  that  kind  in  this  country.  I  think 
that  your  presentation  of  the  question  is  a 
clear  and  proper  one. —  S.  H.  Wolfe. 

Dear  Sir:  I  note  your  letter  to  the  public 
increasing  rates  on  December  24,  191 1.  As  an 
occasional  user  it  seems  to  me  that  you  do  not 
calculate  convenience  sufficiently  high;  that 
the  rate  should  be  10  cents  at  least. —  L.  R. 
Cowdrey. 

Other  letters  suggested  a  variable  rate 
based  on  distance  zones,  a  discount  on 
large  purchases  of  tickets,  and  other  plans, 
most  of  which  had  been  threshed  out 
beforehand  and  abandoned  as  impractic- 
able. In  every  case,  however,  these  let- 
ters were  acknowledged  with  explanation 
of  the  reasons  why  the  suggestions  could 
not  be  adopted. 

In  addition  to  these  individual  ex- 
pressions, formal  action  of  the  most 
gratifying  sort  was  taken  by  various  or- 
ganized bodies  in  New  Jersey.  The  Com- 
muters' League,  a  strong  organization 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the 
interests  of  those  who  travel  between 
New  Jersey  and  New  York,  was  invited 
to  investigate  the  matter  and,  as  a  result, 
issued  the  following  statement: 

After  a  careful  examinatbn  and  consideration 
of  the  sworn  public  statements  filed  with  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  W.  G.  McAdoo  in  person. 
Resolved:  that  the  statement  issued  November 
23d  inst.  by  Howard  Marshall,  president  of  the 
Commuters'  League  of  New  Jersey,  and  the 
New  Jersey  State  Commuters'  Association, 
in  regard  to  the  proposed  increased  fare  on  the 
33d  Street  branch  of  the  McAdoo  Tunnels 
as  being  reasonable  and  just  be  and  the  same 
is  hereby  approved  by  the  officers  of  both 
organizations  in  joint  meeting  assembled. 
November  291  h,   191 1. 

New  Jersey  State  Commuters'  Association, 
Roy  M.  Robinson,  Secy. 
Commuters'  League  of  New  Jersey, 
E.  D.  McKowN,  Secy. 

The  Board  of  Trade  of  Jersey  City 
adopted  the  following  resolution: 

Resolved:  That  the  Board  of  Trade 
of  Jersey  City,  having  through  its  Railroad 
Committee  examined  the  data  furnished  it 
by  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan  Railroad 
Company,  believes  that  the  proposed  increase 
of  fare  to  seven  cents  for  transit  between  Jersey 


590 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


City  and  certain  points  in  Manhattan  Borough, 
is  reasonable  and  justified  by  present  condition 
of  traffic,  and 

Resolved:  That  this  Board  hereby  com- 
mends said  Company  for  the  good  service 
which  it  supplies,  its  apparent  endeavors  to 
promote  the  convenience  of  the  public  and  the 
manner  in  which  its  officers  have  taken  the 
public  into  their  confidence. 

Walter  G.  Muirhead,  Secretary. 

The  Committee  on  Railroads  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  Hoboken,  after  an 
investigation,  made  a  report  approving 
the  increase  of  rate  to  all  stations  on  the 
uptown  division  except  Christopher  Street 
—  recommending  that  the  formerly  pre- 
vailing five  cent  rate  to  this  station  be 
maintained. 

The  editorial  comment  was,  with  one 
exception,  favorable,  and  some  of  it  is 
quoted  because  it  is  illuminating. 

The  Newark  News  said: 

William  G.  McAdoo  recently  served  notice 
of  an  advance  in  fares  on  the  Hudson  and 
Manhattan  Railway  Company's  New  York 
uptown  line,  an  increase  which  amounted  to 
40  per  cent,  in  the  case  of  those  interested. 
There  was  no  resultant  sensation. 

The  New  Jersey  Commuters'  League  did 
take  action  on  the  matter,  but  it  was  in  ap- 
proval. If  any  objections  have  been  made 
to  the  Board  of  Public  Utility  Commissioners, 
the  fact  has  not  become  public.  There  has 
been  no  mass-meeting,  few  resolutions,  almost 
no  organized  protest. 

The  phenomenon  is  worth  studying, 
especially  by  Public  Service  Corporations. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  notice  was 
addressed  to  the  public,  the  party  of  the  first 
part.  It  came  in  the  form  of  a  brief,  but 
careful,  analysis  of  the  existing  situation. 
Figures  were  given  showing  that  it  is  impossible 
to  profitably  continue  the  present  service  at  a 
five-cent  rate,  and  the  figures  covered  a  period 
of  time  sufllcionl  to  give  their  conclusion  weight. 
They  also  indicated  the  justice  of  the  rate 
proposed. 

I  he  effect  upon  the  public  speaks  volumes. 
The  whole  incident,  if  trivial,  points  the  way 
to  a  possible  solution  of  some  problems  that 
seem  very  formidable  at  present. 

The  people  have  no  enmity  against  the 
corporation  per  se.  There  is  everywhere  a 
disposition  to  give  those  who  serve  the  public 
an  adequate  reward.  The  people  are  just  and 
reasonable.    "The  common  law  itsdf"  in  the 


words  of  Coke,  "is  nothing  else  but  reason," 
and  no  one  would  have  it  otherwise. 

"The  public  be  pleased,"  was  Mr.  McAdoo's 
initial  platform.  This  expresses  service,  the 
prime  purpose  of  a  public  service  corporation. 
He  now  opens  the  books  and  on  their  showing 
asks  for  just  remuneration. 

This  evinces  a  confidence  in  the  reason  of 
the  general  public  that  is  not  and  cannot  be 
misplaced.  The  issue  justifies  that  faith,  not 
in  the  case  of  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan  only, 
but  for  any  corporation  that  will  take  the 
people  into  its  confidence. 

The  New  York  Press  said: 

That  fair  treatment  of  the  public  by  a  public 
service  corporation  pays  better  in  every  way 
than  a  "public  be  damned"  policy  is  seen  in 
the  case  of  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan  Com- 
pany. Mr.  McAdoo,  the  president,  has  issued 
a  statement  announcing  its  intention  to  raise 
the  fare  from  fi\t  cents  to  seven  cents  for 
passengers  between  some  New  Jersey  stations 
and  points  on  the  Sixth  Avenue  part  of  the 
Hudson  tunnel. 

The  reasons  for  this  increase  in  charges  are 
set  forth  fully  and  frankly.  .  .  .  The  re- 
lations between  the  McAdoo  company  and  its 
patrons  are  of  such  character  that  the  company 
is  not  likely  even  to  be  asked  to  defend  its 
increase  in  fare.  Very  probably  the  com- 
munity will  take  Mr.  McAdoo's  word  for  it 
that  the  extra  charge  is  just  and  necessary, 
and  will  pay  the  extra  two  cents  uncomplain- 
ingly for  the  fine  service  that  it  gets  from  the 
Hudson  Tunnel. 

The  Glohe  and  Commercial  Advertiser: 

There's  a  lesson,  big  and  robust  and  appro- 
priate to  the  Christmas  season,  in  the  public's  re- 
ception of  the  announcement  that  on  December 
24th  the  McAdoo  Company  on  its  uptown  tubes 
will  begin  to  charge  a  seven  cent  fare.  The 
Commuters'  League  of  New  Jersey  and  the  New 
Jersey  State  Commuters'  Association,  speaking 
for  the  men  and  women  who  will  pay  the  in- 
crease, pronounces  it  "reasonable  and  just." 

Managers  of  public  service  corporations  may 
study  this  judgment  with  profit.  Why  is 
McAdoo  able  to  escape  attack  and  opposition? 
The  theory  has  prevailed  in  corporation  offices 
that  the  public  is  either  a  fool  to  be  plucked 
or  a  monster  that  blindly  and  unfairly  scratches 
when  enraged.  Neither  assumption  seems 
warranted  in  the  present  instance. 

The  fare  increase  on  the  Hudson  Tunnels  is 
declared  to  be  "reasonable  and  just"  by 
representatives  of  the  public  because  the 
public,  if  given  half  a  chance,  is  itself  "reason- 


THE  SOUL  OF  A  CORPORATION 


59t 


able  and  just."  McAdoo  was  able  to  show  that 
the  five  cent  rate  did  not  net  a  fair  return  on 
the  capital  actually  invested.  The  public 
realizes  that  improvement  enterprises  must 
pay  their  way.  A  public  service  corporation 
that  has  a  good  case  need  not  fear  "con- 
fiscation." Incidentally,  Mr.  McAdoo  gained 
some  advantage  from  the  fact  that  he  has 
treated  the  public  with  politeness,  whereas  it 
seems  the  ambition  of  most  traction  men  to  be 
insulting;  but  the  main  thing  was  that  he  was 
able  to  demonstrate  that  a  five  cent  fare  was 
not  enough. 

The  Outlook  said: 

The  Outlook  has  had  occasion  more  than 
once  to  point  out  the  wisdom  of  the  policy  of 
courtesy  and  frankness  adopted  by  the  Hudson 
and  Manhattan  Railway  Company,  which 
operates  the  tubes  between  New  York,  Hobo- 
ken,  and  Jersey  City.  Mr.  McAdoo  has  suc- 
ceeded in  instilling  into  the  employees  of  the 
company  the  maxim  "The  public  be  pleased"; 
and  the  convenience,  comfort,  and  safety  of 
the  passengers  have  been  studied  and  pro- 
vided for  at  every  point,  with  the  result  that 
the  public  has  been  pleased,  and  has  shown  a 
cordial  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  company. 
.  .  .  Notice  has  been  given  that  on  and 
after  a  certain  date  the  rate  between  Jersey 
City  and  Hoboken  and  Sixth  Avenue,  or 
uptown  New  York,  will  be  raised  to  seven 
cents.  Not  only  has  the  announcement  been 
made  well  in  advance,  but  a  circular  has  been 
put  in  the  hands  of  patrons  setting  forth  the 
financial  condition  of  the  company,  and  its 
reasons  for  adding  two  cents  to  its  passenger 
charge.  This  is  part  of  the  policy  of  taking 
the  public  into  the  confidence  of  the  company. 
From  the  beginning,  many  patrons  of  the 
tunnels  have  been  doubtful  of  the  possibility 
of  covering  the  enormous  running  expenses, 
the  interest  on  bonds,  the  taxes,  and  fixed 
charges  at  the  five  cent  rate;  and  they  will 
accept  the  statement  of  the  Company  that 
on  the  basis  of  a  five  cent  fare  it  cannot  earn 
its  interest  on  these  sums,  and  will  cheerfully 
pay  the  additional  two  cents.  The  railways 
have  been  slow  to  learn  that  the  American 
public  does  not  object  to  rates,  even  when  they 
are  large,  if  they  fairly  represent  the  service 
rendered.  It  does  not  object  to  rates  simply 
because  they  are  high,  but  because  they  are 
unfair,  or  because  they  discriminate  between 
patrons. 

The  Hoboken  Inquirer  said: 

.  .  .  Mr.  McAdoo  made  a  good  move 
when  he  came  to  Hoboken  —  like  a  human 


being  —  and  talked  like  a  regular  business  man 
to  his  customers. 

He  at  least  gave  his  hearers  something  to 
think  about  instead  of  trying  to  shove  the 
proposition  down  their  throats,  regardless  of 
right  or  wrong. 

Mr.  McAdoo,  the  people  are  thinking  it 
over;  if  they  decide  that  you  are  right  in  asking 
seven  cents,  they  will  pay  it  —  rich  and  poor 
alike.  Judging  from  our  experience  in  serving 
up  a  good  newspaper  at  two  cents,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  people  will  decide 
that  your  superior  service  and  the  luxury  of 
getting  home  on  schedule  time,  regardless  of 
fog  and  ice  and  what-not,  is  worth  seven  cents. 

Under  the  law  a  rate  must  be  filed 
thirty  days  before  it  can  go  into  eflfect. 
During  that  period  the  public  has  time  to 
discuss,  investigate,  and  protest.  Where- 
ever  an  objection  was  raised  we  made  it  a 
point  to  communicate  immediately  with 
the  objector,  whether  an  individual  or 
an  organization,  and  supply  all  needed 
information,  so  that  opinion  might  be 
formed  upon  actual  facts.  In  no  in- 
stance was  there  a  failure  to  convince  the 
objector  of  the  soundness  of  the  company's 
position.  The  president  of  the  company 
attended  two  public  meetings  by  invita- 
tion and  in  person  presented  the  company's 
case.  No  contest  of  the  rate  was  made 
and  it  went  into  effect  on  the  24th  of 
December.  It  is  decidedly  unusual,  if 
not  unprecedented,  that  an  increase  in 
fare  has  received  general  approbation 
from  those  who  have  to  pay  it. 

The  lesson  to  be  learned  is  that  there 
is  such  a  thing  as  a  practical  corporation 
policy  capable  of  enforcement,  that  will 
not  only  destroy  unnecessary  and  hurtful 
antagonism  between  corporations  and  the 
public,  but  will  be  beneficial  to  both. 

it  is 'not  only  a  politic  and  proper 
thing  for  the  president  of  a  company  to 
answer  personally,  wherever  practicable, 
letters  of  complaint,  but  he  may  learn 
great  lessons  as  well  as  derive  actual 
pleasure  from  doing  it.  There  is  some- 
thing of  value,  too,  in  preserving  that 
personal  touch  with  all  men  that  keeps 
one's  spirits  elastic  and  sensitive  to  those 
sympathies  that  are  the  springs  of  per- 
sonality and  potentiality. 

It  is  not  possible,  of  course,  for  the 
president  of  a  great  corporation  to  do 


592 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


this  to  .a  large  extent,  but  he  will  get  a 
knowledge  of  actual  conditions  from  the 
mere  reading  of  complaints  (they  can  be 
digested  by  his  secretary  and  submitted 
to  him)  which  he  can  use  to  great  advan- 
tage in  correcting  and  removing  troubles 
of  which  he  might,  otherwise,  never  hear. 
It  also  enables  him  to  know  how  his 
subordinates  are  doing  their  work,  and 
it  has  a  good  effect  on  these  subordinates 
to  know  that  the  president  is  hearing  the 
things  that  are  said  about  them  or  about 
the  affairs  under  their  control.  They  will 
be  more  careful,  under  these  conditions, 
to  do  their  work  well. 

In  large  corporations  a  "complaint 
bureau,"  in  charge  of  a  high  grade,  tactful, 
and  competent  man,  should  always  be 
maintained.  Such  a  bureau,  properly 
conducted,  can  render  immensely  valuable 
service,  not  only  by  improving  the  re- 
lations between  the  corporations  and  the 
public,  but  also  by  intelligently  analyzing 
the  causes  of  complaint  and  suggesting 
or  applying  a  remedy  where  needed. 
Complaints  give  a  picture .  of  yourself 
from  the  outside,  and  disclose  weaknesses 
and  imperfections  in  service  and  system 
which  may  otherwise  remain  undiscovered 
or  neglected.  Valuable  suggestions  for 
improvement  in  service  often  come,  too, 
from  the  public.  Complaints  and  sug- 
gestions should  be  encouraged  and  wel- 
comed. Such  a  bureau  can  handle  both 
with  advantage  to  the  company  and  the 
public.  Nothing  is  more  helpful,  in  every 
walk  of  life,  than  intelligent  criticism 
and  suggestion,  if  one  is  intelligent  enough 
to  receive  and  use  them  in  the  proper 
spirit. 

This  fact  has,  of  recent  years,  been 
gradually  dawning  upon  the  progressive 
corporations  and  some  of  them  have  wisely 
established  such  bureaus. 

Another  important  factor  to  be  con- 
sidered is  the  press.  This  is  the  agency 
through  which  the  public  gets  information 
and  reaches  conclusions.  To  be  frank, 
truthful,  and  honest  with  the  newspapers, 
is  obviously  the  part  of  wisdom.  Some- 
times false  rcpcjrts  are  published  because 
the  corporation  manager,  who  could  tell  the 
facts,  refuses  to  do  so  or  to  give  any  infor- 
mation. For  instance,  if  an  accident  occurs 


we  give  the  newspapers  the  truth  as  quickly 
as  we  can  get  it  ourselves,  and  we  don't 
wait  for  them  to  come  for  it  —  we  send 
it  to  them.  Many  people  regard  a  re- 
porter as  an  impertinent  intruder.  This 
is  wholly  wrong,  because  his  mission  to 
get  the  news  is  just  as  legitimate  as  the 
duty  of  the  manager  to  run  his  railroad. 
If  you  can't  give  a  reporter  information, 
tell  him  so,  and  let  him  understand  that 
it  can't  be  had  from  any  other  source.  If 
you  give  information,  give  him  fads. 
There  are  only  two  things  that  a  re- 
porter is  afraid  of  —  a  "scoop"  and  a 
"con-game."  Don't  be  responsible  for 
either. 

Uncivil  treatment  of  the  public  by  em- 
ployees of  corporations  has  alone  created 
a  vast  fund  of  popular  resentment  and 
prejudice  which  has  found  expression  ^t 
times  in  harsh  laws,  in  verdicts  for  heavy 
damages  in  accident  cases,  and  in  oppo- 
sition to  almost  everything  the  corpora- 
tion wants  to  do. 

How  easy  it  is  to  cure  this!  Civility 
can  be  enforced,  and  it  works  wonden 
in  the  creation  of  friendly  relations.  Here 
is  a  reform  that  can  be  made  without 
legislation.  It  is  something  that  we  can 
do  ourselves.  Suppose  every  railroad 
and  public  service  corporation  in  this 
country  should  enter  at  once  upon  a  cam- 
paign of  courtesy  and  civility,  it  would 
not  take  long  to  effect  a  complete  and 
happy  transformation.  And  then  if  the 
employees  of  our  national,  state,  and 
municipal  governments  could  not  only  be 
taught  but  compelled  to  be  civil  to  their 
masters  —  the  people  —  whom  they  are 
put  there  to  serve,  it  would  be  a  great  gain. 
It  can  be  done  if  we  determine  to  do  it. 
That  it  is  not  done  is  a  reflection  upon  the 
American  p.^  jple  for  supinely  submitting 
to  it.  There  is  nothing  like  the  power 
and  contagion  of  example. 

Along  with  civility,  and  above  and 
beyond  it.  there  must  be  square  and  honest 
conduct  of  the  corporation  by  its  ofTicers 
and  directors.  This  is  more  important 
than  anything  else.  The  public  is  quick 
to  recognize  and  appreciate  a  corporation 
so  conducted,  because  the  public  is  not 
only  reasonable  —  it  is  likewise  honest, 
intelligent,  and  discriminating. 


OUR   STUPENDOUS    YEARLY    WASTE 

FIRST  ARTICLE 

AN   ITEMIZED    ACCOUNT  OF   SOME    OF    THE    THOUSANDS    OF    WAYS   IN   WHICH   WE 
SQUANDER  TENS   OF    BILLIONS    OF    DOLLARS  —  A   NATION-WIDE    EXTRAVA- 
GANCE THAT  COSTS   MORE   THAN   TWICE   THE   SUM   OF  THE 
EARNINGS    OF  ALL  OUR   WAGE   WORKERS 

BY 

FRANK   KOESTER 

(AVtBOK  Of  " HTDROELECnXC  DIVKXXIPMXNTS  AND  ENGIKBEUMO  "  AND  "  STEAM-£LECTUC  FOWXft  PLANTS") 


SENATOR  ALDRICH  stated 
that  the  National  Govern- 
ment wastes  $300,000,000  a 
year,  a  Utile  more  than  §3 
apiece  for  every  one  of  our 
90,000,000  inhabitants  or  about  $16  a 
family.  The  loss  from  fire  and  floods, 
largely  preventable,  is  a  little  more  than 
$7  apiece  or  $36  a  family.  The  many 
other  forms  of  waste  arising  from  our 
ignorance  and  carelessness  make  this 
economic  tax  amount  to  hundreds  of 
dollars  for  every  family.  Even  in  this 
country  of  high  rates  of  wages  the  aver- 
age family  income  is  less  than  $800  a 
year,  and  the  burden  falls  heaviest  on 
the  poor. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  and  insidi- 
ous burden  that  the  American  people  bear 
is  the  cost  of  poverty,  inefficiency,  and 
dependency  caused  by  our  needless  sacri- 
fice of  human  life,  for  we  kill  and  maim 
more  workers  than  any  other  industrial 
nation. 

We  waste  350  lives  and  the  cost  of  2,700 
accidents  in  transportation  in  New  York 
City  alone,  with  a  proportionate  loss  in 
other  cities  throughout  the  country.  These 
losses  involve,  in  addition,  great  expendi- 
tures in  litigation,  the  total  of  which  is  prob- 
ably not  less  than  $25,000,000  annually. 

We  waste  $772,000,000  annually  in 
losses  of  income,  due  to  industrial  diseases; 
that  is,  diseases  which  attack  workers  on 
account  of  the  nature  of  their  employment 
and  the  insanitary  conditions  under  which 
their  work  is  carried  on. 

We  waste  $1,500,000,000  a  year  through 
loss  of  life  and  illness  to  industrial  and 


other  workers,  through  preventable  dis- 
sease,  accidents,  and  carelessness.  The 
truth  of  this  is  corroborated  by  the  fact 
that  the  expectation  of  life  in  Germany 
is  ten  years  longer  than  in  America. 

We  waste  $2,503,900  a  year,  in  the 
form  of  1465  human  lives  (using  the 
Government's  figure  of  $1700  as  the 
economic  value  of  a  human  life),  in  coal 
mine  accidents  which  are  almost  wholly 
preventable. 

We  waste  1058  lives  and  the  cost  of 
14,179  injuries  in  railroad  accidents. 

We  waste  $13,604,100  (7473  lives)  and 
the  cost  of  80,427  injuries  in  industrial 
accidents,  leaving  thousands  of  widows 
and  orphans  to  meet  the  struggle  for 
existence  unaided. 

This  is  not  a  full  enumeration  of  the 
waste  of  human  life.  It  gives  an  indica- 
tion of  the  cost  of  such  wastefulness,  enough 
to  show  that  the  lessening  of  accidents 
and  the  prevention  of  disease  could  by 
themselves  make  us  a  new  nation  economi- 
cally. 

Though  much  has  been  written  and 
spoken  about  the  better  use  of  our  waters, 
lands,  mines,  and  forests,  we  still  recklessly 
disregard  enormous  possibilities  in  our 
national  resources,  which  should  be  used 
and  improved,  not  abused  and  wasted. 

We  waste  $50,000,000  and  sacrifice 
fifty  lives  a  year  in  forest  fires,  and  have 
been  doing  it  for  a  generation.  In  some 
years,  the  loss  amounts  to  $200,000,000 
in  money.  In  addition,  the  young  growth 
destroyed  by  fire  is  far  more  valuable  than 
the  merchantable  timber  burned. 

We  waste  a  billion  cubic  feet  of  natural 


594 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


gas  daily,  the  most  perfect  of  fuels ;  enough 
to  supply  every  city  of  more  than  100,000 
population  in  the  United  States. 

We  waste  522.000,000  a  year  in  gases 
lost  in  the  manufacture  of  coke;  540,000 
tons  of  ammonium  sulphate  of  similar 
value;  and  nearly  400,000,000  gallons 
of  tar  worth  §9,000,000,  a  total  with  other 
wasted  by-products  of  $55,000,000. 

We  waste  an  enormous  amount,  which 
has  not  yet  been  made  the  basis  of  a  com- 
prehensive examination,  in  losses  due  to 
improper  and  antiquated  methods  of 
mining;  in  coal,  copper,  gold,  silver,  and 
other  metals,  and  in  metallurgical  pro- 
cesses of  various  kinds. 

We  waste  not  less  than  one-third  of 
all  the  coal  used  for  power  purposes 
and  vastly  a  larger  proportion  in  heating, 
through  failure  to  adopt  modern  machin- 
ery and  methods. 

We  waste  30,000,000  horsepower  every 
year,  by  failure  to  utilize  our  water  power. 
At  f20  per  horsepower  per  annum,  which 
is  below  the  average  price,  being  less  than 
one  cent  per  horsepower  per  hour,  this 
waste  amounts  to  $600,000,000.  This  is 
far  in  excess  of  the  value  of  all  coal  used 
annually,  and  if  this  power  were  utilized, 
coal  could  be  conserved  for  future  uses, 
for  heating,  and  for  purposes  where  the 
power  would  not  be  serviceable. 

We  waste  J2  38,000,000  in  losses  through 
floods  and  freshets.  Most  of  this  could 
be  prevented  by  proper  engineering  in  the 
erection  of  levees  and  dams. 

Within  the  last  few  years  we  have  begun 
to  realize  what  opportunities  lie  in  proper 
agriculture.  But  this  knowledge  has  not 
sunk  far  enough  yet  to  keep  us  from  being 
prodigal  in  this  foremost  industry.  The 
low  yields  per  acre  of  our  standard  crops 
show  that  we  are  still  almost  in  the 
pioneering  sta^e. 

We  waste  $500,000,000  a  year  in  soil 
erosion.  Through  the  neglect  of  farmers 
to  work  their  land  properly  and  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  gullies,  the  fertility  of 
the  soil  is  washed  into  the  lowlands  and 
seas. 

We  waste  vast  land  resources  by  failure 
to  drain  swamps  and  overflowed  areas. 
These  lands  could  be  reclaimed  at  small 
expense,    increasing    the    value    of    the 


land  threefold,  and  supplying  homes  for 
10,000,000  people. 

We  waste  $659,000,000  a  year  through 
losses  to  growing  crops,  fruit  trees,  grain 
in  storage,  etc.,  by  noxious  insects,  whose 
multiplication  is  largely  due  to  careless 
methods  of  agriculture. 

We  waste  $267,000,000  a  year  through 
the  attacks  of  flies,  ticks,  and  other  insects 
on  animal  life.  A  greater  loss  is  caused 
by  the  enormous  sacrifice  of  human  life 
due  to  mosquitoes,  flies,  fleas,  and  other 
germ  carrying  insects. 

We  waste  J^  100,000,000  annually  in 
losses  to  live  stock  and  crops  by  wolves, 
rats,  mice,  and  other  depredatory 
mammals. 

We  waste  $93,000,000  a  year  in  losses 
of  live  stock  due  to  disease,  of  which 
$40,000,000  is  chargeable  to  Texas  fever; 
tuberculosis,  scabies,  and  cholera  are  next 
in  importance  —  all  of  which  are  largely 
preventable  if  not  eradicable. 

These  things  have  been  carefully  esti- 
mated, chiefly  by  Government  experts. 
The  $400,000,000  annual  fire  loss  is  a 
fairly  definite  figure,  as  is  the  extra 
$400,000,000  expended  for  city  water 
used  for  fire-fighting,  fire  department 
charges,  etc.,  all  of  which  make  the  per 
capita  loss  in  this  country  ten  times  that 
of  European  countries.  Besides  these  care- 
fully estimated  items  of  waste  there  are 
many  others  which  can  only  be  approxi- 
mated. 

We  waste  $650,000,000  annually  in 
mismanagement  of  railroads,  of  which 
$300,000,000  is  due  to  personal  services, 
$300,000,000  in  fixed  charges  and  $50,000,- 
000  in  supplies. 

We  waste  perhaps  a  greater  sum  in 
private  manufacturing  establishments. 
This,  to  be  sure,  has  not  been  ascertained 
by  experts;  yet,  since  the  railroads  of  the 
country  are  valued  at  eleven  thousand  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  whereas  the  value  of 
manufactured  products  exceeds  seven 
thousand  millions,  and  since  railroad  effi- 
ciency is  70  per  cent.,  whereas  manufac- 
turing efficiency  is  but  60  per  cent.,  the 
loss  in  manufacturing  is  probably  greater 
than  in  railroad  efficiency. 

We  waste  in  careless  handling  of  eggs, 
$40,000,000  a  year,  largely  due  to  breakage 


POPULAR  MECHANICS 


595 


in  transportation.  What  the  vast  waste 
of  careless  freight,  express,  and  baggage 
handling  amounts  to  in  actual  damage, 
besides  the  increased  cost  of  packing  to 
guard  against  it,  is  impossible  to  estimate. 

What  our  lack  of  the  most  modern 
practices  and  appliances  loses  for  us  in 
manufacturing  can  not  be  computed,  but 
it  is  probably  more  than  any  other  single 
source  of  waste. 

These  figures,  although  startling,  are 
only  a  part  of  the  staggering  price  of  in- 
efficiency. A  multiplicity  of  additional 
researches  in  all  industries  would  be 
necessary  to  ascertain  the  entire  amount 
of  waste. 

What  we  waste  in  losses  through  ineffi- 
ciency of  administration  in  cities  and 
towns,  what  we  waste  in  losses  due  to 
crooked  and  ill-considered  contracts,  and 
what  we  waste  in  inefficiency  of  all  kinds 
in  city  government,  though  the  amounts 
are  not  so  large  in  money,  are  perhaps 
the  most  immoral  wastes  of  all. 


Making  due  allowances  in  the  itenu 
enumerated,  where  saving  could  not  be 
effected,  the  waste,  though  great,  may  be 
termed  unavoidable;  the  total  remaining 
amounts  to  a  frightful  indictment  of 
American  extravagance,  waste,  and  care- 
lessness. It  is  a  total  of  more  than  ten 
thousand  millions  of  dollars  annually,  a 
per  capita  loss,  with  our  population  of 
90,000,000,  of  not  less  than  $\\o.  For  the 
33,000,000  wage-earners  of  the  country, 
it  certainly  amounts  to  not  less  than  ^300 
per  year,  or  a  minimum  of  S5.75  per  week, 
since  the  burden  is  concentrated  on  their 
shoulders.  As  the  average  wage  of  wage- 
earners  is  only  S9  per  week,  the  crushing 
weight  of  inefficiency,  of  the  enormous 
graft  and  criminal  waste  which  pervades 
our  national  life  from  Government  to  indi- 
vidual, is  understood;  and  the  necessity  of 
prompt,  thorough,  and  vigorous  efforts  at 
remedying  conditions  can  be  appreciated. 

(The  next  article  will  take  up  in  detail 
the  Measles  of  Human  Life,) 


POPULAR  MECHANICS 

TWO    DEVICES    FOR   THE    BETTERING   OF    SHIPS 


BY 


WARREN  H.  MILLER 


A  NEW  MARINE  ENGINE 


T 


HE  introduction  of  the  steam 
turbine  aboard  ship  has  forced 
the  reciprocating  engine  manu- 
facturers to  cudgel  their  brains 
in  order  to  meet  its  compe- 
tition. The  principal  trouble  with  the 
turbine  lies  in  the  enormous  condenser 
it  requires,  which  makes  the  combi- 
nation weigh  about  as  much  as  the 
old  reciprocating  engine.  Its  condenser 
must  be  extra  large  because  the  steam 
economy  of  the  turbine  depends  upon  its 
capacity  to  utilize  mechanically  the  lowest 
inches  of  vacuum  that  the  condenser  can 


achieve.  With  its  condenser,  it  weighs  so 
much  as  to  cause  the  naval  architect  to  look 
about  for  something  else.  The  solution 
appears  to  be  in  the  introduction  of  a 
marine  engine  adapted  to  use  superheated 
steam.  From  the  all-important  consider- 
ation of  weight,  it  gives  us  a  light,  compact 
engine,  getting  most  of  the  work  out  of 
the  steam  in  itself,  and  hence  requiring 
only  a  moderate  condenser. 

Mechanically,  it  shows  a  grand  house- 
cleaning  of  moving  parts,  a  rather  unusual 
thing  in  the  conservative  bureaus  of 
marine  engineering.  In  the  engine  room 
of  any  large  steamer  there  is  an  astonish- 
ing array  of  connecting-rods*  eccentrics. 


596 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  other  moving  things  which  appear 
to  prey  upon  the  main  crank-shaft.  There 
is  a  go-ahead  and  a  go-astern  connecting- 
rod  and  eccentric  for  every  single  cylinder 
valve-chest,  and  these  in  addition  to  the 
piston  connecting-rod  which  alone  seems 
to  have  an  excuse  for  existence  in  that  it 
turns  the  crank. 

In  fact  this  latter  is  all  that  does  remain 
in  the  new  superheated  steam  type  of 
marine  engine,  all  the  rest  having  been 
picked  clean  by  a  change  in  the  valve 
system.  At  a  single  stroke  six  eccentrics, 
six  eccentric  straps,  six  connecting  rods, 
and  three  reverse  links  have  been  swept  off 
the  engine,  leaving  it  vastly  more  simple 
and  easy  to  take  care  of,  and  lessening 
the  necessary  engine  space,  which  is  of 
tremendous  importance  on  shipboard. 

All  this  is  done  by  using  lift  poppet 
valves  to  admit  and  exhaust  the  steam, 
just  like  the  inlet  and  discharge  valves 
in  an  automobile  engine.  And  a  single 
cam-shaft  runs  all  of  them,  precisely  as 
in  the  gasolene  motor.  It  is  much  simpler 
than  the  old  link  and  slide-valve  of  the 
ordinary  steam  engine.  As  the  admission 
and  exhaust  valves  can  be  exactly  opposite 
each  other  in  a  steam  engine  the  same 
cam  serves  both,  so  the  cam-shaft  runs 
along  in  the  niche  between  the  admission 
and  exhaust  valve-bonnets. 

The  engine  can  be  reversed  by  throw- 
ing the  cam-shaft  ahead  half  a  turn. 
Governor  control  of  all  the  valves  is  had 
by  suitable  links  from  an  inertia  governor 
to  the  cam-shaft,  a  device  that  will  prevent 
many  weary  watches  at  the  main  throttle, 
as  is  now  done  when  the  ship  pitches  her 
screw  out  of  water  during  a  storm. 

A  lot  of  these  engines,  of  6,500  horse- 
power, were  recently  built  into  the  latest 
torpedo  boats  for  the  German  navy,  and 
their  officers  report  them  more  economical 
of  coal  and  easier  to  keep  in  good  shape 
than  the  turbines  of  the  older  boats. 

THE    GYROSCOPIC    COMPASS 

FROM  the  early  tenth  century  until 
the  perfection  of  the  gyroscopic 
compass,  men  have  sailed  the  seven 
seas  guided  by  the  magnetic  compass.  As 
further  aids  to  arriving  at  any  given 
port,  modern  sailors  have  the  sextant  and 


the  nautical  almanac  for  latitude,  and 
the  chronometer  for  longitude,  but  there 
are  weeks  at  a  time  when  neither  sun  nor 
star  can  be  sighted,  and,  in  the  long  run, 
the  course  steered  by  corppass  and  log 
must  be  depended  upon  for  the  location 
of  the  ship's  position  on  the  chart. 

This  makes  it  imperative  for  the  com- 
pass to  be  accurate.  If  the  North  Mag- 
netic Pole  were  anywhere  within  reason- 
able distance  of  the  North  Pole,  it  doubt- 
less would  be  accurate  and  all  would  be 
well.  But  it  is  a  thousand  miles  away  from 
the  North  Pole,  away  over  to  the  south- 
west on  Boothia  Felix  Peninsula,  so  that 
in  sailing  any  course  the  compass  bearing 
is  always  changing,  and  to  sail  even  ap- 
proximately true  this  compass  "declina- 
tion," as  it  is  called,  must  be  corrected 
daily.  Added  to  this  is  a  correction  for 
dip  or  inclination,  as  of  course  the  com- 
pass stands  on  its  head  at  the  North 
Magnetic  Pole,  and  more  or  less  so*  every- 
where else.  Then  there  is  a  correction 
for  diurnal  variation,  in  which  the  com- 
pass swings  mysteriously  about  18'  to 
the  West  from  seven  a.  m.  to  one  p.  m., 
returning  as  mysteriously  during  the 
night.  Added  to  these  antics  are  further 
vagaries  caused  by  magnetic  storms, 
which  are  constantly  occurring  all  aver 
the  earth.  All  of  these  vagaries  lead  to 
shipwrecks. 

Now  comes  the  gyroscopic  compass. 
If  you  spin  a  body  rapidly  about  its 
horizontal  axis  and  leave  it  perfectly 
free  to  take  its  own  position,  it  will 
eventually  come  to  rest  with  its  axis 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  earth.  This 
is  because  the  attraction  of  the  earth  for 
anything  rapidly  spinning  on  an  axis  of 
its  own  is  greatest  when  it  is  parallel 
to  that  great  axis  about  which  the  earth 
itself  is  spinning.  The  axis  of  a  free 
gyroscope,  then,  points  due  North  and 
South,  and  will  do  so  no  matter  where 
on  the  earth  it  happens  to  be.  And  it 
points  true  North,  too  —  no  Pole-Star 
variation  to  worry  about,  no  compass 
declination,  no  vagaries  from  magnetic 
storms. 

This  attraction  between  the  axis  of  the 
earth  and  a  spinning  gyroscope  is  very 
delicate.    The    least    friction,    the    least 


THE  CHOOSING  OF  A  FARM 


597 


external  interference  of  ordinary  gravity 
will  destroy  it,  and  the  'scope  must  be 
fairly  powerful  to  develop  enough  attrac- 
tion to  be  reliable.  Inventors  have  fussed 
with  the  gyroscopic  principle  as  applied 
to  compasses  for  a  number  of  years. 
America,  France,  Germany,  and  England 
have  all  contributed  specimens,  in  more 
or  less  advanced  stages  of  experimental 
and  commercial  development.  One  type 
has  been  perfected  by  Dr.  Anschlutz  of 
Kiel.  To  eliminate  friction  he  fills  the 
bowl  of  the  compass  with  mercury  in 
which   floats   a   hollow   steel   ring.    The 


ring  carries  the  compass  card,  from  the 
centre  of  which  hangs  the  gyroscope. 
This  is  a  small,  light,  electric  motor, 
spinning  at  20,000  revolutions  per  minute. 
The  North  and  South  of  the  compass 
card  is  of  course  adjusted  exactly  over  the 
axis  of  the  motor.  The  electricity  to 
run  it  enters  by  way  of  the  mercury  and 
steel  ring — a  frictionless  route — and  leaves 
through  a  mercury  cup  in  the  centre  of  the 
card,  into  which  the  negative  lead  dips. 
This  compass  has  recently  been  tried  out 
in  Germany  and  other  countries,  and  one 
of  them  is  now  on  the  Deuiscbland. 


THE  CHOOSING  OF  A  FARM 

The  World's  IVork  publishes  every  month  an  article  about  getting  on  the  land  and  mak- 
ing a  living  from  it 


THE  choice  of  a  farm  means 
the  selection  of  a  business 
and  a  home  combined,  a  place 
where  money  must  be  made 
and  where  domestic  happi- 
ness can  be  obtained.  There  must  be  a 
healthful  environment  for  the  family 
and  markets  for  the  products;  fertile  soil 
and  congenial  neighbors;  available  labor 
and  convenient  school  facilities  —  in  fact 
a  host  of  details  must  receive  most  care- 
ful scrutiny.  But  certain  fundamental 
factors  deserve  special  emphasis  and  at- 
tention. This  article,  based  largely  on 
the  advice  of  a  number  of  expert  agri- 
culturists, briefly  states  these  most  vital 
factors. 

The  Farm  as  a  Business  must  be,  with- 
out fail,  a  paying  proposition.  Therefore, 
it  is  well  to  consider: 

I.  Is  the  price  fair  as  compared  with 
the  real  value  of  similar  neighboring 
properties?  Don't  mistake  the  meaning 
of  "price."  It  includes  practically  all 
the  expenses  of  the  first  year,  for  example: 
(a)  the  interest  on  a  mortgage  or  money 
borrowed,  (b)  necessary  repairs  of  build- 
ings, fences,  etc.,  (c)  purchase  of  stock, 
tools,  fertilizers,  and  seeds  for  the  first 
crop,  (d)  cost  of  raising  and  selling  this 
crop,   (e)    insurance  premiums,   lawyer's 


fees,  taxes  —  state,  county,  poll,  school 
and  highway,  (f)  cost  of  feeding  the  stock, 
and  (g)  the  living  expenses  of  the  family, 
all  these  before  a  harvest  time  comes 
round.  Are  you  prepared  to  pay  for  the 
farm  and  meet  these  expenses  as  well? 
And  have  you  any  idea  what  they  may 
amount  to? 

2.  Is  the  title  perfectly  clear  and  good? 
Unless  you  are  considering  a  Government 
homestead,  have  a  competent  lawyer 
make  an  exhaustive  search  and  obtain 
unquestionable  proof  of  the  legality  of 
the  ownership. 

3.  How  much  productive  land  are  you 
getting?  A  50  acre  farm  of  25  tillable 
acres,  10  of  permanent  pasture,  and  15  of 
woodlot  at  $2 500,  means  that  the  actual 
producing  area  is  25  acres  (unless  you 
plan  to  sell  timber),  which  must  pay 
interest  and  return  a  profit  on  a  valuation 
of  $100  instead  of  $50  per  acre. 

4.  What  is  the  producing  power  of 
the  farm?  Can  it  meet  regularly  the  cost 
of  operation  as  suggested  above  and  re- 
turn a  profit  besides?  This  producing 
power  depends  on: 

(a)  The  nature,  fertility,  adaptability, 
and  condition  of  the  soil. 

(b)  The  arrangement,  topography,  and 
size  of  the  fields,  roads,  pastures,  etc. 


598 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


(c)  The  water  supply  for  stock  and 
crops. 

(d)  The  drainage  conditions  and  ar- 
rangements, both  natural  and  artificial. 

(e)  The  number,  condition,  and  capac- 
ity of  the  buildings. 

(f)  The  number  of  animals  that  can 
be  maintained. 

(g)  The  crop  yields  of  each  field  for  a 
series  of  years  —  average,  maximum,  and 
minimum. 

(h)  The  past  management  of  the  soil 
as  to  rotations,  manuring,  cover  cropping, 
etc. 

(i)  The  amounts  of  feed  for  stock 
bought  and  raised  in  past  years. 

5.  If  crops  and  animals  can  be  suc- 
cessfully raised  can  they  be  easily  and 
profitably  marketed?    This  depends  on: 

(a)  The  distance  to  local  and  general 
markets  —  creameries,  grain  elevators, 
canning  factories,  etc. 

(b)  The  distance  to  railroad  stations, 
express  offices,  and  trolley  lines. 

(c)  The  character  of  the  highways  to 
markets  or  shipping  points. 

(d)  The  express,  freight,  and  passenger 
rates  to  marketing  and  purchasing  centres. 

(e)  The  means  of  communication,  i.  e., 
mail  delivery,  telephone,  telegraph. 

(0     Banking  facilities, 
(g)     Presence  or  absence  of  cooperative 
associations  for  buying,  marketing,  etc. 

6.  Is  the  farm  adapted  to  the  type  of 
farming  that  you  are  interested  and  pro- 
ficient in,  and  that  can  supply  the  nearest 
and  best  markets?  This  will  be  largely 
determined  by: 

(a)  The  location,  geographic  and  topo- 
graphic. 

(b)  The  climate:  average  annual  tem- 
perature, and  possible  ranges  in  both 
directions;  length  of  growing  seasons  be- 
tween spring  and  fall  frosts;  average 
annual  and  monthly  precipitation  and 
maxima  and  minima  for  a  series  of  grow- 
ing seasons. 

(c)  Frequency  of  severe  storms,  sud- 
den frosts,  floods,  forest  fires,  droughts, 
etc.,  and  the  possibility  of  protection 
from  these. 

(d)  Availability  of  labor. 

(e)  Presence  or  absence  of  swamps, 
lakes,  streams,  etc. 


(0  Chief  agricultural  occupation  of 
the  section. 

The  Farm  as  a  Home  involves  the  entire 
range  of  social  and  domestic  conditions  of 
both  locality  and  community.  For  ex- 
ample: 

1 .  How  far  is  it  to  the  nearest  town  and 
how  large  is  it? 

2.  How  far  arc  schools,  churches,  grange 
halls,  etc.  Can  they  be  reached  easriy? 
Are  the  children  carried  to  and  from  school? 

3.  What  is  the  color,  nationality,  and 
character  of  the  dominant  population? 
What  is  that  of  the  immediate  neighbors? 

4.  What  is  the  sanitary  condition  of 
the  locality  and  the  property? 

5.  Are  the  size,  location  and  condition 
of  the  dwelling  good?  Are  water  supply, 
heating,  lighting,  and  plumbing  equip- 
ments installed  or  can  they  be  installed 
without  excessive  expense? 

6.  Can  the  location  of  and  the  life  on 
this  farm  give  your  family  as  much  ben- 
efit socially,  financially  and  in  every  way, 
as  their  present  condition? 

And  finally,  are  you  equipped  and 
trained  for,  and  capable  of  managing  a 
complex  business  in  which  your  time, 
money,  and  energy  are  all  to  be  invested? 

There  are,  therefore,  three  heads  under 
which  the  information  can  be  grouped, 
viz.  the  property  itself,  the  environment, 
and  the  community;  and  there  are  likewise 
three  aspects  in  regard  to  which  the  farm 
must  be  analyzed,  viz.  the  farm  as  a  man- 
ufacturing plant,  its  commercial  relations 
with  markets  and  sources  of  supplies,  and 
the  farm  as  a  home.  Study  the  property 
from  all  these  points  of  view;  get,  if  possi- 
ble, expert  advice  as  to  the  technical  mat- 
ters; an^  above  all,  visit  the  farm  and  see 
for  yourself  whether  it  suits  your  needs 
and  desires.  The  World's  Work  is 
ready  and  anxious  to  assist  with  any  ad- 
vice or  suggestions  that  its  Land  Depart- 
ment can  provide.  That  there  is  a  field 
for  this  sort  of  cooperation  seems  clearly 
proven  by  this  brief  report: 

From  November  ist  to  January  ijih,  the 
Land  Department  answered  410  inquiries 
about  farms  and  farm  lands  from  corre- 
spondents in  thirty  odd  states  of  the  Union, 
in  Mexico,  Panama,  Hollafid,  Peru,  Canada, 
Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico. 


mm 


THE   MARCH   OF  THE   CITIES 


SEATTLE  S   NEW   IDEA   IN   CITY   PLANNING 


SEATTLE  has  taught  the  coun- 
try something  new  about  city 
planning.  San  Francisco's  ex- 
perience with  the  Burnham  plan 
gave  the  northern  city  the 
hint.  In  San  Francisco,  a  number  of 
wealthy  men  clubbed  together,  made  up  a 
fund,  and  invited  Mr.  Daniel  Burnham, 
of  Chicago,  the  distinguished  architect 
and  designer  of  the  Government's  plan 
for  the  beautification  of  Manila,  to  come 
and  devise  a  plan  for  the  improvement  and 
orderly  growth  of  their  city.  Mr.  Burn- 
ham came  —  donating  his  valuable  time 
to  the  cause  of  beauty  —  spent  months 
in  study  and  discussion  and  designing, 
and  at  length  presented  a  report  upon  his 
admirable  and  beautiful  vision  of  a  San 
Francisco  that  might  be.  The  gentlemen 
who  had  got  the  work  done  were  delighted; 
they  congratulated  Mr.  Burnham  upon 
his  achievement  and  thanked  him  for  his 
services;  they  paid  all  the  expense  he  had 
incurred;  they  ordered  copies  of  the  re- 
port to  be  printed  for  public  distribution, 
and  they  said  to  the  people  of  San  Fran- 
cisco: "Allow  us  to  present  to  you  this 
plan  for  a  greater  city.  It  has  been  our 
pleasure  to  save  you  all  the  trouble  and 
labor  and  expense  of  devising  it.  Here 
it  is,  complete,  with  our  compliments." 

The  people  of  San  Francisco  said  "Very 
nice"  and  "Thank  you;"  and  —  the 
next  day  (literally)  the  city  burned  up. 

"  How  fortunate!"  exclaimed  the  gentle- 
men who  had  paid  the  bills,  "that  we  have 
this  plan  all  ready  just  at  this  time  when 
>'ou  have  to  rebuild  anyway.  This  shows 
you  the  way  to  do  it  right." 

But  the  people  of  San  Francisco, 
strangely  enough,  were  not  impressed. 
They  turned  down  the  Burnham  plan 
and  turned  to  on  their  own  plans,  and  the 
vision  of  a  beautiful  and  orderly  city  is  still 
a  dream.     Why? 

The  city  planners  of  Seattle  thought 
they   knew   why.    So,   when  their  local 


chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects  and  a  few  choice  spirits  in  the 
Commercial  Club  and  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  decided  that  Seattle  needed  a 
plan  for  its  future  growth  and  a  vision  for 
its  future  beauty,  they  said  to  one  another: 

"It  will  do  no  good  if  we  devise  such 
a  plan  and  present  it  to  the  people.  That 
would  be  our  plan,  not  the  people's  plan. 
The  people  must  say  they  want  it  before 
we  get  it  for  them,  so  that,  when  they  do 
get  it,  it  will  be  received  with  interest 
and  joy  as  the  realization  of  a  city-wide 
hope." 

So  these  men  began  an  agitation.  They 
talked  city  plan  to  the  real  estate  district 
improvement  clubs,  to  the  labor  unions, 
to  the  commercial  bodies,  to  everybody 
they  knew  and  to  anybody  that  would 
listen.  Pretty  soon  the  city  plan  idea 
was  in  the  air  everywhere.  People  were 
asking  one  another:  "How  can  we  get  a 
plan  for  Seattle?" 

Then  the  originators  of  the  idea  clinched 
their  advantage.  Seattle  has  the  initia- 
tive and  referendum,  so  they  easily  per- 
suaded the  council,  who  saw  that  the 
people  were  greatly  interested  in  the  pro- 
ject, to  propose  an  amendment  to  the  char- 
ter providing  for  a  Municipal  Plans  Com- 
mission. The  aid  of  the  Municipal  League 
was  enlisted.  This  organization  of  700 
men  included  much  of  the  best  young 
blood  in  the  business  and  professional  life 
of  the  city.  They  aided  greatly  by  block- 
ing such  counter  moves  of  the  opposition 
as  proposals  to  commit  the  city  at  once, 
by  bond  issues,  to  the  location  of  the  site 
of  the  city  hall,  the  courthouse,  and  the 
museum  of  art  —  buildings  that  should  be 
included  in  all  plans  for  a  civic  centre. 

The  amendment  was  voted  on  at  the 
regular  city  election  on  March  8,  1910, 
and  carried  by  the  biggest  majority  of 
all  charter  amendments  ever  passed  in 
Seattle.  The  demand  for  the  plan  had 
been  created. 


6oo 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  composition  of  the  Municipal  Plans 
Commission  was  designed  to  foster  the 
universal  public  interest  in  the  enterprise. 
The  amendment  required  that  every  class 
of  citizens  be  represented,  for  the  com- 
mission was  to  consist  of  twenty-one 
members,  to  be  chosen  as  follows:  three 
to  be  elected  from  the  city  council  by  its 
members;  one  to  be  elected  from  each 
of  the  following  by  their  respective  mem- 
bers—  board  of  public  works,  county 
commissioners,  city  board  of  education 
and  the  city  park  commission;  and  the 
mayor  to  select  one  of  two  nominees  to  be 
named  by  mass-meetings  of  each  of  the 
following  interests  —  Pacific  Northwest 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Washington 
State  Chapter  of  American  Institute  of 
Architects,  Seattle  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Seattle  Commercial  Club,  Manufac- 
turers' Association,  Central  Labor  Council, 
Seattle  Clearing  House  Association,  Seattle 
Bar  Association,  Seattle  Real  Estate 
Association,  Carpenters'  Union,  water- 
front owners,  steam  railroad  companies, 
marine  transportation  companies,  and  the 
street  railway  companies. 

That  list  included  nearly  everybody. 
The  agitation  in  these  several  organiza- 
tions over  the  nomination  of  commis- 
sioners kept  alive  public  interest  in  the 
project. 

Then  the  people  who  objected  to  any 
plan  at  all  took  the  amendment  to  the 
courts  and  fought  it  out  and  were  fmally 
beaten.  The  uproar  they  caused  gave 
the  idea  more  publicity  and  crystallized 
a  lot  of  sentiment  for  it.  By  the  time  the 
commission  was  actually  formed  and  had 
got  down  to  business,  everybody  in  Seattle 
knew  what  a  city  plan  was,  and  a  big 
majority  of  them  wanted  one. 

The  amendment  required  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  non-resident  expert  to  prepare 
the  plan.  The  commission  chose  Mr.  Virgil 
Bogue,  an  engineer  of  international  fame, 
who  had  just  finished  building  the  Western 
Pacific  Railroad  and  who  had  begun  his 
professional  life  on  the  engineering  staff  of 
Prospect  Park,  Brcxjklyn,  as  a  pupil  of 
Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Sr.  He  worked 
from  September,  1910,  to  September,  191 1, 
and  his  work  was  constantly  advertised  by 
the  public  meetings  of  the  commission,  held 


bi-weekly.  The  plan  assumes  Seattle's 
growth  to  1,000,000  population  and  pro- 
vides an  elaborate  scheme  for  harbor  de- 
velopment, a  civic  centre,  arterial  highways, 
transportation  extension,  park  improve- 
ments, and  municipal,  decorations  for  a  city 
of  that  size.  It  cost  $49,614. 12  to  prepare 
it,  and  every  citizen  of  Seattle  was  taxed  to 
foot  the  bill,  and  knew  he  was  so  taxed  and 
was  (by  m.ajority  vote)  glad  of  it.  It  was 
the  people's  own  plan:  they  had  ordered 
it,  and  they  paid  for  it. 

And  the  people  also  guaranteed  the  ex- 
penses of  publishing  10,000  copies  of  the 
plan  that  have  lately  been  distributed 
at  cost  throughout  the  city  for  their  own 
enlightenment. 

Taking  for  granted  that  the  people  will 
officially  adopt  their  plan  when  they  vote 
on  it,  what  will  they  then  have?  A  com- 
munity vision  of  the  right  way  to  develop 
their  city.  The  ordinance  accepting  it 
will  provide  that  the  plan  may  be  altered 
at  any  future  election,  but,  unless  so 
altered,  all  future  developments  shall  be 
made  in  accordance  with  its  terms.  In 
other  words,  it  provides  a  coherent  scheme 
of  growth,  and  throws  the  burden  of  proof 
on  those  who  at  any  future  time  may 
object  to  any  particular  part  of  it,  to  show 
that  such  part  ought  to  be  altered  or 
omitted,  whereas,  hitherto,  the  burden 
of  proof  has  been  on  the  city  builders 
to  show  that  every  step  of  their  plan 
was  justified  by  the  exigencies  of  the 
moment. 

The  adoption  of  the  plan  does  not  com- 
mit the  city  to  the  expenditure  of  a 
single  cent:  it  does  commit  it  to  an 
orderly  and  comprehensive  development. 
Every  step  in  this  development  requires 
a  bond  issue,  with  its  election  and  con- 
sequent publicity  that  protects  the  public 
interest. 

But,  whether  Seattle  accepts  or  re- 
jects the  commission's  report  of  Mr. 
Bogue's  work,  the  si'^nilicant  and  interest- 
ing and  original  idea  tiiat  is  noteworthy 
of  itself  is  the  democratization  of  the  plan, 
so  that  it  comes  up  from  the  people  and  is 
not  handed  Jown  to  them.  Other  cities, 
in  this  and  in  many  other  public  under- 
takings, may  learn  a  helpful  lesson  from 
the  example  of  Seattle. 


lb 


The  World's  Work 


WALTER  H.  PAGE,  Editok 


CONTENTS   FOR   APRIL,  1912 

Mr.  William  Dean  Howells       -         ------  Frontispiece 

THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS  — An  Editorial  Interpretation      -    -    -    603 

Dr.  Stephen  Smith  Miss  Violet  Oakley  Mr.  Arthur  Nikiich 

Justice  Mfthlon  Pitnej  The  "Sandwich"  Fire  Engine 

A  Very  General  Survey  -  A  World's  Work  Farm  Conference 

Mr.  Roosevelt  Again  -  The  Great  Country  Life  Movement 

About  the  Third  Term  The  Regeneration  of  Wall  Street 

A  Class  War  About  French  Revolutions  and  Such 
A  Little  Glimpse  into  China  Things 

The  Progress  of  Republican  Govern-        The  Americanizing  of  France  and  the 

ment  Financing  of  Europe 

The  Everglades  Land  Scandal  An  Unconscious  Carrier  of  Death 

WHAT  HAPPENED  TO  ONE  WOMAN C  M.  K.  623 

AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL  (Ills.)  Alexander  P.  Rogers  625 

THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE  (Ills.)  F.   Blair  Jaekel  641 
"WHAT  I  AM  TRYING  tO  DO"— An  Authorized  Interview  with 

Dr.  Rupert  Blue  ----    -------    Thomas  F.  Logan  653 

A  FACTORY  THAT  OWNS  ITSELF 

Richard  and  Florence  Cross  Kitchelt  658 

THE  BISHOP  OF  THE  ARCTIC   (Ills.)    -    -    F.  Carrington  Weems  661 

"FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW  CITIZENS"  (Ills.)  William  Bayard  Hale  673 

THE  BUREAU  OF  MUNICIPAL  RESEARCH    -    -      Henry  Bruere  6^ 

WHAT  SHALL  WE  DO  WITH  OUR  BANKS?  —  Jos.  B.  Martindale  687 

HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES  (Ills.)  -  -  Frank  Parker  Stockbridce  692 

A  PRIMA  DONNA  AT  TWENTY 704 

CHINA  AS  A  REPUBLIC Professor  T.  1  yen aga  706 

OUR  STUPENDOUS  YEARLY  WASTE    ....     Frank  Koester  713 
TWO  VIEWS  OF  THE  "BACK  TO  THE  LAND"  MOVEMENT 

C.  L.;  Richard  Nicholson  716 

THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES Edward  T.  Williams  719 

TERMS:  $3.00  a  fear;  tingle  copiei,  is  ccatt.     For  Foreign  Pbetagc  add  ^t.a8;  Canada,  60  ccatt. 

Pttblithed  monthlf.     Copyright,  191a,  hf  Doabledaf,  Page  ft  Company. 
All  rights  reserved.     Entered  at  the  Post-Office  at  Garden  Gty,  N.  Yn  <•  tcoood-dtss  mail  matttf. 

Country  Life  in  America  The  Garden  Magazine-rarming 

„..  g3£^gS«4..  DOUBLEDAY.iPAGt  fr  COMPANY.  **»^Tf*"' 

F.  NDouBLKDAY.  President    aTiomoii!"' f  ^^''*''**''^^     a  W.  Uam.  SMXcteiy     &A.Eviuit, 


MR.  WILLIAM  DEAN  HOWELLS 

WHOSE   SEVENTY-FIFTH    BIRTHDAY,   ON    MARCH    1ST,   WAS   CELEBRATED  AS   AN    EVENT    OF 
NATIONAL   INTEREST    IN    THE   CAREER   OF  THE    KINDLY    DEAN 
OF    AMERICAN    NOVELISTS 


THE 


WORLD'S 
WORK 


APRIL.     iqi2 


Volume  XXIII 


Number  6 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


A  STAGNANT  world  would  soon 
begin  to  go  backward  and  it 
would  be  very  dull.  Yet  a 
warring  world  is  disquieting 
and  unhappy;  and  turn  where 
you  will  now  there  is  trouble.  In  the 
East  that  slept  so  long  the  struggle 
of  China  to  set  up  a  real  government 
causes  intermittent  civil  war  and  contin- 
uous unrest.  The  old  rivalry  between 
England  and  Russia  goes  on  in  Asia. 
Turkey  and  Italy  are  still  at  war.  Eng- 
land has  an  internal  industrial  distur- 
bance of  a  magnitude  that  may  imply 
a  revolution  in  government;  and  England 
and  Germany  are  yet  in  suspicious  moods 
toward  one  another.  In  Central  and 
South  America  there  are  not  the  frequent 
revolutions  of  former  times,  but  there  is 
constant  danger  of  them.  Mexico  has 
not  yet  found  stable  government  since 
the  overthrow  of  Diaz.  And  in  our  own 
country  we  have  industrial  troubles  and 
—  a  Presidential  campaign.  If,  there- 
fore, one  look  about  the  world  for  trouble, 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  discovering  it. 
But,  suppose  instead  that  one  look  for 
progress  and  human  betterment,  one  will 
find   these   Uh)  in   even   more  abundant 


measure.  One  of  the  results  of  universal 
and  swift  communication  and  publicity 
is  that  all  the  trouble  in  the  world  becomes 
quickly  known.  There  are,  for  instance, 
two  or  three  great  quiet  movements  going 
on  in  the  United  States  that  mean  incal- 
culable good  to  our  people.  One  is  the 
organization  and  betterment  of  country 
life,  including  the  reconstruction  of  the 
rural  school.  Another  is  the  improvement 
in  agriculture  whereby  those  who  do  till 
the  earth  are  coming  into  a  higher  eco- 
nomic and  social  life.  Another  is  the  sani- 
tary improvement  that  goes  on  almost 
everywhere,  notably  in  the  Southern  states. 

And,  for  that  matter,  even  out  of  our 
political  turmoil,  clearer  judgments  will 
come.  There  is  no  other  light  as  bright 
as  the  intense  beating  of  publicity  on 
men  and  measures  that  comes  with  a 
Presidential   campaign. 

The  great  duty  and  the  somewhat  hard 
task  in  such  a  time  is  to  keep  one's  own 
attention  to  the  main  duties  of  life,  to 
keep  one's  own  judgment  free  from  warp- 
ing, to  learn  without  being  disturbed  and 
—  to  do  one's  business  with  iquiet  zeal. 

Neither  the  big  worid  nor  our  own  coun- 
try is  going  backward. 


Copyrliflii.  ■9i».  by  DoubladAjr.  PAfC  *  C«.    All  ilffkM  tmmrmL 


MISS  VIOLET  OAKLEY 

WHU   HAS   BttN   CHOSI  N   TO  COMPLETE  THE    IMI>ORTANT  MURAL  DECORATIONS    IN    THE 
CAPITOL  AT  HARRisaURG,  PA,.  THAT  WHRE  PLANNED  AND  BEGUN  BY   THE 
LATE    bDWIN   A.   ABBEY 


THE   -SANDWICH''    FIRE  ENGINE 

THAT  TRAVELS  THE  STIIEETS  OF   NEW   YORK  CITY  TO  WARN   CARELESS   PEOPLE    or 
DANGER  OF   RECKLESS   HANDLING  OF  MATCHES   AND  CIGARETTES 


THE 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


609 


MR.  ROOSEVELT  AGAIN 

MR.  ROOSEVELT  has  disappointed 
and  shocked  many  of  his  friends 
by  putting  aside  his  declaration 
against  a  third  term  with  the  remark  that 
of  course  he  meant  three  consecutive 
terms;  and  he  has  shocked  and  disap- 
pointed others  by  what  seems  to  them  a 
lack  of  frank  and  open  dealing  with  Mr. 
Taft.  He  has  put  himself  in  personal 
opposition  to  the  President  without  giving 
the  public  in  the  beginning  a  sufficiently 
candid  explanation  of  his  change  of  mind 
about  him.  These  failures  in  prompt 
frankness  are  more  than  a  tactical  mis- 
take. They  lay  him  open  to  the  suspicion 
of  misconstruing  his  own  declaration  of 
1904  or  of  forgetting  its  plain  meaning 
and  to  the  suspicion  of  forgetting  also  the 
square  deal.  He  stands,  therefore,  as  a 
champion  of  the  progressive  spirit  of 
popular  government,  but  as  a  champion 
under  personal  suspicion  of  having  been 
somewhat  less  than  frank  and  somewhat 
less  than  fair. 

Nobody  who  has  well  known  Mr. 
Roosevelt  doubts  his  sincerity  in  thinking 
it  his  duty  to  run  the  risk  of  defeat  for 
what  he  regards  as  the  right  spirit  of 
government.  But  his  entering  the  race 
under  these  circumstances  does  suggest 
the  gnawing  that  Lincoln  spoke  of  in 
connection  with  the  Presidential  ambition. 
Many  great  public  men  have  suffered  the 
hallucination  that  their  own  practised 
hand  is  necessary  for  the  safe  piloting  of 
the  ship;  and  this  hallucination  has  often 
<lried  up  generosity  of  judgment  and 
narrowed  the  arc  of  vision.  Consider 
the  case  of  the  deposed  Bismarck. 

The  need  of  a  strong  leader  of  the  Pro- 
gressive wing  of  the  Republican  party  is 
a  mere  incident  of  the  moment.  But  Mr. 
Roosevelt's  change  of  mind  about  a  solemn 
resolution  and  his  personal  opposition 
to  Mr.  Taft  after  their  former  relations 
are  more  than  incidents.  They  are  actions 
that  will  have  a  permanent  influence  in  the 
appraisal  that  men  are  now  making  and 
will  hereafter  make  of  him  and  of  the 
breadth  and  generosity  of  his  judgment. 
I.cx)k  at  the  whole  incident  as  it  is  likely 
to  appear  twenty-five  or  even  ten  )'ears 


hence,  and  it  will  inevitably  present 
chiefly  the  aspects  of  an  ugly  personal 
contest.  It  was  Mr.  Roosevelt  who  se- 
lected Mr.  Taft  for  his  successor.  If  Mr. 
Taft  has  failed  as  President,  that  is  a  bad 
fact  for  Mr.  Roosevelt's  judgment  of  men. 
If  Mr.  Taft  has  failed  merely  to  adopt  Mr. 
Roosevelt's  manner  and  spirit  and  his 
particular  policies,  then  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
candidacy  looks  like  an  effort  to  punish 
him.  In  a  word,  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  in  a 
position  to  enter  this  race  with  somewhat 
less  grace  than  any  other  man.  He  is 
open  to  these  suspicions;  and  whether 
they  are  just  or  unjust,  it  is  surely  true 
that  he  has  plunged  the  party  and  the 
country  into  a  most  bitter  personal  politi- 
cal contest  that  will  have^  many  unpleas- 
ant consequences.  This  is  a  high  price 
to  pay  even 'for  success. 

Yet  in  his  belief  in  government  for  the 
people  by  the  f)eople  he  is  in  line  with  the 
true  spirit  of  the  Republic,  unfortunate 
as  he  has  recently  been  in  trying  to  find 
definite  and  clear-cut  expression  of  this 
belief  in  terms  of  immediate  problems. 
If  Mr.  Taft's  mind  is  fettered  by  formal- 
ism, Mr.  Roosevelt's  runs  to  extremes. 
.  The  true  American  spirit  will  survive  them 
both.  It  depends  on  no  man  and  no  party. 
It  is  inherent  in  the  people  and  they  will 
and  do  find  many  ways  to  express  it.  It 
is  sheer  vanity  to  assume  that  it  depends 
on  any  one  man.  And  the  true  American 
spirit,  when  applied  to  individual  action, 
forbids  any  man  from  breaking  over  the 
bounds  set  by  his  own  good  faith  with 
himself  and  with  his  countrymen,  in  an 
hour  of  humility  and  appreciation. 

The  promise  of  the  struggle  at  the  begin- 
ning seems  in  favor  of  Mr.  Taft.  The 
bitter  attack  on  him  is  helping  the  Presi- 
dent to  regain  something  of  his  lost  popu- 
larity, and  it  has  provoked  him  to  a  degree 
of  energy  that,  if  shown  throughout  his  ad- 
ministration, would  have  kept  him  in  much 
higher  popular  favor.  But  Mr.  Roosevelt 
of  course,  may  win  the  nomination.  The 
action  of  a  convention  is  a  hazardous 
thing  to  guess  before  most  of  the  delegates 
are  chosen.  Yet  the  character  of  his 
support,  as  the  contest  begins,  does  not 
ensure  victory. 

One  odd  fact  is  this  —  that  in  a  fight 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


both  are  on  the  defensive,  Mr.  Roosevelt 
for  a  breach  of  good  faith  and  Mr.  Taft 
for  the  shortcomings  of  his  administration. 
Mr  Roosevelt's  nomination  would  be  an 
acknowledgment  of  party  desperation. 
The  best  way  out  of  the  difficulty  for  the 
Repubhcan  party  would,  if  it  were  possible, 
be  to  nommate  a  dark  horse  —  an  accep- 
table Progressive  hke  Senator  Cummins 
or  a  man  who  has  not  been  involved  in 
this  bitter  inter-party  fight,  such  as  Justice 
Hughes.  But  in  any  event  the  party  is 
in  a  dangerous  plight  —  provided  the 
Democratic  party  has  the  good  judgment 
to  nominate  its  strongest  man. 

n 

Its  strongest  man  is  Governor  Wilson 

of  New  Jersey,  1  here  is  no  other  Demo- 
cratic possibility  in  his  class.  He  is  of 
the  progressive  temperament,  and  a  be- 
liever in  the  people;  and  his  record  as 
Governor  of  New  Jersey  is  as  good  cre- 
dentials as  any  man  has  presented  for  the 
Presidency  in  our  time. 

Of  one  fact  there  is  little  doubt:  if 
primary  elections  were  held  in  every  state 
to  choose  delegates  to  the  national  con- 
ventions, Mr  Roosevelt  and  Mr.  Wilson 
would  almost  surely  be  nominated. 

ABOUT  THE  THIRD  TERM 

WASHINGTON  and  Jefferson 
each  declined  a  third  term  as 
President,  because  they 
thought  that  a  longer  tenure  of  office 
than  two  terms  was  dangerous  to  true 
rcpublic*in  government.  Their  declara- 
tions made  the  unwritten  law,  which 
public  opinion  has  ever  since  approved. 
But.  if  the  people  wish  any  man  for 
President  for  three  terms  or  four  or 
five,  there  is  no  reason  other  than 
the  danger  or  the  folly  of  it.  why  they 
should  not  have  htm. 

There  are  objections,  as  Mr.  Rooseveit 
has  pointed  out,  to  a  third  consecutive 
term  that  do  not  hold  against  a  third  term 
after  an  interval  of  retirement.  The 
office-holding  machine  has  been  changed, 
and  something  of  the  danger  of  a  con- 
tinuous bureaucracy  has  been  averted. 
Rut  these  are  minor  considerations. 

Ihe   difference    between   a    third   con- 


secutive term  and  a  third  term  with  an 
interval  is  not  fundamental.  For.  what- 
ever real  danger  to  the  spirit  of  our  tnsti* 
tutions  there  may  be  in  one.  there  is  also 
in  the  other.  The  essence  of  the  objection 
to  a  third  term  under  any  conditions  is  the 
offense  to  right  government  given  by 
building  up  a  personal  party,  the  offense 
of    sheer    hero-worship. 

The  power  of  the  President  is  almost 
incalculable;  and.  since  he  stands  as  the 
only  officer  of  the  Government  who  is 
elected  by  the  whole  people,  he  is  thought 
to  be  more  powerful  than  he  is.  The 
popular  imagination  has  greatly  magnified 
the  office.  Now  the  moment  that  any  one 
man  begins  to  think  that  his  Presidency 
is  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  countr>* 
or  is  so  persuaded  by  his  friends,  he  is  in 
grave  danger  for  that  very  reason  of  be- 
coming an  improper  man  to  be  President; 
and  the  moment  that  any  large  body  of 
men  begin  to  think  that  only  one  man 
can  save  the  country,  they  begin  to  form 
an  unwholesome  public  opinion.  A  per- 
sonality takes  the  place  in  their  minds  of 
principles;  and  this  is  tht^  gravest  possible 
offense  against  true  republican  government. 

Such  is  the  real  objection  to  a  third 
term,  whether  they  be  consecutive  terms 
or  not.  In  the  case  of  Mr.  Rix)scvcli 
there  are  the  additional  objections  that 
he  is  breaking  a  solemn  pledge  as  the 
people  understood  it  and  is  confessing 
how  bad  his  judgment  was  of  the  man  he 
chose  to  succeed  him. 

I  he  third  term  "gnawing,"  moreover, 
attacks  Mr.  Rocjsevelt's  extraordinary 
character  precisely  where  it  is  weakest  -^ 
his  self<onfidence.  or.  in  plain  F  *  his 
vanity.     For  he  is  extrat*rdinar>  as 

in  other  qualities.  If  he  should  again 
become  President,  he  would  again  make 
an  extraordinary  record,  Again  the  whole 
government  would  become  energetic.  His 
incomparable  activity  would  be  feh  m 
the  remotest  post  office  in  the  land. 
Again,  too.  his  ambitions  that  the  Govern- 
ment should  serve  the  people  in  their 
social  needs  and  become  something  more 
than  the  formal  working  of  courts  and 
custom-houses  would  find  wide  range 
The  toiling  masses  and  the  injustices 
worked  by  vested  interests  wouid  bccdme 


I 


4 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


61 1 


governmental  problems.  Herein  is  the 
strong  appeal  he  makes  to  men  who  know 
how  fast  the  world  is  changing  and  how 
fixed  social  wrongs  become.  In  the  old 
fight  between  men  and  property,  Mr. 
Roosevelt  is  on  the  side  of  men.  The 
multitude  recognize  this;  and  this  is  the 
secret  of  Jiis  popularity. 

Yet  is  a  personal  party  less  offensive 
because  it  has  good  .aims?  Is  a  hero 
in  politics  less  un-American  because  he  is 
a  hero  for  the  humanities?  Is  vanity  in 
good  causes  less  offensive  than  plain  vanity 
of  other  sorts? 

One  way  to  put  the  truth  is  —  We  are 
not  so  poor  in  men  as  to  confess  that  any 
one  man  is  necessary  for  our  salvation. 
That  is  the  real  force  in  the  objection  to 
a  third  term  whether  it  be  consecutive  or 
not.  And  this  feelmg  will  play  an  im- 
portant part  in  shaping  men's  preferences 
during  the  next  few  months. 

A  CLASS  WAR 

CLASS  war  has  come  not  only  in  the 
Old  World  but  also  in  our  world. 
The  indictment  by  a  Federal 
grand  jury  at  Indianapolis  of  fifty-four 
labor  leaders,  most  of  them  members  of 
the  Bridge  and  Structural  Iron  Workers' 
Association,  and  the  strike  of  the  oper- 
atives in  the  textile  mills  at  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  and  the  attendant  misdeeds  in 
the  efforts  to  end  it  —  these  events  follow- 
ing the  great  excitement  caused  by  the 
McNamara  convictions  at  Los  Angeles, 
have  made  it  very  plain  that  a  considerable 
part  of  our  population  no  longer  regards 
a  labor  trouble  as  a  single  or  local  matter. 
Every  clash  is  to  them  an  event  in  a 
continuous  warfare  between  two  classes. 
The  impending  danger  of  grave  trouble, 
when  this  is  written,  in  the  coal-mining 
regions  is  anotner  provocation  of  similar 
discussion. 

We  have  continued  to  go  on  the  theory 
that  classes  in  the  United  States  are  sub- 
ject to  such  rapid  change  that  we  need 
not  fear  class-warfare.  But  this  com- 
fortable old  idea  is  become  a  delusk>n. 
We  had  just  as  well  face  the  truth.  Where- 
ever  the  fault  may  lie,  it  has  come  to  pass 
that  in  the  minds  of  a  very  gi^t  number  of 
men  the  working  class  and  the  owning 


class  are  with  us.  It  is  a  sad  confession 
to  make  in  the  United  States. 

Timely  and  wise,  therefore,  is  President 
Taft's  recommendation  to  Congress  of  a 
Commission  on  Industrial  Relations  to 
make  a  "patient  and  courageous"  in- 
quiry. This  may  be  a  step  toward  some 
better  machinery  for  insuring  industrial 
justice  and  peace  than  any  that  we  now 
have.  For  we  need  some  means  of  quickly 
making  the  facts  of  every  such  trouble 
known.  If  nothing  else  can  be  done, 
quick  and  authoritative  publicity  can  be 
given;  and  that  is  much.  The  dynamite 
outrages,  for  example,  which  extended 
over  a  number  of  years,  went  on  without 
an  awakening  of  the  public  to  the  fact 
that  this  coward  y  warfare  was  in  contin- 
uous progress,  until  the  great  Los  Angeles 
tragedy  shocked  the  world.  The  fewest 
number  of  men  know  now  the  essential 
facts  about  the  coal-mine  trouble.  Mere 
publicity  will  go  far  if  it  can  be  made 
promptly  and  with  authority. 

The  debatable  area  of  governmental 
action  affecting  the  organization  of  men 
on  either  side  of  this  struggle;  the  grave 
problem  of  keeping  freedom  of  contract 
unimpaired;  the  place  where  discipline 
ends  and  oppression  begins  on  either  side; 
the  division  of  the  profits  of  industry 
—  these  are  the  real  problems  of  our 
industrial  era.  Beside  them  the  tasks 
and  policies  that  we  label  as  "politics" 
and  discuss  to  weariness  are  insignificant. 

A  LITTLE  GLIMPSE  INTO  CHINA 

LETTER  from  a  small  city  in 
California  contains  the  following 
sentences: 

We  went  to  Chinatown  to  see  the  Chinese 
New  Year  celebration  Saturday  night  (Feb. 
17th).  We  wanted  the  children  to  see  it,  as 
it  is  to  be  the  last.  They  are  now  Republicans, 
they  say.  We  tried  to  get  a  dragon  flag  — 
the  old  style  —  but  they  said  they  were  all 
destroyed.  We  got  sonie  new  ones,  the  flag 
of  the  Chinese  Republic. 

By  such  little  tokens  near  at  hand  we 
may  guess  something  of  the  mighty  up- 
heaval that  is  now  wrenching  China. 
Suddenly  through  such  a  little  arch  of 
human  sympathy  as  this  we  see  vistas  of 
real  people  stirred  to  unwK»ited  passion 


A 


REPUBLICAN    GOVERNMENT    FIFTY    YEARS    AGO 
THE  AREAS  MARKED  IN  BLACK  SHOW  THAT,  OUTSIDE  OF  AMERICA*  ONLY  THREE  REPU8UCS  CXtSTID 


by  new  ideals  of  life  and  government. 
Is  it  the  birth  of  a  new  nation  that  we 
see,  or  is  it  only  old  and  unchanged  China 
turning  over  in  its  sleep?  Is  Western 
civilization  about  to  see  the  last  triumph 
in  its  conquest  of  the  world,  or  does  the 
sleeping  sage  still  rule  the  spirits  of  that 
people?  *  Is  it  true  that  "East  is  East 
and  West  is  West  and  never  the  twain 
shall  meet/*  or  is  the  oldest  monarchy 
in  the  world  to  be  the  newest  imitator 
of  a  Western  republic? 

These  questions  perplex  China  no  less 
than  they  perplex  us.  Even  so  learned  and 
sympathetic  a  student  of  Oriental  affairs 
as  Professor  lyenaga.  himself  an  Orienlal, 
who  writes  elsewhere  in  this  magazine 
of  these  problems,  confesses  that  they 
baffle  him, 

THE    PROGRESS   OF    REPUBLICAN 
GOVERNMENT 

THE  overthrow  of  the  Manchu 
dvTiasty  adds  four  hundred  million 
to  the  population  that  lives  under 
republican  government.  They  are  n<»t 
bad  material,  either.  In  fact  the  Chinese 
probably  have  a  better  chance  of  succe*iS 
in  their  new  venture  than  the  Portuguese, 
Certainly  they  are  at  least  as  well  fitted 
by  temperament  and  training  for  self- 
government  as  the  Japanese  were  when 
i^thcy  got  their  constitution  and  entered 
ttpon    the    Era    of     Enlightenment;    for 


the  Chinese  have  no  feudal  system  to 
bother  them,  and  they  are  accustomed  to 
managing  their  local  affairs.  They  have 
the  knack  of  forming  voluntary  societies 
for  promoting  movements  and  they  have 
a  competitive  examination  system. 

It  is  well  to  take  a  look  backward  and 
see  how  rapid  has  been  the  advance  of 
the  republican  form  of  government 
throughout  the  world.  A  glance  at  the 
accompan>  ing  maps  will  show  what  prog- 
ress has  been  made  within  the  lifetime 
of  many  of  us.  Fifty  years  ago  Switzer- 
land was  practically  the  only  repubhc 
in  Europe.  In  Africa  there  were  only 
the  Boer  republics  and  Liberia.  In  Asia 
none.  In  America  alone  republicanism 
flourished,  but  here  Brazil  still  had  an 
emperor,  and  imperial  France  was  engaged 
in  overthrowing  the  Mexican  republic, 

Nowlookon  the  map  of  to-day.  France, 
Portugal,  and  Switzerland  are  conspicuous 
on  the  European  continent.  France  and 
Portugal  have  the  lion*s  share  of  Africa, 
The  Chinese  Republic  and  the  French 
possessions  take  up  a  large  part  of  Asia. 
And  America  is  all  republican  except 
Canada,  the  Guianas,  and  a  few  small 
islands.  Or,  to  put  it  otherwise,  the  area 
under  Republican  control  in  1862  amounted 
to  about  8,000,000  square  miles.  In  igu 
it  amounted  to  more  than  22,000,000 
square  miles  —  an  increase  in  territory  of 
about  175  per  cent,  in  50  years. 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


613 


REPUBLICAN    GOVERNMENT  TO-DAY 
SHOWING  THAT  A  LARGE  SHARE  OF  FOUR  CONTINENTS  IS  EITHER  REPUBLICAN  OR  DEPENDENT  ON  REPUBLICS 


The  gain  in  population  is  much  greater. 
In  1862  the  inhabitants  of  republican 
territory  numbered  some  87,000,000.  In 
1912  they,  numbered  more  than  712,000.- 
000 — a  gain  of  718  per  cent,  in  the  half 
century. 

THE   POPULATION   OF   REPUBLICAN 
TERRITORY 

In  1862: 
In  1912: 

Of  course  these  comparisons  are  be- 
tween purely  formal  republicanism,  and 
do  not  accurately  indicate  the  real  spirit 
of  all  these  governments.  If  we  consider 
the  aim  and-  essence  of  popular  govern- 
ment, its  progress  is  still  more  encourag- 
ing, for  practically  the  whole  habitable 
world  has  within  this  period  been  brought 
under  a  constitutional  regime  of  some 
sort.  Even  Russia.  Japan,  Turkey,  and 
Persia  have  their  parliaments,  and  Abys- 
sinia and  Siam  are  no  longer  pure  autoc- 
racies. The  only  loss  suffered  by  formal 
republicanism  is  the  overthrow  of  the 
Transvaal  and  the  Orange  Free  State,  and 
to  accomplish  it  strained  the  strength  of 
the  strongest  monarchy  on  earth.  And 
this  was  merely  a  nominal  loss,  for  both 
Boers  and  British  enjoy  more  real  freedom 
under  King  George  than  they  enjoyed 
under  President  Kruger.  Jt  would  be 
absurd    to   suppose   that    the   island   of 


Madagascar,  which  appears  on  the  map  as 
republican  territory  because  it  belongs- 
to  France,  has  a  greater  degree  of  self- 
government  than  the  island  of  New 
Zealand,  which  owes  allegiance  to  a 
monarch. 

Nevertheless,  these  maps  show  real 
progress  of  a  certain  kind;  and  republi- 
can government  is  a  good  thing  in  itself, 
even  where  it  is  purely  formal. 

THE  EVERGLADES  LAND  SCANDAL 

A  SCAN  DAL  and  a  swindle  of  large 
proportions  have  taken  place  with 
regard  to  the  Everglade  lands  in 
Florida.  Promoters  have  collected  by 
mail  many  millions  of  dollars  from  the 
victims  of  their  reports  and  descriptions 
in  payment  for  lands  that  cost  $2  an  acre 
(when  they  cost  anything)  and  were  sold 
for  ten  or  twenty  or  more  times  that  sum 
—  lands  yet  under  water  and  yet  of  no 
practical  value  whatever. 

The  scandal,  when  this  is  written,  is 
undergoing  investigation;  and  no  definite 
report  of  these  fraudulent  transactions  is 
undertaken  in  this  paragraph.  It  is  possi- 
ble now  only  to  point  out  with  regret  that 
the  love  of  land  is  an  easy  road  whereby  a 
shrewd  swindler  may  reach  the  credulity 
of  large  numbers  of  people. 

Of  course  you  may  say  that  anybody 
who  is  fool  enough  to  buy  land  that  he 
hasn't  seen  deserves  to  be  cheated.     But 


IHE  WORLD-S  WORK 


I 

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that  easy  judgment  helps  nobody »  When 
most  seductive  reports  which  seem  to 
carry  state  authority  reach  persons  at  a 
distance  who  dream  of  rich  land  in  a 
warm  climate,  any  untoward  thing  may 
happen  to  those  who  lack  business  experi- 
ence and  therefore  good  business  judgment. 
It  is  the  story  of  the  bond  and  stock  and 
mine  swindlers  done  in  even  better  form. 

II 

And,  in  addition  to  the  scandal  and  the 
loss  of  millions  of  dollars  by  the  victims 
of  this  swindle  who  live  in  every  part  of 
the  country,  a  grave  damage  is  done  to 
the  stale  of  Florida.  There  is,  of  course, 
much  very  valuable  land  there,  and  there 
are  wonderful  opportunities  for  fruit  and 
vegetable  growers  who  know  or  will 
learn  the  business.  Even  to  doubt  the 
possibility  of  draining  the  Everglades  is 
unnecessary.  It  is  but  a  huge,  complex 
engineering  problem  calling  for  time, 
money*  expert  knowledge,  conscientious 
work.  The  soil  of  the  Everglades  varies 
greatly;  in  places  irrigation  will  be  essen- 
tial, in  others  superfluous.  How  many 
years,  how  much  fertilizer,  what  special 
treatment  will  be  needed  before  crops  can 
be  profitably  ^rown?  What  crops  will, 
after  all,  succeed  under  the  Conditions 
that  will  exist  when  the  swamps  are  dry. 
Can  these  be  marketed  promptly  and 
economically ?  The  answers  to  these  ques- 
tions are  not  known  and  will  not  be  until 
the  Everglades  are  finally  drained.  And 
even  then,  there  and  everywhere  and 
always,  a  man  who  buys  land  that  he  has 
not  seen  is  —  silly. 

A    WORLD'S    WORK    FARM    CON- 
FERENCE 

ARE  there  competent  persons  who 
want  farm-homes  and  do  not 
know  how  to  find  them?  The 
World's  Work  has  proved  that  there 
are  many  such  persons.  Within  three 
months  460  such  men  wrote  to  this  maga- 
zine and  a  larger  number  wrote  during 
the  same  time  to  the  authors  of  recent 
articles  on  successful  agricultural  enter* 
prises  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

The  accompanying  map  shows  the  places 
of  residence  of  the  writers  of  the  460 


letters  that  came  to  this  office.  Evcr>' 
round  dot  on  the  map  shows  a  place  from 
which  somebody  wrote  an  earnest  letter; 
and  every  cross  shows  a  place  or  part  of 
the  country  about  which  some  writer 
inquired.  These  inquiries  show  two  or 
three  general  movements  of  people,  as 
was  to  be  expected.  The  largest  move- 
ment is  from  the  northern  middle  states 
eastward,  especially  southeastward;  and 
smaller  movements  to  the  southwest  and 
to  the  northwest  are  shown. 

II 

But  the  next  question  is  not  quite 
ea^y  —  how  to  give  these  inquirers  definite 
and  accurate  information  about  particular 
localities.  To  help  answer  this,  the 
World's  Work  invited  representatives 
of  the  Agricultural  Department  at  Wash- 
ington and  of  the  departments  of  the 
states  where  land  is  much  in  demand,  and 
of  the  industrial  or  agricultural  agents  of 
the  principal  railroad  systems  to  a  con- 
ference at  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  on  February 
13th.  rhirty  men  came  and  the  whole 
subject  was  discussed  by  them  at  luncheon 
and  during  the  afternoon  and  further  at 
dinner. 

The  descriptions  of  farm-lands  and  of 
farm-life  issued  by  the  states  and  by  the 
railroads  are  go<xi,  for  they  have  constantly 
become  more  definite.  The  writers  of 
these  pamphlets  and  folders  aa*  getting 
further  and  further  from  the  vocabulaiy 
and  the  point-crf-view  of  the  typical  real 
estate  agent:  they  have  less  and  less  of 
the  "  boom "  tone  and  more  and  more  of 
the  tone  of  the  practical  student  of 
country  life.  The  best  of  this  matter 
makes  a  good  preliminary  guide.  It 
tells  a  man  enough  general  facts  to  enable 
him  to  make  up  his  mind  whether  he 
cares  to  inspect  the  neighborhood.  They 
give  social  as  well  as  purely  agricultural 
facts. 

This  conference  made  it  plain,  first,  that 
these  agencies  —  the  states  and  the  rail- 
roads—  are  doing  good  work;  but  it 
made  it  plain  also  that  one  essential  task 
is  yet  not  done.  Can  a  man  find  reason- 
able local  financial  help  if  he  buy  a  farm 
in  a  given  region?  For  instance,  can  he 
borrow  on  his  land  a  sum  to  pay  his  first 


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year's  acpenses  at  a  reasonable  interest? 
What  about  markets,  too? 

Most  men  who  seek  farm-homes  are 
men  of  small  capital,  and  the  farmer,  as 
a  rule,  gets  his  money  for  his  crop  only 
once  a  year.  Ihe  financing  of  farm- 
ventures—  giving  careful  and  safe  finan- 
cial help  to  trustworthy  and  capable 
men  —  is  one  of  the  most  imperative  needs 
of  our  time.  And  the  sparsely  settled 
states  might  well  consider  whether  it 
would  not  be  wise  to  further  such  work. 
Ihe  railroad  companies,  perhaps,  have 
grave  reasons  to  hesitate.  But  somebody 
ought  to  do  it.  The  nation  did  such 
service,  in  effect,  by  the  homestead  law, 
so  long  as  there  were  good  free  public 
lands;  and  it  now  makes  the  purchase  of 
irrigated  land  comparatively  easy. 

Here  is  a  task  for  local  credit-societies, 
such  as  exist  in  Europe,  and  for  such  state- 
help  as  Victoria,  Australia,  for  example, 
gives  by  selling  land  to  settlers  on  perhaps 
the  most  favorable  terms  on  which  land 
can  now  be  bought  anywhere  in  the  world. 

There  was  brought  out  at  this  con- 
ference, in  many  interesting  ways,  the 
fact  that  the  states  and  the  railroads 
desire  good  farmers  on  the  unlilled  or 
poorly  tilled  land— ^ want  them  badly, 
will  work  hard  to  get  them,  and  appreciate 
their  economic  and  social  value  to  the 
utmost.  Vet  here  are  these  460  inquirers 
—  by  this  time  there  are  460  more  —  eiiger 
to  get  good  land.  Some  of  them  are  fmding 
what  they  want;  but  many  of  them  never 
will  find  it,  do  what  we  may,  what  the 
states  may,  and  what  the  railroads  may. 

Nobody  has  yet  quite  mastered  the 
problem.  It  consists  of  even  more  ac- 
curate and  comprehensive  authoritative 
information  not  only  about  the  land  itself 
but  about  credit,  markets,  the  neighbor- 
hood, schools,  the  organiziition  of  the 
community,  labor,  the  kind  of  welcome  and 
helpfulness  that  awaits  a  new  aimer. 

All  these  things  the  World's  Woiik 
will  try  more  and  more  fully  to  supply 
information  about.  And  in  the  meantime 
it  wishes  publicly  to  thank  the  gentlemen 
who  came  and  by  ihetr  discussions  made 
the  complicated  task  cleaax  and  who  help 
to  supply  such  information  as  is  now 
obtatnablc. 


THE    GREAT    COUNTRY     LIFl 
MOVEMENT 

NEXT  to  national  politics  the  subjca 
that  serious  men  seem  most  to 
be  thinking  about  and  w^c^rking 
on  in  almost  every  part  of  the  Union  iv 
the  organization  and  improvement  oi 
country  life.  Consider  these  extraordinan 
facts:  The  value  of  farm  bnds  doubled 
during  the  last  decade.  Vet  there  are 
good  farm  lands  in  parts  of  the  country 
that  can  be  bought  practically  as  cheap  as 
good  farm  lands  were  sold  for  a  hundred 
hears  ago.  Agriculture  has  been  com- 
pletely revolutionized  by  those  who  know 
how  to  conduct  it,  but  the  revolutiofi  is 
just  beginning  to  take  effect.  It  is  more 
profitable  than  it  ever  was.  Yet  the 
drift  to  the  cities  is  not  checked  because 
country  life,  except  in  comparatively 
small  areas,  is  still  unorganized. 

Unless  all  signs  fail,  therefore,  this 
situation  is  quickly  going  to  chan^. 
A  knowledge  of  these  facts  is  becoming  so 
general  and  the  meaning  of  them  so  plain 
that  we  shall  presently  find  ourselves  in 
an  era  of  rural  organization  that  will 
mean  a  revolution.  Some  hints  of  this 
varied  activity  may  be  got  from  such 
incidents  as  follow,  and  hundreds  more 
could  be  got  even  from  the  current  news:  | 

I 

"Circular  of  Information  No,  29"  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin's  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  is  about  *'a  method 
of  making  a  social  survey  of  a  rural  com- 
munity/' A  social  survey,  it  explains* 
*'  is  an  attempt  to  photograph  the  com- 
munity so  as  to  show  every  home  in  all  its 
social  connections  with  all  other  homes/* 
Such  a  photograph  reveals  "the  lines  of 
strong,  healthy  socialization  and  discloses 
the  spots  and  lines  of  feeble  association." 
Vou  are  told  how  to  lake  a  s<>  us 

and  to  make  social  maps.    Aw  .di 

possible  maps  are  those  showing  ibe 
newspapers  and  magazines  read,  the  com- 
njunity  events,  homes  with  and  homes 
without  children,  and  hired  help.  In  a 
few  conmiunities  llms  studied,  the  maps 
sliow  to  what  extent  the  country  homes 
and  the  village  homes  tiave  a  comman 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


617 


social  life.  Such  commingling  takes  place 
with  the  best  country  homes.  Few  tenant 
homes  on  these  maps  take  part  in  com- 
munity activities.  The  maps  show  a 
few  isolated  neighborhoods  "neglected, 
overlooked,  or  indifferent  to  social  life." 
It  was  found,  too,  that  nearly  all  the 
"socialized"  homes  are  on  the  main  roads. 
Back  roads  and  bad  roads  meant  social 
backwardness. 

Studies  like  this  are  the  beginnings  of 
a  real  science  of  country  organization, 
and  they  emphasize  the  fact  that  isolation 
is  the  mother  of  stagnation. 

II 

Here  is  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  and  Immigration 
of  Virginia  which  contains  a  list  of  Virginia 
farms  for  sale.  It  gives  the  name  of  the 
owner,  his  post  office,  the  county,  the  num- 
ber of  acres,  the  buildings  on  the  farm,  the 
kind  of  farming,  and  in  a  few  cases  the 
price.  The  Commissioner  advises  inquirers 
to  write  directly  to  the  owners. 

So  far,  50  good.  But  this  pamphlet 
doesn't  go  far  enough  to  be  of  much  real 
help.  There  are  farms  for  sale  in  almost 
every  neighborhood  of  every  state  that  is 
as  sparsely  settled  as  Virginia.  Now  if 
any  such  neighborhood  would  publish 
an  illustrated  agricultural  and  social  sur- 
vey such  as  the  University  of  Wisconsin 
suggests,  it  would  probably  find  the  folks 
that  it  is  looking  for  —  folks  who  would 
make  the  soil  yield  wealth  and  make  the 
community  life  full  and  rich. 

Such  people  are  waiting  for  just  such 
information,  and  they  don't  know  where 
to  get  it  without  travel,  which  they  can't 
afford. 

Ill 

The  National  Education  Association 
appointed  at  its  meeting  last  summer  a 
committee  which  is  engaged,  under  the 
chairmanship  of  Mr.  E.  T.  Fairchild, 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
in  Kansas,  in  preparing  a  report  on  "the 
agencies  for  the  betterment  of  rural  school 
conditions  in  the  United  States."  Sub- 
committees are  at  work  on  all  important 
divisions  of  the  task,  from  methods  of 
raising   and   using   school   funds   to   the 


organization  of  neighborhood  life  about 
the  schools.  Of  the  twelve  million  rural 
children  of  school  age  in  the  whole  country 
less  than  three  million  complete  the  grades 
of  the  primary  school.  This  is  another 
way  of  saying  that,  as  a  whole,  our  country 
schools  are  yet  a  farce;  or,  a  better  way 
to  say  it  is  this:  as  a  people  we  have  not 
yet  taken  up  the  task  of  the  country  school ; 
or,  let  us  say,  we  haven't  country  schools 
yet  —  only  one  here  and  there.  Thus 
far  practically  all  our  schools  are  town 
schools. 

For  instance,  Mr.  T.  J.  Coates,  State 
Supervisor  of  Rural  Schools  in  Kentucky, 
after  a  survey  of  Whitley  County,  said 
in  his  report  that  there  were  7,058  (or 
63  per  cent,  of  all)  children  in  the  county 
who  were  out  of  school.  Of  1 1,633  pupils 
of  school  age  only  24  completed  the 
elementary  course  in  1910,  and  only  one 
school  in  six  had  a  single  pupil  to  complete 
the  elementary  course.  The  Supervisor 
said  to  the  people  of  the  county:  "  If  your 
county  supported  as  many  unbroken  and 
untrained  horses  as  it  supports  untrained 
and  idle  men,  your  business  men  would 
stand  aghast."  But  the  point  is  that  there 
is  now  a  Supervisor  of  Rural  Schools  — 
a  new  office;  and  the  people  are  for  the 
first  time  finding  out  the  facts  about  their 
own  country  life. 

IV 

The  Bureau  of  Education  at  Washing- 
ton, under  Commissioner  Claxton,  is  giving 
emphasis  to  the  subject.  A  recent  mono- 
graph, issued  by  the  Bureau,  prepared  by 
two  professors  of  the  Western  Kentucky 
State  Normal  School,  Dr.  Fred  Mutchler 
and  Professor  W.  J.  Craig,  sets  forth  the 
proposition  that  rural  school  teachers  are 
a  positive  force  to  depopulate  the  country 
districts.  The  courses  of  study,  the 
method  of  teaching,  the  general  tone  and 
influence  of  the  country  schools  tend  to 
drive  the  young  to  the  towns.  The  teachers 
idealize  city  life  and  unconsciously  lodge 
the  conviction  in  the  youthful  mind  that 
only  the  town  means  civilization  and 
opportunity  and  that  the  country  means 
monotony  and  dulness.  Then  the  pam- 
phlet cites  such  definite  commercial  facts 
as  these: 


6i8 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Canada's  country  schools  increased  the 
average  yield  of  wheat  5  bushels  an  acre.  The 
same  increase  in  the  Kentucky  corn-crop  in 
1910  would  have  been  18,500,000  bushels, 
worth  about  $10,000,000.  This  sum  would 
have  built  2,000  miles  of  good  roads,  or  it 
would  have  paid  the  expenses  of  the  State's 
public  schools  for  two-and-a-half  years.  And 
what  the  rural  schools  can  do  for  the  corn-crop 
they  can  do  for  almost  any  other  crop  if  they 
have  capable  teachers. 

Then  the  writers  of  the  pamphlet  proceed 
to  lay  down  a  proper  course  of  study  for 
country  schools.  If  you  are  interested, 
send  for  a  copy  of  it  —  "A  Course  of  Study 
for  the  Preparation  of  Rural  School- 
Teachers."  The  Bureau  of  Education 
at  Washington  distributes  it  free. 


A  few  months  ago  a  big  meeting  was 
held  at  Spokane,  Wash.,  with  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  State  Country  Life  Com- 
missions of  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Oregon,  and  of  the  Spokane  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  energetic  and  patriotic 
moving  spirit  of  which  was  Mr.  David 
Brown  of  Spokane.  This  was  a  seven- 
days'  Congress,  not  of  speeches  only  but 
of  exhibits  and  demonstrations  of  many 
useful  kinds.  For  example,  the  Grange 
set  up  a  model  kitchen  whereby  it  was 
shown  by  measurements  that  a  housewife 
would  save  by  its  arrangements  and  de- 
vices from  300  miles  to  400  miles  of  walk- 
ing every  year.  It  was  shown  that  a 
septic  tank  costs  only  one  third  as  much 
as  a  coflTin.  Problems  of  marketing  farm 
produce  were  discussed;  for  it  is  as  im- 
portant to  get  $2  for  the  stuff  that  now 
fetches  J? i  as  it  is  to  make  two  ears  of 
corn  grow  where  only  one  now  grows. 
The  country  life  institute  or  club  near 
Spokane  is  a  remarkable  gathering  place 
for  men  and  women  of  the  community  — 
a  real  country  club  where  real  country 
people  coni^regate  and  learn  from  one 
another. 

VI 

Almost  simultaneously  such  old  states 
as  Mar>land  and  Pennsylvania,  and  of 
course  a  number  of  newer  states,  have 
recently  ht'ki  bi^  Rural  Conferences, 
meetings  of  three  da\s  (jr  more  at  which 


men  and  women  of  experience  explain 
practical  plans.  In  such  programmes 
sanitation  and  cooperative  buying  and 
selling  have  an  increasing  share. 

In  Lewiston  -  Clarkston  (Idaho  and 
Washington)  there  was  lately  opened  a 
school  of  horticulture,  independent  of  all 
other  institutions,  for  the  training  of  men 
and  women,  most  of  them  adults,  for 
practical  orchard  work,  by  short  courses 
of  study.  The  orchard  owners  of  the 
valley  and  the  business  men  of  these  two 
cities  have  made  it  possible  for  this  school 
to  give  free  instruction  to  residents  of  the 
valley  and  to  charge  others  a  fee  that  is 
little  more  than  nominal. 

VII 

Another  aspect  of  the  '*  forward-to-the 
land"  movement  was  mentioned  in  this 
magazine  two  months  ago  by  a  writer  who 
said  that  many  town  men  would  go  to 
farming  but  for  the  hardship  that  fami 
life  has  for  their  wives;  and  this  drew  from 
Mrs.  Caroline  H.  DeLong,  of  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  this  very  true  protest: 

Drudges  are  born,  and  the  farm  need  not 
make  them.  It  takes  brains  to  avoid  being  a 
drudge  anywhere.  Especially  does  it  take 
brains  and  ability  to  avoid  being  a  farm  drudge. 
It  takes  all  the  skill  that  the  highest  training 
she  can  get  can  give  her.  If  she  is  college 
educated,  so  much  the  better.  She  needs  her 
physics,  her  chemistry,  and  her  sanitation 
to  help  her  fmd  the  essentials  in  her  household 
management  and  to  help  her  attack  them  in 
the  most  direct  way. 

The  woman  who  dreads  going  on  a  farm 
hasn't  yet  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  new 
type  of  farmer's  wife.  If  she  had  she  would 
be  envious  for  she  is  a  much  more  alert  and 
useful  woman  than  her  city  sister.  She  has 
cultivated  that  variety  of  employment  which 
keeps  all  faculties  alive;  she  has  some  outdoor 
work  and  some  ind<K)r  work,  some  book- 
keeping and  some  bargaining.  The  telephone 
and  the  rural  delivery  arc  inexpensive  and  they 
bring  the  coinmunitx'  to  her  door.  She  has 
much  greater  opportunity  for  public  service 
than  the  average  city  woman,  for  in  the  cil> 
are  many  women  of  leisure  who  are  looking 
for  something  to  do.  What  has  become  of 
the  drudgery?  Some  she  has  found  is  no! 
necessary.  What  she  must  do  she  resolves 
into  a  problem  of  efficiency  and  manages  so  as 
to  save  much  time  and  strength. 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


619 


It  may  take  the  woman  a  little  longer  than 
the  man  to  become  imbued  with  the  back-to- 
thc-soil  spirit;  but,  if  she  will  keep  an  open 
mind,  she  will  be  convinced  that  vast  oppor- 
tunities lie  before  the  farm  woman  of  to-day. 

So  the  man  who  has  a  reluctant  wife  needs 
only  to  carry  on  a  campaign  of  education,  get 
her  informed  and  she  will  go  with  him. 

Vlll 

It  is  not  in  the  United  States  only  that 
good  tillers  of  the  soil  are  sought.  The 
state  of  Victoria,  Australia,  arranged  a 
cheap  land-seekers'  excursion  at  low  rates 
and  energetically  solicited  emigrants  from 
every  part  of  our  country.  The  cost  of 
a  return  trip  from  San  Francisco  ranged 
from  J64  to  3200.  The  state  has  control 
of  all  the  water  and  has  spent  J  16,000,000 
on  irrigation  works;  it  owns  large  tracts 
of  irrigable  land  which  it  sells  for  a  cash 
payment  of  3  per  cent,  and  a  payment  of 
6  per  cent,  a  year  for  31 J  years  which  will 
complete  the  purchase.  When  the  ex- 
cursionists reach  Melbourne,  a  state  agent 
will  take  them  on  state  railways  to  ex- 
amine these  state  lands,  offered  by  the 
state  on  these  easy  terms. 

Here,  then  —  to  repeat  —  surely  is  an 
extraordinary  fact:  Agriculture,  extensive 
and  intensive  alike,  has  been  revolution- 
ized in  every  civilized  land.  In  every 
land  there  are  individuals  and  communities 
that  have  won  such  prosperity  and  happi- 
ness as  the  soil  never  before  yielded.  The 
applications  of  new  scientific  knowledge 
have  made  the  tilling  of  the  earth  a  new 
industry  and  the  organization  of  rural 
life  has  in  places  brought  it  to  a  degree 
of  efficiency  and  comfort  never  before 
known.  Yet  there  is  an  abundance  of 
good  land  in  the  United  States  that  can 
yet  be  bought  as  cheap  as  much  land 
was  sold  a  hundred  \'ears  ago;  and  from 
many  rich-soiled  regions  the  people  con- 
tinue to  flock  to  the  towns. 

This  state  of  things  will  not  long  so 
remain.  But  it  is  a  humiliating  comment 
on  the  lack  of  training  and  on  the  lack 
of  knowledf^e  and  on  the  lack  of  courage 
and  initiative  of  this  town-lured  genera- 
tion. The  continued  flocking  to  the  town 
is  proof,  too,  of  what  organization  can  do 
to  attract  men;  for  town-life  is  yet  our 


only  organized  life.  A  similar  organiza- 
tion of  country  life  will  produce  similar 
results. 

THE     REGENERATION    OF     WALL 
STREET 

IN  FOUR  successive  recent  numbers  of 
a  weekly  publication  devoted  to  finan- 
cial news,  there  appeared  items  con- 
cerning eighteen  American  industrial  enter- 
prises involving  the  news  of  issues  of  new 
stocks  and  bonds  of  more  than  a  million 
dollars  in  each  case  and  aggregating 
$82,769,000.  This  was  the  grist  of  indus- 
trial news  concerning  such  corporations 
in  less  than  a  single  month  of  the  past 
winter. 

This  process  is  the  culmination  of  four 
years  during  which  almost  every  import- 
ant industry  in  the  United  States  has 
sought  to  raise  money  for  carrying  on  its 
business,  for  expansion,  for  paying  debts,  or 
for  strengthening  working  capital.  In  a 
single  great  industry,  the  manufacturing  of 
harvest  machinery,  nearly  $75,000,000  of 
new  money  has  been  raised  by  the  sale  of 
securities  during  this  period.  In  the 
automobile  and  motor  truck  trades  an 
even  larger  amount  of  capital  has  been 
invested. 

This  tremendous  gathering  of  cash  has 
two  meanings.  The  first  is  the  unbounded 
belief  of  the  manufacturing  powers  of  the 
country  that  industry  is  going  forward, 
when  once  it  starts  up,  at  a  pace  that  has 
never  been  equalled,  and  that  will  demand 
a  strength  of  resources  that  the  old 
methods  of  financing  never  could  have 
afforded.  The  second  meaning  is  that 
those  who  administered  great  manufactur- 
ing plants  discovered  in  1907  and  1908 
that  bank-credit  in  times  of  stress  is  a 
broken  reed  to  lean  upon.  Hundreds  of 
prosperous  industrial  enterprises  during 
that  trying  time  found  themselves  crippled 
and  sometimes  in  serious  danger  because 
they  could  not  borrow  from  the  banks. 
The  source  of  cash  with  which  they  had 
carried  on  their  business  in  years  past  was 
suddenly  taken  away  from  them.  The 
new  financing  represents  the  determina- 
tion of  these  scattered  manufacturers 
never  again  to  be  caught  dependent  upon 
bank  credit. 


620 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


These  companies  are  not  financing  for 
to-day,  but  for  to-morrow.  The  carrying 
out  of  their  policy,  therefore,  at  the  present 
time  is  not  a  fulfilment  but  a  prophecy.  It 
means  undoubtedly  that  the  scattered  manu- 
facturers, particularly  in  Indiana,  Illinois, 
and  Ohio,  are  looking  forward  to  a  period 
of  tremendous  industrial  growth  and  are 
arming  themselves  for  the  greatest  cam- 
paigns of  industry  that  they  have  ever 
undertaken. 

Going  a  little  deeper  into  the  matter, 
one  is  astonished  to  find  that  the  great 
part  of  this  new  capital  has  been 
raised  not  by  the  trusts  but  by  independent, 
separate,  and  individual  manufacturing 
plants.  In  several  instances  sums  ranging 
from  $5,000,000  to  ?  10,000,000  have  been 
raised  in  Wall  Street  by  manufacturing 
concerns  the  names  of  which  had  never 
before  appeared  as  active  participants 
in  big  financial  matters.  Such  corpora- 
tions as,  for  instance,  the  M.  Rumely 
Company,  Deere  &  Co.  and  the  J.  I.  Case 
Threshing  Machine  Company,  although 
they  are  household  words  in  the  West  and 
possibly  in  all  the  agricultural  regions  of 
the  world,  were  practically  unknown  in 
Wall  Street.  Their  stocks  had  never  been 
traded  in,  and  their  bonds  had  never  been 
floated  in  this  market.  Yet  these  three 
companies  alone  have  raised  in  the  great 
financial  market  of  the  East  something 
approximating  $20,000,000. 

In  this  fact  there  is  something  more 
than  a  mere  record  of  a  financial  event. 
Is  it  possible  that  the  true  function  of  the 
Wall  Street  market  is  coming  again  to  be 
its  chief  activity?  All  men  know  that  the 
only  real  justification  for  the  existence  of  a 
great  central  securities  market  in  which 
men  and  institutions,  corporations  and 
municipalities  may  barter  and  trade  is 
to  provide  a  clearing  house  through  which 
industry,  transportation,  and  comnierce 
may  draw  to  their  support  the  investment 
capital  of  the  nation  and  the  world.  For 
years  W  all  Street  has  stocxl  for  something 
different.  I'or  a  number  of  years  the 
ver\'  name  became  a  synonym  all  over  the 
world  not  for  sober,  decent,  and  honest 
financial  activity,  but  for  stock  market 
gambling  on  a  scale  such  as  had  never 
been  seen  before. 


But  the  events  of  this  past  year  in  Wall 
Street  may  be  signs  of  one  of  the  most 
significant  changes  in  our  financial  organ- 
ism. They  may  mean,  in  fact,  that  this 
great  financial  mechanism  is  coming  back 
in  the  course  of  the  next  few  years  into 
its  proper  place  in  the  life  of  the  nation. 
It  is  certain,  at  any  rate,  that  speculation 
such  as  we  saw  in  1906  is  dead  in  Wall 
Street.  It  is  also  certain  that,  while  the 
great  speculative  houses  have  declined 
and  fallen  into  oblivion  and  eclipse,  the 
great  investment  houses  have  stood  in  the 
forefront  of  the  activities  of  the  Street 
as  they  have  not  stood  before  in  more  than 
a  decade.  In  fact  the  leaders  of  the 
financial  world  to-day  are  men  and  insti- 
tutions who  are  engaged  in  the  task  of 
pouring  into  the  industries,  the  public 
utilities,  and  the  transportation  niachiner> 
of  the  country  capital  gathered  from  ail 
the  corners  of  the  world;  and  they  are 
not  engaged  in  speculation. 

ABOUT  FRENCH  REVOLUTIONS 
AND  SUCH  THINGS 

THE  Chairman  of  the  greatest  cor- 
poration in  the  United  States. 
Mr.  Gary  of  the  Steel  Corporation, 
made  a  speech  before  a  dinner  in  New  York 
a  little  time  ago  in  the  course  of  which  he 
said: 

1  say  to  you  that  things  are  being  said  and 
printed  similar  to  the  incendiary  speeches 
which  aroused  the  peasants  of  France  and 
caused  the  French  Revolution.  Unless  some- 
thing is  done,  the  spark  will  burst  into  a  flame. 
I  am  not  asking  for  sympathy,  nor  have  I 
hoisted  a  flag  of  distress.  I  suppose  it  is  only 
fair  to  say  that,  perhaps,  we  men  of  great  in- 
fluence have  not  alwa\s  done  exactly  right. 
I  think  that  it  would  be  better  if  we  sought 
to  remedy  some  of  the  ills  of  the  body  politic. 
and,  instead  of  taking  offense,  seek  to  benefit 
by   criticism,    however   unjust. 

Unless  the  capitahsts.  the  corporations,  the 
wealth  of  this  country  take  the  first  step  in 
this  direction,  and  assume  a  leading  position 
in  the  fight  to  remedy  evils,  that  action  will  be 
taken  out  of  our  hands  by  the  mob.  M\ 
counsel  to  the  big  interests  of  the  country  is 
to  deal  squarely  with  their  employees. 

There  are  many  men  of  high  station  in 
the    business  world   who  sav  that    thev 


THE  MARCH  OF  EVENTS 


621 


share  this  fear.  Their  theory  is  that  if 
you  don't  give  the  public  what  it  wants 
the  public  will  become  violent.  This 
is  very  much  older  than  the  French  revolu- 
tion and  as  old,  in  fact,  as  the  time  when 
one  man  first  became  superior  to  his 
fellows. 

But  such  a  public  utterance  is  not  the 
soberly  thought  out  judgment  of  our  in- 
dustrial leaders.  We  have  heard  the 
same  thing  often  before.  It  was  in  fact 
a  constant  theme  of  conversation  during 
the  great  coal  strike  of  a  few  years  ago, 
and  long  before  that  in  the  days  of  the 
Homestead  strike  and  the  Pullman  strike. 
It  has  been,  in  fact,  the  cry  of  capital 
whenever  the  dominancy  of  capital  seemed 
to  be  threatened  even  in  an  unimportant 
corner  of  the  business  world. 

Sober  men  in  the  United  States  are  not 
much  afraid  of  socialism,  anarchy,  nihilism, 
French  revolutions,  or  any  other  such 
final  resorts  of  passion  and  desperation. 
One  can  see  in  the  determined  effort  of  the 
people  to  check  the  tyranny  of  gigantic 
combinations  and  to  cut  off  the  sources 
of  monopolistic  power  the  very  strongest 
possible  cure  for  all  the  causes  that 
underlay  not  only  the  French  revolution 
but  every  revolution  of  its  sort  in  history. 

What  the  people  of  this  country  want 
is  not  the  destruction  of  capital,  the  ruin 
of  great  industries  nor  the  wiping  out  of 
vested  rights.  What  they  want  is  so  to 
regulate  capital,  industry,  and  the  use  of 
vested  rights  that  these  ancient  and 
honorable  institutions  may  not  be  al- 
lowed to  rush  forward  into  self-destruction 
as  they  did  in  France  in  the  days  of  the 
terror  and  as  they  did  in  almost  every 
instance  of  widespread  mob  violence 
that  Mr.  Gary  or  any  one  else  can  cite 
from  history.  This  is  what  the  people 
demand,  that  capital,  industry,  and  vested 
rights  shall  be  the  servant  and  not  the 
master  of  the  nation;  for  the  results  which 
Mr.  Gary  fears  flow  only  from  the  gaining 
of  too  great  power  over  the  people  by  the 
masters  of  capital,  of  industry,  and  wealth. 
There  isn't  the  slightest  danger  of  French 
revolutions  from  the  people  so  long  as 
they  have,  what  they  are  now  using, 
the  power  of  compelling  publicity,  investi- 
gation and,  when  necessary,  prosecution. 


THE  AMERICANIZING  OF  FRANCE 
AND  THE  FINANCING  OF 
EUROPE 

FRANCE  is  becoming  Americanized. 
There  is  noticeable,  throughout 
the  countiy,  a  growing  appetite 
for  luxury,  an  increasing  use  of  those 
aids  to  the  comfort  of  living  which, 
until  five  years  ago.  Frenchmen  of  the 
middle  class  considered  far  and  away 
beyond  their  means,  but  which  the  average 
American  of  equal  station  has  long  counted 
among  the  common  necessities  of  life. 

Bathrooms,  electric  lights,  telephones, 
steam  heated  apartments,  musical  instru- 
ments, and  labor  saving  appliances  in  the 
kitchen  have,  until  very  recently,  not 
been  deemed  adjuncts  to  a  comfortable 
existence  by  a  Frenchman  of  the  bourgeois 
class.  His  formula  for  living  comprised 
only  a  simple  diet  and  barren  surround- 
ings. His  idea  of  happiness  was  to  live 
on  a  comparatively  fixed  income,  to  cut 
the  garment  of  his  daily  necessities  accord- 
ing to  the  cloth  of  his  productiveness  with 
a  generous  slice  left  over  for  the  rainy 
day  hoard.  Adherence  to  this  formula  in 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century  has  won  for 
the  French  middle  class  the  just  title  of 
"  the  greatest  money-saver  of  the  world." 

In  no  other  way  than  by  the  most  rigid 
self  denial  could  the  French  have  become 
such  a  nation  of  capitalists.  It  is  thrift 
and  not  cheapness  that  has  made  them 
so.  For  the  average  income  of  French- 
men of  the  middle  class  gives  them  no 
advantage  over  Americans  in  "the  high 
cost  of  living"  as  estimated  by  the  cost  of 
the  three  actual  necessities  of  life:  food, 
shelter,  and  clothing.  A  table  recently 
prepared  by  James  E.  Dunning,  United 
States  consul  at  Havre,  proves  that  the 
average  cost  of  food  in  Havre  and  other 
provincial  cities  is  50  per  cent,  higher 
than  in  American  cities  of  the  same  rank. 
Rents  in  both  countries  are  practically 
the  same,  but  the  French  tenant  gets 
none  of  those  modem  conveniences  which 
an  American  landlord  feels  compelled  to 
provide  without  extra  charge.  In  France, 
a  flat  or  small  house  without  a  bath  or 
anything  but  the  simplest  sanitary  appli- 
ances, rents  for  $150  to  $200  a  year,  and 


622 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  Frenchman  who  insists  upon  better 
accommodations  must  pay  $300  to  J900, 
according  to  the  location  and  size  of  the 
house.  Among  the  middle  class  in  France, 
the  rent  ordinarily  is  reckoned  at  one 
tenth  the  total  income,  while  in  America 
it  is  the  custom  in  our  cities  to  spend  one 
sixth  or  even  one  fourth  merely  to  keep 
a  roof  over  our  heads. 

The  tendency  toward  Americanization 
in  France  is  well  illustrated  by  the  fact 
that  recently,  in  many  of  the  provincial 
cities,^  apartment  houses  have  been  erected 
that  are  equipped  with  elevators,  bath- 
rooms, and  heating  appliances  and  that 
compare  favorably  with  American  stand- 
ards. These  apartments  rent  for  $800 
to  $1,000  a  year  and  the  demand  far  ex- 
ceeds the  present  supply.  And  American 
methods  of  advertising  —  all  the  allure- 
ments about  "labor  saving"  —  and  the 
seductive  plans  for  "easy  payments," 
have  whetted  the  appetite  for  luxury,  in 
the  middle  class  of  France.  Out  of  these 
advertising  methods  has  grown  the  de- 
mand for  ornamental  furniture,,  musical 
instruments  —  self-playing  pianos  and 
phonographs  —  fireless  cookers,  electric 
flat-irons,  and  illustrated  periodicals.  Low 
priced  automobiles  manufactured  in  the 
United  States  are  coming  into  more 
common  use  —  the  importation  of  these 
cars  was  $150,000  in  1910  against  only 
$16,000  in  1907.  Even  the  wretched 
telephones  of  the  French  government 
service  are  coming  into  popular  favor. 

This  growing  appetite  for  luxuries  must 
result  in  taking  from  the  French  their 
title  of  "money  savers."  Their  stocking- 
purses  cannot  long  withstand  the  drain 
of  these  new  demands.  And  then  a  very 
real  problem  will  confront  the  world,  for 
these  stocking-purses  have  financed  many 
wars  and  many  railroads;  and  financiers 
will  not  easily  find  a  substitute  for  their 
rich  yield  of  cash  for  new  enterprises. 

AN     UNCONSCIOUS     CARRIER    OF 
DFAIH 

BOTH  the  amazing  ways  of  com- 
municable diseases  and  the  almost 
equally  amazing  possibility  of 
thwartin";  them  are  shown  by  this  experi- 
ence reported  in  the  Journal  of  the  Ameri- 


can  Medical  Association  by  Dr.  Charles 
Boldman  and  Mr.  W.  Carey  Noble,  of 
the  New  York  Department  of  Health: 

One  man,  two  years  ago,  sent  380  per- 
sons to  bed  with  a  dangerous  illness,  and 
spread  an  epidemic  of  typhoid  fever  that 
threatened  the  safety  of  half  the  popula- 
tion of  New  York  City  before  the  source 
of  infection  was  found.  He  was  a  dairy- 
man, and  an  unusually  cleanly  and  careful 
dairyman,  too.  But  the  officers  of  the 
New  York  Board  of  Health,  by  patient 
investigation,  made  the  extraordinary  dis- 
covery that  he  had  been  a  typhoid  bacillus- 
carrier  for  forty-six  years.  In  that  time 
he  had  infected  three  of  his  daughters,  his 
son-in-law,  two  of  his  hired  men,  and,  every 
year  since  1866,  he  has,  on  an  average,  in- 
fected fourteen  of  his  neighbors  in  Camden, 
N.  Y.,  or  about  544  in  all.  "Camden  fever" 
had  become  a  fixed  name  for  typhoid  with 
the  Camden  doctors,  who  would  not 
believe  that  so  many  cases  of  real  typhoid 
could  occur  every  year  in  such  a  small 
village.  The  reason  the  infection  had  not 
gone  farther  at  an  earlier  time  was  that 
this  dairyman  did  not  sell  his  milk  to  the 
creamery,  but  only  to  the  villagers  of 
Camden.  During  the  month  preceding 
the  outbreak  in  New  York  City,  he  had 
been  in  the  habit  of  taking  his  left-over 
milk  across  the  road  to  his  son-in-law,  who 
included  his  father-in-law's  milk  in  his 
own  shipments  to  the  creamery. 

Here  is  an  example  of  the  startling 
possibilities  of  infection  that  have  come 
with  the  complex  inter-relations  of  modem 
life.  One  man,  in  a  week's  time,  unknown 
to  himself,  endangered  the  health  of 
4,000,000  unsusf)ecting  people  —  for, 
mark  you,  the  health  officers  noticed  the 
epidemic  on  August  28th  and  closed  his 
dairy  September  ist;  but  even  with  such 
quick  work  as  this  the  epidemic  had 
spread  to  "really  enormous  proportions." 

One  such  typhoid  bacillus-carrier  carries 
greater  power  of  destruction  than  a  war 
fleet.  If  it  be  discouraging  that  he  lived 
unsuspected  in  a  small  community  for 
forty-six  years,  it  is  also  encouraging  that 
he  was  discovered  within  three  days  as 
soon  as  the  disease  broke  out  in  a  com- 
munity that  commanded  specialists,  bac- 
teriologists,  and   laboratories. 


WHAT  HAPPENED  TO  ONE  WOMAN 


THIS  is  the  story  of  a  com- 
fortable little  fortune  and  the 
things  that  came  of  it.  It  is 
the  episode  of  a  Connecticut 
woman  and  of  the  way  she 
gained  her  meagre  education  in  the  science 
of  finance. 

Many  years  ago  a  company  was  started 
in  Connecticut  to  manufacture  a  spe- 
cialty that  was  used  in  the  beautifying  of 
women's  faces.  It  succeeded,  and  for 
twenty  years  it  earned  very  handsome 
dividends  on  its  stock,  which  was  small 
and  which  was  owned  almost  exclusively 
by  its  officers  and  directors.  About  nine 
years  ago  one  of  the  principal  officers  died 
and  left  to  his  widow  an  estate  consisting 
of  about  $8,000  in  cash  and  real  estate, 
and  stock  in  the  company  that  paid  her 
dividends  of  $6,000  a  year.  She  sold  her 
Connecticut  property,  moved  to  New 
York,  and  bought  a  house  on  the  West 
Side.  Here  she  settled  down  to  live  in 
peace  and  comfort  with  her  only  daughter. 
Four  years  ago  the  dividends  dropped 
suddenly  from  51,500  a  quarter  to  $750. 
She  made  diligent  inquiry  about  the 
matter,  and  discovered  that  certain  new 
electrical  appliances  that  had  recently 
been  invented  had  seriously  cut  into  the 
market  for  the  old  product,  and  indeed 
threatened  its  extinction  before  very  long. 
The  management  was  i:>erfectly  honest 
and  candid  in  its  statement  to  her.  She 
decided  to  sell  her  stock.  She  offered  it 
at  first  for  what  she  thought  it  was  worth, 
later  for  what  she  thought  she  could  get 
for  it,  and  at  last  for  almost  a  song;  but 
there  were  no  buyers  willing  to  take  it  at 
any  price.  A  year  ago  it  ceased  paying 
dividends  altogether.  Last  summer  she 
managed  to  dispose  of  it,  receiving  a  little 
more  than  Si, 000  for  assets  which  had 
produced  for  her  for  many  years  an  income 
of  S6.000  a  year. 

When  the  problem  of  saving  this  diffi- 
cult situation  first  came  up,  it  was  apparent 
that  no  ordinary  financial  operations  could 
be  of   any  avail.     It   was  obvious  that 


either  she  or  her  daughter  must  turn  into 
cash  whatever  latent  possibilities  they 
possessed  for  the  earning  of  money.  Under 
advice,  the  daughter  took  a  commercial 
education.  The  house,  of  course,  was 
sold.  A  year  or  so  ago  the  daughter  went 
to  work  and  they  moved  into  a  small 
apartment  in  the  city.  Later  on  the  relics 
of  a  fortune  were  invested  in  a  sound  and 
substantial  way,  and  upon  the  little 
income  from  this  and  the  proceeds  of  the 
labor  of  a  clever  and  ambitious  girl  life 
goes  on  apparently  in  a  very  happy  and 
not  at  all  a  poverty-stricken  way.  There- 
fore, this  little  story  ends  without  much 
real  misery  to  cap  the  climax. 

The  object  of  telling  it  here  is  to  point 
the  inevitable  moral.  It  is  the  same  old 
moral  of  the  eggs  and  the  basket,  but  it 
is  in  a  slightly  novel  setting,  for  it  is  the 
story  of  a  basket  which  was  really  carefully 
watched  and  which  its  owner  had  every 
reason  to  believe  was  a  sound  and  secure 
basket.  In  fact,  it  is  simply  the  common- 
place story  of  a  commonplace  thing  —  a 
thing  that  about  nine  business  men  in  ten 
will  inevitably  do  and  that  thousands  of 
business  men  do  all  over  the  country  every 
year. 

As  1  write,  I  have  before  me  full  lists 
of  securities  owned  by  twenty  estates 
placed  on  file  in  three  New  York  counties 
in  the  last  month.  These  statements 
furnish  some  first  rate  illustrations  of 
this  same  habit.  In  one,  for  instance,  the 
entire  estate  is  represented  by  a  substan- 
tial block  of  Borden's  Condensed  Milk 
common  stock.  That  is  a  very  good 
stock,  as  industrials  go,  but  the  man  who 
would  leave  a  family  dependent  upon  an 
investment  of  that  sort  without  at  the 
same  time  leaving  instructions  that  the 
estate  should  be  split  up  and  diversified, 
would  be  simply  laying  up  for  his  heirs  the 
same  sort  of  trouble  encountered  by  the 
woman  in  Connecticut. 

In  another  of  these  estates,  the  total 
value  of  which  is  less  than  (140,000,  I 
find  two  items,  one  of  S$o,ooo  in  a  railroad 


624 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


bond,  and  the  other  of  more  thin  1,500 
shares  of  a  cold  storage  warehouse  com- 
pany. The  other  items  are  negligible. 
It  would  be  interesting  if  one  could  dig 
into  the  past  and  find  out  by  what  process 
of  mind  any  one  reached  the  conclusion 
that  nearly  the  entire  wealth  of  a  family 
should  be  wrapped  up  in  two  items  of  this 
sort.  In  another  estate  of  $30,000,  more 
than  $20,000  is  in  the  stock  of  a  little  gas 
company  2,000  miles  away;  while  in  an 
estate  of  $62,000  there  are  520  shares  of  a 
local  street  railway.  A  strange  little 
estate  is  made  up  almost  exclusively  of 
securities  representing  the  taxicab  business 
in  the  principal  cities  of  the  country. 

Purely  on  a  guess,  and  without  knowing 
anything  about  it,  it  is  pretty  logical  to 
conclude  that  in  one  of  these  estates  there 
is  represented  the  wisdom,  or  the  lack  of 
it,  of  a  man  who  had  some  connection 
with  the  milk  business,  of  another  man  who 
had  strong  connection  with  the  cold 
storage  business,  of  a  third  who  had  some 
knowledge  of  the  gas  business,  and  of  still 
another  who  had  some  connection,  direct 
or  indirect,  with  the  business  of  operating 
taxicabs. 

It  does  not  take  the  wisdom  of  Solomon 
to  discover  that  none  of  these  four  busi- 
nesses is  apt  to  be  represented  by  stocks 
that  are  sufficiently  stable,  solid,  and 
permanent  to  satisfy  the  care  that  a  man 
ought  to  project  far  into  the  future  to 
look  out  for  those  dependent  upon  him. 
Milk  is  a  staple  article  of  diet;  but  stocks 
of  milk  concerns  come  anew  into  the 
market  every  year  and  go  betimes  the 
way  of  most  industrial  enterprises.  Gas 
is  a  public  necessity;  but  gas  stocks  rise 
and  fall  sometimes  with  astonishing  swift- 
ness. Cold  storage  is  a  wonderful  system, 
but  who  dare  guarantee  the  permanence 
of  an\'  one  plant  or  an\  one  company? 
Taxicabs  doubtless  are  a  permanent  form 
of  vehicle,  but  the  percentage  of  mortality 
in  the  companies  that  own  them  is  ex- 
tremely hi^h.  Therefore,  one  would  say 
that  all  these  men.  wise  and  successful 
as  they  may  have  been  in  life,  bid  fair  to 
prove  but  f(K)Iish  failures  after  their  death 
unless  they  provided  for  a  much  better  and 
more  permanent  investment  of  their  funds 
after  the  courts  have  passed  u^>on  them. 


There  is  no  other  form  of  investment  so 
alluring  as  industrial  stocks,  but  some 
times  one  is  moved  to  wonder  as  one  finds 
huge  blocks  of  them  held  in  the  hands  of 
women  who  live  upon  the  income;  for 
all  men  know  that  while  industrial  stocks 
are  probably  the  most  profitable  form  for 
the  business  use  of  money  they  are  also 
the  least  stable  and  the  least  secure  form 
of  permanent  investment  in  the  hands  of 
those  who  cannot  in  the  nature  of  things 
watch  them  closely. 

One  of  the  greatest  industrial  corpora- 
tions in  the  country  manufactures  a 
specialty  that  may  be  found  in  almost 
every  home  in  the  land  and  that  makes 
a  special  appeal  to  women.  I  have  the 
list  of  its  stockholders  before  me  as  I 
write.  In  this  list  there  are  twenty-one 
women  who  hold  500  shares  apiece,  that 
is,  $50,000  or  more  of  this  one  stock.  It 
happens  that  one  woman  of  whose  affairs 
I  know  something  is  a  large  stockholder 
in  this  concern.  She  lives  on  a  very  high 
scale  of  wealth.  1  do  not  believe  that  she 
has  a  single  investment  in  the  world  or  a 
single  asset,  except  a  little  real  estate  and 
personal  property,  outside  her  investment 
in  this  stock.  In  her  case  the  investment 
was  made  for  her  by  an  adviser  and  was 
not  a  bequest.  It  has  turned  out  won- 
derfully well  and  she  has,  to-day,  nothing 
to  regret  about  it;  but  every  time  one 
thinks  of  it  one  is  inclined  to  go  imme- 
diately and  look  up  the  news  of  the  latest 
trust  prosecution,  the  latest  strikes,  and 
the  latest  new  inventions  in  household 
articles;  for  there  is  in  every  industrial 
venture  of  this  sort,  no  matter  how  great 
and  powerful  it  ma>'  be,  the  primar>' 
element  of  financial  tragedy  such  as  that 
with  which  this  story  began. 

It  is  strange  that  out  of  all  the  experi- 
ence of  all  the  world  in  matters  of  invest- 
ment it  has  not  become  a  universal  axiom 
that  money  entrusted  to  one  enterprise 
or  one  security  is  money  engaged  in  busi- 
ness, and  not  money  invested.  The  fact 
of  the  matter  is.  of  course,  that  this  reallx 
is  an  axiom  amongst  scientific  investors. 
Any  insurance  commissioner  in  any  state 
who  caught  an  insurance  company  invest- 
ing 50  per  cent,  or  even  25  per  cent,  of 
its  assets  in  any  one  security  would  put 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


625 


the  lid  on  that  insurance  company  in  a 
hurry.  Any  bank  examiner  who  dis- 
covered a  bank  doing  the  same  thing  would 
report  it  immediately  to  the  Department. 
Every  banking  law  provides  a  limit  be- 
yond which  a  bank  may  not  lend  to  any 
one  borrower  or  invest  in  any  one  security. 
The  Savings  Bank  Law  of  New  York 
provides,  for  instance,  that  not  more  than 
10  per  cent,  of  the  assets  of  any  bank 
shall  be  invested  in  any  one  railroad  bond, 
even  inside  the  state  itself  and  under  the 
most  rigid  restrictions,  nor  more  than 
5  per  cent,  in  any  other  railroad  bond. 

If  one  runs  over  the  history  of  all  the 
great  collapses  that  have  occurred  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  in  matters  of  finance, 
one  finds  in  many  cases  that  what  led  to 
ruin  and  disaster  was  simply  the  neglect 
of  some  one  to  comply  with  this  very 
clear  and  well  established  rule.  The 
Baring  collapse  in  England  was  due  to 
over-loading  in  Argentine  securities.  From 
our  own  history,  it  is  enough  perhaps  to 
recall  the  collapse  of  the  Trust  Company 
of  the  Republic  in  1903  as  a  result  of 
similar  over-trading,  and  a  narrow  escape 
from  a  similar  episode  in  the  case  of  the 
Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  Company  and 
one  of  the  banks  in  1907. 


Let  us  take  it  as  an  established  fact 
in  the  world  of  banking  and  big  finance 
that  no  sane  and  honest  oflTicer,  executor, 
administrator,  trustee,  or  individual  would 
dare  to  venture  any  large  part  of  a  fund 
entrusted  to  his  care  in  the  securities  of 
any  one  institution,  corporation,  or  firm. 
Why  then  is  it  that  in  the  most  sacred 
and  serious  trust,  namely,  providing  for 
the  future  of  one's  dependents,  a  man  will 
leave  almost  if  not  quite  his  entire  fortune 
wrapped  up  as  it  were  in  a  single  napkin, 
and  often  not  too  secure  a  napkin  at  that? 

The  answer  is,  of  course,  lack  of  educa- 
tion. No  educated  investor  would  take 
such  a  chance.  Business  men  are  not 
investors,  and  in  this  country  they  are 
prone  to  ignore  the  very  simple  funda- 
mental rules  worked  out  by  the  experi- 
ence of  the  world  for  the  conservation  of 
money.  Doubtless  the  time  will  come,  in 
the  industrial  history  of  this  countr\-. 
when  the  handling  of  fortunes  from 
generation  to  generation  will  become  so 
much  a  matter  of  habit  and  of  precedent 
that  it  will  be  done  scientifically  and 
sensibly,  but  perhaps  it  is  too  much  to 
hope  that  in  this  first  generation  of  in- 
dustrial wealth  anything  but  haphazard 
methods  can  prevail. —  C.  M.  K. 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 

A    SEARCH    FOR   GOLD  THAT    LHD    3, JOG  MILHS,    TO   THE    SOURCE    OF    THE    AMAZON, 

IF  thf:  ribhrao  rapids,   through  the  jungle,  across  the 

PAMPAS,    AND    DOWN    THE    PARAGUAY 
BY 

ALEXANDER   P.   ROGERS 

PHOTOGRAPHS    BY   THF.    AUTHOR 


IN  1768,  eight  years  before  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  a  Portuguese  soldier  of 
fortune  breasted  the  vast  current  of 
the  Amazon  upward  past  the  mouths 
of  dozens  of  tributary  streams,  braved 
hundreds  of  miles  of  rapids,  risked  the 
fever  of  the  swamps,  escaped  the  arrows 
of  unseen  Indians  that  lurk  even  yet  in  the 
thick  undergrowth,  hacked  and  crash^  his 
way  through  the  tropical  jungle,  and  found. 


at  last,  thousands  of  miles  from  the  coast, 
a  little  vein  of  gold  that  made  him  rich. 

In  191 1,  the  fame  of  this  old  pioneer's 
discovery  came  to  the  ears  of  an  American 
capitalist,  who  commissioned  me  to  make 
the  same  journey  to  the  same  spot  to 
prospect  once  more  for  gold.  My  trip 
was  very  different  from  the  Portuguese. 
The  differences  measure  much  of  the 
progress    of    the    world    since    1768.     1 


626 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


traveled  the  same  streams  and  traversed 
the  same  jungle,  but  900  miles  of  the 
journey  from  the  coast  was  made  on  a 
sea-going  steamship;  along  here  1  passed 
cable  stations  momently  in  touch  with  all 
the  world;  "wireless"  annihilated  the 
next  $00  miles  of  wilderness;  busy  Ameri- 
cans building  a  modem  railroad  and  con- 
quering the  fever  by  methods  learned  at 
Panama  broke  the  solitude  of  the  next 
220  miles;  steam  launches  screeched  where 
the  Portuguese  had  paddled  a  canoe;  fort- 
unes in  crude  rubber  destined  for  New 
York  and  London  floated  by  me  where 
nothing  but  driftwood  had  broken  the 
surface  of  the  river  he  ascended. 

1  entered  this  region  by  going  up  the 
Amazon  to  one  of  its  sources,  near  which 
the  mine  was  located.  Instead  of  return- 
ing by  the  same  route,  I  crossed  a  low 
divide  to  the  River  Paraguay  and  came 
down  that  river  to  Buenos  Aires,  a  trip  few 
white  men  in  recent  years  have  taken. 

The  ship  I  was  on  —  like  all  ocean 
vessels  entering  the  Amazon  —  called  first 
at  the  city  of  Pari  and  then  went  through 
a  tortuous  channel  south  of  the  island  of 
Marajo  for  twenty-four  hours  before 
reaching  the  main  river.  In  this  way  we 
avoided  many  of  the  dangerous  bars  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  and  had  deep 
water  all  the  way  to  the  city  of  Manaos, 
900  miles  up  stream.  During  most  of 
this  distance,  the  Amazon  averages  be- 
tween three  and  four  miles  in  width, 
with  nothing  of  interest  to  see  except  a 
low  wall  of  green  jungle  upon  either  bank, 
so  far  away  that  no  details  could  be  dis- 
tinguished. The  scenery  was  a  disap- 
pointment, and  the  beautiful  birds  one 
reads  about  were  remarkable  chiefly  for 
their  absence. 

It  was  very  warm,  and  as  there  are  few 
settlements  or  points  of  interest  along  the 
banks,  1  was  heartily  glad  to  reach  Ita- 
coatiara,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Madeira 
River,  where  1  was  to  leave  the  steamer 
and  go  up  the  Madeira,  while  the  steamer 
went  on  up  the  main  Amazon  to  Manaos. 
Here  there  really  seemed  to  be  life.  Large 
steamers  were  anchored  close  to  the  shore 
and  a  busy  little  launch  was  scurrying 
from  one  to  another,  all  the  time  giving 
out  an  unearthly  screech  from  its  tiny 


whistle  as  it  tried  to  hurry  the  transfer 
of  baggage  to  the  Madeira-Mamor6  stea- 
mer waiting  to  take  us  up  to  the  railroad 
that  our  countrymen  are  building  through 
the  jungle  around  the  Madeira  Rapids. 
Such  hurry  seemed  a  little  out  of  place  in 
old  Brazil,  but  1  had  not  been  in  the 
country  for  ten  years  and  did  not  realize 
how  times  have  changed  with  the  advent 
of  Americans.  The  sleepy  tropics  can 
not  destroy  their  electric  energy,  and  even 
the  shiftless  natives  catch  a  little  of  the 
hustling  spirit  in  spite  of  themselves. 

The  steamer  we  now  embarked  on  was 
a  river  boat  designed  for  the  special  use 
of  the  railroad.  It  makes  the  trip  of 
700  miles  from  Itacoatiara  to  Porto  Velho 
—  the  lower  terminus  of  the  road  —  in 
four  days  under  favorable  conditions. 
She  has  two  decks  and  a  number  of  cabins, 
but  most  of  these  were  reserved  as  dressing 
rooms  for  the  use  of  ladies,  and  every  one 
swung  his  or  her  hammock  on  the  upper 
deck  to  get  the  air. 

The  crowd  aboard  was  made  up  of 
employees  of  every  branch  of  the  railroad 
service,  from  the  head  contractor  and  his 
family,  trained  nurses  for  the  hospital, 
engineers  and  mechanics,  down  to  the 
Greek  and  Spanish  laborers  on  the  road. 
Four  days  of  such  travel  is  apt  to  prove 
demoralizing,  but  every  one  was  good- 
natured  and  all  friction  was  forgotten 
when  Porto  Velho  came  in  sight.  This 
is  the  lower  terminus  of  the  Madeira- 
Mamor6  road  —  a  wonderful  feat  of  Amer- 
ican engineering,  accomplished  in  spite  of 
almost  insurmountable  difficulties  and 
untold  suffering.  Even  now,  it  could  not 
be  sanely  undertaken  without  the  ex- 
perience gained  at  Panama  in  battling 
against  the  deadly  fevers.  When  this 
road  was  first  conceived  by  the  Brazilian 
Government,  tropical  sanitation  was  not 
so  well  understood  as  it  is  to-day,  and  the 
first  attempt  met  with  dismal  failure. 
Men  sent  to  start  the  work  died  in  a  few 
weeks  from  fever,  and  the  survivors  fled 
in  terror.  Finally,  Americans  of  indomi- 
table courage  became  interested,  and,  by  a 
lavish  expenditure  of  money  on  the  most 
up-to-date  sanitary  arrangements  and  a 
perfect  hospital  service,  they  have  brought 
it   almost   to   completion.     To  one  who 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


627 


travels  over  the  line  to-day  in  a  comfortable 
coach,  these  statements  may  sound  like 
exaggerations,  as  there  are  no  great 
mountains  to  pass  over  and  all  he  sees 
are  swamps  and  jungles;  but  in  those 
quiet .  jungles  lurk  the  most  intangible 
of  deadly  foes,  in  the  form  of  microbes 
and  poisonous  creatures  against  which 
you  have  no  chance  without  costly 
preparation. 

Porto  Velho  is  a  thriving  little  place 
supplied  with  the  best  of  everything, 
even  a  weekly  paper  giving  the  news  along 
the  line  for  the  benefit  of  the  employees. 
The  greatest  care  is  taken  to  avoid  dis- 


ease: every  house  in  town  is  heavily 
screened  with  mosquito  netting.  Every 
traveler  is  vaccinated  on  the  boat  before 
arrival,  and  examined  for  other  symptoms 
which  may  endanger  the  community. 
Those  who  show  even  a  trace  of  sickness, 
are  sent  at  once  to  the  hospital. 

On  the  highest  hill,  the  railroad  company 
has  built  one  of  the  most  powerful  wire- 
less stations  in  the  world  to  communicate 
with  Manaos  across  $00  miles  of  swamps 
and  jungle.  But  this  is  only  for  business 
messages  and  for  those  extreme  emer- 
gencies of  personal  communication  where 
wireless  and  cable  talk  are  worth  their 


■    r 


-   V  B  N  E^Z  U  B  L  A  .^   . 

S  \^ ^       ^       GUIANA 

C  0  L  0  M  B  I  A     \  V  -,  /»-^ — ^y 


•      lit    tW  4M 


VoutcTldeo 


MR.    ROGERS  S    ROUTE   THROUGH    SOUTH    AMERICA 
FROM    PARA   TO    BL-ENOS   AIRES,   A    DISTANCE   AS  GREAT  AS   A   COAST  TRIP   FROM   MAINE   TO  SEAtTV^t. 
BY   WAY   or    PANAMA,   WHICH.    EXCEPT   FOR    A   STRETCH   OF    l8o  MILES,    WAS   MADE 
BY   HIS   PARTY   IN   BOATS 


628 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


cost.  So  everybody  at  Porto  Velho  looks 
forward  to  the  arrival  of  the  steamer,  as 
it  brings  the  mail  and  news  from  those  at 
home. 

My  mission,  however,  was  to  take  me 
far  beyond  all  this,  to  the  source  of  the 
great  river.  There  are  200  miles  of 
vicious  rapids  above  Porto  Velho,  and, 
with  ten  tons  of  freight  to  carry,  I  was 
extremely  busy  in  making  preparations. 
In  ten  days,  however,  1  was  ready.  We 
went  by  rail  about  100  miles  to  the  present 
end  of  the  line  at  construction  camp  No. 
26,  and  there  boarded  our  native^  boat 
—  a  low-lying  craft  with  the  bow  lines  of 
a  racing  yacht,  the  better  to  take  the 
rapids. 

These  boats  are  the  best  freight  carriers 
that  could  be  devised  for  this  risky  busi- 
ness where  one  must  paddle  or  pole  over 
quiet  waters  and  pull  them  by  main  force 
over  the  ugly  rapids.  Down  stream  they 
shoot  all  but  the  worst  places  with  varying 
success.  The  men  who  handle  them  be- 
come very  skilful  in  their  trade,  but  they 
would  try  the  patience  of  a  saint.  Mostly 
Negroes  of  Brazilian  stock,  with  a  dash 
of  Indian  in  their  blood,  they  work  when 
they  feel  just  like  it  with  tremendous 
energy.  To  my  sorrow,  1  found  that  they 
did  not  feel  like  it  very  often,  especially 
when  we  were  in  a  hurry.  Seventeen  men 
to  a  lo-ton  boat  is  the  usual  crew,  with  a 
master  pilot  in  the  stern,  manipulating  a 
giant  rudder  to  steer  through  the  rushing 
waters  while  the  rowers  ply  their  paddles. 
Every  man,  in  addition  to  his  work,  keeps 
an  eagle  eye  upon  the  shore  for  any  kind  of 
game,  and  when  he  sees  it  everyone  stops 
paddling  while  the  pilot  takes  a  shot. 
Our  old  pilot  was  an  exi:>ert  at  this  busi- 
ness: almost  every  time  he  shot  he 
knocked  over  a  turkey  or  a  monkey. 

In  going  upstream,  we  kept  our  boat  as 
close  to  the  shore  as  possible  in  order  lo 
avoid  the  strongest  current.  The  men 
paddled  in  unison,  starting  slowly  and 
gradually  increasing  their  speed  until 
the  stroke  oar  in  the  bow  gave  a  long  hoot. 
The  next  three  strokes  were  finished  by  a 
flourish  of  the  paddle,  throwing  the  water 
high  in  air,  after  which  they  all  settled 
down  to  work  again  at  a  much  lower  stroke 
until   the  same  operation  was  repeated. 


When  a  place  was  reached  where  the 
current  was  too  swift  the  paddles  were 
discarded  and  the  men  resorted  to  poling, 
or,  if  that  was  not  effective,  most  of  them 
jumped  ashore,  taking  a  heavy  hawser, 
and  pulled  the  boat  along  by  main  force. 
When  one  of  the  larger  rapids  was  reached, 
however,  the  process  was  quite  different. 
A  loaded  boat  cannot  be  pulled  over  these; 
so  the  crew  unloaded  the  cargo  and 
carried  it  around  the  rapid,  sometimes 
for  half  a  mile  or  more.  Then  they 
dragged  the  boat  up  over  the  falls  to 
the  smooth  water  above  and  reloaded  it. 
Sometimes  we  spent  three  days  at  one  of 
these  places;  and  there  were  more  than 
twenty  of  them  altogether. 

I  built  a  shelter  of  palm  leaves  over  the 
stern  of  the  boat  to  protect  us  from  the 
murderous  sun,  and  from  the  rain  which 
may  come  down  at  any  hour.  We  always 
tried  to  keep  moving  until  darkness  made 
us  halt,  but  the  natives  do  not  like  to  be 
rained  on,  as  it  may  produce  a  chill  and 
lay  them  low  with  fever.  For  this 
reason  we  often  tied  up  until  the  sky 
cleared.  The  natives  all  have  the  fever 
in  their  systems,  even  the  most  husky 
looking,  and  among  our  crew  there  were 
always  one  or  two  men  so  sick  that  they 
had  to  be  taken  care  of. 

Every  night  we  camped  on  the  shore. 
On  the  Madeira  this  is  not  the  pleasant 
task  one  is  used  to  in  the  Adirondacks, 
but  after  a  few  days'  practice  we  were 
able  to  devise  a  system  to  accomplish 
the  disagreeable  work  in  the  shortest 
time.  Certain  men  were  told  off  to  clear 
away  the  jungle  for  our  tent,  while  others 
took  the  baggage  ashore  and  the  cook 
prepared  the  supper.  I  tried  to  clear  the 
jungle  myself  with  a  machete,  but  soon 
learned  the  folly  of  it  when  a  swarm  of 
small  red  ants  dropped  down  from  the 
trees  1  touched,  and  made  me  run  to  cover. 
They  are  the  most  vicious  little  beasts 
that  one  would  care  lo  meet  and  will 
bite  right  through  a  heavy  shirt.  While 
they  are  no  kinder  to  the  natives,  the 
effect  seems  to  be  less  startling. 

The  custom  of  the  country  is  to  sleep 
in  a  hammock  swung  between  two  trees, 
but  1  found  a  folding  cot-bed,  with  the 
finest  cheesecloth  mosquito  nets,  far  su- 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


629 


perior.  The  mosquitoes  that  spread  the 
bad  fever  have  rather  late  habits,  for- 
tunately, which  enabled  us  to  enjoy  the 
evenings  in  comparative  safety  until 
9  or  10  o'clock.  In  fact,  this  was  the 
pleasantest  time  of  day  and  really  the 
only  time  when  some  kind  of  insect  pest 
was  not  on  the  rampage.  During  the 
night  we  hung  our  clothes  and  boots  to 
the  top  of  the  tent,  or  took  them  to  bed 
with  us,  out  of  reach  of  another  kind  of 
ant  which  loves  to  eat  them :  leather  shoe 
strings  seemed  to  be  their  special  hobby 
and  they  would  cut  them  all  to  pieces 
every  time  they  had  a  chance. 

Every  few  days  we  came  to  one  of  the 
big  rapids  where  the  freight  had  to  be 
unloaded  and  packed  around  by  hand. 
After  this  laborious  task  had  been  accom- 
plished and  everyone  had  a  good  rest, 
the  hawser  was  passed  forward  to  the 
men  along  the  shore,  and  the  boat  was 
shoved  off  with  the  pilot  at  the  rudder 
and  two  men  standing  in  the  bow  holding 
its  nose  to  the  current  with  their  long 
poles.  Slowly  the  boat  would  be  drawn 
up  to  the  swiftest  waters,  the  men  on  the 
cable  all  heaving  together  while  a  leader 
urged  them  on. 

It  was  seldom,  however,  that  it  could 
be  drawn  up  by  this  simple  method.  It 
would  strike  some  projecting  boulder  or 
get  wedged  between  two  rocks,  and  all 
their  efforts  could  accomplish  nothing 
until  those  in  the  boat  jumped  overboard 
and  lifted  it  by  the  combined  force  of  all. 

Our  'pilot  gave  a  fine  exhibition  of  cool 
nerve  in  this  dangerous  work.  The  tow- 
ing line  once  got  caught  below  a  sunken 
boulder  while  the  boat  was  in  a  most  dan- 
gerous position  half  way  up  a  raging  tor- 
rent. The  water  was  too  deep  and  swift 
to  stand  in  near  the  bow,  so  he  jumped  in, 
holding  fast  to  the  tow  line,  and  pulled  him- 
self along  under  water  until  he  was  out  of 
breath;  then,  after  coming  to  the  surface 
for  a  moment,  he  dived  down  again  along 
the  rope.  I  was  sure  he  would  be  drowned 
or  hurt  before  he  reached  the  boulder; 
but  I  was  mistaken,  for  he  .s<x)n  freed  it 
and  came  drifting  back  to  safety,  yelling 
for  everyone  to  pull. 

One  famous  rapid  is  called  the  Riberao. 
Here,   even   the   boat   must   be  dragged 


overland  for  half  a  mile.  Usually  several 
boats  arrange  to  arrive  at  this  place  to- 
gether and  help  one  another  around,  for 
a  single  crew  is  not  strong  enough  to  drag 
one  of  these  heavy  boats  on  skids.  When 
such  an  arrangement  cannot  be  made, 
blocks  and  tackle  must  be  rigged  somehow. 

As  the  men  all  knew  how  to  do  it  with- 
out any  outside  advice,  1  amused  myself 
by  bathing  while  they  worked.  The 
pleasure  of  this  sport,  however,  was 
largely  spoiled  by  the  necessity  of  being 
constantly  on  the  watch  for  some  wily 
alligator  or  stingaree,  so  1  usually  con- 
tented myself  with  a  very  short  dip  and  a 
long  scrub  on  shore. 

After  days  of  such  traveling  1  reached 
Villa  Bella,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Beni,  the  first  settlement  in  Bolivia,  and 
the  gateway  to  the  wonderfully  rich 
Acre  rubber  country.  Villa  Bella  is  one 
of  the  dreariest  places  I  ever  saw.  Prob- 
ably more  barbarities  have  been  per- 
petrated here,  by  a  cowardly  set  of  vil- 
lains who  are  in  power,  than  in  any  other 
part  of  South  America.  They  entice 
peons  to  come  here  from  the  interior  of 
Bolivia  under  the  promise  of  high  wages. 
As  soon  as  the  unsuspecting  natives 
arrive,  they  are  arrested  upon  complaint 
of  an  agent  of  these  men,  who  charges 
that  the  peotts  owe  him  a  sum  of  money 
They  are  taken  before  the  judge,  who 
is  also  an  accomplice  and  he  imme- 
diately finds  the  peons  guilty  and  sen- 
tences them  to  work  out  the  debt  on  the 
boats  that  carry  gold  and  rubber  down 
the  rapids.  The  conspirators  own  the 
boats,  of  course.  They  force  the  victims 
to  work  until  they  drop  from  exhaustion 
or  die  of  fever.  This  conscription  has 
been  carried  to  such  extent  that  there 
are  not  enough  natives  left  to  do  the  work 
to-day.  If  they  will  not  work,  the  poor 
creatures  are  taken  to  the  jail  and  stretched 
out  on  the  ground  while  a  buriy  ruffian 
gives  them  from  200  to  $00  lashes  with  a 
deadly  leather  whip.  You  can  tell  these 
sufferers  ever  after,  if  they  survive  the 
ordeal,  by  the  peculiar  walk  they  have. 
We  were  told  everywhere  that  the  Bo- 
livian crews  were  far  better  workers  than 
their  Brazilian  bretbuNSw  ^mA  V  Vi^Swe^^ 
they  are,  but  after  -—^^  '^ 


630 

it  at  Villa  Bella,  I  did  not  wonder  much. 
1  actually  saw  one  boat's  crew  of  Bolivians 
work  for  two  long  days  in  the  blazing  sun 
without  being  given  a  thing  to  eat  except 
a  little  cold  salted  beef,  while  they  paddled. 
Among  the  peons,  a  smile  is  rare. 

1  was  glad  to  leave  Villa  Bella,  especially 
after  being  charged  a  pound  sterling  per 
day  for  a  room  without  meals  in  the  only 
hotel.  The  only  furniture  in  this  room 
was  a  box  and  a  tin  basin,  and  the  floor 
was  dirt.  No  one,  however,  lives  there 
for  his  health. 

Above  Villa  Bella  the  river  is  called  the 
Mamor6  for  some  strange  reason.  There 
are  only  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  of  rapids 
before  reaching  the  quiet  waters  at 
G'uajara-Merim,  but  it  required  ten  days 
of  strenuous  effort  for  us  to  get  over  them. 
Guajara-Merim  is  220  miles  from  Porto 
Velho  and  will  be  the  future  terminus  of  the 
railroad.  When  the  road  is  completed 
thfe  train  will  cover,  in  one  day,  this  dis- 
tance which  had  taken  us  thirty-five  days 
to  make  in  our  boat. 

The  railroad  will  do  a  tremendous  busi- 
ness, although  at  the  present  time  it  is 
difficult  to  realize  where  in  the  world  it 
will  come  from  with  so  few  towns  in  evi- 
dence. This  is  the  gateway  to  a  vast  coun- 
try in  which  wealthy  companies  gather  the 
finest  grade  of  Para  rubber.  They  have 
been  forced  heretofore  to  send  it  to  market 
by  other  slow  and  expensive  routes,  but, 
with  the  opening  of  the  railroad,  it  will 
all  come  out  this  way.  And  there  will  be 
a  large  return  traffic  of  the  things  these 
people  will  buy  from  the  markets  of  the 
world. 

A  dozen  river  steamers  ply  a  lucrative 
trade  on  the  upper  Mamore  and  on  its 
greatest  tributary,  the  Rio  Guapor6. 
As  these  boats  have  no  sailing  schedules, 
you  must  await  your  chance  to  catch 
one  when  it  happens  to  come  along.  1 
was  so  fortunate  as  to  find  one  the  follow- 
ing day  ready  to  take  my  party  up  to 
Matto  Grosso,  which  is  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Rio  Guapore,  nearly  a 
thousand  miles  from  Gaujara-Mcrim.  This 
distance  we  were  now  to  make  in  a  75-foot 
steam  launch,  with  two  open  decks  and  a 
mixed  Bolivian  and  Indian  crew.  The 
launch  had  no  cabins  (none  of  these  upper 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

river  boats  have),  but  we  had  the  boat 
all  to  ourselves  and  with  several  tent 
flies  it  was  easy  to  rig  up  a  crude  shelter 
against  the  rain.  Every  night  we  tied 
up  to  the  bank  near  some  protected  spot 
where  no  savages  could  get  at  us,  and  for 
double  protection  everyone  slept  on  the 
river  side  when  that  was  possible.  For 
the  country  along  this  river  is  populated 
in  places  by  aborigines  who  creep  upon  an 
unguarded  person  and  pelt  him  with  a 
shower  of  huge  arrows  that  fly  with  great 
force.  You  seldom  see  these  fellows,  and 
they  never  make  a  sound,  but  they  can 
shoot  with  wonderful  accuracy.  Only  a 
rifle  can  scare  them  off,  though  we  found 
that  a  long  shriek  from  the  whistle  had 
a  splendid  effect  in  shattering  their  nerves. 
We  met  their  more  civilized  brethren  in 
every  settlement;  in  fact,  we  had  some  of 
them  among  our  crew.  They  were  sober, 
silent  fellows,  with  the  characteristic 
straight  black  hair  and  high  cheek-bones 
of  our  own  Indians,  and  were  the  best 
workers  that  we  had  for  tasks  that 
required  no  great  brain  work. 

The  country  all  along  here  was  so  very 
flat  that  the  river  seemed  to  be  con- 
stantly tying  itself  into  bowknots,  until 
suddenly  it  would  straighten  out  and 
shoot  off  on  a  long  tangent  for  several 
miles  before  another  turn  appeared.  We 
amused  ourselves  by  shooting  alligators; 
and  whenever  a  stop  was  made  to  cut 
firewood,  someone  would  get  a  turkey  or 
fat  duck  for  the  table.  This  hunting  on 
shore  had  its  disadvantages,  however,  for 
you  were  almost  certain  to  be  stung  or 
bitten  by  the  ants  and  other  creatures 
which  seemed  to  be  just  as  plentiful  up 
here  as  on  the  Madeira  River. 

Two  days  after  leaving  Guajara-Merim 
we  arrived  at  the  Fortalesa  da  Beira. 
which  is  the  first  settlement  on  the  Rio 
Guapore.  This  place,  near  the  mouth  of 
several  rivers,  was  at  such  a  strategic 
point  that  the  early  Portuguese  governors 
of  Brazil  erected  an  imposing  fortress  on 
a  hill  behind  the  town  to  guard  the  upper 
river  from  their  enemies  in  Bolivia.  The 
old  fortress  is  fast  falling  to  decay,  and  it 
has  been  nearly  swallowed  up  in  the 
jungle;  but  it  must  have  been  a  master- 
piece in  its  day.     The  massive  walls  are 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


631 


made  of  fine  cut  stone.  Inside  the 
fortress  a  town  was  laid  out,  and  a  tunnel 
was  run  to  the  river  so  that  drinking 
water  might  be  obtained  in  case  of  siege. 
In  one  part  of  the  town  1  found  a  maze 
of  corridors  with  hidden  pitfalls  and  other 
pleasant  little  surprises  that  the  in- 
habitants had  prepared  for  unwelcome 
guests. 

These  early  adventurers  were  truly  a 
most  wonderful  race  of  men,  although  1 
have  no  doubt  they  were  as  tough  char- 
acters as  one  would  care  to  meet.  We 
were  supposed  to  be  exploring  an  unknown 
region,  and  here  we  found  proof  that  it 
had  been  run  over  fully  1  $0  years  ago  by 
these  indomitable  gold  seekers,  who  seemed 
to  have  had  no  more  fear  of  fevers  or 
savages  than  we  did,  for  all  our  medicines 
and  high  power  rifles. 

They  were  remarkably  successful  in 
their  search  for  gold  too,  and  found  every 
mine  which  is  known  to-day  in  that 
region.  Their  energy  was  prodigious, 
for  the  nearest  settlement  was  at  Para, 
distant  eight  months  of  hard  labor  by 
boat,  over  a  route  beset  by  the  dangers 
of  savage  attack. 

The  river  became  extremely  crooked 
toward  its  upper  end  and  the  water 
hyacinths  at  times  made  our  progress 
not  only  slow  but  really  exciting.  .  We 
never  knew  what  each  sharp  turn  held 
in  store  for  us  until  the  turn  was  past. 
Once  we  ran  smash  into  a  fallen  tree  that 
stretched  out  over  the  water  and  lost 
the  bow  support  to  the  upper  deck;  at 
another  place  the  chicken  coop  on  the 
after  deckhouse  was  brushed  overboard 
and  the  chickens  were  nearly  drowned. 
But  they  climbed  out  somehow,  and  the 
rooster  began  to  crow.  But  the  incidents 
of  this  kind  were  trivial  and  merely  added 
zest  or  amusement  to  the  trip,  until 
finally  a  huge  limb  put  the  balhr(X)m  out 
of  business.  That  was  the  last  straw; 
but  fortunately  we  arrived  at  Matto 
Grosso  that  same  evening,  before  any 
more  accidents  occurred. 

We  were  now  almost  3,000  miles  up  the 
Amazon  from  the  city  of  ParS,  and  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  except  for  small 
canoes  that  can  go  nearly  200  miles  farther 
by  climbing  over  rapids.    Matto  Grosso 


was  once  a  very  important  place  when 
the  mines  in  the  vicinity  were  turning 
out  their  gold.  To-day,  however,  its 
glory  has  all  vanished,  leaving  desolation 
in  its  wake.  Some  200  ex-slaves  are  all 
that  are  left  of  its  once  considerable 
population.  Their  principal  amusement 
seems  to  be  in  having  fiestas,  and  one  of 
these  fiestas  was  under  way  the  day  we 
arrived.  A  lot  of  crazy  Negroes  were 
dancing  and  singing  a  weird  chant  through 
the  deserted  streets,  all  the  while  beating 
time  on  a  curious  set  of  instruments  which 
gave  forth  a  melody  that  sounded  some- 
thing like  the  hoochee  koochee  tunes.  The 
Negroes  were  all  dressed  in  outlandish 
costumes.  They  were  in  deadly  earnest, 
and  so  was  the  solemn  procession  that 
followed  them,  men  and  women,  headed 
by  an  old  couple  dressed  as  king  and 
queen.  It  was  just  such  a  scene  of  child- 
ish and  superstitious  make-believe  as 
one  would  find  in  the  darkest  part  of 
Africa. 

While  this  parade  was  in  progress,  a 
set  of  boys  in  the  plaza  were  firing  off  a 
toy  cannon,  made  from  gas-pipe,  and  some 
home-made  rockets,  under  the  direction 
of  the  priest. 

I  was  amused  for  a  time,  but  after  four 
days  of  this  spectacle,  with  an  all-night 
variety  of  tum-te-te-tum  music  going  on 
next  door  without  a  moment's  inter- 
mission, it  began  to  get  on  my  nerves.  1 
was  anxious  to  secure  horses  and  men  to 
take  me  out  into  the  mining  region,  miles 
back  of  the  town,  but  1  might  as  well 
have  tried  to  fly  as  to  persuade  these 
people  to  give  up  their  pleasure  until 
they  were  tired  of  the  game.  Even  after 
they  became  exhausted,  it  took  me  another 
week  to  secure  a  party  of  twelve  young  men, 
horses,  mules,  and  bulls;  and  then  a  few 
more  days  were  needed  to  equip  them 
with  arms  and  to  secure  the  food  we  needed 
for  the  trip.  Finally  all  was  arranged, 
however,  and  we  spent  a  month  scurrying 
around  the  mountains  before  my  work  of 
examining  the  mines  was  completed. 

Among  the  properties  I  visited  was  one 
interesting  mine  that  the  old  Portw«^ 
had  worked  150  years  ago.     It  laV  ^^ 
at  the  foot  oC  ^  Vs^  x^snsss.  ^  '^^^^'^^j^ 
where  sevexA  \\VC«.  ^v\^^^^  '^csT'** 


632 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


had  been  a  famous  property  in  its  day. 
The  old  workings  and  ditches  are  now 
covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  jungle, 
but  even  that  failed  to  obliterate  them 
altogether  and  1  was  able  to  trace  them 
by  crawling  around  with  the  aid  of  a 
machete. 

In  such  a  dreary  place,  1  could  not  help 
wondering  what  the  prospect  must  have 
been  to  the  first  man  who  discovered  the 
mine,  in  1768.  Struggling  through  this 
deadly  jungle,  miles  away  from  everyone 
and  surrounded  by  a  horde  of  hostile 
savages,  he  came  on  the  vein  at  a  little 
stream  where  he  stopped  to  slake  his 
thirst.  Breaking  off  a  few  pieces  of  the 
white  quartz,  he  crushed  it  and  washed  it 
in  his  batea  until  he  saw  the  gold  — small 
chunks  of  it  scattered  through  the  dirt. 
Then  he  tried  some  more  quartz  with 
even  better  results.  After  that  it  took 
but  a  short  time  to  trace  out  the  vein, 
and  hurry  back  to  Matto  Grosso,  where 
the  right  to  mine  the  land  was  secured. 

After  this  beginning,  he  and  his  friends 
brought  in  a  small  army  of  slaves  and 
cleared  off  the  jungle  for  a  mile  around, 
while  others  were  set  to  work  constructing 
a  long  ditch  to  bring  water  to  the  flat 
below.  It  was  a  clever  piece  of  work  for 
men  without  surveyors'  instruments.  They 
cut  the  ditch  through  a  cement  formation, 
that  in  places  was  twenty  feet  in  depth; 
and  near  the  lower  end  they  constructed 
a  great  chamber  in  which  they  ground  the 
ore  between  huge  rocks.  Whether  they 
used  mercury  to  amalgamate  the  gold 
1  could  not  determine,  but  several  stone 
tanks  and  sluices  made  me  think  that 
l^ossibly  they  did.  They  built  a  town 
around  these  works  with  a  brick  kiln  and 
a  distillery  as  the  most  important  ad- 
juncts. It  must  have  been  a  busy  and 
excitin;:  place  to  live  in,  ruled  over  by  an 
iron  hand,  the  master's  word  law  in 
everything!,  and  a  cruel  law  it  was. 

Several  times  these  pioneers  were  at- 
tacked by  the  merciless  tribes  of  savages. 
Sick^es^  in  every  form  was  alwaxs  present 
aninnj^  the  inhabitants  of  the  town.  In 
*^pite  of  ever\thinjj,  however,  they  tcK)k 
out  a  lar.L'C  amount  of  ^old.  And  then, 
to  enjo\'  it.  they  had  to  ^et  out  to  the 
civilized    wnrkl    with    it,    through    3,000 


miles  of  hostile  country,  where  free- 
booters lay  in  wait.  A  convoy  of  .several 
boats  was  usually  formed  to  take  it  down 
the  rivers  to  ParS,  but  even  with  these 
precautions  they  sometimes  lost  it  and 
their  lives  as  well.  After  seeing  the 
country,  1  marveled  at  the  wonderful 
courage  these  old  fellows  had — rough  and 
ambitious,  ready  to  sacrifice  everything 
to  a  stupendous  greed.         ^ 

From  Matto  Grosso  there  are  two 
routes  to  the  outside  world;  one  the  way 
we  had  come,  and  the  other  over  a  low 
divide  to  the  southeast  and  down  the 
River  Paraguay  to  Buenos  Aires,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  2,500  miles.  It  was 
then  July.  As  the  dry  season  was  far  ad- 
vanced, the  Guapore  River  had  become 
very  low  and  it  would  be  difficult  for  any 
steamer  to  descend.  Furthermore,  our 
launch  had  long  ago  departed  and  there 
was  no  other  to  be  found.  So  it  did  not 
take  me  long  to  decide  to  make  the  trip 
by  the  other  route,  overland  to  San 
Luis  de  Cacares,  on  the  Rio  Paraguay, 
nearly  180  miles  from  Matto  Grosso. 
This  is  the  route  by  which  all  the  rubber  on 
the  Gaupore  is  sent  out,  and  1  understood 
that  a  good  road  would  be  found  after 
the  first  40  miles  had  passed. 

Before  starting,  1  had  an  opportunity 
to  see  a  good  deal  of  rubber  on  its  way  to 
the  outer  world.  The  trees  grow  wild  all 
along  the  Rio  Guapore,  and  several  strong 
companies  are  established  in  the  field. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season,  groups 
of  rubber  gatherers  with  their  families 
scatter  along  the  river  where  the  trees 
abound  and  tap  them  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  maple  sugar  tree  is  tapped.  The 
milk,  which  looks  exactly  like  sterilized 
cream,  is  found  directly  under  the  bark. 
A  slanting  upward  cut  is  made  in  the 
bark  with  a  little  hatchet,  and  a  small  tin 
is  fastened  below  to  catch  the  milk.  The 
lower  this  cut  is  made  on  the  trunk  of 
the  tree,  the  better  the  /^rade  of  milk. 
Kvery  day  hundreds  of  these  little  cups 
are  filled  and  brou^^ht  to  camp.  Here 
a  smoldering  fire  is  built  out  of  a  certain 
kind  of  palm,  pnxlucin^  a  thick,  heavy 
smoke;  and  the  milk  is  smoked.  This 
process    consists    in    revolving   over    the 


L. 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVFNTURF  iN  BRAZIL 


Gii 


OVERBOARD   TO   GET    UPSTREAM    BV    SHEER    TORCE 

ASCEWDING    THE    RI8ERAO    RAP1L»S   ON    THE   MADEIRA    RIVER,    WHERE   THE    NATIVE    BOATMEN    PERFORM 
THRlLLrNG    FEATS    tN   THE   HAZARDOUS   WORK   OF  CLlMBrNG   THE    TORRENT 


fire  a  stout  stick  upon  which  the  milk 
is  slowly  poured.  After  a  time  it  hardens 
and  a  large  white  ball  is  formed,  perhaps 
two  feet  in  diameter,  weighing  from  fifty  to 


seventy-five  pounds.  It  is  then  placed  in 
the  sun.  where  it  turns  black  and  is  ready 
to  be  shipped  to  market  either  at  London 
or  New  York.     Hundreds  of  these  balls 


i 


CREW   MAKING    READY   TO    HAUL   THE    BOAT    OVER    JHh    R\PII>?^ 
WHERE    THE   WATER   WAS   TOO   SHALLOW    AND   THE   CURRENT   TOO   SWIFT   TO    POLE    UfSlREAM 


RLD 


TRANSPORTATiON  WITHOUT  COMPETITION 

THE   ONLY  CRAFT  ON   THE    AMAZON    BETWEEN 
PORTO   VELMO   AND   VILLA    BELLA 

of  rubber  were  scattered  all  along  the 
route  we  took,  each  having  the  owner's 
mark  upon  it. 

We  departed  from  Matto  Grosso  one 
bright  aftern(XJn  in  July,  Our  outfit 
consisted  of  two  huge  wooden  bull  carts, 
to  carry  our  food  and  baggage,  and  a  half 
dozen  riding  animals.  The  trail  led  over  the 
pampas  toward  a  low  pass  in  the  moun- 
tains which  we  could  see  a  long  time  before 
we  reached  it.  This  was  my  first  experi- 
ence with  bull  teams  and  their  drivers; 
and  I  hope  it  will  be  the  last.  So  long  as 
we  plodded  along  on  a  nice  open   road 


SWr.MMING    THF 


I  RAMS 


ACROSS  THE  JAURU  RIVER  —  \  NECESSARY  STAG6 
OF  THE  JOURNEY  TO  CACERES 


everything  was  lovely,  even  though  it  wa: 
most  dreadfully  slow  traveling:  but  wh 
we  reached  those  mountains  where  t 
road  was  only  a  memor>'  the  whole  outfiV 
began  to  tire  and  the  situation  became 
distressing.  The  road  was  so  badly  over* 
grown  that  there  might  as  well  have  bcei 
no  road  at  all.  Our  progress  became 
slow  that  I  feared  we  should  run  out  ofi 
water.  For  three  days  we  made  only 
three  miles  a  day,  cutting  ever>*  foot  df\ 
the  way  through  the  thickest  kind  of 
jungle,  without  sighting  the  least  puddle 
of  water.     We  still    had   a   little  in  our 


3 


DRACr.tNr,  tmf    boat   Bonn  y  aroind  ihe  worst  RAPtOS 

WITH   TItC    AtO  OF  OTHER  CREWS   THAT   HAD    PLANNED   THEIR   TRJP5   SO   THAT    ALL    SHOULD   RL   AT   THJf 
PLACE   AT  THE   SAME    flME,    fOR    MLTUAL   MELPFUINESS 


canteens  for  the  men  to  drink,  but  the 
animals  were  getting  desperate.  Finally 
we  drove  them  blindly,  crashing  through 
brambles  and  over  rocks  in  a  mad  search 
for  water,  until  we  arrived  at  a  river  on 
the  farther  side  of  the  range  and  rested 
for  a  day*  The  bulls  were  getting  so 
tired  now  that  they  refused  to  drive  well 
in  the  day  time,  and  our  men  insisted  on 
traveling  in  the  early  morning  and  after 
dark.  During  the  heat  of  the  day  we 
rested,  while  the  animals  roamed  about 
and  ate  a  little. 

It  was  tiresome  work,  but  we  agreed  to 
anything  so  long  as  they  got  ahead  and 
did  not  wreck  the  outfit.    Occasionally, 


one  of  the  top-heavy  carts  would  tip  over 
and  spill  everything  out;  or  the  bulls 
would  take  it  into  their  heads  to  swerve 
off  the  road  into  the  jungle,  causing  all 
kinds  of  trouble;  but  we  persevered  until 
the  Rio  Jauru  was  reached.  This  is  a 
branch  of  the  River  Paraguay,  about 
200  feet  in  width,  which  must  be  crossed 
on  the  road  to  Caceres.  There  is  no 
bridge,  and  1  was  rather  interested  to 
see  how  our  drivers  would  get  the  heavy 
carts  oven  This  proved  to  be  a  simple 
matter,  however.  After  unhitching  the 
animals,  the  carts  were  rolled  down  into 
the  water  on  top  of  two  large  canoes  which 
afforded  enough  buoyancy  to  float  them 


1 
I 


636 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


* 


GETTING    FUEL    FOR    THE    LAUNCH    ON       i.i         I  PER    AMAZON 
WITH    THE    AID   OF    INDIAN    WOMEN — NATIVE    THATCH tD    HUTS    IN    THE    BACKGROUND 


across  to  the  farther  shore.     The  animals 
were  all  made  to  swim  across. 

From  the  Rio  Jauru  to  the  Rio  Paraguay 
was  only  40  miles,  but  the  road  was  rough 
enough  to  break  the  axle  on  one  of  our  carts 
before  we  got  there.  It  was  reall)'  a  marvel 
that  it  lasted  as  long  as  it  did,  for  these  bul- 
lock carts  were  frightfully  heavy  and  they 
were  subjected  to  very  rough  usage.     The 


wheels  were  of  solid  wcMid,  3  feet  in  diami 
ter  and  3  inches  thick,  fast  on  the  wood* 
axle.  The  body  of  the  cart  was  simpi 
placed  on  top  of  the  axle,  being  held  in 
place  by  two  pins,  like  inverted  rowloc 
on  a  boat.  Every  time  one  wheel  crasb 
off  a  large  rock  or  sank  down  in  a  dee 
hole,  it  put  a  terrific  strain  upon  the  hub 
and  axle,  and  we  had  to  wedge  them  tight 


THE    BRAZILIAN    INDIANS     IDEA    OF    A    GRIST    MILL 
ROCEftS'S   TRINIDAD  NEGftO  COOK   TAK[NG    A    LESSON    FROM    NATIVE    INDIAN    WOMEN   ON    TH£ 
GUAPORE    lUVER  IN   THE   ART  OF   MAKING   CORN   MEAL 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


FIESTA    OF    THE    EX-SLAVES    AT    MATTO    GROSSO 


WHICH    C0NT|NL;ED    FOf 
A    CAMPING    Ol 


tS    and   nights    while    MR,    ROGERS   TRIED    VAINLY    TO    BUY 
TO    HIRE    MEN    TO    ACCOWPANY    HIM    TO   THE    MINES 


I 


every  little  while.  When  we  were  almost 
in  sight  of  the  end  of  our  journey,  one 
cart  slid  down  into  a  deep  rut  and  the 
axle  simply  twisted  in  two.  Fortunately, 
we  w^ere  so  near  our  destination  that  we 
could  afford  to  throw  away  some  of  our 
food  and  load  the  remainder  on  the  other 
cart  with  the  baggage.  In  this  manner 
we  reached  the  River  Paraguay  after  seven- 


teen  days*    traveling,   and    were   ferried 
across  to  Caceres,  H 

We  rested  for  a  week  at  this  pleasant^ 
little  town  and  then  took  steamer  down 
the    River    Paraguay    to    Buenos    Aires, 
This  trip  of  two  weeks  can  be  made  ia^ 
comparative    comfort,    provided    one    i|fl 
not    too   particular  what    he  eats.     The 
steamers  on  the  Paraguay  all  have  cabins, 


THE    "KING      AND   "QUEEN      OF   THE    FIESTA 
AND   THEIR    ESCORT   OF   MUSICIANS   PLAYING   WEIRD   AIRS  ON   STRANGE   INSTRUMENTS 


CROSSING 


PAMPAS 


WHERE   MR.    ROGERS    AND   HIS   PARTY   NEARLY   DIED   FOR   LACK  OF   WATER 


I 
I 


but  I  preferred  to  sleep  on  deck  in  m>'  own 
camp  bed  for  various  reasons.  In  summer 
this  is  a  frightfully  hot  trip  and  the  con- 
stant rains  make  life  disagreeable.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  season,  however,  the  climate 
is  delightful, 

1  made  the  acquaintance  of  a  most 
interesting  character  on  this  journey. 
This  was  Captain  Marquesa  de  Souza. 
He  had  been  a  member  of  the  exploring 
party  sent  out  by  the  Brazilian  Govern- 
ment under  Colonel  Randon  for  the  pur- 
pose of  blazing  a  way  for  a  telegraph  line 


to  connect  Rio  de  Janeiro  with  Monaos. 
They  traveled  from  Cuyaba  to  San 
Antonio,  on  the  Medina  River,  a  distance 
of  700  miles  straight  across  an  absolutely 
uncharted,  unexplored  and  almost  im- 
penetrable jungle.  This  gallant  little  band 
of  150  men  had  plunged  undaunted  into 
this  morass,  headed  directly  for  San 
Antonio.  They  were  soon  lost  in  the 
depths  of  the  jungle,  but  drove  their  way 
forward  in  the  general  direction  they  had 
planned,  cutting  down  trees  and  building 
rafts  to  transport  themselves  across  rivers, 


I 
i 


R^PIP    TRANSri    IN    BRAZIL 

CART   WtTN   SOLID  WOODEN    WHEELS,   DRAWN    BY 

EtCHT  BULU 


A       RuAD      THROUGH    THE    JUNGLE 

OVER   WHICH   THREE    MILES   WAS    OFTEN 

A   WHOL&   day's   advance 


AN  AMERICAN  ADVENTURE  IN  BRAZIL 


659 


compelled  almost  all  the  way  lo  hew  a  path 

through  the  forest,  discouraged  by  fever 
and  disheartened  by  the  shadow  of  death 
that  hourly  hovered  about  them  in  the 
arrows  of  the  savages  who,  unseen, 
hung  constantly  on  their  flanks.  It 
was  Colonel  Randon's  strict  command 
that  no  natives  should  be  injured.  No 
matter  how  fierce  their  attack,  no  attempt 
was  made  at  repulse.  Whenever  natives 
or  their  children  were  captured,  they  were 
treated  with  distinguished  consideration 
and  sent  back  to  their  own  people,  loaded 
with  gifts.  This  policy  placated  many  of 
the  tribes,  though  others  were  unreconciled. 
At  length,  struggling  on,  their  way  entirely 
lost  and  their  provisions  running  low,  the 
expedition  came  to  a  broad  river  which 
they  did  not  know.  Determined  now  to 
seek  the  nearest  outlet,  they  followed  this 
stream  to  its  mouth  and  found,  to  their 
astonishment,  that  it  brought  them  out 
exactly  at  the  point  toward  which  they 
had  aimed.  Captain  de  Souza  had  just  re- 
cently left  the  Randon  party  and  his  mod- 
est narrative  was  full  of  thrilling  interest. 
As  we  approached  Asuncion,  the  capital 


AN   ANCIEM    ruRlLGLESE   hORT    IN    IH^ 

BRAZILIAN    WILDERNESS 

THE    "FORTALtSA  OE  BEIRA."    ON    THE    RfVER  CV/^ 

PORE.    A    rteUC   OF   THE     PORTUGUESE     PIONEERS 

WHO    FOUNU    GOLI>    HERE     1 50    YEARS   AGO,      , 

)aOO  MtLES   FROM   THE    COAST  I 


i 


HLHHIK     \^\MMN<,    sHtPMENT 

EACH   OF    THESE    HALLS   OF      SMOKED       CRUDF    RUI*»tR    WEIGHS    ABOUT    T'V  ^v*^  ^^^^  ^*'^*^X^ 

J  1, 35  A  POUKD,  SO  THAT  SEVERAL  THOUSAMUS  OF    DOVVK^'C    ^ti%:\\V   vg>  V^-  ^,^^^.e£V^<^:v^^ 

MR.    ROGERS    PASSED  MANY   SUCH    FILES    LVllftC.  VA  \W%  \\i>MC»V^-  ^^^t^ 


640 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 
I 


THE     PILOT    AND    HIS    CATCH 
AND  A   CUMPSE    OF   THE   JUNGLE 

of  Paraguay,  rumors  of  a  revolution  began 
to  circulate,  and  the  nearer  we  approached 
the  tTiore  persistent  these  stories  became. 
The  Paraguayans  on  board  were  most 
excited,  and  it  even  looked  a  little  serious 
for  ourselves,  for  the  steamer  was  owned 
in  the  country  and  would  most  likely  be 
seized  by  one  side  or  the  other.  In  that 
case  it  was  a  question  how  we  would 
come  off.  All  our  anxiety,  however,  was 
allayed,  upon  arrival  at  Asuncion,  to  find 
two  cruisers  —  one  Brazilian  and  the 
other  Argentine-^ drawn  up  in  a  com- 
manding position  with  their  guns  trained 
on  the  custom  house  and  on  the  Para- 
guayan navy,  consisting  of  one  little  tug 
boat.  If  any  fighting  had  taken  place 
they  would  have  blown  the  whole  town 
to  pieces.  Recognizing  this  fact,  the 
quarreling  parties  had  decided  simply  to 


change  the  President,  a  proceeding  which 
usually  occurs  every  few  months. 

From  Asuncion  we  took  passage  on  an 
attractive  steamer  and  arrived  in  a  few 
days  at  the  great  city  of  Bueoe^-Aires. 

We  had  traveled  from  Para,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon,  inland  seven  eighths 
of  the  width  of  South  America  at  its 
widest  part,  and  southward  to  Buenos  Aires 
at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Plata.  An 
equivalent  in  distance  —  5,500  miles  — 
though  not  in  hardships,  would  be  a 
juurney  from  Maine,  down  the  Atlantic 
Coast  to  Florida,  across  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  then  up  to 
Seattle.  We  had  made  the  whole  of  this 
vast  distance  upon  rivers,  except  180 
miles.  And  we  sailed  from  South  America 
only  four  months  after  we  entered  it. 


AN    ANClbNT    GOLD    Ui  1     li 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED 

POLICE 

MAINTAINING     LAW    AND    ORDER     WITH     LESS    THAN     25O    MEN     TO    THE     STATE 
—  A   SIGNIFICANT     EXAMPLE    FOR   THE    REST   OF   THE   COUNTRY 

BY 

BLAIR  JAEKEL 


THE  Texas  Rangers  and  the 
Canadian  Northwest  Mounted 
Police  are  famous  the  world 
over.  These  are  frontier  forces. 
But  such  organizations  would 
be  equally  effective  against  the  disorders 
of  the  older  states  —  lynchings,  violent 
strikes,  night  riding;  and  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Mounted  Police  has  demonstrated 
that  this  is  true.  Its  work  has  many 
significant  lessons  for  others  of  the  older 
states. 

In  April,  1905,  the  Governor  of  Penn- 
s\  Ivania,  Samuel  W.  Pennypacker,  wrote 
a  letter  requesting  Captain  John  C. 
Oroome,  of  the  Philadelphia  City  Troop 
(Militia)  to  come  to  Harrisburg.  Cap- 
tain Groome  had  seen  active  service  in 
Porto  Rico  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
War;  he  was  well  versed  in  the  manoeuv- 
ring of  mounted  men. 

"Captain  Groome,"  said  the  Governor, 
in  effect,  "  1  am  responsible  for  the  main- 
tenance of  peace  and  order  throughout 
these  45,000  miles  of  Commonwealth. 
A\'hom  have  I  to  help  me?    Wharton,  my 


secretary,  and  my  stenographer.  It's  too 
big  a  job  for  three.  I  had  the  last  session 
of  the  Legislature  pass  a  bill  creating  a 
department  of  State  Police.  Will  you 
assume  charge?  Will  you  be  its  Super- 
intendent?" 

Captain  Groome  went  over  the  par- 
ticulars of  the  plan,  and  accepted. 

Thus,  with  little  ostentation,  came  into 
being  the  Pennsylvania  State  "Con- 
stabulary," as  the  layman  sometimes 
calls  them  —  the  most  picturesque,  the 
most  efficient,  the  most  effective  body  of 
armed  men  in  these  United  States.  Sift 
the  country  from  Tacoma  to  Tampa  and 
you  will  not  find  its  equal.  Ninety 
per  cent,  of  its  members  have  served  in 
the  United  States  Army,  and  with  the 
word  "excellent"  following  the  "conduct 
clause"  in  their  discharge  papers  — 
Major  Groome  is  most  particular  about 
that.  Many  have  seen  active  service 
in  the  Philippines,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  in 
China  at  the  time  of  the  Boxer  uprising. 
Now  and  again  you  will  find  among  them 
a  man  who  fought  the  Boers  la  S*5»s^ 


'.^UNG   OUT 
A    PLATOON    OF    TH£    PENHSVLVANIA    STATE    POLICE 

Africa  under  the  British  (lag.  There  are 
doctors,  lawyers,  college  graduates,  cow- 
punchers,  genuine  blown-in-the-bfittle 
soldiers  of  fortune  on  the  Force.  Each 
is  a  well  set  up,  well  seasoned,  thoroughly 
disciplined,  and  gentlemanly — ^  let  me 
italicize  that  —  and  genfUmanly  veteran^ 
perfectly  able  and  willing,  and  paid  by  the 
"late  to  ferret  out  the  foreigner  who  stole 
lickens  or  to  protect  life  and  property. 
He  knows  neither  friend  nor  foe.     He  is 


ON     PAIRUL 
ON    STRIKE    DUTY    AT   SOUTH    BETHLEHEM    IM     I9IO 

paid  to  do  his  duty  and  he  does  it,  the 
responsibility  of  his  doing  it  well  resting 
often   wholly   upon    himself,   which    fac 
alone  places  him  upon  a  slightly  higher' 
plane    than    the    army    man,    constantly 
under  the  eye  of  his  superior  oflficer. 

Before  the  advent  of  the  State  Police 
the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  was  won! 
to  commission,  at  the  request  of  properi) 
owners,  what  were  called  the  Coal  and 
Iron  Police,  to  preserve  order  as  best  the) 


KfiBriNG  THE    PEACE    WITH   CLUBS    AND  CARBINES 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE 


64? 


TROOP    B       OF   THE    MILITARY    ORGAMZATJON    OF    STATE    POLICE 


:(mld  in   times  of  labor  troubles  at   the 
[steel  mills  or  in  the  coal  regions.     These 
lOial  and   Iron   Policemen  were,   for  the 
[most  part,  men  who  sided  with  the  oper- 
lators  for  the  time  being  and  for  a  certain 
monetary    consideration.     In    man),    in- 
deed, in   most  cases  they  were  inexperi- 
enced and  ineflRcient.  and  their  terms  of 
service    were    for    some    unaccountable 
treason  unlimited.     Not  a  few  of  the  crimes 
[committed    in   limes  of   industrial   peace 
[were  laid  at    the  doors  of  men  who  still 
[wore  the  badges  of  Coal  and  Iron  Police- 
Linen. 

But  one  thing  to  their  credit:  they 
were  not  under  the  many  obligations 
during  strikes,  as  are  the  township  Con- 


stables to-day  who  are  upon  one  side  or 
the  other  in  the  quarrel  for  election. 
The  deplorable  constable  system,  as  well 
as  some  of  our  municipal  police  systems, 
where  the  patrolmen  act  also  in  the 
capacity  of  "ward  heelers/*  are  but  two 
of  the  reasons  why  it  ought  to  behoove 
every  state  in  the  Union  to  follow  Penn- 
sylvania's exmple  and  inaugurate  a  force 
of  mounted  police,  free  from  politics, 
responsible  to  no  one  but  its  Superinten- 
dent and  the  Governor  of  the  State. 

The  sentiment  toward  the  **  Penny- 
packer  Cossacks/'  as  the  miner  and  mill. 
worker  dubbed  the  Pennsylvania  State' 
Police  at  the  time  of  their  organization, 
was  about  one  tenth  pro  and  nine  tenths 


GUARDING    PROPERTY   DURING    THE   STEEL    STRIKE   OF    I9IO 


STftiKl^ltS   tN    fK£    ttACKGKOUNO 


6^4 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


KEEPING   TRAFFIC   OPEN    DURING    THE   CHESTER    CAR    STRIKE   Ot     I908 


» 


con.  The  extent  of  their  popularity  with 
organized  labor  can  best  be  epitomized  by 
quoting  a  part  of  a  hand-bill  printed  and 
circulated  in  Sharon,  Pa.,  in  the  spring 
of  1907.  when  a  strike  was  in  progress  in 
the   mills    at    that    place.     The   circular 


was  headed,   *'Scab   Protection   in   South 
Sharon."  and  read  partly  as  follows: 

A  detachment  of  the  State  Constabulary. 
better  known  as  the  '*Pennypackcr  Cossacks," 
have  taken  up  their  abode  in  South  Sharon. 
This  organtzatton  is  created  ostensibly  for  the 
purpose  of  upholding  law  and  order,  but  in 
reality  lo  protect  scabs  during  a  strike. 

This  unprincipled  and    «     ,     .     set     .     ,     , 

;'  uphi^ld  in  their  dastardly  occupation  by  ihe 

press  and  pulpit  of  this  entire  country.     .     .     . 


f 

i 
4 


I 


MAJOR   JOHN    C.   GROOME 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF   THE    DEPARTMENT  OF   STATE 
POLICE   OF    PENNSYLVANIA 


But,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of  the 
writer  of  the  circular,  the  press  in  general 
was  not  so  favorable  to  the  State  Police 
as  he  would  have  his  readers  imagine. 
Scathing  articles  appeared  against  them 
from  time  to  time  in  the  smaller  news- 
papers throughout  the  state. 

The   operators   were    no   less   dubious 
as  to  the  effect  that  would  be  produced  bv 
the  State  Police  than  were  the  miners  and 
mill    workers.     Certain    railroad    officials 
were   bitterly   opposed    to   them   on    the 
ground   that    they   constituted    simply   a 
political  organization,  valueless  in  time  of 
real  trouble.     But  it  turned  out  otherwise,  ^u 
According  to  Major  Groome,  the  compeli-  ^| 
live   physical   and    mental    examinations  ^B 
which   every  aspirant   to  the  force  must 
undergo,  and  which  was  mercifully  men- 
tioned in  the  Governor's  act,  precluded 
all    possibilities   of  making    the  force   a 
political  asylum  for  vote-getters. 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE 


INsMEcriON    Ol 


NTED   TROOP 


OLICE 


In  the  early  years  of  the  history  of  the 
Penn5>lvania  State  Police  Force,  the 
Commonwealth  was  scarcely  any  busier 
trying  to  convict  men  arrested  by  the 
trcxjpers  for  various  oflTences  than  were  the 
friends  of  the  alleged  offenders  in  trving 
to  convict  the  troopers  of  illegal  prr>- 
cedure.  Arrest  was  followed  closely  by 
counter-arrest;  and  all  the  while  organized 
labor  was  hammering  at  the  powers  that 
be  in  Harrisburg  to  have  the  Force 
abolished. 

The  operators,  however,  soon  com- 
menced to  realize  the  inefficiency  of  their 
Coal  and  Iron  Police  as  compared  with 
the  state's  troopers  —  educated  men  with 
a  keen  perception  between  right  and  wrong, 


J 


better  trained,  better  armed,  better  ven 
in  the  laws  of  the  Commonwealth  —  while 
successive  instances,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing is  an  example,  are  strengthening  dai 
the  belief  in  the  minds  of  the  laboi 
that  the  State  Police  do  not  discrimina^ 
between  miner  and  millionaire:  The  little 
child  of  a  Hungarian  miner  in  the  anthra- 
cite regions  had  disappeared,  supposed] 
had  been  kidnapped.  A  whole  tn 
of  State  Police  was  put  on  the  case.  The' 
scoured  the  country  for  a  number  of  days, 
mounted  and  on  foot.  The  child  was 
finally  found  and  returned  to  its  parents. 
As  further  evidence  of  the  strengthen- 
ing confidence  in  the  force  among  the 
laboring    clement  —  last     summer    some 


la^ 

ittle 
hra- 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


< 


WUbN    TMh    sj,\li      POLICE    COME    TO    TOWN    yllLT    REIGNS 
EFFICIENCY    THROUGH   MlLlTAfCy   OISCIPUNE    INSURES    PEACE   AT   AWV   COST 


Mine  Union  officials  called  on  the  telephone 
the  headquarters  of  Tn:>op**  B**at  Wyom- 
ing, Pa.,  and  asked  that  a  detail  of  troop- 
ers be  sent  to  preserve  order  at  a  union 
picnic  to  be  held  the  following  day. 

Major  Groome  counts  one  state  trooper 
equal  to  an  even  hundred  of  the  average 
mob.    One  or  two  striking  comparisons 


of  their  eflTectiveness  as  against  that  of 
the  old  time  Coal  and  Iron  Police  or  the 
State  Militia  will  suffice. 

In  July,  1892,  8563  Pennsylvania  Na* 
ional  Guardsmen  were  summoned  to 
attempt  to  maintain  order  during  ihc 
great  strike  among  the  steel  workers  at 
I  lomestead,  Pa.    The  maintenance  of  these 


4 

1 


"MOVE   ON" 
k  tlATI   POUCCNAK   KfiEPINO   mh    CROWD  MOVIHO   Dt/RINO   A   STIUK8 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE 


647 


BACK  TO    BACK  AGAINST   ALL   COMERS 
GUARDING    A    RAILROAD   DURING   A    STRIKE 


men  in  the  field  and  salaries  paid  for 
their  services  cost  the  Commonwealth 
exactly  $440,386.22  —  more  than  the  total 
appropriation  to  maintain  the  entire 
State  Police  Force  of  Pennsylvania  for 
one  year. 

The  steel  strike  at  McKee's  Rocks  in 
1908  promised  to  tower  head  and  shoul- 
ders ab<j>ve  the  one  at  Homestead,  A 
troop  of  State  Police  were  on  the  ground 
at  the  first  hint  of  disorder.  Their  superb 
courage  and  diplomacy  brought  about  a 
satisfactory  settlement  at  a  total  cost  to 
the  Commonwealth  of  nothing,  because 
"in  a  fight  or  a  frolic"  they  are  at  all 
times  on  the  pay  roll 

A  riot  is  like  a  runaway  —  if  it  gets 
its  head  it  is  fifty  times  as  hard  to  stop 
as  when  it  started.  The  trouble  with  the 
old  way  of  things  was  that  they  called 
out  the  militia  only  as  a  last  and  often 
hopeless  resort.  The  State  Police  prevent 
a  riot  from  getting  its  head  —  and  strike 
violence  is  usually  nothing  less  than  an 
exaggerated    riot    prolonged    indefinitely. 

Again,  during  the  strike  in  the  anthra- 
cite coal  fields  of  1900,  2,500  militiamen 
were  sent  to  the  region  to  preserve  order. 
Their    maintenance    cost    the   Common- 


wealth, according  to  the  figures  of 
Adjutant  General  $113,842.52.  In  the 
same  field  in  1902  the  entire  military 
force  of  Pennsylvania,  9.000  men.  was 
called  upon  to  quell  the  great  strike 
authorized  by  John  Mitchell,  Funds 
from  the  State  Treasury  to  the  extent  of 
$993,85646  were  eaten  up  in  salaries  and 
maintenance  of  the  militiamen,  while  the 
money  lost  by  them  in  being  ordered  to 
forsake  their  vocations  for  the  time  being, 
their  various  business  enterprises  suffering 
proportionately,  can  not  be  computed. 


I 


OF    THE    5TlW"\t  ViN>K.^ 


J 


M 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


A   NEAR   VIEW  OF   THE    POLICEMEN 

MR.    ROOSEVELT    AND    MR.   JOHN    MITCHELL   IN 
T>ie  CROUP 

Captain  Adams  with  eight  troopers 
from  Troop  **D*'  preserved  order  and 
consequently  brought  about  the  settle- 
ment of  the  1Q06  strike  in  the  bituminous 
coal  regions,  where,  during  a  previous 
outburst  of  lawlessness,  a  whole  brigade 
of  militiamen  had  been  used. 

A  short  summary  of  a  few  of  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  State  Police  Force  will 
show  the  class  of  men  that  it  is  made  of, 
their  duties  and  their  methods. 


Early  in  April,  igo8,  the  motormen 
conductors  of  the  Chester,  Pa.,  traciii 
company  went  on  strike  Upon  ihe 
quest  of  a  city  official  of  Chester,  L 
tenant  Feuerstein  and  a  detail  of  sixteen 
men  from  Troop  "C"  were  sent  to 
scene  to  preserve  order  and  proi 
property.  Upon  their  arrival  a  mob 
1.500  men  surrounded  the  car  bai 
The  sixteen  troopers,  under  command 
of  their  Lieutenant,  dispersed  the  crowd, 
althfiugh  not  without  frequent  and  effec- 
tive use  of  their  clubs.  In  return,  ih 
were  stoned  and  hooted  at,  the  local  poli 
abetting  the  methods  of  the  mob 
making  things  as  uncomfortable  for  ihei 
as  possible.  <->nly  by  bringing  their  re- 
volvers into  play  could  the  streets  be  kept 
clear.  In  spite  of  this,  Chester's  Chielj 
of  Police  assured  Lieutenant  Feuersi 
that  the  local  force  could  handle  the  situ* 
tion.  The  detail  was  promptly  withdra 
and  ordered  to  return  to  its  barracks. 

With  the  State  Police  out  of  the  way  tl 


teen 

;'^ 

nd 

EC- 

I 


bTATb    POUCfc    SPibS 
fnSGUi&ED  A$  COAL  MINEU 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE 


649 


strikers  ran  things  to  suit  themselves  in 
Chester.  The  local  police  force  proved 
itself  thoroughly  incompetent  to  cope  with 
the  situation,  and  either  through  fear 
or  sympathy  with  the  striking  carmen, 
failed  to  restore  order  in  the  community. 
After  three  days  of  tearing  up  car  tracks 
and  switches  and  demolishing  Traction 
Company  property  the  Governor  on  April 
16th  received  a  telegram  signed  by  the 
mayor  and  the  chief  of  police  of  Chester 
and  the  sheriff  of  the  county  to  the  effect 
that  "the  strikers  had  overcome  the  local 
police  force  in  open  conflict"  and  asking 
that  a  detail  of  not  less  than  150  men  be 
sent  to  Chester  immediately. 

Early  the  following  morning  10  officers 
and  135  state  policemen,  under  trie 
command  of  Superintendent  Groome,  de- 
trained at  Media.  By  8.30  they  were 
marching  toward  Chester.  By  4  o'clock 
that  afternoon  they  had  the  mob  well 
under  control  and  the  streets  cleared. 
At  4.30  the  first  trolley  car  that  had 
clanged  through  Chester  in  weeks  was 
started  from  the  car  bam,  preceded  by  a 
platoon  of  fourteen  mounted  men.  State 
policemen  patroled  the  entire  route  of 
61  blocks,  and  the  car  proceeded  upon 
its  none  too  peaceful  way,  interrupted 
occasionally  by  a  fusillade  of  bricks  and 
stones.  During  the  pageant  more  than 
a  dozen  belligerent  and  excessively  ag- 
gressive strikers  were  arrested  and  turned 
over  to  the  local  authorities.  From  that 
day  until  the  state  police  were  ordered 
to  quit  Chester,  cars  were  operated  upon 
regular  schedule  over  as  many  routes  as 
the  members  of  the  force  were  able  to 
patrol.  In  his  official  report  of  this 
affair.  Major  Groome  says  that  "during 
the  six  weeks  the  Force  was  in  Chester 
law  and  order  was  maintained,  not  with- 
standing the  encouragement  given  to  the 
disorderly  element  by  the  authorities 
and  citizens." 

The  effective  work  of  the  state  police 
force  in  restoring  and  preserving  order 
during  the  Philadelphia  street  car  strike 
in  1910  is  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  many 
of  my  readers. 

Details  from  the  four  troops,  number- 
ing 8  officers  and  170  enlisted  men  under 
the  personal  command  of  Major  Groome 


were  ordered  to  Philadelphia  to  quell 
the  riots  and  disorders  which  were  of 
daily  occurrence,  and  which  the  entire 
police  force  of  the  city  had  been  unable 
to  control.  The  men  were  assigned  to  a 
certain  section  known  as  the  Kensington 
District,  16  blocks  square,  wherein  are 
located  many  of  Philadelphia's  large 
manufacturing  establishments  —  the  most 
troublesome  section  in  the  opinion  of  the 
local  authorities.  By  noon  on  the  very 
day  of  their  arrival,  order  was  restored 
out  of  apparent  chaos,  and  violence  was 
effectually  put  to  an  end.  Numerous 
arrests  were  made  the  first  day  that  the 
district  was  presided  over  by  the  troopers, 
and  the  Rapid  Transit  Company  com- 
menced forthwith  to  operate  their  cars 
regularly  and  with  perfect  safety. 

The  deeds  of  that  day  were  character- 
ized by  frequent  and  convincing  proofs 
that  the  actions  of  the  state  police  were 
not  curbed  by  any  fear  of  personal  dan- 
ger; that  the  troopers  knew  they  were 
above  the  influence  of  politics;  and  that 
they  cherished  no  sentimental  affiliations 
either  with  the  strikers  or  the  traction 
company. 

A  curious  thing  about  the  Philadelphia 
strike  was  that  a  greater  part  of  the  dis- 
order and  violence  was  done  by  youths 
of  twenty  years  of  age  or  under,  who  were 
not  and  never  had  been  employed  by  the 
street  car  company. 

A  state  policeman  saw  one  lad  throw 
a  brick  through  a  car  window.  After 
a  chase  of  three  blocks  the  trooper  caught 
him.  Instead  of  "beating  him  up,"  the 
usual  method  of  procedure  with  the  local 
policeman,  the  trooper  learned  from  the 
boy  his  home  address,  escorted  him  thither 
and  delivered  him  into  the  hands  of  his 
father,  who  waxed  right  wrathy  toward 
the  boy  as  the  trooper  told  of  what  he  had 
caught  him  doing.  The  trooper  reported 
that  as  he  was  leaving  the  premises, 
sounds  indicated  that  the  boy  was  not 
being  spared. 

During  the  same  strike  the  men  em- 
ployed in  some  of  the  mills  in  the  Kensing- 
ton District  annoyed  the  law-abiding 
citizens  a  lot  more  than  did  the  strikers 
themselves.  One  day  just  at  the  close 
of  the  noon  hour,  a  co>»Jsr.  ^  ^s^k^^s^^^^s^ 


THE  WORLDS 


I 


I 


thrown  at  a  passing  trolley  car  by  two 
members  of  a  group  of  workmen  who  sat 
smoking  on  the  entrance  steps  of  a  large 
hat  factor>\  Two  state  policemen  on 
patrol  in  the  vicinity  saw  what  had  hap- 
pened. By  the  time  they  had  reached 
the  steps  the  factory  whistle  had  blown 
and  the  workmen  had  disappeared  into 
the  building.  The  troopers  notified  the 
superintendent  of  the  factory  that  they 
would  have  to  make  the  arrests.  Per- 
mission being  granted,  they  walked 
through  the  different  rooms  until  they 
found  the  culprits,  arrested  them  on  the 
spot,  and  marched  them  downstairs 
through  600  sympathetic  workmen  with- 
out hearing  even  a  whimper  of  protest. 

As  an  example  of  sheer  nerve  in  the  face 
of  almost  certain  death,  I  have  a  story  to 
tell  of  Private  Homer  Chambers  (since 
promoted  to  Sergeant)  of  Troop  '*  D/' 

About  4,50  on  a  Sunday  afternoon  in 
September,  1906,  Sergeant  Logan  of  Troop 
**  D**  arrived  in  New  Florence.  Pa.,  on  the 
trail  of  Leopold  Scarlat,  an  Italian,  who 
had  killed  his  brother-in-law  during  a 
family  altercation  the  previous  evening. 
The  description  of  the  murderer  Scariat 
tallied  with  that  of  a  man  who  boarded 
at  a  certain  house  in  New  Florence. 

In  attempting  to  make  the  arrest, 
Logan  was  shot  at  five  times.  He  re- 
treated and,  after  securing  two  men  to 
watch  the  house,  telephoned  to  the  bar- 
racks, then  located  at  Punxsutawney, 
for  assistance.  Privates  Henry.  Cham- 
bers, Mullen,  Koch  and  McUvain  arrived 
on  the  next  street,  car. 

As  the  six  men  approached  the  house 
to  arrest  Scariat  and  when  within  twenty- 
five  paces  of  the  building,  the  Italians 
opened  fire  from  a  second  story  window. 
Henry  received  a  charge  of  buckshot  full 
in  the  abdomen,  and  fell  dead.  Mullen 
went  down  with  the  second  volley, 
wounded  in  the  right  leg.  The  men  fell 
back  to  allow  Mullen  to  hobble  to  a  freight 
car  that  stood  on  a  siding  close  to  the 
scene. 

At  this  point  Chambers  darted  forward, 
under  a  steady  fire  from  the  house,  to 
rescue  Henry,  While  attempting  to  raise 
the  body  of  his  comrade  he  was  shot  three 
times  in  the  head,  once  in  the  eye.  once 


:i 


in  the  stomach,  and  three  times  ihrouj 
the  lungs. 

"I've  got   enough/*    he   said:  and   h< 
tottered  back  to  the  freight  car.  rcluctantl; 
leaving  the  body  of  the  dead   trooper 
be  bullet-riddled  by  the  Italians. 

Further  assistance  was  telephoned 
to  the  barracks  and  eighteen  more 
in  charge  of  First  Sergeant  Lumb 
Sergeant  Marsh,  galloped  down  the  road 
to  New  Florence,  At  the  sight  of  the 
dead  trooper  the  hearts  of  the  new  detail 
burned  with  revenge.  They  rescued 
body  by  a  ruse;  then  rushed  upon  t 
boarding  house.  Private  F.  A.  Zehringcr 
was  shot  and  instantly  killed  as  he  entered 
the  building  at  the  head  of  the  detail. 

The     troopers     again    withdrew    and 
decided  to  wait  until  morning.     Thixnigl 
out  the  night  the  battle  continued  int 
mittently.     The   house  was   surrou 
perforated     with     bullets,     and      man] 
foreigners  were  arrested  while  trying 
assist    the    besieged    Italians.     Althouj 
searchlights  were  mounted  and   broUj 
into   play,    it    is   supposed   that    several 
inmates  of  the  house  escaped  during 
heavy  rainstorm  that  raged  part  of 
night. 

In  the  morning  the  outlaws  still  refi 
to  surrender,  and  Captain  Robinson  of 
Troop  "D.'*  having  arrived  on  the  scan 
resolved  to  blow  up  the  house.  In 
charge  led  by  him.  and  while  he  placed 
boxful  of  dynamite  among  the  foundaliofif^ 
and  lighted  the  fuse.  Sergeants  Lumb  and 
Marsh  entered  the  house  and  snatched 
from  the  fool  of  the  stairway  the  body  of 
the  unfortunate  Zehringer.  Hardly  had 
they  retreated  to  a  safe  distance  when 
the  dynamite  exploded,  shattering  r 
side  of  the  building.  Three  Itatians. 
including  the  murderer  Scariat  and  J 
Tabone.  an  outlaw  wanted  in  a  dozen 
counties,  were  found  dead  in  the  ruins. 

Upon  the  arrival  at  New  Florence 
the  second  detail  of  eighteen  men.  Mullen 
and  Chambers  were  escorted  over  to  the 
street  car  line  to  board  a  car  for  the 
Punxsutawney  Hospital.  As  he  undr^sed^ 
preparatory  to  being  operated  upon. 
Chambers  stood  in  front  of  a  long  mi 
so  that  he  might  see  just  where  he  had  been 
hit.    It  was  more  than  two  hours  after 


ttfeJS 

of 

1 


scd>^ 
pon^ 
rrofH 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MOUNTED  POLICE 


651 


he  had  been  shot  that  he  became  uncon- 
scious, and  then  only  on  the  operating 
table  under  the  influence  of  an  anaesthetic. 
For  two  days  all  hope  of  his  recovery  was 
despaired  of.  Now,  however,  except  for 
the  loss  of  the  sight  of  one  eye. 
Chambers  is  hale  and  hearty  and 
doing  active  state  police  duty  as  Sergeant 
of  Troop  "  D." 

No  trooper  of  the  famous  Northwest 
Mounted  Police  of  Canada  experiences 
one  half  the  action  that  does  one  of 
Pennsylvania's  organization  of  peace  pro- 
moters. The  number  of  law-breakers 
throughout  the  whole  of  Canada's  North- 
west might  be  divided  into  the  number  of 
bad  men  in  Pennsylvania  a  good  many 
times  without  any  fraction  remaining. 
As  will  be  observed,  the  trooper  has  other 
duties  to  perform  than  quell  riots,  restore 
order,  and  protect  property  during  strikes. 
He  is  a  game  and  fish  warden,  a  county 
detective,  a  fighter  of  forest  fires,  and  a 
health  officer,  all  in  one. 

In  February,  1907,  several  members  of 
Troop  "B"  were  detailed  as  "plain 
clothes  men"  to  investigate  Black  Hand 
outrages  in  the  vicinity  of  Wilkesbarre. 
But  two  or  three  days  were  consumed  in 
procuring  the  necessary  evidence.  On 
February  4th,  Captain  Page,  Lieutenant 
Lumb,  three  sergeants,  and  forty  men  were 
sent  to  a  place  nearby  called  Browntown 
to  assist  the  county  detective  in  making 
arrests.  Twenty-five  Italian  members  of 
the  Black  Hand  fraternity  were  taken 
into  custody,  together  with  nine  stilettos, 
twelve  revolvers,  and  seventeen  rifles  and 
shotguns.  The  result  of  this  raid  prac- 
tically obliterated  the  nefarious  society 
in  that  district. 

Another  comprehensive  round-up  of  the 
Black  Hand  was  made  in  Bamesboro, 
Cambria  County,  on  May  5th  of  the  same 
year.  Troopers  in  plain  clothes  had  been 
gathering  evidence  for  some  weeks  pre- 
vious. On  the  day  mentioned,  twenty- 
four  men  of  Troop  "D"  under  Captain 
Robinson,  Lieutenant  Egle,  and  two  ser- 
geants descended  upon  a  house  in  Bames- 
boro that  had  been  known  as  the  district 
headquarters  of  the  gang.  The  society 
happened  to  be  holding  a  meeting  at  the 
time    and    all    fourteen    were    captured. 


Every  one  of  them  has  since  been  tried 
and  convicted. 

Again,  in  August,  a  sub-station  of 
Troop  "D"  was  established  at  Hillville, 
Lawrcene  Coutny,  to  suppress  Black 
Hand  activities  in  that  vicinity.  During 
the  month  and  a  half  that  the  detail 
was  on  the  station,  twenty-three  Italians 
were  arrested,  tried,  and  convict- 
ed, and  are  now  serving  sentences  of 
from  three  to  ten  years  in  the  peniten- 
tiary. 

In  October,  1907,  Sergeant  Price  and 
seven  privates  from  Troop  "  B,"  upon  the 
request  of  the  county  medical  inspector, 
were  sent  to  a  foreign  settlement  near 
Wilkesbarre  to  establish  a  quarantine 
during  a  prevalent  scarlet  fever  epidemic, 
the  local  authorities  being  unable  to 
enforce  the  laws  governing  the  conditions. 
While  on  this  assignment  a  serious  case 
of  the  disease  was  contracted  by  one  of 
the  troopers. 

No  star  reporter  on  a  great  daily  news- 
paper is  trained  to  observe  more  closely 
than  are  the  members  of  the  Pennsylvania 
state  police  force.  For  example:  One 
day  in  November,  1907,  three  troopers 
were  sent  from  the  Wyoming,  Pa.,  barracks 
to  investigate  the  robbery  of  several  hun- 
dred pounds  of  copper  wire  from  the 
Moosic  Lake  Traction  Company.  Its 
poles  had  been  cut  down  for  more  than 
a  mile.  Marks  along  the  road  suggested 
that  a  two-horse  wagon  had  been  used  to 
haul  the  wire  away.  After  following  the 
tracks  for  several  miles  the  wagon-load 
of  wire,  unattended  by  man  or  beast, 
was  located  in  the  mountains,  the  robbers 
having  unhitched  the  horses  and  ridden 
them  off.  Private  Smith  dismounted  to 
examine  the  hoof  marks.  One  of  the 
horses  seemed  to  have  been  shod  with  a 
peculiariy  shaped  bar-shoe.  The  trail 
of  this  horse  was  followed  by  the  troopers 
forty-three  miles  to  Carbondale,  in  an 
adjoining  county,  where  it  was  found  in  a 
livery  stable.  The  three  men  who  had 
hired  the  team  were  located,  and  not  being 
able  to  give  conclusive  proof  of  their  where- 
abouts at  the  time  the  wire  was  stolen, 
were  arrested,  tried,  and  found  guilty. 

While  riding  out  along. his  ^aUcJ^  ^^?^ 
day  Private  Snyder  of  Troo^^'  ^'  ^^<>w^ 


THE  WORLDS 


I 
I 


I 


a  thin  column  of  smoke  rising  from  the 
centre  of  a  corn  field.  Positive  that  no 
farmhouse  stood  in  the  immediate  locality, 
Snyder  rode  into  the  field  to  investigate. 
To  his  surprise  and  delight — for  his 
investigation  cleaned  up  a  mystery  that 
a  whole  force  of  railroad  detectives  had 
failed  to  solve  —  he  found  two  men 
smelting  brass  railway  journals  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Company.  Snyder  placed  both  men  under 
arrest.  At  the  trial  it  was  found  that  one 
of  them  had  been  arrested  before  for 
larceny  and  released  on  bail  Both  were 
sentenced  to  the  penitentiary. 

The  Pennsylvania  police  like** 'ErMajes- 
tie's  Jollies"  of  whom  Mr.  Kipling  sings, 
never  ask  what  to  do.  They  think 
for  themselves  and  they  act  for  them- 
selves.  Sergeant  Mais  and  four  privates 
of  Troop  "B/'  sent  to  the  Mount  Look- 
out Colliery  near  Wyoming  to  preserve 
order  after  an  explosion  of  fire-damp  that 
snuffed  out  the  lives  of  fourteen  miners, 
helped  in  the  rescue  work  with  such  a  will 
that  the  whole  state  applauded;  Privates 
Hentz  and  White  of  the  same  troop  dis- 
persed a  mob  of  several  hundred  striking 
miners  at  Dunmore  and  rescued  75  non- 
strikers;  Sergeant  Jacobs  and  5  privates 
of  Troop  "A"  stood  up  under  the  terrific 
strain  of  32  hours'  continuous  duty,  hand- 
ling the  morbid  crowd  at  the  mine  shaft 
and  maintaining  perfect  order  during 
the  recovering  of  the  bodies  of  154  men 
killed  in  the  terrible  mine  explosion  at 
Marianna  in  November,  1908;  Private 
Ames  of  Troop  '*A'*  trailed  a  murderer 
do^^Ti  into  Alabama  and  brought  him 
back  to  the  Westmoreland  G3unty  jail; 
36  men  of  Troop  "A"  spent  two  months 
preserving  order  as  best  they  could,  which 
was  infinitely  better  than  any  one  ever 
expected,  among  the  striking  employees 
of  the  Pressed  Steel  Car  Works  at  Butler. 
Private  Kelleher  of  Iroop  **C,"  veteran 
of  the  Boer  War,  while  trying  to  assist 
a  defenceless  woman  who  was  being 
beaten  and  robbed  by  two  Italians,  was 
stabbed  by  one  of  her  assailants  and  killed. 
His  entire  troop  scoured  the  country  for 
six  days  in  search  of  the  murderer  before 
they  got  him,  but  gel  him  they  did. 

In  one  year  the  state  police  enforced 


the  laws,  maintained  order,  and  protect) 
millions  of  dollars*  worth  of  property  durtnf 
five  great  strikes,  and,  in  addition,  the 
Department  received  during  tliai  vtir 
3,550  calls  for  assistance  from  sbcriffs, 
district  attorneys,  chiefs  of  police,  justice 
of  the  peace,  mayors,  and  fish  and  game 
wardens  —  neariy  ten  a  day!  In  a  single 
year  the  force,  taken  in  the  aggregate 
rides  390,000  miles,  visiting  upward 
of  2,000  towns  and  boroughs  in  60  differ- 
ent counties,  while  the  money  collected 
and  turned  over  to  the  cimnties  and  the 
fish  and  game  commissions  from  pnooiftd 
convictions  runs  well  up  into  the  thousands 
of  dollars  annually. 

The  force  is  only  228  officers  and  moL 
Notwithstanding  the  facts  that  the  en- 
trance examinations  to  the  force  are 
rigid,  the  training  and  duties  more  oftcs 
arduous  and  dangerous  than  pleasaa 
and  the  pay  insufficient,  there  are  fdi 
or  more  applicants  for  every  available  1 
cancy.  On  the  other  hand,  many 
after  their  first  term  of  enlistment  of 
years  have  left  the  force  to  accept  bett 
paying  positions.  The  Pressed  Steel 
Company  in  Butler,  for  example, 
take  on  all  the  ex-state  policemen 
can  get  to  act  as  private  detectives 
the  plant  at  salaries  ranging  from 
to  $100  a  month.  Eighty*rwo  of 
138  men  discharged  from  the  force  in 
year  bore  excellent  records,  were 
trained  and  efficient,  but  left  to  accept 
positions  offering  more  tempting  salaries. 

Through  the  activities  of  Major  Gf 
a  substantial   increment  was  add<    ^ 
year  to  the  pay  of  the  men.     TcxIajT 
salaries  range  from  the  $900  a  year 
private  to  the  $1,800  of  the  captain,  plus 
$60  a  year  for  every  term  of  reenltstmen^ 
Out  of  this  the  tnx>per  pays  on  an  avc 
of  $i8  a  month  board  at  the  bar 
Horses,   arms,  equipment,  and   two' 
forms  a  year  are  supplied  by  the  slate. 

But    Major  Groome  is   by   no  mean 
satisfied.      With    the    proper  and   weB 
applied    cfjoperation   of    the     legislatur 
and  the  chief  executive  of  the  commc 
wealth  he  hopes  to  make  of  the   stmt 
police  force  of  Pennsylvania  a  someihinfT 
to  be  envied  abroad  and  respected  and^ 
honored  at  home. 


salaries 

<iay?H 

irof  tfaS 


'WHAT  I  AM  TRYING  TO  DO" 

AN    AUTHORIZED    INTERVIEW    WITH 

DR.    RUPERT    BLUE 

(SUftOEON-OENEKAL  OF  THE  UlflTED   STATES  PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  liAEINE  HOSPITAL  SERVICE) 

BY 

THOMAS   F.   LOGAN 


IT  WAS  Dr.  Rupert  Blue,  the  new 
Surgeon-General  of  the  Public  Health 
and  Marine  Hospital  service,  who 
proved  that  rodents  are  the  agents  of 
the  bubonic  plague  and  who,  by  rat- 
proofing  the  houses  and  buildings  of  San 
Francisco  after  the  earthquake  and  fire, 
drove  out  the  rats  as  well  as  the  plague, 
which  had  been  menacing  the  lives  of  the 
people  of  that  city.  And  he  was  second 
in  command  when  the  service  drove  the 
mosquitoes  and  the  yellow  fever  out  of 
New  Orleans. 

"  My  greatest  ambition,"  said  Dr.  Blue, 
in  an  authorized  interview,  "is  to  clean 
up  the  United  States.  Were  every  build- 
ing rat-proof,  there  would  be  no  plagues 
and  much  less  disease.  I  look  forward 
to  the  day  when  the  good  housekeeper 
will  feel  that  it  is  as  much  of  a  disgrace 
to  have  mosquitoes  and  flies  in  the  house 
as  it  is  to  have  bed-bugs.  When  that 
time  comes,  disease  in  the  United  States 
will  be  reduced  one  third." 

As  the  chief  health  officer  of  the  United 
States,  it  is  Dr.  Blue's  duty  to  protect  this 
country  from  foreign  invasions  of  microbes. 
He  has  charge  of  the  investigation  of  all 
leprosy  cases  in  Hawaii;  forty-four 
quarantine  stations  in  the  United  States 
and  others  in  the  Philippines,  Hawaii, 
and  Porto  Rico;  and  he  supervises  the 
medical  officers  detailed  to  American  con- 
sulates abroad  to  prevent  the  introduction 
of  contagious  or  infectious  diseases  into 
the  United  States. 

But  the  real  problem  that  confronts  him 
is  to  prevent  epidemics  in  the  United 
States.  At  the  present  time,  the  laws 
do  not  permit  the  Surgeon-General  to 
interfere  with  the  health  authorities  of 
the  various  states,  but    in  most  of  the 


states  they  cooperate  with  him.  In  emer- 
gencies, the  Surgeon-General  has  the 
authority  to  override  the  state  authorities, 
but  he  rarely  exercises  or  finds  it  nec- 
essary to  exercise  this  power. 

Here  is  the  story  of  the  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral's career  as  told  in  his  own  words: 

"  I  began  by  studying  law,"  he  said, 
"because  it  was  my  father's  wish.  For 
six  months  I  studied  under  him.  I  dis- 
liked it.  Immediately  after  his  death  I 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine.  I  entered 
the  University  of  Virginia,  where  I  took 
some  preparatory  courses.  Later,  in 
1891,  I  went  to  the  University  of 
Maryland,  in  Baltimore,  and  finished 
my  course  there,  obtaining  the  advantages 
of  hospital  work.  Just  after  I  graduated 
I  saw  a  notice  that  there  would  be  an 
examination  in  Washington  for  what  was 
then  called  the  Marine  Hospital  Service, 
and  I  immediately  wrote  for  permission 
to  come  before  the  board.  I  received  the 
proper  invitation  from  the  Surgeon-General 
and  presented  myself  in  April,  1902,  with 
the  result  that  1  was  passed  and  accepted. 

"I  was  then  sent  to  Cincinnati.  The 
most  helpful  experience  that  I  had  was 
as  an  interne  at  the  Cincinnati  Marine 
Hospital,  where  I  came  into  touch  with 
Surgeon  Carter,  who  afterward  became 
very  famous  as  a  yellow  fever  expert 
in  our  service.  In  fact,  he  was  doing 
advanced  work  in  yellow  fever  in  those 
days. 

"I  remained  in  Cincinnati  about  six 
or  eight  months,  as  I  recollect  it,"  con- 
tinued Surgeon-General  Blue,  "and  later 
went  to  Galveston.  In  1899  I  went  to 
Italy.  The  plague  was  then  threaten- 
ing the  United  States  ^-vs^  ^ae^^-^ 
points  in  Europe  and  I  ^»«^^  '^^^  ^"*^^  "^^ 


ORLD'S 


I 


spect  passengers  and  freight  en  route 
to  the  United  States.  I  returned  to  this 
country,  went  to  Milwaukee,  and  finally 
^^'as  ordered  to  California,  where  the  plague 
had  broken  out.  That  mission  was  the 
beginning  of  my  real  work  in  life. 

"There  was  so  much  opposition  to  the 

ague  work   in   San   Francisco  that  we 

uld  not  get  the  consent  of  the  people 
and  the  state  to  do  certain  work*  After 
a  while,  however,  a  new  governor  was 
elected  —  Governor  Pardee  —  and  he 
favored  all  methods  necessary  to  the 
eradication  of  the  plague.  I  decided 
that  the  only  way  to  handle  the  situa- 
tion  was   to   make   Chinatown  rat-proof. 

*'Rats  get  into  buildings  by  gnawing 
through  the  wooden  floors.  So  I  hired 
gangs  of  laborers  and  had  them  cut  away 
all  wood-work  and  substitute  concrete  in 
the  foundations  and  basements  of  all  the 
buildings  in  Chinatown,  Our  success  in 
eradicating  the  plague  by  this  method 
established  the  principle  that  by  rat- 
proofing  buildings  and  driving  the  rats 
out  of  their  homes  we  could  destroy  the 
plague. 

**We  learned,  beyond  all  chance  of  a 
mistake,  that  rats  are  almost  invariably 
the  carriers  of  the  disease.  A  flea  bites  an 
infected  rat,  and  is  thereby  infected. 
Then  the  flea  bites  another  rat  —  or  a 
human  being  —  and  so  transmits  the 
bubonic  infection, 

"The  disease  has  been  known  for 
centuries  in  Western  China  and  Northern 
India,  but  the  first  permanent  anti-plague 
work  ever  done  was  accomplished  in  this 
country  —  out  there  in  San  Francisco. 
Altogether,  we  rat-proofed  the  entire 
twenty  blocks  of  Chinatown,  even  wiring 
any  openings  that  might  be  near  the 
ground.  I  had  one  hundred  men  at  work. 
The  buildings  were  condemned  in  half- 
block  lots.  We  then  sent  men  into  the 
condemned  buildings  to  tear  out  all  the 
ground  woodwork,  and  before  the  owner 
could  occupy  a  building  again  he  had  to 
have  it  concreted.  Up  to  that  time  there 
had  been  (21  plague  cases,  nearly  all  of 
which  were  confined  to  Chinatown.  About 
eight  were  white.  We  finished  the  work 
in  1904,  and  the  last  case  of  plague  for 
several  years  occurred  in  February,  1904. 


oiil 


}luc 

I 

3 


1  was  kept  out  there  until  a  year  after  ll 
last  case  occurred, 

"Then  I  had  charge  of  the  iMani 
Hospital  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  for  awhil 
Next.  I  was  ordered  to  New  Orleans^  wbi 
a  yellow  fever  epidemic  had  brnken 
We  got  rid  of  the  yellow  fever  two  monti 
before  the  frost  by  putting  into  cff< 
the  principles  we  had  learned  from  Si 
geons  Reid  and  Carroll  —  that  you  coukl 
get  rid  of  yellow  fever  entirely  by  de- 
stroying the  mosquitoes  and  by  no  other 
means.  Dr.  White  was  in  charge  of  the 
campaign,  and  1  was  second  in  command 

I  he  Dr.  White  referred  to  by  Dr.  Blue 
was   his   chief  competitor  for    the   offi( 
of  Surgeon-General,  and  fur  some  lime 
was  doubtful  which  would  win. 

"  Experiments, ''  continued  Dr.  Bl 
"had  been  made  in  Cuba  to  de  term  me 
mode  of  transmission  of  yellow  fever 
We  had  known  for  many  years  that  t 
burning  of  sulphur  would  gel  rid  of 
infection  of  yellow  fever  in  a  buitdti 
but  we  did  not  know  why.  Now  we  kno' 
that  it  was  because  the  sulphur  killed  the 
mosquitoes.  The  value  of  this  principle 
was  first  demonstrated  at  New  Orleans. 
We  would  simply  go  into  a  house  and 
destroy  the  breeding  places  of  the  inscc 
by  closing  it  up  and  fumigating  it 
oughly.  We  did  this  everywhere  in  H 
Orieans.  And  we  educated  the 
to  the  danger  of  mosquitoes,  showing  them 
how  they  could  be  destroyed  by  clcanlt^j 
ness.  There  has  been  no  yellow  f( 
in  New  Orleans  since  1905, 

'* The  following  \ear  I  was  ordered 
duty  on  a  tuberculosis  board  to  insj 
Government  buildings  and  outline  certaii 
methods  for  preventing  the  spread  of 
tuberculosis*  Before  completing  that 
work  the  earthquake  and  fire  occurred^ 
in  San  Francisco  in  1906.  I  was  sent 
there  and  assisted  in  the  formalion 
sanitary  camps  for  the  refugees 
sanitation  of  these  camps  was  veryj 
portanl.  We  put  them  in  salul 
places,  protected  the  water  supplies*  ani 
screened  the  kitchens  against  flies,  ai 
arranged  for  the  disposal  of  scwagp. 

"Shortly  afterward    1   was  det 
director    of    health    of    the    Jari.. 
exposition,  staying  through  the  exposii iii 


WHAT  I  AM  TRYING  TO  DO' 


655 


until  September,  1907,  when  the  second 
epidemic  of  plague  broke  out  in  San 
Francisco.  The  mayor  and  other  author- 
ities requested  that  1  be  sent  there.  I 
worked  out  my  plans  on  the  train.  This 
time  the  plague  was  all  over  the  city. 
There  were  probably  one  hundred  cases, 
and  they  were  among  the  white  people. 
The  Chinese  were  protected  by  the  work 
that  had  been  done  before. 

"From  September  until  January  there 
were  160  cases.  1  knew  exactly  what  I 
would  have  to  do  the  moment  1  arrived 
in  San  Francisco.  The  only  things  1 
needed  were  money  and  the  cooperation  of 
the  people.  The  people  were  almost  in  a 
panic.  They  were  afraid  of  the  disease, 
but  they  did  not  want  the  city  quarantined. 

"  I  did  not  want  to  quarantine  the  city 
either,  because  it  was  a  matter  of  tre- 
mendous importance,  for  San  Francisco 
is  the  main  port  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  I 
met  several  of  the  leading  men  of  the  city 
and  made  the  proposition  that  there 
should  be  no  quarantine  if  they  would 
back  me  up  in  securing  the  cooperation 
of  the  people.  In  the  meantime,  I  went 
to  work  with  the  money  on  hand  and 
started  a  campaign  based  entirely  on  the 
destruction  of  the  rats  and  not  on  the 
isolation  of  persons  or  the  disinfection  of 
buildings. 

"We  found  that  the  trapping  and 
poisoning  of  rats  would  not  suffice.  These 
things  would  have  to  be  supplemented  by 
the  rat-proofing  of  buildings,  so  that  the 
rats  would  have  no  place  to  multiply. 
Their  habitations  and  food  supplies  had 
to  be  destroyed. 

"Ordinances  were  passed  that  provided 
severe  punishments  and  penalties  for 
throwing  garbage  in  alleys  and  elsewhere. 
We  first  made  a  crusade  on  their  favorite 
haunts  —  stables,  granaries,  delicatessen 
shops,  bakery  shops,  and  other  places 
that  contained  food.  About  3,000  stables 
were  rat-proofed.  The  total  estimated 
cost  of  the  rat-proofing  done  during  the 
campaign  was  about  $4,000,000. 

"The  city  was  then  bankrupt.  The 
officials  gave  me  all  the  money  they  could 
spare  —  for  the  first  two  months  about 
$30,000  a  month.  They  then  called  on 
President  Roosevelt,  with  the  statement 


that  they  were  bankrupt,  and  asked  that 
the  Government  come  to  the  rescue. 
President  Roosevelt  authorized  the  ex- 
penditure of  $250,000  from  the  national 
epidemic  fuitd.  The  city  then  cut  down 
its  appropriation  to  $10,000,  and  later  to 
$$,000  a  month.  The  state  did  not  spend 
as  much  as  it  should  have  spent.  It 
contributed  only  about  $4,000  or  $5,000 
a  month. 

"  Then  we  found  that  the  plague  among 
the  rats  was  increasing,  although  human 
plague  had  almost  disappeared.  I  took 
the  matter  up  with  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  the  city  authorities. 

"The  mayor  appointed  a  committee 
called  the  Citizens'  Health  Committee. 
A  sub-committee  was  formed,  of  which 
Mr.  Charles  Moore,  now  president  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  exposition,  was  chairman. 
Those  people  tore  down  and  burned  a  part 
of  'Butcher-town.'  They  got  stringent 
health  ordinances  passed,  and  they  pushed 
forward  the  work  of  rat-proofing  the 
buildings  of  the  whole  city. 

"One  prominent  citizen  objected  to  this 
treatment  of  his  residence  and  secured  an 
injunction  from  the  court.  Other  in- 
junctions followed,  and  a  hearing  was  held 
before  the  Board  of  Health.  An  appeal 
to  civic  spirit  won  in  some  cases;  in  others 
property  owners  were  ashamed  to  follow 
up  their  contention  that  their  property 
should  not  be  treated  in  the  same  manner 
as  that  of  their  neighbors. 

"In  that  way,  with  great  gangs  of 
laborers  and  cement  workers,  we  made 
the  whole  city  rat-proof.  The  last  case 
of  human  plague  in  San  Francisco  was 
reported  in  January,  1908,  and  there  has 
not  been  one  since. 

"You  see,"  explained  Dr.  Blue,  "San 
Francisco  was  liable  to  plague  because  of 
its  nearness  to  the  Orient.  Ships  coming 
in  there  as  early  as  1896  and  1898  un- 
doubtedly brought  in  infected  rats.  Plague 
doubtless  existed  two  or  three  years  in 
Chinatown  before  it  was  found.  The 
Chinese,  of  course,  would  say  nothing 
about  it.  We  suspected  it  in  1899,  but, 
as  the  Chinese  never  employ  white 
physicians,  no  official  reports  of  any  cases 
were  ever  received. 

"It  was  because  ^  '^'^  ^sci^^ixoss^^ "^i^^ 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


I 

I 


the  board  of  health  appointed  what  they 
called  an  'inspector  of  the  dead'  and  passed 
a  regulation  that  no  person  dying  within 
a  specified  district  could  be  buried  without 
a  certificate  from  this  inspector.  The 
first  inspector,  Dr.  Wilson,  began  the 
inspections  in  1899,  and  by  March,  1900, 
had  found  a  case  of  plague  —  the  first 
case  discovered.  At  the  present  time  it  is 
very  hard  to  find  a  rat  anywhere  in  San 
Francisco,  We  have  thirty-six  men  still 
working  there,  under  a  doctor  who  is  one 
of  the  best  men  in  the  service  in  this 
particular  line  of  work. 

'* Another  phase  of  the  plague  situation 
came  to  my  notice  first  while  I  was  in 
California  in  1903.  I  had  been  called 
to  inspect  a  sick  man  at  the  German 
Hospital  in  San  Francisco.  He  died  soon 
afterward.  We  held  a  post  mortem  and 
found  that  he  had  died  of  a  case  of  virulent 
bubonic  plague.  The  peculiar  thing  about 
the  case  was  that  he  had  come  down  from 
the  country^  where  there  had  been  no 
plague,  I  followed  this  clue  and  went  to 
his  home  in  Contra  Costa  County,  There 
1  found  his  brother,  who  told  me  that  the 
dead  man  had  not  been  out  of  that  par- 
ticular district  for  forty  days  before  he 
went  to  San  Francisco. 

"Asked  with  regard  to  his  brother's 
habits,  the  man  told  me  that  he  had  been 
shooting  and  handling  ground  squirrels. 
1  thought  that  squirrels,  being  rodents, 
were  as  likely  to  be  carriers  of  plague  germs 
as  rats*  No  other  case  occurred  immedi- 
ately aften^ard  and  we  had  no  funds  for 
examination  of  rodents  outside  of  San 
Francisco.  Later,  however,  I  received 
notice  of  a  case  of  plague  in  Oakland. 
There  I  found  a  boy,  the  history  of  whose 
case  showed  that  he.  too,  had  been  shoot- 
ing ground  squirrels.  1  went  to  the  Gover- 
nor and  told  him  that  1  believed  there  was 
plague  infection  among  ground  squirrels 
outside  the  city.  He  was  skeptical,  but 
allowed  me  to  write  a  telegram  to  the 
Surgeon-General,  requesting  a  thorough 
examination  of  ground  squirrels.  Soon 
afterward,  equipped  with  money,  I  got 
all  the  proof  I  needed.  Squirrels  were 
shot  and  sent  to  the  laboratory  in  San 
Francisco,  where  they  were  found  lo  be 

lected.     In  the  last  few  years,  plague 


infected    squirrels    have    been    found 
about  ten  counties.     Probably  ihey  wc 
infected  from  the  rats  in  San  Francisco. 

"As  these  squirrels  live   in    the 
there  is  no  way  to  use  concrete  ag 
them.     Hence  we  have  carried  on  a 
paign  of  education  through  the  newspaper 
warning  the  people  against  eating  squirr 
or  handling  them.    At  the  same  time 
are  doing  our  best   to  exterminate   tli 
infected    squirrels.    We    have    extend 
this    campaign    to     seventeen     count* 
It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  it 
rodents  of  the  Sierras  be  protected  again^ 
the  advance   of   this   disease,    for.    or 
carried   across  the  Sierras,   the  siruation' 
would  have  grave  possibilities." 

Dr.  Blue  feels  that  the  work  of  the  Public 
Health  and  Marine  Hospital  Service 
should  be  carried  out  along  the  present 
lines,  but  that  much  more  might  be  accom- 
plished were  he  given  a  freer  hand  by  the 
statutes  and  by  the  Constitution.  The 
writer  asked  him  how  he  was  hinde 
from  extending  the  scope  of  the  service 
and  he  replied: 

"The  limitations  are  contained  in  thc^ 
Constitution,  with  which  the  present  law^f 
are  in  conformity.  We  now  have  some 
very  good  laws,  but  not  all  the 
necessary  machinery  to  carry-  them  out. 
State  and  municipal  health  organizations 
are  a  part  of  the  health  organization  of 
the  country  and  on  these  aut' 
devolves  a  great  deal  of  respoi 
for  the  protection  of  health,  for  sanitar 
police  powers  within  the  states  have 
reserved  by  the  states  themselves. 

"There  is  authority  for  the  ser 
aid  state  and  municipal  health  aut 
in  the  prevention  of  the  spread  of  ccm- 
tagious  and   infectious   disease,    and,   of 
course,    if   the   stales  and  municipalities 
should  fail  or  refuse  to  take  the  necessary 
measures  of  prevention,  the  Federal 
ernment  could  go  in  and  do  so. 

"The  question  of  how  the  laws 
be  improved  has  received  a  great  deal 
consideration,  both  in  and  out  of  Con- 
gress.    It  is  my  intention  to  study  lh«j 
legislative  situation,  and   to  confer  will 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  otheij 
gentlemen  interested  in  the  improveiTienf 
of  the  public  health  to  see  what  can  be 


»alities 
e^sary^ 
Gov^l 

couJil 

leal  olV 

n- 

i 


"WHAT  1  AM  TRYING  TO  DO' 


657 


done.  1  have  not  yet  had  time  to  do  this, 
or  to  decide  what  additional  legislation 
would  be  of  the  most  benefit.  The 
possibility  of  infringing  on  the  police 
powers  of  the  state  must,  of  course,  be 
avoided. 

"I  should  like  to  see  such  measures 
adopted  as  would  reduce  the  morbidity 
rate  in  this  country  below  that  of  other 
countries,  and  as  would  increase  the 
expectancy  of  life. 

"A  great  deal  is  being  done,  of  course, 
at  the  present  time.  Such  reports  as  are 
available  are  being  collected  and  published 
to  show  the  prevalence  of  such  diseases 
as  typhoid  and  tuberculosis.  Investiga- 
tions of  contagious  and  infectious 
diseases,  and  of  other  matters  pertaining 
to  the  public  health,  are  being  carried 
on    in   the  Hygienic  Laboratory. 

"Special  investigations  of  leprosy  are 
being  made  in  Hawaii,  Congress  having 
made  annual  appropriations  for  the  pur- 
pose. As  a  result  of  these  studies,  the 
leprosy  bacillus  has  been  grown  in  artificial 
media,  and  studies  are  being  made  to 
determine  the  facts  concerning  epidemics 
of  the  disease  and  to  discover  possible 
curative  agents. 

"In  connection  with  the  anti-plague 
measures  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  Federal 
laboratory  is  maintained,  and  investiga- 
tions are  being  made  of  the  plague  in 
special  relation  to  the  occurrence  of  the 
disease  among  rodents  in  its  bearing  on 
the  health  of  human  beings.  At  this 
laboratory  a  plague-like  disease  among 
rodents  and  the  organism  that  causes 
it  have  been  discovered  and  described. 
The  occurrence  of  rat-leprosy  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  has  been  proven,  and  the 
susceptibility  of  various  animals  to  plague 
has  been  demonstrated. 

"Investigations  of  pellagra  are  to  be 
pushed  in  the  Southern  states,  laboratory 
and  hospital  facilities  for  this  purpose 
having  been  provided  at  Savannah,  Ga. 
1  should  like  to  see  the  hookworm  wiped 
out  and  will  work  to  that  end.  System- 
atic investigations  of  intestinal  parasites 
of  man  have  been  carri^  on  at  the 
Marine  Hospital  in  Wilmington,  N.  C. 
And  tuberculosis  is  now  being  studied 
at     the     tuberculosis      sanatorium      at 


Fort  Stanton,  N.  M.     Bulletins  treating 
of  these  subjects  are  being  issued  now. 

"An  investigation  that  should  be  en- 
larged is  that  of  the  pollution  of  interstate 
waters.  The  work  thus  far  done  has  been 
done  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  it  is  of  an 
educational  character  and  of  great  value. 
Similar  studies  should  be  made  of  those 
rivers  which  are  sources  of  supplies  for 
cities.  The  Great  Lakes,  for  instance, 
are  polluted  mainly  by  sewage.  The 
water  can  be  filtered,  but  the  control  of 
streams  is  one  of  the  big  problems  before 
the  country  to-day. 

"We  can  greatly  reduce  the  sick-rate 
in  cities  by  cleaning  them  up  and  pro- 
viding a  pure  water  supply  and  that  is  one 
of  my  chief  ambitions.  The  definite  policy 
of  cities  should  be  to  clean  up,  to  perfect 
the  collection  of  and  disposal  of  garbage, 
to  put  into  force  the  best  methods  of  the 
disposal  of  sewage,  and  to  prevent  the 
propagation  of  rodents  that  may  transmit 
disease.  All  new  buildings  should  be 
constructed  with  concrete  foundations. 
A  great  many  health  officers  in  cities  and 
states  are  doing  excellent  work  along  these 
lines,  but  unfortunately  their  tenure  of 
office  is  uncertain,  and  about  the  time  a 
good  standard  of  efficiency  is  reached 
other  persons  take  their  places. 

"Another  serious  problem  that  I  shall 
consider  is  the  milk  supply.  Where  milk 
is  shipped  from  one  state  or  territory  to 
another,  it  would  seem  that  it  should 
receive  special  attention  from  the  Govern- 
ment. Very  active  studies  of  milk  have 
been  made  by  the  Hygienic  Laboratory 
within  the  last  five  years,  and  some  very 
comprehensive  information  has  been  col- 
lected. 

"One  of  the  reforms  that  1  should  like 
to  see  accomplished  is  the  enlargement  of 
the  Hygienic  Laboratory  of  the  Marine 
Service  in  order  to  provide  a  course  of 
instruction  on  public  health  for  municipal, 
state,  and  other  health  officers. 

"  1  should  like  to  feel  that  soon  the  whole 
country  will  know  that  the  greatest  agents 
of  disease  in  the  world  are  rats,  mice,  and 
ixxlents  of  all  description,  as  well  as  flies 
and  mosquitoes  and  other  similar  insects. 
My  war  will  be  u^t^'^^5«^%^x^s5fe-i>s^^^ 
will  be  unrelentiTv%r 


A  FACTORY  THAT  OWNS  ITSELF 

HOW  THE  GREAT   ZEISS   OPTICAL   WORKS  OF  JENA  RUNS  ITSELF  FOR  THE   BENEFIT 

OF  ITS  EMPLOYEES,  OF  THE  CITY  IN  WHICH  IT  STANDS,  AND  OF  A  FAMOUS 

UNIVERSITY  — A    FINANCIAL   SUCCESS   IN    COOPERATION 

BY 

RICHARD  AND  FLORENCE  CROSS  KITCHELT 


OWN  in  southern  Germany 
near  the  Thuringian  forest, 
in  a  section  so  beautiful  that 
Charles  V  is  said  to  have 
placed  it  next  to  Florence, 
like  plum  pudding  in  a  bowl, 
the  little  old  town  of  Jena.  Its  first 
famous  plum,  the  University,  has  been  a 
wellspring  of  science,  aesthetics,  and  philos- 
ophy these  several  centuries.  And  the 
second  famous  plum  is  the  Carl  Zeiss 
Works,  where  the  science  of  co()peration 
and  the  philosophy  of  human  brotherhood 
are  being  practised  and  proved  as  a  by- 
product of  optical  instrument  manufacture. 
Years  ago.  back  in  1846,  one  Carl 
Zeiss,  scientific  instrument  maker  to  the 
University  of  Jena,  established  his  first 
little  workshop,  which,  after  thirty  years, 
employed  only  36  people.  But  in  the 
next  dozen  years  the  number  rose  to  300. 
It  is  now  5.000  and  still  growing,  while 
there  are  1,000  more  in  the  afllliated  glass 
works.  At  first  they  made  only  micro- 
scopes: now  they  make  also  photo- 
micrographic  instruments  and  appliances 
for  visual  and  ultra-violet  light,  lantern 
and  projection  apparatus,  instruments 
for  the  observation  of  ultra-microscopic 
particles,  also  photographic  lenses,  stereo- 
scopes, binoculars,  and  various  kinds  of 
measuring  instruments,  such  as  range- 
finders  for  the  army  and  navy,  and 
finally  great  telescopes. 

For  these  things  the  Carl  Zeiss  Works 
are  famous.  They  are  becoming  equally 
famous  as  a  great  industrial  enterprise 
not  owned  by  capitalists  but  by  itself, 
completely  the  common  property  of  all 
connected  with  it.  And  this  is  the  more 
interesting  story. 

When  Cari  Zeiss  found  his  business 
growing  too  large  for  him.  in  18G6,  he  took 


into  partnership  a  young  University  pn> 
fessor,  then  but  twenty-six  years  of  age 
This  man  was  the  son  of  a  sptnnlng-mill 
operative  of  Eisenach,  and  was  named 
Ernst  Abbe.  He  became  remarkable  as 
a  scientist  and  inventor,  and  also  as  a 
business  organizer. 

This  last  talent  he  used  in  a  new  way. 
The   child   of  a   spinning-mill    operative 
must  have  come  face  to    face  with   the 
problems  of  bread  without  butter  and  of 
a  home  without  security.     Whatever  may 
have  been  the  cause,  he  was  as  deep  a 
student  of  social  and  industrial  conditiom 
as  he  was  of  pure  science,  and,  because  of 
his  interest  in  those  conditions,  gave  up 
high   professorial  honors*    When   he   be^ 
came    impressed    with    the    fundamental 
injustice  to  the  wage  worker  inherent  in 
the    modern    capitalistic    system  —  tha^H 
injustice  involving  the  insecurity  of  hi^^ 
position,  and  the  expropriation    of  part 
of  his  earnings  — he  determined  tl 
at  least,  as  far  as  he  could,  would  v 
juster  conditions  in  his  own  province. 

In    1891,    two   years   after   Abbe   ha 
acquired  sole  control  of  the  optical  ^*orks, 
upon  the  death  of  Cari  Zeiss,  he  forswore 
his  great  fortune  and  created  the  Carl, 
Zeiss   Stifiung,    To    this    foundatioa 
transferred  the  ownership  of  the  busine 
and  a  controlling  share  in  the  afTiliatcdl 
glass  works.     That  is,  he  transferred  the 
ownership  of  the  Zeiss  Works  to  itself.. 
In  five  years  more,  i8g6,  the  grand-<iucaj] 
government  of  Saxe-Weimar  ratified  anc 
invested  with  statutory  force  the  proviJ 
sions   of   this   foundation.    Over   it    iht 
Stale  has  final  control,  but  subject  always^ 
to  the  charter 

The  administration  is  vested  in  ^Mi 
committee  representing  the  works,  the^^ 
university,   and    the  Government.    Only 


Ics. 

rare 

acdim 


4 


A  FACTORY  THAT  OWNS  ITSELF 


659 


general  features  of  the  charter  can  be  out- 
lined here,  for,  complete,  it  covers  fifty- 
seven  printed  pages. 

It  is  notable  that  no  capitalists 
draw  any  dividends  from  the  industry. 
Income  in  excess  of  current  expenses  is 
devoted  to  three  general  purposes:  first, 
improvement  and  enlargement  of  the 
business  itself;  second,  increase  in  the 
wages  of  the  operatives;  third,  better- 
ment of  their  social  conditions. 

This  common  good  to  everyone  in  the 
works.is  attained  in  various  ways  through 
Abbe's  charter,  and  in  no  spirit  of  paternal- 
ism. Of  that  he  was  intolerant.  He 
sought  merely  justice. 

No  superintendents  or  higher  officials 
may  receive  more  than  ten  times  as  much 
in  wages  as  the  average  wage  paid  for  the 
last  three  years  to  all  the  workmen  over 
twenty-four  years  of  age  who  have  been  in 
the  factory  for  three  years.  Therefore  at 
present  the  highest  salaries  are  about 
$5,000  a  year.  And  the  managers,  those 
officials  who  act  on  the  governing  board, 
may  not  share  in  the  dividends. 

All  workmen  are  guaranteed  a  definite 
weekly  wage  which  is  the  minimum  they 
may  receive.  But  all  work  is  done  on  a 
piece  basis,  and  the  weekly  income  is 
supposed  to  be  in  excess  of  the  minimum 
wage.  In  addition  to  this,  at  the  end 
of  each  year  a  part  of  the  surplus  is  also 
distributed.  This,  during  the  last  four- 
teen years,  has  averaged  8  per  cent,  of  the 
wages.  There  has  been  an  increase  of 
about  14  per  cent,  in  the  average  wage 
since  1902,  and  the  wage,  not  including 
the  annual  bonus,  is  at  present  somewhat 
higher  than  the  average  paid  elsewhere  in 
Germany  for  work  requiring  similar  skill. 

Eight  hours  is  a  working  day.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  on  the  eight-hour 
basis,  which  was  introduced  in  1900  by 
vote  of  the  workmen  themselves,  the 
average  product  is  4  per  cent,  larger  than 
it  was  when  nine  hours  made  a  day's 
work. 

Overtime,  which  is  always  optional,  is 
paid  for  at  25  per  cent,  (when  done  at 
night  50  per  cent,  and  on  holidays  100  per 
cent.)  more  than  the  regular  rate. 

For  regular  holidays,  and  when  called 
from    work   unavoidably   for   emergency 


military  service,  jury  duty,  sickness  in 
family,  etc.,  workmen  are  allowed  full 
pay;  for  service  with  the  reservists,  last- 
ing six  weeks,  half  pay.  A  six  days' 
vacation  with  full  pay  is  allowed  each 
year  to  employees  over  twenty  years  old 
who  have  been  in  the  establishment  at  least 
one  year.  A  longer  vacation  may  be  taken, 
but  they  are  paid  only  for  six  days. 

No  fines  are  assessed  for  any  reason. 
For  specified  offences,  reprimand  or  dis- 
charge may  be  inflicted  after  due  trial. 

Complete  personal  liberty  of  association, 
and  in  religious  and  political  affiliation,  is 
guaranteed. 

Five  to  fifteen  years'  service  entitles 
the  workmen  to  a  pension  for  disablement, 
equal  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  regular  wage 
received  during  the  last  year  of  work. 
Additional  pension  of  1  per  cent,  is  al- 
lowed for  each  additional  year  of  service 
up  to  75  per  cent,  of  this  wage. 

Old  age  pensions,  amounting  to  75 
per  cent,  of  the  last  wage,  may  be  claimed 
after  30  years  of  service  by  employees 
over  65  years  of  age.  Upon  the  death  of 
a  workman,  the  widow  receives  four 
tenths  of  the  amount  of  pension  to  which 
he  was  entitled,  and  each  orphan  two 
tenths.  The  full  wage  of  the  deceased 
workman  is  paid  to  his  widow  for  three 
months,  regardless  of  the  length  of  time 
he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  establishment. 

Probably  the  most  unusual  provision 
anywhere  existing  for  the  well-being  of 
workingmen  is  that  of  continuing,  for  a 
period,  the  wages  of  discharged  employees. 
When  it  is  necessary,  because  of  slack 
work  or  change  in  methods  in  any  depart- 
ment, to  dismiss  employees,  their  full 
wages  are  continued  for  a  period  equal  to 
one  sixth  of  the  time  they  were  employed, 
but  not  exceeding  six  months. 

A  sick  fund  has  been  established. 
From  it  employees  receive  75  per  cent,  of 
their  regular  wage,  when  incapacitated 
through  illness,  for  a  period  not  exceeding 
one  year.  Free  dental,  medical,  and 
hospital  service,  and  also  free  burial  are 
provided  from  this  fund,  both  for  workmen 
and  their  families. 

Apprentices  are  examined  medically 
at  intervals. 

For    suggested     \tcc^xwot«^^  ^^  ^ 


66o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


establishment,  and  for  new  inventions 
by  employees,  money  prizes  are  given, 
from  thirty  to  forty  such  awards  being 
granted  annually. 

In  these  ways  the  income  of  the  works 
goes  to  the  weekly  wage  and  financial 
security  of  the  employees.  Many  other 
things  are  done  for  their  well-being.  The 
establishment  does  not  build  homes  for 
its  work-people.  That  is  done  by  a  wholly 
independent  association,  the  Jena  Co- 
operative Building  Society,  which  thus 
far  has  erected  i68  homes.  But  the 
Zeiss  Foundation  has.  donated  $3,750 
to  this  society,  and  has  lent  it  $26,250  at 
3  per  cent,  interest. 

Aerated  water,  milk,  and  rolls  are  sold 
within  the  works  at  cost. 

The  town  of  Jena  also  comes  in  for  a 
share  of  the  profits.  Two  splendid  build- 
ings have  been  erected  for  it  out  of 
the  profits  of  the  works.  They  are  the 
Public  Bath  and  the  Volkhaus.  In 
the  latter  there  are  a  reading  room  and 
library,  a  school  of  arts  and  crafts,  a 
museum  for  popular  and  technical  physics, 
and  two  assembly  halls,  one  large  and  one 
small,  open  for  any  kind  of  popular  or 
political  meeting. 

To  the  old  university,  this  business, 
founded  on  a  science  learned  within  her 
walls,  pays  its  respects.  The  Zeiss  Works 
have  added  to  its  regular  funds,  and  also 
have  made  extraordinary  improvements: 
new  buildings  for  physical,  hygienic,  and 
mineralogical  institutions;  an  institute  for 
scientific  microscopy;  extensions  of  the 
chemical  institute;  and  a  seismographic 
institute  for  the  astronomical  observa- 
tory. And  the  entire  scale  of  professorial 
salaries  has  been  raised. 

From  their  earnings,  the  works  have 
greatly  enlarged  the  plant,  and  have  im- 
proved the  product  in  scientific  and  com- 
mercial value.  The  business  is  eminently 
successful  from  a  financial  as  well  as  from 
a  human  point  of  view.  In  the  face  of 
the  competition  of  other  purely  capitalis- 
tic enterprises,  in  the  last  ten  years,  under 
Abbe's  charter,  the  number  of  employees 
has  more  than  doubled.  The  new  buildings 
are  large-windowed  and  of  concrete,  and 
similar  construction  is  gradually  replacing 
the    older    brick    buildings.    The    glass 


works  spread  their  buildings  and  raise  their 
thirteen  great  chimneys  on  a  hillside  on 
the  edge  of  the  town. 

For  the  administration  of  this  unusual 
enterprise  there  is,  as  regulated   by  the 
Siiftung,    a    self-perpetuating    governing 
•  board  of  four  members,  who  must  be  ex- 
perts in  science  or  business.     In  addition, 
there  is  a  fifth  member  who  is  a  com- 
missioner appointed  by  the   grand-ducal 
government  (through  its  department,  that 
directs    the    university).      This   commis- 
sioner cannot  be  appointed  against  the 
unanimous  opposition  of  the  other  mem- 
bers,   and  one   of   these   must    be  con- 
nected with  the  glass  works.     None  of 
the  members  of  the  board  may  share  in 
the  dividends. 

In  a  plain  little  office  lined  with 
books  and  pamphlets,  and  decorated  with 
one  picture  (that  of  Ernst  Abbe),  is  found 
the  secretary.  Dr.  Frederick  Schomerus. 

He  acts  as  a  sort  of  intermediary 
between  the  workers  and  the  management. 
It  is  worthy  of  note  that  there  have 
never  been  any  strikes  or  labor  troubles 
at  the  Zeiss  Works. 

The  interests  of  the  workers  are  repre- 
sented by  a  committee  of  120,  elected  by 
the  votes  of  all  employees  over  eighteen 
years  of  age.  From  this  large  group  an 
executive  committee  of  seven  is  chosen, 
which  meets  weekly. 

The  fact  that  the  workmen  can  thus 
deal  directly  with  the  management  has 
not  prevented  at  least  two  thirds  of  them 
from  becoming  members  in  the  national 
unions  of  their  respective  crafts.  Nat- 
urally, they  elect  their  local  union  officials 
to  the  works  committee.  However, 
negotiations  are  made  with  these  men  not 
as  union  officials  but  as  elected  representa- 
tives of  the  workrnen. 

Because  of  the  pressure  of  outside  com- 
petition, the  Zeiss  enterprise  has  been 
limited  in  the  extent  to  which  it  could 
improve  the  condition  of  its  work  people. 
But  it  has  demonstrated  how  much  can 
be  done  even  under  present  conditions. 
Finally,  it  has  taught  the  further  lesson 
that  the  complete  elimination  of  the 
capitalist  from  an  industrial  enterprise 
does  not  prevent  its  progress  and  success, 
even  from  a  business  ix)int  of  view. 


THE    BISHOP   OF  THE   ARCTIC 

THE  RT.  REV.  PETER  TRIMBLE  ROWE,  WHOSE   DIOCESE  IS   INTERIOR  ALASKA,  AND 

WHO   VISITS  HIS  MISSIONS  BY  TRAVELING  THOUSANDS  OF  MILES  BY  DOG 

SLEDGE  AND  REINDEER  TEAM,  BY  SNOW  SHOES  AND  CANOE, 

OVER  ICE  AND  THROUGH  FROZEN  WILDERNESS 


BY 


CARRINGTON   WEEMS 


THE  charge  of  a  bishopric  con- 
taining six  hundred  thousand 
square  miles,  no  small  part 
of  which  lies  above  the  Arctic 
Circle;  the  yearly  visitation 
of  a  chain  of  missions  long  enough  to 
reach  around  the  globe;  the  consequent 
exposure  to  all  the  perils  of  an  unknown, 
icebound  land;  traveling,  in  season  and 
out,  by  steamboat,  canoe,  reindeer,  dogs 
and  snowshoes  —  all  these  burdens  are 
contemplated  with  equal  cheerfulness  by 
the  Bishop  of  Alaska,  even  in  this  ease- 
loving  twentieth  century  when  few  apply 
"to  tend  the  homely,  slighted,  shepherd's 
trade."  He  proves  himself  one  of  that 
long  line  of  hardy,  adventurous  church- 
men —  perhaps  the  last.  For  the  frontier 
will  soon  be  only  a  memory.  Alaska  is  the 
end.  What  Jacques  Marquette,  the  French 
Jesuit  and  missionary  explorer  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  was  to  the  Indians 
along  the  Wisconsin  River  and  the  Missis- 
sippi and  to  the  Illinois,  among  whom  he 
died;  what  Father  Herman,  the  brave 
bishop  of  the  Orthodox  Church,  was  a  hun- 
dred years  later  to  the  Aleuts  of  those 
far-flung  Western  islands,  whither  he  came 
with  the  first  Russian  fur  traders  from  the 
coast  of  Asia;  that  and  more,  the  Pro- 
testant tpiscopal  Bishop  Rowe  is  to-day, 
in  the  vaster  area  drained  by  the  Yukon 
River  and  its  tributaries,  to  all  the 
Indian  tribes  from  the  Thlinkits  in  the 
near  Southeast  to  the  Eskimos  of  the 
Arctic  coast.  To  them  Bishop  Rowe 
brings  medical  aid,  religious  instruction, 
and  the  schooling  so  necessary  to  prepare 
them  against  the  civilization  which  other- 
wise engulfs  them  disastrously.  By  the 
lonely  prospectors  scattered  through  the 
mountains   and   valleys  of  the   interior. 


Bishop  Rowe  is  as  well  known  and  as 
warmly  welcomed  —  welcomed  for  his 
genial  presence  as  well  as  for  the  news  and 
reading  matter  which  it  is  his  custom  to 
supply  to  these  isolated  men.  With 
them  the  Bishop's  formula  is  a  wise  one. 
First  of  all  he  meets  the  human  craving 
for  tidings  from  the  outside  world.  At 
night,  before  time  comes  to  turn  in,  when 
confidence  has  been  gained  all  round,  the 
Bishop  remarks:  "You  are  a  long  way 
from  any  church;  let's  have  a  little 
church  here  by  ourselves."  The  next 
time  he  strikes  that  camp,  the  request 
to  have  church  doesn't  have  to  come 
from  him. 

Peter  Trimble  Rowe  was  bom  in  Toronto 
in  1859.  The  name  is  Irish  and  he  no 
less  so.  To  that  perhaps  he  owes  his 
unflagging  buoyancy  and  good  humor, 
and  the  ready  human  sympathy  which 
so  eminently  flts  him  for  the  work  he  has 
to  perform  in  one  of  the  few  earthly  dio- 
ceses where  a  pure  democracy  prevails 
and  perfect  equality  is  the  rule.  By 
training,  likewise,  he  was  tried  and  tested 
for  his  arduous  life  work.  After  ordina- 
tion, which  followed  graduation  from 
Trinity  College,  he  moved  to  an  Indian 
reservation  at  Garden  River  on  the  north- 
em  shore  of  Lake  Huron.  Here  the 
round  of  his  duties,  by  canoe  in  summer 
and  in  winter  on  snowshoes,  gave  him  the 
dexterity  to  which  later  in  Alaska  he  has 
frequently  owed  his  life.  From  sub- 
sequent service  in  Michigan,  where  he 
established  a  circle  of  missions,  he  ac- 
quired the  constructive  and  adminis- 
trative experience  indispensable  to  hi^ 
office  in  Alaska  where  the  long  distanc^^ 
and  uncertain  ^wA*.  ^ ^K^Rs:^;^Q^^^s^  ^x>?c^ 
munication   T\ec«5KC«x^  Sie*.  ^^^e*^^  ^ 


1*662 

I  of  I 


PHE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


of  plans  years  in  advance.  Altogether 
it  would  have  been  impossible  for  the 
convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  assembled  in  Minneapolis  in 
1895,  to  elect  a  better  shepherd  for  their 
hi  tie  flock  in  that  boundless  pasture  of 
Alaska, 

Frank  and  open,  of  direct,  unstudied 
address,  the  Bishop's  faculty  of  speaking 
his  mind  without  fear  or  favor  might 
have  been  reckoned  against  him  in  an 
older  episcopate,  in  an  atmosphere  charged 
with  tradition  and  convention.  It  is 
on  the  frontier  that  he  is  at  his  best, 
among  sturdy,  plain-speaking  men,  and 
on  the  trail  where  grit  and  not  cloth  counts. 
Once  on  the  little  wooden  coastwise 
packet  Btrtba  —  a  survivor  from  halcyon 
whaling  days  which  seems  still  to  reek  of 
rendered  blubber — I  saw  him  thus  in 
his  element,  supreme.  A  rare  crowd 
had  gathered  in  the  tiny  smoking 
cabin,  prospectors,  miners,  adventurers, 
derelicts  —  what-not?  The  bishop  stood 
out  strongly,  but  always  as  one  of  the 
crowd  unconsciously  better  for  his  pres- 
ence. In  the  long  twilight,  stories  were 
being  told,  they  too,  better  for  his  presence. 
Himself  a  natural  story  teller,  with  a 
keen  sense  of  humor,  a  hearty  welcome 
for  his  own  sake  is  assured  him  in  any 
jovial  company  in  Alaska.  "Powerful 
Joe/*  the  bishop's  warm  admirer,  was 
also  of  the  circle.  For  the  length  of  the 
coast  and  the  Yukon  River,  he  is  famous 
for  the  potency  of  his  narrative  and  de- 
scriptive gifts.  His  experiences  have  been 
varied  even  for  that  shifting  Northern 
life;  he  has  known  the  comforts  —  one 
speaks  seriously  —  of  an  Alaskan  jail; 
even  his  friends,  held  by  his  unfailing  geni- 
ality, reluctantly  admit  him  a  brand  past 
saving.  His  case  is  fitted  accurately  by 
a  story  which  the  bishop  tells  of  himself. 
Once  at  Allakaket,  beyond  the  Circle, 
he  was  making  ready  for  a  dash  farther 
north.  His  party  was  to  be  increased; 
and  more  dogs  were  needed.  With  his 
Indian,  Kobuk  Peter,  he  went  to  look  at 
some  animals  that  were  offered  and  picked 
a  likely  husky  with  intent  to  trade.  Ko- 
buk Peter  shook  his  head.  "How  about 
him.  Peter?"  said  the  bishop.  "I  like 
his    looks;  shall    I    buy    him?"    Peter's 


head  continued  to  shake;  plainly  he  cofKj 

sidered   the  husky  hopeless.     At    last 
his  labored  English,  of  which  he  was  vast! 
proud,   be   blurted   out:  "Him    no   good 

—  him  too  much  long  time  dog/' 
The  generosity  of  Mr,  J,    P,    Morgan 

made  the  consecration  of  the  first  Bishop 
of  Alaska  possible,  on  St.  Andrcw*s  Day, 
1895,  and  Bishop  Rowe  took  up  his  work 
at  once.  From  that  time  on  his  record  is 
the  history  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Alaska. 

This  church  had  three  missions  in  ih;U 
northern  territory  before  the  arrival  of 
Bishop  Rowe.  Each  marked  a  noble 
adventure.  In  1886,  Rev.  Octavius  Par- 
ker had  been  welcomed   by  the   Ingiliks 

—  a  tribe  half  Indian,  half  Eskimo^  who 
lived  in  houses  underground  —  nearly 
five  hundred  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Yukon  in  a  country  then  unexplored. 
There  at  Anvik  he  established  the  first 
Episcopal  mission.  Four  years  later,  at 
Point  Hope  —  the  Figaro,  or  "fore-finger" 
of  the  Eskimos  — which  reaches  out  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  a  mission  was  opened  ^U 
by  Dr.  John  F.  Driggs,  whose  heroic  sac-  ^M 
rifice  is  almost  without  parallel  He  had  " 
been  dropped  from  a  passing  vessel  on  that 
bleak  Arctic  shore,  in  the  midst  of  a  few 
hundred  Eskimos,  harried  and  corrupted 
by  unscrupulous  whalers,  unhoused,  cut  off 
from  the  world  until  the  next  yeariy  visit 
of  a  revenue  cutter.  Most  of  his  supplies 
had  been  destroyed  in  a  storm,  but  he 
managed  to  build  a  hut  and  maintain  him- 
self alone.  During  twenty  years  he  labored 
for  the  regeneration  of  the  natives  of  the 
region,  by  instruction  and  medical  treat- 
mcnt,  and  left  his  post  but  twice — the 
first  time  after  seven  years  of  exile  within 
the  Arctic  Circle.  The  third  mission,  now 
at  Tanana,  was  taken  over  from  the  Church 
of  England  which  had  followed  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company  into  the  count ry« 

By  a  tacit  convention,  the  sevetal 
denominations  which  conduct  missiaits 
in  Alaska  had  delimited  the  spheres  of 
their  activity  to  prevent  overlapping. 
This  arran^^emenl  prescribed  as  the  Epis- 
copal mission  field  all  the  vast  interior 
region  then  unknown,  the  great  areas 
drained  by  the  Yukon  and  the  tributary 
Kovukuk    and    Tanana    rivers.     These 


THE  BISHOP  OF  THE  ARCTIC 


663 


are  the  great  arteries  of  the  interior,  the 
only  highways  of  travel,  by  boat  in  the 
short  summer  and  by  dog  team  and 
reindeer  in  winter.  They  had  been  so 
used  for  centuries  by  the  native  peoples, 
whose  Shamans  had  convinced  them  that 
far  up  the  mighty  river  in  its  unknown 
length  the  spirits  of  their  dead  had  their 
abode.  It  was  this  diocese  with  which 
Bishop  Rowe  had  to  acquaint  himself, 
and  the  promptness  with  which  he  set  him- 
self to  the  task  was  characteristic.  From 
Juneau,  reached  by  sea,  he  gained  the 
headwaters  of  the  Yukon  over  the  trail 
made  famous  the  following  year  by  the 
Klondike  rush.  He  was  thus  on  the 
ground  before  the  influx  of  settlers,  a 
circumstance  which  proved  of  great  ad- 
vantage to  the  work  of  the  church.  At 
that  time  the  trail  was  little  known.  The 
bishop  and  one  companion  traveled  by 
compass,  and  when  the  ice-locked  river 
opened,  the  two  started  down  its  current 
in  a  boat  of  their  own  making,  the  boards 
for  which  they  whipsawed  out  of  logs.  In 
this  rude  craft  they  were  successful  in 
shooting  dangerous  rapids,  and  descended 
the  Yukon  to  its  mouth.  At  the  Anvik 
mission,  Bishop  Rowe  held  his  first  con- 
firmation service  in  August,  1896,  and 
received  a  number  of  Indians  into  the 
church. 

Sitka,  once  the  Russian  capital,  was 
selected  as  the  bishop's  see.  It  was 
also  at  that  time  the  seat  of  American 
government  and  the  home  of  the  Gover- 
nor. St.  Peters-by-t he-Sea,  the  bishop's 
church,  built  on  the  picturesque  Sitka 
beach,  was  erected  some  years  later  largely 
from  his  designs  and  with  his  active 
participation.  Even  [the  Governor, 
John  G.  Brady,  contributed  his  day's 
labor  to  the  general  quota. 

From  Sitka  Bishop  Rowe  makes  the 
several  trips  necessary  each  year  to  cover 
his  diocese.  When  news  comes  of  a  gold 
strike  and  the  immediate  establishment 
of  a  new  camp,  he  takes  steps  to  go  or 
send  there  a  representative  of  the  church. 
In  1899,  foreseeing  the  stampede  to  Nome, 
he  got  word  to  an  assistant  in  the  interior 
who  reached  the  new  camp  by  a  winter 
trail  overland,  and  was  joined  some  weeks 


later  by  the  bishop.  As  labor  was  being 
paid  twenty  dollars  a  day,  these  two, 
aided  by  another  missionary,  built  St. 
Mary's  Church  with  their  own  hands. 

Traveling  nearly  eleven  months  in  every 
year  in  a  country  like  Alaska  keeps  one 
in  training.  Mountain  climbing,  snow- 
shoe  work,  and  canoeing  care  for  that. 
In  the  intervals,  Bishop  Rowe  keeps  fit 
for  the  trail  by  long  distance  running, 
hill  climbing,  and  jumping  rope.  When 
he  starts  on  a  thousand  mile  jaunt  in  dead 
of  winter  with  only  one  companion,  the 
lives  of  both  may  depend  upon  his  fitness. 
In  the  interior  he  is  counted  a  first  rate 
"musher,"  and  is  a  familiar  figure  on  every 
trail.  Once,  however,  so  the  story  goes, 
he  met  a  lone  prospector  to  whom  he  was 
unknown,  floundering  along  over  lumpy 
ice  with  wearied  dogs.  The  bishop,  too,  had 
had  his  difficulties  and  wondering  what 
lay  ahead  of  him  made  inquiry  of  the 
stranger.  "It's  hell,"  the  prospector  re- 
plied, and  proceeded  to  relieve  his  pent-up 
feeling  with  a  profane  account  of  just  how 
bad  it  was,  to  which  the  bishop  listened 
quietly.  "And  how's  it  been  your  way, 
partner?"  he  concluded.  With  sincere 
conviction  the  churchman  responded  earn- 
estly, "Just  the  same." 

To  gain  an  idea  of  the  experiences  that 
fall  to  Bishop  Rowe  upon  his  visitations, 
one  of  his  trips  might  be  followed.  Although 
it  is  not  easy  to  get  from  Bishop  Rowe 
details  of  his  achievements,  his  diary 
furnishes  some  bare  facts  of  difficulties 
encountered  between  Tanana  and  Valdez. 
Leaving  Tanana  with  one  companion  and 
a  five-dog  team,  he  made  for  Fairbanks, 
then  the  newest  mining  camp,  and  pushed 
on  to  Valdez,  to  which  town  the  govern- 
ment trail  had  not  then  been  built. 

"Our  sled  was  loaded  with  robes,  tent, 
stove,  axes,  clothing,  and  food  for  sixteen 
days  for  dogs  and  selves.     .     .     .    Wind 
blew  the  snow  like  shot  in  our  faces.     1 
kept  ahead  of  the  dogs,   leading  them, 
finding  the  way.    We  had  to  cross  the 
wide   river;  the  great   hummocks  made 
this  an  ordeal;  had  to  use  the  a-a^^^^^ 
break  a  way  for  the  dogs  and  sV^^^  ^ 
the  midst  of  it  ^ll  t.Vxi^  e^ss^  ^^scs^^^  < 
they  could  t»X  v^\  "^^^  ^^^^5=^ 


664 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


with  the  frost;  my  own  were;  so  I  rubbed 
off  the  frost  and  went  on.  The  time  came 
when  the  dogs  would  —  could  —  no  longer 
face  the  storm.  I  was  forced  to  make  a 
camp.  It  was  not  a  spot  I  would  choose 
for  the  purpose.  The  bank  of  the  river 
was  precipitous,  high,  rocky,  yet  there 
was  wood.  1  climbed  one  hundred  feet 
and  picked  out  a  spot  and  made  a  camp 
fire.    Then    returned    to    the    sled,    un- 


tried to  hitch  the  dogs,  but  they  would 
not  face  the  storm,  so  1  resigned  myself 
to  the  situation  and  remained  in  camp. 
It  was  my  birthday,  too.  I  kept  busy 
chopping  wood  for  the  fire.  ...  In 
carrying  a  heavy  log  down  the  side  of  the 
mountain,  I  tripped,  fell  many  feet,  and 
injured  shoulder  slightly. 

"After  another  cold  and  shivering  night 
we  found  the  wind  somewhat  abated 


A      It      C      T      I 


O      €     £     A      X 


C 


tuie  or  rnn^a 


A    BISHOPRIC  600,000  MILES    SQUARE 


IN  WHICH  BISHOP  ROWF.  BY  STEAMBOAT,  CANOE,  REINDEER.  DOCS  AND  SHOWSHOLS  TRAVELS  EVERY 
YFAR,  IN  VISITING  HIS  MISSIONS,  A  DISTANCE  EQUAL  TO  THE  CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  THE  GLOBE 


harnessed  dop;s,  got  a  'life  line,'  went  up 
and  tied  it  to  a  tree  near  the  fire.  By 
means  of  this  we  got  up  our  robes  and  f(KKl 
surticient.  Here  after  something  to  eat 
we  made  a  bed  on  the  snow.  ...  It 
was  a  night  of  'shivers.'  Froze  our 
faces. 

"...  After  a  sleepless  night  we 
were  up  before  daybreak.  It  was  still 
blowing    a    gale:  had    some    breakfast; 


without  breakfast  hitched  up  the  dogs, 
packed  sled,  and  were  traveling  before 
it  was  very  light. 

"...  Reached  Rampart  in  time 
for  evening  service,  after  a  day's  tramp 
of  thirty-two  miles  —  we  had  service,  and 
1  preached  to  a  very  large  congregation. 

"Made  my  preparations  for  'hitting 
the  trail'  again.  Had  to  provide  for  a 
twenty  days'  journey.    This  meant  280 


THE  BISHOP  OF  THE  ARCTIC 


€65 


J    - 

i                              1 

'4 

^^m^^^B^^f''  J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^V^ 

BISHOP  ROWE  S  VESTED  CHOIR  AT  THE  ARCTIC  CIRCLE 

EASTER  AT  ALLAKAKET,   I9O9 


pounds  of  dried  fish  for  the  dogs  alone 
—  obliged  to  get  more  dogs  —  nine  in  all. 

"Arrived  Stevens  Village.  Runners 
sent  out  to  inform  far  away  hunters. 

"Froze  my  fingers  in  unsnarling  the 
dogs. 

"Arrived  Fort  Yukon  —  three  hundred 
Indians  in  camp. 

"Early  in  the  day  while  piloting  the 


ONE  OF  BISHOP  ROWE'S  PARISHIONERS 


AUNT  ELIZA, 


THE  OLDEST  INHABITANT    OF 
FORT   YUKON 


way  I  encountered  bad  ice,  open  water, 
broke  through  and  got  wet.  After  that 
I  felt  my  way  with  axe  in  hand,  snow- 
shoes  on  feet,  until  it  grew  dark.  In 
the  darkness  I  broke  through  the  ice  and 
escaped  with  some  difficulty. 

"All  night  the  wolves  howling  nearby 
and  we  had  to  keep  our  dogs  near  the  fire, 
to  prevent  their  being  killed.  Bitter  iron 
cold  shackled  the  northland.  By  night 
the  fire  roared  defiance  to  a  frost  which 
it  could  not  subdue,  while  dog  and  man 
crouched  near  it  for  protection  from  its 
awful  power.  When  outside  of  the  fire's 
light,  the  heavens  were  ablaze  with  moving 
lights  —  the  aurora  borealis  of  the  Arctic 
shone  with  wonderful  brilliance. 

"Only  the  great  white  desolation,  silent, 
awful,  broken  by  the  wail  of  wolves  or  the 
cracking  of  ice,  as  though  strange  spirits 
were  all  about  you.  The  days  were 
strange  as  the  nights.  Qose  by  the  river 
crept  the  spruce,  and  through  this  there 
trotted,  doglike,  packs  of  wolves,  invisible, 
but  none  the  less  real  as  their  bowlings 
indicated. 

"Left  Qrcle  Qty  for  Fairbanks  — 
temperature  had  been  73  degrees  bftks^ 
—  inoderated  and  was  now  50  dtgjc^^^^^^^^ 

"All  protested  against  my  "^^i^S^to^s 
trip  to  Valdei..  \S>s^»3Mab,  ^c*^  ^'"^'i^j-^^ 
miles,  no  tra\\*  ^^vj  ^m«Xs»s»^ — 


THE  W 


dWIW' 


J.JbHcii'    Koui"     IS     IMh    hPl5COPAL 
ROBES    AND  — 

myself  company  of  mail  carrier  —  left 
Fairbanks. 

"  Did  not  sleep  last  night  —  very  cold 
—  shoulder  pained  —  must  be  65  de- 
grees below,  A  low  mist  hangs  over  the 
snow,  a  sign  of  intense  cold.  Broke  camp, 
dogs  unwilling  to  start  —  too  cold  for 
their  feet.  Sleds  pulled  hard  —  made  a 
camping  place  late,  nothing  since  break- 
fast, 

**  Slept  better.  Fingers  ached  —  froze 
them  yesterday  —  hard  to  persuade  dogs 
to  start  —  whined  and  held  up  their 
feet. 

**  Seventy  degrees  below.  The  same 
monotonous     'mushing/  Our     'trail 

breakers*  broke  through  the  ice  — a  nar- 
row escape. 

'*  Dogs  vcr>'  weary,  feet  bleeding. 

*'Food  getting  low.  could  do  without 
three  dogs  and  save  food,  so  shot  them, 
Hard»  but  had  to  be  done. 


WORK ' 

"None  of  us  knew  the 
gone  for  dogs  and  men    but    my    sli] 
Shared  with  others, 

'Got    some    ptarmigan    and     raUxa  I 
helping  food  supply. 

"We   traveled    hard    and    fast    as  tt 
possibly   could   while    strength    lasted— 1 
down  to  tea  and  a  biscuit  for  a  meal. 
dogs  were  also  suffering,  but  none  the  I 
faithful  and  willing. 

"  Had  some  tea.    Getting  weak. 
wild  because  hungry. 

**Came  to  an  Indian  camp.     Tliey  saii 
it  was  fifteen  miles  to  Copper  River. 

''Found  a  mail  cabin  on    the   Cop 
River  and  food  and  rest, 

"Next  day  we  reached  Valdcz/* 

Adventures  like  this  he  regards  light 
Every    winter    brings    their     repeiiti 
Every  year  he  covers  more  than 
thousand  miles  in  one  way  or  anotbeT 
Once  he  was  paying  his  yearly  visit  to 
John*s-in-the-Wildcmess  —  the      chltr. 
most   northern  mission  at  Allakakct 
the    Koyukuk    River,    where    Dea< 
Carter,   with    only   a   woman    ass 


BISHOP   ROWB    IN    HiS   ARCfJC   HfeLUj 
COSTUHE 


TRAVtLlNG    BY    ESKIMO    CANOES    TO    A    MISSION    ON    KOTZEELt    SOUND 


holds  an  isolated  post  for  which  no  man 
offered.  In  order  to  minister  to  some 
prospectors  remote  from  communication 
he  pushed  on  to  Noland  Creek,  which, 
excepting  the  coast,  is  the  farthest  north 
that  while  men  have  ever  settled  in  Alaska, 
At  length  arrived  there,  in  the  teeth  of  a 
blizzard,  services  were  held  in  a  cabin 
selected  because  the  sick  man  in  it  was 
unwilling  to  be  left  out.  Fifty-two  men, 
the  entire  camp,  attended,  perched  in 
rows  on  the  double  tier  of  bunks. 
The  bishop's  last  visit  to  Point  Mope, 


on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  was  made  in  i< 
that  was  a  typical  episcopal  year;  n 
services  were  held  in  the  22.cxx>  tnsli 
traversed.  Leaving  Sitka  June  i, 
started  for  the  Arctic  by  way  of  the  Yukc 
which  he  descended  as  far  as  Anvik 
the  Pelican  —  the  mission's  indispensafc 
launch.  With  him  went  Archdeacon  HuJ- 
son  Stuck  of  the  Yukon,  his  indefatigat 
lieutenant  for  the  whol^  length  of 
mighty  river.  Conferences  vere  held  will 
workers  at  various  points,  and  frequc 
services  for  the  Indians  along  the  >,« 


BISHOP   ROWE  S   SLEDGE 
OtO^MNCi  OPCVt  WATm  ON  THE  YUKON  TRAIL.      NOTH  TMI  INSlGMtA  OP  NIS  EFtSCOr4L  OFFICI  AT  THE  RAAlt 


THE  BISHOP  OF  THE  ARCTIC 


669 


"  ST.  john's-in-the-wilderness  *' 

THE    NORTHERNMOST  CHURCH   IN    AMERICA,    BI/JLT   LARGELY   BY    BISHOP   ROW&'s   OWN    HANDS 


miles  of  waterway.  At  Nome  the  revenue 
cutter  Tbeiis  was  overtaken.  On  her, 
Point  Hope  was  soon  reached,  and  there 
he  was  able  to  remain  while  the  little 
vessel  paid  her  annual  visit  to  Point 
Barrow  and  returned.  In  this  short 
interval  the  bishop  determined  to  build 
a  new  church,  having  found  that  in  the 
old  "iglcK)'*  previously  used  the  air  "got 
so  bad  that  the  h'ghts  went  out,"  So  with 
no  other  assistance  than  that  of  Rev, 
A.  R.  Hoare,  the  missionary  in  charge, 
and   a   few  unskilled    Eskimos,   he   built 


a  church  '*with  a  cross  so  high  that  it 
will  serve  as  a  land-mark  for  passing 
whale  ships.**  The  transformation  in  the 
Eskimos  at  Point  Hope  is  remarkable. 
They  are  the  most  cleanly,  honest,  and 
dependable  natives  on  the  North  Coast. 

The  work  done  in  Alaska  under  Bishop 
Rowe*s  direction  for  the  white  inhabitants, 
of  whom  there  are  hardly  more  than 
35.000,  has  been  most  practical  and 
effective.  Five  hospitals  are  supf>orted 
and    as    many    dispensaries.    The    well 


i 


BISHOP    ROWE    PREACHING    TO    THE    INDIANS 
AT   A    FISHING   VILLAGE   ON   THE    BANKS  OF  THE   YUKON    RIVER 


670 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


'\ 


%■ 


J) 


BISHOP    ROWE  S   SUMMER   CONVEYANCE 

THE  '"pelican/'  the  LITTLE  RIVER-BOAT  ON  WHICH 
HE  HAS  TRAVELED  MANY  THOUSANDS  OF  MILES 

equipped  hospitals  at  Ketchikon,  Fair- 
banks, and  Valdez  are  the  only  institutions 
of  their  kind  in  their  respective  regions. 
Besides  the  Good  Samaritan  Hospital 
at  Valdez;  there  is  not  another  for  several 
thousand  miles  along  the  coast,  and  one 
whom  it  has  nursed  can  speak  feelingly 
of  the  urgent  need  it  fdls.  The  Fairbanks 
l\me%  speaks  appreciatively  of  the  read- 
ing room  maintained  by  St.  Matthew's 
Mission  in  supplying  standard  literature, 
in  weekly  and  periodical  form,  to  a  ter- 
ritory of  practically  unknown  extent. 
Its  beneficiaries  are  found  hundreds  of 
miles  apart.  Similar  work  is  done  in  all 
the  missions  wherever  the  need  demands. 
One  of  the  most  unusual  and  most  suc- 
cessful   institutions    established    by    the 


BISHOP  ROWE  KELPS  BUILD  HIS 

CHURCHES 

ST.  mOMA&X  WITHIN   THE   AlUTnC  CmCLE 


church  is  the  "  Red  Dragon  **  Qtrl 
opened  in  Cordova  by  Rev.  E.  P.  Nc 
ton  in  JulVt  1908,  When  the  Mcirgaih 
Guggenheim  Syndicate  made  Ojfdovi 
the  terminal  of  a  line  to  the  interior  «_ 
h'ttle  city  sprang  up  and  several  Ihousan 
men  collected  there.  The  practical  wi 
dom  of  beginning  with  a  club  and  rta 
ing  room,  rather  than  with  a  church 
appealed  to  the  bishop.  So  successfu 
was  the  venture  that  in  the  future  a  simil 
plan  will   be  followed   elsewhere,    and 


irch 
isfuJ 

I    ^ 


RIDING   CIRCUIT       WITH    REINDEER 
"old  JOHN/*  ONE  Of  THE   KOBUK  INDIANS,  CUT- 
TING THE  bishop's  team  READY  FOM 
THE  START  FROM  lUE  MtSSIO>l 

the  Start  a  building  will  be  erected  \\ 
can  thus  be  used  seven  days  in  the  wt 
Reading  and  writing  material,  a  piano,  and 
a  pool  table  attracted  the  miners  ar 
railroad  men  from  less  wholesome  amus 
mcnts.  When  time  came  for  church] 
tables  were  pushed  back,  service  w- 
held,  and  the  men  remained. 

Including   the  clergv,  nurses,  teacher 
and  native  readers,  about  fifty  worker 
in    Alaska    serve    under    Bishop    Rowe 
Twenty-four     churches     are     scatter 
through    his    huge   diocese,   and    almost! 
twice  as  many  missions  are  mamtatnc 
more  or  less  regularly. 


THE  BISHOP  OF  THE  ARCTIC 


671 


But  it  is  the  natives'  welfare  that  gives 
the  bishop  most  concern.  For  them  ex- 
clusively two  hospitals  were  established 
—  the  only  two  in  Alaska.  And  for  them 
alone  fourteen  schools  are  conducted  by 
the  church,  two  saw-mills  are  run,  and 
reindeer  are  being  propagated.  The  In- 
dians of  the  interior  have  in  Bishop  Rowe 
a  sturdy  champion.  He  has  but  just 
returned  to  his  bishopric  from  a  visit  made 
in  their  behalf  upon  President  Taft.  His 
cooperation  has  been  promised,  and  a  bill 


the  preceding  year.  This  was  due  to  the 
proximity  of  the  white  settlement.  Game 
had  become  scarce,  demoralizing  influences 
played  havoc  among  them,  and  an  epi- 
demic of  tuberculosis  broke  out. 

The  latest  trip  "inside"  which  the 
resolute  churchman,  has  made  —  a  dash 
through  country  almost  unexplored, 
accompanied  only  by  an  Indian  (whose 
life  was  saved  at  great  risk  on  the  Sahlina 
River  when  he  fell  through  a  hole  in  the 
ice)  —  was  prompted  by  a  desire  to  con- 


REV.  E.  p.  NEWTON,  THE  RECTOR  AT  VALDEZ,  DIGGING  HIS  WAY  INTO  HIS  RECTORY 
AT   ONE   OF   THE   MISSIONS    FOUNDED   BY    BISHOP   ROWE 


has  been  drawn  up  by  the  Alaskan  dele- 
gate to  Q)ngress  emb<)dying  the  bishops 
suggestions.  He  strongly  favors  a  reser- 
vation system,  modeled  somewhat  on 
Father  Duncan's  mission  at  Metlakahtla. 
His  desire  is  to  have  instruction  directed 
first  at  sanitary  improvement  to  stay  the 
frightful  mortality  among  the  natives. 
Out  of  four  hundred  Indians  at  Sitka, 
f()rt\'  diet!  i  year  ago,  for  the  most  part  of 
tuberculosis.  In  visiting  another  station 
some  time  since,  it  was  found  that  50 
per  cent,  of  the  people  had  died  during 


suit  with  Chief  Isaac  of  the  Ketchumstock 
tribe  as  to  the  placing  of  a  mission  on  the 
upper  Tanana  most  convenient  to  the 
Indians. 

The  condition  of  the  natives  south  of  the 
Tanana  he  reports  as  pathetic  in  the 
extreme.  They  are  poor  and  neglected, 
have  little  clothing  and  less  food,  and  in 
many  cases  are  suffering  from  loathsome 
disease.  Their  hunting  grounds  overrun 
bv  the  white  men,  they  are  v^i^^^^'^^^'^f^ 
into  the  fastnesses  or  else  vcv^^^  >^nsx>^ 
of  debaucKe^v .    NJxVv^>i^~^^^ 


C3!i:s<\^S''^^ss>s 


THE   HOSPITAL    AT    FAIRBANKS.    FOUNDED    BY    BISHOP   ROWE 


spends  a  great  deal  in  attempts  at  their 
education,  the  efforts  made  to  ameliorate 
their  physical  condition  are  almost  negli- 
gible. Something  entirely  different  is 
needed,  in  the  bishop's  opinion,  to  help 
the  original  possessors  of  the  country, 
now  become  like  children,  hungry,  dirt\'. 


and  diseased.  *Mt  came  to  me"  says] 
he.  "that  1  should  make  it  my  first  coik  | 
cem  to  go  and  plead  with  the  President 
and  Congress  for  remedial  laws/'  Thb 
vow  he  promptly  fuHiiled.  If  anything 
is  done  for  the  unfortunate  aborigines  erf 
Alaska,  to  him  will  be  the  plnrv. 


AKD  THE    READING   ROOM  OF   THE   HOSPITAL,   WHERE   ALL   MEN    ARE   WELCXIIHi 


^^^ 


Vfr  mn 


"FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS" 

OUR    POLITICAL   ORATORS   OF    ALL    PARTIES*    AND  THE  WAYS  THEY  USE  TO  WIN 

BY 

WILLI AiM    BAYARD    HALE 


A  GAIN    sounds  the  trjcsin  of  con- 

/%        flicl.      Again    rises   the  voice 

/   \      of  the  patriot  and  statesman, 

y  ^k  calling  his  neighbors  to  rally 
'^  once  more  for  the  defence  of 
the  Nation,  that  her  pe-roud  banner  be 
not  dragged  in  the  dust,  the  ship  of  state 
be  not  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  rocks,  the 
bulwarks  of  liberty  be  nut  shattered  by 
the  subtle  wiles  of  the  money  oligarchy, 
the  rule^^ir-ruin  mob,  the  abandoned  Re- 
publicans^, the  depraved  Democrats,  the 
foes  of  American  labor,  the  predatory 
trusts,  the  lawless  labor  unions,  the 
cowardly  foe  of  the  old  soldier  and  the 
bandits  that  batten  on  the  spoils  of  un- 
deserved office,  Once  again  the  Republic 
is  in  the  midst  of  those  frightful  dangers 
which  she  encounters  every  fourth  year, 
and  tens  cjf- thousands  of  leather-lunged 
counselors  are  preparing  to  mount  stage 
and  rarf-tail  and  point  the  way  to  sure 
salvation, 

TTie  campaign  now  about  to  be  begun 
is  certain  to  be  one  of  unusual  earnestness. 
Moral    forc«  are  alive   that    were   un- 


awakened  yesterda>';  on  the  other  hand, 
the  interests  that  have  dominated  in 
politics  for  so  many  years  know  that  they 
have  to  face  an  insurrection  certain,  sooner 
or  later,  to  overthrow  them:  to  postpone 
defeat  another  four  years  there  is  no 
means  to  which  they  would  not  resor^™ 
It  is  not  necessary  to  deny  that  there  (| 
moral  enthusiasm  on  their  side  also 
who  stand  for  the  old  order  and  abundant 
ability  to  make  the  best  use  of  the  argu- 
ments that  run  to 
their  purpose.  It 
is  certain  that 
there  never  were 
so  many  people 
deeply  interested 
in  political  dis- 
cussion, and  it  is 
likely  that  the 
summer  and  early 
autumn  will  wit- 
ness an  oratorical 
tournament  never 
equaled  in  the 
cout\lrs*s  tobV^\N  ^^^ 


T6j4 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


UAKMON 


The  chief  figures 
in  the  mSlee  may 
even  now  be  pre- 
dicted. President 
Taft  or  ex-Presi- 
dent Roosevelt 
will  carry  the  Re- 
publican banner; 
if  Gove  rno  r 
Wilson  does  not 
bear  the  other, 
then  some  one  in 
the  list  below  will 
do  so,  A  hund- 
red men  of  lesser, 
but  still  consider- 
able, note  will 
range  themselves 
on  either  side;  a 
hundred  new  rep- 
^  utations    will    be 

made*  But  among  the  foremost  "gladia- 
tors*' will  surely  be  the  score  of  men  pic- 
tured on  these  pages. 

President  Taft  is  one  of  the  best  living 
illustrations  of  what  practice  in  the  art 
of  oratory  can  do  for  a  man  without 
native  genius  for  it.  When  Mr;  Taft 
began  to  address  his  fellow-citizens  in 
public  speech,  he  was  about  as  elTective 
at  it  as  a  high-school  boy  in  his  debating 
society.  He  had  no  voice,  his  manner 
was  constrained,  he  had  no  confidence, 
he  had  nothing  to  say  that  anybody  cared 
to  listen  to,  and 
he  said  it  with- 
out any  enthusi- 
asm. Experience 
en  the  bench  does 
not  equip  a  pop- 
ular orator.  At 
times  his  remarks 
were  halting  and 
brokenp  as  well 
as  inconsequen- 
tial But  Mr. Taft 
kept  at  it.  As 
President  he  has 
appeared  before 
many  hundred 
audiences  of  wide- 
ly diverse  char- 
acter, and  has 
addressed     them. 


CLARK 


He   has   acquired 

facility  and  felic- 
ity. Always  per- 
sonally a  charm- 
ing man,  he  has 
liberated  this 
personal  charm  to 
flow  through  the 
channels  of  pub- 
lic address.  His 
smile  is  infectious, 
his  chuckle  se- 
ductive, and  the 
kindliness  of  the 
man  most  win- 
ning. The  Presi- 
dent seldom 
speaks  without 
making  some 
playful  allusion  to 
his  own  gigantic 
frame.  And  he  has  acquired  the  faculty 
of  positiveness  in  assertion — which  his 
earlier  speeches  lacked. 

But  the  President's  real  development  sls 
an  orator  began  with  the  tour  of  last 
autumn  in  w^hich  he  undertook  to  tell  the 
country  about  the  General  Arbitration 
Treaties.  His  heart  was  in  that;  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  President's  heait  had  ever 
been  in  anything  else  as  it  was  in  the 
effort  to  force  the  Senate  to  ratify  the 
treaties  he  had  negotiated  with  Great 
Britain  and  France, 
of  it,  he  was  sure 
in  his  sense  of 
right,  and  he  be- 
gan to  speak  with 
a  confidence,  a 
fire,  and  an  elo- 
quence that  put 
him  at  once 
among  the  most 
convincing  public 
speakers  of  the 
day. 

Already  he  has 
traveled  more 
than  any  other 
man  who  has  held 
the  presidency, 
and  his  re-nomi- 
nation would 
mean   other   and 


4 
4 


THE  WORLDS  WORK 


JOHNSON 


*' GEORGE  FRED" 


POME  RENE 


Still  longer  journeys.  Mr.  Taft  enjoys 
travel,  and  he  has  come  to  enjoy  speaking. 
While  he  does  not  inflame  enthusiasm,  he 
does  create  friendly  feeling:  that  it  is 
insincere  to  deny-  On  the  other  hand,  he 
is  liable  to  slip  somewhere  in  the  delivery 
of  so  many  off-hand  speeches.  The  Win- 
ona speech,  prepared  "between  stations," 
was  a  fatal  slip.  It  may  have  taught  him 
carefulness. 

At  this  writing  there  is  no  telling  whether 
or  not  "T,  R,"  will  have  any  part  in  the 
campaign.  If  he  has,  it  will  be  in  the 
centre  of  the  stage.  Mr.  Roosevelt  was 
not  a  bom  orator.  He  has  about  as 
many  faults  of  public  speech  as  any  one 
man  could  have,  yet  he  is.  withal,  as 
everyone  knows,  one  of  the  most  effective 
of  speakers.  He  has  a  poor  voice,  and  he 
generally  pitches  it  too  high,  but  he  is 
heard  with  perfect  ease  by  the  largest 
throngs  because  of  his  remarkably  clear 
enunciation.  He  bites  off  each  word 
with  steel-like  jaws.  Of  late,  he  has 
fallen  victim  to  a  vicious  habit  of  letting 
his  voice  frequently  break  into  a  half- 
articulate  falsetto.  This  is  his  way  of 
indicating  that  he  is  convulsed  with 
laughter,  and  it  is  amusing  —  the  first 
two  or  three  timee  one  hears  it. 

Mr,  R(Josevelt  grimaces  constantly  and 
gesticulates  continually,  his  gestures  con- 
sisting of  the  waving  of  an  arm  aloft  and 
the  bringing  of  it  down  with  clenched 
fist.  It  is  tiring  to  listen  to  Mr.  Roose- 
velt ^ —  not  that  the  attention  flags:  it 
does  not,  the  attention  is  held,  but  the 
listener  does  not  listen  at  ease.  Perhaps 
it  is  not  desirable  that  he  should;  it  is 
not  Mr.  Roosevelt's  idea  that  anybody 
should  be  at  ease.  It  does  not  seem  to 
me.  however,  that  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  a  per- 
suasive speaker.  His  gifts  of  vitupera- 
tion are  great,  and  his  power  of  stating  a 
platitude  with  the  zeal  with  which  a 
prophet  might  impart  a  new  and  profound 
thought  is  interesting.  He  has  always 
displayed  a  clairvoyant  knowledge  of 
what  the  average  man  thinks,  however, 
and  he  always  gets  an  uproarious  response; 
but  this  is  not  a  tribute  to  his  oratory. 
it  is  awarded  the  man. 

It  was  interesting  to  observe  the  im- 
pression  made   by   the   ex-President    in 


PENROSE 


JEFF    '    DAVIS 


AURTINE 


"FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS" 


HUGHES 


England.  On  the 
three  occasions 
when  Mr.  Roose- 
velt made  his 
principal  ad- 
dresses ift  England 
he  was  at  his  be§t 
from  the  stand- 
point of  reasoned 
argument  and 
dignity  of  man- 
ner; but  his 
hearers  were 
frankly  disap- 
pointed in  him. 
Lord  Curzon,  the 
only  Englishman 
of  distinction  who 
spoke  at  any 
length  on  any  of 
these  occasions, 
combined  ease 
and  humor  with 
power  so  com- 
mandingly  as  to  show  off  the  American 
to  little  advantage. 

Mr.  Roosevelt's  campaign  speech  is  a 
fierce  onslaught;  true,  he  is  much  more 
addicted  to  jokes  than  he  used  to  be,  but 
they  are  fierce  jokes.  He  never  undertakes 
to  deceive  an  audi- 
ence; he  is  not 
there  to  persuade 
his  antagonists, 
but  to  break  their 
heads.  He  springs 
into  the  limelight 
with  gleaming 
teeth,  one  foot  on 
a  slain  tiger  and 
the  other  on  a 
hippopotamus, 
shaking  his  fist  at 
the  assembled 
armies  of  the 
world  and  calling 
on  the  firmament 
to  fall  and  leave 
him  unterrified. 
He  speaks  with 
the  authority  of 
the  voice  from 
Sinai.  The  story 
FOLK  of    his    deeds  — 


how  he  captured 
San  Juan  Hill,  and 
took  Panama,  and 
sent  the  greatest 
fleet  on  the  long- 
est cruise  — is  the 
Homeric  legend  of 
America,  and  his 
sentiments  are  as 
unchallengeable 
as  the  moral  law. 
Most  audiences 
like  it  immensely. 
An  old  German 
once  came  away 
with  a  look  of  per- 
plexity in  his  eye: 
Acb!  er  spricbt  wie 
ibn  der  Schnabel 
gewachsen  ist !  He 
sighed,  however, 
satisfaction  at  his 
own     untranslat-  beveridge 

able    explanation 

—  "every    bird    speaks   as   its   bill    has 
grown." 

Mr.  Bryan  continues  to  be  —  whatever 
you  may  think  of  him  or  his  views  — 
doubtless  the  most  effective  spell-binder 
"in  our  midst."  He  has  an  unexcelled 
presence  and 
a  voice  unap-  ~ 
proached.  Per- 
haps that  of 
George  A.  Knight, 
of  California,  may 
excel  it  in  volume. 
At  the  Chicago, 
1904,  convention, 
after  Harry  Still- 
well  Edwards  of 
Georgia  had  been 
vainly  trying  to 
make  himself 
heard  over  cries  of 
"Louder,"  Knight 
opened  his  mouth 
and  shook  the 
walls  and  made 
the  windows  rat- 
tle till  listeners 
in  a  far-off  gallery 
shouted    back 

"Not     so     loud!"  BRYAN 


Mr.  Bryan  has  never  spciken  in  a  building 
too  big  for  him  to  fill  with  his  voice;  the 
whole  out-of-doors  seems  not  too  big,  for 
it  is  the  experience  of  thousands  who  have 
listened  to  him  in  the  open  that  the  only 
advantage  gained  by  pressing  toward  the 
speaker's  stand  was  that  something  could 
be  seen  of  the  speaker;  he  could  be  heard 
an>where  on  the  outskirts  of  crowds  of 
20,000,  and  from  roofs  and  tree-tops  so 
distant  that  it  was  impossible  to  distin- 
guish him.  One  night  out  in  Indiana 
during  the  last  week  of  the  1900  campaign, 
when  Mr,  Bryan  was  making  the  con- 
cluding speech  of  the  day  in  the  county 
fair-grounds  of  one  of  the  county-seats. 
I  paced  what  I  concluded  to  be  a  half 
mile  from  the  speaker's  stand  without 
passing  beyond  the  zone  in  which  his 
every  word  was  perfectly  clear. 

That  was,  if  I  recollect  aright,  his 
seventeenth  speech  that  day.  We  had 
started  from  lndianapi:>lis  in  the  early 
morning,  zjg-zagged  through  the  western 
and  northwestern  counties  and  were  com- 
ing down  the  middle,  with  stops  at  in- 
tervals of  less  than  an  hour,  every  stop 
meaning  a  speech  before  a  crowd  of  any- 
where between  two  and  ten  thousand.  As 
the  day  drew  on  we  could  keep  tally  of 
the  number  of  stops  we  had  made  by  count- 
ing the  number  of  shirts  hung  from  the 
bell-cord  running  thnjugh  our  special 
car.  There  never  was  such  a  display 
of  physical  strength  as  Mr.  Bryan  made 


during  those  weeks,  delivering  dozens  of 
speeches  a  day  with  never  a  sign  of  fatigue 
in  bearing  or  voice.  Others  have  done  the 
like.  I  know — Mr.  Roosevelt  has  made 
his  ^'whirlwind  finishes"  among  others  — 
but  no  one  has  ever  spoken  so  often,  to 
so  many  people,  with  such  complete  ease, 
as  the  "  peerless  leader"  did  in  his  first  two 
campaigns. 

He  has  never  been  quite  the  same  since 
I  fancy,  however.  He  is  a  much  older  man 
now.  and  something  of  the  old  fire  is  gone. 
Stiil,  he  is  the  most  plausible  and  ingratia- 
ing  wizard  of  the  stump.  Only  the  magic 
is  likely  to  expire  as  the  wizard  departs. 

With  the  advent  of  Wood  row  Wilson 
on  the  political  stage  comes  a  new  type  of 
man  and  a  new  type  of  orator>'.  Mr* 
Wilson  has  long  been  known  as  an  ex- 
quisite master  of  English  prose*  He 
speaks  as  he  writes  —  with  a  trained  and 
skilful  handling  of  the  resources  of  the 
language,  a  sureness,  an  accuracy,  a  power^ 
and  a  delicacy  surpassing  anything  ever 
before  heard  on  the  political  platform  in 
America.  It  was  felt  by  some  of  his 
friends  that  Mr.  Wilson's  classical  habit 
of  language  would  militate  against  his 
success  as  a  politician  —  it  was  felt  to  be 
a  matter  of  extreme  doubt  whether  he 
could  address  the  people  in  a  language 
they  would  understand  or  feel  the  force 
of.  The  first  appearance  of  the  candidate 
for  the  Jersey  governorship  dissipated 
these  doubts.     Mr.  Wilson  knew  how  to 


« 


LODGE 


COCKS 


"FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS " 

talk  to  the  people,  knew  how  to  win  them. 
He  changed  his  manner  very  little,  never 
stooping  as  if  he  had  to,  to  make  the  people 
understand.  No  matter  where  or  before 
what  sort  of  audience  he  spoke,  his 
speeches  were  on  a  high  plane,  but  they 
were  so  clear,  so  definite,  that  every  man 
understood  and  wondered  why  he  had  not 
thought  of  that  himself. 

Governor  Wilson  is  not  only  the  most 
intellectual  speaker  that  this  generation, 
perhaps  any  generation,  has  seen  on  the 
stump;  he  is  the  most  engaging.  A 
friendly  smile  is  almost  always  on  his  face 
—  always  in  beginning,  at  any  rate.  His 
words  come  with  vigor,  but  with  a  gentle 
good-nature,  too  —  not  a  good-natured 
tolerance  of  the  ills  he  is  opposing,  but  a 
good-natured  confidence  that  they  will 
soon  be  overthrown.  A  serene  faith  in 
the  outcome  is  one  of  the  characteristics 
of  Wilson's  attitude;  he  is  an  optimist, 
and  his  sj^eeches  have  the  invigorating 
charm  and  power  of  a  call  to  join  an  army 
which  is  marching  to  glorious  and  certain 
victory. 

Wilson  is  a  great  story-teller  —  in 
private  he  keeps  his  friends  in  hours- 
long  gales  of  laughter;  he  uses  simple 
words  and  strong  words,  but  seldom 
slang.  He  loves  nonsense  verse  and  limer 
icks,  and  often  reels  them  off  while  he  is 
getting  acquainted  with  his  audience  — 
for  he  talks  with  an  audience,  not  to  it. 
Mr.  Wilson  has  a  very  long  jaw  and 
a  strongly  individual  face;  some  people 
would  call  him  homely.  He  was  under 
no  illusion  about  that  matter  himself; 
he  told  the  people  during  his  campaign 
for  the  governorship  that  they  might  as 
well  prepare  themselves  for  a  busy  gover- 
nor, for  the  Lord  never  intended  him  to  be 
ornamental.    "Yes,"  he  remarked  once; 

"For  beauty  I  am  not  a  star; 
There  are  others  handsomer,  far; 

But  my  face  —  I  don't  mind  it. 

For  I  am  behind  it; 
Tis  the  people  in  front  that  I  jar!" 

There  used  to  be  told  in  Oxford  a  story 
of  a  clergyman  of  eloquence  so  moving 
that  one  day,  when  he  preached  in  the 
University  Church  on  the  flood,  members 
of  the  congregation  raised  their  umbrellas. 


GAYNOR 


COCK RAN 


KERN 


68o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


GORE 


Bourke  Cock  ran 

doesn't  preach  on 
the  flood,  but  he  is 
the  most  reahstk 
orator  on  the  po- 
litical platform. 
When  at  his  best, 
he  is  intensely 
dramatic,  swaying 
the  minds  of  his 
audience  as  John 
B.  Gough  used  to 
do.  Cockran  is  a 
heavy  man,  of  great 
dignity  of  manner, 
not  gymnastic  like 
Gough,  but  in- 
tensely energetic. 
His  services  would 
he  more  fruitful  if 
they  were  given 
consistently  to 
either  party.  As  it 
IS,  a  speech  by 
Bourke  Cockran  is 
very  much  like  a 
I  piece  by  the  band 

'  —  an  interesting  performance,  but  entirely 
without  prejudice  as  to  the  real  convic- 
tions, if  they  have  any,  of  the  performers. 
The  most  dramatic  orator,  the  real 
tragedian,  of  the  political  stage  to-day, 
is  Robert  Marion 
La  Follette.  Ac- 
cent the  '*FolV'i 
the  Wisconsin  Sen- 
ator doesn't  w^ant 
To  be  a  French- 
man, though  he 
can't  help  it*  The 
instinct  of  the  actor 
is  in  his  bkxxl;  he 
can't  speak  with- 
out a  gesture,  and 
he  gestures  with 
^wtvy  part  of  his 
bcxly,  Mr.  La 
Follette  has  two 
brands  of  speech; 
one  for  the  Senate, 
the  other  for  the 
public.  In  the  cai>- 
itol  he  can  be  quiet- 
ly impressive,  with 


JuHN     SHAKr 


FALMEK 


voice  beautifully 
modulated  and 
with  gracef u I 
gestures.  On  the 
slump,  he  must  be 
vociferous  and 
gymnastical.  He 
paces  the  platform ; 
he  waves  his  hands; 
he  beats  the  air:  he 
pounds  the  table. 
A  favorite  act  is  to 
slap  with  his  right 
hand  the  out- 
stretched  palm  of 
the  left.  Some- 
times he  stops 
speaking  and 
spends  a  minute  or 
two  in  pantomime 
—  sometimes  e  x- 
p  r  e  s  s  i  V  e,  some- 
times indicative  on- 
ly of  the  fact  that 
the  speaker  is  very 
much  aroused  and 
must  work  off  his 
surplus  energy.  Much  of  the  time  his  eyes 
appear  to  be  closed;  he  grimaces  con- 
stantly. If  there  is  a  piece  of  calisthenics 
which  will  help  out  an  idea.  La  Follette 
uses  it;  if  he  speaks  of  money,  he  slaps 
his  trousers  pocket 
half  a  dozen  times; 
if  he  refers  to  think- 
ing, he  takes  his 
head  in  his  hands; 
if  he  speaks  of 
investigating.  he 
bores  a  hole  in  the 
air  with  his  fore- 
finger. At  the 
great  Carnegie  Hall 
meeting  in  New 
York  in  January. 
discussing  the 
courts,  the  Senator 
exclaimed,  *' Wedo 
not  want  judges 
with — "  then  he 
stopped  and  leaned 
far  over  to  the 
right  with  his  hand 
to    his    ear,  as  if  dilk 


4 


"FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS' 


68i 


listening  to  a  voice  coming  up  through  the 
floor;  and  continued,  "with  their  ears  to 
the  ground.  But  neither  do  we  want," 
and  now  he  went  to  the  other  side  of  the 
platform  and  bent  down  till  his  head 
almost  touched  the  floor,  "neither  do 
we  want  judges  with  their  ears  to  the 
railroads."  The  audience  had  held  its 
breath,  now  it  broke  into  thunderous 
applause. 

1  don't  mean  to  speak  of  the  Wis- 
consin Progressive  leader  lightly.  When 
the  history  of  the  Progressive  movement 
comes  to  be  written,  his  will  be  the  foremost 
figure  in  it;  his  industry  and  his  construc- 
tive statesmanship  will  then  receive  their 
due  meed  of  praise.  To  his  power  on  tl:e 
platform  the  regeneration  of  Wisconsin 
is  due.  It  goes  without  saying  La  Follette's 
subject  matter  and  literary  form  are 
beyond  criticism. 

Senators  Lodge  and  Root  r.rcj  likely  to 
ir.akc  due  appearance  during  the  summer. 
They  serve  to  adorn  large  bills  and 
add  distinction  to  decorous  gatherings. 
Neither  of  them  counts  much  in  the  real 
work  of  persuading  voters.  They  lack 
the  physical  qualificntions  for  that:  Root's 
voice  is  lie' it  and  uni.rpressive;  Lodge  is 
ixic  better  speaker,  and  may  do  something 
to  confirm  those  already  grounded  in  the 
faith,  but  both  entirely  lack  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  popular  appeal.  Penrose  is 
a  giant,  with  a  high-pitched  voice,  a 
drawl,  and  a  lisp,  but  he  is  the  possessor 
of  a  positive  manner,  nevertheless,  and  a 
pugnacity  that  makes  him  capable  of 
effective  work  when  he  likes;  Penrose  is 
inclined  to  be  indolent,  but  he  will  have 
many  incentives  to  activity  this  year. 

Of  other  Senators,  the  Democrats  John 
Sharp  Williams,  Kern  of  Indiana,  and 
Pomerene  of  Ohio,  are  likely  to  be  in  the 
thick  of  the  fight.  Pomerene  is,  of  course, 
a  Harmon  man,  but  he  is  also  an  over- 
weaningly  ambitious  man,  and  he  may  be 
counted  on  to  be  as  eager  in  the  fray  for 
one  candidate  as  for  another.  He  has  a 
ringing  voice  and  a  sturdy  right  arm. 
With  a  sturdier  physique.  Senator  Wil- 
liams would  be  in  the  front  rank  of  cam- 
Pv;igners,  as  he  is  of  Senatorial  debaters. 
Indeed,  it  would  hardly  to-day  be  disputed 
that  Williams  is  the  cock  of  the  Senatorial 


walk;  Hey  bum  is  the  only  man  left  who 
does  not  tremble  at  the  thought  of  a 
passage  at  arms  with  the  Alabamian,  but 
then  Heybum  is  a  colossus  of  vanity. 
Williams's  satire  is  biting,  his  good-natured 
humor  delicious,  his  eloquence  surpassing. 
Mr.  Kern  has  developed  into  an  energetic 
and  convincing  speaker.  Without  special 
graces,  he  has  learned  the  art  of  direct  and 
forceful  speech.  He  looks  the  part  of  the 
good  old  honest  farmer,  with  his  war-time 


Dailcy  is  the  most  plausible  member  of 
the  Senate,  and  on  the  platform  he  is  a 
wonder  of  persuasive  adeptness.  The 
trouble  with  Bailey  is  his  perversity  and 
his  conceit.  Borah,  Republican,  of  Idaho, 
is  an  excellent  campaigner,  robust,  ready, 
genial,  and  eloquent;  without  special 
mannerisms,  he  is  a  sound,  not  a  highly 
original    but   a   dependable,    vote-maker. 

Senator  Gore  is  a  campaigner  of  most 
unusual  ability,  despite  the  handicap  of 
his  blindness  —  which,  indeed,  is  only 
noticeable  to  close  observers.  He  gets 
about  with  the  facility  so  marvelous  in 
those  who  have  never  had  vision,  and  his 
posture  and  manner  in  speech  are  not 
markedly  different  from  those  of  others. 
Judge  West  of  Ohio,  the  favorite  "blind 
orator"  of  the  last  generation,  used  to  sit 
while  speaking,  and  his  style  was  a  florid 
one.  Senator  Gore  is  delightfully  humor- 
ous; usually  good-natured,  he  is  a  master 
of  satire  and  irony,  clear-headed  and 
strong  in  power  of  statement,  master  of  a 
great  deal  of  rhetorical  grace,  and  with 
enough  sentiment  to  give  warmth  to  his 
higher  flights  of  oratory. 

Two  former  Senators  who  are  likely  to 
be  in  the  campaign  are  Beveridge»and 
Dick.  The  Indianian  is  the  perfect  type 
of  the  college  orator;  in  maturity  he  does 
the  thing  more  smoothly  and  rather  more 
convincingly  than  of  old,  but  he  does  it 
precisely  as  he  learned  tp  do  it  in  his 
Sophomore  year.  Beveridge  regards 
himself  as  an  orator.  Each  speech  is  an 
effort.  He  prepares  carefully.  He  used 
to  commit  to  memory,  and  whether  or 
not  he  does  that  now,  he  recites  as  if  he 
did.  Beveridge's  sentences  are  rhe- 
torical; he  never  says  a  thing  simply  if 
he  can  say  it  oratorically;  he  likes  in- 


682 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


verted  phrases,  wrong-end-first  construc- 
tions, alliterations,  refrains,  and  all  the 
rest  of  it.  "  Never  before  has  the  country 
faced  such  a  crisis;  never  before  has  the 
great  heart  of  the  people  throbbed  in 
thrilled  threnodies;  never  the  nation 
glorious  been  assailed — "  etc.  The  peo- 
ple like  it.  Beveridge  is  a  fine-looking 
fellow  with  assurance  flowing  from  every 
feature  of  his  face  and  every  one  of  his 
magnificent  gestures.  Not  for  him  the 
merry  quip;  not  for  him  the  quiet  argu- 
ment; he  is  ever  the  professional  orator, 
self-conscious,  serious,  and  stern,  as  they 
trained  them  in  Indiana  colleges  twenty 
years  ago.  Nine  people  out  of  ten  the 
country  over  believe  it  to  be  the  only  real 
oratory. 

The  House  of  Representatives  furnishes 
more  effective  campaigners  than  come 
from  any  other  quarter  of  public  life. 

J.  Beauchamp  Clark  ought  to  be  able 
to  speak  well.  He  has  had  practise 
enough.  For  years  he  has  been  on  the 
Chautauqua  circuit,  and  he  has  said  every- 
thing he  knows  many  hundred  times. 
When,  how,  and  wherefore  he  acquired 
the  curious  nasal  drawl,  the  rough- 
throated,  unarticulated  grunt  of  an  utter- 
ance, which  he  now  employs,  is  not  re- 
corded. Maybe  he  used  it  first  by  way 
of  acquiring  popularity  with  Missouri 
farmers;  it  is  now  his  habitual  manner  — 
a  pure  affectation  of  roughness  which 
fits  very  well  with  the  affectation  of 
homely  language  which  the  Speaker  em- 
ploys when  he  remembers  to.  "Champ" 
Clark  has  invented  and  used  another 
mannerism  which  accentuates  the  char- 
acter it  pleases  him  to  assume:  he  purses 
his  hps  and  then  blows  through  them 
explosively  —  I  don't  know  exactly  why 
that  performance  marks  the  honest,  out- 
spoken man  of  the  people,  but  it  does. 
Clark  has  the  finest  head  and  one  of  the 
most  benign  and  dignified  faces  in  the 
whole  gallery  of  American  public  men, 
but  the  character  which  he  chooses  to 
enact  befc^re  the  public  is  that  of  a  flat- 
headed  rustic  —  for  he  is  careful  never 
to  say  anything.  To  most  people  it  ap- 
pears as  contemptible  a  part  as  would 
an  imitation  of  the  English  cockney. 
There  must,   nevertheless,   be  thousands 


who  like  it,  for  the  Speaker's  popularity 
in  the  Middle  West  is  unquestionable. 

Underwood,  the  House  leader,  is  less 
distinguished  on  the  public  platform  — 
and,  indeed,  on  the  floor  of  the  House  — 
than  in  committee  room.  A.  Mitchell 
Palmer,  who  undertook  to  wrest  from 
Colonel  Guffy,  the  Pennsylvania  boss, 
the  control  of  the  Democracy  of  his  state, 
is  one  of  the  most  fervid  orators  in  Con- 
gress. Victor  Murdock  of  Kansas  is  of 
the  same  type  —  a  more  popular  man  than 
Palmer;  red  hair  and  a  perpetual  smile 
are  pleasanter  than  a  Hapsburg  jaw. 

Martin  Littleton  is  a  bright  young  man 
with  what  old  folks  would  call  the  gift 
of  gab.  He  is  ready,  confident,  speaks 
rapidly,  smoothly,  and  to  the  point,  and 
when  he  fires  up,  which  he  always  does 
at  the  proper  moment,  he  moves  easily 
to  flights  of  considerable  eloquence.  In 
appearance  he  is  of  the  type  of  Bryan, 
Bailey,  and  Borah  —  round-headed, 
smooth-shaven,  robust  —  and  he  has  the 
manner  common  to  those  men,  but  lacks, 
somehow,  a  little  background. 

Among  governors,  Mr.  Harmon  of 
Ohio  would  scarcely  claim  to  be  an  orator; 
he  has  no  voice,  no  manner,  and  nothing 
to  say  —  on  politics,  but  he  does  very  well 
at  country  picnics,  where  he  talks  with 
the   farmers   on   farming. 

Ex-Governor  Folk's  manner  is  clear, 
sharp,  and  rather  business-like.  His  arm 
with  forefinger  extended  is  going  most 
of  the  time,  high  in  the  air  when  the 
sentence  is  in  progress,  pointing  to  the 
ground  in  front  of  him  when  the  con- 
clusion is  reached.  Mr.  Folk  has  a  way 
of  starting,  moving,  and  getting  some- 
where. And  he  takes  an  audience  with 
him. 

George  Fred  Williams  of  Massachusetts 
is  a  master  of  moral  appeal.  Clean-cut, 
a  patrician  of  sensitive  nostril  and  lifted 
chin,  Williams  doesn't  get  very  far  in  an 
argument  which  he  intends  shall  be  a  pure 
intellectual  exercise  before  a  sense  of  the 
right  and  wrong  of  the  matter,  as  he  sees 
it.  comes  over  him  —  and  then  we  listen 
to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  prophet  and 
preacher.  To  Williams  fell  the  leadership 
of  the  Democratic  party  in  Massachusetts 
on  the  death  of  Governor  William  Russell, 


THE  BUREAU  OF  MUNICIPAL  RESEARCH 


683 


though  he  had  no  time  to  assert  himself 
before  the  issue  of  free  silver  arose.  The 
Massachusetts  delegation  went  to  the 
Chicago  convention  in  1896  instructed  for 
the  gold  standard,  but  Williams  and  a 
majority  repudiated  their  instruction  and 
voted  for  Bryan  and  a  free  silver  plat- 
form. Williams  became  the  nominee  for 
governor,  and  the  succeeding  Gold  Demo- 
crats nominated  Dr.  William  Everett, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  of  amateur 
politicians  —  the  dryly  humorous  head- 
master of  a  boys'  school  who  went  to 
Congress  and  made  Ciceronian  orations. 
In  his  speech  accepting  the  nomination 
for  governor,  Everett  made  a  speech 
impaling  Williams  with  classical  satire 
and  copious  Latinity. 

He  began  by  announcing  that  he  would 
read  a  poem  called  "The  Lost  Leader," 
and  commenced: 

Just  for  a  handful  of  silver  he  left  us! 

Where  but  in  Boston  would  Browning 
be  chosen  to  entertain  a  nominating 
convention? 

Mr.  Justice  Hughes  will  not  again  be 
heard  on  political  themes.  His  clear 
utterances  will  be  missed.  He  used  to 
look  as  homely  as  Lincoln  as  he  harangued 


a  crowd  from  the  back  of  a  train,  in  a 
silk  hat  that  didn't  fit  him  and  a  square- 
cut  coat  with  skirt  too  long  and  sleeves 
too  sliort,  and  with  teeth  that  were  drawn 
(by  artists,  not  dentists)  as  often  as 
Roosevelt's.     But   Hughes  could   ''talk." 

No  one,  though,  will  be  so  much  missed 
this  time  as  Senator  Dolliver  will  be. 
DoIIiver  was  just  arriving  in  the  rank  of 
really  great  leaders;  the  last  two  years 
of  his  life  saw  him  emci  :^.e  —  seasoned 
old  politician  that  he  was.  \hc.n  —  into  a 
new  character.  Ah !  poor  Dolliver  I  Me  v.ill 
not  lead  in  the  fight  for  Progressive  states- 
manship. But  he  will  be  remembered  by 
those  who  do.  Who  is  there  that,  having 
heard,  can  iury/:t  the  mellow  whimsicali- 
ties of  his  early  days  —  the  plea.  fr)r  in- 
stance, for  the  American  hog,  for  v.!i  )ni 
he  prophesied  \\\c  cf^niing  of  the  ge-lorious 
day  when  he  would  make  his  triumphant 
way  through  all  the  markets  of  the 
world  with  a  curl  of  contentment  in  his 
tail  and  a  smile  on  his  oleaginous  face! 

Alas  for  Dolliver!  As  he  looks  down  on 
what  will  be  going  on  this  summer  he  can 
only  say  —  as  Judge  Hoar  said  when  he 
was  asked  if  he  were  going  to  attend  Ben 
Butler's  funeral  —  "  I  can't  be  there,  but 
1  approve  of  it." 


THE  BUREAU  OF  MUNICIPAL 
RESEARCH 

WHAT   IT   HAS   DONE    FOR    BETTER   GOVERNMENT   IN   NEW  YORK   CITY 

BY 

HENRY  BRUERE 

(JOINT  DIRECTOE  WITH  WILUAli  H.  ALLEN  AND  F.  A.  CLEVELAND  OF  THE  NEW  YORK   BUEEAU  OF  HXWICIPAL  EESEAiCH) 


THE  New  York  Bureau  of  Muni- 
cipal Research  spends  $90,000 
annually  from  the  contribu- 
tions of  citizens  in  promoting 
efficient  government.  If  its 
work  has  been  effective,  it  is  because  it 
does  not  wage  merely  a  campaign  for 
economy.  It  has  a  definite  objective  in 
mind,  namely,  to  attain  efficient  city 
government.     It  holds  efficient  city  gov- 


ernment the  greatest  conceivable  engine 
for  obtaining  cooperative  betterment  of 
living  conditions,  better  health,  better 
pleasure,  better  education;  and  it  considers 
inefficient  or  crooked  city  ir-vernment  the 
greatest  obstacle  to  comy-uinity  welfare. 

When  the  Bureau  was  incorporated, 
in  May,  1907,  its  organizers  named  the 
following  very  definite  objects  as  the 
purposes  of  the  Bureau: 


684 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


1.  To  promote  efficient  and  economical 
government. 

2.  To  promote  the  adoption  of  scientific 
methods  of  accounting  and  of  reporting  the 
details  of  municipal  business,  with  a  view  to 
facilitating  the  work  of  public  officials. 

3.  To  secure  constructive  publicity  in  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  municipal  problems. 

4.  To  collect,  to  classify,  to  analyze,  to 
correlate,  to  interpret,  and  to  publish  facts  as 
to  the  administration  of  municipal  government. 

What  has  New  York  done  to  promote 
efficient  government?  How  has  it  gone 
about  it?  The  story  covers  only  a  few 
years  and  centres  around  an  unprecedented 
period  of  constructive  cooperation  between 
public  officials  and  citizens. 

In  six  years  New  York  citizens  have 
given  convincing  evidence  of  their  interest 
in  the  promotion  of  efficient  city  govern- 
ment by  contributing  upward  of  $400,000 
to  support  the  New  York  City  work  of  the 
Bureau  of  Municipal  Research  in  promo- 
ting progressive  and  efficient  administra- 
tion of  public  business. 

In  addition  to  the  $400,000  for  New 
York  City  work,  $200,000  has  been  pro- 
vided for  training  men  for  service  in  gov- 
ernmental fields;  a  fund  of  $30,000  has  been 
established  by  ex-Comptroller  Metz  to 
assist  the  cities  of  the  country  outside  of 
New  York  in  adopting  efficiency  methods; 
and  $300,000  has  been  contributed  for 
municipal  research  work  in  Chicago, 
Cincinnati,  Philadelphia,  Hoboken,  St. 
Louis,  and  Memphis  by  the  citizens  of 
those  communities.  The  determination 
of  citizens  to  energize  and  modernize  city 
government  has  never  before  been  given 
such  practical  expression. 

An  insignificant  part  of  the  great  fund 
contributed  for  this  work  has  been  ex- 
pended in  calling  attention  to  official 
wrongdoing.  By  far  the  greater  portion 
of  it  has  been  devoted  to  the  employment 
of  experts  who  have  been  assigned  to  co- 
operate with  progressive  officials  in  elimi- 
nating waste  and  establishing  order  in 
city  management. 

Results  obtained  in  New  York,  where 
the  work  has  been  longest  in  progress  are 
typical  of  those  achieved  in  other  cities. 
Most  far-reaching  among  progressive  steps 
"aken   has   been   the  clarification  of  the 


city's  budget  and  its  conversion  from  an 
instrument  giving  license  to  official  ex- 
travagance and  waste  into  an  instrument 
expressing  a  city  programme  of  service 
and  placing  upon  officials  the  obligation 
of  demonstrating  results  for  money  ex- 
pended in  accordance  with  precise  and 
unequivocal  terms  of  appropriation. 

The  new  conception  of  the  city  budget 
is  succinctly  stated  in  an  analysis  of  the 
departmental  estimates  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  prepared  cooperatively  by 
the  Philadelphia  and  the  New  York 
Bureaus  of  Municipal  Research  for  Mayor 
Blankenberg.  This  document,  which 
will  serve  as  a  model  form  of  budget  for 
American  cities  of  whatever  size,  states 
the  main  purposes  of  the  city  budget  to 
be:  To  set  forth  a  community  service  pro- 
gramme to  citizens  and  officials  alike;  to 
compel  consideration  by  appropriating 
bodies  of  the  budget  as  a  whole,  in  place 
of  consideration  of  isolated  and  unrelated 
appropriation  items;  to  lay  the  basis  for 
citizen  and  executive  control  over  depart- 
mental activities,  and  to  furnish  the  means 
for  checking  expenditures  against  definite 
authorizations  to  expend. 

Besides  instituting  a  budget-making 
system  New  York  holds  a  yearly 
budget  exhibit  to  show  just  what  is  being 
done.  First  a  private  undertaking,  for 
the  past  two  years  it  has  been  made  offi- 
cial. This  exhibit  conveys  to  a  citizen  in 
attractive  and  easily  understood  form  a 
concrete  idea  of  what  his  government  is 
doing  —  information  which  no  amount  of 
official  documents  could  succeed  in  com- 
municating to  him.  Hundreds  of  thousands 
of  people  visit  the  exhibit;  study  charts 
of  organization,  announcements  of  work 
intended,  reports  of  results  accomplished, 
tables  of  expenditures  and  estimates;  and 
examine  the  instruments  employed  by  de- 
partments in  performing  their  work — learn- 
ing, in  short,  what  it  is  that  their  govern- 
ment undertakes  in  their  behalf.  During 
the  month  in  which  the  exhibit  is  held, 
heads  of  departments  daily  address  large 
audiences  regarding  the  work  with  which 
they  are  charged,  and  newspapers,  often 
interested  merely  in  governmental  scandal 
or  official  personalities,  print  hundreds 
of  columns  of  news  regarding  the  concrete 


THE  BUREAU  OF  MUNICIPAL  RESEARCH 


685 


problems  with  which  these  officials  have 
to  do.  The  budget  exhibit  is  the  most 
effective  instrument  anywhere  devised 
for  democratizing  information  on  city 
business. 

In  six  years  New  York  City  has  closed 
a  wide  gap  formerly  existing  between 
governmental  business  methods  and  the 
methods  of  efficient  private  business.  Its 
accounting  methods  in  191 1  are  as  efficient 
and  modern  as  those  of  any  great  privately 
managed  undertaking.  Before  reorgan- 
ization, however,  the  city  had  no  means 
of  learning  its  assets  nor  did  it  ever  know 
what  were  its  existing  liabilities.  Money 
once  authorized  was  money  forever  lost 
sight  of,  whether  expended  or  not.  As  a 
by-product  of  accounting  reorganization, 
the  comptroller  recently  "discovered" 
$10,000,000  in  unexpended  balances  of 
ancient  appropriations,  against  which 
there  were  no  outstanding  liabilities,  yet 
balances  had  been  carried  for  years  as 
definite  commitments  for  which  city  cash 
was  held  in  reserve.  For  example,  the 
city  has  been  paying  interest  on  $146,000, 
the  cash  balance  of  a  sum  set  aside  in  1894 
to  buy  parks.  In  eighteen  years  the  city 
has  paid  out  in  interest  on  this  money 
needlessly  borrowed  upward  of  one-half 
of  the  amount  of  the  principal.  In  the 
future,  this  condition  cannot  arise  again, 
because,  automatically,  unexpended  ap- 
propriations will  be  closed  out  at  the  end 
of  the  year  when  all  liabilities,  under 
the  reorganized  methods,  will  be  shown 
against  them  on  the  city's  books  of  ac- 
counts. 

From  reorganizing  the  methods  of  the 
water  register's  bureau,  which  now  collects 
§13,000,000  annually  from  the  sale  of 
water,  $2,000,000  a  year  has  been  added 
to  the  city's  income. 

Despite  the  fact  that  New  York  City 
bu>  s  ^20,000,000  of  supplies  a  year,  trades- 
men of  standing  did  not  seek  its  business 
because  shiftless  city  purchasing  methods 
invited  exploitation,  and  because  the  city 
neglected  to  pay  its  bills  often  until  months 
after  goods  were  consumed.  By  bringing 
purchases  under  control  at  the  moment 
that  orders  are  issued  to  vendors  instead  of 
only  when  bills  are  submitted,  the  city 
has  been  enabled  to  adopt  an  auditing 


system  which  compels  department  heads 
to  forward  claims  for  prompt  settlement. 

To  make  the  honest  tradesman's  position 
as  advantageous  as  that  of  a  political  con- 
tractor, New  York  is  substituting  definite, 
precise  specifications  for  no  specifications 
or  preferential  description  of  goods  re- 
quired. Since  19 10  an  official  standard- 
ization commission,  equipped  with  a 
technical  staff  and  a  testing  laboratory, 
has  been  studying  the  city's  supply  needs, 
determining  those  best  suited  to  its  uses 
and  preparing  precise  specifications  which 
will  indicate  what  the  city  wants  in  a 
definite  and  understandable  manner  to 
vendors,  and  enable  purchasing  agents 
and  auditors  to  check  with  precision  goods 
delivered  against  goods  asked  for. 

Standardization  of  supplies  helps  offi- 
cials in  positions  of  control  to  prevent  the 
purchase  of  extravagant  or  unnecessary 
items  and  to  require,  for  example,  the 
purchase  of  coal  by  heating  units  content 
instead  of  by  weight,  and  to  prevent  one 
department  from  buying  tons  of  meat  cut 
ready  "for  the  table"  while  another  prac- 
tices the  wise  economy  of  buying  large 
quantities  in  carcass  form. 

Cost  accounting,  efficiency  records, 
standardization  of  salaries  so  that  com- 
pensation will  match  work  done  and  not 
respond  to  political  pull  and  favoritism, 
are  some  of  the  many  other  constructive 
efforts  now  being  put  forth  by  New  York 
City  officials  in  cooperation  with  citizens 
organized  to  promote  efficiency. 

As  a  result  of  six  years'  intensive,  non- 
partisan work,  new  standards  have  been 
erected  m  New  York  City  by  which  official 
performance  is  judged.  Borough  Presi- 
dent McAneny,  succeeding  John  F.  Aheam 
as  president  of  the  Borough  of  Manhattan, 
is  securing  through  efficient  management 
double  ine  results  achieved  under  Mr. 
Aheam  at  less  expenditure.  Yet  the 
general  public  is  more  sensitive  to  the 
slightest  evidence  of  bad  service  in  any  of 
the  bureaus  under  Mr.  McAneny's  juris- 
diction than  they  ever  were  to  the  grossly 
unsatisfactory  service  given  by  N^"^ 
Aheam.  -^ 

While  New  YotkK^s.Viw^^s^\'?2vses?5Q^sr^ 
its  business,  it:  V^^X^fc^^^^^^"?^ 
social  prograr^TCv^    \i^Tx^%^^^ 


686 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


years  New  York  Cit/s  Health  Department, 
with  citizen  cooperation,  has  launched  and 
put  into  execution  an  active  programme 
of  tuberculosis  prevention;  has  organized 
a  bureau  of  child  hygiene  for  promoting 
the  health  of  infants  and  school  children 
which  serves  as  a  model  for  the  country. 
During  the  time  that  Comptroller  Pren- 
dergast  has  been  pushing  to  completion 
the  business  reorganization  of  the  finances 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  he  has  conducted 
an  extensive  inquiry  into  the  problems  of 
dependency  among  New  York  City's  chil- 
dren. Learning  that  the  city,  through 
private  agencies  to  which  it  makes  regular 
payments,  cares  for  20,000  children  com- 
mitted for  delinquency  or  dependency, 
he  set  out  to  find  whether  this  dependency 
is  inevitable  or  may  be  forestalled  by 
proper  governmental  action.  His  con- 
cern for  economy,  therefore,  has  not  only 
related  to  economy  in  expenditure,  but 
has  directed  itself  toward  preventing  the 
costly  causes  of  family  breakups  and 
poverty  leading  to  juvenile  dependency, 
and  toward  finding  out  how  the  coopera- 
tive strength  of  the  city  government  can 
prevent  misery  and  destitution. 

At  last  New  York  City  is  conceiving 
of  health  work  as  an  aggressive,  persistent 
effort  to  save  life  and  to  give  health  to  its 
citizens.  But  not  until  191 1  did  the 
health  department  apply  to  New  York 
City's  health  problem  the  simple  fact 
that  pure  milk  combined  with  the  teach- 
ing of  mothers  easily  prevents  infant 
slaughter  in  the  summer  months.  Last 
year,  by  providing  milk  stations  where 
infants  can  be  brought  for  examination, 
where  mothers  can  be  taught  to  care  for 
them,  and  where  suitable  pure  milk  can 
be  provided,  the  health  commissioner 
claims  a  saving  of  1,100  infant  lives  in 
six  months.  By  not  taking  these  simple 
measures  years  ago.  untold  thousands 
of  lives  have  been  needlessly  lost.  Other 
branches  of  health  department  work  are 
progressively  aiming  toward  prevention. 
Prevcjition  implies  a  community  standard 
of   health   to   be  achieved   or  protected. 

With  regard  to  the  increasing  enthusi- 
asm of  citizens  to  promote  governmental 
efficiency,  Mr.  R.  W.  Fulton  Cutting, 
New  York's  most  conspicuous  worker  for 


good  government,  founder  of  the  Bureau 
of  Municipal  Research,  in  addressing  re- 
cently an  audience  of  New  York  City's 
leading  business  and  financial  men,  said: 

We  are  living  in  a  generous  age.  Never 
before,  perhaps,  in  history,  has  the  government 
so  largely  exercised  its  own  resources  and 
employed  its  own  powers  to  grapple  with  our 
^reat  problems,  these  great  social  problems 
that  concern  us.  The  fraternal  spirit  is  in 
the  air,  and  we  must  not  dare  to  manacle  that 
spirit  by  any  unwise  consideration  of  the  incon- 
siderate tax-payer.  We  want  a  great  deal 
better  education  than  we  have.  We  want 
better  service  in  our  municipal  hospitals.  We 
want  better  houses,  better  methods  in  our 
battle  with  tuberculosis. 

New  York's  civic  wants  are  the  wants 
of  practically  every  large  city  in  America. 
New  York's  leadership  affects  in  greater 
or  less  degree  every  one  of  these  cities. 
It  has  intimately  affected  Philadelphia, 
Cincinnati,  and  Chicago,  where  city 
officials  are  adopting  efficiency  methods 
and  citizens  are  supporting  active  bureaus 
of  municipal  research  or  efficiency. 

But  even  with  the  great  progress  that 
has  been  achieved,  the  work  has  only  been 
begun.  No  future  administration  of  New 
York  City  will  find  it  desirable  or  profit- 
able to  undo  the  constructive  work  of  the 
past  two  years.  But  until  new  ideals  and 
standards  are  irrevocably  fastened  on  the 
city  government,  continuous  interest  and 
active  cooperation  of  citizens  to  compel 
the  continuance  of  progress  will  be  re- 
quired in  New  York,  as  in  every  other 
American  city.  Costly  delay  in  achiev- 
ing governmental  improvement  now  re- 
sults from  the  isolation  of  effort  in  different 
cities.  Work  done  for  four  or  five  cities 
by  local  bureaus  of  municipal  research 
should  be  done  for  all  the  cities  of  the 
nation  by  a  National  Bureau  of  Municipal 
Research.  By  means  of  a  national  agency, 
publicly  or  privately  supported,  equipped 
to  give  information  of  best  practices 
evolved  in  any  city,  and  to  help  in  system- 
atizing and  energizing  city  government, 
America  should  be  able,  in  ten  years,  to 
convert  its  municipal  government  from  a 
national  embarrassment  into  its  most  con- 
spicuous national  achievement. 


WHAT  SHALL  WE  DO   WITH 
OUR  BANKS? 

WHAT  A   COMMERCIAL  BANK    SHOULD  BE.      THE   ALDRICH    BANK    PLAN 
THE    MONEY   TRUST    AND  THE    REMEDY 


IN  THE  panic  years,  1907  and  1908, 
thousands  of  business  men  all  over 
the  country  came  face  to  face  with  a 
new  and  startling  commercial  peril. 
The  heart  of  the  business  world,  the 
banks,  failed  in  its  function.  Men  who, 
all  through  their  business  lives,  had  carried 
on  their  activities  freely  and  without 
reserve  on  their  credits  at  the  banks, 
found  themselves  suddenly  paralyzed. 

From  that  day  to  ihis,  a  hundred  pre- 
scriptions, nostrums,  and  panaceas  have 
been  discovered  and  invented  to  prevent 
a  recurrence  of  the  malady.  Worst  of  all, 
many  of  the  best  and  strongest  of  the 
leaders  of  business  have  undertaken  to 
eliminate  as  far  as  possible  the  credit 
function  of  their  banks.  Several  hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  dollars  have  been 
raised  by  manufacturers  and  merchants 
by  the  sale  of  permanent  bonds  and  stocks, 
so  that  they  will  never  again  be  caught 
in  a  crisis  dependent  upon  money  bor- 
rowed from  the  banks. 

Beyond  this  heroic  expedient  of  sub- 
stitution, real  efforts  are  making  to  mend 
the  offending  organ  itself.  The  Aldrich 
Plan,  unfortunately  so  called,  is  the  most 
complete  alleged  panacea  so  far  adduced. 


Its  purpose,  in  a  phrase,  is  to  fix  a  rate 
of  discount  and  enable  the  associated 
banks  to  keep  the  rate  down  to  that 
point  and  pour  out  money  to  prevent 
another  case  of  heart  failure  by  printing 
and  circulating  fiat  money  whenever  it 
is  needed  badly  enough. 

Every  man  in  business  faces  this  same 
danger  and  this  same  problem.  All  men 
know  that  something  must  be  done. 

What  must  we  do  to  insure  the  business 
world  against  a  second  and  a  worse 
collapse? 

The  first  step,  undoubtedly,  is  to  correct 
some  of  the  serious  tendencies  in  the 
banking  world  itself,  revealed  in  full  in 
1907.  Therefore,  the  first  thing  to  dis- 
cover is  what  a  commerical  bank  ought 
to  do,  how  it  ought  to  do  it,  and  the  steps 
it  may  take  to  that  end. 

The  first  article  on  this  subject,  there- 
fore, is  a  revised  article  written  by  Mr. 
Joseph  B.  Martindale,  for  the  Bankers' 
Convention  of  191 1.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  the  president  of  one  of  our  most 
successful  commercial  banks  as  to  what 
such  a  bank  should  be  and  do  to  discharge 
its  obligations  to  the  people  whose  de- 
posits make  it  a  bank. 


WHAT  A  COMMERCIAL  BANK  SHOULD  BE 


BY 


A 


which 


JOSEPH  B.  MARTINDALE 

(rtZSIDENT  OF  Tax  CEEMICAL  NATIONAL  BANX,  NEW  YOIK) 


LL  my  business  life  has  been 
spent  with  a  purely  commer- 
cial bank,  so  I,  naturally, 
look  upon  banking  from  that 
standpoint.  The  bank  with 
have  had  the  honor  of  being 
connected  for  many  years  numbers  among 


its  depositors  individuals,  firms,  and  cor- 
porations in  practically  every  line  of 
mercantile  and  commercial  life,  anA  ^^^^^^^j^ 
dealers  are  located  in  every  im|>^>^^  ^ 
distributing  cet\tt<5.  c^l  'VJc^  ^3^^5K^3r*:y  -  -s: 
reason  of  tK\%.  ^^  \*Sc«s^  "^^  ^  .0^' 
position  to   Iotow  «.  ^xn^^'^  ^^ 


688 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


quirements  of  the  mercantile  interests 
of  the  country,  and  we  endeavor  to  meet 
them  in  a  spirit  of  fairness  and  liberality. 

As  most  of  the  loans  and  discounts  of  a 
bank  of  this  character  are  made  simply 
on  the  promise  of  the  borrower  to  pay, 
on  his  unsecured  note,  it  is  vitally  essential 
that  the  management  have  a  proper 
organizatior.  to  watch  that  credit. 

The  affairs  of  a  bank  should  not  be 
permitted  to  rest  in  the  hands  of  one  or 
two  men.  In  our  institution,  the  more 
knowledge  the  other  officers  and  senior 
clerks  have  of  the  bank's  affairs,  the 
better  it  pleases  our  management  and 
the  better  the  results  attained  thereby  for 
the  bank.  Experience  has  taught  me 
that  a  broad  policy  of  educating  your 
best  men  and  developing  them  gradually 
to  accept  greater  responsibilities  brings 
good  results  in  the  present  time  and 
insures  for  the  institution  a  good  equip- 
ment lor  the  future.  I  have  watched 
this  policy  of  development  very  closely 
with  a  great  deal  of  satisfaction,  and, 
little  by  little,  our  men  are  growing  up  to 
accept  and  handle  responsibilities  satis- 
factorily, which  means  much  for  the 
continuation  of  the  success  of  the  insti- 
tution. 

It  is,  also,  of  the  greatest  importance 
to  commercial  banks  that  their  most  vital 
department  —  the  credit  department — 
should  be  very  efficient  indeed.  Men 
should  be  selected  when  they  are  young 
fellows  for  appointment  in  the  credit  de- 
partment, should  be  schooled  and  drilled, 
and  as  they  develop  they  should  relieve  the 
officers  of  the  institution  of  a  great  deal 
of  detail.  The  officer  whose  final  "yes" 
or  "no"  means  a  profit  or  a  loss  for  the 
bank  should  not  be  tied  down  to  different 
anal>'ses,  which  can  be  handled  by  younger 
men  when  they  have  had  a  sufficient 
amount  of  instruction  and  training.  Some 
men  have  a  natural  aptitude  for  studying 
and  analyzing  credits  both  from  a 
theoretical  and  practical  standpoint,  just 
as  other  men  have  natural  aptitudes  for 
the  sciences  and  professions. 

After  some  years  of  experience,  I  am 
free  to  say  that  the  personal  equation  has 
a  great  inlluence  upon  an  officer  of  an 
■nstitution   in   making   his  decision,   and 


determining  whether  to  say  "yes"  or 
"no"  to  a  proposition.  There  is  some- 
thing about  every  man's  personality  that 
affects  the  man  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact,  and  no  one,  in  my  opinion,  no 
matter  how  strong  his  own  personality 
may  be,  is  free  from  this  influence  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  Sometimes  we 
are  woefully  deceived  in  personalities, 
and  it  is  well  always  (and  we  have  prac- 
tised it  for  a  long  time  past)  to  have  the 
credit  department  analyze  carefully  from 
a  purely  impersonal  and  cokl-blooded 
standpoint  the  statements  filed,  eliminat- 
ing entirely  the  personal  element. 

Some  of  the  best  talkers  and  some  of 
the  most  attractive  personalities  are  the 
poorest  business  men;  and  against  these 
men  the  impersonal  analysis  is  the  best 
protection. 

In  making  investments  for  one's  bank, 
or  loans  for  one's  institution,  we  all 
should  realize  that  we  are  simply  the 
trustees  of  other  people's  money,  and, 
such  being  the  case,  we  cannot  take  too 
much  care  in  handling  these  funds.  If 
it  were  our  own  money,  it  would  be 
entirely  different,  and  we  might,  out  of 
sympathy  for  a  fellow,  or  because  we 
liked  his  attractive  personality,  indulge 
ourselves  in  this  way,  but,  as  we  all  are 
simply  holding  in  trust  money  deposited 
with  us  by  our  dealers,  and  the  money 
invested  by  our  stockholders,  we  must, 
in  order  to  be  true  to  that  trust,  use 
every  precaution  and  every  device  and 
system  that  has  practically  demonstrated 
itself  to  be  a  safeguard. 

A  number  of  incidents  have  come  under 
my  own  observation  in  recent  years, 
where  matters  which  looked  trifling  (but 
which  were  found  to  be  very  important 
later  on)  have  caused  us  to  exercise  caution, 
and  thereby  avoid  losses.  To  be  prac- 
tical, rather  than  to  generalize,  1  have 
always  claimed  that,  untler  normal  busi- 
ness conditions  a  stated  amount  of  capi- 
tal (borrowed  as  well  as  invested)  should 
allow  a  concern  in  any  line  of  business  to 
carry  a  certain  amount  of  merchandise. 
This  merchandise  later  is  converted  into 
bills  and  accounts  receivable;  later  on 
into  cash;  and  upon  these  transactions, 
subject  to  the  charges  of  conducting  the 


WHAT  SHALL  WE  DO  WITH  OUR  BANKS? 


689 


business,  there  should  be  realized  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  net  profit.  All  of  these 
items  in  a  well-organized  and  well  con- 
ducted business  should  be  in  relative 
proportion,  one  to  the  other.  And  if  the 
best  results  are  to  be  attained,  the  manage- 
ment of  any  concern  will  see  to  it  that 
each  dollar  of  its  capital  carries  its  pro- 
portion of  merchandise,  and  will  also  see 
to  it  that  the  merchandise  is  moved  rapidly 
and  converted  into  a  bill  or  account 
receivable;  and  that  its  outstanding  debts 
are  promptly  collected,  and  that  its  cash 
is  used  to  reduce  materially,  or  entirely 
liquidate,  its  indebtedness,  thereby  saving 
interest  and  expense.  We  have  in  a 
number  of  instances  followed  this  natural 
sequence  in  business,  and  have  found  any 
number  of  instances  where  each  dollar 
of  capital  (invested  or  borrowed)  was  not 
performing  its  full  duty,  and  following 
the  matter  still  further,  we  found  it  due 
to  either  extraordinary  expenses,  or  losses, 
or  due  to  indolence  and  a  lack  of  an 
aggressive  policy  in  handling  the  affairs 
of  the  concern.  These  are  "ear-marks" 
which  will  denote  a  condition  of  this  kind, 
and  we  believe  that  it  is  our  duty  to  ex- 
amine  these   conditions   thoroughly. 

As  an  illustration  of  this,  some  years 
ago,  a  certain  firm  reported  in-  their  state- 
ment an  invested  capital  almost  equal  to 
the  amount  of  its  annual  sales.  At  the 
same  time,  their  statement  showed  a 
substantial  liability  for  borrowed  money. 
1 1  seemed  incredible  that  a  working  capital 
invested  and  borrowed  of  more  than  the 
amount  of  the  annual  sales  could  be  cor- 
rect, but  that  is  what  this  report  showed. 
Upon  closer  analysis  and  further  informa- 
tion, it  was  found  that  in  the  accounts 
receivable  of  the  firm,  there  were  many 
old  accounts  running  years  back,  which 
they  were  carrying  as  good  accounts, 
and  also  substantial  sums  due  the  firm 
from  the  partners,  which  were,  in  other 
words,  overdrafts.  When  the  statement 
was  all  boiled  down,  it  was  found  that 
their  actual  capital  was  le$s  than  one-half 
that  reported  in  their  statement.  These 
are  the  "ear-marks"  which,  upon  close 
observation  and  the  knowledge  of  credit, 
prove  invaluable  to  one^s  institution 

It   is  vitally   important   in   examining 


and  passing  upon  a  statement,  that  one 
should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
conditions  surrounding  the  business  dur- 
ing the  year.  Conditions  may  have  made 
it  impossible  for  any  concern  to  make 
money,  and  where  a  concern  reports  a 
gain  in  its  capital,  one  owes  it  to  himself 
and  to  his  institution  to  inquire  thoroughly 
and  closely  as  to  the  causes  which  pro- 
duced such  a  result  when  all  the  con- 
ditions were  adverse. 

As  an  example,  we  have  the  accounts 
of  a  number  of  houses  in  the  same  interior 
city  in  identically  the  same  line  of  business, 
and  while  the  amount  of  their  capital 
varies  (and,  consequently,  their  volume 
of  business),  we  can  each  year,  by  working 
out  the  percentages,  see  which  concern 
is  obtaining  the  best  results  upon  its 
volume  of  business  and  the  amount  of 
its  capital. 

It  was  the  practice  of  banks  years  ago 
to  loan  money  without  receiving  state- 
ments, whereas  now  the  custom  of  filing 
statements  is  almost  universal. 

Some  people  may  think  this  is  inquisi- 
torial, but  where  a  bank  is  loaning  money 
upon  the  unsecured  obligation  of  any 
concern,  it  is  perfectly  within  the  right 
of  the  bank  officer  to  request  (not  out  of 
curiosity  or  in  an  arbitrary  spirit)  the 
fullest  details  of  the  concern's  affairs. 
This  information,  of  course,  is  absolutely 
confidential,  and  no  bank  officer,  who 
realizes  the  confidential  relations  that 
exist  between  a  depositor  and  a  bank, 
will  ever  divulge  to  any  one  such  informa- 
tion furnished  him  in  the  strictest  con- 
fidence. 

Furthermore  I  have  always  believed 
that  an  independent  audit  by  a  firm  of 
certified  public  accountants  is  desirable. 
And  from  the  standpoints  both  of  the 
borrower  and  the  lender  it  is  wise  at  least 
once  a  year  to  have  the  affairs  of  a  firm 
or  corporation  examined  and  audited  by 
a  high-class  firm  of  auditors. 

A  striking  illustration  of  this  was 
brought  to  my  attention  some  years  ago 
and  while  there  was  no  loss  entailed  to  the 
creditors,  the  outcome  was  very  dis- 
astrous to  the  firm  itself.  An  old-estab- 
lished firm  of  excellent  standing  and 
reputation  carried    two   bank    accounts 


690 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


and  in  addition  sold  its  paper  in  the  open 
market  through  brokers.  It  rendered 
statements  annually. to  its  banks  and  to 
the  brokers.  The  firm  through  whom  it 
sold  its  paper,  in  verifying  the  statement 
(as  is  the  custom),  found  that  two  items, 
the  amount  of  cash  on  hand,  and  the 
amount  of  bills  payable  for  borrowed 
money,  did  not  agree  with  the  facts  as 
shown  by  the  banks'  records.  This  dis- 
crepancy was  called  to  the  attention  of 
the  senior  member  of  the  firm,  and  his 
explanation  was  as  follows: 

He  formerly  had  been  bookkeeper  and 
cashier  for  a  number  of  years  for  a  firm 
which  preceded  his  own  firm,  and  it  had 
always  been  the  custom  of  the  old  firm  in 
rendering  a  statement  to  its  banks  to 
deduct  from  the  amount  of  the  bills  pay- 
able for  borrowed  money  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  cash  they  had  on  hand. 
In  other  words,  the  old  firm  took  the 
position  that,  having  a  large  amount  of 
cash  on  hand  and  in  bank,  they  (the  firm) 
were  justified  in  applying  a  large  per- 
centage (about  90  per  cent.)  of  the  cash 
on  hand  as  an  offset  to  the  amount  of 
money  they  were  owing  at  the  time  they 
made  their  statement.  This,  of  course, 
was  entirely  wrong,  though  it  was  not  done 
with  any  object  to  deceive  either  the 
»  banks  or  the  note-brokers.  But  after 
it  became  known,  the  firm  could  not  sell 
its  paper  in  the  open  market.  The  result 
was  liquidation.  Though  the  creditors 
were  all  paid  in  full,  much  of  the  business 
of  the  firm  drifted  into  other  hands. 
This  incident  not  only  proves  conclusively 
to  the  mind  of  the  banker  the  necessity 
for  an  exact  statement  of  the  actual  con- 
dition of  the  business,  but  it  also  is  a 
strong  argument  for  an  independent  audit 
of  accounts. 

An  independent  audit  conveys  to  the 
lender  of  money  the  knowledge  that  the 
affairs  of  the  firm  or  corporation,  whose 
paper  he  is  considering,  have  been  ex- 
amined by  a  disinterested  party  of  experi- 
ence and  standing,  and  that,  as  a  result, 
the  figures  submitted  are  unbiased.  This 
custom  is  becoming,  one  might  say, 
universal.  We  now  have  any  number  of 
statements  prepared  by  accountants  each 
year,  and  we  know  of  many  instances  where 


the  monthly  trial  balances  are  prepared 
by  accountants,  who  spend  from  a  day  to 
three  days  each  month  in  going  over  the 
previous  month's  business.  At  the  end 
of  the  firm's  or  corporation's  fiscal  year, 
these  accountants  have  an  inventory 
prepared  under  their  own  supervision, 
value  the  stock  of  merchandise  themselves, 
audit  the  books  thoroughly  for  the  full 
year,  and  prepare  an  unprejudiced  state- 
ment of  the  concern's  affairs. 

I  think  it  is  advisable  for  every  large 
bank  to  have  one  or  more  of  the  members 
of  its  credit  department  a  thoroughly 
equipped  auditor.  In  a  number  of  in- 
stances we  have  been  called  upon  to  go 
over  the  books  of  some  of  our  clients 
and  have  sent  one  of  our  own  employees 
to  do  so,  with  satisfactory  results. 

On  the  other  hand  it  goes  without 
saying  that  there  are  cases  where  some  of 
the  very  best  concerns  of  this  country 
have  never  made,  and  will  never  make, 
detailed  statements  of  their  affairs.  These 
are  the  exceptions,  however,  and  these 
exceptions  should  not  be  used  as  an  argu- 
ment against  the  desirability  of  obtaining 
very  close  data  regarding  all  the  nec- 
essary items  that  go  to  make  up  a  com- 
plete statement  of  a  firm  or  corporation. 

We  have  always  taken  the  stand  that, 
where  a  concern  is  selling  its  paper  through 
brokers,  or  borrowing  of  its  banks,  it 
should  settle  its  merchandise  obligations 
in  the  shortest  possible  time,  and  obtain 
the  very  best  biscounts  for  so  doing.  It 
certainly  is  not  good  business  procedure 
for  a  firm  to  borrow  money  and  then  allow 
its  bills  to  run  to  maturity,  and  in  some 
instances  past  maturity.  It  has  been  our 
practice  for  many  years  to  make  trade 
investigations  and  revise  our  reports  every 
six  months  or  every  year,  at  least;  and 
if  we  learn,  as  the  result  of  these  inquiries, 
that  our  borrowers  are  n^t  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  best  trail:  J!  counts,  we 
bring  it  to  their  attention  immediately. 

In  safe-guarding  investments  it  is  de- 
sirable that  banks  in  the  same  city  and 
neighboring  cities  should  exchange  in- 
formation to  the  fullest  extent.  There 
have  been  very  few  instances  where  we 
have  had  any  occasion  to  regret  that  we 
have  been  perfectly  frank  and  open  in 


WHAT  SHALL  WE  EX)  WITH  OUR  BANKS? 


691 


answering  the  inquiries  we  receive  daily 
and  almost  houriy  from  our  friends  in 
New  York  and  elsewhere,  giving  them  the 
result  of  our  experience  in  handling  any 
of  our  accounts.  This  is  of  vital  import- 
ance to  all  concerned,  and  it  is  our  earnest 
hope  that  this  free  interchange  of  opinions 
will  continue  to  expand. 

1  think  that  credit  is  too  easily  obtained 
in  this  country,  for,  while  I  appreciate 
that  the  development  and  expansion  of 
the  country  depends  on  the  free  extension 
of  credit,  my  observation  has  taught  me 
to  believe  that  one  of  the  cheapest  instru- 
ments of  commerce  in  the  United  States 
to-day  is  credit.  We  are  all  apt  to  grant 
credit  too  liberally.  This  applies  to  the 
banks  as  well  as  to  our  friends,  the  note 
brokers,  but  I  am  constrained  to  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  many  small 
houses  are  borrowing  money  in  the  open 
market  to-day  through  brokers,  who,  by 
reason  of  the  limited  amount  of  their 
capital  and  volume  of  business,  are  not 
warranted  in  so  doing.  The  danger  to  the 
man  with  a  moderate  capital  is  that  he 
regards  this  money  which  he  has  borrowed 
as  permanent  working  capital,  which 
encourages  him  to  inflate  his  business 
beyond  prudent  and  safe  lines,  and, 
suddenly,  when  disturbances  in  the  busi- 
ness world  occur,  or  panic  arises,  he  finds 
himself  far  from  shore,  with  his  obligations 
for  borrowed  money  maturing  and  with 
no  facilities  to  meet  them.  It  always 
occurs  at  such  times  that  his  collections 
are  slow,  and,  naturatty,  he  finds  himself 
in  a  quandary.  We  have  seen  so  many 
instances  of  this  nature  in  our  own  ex- 
perience that  we  cannot  too  strongly 
urge  the  necessity  for  care  and  conserva- 
tism. I  would  suggest  also  that  the  banks 
and  the  note  brokers  work  closely  together, 
for  equal  benefits  are  to  be  derived  in  a 
free  interchange  of  views,  experiences,  and 
ideas.  We  have  found  it  so  in  our  own 
case,  and  we  believe  that  this  relation 
is  becoming  closer  each  year. 

In  investing  the  funds  of  a  bank,  one's 
first  thought  is  safety,  but  it  is  equally 
important  to  invest  the  funds  in  flexible 
assets,  and,  in  my  opinion,  there  is  no 
class  of  investments  superior  to  a  mer- 
chant's note  of  undoubted  standing  and 


responsibility,  The  panic  of  1907  and 
its  aftermath,  with  the  small  percentage 
of  commercial  failures  and  the  gradual 
but  steady  liquidation  which  has  taken 
place  from  that  time  up  to  the  present 
time,  prove  conclusively  that  this  class 
of  investments,  if  examined  thoroughly* 
and  selected  carefully,  is  an  ideal  one. 

1  do  not  mean  by  this  that  it  is  possible 
to  invest  your  funds  for  all  time  in  com- 
mercial paper  without  sometime  facing 
a  loss,  but  the  experience  of  the  last 
three  years  and  the  information  derived 
from  a  study  of  the  statements  received 
during  that  period  show  how  gradually 
but  steadily  our  manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants have  been  able  to  reduce  their 
liabilities  through  corresponding  reductions 
either  in  the  amount  of  their  merchandise 
or  in  the  amount  of  their  bills  and  accounts 
receivable,  without  serious  result  to  them- 
selves or  to  their  creditors.  Looking  at 
the  matter  from  the  standpoint  of  a  com- 
mercial banker,  I  think  you  will  all  agree 
with  me  that  a  short-time  obligation  is 
preferable  to  a  long-time  obligation. 

Bearing  upon  this  matter  of  flexibility, 
I  am  constrained  to  mention  the  fact  that, 
from  the  standpoint  of  good  banking,  it 
is  not  in  the  province  of  any  bank  to 
furnish  permanent  working  capital  for 
any  one  of  its  depositors.  A  bank  whose 
liabilities  are  all  payable  on  demand 
should  observe  closely  the  well-established 
rule  that  its  borrowers  should  at  some- 
time during  each  twelve  months  liquidate 
their  indebtedness  to  the  bank  for  a  reason- 
able period  of  time.  In  my  opinion,  this 
is  neither  unjust  nor  arbitrary,  and  is 
dictated  by  well  demonstrated  and  sound 
banking  and  business  logic. 

I  am  constrained  to  mention  briefly 
how  important  the  matter  of  the  invest- 
ment of  a  bank's  funds  in  commercial 
paper  is  to  the  business  interests  of  this 
country,  and  how  vital  it  is  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  Such  a  large  per- 
centage of  our  commercial  business  is 
conducted  upon  borrowed  capital  that, 
if  our  country  is  to  reach  its  greatest 
development,  it  is  essential  that  banks 
in  all  parts  of  the  country  should  be  in 
a  position  to  handle  the  means  for  expan- 
sion understandingly  and  safely. 


HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES 


THE  WAY  THEY  "  SWAT   THEM  IN  TOPEKA  AND  ORDER  OUT  THE  BOY  SCOUTS  TO 
SLAUGHTER  THEM  — HOW  THEY  TRAP  THEM  IN  WILMINGTON 

BY 

FRANK   PARKER   STOCKBRIDGE 


THE  war  on  the  house  fly  will 
share  with  the  Presidential 
campaign  the  interest  and 
activities  of  the  American  peo- 
ple for  the  next  few  months. 
Somewhere  in  the  neighborhood  of  a 
billion  flies  were  killed  in  the  various  cam- 
paigns of  1911  and  filthy  breeding  places 
were  cleaned  up  that,  if  left  alone,  would 
have  insured  the  propagation  of  additional 
uncounted  billions.  The  summer  of  1912 
will  not  see  the  extermination  of  the 
species.  But  if  the  plans  of  national, 
state,  and  local  civic  organizations  and 
health  departments  are  only  half  carried 
out,  the  outlook  for  the  fly  crop  of  1913 
will  be  very  much  less  encouraging  —  to 
the  fly. 

It  has  taken  a  surprisingly  short  time 
for  the  public  to  grasp  the  idea  that  the 
fly  is  the  most  dangerous  wild  animal  of 
the  North  American  continent.  It  has 
taken  a  still  shorter  time  for  this  con- 
ception of  the  fly  as  an  important  factor 
in  the  national  death  rate  to  translate 
itself  into  effective  action.  A  dozen  years 
ago  only  a  few  scientists  recognized  the 
fl>  as  a  disease  carrier.  Its  habits  and 
hfe  history  were  almost  unknown.  The 
question,  "Where  do  all  the  flies  come 
from?"  was  regarded  as  an  unimportant 
and  somewhat  humorous  riddle,  like 
"Where  do  all  the  pins  go?"  About 
the  beginning  of  the  twentieth  century 
scientists  began  to  ask  the  question 
seriously. 

What  the  inquirers  found  startled  the 
public.  Early  investigations  under  the 
direction  of  Edward  Hatch,  Jr.,  then 
connected  with  the  Merchants'  Association 
of  New  ^'ork,  proved  that  one  of  the  fly's 
favorite  breeding  places  was  in  the  sewage 
and  filth  deposited  along  the  river  front 
by  the  tide.     Dr.  D.  D.  Jackson  found 


the  germs  of  typhoid  and  other  diseases 
on  the  feet  and  bodies  of  practically  every 
fly  trapped  on  the  recreation  piers.  Dr. 
L.  O.  Howard,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Entomology  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  directed  investiga- 
tions which  proved  the  affinity  of  the  fly 
with  filth  —  that  it  prefers  as  its  habitat 
and  the  nursery  for  its  young  the  filthy 
stable  or  outhouse,  the  garbage  can,  or 
the  dirty  corner  under  the  kitchen  sink. 
Dr.  Howard  proposed  u.c  name  "typhoid 
fly"  —  a  suggestion  that  caught  the  popu- 
lar fancy  and  aided  in  fixing  the  insect's 
proper  status.  Then  Dr.  S.  J.  Crumbine, 
Secretary  of  the  Kansas  State  Board  of 
Health,  came  along  with  his  epigrammatic 
injunction,  "Swat  the  fly!"  and  the 
campaign  was  on. 

In  the  spring  of  191 1  one  of  the  Boy 
Scouts  at  Weir,  Kans.,  suggested  that 
his  organization  might  be  of  service  in 
distributing  some  of  Doctor  Crumbine's 
fly  posters.  This  poster,  by  the  way,  has 
been  found  one  of  ihe  most  eflFective 
means  of  educating  the  public  to  the 
danger  of  the  fly.  The  border  design, 
originated  by  the  Florida  State  Board  of 
Health  and  adopted  by  many  others, 
depicts  the  progress  of  the  fly  from  all 
sorts  of  filthy  places  to  the  dinner-table, 
the  cream-pitcher,  the  sick-room  and 
the  baby's  nursing-bottle,  while  the 
"House  Fly  Catechism"  that  goes  with 
it  is  admirably  calculated  to  arouse  hostile 
emotions  toward  the  fly. 

Doctor  Crumbine  was  quick  to  see 
possibilities  in  the  Boy  Scouts.  He  sug- 
gested a  plan  for  a  general  town  clean-up 
in  Weir,  to  be  undertaken  and  managed 
entirely  by  them.  Then,  through  the 
Rev.  Walter  Burr,  of  Olathe,  Scout  Master 
for  that  district,  he  enlibled  the  Scout 
organizations   throughout   the   state. 


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What  To  Oa  To  OW  Hid  Ol  Wl— . 

tcraa  )•*  «Mm  h4  Im    Bt  II  t»ri>  Wtw  n  Iim  mk  law  iBWil 


Ift  iiaiiil) 


DOWT  ALLOW  FUES  IN  YOUfl  HOUSE, 
DOtT  nmir  THEH  NEAR  YOUR  FOOO-ESPECrAUY  IIILK. 
OOKT  BUY  robOSTUFFS  WHERE  FLIES  ARE  lOLERATEO. 
BOri  EAT  WHERE   fllES  NAVE  ACCESS  TO  THE   FOOD- 

nin  ifii  IN  mm  Uimma  liwteii  known  \a  mn 

Flifi  tri  lilt  iithlMt  9t  at  I  vtrmln.    Th«t  vi  bvra  In  llth,  Hn  «i  ilUi  iJi4 

CWft  i"h  tTMfiA  wilfi  tlwn.     fliiT  vt  dUfvoLi  Moft  thPT  ifi  Cil* 
Fifti  iTf  knqvifi  t9  U  tarritrt  •)  tniHioAi  0t  d«ilh-«t«Un|  fii^UlH  9trtt«> 

TWt  Ititi  ]«IH  el  U*»M  (itrj«  whvrvvrr  Ihtf  aliiht. 
FlJt»  niT  iniwd  Ihi  lead  )f«  lat.    Tlirr  c»nif  ta  T*uf  kitchcfl  nr  t»  r«ur  dining 

tiESii.  li*-iM  tnm  Ik*  privr  viqU.  Irtrm  Iht  ijifbigt  b«t,  If  em  T^e  minur* 

Ifct  c«ntA>qi#i7i  t4C«  rex^m  wilh  Ihn  tert  •!  itiitji  ou  INtbrlMl  iM  11  IHir 
imi'tn.  En4  l^tf  dtpwrl  el  m  r*ut  l«od.  4114  YOU  Od  iwiiii^vi  hrih  Iran 
prEiri  viJini>  tlc^  tlc^  il  jw  *i1  fMA  lliil  hu  c«nf  rn  Cfrnli^  *ilb  llitt. 
Fliti  mr  iiLfK^  ?««  wJt»v  l^lfmiiiMU.  h'^lhiid  lenr,  icartil  If  ^«f t  ^^!J)«'^ 
•ai  Btlwr  jftStiKiMt  Hiitntt.  Jittj  htte  iht  ht<tt>K  oi  rcuAlai  m  bbtm- 
Mi  iMu"<  *nd  othir  dJKHKrgtt  b1  Ih&i*  »  ck  with  Ibnt  Jiiiiwi.  ui 
tft«A  99  dtr^t  19  lair  lH4. !»  T^ur  drink,  U  |hc  lipt  sf  rMTliitpMf  cUM. 
■r  pirhtpt  1>  A  imH  epn  wQind  od  rour  hindi  v  1km.  Wi«n  Btm*  *n 
^      -4  iti  Nik  thi|<    "■  -  '   ^  '■      ' 


I  TmC  HpidtltT  milk.  Ofl  n»t  ut  (Mi  IkAl  lAi  bM«  in  ma\mA  « Wi  ilw. 

14  HWt  tfd  u>d  1i«M  flict  ■in;  ftw  t^  NbfV  MUiw  IM  tekr  « 

iMid  idd  titi  bibr't  "'EMiMtr^ 

Kim  ftii:  ««•!  1r«B  Iftt  Mi.  ti««l«lly  tkm  W  wMi  t!Vkfid  Imr.  icirM 

tnif .  di^tlwit  ui  totamlMift    fanM  Ibt  fKHMtt  bi4.  Ktil  r»«n  ftf 

IttilMlvilktiiclriM.  ^■lilMj  ■ijili  ill  tiii  m^m  ■!  *n  dJKln  re»i. 

Cttck  Uit  im  M  iMt  M  Hill  ■#pnr*   Vn  HM  jiTaiii,  Midi  tr  papvn 

iMi  trt^ 
PteH  fithar  if  |h«i(  lit  pbIhri  In  tlsillBw  dlthpt  ttriwoiiwt  Ike  hl«M; 
U)  Tuf*  ttHpHnhili  fit  rsratldthf^i  1«  a  ptrA  at  wtlM-,  if 
(b>  Oh  4nm  «4  htetarvAilt  ol  ^tatk  4H»lTti  Iji  1*«  nmM  tt  mam, 

IWtlltOcd  wiU  ^Itntf  «!   lUBIf. 

T*  filCli^  elftf  rwn*  «t  iln,  burei  ^rrvitinin  ftwim  t  Vtw  ptmMni  Hack 
bo  Ind  lln  lir  ar  Iht  mm  wiUi  1  pe»«ir  binrcr.  flhk  cuMi  tl»1t  titl 
l»1ktllMrijislHfiMdGMMlM.  riit^MinUhtnWittktrt^Miiidtef&idvi. 

gl^tmtnatftjth#  Breeding  P'acga  oT  Fli#t. 

Sftfinkli  eklifid*  tl  liint  w  btncmi  ivtr  unttnti  dI  prirT  viilU  imt  oirfrtii 

b&in.    Kttp  virbigt  NcvpttdM  liuhTlj  «irtrt4.  dtui  !►«  tini  t*frj  (fij. 

tilt  b*in  «*trt  *f«lL     Kh^  the  grQvn4  w^^mi  t»rbiQ«  bdirt  dcin. 
fpriallt  ciloridi  s<  lint  ft»*f  tiummt  pi  In,  aif  pjptr,  aid  itriw  and  »l>*r 

rifw*  «i  hkt  titiatr*.    Krfp  m&i^ifi-*  in  Ktt**it4  p4|  «r  vtuEt  if  p«»IM*. 

liuvt  *htM  bi  nwvH  «t  Iful  «wt  i^Mii. 
N^ttimiw  Mt  Uw  ir>b«.  Kmp  itwtnp  nHw  li  ftti  iNir,  «tptk  ill 


CUnn  cHi#dvi  *Ttrt  dij.    lUtft  5  pv  etfti  HliftEffii  it  cirlttic  icM  l«  Iknt 
iriihiiimt.   Grtfi4i4HW<iitl«utH«iiB»C«if<d»rt-0iitr»TlMifl' 

Dath  I  lEldw  dkrt  li  acnntilatt  la  csrqfft.  biihl«4  ^om%  ^ttk  of  niktm, 

itnitr  fiitrf  t,  tie. 
At(gw  ni  dtcifint  miMff  «l  ufv  Wrt  li  tUiiliiUli  td  if  Mir  par  prtMriiii. 

FUES  IN  Wt  HOME  IH01CATE  A  CARELESS  HOUSEKEEPEIt 

REMEMBER:    NO  OIRT-NO  FUE3. 

ir  TTKfui  <•  4  NUb£4Mce  («  TMc  wiOHMMiMaol}.  MwrnrT 


JAMES  H.  WALLIS, 


4»»l>IU  4UWI*«AYm 


H  AAC*ftf  »«**  rLC»«*  ■TftH   ■«**»  01*  ►*«»1,tWi  »«*Tt*  i 


*./ 


ONE  OF  THE  MOST  EFFECTIVE  MEANS  OF  EDUCATING 

THE  PUBLIC 

A  REALISTIC  ILLUSTRATION  OF  THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  FLY  FR.O**^''*^ 
DINNER  TABLE  TO  OURS 


694 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  plan  adopted  by  the  Boy  Scouts 
of  Weir  and  followed  elsewhere  was  simple 
and  effective.  The  boys  divided  the 
city  into  districts  and  themselves  into 
squads,  each  covering  a  district.  Then, 
upon  a  given  day,  after  wide  publicity 
through  the  local  papers,  they  set  about 
cleaning  up  the  town.  The  city  authori- 
ties had  given  them  permission  to  haul 
away  the  rubbish  and  garbage.  .They 
went  at  it  systematically.  There  was  the 
rake  brigade,  the  gunny  sack  brigade, 
and  ilic  hauling  brigade,  with  a  corps  of 
cfiice:  s  to  see  that  things  \rorked  smoothly. 
Their  preliminary  *'sz'.)V\'a\^^"  had  shown 
them  just  where  to  go  —  and  they  cleaned 
the  town.  In  the  evening  a  dinner  was 
served  to  the  Scouts  by  the  town  fathers 
and  mothers  and  every  indication  pointed 
to  a  very  thorough  arousing  of  the  public 
conscience  on  the  fly  question. 

The  Boy  Scouts  were  not  content  to 
let  the  matter  rest  there.  On  their  own 
initiative  they  bought  wire  screening, 
persuaded  a  local  druggist  to  give  them 
some  wooden  yard  sticks  that  he  had  been 
using  for  advertising  purposes,  and  with 
these  materials  constructed  "swatters" 
which  they  distributed  without  charge, 
two  to  every  house  in  the  city.  Then 
tifey  went  to  the  Commercial  Club  and 
obtained  funds  for  building  a  large  num- 
ber of  fly  traps,  which  were  placed  about 
the  streets. 

Even  then  the  Scouts  were  not  satisfied. 
Doctor  Crumbine  in  his  tentative  pro- 
gramme had  suggested  that  they  might 
try  to  get  Weir  to  adopt  the  State  Health 
Board's  model  anti-fly  ordinance,  which 
requires  the  removal  of  all  refuse  at  least 
once  every  ten  days  from  April  to  Novem- 
ber, and  that  every  repository  of  filth  in 
which  the  flies  might  breed  be  made  fly- 
proof.  The  Coy  Scouts  took  this  sugges- 
tion as  seriously  as  any  of  the  others. 
They  wrote  "compositions"  telling  why 
the  ordinance  should  i  c  adopted,  then 
appeared  before  the  city  council  and 
read  their  arguments.  The  council  acted 
favorably  without  delay.  The  city  of 
\\\ir  now  boasts  itself  the  cleanest  city 
in  America,  but  Olathc  and  many  other 
Kansas  munici,  aliiics  :ii\^  not  far  behind 
^t,  thanks  to  the   Boy  Scouts,  an  J   the 


youngsters  of  Weir  have  planned  an  even 
more  thorough-going  campaign  for  1912. 

One  of  the  most  successful  anti-fly 
campaigns  of  191 1  was  that  conducted 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  under  the  direction 
of  a  leading  newspaper,  the  Evening  Star, 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  local  Health 
Department,  the  Associated  Charities, 
and  a  few  public-spirited  business  men. 
More  than  five  thousand  boys  and  girls 
took  part  in  a  two-weeks'  fly-catching 
campaign  which  resulted  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  more  than  seven  million  flies  and  in 
developing  many  valuable  methods  and 
devices  for  their  extermination.  The 
immediate  stimulus  was  the  prize-money 
offered  by  the  Star  —  jjtioo  in  all,  ranging 
from  a  first  prize  of  $25  down  to  twenty 
prizes  of  J I  each. 

Paper  boxes  in  which  to  place  the  dead 
flies  were  furnished  free  by  a  local  box 
maker.  The  Associated  Charities  opened 
its  branch  offices  as  receiving  stations. 
A  local  transfer  company  gave  the  use  of 
a  wagon  for  bringing  boxes  of  flies  to  the 
Health  Department,  where  each  con- 
testant's daily  catch  was  credited  to  the 
youthful  sportsman  whose  name  appeared 
on  the  box.  The  flies  were  counted  by 
measure  —  1,600  to  a  gill.  Flies  could  be 
killed  for  contest  purposes  in  any  manner 
except  by  sticky  fly  paper.  The  con- 
ditions and  suggestions  as  to  how  to  make 
large  catches  were  published  daily  in  the 
Star  for  a  week  before  the  opening  of  the 
contest  on  July  24th.  The  scores  of  the 
ten  highest  competitors  were  published 
daily,  with  notes  of  interest  from  the 
children  as  to  the  methods  they  found 
successful. 

The  power  of  cooperative  effort,  the 
value  of  organized  and  \  ;i  nati:  methods, 
and  the  advantage  oi  .  1  t.  ly  start  were 
all  demonstrated  in  the  success  of  La>'ton 
H.  Burdette,  the  thirteen  year  old  boy 
who  won  the  first  prize  of  $2 5  with  a  total 
catch  of  343,800  flies.  Young  Burdette 
had  laid  his  plans  carefully.  He  formed 
a  company  of  twenty-five  young  adven- 
turers to  go  after  the  first  prize  on  a  profit- 
sharing  basis.  The  Burdette  Fly  Com- 
p."\\.  operating  in  the  section  known  as 
Georg'j.  jwn,  distanced  all  competitors  by 
almost  130,000  flies. 


HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES 


695 


Traps,  "swatters,"  and  poisons  were 
all  used  by  young  Burdette  and  his  asso- 
ciates. One  squad  took  charge  of  the 
traps  and  another  of  the  poison  devices, 
while  ail  were  armed  with  "swatters" 
which  they  found,  on  the  whole,  the  most 
effective  means  of  bringing  down  the  game. 
Nor  were  their  traps  and  poison  dishes 
placed  haphazard.  Proprietors  of  meat 
markets,  grocery  stores,  fruit  stands, 
candy  shops,  and  other  places  to  which 
flies  are  naturally  attracted,  readily  gave 
permission  to  the  young  adventurers  to 
place  their  traps  on  the  premises.  The 
most  efficient  trap  proved  to  be  one  of 
young  Burdette's  own  invention.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  simple  cone  of  wire  gauze 
tacked  to  a  wooden  base  containing  a 
hole  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  the 
whole  mounted  on  supports  that  raised 
the  trap  a  half  an  inch  above  the  surface 
on  which  it  was  placed.  The  lower  part 
of  the  cone  was  covered  with  black  cloth. 
There  was  a  poisoned  bait  and  the  flies, 
entering,  climbed  upward  toward  the 
Jight.  Very  few  flies  once  in  a  Bur- 
dette trap  escaped.  The  boys  watched 
and  tended  their  traps  as  carefully  as  if 
they  were  Hudson  Bay  fur-hunters.  Many 
of  the  other  contestants  used  boiling 
water  to  kill  the  trapped  flies,  but  the 
Burdette  Fly  Company  discovered  that 
a  wet  fly  does  not  occupy  as  much  space 
as  a  dry  one  —  and  the  flies  were  counted 
by  bulk  measure.  So  they  used  sulphur 
fumes  to  put  their  prey  in  condition  for 
market. 

Various  forms  of  bait  were  tested.  The 
Agricultural  Department  recommended 
bread  saturated  with  milk.  Doctor 
Murray  suggested  sweetened  water  in- 
stead of  the  milk  and  this  was  demon- 
strated to  be  more  efficient.  An  ordinary 
flour  and  water  paste  was  used  with  suc- 
cess by  many  of  the  contestants,  and  one 
small  colored  boy  found  a  dead  crab  to  be 
particularly  attractive  to  the  flies.  The 
best  place  to  set  a  trap  was  found  to 
be  neither  in  the  sunshine  nor  in  a  deep 
shadow,  but  in  a  shady  place  close  to 
bright  sunshine.  One  boy  invented  an 
elaborate  trap  that  electrocuted  every 
fly  approaching  the  bait. 

Besides    ridding    the    city    of    some 


7,000,000  flies,  the  contest  gave  the  city 
Health  Department  a  valuable  key  to  the 
sections  which  required  special  attention 
from  a  sanitary  viewpoint.  Records  of 
the  contestants  were  kept  on  cards,  which 
were  classified  by  districts,  those  in  which 
the  most  flies  were  caught  being  the 
neighborhoods  where  filth  was  most  likely 
to  be  found  —  for  the  house  fly  breeds 
only  in  filth  and,  unless  driven  by  the 
wind,  seldom  travels  more  than  1,500 
feet  from  the  place  where  it  was  hatched. 

This  year  the  Star  opened  its  campaign 
in  February  with  150  children  enlisted. 
The  necessity  for  making  the  campaign 
complete  to  the  point  of  utter  extermina- 
tion was  impressed  on  Washingtonians 
by  statistics  published  during  the  contest 
by  Doctor  Howard  of  the  Bureau  of 
Entomology.  He  pointed  out  that  in 
the  climate  of  Washington  twelve  genera- 
tions of  flies  are  produced  in  a  single 
summer.  As  one  fly  will  lay  120  eggs, 
the  result,  if  all  of  these  should  hatch  and 
reproduce  their  kind  in  like  ratio,  would 
be  appalling.  The  progression  carried  out 
by  raising  120  to  the  twelfth  power  gives  a 
total  possible  progeny  from  a  single  fly 
of  1 ,096, 1 8 1 ,249, 3 1  o,  720,000,000,000,000. 
And  as  each  female  fly  usually  lays  four 
batches  of  eggs,  their  unchecked  develop- 
ment through  twelve  generations  would 
make  a  mass  of  flies  that  would  measure 
268,778,165,861  cubic  miles,  or  consider- 
ably more  than  the  total  mass  of  the 
earth.  Such  figures  as  these  are  calcu- 
lated to  emphasize  the  necessity  of  not 
stopping  when  only  7,000,000  flies  have 
been  killed.  As  a  matter  of  actual  ex- 
perience and  observation  it  is  estimated 
that  from  each  pair  of  flies  surviving  the 
winter  some  8,000,000  living  insects  are 
propagated  during  the  summer. 

Some  of  the  most  effective  campaigns 
against  the  fly  have  been  conducted  by 
women's  organizations.  The  Women's 
Municipal  League  of  Boston  started  in 
191 1  a  campaign,  largely  educational, 
which  gives  a  promise  of  eventual  good 
results.  Under  the  direction  of  Mrs. 
Robert  S.  Bradley,  Chairman  of  the 
Sanitation  Department,  a  large  poster 
was  prepared  illustrating  the  life  of  the 
fly,  telling  how  it  is  propagated  and  how 


696 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Please  kill  that  Fly! 

Why? 
Because:— 

1.  Flies  breed  in  manure  tnd  other  filth. 

2.  Flies  walk  add  feed  on  excreu  and  sputa  from 
people  ill  with  typhoid  fever*  tuberculosis,  diarrboeal 
affections*  and  many  other  diseases. 

3.  One  fly  can  carry  and  may  deposit  on  our  food 
6.000.000  bacteria. 

4.  One  fly  in  one  summer  may  produce  normally 
195.312.500.000.000.000  descendants. 

5.  A  fly  is  an  enemy  to  health,— the  health  of  our 
children,  the  health  of  our  communityl 


A  fly  cannot  develop  from  the  cee  in  lest  than  8 
days;  therefore,  if  we  clean  up  cvcrythme  thoroughly 
every  week,  and  keep  all  manure  screened*  there  need 
be  no  flies. 

Will  you  help  in  the  campai^  against  this  pest  ? 
^  fTomen't  Municipal  League  $/  Boston. 


THE  BOSTON  METHOD 

CARRIED  ON  BY  THE  WOMEN'S  MUNICIPAL 

LEAGUE,    WHICH,     THOUGH     NOT 

VERY  SPECTACULAR,  IS  NONE 

THE  LESS  EFFECTIVE 

it  carries  disease,  with  brief  instructions 
for  getting  rid  of  it.  These  instructions, 
prepared  by  Prof.  C.  T.  Brues  of  Harvard 
University,  are  so  concise  and  complete 
that  they  are  worth  reproducing: 

HOW  TO  GET   RID  OF  HOUSE    FLIES 

All  garbage  and  horse  manure  from  stables 
should  be  always  kept  covered  and  removed 
once  each  week  in  summer,  and  all  houses, 
yards  and  alleys  kept  free  from  filth. 

Persuade  your  neighbors  to  take  care  of 
their  refuse. 

To  thus  deprive  flies  of  their  breeding  places 
is  the  best  way  to  get  rid  of  them. 
-  All  houses  and  stores  where  food  is  exposed 
for  sale  should  be  thoroughly  protected  by 
screens,  and  any  stray  flics  should  be  caught 
upon  sticky  fly  paper,  trapped,  or  poisoned. 

The  careless  and  dirty  storekeeper  must  be 
controlled  by  public  opinion;  otherwise  he  will 
allow  flics  to  infect  the  food  he  sells  and  continue 
to  distribute  disease  germs  among  hiscustomers." 

Several  thousands  of  these  posters  were 
placed  in  various  parts  of  the  city.  Mem- 
bers of  the  League  .sited  the  public  and 
private  stables  and  urged  the  use  of  dis- 
infectants to  prevent  flies  from  breeding 
in  the  refuse.  Most  of  the  stable  owners 
agreed  to  cooperate  and  expL-'ments  were 
made  with  varidus  disinfecting^  compounds. 
Those  having  pyroligneous  acid  as  a  base 


were  found  to  be  the  most  efficient.  The 
League  found  also  that  condensed  milk 
with  tomato  ketchup  made  an  efficient 
bait  for  fly-traps.  Small  hand  bills  and 
pamphlets  were  distributed  in  large  quanti- 
ties and  a  very  appreciable  diminution 
in  the  number  of  flies  was  noted  before 
the  end  of  the  summer.  No  efTort  has 
been  made  in  Boston  to  inaugurate  a 
"swatting"  campaign,  but  the  Women's 
League  is  continuing  its  work  in  191 2  on 
the  same  plan  of  destroying  the  breeding 
grounds  of  the  insect.  "One  who  permits 
flies  to  breed  on  his  premises  is  to  that 
extent  himself  a  dangerous  member  of 
society,"  is  the  phrase  by  which  the 
League  is  trying  to  arouse  Boston  to 
united  action. 

The  Women's  Civic  League  of  Balti- 
more also  conducted,  in  191 1,  an  effective 
anti-fly  campaign,  with  the  cooperation 
of  the  Baltimore  Sun.  Prizes  were  oflFered 
to  children  for  killing  flies,  and  ten  cents 
a  quart  was  paid  for  all  flies  brought  in. 
Fly  traps  were  distributed  to  the  con- 
testants. The  Boy  Scouts  of  Baltimore^ 
like  those  of  Kansas,  went  into  the  work 
enthusiastically.  The  Children's  Play- 
ground Association  and  the  Infant  Mor- 
tality Association  gave  assistance.  The 
Police  and  Health  Departments  also 
cooperated.  The  contest  lasted  fifteen 
days  from  the  latter  part  of  July  to  early 


THECL  IMNGUOUA    TOV/GHc) 
ADCADCf  TRiO 


"TC  .•:.^pr  ->*r  iv^t:j>  t; 
n'.if  tnzi'.i  \  ■•:■.-■.■.•.. 

c,  liec  ewtcl  r.  ;  a.  i  ..i' :.  ;c_  - 


HOW  THEY  DO  IT  IN  THE  SOUTH 

THE  GRAPHIC  WARNING  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 
HEALTH  BOARD 


HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES 


697 


August,  and  something  more  than 
8,000,000  flies  were  killed.  The  actual 
count  was  640  quarts,  or  about  eight 
barrels  of  flies,  which  measure  approxi- 
mately 12,800  to  the  quart.  After  the 
contest  was  officially  closed  many  of  the 
children  kept  their  fly  traps  in  commission 
—  including  the  ingenious  young  lady  of 
eight  who  reported  that  her  baby  sister 
was  the  best  bait  for  flies  she  had  found. 

Perhaps  the  most  effective  of  the  anti- 
fly  campaigns  of  191 1  was  that  in  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C,  conducted  by  Dr.  Charles  T. 
Nesbitt,  Health  Officer  of  that  city. 
Certainly  it  is  the  most  complete  cam- 
paign that  has  been  carried  on  entirely 
at  public  expense.  Typhoid  fever  has 
long  been  epidemic  in  Wilmington.  Doc- 
tor Nesbitt  observed  that  the  annual 
outbreak  of  the  disease  coincided  very 
closely  with  the  maturity  of  the  first 
spring  crop  of  flies.  The  city  was  full  of 
breeding  places  for  the  insects.  The 
sanitary  conditions  under  which  a  large 
proportion  of  the  population  lived  were 
of  the  most  appallingly  primitive  nature. 
A  quick  survey  showed  that  there  was  too 
much  filth  to  be  carted  away  at  any 
reasonable  expense.  Doctor  Nesbitt  de- 
cided to  disinfect  the  entire  town  and 
keep  it  so  thoroughly  disinfected  that  the 
flies  would  become  discouraged  and  give 
up  the  attempt  to  propagate  their  kind. 
A  suitable  and  cheap  disinfectant  was 
found  in  pyroligneous  acid,  a  by-product 
of  the  distillation  of  turpentine. 

Doctor  Nesbitt  began,  not  merely  a 
war  on  the  fly,  but  a  general  massacre. 
Carts,  containing  barrels  of  pyroligneous 
acid  stationed  at  street  comers,  furnished 
bases  of  operation  for  men  armed  with 
sprinkling  cans  who  poured  the  acid  over 
practically  every  square  inch  of  Wilming- 
ton. There  were  the  usual  objections 
from  "conservative"  citizens  who  main- 
tained the  righ;:  of  the  individual  to  do  as 
he  pleased  on  his  own  premises,  but  the 
work  went  on  and  between  June  8th  and 
July  17th  the  entire  city  had  been  sprinkled 
four  times.  The  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive lesson  from  this  clean-up  is  found  in 
the  daily  record  of  typhoid  cases.  Be- 
ginning with  one  case  reported  on  June 
1st,  it  reached  a  maximum  on  June  15th 


of  ten  cases  reported  in  a  single  day. 
After  June  23rd,  four  days  after  the  second 
disinfection  was  completed,  the  number 
of  new  cases  reported  began  to  diminish 
until  only  five  new  cases  in  all  appeared 
after  July  loth,  although  the  fourth  dis- 
infection of  the  town  had  not  then  been 
begun. 

1  have  described  the  Kansas,  Washing- 
ton, Boston,  Baltimore,  and  Wilmington 
campaigns  at  some  length  because  they 
are  typical  of  methods  of  fly-fighting  that 
have  proved  more  or  less  successful. 
There  are  very  few  states  and  cities, 
however,  in  which  some  effort  has  not  been 
directed  against  the  fly.  In  most  cases 
this  has  been  through  publications,  pla- 
cards»   and    similar    educational    means. 


MODERN   SLAUGHTER  OF  THE    INNOCENTS 

a  magnified  wing  showing  specks  of  dirt  which 

thb  fly  sheds  over  the  nipple  of  the 

baby's  bottle 

One  of  the  most  valuable  of  these 
publications  is  a  leaflet  prepared  by 
Dr.  W.  E.  Britton  of  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Doctor 
Britton,  incidentally,  made  an  investi- 
gation in  1909  into  the  source  of  flies 
in  certain  Connecticut  towns  and  traced 
them  to  the  carloads  of  stable  manure 
which  are  shipped  to  fanners  from  New 
York  Qty.  In  four  ounces  of  this 
refuse  he  found  more  than  seven  hun- 
dred fly  maggots.  For  destroying  flies. 
Doctor  Britton  recomniend&  '^  ^  'sp^ 
cent,  solution  of  formalin  vs%  ^«^2»^-  ''^ 
posed  in  a  shaUfim  <S&&w^^^5r^^ 


698 


mE  WORLD'S  WORK 


I 


found  an  attractive  ana  effective  poison. 
The  burning  in  a  closed  rcK)m  of  pyrethrum 
or  "Persian  insect  powder."  provided  it 
is  pure  and  fresh,  as  well  as  traps,  sticky 
fly  paper,  and  wire  "swatters."  are  also 
recommended. 

In  Delaware,  although  the  state  authori- 
ties have  ignored  the  fly  pest,  an  anti- 
fly  campaign  was  inaugurated  in  the  city 
of  Wilmington  in  the  summer  of  1911. 
A  very  efficient  educational  campaign  has 
been  conducted  by  the  Indiana  State 
Board  of  Health,  Anti-fly  publicity  mat- 
ter has  been  furnished  to  the  newspapers; 
posters  have  been  widely  distributed: 
the  traveling  exhibit  of  the  department 
carries   special  antT-f]\'   cartoons,    charts, 


WASHINGTON  S    CHAMPION    FLY    KILLER 

tAYTON  H.  BURQETTR  WHO,  BV  MEANS  OF  HIS  FLY  TRAP 

AND  or«£R  METMOOS.  CAUGHT  54)«000  FLIES  AND 

WOW  THE  |2$  CONTEST  PRUE  OFFERED   IN 

191  I    BY    THE    WASHINGTON  "star'' 

and  banners;  and  lecturers  that  accompany 
the  exhibit  give  stereopticon  and  moving- 
picture  entertainments  in  which  the  fly 
menace  is  emphasized.  An  anti-fly  health 
ordinance  promulgated  by  the  department 
has  been  adopted  in  many  municipalities. 
It  provides  for  a  fine  of  from  five  to  fifty 
dollars  for  any  j>erson  maintaining  on  his 
premises  any  filth  in  which  flies  may  breed. 
Both  the  Illinois  State  Health  Depart- 
ment   and    the    Health    Department    of 


I 


Chicago  have   issued   pamphlets  on 
fly.     Pamphlets  are  also  circulated  by  ' 
Iowa  State  Board  of  Health,  the  Maryland 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and  the 
North  Dakota,  New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  Sijuth  Carolina.  Texas.   Virginia, 
Vermont,  Wisconsin,  and  California  State 
Health    Departments,     In    Idaho,    James 
H.  Wallis,  State  Dairy,  Food,  and  Sani- ^ 
tary   Inspector,   has  been  active   in  dis-^^ 
tributing   pamphlets  and  posters  and  in 
urging  local  authorities  to  clean   up.     A 
clever  and  effective  circular  is  Mr.  Waltis'sJ 
widely-circulated   pamphlet,   "The  Aulo-j 
biography    of    a    Fly/'     The    Michigan  j 
Department  of  Health   posts  a  slrikingi 
placard  in  hotels,  restaurants,  and  Dlherl 
public     places.       The  headline,      ''Flicsj 
Poison  Frxxl,"  can  be  read  across  a  large ^ 
room.     The  Maine  State  Board  of  Health 
is  circulating  an  anti-fly  circular  among  I 
schcxjl  children.     The  Minnesota   Health] 
Department  maintains  a  traveling  exhibit  { 
which    keeps    up    a    continuous    anti-fly 
propaganda.      The     Mississippi     Health ' 
Board  puts  its  warning  against  the  fly  in 
the  form  of  a  cartoon  entitled,   *' Three 
Dangerous  Toughs,**  the  other  two  being  _ 
the    mosquito    and    the    whisky    bollle.i' 
In  Oregon  the  Board  of  Health  began  an^ 
extensive    anti-fly    campaign     in     1911, 
arranging   illustrated   lectures   in   various 
cities  and  enlisting  women's  clubs,  con- 
sumers' leagues,  and  other  civic  organi2a- 
tions,  with  the  result  of  arousing  a  great 
deal  of  public  interest.     1  he  North  Caro- 
lina   Board  of   Health   circulates   a   con- 1 
densed  'Tly  Catechism"  which  originated 
with  the  Indianapolis  Health  Department. 

"Either  man  must  kill  the  fly  or  the' 
fly  will  kill  the  man,"  is  the  warning  of  the 
Utah  Board  of  Health.  The  Vermont 
Board  of  fleatth,  working  through  local 
oflTicers,  requires  the  enforcement  of  sani- 
tary anti-fly  measures. 

Asheville.  N.  C.  has  a  Board  of  Health 
which  claims  in  its  publications  that 
the  fly  has  been  practically  exterminated 
through  the  enforcement  of  its  anti-fly 
ordinance,  the  first  adopted  in  any  city* 
The  Health  Department  of  the  North 
Carolina  Federation  of  Women's  Qubs 
is  carr>ing  on  a  state-wide  anti-fly  cam-  ^ 
paign  at  its  own  expense. 


'4 


HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES 


Berkeley,  Cal.  has  been  largely  freed  of 
Hies  through  campaigns  conducted  by 
Dr.  W.  B.  Herms,  of  the  University  of 
California. 

One  of  the  most  effective  anti-fly  cam- 
paigns was  conducted  in  Worcester.  Mass.. 
from  June  22  to  July  12.  1911.  Ten 
barrels  of  flies  were  killed.  The  winner 
of  the  $100  prize,  a  boy  of  twelve,  turned 
in  95  quarts,  approximately  1,219,000 
flies,  captured  in  traps  of  his  own  con- 
struction. The  interest  of  Worcester  has 
been  largely  stimulated  by  Dr.  Clifton 
F.  Hodge,  Professor  of  Biology  at  Clark 


habits  of  the  fly  and  the  effort  to  enforce 
ordinances  requiring  food  supplies  to  be 
kept  covered.  ^^ 

Besides  the  newspapers  already  mei^f 
ttoned,  many  others  have  taken  an  activ^* 
part  in  local  fly  campaigns.     Cooperating 
with    the    Minneapolis    Health    Depart- 
ment, the  Tribune  of  that    city    inaugu- 
rated very  successful  anti-fly  movements 
in  1910  and  1911,    The  newspaper  ofl*ere<^ 
prizes  ranging  from  $50  to  jioo  for  dead 
flies,  and  in  the  two  seasons  about  12,000,- 
000  were  destroyed.    A  similar  ca^mpaign 
is  being  planned  for  191 2*     It  was  found 


OR-  ARIHUK  t.  MUKKAY  OF  THE  HEALTH  DtPAHTMfcNT  MHASUklNG   IHCM.    I  ,<XJO  TO  fHt  GILL,    FOR    THt 
''star's**    contest  which  RIO  WASHINCTON   OF   7,000,000  FLIES 


I 


University,  who  has  devised  a  number  of 
simple  but  effective  fly  traps.  His  experi- 
ments have  apparently  demonstrated  the 
possibility  of  completely  exterminating 
the  fly  by  traps  and  the  screening  or  dis- 
infecting of  all  places  where  they  might 
breed*  The  Cleveland  Board  of  Health 
conducted  an  extensive  campaign  of  pub- 
licity against  the  fly  in  1911,  and  the  New 
York  City  Health  Department  has  for 
several  years  carried  on  a  continuous 
campaign  of  education  through  public 
lectures,  posters,  and  exhibitions  of  moving 
pictures  and  laniern  slides  showing  the 


in    Minneapolis    that    traps    were    more 
efTective  than  either  poison  or  ** swatters." 
The   San   Antonio   Express   conducted 
a  fly-killing  competition  early  in  191 1.    A 
million  and  a  quarter  flies  were  kifled  by 
contestants  for  a  $10  prize,  the  winner 
bagging  484.^20.     The  Houston  Post,  the 
Manchester  (N.   H.)  Union,  the   Kansas 
City  Sktr,  the  Milwaukee  Sentinei  and  the 
Charieston    (W.   Va.)   Gazette,   have  alsofl 
carried  on  active  anti-fly  campaigns   iit" 
their  own  communities.    Screen ir^^^ '^s^ 
business  places  and  large  public^     5^"^^^^ 
set  at  the  cucb  vtv  \fcft.  \s^^!w«=;^^ 


1 

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1              FEMALE  HOUSE  FLY  RESTING  ON  GLASS  AND  SEEN  FROM  ABOVE              ■ 

■^       WHOSE  POSSIBLE    PROCENV   IN  A  SEASON  IS  1 .096,181^4^,320, 720.000,000.000,000,   FU^^      ^^H 
^^^                          ENOUGH   TO  MAKE   A    MASS   MEASUHING   268.778. 16^,86 1    CUBIC   MILES,                         ^^^H 
^^m                                                OR  MORE  THAN  THE  TOTAL  MASS  OF  THt   EARTH                                                ^^H 

MALE  HOUSE  FLY  RESTING  ON  GLASS  AND  SEEN  FROM  BELOW 

SHOWING   THE    SIX    MUSCULAR    LtGS,    AT   THE    END  OF    £%CH   OF    WHICH    AR£   TWO   CLAWS 

AND   TWO   STICKY 'pads   TO   WHICH    CER^S   AND   SPORES    ADHERE    AND 

ARE   THUS  CARRIED   FROM    PLACE   TO   PLACE 


I 


almost  completely  rid  the  city  of   Blue 
Earth,  Minn,  of  flies  in  1911. 

The  fly  nuisance,  however,  is  by  no 
means  a  distinctly  urban  one.  There 
is  hardly  a  corner  of  the  country  that  is 
free  from  it.  In  eastern  Washington, 
where  a  general  typhoid  campaign  in 
North  Yakima  included  a  very  complete 
anti-fly  crusade,  some  very  large  catches 
were  made  on  ranches  remote  from  the 
city.  In  connection  with  a  general 
clean-up»  large  fly  traps  were  found  to  be 
very  efficient  and   many  ranchers   used 


can  be  done.  The  meat  hung  in  the  sun 
provides  a  splendid  place  for  the  fly  to 
lay  its  eggs  and  becomes  infested  with 
maggots  before  it  can  dry. 

Local  campaigns  against  the  fly  arc 
only  incidents  in  a  national  warfare*  of 
which  the  educational  phase  is  well  under 
way.  The  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  through  its  Farmers*  Bulle- 
tins and  other  publications,  is  bringing 
the  peril  of  the  fly  home  to  millions.  TKc 
American  Civic  Association,  through  its 
flv   committee,   headed   bv   Mr.    Edward 


i 
4 


.\;uja-    iJi-ALJL\     TiiAN    BULLETS 

7ME   HOUSE  FlY    WITM    A  CAPACITY   FOK   CARRYING  6,000,000  BACTERIA  AT  ONCE    FROM   PUTRirYINO 

MATTEH  TO  THE    FOOD  ON    THE   TABLE,    DESTROYS    EVERY    YEAR    MORE 

PEOPLE   THAN    ARE    KILLED   IN    BATTLE 


them.  "It  is  no  exaggeration/'  says  Dr. 
Fugene  R.  Kellcy,  Health  Commissioner 
of  Washington,  **to  say  that  even  on 
the  ranches  they  collected  often  as  high 
as  a  bushel  and  a  half  of  flies  in  three  or 
four  days."  Not  many  years  ago  one 
could  camp  almost  anywhere  in  the  West 
or  Southwest,  without  being  bothered  by 
flies.  The  white  pioneer,  like  the  Indian 
before  him»  found  no  difficulty  in  pre- 
serving meat  by  drying  it  in  the  sun  — 
the  '* jerked  beef"  of  the  frontier.  To-day 
there  are  vcr>*  few  sections  where  this 


Hatch,  Jr..  is  co5perating  with  "litera- 
ture" and  the  personal  efforts  of  its 
thousands  of  members  in  encouraging 
local  campaigns*  Possibly  the  most  valu- 
able service  that  Mr.  Hatch,  a  pioneer 
in  the  movement,  has  rendered  since  his 
original  study  of  the  fly  as  a  carrier  of 
disease,  is  the  "Fly  Pest"  moving  picture 
film.  This  remarkable  film,  made  in 
England  at  Mr.  Hatch's  direction,  shows 
the  development  of  the  fly  from  the  egg 
to  maturity  and  conveys  the  lesson  of  itv 
danger  and  gjcneral  nastiness  in  a  manner 


4 
■I 


HOW  TO  GET  RID  OF  FLIES 


703 


ONE    FLY   ON    A    LUMP  OF    SUGAR 
WHICH  IN  A   SINGLE   SEASON    PRODUCES   TWELVE   GEN- 
ERATIONS OF  WHICH  8,000,000  FLIES 
NORMALLY   SURVIVE 

SO  graphic  that  it  reaches  the  under- 
standing even  of  the  smallest  children, 
it  has  been  shown  in  about  2,100  moving 
picture  theatres  to  audiences  totalling 
more  than  1,250,000  persons.  It  is  in 
use  by  a  dozen  or  more  state  and  local 
boards  of  health  and  educational  insti- 
tutions and  can  be  bought  or  rented  at  a 
very  low  rate  by  any  one  interested. 

The  indictment  of  the  fly  is  not  a 
difficult  one  to  draw  up  nor  is  it  neces- 
sary to  resort  to  technicalities  to  obtain  a 
conviction.  And  it  ought  to  be  obvious 
that  the  toleration  of  the  fly  in  any  com- 
munity is  an  indictment  of  its  people  — 
proof  positive  of  a  low  order  of  general 
intelligence  and  civic  spirit. 

The  crusade  —  for  in  the  truest  sense 
of  the  word  this  battle  with  the  fly  is  a 
holy  war  —  has  been  well  begun.  I  have 
tried  to  make  it  clear  that  it  is  not  im- 
possible nor  even  very  difficult  to  exter- 
minate the  fly.  All  that  is  necessary  is 
to  "clean  up." 

It  is  not  necessary  to  wait  until  the 
automobile  shall  have  completely  dis- 
placed the  horse  if  only  a  little  care  is 
exercised  wherever  horses  are  kept,  for 
they  provide  the  principal  breeding  places 
for  the  fly.  Screening  and  disinfectants 
—  pyroligneous  acid,  kerosene,  chloride 
of  lime  —  used  liberally  around  stables 
will  go  far  to  exterminate  the  fly. 
Sewerage  systems  so  arranged  that  the 


sewage  is  not  exposed  to  the  open  air, 
and  in  their  absence  the  screening  and 
disinfection  of  all  receptacles  of  filth  and 
off'al  will  go  still  farther.  And  when  we 
add  to  these  the  burning  of  all  garbage 
and  similar  refuse,  the  maintenance  of 
sanitary  conditions  in  kitchens,  bake- 
shops,  markets,  and  places  where  food  is 
kept  generally,  and  when  we  have  trained 
the  children  to  fear  the  fly  as  they  would 
a  rattlesnake,  the  battle  will  have  been 
won. 

All  that  is  required  is  initiative  —  there 
is  no  obstacle  in  the  way  but  indifference. 
The  fly,  almost  alone  among  the  public 
enemies,  has  no  friends.  There  are  no 
"interests"  back  of  the  house  fly.  He 
is  not  useful  even  for  fish  bait.  One  may 
totally  reject  the  germ  theory  of  disease 
and  still  agree  that  the  fly  is  a  pest  and 
should  be  destroyed.  Flies  are  not  kept 
as  pets,  so  there  is  no  sentimental  outcry 
against  their  wholesale  destruction.  Even 
the  S.  P.  C.  A.  regards  them  as  outlaws. 
And  the  experience  of  191 1  has  demon- 
strated not  only  that  a  very  small  prize 
will  insure  the  death  of  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  flies  but  that  the  new  patriotism 
which  the  work  calls  forth  is  in  itself  a 
sufficient  inspiration  and  stimulus. 

As  a  nation  we  have  always  been  par- 
tial to  "slogans."  Doctor  Crumbine  has 
given  us  a  new  one  that  is  fast  becoming 
a  national  battle-cry: 

"Swat  the  fly!" 


THE    BREEDING    PLACE  OF   FLIE^ 
EGGS  HATCHING  ON  A  PILE  OF  FILTH,  THE   B-^^^^^vr 
TION  OF  WHICH   FROM  CITY  STREETS.  « •o'l^^v^^ 

DO   iCillCt^VW^'VK*''^"^'*^*^ 


MibS  1  LLICE  LYNt 

THE  YOUNG  AMERICAN  SOPRANO,  WHOSE  ReMARKABLE  TRIUMPH  AS  GtLDA  IN  ''  RlGOLETTO  * 
THE  HAMMERSTEIN  OPERA  HOUSE  IN  LONDON  WAS  FOLLOWED,  ON  EEftRUARY 
4TH,  iY  AN  EVEN  GREATER  SUCCESS  rN  THE  AI.»ERT  MALL 


IN 


A  PRIMA  DONNA  AT  TWENTY 

A   NEW  GREAT   AMERICAN    SINGER  —  HER  TRIUMPHS   ABROAD   AND   AT   HOME 
—  THE    SIGNIFICANCE    OF    HER   SUCCESS 


MOST  New  York  opera  goers 
remember  that  they  heard  a 
little  girl  singing  the  part 
of  Lisbeth  two  years  ago  in 
"  Hansthe  Flute-player,"  and 
most  of  them  will  recall  with  pleasure  that 
they  remarked  to  their  husbands  or  to 
their  daughters  or  to  whomever  it  was 
they  happened  to  have  been  sitting  with, 
"A  remarkable,  strong,  true  voice  to  come 
from  such  a  little  body,"  or  they  will  dis- 
tinctly recall  exclaiming  "A  real  artist, 
and  pretty  and  slender  at  the  same  time!" 
But  one  ventures  to  guess  that  not  many 
of  them  remembered,  after  they  left  the 
opera  house,  that  the  little  singer's  name 
was  Felice  Lyne. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  however, 'there  is  no 
good  American  now  who  is  guilty  of  such 
ignorance;  for  when,  early  in  the  winter. 
Miss  Lyne  made  her  d6but  in  the  intricate 
role  of  Gilda  in  Rigoletto,  and  set  all 
London  talking,  the  news  was  speedily 
flashed  to  this  country  too,  and  set  all  New 
York  talking,  and  all  Boston  and  Chicago 
and  San  Francisco.  Ever>'body  on  this 
side  of  the  water  was  glad  that  it  was 
given  to  an  American  to  save  Mr.  Hammer- 
stein's  invasion  of  London  from  failure 
—  for  it  was  generally  believed  that  a 
real  miracle  was  necessary  to  save  it. 

Miss  Lyne's  successes  have  not  been 
confined  to  the  Hammerstein  Opera  House. 
On  February  4th,  she  sang  in  the  Albert 
Hall,  and  in  this  larger  atmosphere  the 
little  American  won  an  even  greater  tri- 
umph than  had  come  her  way  before.  A 
huge  audience  gave  her  twelve  recalls; 
and  the  occurrence  was  recorded  as  one  of 
the  very  greatest  successes  in  the  history 
of  that  famous  concert  hall. 

Miss  l-vnc  was  born  just  twenty  years 
ago  in  Missouri.  Her  parents  are  now 
living  very  simply  and  plainly  in  Allen- 
town.  Pa. 

Five  years  ago,  when  she  was  fifteen 


years  old,  she  began  to  sing  a  few  simple 
ballads.  The  next  year  she  began  train- 
ing her  voice,  and  by  September,  1907, 
she  was  in  Paris,  where  she  stayed  three 
years.  Her  rendering  of  Lisbeth  in  "  Hans 
the  Flute  Player,"  in  New  Ybrk,  was  her 
first  real  work  on  the  stage,  and  with  this 
experience  she  returned  to  Paris  to  perfect 
herself  in  the  prima  donna  r6les,  in  which 
she  captivated  the  London  opera  goers. 
Her  voice  is  rich  and  full-toned,  and  her 
small  stature  —  she  weighs  only  a  hundred 
pounds  —  especially  adapts  her  for  most 
of  her  characters. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  thing 
about  her  success  is  the  tremendous 
amount  of  work  that  she  has  done  in  the 
four  years  from  the  time  she  first  arrived 
in  Paris.  To  become  familiar  with  in- 
strumental music,  to  learn  the  French  and 
Italian  languages,  and  to  perfect  fifteen 
prima  donna  parts  while  mastering  one 
of  the  most  difficult  arts  in  the  world,  is 
a  tremendous  task,  for  the  most  robust 
woman,  and  a  marvel  for  a  girl  to  ac- 
complish between  sixteen  and  twenty 
years  of  age. 

Miss  Lyne's  success  comes  at  an  oppor- 
tune moment  to  swell  the  steadily  growing 
list  of  American  singers  of  the  first  rank. 
Madame  Fames,  of  Philadelphia,  was  one 
of  the  first  American  women  to  take  her 
place  among  the  internationally  recog- 
nized interpreters  of  the  world's  great 
music.  Madame  Nordica,  of  Maine, 
joined  her  in  this  group  of  famous  singers. 
Madame  Schumann-Heink  became  Ameri- 
can by  adoption  —  and  named  one  of  her 
sons  George  Washington  in  token  of  her 
naturalization.  Mr.  Richard  Martin,  of 
Kentucky,  is  included  in  the  brief  list  of 
the  greatest  living  tenors.  Miss  Lyne. 
of  Missouri,  is  the  last  to  join  the  ^*^^^ 
pany  of  these  great  voices.  Her  ^'^^^^^ 
is  another  bit  <A  ^v^^xNK^^'ik^^'^^^^ 
in  American  aLV^\^\^<\^'^  ^  ^^^^^^ ' 


CHINA  AS  A  REPUBLIC 


THE  MOST  MOMENTOUS  PROBLEM  IN  GOVERNMENT  NOW  FACED  BY  ANY   PEOPLE 
THE  GREAT  FORCES  THAT  PULL  BACK  AND  THAT  PUSH  FORWARD 


BY 

PROFESSOR  T. 


lYENAGA 


PKOFRSSORIAL  LECTUUIK  IN  POLITICAL  SCIENCE,  UNI\-ERSITY  OF  CHICAGO,  A  LEARNED  AND  SYICPATHETIC  STUDENT  OF  OUZirrAL  AWWAOS 


BEFORE    a  stable  government  is 
established  in  China,  many  ex- 
.    pected,  many  more  unexpected, 
I   events   must   occur.    No   wise 
prophet,  therefore,  will  risk  his 
reputation  by  prediction  about  China. 

There  are,  of  course,  in  the  midst  of  the 
capricious  turns  of  the  kaleidoscope  of 
fortune,  certain  fundamental  principles 
governing  the  growth  of  political  institu- 
tions, from  which  China  cannot  free 
herself  if  she  would.  With  these  prin- 
ciples as  his  guide,  and  with  a  strictly 
neutral  attitude  toward  Imperialists  and 
Republicans,  the  writer  makes  here  a 
modest  attempt  to  weigh  the  impending 
question:  Is  China  ready  for  a  republic? 
Although  China  has  been  under  a 
monarchical  form  of  government  since 
the  beginning  of  its  history,  that  govern- 
ment is  very  different  from  a  consistent, 
continuous  monarchy,  like,  for  instance, 
that  of  Japan.  Over  Japan  there  has 
reigned  a  House  unbroken  in  its  lineage 
since  the  foundation  of  the  nation.  And 
the  people  in  all  times  have  given  to  the 
ruling  House  the  most  unswerving 
allegiance.  China,  on  the  other  hand, 
his  had  many  changes  of  dynasties.  The 
House  of  Chou  reigned  800  years,  that  of 
Han  400,  that  of  Tang  300,  that  of  Sung 
300,  that  of  Yuan  80,  that  of  Ming  300. 
The  I  louse  of  Ching  —  the  present  dynasty 
-:-  has  already  reigned  for  267  )'ears. 
These  chan«ics  of  dxnastics  were  accepted, 
or  acquiesced  in,  by  the  people  on  the 
ground  that  the  rulers  were  ordained  by 
Heaven,  that  the  outgoing  House  had, 
by  its  misrule,  forfeited  its  sovereign 
rights,  and  th;it  the  incoming  House, 
by  dint  of  wisdom.  kn.)\vlcdge,  and  power 
—  the  emblems  of  a  sovereign  —  had 
•gained  the  title  of  the    "Son  of  Heaven." 


The  first  three  great  monarchs  of  China 
were  Yao,  Choen,  and  Yu.  They  were 
the  philosopher  kings,  upon  whose  model 
is  cast  the  political  system  of  Confucius. 
They  are  the  fixed  stars  by  which  all  the 
succeeding  generations  of  Chinese  states- 
men have  guided  the  ship  of  state.  When 
Wu  Ting  Fang  and  his  associates  demand 
the  abdication  of  the  boy  Emperor  Pu-yi, 
whatever  new  and  radical  ideas  they 
may  have  in  their  heads,  they  cannot 
help  harking  back  to  the  example  of  those 
ancient  sage  emperors. 

When  the  Emperor  Yao's  reign  was 
nearing  its  tlose,  he  named  as  his  successor 
not  his  son,  but  Choen,  another  sage. 
Choen  at  first  declined  to  accept  the  oflFer. 
But  when  he  saw  the  lords  and  commons 
shouting  their  acclamations,  not  to  the 
son  of  Yao  but  to  himself,  Choen  finally 
ascended  the  throne,  exclaiming,  "It  is 
Heaven   who   appoints   me." 

The  Emperor  Choen  followed  the  same 
course,  and  bequeathed  the  crown  to 
Yu,  another  sage.  The  nomination  of 
a  king  by  the  acclamation  of  the  people, 
is,  in  principle,  not  many  miles  apart  from 
that  of  the  election  of  a  president  by 
the  votes  of  thef  people.  In  later  history 
hereditary  succession  became  the  rule,  and 
the  mode  of  nominating  an  emperor  by 
public  acclamation  was  seldom  resorted  to. 
But  the  principle  that  the  king  is  for  the 
people,  that  his  tenure  of  office  rests  upon 
the  performance  of  the  kingly  virtues 
with  which  he  has  been  commissioned  by 
1  leaven  to  rule,  and  that  he  who  oppresses 
by  tyranny  brings  down  upon  himself 
the  penalty  of  dethronement  or  death 
—  all  this  was  never  lost  sight  of.  For 
this  reason  "China  has,  not  inaptly,  been 
described  as  a  democracy  living  under  a 
theocracy."     In  such  a  country,  it  might 


CHINA  AS  A  REPUBLIC 


707 


be  urged  that  the  replacement  of  a  Mon- 
archy with  a  Republic  is  not  an  impossible 
task. 

No  class  of  hereditary  aristocracy,  as 
that  of  England  or  Japan,  existed  in 
China,  with  the  exceptions  of  a  few 
princes  of  the  Imperial  blood,  the  descen- 
dants of  Confucius,  and  those  of  the  states- 
men who  crushed  the  Taiping  Rebellion. 
The  rulers,  the  so-called  mandarins,  from 
the  highest  to  the  humblest  district 
officers,  are  democratic  in  origin.  They 
too  have  had  to  pass  that  portal  of  com- 
petitive examination  which  is  equally 
open  to  all.  In  fact,  the  great  sustain- 
ing principle  of  the  Chinese  State  is 
singularly  like  that  of  the  American 
democracy.  There  is  no  position  under 
"the  Son  of  Heaven"  to  which  men  of 
the  humblest  origin  may  not  aspire,  or 
which  from  time  to  time  they  have  not 
reached. 

The  extraordinary  duration  and  sta- 
bility of  the  Chinese  nation  must  have 
depended  largely  upon  its  remarkable 
self-governing  capacity.  The  germ  cell 
of  China's  political  organism  is  the  family. 
Upon  this  base  is  built  up  the  edifice  of 
the  State.  As  each  family  is  governed 
in  accordance  with  its  own  immemorial 
customs,  so  each  village,  a  composite 
of  families,  is  governed  likewise  by  its 
headman  and  elders.  A  number  of  vil- 
lages and  towns  grouped  together  make 
a  district,  which  is  the  unit  of  the  Chinese 
administrative  system.  At  its  head  is  the 
Chih'hsien,  or  district  magistrate,  who 
combines  in  his  person  various  function- 
aries of  a  modern  municipality.  But 
most  of  the  business  of  the  district  is  con- 
ducted by  its  elders  and  headmen  nomi- 
nated by  the  Cbih-ksien,  A  group  of  dis- 
tricts forms  a  prefecture,  whose  head  is 
the  Chi'fu,  or  prefect.  All  these  admin- 
istrative divisions  combined  constitute 
a  province,  which  is  under  a  governor. 
Some  provinces  are  grouped  together 
under  a  governor-general  or  viceroy. 
But  every  village,  every  district,  every 
province,  every  viceroyalty,  is  self- 
contained    and    autonomous. 

Over  this  structure  of  state  is  super- 
imposed the  Imperial  Government  of 
Peking.     Its  motto,  however,  has  been. 


*'let  well  enough  alone."  It  was  satis- 
fied when  the  contributions  allotted  to 
each  province  were  forthcoming,  when 
peace  and  order  reigned  within  them.  So 
it  will  be  observed  that  the  chief  difference 
between  the  Chinese  system  of  local 
government  and  that  of  the  United  States 
is  that  in  China  all  local  officers,  from  the 
Cbib'bsien  to  the  viceroy,  are  appointed, 
and  degraded,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
the  Throne,  not  by  the  people.  Even 
this  distinction,  however,  loses  its  sharp- 
ness when  it  is  remembered  that  public 
opinion  in  China,  rudely  expressed  as 
it  was,  often  forced  the  Throne  to  remove 
and  replace  the  unpopular  official. 

Another  fact  that  illustrates  the  strik- 
ing development  of  the  Chinese  self- 
governing  instinct  is  in  their  power  of 
combination,  seen  in  the  organization  of 
their  secret  societies.  China  is  honey- 
combed with  these  secret  societies. 
The  seventeen  most  prominent  ones 
have  a  membership  of  more  than  six 
millions.  And  if  the  article  written  by  a 
revolutionist,  published  in  the  Chugai 
Sbogyo  of  Japan,  November,  191 1,  can 
be  relied  upon,  it  seems  that  it  has  been 
through  the  agency  of  these  societies  that 
the  present  revolution  was  begun  and 
has  been  engineered.  And  herein  is  the 
very  explanation  of  thfe  marvelous  swift- 
ness of  the  movement  which  has  sur- 
prised the  Western  critics.  The  plans  of 
the  conflagration  had  already  been  mapped 
out.  It  needed  but  a  match  to  set  the  fire 
ablaze. 

Another  element  in  the  social  and  com- 
mercial life  that  demonstrates  the  co- 
hesive power  of  the  Chinese  is  their 
guild  system.  It  is  this  that  upholds 
their  commercial  integrity.  These  guilds, 
long  before  the  advent  of  postal  and  bank- 
ing systems,  had  carried  on  the  operations 
of  letter  exchange,  money  orders,  and 
banking. 

Briefly  then,  it  seems  likely  that  China, 
because  of  her  talent  and  experience  in 
self-government,  would  have  no  trouble 
in   setting  up  republican  government  in 
her  separate  states.    "  The  real  difficulty 
begins,"   as  Archvh^!tfL  QKk^5^c5j5«sciZ!5w,N5^  <^ 
Fortnightly    Revierix^    ^   ^^'^''^^\^^ 
points   out,   "«Vv«.  ^^  ^^^^  ^-  ^"" 


7o8 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  connecting  link  to  federate  these  states 
into  a  homogeneous  whole." 

II 

When  we  turn  to  the  other  side  of  the 
question,  however,  we  at  once  discover 
that  all  is  by  no  means  smooth  sailing. 
The  leaders  of  the  revolution  are  indeed 
confronted  with  tremendous  problems: 

I.  Can  the  monarchical  idea  in  China 
be  wiped  out  of  existence  or  replaced  by 
the  republican  idea  without  disrupting 
the  nation? 

For  centuries  the  monarchical  idea 
has  been  the  dominant  principle  of  China. 
Although  it  is  true  that  China's  imperial 
idea  was  to  a  certain  extent  colored  with 
the  democratic,  it  is  a  hundred  times  truer 
that  the  Chinese  emperor  was  not  looked 
upon  by  the  people  from  the  same  stand- 
point as  a  president  would  be.  The 
emperor  was  regarded  as  semi-divine, 
the  "Son  of  Heaven,"  representing  the 
Deity  and  ruling  the  people  in  His  behalf. 
He  was  the  Patriarch  of  the  great  patri- 
archal state;  the  Father  and  High  Priest 
of  the  people.  In  short,  the  "Son  of 
Heaven"  "was  the  focussing  point  in  the 
social,  religious,  and  political  life  of  China." 

In  a  delightful  grove  in  the  south- 
eastern quarter  of  the  Chinese  city  of 
Peking  there  is  an  "altar,  the  most  remark- 
able of  its  kind  in  the  world.  It  is  the 
sacred  "Altar  of  Heaven."  It  has  no 
shrine,  no  pagoda  on  the  top  of  it,  its 
colonnade  is  formed  by  the  cedars  and 
cypresses  of  the  grove  which  surrounds  it; 
and  the  dome  of  this  spotless  white  marble 
pedestal  is  the  blue  sky.  In  the  centre  of 
this  roofless  rotunda  there  is  one  marble 
slab  which  is  regarded  as  the  centre  of 
the  universe.  It  was  on  this  central  disk 
that  the  emperor  has  been  wont  to 
prostrate  himself  to  worship  the  In- 
visible Deity  under  the  blue  arch  of  heaven, 
and  to  pray  for  the  welfare  of  his  people. 
1 1  was  the  most  solemn  and  impressive 
ceremonial  known  in  China.  It  was 
s\nibi)lical  of  the  trust  that  the  "Son 
of  Heaven"  has  received  from  (.)n  High 
to  rule  his  peoj^le  as  a  father  rules  his 
children. 

C^hina  is  ndt.  a^  a  matter  of  fact,  a  reli- 

'Un  nation.     Nevertheless,   it   is  worthy 


of  note  that  for  all  her  materialism  she  has 
founded  her  whole  philosophy  of  life 
on  an  ethical  or  moral  basis.  And  the 
corner  stone  of  the  foundation  was  the 
imperial  idea.  Upon  it  rests  Confucian- 
ism, upon  which  China  in  turn  has  rested 
for  ages.  The  five  relationships  of  Con- 
fucius—  the  "highest  good"  of  China's 
ethics  —  i.  e.,  sovereign  and  subject,  father 
and  son,  husband  and  wife,  elder  and 
junior,  and  the  relation  existing  between 
friends  —  put  the  monarchical  idea  over  all. 
The  moral  forces  that  governed  Chinese 
society,  ensuring  peace  and  order,  were 
filial  piety,  loyalty  to  the  sovereign, 
reverence  for  the  past,  respect  for  age 
and  seniority,  and  faithfulness  to  one's 
friends.  When  we  scrutinize  these 
principles  and  compare  them  with  the 
Western  democratic  principles,  it  becomes 
immediately  apparent  that  most  of 
them  are  poles  apart  from  those  of 
the  West.  Can  a  national  organism 
throw  away  in  a  day  the  vital  prin- 
ciples by  which  it  has  lived  for  centuries, 
and  at  the  same  instant  replace  them 
with  those  that  are  alien?  Can  a  nation 
stand  such  a  cataclysm  without  disruption? 

Furthermore,  "the  root  idea  of  demo- 
cratic government  is  that  of  individual 
responsibility  and  liberty";  but  individ- 
ualism is  a  theory  which  is  entirely  foreign 
to  the  Chinese.  The  unit  of  Chinese 
society  is  not  the  individual,  but  the 
family,  and  it  is  to  be  remem'bered  that 
the  Chinese  family  includes  the  dead  as 
well  as  the  living.  It  is  built  upon,  and 
sustained  by,  ancestor  worship.  Can  the 
theories  of  individualism  grow  in  such 
a  soil  within  a  night?  I  have  said  that 
Chinese  society  is  democratic;  but  China 
has  not  been  democratic  in  a  political 
sense.  Her  polity  has  been  monarchical, 
and  well  has  it  fitted  to  the  genius  of 
the  nation. 

Would  not  disintegration  set  in  if  the 
chain  that  links  China  into  a  whole 
were  broken?  The  London  Saturday 
Rtviru;  of  December  19,  191 1,  asks 
these  pertinent  questions:  "Is  it  con- 
ceivable that  Mongolia,  Tibet,  and  Turke- 
stan —  to  say  nothing  of  Manchuria  — 
would  remain  members  of  a  state  which 
had  lost  the  emblem  of  cohesion  implied 


CHINA  AS  A  REPUBLIC 


709 


in  the  imperial  concept?  Or  are  the 
'United  States  of  China'  to  consist  of  the 
eighteen  provinces  only,  and  the  great 
dependencies  to  be  held  to  their  allegiance 
by  force  if  they  demur?  But  is  it  likely 
that  even  the  eighteen  provinces  would 
cohere  in  the  absence  of  the  traditional 
link?  The  Cantonese  might  accept  Sun 
Yat-sen  as  president  of  a  republic,  but 
would  the  provinces  north  of  the  Yangtsze 
agree?"  In  face  of  the  common  enemy, 
the  Manchus,  and  to  effect  their  downfall, 
the  leaders  of  the  North  and  South  might 
hit  on  a  compromise.  But  how  long 
would  such  a  patch-work  last?  These 
questions  are  not  easy  of  solution  for  the 
republicans. 

2.  The  second  problem  that  confronts  the 
leaders  of  the  revolution  is  this:  Is 
China  fitted  to  become  a  republic? 

Montesquieu's  axiom  that  a  big  country 
is  not  fit  for  a  republic  is  inapplicable  at 
the  present  day  to  such  a  country  as  the 
United  States,  because  the  phenomenal 
development  of  the  means  of  communi- 
cation has  abridged  space  and  time.  But 
the  axiom  might  easily  be  applied  in  the 
case  of  China.  The  eighteen  provinces 
alone  are  enormous,  and  the  means  of 
communication  are  extremely  poor.  The 
total  mileage  of  the  railroads  already  built 
within  the  eighteen  provinces  does  not 
exceed  2,700.  This  is  only  half  of  the 
railroad  mileage  of  Japan,  a  country  that 
is  not  larger  than  one  of  the  Chinese  prov- 
inces. Sze-Chuen.  The  state  of  Illinois,  one 
fourth  the  size  of  Sze-chuen,  has  five  times 
as  many  railroads  as  the  entire  China 
proper.  It  takes  from  thirty  to  forty 
days  to  reach  Chengtu  from  Hankow. 
A  candidate  for  the  presidency  of  China 
might  require  at  least  three  years  for  a 
campaign  tour,  if  he  cared  to  visit  every 
important  town  of  the  country. 

Again,  there  is  a  great  difference  in 
speech,  characteristics,  even  customs  and 
manners,  among  the  Chinese  of  different 
localities.  So  numerous  and  different 
are  the  languages  and  dialects  spoken 
within  the  confines  of  the  Middle  Kingdom 
that,  as  has  been  humorously  said,  they 
can  furnish  a  new  tongue  for  every  day 
of  the  year.  A  Cantonese  cannot  under- 
stand a  Pekingese.    To  be  intelligible  to 


one  another  they  must  use  the  Mandarin 
dialect  or  some  foreign  tongue  that  is 
known  to  both.  Nor  are  they  any  too 
friendly  with  one  another.  "To  a  native 
of  Chihii  a  Cantonese  is  more  a  foreigner 
than  a  Manchu."  This  illustrates  how 
extremely  provincial  the  Chinese  are. 
And  there  are  such  contradictions  and 
inconsistencies  in  the  institutions  of  dif-. 
ferent  sections  of  China  that  a  wit  has 
said,  "One  never  can  tell  the  truth  about 
China  without  telling  a  lie  at  the  same 
tirpe."  This  lack  of  homogeneity  in 
speech,  character,  and  institutions  among 
the  Chinese,  is  not  necessarily  an  im- 
passable barrier  to  the  adoption  of  a 
republic,  but  must  inevitably  act  as  a 
great  drawback. 

3.  The  third  great  problem  is  this:  Are 
the  Chinese  prepared  to  operate  a  re- 
public? 

Let  us  see  to  what  extent  China  is 
provided  with  some  of  the  indispensable 
requisites  for  the  successful  working  of  a 
republican  form  of  government. 

One  of  the  requisites  is  a  universal 
popular  press.  Within  the  past  decade 
newspapers  in  China  have  increased  with 
amazing  rapidity.  In  Peking  alone,  which 
had  no  papers  except  the  Official  Gazette 
in  1902,  there  are  to-day  sixteen  daiHes. 
Most  surprising  of  all,  one  of  the  papers 
is  edited  by  a  woman!  The  total  number 
of  dailies,  periodicals,  and  magazines 
published  in  the  entire  empire  is  314. 
Since  the  opening  of  local  assemblies 
and  the  Tzu  Cheng  Yuan  (or  Senate), 
speeches  also  have  begun  to  be  heard  in 
the  land  of  Confucius,  where  public 
speaking  was  heretofore  looked  upon  as 
a  sure  sign  of  madness,  or  was  considered 
at  the  least  bad  manners.  But,  after  all, 
these  are  only  voices  crying  in  the  wilder- 
ness. The  Chinese  press,  however  strik- 
ing its  growth,  sinks  into  insignificance 
when  compared  with  the  20,500  dailies, 
weeklies,  and  monthlies  of  the  United 
States.  China  is  far  from  being  ade- 
quately equipped  with  the  organs  of 
public  opinion  necessary  to  run  the 
machinery  of  a  republican  government  for 
her  people,  which  are  five  tvw«^'i»s*^s^5sss>s». 
ous  as  America's.  ^.     ^ 

Another  difficii\t.V  ^^^  ^^  ^"^^  "^ 


7IO 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


republicans  is  the  extreme  poverty  of  the 
Chinese  masses.  It  is  not  a  pleasant 
task  for  a  Japanese,  whose  country  itself 
is  hard  pressed  by  lack  of  wealth,  to  point 
out  the  poverty  of  the  Chinese.  It 
is,  nevertheless,  true  that  China's 
millions  are  to-day  barely  keeping  them- 
selves alive.  The  average  wage  of  a  day 
Jaborer  is  from  five  to  ten  cents  of 
American  money.  And  fortunate  would 
it  be  if  all  China's  workers  could  get 
this  pittance.  The  brilliant  author  of 
"Chinese  Characteristics"  is  not  indul- 
ging in  witticism  when  he  says,  "A 
Chinaman  with  two  American  dimes  per 
day  coming  in  will  be  well  fed,  well  clothed, 
well  housed,  will  smoke  more  opium  than 
is  good  for  him,  and  will  be  able  to  indulge 
in  theatre-going  and  other  social  extrava- 
gances to  his  heart's  content." 

The  Chinese  are  a  hard  working  people, 
skilled  in  the  arts  and  crafts,  and  endowed 
with  remarkable  commercial  abilities. 
Why,  then,  is  this  gifted  people  condemned 
to  live  so  close  to  the  edge  of  mere  sub- 
sistence? Their  family  system  has  truly 
been  a  snare.  The  author  of  "The 
Changing  Chinese"  rightly  finds  in  it  the 
cause  of  China's  poverty.  And  he  sees 
no  hope  for  the  speedy  amelioration  of 
condit-ions.  "Misunderstanding  the  true 
cause  of  our  (Western)  success,"  writes 
Professor  Ross,  "their  naive  intellectuals, 
who  have  traveled  or  studied  abroad, 
often  imagine  that  a  wholesale  adoption 
of  Western  methods  and  institutions 
would,  almost  at  once,  lift  their  country- 
men to  the  plane  of  wealth,  power,  and 
popular  intelligence,  occupied  by  the 
leading  peoples  of  the  West.  Now,  the 
fact  is  that  if,  by  the  waving  of  a  wand, 
all  Chinese  could  be  turned  into  eager 
progressives  willing  to  borrow  every  gocxl 
thing,  it  would  btill  be  long  before  the 
individual  Chinaman  could  attain  the 
efficiency,  comfort,  and  social  and  ^xjlilical 
value  of  the  West  liuropean  or  American. 
.  .  .  It  may  easily  take  the  rest  of 
this  century  to  overcome  ancestor  wor- 
ship, early  marriage,  the  passion  for  big 
families,  and  the  inferior  position  of  the 
wife."  This  able  writer  may  have  taken 
a  t(K)  distant  view,  but  it  is  certain  that 

»ich  time  is  needed  to  bring  about  that 


material  well-being  of  the  Chinese  which 
will  place  the  individual  in  a  position  fit 
to  exercise  the  responsibilities  imposed 
on  him  by  a  republican  government. 
It  might,  then,  be  interesting  to  see 
what  proportion  of  the  people  has  received 
modern  training. 

The  latest  statistics  compiled   by  the 
Ministry    of    Education    of    China    give 
1,626,720  as  the  number  of  students  in 
$2,650  Government  schools  of  the  empire, 
besides  102,000  in  christian  schools.  These 
include  the  students  of  common  schools. 
From  other  sources  it  is  learned  that  the 
Chinese  students  studying  last   year   in 
Europe  numbered  about    500,   those    in 
the  United  States  717,  and  those  in  Japan 
about  I, $00,  giving  a  total  of  2,717.     The 
number   of   Chinese   students   in    Japan 
has  recently  decreased  considerably,   for 
there  were  at  one  time  more  than  8,000. 
Estimating  most  liberally,  we  may   say 
that    those    who    have    studied    abroad 
within  the  last  ten  years  number  about 
a  quarter  of  a  million,  and  those  who  have 
studied  at  home  and  finished  their  modem 
education  two  millions  more.  As  there  are, 
however,  many  who  have  gained  the  new 
knowledge  through  translated  books,  and 
especially  through  the  influence  of  several 
thousands  of   missionaries  during   many 
years  past,  it  is  fair  to  count  the  so-called 
middle    or    educated     class,    capable    of 
running   a    republic,   as    numbering    five 
millions.  And  as  Archibald  Colquhoun  puts 
it:  "The    proportion    of    foreign-trained 
and  educated  is  a  mere  drop  in  the  bucket 
in  the  four  hundred  millions  of   China's 
estimated    population."     Can   that   drop 
leaven  the  whole  mass?    Can  a  republic 
be  run  by  a  people  of  whom  but  1  per  cent, 
is  educated  in  the  art  of  its  government? 

The  writer  is  not  asserting  that  the 
Chinese  are  an  ignorant,  illiterate  people. 
Far  from  it.  They  have  developed  a 
wonderful  literature  of  their  own,  and 
the  standard  of  their  literacy  is  not  below 
that  of  some  modern  nations.  What  he 
would  emphasize  here  is  the  small  pro- 
portion of  those  who  are  versed  in  the 
new  learning;  and  that  this  is  the  only 
portion  which  is  of  any  avail  in  the  work- 
ing of  a  republican  form  of  government. 
Knowledge  of  the  old   literature  counts 


CHINA  AS  A  REPUBLIC 


711 


for  nothing  in  the  present  instance;  but 
will  rather  militate  against  the  diffusion 
of  republican  ideas. 

1  am  one  of  those  who  have  a  firm  faith 
in  China's  future.  As  her  past  has  been 
glorious,  so  we  expect  her  future  to  be 
no  less  great.  When  we  look  back  upon 
the  past  of  this  hoary  empire,  there  is 
majesty  in  it  that  commands  respect. 
China  saw  her  foundation  stone  laid 
before  the  pyramids  were  built.  She  had 
already  developed  her  own  civilization, 
her  admirable  ethics,  her  voluminous 
literature,  her  practical  art,  with  a  modi- 
cum of  science,  when  the  ancestors  of 
modern  Anglo-Saxons  were  roving  with 
painted  faces  in  the  woods  and  swamps 
of  Scandinavia.  Years  ago  China  blessed 
with  the  fruits  of  her  civilization  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  neighboring  lands  and  islands. 
Her  mighty  sceptre  often  held  sway  over 
almost  the  whole  of  Asia,  and  extended  its 
authority  even  to  the  banks  of  the  Danube. 
To  her,  emissaries  of  European  monarchs 
have  often  done  the  homage  of  Kow-tow; 
at  her  feet  the  Slavs,  ancestors  of  modern 
Russians,  have  knelt  as  they  offered 
tribute.  During  her  long  life  China  has 
witnessed  kingdoms  and  empires  rise  and 
fall;  nation  upon  nation  come  into  being, 
wax,  and  wane,  then  disappear.  And 
still  she  stands.  True,  she  has  seen 
many  revolutions  and  changes  of  dynasties, 
and  has  sometimes  bowed  to  the  yoke  of 
the  foreigner,  but  invariably  has  she 
absorbed  the  foreign  elements  into  her 
own  civilization,  and  obliged  them  to 
obsen'e  her  traditions.  Will  history  re- 
peat itself?  Or  will  China  succumb  this 
time  to  the  impact  of  ideas  so  alien,  of  out- 
side influences  so  overmastering?  The 
answer  to  this  question  depends  upon  the 
time  given  for  the  readjustment  of  China's 
institutions,  and  upon  the  wisdom  with 
which  it  is  utilized. 

China  ought  to  have  proceeded  slowly 
and  cautiously.  Especially  as  concerns 
the  change  of  political  institutions.  Noth- 
ing is  more  regrettable  than  that  the 
blindness  and  incompetence  of  the  Manchu 
rulers  should  have  driven  the  steady, 
conservative  people,  in  order  to  effect 
the  overthrow  of  an  alien  rule,  to  adopt 
the  extreme  measure  of  trying  the  most 


hazardous  experiment,  one  which,  if  it 
fails,  will  lead  the  country  to  disruption, 
to  anarchy,  or  to  foreign  intervention. 
When  we  consider  how  short  has  been 
the  time  given  for  constitutional  develop- 
ment in  China,  we  are  justified  in  having 
grave  doubts  as  to  the  success  of  a  repub- 
lican regime.  In  Japan,  similar  in  culture 
and  tradition  to  China,  constitutional 
government  was  the  free  grant  of  the 
emperor  after  a  long  period  of  national 
preparation.  Fully  twenty  years  were 
devoted  to  making  ready  for  the  new 
political  institutions.  And  the  success 
that  has  been  attained  is  largely  due  to 
the  steadying  influence  of  the  Throne. 
In  China  not  only  is  that  centripetal 
power  now  lost,  but  the  history  of  constitu- 
tion making  has  the  span  of  only  six  years. 
It  was  at  the  close  of  the  Russo-Japanese 
War  that  the  definite  movement  toward 
a  constitution  began.  In  December,  1905, 
a  commission  was  sent  abroad  to  study 
the  workings  of  constitutional  govern- 
ments. On  its  return  it  reported  in  favor 
of  granting  a  constitution.  This  was 
approved  by  the  Empress  Dowager.  How 
sound  was  that  remarkable  ruler  in  her 
political  perception,  is  proved  by  the 
part  of  the  edict  which  said:  "At  present 
no  definite  plan  has  been  decided  upon, 
and  the  people  are  not  educated  enough 
for  a  constitution;  if  we  adopt  one  hastily 
and  regardless  of  the  circumstances,  it 
will  be  nothing  more  than  a  paper  con- 
stitution." So  she  outlined  the  necessary 
steps  which  must  precede  constitutional 
government.  In  1906,  Yuan  Shih-kai 
gave  the  representative  idea  its  first  test 
by  organizing  a  municipal  government  in 
Tientsin.  On  this  model,  provincial  as- 
semblies were  formed,  and  have  been 
sitting  since  1909. 

In  the  meantime  the  question  of  a 
National  Assembly  was  greatly  agitated 
until  the  edict  of  August,  1908,  fixed  191 7 
as  the  time  for  the  first  summoning  of  a 
parliament.  The  programme  of  prepara- 
tion for  a  constitutional  regime  outlined 
by  the  Empress  Dowager  was  announced 
to  consist  in  a  reform  of  the  official  system, 
careful  and  minute  revvasss^.  <^  ^5s>feNaff«^> 
the  promotion  of  unx-*^^-^  J^'^'^^S 
regulation  of  the  uaaxvc^^ 


,^5^  V5J«»W^ 


712 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


revenue,  reform  of  the  currency,  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army,  and  the  establishment 
of  an  efficient  police  system  throughout 
the  empire.  Only  after  these  reforms, 
so  indispensable  for  the  successful  work- 
ing of  a  constitutional  government,  had 
been  fairly  well  established,  should  the 
new  regime  have  been  inaugurated.  But 
most  of  these  great  reforms  remained  on 
paper;  none  was  executed  in  earnest. 
What  only  was  heeded  was  the  agitation 
for  the  speedy  opening  of  the  Parliament, 
and  the  short  period  of  nine  years  of  pre- 
paration was  in  19  lo  further  shortened  to 
three.  As  the  embryo  of  the  future 
national  assembly,  the  Tzu  Cheng  Yuan, 
composed  of  200  members,  was  organized 
and  convened  in  October,  19 10.  When 
it  met  last  year  for  the  second  time,  while 
its  members  busied  themselves  in  foolish 
debate,  the  fire  of  revqlution  broke  out  at 
Wuchang. 

Such  is  the  short  story  of  constitution- 
making  in  China.  No  one  who  believes 
in  the  evolution  of  political  institutions 
will  ever  be  so  rash  as  to  affirm  that  the 
"Chinese  are  prepared  for  a  republic. 
Even  were  it  to  be  tried,  as  is  likely,  to 
imagine  that  it  would  be  operated  in 
China  as  it  is  in  America  would  be  to 
allow  oneself  to  indulge  in  the  most  im- 
possible of  dreams. 

After  all  the  foregoing  considerations, 
we  are  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the- 
oretically a  limited  monarchy,  with  a 
strong  central  government,  capable  of 
guiding  the  people,  would  have  been  the 
best  for  China.  But  unfortunately  the 
day  for  an  academic  discussion  is  past. 
We  are  face  to  face  with  practical  politics. 
Assuming  a  preference  for  monarchy  in 
the  abstract,  what  alternative  but  the 
trial  of  a  republic  was  there  to  a  d>nasty 
whose  authority  had  ceased  to  be?  The 
downfall  of  the  Fa'C^hin*;  Dynasty  was 
for  some  lime  a  foregone  conclusion.  Its 
fate  was  dcciclcd  when  it  recalled  ^'uan 
Shih-kai  from  exile,  or.  even  earlier,  at 
the  death  of  the  I'mpress  Dowager,  who 
seemed  to  have  had  a  faint  intimation 
<»f  "after  me  the  delii^^e."  The  fall  of  the 
Manchus  is  the  fault  of  no  one  but  of 
themselves.  Had  the\  been  able  to  put 
•■ ^pj  another  ruler  of  the  capacity  and 


energy  of  the  Empress  Dowager,  the  old 
r6gime  might  have  had  a  longer  lease  of 
life.  But  after  her  death,  not  only  waj 
there  no  one  to  succeed  her,  but  tht- 
Manchus  completely  forgot  the  cause 
of  their  power.  It  was  by  military 
ascendancy  that  they  were  able  to  conquer 
the  Middle  Kingdom  300  years  ago; 
and  it  was  by  military  prestige  that  a 
small  number  of  Manchus  had  been  able 
to  exact  since  then  the  loyalty  of 
400,000,000  Chinese.  By  all  means,  then, 
ought  the  Manchus  to  have  upheld 
their  authority.  Their  death-knell  was 
sounded  when  they,  through  the  mouth 
of  the  boy  emperor,  went  begging  before 
the  people  for  the  forgiveness  of  their 
past  sins,  and  when,  by  their  making 
of  Yuan  Shih-kai,  a  Chinese,  the  master 
of  the  situation,  and  investing  him  with 
the  supreme  command  of  military  forces, 
they  confessed  that  there  was  none  among 
them  who  could  rescue  their  House  from 
falling. 

If  the  Manchu  regime  is  extinct,  what 
next?  Whatever  the  future,  there  is  yet 
no  Chinese  Napoleon,  strong  and  daring 
enough  to  replace  the  fallen  dynasty. 
The  exit  to  the  dilemma  is,  in  consequence, 
only  to  be  found  in  the  trial  of  a  republic. 
After  all,  however,  for  China  it  matters 
not  what  kind  of  label  she  shall  put  on 
her  form  of  government.  The  truth 
remains  —  China  cannot  be  metamor- 
phosed by  a  miracle  within  a  twinkling  of 
the  eye.  It  is  against  the  law  of  evolution. 
A  constitutional  nation  may  not  be  born 
in  a  day.  Were  this  not  true,  the  pages 
of  history  must  be  blank  and  science  a 
lie.  We  would  better  close  our  schools. 
We  would  better  bury  our  scientists  alive, 
as  did  the  first  Unifier  of  China,  the 
Builder  of  her  Great  Wall,  with  his  ^,ooc> 
sages. 

In  the  case  of  Chma,  just  as  a  republic 
is  not  necessarily  the  panacea  for  all 
evils,  so  is  an  imbecile  monarchy  to  be 
condemned.  The  imperious  need  for  her 
is  the  establishment  of  a  strong  central 
government,  whether  republican  or  mon- 
archical, which  will,  with  ruthless  hand, 
j^ive  peace,  order,  and  unity  to  the 
disiracied  country.  Can  a  republic  succeed 
'■1  doing  this,  and  so  justify  its  existence? 


OUR    STUPENDOUS    YEARLY   WASTE 

SECOND  ARTICLE 

THE  DEATH  TOLL  OF  INDUSTRY 

THE     TENS     OF     THOUSANDS      KILLED     AND      INJURED     BY     THE      RAILROADS,     IN 
ACCIDENTS    IN    COAL   MINES,    AND    BY    OCCUPATIONAL    DISEASES 

BY 

FRANK   KOESTER 

(AUTHOK   OF  "  HYORO-ELECniC  DEVELOPMENTS  AND   ENGINEERING"   AND   "  STK  AM -ELECTRIC  POWER  PLANTS*') 


ANOTHER  unnecessary  waste 
is  the  wholesale  slaughter  of 
human  beings  by  the  rail- 
roads and  in  the  industries, 
and  the  vast  amount  of  pre- 
ventable injuries,  poisoning,  and  disease, 
levying  their  hourly  toll  all  over  the 
country. 

In  the  daily  battle  of  transporting  itself 
about  the  city  of  New  York,  the  popu- 
lation of  that  place  is  reduced  by  350  a 
>ear  killed  and  2700  injured.  In  other 
words,  of  all  those  who  start  out  to  ride 
on  any  given  day,  by  night  one  will  be 
dead  and  three  hurt;  the  price  of  inefficient 
transporation. 

The  yearly  cost  of  this  inefficiency  to 
the  transportation  companies  amounts 
ti>  about  82,500.000  in  damages  and 
Si.cxx).(XX)  in  legal  expenses,  while  to 
the  public  the  cost  is  vastly  greater,  since, 
of  the  damages  they  receive  at  least  half 
are  consumed  in  legal  expenses,  while  the 
amount  recovered  in  no  case  amounts  to 
a  very  large  proportion  of  the  actual  loss. 
The  inefficiency  in  preventing  accidents 
and  the  inefficiency  of  the  method  of 
adjusting  damages  thus  fasten  themselves 
on  the  public  in  the  shape  of  heavy  loss  of 
life  and  limb;  a  loss  which,  on  the  part  of 
the  companies,  amounts  to  9  per  cent,  of 
their  running  expenses.  The  maintenance 
of  a  vast  horde  of  lawyers,  who  otherwise 
Would  be  engaged  in  useful  occupations,  is 
another  great  drain. 

The  transportation  situation  in  New 
^  ork  is  duplicated  in  more-qf  less  magni- 
tude in  cities  all  over  the  country. 

In   railroad  transportation  and  in  the 


industries,  the  situation  is  even  more 
appalling.  In  1910,  8.531  were  killed  and 
102,075  injured,  a  total  ranking  with  the 
great  battles  of  history. 

The  figures  compiled  by  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  in  its  Accident 
Bulletin,  showed  1,058  killed  and  14,179 
injured  in  railroads  and  7,473  killed  and 
80.427  injured  in  the  industries. 

To  illustrate  how  large  a  proportion  of 
this  is  preventable,  the  exceptionally 
hazardous  coal  mining  industry  may  be 
taken  as  an  example. 

A  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  for 
September,  19 10,  shows  the  casualties  for 
the  20  year  period  ending  1908  as  follows: 

"Among  an  annual  average  of  471,145 
emploN'ees  for  the  20  year  period,  there 
occurred,  as  far  as  officially  reported, 
29,293  fatal  accidents,  or  an  average  of 
1.465  per  annum,  resulting  in  a  fatal  rate 
of  3.11  per  1,000.  If  the  decade  ending 
with  1906  is  separately  considered,  it 
appears  that  the  average  fatality  rate  was 
3.13  per  1,000. 

"According  to  statistics,  the  risk  of 
fatal  accident  in  the  coal  mines  of  North 
America  is  decidedly  more  serious  than 
in  any  part  of  any  other  coal  field  in  the 
world.  Considering  the  constant  growth 
of  the  mining  industry  on  this  continent, 
an  increase  measured  by  an  enhanced 
output  in  the  United  States  alone  from 
253.741.192  tons  in  1899  to  415,842,698 
tons  in  1908.  or  64  per  cent.,  the  excess 
in  the  mining  fatality  rate  is  plainly  a 
matter  of  most  serious  national  o^y^wcs^c^. 

'*  The  accident  rate  for  tk^^^^^^,,]^^^ 
ican  coal  mines  has  graA'^^'^^^  >kss^^ 


714 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


from  an  average  of  2.66  per  1,000  during 
the  first  five  years  of  the  20  year  period  to 
an  average  of  3.58  per  1,000  during  the  last. 

"The  fluctuations  in  the  rates  from  year 
to  year  are  shown  to  have  been  consid- 
erable. The  maximum  was  attained  in 
1907  when  the  rate  reached  4.15  per  1,000 
against  a  minimum  in  1897  of  2.32. 

"The  true  elements  of  risk  of  coal 
mining  in  North  America  are  not,  however, 
fully  disclosed  by  the  returns  for  the  coal 
fields  as  a  whole.  More  startling  con- 
ditions exist,  if  particular  coal  areas  are 
considered,  for  in  these  the  hazards  are 
much  greater,  so  that  if  they  were  reduced 
to  the  general  level  the  rate  would  fall 
quickly." 

The  New  York  Times  of  September  1 7, 
191 1,  states,  in  referring  to  the  mining  in- 
dustry, including  metal  as  well  as  coal 
mines: 

"Thirty  thousand  miners  killed  in  the 
United  States  in  the  last  ten  years. 

"Seventy-five  thousand  miners  injured, 
many  of  them  maimed  for  life,  in  the 
same  period. 

"  Eleven  thousand  widows  made  by  the 
deaths  of  the  miners. 

"Thirty  thousand  children  left  father- 
less. 

"It  is  the  story  of  the  tragedy  of  the 
mines,  but  not  the  whole  story.  If  the 
mines  of  the  United  States  during  the  ten 
years  had  had  the  same  standards  of 
safety  as  in  European  countries;  if  the 
United  States  had  killed  two  in  every 
thousand  employed,  instead  of  three,  four 
or  five,  1 5,000  of  the  30,000  of  the  Amer- 
ican miners  killed  might  be  living  to-day; 
40,000  out  of  the  75,000  injured  might 
have  escaped  injury,  5,500  widows  might 
not  have  been  widows  and  15,000  orphan 
children  might  still  have  fathers." 

In  addition  to  the  vast  totals  of  acci- 
dents of  a  sanguinary  nature,  there  is  an 
enormous  loss  through  poisoning  and  con- 
sequent loss  and  shortening  of  the  lives 
of  those  engaged  in  certain  occupations. 

Among  them  is  the  lead  industry,  con- 
cerning which  Paul  P.  Peirce  in  the  North 
American  Review  of  October,  i()ii,in  an 
article  entitled  "Industrial  Diseases," 
states: 

"Lead    poisoning  was   made   the  chief 


objective  of  the  Illinois  Commission  on 
Occupational  Diseases.  They  discovered, 
in  that  state,  twenty-eight  industries  in 
which  this  form  of  poisoning  is  a  factor; 
but  the  great  majority  of  cases  were 
chargeable  to  five  industries,  viz:  white- 
lead  manufacturing,  lead  smelting  and 
refining,  making  storage  batteries,  making 
dry  colors  and  paints,  and  the  painters' 
trade.  The  last  was  found  to  be  numer- 
ically the  most  important  lead  trade  in  the 
state  of  Illinois,  employing  probably 
30,000   men. 

"In  the  absence  of  adequate  statistics 
and  research,  the  actual  amount  of  sick- 
ness   and    death    among    the    industrial 
population  must  be  a  matter  of  scientific 
conjecture.     With  German  sickness  insur- 
ance as  a  basis.  Dr.  F.  K.  Hoffman,  of  the 
Pcudential  Life  Insurance  Company,  has 
attempted  an  estimate  of  the  amount  and 
cost   of   sickness    among   our    industrial 
workers  in  1910.     Placing  the  number  of 
persons  gainfully  employed  at  33,500,000 
and  assuming  the  same  sickness  rate  as  is 
found  in  Germany,  he  finds  that  the  num- 
ber of  cases  of  sickness  among  these  work- 
ers last  year  must  have  been  13,400,000; 
the  aggregate  number  of  days  of  sickness 
284,750,000;  the  loss  of  wages  not  less 
than    ^366,107,145;    the     medical     cost 
$284,750,000;  the  loss  through  change  of 
workers  in  industry  on  account  of  sickness, 
$122,035,71 5,  making  a  total  economic  loss 
among  the  industrial  class  of  $772,892,860 
for  the  year.    Of  this  total,  German  ex- 
perience indicates  that  no  less  than  one- 
fourth    is   due   to   preventable  causes,  a 
needless  loss  of  $193,223,215.     In  fact,  it 
is  thought  that  the  sickness  rate  here  is 
somewhat  higher  than  in  Germany,  and 
consequently   that   the   above   estimates 
are    too    low.     Moreover,  these    figures 
take  no  account  of  permanent    invalidity 
and  excessive  mortality  involved  in  present 
industrial  conditions;  and  Doctor  Hoffman 
places  the  number  of  deaths  among  Amer- 
ican wage-earners  last  year  at  330,500,  of 
which  no  less  than  one  fourth  were  clearly 
preventable.     Nor  do  any  of  these  figures 
take  account  of  the  handicap  which  indus- 
trial disease  and  premature  death  imposes 
upon  the  posterity  of  the  worker." 

Counting  it  up  in  dollars  and  cents,  the 


OUR  STUPENDOUS  YEARLY  WASTE 


715 


Department  of  Commerce  amd  Labor 
shows  the  losses  due  to  tuberculosis,  a 
largely  preventable  disease,  the  principal 
steps  in  the  prevention  of  which  should  be 
taken  by  the  legislators  of  the  various 
states. 

"The  average  length  of  human  life  in 
different  countries  varies  from  less  than 
twenty-five  to  more  than  fifty  years. 
This  span  of  life  is  increasing  wherever 
sanitary  science  and  preventive  medicine 
is  applied.     It  may  be  greatly  extended. 

"Our  annual  mortality  from  tubercul- 
osis is  about  150,000.  Stopping  three- 
fourths  of  the  loss  of  life  from  this  cause, 
and  from  typhoid  and  other  prevalent 
and  preventable  diseases,  would  increase 
our  average  length  of  life  over  fifteen  years. 

"There  are  constantly  about  3,000,000 
persons  seriously  ill  in  the  United  States, 
of  whom  500,000  are  consumptives.  More 
than  half  of  this  illness  is  preventable. 

"  If  we  count  the  value  of  each  life  lost 
as  only  $1700  and  reckon  the  average  earn- 
ings lost  by  illness  at  S700  per  year  for 
grown  men,  we  find  that  the  economic  gain 
from  mitigation  of  preventable  diseases 
in  the  United  States  would  exceed 
$1,500,000,000  a  year.  In  addition  we 
would  decrease  suffering  and  increase  hap- 
piness and  contentment  among  the  people. 
This  gain,  or  the  lengthening  and  strength- 
ening of  life  which  it  measures,  can  be 
secured  through  medical  investigation 
and  practice,  school  and  factory  hygiene, 
restriction  of  labor  by  women  and  chil- 
dren, the  education  of  the  people  in  both 
public  and  private  hygiene,  and  through 
improving  the  efficiency  of  our  health 
service,   municipal,   state,  and   national." 

On  the  subject  of  factory  sanitation 
and  labor  protection,  the  Department  of 
C-ommerce  and  Labor  says  further: 

"  1  he  miserable  hygienic  conditions  ex- 
isting in  the  working  places  of  some 
industries,  for  example,  are  unjust  to  the 
working  classes,  and  sometimes  react 
with  frightful  results  upon  the  public. 
Under  the  influence  of  long  continued  work 
under  unsanitary  conditions,  the  physiques 
<»f  the  workmen,  and  especially  those 
t'nipl<»>cd  in  factories,  often  show  more  or 
los  characteristic  marks.  The  height  is 
Usually    below   the   medium;   the   body. 


thin  and  weak,  is  poorly  nourished  and  of 
sickly  paleness.  This  condition  is  called 
lymphatic  or  anaemic.  The  spiritual  and 
moral  life  may  likewise  become  Inactive 
and  apathetic.  Even  the  strongest  fac- 
tory workers  under  such  conditions  become 
more  or  less  exhausted  before  they  reach 
55  or  60  years  of  age.  Often  they  are 
completely  wasted  and  utterly  unfit  for 
work  at  that  age.  Many  of  those  who 
work  in  spinning  mills,  cloth-printing 
establishments,  and  in  general  plants 
where  there  is  an  extra  high  tempera- 
ture and  lack  of  pure  air  are  cut  off 
prematurely. 

"Women  suffer  even  more  than  men 
from  the  stress  of  such  circumstances, 
and  more  readily  degenerate.  A  woman's 
body  is  unable  to  withstand  strains, 
fatigues,  and  privations  as  well  as  a  man's. 
This  makes  her  condition  all  the  worse 
because  her  wages  are  correspondingly 
smaller.  The  diseases  which  most  fre- 
quently afflict  the  working  class  are  a 
disturbance  of  the  nutritive  and  blood- 
making  processes.  Weavers,  spinners,  and 
workmen  employed  in  branches  of  indus- 
try where  work  is  done  in  close,  poorly 
ventilated  cold  or  hot  rooms,  are  especially 
subject  to  these  diseases. 

"Among  the  diseases  to  which  the 
workmen  of  this  class  are  subjected  most 
often  are  the  so-called  inanition,  scrofula, 
rachitis,  pulmonary  consumption,  dropsy, 
also  rheumatic  troubles,  pleurisy,  typhoid 
fever,  gangrene,  and  the  various  skin 
diseases. 

"  Every  epidemic,  be  it  typhoid,  small- 
pox, scarlet  fever,  dysentery,  cholera,  etc., 
draws  its  great  army  from  this  class.  For 
every  death  that  occurs  among  the  richer 
and  higher  classes,  there  are  many  in  the 
working  class.  It  is  the  workmen  en- 
gaged in  unhealthy  factories  first  of  all 
who  fill  the  hospitals  and  their  death 
chambers.  Again,  it  is  more  often  the 
working  woman  who  suffers  from  female 
troubles,  and  even  cancer.  The  reasons 
for  the  high  mortality  and  shortness  of 
life  among  the  working  class  can  easily 
be  perceived  from  the  foregoing  facts. 
These  two  evils  are  always  prcy;^x^S«ssxJ^»- 
to  the  danger  and  the  unsaLVwc^^^  ^^^ 
ditions  existing  in  the  indu&ccV  - 


TWO  VIEWS  OF  THE  "BACK  TO  THE 
LAND"  MOVEMENT 

I.  •'  GO  SLOW  •' 

BY 
C.    L. 


I  AM  watching  with  keen  concern,  I 
may  say  with  distress,  this  literary, 
an  paper,  **  Back  to  the  Land"  move- 
ment. 1  am  especially  interested 
because  1  have  done  it  myself,  not 
on  paper  but  on  the  land,  and  not  only 
have  1  done  it  myself  but  1  have  watched 
other  people  do  it  —  middle-class  city 
folk,  like  myself,  with  the  standards  and 
habits  of  a  city-life,  average,  twentieth 
century  American  standards. 

I  want  to  put  down  here  our  results, 
and  1  want  these  results  to  say  to  the 
school  teacher,  the  tired  clerk,  the  worn- 
out  lawyer  or  traveling  man,  "go  slow 
— don't  burn  your  city  bridges  behind 
you,  in  your  'Back  to  the  Farm'  stampede." 

Now,  understand  me  distinctly;  no- 
body believes  more  than  1  that  country 
life  breeds  the  stock  that  founds  a  nation 
well,  but  founders  are  one  thing,  and 
descendants  of  founders  returning  to  the 
soil  are  another  thing.  That  is  the  first 
thing  1  wish  to  make  plain:  the  second 
is  that  what  1  am  about  to  say  may  not 
apply  to  the  West,  but  it  does  apply  to 
the  North  Atlantic  seaboard. 

Now  let  me  give  examples,  proofs  of 
what  1  am  saying. 

First,  I  will  tell  you  the  experience  of  a 
young  college  graduate.  He  had  capital 
behind  him  and  with  it  he  bought  a  run- 
down New  England  farm  worth  56,ooo. 
He  had  intelligence,  was  not  afraid  of 
manual  labor,  loved  the  soil  as  his  own 
child,  and  best  of  all  had  a  good  market 
a  few  miles  away.  He  is  in  his  seventh 
year  on  that  farm.  His  farm  is  now  beau- 
tiful to  look  at;  it  has  the  cleaned-up 
surface,  the  shining  face  of  efficiency  itself: 
but  he  has  not  yet  made  it  pay.  The 
process  of  learning  how  to  farm  was  ex- 


pensive; the  process  of  learning  what  his 
own  particular  farm  was  good  for  was  ex- 
pensive: the  process  of  restoring  the  soil  — 
acres  upon  acres  needing  capital  in  the 
form  of  fertilizer  —  was  very  expensive. 
But  by  the  tenth  year  he  hopes  to  get  his 
farm  where  it  will  yield  him  a  living.  He 
is  the  most  successful  city  man  who  has 
gone  back  to  the  soil  that  1  know.  Notice, 
however,  he  had  capital  to  last  for  ten 
years:  the  obstacle  to  him  has  been  the 
strain  from  loneliness  in  winter.  For  five 
years  he  did  not  mind  it,  but  since  then  it 
has  been  a  real  factor,  not  in  the  making 
but  in  the  un-making  of  his  nerves.  The 
manual  labor  of  the  summer  is  tremendous 
and  leaves  him  tired  and  nervous  for  the 
winter  strain  of  loneliness. 

Now  for  a  woman's  experience  —  the 
land  venture  of  a  tired  out  social  worker 
in  New  York.  She  was  worn  out  with 
the  sunless,  closetless,  heatless,  small  hall 
bedroom  of  New  York.  Her  health  was 
giving  way  under  it.  She  bought  a  farm 
in  a  verdant  New  York  valley,  big  rooms, 
sunshine,  food  on  every  side,  for  this 
farm  was  in  working  order;  she  did  not 
have  to  enter  on  that  capital-devouring 
process,  bringing  up  the  soil.  "1  have 
kept  my  head  above  water."  she  said, 
"but  I  have  done  it  by  taking  into  my 
house  two  expensive  invalids  supplied 
to  me  by  an  expensive  New  York  doctor. 
Without  boarders  1  should  have  long 
since  gone  under." 

Now  for  my  own  experience.  I  went 
from  a  busy  city  life  into  the  hen  business. 

We  bought  150  splendid  pullets,  and 
from  them  raised  our  hennery  to  300 
hens  and  pullets.  It  is  more  than  a 
year  now  since  1  first  owned  these  hens. 
The  year  has  been  successful  pullet-wise 


TWO  VIEWS  or  THE  "BACK  TO  THE  LAND''  MOVEMENT        717 


but  not  money-wise.  Our  plant  cost  about 
S500.  We  did  not  buy  but  paid  rent: 
our  incubators,  run  by  my  brother's  in- 
telligence, worked  from  the  start  to  per- 
fection: all  but  one  of  our  hatches  lived 
into  maturity,  and  whenever  we  sold 
anything  we  got  a  good  price;  we  avoided 
rats  and  foxes  or  they  avoided  us,  and  we 
did  not  have  to  pay  one  cent  for  labor; 
we  had  no  devastating  diseases.  In 
short,  two  intelligent  college  men  were 
running  these  hens  and  their  intelligence 
brought  success  —  but  it  did  not  bring 
money. 

The  financial  statement  is  this,  they 
paid  for  their  feed,  but  taking  it  all 
in  all  gave  us  nothing  back  for  capi- 
tal invested  or  for  living  expenses  — 
and  all  this  when  we  did  not  have  to 
pay  one  cent  for  labor!  Fortunately  we 
had  behind  us  a  good  angel  with  a  bank 
account  who  did  pay  our  living  expenses, 
otherwise  we  should  have  starved  or  gone 
back  to  the  support  of  the  city.  Rumor  — 
that  rife  liar —  Rumor  says  600  hens  will 
the  third  or  fourth  year  make  a  living. 
Now  my  opinion  is  —  and  this  is  the 
gist   and    purport   of   my   article  —  that 

000  hens  will  not  make  a  living  for  ibe  tired 
social  worker,  or  little  school  marm,  nor  yet 
for  the  ffian  behind  the  counter  and  the  man 
behind  the  desk. 

Those  (XX)  hens  will,  however,  make 
J  living;  for  a  certain  Pole  now  working 
on  a  Cx)nnecticut  Valley  farm.  His  living 
is  found.  During  last  summer  he  spent 
$5.07.  If  you  are  satisfied  with  a  stand- 
ard like  that  buy  your  farm  and  go  ahead, 
but  if  not,  do  not  buy  your  farm,  for  you 
will  be  disappointed. 

I  wish  1  were  not  sf)eaking  the  truth,  but 

1  am  afraid  I  am  speaking  the  truth. 
There  is  something  in"  the  Eastern  farm 
for  the  very  intelligent  boy  born  on  it,  and 
something  for  the  patched  straw-hatted 
Pole,  Czeck,  or  Swede  who  comes  on  to  it, 
hut  for  you.  the  average  city  worker,  there 
is  nothing  but  loss.  You  do  not  know  the 
trade;  no  one  can  know  it  in  less  than  ten 
\ears:  you  are  not  used  to  manual  labor; 
\()U  are  not  used  to  loneliness  —  but  even 
if  you  learn  the  trade  and  surmount  the 
labor  and  the  loneliness,  the  chances  are 
that  you  will  not  make  a  living  suited  to 


your  incurable  American  standards.  In 
putting  your  little  all  into  a  farm,  I  beg 
of  you  —  "go  slow." 

THE   world's    work's   OPINION 

Is  there  indeed  no  hope  in  New  England  for 
the  average  person  who  really  wants  a  farm? 
Is  it  fruitless  to  aim  at  success  on  a  New 
England  farm? 

There  are  many  experiences  that  refute  the 
foregoing  —  experiences  of  success.  Under  fair 
conditions,  other  successes  can  be  attained. 
But  the  conditions  are  important,  and  most 
imj>ortant  of  all  —  the  quality  of  the  person 
who  does  the  job. 

1.  Farming  is  a  business,  a  g(x>d  business  — 
for  farmers.  The  city  man  who  is  to  succeed 
must  be  or  become  a  farmer,  and  this  involves 
temperament,  physical  strength,  executive 
ability,  business  sense,  and  agricultural  knowl- 
edge. The  actual,  practical  experience  is 
important,  but  secondary.  What  right  has 
any  one  to  suppose  that  the  wornout  mechanic, 
shop  clerk,  teacher,  business  man  can  buy  land 
and  immediately  succeed  in  a  business  more 
complex  and  exacting,  physically  and  mentally, 
than  the  business  he  left?  For  any  man,  any- 
where, it  is  essential  that  he  read  true  reports 
of  farming  activities  to  acquaint  himself  with 
the  life  it  means;  that  he  study  the  phase  of 
agriculture  that  interests  him,  and  from  which 
he  is  to  derive  profit;  that  he  study  the  locality 
in  which  he  will  settle;  that  he  see  the  land  and 
know  its  faults  and  advantages  before  he  buy 
it;  that  he  be  prepared  to  spend  from  three  to 
ten  years  in  developing  the  business  to  profitable 
proportions;  and  that,  if  possible,  he  spend 
some  months  at  an  agricultural  school  and  a 
year  working  on  a  farm,  before  he  attempt 
an  independent  start. 

How  well  equipped  along  any  one  of  these 
lines  was  any  one  of  the  persons  mentioned 
above?  What  could  they  expect  but  failure 
or  delay?  To  "go  slow"  is  indeed  the  vital 
advice;  did  any  one  of  them  follow  it? 

2.  Aside  from  these  general  rules.  New 
England  exacts  other  specific  conditions.  Her 
agriculture  is  that  of  the  relatively  small  farm; 
it  is  specialized;  it  calls  for  additional  skill 
and  careful  management. 

And  so  it  goes,  fhere  is  an  agriculture  and  a 
profitable  one  adapted  to  New  England  con- 
ditions. But  it  is  by  no  means  a  simple  matter 
of  ten  acres,  or  6(X)  hens,  or  a  ncat-ly  kepi 
farmyard.  Study  it  carefully,  discuss  it 
with  men  who  know,  plan  your  campaign 
first  and  at  all  times  "go  slow."  Buv  '^'^'^'^^ 
awaits  a  combination  of  the  right  tcv^s^ 
sincere,  conscientious  hard  work. 


-v^^ 


II.    PROSPERITY  ON  A  RENTED  FARM  IN  IOWA 


BY 

RICHARD  NICHOLSON 


IN  1896 1  started  farming  my  own  land, 
a  half-section  (320  acres)  in  north- 
western Iowa.  I  had  had  four  years' 
previous  experience  in  farming,  having 
worked  as  a  " hired  hand"  on  a  neigh- 
boring farm  owned  by  one  of  my  brothers. 
For  the  first  twelve  years  of  my  farming 
career,  things  went  on  financially  pretty 
well,  and  despite  the  poor  prices  of  the  late 
'90's  for  farm  produce,  I  was  able  every 
year  to  lay  away  a  little  something  against 
the  proverbial  rainy  day,  and  generally 
speaking  was  "in  constant  good  health." 

In  1908,  as  land  values  in  Iowa  had 
advanced  very  materially^  while  rents  had 
not  risen  correspondingly,  I  disposed  of 
my  320  acres  for  $go  per  acre,  and  leased 
back,  for  five  years,  240  acres  and  all  the 
buildings  for  $4.50  an  acre  a  year. 

In  the  spring  of  1909,  therefore,  I 
started  out  as  a  ''renter/'  having  as  my 
immediate  possessions  8  good  work  horses 
worth  I200  a  head;  harness,  farm  ma- 
chinery, wagons,  etc.,  worth  about  |i,ooo; 
3  milch  cows,  worth  $50  apiece;  200  or 
300  chickens,  and  50  brood  sows  worth 
I15  each.  I  had  all  my  household 
furniture,  also  valued  at  perhaps  $1,000, 
the  whole  investment  amounting  to  about 
$4»500. 

1  intended  to  feed  and  fatten  every  year, 
as  1  had  done  in  the  past,  a  considerable 
number  of  cattle  and  hogs,  and  I  found  it 
was  cheaper  and  more  satisfactory  to 
borrow  the  necessary  money  from  the 
local  bank  at  7  per  cent,  for  this  purpose, 
paying  the  money  back  as  my  stock  went 
to  market  than  to  use  my  own  money  and 
have  it  lie  idle  between  feeding  periods. 

I  was  fortunate  in  retaining  my  old 
housekeeper,  a  most  excellent  woman, 
who  receives  as  wages  $20  a  month  and 
perquisites  that  vary  from  ten  cents  a 
pound  on  all  the  butter  sold,  to  one  half 
the  red  cocker  spaniel  pups  we  raise  and 
sell.  The  latter  perquisite  amounted  last 
year  to  S50.  1  have  also  two  "hired 
men"  —  foreman  and  assistant.     Each  re- 


ceives $25  a  month,  with  free  board  and 
washing.  The  foreman  gets,  in  addition, 
5  per  cent,  of  all  the  money  received  from 
the  sale  of  hogs.  Last  year  this  amounted 
to  more  than  $200.  AH  four  of  us  are 
keenly  interested  in  the  com  yield  (this  is 
our  principal  crop),  for,  when  it  exceeds 
50  bushels  an  acre,  we  share  and  shaie 
alike  in  the  surplus.  Last  year  we  netted 
I25  apiece  from  this  source. 

In  1910  on  this  240  acre  farm  we  raised 
4,546  bushels  of  com  worth  $1,636; 
40  tons  of  clover  hay  worth  $400;  we 
cut  for  additional  fodder  22  acres  of  com 
valued  at  I550;  and  had  left,  after  husk- 
ing the  com,  115  acres  of  corn-stalks 
(used  as  winter  feed  for  cattle  and  horses) 
worth  |i  1 5.  We  also  raised  i ,200  bushels 
of  oats,  which  were  used  for  horse  feed; 
and  an  oat  straw  pile,  worth  $15.  Our 
increase  in  stock  was  one  colt  (97o)«  and 
3  heifer  calves  worth  I25  a  head. 

The  total  income  from  the  farm  from 
all  sources  was  $4,557.60;  the  total  ex- 
penditures were  $2,880:  $1,080  for  rent 
and  $1,800  for  wages,  house  and  living 
expenses,  etc.  The  net  profit  was  $*i  ,677.60. 

Considering  that  the  total  amount  of 
my  own  money  invested  was  less  than 
$5,000,  that  as  far  as  actual  hard  work 
was  concerned  I  did  little  if  any —>  simply 
exercising  a  close,  and  to  me  highly  inter- 
esting, supervision  over  the  farm  work 
and  the  "feeding"  operations — I  think 
the  financial  results  are  eminently  satis- 
factory. I  may  mention  that  the  net 
profit  for  1909  was  slightly  less  than  that 
for  191  o,  whilst  this  year  promises  to  be  a 
little  larger. 

I  was  at  no  time  "tied  down  to  busi- 
ness"—  could  always  take  a  "day  off" 
when  I  so  desired  —  and  lived  a  healthy, 
happy,  out-of-door  life.  Think  it  over. 
you  weary  toilers  of  the  city  —  you  who 
find  it  hard  to  "keep  up  your  end"  —  re- 
membering only  that  there  are  no  fortunes 
to  be  acquired  from  farming  —  only  the 
healthy  pleasures  of  the  simple  life. 


THE  MARCH  OF  THE  CITIES 


THE    CITY    INDUSTRIAL   AGENT   A    PART   OF   THE    MUNICIPAL   GOVERNMENT  OF 

NIAGARA    FALLS 

BY 

EDWARD  T.  WILLIAMS 


UNTIL  July  I,  1907,  the  work 
of  locating  industrial  con- 
cerns in  Niagara  Falls  had 
been  done  by  the  power  com- 
panies and  in  a  desultory  way 
by  the  Board  of  Trade  through  its  secre- 
tary—  the  writer  of  this  article.  This 
secretary  worked  without  salary,  and 
was  engaged  in  other  business  at  the  same 
time.  Besides  such  work  as  he  found  time 
to  do  outside  of  his  regular  business,  and 
besides  such  work  as  other  members  of 
the  organization  did,  other  people  in  the 
city  helped  when  they  happened  to  think 
of  it  or  had  time.  But  it  was  nobody's 
business  in  particular,  and  so,  as  usual,  it 
was  not  well  done.  No  one  adequately 
presented  the  advantages  of  Niagara 
Falls  —  its  unlimited  quantities  of  electric 
power  delivered  at  the  highest  voltage,  its 
advertising  advantages,  and  its  location. 

Now  Niagara  Falls  employs  a  municipal 
industrial  agent.  He  is  paid  a  salary, 
gives  all  his  time  to  the  work,  and  has 
back  of  him  the  power  of  the  city  govern- 
ment. His  work  is  done  in  a  systematic 
manner.  He  is  responsible,  and  the  city 
that  he  represents  is  responsible.  When 
he  guarantees  to  a  manufacturing  concern 
sewer,  water,  and  pavements,  the  city 
sees  that  they  are  provided. 

This  new  office  was  created  by  amend- 
ment to  the  city  charter  that  established 
the  industrial  commission  as  a  part  of  the 
city  government.  The  board  of  estimate 
and  apportionment  and  the  common  coun- 
cil were  required  by  this  law  to  appropriate 
enough  money  to  run  the  department. 
The  commission  is  composed  of  seven 
members  —  the  mayor,  the  city  treasurer, 
the  president  of  the  common  council, 
and  four  citizens  appointed  by  the  mayor. 
The    terms    of    two    of    these    citizen- 


commissioners  expire  every  year,  and  the 
tenure  of  each  is  two  years.  The  three 
elective  officers  named  first  also  comprise 
the  board  of  estimate  and  apportionment 
of  the  city.  The  mayor  is  chairman  of 
the  commission.  This  commission  ap- 
points the  city  industrial  agent.  The 
commission  meets  every  two  weeks  under 
the  provisions  of  the  city  charter,  and 
holds  such  special  meetings  as  are  nec- 
essary. The  city  provides  an  office  and 
equipment  as  well  as  a  stenographer  for 
the  commission  and  the  industrial  agent. 
The  manufacturers  of  Niagara  Falls  aid 
the  work  of  making  the  city  attractive 
to  other  manufacturers  by  exhibiting 
in  this  office  specimens  of  their  crafts- 
manship. 

The  city  industrial  agent  prepares  and 
circulates  literature  setting  forth  the 
advantages  of  the  city.  Every  piece  of 
mail  matter  that  he  sends  out  contains 
a  boost  for  Niagara  Falls.  He  gets  the 
local  manufacturing  and  business  concerns 
to  use  it.  He  carries  his  propaganda 
beyond  merely  industrial  lines.  For  ex- 
ample, he  recently  cooperated  with  the 
state  senator  from  Niagara  Falls  to  get 
a  bill  passed  by  the  last  legislature  appro- 
priating $1,000,000  for  the  immediate 
construction  of  trunk  highways  north 
and  south  and  east  and  west  through 
Niagara  County.  These  highways  will 
make  Niagara  Falls  a  better  market  and 
benefit  all  of  its  inhabitants  by  placing 
a  better  supply  of  farm  products  within 
their  convenient  reach.  Again,  the  in- 
dustrial agent  has  encouraged  as  many 
public  improvements  as  possible,  for 
these  make  the  city  an  attractive  place 
to  live  in  and  to  do  business  in.  But  mere 
extravagance  is  opposed,  for  the  vc^aac^- 
facturer  has  a  watchful  eye  for  xV^^"^"*^ 


720 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


rate.  Sewers,  water,  and  pavements  are 
necessary  for  most  manufacturing  con- 
cerns, and  the  industrial  agent  takes  up 
these  matters  with  prospective  manu- 
facturers. He  also  arranges  to  have 
railroad  spurs  laid  to  factories.  He  fur- 
nishes information  about  freight  rates, 
either  in  bulk  or  in  package.  He  keeps 
a  mass  of  detailed  information  about  the 
city  at  his  fingertips:  for  example,  that 
electric  power  —  which  is  available  twenty- 
four  hours  in  the  day  by  the  turn  of  a 
switch  as  against  ten  hours  for  steam  —  is 
sold  at  half  the  cost  of  steam.  And  he  puts 
these  facts  constantly  before  the  manu- 
facturing world. 

Every  year  the  city  industrial  agent 
investigates  hundreds  of  manufacturing 
projects,  good,  bad,  and  indifferent,  reach- 
ing out  for  advantageous  propositions. 
His  task  is  as  surely  to  scare  away  com- 
panies of  a  suspicious  sort  as  it  is  to  se- 
cure the  permanent  establishment  of  re- 
liable houses. 

The  efficiency  of  an  industrial  agent  is 
illustrated  by  the  following  incident: 
Into  Niagara  Falls  one  afternoon  came 
Mr.  William  J.  White,  who  had  been  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
chewing  gum,  but  who  retired  several  years 
ago.  He  now  planned  to  go  into  business 
again.  He  visited  Buffalo  and  hired  a 
taxicab  in  order  to  look  around.  He 
continued  his  investigations  until  he 
reached  Niagara  Falls.  There  he  went 
into  a  hotel  and  told  the  proprietor  his 
mission.  The  hotel  man  immediately 
telephoned  to  the  city  industrial  agent, 
who  was  at  the  hotel  in  three  minutes. 
Mr.  White  wanted  a  building  already 
erected,  and  there  were  few  available. 
He  left  the  city  without  finding  what  he 
wanted.  The  induNtrial  a;'ent  took  his 
address  and  made  a  careful  investigation 
of  the  city.  In  a  few  da\s  he  wrote  to 
.Mr.  W  hile  in  New  York  that  he  thought 
he  had  the  buildinir.  and  the  result  was 
that  Mr.  White  made  annthcr  visit  to 
NiaL'ara  FalU.  durini^  which  the  city  was 
vii'wc-d  at  fVcT\  an;:le.  He  then  made 
lrip>  to  New  ^'t)rk.  (Hiicai^t).  and  St. 
l.oui>.  but  the  outcome,  after  weeks  of 
work  and  careful  consideration,  was  that 
Mr.   While  decided   to   locate   his   plant 


in  Niagara  Falls  and  to  locate  another 
plant  in  Niagara  Falls,  Canada,  as  he 
would  be  able  to  handle  them  both 
economically.  By  that  effort  of  its  dty 
industrial  agent,  Niagara  Falls  now  htt 
a  new  industry  whose  product  is  valued 
at  more  than  $5,000  a  day,  wholesale. 
The  location  of  that  plant  alone,  in  Che 
matter  of  the  employment  of  labor, 
freight  shipments,  the  bringing  of 
people  into  the  city,  etc.,  is  worth 
than  the  salary  of  the  industrial 
for  a  year. 

Another  case:  A  man  living  in  ^^niwh 
told  the  industrial  agent   about    a   veiy 
successful    manufacturing    concern,     tlie 
Wagstaffe  Company  in   Hamilton,  Olit» 
that    was    ambitious     to      supply     the 
American  market.     It  had  set  up  a  smal 
temporary  plant  in  cramped  quarters  ai 
Buffalo  to  "feel"  the  American  markieL. 
The  industrial  agent  got  in  touch  witk 
Mr.  James  Wagstaffe  and  showed  him  tht; 
city  thoroughly.     Me  met  him  every 
he    came    to    Niagara    Falls,      and 
remained    with    him    until    he    left. 
addition  to  the  other  advantages  of 
city,   he  emphasized  the  fact    that 
raw  material  for  such  a  plant  was  near  al' 
hand  in  large  quantities  in  the  Niagut' 
fruit    belt.     The    result   was     that    Mft 
Wagstaffe  purchased  five  acres  of  land 
in  Niagara  Falls  and  built  a  large  plant 
there. 

In  this  way,  five  new  industrial  ooih 
cerns  were  brought  to  Niagara  Falls  in 
1911.    One  of  these  was  Greif  Brotheis 
Company,    of  Cleveland,  O.,  who  oper* 
ated  a  large  coo[>erage.    They  had  some 
correspondence    last    summer    with    the 
industrial  agent  about  locating  at  Niagara 
Falls.    The    industrial    agent    went    to 
(Cleveland  and  a  deal  was  closed.     The 
company  has   twent\-two   plants   in   five 
states  and  it  made    7.(km).ckx)  barrels  in 
1010.    Another  was  the  Niagara  Chocolate 
Company,  that  has  just  broken  ground  in 
Nia«;ara  Falls  for  a  $i(x>.ooo  plant. 

Alto«^ether,  Niagara  Falls  has  demon- 
strated that  a  city  industrial  agent,  paid 
to  devote  all  his  time  to  increasing  the 
number  of  productive  enterprises  in  the 
cil\ .  can  be  a  very  useful  and  profitable 
member  of  the  municipal  government. 


The  Motor  Truck — The  New  Frel 


DOUDLEDAYt  PAOE.  «k    COtAV  ^^^^ 


I^niiinmiinnmiiimiiiimiimiii 


% 


Prs4wA  hy  (tiime  J(iA 


I     Paderewski  plays  for  the  Victor 

All  the  wonderful  sentiment  and  expression  this  great 
1  artist  calls  forth  from  the  piano  captivate  you  with  their 
I      exquisite  beauty  in  his  Victor  Records. 

Go  to  any  Victor  dealer's  and  hear  Padcrcwski's  records  of  Chopin's  graceful  "Valie 

BriniAntc"  (S8322)  and  his  own  beloved  "Mmuct  m  O^'  (88J2 1)— masterly  reproductians  of 

^       B  master's  pcrfbimancc  _ 

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The  most  illuminating  book  on  the  Chinese  people  ever  published 

THE  CHANGING  CHINESE 

By  Edward  Aliworth  Ross,  Ph.D,,  LL.D., 

fYolNftor  of  Sodolofiy  In  the  Unlvcnltr  of  Wbconsin,  and  author  of  "  Sin  and  Society." 

"Social  Control."  etc 

**  So  interesting  is  the  treatment  throughout, soTtvid  the 
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By  WaIUcc  Gitlpiinck 

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Eleanor  Hailowell  Abbott's  *' Molly  Make-Believe  "  waa  ifie 
prime  favorite  of  /fl/l*     Now  Mhe  has  written 


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JUST  PATTY 

By  JeQH  Webster,  Author  of  '*  When  Patty  Went  to  Colle|^e/'  *'  Jerry  Junior/'  eto. 
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FLOWER  O*  THE  PEACH 

By  Percerml  Gibbon 
A  picture  of  white  and  Kaffir  life  in  South  Africa.     * '  The  hand  that  draws  the 
picture  for  us  is  a  mister  hand;  the  characters  are  as  real  as  though  photographed, 
and  the  book  is  perfect  artistically." 

THE  GODS  AND  MR.  PERRIN 

By  Huih  WalfMilfl 
rhe  Boitom  Gloht  sajrs:  '*The  best  delineation  of  life  in  the  faculty  of  a  secoiid' 
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THE  HAUNTED  PHOTOGRAPH 

By  Ruth  Mf^Eaery  Stusrt,  aythor  of  **  Sonny:  A  Chri&tmm&  Guest/* 
* '  N  apoleoa  Jaekvoo  / '  etc . 

"A  genial  humor  and  mellow  sweet neis,  coupled  with  acute  observation  ol 
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THE  BLIND  WHO  SEE 

By  Marie  Louiie  vao  Saanen 
In  which  the  author  **has  ponrayed  the  wayward,  susceptible  young  wife  of  a 
blind  musician  with  rare  psychological  power/' 


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"A  life  of  Luther  for  all  the  peoftle.  " 

MARTIN  LUTHER:  The  Man  and  His  Work 

By  Dr.  Arthur  Cunbman  McCiffert 
PntfeMor  of  Church  HlsUiry  In  the  Union  ThrtiJoitkAl  Sonlnwy. 

**It  is  not  exclusively  a  stutient*s  work»  although  the  student  will  find  it 
of  the  highest  worth.  It  is  not  exclusively  for  popalar  reading,  althoufch 
no  more  adequate  life  of  Luther  has  been  written  than  this  for  the  man 
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■I^^Hj     THE  WOMEN  OF  THE  C^SARS 

^^^^K^         ^^H  Author  of  "  The  Creatncst  &tid  Dcclioe  of  Rocbc*' 

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^^^^V^^  l!H  social  life  in  ancient  Rome.  ,  ,  ,  The  dramatic  contrasts 

^^^^^^^  j^l  of  this  period  are  portrayed  almost  as  vividly  as  in  'Quo 

^^^^^^n^H  V'adis/  and  with  far  more  convincing  verity.     The 

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AMERICAN  ADDRESSES 

By  Hon.  Joseph  H*  Choate 
Aittbor  af  "Abrahvn  UncoLn  and  Other  Addrcacs  In  EngluML" 

Nu  worthier  collection  of  addresses  has  been  published  for  many  year*. 
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STORIES  OF  USEFUL  INVENTIONS 

By  Profcsior  S*  E*  FormAo 
Stories  of  inventions  which  have  registered  the  development  of  the  ^ 
race,  skilfully  and  interestingly  told — the  first  gathering  together  » 
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THE  SECOND  BOYS'  BOOK  OF 
MODEL  AEROPLANES 

By  Francift  Arnold  Cotlins 
Author  or  *'  The  Qort*  Book  of  Model  Aeropliiica." 

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ADVANCE  OF  THE  GRAND  ARMY 

NAPOLEON'S  n*iM  £lli  more  pag^  b  ih*  world 'i  wlemo  hi^toty  tbaa  that  of  any  other  mortaL  TKc  advinw 
of  hti  CiiLnd  Anny  into  Ruttia  ii.  the  tunung  point  in  Kii  camt  asd  m^rks  the  beginmn^  ot  Ui  downfiiU  The 
piduEc  ^WQ  berewith  from  Fiidpalh't  hut^p  tlu:  origixiAl  o(  which  wu  diaplayed  at  ihc  Worl^l'i  F§k  at  Chicago, 
markt  bul  on«  eveol  out  of  tbousaodi  which  afe  fully  cl«i£Hb«d  and  illutttated  in  the  w<tdd4amcd  public alioa 

Ridpath*s  History  of  the  World 

WoRLB*s  Work  readers  are  offered  oae  more  opportunity  to  place  this  spkndid  His- 
tory in  their  homes.  We  will  mail  our  beautiful  46  page  free  Moklet  of 
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At  LESS  than  even  DAMAGED  SETS  were  ever  sold 

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tmd  to  print  our  price  brojidcastt  for  the  sake  of  ntore  qnickly 
seihng  these  few  sets,  would  cause  great  injury  to  future  s^ile*. 

Sbc  Thousand  Years  of  History 

RJdpatii  takes  you  back  lo  the  dawn  of  history  long  be 
fore  the  Pyramids  of   E|f>"pt  were  buiU:   down 
throuijh  the  romantic  troubled  times  of  Chaldcii* 

ot  UolirimmelUn  cultuf?  ^nd  jr^nnrtnrnt:  of  t'rc^mii 
elesluiec  Ami  njritiah  Ti*>WM,  to  llic  dawn  of  ^r-^ttrr- 
dAjr«  TTr  •ittvxzs  rnvmntf  ra^e*  Mvrr  o«llefi,  «v«r7 
|li«»    '  :     v^m  *i>r3;Nl><i5Uwd    l*y  it*  woudtrSul 

cto^  1^  '  I  rte  in  ore  inlr  rt>»t  iufl .  al*!fOf  bi  n  e  An  1 1 

iii*|''  r  ■    r  wrilU'a. 

Rtdpatli*s  Graphic  Style 

Kii  I  path '-4  enviable  |x>sition  as  a  historian 
is  fhie  to  hi^  wontlerfully  heauliful  ^tyle, 
a  iilyle  no  other  historian  has  ever  eqnallecl. 
He  pictures  the  ifreat  historical  cveots  as 
tiimivh  thrv  wen  tutjipctii tiff  b«f arc  rourcy^sjhtcar- 
rif*  vmi  ttrilh  him  If*  atf  tbe  bfttU^f  ol  oM;  to  m^fct 
kitie^  And  nneenfl  mn4  iramorii;  to  «it  in  the  KoniAii 
firtintc^  tn  march  «cmin»tS4l«diTiiind  lit«d«rk-«kitiiitd 
fon>>^rf*i  to  ndH  tlie  »*>tit!ierii  stass  wiUi  D^iike;  to 
eirttimiiiivlirmlc  tbe-  K^tkbe  with  lilaifvllea^  lo  watch 
IU4t  ttitn  Itnir  {if  Greek  »pefUTa?ii  work  hAVOC  witlitbc 
PtrBiati  harrtf*  oD  the  firld  of  M«fmt1lOii1  tO  koow 
NApolemi  n«  vcm  know  Koo«evirlK  HecOfflbiiKrs  ab^ 
totbiuf  ijutrrrait  wiih  titpmn«  rtlubilityi,  iLiid  CMikefl 
thr  h^To«-ti  of  h\*i0ty  rtt.i  livlngr  mtA  uid  vomeo. 
Msid  .tlioiit  them  h«  wciivei  the  riic  iind  ImW  of  em- 
p4rr^  ku  mkH  ii  f&AciiiAtJinr  ityJe  that  hisloiy  btcomet 
aa  &^*^^^hJ^^\y  iaicfr*titi«:  «*  tbr  rtc«te*t  of  fictiop* 


The  latest  book*  on  trivd  and  hio^nphy  may  be  obuined  throuch  th«    "^^^^ft*** 


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"  For  over  forty  years  the  great^mi 
magazine  in  the  world/* 


THE  CENTURY 
MAGAZI N  E 


N 


During  1912 


I     , 


A  New  Novel 
by  Locke 

^^Everybody's 
Saint 
Francis" 

Choice 
Art  Features 


IN  the  January  number  of  TAe  Century 
begins  a  new  novel  by  W.  J.  Locke,  a 
story^  of  rare  power  and  appeal.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  story  its  heroine,  Stella,  is  an  invalid,  forced  la  ^ 
spend  all  her  days  in  a  beaudiul  big  room  looki 
out  to  the  sea  and  the  sky.  The  friends  who  lo^^ 
her  call  her  "Stella  Maris*'  (star  of  the  sea) ;  and  thtt ' 
is  made  the  title  of  the  stor)\  Stella's  world  is  tin* 
world  these  friends  bring  to  her  sick-room,  and  they 
ki'ep  from  her  all  knowledge  of  its  iniser>'  and  wrong- 
It  is  w^hen  she  recovers  and  leanis  what  the  real 
world  is  that  Locke  has  a  chance  for  those  commits 
whirh  make  his  stories  so  tascinaling  and  which  he 
works  nut  S4I  ingeniously. 

A  feature  of  The  Century  during  191a 
will  be  "  Everybody's  Saint  I'rancis,"  the 

text  hy  Maurice  Francis  Egan,  American  Miniakterto 
Denmark,  the  illustrations  by  Maurice  Houtetde  Miiti- 
vel.  Mn  Egan  is  a  poet^  and  an  authority  nn  rhTirrh 
history.     Boutet  de  Monvel  in  <me  of  die  v:  f 

living  French  artists*    The  result  w^  be  a  r*  y 

life  of  tJie  saint  who  for  five  centuricji  has  stirred  rhe 
adminiiinn  <»f  Catholics  and  Protestants  alike. 

The  jii  w  volume  of  The  Century  will 
continue  to  hold  high  the  standard  of  its 

art  and  illustrative  features,  Timothy  Cule,  greatcat 
of  living  w^ooil- engravers,  will  contribute  to  its  pa^e^ 
his  beautiful  woodcuts  of  ''Ma^^terpieccs  of  Amrnr.m 
Galleries/*  Joseph  Pennell,  foremost  of  living  cich- 
en$,  is  working  on  a  series  of  sketches  of  the  I^anama 
Canal  as  it  is  toKiay.     NotabV  -k-s  of  the  work 

of  leading  American  and  fort  will  lie  shown 

from  month  to  month. 


tn  writ«n 


j^u>'cnt*rri    piea«c    mrncHm 


Tm  Woi4.o'>  WoRn 


THE    WORLD-S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


The  American  Undergraduate 

The  January  number  of  TheCeniury  con- 
tains  the  first  of  five  notable  and  significant 
|)a])crs  on  the  American  undergraduate  by  Clayton 
Sedgwick  Cooper,  author  of  "  College  Men  and  the 
Hihlc."  The  articles  aw  written  out  of  Mr.  Coopers 
growing  convi(  tion  that  there  is  need  of  arousing  new 
and  wide-spread  interest  in  trained  leadership  for  our 
nation ;  and  they  are  certain  to  be  not  only  of  live 
interest,  but  of  permanent  value  in  the  literature 
dealing  with  our  country's  educational  institutions. 

The  Great  Middle  West 

lulward  Alsworth  Ross,  Professor  of  So- 
ciolojry  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and 
author  of  "Sin  and  Society," "Social Control/'  "The 
Changing  Chinese,"  etc.,  is  writing  for  Tk^  Ontuty 
during  1 91 2  four  articles  of  great  significance  and 
interest  on  the  Middle  West  and  what  it  stands  for — 
and  to  Professor  Ross  it  stands  for  certain  things  the 
East  does  not  understand  and  needs  to  have  inter- 
preted. Professor  Ross  is  one  of  the  most  original 
and  forceful  thinkers  and  writers  of  the  day ;  and  these 
papers  will  have  nation-wide  interest  and  importance. 

A  New  Year's  Gift 

Of  the  many  other  fine  and  strong  features 
which  will  make  The  Century  an  invaluable 
household  friend  during  191 2,  it  is  impossible  to 
give  adequate  details  in  limited  space,  and  each 
month  will  add  freshly  interesting  and  valuable 
features  to  the  list  in  hand. 

Make  Tlir  Century  during  1912  a  New  Year's  gift 
to  your  home.  Send  it  It)  the  friend  to  whom  it  will 
bo  a  welcome  reminder  every  month  in  the  year  of 

your  thoughtfulness  and  good  taste. 

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the  publishers: 

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THEJANUARY 
CENTURY 
CONTAINS 
DICKENS  AND 
NAPOLEON 
ARTICLES 
OF   UNUSUAL 
INTEREST 

Charles  Dickens 

*'Thc  Man  Who  Cheers  Us  All 
rp."  By  Professor  William 
Lyon  Phelps  of  Vale. 

Dickens  Characters  in 
Real  Life 

By  Harold  Begbie,  aathor  of 
*' Twice- Bom  Men." 

Old  Friends  from  Dickens 

Drawings  by  S.  J.  Woolf. 

New  Records  of  Napoleon 

Extracts  from  the  diary  of  Major- 
General  A.  Emmett,  R.E.,  in 
charge  of  the  faneral  of  the  Em- 
peror at  St.  Helena. 

Record  of  the  exhumation  of 
the  body  of  Napoleon,  by  Captain 
Charles  C.  Alexander,  C.E., 
ofhcer  in  charge. 

The  Return  from 
St.  Helena 

How  Napoleon's  body  was  re- 
ceived in  France. 

Aho  in  the  January  Century 

THE  PENDING 

ARBITRATION 

TREATIES 

An  Appeal  for  their 
Ratification 

BY 

PRESIDENT  TAFT 


Send  for  WoaLo's  Woaa  hand  book  of  Kbooli 


ri 


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3 


India  Paper  Editloa 

Webster's 
Universal 
Dictionary 


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THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


Gene 

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PubltMhed  Auguft  t7th,  1911^  and  in  Ubb  than  four  months  has 
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fl  In  these  days  of  many  new  books  there  must  be  some  very  unusual 
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fl  The  greatest  novel  Mrs.  Porter  has  written  ts  "  Tin  HaWtslen  *' 
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C  CONTENTS :  —  A   Financial    Calendar.      A   Glossary   of    Technical 
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MRS.  Humphry 

WARD'S 


ft 


The  Case  of  Richard  Meynell^* 

AND   THE   REVIEWERS 


^^Thfrf  is  m uch  of  dramatic  interest.  The 
contentions  in  which  Meynell  engaged  were 
many  and  they  were  not  at  all  of  a  pale 
and  sluggish  character."' —  \.  V.  Sun. 

*WIrs.  ff'ard  has  brought  all  of  her  ri- 
pened art  to  the  making  of  this  novels  and 
it  stands  out  as  an  appealing  story,  one 
of  great  sympathy  for  women.  She  does 
not  build  her  characters  in  haphazard 
fashion^  and  because  they  are  so  human  and 
so  possible,  even  outside  the  pages  of  fiction, 
Mrs.  ff'ard has  doneherwork  thoroughly  and 
comprehensively.^'  —  Springfield  In  ion. 

**.\/r.».  ff'ard  ij  nox  in  the  full  maturity  i.f 
hfr  pd'.trry.  She  hu>  seen  Hie,  ^ he  has  lived 
It,  and  I  hi-  humanities,  rather  than  the  petty 
dirftrftur  \  of  men,  are  ntiw  the  bi)>  things 
•:vith  htr.  There  i.\  no  deny  in  }i  the  piKver 
■xith  uhuh  ^he  '.vrite.^.  Her  hishop\,  lu'r 
lurih,  til  T  cltr^\men,  her  Utdie^  ure  urrrwtuf-:, 
per.MiHtititif-^  and  therf  i.>  i:n  di'^irfr  dt  auth- 
ority, itittiit't  !uul  t'T  .spiritual,  iihuh  .\tr\. 
ff'ard  tJ'-f-*  m-!  umeed  in  tnn:eyin^.  She 
ha^  a  /••'tup  and  I  irrum^'tant  t'  in  htr  n"irl.\ 
rf-,i /.'  .■  uni'j-,. i :,d  uncf  iht  d,i\  ^  ifirr  Di}- 
tii.':  .:  r  -.'i .    lit'-  in.'f-.'.'n  !:t.i'  i  ••:ir'4.-f    ;;.'  a.'- 


^* Distinctly  superior  to  the  author  s  other 
work    of    recent    years.'' — N.  V.   Worid. 

^^Years  have  not  robbed  Mrs.  Humphry 
ff'ard  of  any  of  her  intellectual  pozver,  hut 
they  have  mellowed  her  emotional  nature  and 
deepened  the  human  appeal  of  her  fiction. 
'The  Case  of  Richard  Meynell"  is,  in  this 
latter  respect,  a  finer  and  greater  novel  than 
'Robert  £ls mere.*  The  character  drau-ing  is 
wonderfully  perfect.  MeynelCs  simple  and 
lofty  figure  dnmi nates  the  huok,  but  around 
him  revolve  a  dozen  diverse  characters^  f^^od^ ' 
had  and  indifferent,  each  vividly  alive."'' 
C'hiiap)  Rccord-HoralJ. 

''  Tin-  s.'ory  is  .'..Id  :i  ith  delicacy  and  dis- 
tinction. In  thi.^  iitlume  are  fine  Itjuchrs 
and  //i./'.V  :l:i'U;^ht*  icorthily  exprej.M'd. 
Here  and  there  ,'..  a  .^uhtle  phraye  :ihieh 
i<irrif.\  r\pre^M''H  n;.o>  :he  realm  nf  muMC 
.  .  .  'i^nt-  All!  ijut^tmn  the  truthful- 
.•i:idnf\'    i,f    thf    picture    nt    u 

'•'rUi:i^if,     !'/■     ft     »'f'livinu.\      fit    iHt 

<>'    thr    .firkn:an>hip    And    tie 

t     the     miiti:'f^     ..;    the    ivriter.*" 

Loud*  Ml    Tinii-s. 


r.r.\  \ 
Sf'iril.ta: 
t'  \t  t'/lt'tn  t 
nohiliiy 


d 


•  at-  n-  a  ./  . 


til  l.t  rsf-"  .; 

*  rraia're- 


:  rr  n:  r  ;; 

..'-.  S'  ■■ 

f  r.-    T  .tn 


:  t.ii  t     '  '■  w*  ;/■,*«  :i  i:t:  S'l  n:  'n't: 


V"  n}},'  ha\  ert  r  dfn'ud  Mr^.  Ward  .'/'»'• 

<■••  tra-^i'   "f    htr  <■•■/;;■.'<•.'/■'».  •     '"■    :'nr    p<  :i't  r 
I -t  e \  p '•/■ ' .    h(  I    :  if-. r > .      ' Ru  i.a r-j   Mry luii 
<>.<;.'.'/»■:.■/■'     hf  I'  mu:;   <•  ti'tf'f  a}:'-:iif  r,      // 
I ..    I  \:r,r  rj;',:,ir ;/ y    ;■  r. . .  ■, -...';: V     ■ '   .; : .. /^ •<.',/ - 
ll'-r .  ,t  .j-.y:.i-!  :rr,,  I  r.    ; /; ;. .  ; /.■ .    ,; rr ;; ,;  rf  i »; - 

//..fv;. I./.";  ■»?..'*      LiiMdnii  \)a'\\\  (.'iiptnivlt'. 


5fjr  photogravure  illustrations.    Fixed  price,  $1.35  (postage  15c.) 
Garden  City    DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  CO.     New  York 


II.     WTif    'Ik' 


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THE    WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


Partial  Lut  of  ContenU 


Agriculture.  Appropriations  for  Depart- 
ment  of 

Aid  to  the  Injuicd.  First 

Almanac.  Calculations  for  iQia 

Anf  ora  Goats,  The  Truth  About 

Animab.  Ages  of 
Diseases  and  their  Remedies. 
Farm.  Numberand  Value  of,  in  the  States 

Antidotes  for  Poisons 

Apple  Orchard.  Materiab  Used  and  Re- 
moved in  Twenty  Years 

Apples.Bestto  Plant  in  Different  Locations 

Apricots.    Best   to   Plant    in    Different 
Locations 

Arid  Area  in  the  Different  States  and 
Territories 

Bam  Use.  Weighu  for 

Bee  Keepers'  Maxims 

Blackberries.  Best,  to  Plant  in  Different 
Locations 

Bookkeeping  for  Farmers  and  Gardeners 

Builders,  Information  for 

Building  a  Hotbed 

Bulb  Culture— Indoor 

Bulletins.  Farmers' 

Bushes.  How  Lone  They  Will  Bear 

Cattle.  Beu  Breed  of  Dairy 
To  Ascertain  Weight  of 

Cereals,  Composition  of.  for  Comparison 

Cheap  Seed.  Why  Expensive 

Cherries.  Sweet.  Best,  to  Plant  in  Differ- 
ent locations 
Sour.  Best,  to  Plant  in  Different  Lo- 
cjitions 

ChronoloRical  Cycles  for  191  > 

Church  Days  for  iQia 

Concrete,  What  a  Farmer  Can  Do  With 

CiK^kinK  Time  Table 

Com.  How  Deep.  Should  Be  Planted 
Planting  for  Big  Crops 
Rule  for  Measuring 

Ctm  of  Plowing 

Who's  Who  in    Pouhry 
Who's  Who  in  Dog* 


Enlarged,  Rearranged  and  Revised 

The 

Garden  and  Farm 
Almanac 

FOR  1912 

Special  Features: 

Best  Breeds  of  Cattle    A  Guide  to  the  Weeds 

Getting  the  Best  of  the  InsecU 

Best  Kreeds  of  Sheep 

Prize  Q>ntest  for  Recipes:  $20  in  Cash 

and  Other  Prizes 

The  Gttrden  and  Farm  Almanac  tells  you 
how,  when  and  where  to  plant  and  grow  to  the 
very  best  advantage  all  flowers,  vegetables,  crops, 
shrubs,  trees  and  lav^-ns — contains  elaborate  plant- 
ing tables  for  every  season  of  the  year — tells  how 
to  fight  all  insect  enemies — shows  what  needs  to  her 
done  about  the  place  each  month  for  its  better 
maintenance— devotes  many  p)ages  to  all  garden 
and  farm  buflding  operations—  is  full  of  new  and 
attractive  ideas  and  suggestions. 

The  Garden  and  Farm  Almanac 

is,  in  a  word,  a  ready  reference  guide  of  every-day 
value,  covering  the  entire  field  comprehensively 
and  expertly.  It  will  answer  ever>'  question  for 
you  on  any  subject  whatsoever  pertaining  to  the 
garden  and  farm.  C.  The  1912  A  Imanac  is 
bigger  and  better  than  ever  before,  containing 
many  new  features.  The  text  is  made  up  of  x  w.  w 
over  250  pages  fully  illustrated.  Every 
subject  carefully  indexed. 

POSTPAID 
35  CENTS 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

GARDEN  aXY 
Img  Islaad,  New  York 


Pnc«aCo. 

GnrdMiCitF*N.Y. 

Pleate   tend   me 

postpaid.    Thm  1911 

Gardim  amd  Fmrm  At* 

'codott 


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The  Rndcrt'  Stnrict  will  give  iafonnatioo  about  the  Utett  autotnob^  4k.<»ww».v&» 


Miss  HalFs 

Town  and  Country  School 

FOR  GIRLS 

III  I  he  Berkshire  Hills,  on 
the  Holmes  Road  to  Lenox. 
One  thousand  feet  above  the 
sea  level.  Forty-five  acres 
of  woodland    and    campus. 

MlA8   MIRA  R   HALL.   PrlQcipal 
Piiistleld,  M&ssacbusetU 


I 


MASSACxvsnrs,  AiiburndA.le,  its  Woudland  Ro»d. 

Lduell  Seminary 

CoHrfr  pn|»r»t{on.    Hou»chold  ArU  mJ  Sckcficn. 
Ten  milis  from  fioeton- 

MAA'tACjfV^VTTS.  Andf*wr. 

Abbot  Academy 

A  ScKoot  lor  Girli.     Founded    i8»S,     i|  tnilM  from    Boston. 
Addrctt  Ths  IUi3iiitii*i>  School  Street. 


Massachusetts,  W«t  Undufwutvr. 


Howard  Semin.^ 


•1    »<»tl    »iT»u'fif**i  ■ 


from     IloitoTI  I     A<  llf'rm.  l^'ry    ID.!     ^«4r«\^     f   ilBlfl 

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MASsAcarsfTTS.  Hr»dfofd. 

Bradford  Academy  for  Yowng  Women 

Oat  hutidred  ftod  teotJi  year,    Thixtj    mile 
Addrctt  the  FniiciiMd. 

MusLacxa  a. 


4 


MAssAcittTSBTTS,  Billerieftr 

The  Mitchell  Military  Boys'  School 

1B«»iall7.  WioriUj  lod  plijriinll Y  for  Ihr  lArgtr  frrfj^t^f u  y  — -  i  g||      aartki 
upeaivqucA. 

ALKXANi^ni  K.  icrrcMjnj^  wimd^mm. 

MASULCEUsrm,  Boston,  4  Arlioffton  St]««t. 

Miss  McQintock's  School  for  Gi^b 

G«aenl  iDd  CoUcfe  Prrparatory  t  nurses      Mosic,  aflL  ftttitti 
crUu.  damrstic  adetice.    Reidcbl  mad  day  pa|»l^ 

Uiss  Mai¥  Law  McCuntock.  PiiDcip«l.  Ite  Mp 


Write  for  The  World's  Work 
Handbook  of  Schools 


BulldlHC*  3 

M«««i»l  TraJikl«t  ^hiip 


ROCK  RIDGE 

School 


71  CUFF  ROAD 
WELLESLEY  HILLS,  MASS. 


RUCK  KIDGE  RAI.L«j>vbDf««rMi4k  »> 

I.trrv  hoy  Uk  olij'ct  <Tr c^rtttaat  thouj^ht  fe&d  c^^ 
(4.1^  yiidlf  Uivt^    Hi'.n*  HL*  »r(.iuij,lnfre.     1  tivrr. 


% 


pB^QN-NECTlCU^ 


Ca« V I r  ric  i  I   C  b<*hire 

The  Cheshiie  School.  gSTfc.'iSS! 

ken  w4fckntK*.  Sc^,lt     Athlellf  Fkld.     W«Jl»r 


Rumsey  HaU  V.r..*;'~"- '~ 


hmmtum^trnX^HlL.    pirn nfcl^m ^dtw^i 

Lot/ull-tCMift-nL 


I  hf-Alth 


The  Ely  School  for  Gtrli 


r. 


I    * ..  -^hool  for  Gifts. 

Uvrrt^uii^m^  a  iMmtillll  like    in   llv   fiefUliitt   N 
Uuint  tkov  fo  itndy. 

MtM  UutAJi  PnoH,  A.  It 
UmmmMmAt^SStjBt, 


Glik 


Ure^awirli.  Comiiciinit 
Pn9fiil»(  rtpiict  u>  inaocUl  iaqairict  from  Th*  lUidfr**  Sonriet. 


DIRECTORY    OF    SCHOOLS 


] 


aPSi4NSYLVAl>4tAO 


PjOOIITLVAinA.    BSYH     MaWB. 

The  Baldwin  School  tot  Girls  ,£T^S.\m 


d  Wdlcilcy  CoOarM.    Canjicm  priyflMii.    Abo  ««nM  Msanl  c 
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JASB  LTlniirfBLL.  I.  B~  ll«^  sT  IW  IMtosI 
KUBABBTH  FUBSKkT  MMbOl,  A.  M^  AwilMi  ll«U  •Tlte  HhMl 

PzNNSVLVANiA,  LitiU,  T.«iiniitfr  Co. 

Linden  HaO  Semmary 

Orsaniaed  1746,  aims  to  devdop  home-kving  and  home^iaking 
young  women. 

Rev.  Chas.  D.  Kkxidek.  PriodpaL 

PumsYLVANU,  Meicenburf. 

Mercersbarg  Academy  SSSf "te5S3"sdZS  ^ 

ButiiicM.  Let  us  scad  you  our  catalogue  smr  booklet  The  "Spirit  of 
Mrrccrsburg."  Tbev  wiU  prove  vaKlr  tntercstiar  and  beacficial  to  the 
parent  coii6oatcd  witk  tlie  edncatioii  oflils  boy.    Aiidrcss 

WILUAM  MaMN  laviNB,  PH.  D..  PtCSidCBt. 


The  World's  Work  gives  infor- 
mation concerning  investments. 


PzimsvLVANXA,  Philadelphia. 

Osfontz  School  for  Youns:  Ladies 

1  ■•nty  mhiuics  froa  Philadcl|4ila.  The  late  Mr.  Jay  Cooke's  tarn  pn 
city.  Park  or  65  acrei.  Tlie  social  and  famUy  life  is  a  disdnguisUM  fc 
ture.  ratalogue  and  views  on  request.  MiSS  Sylvia  J.  EASTMAN.  If  B 
A.  A.  SUTMaauAMO.  PrlndpaU.  OgonU  School  P.  O.  Boa  G.  PhOa..  Pa. 

PuntSYLVANiA.  Chester. 

Pennsylvania  Military  G>llege. 

joth  year  DeiraD  Sept.  so.    De^rers  granted  In  Civil  E    _  _. 

try.  Arts.  Also  Prcpu-atory  Courses  of  Stud) .  Infantr) .  Artillery,  Cavalry. 
Our  Aim— The  Development  d  Character  10  Secure  Gteatesi  EAckacy. 
Catalotfuesof  CuL.  Cha».  E.  HvaTT.  Presldani. 

Pennsylvania.  Swarthmore 

Swarthmore  Preparatory  School    ^£o<;r2'i£;| 

individual  attention  to  puuils.    I'nJer  the  supervision  of  Friends.    Co-educa- 
tional.   Prepares  tor  Colle);e.     Trchn-.cal     S1.I100I   and  butiness.     Cottage 
system.      Gymnasium,  swimming  i<k>I  andatliletic  field.      Write  fbr  catalog 
AKTHLR  II.  T0M1.INSON.  Head  Master 

Pennsylvanu,  Philadelphia,  Gcnnantown. 

Walnut  Lane  School  for  Youns:  Ladies 

Ihepaies  for  Wellesley,  Vassar,  Smith.  Holyoke  and  Brya  Mawr.  Modern 
Iviguage  and  special  courses.  Music,  domestic  science.  Tennis,  basket 
ball,  horseback  riding.  MiSS  S.  EDNA  JOHNjiTON,  A.  B..  Principal.  Mia& 
EDITH  HOLMKSChBGORY.  A.  B..  Reglsttar. 


fey^^EW  VOFtKihn^ 


New  Yoee,  Troy. 

Emma  Willard  School  iri}ir°!2Vl!^'\h?"d'?^' 

Four  new,  fireproof  buildiofs,  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Russell  Sage.  Prepar- 
atonr,GeneralandSpecialCoorses.  Certificate  privileges.  Music,  Art, 
Elocution,  Domestic  Science.  Gymnasium,  with  swimming  pool. 
Catalogue  on  request.       M iss  Eliza  Kbllas.  Ph.B.,  Principal. 

Naw  York,  OsiiniDg-on-Hcdson. 

The  Holbrook  SchooL  25fSuS  VSTSJS^iSi 

year.  Fits  boys  for  College.  Ample  squ^nieat  and  groondi.  Individual 
jSaiislsctorjr  wIsficM  as  to  ckaractar  aeceaary.     For  catalogiie 

THB  HOLBBOOK  SCHOOL.  Osrining.  N.  Y. 

New  Yobx,  Tarrytowii-on-HadsoB. 

Irvins:  School  for  Boys 

Prei>arss  for  all  coUegea  and  scientific  schools,    la  As  kiatorie  " 
tntry.sj  miles  from  New  York,     r^ym»»»«i.i«,.^  ■_!— >i«j  p<wj 


.  >5  n 
fi^d. 


J.  M.  FURMAN.  A.  M..  Head  Master.  Bos  9M- 


The  World's  Work  gives  infor- 
mation regarding  schools. 


OSSINXNG-ON-HODSON,  N.  Y. 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy  2?^u»'-SSil^S 

ih»reugkly  preparing  hoys  for  college.  scienUfic  schools  or  bu^laasa.  1  Might 
'•  '       Mift      " *  — -'- -      • =—   — • *—' — ».--■«-_.- 


ful  home  lifii.      Manual  training. 


New  York. 


_.     Location  only  51  miles 

M«aat  Pl«naAat  Hall  is  for  Ih>>-s  under  13.     Write  for  catalogue  tn 

Ckarlbs  FKaDBMiCK  Bki»ib.  Box  $b6. 

New  YotK,  Morboan  Lake.  Westcbbstbb  Codntt,  Box  75. 

Moheean  Uke  School  T^S  '^S^*'i^Si. 

Average  number  of  pupils  to  a  class.  elt{hi.     Modem  bufltUags.     —    '-^'>  • 
locaUsa  on  M<Aogaa  Lake.    Physical  culture  and  Athletics  under  c 
Director.    Booklet. 

A.  E.  LIHOBR.  A.  M..  CRAS.  H.  SMITH.  A.  M..  PHadpal. 

New  Yoee,  Manliat. 
Th«  ManlftiS  Schools  ?**  John's  School -prepares 
A  ac  IVA«XU1U5  s^^IUWia  for  college,  business  or  a  pro- 
fession. MiliUry  training  in  its  best  form.  Ranked  bv  UT  S. 
Gov't  as  "Distinguished  Institution.  igo4-c-6-7-9iO- 10-11  ■'  Ver- 
beck  Hall— For  boys  IromS  to  14.  Address  William  Vbbbbck. 
President- 

New  Yobe,  Comwall-on-Hudion. 

New  York  Military  Academy 

school  wkh  a  BiagniMvat  equipment.    Special  practicsi 
On  Hu<kon  River  Highlands  n 


coufso  for  boys  not  r^ng  10  college.     

Ptiint.    Separate  department  far  bovs  under 
SBBASTIAN  C.  Jonbs.  Supt. 


River  Highlands  near  West 
S4-    For   catalogue;   addrcas 


itey^»R^GlNi    -    iri 


VXBCXNIA.  Holliitt 

HollinS  A  COLLEGE  FOR  YOUNG  WOMEN 
Founded  184a.  College.  Elective  and  Preparatory  Counes.    Music. 
Art.  etc.     Located  in  Valley  of  Virginia.     700  acres.     Seven  miles 
north  of  Roanoke.    Invigorating  mountain  climate. 
For  catalofnie  address  Mim  Matty  L.  Cockz,  President,  Boa  311 

SWBBT  Briar,  Virginia. 

OWeet  Orf ar  ixmege  ol  Vaj5u>  Wellesley,  Smith  and 
Bryn  Mawr.    Pour  years  of  Collegiate  and  two  years  ofjpreparatory 
en.      On  Southern  Railroad  iootfa  of  WashiagtMi. 


are  given.      _.. 

Catalogue  and  views  sent  on  application  to 

urn.  M  ABV  K.  Hbnbdict,  Prest..  Box  io«,  Sweot  Briar,  Va- 


^telSfe^-'^^eH-I  l-0-^g>sfcteil 


Ohio.  Cleveland. 


UnlvenitT  School    ,/^K.''!ST5.CirtypS! 

n- 1  .rin  caraplffte  Manual  Traiaing  Shnpa.  gymaaainm,  swimmlag  pnol.  sev- 


•Asftc  iiii*  scbeel  vorth  laveadgatinf .    For 
HarbvA. 


e  athlelli  field,  runalag  track,  bowliag  sll^ya. 

1m.    For  caislognei, 

PsTBBa.  fiailpsl.  faq  Hoagll  Avaaur 


Southern  Seminary 


Viboinza.  Buena  Vista,    Boa  836 

FOR  G1RL<%  A.NU  YOUNG  LAUILS. 

44ih  year.  Ltxatign:  In  Blue  Ridge 
Mouataiaa.  ftmous  Valley  of  Virginia,  near  Natural  Bridge.  Wonderiul 
health  record.  C.^rtts:  College  Preparatory.  Finishing,  Music,  including  Pipe 
Organ,  etc.  Studcnu  ttom  every  section  of  t'nltcd  Statca.  Rate  fafio.  Catalog. 

Virginia.  Staunton 

Stuart  Hall  6Mi  session 
Homm  School  for  Ctato  in  the  Blue  Ridge  Mouatslns. 
Church  loflaence*. 
Separateresidence  for  IMe  girls. 
Catalogue  ta?  on  request.  MaBIA  PKNDLBTON  DUVAL.  Principal. 


AtaSTRICTo/COLUMBlMJ 

DxsTBlCT  OP  CoLtTMBU,  Washington.  1906  Florida  Avenue. 

(^<n«tnn  H&lf  ^  "chool  for  girls.  Established  iSga. 
iJUnSCOn  naU  |»„pRnitory  and  Elective  courses.  Modern 
Equipment.  Music.  Art.  Expression.  Miu.  Beverley  R.  Mason, 
PriocipaL    Mua  £.  M.  Clabe.  L.  L.  A.,  Associate. 


Tb«  Rcaden'  Service  will  «%•«  information  about  automobiles 


I 


DIRECTORY     OF    SCHOOLS 


-^^^'A  FtY  LA  N  ZrP?^ 


Educate  Your  Child 
at  Home 

Coder  the  direction  of 

CALVERT  SCHOOU  Ine* 

A  unique  tyitcm  by  peaos  of  which  chil- 
dren frum  iLiDdergancD  to  ta  y«a.rs  of  a^e 
may  be  educAted  eoiirdy  at  home  by  the  best 
modern  metboda  and  under  the  (uiduice 
and  tapenrtijoii  of  ft  acboot  with  a  nadunaj 
rrputatioa  for  traifUDC  Touog  children.  For 
ioiofmatioD  write,  fttatla<  age  of  child,  to 
CAKVEKT  B€II<H>U  H  ^-  C^m  St.,  INiMiMT*,  Bd. 


Maiyiakd.  Port  Deposit. 


The  Tome  School  for  B07S 

Smirwt^  {'*tfigrmtmr2   Sc^**^-     Evt^mCRt  Urn! 


r  high 


TKOMAM  STOQUIAM  AAICLatt,  Pb.  d 


izrfcTJ-N^^I  Sl^^TJI 


Learn  a  Payioi;  Professiao 

Oiil     '-^MiT^.   i,ii.u  J  ici>;«i  lTir.;.r.'t-    and    (.-.'- 1 iioij    for    tif*'.    For 

PHOTOGRAPHY 

PhifioFnfrdvirtf  and  Thitc-Cotor  Work 
Our  rr»i«iiHio«  varn    «)fO  to  •{^O   »  we»k.     We  ualaa 
1 1.  <■,-  tlifM  |H»«lll«N«*    I.ea^m  bow  rou  can  b«Lcnn« 

■>«  eur  — Itvlilf  InrKpcBHive.      Vrflt  lof  cais- 

ii..  1  .4J1M  COLLFfll?  OF  f»n«T<M3RAl»|lY 


EW  JERSEY;:^ 


Hw  JiLK^iv.  BuHriitowii-oothe^Delawart. 


Freehold  Military  School  for  Boys  8  to  13>  abo 
New  Jcf        '^^  '  *  ^  —  Academy  (or  Older  Boyi 

M*lf  ir.ii''   ]i  '••«,    Miriitry>  bHi  met  rrtoTTii 


Nrw  JnstY,  Montclair, 


,td*if  Academy  StIA,''".'"     "^ 

or  bunliHM  pfvparttioa.    Write  ioi  bc^ 
Sebool'*  witli  QiKect  metaaKe  to  ail  boyi.  ['Arrno 
AiMrvaa  Jonji  O,  MacN^Aft  A.  M..  i^  WaMen  Ptaoe 


Itty  and 
nt,  Col- 
Boy  ind 


«u        r*i.l«t         K        W 

W    T 


.j«*f  MMJhcrt- afdWyv. 

.«   fw  «U  cdlcfca      iiiilitfM  C«i»«*», 

-00   Avid,  rnmaiua,  »«mBinf  r*ol, 

IT  *  ti  Id  11,  fr«kr&,     ^^OTtf  4litli  ftmvpma^ft 

\nmAmu     A.    H..    Fftn..    Bat   t    D. 


ational  Park  Seminary 


For  Girls*  Wosl 


A  nnlqqe  lobool  for 
tlonal,  *rfl««ttT«  ma 
maall  claaiea,  bi  Ai 

Art,Mualf * 

braTTati4| 
atr*piir«wftltty) 


blc 


^2 


1)oolu  addm  jiu  1J««  ,P«»Mi  a^p» 


Maktuiki}.  Baltimorf.  Chailet  Stivet  Av 

Notre  Dame  of  Maryland  ^«.£:4Sf  CCtL 

Sliterft  of  ftott*  DaJ&«  t«  trA^in  Um  bD«t».  mim^   mmA  n  iri    la  4ta»tf«*« 
WrtI 


baatoitaJK  Imali.  bccltev.    Ir  ^ 


MuilcArt, 


^MICHIGAN 


MiCHiCAX.  Detroit, 

Detroit  Univ^'-*"  School.  SfPSStaJS 

Boy*.    New  bulk  -^^i  sbo^.  labomiotica.| 

$WitnjiiJti|f  pool,  ii  K^^ceptionahif  anonv  iMwo*  %^ 

lege  certificates  accfr^tni       Calendar    irpopvi  anplkattAau     J%m 
addRMins  Svc'y,  14  tlmwood  Ave^  will  rcc«Ti«  fH^firtW*-^ 


[^NEW  HAMPSHIRE^ 

Nrw  Hawp!7BX&£,  Plymouth. 

Holderness  School  for  Bovs 

Pret*arei  for  CoUefei  and  Technical  Scl>€k>!A.    R»fii» 
highest  rrade  achoolt  o(  Nev  Knglacd^yet  by  maoo  oi  am 
the  tuition  ia  tnoderaie-    jand  year. 

RiTV.  l>Daij*  Waarru*  1*  If .  O  ^  %m 

^J>slEW  JERSEY 

New  JiutT^  Penaiagtoo, 

:i  dexntnary  iN«vMn«  fe«  an  <>^ 

'^uial  TnlnlBc  «,oiitse>.    Tbmw^h  < 
Mnaic  PlM  Otfta.     Sfpaimtt  WUU. ,   _  ,._ 

r   .     >     w    r.  ,:r»«top#d,   main }«(» » l^ate^    rat  n^tt^gnm^  ^^m 


THE    PASSING 

OF  THE 

IDLE  RICH 

By  Frederick  Townaend  Martin 

HERE  u  ft  book  bf  •  nan  proouncfit  tn  aectBl  cir cW 
both  m  thia  country  aaJ  abroad.  Hh  app»owdi 
to  the  tubject  ia  not  ibat  d  lb«  mudi-ri^cr;  Iw  aBCi 
tboae  uodercurrmU  wKicb  nafet  tliv 
iQ^nce  m  aure  dpi  ol 


Nets  I  00    (postage  lOc.) 


DOUBLEDAY,    PAGE  &    CO* 
GARDEN  CrXY,  NEW  YORK 


The  Rfidcn*  Service  fivta  inrortntiton  ibout  mvoiinviiti 


DIRECTORY    OF    SCHOOLS 


n 


Nothing  is  Impossible  to 
Men  with 


Nothing  is  impossible  to  men  with  smbition  I  It  does  not  make  uif 
difference  what  you  want  to  do,  there  is  a  way  to  do  it. 

You  may  think  it  impossible  to  have  jrour  earning  power  doubled,  tripled  or 
quadrupled,  but  the  realisation  of  $uch  an  ambition  is  no  more  impossible  than 
flying  from  New  York  to  Los  Angeles — telephoning  from  New  York  to  Dcnvci — 
or  telegraphing  without  wires  from  San  Francisco  to  Japan»  all  of  which  has  been 
done  within  the  last  year- 

The  International  Correspondence  Schools  offer  to  men  with  ambition i  the 
opportunity   to   make   their    dreams 


come  true.  Thousands  of  ambitious 
men  are  now  taking  this  shon  cut  to 
better  positions  —  to  greater  home 
comforts^ to  a  higher  standing  as 
citizens. 

An  hour  of  your  spare  time  each 
day  k  surely  a  small  payment  for  spe- 
cial training  that  will  put  you  at  the 
cop  of  your  business  or  profession. 

Just  mark  the  coupon,  for  thai 
is  the  first  step. 

This  step  will  bring  you,  without 
any  obligation  on  your  part,  all  par- 
ticulars as  to  how  the  h  C.  S.  trains 
you  for  success  and  the  realization  of 
your  ambition. 

Mark  the  coupon  now. 


WTERfUTIONAL  CORRESPOPfDENCE  SCHOOLS 

EtplalA,  wiLbCKlt  rattier  obiici^tiDaon  toj  pu-t.  hi^w 
I  om  qualify  far  thg  jipiliHon  twjifOfO  »fbtrtj  I  mitrJc  3t, 


T>iil|>*  ■■■■iHtnrlai 

EI«crtncHl  turtiatvi- 

ACTfCQjture 
Oertrte  RAflwftini 

itr««Cbr«l  EMtim*mt 
ft.  K,  C«tuflruniocL 
Mrt*J  lllntnc 


CTrll  carried 

Atrlituwt 

CbmtnUt 

V^mm*nimt  EafflUk 
DuLliUfiff  C-iiutnut^r 

I  ndiut  rlKl  Dfvifnlfit 
riMWiffiil  iriiHtraciBir 
Wlndoir  Trimming 

T(JN^)DiHlLlrir 
Founilrf  Wnrk 

lllii  r  kjiTliJi  tMns 


Pmaat  0«mp«tkH  -. 
01  tf ^_ 


The  Readcn*  Service  will  give  informiXxcA  i^a^\  voxcAMkx^Kw 


Savannah  Is 
Calling   You 

COME  to  the  happy  land  and  the,  Caam 
to  the  land  of  mirth  and  flowers  aixl  ittn* 
shine  and  song — **The  Playground  of  tlie 
World" — the  land  that  Joel  Chandler  Ham 
made  famous — the  land  of  balmy  breezes,  the 
land  of  rest — rich  with  the  romajitictsm  of 
Colonial  Days. 

Nature  was  lavish,  indeed,  when  she  fashtoocd 
Savannah  and  her  surroundings*  The  cKmate 
of  the  Riviera  itself  has  no  greater  chamu  In 
every  way,  Savannah's  simple  grandeur  via 
with  the  splendor  of  the  Orient  Tounsls  have 
rightly  named  it  "The  Paris  of  Amciica,** 
Authorities  are  agreed  that  Savarmah's  vast 
Park  system  has  no  peer.  Here  is  to  be  found 
the  world's  best  automobile  course — 18  miles 
of  hard,  level  road»  hemmed  with  majestic 
trees.  It  was  on  this  course  that  the  Vanderbjll 
Cup  Race  of  1911  and  the  Intemalioiial 
Grand  Prize  Races  of  1906,  1910  and 
1911  were  held. 

Here  is  the  country  of  magnificent  roads,  TKcy 
wind  in  their  stalely  ct>urse  for  scores  of  miles. 
There  is  no  better  golf  links  in  the  South  than 
the  eighteen-hole  course  of  the  Savannah  Golf 
Club.  It  is  accessible  every  day  in  the  year* 
Game  is  plentiful  The  Savannah  Yacht  Club 
rivals  any  Yacht  Qub  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 


I 


ta  wrttiQE  lt»  M&rtftiHm  ^ie^m  awAtkMi  Tm  WoAtv**  Wowk 


THE    WORLD'S  WORK   ADVERTISER 


Shore  resorts  arc  numeroiis,  Tybec  bland,  oiJy  1 8  miles  away,  teems  with  historic 
interest.  It  has  a  beach  that  cannot  be  suipaised.  Isle  of  Hope,  Thunderbolt  and 
Montgomery  are  other  suburban  watering  resorts  that  He  within  four  to  ten  miles  of 
the  city.  All  of  these  places  are  famous  for  their  fish  dinners.  No  spot  in  America 
otfers  greater  inducements  to  the  angler.  As  a  cruising  ground,  this  country  is 
remarkable.  Its  many  inland  salt  water  lagoons  and  streams  are  navigable  lot 
hundreds  of  miles,  with  absolute  safety. 

Chatham  Crescent 

Savanoah's  readeiibal  park  consists  of  289  acres.  This  eat^  propetty  k  withm  the  dty 
bniti  and  is  reached  hy  three  electnc  liaes  that  travcne  the  centie  of  SaYaxmah.  It  has  more 
than  5,000  flouiishmg  trees*  Every  street  b  in  exceUeat  conditioa.  The  tew^age  system  n 
modc^.  Nearly  six  miles  of  piping  are  laid  throughout  the  tract  Tl^re  is  ample  dty  water 
mppjy  at  full  pressure.  Thorough  prov^on  has  been  made  against  fire.  No  residence  section  of 
Savannah  ts  more  immune  frocn  it  Chadiam  Crescent  ts  thoroughly  protected  wtfh  rigid  building 
restiicbons  that  insure  substantial,  steadily  increasing  realty  values.  We  now  have  foe  sale  two 
bungalows  and  three  semi-bungalowt. 

Measure  the  satisfaction  of  having  a  coiy  winier  home  here,  in  contrast  wirh  the  cut  and  dried  routine 
of  hotel  life,  with  its  cold  conventionatities.  The  amount  that  your  faintly  vifould  spend  in  hotel 
biOs  dimng  a  single  season  would  go  a  long  way  toward  paying  for  a  home  b  Chatham  QesceDt 

You  Should  Own  Our  Beautiful  Book 

We  will  be  gi«d  to  Kad  jrou  «  complimetitajy  copy  of  "The  Playi^ouod  of  AmokA*''      Ii  a.  m  tamOcrpioc^  of  lK« 
■oe{c-m  pnntn't  ilulL     W«  beiteve  thftt  ao  finer  work  of  iu  kind  wu  arcf  ptodiKcd.     It  co&tfttM  dozeot  of 
oquisite  Kdi-ton«  Eepcodycdoiu  of  rkwi  uktn  in  and  xiear  pcturcique  S«T«mi«h«  ^  The  coolextt  repMff 
wim  hutofitAl  referenca^  msket  tK&  book  «  poftkive  ennchment  to  uy  libniy.     Wi^  for  jour  copy 
■ow.     Plcane  use  the  coupon  below  uid  ioidf  6  ceoti  for  cofi  of  tnailiAg. 


These  who  contcmplil*  vMtlikf  Sawaoah.  wltk  tb*  Inientloii  of  InvcflUtAtlni  out 
propoBltlon,  wUl  be  cooJucted  to  our  huidtome  fuollne  v«cbl  00  one-  or  two-4«y 
■zeuralonA  Ihroittti  tii«  b«iatlfui  iiOiifids,  «t]re«.nu»  mnA  UfooEiA.  ftbaul  iSAvrnDiiAh— thla 
•t  our  oirn  cxpeiue.    Fleue  notily  lu  rour  or  Ave  d«yBla  »iivftiice  of  your  KrHv»L 

CHATHAM  LAND  &  HOTEL  COMPANY 

SAVANNAH,  GCOEGIA 
The  2flVsaii»b  Truil  Co.«  S|w^a]  A«enU 
Aduoa  A  Hull,  3«,vuiDjli«  G*..  Geoei^  Afieiila 
p«u«  A  Qliiun,  tw  MadJsOD  Ave.,  New  York  Qfy,  Euleni  5«lUn«  Agent* 

in  rA«  emnf*r  «fthm  i»/of  nt^rljr  tight  acryft  haw^  httn  t*t  apa^rt  with 
m  tfiaruf  (ocvnilracfmfa  If  r/cfO'  high-rlamm  K&mtmhyon  thit  »iim.  At 
m  e9n**rvatiitmmMtimatm  tAij  eroj»«rf,y  it  u/orth  SfOO,  000.  ii  mUt 
k*  dmmdmd  in  f*m  Mimpf*  t&th*  int^ividvator  corpora iroA  thai       ^^^ 
wiii  01 V*  mPidmnc*  ^f  abiiity  and  pa  rpas*  #0  eampiy  mii  h  aar         ^Kr^  PiO*_ 

Thj»^mU»Mmwmmtmd%h^i4mHt%mmmfne9*  -^^  *~ 


SATAHNAe 

TRUST  CO. 

Spedml  Aftetil« 

3eYUUiah,G& 

Encloeed    fijod    6  ecdfe 
to  cover  pait«ge  oii  /Tb 
PUypaund  of  Aneiica.'^ 


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\m  writing  to  tdvcrtiten 


acntioa  Tws  ^«mi^%'^«»^ 


mnwt 


INVESTMENTS 

This  is  a  depaftment  in  wMcls  we  publish  atijnouncemenis  of 
bankers.  We  luTestigaie  those  who  wi^h  to  use  our  paiS«is,  and 
tae  advertl96ttkent3  are  supervise  before  acoeptaoeo.  We  tnakib 
vvery  dflort  to  H,cc6pt  ooiy  the  oflerlass  of  safa  setmrlti^sS  &nd 
tlie  announcements  of  responsible  &nd  reliable  baiikiu^  Qnxu, 

The  Reikders'  Ser?ic©  Bureau  of  the  WORLD'S  WORK 
offers  Its  service  wlttiout  charee  to  all  readers  wlio  desire 
Information  In  regard  to  in  vestments  or  on  any  ttnancial 
subject.    Inaulrles  about  insurable©  will  also  be  aiiSweieiL 

AddreM  R«wicr*'  Senrice,  Hia  Worlil'a  Work.  G>rd«i»  Oty,  N,  Y. 

INSURANCE 


388. —  Bond  Holder.  Q.  The  bonds  which  I 
own  are  all  negotiable  and  I  have  been  wondering  what 
I  should  do  in  case  any  of  them  were  lost  or  stolen. 
Would  I  be  able  to  recover  from  the  company  or  to 
trace  the  bonds  in  any  way? 

A,  If  you  know  the  numbers  of  your  bonds  you 
would  probably  be  able  to  trace  a  lost  or  stolen  bond, 
because  the  coupons  which  are  also  numbered  would 
come  in  for  payment  in  the  course  of  time  and  you 
would  be  able  to  fmd  out  in  that  way  who  has  your 
lost  bond.  If  he  is  an  innocent  party,  however,  and 
has  bought  the  bond  in  good  faith,  you  cannot  recover 
from  him  and  the  company  must  pay  him  the  interest 
and  the  principal  when  due. 

When  such  a  bond  is  lost,  you  should  notify  the 
fiscal  agents  of  the  company  immediately,  giving  them 
the  number  of  the  bond.  In  some  cases,  if  the  bond 
remains  lost  for  a  long  time,  the  company  is  willing  to 
issue  another  bond  to  you  but  it  requires  you  to  file  a 
satisfactory  indemnity  bond,  so  that  in  case  the  old  one 
turns  up  it  will  not  suffer  a  loss. 

One  thing  that  any  prudent  man  will  do  is  to  keep 
careful  record  of  the  numbers  of  the  bonds  that  he 
owns,  even  though  he  keeps  them  in  a  safe  deposit 
box  and  runs  practically  no  risk  of  losing  them,  for 
they  may  be  lost  in  transit  or  mislaid  in  some  other 
way.  A  good  many  people,  when  they  buy  bonds, 
which  they  intend  to  hold  for  some  time,  have  them 
registered  as  to  principal  which  does  not  interfere 
with  their  negotiability  to  any  extent  and  which  is, 
to  a  slight  extent,  a  safeguard  against  loss. 

389. —  Industrial.  Q.  As  a  long  time  holder  of 
several  good  industrial  stocks  1  should  like  to  have 
your  offhand  opinion  as  to  the  ultimate  effect  of  the 
enforcement  of  the  Sherman  Law,  so  far  as  earning 
capacity  of  my  stocks  are  concerned.  Is  there  reason 
for  real  alarm,  not  based  on  market  quotations  during 
the  period  of  agitation  but  upon  ultimate  results? 

/4.  Taking  "ultimate"  to  mean  results  after  the 
series  of  Government  suits  is  finished  and  the  in- 
dustrial world  has  adapted  itself  to  the  findings  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  it  would  seem  that  there  is  not  much 
ground  for  serious  alarm.  1 1  comes  down  to  a  question 
what  the  various  constituent  parts  of  the  affected 
trusts  can  earn  after  they  have  adapted  themselves 
to  the  law.  Of  course,  opinions  dilTcr  widely  but  it 
is  not  of  record  that  any  of  ihc  responsible  olTicers  of 
the  companies  thar  have  been  sued  expect  to  see 
profits  disappear.  The  only  tangible  evidence  is  the 
price  of  Standard  Oil  slock  and  the  price  of  American 
Tobacco  stock.  You  have  probably  observed  th;,t 
neither  of  these  companies  has  by  any  means  been 
wiped  out  and  that,  apparently,  those  who  are  most 
closely  in  touch  with  the  alfairs  of  the  company  have 
not  soJd  out  in  despair  and  gone  into  other  lines  of 


business.  Apparently  they  figure  that  there  mH 
still  be  some  profits  to  be  divided  amongst  those  who 
hold  the  equities  in  these  companies  and  there  is  00 
reason  why  the  outside  critic  should  hold  a  differeat 
view. 

Thi^  of  course,  does  not  pretend  to  guage  the  extent 
of  the  disturbance  that  might  run  along  with  the 
process  of  adjustment.  It  is  this  process  that  is  most 
threatening  to  the  holders  of  industrial  securities  and 
not  the  ultimate  results. 

300. —  Trustee.  Q.  In  reply  to  a  former  inquiry 
you  stated  that  in  buying  high  grade  railroad  boods 
for  an  estate  they  should  be  bought  at  "k-easonable* 

f>rices  rather  than  at  high  record  prices.  I  am  at  1 
OSS  to  determine  what  a  reasonable  price  is  and 
would  be  glad  to  get  some  light  on  the  subject  in  case 
of,  for  illustration,  Illinois  Central  Refunding  4  per 
cent.,  Delaware  &  Hudson  4  per  cent.»  Chicago,  Bu^ 
lington  &  Quincy  General  4  per  cent.,  and  Chicago^ 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  General  4  per  cent,  bonds. 

A.  In  figuring  on  a  reasonable  price  for  these  bonds 
or  any  other  interest  bearing  securities  whose  rates 
of  interest  do  not  change,  the  most  sensible  basis  is 
a  comparison  of  prices.  In  such  a  comparison  it  is 
well  not  to  use  extremes  such  as,  for  instance,  the  high 
prices  of  1905  or  the  low  prices  of  the  panic  year  of 
1907.  At  the  present  time  the  high  price  of  1909  might 
be  used  as  a  high  and  the  low  price  of  the  current  yeir 
as  a  reasonable  low.  On  this  basis  in  the  bonds  yoa 
name  the  following  is  a  record  of  high  and  low  for  the 
current  year  and  high  for  1909. 


19 

II 

1909 

LOW 

HIGH 

HIGH 

Ills 

.  Cent. 

Ref 

.  4's  . 

961 

98 

lOii 

D. 

& 

H.  Ref. 

4's     .      . 

■     97 
•     95 

100} 

103 

C. 

B. 

&Q. 

Gen'l  4's    . 

98 

101 

C. 

R. 

I.  & 

P. 

Gen'l  4*s 

.     95I 

981 

101} 

You  will  find  that  current  quotations  are  pretty 
well  below  both  the  high  of  the  current  year  and  the 
high  of  1909.  It  would  be  safe  to  say  that  bonds 
of  this  class  bought  for  permanent  funds  at  prices 
half  way  between  the  high  and  low  of  101 1,  or  lower 
than  that,  would  certainly  be  reasonable  in  price 
and  in  all  probability  most  critics  would  put  the  limit 
of  reasonable  price  higher  than  that.  It  is  assumed. 
of  course,  that  you  are  not  thinking  of  buying  for 
profits  but  simpiy  desire  to  buy  wisely  so  that  your 
fund  will  not  look  as  if  it  were  bought  in  a  boom. 
In  all  probability  bonds  bought  on  the  above  "reason- 
able" basis  would  inventory  in  an  appraisal  higher 
than  their  actual  cost  more  than  half  of  the  time  that 
the  fund  was  held,  if  it  were  held  over  a  period  of 
years. 


INVESTMENTS 


Sound  Investments 


^HE  selection  of  sound  investments  is  nut  a  difficult 
^  problem.  It  is  but  a  question  of  education  along 
comparatively  simple  lines.  And  yet,  it  is  a  subject 
deserving  of  careful  study  by  everyone,  but  especially 
by  those  whose  habit  it  may  be  to  save  some  part  of 
their  earnings,  by  people  dependent  upon  income,  or 
by  business  concerns  appreciating  the  wisdom  of  creat- 
ing a  surplus  reserve  fund- 

The  more  study  you  give  this  subject,  the  greater  will 
become  your  conviction  that  the  success  of  well-informed  iovestora 
is  due  for  the  most  part  to  the  efficiency  of  the  organisation  of 
their  investment  bankers. 


Let  UB  submit  to  you  three  sound  inTestmcats,  mdi  of  a 
distinctly  different  type,  and  yielding  an  aver«^e  return  of  about 


5'/4  Per  Cent 


We  reeonunend  the  mvestmentsto  those  whose  habit  tt 
may  be  to  save  and  invest  some  part  of  their  earnings,  or  to 
people  dependent  upon  income. 

Write  for  our  Cireiilaif  No.  921, 
"  Investment  Securities  " 

Spencer  Trask  &  Co. 

Investment  Bankers 
Si^^j:::^*-^^:^;^^^-      43  Exchange  Place,  New  York 

Cy«c«.  IIL.  72  W»t  Admam  StrMt  M««ilwr*  N«w  Yark  Stock  ExcllAlico 


lo  writing  to  tdvertiten  plc«M  menttoa  Tbb  Wo&i:Bf%'^^^^ 


INVESTMENTS 


Dependable   Bonds 

for   investment  of  about    $1,000 


Bonds  of  the  following  issues,  selected  from  the  large  list  which  we  owft,! 
were  carefully  investigated  and  approved  by  our  experts  before  purchast 
and  are  recommended  by  us.  These  bonds  are  well  secured,  marketable 
and  in  negotiable  form  with  coupons  attached,  covering  semi-annual  in^ 
terest  payments  to  maturity,  when  the  bonds  are  to  be  redeemed  al 
$1,000.  Inquiries  from  investors  concerning  these  or  other  boodi 
answered  without  cost  or  obligation. 


r 


Tide  ti  Band  Do*  "Gmi 

New  York  City  4if 1%0  $1024.00 

Jersey  City.  N.  J..  Water  4is  . 1961  106150 

St&tc  of  Louisiana.  Port  Commission  Ss  1942  1082.50 

Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  Ist  Ref.  4s    ...  1955  950.00 

Pennsylvania  R.  R,  Convertible  3|s 1915  970,00 

Kansas  City  Southern  Refunding  &  Improvement  5s  1950  1005.00 

St.  Louis,  Springfield  &l  Peoria  R.  R-  1st  and  Ref.  5s  1939  1000.00 

Virginia  Railway  &  Power,  1st  &  Ref ,  5s    .     ,     ,     .  1934  975,00 

California  Gas  &  Electric.  Unifying  &  Ref.  5s      ,     .  1937  950.00 

Mobile  (Ala.)  Gas  Company,  1st  Gold  5s   ...     ,  1924  960.00 

Tri-City  Railway  &  Light  Company.  Ut  ^  Ref.  5s  .  1930  950.00 

'Piicct  MibfMt  »»  awrkel  chintai 


Circulafi  describing  abooe  bonds  mailed  on  request.  Ask  for  General  Price  Lisi   No.  F* 


W        Goi 


N.  W.  Halsey  &  Co. 

Government,  Municipal,  Railroad,  and  Public  Utility  Bonds  for  Investmeiil 


NEW  YORK 
4i   W«II  Si. 


PHILADELPHIA 
1421Cli«»iiiiit5t* 


CHICAGO 
t28W.Mo«wMSt. 


G.kf  «brcM4lf  RouUit  titne-ublet.  And  all  *or:.        ....^rmition  obcftincd  thraiigh  the  Reaikn'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


] 


FOR  JANUARY  INVESTMENT 


United  Coal  Company 
6%  Notes 

Dated  Dec.  31,  1909.    Denomination,  $1,000. 

TAX  FREE  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 
Maturities  January  i,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1916, 
1917,  1918,  1919  and  1925. 

Secured  by  deposit  with  the  trustee  of  5% 
Sinking  Fund  Gold  Bonds  of  the  United  Coal 
Company,  due  February  i,  1955,  at  the  ratio 
of  $1,250  in  bonds  to  each  $1,000  note  issued. 

The  retirement  of  the  bonds,  and  consequently 
of  the  notes,  as  they  mature,  is  provided  for  by  ample 
sinking  funds  which  will  retire  the  bonds  before  one- 
half  of  the  coal  is  mined.  This  is  one  of  the  largest 
coal  mining  companies  in  Pennsylvania,  now  stand- 
ing third  in  tonnage  mined  annually.  It  has  more 
than  35,500  acres  of  valuable  coal  land,  in  which,  it  is 
conser\'atively  estimated  there  are  more  than 
553,400,000  tons  of  merchantable  coal. 

Its  market  facilities  are  large.  Its  business  is  con- 
ducted most  conservatively,  over  $1,100,000  having 
been  reinvested  in  the  property  out  of  the  profits.  It 
has  shown  a  consistent  record  since  its  organization 
in  1902.  The  total  value  of  the  property,  according 
to  recent  appraisement  of  two  well  known  consulting 
engineers,  whose  reports  arc  on  file  in  our  office,  is 
more  than  $19,000,000,  while  the  total  outstanding 
bonded  debt  is  less  than  $11,500,000.  The  above 
oote  issue  is  limited  to  $1,500,000. 


United  Water  and  Ughi 
Company  6%  Notes 

Guaranteed  by  the  American  Water  Works 
and  Guarantee  Company. 

(Whose  Capital  and  Surplus  is  over  $10,000^000) 


Dated  April  i,  191 1. 

Denominations 

$1,000 

$i,ooo-$5oo 

$i,ooo-$5oo-$ioo 


Registerable. 

Maturities 
April  I,  1913-14-15 
April  I,  1920 
April  I,  1925 


This  company  is  a  holding  company,  all 
of  whose  capital  stock  is  owned  by  the  Amer- 
ican Water  Works  and  Guarantee  Company 
of  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

The  United  Water  and  Light  Company  owns 
the  controlling  stock  interest  in  and  the  bonds 
of  several  water  works  and  electric  light  plants. 
The  company's  notes  are  secured  by  the 
deposit  with  the  trustee  of  guaranteed  water 
works  bonds  at  125%  of  bonds  deposited  to 
100%  of  notes  issued. 

The  notes  are  callable  at  103  and  interest 
at  any  interest  paying  date,  upon  six  weeks' 
notice.  The  total  amount  of  notes  of  the 
above  issue  is  limited  to  $4,000,000. 


A  large  portion  of  the  above  described  securities  have  been  absorbed  by  banks,  in- 
stitutions and  private  investors,  the  issues  combining  features  which  are  particularly 
attractive  in  the  present  market.  Both  companies  have  a  most  consistent  record, 
their  business  is  conducted  conservatively,  and  their  officers  are  men  of  the  highest 
reputation  and  integrity. 

The  notes  are  well  secured,  being  protected  by  a  25%  margin  in  the  deposit  of  bonds, 
and  the  bonds  being  issued  by  the  companies  on  a  conservative  basis. 

We  recommend  the  notes  for  January  investment,  and  offer  the  unsold  portions  of 
both  issues.     Price  upon  application. 

We  offer  at  all  times  a  large  and  attractive  list  of  securities,  including  water  works, 
traction,  hydro-electric  and  general  public  utility  bonds.  Also  municipal  bonds  many 
of  which  conform  to  the  requirements  of  the  United  States  Government  to  secure  Postal 
Savings.    Descriptive  circulars  will  be  sent  in  answer  to  inquiries.     Address  Dept.  B. 

J.  S.  &  W.  S.  KUHN,  Inc. 

Bank  tor  Savings  Buliaing.  PITTSBURGH.  PA. 

CHICAGO  PHILADELPHIA  NEW  YORK  BOSTON 

First  NaUonal  Bank  Bldg.      Real  Est  Trust  BIdg.      17  Wall  Street      Kuhn.  Fisher  &  Co.  Inc 


Atk  On  Readers'  Seirice  about  jroar  iaTCttmenta 


INVESTMENTS 


Cumberland  Telephone  &  Telegraph   Company 
Twenty-five  Year  5%  Gold  Bonds 

Dated  Januaiy  1,  1912.  Due  Jajiuary  If  1937. 

Interest  payable  seml-^annually.    Denominations  $500  and  $1000. 

The  Cumberland  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company,  one  of  the  larigest  tnd 
most  prosperous  subsidiaries  of  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company, 
owns  and  controls  the  entire  Bell  Telephone  business  of  Kentucky,  Teniiessee^  M^^ 
sippi  and  Louisiana,  besides  parts  of  Illinois  and  Indiana.  The  territory'-  served.  s«>cae 
400,000  square  miles,  represents  one  of  the  richest  agricultmal  sections  in  the  UaiUd 
States,  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  wealth. 

The  growth  of  the  Company,  since  its  inception  in  1883,  has  been  remaricabk. 
For  each  of  the  past  twenty-eight  years  of  this  period,  the  number  of  subscribers,  gn» 
revenue  and  net  earnings  show  an  increase  over  the  pre\aous  year.  The  foUowixig  is  1 
condensed  statement  of  the  results  of  the  kst  five  calendar  years: 


Tm 

Sabtcriben 

Gross  Rerenoe 

Net  Rerenac 

1906 

141,266 

$5,384,844 

$1,647,436 

1907 

165,190 

5,917,273 

1,752,689 

1908 

170.039 

6,141,817 

1,993,430 

1909 

187,259 

6.615,368 

2,156,847 

1910 

206.287 

6,897,080 

2,407,268 

The  cost  of  the  physical  property  alone  is  in  excess  of  $37^900^00  against  whkh 
the  total  amount  of  this  new  issue  of  bonds  will  not  exceed  lij^oooiooo,  subject  only 
to  a  prior  mortgage  of  $750,000, 

Dividends  have  been  as  follows,  from  1892  to  1897  —  4%;  tSgB — d%- 
1899  —  6%;  1900  to  1908  —  7%;  from  October  i,  1908  to  date  —  8%. 

Capital  stock  outstanding  $19,680,150^  with  surplus  and  undivided  profits  as  at 
October  ist,  191 1,  of  $5,381,918.  By  virtue  of  ownership  of  more  than  50%  of  thcjout- 
standing  capital  stock  of  the  Cumberland  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company^  control 
is  held  by  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  (the  parent  company  of 
the  entire  Bell  system),  with  a  capitalization  of  $263,535,600,  and  a  market  value  of 
$365,000,000. 

Net  Earnings  of  three  times  the  interest  charges,  the  high  characler  of 
the  security^  and  the  certainly  of  a  broad  market  indicate  that  this  new 
issue  should  sell  almost  immediately  at  a  premium^  We  recommend  tht 
bonds  as  desirable  for  institutions,  estates,  and  conservative  inveslors. 

For  full  information  send  for  Circular  No.  397, 

Price  to  yield  about  5%. 


39  Wall  Street 
NEW  YORK 

BOSTON 
>$  C«Mi<*  5l 


George  H.  Burr  8l  Co^ 


R^fLADELPHlA 
421  ChtmtuSL 


BANKERS 

ST.  LOUIS 


SAN  FRANOSOO 


Rookery  Bld^, 
CHICAGO 

SEATTLE 


Saw  lime  ia  jfoar  o£c«  work.    Th«  Redden*  Service  it  tcqiumud  with  ibe  Ute»t  devtcet 


INVESTMENTS 


An  Established  6%  Investment 

We  are  offering,  to  net  6%,  a  small  block  of  a  First  Mortgage 
bond  issue  marketed  by  us  some  time  ago.  The  bonds  are 
issued  under  our  plan  of  serial  pasrments  and  the  first 
installment  of  the  principal  has  already  matured  and  was 
paid  promptly.  The  security  for  these  bonds  is  conser\'ativcly 
valued  at  more  than  five  times  the  amount  of  the  issue.  The 
bonds  are  guaranteed  and  this  guarantee  places  behind  them 
additional  assets  of  nearly  twice  the  amoimt  of  the  issue. 
We  reconunend    these    bonds  as  a  conservative  investment. 

Ask  for  Circular  No.  732  L. 

PeaTiod^Bouililelnig  &Co. 

(E.ui>ii.i>«a  1865)  105  S.  L&  Salle  Street,  Chicago 


^  The  investment  service  rendered  by  this  house  is  two-sided. 
It  is  general;  it  is  also  specialized. 

Q  We  offer  at  all  times  a  complete  line  of  high-grade  bonds  of 
every  description  and  we  are  prepared  to  advise  expertly  with  an 
investor  and  supply  him  with  those  securities  best  suited  to  his 
own  particular  needs. 

Q  Furthermore,  we  make  a  specialty  of  local  Saint  Louis 
securities  which  possess  peculiar  value  and  attractiveness  for  the 
individual  investor  and  are  deserving  of  closest  inspection  and 
investigation. 

Correspondence  solicited 

FRANCIS,  BRO.  &  CO. 

J.  D.  P.  Fwnci.  214  North  4th  Street  J-  «•  smith 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

In  writing  to  idvertiMn  pleaie  mentioa  Tbb  Woaut's  Wokk 


INVESTMENTS 


Bertron,  Griscom  &  Jenks 

New  York  Philadelphia  Paris 


Wt  ffiAinttla  i  Ur|«  tad  thoroaghlf  equipped  orfmsitatloa  Ht 


EXAMINING 

the  propertlei  of 

pablk  •ezTicc  corpora  tloii 


PURCHASmG 

public  terrlce 
corporaUofi* 


OPERATING 

pnbllc  fterrice 

corpora  Uoas 


SBIXING 


Aft  lucb  eoDipinieft  ire  opemtd  tod  naenced  under  our  direct  •uperviiioo,  vo  ere  thoroutHIr  lislHwilb 
ihctr  propenie*  end  busiaetn  end  wt  cio  ibercfore  coafideaUf  recommtod  ibelt  ioeiiricic*  to  o«r  mutmmktt^  W» 
call  etfftDiioB  to  tbe  folio vIqi 

TWENTY  PROSPEROUS  COMPANIES 

lorDlftbiBt  tftft»  electric  follwer  or  etectrio  llibl  ud  power  icrirlce,  citbcr  eooirolJod   If  ho  or  In  wUcft  W9  tm 
Ltrgelr  ImertKcd. 

AMERICAN  CITIES  COMPANY 

Subftldlerr  Propertlei: 

New  Orleans  Rallwaj  k  tlj:ht  Co, 
Birmiogham  Railway,  Ugtkt  k  Power  Co. 
The  Memphis  street  Hallway  Co* 

CftrolBfs : 

Tbe  lirfe  eirnragt  tod  ripldlr  iDcrcftiloi  builntfto  ol  iboee  ftubildliry  propertko  ore  obovm  ^r  ikm 

io|  eompertiire  •utetncDt  of  ctrnlngt: 

Foribe  7«iri  ended  September  30ib.  IPll.  IPIO.  Joeretee,  Fm 

Groei  <all  source*) 113,146.319  il2,4a7.l««  I709J20  ^-j^ 

Operetlng  cxpcaeee  lod  utce^  7*8Se,5 10  7«S  1 3,024  373 J9«  s.ai 


Unie  Rock  Railway  k  Electric  Co. 
KnozTlile  Railway  k  Ll^ht  Co. 
Houston  Lt^htio;  k  Power  Co.,  I905 


Net  Eirnfngt 


5»25M0(» 


4,92i*tQT 


335333 


•••11^ 


SUSQUEHANNA  RAILWAY  LIGHT  &  POWER  COMPANY 

Control!  bf  ttock  ovnerihip  tbrougb  the  United  Get  k  Electric  Cof&piSf  oP  New  Jerteir  tod  tbe  Lencoeocr  C^sMy 
R«ll«ir  tk  Llgbt  CoRipioy,  tbe  foUowlng  Subtidltry  Propertlei: 

Altoona  Gas  Co.«  Altoona*  Pa. 
Otlzens  Gas  k  Fuel  Co.  of  Tcrre  Haute,  lad. 
Colorado  Springs  Li^fht,  Heat  k  Power  Co. 
Elmlra  Water^  Ll^ hi  k  RaUroad  Co.,  Elmlra,ix 
Hartford  Dty  Gas  Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Leavenworth  Llg^ht,  Heat  k  Power  Co. 
Lockport  Llf  ht,  Heat  Ic  Power  Co.,  Lockport,  V.T. 

Eftrn(ngt \ 

Theie  propertlei  ore  obowlag  lirfe  oaoail  lacroftiet  la  otralogo*  oi  lo  obova  br  ibt  botlovfai 
ttfttemcQf : 

For  the  fetrt  eaded  September  30tb«  IPII  aad.lOtO. 


Richmond  Lti^ht.  Heat  &  P.  Co.,  Richmoiid,  Ipc 
Union  Gas  k  Electric  Co.,  Bloomln^con,  lu^ 
The  WUkcs-Barrc  Co.,  Pa. 
Conesto^a  Traction  Co,,  Lancaster  Covnty^  Fm, 
The  tdlson  Electric  Co*.  Lancaster,  Pa, 
Lancaster  Gjis,  Lt^ht  k  Fttel  Co., Lancaster,  F^ 
Coneaioira  Realty  Co.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


Preportifo  of  turplut  eiraingi  ot  •i»b«ldlirT'  prop^ 
crtlea  represented  by  tbeir  itock  et>Qtrolled  b)r  tbe 
Sutquebeniia  fty,«  Lu  ^  Power  Co.,efltf  dedueiloo 

of  ell  chtrge*     , 

iDcoae  from  iBieroil  oa  •ccurliltt.  etc 
All  other  lacorae  .       .........         .    , 

11  aioo.  Stti*  Rf.tLi.  t  Pt.  Co.  pfd.  tilL,  div 
Baliaet- 


lOlK 

1500,030.33 
53.5 1 4. S5 

37.58a.40 

€0K033.2B 
317.0«0.00 


1010. 

i377.U9.43 
5M44.Q1 
I7.P24.33 

454.116.39 
204.9 10.00 


§132,780.90 


iP,«e4.05 
146.0I4.S0 


aft.2% 


M^% 


363.073.28  249.50B.S9  133.504.69  9ald5l 

We  •hell  be  fled  to  eorretpofid  wtih  lovetiore  end  to  eabotlt  tor  ibetr  oaaudevtioo  e  etfcfallp  tal^iiat  Bai 
ol  tttuHtlee  leeuid  bf  conpeaiee  la  wbleb  we  ftrt  iaiereftted. 


yleldlni^  an  Income  of  5   to  5|% 
Preferred  stock        *'      "  Si  to  44% 

Bo^k  t^niatning  a  full  dtscHpthn   ond  minoU  ddM  ^  ih§ 
will  fre  mailed  upon 


For  iBlomiatloQ  about  popular  trtoru  wiiia  to  ii»  iUaden'  Scm'ec 


INVESTMENTS 


EVERY  Bond  offered  for  sale  by  this 
house  has  been  purchased  outright 
because,  on  exacting  investigation,  it 
proved  a  solid,  safe,  income-producing 
investment. 

The  income  of  the  house  of  E.  H.  Rollins  &  Sons, 
founded  1876,  is  derived  from  two  sources  —  the 
interest  on  first  quality  investment  bonds,  in 
which  they  have  invested  their  capital,  and  the 
moderate  profit  acquired  from  selling  these  same 
bonds. 

Behind  this  simple  statement  is  the  story  of  an 
exp>ert  organization  trained  to  the  minute  in  the 
appraisement  of  bond  issues. 

When  an  inviting  bond  issue  is  proposed,  the 
specialists  of  this  house  subject  it  to  the  most 
minute  examination.  If  it  withstands  their  exact- 
ing analysis,  the  issue  is  purchased  outright  by 
E.  H.  Rollins  &  Sons  and  by  them  offered  to  their 
clients  for  investment. 

If  you  have  savings,  dividends,  accumulated  in- 
terest or  trust  funds  for  investment,  we  suggest 
that  you  go  to  your  own  banker  and  inquire  as 
to  our  responsibility  and  then  write  us  personally. 

The  Rollins  Magazine,  published  quarterly,  deals 
interestingly  and  educationally  with  the  funda- 
mental facts  behind  our  coimtry's  growth,  rail- 
road expansion,  municipal  development  and 
public  utilities.  It  teaches  the  whys  of  wise 
investment.  The  January  number  will  be  sent 
to  you  free  upon  receipt  of  your  request  for  our 
circular  No.  514. 

E.  H.  ROLLINS  &  SONS 
Investment  Bonds 

Boston       New  York      Chicago       Deover       Sao  Francisco 


In  writinff  to  ■d\'eitiMri  pleau  mentioB  Thb  Woklo's  Work 


INVESTMENTS 


Short  Term  Investments 

Investment  bonds  and  notes  issued  to  mature  in  from  one  to  five 
years  are  favored  by  many  investors  as  yielding  a  somewhat  better 
income  than  long  time  obligations.  In  addition,  such  securities,  par- 
ticularly of  the  larger  issues,  usually  command  a  ready  market  and 
are  less  subject  to  wide  fluctuations  in  price. 

We  have  prepared  a  booklet  giving  brief  descriptions  o§  the  principal 
iMuea  of  such  securities,  which  we  will  be  pleased  to  furnish  on  request 

Ask  for  circular  S-646 

Guaranty  Trust  G>mpany 
of  New  York 

28  Nassau  Street 

Fifth  Arenu*  Bnmch,  Sth  Ave.  A  43d  St        London  Office,  S3  Lombanl  Sfc«  E.  C 

Capital  and  Surplus, $23,000,000 

Deposits 161,000,000 


Invest  January  Dividends  in  Bonds 

We  own  and  offer  to  investors  a  number  of  issues  of 
Municipal,  Public  Service  and  Industrial  Bonds,  which  we 
recommend    without   hesitation    as    a    desirable    purchase. 

All  bonds  offered  for  sale  by  this  bank  are  parts  of 
issues  bought  by  experienced  bond  buyers  as  investments  for 
the  bank's  funds.  We  offer  no  bonds  for  sale  that  we  do  not 
consider  safe  enough  to  hold  among  our  own  investments. 

Ask  for  circulars. 

Robert  D.  Coard.  Bond  Manacer  Ernest  CrUt,  Asst.  Bond  Msumn^r 

MELLON    NATIONAL    BANK 

PITTSBURGH,    PA. 

CAPITAL,  $6,000,000  DEPOSITS    $38,000,000 


In  writinf  to  adwitisers  |Ac9iw  inenVJim  "T**  V« 


INVESTMENTS 


mi 

iiifimfaii 


urn 


What  is  the  Babson  Coiq>osite  Business  Plot? 

Q  It  is  a  chart  of  the  combined  figures  on  bank  clearings,  new  buildingi 
railroad  earnings,  immigration  and  other  subjects.  It  shows  the  true  con- 
dition of  the  coimtry 's  business,  and  really  is  a  ''  graphic  trial-balance " 
of  the  United  States.  It  tells  exactly  whether  or  not  over  production, 
too  extensive  borrowing  or  unjustifiable  speculation  exists,  and,  if  so, 
to  just  what  extefU.     But  this  is  not  all. 

fl  Owing  to  a  certain  relation  between  the  black  areas  (above  shown) 
it  is  possible  to  know  with  certainty  whether  we  are  entering  a  period 
of  business  depression  or  one  of  business  prosperity.  By  noting  the  change 
in  these  areas  each  week,  a  business  man  or  investor  may  intelligently 
anticipate  all  changes  in  business  conditions.  The  most  successful  mer- 
chants are  now  using  this  Plot;  it  should  however,  be  used  by  many  more. 

« 

fl  Send  today  for  a  copy  of  the  Plot  as  issued  this  week  —  a  few  extra 
copies  have  been  reserved  for  free  distribution.  —  Address: 

Ccmpninf  Offices  ol  tli» 

Babson   Statistical   Organization 

at  WeUetley  Hflb,  BmIoii,  U.S.A. 

Largest  Organization  of  its  Class  in  America 


In  writint  to  advcniaen  pteaae  meiitioii  Tn  Wokld's  Work 


INVESTMENTS 


Real  EjUIc  CofiipaD7.  whete 
AaeH  iDchd*  60  Buadinst  ^ck)  4300  Qty  Lob;  hH^  fiiw 

ow  $23.000.000 

^I^N  the  ownership  of  th^e  extennve 
X^  New  York  holdings  are  based  its  6^ 
Cold  Bonds.     These  Bonds  are  adaptable 

FOR  INVESTING 
JANUARY    FUNDS 

QThejr  are  issued  b  ihese  two  forms: 
#J(  Coupon  ^onb# — For  ihote  who  w«h 
h>  bveft  $100.  $200.  $300,  $400.  $500, 
$t,000t  dc^  eimmg  6)lf  mterest  (from  exact 
date  of  parehMc)  pmble  •emi'Uuiual!y  by 
coupon!  •ruchea.  lliese  Bonds  afford  ui 
ideal  in  vestment  for  Urge  or  tmall  amounti^ 
•sd  provide  a  number  of  conveuicacet, 

H  Etcumulatttrf  *Bonbrf— For  thoM  who 
mh  to  accumulate  $1,000  aikd  upvirard  bf 
iDvertiDg  $25  or  more  a  year.  They  pay  6^ 
cooipotmd  interest  oa  annual  imtalmcnli,  and 
pnmde  the  tafeit.  most  practical  meant  for 
■ccumulaliiig  deSoitc  capital  at  a  g^eo  licne. 

CHE  BEST  NEW  YEAR'S  HABIT 
you  can  (orm  is  to  start  saving  money 
systematically  and  thus  provide  a  competency 
for  your  future*  Just  note  the  possibilities 
of  systematic  savings  invested  in  A-R-E  b^ 
Accumulative  Bonds; 
AnntMil  IriMtalmini  Term  MaitMnai  in  Ckuii 
$25.65  20  Yean  $1,000 

40.53  15  Years  1.000 

7L57  10  Yean  1.000 

Q  A-R*E  6t  have  paid  6t  for  24  yean,  returning  to 
inveios  netfly  $6,000,000  in  principal  md  toieicA 
wflaotfi  bfli  ot  cday. 

^  Wfte  t»^f  U*  hmlU  Stwahmm  A-R-E  ^  aad  baid- 
•MM  baok  of  m*  d  N«w  Yt«k  Cky.  Ir«e. 

^mrriran  led  fllfrtalr  (Hoimianp 

Capital  aod  Surplut,  ii.aii.t47-Bo 
Aantta         ^^^^^^^^—        Room  sis 

PouDdadttti    V*a^fl^fl        New  York 


AR-E 
SIXS 


NO  BETTER  mm 

SECURITY 


can  be  offered  tlian  fii^t  mottgagoai 

improved    Iowa    and    Nebrmska 


For  Twenty-Seireii  Ymn 

we  have  been  handlit^  tJsese  ff*nirfcift 
We  know  the  country  and  t^  ^m 
behind  every  mortgai^e.  Tbeae  *»^**- 
gages  bear  6%,    We  axe  iasuisig 

5^%  Savings  Bonds 

biLcked  by  these  mort^agies  aikd  by  OV 
capital  and  surplus  of  $400,000.  Thm 
bonds  are  issued  for  the  faivoiar  of 
BmaU  or  large  means,  in  deoomiibsllMi 
of  $100,.  $350..  I500..  iLod  $1000.  Tfcey 
are  a  safe  and  profitable  in%'cstmcat. 

A  few  first-daas  6%  mottgigci  fal 
sale.  Ask  for  Booklet,  '''Savfo^  Boodt."' 

Payne  Investment  Company 

30  W«r«  Block  Omalsa,  1Mb 


You  Ought  to  Have 
the  New  B%  Boo] 

9  Every    man   or  woman   wbo    iu 

••ted  in  the  coDservstive   ioTeatiiMtit  of 

money  ought  to  have  iL 

4  It  is  fr«e  tor  the  asking— Hiere  is  m  i 

for  you. 

q  This  Company  has  tieen  in  1 

years.    It    pays   9   per    cent 

money  intruited  to  Its  care  aisd  hmm  1 

been  a  day  late  in  the  mailing  of 

annual  Interest  checks, 

q  It  aVIovrs    the    withdrawal   of 

time  without  notice  and  wUhour  loaa  af  I 

^  Bvefv  dollar  Inverted  with  it  l»  aiiit>ty  l 

1^  fint  mortcavea  00  Improved   real  cst«ta 
poaltad  In  truat  with  on*  ol  Uaa  tfnngai  t 
eompfliilaa  In  aalttmorv. 

flfollilnt  eouM  t»e  aotnidcr-  ^ 

^tnof*  dtairable  M  an  liivM^tmeal  ioe  lav 
Idlefunda. 

WHt0  t04m»  ftr  ikm  BeaA 

Calvert  Mortgage  &  Depotst  Co. 

loea  Caivaft  aula.,  1 


Tka  acadsfif  Servict  livei  infofixLation  about  t«ftU£^ce 


I 


INVESTMENTS 


I 

IjSend  for  Free  Copy  of  the 

Investor's 

'Pocket  Manual 

r 

(January  1912  Edition) 

This  book  of  240  pages  contains 
monthly  and  yearly  prices,  earnings,  and 
other  statistics  of  Railroad  and  Industrial 
Corporations 

Also  gives  high  and  low  prices  of  all 
Government,  State,  City,  Railroad  and 
other  bonds  listed  on  the  New  York  Stock 
Exchange. 

A  free  copy  of  this  book  sent  to  any 
investor  on  request  Ask  for  book  No.  24 

Rhoades  &  Company 

Mambw*  New  Yerii  Slock   Escbuic* 

45  WaD  St       Bankers         New  York 


TO  INCREASE 
PRINCIPAL  AND  INCOME 

No  form  of  Investment  hat  oroven  more  uniformly 
Safe  and  Profitable  than  the  Sharea  of  Gas  and 
Electric  Companies.  The  Growth  of  the  lighting 
business  has  been  and  is  remarkable,  the  demand 
for  Service  is  Constant  and  varies  only  to  Increase. 

The  Stocks  of  the  older  Companies  sell  in  many 
cases,  as  high  or  higher  than  the  best  Railroad 
Stocks  and  are  more  doaely  held. 

We  otfer  a  small  block  of  Participatinfr  5%  Pre- 
ferred Stock  of  a  large  Gas  and  Electric  Company. 
This  Stock  has  paid  regular  dividends  at  the  rate 
of  5%  per  annum  since  July  I,  1907.  shows  earn- 
ings now  amounting  to  more  than  Three  Times 
the  Dividend  Requirements  and  is  entitled  to 
share  equally  with  the  Common  Stock  after  the 
Common  has  received  its  5%  dividend. 

We  Recommend  these  Shnres.  as  in  our  opinion  a 
Safe  Investment,  in  which  there  is  an  unusual 
opportunity  for  increase  of  Principal  and  Income* 

Special  Circular  M'22  art  rtqutsL 

A.  H.  BICKMORE  &  CO. 

BANKERS 
30  Pine  St  New  York 


1887 


@ 


1911 


A  Prime  Investment 

C  We  own  and  offer,  subject  to 
prior  sale,  at  prices  yielding  about 
SJS  per  cent. 

$60,000 

ASHLEY  COUNTY,  ARKANSAS, 

DRAINAGE  DISTRICT  NO.  1 

%%  BONDS. 

Dated  August  1,  1911.      Due  Serially,  1913-1931. 
Denomination^  $1,000. 

Semi-annual  interest  payable  at  the 
St.  Louis  Union  Trust  Company,    St.  Louis,  Mo. 

nNANCIAL  STATEMENT. 
Actual  Talne  of  land  in  district  ....$875,000 
Assessed  Talna  for  taxes  of  land  ia 

district 417,650 

Total  debt  of  district  (this  issue  only)     60,000 
Prc^baUo  Talno  of  drained  land  per  acre — 

$60  to  $75 

ATorafo  tax  per  aero  to  pay  costs. $2 

Tax  per  aero,  per  year .........10c 

Popolation— 2, 1 00. 

C  This  district  lies  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  county,  from  Parkdale  to  the  Louisiana 
State  line,  and  embraces  the  towns  of  Park- 
dale,  Wilmot  and  Cvpress.  The  main  line 
of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  from  Little 
Rock  to  New  Orleans,  runs  along  the 
western  side  of  the  district. 

C  There  are  approximately  30,000  acres  in  this  dis- 
trict. The  region  produces  abundant  cotton,  com 
and  oats,  and  crop  failures  are  unknown.  When 
drained  this  land  should  he  worth  from  ^0  to  $75  an 
acre  against  a  total  tax  of  $1  per  acre. 

C  The  legality  of  this  issue  has  been  approved  by 
Rose,  Hemingway,  Cantrell  &  Loughborough,  of 
Little  Rock. 

<I  "facts  and  FACTORS"  FREE. 


1887 


@ 


1911 


A .  <3  .  £DWARD3 
SI  30N3 


1«14  OLTVB  STREET 
SAINT    LOUIS 


1  WALL  STREET 
NEW     YORK 


In  writing  to  sdvcrtiien  plesit  mention  Thb  Woald's  WoftS 


IN VESTM  ENTS 


January  Inyestinerits 

To  Net  5J4  and  6% 

E  OWN  and  offer  First  Mortgage  Cold  BoruUp  in  denotOh 


w 


nations  of  S500  and  $1,000,  secured  by  improved,  mcomc-producme* 


traliy  located  Chicago  Real  Estate  at  least  double  io  vaiue  the  amouot  of 

We  have  sold  such  securities  exclusively  for  the  past  thirty  years  wtthoar  cbe  1m 

of  a  single  dollar  of  any  client's  interest  or  principal. 

You^  as  a  January  investor,  are  entitled  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  At 

thousands  of  conservative  men  who  have  been  making  investnaeots  through  us  for  the  ptft 
thirty  years.  Their  collective  judgment  of  what  constitutes  saiety,  sul>staatial  lnqooc 
and  quick  convertibility  is  a  splendid  guide  and  asset  to  you  now  wbeo  you  are  ptjamiaf 
your  January  Invesiments.  It  \t  eur  custom  to  repu^c^ase  lecurltles  from  our  clients,  on  rvqiural • 
St  par  and  accrued  Interest,  less  ther  handling  charee  of  ono  psr  cent— tbui  making  th«CD  mdilir 
con  vert]  bio  into  cxl\u 

If  you  are  genuinely  interested  in  a  type  of  security  which  has  stood 
tho  test  of  thirty  yeara'  exactineinTeatmentexperlerxre  writeforacopyof 'Thelnveitor'a  Mac- 
aziiiie"— which  wo  pubLIth,  twice  monthly^  in  the  interests  of  conserratly*  Inveitorv 

Wwitm  ior  January  Circular  No,  J^S  ^ 

S.W.  Straus  &  Co. 

INCORPOFTATrO 

MORTGAGE  ^  BOND  BAN  KERS 

CSTABLISHCO  1661 

STRAUS~  BUILDING,  CHICAGO. 


""I""" ' 


.tZit 


Impartial  Investment  Advice 

One  of  the  hardest  things  to  get  is  good,  sound  advice  od  tovestmem  mal* 
ters  that  is  entirely  without  prejudice  or  personal  interest 

But  you  can  get  it  i(  you  go  to  the  right  place. 

"INVESTMENTS"  magazine  is  an  independent,  authoritative  pobiica* 
tion  giving  each  fnonth  a  digest  of  all  the  important  investment  and  fin^^nrial 
facts  and  events  —  It  represents  no  ''special  interests,**  and  has  no  seoiritiei 
to  sell. 

"INVESTMENTS/'  is  ably  edited  and  has  as  contributort  lome  of 
the  strongest  writers  on  investment  subjects  in  the  country  to«day.  ||  gives 
the  essential  facts  in  regard  to  a!l  developments  in  the  investment  iield«  prcsenti 
fundamental  principles  and  gives  sound,  tmbiased  advice  to  investors.  Regular 
subscription  price  $L0O  a  year.  ^^^ 

Special  Introductory  Offer  50c.  a  year.     Sample  copy  free.  ^^^ 

THE  BANKERS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

a$4  BROADWAY  NEW  YORK 

Publialtert  of  The  Bankers  Magazine  (65  yetrs  oM) 
Send  Jot  catalog  and  drcuian  of  book^  on  invcsimaU  and  Onanehl  mktcQM 


For  ififnroiauon  abtTul  (topubr  rottrti  writ*  to  ihc  iU»ikT«*  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


H 


■^ 


1 

i 

g 

ia 

^       i>_ 

Steady  Value  In  Farm  Mortgage 

Investments 

A  RECENT  magazine  article  demonstrate*!  tlie  possibiHty  of  a  conflagration  in  New 
York  City  and  the  far  reaching  financial  toss  it  would  involve— ju at  as  the  San 

Francisco  fire  precipitated  a  financial  uplieavaU  so  to  a  vastly  greater  extent  a  confl&- 

gration  in  New  York  would  demolisli 
security  values.  A  careful  investor 
in  distributing  his  risks  takes  account 
iif  pond bi lit ies  of  this  kind, even  though 
ri^nuitc.  Even  thb  great  catastrophe 
nouhf  not  remotely  affect  the  intrinsic 
value  of  your  in  vestment  in  Farm  Mort* 
gages.  The  farmer  would  continue 
raising  crops  and  livestock,whieh  must 
l>e  bought  and  paid  for  as  the  flrst  cost 
of  living.  The  farm  mortgage  is  one 
of  the  simplest  and  safest  investments, 
'^^^7i^*i^'^'f%JSi^^j'^,jT^^  and    when    negotiated    by    a    strong 

company  the  most  desirable, 

Uur   Ittiokli't    "D"*  tells  how  advantageously  invt'slors  cun  deal   with  us.    Writ*^  ftir  it   today. 

WELLS  &  DICKEY  COMPANY 

Ettabliihed  1S78  CapiUt  and  Surplus,  $700,000 

SECURITY  BANK  BUILDING,  MINNEAPOUS,  MINNESOTA 


To  Yield  6.83% 

NON-TAXABLE  in  Massachusetts  New  York,  Vermont,  New 
Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut. 

Subject  to  Prior  Sale  and  Advance  in  Price,  We  OflFer  the  Unsold  Portion 
of  $250,000.  Seven  Per  Cent.  Cumulative  Preferred  Stock  of  the 

Snell  and  Simpson  Biscuit  Company 

{Organized  under  ike  laws  of  Massachusetts) 
Dividends   Payable  Quartcriy  —  March  i,  June  i,  Sept.  i  and  Dec.  i. 

This    company  is    the   originator    and    manufacturer    of    the    famous 
'*  Butler  Thin,"    "Sensation'*  and  other  brands  of  biscuits  and  crackers,  wMl 


known  to  the  trade,  with  a  factor>'  at  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

The  management  has  had  thirty  years'  experience.     The  company  has  no 
floating  debt.     Net  earnings  for  the  past  eight  years  have  averaged  $41,500. 
per  annum,  being  over  twice  the  dividend  requirement  on  this  preferred  stock. 
Price  $I02.S0  per  sbmre.      Write  today  for  special  circular. 

PORTER  &  CO^  Inc. 

Successors  to  Alexander  S.  Porter,  Jr. 

Specialists  in  Preferred  Stacks  of  Industrial  and  Public  Service  Corporations. 
MarshaU  BuUding  —  Comer  Central  and  Broad  Streets,  BOSTON 

The  Readers'  Servict  fivet  information  about  invettmentt 


Operating  Night  and  Day  and  in  these  depressing  times  wbeti  KwA 

ness  conditions  have  been  slowing  down,  the  Walpole  Rubber  Campa. 
been  compelled  to  work  part  of  their  plant  twenty- four  hours  per  day  t 
up  with  their  orders.  Tliis  Company  is  the  largest  manufacturer  of  RuUb^ 
Heels  in  the  country;  manufacturing  the  celebrated  Cat's  Paw  Rubber 
Heel,  and  turning  out  between  25^000  and  30,000  pair  per  day.  They  arc  lil^ 
the  largest  manufacturer  of  Insulating  Tape  in  the  w^orld,  which  is  used  so 
extensively  by  the  General  Electric  Company,  Westinghouse  Manufacturing 
Company,  etc.  They  also  make  an  endless  variety  of  rubber  goods;  the  plants 
are  located  at  Walpole,  Mass.,  and  Granby,  Quebec,  Canada. 

The  Company  has  no  bonded  debt.  The  stock  is  7%  accmnulative^ 
paying  its  dividends  quarterly.  The  common  stock  is  paying  4%  per  annum 
and  earning  about  15%.  We  are  offering  a  moderate  amount  of  the  7% 
Accumulative  Preferred  Stock  to  net  the  investor  6.95%  on  his  money  in- 
vested.    Further  particidars  upon  request* 

We  consider  the  above  stock  an  excellent  and  conservative  investmeot 
and  believe  same  is  worthy  of  your  consideration.    Correspondence  invitacL 

HOTCHKIN  &  CO. 

S3  STA11E  ST.,  BOSTON 


Farm  Mortgages 

Weofferfarm  mortgages  bearing  current 
rate  of  interest  as  desirable  investments 

WmTE: 

Trevett-Mattif  Banking  Campany, 

Ch&mpmigii,  lllinob 
OR: 

Trtvett,  Mattii  &  Baker, 

Beatrice,  Nebraska 


Your  Investments 

Would  You   Like  to  Know   Al»ovjt    Th^m  f 

iS,3Q»  investors  kept  ihcansclvrs  iafr.rmcd  ja  the  Lu! 
tw"  yearis  regArdinR  *ecurilic»  of  all  kiti.ii  (hr^tii^-h  thia  ua- 
biiticil  ttOiJ  .-itfsolutdy  indepcndeni  bureau  coQdurtKl  tir  i  w 
FINANCIAL  WORLD  For  tbeexdiuive  b«ocfit  ot  Wm^ 
scriben.  It  is  a  Mfefuftrd  ac^iost  all  ft**«^f^|  ' 
invaJuable  aid  in  the  telectioii  ol  fWUitd 


OUR  UNUSUAL  OFFCR 

If  ytni  iriil  menttOQ  World '»  Work  and  eoc 
In  cover  our  r.  i.k  xvf  u  ill  rxprcu  oiif  opiiijoa  < 
ONLY  ONE  i  NTVOOAREINTEL, 

ami  aUo  »en'  ticq  copy  ol  our  ^^ptw. 

Lbcn  judge  wL-- to  your  advantage  to 

annual  subactibcf  and  r^cive  (be  same  beacfit*  flat  ^^rt 
than  S7.'Q3  iaveston  have  received  in  tlfte  Um  *mvmm  yrtra 
No  inquiries  anfw«-rcd  unless  pu«uee  is  eoclotcd.     AJirwm 

The    FinancioLl   World 

18  Broad  vi^»y,  N««v^  York 


Bg^    mj     -fx     fi  Accepted  by  the  U.  S* 

%J     iH     U     3  GoVm't  as  security  for 

POSTAL  SAVINGS  BANK  DEPOSITS 

are  the  only  class  we  offer.  Insteadof  the^i  2%  P®'^'  by  the 
Postal  Banks,  these  Bonds  yield  from  ^JA%  to  ^MOf^ 

WrUe  to.J»y  for  FREE  CrRriJL\R. 

Tbe  New  first  NaUonal  Bank*  Depl.  A*l,  CoIttmliiii«  Ohio 


Art  rou  tltinkittt  of  Mldinil    Th«  fUsden*  SertiOB  out  pri  foo  bil|ilid  footiCioiii 


iJ 


INVESTMENTS 


A  Presidential  Year 

Always  means  political  tinrest 
and  some  fluctuation  in  security 
values.  So  this  year  keep  tsome 
of  your  funds  invested  in 

M.  C.  TRUST 
CERTIHCATES 

They  ore  i«t«i<i6/e  in 
Optional    maturities    DenomlnatlDiiB 
from  30  day  a— I  year  of  1100 

They  never  fluctuate  in  value  like  bonds 
or  stock  because  they  are  convertible  into 
cash  at  par  at  any  date  you  specify, 
SntAll  amounts  are  payable  on  demand. 

$5(.),(XK),000  has  been  invested  wiUi  us 
by  more  than  three  hnndreil  banks  and 
many  private  investors  witliont  lO(9S  of 
a  dollar  of  principal  or  interest 

Wrtte  ft^r  our  montbly  ttiiiawlne.  "WORK- 
ING DOLLARS.'^  It  U  fre*  to  »1I  who  are 
Intereaied  is  InvcalmeQtd. 

ManubctiEren  Conunercial  Company 

301  BroAiwif  NewY«rkCilr 


^^^ 


■Seatde  7%-^ 


kll 


The  5c«xidmavian  American  Bank 
in  Seattle  haa  the  largest  ■avingi 
deposlta  in  the  Northwest.  It  in- 
vite* Savinga  Dcpoait*  by  mail, 
upon  whicK  it  p«y»  4%  tntereft, 
compounded  •emi-annually. 

The  Scandinavian  American 
Bank  loana  money  on  improved 
Seattle  Real  Estate,  and  dwayi  has 
goad  7%  FifBl  Mortgages  from 
wKich  the  inveator  may  choo«e  at 
par  and  accrued  interest.  Coupon 
form;  inlefest  half-y^U'ly*^ 

Sent  if  dedred  to  your  home 
bank  with  dmft  for  collection. 

No  inconvenience  —  the  bank 
receive*  and  forward*  tKe  interest 
and  principal  a«  due  withotit 
charge. 

WHie  for   liMi  and  pariicutan  —  alio 

iht  and  price*  cf 

Seattle  Improvement  Bond* 

Bearing  5%,  6%»  7% 


Scandinavian  American  Bank 

Re»0urc«f  f  1Q»000»OQO 

SEATTLE  US.  A. 


GUARANTEED 

MORTGAGES. 


Yielding 

StoS727o 

NET 


ForLar^e 
and  Smail 
rNVESTORS 


TI»  Ne»  VoTk  Moinmee  Corapuny  b»i  devlted  i  pVa" 
•  hereby  you  may  ut  w  iccure  for  your  capital,  nrlieihtr  i* 
amount  to  |l  10  or  f  10. COD,  all  the  Adv^ntaffCb  of  the  inci«l»olid 
i i>d CO nftfrva i i ve  f u rm  ntpn nfi la b I «  i n vcAini cti  r— tha t  o i  bcindi 
iiid  rnctriga^r*  on  ^ew  York  and  Suburban  K.rjil  Estate. 

OUR  FIRST  MORTGAGE  TRUST  BONDS  YIELD 

59b  to  5^%  Net 

and  have  in  itbaolut*  ffuar^ntec  from  thit  Compiny  ut  to 
paymeni  oi  both  iiitmitlj  and  principal  when  due. 

Tht*e  h&nd*  aretectired  by  fiirst  morieacei  depcmircdl  Trtth 
the  W  indi^r  Trust  Company  ol  N' tw  Y  <-ik  a*id  hdd  m  truit 
by  Uitm  for  (he  pro  lection  of  |K>nd'holdeTa^ 

Iiwied  in  amouDts  ot  $100  and  muUiplei  thertof.  P»t- 
vnenti  e^  |io  and  upw-atid^  ^ill  be  received  br  the  Companf 
»t  ainy  time  to  >uii convenience  oE  invtatOfi'  Jntjereit  begini 
at  once  and  payable  se m j -airbus  I  !y 

Vou  have  the  advanuice  ot  ttritlxJTtwinf  your  ItiveBttntflt 
on  shftri  fioUce,  if  you  should  require  your  money  fof  other 
purposes,  withpyt  Iota  of  a  titaelc  day^'s  liitereft. 

Uo^  SnpcrriiiiiB    tf   Hew    York    Bs«ki«f    D«i^t* 

Ffw  iMPDklet  *Mli  full  H?tlculti><  fm  x^nucit.     i 
«nl   ^Siu  nay  tw  cxadfy  vl»l  y^u  an  IdoIiIdi; 

Dept,  F.   t47S  BmadwuT.  ti*^  York  City 


On«  of  out  i'F^ 


Seattle 

AND 

Pacific  Northwest 

Securities 

Bear 

41%  to  7% 

In    the    Missia&ippi    Vatley    and    Eastern 

States  the  same  securities 

Bear 

4%  to  5% 

Our  operations  are  confined  to  the  purchase 
and  sale  for  our  own  account  of  Municipal, 
Corporation  and  Real  Estate  Mortgage  Bonds 

originating  in  the  Pacific  Northwest, 

Write  for  BookWt  ^Twenty-Three  Yeaii  without  * 
Ptweduwre."  imd  tiitailar  B-t  of  oflcdngi  which  wQl 
Mtiaty  I  be  most  ex&ctkg  iovic^tor. 


f  jbccs  rtfBTii 


J*  m*  PAimcx,  Mc 


fi*^ 


Da?is  &  Strove  Bond  Goe 

Seattle 


Send  for  Tkb  Wobid**  Wo«k  handbook  of  (choob 


INVESTMENTS 


> 


"  The  Trend  of 
Investment" 

Security,  coupled  wilh  the  most  ade- 
quate income,  are  two  of  the  necessary 
attributes  o(  the  good  investment 
The  movement  to  obtain  this  is  nov/ 
national 

It  is  THE  TREND  OF  INVEST- 
MENT. 

As  showing  the  character  of  bonds 
we  have  in  the  past  recommended 
to  our  clientele,  we  have  just  issued 
an  illustrated  book  with  this  title»  for 
it  is  a  most  significant  one. 

It  plainly  shows  the  present  trend  o[ 
investment,  both  individual  and  in- 
stitutional. It  is  a  book  to  read  —  a 
book  to  keep* 

Four  types  of  securities  have  been 
selected,  as  representative  of  their  kind. 
Four  varying  classes  of  rigidly-tested 
bonds,  each  paying  more  than  it  is 
usually  possible  to  obtain  upon  issues 
possessing  such  intrinsic  excellence. 

To  the  practised  investor,  it  will  prove 
a  revelation.  To  the  prospective  pur- 
chaser, it  will  be  a  guide*  To  the 
beginner,  it  will  mean  an  education. 

You  may  obtain  this  book  upon  re- 
quest. Whether  you  be  old  or  new, 
large  or  small,  in  your  investment  im- 
portance, it  will  certainly  prove  keenly 
interesting. 

The  January  1912,  list  of  Manic!' 
pal  Tax-Protected  and  Corporation 
Bonds,  paying  4i  to  nearly  6%, 
offered  b\;  this  Firm  h  Nam  Ready, 
May   We  Send  It  To  You? 

D*  Arthur  Bowman  &  Co. 

Investment  Bankers 

650  3rd  Nat  I  Bank  Bldg.,  ST,  LOUIS,  MO. 


lddS*19J2 


JohnMuirS(a 

Specialists  In 

Odd  Lots 

of  Stock 


Wc  invite  out-of-to%vTi  traden 
to  inquire  into  the  advantagei 
of    our    Partial    Payment     Plan. 


StndfQT  Circtdar  9,  —  **ODO  LOT 
INVESTMBNTr* 

Memben  New  York  Stock  Ezck&iff 
71  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


DO  YOU  KNOW 

all  the  details  about  the  companies  Vi  hnw*  t^o  ur- 
itie^  you  own  or  contemplate  (>iircbAjjin>:  r 

During  the  height  of  the  recent  caivtLcmrnt  '-.^ti 

►  I    I  he     Xrw   Vr.fl 

X  I  olloiv  iig;     u>    ill 

5uU3criLH;r5: 


"Afoo^j^V  Manual  could  nol  he  hnnmm^  fm 
a  minute  in  the  cummitMion  hotam  dih^g  «  Mf 
ipecuiatioe  hu»meM.  In  €0efy  mtchfiwm  mmm^ 
one  was  hu»y  gotng  oDer  tht  kooi^  tohteh  had 
/umished  Mr,  Hickenhcm  toUh  to  rtj^amm 
of  the  cMhitnet  0/  JOG  Tniit*. *' 

Tlirvc  arc  parlous  times  for  cofpomtlorvfl 
>n  by  the  Government.     ^ 
I  leim  fhe   enfirr  trtJth 


tin'  s.iiiir  .^ri  \  u  r  iiuii   J>   um'u  '■ 

siiwl  tty  tin.»nrial  in*lituiion»thf' 
The  tgii  edilfon      '    *•     ,  • 
pa^cs )     rontaina    iri 
of  known  public  inttiL   .   ...  .     _ ,  , 
u  MontWy  Digest,  with  latent  ncw», , 

Smnd  Yoof  Ordmr  To4ay. 

Moodsf   Manual  Company 

33  Brttmdwmy  N«w  Y<wk 


(I 


Art  von  thifikini  of  bii«yint?    The  Redden*  Servic«  CAti  give  you  helpfuJ  lutsettioiM 


INVESTMENTS 


Here  U  The  Plan  Of  The  Mercantfle 
Trust  Gwnpeny    First  Mortgair^ 
$500   Real  EsUte  Serial  Notes. 

The  o%inMf  ol  an  incoac-prociiidng  jpropeity,  wkidi 
ii  valued  at  say  $IOaOOO.  appbet  for  a  loan  ol  %50.(XXK 
or  lets.    After  careful  penooal  mveatigation  and  appraae- 
of  the  property  by  an  oficcr  of  this  G>mpany  and 


conaderadoo  and  approTal  of  our  Board  of  Dnectorib  we 
'cloan. 


to  maketbe 
This  loan  is  to 


be  paid  serially  —  that  i8,anaaieed 
ch  year  for  four  years,  and  tlie  baUn 
fifth  year.    This  loan  of  $50,000  is 
of  $300  each,  all  secured  by 


payable  each  year  for  four  y<Mrs,  and  the  balance 
at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year.    This' 
100        * 


MORTGAGE  on  this  property  of  at 
i  loan. 


•  FIRST 

twice  the  value  of  the  entire 

Efcry  sii  months  the  intarest  is  payable.  At  the  end 
ol  each  year  a  certain  numba  of  the  $300  notes  must  be 
paid  in  full  The  full  security  of  $100,000  value  renuons 
B  force  and  no  part  of  the  mortgage  can  be  released  ndl 
the  last  $500  note  is  paid. 

Each  l^eal  Ertate  Serial  Note  sold  by  die  Mercantile 
Trust  Company  has  first  been  bought  oufcright  by  us  n^ 
held  as  an  investment  until  disposed  of.    The 
enable  us  to  make  other  loans.     Our  profit 
■isnon  charged  the  borrower. 

By  our  Soial  plan,  the  investor  of  limited 
thus  partidpale  in  the  highest  class  of  real  estate  loans. 

//  yoa  conimtnptaim  making  ««i  inv—imnti,  mmmd  fat 

oar  Jmiaiimd  ciremiarm 

REAL  ESTATE  LOAN  DEPARTMENT 

Mercrantile  Trust  Company 

SAINT  LOUIS 
CAPITAL  AND  SURPLUS  $9,800,000 


6%  Versus  35^% 

Invest  your  Janmary  tntmrmmt  or  Bamk  Smrpima  so  as 

to  earn  0%  with  Ab»oimim  Safmty.  You  can  invest 
amounts  of  |50.  SIOO.  or  SI. 000  in  6%  Pint  Mort- 
maw  Cold  Bomdm,  maturinsr  1914  and  secured  by 
First  Mortcaxe  on  New  York  Real  BsUte.  Wm 
gaarantom  tha  prompt  paymmnt  of  primeipai  amd 
inimrm»t.  Ask  us  how  to  combine  the  safety  of  a 
First  MortffEce  with  the  convenience  of  a  bond. 

Nicholls-Ritter-Goodiiow,^^^gJ?^ 

EstaUishaa  ISSS  EiceplMMl  Rtfaracta 

Write  far  iitcreitiM  puticriars 


For  ten  ytM.n  our  inortjcmKes  on  improved  Seattle  fitmieit/ 
have  Mtnficd  careful,  conservative  investors.    Never  a  day's 
delay  in  inyment  of  interest  or  princii>al. 
Send  for  booklet  and  lists. 

JOSEPH  E.  TMOHAS  ft  CO..  lac..  Iff  Cksrry  St,  Ssaitls.  Wisk. 


Pint  niortfaff*  loaat  u(  tM»  mi4  n 
n  CwtiAntasoC  Ovpoiltalae  for  WTteg  iavwlw*. 


Conservatism 

— Indecision 

Often  one  considers  himself  conservative 
when  in  fact  he  lacks  the  faculty  of  quick 
decision.  Usually  indecision  in  making  in- 
vestments comes  from  lack  of  knowledge  of 
securities,  the  properties  behind  them  and 
their  prospects. 

For  those  who  do  not  make  the  invest- 
ment of  their  money  a  business  and  who 
need  advice  and  information,  we  are  in 
position  to  furnish  both.  As  brokers  we 
make  the  investing  of  money  for  our  clients 
our  sole  business.  We  are  conservative,  yet 
we  do  not  lack  the  knowledge  of  all  legiti- 
mate business  propositions  seeking  capital 
necessary  for  us  to  make  decisions  quickly. 
We  furnish  our  clients  with  evidence  suf- 
ficient to  back  up  our  opinions.  When  you 
have  money  to  invest,  write  or  call  and  see 
us.    We  want  your  business. 

(RJ^HOLM  &  (h^PMAN 

Mmmbmn  New   York  Sioek  Exchangm 

71  Broadway  New  Ymrk 


GEORGIA 

Farm    MLol 

Loans  Pay      ^7" 

We  know  of  no  investment  so  safe 
and  profitable.  Georgia  is  now 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  farm 
states,  occupying  fourth  position  with 
a     total    value    of    crops    exceeding 

$217,523,336 

Write  us  for  our  booklet  which  fully 
describes  many  most  desirable  o£Ferings 
ak>ng  this  line.    Some  as  low  as  $S00. 

gfffitfrfffJWrf  1870. 

THE  SOUTHERN  MORTGAGE  CO. 

Atlanta,  Georffia 


Ir.  anting  to  advertitcri  |>le«M  BOition  Tib  World^s  Work 


INVESTMENTS 


SEASONED  REAL  ESTATE  SFCURITY 
AND  SHORT  TFRM  CALL  PRIVILFGES 


Comfort  to   Your  Mind  and 
an  Addition  to  Your  Income 

Begin  January  6rst  to  diversify  your  investmenU,      Nowhere  in  the  U-  S,  can 
higher  latefl  of  interest  be  secured  with  a  greater  degree  of  safety  than  in  Calif omia 

"Syndicate  Sixes** 

1 6th  year  of  issuance  —  Protected  by  the  total  assets  of  the  corporation — Owr 
3|000  clients  in  the  West  —  References  any  bajsk  in  California. 

Now  is  the  time  to  get  iJito  touch  with  this  great  prosperous  Western  country, 
SEND  TODAY  FOR  free  ponJolk*  of  mwi  of  the  Fteal  Bnata 
back  of  5yDdkal«  Sixes  and    txwklet   cndlled  %%  k  tb«  Wcit" 

THE    REALTY   SYNDICATE 


Ah«U  Orer  TKrtot;'  Millioii  D^Hftf*. 
13a#   BROAHWAYt 


PftU  \Sp  C«|Mta]  ud  Svrpliv  Ov*r  Eifbt  I 


A  NEW  BOOK 

STOCK    PRICES 

Factors  in  Their  Rise  and  FaU 
By  FREDERIC  DREW  BOND 

A   N  interpretation  and  discussion  of  the  funda- 
ZA    menta  and  technical  factors  of  trading  in 
*     *•  the  security  markets. 

It  explains  clearly  the  factors  underlying  the 
great  BULL  and  BEAR  movements;  shows  how 
the  trend  of  the  market  is  made  and  by  whom; 
exposes  the  mistakes  which  have  caused  unsuc- 
cessful commitments;  cxj^lains  short  selling,  manip- 
ulation, and  all  the  technique  of  the  market. 
CONTENTS 

I— The  Distribution  ot  Securities 
II— Factors  of  Share  Prices 
III— The  Trend  ol  the  Market 
IV— The  Priority  of  St«>ck  Prices 
V— The  Banks  and  the  Stock  Exchange 
VI— The  IloatinK'  Supply 
VII — Manipulation 
VIII-RisinK  .in<l  I-alling  MarkcU 
IX— The  Distrilmtioiiof  Profit  and  Loss  in  the  Market 
X — The  Psycholoiry  of  Speculatiim 

Illustrated  with  charts.   Cloth.  Price.  $1.00 
A  descriptive  circular  will  be  sent  on  reijucst. 

Do  You  Want  to  Talk— 

to  thousands  of  wide-awake  and  alert  business 

men  each  month  ? 

Would  you  like  to  tell  them  what  3rou  maVe? 

Would  you  like  to  have  them  help  you  find  that 

man  or  material  you  want  in  your   business? 

Would  you  like  to  get  inquiries  at  the   nmaUcst 

possible  cost  ? 

Here's  the  way— through  the  Classified  columns  of 

BUSINESS 

{The  Magazine  for  Office,  Storm  and  Factory) 

The  Classified  pages  of  this  publication  will  bring 
you  high  class  inquiries.    BUSINESS  readers  are 
not  curiosity  seekers.    Every  reply  you  get  is 
half  a  sale. 

Headings  such  as  Help  Wanted,  Business  Oppor- 
tunities,   Agents    Wanted;    Letter     Specialists, 
Investments;    Coins;    Collections,    Typewriters; 
Patent  Attorneys,  Printing;  Salesmen  Wanted,  etc. 
Why  not  begin  NOW  and   talk  to  these  thous- 
ands of  men  each  month.    The  cost  is  but  75c 
a  line;  not  less  than  4  lines  accepted. 
Send  copy  and  order  to 

THE  CLASSIFIED   DEPARTMENT  OF 

BUSINESS 

The  Business  Man's  Pobllslilnf  Co.,  Ltd. 

Detroit                                                         MicHisaa 

MOODY'S  MAGAZINE  BOOK  DEPT. 

56  Liberty  Street             New  York.  N.  Y. 

Atk  for  our  cataloi  of  books  on  Speculation,  Invettmenl 
and  kindred  subjects. 

The  Readers*  Service  will  give  information  about  automobiles 


INVESTMENTS 


6r\    /is  the  refular 
^y  GUARANTEED 

1  /\  /  f\  animal  interest 


7 


opon  high  grade 
FIRST  MORTGAGE  LOANS  IN 

Prosperous 
Pensacola 

In  the  past  80  years  we  have  placed 

$14,000,000 

through  our  Mortgage  Department 
without  the  loss  of  a  cent,  either 
principal  or  interest.  Every  loan 
guaranteed. 

Write  for  booklet. 

THE  FISHER  REAL  ESTATE  ASENCY 

Department  M  Pensacola.  Fla. 


••WaUet  of  Information" 

Containing  the  ttatiitics  of  over  soo  Corpora 
aliens  in  tne  United  States  is  now  ready  for 
deiiveiy.  It  is  a  mall  book  dcsigDed  to  be 
carried  in  the  pocket  or  kept  in  a  handy  place 
on  the  desk.  It  contains  more  statistical 
information  than  any  other  book  of  its  siae 
ever  published.  It  answers  many  of  the 
questions  you  are  asking  in  regard  to  fi»Mtf»rial 
alGfairs. 

25  Cents  a  Copjr 

THE     ECONOMIST 

For  over  23  years  the  leading  financial 

publication  west  of  New  York 

Suit*  501.  Its  S.  La  SaUe  StrMt,  CHICAGO 

Invostor*— Send  for  free  copy  ot  Economist  giving  lirt  of 

bond  offerings  by  the  leading  Chicago  bond  houses. 


Read  the  Investment  Articles 

EACH   month   Mr.  Keys,  tke  FmaDcial  Edkor  ol  tbe 
WORLDS  WORK,  discusses  tome  pliaw  of  inTett- 
meots  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  inveitor.  The  read- 
ing of  these  articles  will  give  the  invertor  a  belter  undentand- 
ing  of  the  otferings  made  in  these  pages  and  ¥fill  enable  him 
to  buy  more  inteliigendy. 

The  subject  of  this  month's  article  is  'The  Tnutee  Who 
Went  Wrong." 


w 


E  HAVE  made  it  very  easy 
for  any  one  to  establish  the 
foundation  of  financial  suc- 
cess. Our  plan  for  the  sell- 
ing of  Bonds  is  a  wonderful 
opportunity  to  the  man  who 
wishes  to  invest  in  safe  divi- 
dend paying  Municipal  or 
Corporation  Bonds,  yield- 
ing 4%  to  6%. 

As  every  Bond  that  we 
offer  is  our  own  property — 
bought  and  paid  for  with 
our  own  capital,  we  are 
therefore  able  to  secure  for 
you  the  highest  rate  of  in- 
come consistent  with  a  cor- 
respondingly high  degree 
of  security. 

The  amount  you  wish  to 
invest  makes  no  difference, 
be  it  much  or  little. 

We  are  in  position  to 
furnish  expert  advice  to 
those  who  want  to  make 
money  with  money  and  at 
the  same  time  be  relieved  of 
worry  as  to  financial  loss. 

**  Bonds  and  How  to  Buy 
Them,"  is  one  of  our  book- 
lets of  information  that  will 
probably  be  of  valuable 
help  to  you.  Your  name 
and  address  on  a  card  will 
bring  a  free  copy  of  this 
interesting  book  together 
with  our  general  list  of 
Municipal  and  Corporation 
Bonds. 


OTIS  &  HOUGH 

Invistmint   Vanhn 
400  Cuyahoga  Bldg.,       CLEVELAND  O 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  Tbb  WoRU>*a  Woms 


I 

I 

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THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


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High  grade  representativea 
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Building,  Detroit^  Mich. 


i 


An  fmi  tkmkkng  of  building?    The  K«t4ef»*  S^Yice  eaa  «iv*  r&a  halphtl  tuciEttkiiif 


INSURANCE 


What's  the  Matter? 

SOMEBODY  HURT.    An  automobile  turning  a  comer 
struck  a  man  crossing  the  street  who  had  become 
confused  and  did  not  get  out  of  the  way.    The  crowd 
is  gathering  to  see  the  ambulance  carry  the  man  away. 
Every  hour  of  the  day  such  things  are  happening  on 
the  streets.    The  carelessness  of  others  and  your  own  hurry 
puts  you  in  constant  danger  of  accidental  injury. 

There  are  a  thousand  other  causes  of  accident  Not  the  least 
numerous  are  those  at  home,  office,  travel  and  recreation. 
A  $3,000  accumulative  accident  policy,  the  best  on  the 
market,  costs  at  the  rate  of  about  4  cents  a  day. 

You  need  accident  insurance.    You  need  it  now. 
MORAL:    Insure  in  the  TRAVELERS 

The  Travelers  Insurance  Company 

ILVRTFORD,   CONN. 


lie 


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JJidsbfOppdrtunity 


INFOEIMATIOK    ABOUT    ClTIKS    AMD    L.ANOA;— THK    WoKLfi'S    WORK  will  terre  )»  r»d«r»  by  pl*cin£   ib^  la    ttMdb 

reliable  fOFjroM  of  knrorniatioa  about  tbe  iiiuiu<^cturin(r,  commercU).  educatloiul  and  socij^l  m>iv«a]a«<*  «r  ^f  cSy 
lo  th*  Voitcd  <^lat«  or  Cuuda.    Atklreia  Readers'  Serv tct.  The  WojiluS  WoifK,  1 1  i}  W.  $2<i  St.,  J«ew  Yati  O^ 


Fertile    .^ 

>^  Farms 


$15  PER  ACRE  and  UP 

Close  to  targe  Eastern  Markets.  Excel- 
lent church,  school  and  social  advantages. 
Abundant  rainfall,  short  mild  winters, 
cheap  land  and  labor  and  excellent  ship- 
ping facilities.  Now  while  you  think  of 
it,  write  for  latest  issue  of  **Tht  Saatitra 
Hoaeicekcr/'  Other  interesting  literature 
and  low  twice-a-month  excursion  rates. 


F.  I1.LA  BAUME,  Ag'l  Agt. 
Norfcllc  Sl  Wetlera  Ry, 
Box  3097     Roanoke, Va* 


45 

IHCIfE5^ 

ANNUAL 

RAIN 


HOUSTON,  TEXAS 

Offers  an  exceptional  opportunity  for 
another  Department  Store,  Whole- 
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Millinery  House,  There  are  more 
than  twenty-five  enterprises  that 
would  prosper  in  Houston.  Houston 
is  the  railroad,  cotton,  lumber,  rice 
and  oil  center  of  the  South-  The 
supply  depot  for  the  entire  Gulf 
Coast  Country,  Better  yourself. 
Come  to  Houston.     Write 


CIl»iiib#r  of  Commerce 


Houiton,  Texas 


THE  BEST  FARM  AND  HOME 
LOCATIONS 


are  found  in  the  Southeast  United  States   aloec'  ^  Am 
'         "      "       "    °  --    R„  and  G..  S.  i  F,  Rf, 


of  Uie  So.  Ry 

Und  $10 


M.  &  O.  R. 


Mr  (0m>  |«  oa«  rear. 


*"*  '^^-^^  m  numerou*  de»irablt 
.ocaliiie$  $upportinc  GOOD  CHURCHES.  SCHOOLS 
STORES  and   IMPROVED  HIGHWAYS.  ^""^"'  i 

Alfalfa  Grows  Abundantly^  Si^twU 

ne.)rlf  a] I  partt  of  the  southeast,  Nf  apy  acr^  «nr  prcdsc^ 
be  4  to  6  tons  of  alfalfa  per  cca4Wti,  tb«  crvp  aelliac  H«t»Mf 
from  ^4  to  $aa  per  too. 

Live  Stock  and  Dairyinsr  JSSe.'uirta 

ductfd  at  tmillcr  cnst   than   in   4nv   other    sectioa  of  ^m 
country.    Luiuri^nl  pAsiunre  and  lor^jrE  cropA  cfic  «HMbi 
year  around  are  the  reasoni  fiT  thi»v     BKK**         '   — ^-. 
arc  PRODUCED  at  j  TO  «  CENTS 
Southern  dairyman  tnade  #/2^/r^/ 

Apples,     Fruil»    Vegetables     and 

COTTON  are  today  tome  of  the  best  payinc  c 
the  «rjuth.  The  Va.,  Carf>linai,  Tenn.  and  G«.  .^ki*. 
are  fast  cominc  if^to  universal  demand  and  net  ffrowtri 
^r<3fi.iifram  $joo  ff  $J00  >rr  M^t.  All  thc««  reulta  arc  ob- 
tained on  land  cos  tine  >esa  per  acre  than  the  recunM  ol 
one  aix-yeafoUi  apple  trec^ 

Climate  Unsurpwied  —  ^„^^ J-^ 

In  )ii«  6elds.  These  ionff  seaio&t  allow  njsinm  two 
and  three  crops  from  the  ume  &oLl  each  rear.  WiDltti 
arc  very  mild  and  Bummeri  eatrtmely  enjoyable. 

Special    Uterature   Sr5«i-«SSS5S:^ 

cal  conditions,  iticladinp  lul^^rnption  to  tj>e  **  Sca.th#^* 
Field,*'  will  be  wnt  Urt  Writr  W.  V.  Rlrbar*L  L.  4  L 
Ap.,  Soutbera  Ry.,  Boon  9«,  Wntaratlea,  D.  C 


FOR    INFORMATION    AS    TO    i.AN08    IK 


The  Nation's 
Garden  Spot-- 

THAT  GREAT  FRUIT  AND  TRUCK 
GROWING  SECTION  — 


along  the 

Atlantic  Coast  Line 

RAILROAD 

io  VirsiniA.  North  and    South   C«]t>1lfia, 

Oeorffia,  Alabama  and  Florida*  write  to 

WILRUR  McCOY*  I  E_  N    CITRIC, 

A.  Si  I,  Acrat  for  RoHda,  A.  &  I.  A^x.  tor  Vbcl9l» 

Atabkrni  and  (^koreia,  1  and  tbe  C«r«ltBaa 

|AfltWin»»le,   I  la  |  WUnfltt^itt».   jf,  x:\ 


Send  for  Would* &  Woikv.  Hmivdbook  of  tchoolf 


CITIES  AND   LANDS   OF   OPPORTUNITY 


^^VlPROrlTABLC  TRUCKING 


Rftitipg  FnitU  And  VegetabTe* 
Froa  t^fl  Peumt  Ftddi«f  ViRCiKIA 
To  llie  Oruf«  GroTct  of  FluRluA 

The  6  sou.  Suics  traversed  by  S.  A.  L.  Ry. 
oQ^f r  speciaJ  inducements.  Land  cheup^  Ideal 
climate,  water  plentifuL  Quick  transporta- 
tbn  lo  big  markets.  In  knU  of  Manatee  on 
West  Coatt  of  Florida,  raise  a  to  5  crops  a 
year— net  ^joo  lo  1 1000  per  acre, 

J.  A.  PRIDE.  Gon.  Ind.  Agent, 

S«»board    Air    Line    Rejiwaj* 

Suite  5l7t  Norfolk,  Va. 


CANADIAN  OPPORTUNITY 


l%t  CtaA^tlxn  West  ofTnt  npfwmvilftfn  to  mvn  wtth  dldih  lAd  elude  It 
Ikat  mk6m  r\th  mrp  ^t^rt.  i&uiuiictKrcrft  B»oir  wpaHbv  «3i<l  kit  rAiw^ 
of  ^  vnnv  mtu  to  in  nu«n  cc  ca4  mffivnc*'.  a  Wisfiiptc  Ni^ivc^t 
eenduct  4  Dureiu  of  bjfvrmxtlnti  u  fo  tbc  Wrtl'i.  wenAhrftil  fli^xtr- 
TltLi  Riir«alu  hji  Cocnplilerll  AiUMJct  In  t^Cn  I  In*  ^r  bvilBin«  And 

Write  Ctidrl«i    F.    koiind.  rummlsii^fier.  fTEcn'r^sr    C^-'i'^^- 


Lucky  Sanford  STSST'uf.r'Iffi'^'T: 

ky  bMlthful  ptect.  irolden  groTct  and  tceak  bcftuty.  Huattar.  cniWar. 
isUo^.  midwinter  aotoiair.  outdnor  life.  ruBhllaff  l^^ldlc  fitttht  ttmofh  ptacr 
lavBlld  or  hunter  can  tpcnd  tb«  cmthc  month  in  the  optn.     wdl  lo* 


tttad  tor  winter  and  »umwer  homes,  picaflivabic  pursuits  aBdproAtah4c  In- 
•cttmcnts.  We  atk  you  to  becomr  onr  of  ut.  Coaimercial  Qub.  Sanfcrd.  Fla. 


Too  Too  Can  Own  A  Track  Fam 
in  the  Nation't  Garden  Spot 

Tltc  Eastern  North  Carolina  Colonies  were  oMd*  by 
•ature  to  rrow  tnirk  crops.  The  plenttfiil  rainfall  fecial 
climate  (tempered  by  the  Gulf  Strcsa)  Insures  sereral 
profitable  crofM  a  season.  Ten  acre  farms  net  $1500  a  ysar. 
Some  make  frnoo  an  acre  Kro«taic  early  encetab!cs. 

only  34C.  a  dar  pays  for  a  ten  a'-re  farm— esamlncd  bjr 
soil  experts.  Sold  00  a  satisfaction  or  OMBcy  back  fvar- 
aatee  basis.    Write  now  far  our  plaa. 

Caroliu  Trackuf  DtrtlopacBt  Cmh^oj 
826  Southern  Boildins        WilmiBKtoa,  N.  C 


A  Happy  Marriage 


Dcfinid^  Isrtrlroo  ftknoirledie 
o{  fhe  whole  iruth  &bou|  9tM  ftoil 
feiaod  ihr-ir  trlalloa  to  life  Uit 
bealUi*  Tlib  Itnovtedndnes  not 
come  inrriliittiiJf  of  l^lf,  not 
eoftectl;  froni  ccdioarr  evierid&f 
lourcn. 


SEXOLOGY 


by  Wmhm  n  wiling.  A.  Jr.,  U.  D.,  fmTwrti  Ea  ft  dcftr 
•holcwimr  wny.  in  on*-  voT'sm^  : 

Knowfe^Jt*  m  Younr  Man  Simula}  H*Tfl« 
ICfidwJedie  ■  Y#ufis  Huiibnhd  SliouUl  Hav*. 
Kntswl#d|in  a,  Father  Should  Hav*. 
Knawliidv*  a  Pntlitr  Shoutd  Impart  to  HU  S««, 
Mrdica]  Knowlrdia  a  HuabaiMi  Sliould  HaTtti 
KnaHlrd|[«  a  Young  Woman  Should  Hav*. 
Knoivle^diia  a  Yount  Wif*  Should  Hat*. 
KnawledtQ  a  Mother  Should  Hav«. 
Knowlrdiia  a  Mother  ShouM  ImpaH  to  K*r  DaHcbtar* 
Madkaf  KootrUdia  *  Wifa  Should  HaT«. 
Aft  in  On0  Vvtumm.     iitu^trateJ^  S2.0O  ^ottp^aid. 
Write  tor  "iJtI.er  Ftiiplr'i  «>E>iiiiMiiis"  au'd  I'jblc  *t(  'Luments. 

PURITAN  PUB.  CO^  772  Perry  Bldf..  Pbil*.,  P», 


HE 


WWj^ 


17% 


w 


aWN 


Dividing  the  Risk 
in  Real  Estate 

Investments 

Suppoteyour  father  had  mvested  1150 
in  iingic,  werirocated  building  bta, 
offf  in  ea£k  of  these  citici:  Den  ver»  Salt 
Lake  City.  Kansai  City,  Omaha  and 
Buiie,  ht/TM  populatloQ  advanced 
real  eataie  valuei* 

You  will  admit  that  luch  an  InTctt- 
ment  would  have  been  vety  profitable. 

Wc  offer  jrou  a  fimilar  opportunity  to 
invest  in  leading  young  citiw  in  the 
Pacitic  NonhHreM— th*  fasteit  grow* 
ing  (ection  of  the  United  Statei.  From 
over  three  hundred  towni  along  new 
railroads,  we  have  leleaed  seventeen 
frhich  bid  fair  to  become  grgm  €ttut. 
Some  are  agriculitiraj  tow nt others  have 
lumber  interetis,  itill  othen  ar«  coal 
mad  mining  town*,  or  railway  centen, 

j|//show  reiD  ark  able  normal  growth — 
all  rett  OQ  i  nlid  batis  of  natural 
weahh--*«f  tfff  it  a  "city  on  paper." 
Our  land  in  iheie  towni  is  the  best  we 
could  buy.  h  has  been  carefuNy  chos- 
en, iccurately  plaited  in  large  lots,  actd 
conservatively  valued  by  local  banker»« 

We  offer  you  iifi  i§u,  9n§  m  tsik  #/ 
fimt  ietiitid  /#wjii,  dependent  upon 
widely  different  resources  and  di»tri- 
buted  over  five  great  stale*.  Moderate 
prices;  easy-payment  plan,  if  you  pre- 
fer. No  inierest;  we  pay  all  taxei. 

Although  thii  investment  may  involve 
risk,  it  is  safe-guarded  by  our  unique 
five*towndivided-riik  selling  plan.  It 
merit]  the  careful  investigation  of  every 
one  whi»  appreciaiei  the  wonderful 
future  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  We 
multiplv  by  five  the  possibilitv  ofgain, 
and  divide  by  five  the  risk  ofloii. 

Ful!  paniculan  will  be  sent  on  re<|ueil. 

C«vv«f tfftf  mvimwm*n  can  mwwnn^m 
fo  tm^rmMmni  bs  km  thmr  dittrUU 

Nortliwest  Townitte  Company 

3IS  Cbettaaf  St ,  Pkiladdpliia,  Fcaa. 


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In  writinir  to  advertiien  please  mentioa  Tbb  WomLD*i  Work 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK   ADVERTISER 


TWELVE   YEARS  OLD,    19OO-19I2 


Doubleday,  Page  &  Company  are  twelve 
years  old  this  month,  having  begun  to  harass 
an  indulgent  public  on  the  eternal  question 
of  buying  books  on  the  first  day  of  the  new 
century,  a  little  more  than  a  busy  decade 
ago.  We  began  with  no  books,  no  maga- 
zines, and  a  conviction  that  the  country 
needed  a  new  publishing  house,  and  that  we 
were  the  people  to  build  it.  In  these  twelve 
years  we  have  issued  some  thirteen  himdred 
diflferent  volumes.  They  have  not,  every 
one  of  them,  done  as  well  as  we  had  hoped,  but 
the  great  majority  have  been  extremely  suc- 
cessful. We  have  printed  and  sold  of  these 
books  something  like  7,000,000  copies,  begin- 
ning in  1900  with  a  few  hundred  thousand, 
and  ending  in  191 1  with  nearly  two  million 
volumes  for  the  year;  and  during  the  same 
period  we  have  made  many 
million  magazines. 

During  these  years  we 
have  had  pleasant  rela- 
tions with  a  majority  of 
the  most  popular  authors 
of  our  day,  the  alphabet 
being  well  represented 
all  the  way  from  George 
Ade  to  Emile  Zola. 
Many  of  these  books  are 
known  and  read  all  over 
the  world.  Twelve  years 
is  not  a  long  time  to  bring 
together  a  representative 
list  of  books  and  authors; 
older  houses  have  had  the 
great  advantage  of  friendly 
connections  with  many 
famous  writers  before  we 
began  business.    We  have 


not  planned  nor  tried  to  break  the  relations 
which  existed  before  we  came  into  existence, 
yet  through  the  favorable  consideration  of 
our  author  friends,  we  have,  we  think,  a  list 
which  stands  a  fair  compiarison  with  the 
majority  of  publishing  houses,  and  solely 
because  so  many  writers  have  been  foimd 
who  were  glad  to  encourage  a  young  house. 

In  October,  1910,  we  moved  from  New 
York  to  Garden  City,  and  began  to  make 
books  and  magazines  in  a  forty-acre  garden. 
Next  to  deciding,  against  the  advice  of  almost 
all  of  our  friends,  to  go  into  the  publishing  busi- 
ness at  all,  this  move  to  the  coimtry  was  the 
best  thing  we  ever  did,  and  we  received  the 
same  Punch's  advice  that  we  did  about  going 
into  business  —  Don'L  We  are  glad  we  did 
both  things,  even  against  the  fears  of  friends. 


The  Country  life  Press  from  an  aeroplane  700  feet  above  the  ground,  taken  hy  c 
of  our  friends.  Philip  WUcox.  from  a  Wright  biplane 


TALK    OP    TBB    OFFICE 


In  January,  191 1,  we  actually  began  to 
bind  a  few  books  at  Garden  City,  and  in  the 
whole  month  we  averaged  a  few  hundred  a 
day.  At  the  end  of  the  year  we  were  making 
10,000  a  day  and  twice  as  many  magazines. 
Gradually  every  part  of  book  and  magazine 
making  has  been  developed  in  this  building 
at  Garden  City.  We  set  the  type  by  that 
wonderful  machine,  the  Monot)rpe  (we  can 
set  a  book  every  day  in  the  year);  our  pho- 
tographers make  many  of  the  pictures, 
and  our  photo-engraving  department  makes 
the  black  and  white  plates  for  printing  them,  as 
well  as  the  magazine  covers  and  book  illustra- 
tions in  color.  It  is  a  diflScult  art  to  develop, 
but  one  which  we  think  the  covers  of  the 
magazines  show  that  we  have  fairly  well 
mastered.  We  even  make  the  brass  dies  for 
the  book  bindings  in  the  shop. 

Some  of  the  books  are  compiled  and  pre- 
pared in  the  building,  and  the  newest  depart- 
ment is  devoted  to  binding  books  in  leather. 
We  hope  that  the  Coimtry  Life  Press  bindings 
may  yet  become  favorably  known. 

Early  in  the  new  year  the  temporary  station 
will  make  way  for  a  permanent  one  on  om-  own 
grounds.  It  will  appear  on  the  time-tables 
as  "Country  Life,"  and  will  be  about  half 
way  between  Garden  City  and  Hempstead. 

The  year  has  brought  about  750  people 
together  at  the  Coimtry  Life  Press;  we  have 
received  and  mailed  something  like  7,000,000 
pieces  of  mail  matter,  and  paid  into  the 
Garden  City  PostofSce  more  than  $70,000  in 
the  twelve  months  for  postage.    The  Govern- 


ment has  established  its  own  postal  statioBii 
the  building,  so  that  letters  and  magaxuMiii 
each  night  into  our  own  mail  car,  filled  ^"^ 
the  day  as  it  stands  on  our  track  at  the  doi^ 
and,  like  the  rest  of  the  Hempstead  faoBMik- 
this  track  of  the  Long  Island  Railroad  h  cIbk 
trifled  by  the  third  rail  all  the  way  to  theta^ 
sylvania  Station  at  33d  Street,  New  Ya^  Ih 
have  our  own  Western  Union  Tel^praplidft^ 
direct  trunk  telephone  wires  to  the  Met 
York  office,  a  system  of  over  fifty  fanoMk 
telephone  stations  in  New  York  and  Gaida 
City. 

In  the  big  station  at  33d  Street,  by  the  wiy 
we  have  the  little  Book  Shop  where  our  magi- 
zines,  and  the  books  of  all  publishers  are  sold. 

So  many  people  have  asked  us  how  the 
plan  of  moving  into  the  country  has  worked, 
that  we  have  bored  our  readers  witk 
these  particulars,  yet  the  interest  shom 
by  many  thousand  visitors  has  led  us  to  write 
and  print  a  little  book  about  it,  a  voy 
imperfect  affair,  which  we  will  some  day  xc 
make  for  a  more  effective  description;  butut 
shall  be  glad  to  send  the  present  i>amphkl 
to  any  interested  friends  for  the  asking. 

In  New  York  at  11  West  3  2d  Street,  tuo 
blocks  from  the  Pennsylvania  Station,  we 
have  the  city  trade  book  department,  and  the 
advertising  departments  for  our  magazines, 
and  we  have  advertising  department  offices 
in  Boston,  Cleveland  and  Chicago. 

A  happy  and  prosperous  New  Year  to 
all  the  patient  readers  of  The  Talk  of  the 
Office. 


P.  S.  If  you  are  looking  for  new,  cheap,  and  easy  New  Year  Resolutions,  wc 
respectfully  suggest  that  here  are  some  magazine  club  oflFers  calculated  to  please 
the  very  elect(  our  own  readers) : 


The  World's  Work  and  the 
Garden  Magazine.  Both  for  $3.10. 
Regular  Price,  $4.50. 


The  World's  Work  and  Country 
Life  in  America.  Both  for  $5.35. 
Regular  Price,  $7.00. 


The  World's  Work  for  two  years,  $5.00;  for  three  years,  $6.00. 


DOUBLEDAY,    PAGE   &   COMPANY, 


Garden  City,  N.  Y. 


THE   WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


hce  onThinPaperEoitionafcoutiobe  Aova^B 


Wain  the  tenefit  o£reducedPrices 
Sutscriters jnust  act  Now. 
HEN — In  November  magazines — we  first  announced  the  reduced 
price  on  our  new  Thin  Paper  Edition  of  The  New  International 
Encyclopedia,  it  was  with  the  distinct  understanding  that  this 
reduced  price  was  for  introductory  purposes  and  was  to  be  offered  only 
during publicatkn.  Publication  of  the  new  THIN  PAPER  VOLUMES 
is  rapidly  advancing;  and  we  shall  therefore  soon  advance  the  price  on 

The  New  THIN  PAPER  Edttioii  of  dio 

NEW  INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


22  Velmm€% 


70,m0  Subjtm 


Ov§r  m  ^0  lUmtrammM 


The  New  International  Enqrclapedia  has  been  called  by  the  New  York  Sum^  **the 
most  helpful  encyclopedia  in  English;"  and  by  the  American  Library  Associatioa,  "the 
best  encyclopedia  for  ready  reference,"  Its  large  number  of  subjects  (greater  than  any 
other  encyclopedia)  and  its  mnltittide  of  illastrations  make  it  particalarly  useful  Its 
style  makes  it  specially  easy  to  read* 

The  new  THIN  PAPER  Edition  is  an  innovation  made  necessary  hf  the  demand  foi 
light,  easy-to-handle  volumes.     Each  of  the  a  a  new  volumes  is  about  one  inch  thick 
and  weighs  only  about  one-third  the  weight  of  the  regular  volume — see  com  para 
tive  sixe  above.      The    paper  upon    which    the    new  volumes    are  printed 
(University  Bible  Paper)  is  strong,  smooth  and  opaque.    It  prints  beautifully,        ^  w.w. 
lies  flat  and  does  not  crumple.      The  volumes  are  bound  in  semi*limp         ^^  Doon, 
half-leather  and  full  leather,  and  arc  in  every  way  striking  examples  of 


book  printing  and  binding. 


se< 


O^^^ 
^V-**. 


Don't    Delay — Pirompt    action    means   considerable    saving. 
Send  for  prospectus  and  sample  pages  at  once. 

This  is  nn  opportanity  that  is  seldom  offered  the  public,  itnd  no 
book  lover  or  one  wiio  has  use  for  an  encyclopedia  should  fail  to      AJ^y 
post  himself  rctrardincr  it.    Fill  oat  and  send  the  coupon  today.       V^ 
while  the  reduced  price  is  ayailable.  j^^  OccuMtion 

We  gn<irantee  taiUfaction  to  mvmry  purchtuer, 

otherwUe  seiB  may  be  returned  ^   **^  Addrew 

DODD,  MEAD  &  CX>MPANY 

449  Fourth  Atwum,  N*w  Y«Mk 


M£ADii 
COMPANY, 
449FQurtliAT«* 
NawTotkCity 


tEiowiFif  C<4per.  piiBtint^ 

r»nrN«irTba  FapwEiUiraaf 
New    lattrutiMal   Eacfda* 


^^^    P»^ia,  witb  derailed    information  ro* 
y^J^    rudint  famoductory  yrioe;  iboitly  id  be 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  Ta*  \aB?%'^««. 


TMi  Land  DKPAttr»KH\  op  tub  WoRto's  Work  wl^tt  to  help  firm  <e«ken  ohuin  reliable  laSatmxtioa  ^binit  (mrminte 
ttl  pvei  tbe  LToUed  Stitcs^    lnqiUi-Ja  w(U  be  ftoiwered  dcA&licly,  or  Autboridea  nu^gesLed,  by  letter  asd  as  tliit  F«tfCr 
Tb«  oppoctualUw  «d*«rtt««d  tinder  thl*  bcadtnf  btv*  be«B  invcftlitated  and  fduAd  to  b«  authentic  tad  truAwcnUij, 
Addrcn   LAND  DEPART MCKT«    WORLD'S  WORK.  »«rdc*  Cniy,  N,  T. 


m 


I. — South  Atlantic  States.  Q,  Please  give  me 
information  atwDUt  farm  land,  preferably  for  truck 
farining  near  a  city,  in  Georgia,  North  Carolina  and 
South  Carolina.  I  have  about  |>ooo  to  ($000  avail- 
able, 

A.  The  chief  trucking  districts  of  these  stat^  arc 
about  Norfolk,  Va.,  Wilmington,  N.  C,  Charleston, 
S.  C,  and  Savannah  and  Brunswick,  Ga,,  though  most 
of  the  coast  region  south  of  Norfolk  contains  good 
truck  [and.  Most  of  the  produce  is  shipped  to  Wash- 
ington, Philadelphia  and  other  northern  markets. 
Uncleared,  unimproved  and  poorly  located,  although 
potentially  profitable,  land  can  yet  be  bought  cheap  — 
perhaps  for  f  lo  or  I15  per  acre;  but  an  acre  of  highly 
improved  truck  land  may  bring  as  much  as  (i  500. 

Ordinarily  a  young  inexperienced  man  can  best 
afford  to  buy  cheap,  uncleared  land,  begin  slowly,  de- 
velop it  gradually  and  wait  for  profits  and  an  increase 
in  land  values,  knowledge  and  efficiency.  Older,  ex- 
perienced, well-capitalized  farmers  can  more  often 
pay  for  high  priced  land,  fertilizers  and  implements 
and  begin  at  once  to  farm  intensively  and  on  a  large 
scale. 

Reliable  general  descriptions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  or  Agricultural  De- 
partments of  these  states,  at  their  capitals.  The  fol- 
lowing railroads  can  also  furnish  information:  The 
Southern  Railway.  Washington,  D.  C,  the  Norfolk 
and  Western,  Roanoke,  Va.,  the  Norfolk  stn^  Southern, 
the  Atlantic  Coast  Line  and  the  Seaboard  Air  Line, 
Norfolk,  Va.  But  best  of  all,  go  and  see.  There  is 
no  other  way  to  form  a  good  judgment. 

3.—  New  York.  Q,  Where  can  we  buy  good  land 
for  general  farming  within  commuting  distance  of 
New  York  City?  We  have  I7000.  but  have  had  no 
experience. 

/I.  It  is  rarely  practicable,  to  buy  land  for  general 
ra.rming  within  commuting  distance  of  New  York,  or 
iny  very  large  city,  because  farms  within  that  radius 
cost  from  J150  per  acre  up,  which  is  ordinarily  too 
much  to  invest  in  merely  general  farming  land.  The 
only  way  to  make  them  pay  is  to  farm  them  very 
intensively,  raising  truck  crops,  greenhouse  products, 
flowers,  etc,  Well  located  general  purpose  farms  can 
however  be  bought  in  parts  of  New  York,  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut,  relatively  near  other  cities. 
You  had  best  reconcile  yourself,  to  settling  at  least 
one  hundred  and  fifty  mites  from  New  York.  You  can 
obtain  facts  about  New  York  farms  for  sale  from  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Albany,  N.  Y..  and  from 
the  Farm  Bureau  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 


New  York  City,  The  Delaware^  Lackawanna  ad 
Western  Railroad,  New  York  City,  can  also  npft 
information  < for  certain  localities, 

3. —  Florida.  Q*  Please  send  me  refiabfe  infortna- 
tion  concerning  chances  for  getting  land  for  insd 
farming  and  fruit  growing  in  the  fur  South  M* 

Florida  or  the  Gulf  Stales.     Being  a  city  f  1 

graduated  from  college,  I  have  had  practi^^nj  hu  «i- 
perience,  and  have  but  from  |6oo  to  $Soo. 

A,  The  chances  of  an  inexperienced  person  gettiftf 
good  land  in  Florida  at  a  fair  price  are  poor,  h  0 
especially  foolhardy  to  buy  land  by  mail,  withowi 
seeing  it.  There  is  much  good  land  in  Rorida,  withom 
doubt,  that  can  be  bought  reasonably,  say  for  fio  t« 
$2^  per  acre,  and  made  to  yield  good  returns  if  tJjt 
buyer  is  well  equipped  with  judgment,  knowledge  ind 
experience.  But  much  of  this  is  not  yet  cleared 
(meaning  I15  to  |i  50  expense)  or  it  is  far  from  road* 
and  markets;  the  uneven  conditions  of  soil,  moisfurt 
etc..  make  it  impossible  to  generalize  about  T 
You  cannot  infer  from  one  farm  anything 
another.  Twenty  acres  may  contain  everything  fr  rr 
good  rich  soil  to  barren  sand  or  useless  swamp  Gi»: 
truck  and  fruit  land  well  located,  especially  if  in  btj^t 
ing,  may  bring  |i  500  per  acre.  Obviously  fSoo  wouk 
not  go  far  in  Florida, 

We  advise  you  to  go  to  Florida  and  work  on  fanm 
for  a  year  or  two.     You  will  add  to  your  capital  and 
learn  more  about  tropical  farming  methods,  the  lan^ 
and  its  value,  than  any  one  could  ever  idl  you:  an^? 
you  will  find  out,  without  putting  your  last  ccr 
it,  whether  you  really  want  to  live  there.     Tht 
missionerof  Agriculture  at  Tallahasseeor  thcCh, 
of  Commerce  of  any  towns  can  assist  you  in  t 
out  about  employment.     The  best  opportunii: 
truck  farming  experience  are  along  the  east  coa 
in  Manatee  and  Hillsboro  counties  around     I  i     , 
The  citrus  fruit  growing  industry  is  more  restricted  (c 
the  central  part  of  the  peninsula,  northeast,  east  anU 
southeast  of  Tampa. 

In  the  other  Gulf  States  the  conditions  are  toint^ 
what  more  stable  and  less  of  a  speculation^  but  nomal* 
ter  where  you  thought  of  going,  you  had  best  cariy  out 
the  plan  we  have  suggested. 

4. —Homesteads.  Q.  Are  there  any  homestead  tandi 

still  available  in  the  United  States? 

A,  There  are  over  a  hundred  million  acres  of  ftm 
public  land  surveyed  but  still  unappropriated.  WriCr 
to  the  General  Land  Of!ke,  Washington,  O,  C,  i» 
free  circulars  and  full  instructions. 


In  writing  .  »  .idvcrU«er» 


%  Tat  WonLD'i  Woai 


THE  COMPLETE  PUBLICATION  OF  THE  NE^ 

OP/EDIA    BF 


ENCYC 


|i 


m- 


A  tpRJineti  buok 

qI  t^tt  nrw 

Encyclopiietlia 
Brilannica 

lllh  ptl*tiqn 


X 


pbolofnph  of  tbe  ladli  P»pa  P^«H|«clua, 
•ort  frt«  upon  r ' 


THE     SUM     OF    HUMAN 
KNOWLEDGE 

summarised  and  freshly  elucidated  in 
the  light  of  the  Utest   re^eaLrch^  und 

rrm stimtinp^ n  -   — '  "■    -   '    -  i^  v  -'    ■ 

.Hid  lip  Uj  lI.. 

thiit  cAn  p^ 

a.  civUkea  t 

nxUlc  in   the    1>  nkx 

(vohim*^  ?1>i  of   )  '   \' 

C 1  '  ^  ^ 

1 

UK  1 1  jp'  /  i%     L   A  t  V  t'.  rs  "*  I  J,  »      I  K  I'.  >  ?^ 

\  ICngland). 


The  new  }h 

complete  ?ct 
from   the    |; 

ftrst  payment  of 


U  now  cum- 
N  m**rtn^   that 


V    BRITANNICA" 

(full  sets  of  29  volumes  being  now  avail- 
able for  prompt  shipment  to  fill  new 
orders)  has  been  made  the  occasion  of  the 
issue  by  the  CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERS- 
ITY PRESS  of  an  elaborate  NEW 
INDIA    PAPER    PROSPECTUS- 


IN  which  neither  cost  nor  effort  has  been  spared  in 
endeavouring  to  present  as  faithfitJ  a  picture  as  possi- 
ble of  this  repository  of  human  knowledge,  so  com- 
y>rchensive  and  therefore  so  ditHcult  to  describe.  In  the 
prft>;oing  of  this  specimen  bfKjk  the  publishers  have 
made  selections  from  hundreds  of  places  in  the  28 
voKimcs  of  the  New*  Edition  in  order  to  demonstrate 
from  the  book  itselX  some  typical  features  of  its  contents 
by  the  reproduction  of  typical  articles  or  portions  of 
articles^  of  plates,  maps  and  cuts  exactly  as  they  occur 
in  the  oripnal  text.  This  prospectus,  which  is  belic\*ed 
to  be  adequate  for  every  ordinary^  purpose  of  investiga- 
tion, may  be  obtained  free  upon  application  to  tbe 
Cambridge  Universit)*  Press. 

The  passages  selected  (IDS  from  among  40,000  articles^ 
are  representative  so  far  as  limitations  of  space  would 
pcniiit»  but  it  is  hoped  that  they  are  sufficiently  numer- 
ous, as  well  as  diversified,  to  illustrate  the  universality, 
the  authority  and  the  comprehensiveness  of  the  new 
Enc\  "        nnica,    and    not    less    surely  its 

cop  I  bt  and  readableness. 


I 


THE  QUALITY  OF  THE 
ENCYCLOPAEDIA  BRITANNICA 

The  literary  charm,  the  readabkness,  tbe  ihorotigboeas 
of  the  new  11th  Edition  have  been  remarked  hundreds 
of  times  in  a  hundred  difTcrcnt  ways — a  tribute  which 
has  come  frimi  IhiXMt  who  already  possess  the  work 
or  have  had  access  to  its  volumes.  These  arc  qualities 
calling  for  a  lirst  hand  ktmwiedge  of  its  c<»ntenU,  and 
pcrliaps  they  are  the  most  important  qualities  to  the 
subscriber  who  is  thinking  of  acquiring  the  work  for 
general  use  in  his  household,  and  not  merely  for  pro- 
fessional reference. 

If  the  reader  of  this  notice  were  actually  in  possession 
t)f  the  present  work»  and  were  using  it  constantly  for 
reference,  for  readings  or  for  research,  there  would 
gradually  be  impressed  upon  his  mind  a  sense  of 
the  scope  and  quality  of  its  contents.  He  would  then 
come  to  api^reciatc  the  fact  that  a  certain  standard  had 
been  aimed  at   and  Imd  been  attained — a  standard 


4 


[CAMBRIDGE  UNI VERSITYPRESS(Ei«roi.p««.Bn.«,«c.De,,M 

WEST  32d  ST.,  NEW  ^'ORK  ROYAL  BANK.  ^«^XsK^-.-VG?««s«c^^ 

149  TREMONT  ST..  BOSTOM  m 


I  THE  INDIA    PAP£K    FKOSFBCTUS    OF   THB    ENCYCLOPAEDIA    BRITANNIC 
(NEW    IITH    EDITION),    SENT    TO    ANY    APPLICANT.    UPON     RBQUES 


164  PAGES  OF  SPECIMEN   EXTRACTS 


The  New  Prospectus  is  printed  on  India 
paper  (the  standard  material  on  accmint  of  its 
hinness,  its  toughness,  its  opaqueness  and  its 
i'lne  printing  face  for  the  manufacture  of  high 
class  books  in  which  compactness  and  light- 
ness arc  combined  with  durability)  and  thus 
exempliiies  the  convenience  of  the  India  paj>er 
format.  It  conta  ins  :  (1)  1 64  pages  of  extracts, 
each  extract  bein^  prefaced  l>y  a  note  indicat- 
ing the  authorship  and  length  of  the  article 
cited,  and  followed  by  a  pf^stscript  showing 
the  place  filled  by  the  article  in  the  general 
scheme  of  the  section  to  which  it  belongs. 
(2)  Reproductions  of  32  fiiU-page  plates 
accompanying  the  articles  Alphabet,  liible* 
Babylonia  and  Assyria,  Aegean  Civilisation, 
Cloud,  Miniatures,  Ordnance  (2  examples). 
Greek  Art  (2  examples),  Aeronautics,  Parasitic 
Diseases,  Spectroheliograph,  Ship,  Roman  Ait 
(3  examples),  W<Kidcarving,  Painting  (2 
examples),  Sculpture  (American),  Sculpture 
(French),  America,  Planet,  Furniture,  Pal- 
aeontolog)%  Horse,  Japanese  Metal  Work, 
Tapestries,  Vault,  Alloys,  India*  (3)  A  double- 
page  map  (Switzerland).  (4)  A  single*page 
map  (U.  S.  History^).  (S)  A  map  accom- 
panying the  article  Polar  Regions.  (6)  A 
fee-simile  reproduction  of  the  colour  plate 


J 


accompanying   the    article    Kntghthcxid 

ChivaJry.       (7)    A    lithographic 
of  the  20  volumes  (India  p;^r»"-     f"'?  ^^^-liNV 
sheepskin)  demrmstrating  the  r  '  i 

tion  (two-thirds)  in  the  thickncN^  r ,,  i  nt-  ^ ,  koox^ 
due  to  the  use  of  India  paper.  (8)  A  24*pag« 
pamphlet  which  gives  the  history  oC  fit 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  from  tU  tncepliofi  b 
176^71,  together  with  a  description  of  tk 
new  11th  Edition,  and  of  the  service  whicH 
aims  to  perfiirm — the  Uneal  dei^cendaot  of 
successive  and  successful  editions.  (9)  Bdili 
ial  pages  devoted  to  such  suhjet-t3  mj»  Hist* 
and  Religion,  where  '  e  charactef  d 

the   treatment   ace  :    to    call   fof 

special  comment  (lO)  A  list  of  659  mnoc^ 
the  1500  contributors  from  21  cauncrieik 
with  their  degrees,  honours  and  pioliBaaioiiil 
status.  In  addition  to  the  extracts  windi 
constitute  the  principal  featun^^  oi  the  pn^ 
pectus  there  is  provided  f'  latioii  bemrine 

upon  practically  every  dt-  a  of  ibe  work 

Judged  simply  as  a  book — it  is  longer  tbas 
most  books,  for  these  extracu  nm  to  §omt 
2'iO,0(X>  words — it  is  believed  that  thb  pim^ 
pectus  will  prove  at  least  as  bttcf^esttog  and 
certainly  more  infc inning  than  any  other  w  '^ 
with  iKrhich  It  can  reasonably  be  oooipafed. 


UK 


THE   QUALITY   OF  THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA    BRITANNICA-Cwin.Mrf/hNw  Mr^ 


lop«il 


difficult  of  defuiitjon,  but  none  the  less  unmistakable,  and  applicable  only  to  the  EncycJc 
Britannica.     To  enable  him,  in  the  absence  of  the  work  itself,  to  ascertain    *    '    '   s  simndud  if»" 
what  the  critics  imply  when  they  say  that  the  great  tradition  of  the  En^  .%  Brttannk^ 

during  MO  years  in  ten  successive  editions  has  been  sustained  in  the  new  llih  Edstioiig  Is  tl« 
aim  of  the^e  pages  of  specimen  extracts  and  editorial  notes. 

I  The  extracts  are  printed  from  the  same  typei  and  on  the  same  India  paper  (thin,  smmg  Mai 

I  opaque)  as  the  book  itself.    The  note  at  the  head  of  each  selection  indicates  the  authorship  aod 

length  of  the  article  cited.     T\\e  reader  \\ill  be  interested  to  observe  the  remarkable  legibtfirr 

of  the  printed  page  due  to  the  esctraurdi- 
nary  opaqueness  of  India  paper  (whkti 
\^  expressly  importcd«  none  beiii|^  made 
in  this  c(»untr)').  This  unique  featufeof 
the  new  11th  Edition  has  at  a  ^roke  lrao»- 
formed  the  EncycSopcedia  Britanmai  Iram 
a  series  of  heavy  and  phystcaUy  repeUeni 
books  to  light  and  attractive  onfs»  sjid  hi» 
brought  it  finally  into  the  category  nl 
bfK^ks  which  Dr,  Jolinson  used  to  say  wen* 
the  most  useful — **BcokB  that  you  nmy 
hold  readfly  in  your  hand 


r 


I 


THE    INDIA    PAPER    PROSPECTUS    OP    TUB    BNCYCLOP;£DIA    BRITANNI 
(NEW   llTH   EDITION),   SENT   TO    ANY    APPLICANT,    UPON    RBQUB 


I 


TESTIMONY    OF 
SUBSCRI BE  RS 

Of  the  more  than  32,000 
subscribers  to  the  new  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica,  many, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic* 
have  written  to  the  Cambridge 
University  Press  letters  of 
appreciation  and  congratula- 
tion. The  fill  lowing  extracts 
are  from  some  of  the  letters 
received  in  America: 

"Impossible  to  impnyve  on  these 
volumes." 

"Practicmlly  faultless." 

'*A  frplendid  tmvelUitg  compan- 
ion." 

** Delighted  with  both  form  and 
substance/* 

''A  »upeib  example  of  book- 
making/* 

'*The  best  uiTestmetit  around 
this  house.*' 

**Acme  ol  peifeclioti  in  book- 
making.** 

'*An  unprecedented  thing." 

**A  work  in  a  class  by  Kself/' 

•* Should  grace  the  shelves  of 
tvery  home,  ofllice,  or  public  li- 
bmry," 

*'Mo9t  stlrsctiTe  in  every  way." 

*v\  L'rtnttne  sense  of  pleasure/* 
is  astonishingly  tow." 
our  highest  expecta- 
liww*/* 

*'AU  that  it  is  repfesented" 

**Fresh,  full,  and  a  thing  of 
l>«aiuty." 

"Ease  in  handltiig  and  tcomemy 
of  Apace/* 

*"'ni»    impioveaienl   la  almost 

in/ 

^nd   lightness    of  the 
volumes/^ 

**Itidispeosable  to  wety  active 
intellect. 

"An  epochal  contrflmtioii  to 
Utctaturc," 

"Equally  Rnglish  and  Ameri 
can." 

"Anlontshed  to  find  all  prombc« 
fulfilU^d." 

^'Delightful  fireside  compan- 
ions/* 

*'The  book»  in  tbelf  new  form 
ate  peifectloa*'* 

•«A  great  comfoft,** 

**Aatantaffea  of  BglMncse  and 
stnaU  bulk.*'^ 

«*A  daily  bteUecttml  d^ght/' 

«*  Leaves  notfahig  to  be  d«iT<d/' 

*'So  complete  and  yet  so  con- 
cise/* 

**A  tremendous  advance.** 


A  STORY  TOLD  IN   FIVE  PHOTOGRAPHS 


^ 


i.    A  page  of  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  tied  in  two  knots 

IT  has  been  said  that  the 
employment  of  India 
paper  has  n»<>re  than  dot*- 
bled  the  usefulness  of  the 
Enc)xlopaedia  Britannica. 
The  striking  improvemoit  is 
the  more  attractive  since,  in 
the  reduction  by  t  wot  birds  of 
its  bulk  and  weight*  the  book 
loses  nothing  in  the  legibility 
of  its  pages  and  makes  a  dis- 
tinct gain  in  strength.  As  a 
test  of  its  wearing  qualities,  a 
page  of  the  new  Encyclo- 
poedia  Britannica  was  folded 
and  tied  into  knots,  passed 
through  a  small  ring,  crumpled 
into  a  tight  ball  It  wis 
then  opened  out,  when  a 
few  strokes  from  a  hot  iron 
brought  the  page  back  abso- 
lutely   to    its    original    state. 


X    Crumpled  up  m  a  tight  hall 


4.    PaniaUy  Bmooihed  oat 


^.       ^^.sXVv^*^'^^^ 


A  REMARKABLE  PHOTOGRAPH  OF  THE  NEW 
ENGYGLOPyEDIA  BRITANNIGA 


' '  imu  edition* , 


l*niit«4  opcm  Inrfb  faf*^ 
illKiwn  in  iT 
(xtruny  •    • 
l»«if  K  Ida  I 


The  actual  photograph  reproduct;d  above  fchows  at  a  glance  the  revolution  made  by  the  einplDyineni  af 
,.^„^,    ..wi  .,.14;.  ;,.^^]y  explains  the  fact  that»  of  tho6e  who  have  already  purchjued  the  new  Ecicyclopedift 
Tactically    all    the    private    owners — have   selected    the    ne\r    and   compocl    form.      Hic 
.  la  paper  means  :     I,     An  imnien«te  saving  in  house  room, 

2.     individual  volumes  light  and  slender  enough  to  hold  in  the  hand  and  read  «ith  pleasure. 
S.     Much  less  strain  upon  the  binding  (which  has  a  tough»  dexible  bade)  and  a  conaequent  gaio  in  atf^^igiihi. 


A  COMPLETE  ^'CIRCLE  OF  INSTRUCTION" 

THE  llth  Edition  of  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica 
h  offered  by  the  Press  ol  the  University  of 
Cambridge  as  the  most  exhaustive  'body  oif  imor 
mation  ever  published  In  one  ^ork.  It  presents  the 
whole  story  of  human  knowledge  and  progress  up  to 
IW\  compiled  by  lo^Xl  leading  experts,  scholars  and 
specialists  of  21  countries  working  simultaneously 
under  the  genenil  direction  of  a  permanent  editonad 
Mtaff  (London  and  New  V^ork)  of  (H  meml>ers. 
While  the  contents  of  the  llth  Edition  have  been 
reduced  to  the  itmalles^t  compaKs  consistent  with 
lucidity*  there  has  been  no  sacrifice  of  **  Britannica 
thoToiiglmess/'  nor  of  liteiary  quality.  Now  the 
mo^t  '     *'  '  ipxdias  for  reference  or 

read  litannica  is  above  all  a 

book  I".  y^Tiiismt  ii-c  III  iin-  tjonie> 
SjKrtifically,  ihc  llth  Edition  consists  of  88  volttines 
and  indcx»  comprising  4iV  O^  articles,  44fiOOflO0  words, 
7<XN)  text  ill  u»t  rat  ions,  450  full  page  plates  and  56(9 
map.  The  overhead  cost  of  its  production  was 
$1,«:>(MV't.Kt*  which  was  di«ibuised  before  a  single  copy 
was  prodnr^'d  for  f^7i\^.    Amon«;  rhe  many  improvements 

!■  ^1,  .  ,     "  ■  ,;iTy 

Is),. 

iM"  '^;  I  |.inii.-*     01      II, ',  ;  ;i  -,  » 

corn|)lete    hiJ^torr,  of 

f  L-N.,>ri-...I  nTlMrjuiry,  1'  .^.    ....   .,  ijb- 

uistivc  1"  ill  "new*"  '  fhe 

'  i  ted  hiMt^nj  .m  Europ*  ,  md 

Aulhofiykuvc  articles  on  every  industry  and  taanufaC' 

lure,  on  every  metal,  on  every   natural  product^  on 

evciy  article  oif  trade  of  any  importance,  on  every  art 


and  ciaft,  on  practically  every  phase  ol  cnodctii  con- 

merce,  trade  and  business  economy,  ftnd 
branch  of  science,  research,  explomtioQ  a»d  1 


A  NOVEL  BINDING  FOR  THE   INDIA 

PAPER  VOLUMES 

Full  limp  veW«r  t««de«  mqcmmIi  Freaok  mM  Uaii^  mX^ 
•ewn.  round  eoratrt,  flit  «4ie«.  |oM  ItlitrlAg  am  ifitn 
kad  backp  wtlh  tfutd  roll  in«Ml<  cover** 

THE  Publisher*  have  perfected  b  t* 

ing  for  the   India  paper  impre*  ^e 

llth    edition  of   the   Encyciop:>  « 

which  has  all  the  merits  of  tJ»e  ,^ 

%s  well  as  the  following : 

I  Greater  DurabiUty.  The  covets  ai«  tmk' 
dered  perfectly  fle.xible  by  a  lining  of  ^tftkiit, 
and  will  therefore  not  creise  Of  cwie, 
2.  Greater  Pliancy.  The  volumes  ai«  as  flcaJbte 
and  ^'give"  as  though  the  coven  weic  imtioired 
and  only  the  India  paper  content*  re«aia»ed« 
^^  Greater  Portability.  In  the  newstyl«  ma  odd 
volume  of  the  work  can  be  doubled  like  ft 
xine  and  slipped  into  th#  coat  podie^. 
travelling^  bag,  ready  to  occ u py  an  idl '  r. 

4.     Gr«nter  Charm*      It  would  be  i u> 

find  a  material  more  plea'^tng  in  respect  oi 
colour  or  texture  than  this  mote*grey  ?r>lh>r 
witli  its  natural  nap.  It  has  all  the  mjiilnclioB 
of  a  binding  d«  luxa,  for  it  U  al  ones  iBa«»««l 
and  apprDpriate*  (It  is  sold  only  with  a 
case,  wnich  b  Included  in  the  piioe.^ 


i 


APPLICATION  FOR  THE  NEW  INDIA  PAPER  PROS- 
PECTUS, I6i  PACES-POST-FREE  UPON   REQUEST 

Fnll  particnilaiB  of  pricei,  deferred  pnymentii  bookcases,  bind- 
lnga»  tQgeth^  with  the  India  paper  prospectui,  will  b<  tent 
free,  on  application  to 

CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

(R«e»slop»dl<  BrilMBaiea  Depamwttt) 
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RRST   FAYMBNT,  S$*1NI 

THB  present  bw  pvScs  msy  ^m 
easily   be   afforded  owinf  to  !&• 
tution  of  serial  paym^'nts.      |5.0O 
immediate  ouil-'^  t*^  ^<  "*  r»,M.Tr^.v  an4» 
the  2^  vnlumr>  ji 

may  be  compl* 

the  same  amounu    The  work  Is, 
placed  within  the  reach  of  *ll.     1*Vt^e!d 
sub*  1 

his 

ahortrr  iimf,  ne  may  o<>  »o  Dy  majLt^^ 
Of  18  monthly  psymenla,  at  pm^kal^ 
csthptict. 


the 

•  oils 


I  THE    VORLD'S  VORK  ADVERTISER        ^ 

Squeezing  Out  More  Profit 

True  Stories  of  "Efficiency  Engineering^^ 
With    The    Westinghouse  Electric  Motor 


AYEIAR  ago  an  Ohio  plant  was 
using  three  engine-driven  sheet 
mills.  The  engines  were  operated 
non-condensing. 

This  plant  was  running  at  capacity 
and  in  order  to  take  care  of  increasing 
business  an  additional  mill  was  to  be 
installed. 

The  waste  steam  from  the  three  origi- 
nal engines  is  now  operating  a  low-piessure 
steam  turbine  capable  of  developing  a  thou- 
sand kilo-watts  of  electric  energy.  The 
new  mill  is  being  operated  by  a  Westing- 
house  Motor  using  this  current  and  has 
increased  the  capacity  of  the  plant  twenfy- 
five  per  cenL  on  the  same  coal  bill 

The  cost  of  turbine-generator,  switch- 
board and  electric  motor  to  drive  the 
mill  was  fifty  per  cent  more  than  it 
would  have  cost  to  enlarge  the  boiler 
plant  and  install   a  new  steam   engine. 

But  electric  drive  is  paying  over 
forty  per  cent  on  the  investment 
to  say  nothing  of  the  increased  efficiency 
of  the  Westinghouse  Motor  Drive. 

This  ''case**  is  in  the  steel  business. 
There  are  hundreds  of  cases  with  just 
as  much  point  in  every  established  in- 
dustry in  this  country. 

Bring  yourself  right  up  to  date  on  this  matter  of  efficiency  work  in  the  manufac- 
turing end  of  your  business  by  getting  in  touch  with  us.  Our  power  application 
experience  is  perhaps  the  widest  in  the  workL  A  personal  letter  asking  for  '*  cases  ** 
in  your  own  business  will  be  of  course  treated  as  confidential  and  will  not  commit 
you  any  further  than  you  wish  to  be  committed.  On  this  subject,  write  Efficiency 
Engineering  Division*  Industrial  Dept  W,  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Westinghouse  Qedric  &  Manafactariiig  G>mpany 

Pittsburgh 

S«l«t  OHic—  in  Fortj-fiT«  AaMrkaii  Citm  ReprMevft.<^»&«^  K^^^«« 


Coal  saving  is  not  the  only  saving  due  to 
electric  drive.  There  are  a  score  of  ways 
in  which  money  can  be  saved  to  a  business 
by  the  use  of  Westinghouse  Motors. 

A  most  important  part  of  the  saving- 
and  what  actually  makes  the  saving  an  in- 
vestment — is  the  Westinghouse  Motor 
itself.  The  skill  of  its  designing;  the 
way  it  is  built;  and  the  strong  guarantee 
behind  it 

There  are  Westinghouse  Motors 
in  use  today  which  have  been  in 
constant  service  for  upwards  of 
twenty  years. 

The  reason  is  because  they  are  IVest- 
inghouse  Motors,  not  because  they  are 
electric  motors.  It  means  something  to 
have  an  organization  like  the  Westinghouse 
Electric  Company  back  of  your  power 
plant 

Most  progressive  men  know  what  the 
new  efficiency  methods  are  and  what  they 
are  accom[Jishirig.  In  manufacturing,  the 
Westinghouse  Motors  have  been  umxI  to 
cut  down  the  time,  cost  and  overhead  of 
operation  in  plants  which  are  now  at  the 
forefront  of  more  than  fifty  of  the  greatest 
industries  in  this  country. 


irkaii  aim 

The  Readen*  Service  will  give  informAtion  abou,!  %^ 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK    ADVERTISER 


^ 


Three  Methods — One  Remit— 
and  Every  Shaver  Satisfied 

COLGATE'S 

SHaOiNG  LBTii£e 

STICK  -  POWDER  -  CREAM 

Every  man  to  his  method  but 
to  each  the  same  result — a 
perfect  shaving  lather^ — a 
cool,  comfortable,  delightful 
shave, 

SOFTENING— The  toughest  beard 
yields  quickly  and  easily^ — mussy, 
''rubbing  in*'  with  the  fingers  ia 
unnecessary. 

SOOTHING— Cools  and  soothes 
the  most  tender  skin.  Because  of 
the  remarkable  absence  of  un- 
combined  alkali — Colgate's  Shav- 
ing Lather  means  freedom  from 
the  "smart"  you  used  to  dread. 

SANITARY— It    is    antiseptic 
and  comes  to  you  in  germ^pfoof^ 
dust-proof  packages. 

Do  not  ill-treat  your  face,  or 
handicap  your  razor  by 
using    an    inferior    lather. 

Send  u$  4  cenU  in  stamps  for  trial 
size  of  stick*    powder   or   cream, 

COLGATE    &  CO. 

Dept.  T»  199  Fulton  SU  New  York 

Ma^ert  of  Ca*km€ft  Botf^itcl  Sm^ 


Thr  fitnt  hocila  mi  ifAintl  And  hiofrapHy  tiujr  be  obtiiiwd  thmufh  fJw  ftcsdcn*  JStrrkc 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK  ADVERTISER 


M 


li(ln 


£ 

o 


ttu 


'--xy 


^>l 


-^ 


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1912 

Transfer 

Tips 


Write    for   our  rir- 

cuW  on  Trans  fir 
TtpSj  expbunmft  the 

Safe  -  gxiard  m«t  hod 
of  filing  and  trans- 
frrKn^^  either  in  flat 
or    folded    form. 

Simfify  addrtn 


The   annual   transfer   season  of 
letters,  papers  and  documents,  is  at  hand* 

Errors  in  transferring  can  be  attributed 

cither  to  the  introduction  of  methods  that  are  too 
complicated  for  the  averatje  filing:  clerk  to  under- 
stand, or  because  the  method  of  index ingr  in  the 
storage  cases  diiTer$  from  that  used  in  the  active  Bles. 

Twin  Tab 

method  of  indexing  insures  the  continu- 
ity of  the  same  arrangement  in  the  storage  case  that 
is  used  in  the  original  or  aaive  file,  making  a  simple, 
safe,  and  practical  method  that  can  be  continued 
indefinitely  without  the  risk  of  confusion  or  loss 
of  time. 

Our  immense  factory  facilities  enable  us  to  make 

prompt  shipments  at  the  tiine  of  the  year  when  there  is  the 
greatest  demiiiui  for  filing  equipment,  adapted  to  all  com- 
mercial  need*. 

3lie  9loW^\^rt|icl<e  ^Ot   Cincinnati 

Mwatteh  SiormMi 


NerYtiifc    -    -    380-9S2  Bmi*iir 

f  bil>drl|i|)i«.  1&t2-]0l4  Cbotnul  St. 


ChkUDv  2n-Z3f  S<x  Wifaub  Are. 
BMttin  ,  -  -  ll-'^l  FnirnlSL 
GiisdJitiHi,  t2K-tH  Kuartb  Ai^e..  li 


In  wridng  to  advertiMrt  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


Bad  lighting  wastes  money 
Good  lighting  makes  money 

This  is  true  everywhere  —  in  homes,  offices,  factories,  stores, 
railway  stations  —  everywhere. 

Bad  lighting  wastes  money  by  using  more  electric  current  than  is  needed 
to  produce  the  light.  It  wastes  money  by  having  product  not  up  to  the  mark. 
By  straining  and  wearing  out  employes.     By  driving  away  trade. 

Good  lighting  makes  money  by  getting  the  most  out  of  the  electric  current 
By  making  it  possible  and  easy  to  manufacture  perfect  product,  avoiding 
"seconds".  By  keeping  employes  well  and  up  to  their  best,  avoiding  half- 
hearted work,  sickness,  absences.  By  attracting  trade:  if  "trade  follows  the 
light",  the  best  trade  must  follow  the  best  light. 

Scientific  Illumination 

Why  do  we  — glass-makers  —  presume  to  tell  you  about  light.? 

Because  more  light  is  ruined  by  the  wrong  shades  and  globes  than  in  any 
other  way. 

Our  opportunity  to  serve  you  is  immense.  So  is  our  desire.  We  know 
that,  when  you  get  thinking  right  about  this  most  important  subject,  it  is  only 
a  question  of  time  when  you  will  use  Alba^  which  is,  on  the  whole,  the  best 
glass  for  efficient  and  agreeable  illumination. 

We  make  every  kind  of  glass,  and  tell  you  the  facts  about  each.  We  malee 
no  lamps;  but  nevertheless  tell  you  the  facts  about  each  important  system  of 
lighting. 


Send    for     "Sri»-ntific    Illumination"  —a    thorough    but   easy    bdok   on   the   whole    subject  —  i 

your  lii;htiii<4  ])roblem<  up  to  our  Illuminating  Kn<;ineering  Department  at  PUtsbank. 

Macbeth -Evans  Glass  Company 

Illuminating  Engineering   Department 
Fittsburgh 

rpiown,  i«y  Wc^i  j«>ih  Street 

Downtown,  i  Hudson  Street,  coiner  Chambers  Street 

\\  ,^'   II      {o  Ohvfi  Street  Philadelphia:  42  Soath  Eighth  Strec: 

Ciiiia^o-   172  West  I^ke  Street  Toronto:  70  King  Street  West 

['lic  Re^der^'  Service  will  i^ive  tnfurnution  ^buut  uutomobiie* 


I 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


One  Dollar 

Puts  the 

"RiCHMONPr  Suction  Cleaner 
in  Your  Home 

t)iie  IMl^ir  fort'ViT  frcc-^  ynu  Crom   l»r'>mrs,  rm*[x  and   tLs-ur-     .mil  lia-  huk 
at  ht>i  and  flrud«n.Ty  !hi-y  liring. 

One  diiildr  rWrvcr  ^Lops   the  expense  and  ihc   iiut^aniC  uf  Spriiiitf  ;ind   I'al^ 
hiiust"  cleaning;. 

One  dollar  enables  you  to  do,  easily^  by  tflcctrieiiy,  or  hand   |iiJ\vtT.  the    woi^l 
work  a  woma.n  ha?  lo  do. 

And  One  Dollar  i«^  the  only  ca!^h  outlay  to  brinj?  you  the  "RiCHMOiiD'  Suit  ion 
CleantT  complete  ready  lor  ijisiant  use, 

U^  the  maehine  5  days  in  your  own  home,  theri  U  \'ou  arc  willing  lo  [Xiri  ^vii  h 
it,  simpU-  notify  us  and  wc  will  refund  your  dollar  and  send  for  I  he  machine. 

On  the  other  hand  if  you  decide  to  keep  the  maehine.  you  can  pay  1  hf 
balance  on  ^^y  Monihly  PajitienLs  out  of  the  actual  nWney  whiih  fht* 
machine  sieves,  week  hy  week. 

A  liU-ral  dijscoiinl  ^vill  be  allowed  those  who  ]v:iy  raivh. 

The  experience  of  most  purchasers  is  that  the  "RlCHMOWP"  Eviction  t  leaner 
pay?  for  jiiu'lf  in  from  tivelvc  to  thirty  months. 

For  Vacuum  C'leaninf^  is  the  greatest  of  all  houi^ehokl  cionomic^. 

Vou  are  paying  the  price  of  a  suction  r leaner,  right  now  whether  yon 
have  one  or  not. 

You  are  pajing  its  price  out  in  lwicc-a-/enr  house  cleaning  alone^  fnr  a 
"RiCHMQWD"  makes  house  cleaning  needlescii. 

Vou  are  paying  its  price  out — many  times  o\-er— in  the  harrl  laliiir  of 
5wt'i-pin};  and  dusting  which   the  "RlCHMOHiy  makes  unnccessiir^-. 

Vnu  ATn  p;iytnR  its  [irico  out  a|;ain  and  attain,    in    ihr    r'ani^gir   wKich  dust  dr4< 
in  yiJUT  ciirprts.  m  your  hcmnrini^s,  to  yomr  cl-Hhinp— lo  Vt>L'. 

V<'ii  arcpaymBj^i'  priCL-  ut  a.  Thp^Mtww    whin  a  sirRlf  drillar  wouIjI  savp  ih*-  vri^ti . 

tle)wn>uiK.  anyi^h^frf  wjttiuul:  ihv  U-dtsl  fai.Kiir.      It  is  a  trulv  r^'^^li'Ii-  clijuur. 

Bui  light  wirj^ht  and  Ciuy  o(ji^rittJ<in  arp  but  Iwr*  tit  ihr  ^SMMMSL  « Jirlu<^iii-i^  KupcriiTritii-A. 
Thefp  ait"  m:iiiy  nuife -the  hair  dnin^.  uiiholsltrv  anil  nt^'J^friT-ivjiliiin  altjn  huufHi— 
lh«r  nine  aprdal  looli  which  make  thp  J*"***^'*    thr  rm  ist  cumikUi*.-  cU-:irirr  iwr  'i^irM. 

tiureiy  yuu  muil  stv  ihat  ihr  TSg^M'y^  SurtiMn  tlcaniT  mu<t  pive  fx-rfi^'t  fa'rvicc, 
I*trf«-t  fcitL^actirin.  tlay  alwt  Jay,  tnifliith  aiu-r  m^t.ih.vis*.'  Ui^  vnutd  nM  aff-^rd  ihi*  offpr. 
Thv  priL*-?! itTf  §is.  5.10.  f .IS*  f 4?i ,  l*JS , f'jw.  ttc,-   J i.fjo  4' ™n,  and  :i  sniull  am' *ur.'  viiyh  mnnth. 

J I  :f  V .  Iff}  urr^  TM  i  cfif,      [  Kriie  /or   f  df  rif  h  /u  r  a  .     i  j  ictit  ati  twl^  uo  ttlfil  tTtryuhrrf. 

M^tifacturtcl  ejccJuBwly  for  THI!  lli^HMOTdD  S,iLfi»  CO.  by  TOK  McCKUM- 
UUWPX  t'O^    i4T|re«t  Malkt-r-.  trf  \';kruuiTt  Cltanine  Syitenii  in  ihs'  World. 

JSBBtOMS£  Vat  gum    CluoiiiTig    ^^sii'ms  (niaiml  jt  tiirfl  iiml  s^ultl    uiui^T  thv   pro^ 
tnrtioira  erf  the  ltA!^|l^  KENNEV  PATKXT  an!  mJinv- .>ihi-r'<>;  "pieiUiOilir  and  JUOpC 
ItiMtiTiK  Syi^UTrt^:   ^JLMMUjLL    Hath    Tub^.   Sinkt,   L;iv4tMrii  <.;    3£tQIQ|lC    Cfxieea. 
TmnM-m  Liii>.  Cafiemeat  Wmdow  and  Outsidr  Shutter  Ar1jukt<.r^. 
c;[-:NERi\L  OFFICES: 

I^CMMOflSC  Vat^-uum  C'lianinij  tmbrnrL-^  fwri'  pTiivrdly  jiucx-i^vful  tjfrp?  «)f  ■CipA' 
riityv  Tr.  m  Un  Hand  Puwtr  Ck'iinc'rs  at  t.'^'Vt.  Tt-n  P^dind  E[i«!rir  Hritiwholrt  Purt- 
ubU-%  J  i^  *jti  tri|qfj.,oa;  Hiiin-nw*y  f'»niil>k?i  |i7S-(**^  tni  f-^J>.i»i;  ami  liuiLT-ifi-th^^hoiaHt 
«tiitk'.ti^ry  |ji5,gtn  ^itid  Upward  fnr  cash;  alsf  suld  ffli  Ea^y  M-mthly  I'ayTijfcni  J'lan.    Fof 

[Lr'irmjinKin  aU^iit  stiticitiary  nm<.hmi.',t  addrtv«M  THE  McClUlI'llOifELL  C0.»  ^t  «?ithrr  uf 

hr  fi'^irpii  namt^tj  at)<»vi-. 


iKitr  runijturtv 


FREE  TRIAi^-NO  RED  TAPE 

The  Richmond  Sales  Co..  IQJP  ^rk  Ave..  New  York. 

Pli  .1  .    s.  :ul  full  partlculan  ai  your  Piw  Da>-s  Free  Trial  Offer. 
1  have 

f  haw  not 
'V>  :■.••  .  ■.•  I.-,  li.ivi-n't  elrctricilv.  wf  wtll  tcU  about  our  hand  p«>wor  cleanrr. 


Nuiiif 


(     )) 


clfctricily  in  my  house. 


Address 


\ 


The  Reader*'  Ser\'ife  jriven  informauv^tv  »\>c\\\v  \tvN^\^^*Tv\* 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


From  an  oid print  tn  La  TtU^rafit  Histort^ur. 


Napoleon's  Visual  Telegraph 

The  First  Long  Distance  System 


Indians  sent  messages  by  means  of 
signal  fires,  but  Napoleon  established 
the  first  permanent  system  for  rapid 
communication. 

In  place  of  the  slow  and  unreliable  ser- 
vice of  couriers,  he  built  lines  of  towers 
extending  to  the  French  frontiers  and 
sent  messages  from  tower  to  tower  by 
means  of  the  visual  telegraph. 

This  device  was  invented  in  1793  by 
Claude  Chappe.  It  was  a  semaphore. 
The  letters  and  words  were  indicated  by 
the  position  of  the  wooden  arms;  and  the 
messages  were  received  and  relayed  at  the 
next  tower,  perhaps  a  dozen  miles  away. 

Compared  to  the  Bell  Telephone  system 


of  to-day  the  visilal  telegraph  system  of 
Napoleon's  time  seems  a  crude  make- 
shift. It  could  not  be  used  at  night  nor 
in  thick  weather.  It  was  expensive  in 
construction  and  operation,  considering 
that  it  was  maintained  solely  for  military 
purposes. 

Yet  it  was  a  great  step  ahead,  because 
it  made  possible  the  transmission  of 
messages  to  distant  points  without  the 
use  of  the  human  messenger. 

It  blazed  the  way  for  the  universal 
telephone  service  of  the  Bell  System 
which  provides  personal  intercommuni- 
cation for  90,000,000  people  and  is  indis- 
pensable for  the  industrial,  commercial 
and  social  progress  of 'the  Nation. 


American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company 

And  Associated  Companies 

One  PoHcp  One  System  Universal  J'«<"*^'*' 


Full  infornuiion  about  *t\^    nccunly  fruui  "Wx^  V^cA^t-I   S«\n>rr.» 


WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


3 


» 


ATWOOD  GRAPE  FRUIT 


MO  OTHER  GRAPE  FRUIT  m  THE  WORLD  EQUALS  IT  IN  FLAVOR 


A    well-known  physician  writes :  *'I  prescribe  grape  !niit  for  tU  my  prntientm^ 
-^^  tell  them  to  be  sure  and  get  ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  as  ather  gra^  Jrmii  I© 
Atwood  is  as  cider  apples  to  pippins. " 

The  Journal  "American  Medicine"  says :  **Realizing  the  great  value  of  grmpe  fruit, 
the  medical  profession  have  long  advocated  its  daily  use,  but  it  has  only  been  wiihtn 
the  past  few  years  that  the  extraordinary  curative  virtues  of  this  *kin^  of  fruiti' 
have  been  appreciated.  This  dates  from  the  introduction  of  the  ATWOOD 
Grape  Fruit,  a  kind  that  so  far  surpasses  the  ordinary  grape  fruit  that  no  comtmrtswm 
can  be  made. " 

Says  EL  EL  Keeler,  M.D.,  in  the  "Good  Health  Clink" :  "In  all  cases  where  there  it 

the  'uric  acid  diathesis'  you  will  see  an  immediate  improvement  following 
of  grape  fruit.'* 

We  have  arranged  for  a  much  wider  distribation  of  ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  thit 
teasoo  than  hat  heretofore  been  pouible.  If  you  desire,  your  grocer  or  Iruit 
dealer  will  furnish  the  ATWOOD  Brand  in  either  bright  or  broazc.  Our  bronze 
fruit  thit  fteaion  is  simply  delicious, 

ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  it  elwrnya  sold  in  the  teed** 
mark  wrapper  of  the  Atwood  Grepe  Fruit  Compen^* 

If  houikt  Ity  the  box,  it  will  keep  for  w*fks  and  imptMft, 

THE  ATWOOD  GRAPE  FRUIT  COMPANY         290  Broadinj,  New  Twk 


IDolUnolbouBc 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


F1fyiAva.AMlkSt. 


FAMOUS  MANY  YEARS 

As  the  Centre  for  the  Most  Excluaiire 
of  New  York's  Vitiiorm 


COMFORTABLY  AND  LUXURIOUSLY 

appointed  to  meet  the  demand  o(   the 
fastidious  or  democratic  visitor 


Royal  Suites 

Rooms  Single  or  Ensidte 

Public  Dining  Room  New  GriU 

Private  Dining  Saloon  for  Ladies 

After  Dinner  Lounge  —  Bar 

ALL  THAT  IS  BEST  IN  HOTEL 
LIFE  AT  CONSISTENT  RATES 


B«,y«  HOLLAND  HOUSE,  SOi  Ave.  &  30Ui  St 


THE    VORLD*S  WORK  ADVERTISER 

SOUTHERN    RAILWAY 

Premier  Carrier  of  the  South 

CAROLINA    SPECIAL 

Nmw  Train  bmtwmmn  Cincinnati,  Aahatriilm,  N.  C,  SammmrviUm,  and  CkarlmMton,  5.  C. 
Confi«c(iofM  to  and  from  Aikmn  andAugaata 


THE  TRAIN  FOR  THE  TOURIST-  Crn^iima  the  Blue  Ridge,  traversing  the  VaUcy  of  the 
French  Broad  River,  the  Far-Famcd  "Land  of  the  5ifey"  in  Western  North  Carolina,  and 
the  Piedmont  and  Coastal  Regions  of  South  Carolina. 

THE  TRAIN  FOR  THE  HOMESEEKER— AgrinilinrAl  and  Horticultural  Opportunities  in 
Fruits,  Vegetables,  Grain,  Live  Stock  and  Cotton. 

THE  TRAIN  FOR  THE  BUSINESS  MAN-  Industrial  ppportunities  all  Along  the  Route 
— ^The  Hard  Wood3  of  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  the  Pine  of  South  Carolina, 
Cotton  and  other  Raw  Materials  close  at  hand — Convenient  Coal  Supplies —  Hydro- 
EJectric  Powers  developed  and  undeveloped  in  the  Mountain  Region  and  the  South 
Carolina  Piedmont 

THE  TRAIN  TO  CHARLESTON --A  Gateway  to  the  SEA  with  a  splendid  Harbor. 


SOUTHERN    RAILWAY 

QoMfi  and  Cromcmni  Routm  (C.  N,  O.  dk  F.  P,  Ry) 


CHICAGO  OFFICE 
56W.A<kimSt. 


ST.  LOUIS  OmCE  CINCINNATI  OFFICE  CHARLESTON  OFFICE 

7l9  0liv«Sc  Fourth  and  Vine  Sii.  217  MediagSl. 

N.  B. —  Southern  Railway  embraoet  other  tciritury  otferiog  tttractive  and  lemiuieratife  placet  for  inveitiiieiit  in 
agriculture,  fruit  culture,  f armiog  and  manufacturing. 


Lends  in  Tone  Qnalitv  in  America 


$IJUO 


One  of  the  three  great 
Pianos  of  the  World 

fil       iu>lt4kl     '     ftCrtU.     m*-     l^llk     hIhH     WMi\      >MII      (Ktb     ft     \*M%i^     iVH* 


t^  Jtf«|»fll  rTuhHiM  Lh.    tkn 


In  writing  to  advertitert  plcate  mention  Tub  World's  Work 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK    ADVERTISER 


"Sunset  limited" 

Extra  Fare  Califomm  Train,  Semi-weekly  between 
New  Orleans,  Los  Angeles,  San  Francisco — New 
Steel   Pullman  Equipment— Drawing  Rooms,  Com- 

Sartments,  Observation-Library  Cars— Dining  Car 
crvice  best  in  the  world— Barber,  Valet,  Manicure, 
Ladies'  Maid,  Hair  Dresser,  Stenographer,  Tele- 
phone, Electric  Lights,  Fans,  Vacuum  Cleaners, 
Shower  Baths— 58  hours  to  Los  Angeles~'72  hours 
to  San  Francisco — Every  Safety  and  Convenience. 

For  PuUman  rts^rvaHont  apply  /o  amy  HtltH  agrmt  or  addreu 

Southern  Pacific  Sunset  Route 

366  or  1 1 58  or  1  BnMul way.  Now  Yoffli 


i>§^W/X^ 


Deformities 
of  the  Back 

can  be  greatly  benefited  or  ^ 
entirely  cured  by  xneajis  of  the 
Sheldon  Method. 
The  ^'aSKXS  cues  we  have  treated  in 

our  experience  of  orerfourtt?«i  years 
are  ab«olute  proof  of  thid  statement. 
Sli  no  matter  how  aerkmR  your  de- 
formity, no  matter  what  treatments 
yoa  have  tried,  think  of  the  thouaandu 
of  stififeren  this  method  has  made 
haBDy.  And,  more  — we  will  prove 
the  Tflltie  of  the  Sheldon  Method  m 
yomy  own  case  by  allowing  you  to 

Use  the  Sheldon  Appliance 
30  Days  at  Our  Risk 

Since  you  ne«d  not  n»k  the  loss  d  m 
cent,  there  is  no  reason   why  you 
ihoald  not  accefK  our  offer     ' 
ODoe,  The  photogfaph*  here 
shcvw  bow  llgbi.  coolt  elast  ic 
and  aatllyadtluMablethe 
ShsOdoo  Apfdiaiice  it-how  dif 
fmmA  from  the  old  tonuroui       ^.^ 
pImNc,  leather  or  steel  lacicett.  7b 
wiueficd  or  drfnTmed  sptnea  H  hringa 
MAxMtfl^  *mmtfiur  '.  n  Id  the  moiif 

tarimu  tastu  •  <> jrcnindf  lo 

ltrv««tkgate  It  !  Theprkeli 

withifireftehoiMii 

Smtd^  our  Frm  Book  iode^  ^md 

descnbptbe  Daltire  tnd  cocMlttior)  id 

yourtroohle  at  fully  as  posaible  ao 

wi  can  give  you  deAnlte  inf  ormatioii. 

PU11X)  BURT  MFO,  CO. 


The  Jersey  Cow 

for    the 

Family 

Milk  from  Jersey  Cows 
cop  tains  more  mUk.  MoUda 
and  butter-fat  thmn  nnwj 
other.  'I 

It  IS  worth  some  Iroti- 
ble  to  gel  soch  mhk. 
Jf  you  are  so  fortu- 
nate as  to   have  a 
suburban  place  or 
fann    whero    jzhi 
can  keep   a    cow» 
cho<iso  the  Jeraey* 
because     of     ibe 
richer  milk  and  bf> 
cause  itlie  is  ouc  of  the 
"  heaufiful  antinala 
eloped  by  man. 

.  ...,.M4l  dalrymv^ti  |»r«tspr 
the  Ji-rsey.  H<pr  y^l^lti  u 
trrc-uti'il  for  th<«  cosit  of  kttea. 
She  Is  Itie  b4^st  tot^^g|HMiit» 
tbe  bast  profit  producer. 

latereHtltitf  fsrts  aji4  fte^ 
nrts  tree  on  requaat. 

AflNrteuJimyCitttoail 

i  m,  ina  s«re«i,       Beir  tva 


What  you  wish  to  kwsm  aboiat  iaf  bond  fraa  The  Readen*  Sirrica^ 


THE    WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


A  Kodak  Lesson 

from  Motion  Pictures, 

The  exactions  of  the  motion  picture  film  business  are  un- 
equaled  in  any  other  department  of  photography  and>we 
believe,  in  any  other  line  of  manufacturing  on  a  large  scale. 

The  maker  of  motion  pictures  requires  high  speed  in 
the  emulsion,  for  every  exposure  is  necessarily  a  snap- 
shot and  must  often  be  made  under  poor  light  conditions. 
He  requires  absolute  dependability  in  the  product,  for 
he  frequently  spends  thousands  of  dollars  to  produce  his 
picture  play,  and  a  failure  to  get  good  negatives  would 
mean  not  merely  the  waste  of  a  few  hundred  feet  of  film, 
but  the  loss  of  the  thousands  of  dollars  spent  for  special 
trains,  and  actors,  and  settings,  and  the  weeks,  perhaps 
months  of  time,  spent  in  preparation. 

The  motion  picture  man  must  have  a  film  that  is  free 
from  the  minutest  blemish.  The  picture  that  you  see 
upon  the  curtain,  saj  15x20  feet  in  size,  is  approximately 
seventy  thousand  times  as  large  as  the  tiny  film  upon 
which  It  was  made*  A  spot  the  size  of  a  pin  bead  upon 
that  film  would  show  as  large  as  your  hat  upon  the  curtain. 

The  requirements  then,  arc  extreme  speed,  fineness  of 
grain,  absolute  freedom  from  mechanical  defects  and  de- 
I>endability.  The  price  of  the  film  is  a  secondary  considera- 
tion. First  of  all,  it  must  be  right.  The  competition  for 
this  business  is  purely  a  competition  of  quality  and  rr- 
liahility. 

Ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the  motion  picture  film  used  in 
America,  and  at  least  eighty  per  cent*  of  the  motion 
picture  film  used  the  world  over  is  KODAK  FILM. 

Those  very  qualities  of  speed,  mechanical  perfection 
and  dependability  which  make  Kodak  Film  essential  to 
the  maker  of  motion  pictures,  make  it  best  for  your  use. 

Then  too,  Kodak  Film  is  properly  orthochroma tic  (gives 
the  most  practical  rendering  or  color  values),  is  absolutely 
protected  by^  duplex  paper  n'om  the  oflFsettingof  numbers, 
and  is  superior  m  keeping  quality. 

fie  sure  that  it  is  Kodak  Film  with  which  you  load 
your  Kodak,  taking  especial  care  when  traveling  that  no 
substitution  is  practiced  at  your  expense.  Look  for 
''Kodak*'  on  the  spool  end  and  "N,  C/*  on  the  box. 

If  it  isnH  Eastman^  it  isa^i  Kodak  film. 
Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  Kochbstie.n.y.,  nfjuhicii^. 


%i  ^ 


=w 


r^i^j 


M« 


In  writing  to  advcrtitcrt  picatc  mention  Tkii  World's  Work 


'"Wbai  lA  that  'R.  S,  V.  P.  to  residence  i 
bride  7  "  Abe  Potash  asked. 

Morris  reDected  for  a  momenL 

"That  means,"  he  said  at  lengtli,  '*lbd 
we   should    know   where    to    send 
present  to/* 

"How  do  you  make  that   cult" 
Abe. 

"It  S.  V.  P./'  Morris  replied,  empha 
ing  each  letter  with  a  motion  of  his  hmii 
"means:  Remember  to  send  veddlcg 
present" 

From 

Abe  and  Mawruss 

Being  Further  Adventures  of 

Potash    &    Perlroutter 

Illustrated,       Fixed  price,  $l,2(t 

{PoMtage  12c,) 

Doubleday.  Page  &  Co 

Garden  Qty  New  Yoris. 


OR/GtMAL-aEHUiME 


Oelkrous,  Invigorating 


M#\DI    lAif'C  MALTED  MIL! 
m  m    Wm     ^^  I   ^^    ■%         ^9  "^^^  Food*Dnnk  for  all  ages. 

^^     ■*    ^"  ■    ^^     "  ^^  Better  than  Tea  or  Coffee. 

Rich  miUc  and  maUed-graJn  extract,  in  powder.  A  quick  luack  Keep  it  on  your  sideboard  at  h 

Auoia  ImhBtians—ABk   for    ^* HORLIGK'S ^^  —  EvBrywim^ 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK  ADVERTISER 


<i     \\ 


'/.^i'f^ 


WH 
R  I   N 

f&  plenty  of  itrjl 


THE  STAPLE     ""fi 

LUMBER    ^^ 

OF  AMERICA 


'•^'fe'^iT^- 


L-^}\<V^ 


The  Leader  in  the  Marketo  for  250  Years'*  (^JSi^'^fSr^S^Xr^'i^^^^^^ 


When  the  folks  landed  from  the  Mayflower  in  1620  they  found 

themselves  on  the  e(l«:e  of  a  dense  forest  of  suix^rb  WHITE  PINE,  cov- 
erinjf  practically  the  whole  countryside,  *'and  then  some."  Fine,  preat  trees  they 
were— diameters  as  big  as  7  feet,  and  towering:  up  to  240  feet.  (One  WHITE  PINE 
monarch  that  stood  on  the  present  site  of  Dartmouth  College  was  270  feet  high,) 

The  cutting  of  WHITE  PINE  began  at  once.  Within  IS  years 

they  were  shipping  cargoes  of  White  Pine  masts  to  England.  Within  30  years  they 
were  sending  it  to  Madagascar  and  trading  it  for  slaves  for  the  Virginia  market. 
White  Pine  proved  so  superior  a  wood  that  THE  REST  OF  THE  WORLD  WAXTED  IT, 
JUST  AS  IT  DOES  TO  THIS  DA  V,  and  the  thrifty  colonists'  foreign  trade  in  it  grew  so  that 

IN  1650  FEARS  WERE  EXPRESSED  THAT  THE 

DRALN  WOULD  SOON  EXHAUST  THE  SUPPLY. 

Many  years  later  the  alarm  was  raised  again,  but  far-sighted 


iSeeP0Ke37 
Govt.  Hep't) 


JOSHUA  McGEE  REASSURED  THEM 

and  told  the  anxious  ones  that  ''cutting  a  few  hundred  masts  a  year  would 
make  little  inroad  upon  America's  forests'*  which  he  stated  to  be 
"14  or  15  miles  long  and  300  to  400  miles  broad".  (He  was  a  true  conserv- 
ative !)    And  the   cutting  went   right  along,  yet  HERE  WE  ARE  IN 

1912    and    STILL    PLENTY    OF    WHITE    PINE 

AS  GOOD  AS  EVER.  And  pUntj  of  NORWAY  PINE,  TOO, 

(which  for  most  uses  is  just  as  good  as  WHITE  PIXE.) 

And  the  best  of  it  is  that  f/iere  is  going  to  keep  on  being  plerity. 

After  288  years  of  White  Pine  cutting  in  Massachusetts  alone  (Ivhich  by  many  is  si'.p- 
|x>sed  to  be  denuded  of  timber)  there  were  238,000,000  feet  of  White  Pine  alone  cut  in 
1908  (Government  figures).  The  Forest  Service  further  reported  that  "it  is  not  im- 
probable that  a  similar  cut  can  be  made  every  year  in  the  future  from  the  natural 
growth  of  White  Pine  in  that  state."  And  Massachusetts  is  **not  much"  these  days 
on  White  Pine  production.  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  now  produce  THE  BEST  &s\ve\\ 
as  t  lu»  most  White  Pine.  This  Government  Report  also  says,  "The  supply  of  White  Pine 
lumber  need  never  fad  in  this  countr\-,  provided  a  moderate  area  is  kept  producing.*' 
Yon  may  rdy  on  us  to  see  that  through  WIDEAWAKE  RETAILERS  EVERYWHERE. 
YOU  may  secure  this  ''staple  American  lumber'*  with  the  same  certainty  and  the 
SAME  QUALITY  ADVANTAGES  ENfOYED  BY  YOUR  ANCESTORS. 

//".I  /»M  e  :tr  buy  lumber,  from  a  chicken  coop  to  the  **trim'*  of  a  palace,  WRITE  US  be'oreyou 
Jif  it.  In  tot  m  yout  ielj'—this  question  of  *  *whal  wood  to  use* '  is  deeper  than  many  realL^e.  U'e 
uill  uf'ly  rROMI'TLY AND  CANDIDLY. 

Sri-:c  I A  L  NOTE :  Anvhou't  drop  a  card  for  our  little  book  (you  need  it  for  your  own  sakt\  not 
uurs. )  IRE  Eon  your  simple  request.  Don^l  tMfaii^there*s  nonprofit  in  waiting,  Write  TOD  A  V. 

NORTHERN   PINE  Manufacturers*  Association 

1114  Lomber  Ezchan^  M  liiii«apolis»  Minnesota. 


The  Rcaden'  Service  will  give  information  about  the  latest  automobile  «.cc?c 


fc 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


^ 


For  Liquor  and  Drug  Usera 

A  scientific  remedy  that  has  cured  nearly  half  a 
million  in  the  past  thirty-two  years.  Adniinistered 
by  medical  specialists  at  Keeley  Institutes  only. 
Write  for  particulars 

the   Following   Keeley    Institutet: 


Dot  t^pftnca.  Ark. 
L<>»  A  »■«]««.  t  ttl. 
Ann  rranrltco,  C«l. 
I  rut  Haven.  C'oRB. 


jAckMiivUte,ri*.  ManrhcMttv]-,  S.U. 

Ailauta*  life.  Baffalu.  K.  V. 

Dwfffkt,  IlK  PonJuid.  Me. 

M«HiMi,  J«4*  6p«nd  llii|ild«.  Mich. 

t^xliictoRi  Mad^  Kaiiiia«  4'ltjt.  Mo. 


4  oImhiUub,  41. 
PlitUileJi>ht».  Ptt. 
Hlie  \.  Jtr«adBt. 

rifubuM.  i>*. 

4246 Vl*H»  Arts 


SaJt  iL.afc«Cltf ,  ri«k 


A  Card  in  Evidence 

When  the  time  comes  for  the  use  of  a  card,  it  is 
very  essential  that  the  card  should  be  right. 
A  Peerless  Patent  Book  Form  Card 

ift  ritfKt.   when   the  time  coma  for  the  uk  aC  n  oird.  W> 

matter  what  the  drctunstaiice. 

It  18  atwttiTi  clean,  a] wan  soiooth^  alwaja  there  in  the 

case,  and  alwayi  a  ftourc«  of  pride  that  it  is  ulway&  just 

the  best  i^ri  that  moacy  can  buy  or  effort  can  produce. 

No  tcature  coutd  be  added  to  make  it  any  better,  dise  we 

would  have  done  so  long  ago,  when  we  made  the  fint  and 

oritpoAl  improvement  io  cards. 

A  sample  tab  of  the  carda.  will  give  you  the  evidence  when 

yoii  deuch  the  cards  one  by  one,   and  note  the 

amooth  edges  and  the  cleaalinesa  that 

muftt  be  tlie  result  of  the  book  in 

the  case.    Send  for  the  tab, 

and  see  for  yourself. 

Otm  81CART 

CARD  IN 

CASE 


The  John  B.  Wiisslns  Company 

Eagravers  Die  EnitKHaert  Plata  Printen 

70-72  Eadt  Adami  Su  CkicAgo 


PMtLAOBi^PHlA 

C^t  ^r*  ^ai 

WalBvt  a^  13li  Sla. 


Practical  Cooking 
and  Serving 

By  Janet  Mackenzie  Hili 

MISS  HILL  IS  a.  reeogniied    citprrt.   h«^  of 
the  Boston  Cookinji?  School,  and  Bbe  kM 
written  what  is  perhaps  the  most  pvmctaaL 
up-t«>*date.  and  comprehensive  work  of  the  HHl 
ever  published. 
Two  Hundred  tUostftJona.    Wet  f  1.00    fpoataie  MeJ 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  CO. 

GARDEN  CITY  NEW  YORK 


Catarrh 
Colds 


Hyomei 

(  Pronounced  Hit^h -  o  -me ) 


Couc^Hs 
C  ro  vip 


Breathe  HYOMEL  It  is  prepared  from  Atistralian  Eucalyptus 
and  some  of  the  Lii^terian  antiseptics.  Pour  a  few  drops  into 
the  small  inhaler  and  breathe  it  deep  into  the  lungs.  As  tlie 
penn-destroj^inij  air  passes  over  the  sore,  inflamed  membrane 
It  soothes  and  heals.  Money  will  l>e  refunded  if  Hyomei 
doesn't  give  satisfaction  in  cases  of  Catarrh.  Catarrhal  Deaf- 
ness. Coughs,  Colds  and  Croup.  Complete  out^t,  which  in- 
cludes inhaler,  $1.CM>;  eictra  bottle  50  cents,  at  pharmacists 
everywhere.  Free  trial  bottle  on  reque<^t  from 
BOOTH  S  HYOMEI  CO..  Box  H ,  BUFFALO.  NEW  YORK 


VAPOR  TREATMENT 

In  conjunction  with  the  itihiUer 
use  this  vapor  treatmeiit  before 
retiring. 

Into  a  howl  of  boiling-  water 
pour  a  teaspoonful  of  Hyomei; 
cover  head  and  bowl  with  a  towel 
and  breathe  for  five  nitautes 
the  soothing,  healing, antiseptic 
v;\por  that  ari^tes. 


For  jn/orm^tion  regarding  Tailroid  and  u<^ 


^^iHB,  to  the  Readers'  Service 


THE    WORLD'S   VORK  ADVERTISER 


B  €€ 


51,000  Califomiam 
are  saying  to  you: 

let^s  get  acquaintedr^ 


The  Sunset  Indian  will  fatioduce  you.  He  is  the  emblem  of  the 
Sunset  League,  composed  of  the  men  and  women  who  know 
Cafifonia  and  the  Pacific  Coast  States.  Some  of  these  people 
fire  beyond  the  Rockies,  some  "down  East,"  but  every  last  one 
of  them  reaDy  knows  the  great  West  Thousands  of  them  have 
come  from  your  state,  your  county,  your  town.  They're  your 
kind  of  people! 

California  is  hot  a  foreign  land,  but  the  most  beautiful  part  of 
your  country,  yet  so  different,  so  wonderful  that  few  can  realize 
the  truth  of  what  th^  read  about  it  You  must  really  live  the 
days  and  ni^ts  of  th»  glorious,  bkxxning  CaEfomia  of  yours  to 
know  it  as  these  Sunset  Leaguers  know  it. 
There's  a  family  in  your  very  neigjiborhood  who  knows  California 
and  the  West,  who  will  tell  you  of  this  wondedand.  Let  us 
make  you  acquainted — let  the  Sunset  Indian  put  you  in  touch  vnAi  folks  who  really  know. 
Even  if  you  are  only  thinking  about  the  We^  and  the  Panama  Exposition  of  1913,  you 
want  to  think  right-'iiai't  why  we  so  frankly  ask : 

Vin^af^o  Vnur  Nawn^  ^  "*^  ^•^^  do  you  Eve?  We  want  to 
rrnai:  S  MOUT  lyame.  get  acquainted.  We  want  to  know  you 
personally.  We  want  to  send  you  booklets  and  magazines  and  pictures  that  will  help 
you  understand  California  as  we  understand  it — and  let  you  drink  in  some  of  the  abundant 
glories  of  this  land  of  charm — enough  for  us  all 

Here  flowers  bloom  the  year  round ;  winter  is  only  a  name,  for  snow-capped  mountain 
tops  and  blooming  valleys  thrive  side  by  side.  Summer  is  never  burdensome.  And  here 
lies  the  romance  of  the  Orient,  without  the  dirt ;  and  the  wonderful  Pacific  that  laps  the 
shores  of  Japan  and  washes  the  sands  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

nanse  shall  be  placed  upon  a  roD  that  will  bring 
)  your  reading  table  a  booklet  describing  the  Elxposi- 
tion  to  be  heM  in  San  Frandico,  1913;  a  sample  copy  of  Sunset  Magazine,  with  its 
magnificent  four-cok>r  photographs  of  Western  scenes;  the  big  color  poster  of  the  famous 
Sunset  Indian;  an  entertaining  and  informkig  volume  of  **Califomia*s  Famous  Resorts,*'  and 
will  put  your  name  on  the  free  list  for  any  one  of  these  descriptive  booklets  for  1 9 1 2,  an 
education  in  themselves. 
What  part  of  the  West  do  you  want 
to  know  about — California,  Oregon, 


i   For  a  2c  stamp  ^^^ 


Washington,  Nevada,  Arizona,  New 

Mexico? 

For  that  Mine  2  cnU  lUinp^  the  wenkm  of  the 
SuDtct  Inforniatioo  Bureau  aie  yourt  to  com* 
mand.  And  you*ll  be  •eot  a  detctiplioo  of 
the  Suniet  League,  which  hat  no  Juei.  no 
initiation  fee*,  no  chaiget  of  any  kind,  do 
obligations,  except  that  ycm  pan  on  to  yoiir 
own  neighbon  what  you  learo  about  Califoniia 
and  the  Wen. 

Fill  out  the  accom- 
panying  coupon  and 
mail  it  immniatoly. 


"  GET  ACQUAINTED  "  COUPON 

SUNSET  MAGAZINE  INFORMATION  BUREAU 
San  Francisco.  Cal. 

UenUemen :— Enclosed  find  2c  stamp.  Please  send,  fully 
prepaid,  California  literature.  Poster,  the  Panama  Exposition 
booklet,  marked  copy  of  Sunset  Mairazine.  and  booklet  about 


without  anv  further  oM/sation  on  my  part. 

Name 

Street 


City  or  town. 


-State- 


A 


The  Readcn'  Service  gives  information  about  invcatiBBmAsk 


AUTOM.OBILES 


WHAT  THE  WOULD-BE  BUYER  WAN 
TO  KNOW  ABOUT  A  CAR 


I  WANTED  a  car.  For  a  long  time  I 
thought  a  horse  and  buggy  was  good 
enough  for  me,  but  the  evident  satis- 
faction my  friends  had  in  their  auto- 
mobiles overcame  my  prejudices  and  I 
became  a  convert.  1  found  that  my  horse 
was  constantly  on  my  mind  when  1  was 
driving  and  he  was  constantly  dipping 
into  my  pocket  book  when  he  was  in  the 
stable.  A  car  1  would  have,  but  which.  1 
was  utterly  ignorant  of  the  workings  of  a 
gasolene  motor,  did  not  know  what  the 
transmission  did  nor  how  the  carburetor 
worked  so  the  advertising  that  1  read 
consciously  or  had  absorbed  unconsciously 
only  confused  me.  There  must  be  hun- 
dreds like  myself  who,  ignorant  of  the 
technical  points  of  an  automobile,  want 
to  know  the  primary  things  about  them. 
If  1  had  read  in  the  early  stages  of  my 
enthusiasm  an  advertisement  that  told 
in  simple  terms  how  far  the  car  would 
run  on  so  many  cents  worth  of  gasolene, 


how  many  miles  I  could  run  in  an  t 
noon  comfortably,  how  in  a  general 
the  machine  was  controlled,  how  a  i 
not  an  expert  mechanician  could  kai 
run  the  car;  in  a  word,  an  advertise 
that  would  make  me  believe  that  it 
no  trick  at  all  to  run  tbai  car,  that  the 
of  running  was  reasonable  and  the  p 
ures  even  of  a  tyro  sure,  I  would  I 
searched  no  further. 

As  it  was  I  was  so  confused  with 
technical  terms  I  read,  so  impressed  ^ 
the  apparent  complications  that  I  ah 
gave  up.  Several  of  my  friends 
were  neither  mechanical  geniuses  nor 
sessed  of  remarkable  intelligence  sec 
to  be  able  to  run  their  cars  all  right. 
1  took  a  chance  and  I  am  glad  I  did. 

Now,  1  know  the  difference  bet^ 
a  magneto  and  a  differential,  and  I  i 
the  technically  worded  advertisem 
with  pleasure  and  understanding  —  b 
bought  my  car  on  faith. 


LIGHTINGTHE  CAR  WITH  ELECTRICIl 


When  it  begins  to  grow  dark  of  an 
evening,  the  human  nature  of  a  motorist 
often  triumphs  over  his  better  judgment 
and  he  takes  a  chance  of  being  arrested 
or  of  having  an  accident  rather  than  go  to 
the  trouble  of  stopping  the  car,  dismount- 
ing, turning  on  the  gas  tank,  adjusting 
the  wicks  of  the  oil  lamps,  etc.,  a  series  of 
operations  necessary  before  he  can  "light 
up"  under  the  old  regime  of  automobile 
lighting  —  especially  inconvenient  if  the 
night  is  wet  or  wind>'. 

In  justice  to  the  acetylene-oil  com- 
bination for  lighting  an  automobile  it 
must  be  said,  however,  that  this  combin- 
ation has  (lone  its  work  well  and  has 
furnished  satisfactory  light  at  a  minimum 
cost.  Indeed  ri^ht  now  on  many  of  the 
best  cars  in  the  country  this  system  of 
ting  is  the  standard  equipment. 


But  just  as  electricity  has  taken 
place  of  gas  and  oil  as  the  most  S2 
factory  method  of  lighting  the  home 
the  electric  lighting  equipment  for  ai 
mobiles  is  rapidly  coming  into  vq 
Indeed  it  is  not  strange  that  this  she 
be  the  case  when  you  consider  that  ^ 
an  electric  lighting  equipment  the  n 
turning  t)f  a  switch  on  the  dashbc 
operates  immediately  every  light  on 
car  (head  lights,  side  lights,  and  tail  tig 
This  equipment  consists  of  a  dyna 
set  in  the  ho<xl  and  driven  by  the  eng 
which  d\'namo  lights  the  car  and  ke 
the  battery  fully  charged.  The  ban 
is  used  to  suppl\'  light  and  power  wl 
the  engine  is  stopped.  In  short,  an  el 
trie  lighting  equipment  for  an  automol 
is  as  practical  as  it  is  attractive  ; 
convenient. 


Savr  time  in  your  office  work.    The  Readers*  Service  ii  acquainted  with  the  latest  devices 


THE   WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


Look  critically  at  the  cars  whirling  by  and 
set  Just  what  makes  a  car  look  shabby  or  smart 
—nine  times  out  of  ten  it's  the  top. 

S*ICUUO'^Ot&  Tops  stay  new — and  they  make  your  entire  car 

look  new  and  fresh. 

Look  in  the  peak  of  the  top  for  the 

brass-label— It  b  your  protection  against  cheap  iubatitutes  such  as  ^'Mohair,"  Near- 
Mohair"  and  the  various  "Mackintoshcd"  top  fabrics  that  can't  keep  out  the  wet 
and  that  get  dirty  aad  can't  be  cleaned  • 

Better  sit  under  a  spic  and  epan  9wllftMtt  top  than  under  a  soited^ 
ebabby  and  leaky  imitation  material  that  can^t  stay  clean. 

If  you  try  to  cleaQ  the  fmitatlonftf  your  cleanser  dissolve*  out  the  rubber  ^utn 
and  then  the  layers  of  the  cheap  material  separate.  If  you  brush  it  you  work  the 
dust  into  the  top.  ^ 

You  can't  leparate  Swito^^^lf  ;  ym  fdn*l  ipM  it  perminditl^  ;  yoa^ftfw'/  crack  It  by 
intense  heat;  you  can't  crack  it  by  inienic  ijold  or  by  folding  uid  o^tiing;  you  catCi  ipoil  k  by  wiiw 

.now  or  .leet.       ^otttCMtU  top,  irc  th«  ontr  top.  thtt  «m«i..     Thif .  why  9lU$ta6CU 

tops  have  remained  frota  the  bcginTiing  of  the  mutotnobUe  induitry,  while  the  othen  keep  changing. 
SOME  NEW  INFORMATION  FOR  AUTOMOBILE  BUYERS 

We  have  produi7«l!  a  book  calltd  "Ai^lyiia  of  the  Automobile  Top"  techntcat  enouji^h  for  the  lotoinobile  top- 
makers— fjLi in  enough  for  the  aulnm&bUe  owaer.  [titcnMrded  with  tojcU  »b<JuL  autoiiucihile  Lop  fabrio'-it  g^vfi 
you  a  tbofoujjh  And  complete  knowh^^  on  the  subject. 

Thii  kfiowleder  h  your  best  prolrctioa  afcaJ&st  luhstttution.  If  yem  have  i  thorough 
knowLedfEe  youraelf  on,  various  top  mmterJA^U.  no  unacfupuloui  dealer  cau  arinie 
asninst  vou,  because  voui  kmyw  what  ytwi  aretalkinir  ab4>ut.  Get  yftur  copy  of  Anftl- 
y*is  of  the  Automobile  Top.''  Write  tbii  minute  w^il*  Ihenew*  is  fresh  my  out  mind. 
Reach  for  your  fouataln  peu  aud  just  put  Ihe  vofds  "Aiutlyaia  oi  the  Autooaobib 
Top*  on  a  letter  or  posuJ.    Addfeaa  it  to 

The  Pantasote  Company,  ssbowW  GrefA8idf.p  New  Turk 

Look  hr  'Ae  htimJdbtl  in  ihe  p^k  u/  'Ae  to^ 


The  Retdcn'  Senrioe  will  gladly  furaith  infomution  about  foroign  travel 


WHOLESALE  BUTCHER 


$36-6*8  W  39th  SI 


^' 


a»r. 


*'You  are  free  to  ieii  any  one  tnai  i  nave  the  kigheit  apprtdation  of  tfm 
ear  a  a  moii  i^luabte  adjunct  to  my  huiineu.  "Mr.  John].  Shta  Writta  mt* 

No  other  motor 
truck-  is  givan 
this    j^uarant©©: 

WE  warrant  Commer  Trucks 
for  SEVEN  YEARS  from 
date  of  delivery.  ■ 

This  warranty  is  unlimited  re- 
garding defective  material  and 
workmanship. 

Th©  Commer  Truck 


Now  Built  in  America 

(Id  iMxf  fiage) 


In  inilfiie  to  tdvcitiMtt  p$e&ce  mentiaQ  Tns  WoftLD*«  Wo«& 


AUTOMOBILES 


ZI 


m- 


One  of  a  number  of  Commer  Tmckt  in  Brewer's  service  in  New  York  Q(j|r 

TheWCPCommer 


T^HE  GMQiiier  Truck  »  now  bidk  m 
^  America.  The  mcreasmg  demand 
lor  Commer  Trucks  coming  from  the  ux 
continents,  coupled  with  the  inability  of 
the  EngEsfa  Worb  to  manufacture  rap- 
idly enough*  has  forced  this  move. 

The  American  buik  Gxnmer  Truck  is 
made  under  the  same  exacting  conditions 
as  the  British-made  Gxnmer  Truck  The 
materials  in  the  Commer  Truck  as  buik 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  come  from 
identically  the  same  sources. 

The  manufacture  of  the  first  lot  of  W  C  P 
Commer  Trucks  has  been  under  the  per- 
sonal supervision  of  the  Assistant  Works 


Manager  of  the  English  company,  8U|>- 
pofted  by  a  corps  of  assistants  and  in- 
spectors and  every  piece  made  and  put 
into  these  W  C  P  Commer  Tnicb  bean 
the  stamp  of  the  Chief  hspector,  veri^mg 
the  work  of  the  individual  inspector. 

With  the  hifljh  standard  of  Commer  quali^ 
fully  maintained  and  backed  bythe  guar- 
antee shown  on  the'  opposite  page,  the 
W  C  P  Cocnmer  Truck  off  en  the  soundest 
investment  in  the  entire  fieU  of  heavy 
duty  gasoline  motor  trucks. 

Wh3e  many  Commer  Trucks  are  seven 
years  oM,  not  one  Commer  Truck  has 
ever  worn  out 


Wyckoff.  CHURCH^PARTRIDGE.I!S 

BROADWAY  AT  56th  STREET  NEW  YORK  CITY 

PLANTS   AT  KINGSTON,  NEW  YORK  AND  LUTON,  ENGLAND 

OR  THESE  REPRESENTATIVES: 


Chat.  B.  Shanks,  Western  Manager. 

703  Monadnock  Bldg^  San  Francisco,  CaL 

Pioneer  Automobile  Co.,  Golden  Gate  Ave- 
nue, San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Pittsburg  Auto  Co.,  5909  Baum  St^  Pittsburg 

Benoist  &  AulL  Benoist  Bldg.,  St  Louis 

J.  A.  Koehl  New  Orleans.  U. 

Fred  E.  Gilbert  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

H.  E.  Olund,  Crown  King,  Arizona 


Thos.  P.  Goodbody,  626  N.  Y.  Life  Bldg.» 

Chicago,  111. 
Dodge  Motor  Vehicle  Co.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Skinner  Bros.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Geo.  R.  Snodeal  Auto  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Motor  Sales  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C 
Geo.  H.  Snyder,  465  Fulton  St,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
Hoagland -Thayer.  Inc.,  363   Halsey  Street, 

Newark,  N.  J. 
J.  Wade  Cos,  Houston,  Texas 


I 


lo  writint  to  sdvertiten  pleate  meBthm  I^b  Wo«Lt»*m  "HA' 


] 


Mack  and  Saurer  Motor  Trucks    •  .  I 

"The  Leadiflg  Motor  Trucks  of  the  World"  '.  ^        I 

No  other  motor  truck  oifered  to  the  American  public  hn 
been  manufactured  loiig  enough  to  determine  the  most  iia- 
portant  fact  in  regard  to  its  value ^ — whether  it  is  long^livecL 

The  Saurer  has  been  made  and  used  for  17  years  and 
die  Mack  for  12  years  and  both  trucks  can  stand  on  their 
records. 

Some  of  the  eom|^iiiefl  uimg  Mick  tnicki  arc 

Am^cui  Tdq^hone  indi  Telegraph  Ca 
American  Sugir  Reftnmg  CompiUi; 
Otia  EleratoT  Company 
H  B  Ckfliji  Gcmpiny 
Pibtt  Brewing  Company 
In  the  brewmg  induicriea  alone  mdfC  than  150  Midc  tnidei  uv  in  we. 
Id  leryke  In  over  loa  kindi  of  haulage. 

Over  2000  Saurer  truck*  irc  In  icrvjce  in  Europe  tod  America.      The   Saurcir 
truck  h  aubaidized  by  France  for  its  War  Department  and  u  in  use  bf  other  European 

govern  meats  for  omnibus  and  posul  torke.     Some  of  the  American  compasuet  using 


AmeHcan  Tofeacco  Compwrf 
Anheuicr  Biuch  Brewing  Cooipu^ 
The  Testai  Compajiy 
Lowney  Chocolate  CompAiij 
R  H  Macy  Se  CosQpany 


Saurer  trucks  are : 

Baldwin  LocomodTe  WotIci 
MatihaQ  Field  ic  Company 
Sundaf  d  Oil  Company 
Aeolian  Piano  Company 


Kadonat  Lea4  Company 
GniaC  AtkiiEk  it  Pacific  T«a  Co 
Bmh  Teimka]  Conipany 
Armour  FcmliHr  Wodcs 


The  Saurer  or  the  Mack  catalogue,  or  both»  will  be  sent  on 
request  to  any  business  firm  having  haulage  problems  to  solve. 

International  Motor  Company 

Executive  Officet :   30  Church  Street,  New  York  City  Worlca :  AUentown,  Pa )  PUinfieU,  N  J 

Sales  and  Service  Stations :     New  York,  Chicago,  Philaddphii,  Botton,  San  Francisco^  and  all  hige  dliei 


In  writing  to  advcrUMn  please  mention  Tub  World's  Woas 


AUTOMOBILES 


I 


'< 


\ 


Announcing    the    Defender 

A    New    Fivc'PasaeDger    Oldsmobile 
We  have  beeo  vteH  aware  of  the  drmand  for  m  smaller  Otdtmobne  than  tlie  Autocrit;  i 

five-pa^enger  touring  cmr  with  pn>porti0rtttety  ie«  horse  fKiivcr  —  but  a  car  0/  OldtmMU 

qu^hty  thr«ugh9ut.    The  Defender  ii  ready  to  hillill  thii  deiDand. 

For  many  months  ihe  Hni  Dcfenden  built  hav^e  been  tried  out  over  a!l  kinds  of  roadi, 

good  and  bad,   day  after  d^y*      We  delayed  announcement   until  the  car  was  pronounced 

'  perfection"— not  only  by  our  nnecbantca)  staff,  but  by  every  officer  and  department  head. 
The  Defender  is  •  verr  handsome,  4-cy1inder,  35  H,  P,  car  of  moderate  iveight.    It  is 

roomy,  low-hung,  tuxuriously  corofonable  and  wonhy  in  every  way  of  the  name  oTdsmobile, 

A  glance  at  nome  of  the  tpedticatiani  will  show  the  mechanical  reasons  for  its  exceptional 

motor  ethdency  and  ita  easy  riding  qualities. 


4-cTllMef,  T-bfji4«  loog  tirofce  laDtor;  Mok,  4  tn, 

Oy.1.1  If  nkfoa  9f«teiiL 

4  Spee^  Trin*faiw«ni  ol  Cbtone  VASA^iani  flt«cl: 
toil  I  betfiaek  ihrodiieltDtit^^ 

9irat[h.t  line  drive',  «ttitr  tacloted  in  rar*kn  t«bt. 

ShocJi-itkKrNin  of  itAadird  rrt<  ^^  iTont  tad 

Jtni^ra^fd  Bolted -0n  nrioouFkiible  ^Ij&a. 
16  1  4  Iq,  1  irvi  Oft  on* ft  mftJtfii. 


fltt*p*m9e&^t  TMfbe*  hnir*  patten fer  Twsi- 
«t>otal,  <(WQ)-piAieafer  ttoadtlef  «od  ihfK  pufCPfct 
C«ij[»c!  bodirt  or  l»ir»t  <i^ie&.  VcroUUiion  is  torc^ 
dtwTt,  iip«iirA  Di  c Loped  by  ■  loach* 

Top  ifid  T(»p  iaoi;^  vlod  ilileld,  fp«edonieicF; 
clettrk  and  oil  itde  mnd  rrit  llchii;  si^taaitnc 
Ufhrtt,  far  beftd^igbti,  ep«r«|ed  I  ram  4ilTcr'f  KUtf 
Prett-O-Lifc  u^k^. 

Af>d  1  iSBnbfi  of  fanTenkDCtf  fotind  cmlr  tn  tbc 
OMUt  e^peniifv  can,  ife  included  ai  nfnlir  etjMip- 


ll  ahouid  be  understood  that  the  Defender  h  not  a  "cheaper"  Oldamobile.  It  is  of  pre- 
ei«ety  the  sime  hi^h  quality  in  material,  workmanihipi  ftntsh  and  equipment  as  our  $3,500 
acid  $5.tJ00  cars,  II  ti  not  a  iurces*or  to  the  Autocrat  or  Limited;  it  U  their  younger  brother. 
The  type  shown  above  coats  $3,000»  completely  equipped,  It  will  sniisfy  the  man  who  is  will' 
i  rijf  to  pay  enough  to  prt  the  very  best,      Futthmr  /MiHieniaf*  ««il  r7/«»f  r«f  lona  on  rm^futst. 

OLDS    MOTOR    WORKS  ;  LANSING.    MICH. 

CoT.j  halt  1911.  Oiiti  Mi>taT  Workt* 


111  wriiiiig  to  advcriiHcrM  pIcuM-   ■  if-niimi  'liii    \\iiki.i>'<«  Wokk 


THE    VORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


i 


New  Flexible  Leather  Edition 

of  the 

Boy    Scout 
Manual 

Official  Handbook  Approved 
by  the  National  Council  of 
The  Boy  Scouts  of  America 

A  handsome  edi- 
tion of  the  Manual 
has  just  been  issued 
bound  in  full  fleid- 
ble  leather,  lettered 
in  gold,  and  printed 
on  a  fine  quality  of 
coated  paper.  One 
of  the  most  (attrac- 
tive features  is  the  frontispiece  in  full 
colors  by  Leyendecker  showing  two 
Boy  Scouts  afield. 

Every  Boy  Scout  will  prize  one  of 
these  beautiful  copies  of  the  Official 
handbook. 

N9i,  $1.00  (po9iag9  lOe.) 


Blue  Butfalo 


By  the  Chief  Scout 


Rolf  in  the  Woods,    By&nertThamp- 

■  son  Seton.     Being 

the  stirring  adventures  of  a  Boy  Scout  in  the 
War  of  1612. 

Two  Little  Savages,   ^l^y^^^^'^^^ 

the  most  popular  of  Mr.  Seton*s  juveniles. 

Each  fatty  nioMtrated.  Fixed 
price,  $1.7S  (postage  ISc) 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  CO. 

GARDEN  CITY  NEW  YORK 


John  Burroughs 
says: 

moimm*  *Th«  Rich*r  Lifm.  '      Hm  jrr^ffc^M  m  §m^ 

and  jirver^    ^nd  hm  ammm   thmm    mmiL      Mu  ^bw 

prttcmptt  Attn*  polfif  <^n<#  ^»rwc  M^rwiy  4tm 
tuch  mn  uttprmtmnti^ut  v^urwtm  httld  ««  jnacA  «f 
thm  toimdom  of  iifm.  I  h&f>0  it  veiM  fi^d  Ht  m^ 
intv  Ihm  h€t  tdM  of  thotaMarutm  o/'ovr  yatiMW  F«^fe' 

The  Richer 

By  Walter  A.  Dyer 

TA  Lay  PF«acluii«iit 
for    Evtrf^^day    Folk - 

Nmit  Si.mf  (|»wl<Mr«  iOeJ.  JiMcJol  Oft  ^^Homi 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  CCX 


The 

Golden  Silence 

A  Romance  of  the  Desert 
By  C  N.  and  A.  Bl  WnJlAlfSON 

^^       V  J  "It  makes  vivid  thai 

WL    ^X  land  of  piercing  heat 

A<^^^^^^        of  scorching  sandi 

«^  l^^^B        domed  by  skies  <^ 

|K  ^   ^^^^      eternal    blue.       Ai 

^j^k        1    If         ideal  background  fo 

/WP         \/l         a  romance,  and  thest 

^■■■■■■■■P    delightful     writer! 

have  made  the  mos 

of  their  opportunity.    A  delightful  naturalnes 

pervades  the  story.  An  animated  arid  exceeding 

ly  pleasing  tale;  its  charm  is  insistent  and  linger 

long  after  the  book  is  done  and  laid  aside.' 

—PorUand  Telegram. 

Frontiameee  in  Colors 

Fixed  Price,  $I.3S  (Poeiagm  Mc.) 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &   CO. 

GARDEN  CITY  NEW  TORI 


/'" 


Goin/f  abfMd?  Routes,  time-ubles.  and  all  sorts  of  informatton  c 


'  RtMCfv  Scenes 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK  ADVERTISER 


] 


T^?Outlook 

In  the  Presidential  Year 


LYMAN  ABBOTT 


WILL    President   Taft  be  nomi- 
nated for  a  second  term  ? 
Has    La    Follette    a    good 
lighting    chance    for     the     Republican 
nomination  ? 

Can     Woodrow     Wilson,    with     his 
Progressive    platform,    get   the    Demo- 
cratic nomination  ? 
Or — will   it   be  Judson  Harmon   and   the  Conservative 
wing  of  the  party  ? 

Is  191 2  to  be  a  Democratic  year? 
What  will  the  platforms  be  ? 
What  are  the  issues  at  stake  ? 

The  two  parties  will  confront  one  another  in  line  of 
battle  with  a  more  nearly  equal  prospect  of  victory  than 
in  any  campaign  for  sixteen  years. 

The  campaign  has  already 
begun. 

Until  l^lection  Day,  in 
forming  your  opinions  and 
making  your  forecasts,  you 
will  find  The  Outlook  au- 
thoritative and  informing — 
an  indispensable  periodical. 
The  President,  the  prom- 


THRODORE  ROOi^EVELT 


In  wriUng  to  ad^'ertiicri  pleate  mentioii  Tax  World's  Wokk 


THE    WORLD»S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


THE   OUTLOOK  IN   THE   PRESIDENTIAL   YEAR 


inent    candidates,    the    National    leaders    are     speakii^ 

for  themselves — for  the  things  they  stand   for throu^ 

The  Outlook. 

The  Editor-in-Chief  of  The  Outlook,  Lyman  Abbot^ 
will  present  the  vital  issues  of  the  campaign  as  they 
develop  and  discuss  them  in  the  spirit  of  broad  states- 
manship which  has  marked  his  work  in  many  campaigns. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  ex- President  of  the  United  States 
is  a  world  authority  on  problems  of  National  government 

From  his  position  on  The  Outlook's  editorial  stafi^  Mr. 
Roosevelt  will  continue  to  present — exclusively  throu^ 
The  Outlook — his  views  on  political  as  well  as  all  other 
public  questions. 

President  Taft's  Own  View 

of  what  his  Administration  has  accomplished,  and  his  judgment  of  the 
measures  still  remaining  on  what  he  calls  his  **  calendar  of  unfinished 
business/*  will  be  found  fully  set  forth  in  The  Outlook  of  December  2, 
191 1,  where  it  was  presented  by  special  authority  of  the   President 


Bryan's  View 

Three  times  Democratic  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, William  Jennings  Bryan  speaks  with  the 
authority  that  comes  from  having  voiced  the 
opinions  of  millions  of  his  countiymen.  Mr. 
Bryan's  views  on  the  political  situation  and 
the  coming  campaign  are  to  be  fully  set 
forth  in  one  of  the  early  issues  of  The  Outlook. 

La  Follette's  View 

Picturesque  and  daring,  the  most  striking  figure 
in  the  Republican  Progressive  movement,, and 
its  foremost  Presidential  candidate,  the  Senator 
from  Wisconsin  is  an  extraordinary  factor  in 
National  poKtics.  As  Governor  of  Wisconsin 
he  made  a  great  record.  He  has  been  a  power 
in  the  Senate.  He  is  going  to  tell  fully  and 
explidtiy  where  he  stands,  in  an  early  issue  of 
The  Outiook.  His  own  statement — presented 
tb'       '  The  Outiook — wiU  have  wide  interest 


Harmon's  View 

Conservative  leader  in  the  Democratic  ptitji 
candidate  for  the  Presidential  nominatioii, 
twice  elected  GovenuM:  of  Ohio,  the  man  wiio 
handled  the  first  case  under  the  Shemuui 
Law,  Judson  Harmon's  opinions  have  gntt 
National  interest.  He  will  soon  state  them  fully 
through  the  pages  of  the  Outlook.  This 
statement  will  follow  logically  The  OutkxdL's 
articles  in  which  Governor  Woodrow  Wilson  and 
Oscar  W.  Underwood  have  set  forth  their  views. 

Bristow's  View 

Force  and  earnestness  have  characterised  Mr. 
Bristow  in  all  his  public  career.  As  Senator 
from  Kansas  he  has  been  a  power  in  debate  and 
a  real  influence  in  constructive  legislation.  Sena- 
tor Bristow  will  state  through  The  Outlook  what 
he  believes  to  be  th*^.  trend  of  political  thought 
throughout  the  States  of  the  Middle   West 


In  writing  to  advtniten  ^pleiie  tnAftdoik  Tre  WoKLo't  Wokk 


I 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


THE   OUTLOOK   IN  THE   PRESIDENTIAL   YEAR 


Henry  Cabot  Lodge 

is  writine  for  The  Outlook  the  tirst  history  of  the 
Hundred  Years  of   Peace   following   the  War  of 

'1812.  It  concerns  the  various  difncuhies  which 
have  arisen  between  Cireat  Britain  and  the  United 
States  in  the  century  of  peace  since  the  Treaty  of 
Ghent.  This  will  be  a  rapid  review  in  two  or 
three  articles  of  the  essential  facts  which  have  en- 
abled two  countries  with  a  border  line  of  three  thou- 

■  sand  miles  to  live  in  peace  for  a  full  hundred  years. 

Governor  Johnson 

Is  going  to  talk  to  Outlook  readers  about  California's 
fight  for  justice  and  decency.  The  Governor  and 
his  colleagues  are  doing  some  big  things  in  Cali- 
fornia which  other  States  ought  to  know  about 
Congressman  William  Kent,  of  California,  in  "A 
Talk  with  Governor  Johnson,**  will  tell  the  readers 
of  The  Outlook  what  these  things  are  and  how 
they  are  being  accomplished.  For  example :  how 
a  great  business  monopoly  has  been  thrown  out  of 
politics;  how  the  recall  has  helped  to  place  the 
people  in  power;  how  Woman  Suffrage  has  gained 
a  place  in  the  State  government,  how  decency  and 
progress  have  been  placed  above  mere  considera- 
tion of  party.  Through  Mr.  Kent,  Governor 
iohnson  will  present  many  of  his  views  on  the 
4atioa*s  progress  toward  justice  and  democracy. 

Gifford  Pinchot 

leader  in  Americans  Conservation  movement,  has 
recently  returned  from  Alaska,  where  he  has  studied 
at  first  hand  certain  questions  which  deeply  con- 
cern the  American  public.  Mr.  Pinchot  will  shortly 
contribute  to  The  Outlook  one  or  more  articles 
on  a  subject — to  be  announced  later — that  is 
certain  to  be  of  unusual  interest  and  significance. 

Winston  Churchill 

is  writing  for  The  Outlook  the  true  story  of  "A 
Sute  and  a  Railway."  In  "  Mr.  Crewe*s  Career" 
he  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  struggle  of  a  State 
to  overcome  a  corrupt  political  machine,  backed 
by  big  interests.  This  is  the  story  of  the  fighting 
Progressives  of  New  Hampshire,  their  success  in 
freeing  the  State  and  giving  the  rule  to  the  people. 
He  will  describe  the  present  political  conditions  as 
he  sees  them  in  his  own  State,  pointing  out  the 
good  which  is  being  accomplished. 

WUliam  AUen  White 

author  of  "  What's  the  Matter  With  Kansas  ?"  is 
going  to  tell  in  The  Outlook  the  inspiring  story  of 
how  the  people  of  Kansas,  without  any  fuss  and 
without  much  noise,  built  up  in  five  years  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  people ;  how  they  freed  the  State 
from  railway  dcsnoiism ;  how  they  wiped  out  the 
"slush  fund'*  and  saved  the  State's  money;  how 
they  put  the  bad  politicians  out  of  office ;  how  they 
cleaned  up  the  penitentiaries,  and  did  many  other 
good  and  constructive  things.  All  this  is  a  striking 
example  of  the  people  governing  the  people.  Mr. 
White  has  l)een  in  tne  thick  of  thefight,  and  noone 
could  be  better  fitted  to  write  this  itorv. 


The  Truth  About  Alaska 

The  record  of  The  Outlook's  investigations  In 
Alaska  begins  in  the  issue  of  December  23,  1911. 
W.  D.  Hulbert,  acting  for  The  Outlook,  has  for 
several  months  been  making  a  study  of  Alaskan 
conditions  on  the  ground.  He  has  had  exceptional 
opportunities  for  ol)ser\'ation  and  has  had  access 
to  the  most  authoritative  sources  of  information. 
If  you  want  to  know  what  Alaska  is,  what  it  needs, 
what  is  really  going  on  there,  you  want  to  read  this 
first-hand  story.  If  you  want  to  know  the  facts 
about  the  Guggenheims,  the  **  Syndicate,"  the 
Cunningham  Claims,  Controller  Bay,  the  Cordova 
"  Coal  Party,"  the  fisheries,  the  fur  seal  problem, 
the  National  forests,  read  these  articles  and  the 
editorials  that  will  accompany  them. 


Home-Making 


Vitally  interesting  to  eveiy  American  woman  wiD 
be  The  Outlook's  series  ot  articles  on  Home-Mak- 
ing, beginning  with  the  article  **  What  Is  a  Home 
For  ?"  We  hear  it  said  that  the  housewife*s  work 
is  drudgery  and  that  the  way  to  liberate  women  is 
to  give  them  a  chance  to  escape  from  drudgery. 
These  articles  will  show  from  various  points  of 
view  that  there  is  no  more  drudgery  in  the  work  of 
the  housewife  than  in  that  of  the  lawyer,  the  physi- 
cian, or  the  politician ;  that  woman's  work  m  the 
home  needs  scientific  training  just  as  does  man^s 
work  in  the  office  or  factory. 

Training  the  Child 

The  Outlook  will  devote  a  great  deal  of  attention 
during  the  coming  year  to  the  progress  and  welfare 
of  the  child— the  most  important  subject  in  the 
world.  H.  Addington  Bruce  is  preparing  a  series 
for  The  Outlook  dedicated  to  the  |>roposition  that 
the  proper  environment  and  the  right  home  influ- 
ence for  our  children  are  more  important  than 
heredity  or  any  given  method  of  schooling.  Be- 
ginning with  the  wonderful  story  of  KarlwittCL 
he  will  continue  with  the  first  principles  of  Child 
Training  based  on  his  own  first-hand  study  of  such 
cases  as  that  of  the  Sidis  boy,  the  Wiener  children, 
and  many  other  striking  examples.  He  will  show 
how  parents  by  simple,  practical  methods  can  work 
mar%'els  in  the  development  of  their  children.  Fol- 
lowing this  series  will  come  a  group  of  articles  by 
Elizabeth  McCracken,  entitled  **  The  Children  of 
America.** 

Advratures  in  Court 

**  Better  lose  money  than  go  to  law  **  is  a  common 
saying  founded  in  wisdom.  W*hat  the  average  citi- 
zen suffers  in  tr^-ing  to  settle  a  dispute,  defend 
himself  from  attack,  obtain  compensation  for  in- 
jur}', or  even  comply  with  the  demands  of  the 
law — all  this  makes  a  story  sad  and  laughable. 
Frederick  Trevor  Hill,  who  is  both  lawyer  and 
writer,  is  preparing  for  The  Outlook  a  serial  based 
on  his  own  rich  experience  and  observation,  which 
will  be  dramatic  and  humorous,  and  will  open  the 
eves  of  the  ordinary  citizen  to  the  delays,  com- 
plexities, absurdities,  and  injustices  of  our  courts 
as  they  are  to-day. 


For  information  mgarding  railroad  and  •teanitliip  lines,  wriu  to  t.V\e  '^xkAKnS  ^sKvtx^^ 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


3 


THE   OUTLOOK    IN   THE   PRESIDENTIAL    YEAr] 


k 


» 


What's  the  Matter  With  Business? 


That  something  is  the  matter  every- 
body knows. 

What  it  is,  the  public  has  not  yet 
(>cen  told  definitely. 

High  authorities  in  the  financial  and 
industrial  world  are  giving  their  opin- 
ions on  this  puzzling  question  to  the 
readers  of  The  Outlook. 

Francis  E.  Lcupp,  who  has  had  a 
notable  career  in  journalism  and  in  the 
Government's  service,  is  securing  for 
The  Outlook  the  constructive  views  of 
these  men  as  to  what  may  be  done 
to  make  business  more  stable^  more 
productive,  and  more  just  for  all  con- 
cerned. 

Is  J*  Plerpont  Morgan  justified  in 
his  belief  that  the  country  is  all  right, 
tnd  that  the  present  condition  of 
business  is  due  to  mental  rather  than 
oiatenai  causes  ? 

Is  James  J.  Hill  right  in  proposing 
CO  get  rid  of  trust  evils  by  requiring  all 
corporations  to  reduce  their  capital  to 
the  actual  amount  of  money,  or  its 
equivalent,  put  into  the  corporation  ? 

Frank  A.  Vanderlip,  president  of 
the  biggest  banking  institution  in  the 
United  States,  makes  the  first  statement 


in    The    Outlook    of    Dect^mbcr  % 
1911. 

John  G.  Shedd,  head  of  Mtrskall 
Field  and  Company,  will,  in  the  sccood 
article  of  the  series,  answer  the  quescsoa 
from  the  view-point  of  a  great  mo** 
chandising  concern. 

President  Mellen,of  the  NewHifOl 
System,  Frank  Trumbull,  Chairman  ol 
Board  of  Directors,  Chesapeake  iiNi 
Ohio  Railway,  and  other  promineat 
figures  in  transportation  will  give  tbt 
view-point  of  the  railway  man* 

John  Mitchell  will  tell  how  orgis* 
ized  labor  looks  at  the  question, 

Lyman   J.  Gage,  Leslie    M.  SI 
and  George  B,  Cortelyou,  former 
taries  of  the  Treasury,  will   tcU  how  it 
appears  to  those  who  have  controUoi 
the  Nation's  finances, 

J.  Laurence  Laughlin,  the  emiBeal 
economist,  will  show  how  the  questioi 
strikes  one  who  is  at  once  a  philoso]  ~ 
and  a  practical  man  of  affairs. 

These  and  others  will  contribul 
a  feature  which  alone  would  make 
Outlook  for  the  coming  months  a  u 
nal  of  the  greatest  interest  and 
ness  to  every  man  in  bu^neaa. 


The  Outlook 


I  WW  I  I*      T 

I  THE  OUTLOOK 

I  297  Fourth  Af«eu«,  N»w  Ywlt 

IYoi3  tmj  lerd  ui<^  three  ctiiis«cu(iv«  numberv  nf  The 
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A  HISTOR 
of  ENGLAN 

By  RUDYARD  KIPLING 
and  C.  R.  L  FLETCHER 


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Twenty^three   New  Poems 
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Smith  Granite 

MONUMENTS  -  STATUARY 

MAUSOLEUMS  -  Elc. 

Vary  greatly  accordini  to  taste,  atee  an4  nrlce,  but 


there  la 

NO  VARIATION  IN  QUALITY 

Each  and  every  product  la  chiseled  In  the  worid'a  beat 
granite— Westerly. 

In  originality  of  dealgn  these  productions  are  "way  oot 
of  the  ordinary."    Write  for  booklets. 

THE  SMITH  GRANITE  CO..  Westerly,  R.  L 

Representatives  in 

New  York.  Philadelphia.  Boston.  Syracuse 


Keeps  perfect  time 

Because  It  Has  No  Springs 

Why  is  a  aock 
right  at  one  time  and 
wrong  another? 

Because  of  the 
varying  tension  of 
the  springy  depend- 
ing upon  the  length 
of  time  it  has  been 
wound. 

THE  ELECTRO  CLOCK 

has  no  springs  and  is  always  there  with  the  correct 
time.  Its  mechanism  is  surprisinf^Iy  simple,  and  in 
doinK  away  with  the  springs  we  do  away  with  wind- 
ing and  clock  troubles  of  every  kind. 

Fleet ro  clocks  arc  so  satisfactory  that  they  are  in- 
stalled in  government  buildings,  railroad  stations 
and  large  business  establishments  in  every  part  of 
the  count r>'. 

Write  for  booklet  telling  about  the  Electro  Clock 
and  showing  the  diderent  styles  for  homes,  offices 
and  factories. 

ELECTRO  CLOCK  COMPANY 

Mercer  and  Grant  Sta.  BALTIMORE.  MD. 

Ezcrptifioally  pxx!  piuposition  for  JEWELERS,    WriU  today. 


Lpwer  Factory  ilo^^ 
m  This  Fine  Home  Town  ^  i^^ 


Here's  an  ideal  place  to  live  —  beautiful  home 
sites  amid  mono  tarns — healthful,  with  pure  water, 
perfect  dram  age,  sthooJs  ol  the  best  —  and  such 
people  as  you  Uk«  to  know. 

Shelburne   Falls 

**Th€  Town  oF  Tumbling  Water" 

is  in  heart  of  Western  Mass.  mTg  center.  Skilled 
labor  plentifuK  Is  about  same  distance  from 
Boston,  New  York  City,  Portland,  Me.,  Rochester 
—  near  Springfield.  Oo  Boston  and  Maine  tmns^ 
continental  line  lo  West,  H  tcnixinus  of  N.  Y*, 
N.  H.  k  H,  R.  R.,  New  Haven  and  Shelburoe 
Falls  Branch  direct  to  New  York  City.  Factory 
sJt^  on  trolley  wbkb  ti^nsfers  freight  to  ste&m 
roads  without  unloading  cars. 

Let  ua  heftT  from  jroit.      Let  lu  Mml  yoo  Tafa»bls' 
inlomMkioii.     Wa  b&th  gain.    PieiiM  writ*  toiUjr* 

Shelbinie  Falls  Clab,  Skelbonie  Falb,  Mail* 


In  writing  to  advcrtiiert  please  menuon  Tut  Wo«w\.\?%'^<^^'^ 


REMEMBER     THE      >fAIylE 


Shur-  on 

EYEGLASS  €^  SPECTACLE   MOUNTINGS 


GRACE 
TW  PACE 

STAY 
MPIACE   il 


Persons  Often  Look  Alike 
Without  Being  Alike 

Other  mountings  may  look  like  Shur-on  Eye- 
glass Mountings,  but  close  inspection  will  show 
that  better  mechanical  construction  which  makes 
Shur-ons  give — 
Comfort^  ConTenience  and  Effidency 

WHte  mfor  "Houf.  When  and  Whu**  a  Shur-on 


E.  KIRSTEIN  SONS  CO.  (Elctablkhed  1864) 
Ave.  U.  Rock««t«r,    N.  Y. 


AT  THE    BETTER.    OPTICIANS 


fef4 


The  World's  Finest  Footwear 

THOnASCORT 

SHOES 

For  M«B  Ma  Women.    Stridiy  H*iid-5ewecl  wid  Cu«lotii 
Qulky.     r*t  Sis«et,   DreM  «iid  Sportittv.     SO  to   IIS. 
UU  h$  StyU  Bfochurc. 

THOMAS  CORT.  hfEWARIC  N.  J. 

Responsible  Real  Estate  Agcnls 

^The  World's  Work  is  in  the  ro- 
^^iable  position  where  it  can  put 
you  in  touch  with  real  buyers  of 
property  in  general  and  furmi  in 
particular.      Write  for  the    plan.    1 

Send  for  the  World^s  Work 
Handbook  of  Schools 

The  World's  Work 

Garden  City,  N.  Y.              | 

The  IsMft  booli  OB  tfivd  md  biocnpl^f  nur  be   jbuutni  Lhr  jugh  itie  VUt^sUn*  Stfrics 


E 


WHAT    TO    WEAR 


We  And  Our  Children 

By  WOODS  HUTCHINSON.  M,  D. 

ilFSNY  rather  or  mother  beginning  to 
Til**-  realize  what  a  difficult  job  It  la  to 
*'be  a  daday  •  will  find  this  little  book  fiiU 
of  auggeAllon  andatlmulatlng  advice.  Dr. 
Hutchinson  U  a  practitioner  of  %^de  ex- 
perience, clear  thought  and  an  ex  Ira  or* 
dinary  faculty  of  epigramniatlc  expres- 
sion. If  you  are  confronted  by  any  of 
the  problems  of  bringing  up  a  chlld« 
mental,  moral  and  physical,  you  will 
discover  In  these  chapters  just  the  sort 
of  Inspired  common  sense  with  which  an 
old  family  physician.  In  whom  you  had 
utter  confidence,  might  relieve  your 
perplexity  if  you  had  Ume  to  talk  things 
all  over  with  him. 

CONTENTS 
Th«  StrenflUi  of  Babies     BHclt      WallA     ana     the 
DahleA  AA  Dulbs  Growing  ClLLld 

The  Nahiral  Morality  of  gyes  «id  Eara 

Oiildren  Flttln*  the  Girl  for  Ule 

^  ^:;rrf ooth      j^^-^^^^/^^s^^ 

The  Kindergarten  The  American  Mother 

Our   Ivory    Keepers  of  The  Delicate  Child 
the  Gate  Fiction  as  a  Diet 

lUoMirated  (Net,  $L20  poMiagm  /2c.) 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Garden  City.  N,  Y. 


Are  Yao 
Face  to  Face 
with  this 
ProUem? 


How  to  dress  the  children  'tyliahly,  scrviccnl»ly, 
wamly,  and  at  the  same  tiuic  keep  tbe  outlay 
within  the  means  of  the  family  ptirsc,  l^ti'T 
TBAT  TOtm  Svaa  KSCCnUtlltO  PROBL.au  ^ 

Cheap  cloth i&jT  will  never  answer,  because  it 
loses  shape  and  looks^  soon  wears  out  and  must  be 
frequently  replaced, 

Rx(TCtisive  wear  cannot  fill  the  bill  because  no 
matter  liow  desirable  it  may  be,  the  prices  are 
only  within  reach  of  the  few,     Wbatthbn? 

The  onlv   ssHsfscfoiy  jutsiver'  ta  y0t»  pmtfem 
is  —  Outfit  YiHm  ChltdKn  ftwn  this  Speadltt^ 
Starts 
Wc  offer  stylish »  well-nuide  flUf^art  I  sit  lo^v  onci  s  ; 
Infants' Lour  Slip*.  ^  ctii. 
Fnench  Hand-made  Caps,   i" 

from  >5.<W  up.     Boys*  Wanh   -  _      . 

Shoes,  $1,S0.    School  Stockins^*.  .6  cU,  a  pah, 

Viese  Mftd  mJUff  olhef  eomomtcM  IfMoes   sh 

fflustrshd  In  oaf  Winftr  CMMioftte  lishnff  /bert- 

iht^,  tn  ijugesftMrtety^  fo^  tf>e  Complete  Ootfft- 

ting  of  ^snsf  GiHs  jmd  Infjinis, 

Write  for  free  copy  of   this   caUlorac  toi>ay. 

Order  n  few  thtnes.  Our   Mail  Order  Service  will 

promptly  dt liver   your  purchases;  your  children 

will  look:  well  iq  them.     If  any thinir  disappoints, 

return  for  cachanite,  or  refund  of  money, 

Plaase  Addrmu  Dept.   17 

Fifth  Art,  at  Thirty-Fifth  St,  New  York 


In  writiiit  to  advertiten  plette  mention  The  Wo&ui*t  Work 


BUSINESS  help: 


illJjBMi 


In  thv*  depairtmen(  will  b«  included  til  the  thitiKs  (h^iAidi  in  the  tiAndlin^  and  canir«»l  of  buriTi««4  m 
tne  tithce.     Tiie  Buauitsa  Helps  Detarimenc  will  fUdly  famUh  d«ui)c<i  informstiov  »b«Mt  tnf  of  thr 
devicei  advertiaed  or  cm  any  lubject  reUani  lo  k>u«neM  m«tliodt  Aod  nuiUiif«DMiiL      TH^ 
icrvice  i«  free.      Addreu 
|Rusine»   Helps  DeDl.,   Dotibleday^  Paft  it  Co,  ll-IJ  W.  37^  St.  Krv  Yeri( 


I  ^  M^ ji¥9:^r'i**a^    *> »  r^*n 


r 


Your  Papers  are  Safe  in 

"Art  Metal"  Steel  Cabinets 


Built  of  sUtl,  handsomely  enamefecJ — fire-resisffng  conslructioa 
—  not  affected   by  ctianges   of  weather.      Just  a  few   impressive 
reasons  why  progressive  modem  offices  are  equipped  wiUi 

Art  tt\e^A 

Steel  Filing  Cabinets  and  Office  Furniture 

Bade  ia  ehc  larjest  Metal  Ftmiittire  factories  in  the  world.    Every  feature  pededed  dodiifl 

tweotif-rivu  vears*inintifictuirinff experience.  Firerc^iStinE qualities  arc  sccurca  t»f  Ooubk 

walls  aod  drawer  l»cadi.    Eadi  drawer  la  a  do»cd  steel  cutnpartiaeQt 

Orswera  can*!  Mick  or  bind.  The  heovier  the  load  ihi  eatUrtkn  opffoft  00  oar  fMrtrnt 

roUeivbearint  stnpcnfioa.  An  atttmnatk  lockini  devkc.  olour  own  paicAtte  caa  lie 


The  poop  fliaabiled  ta  caade  tip  of  eleeeci  untts.  any  one  ol  whicti  mar  be  wted 
teparate^,   Qm  pair  9i  cndU  anrfoaet  our  liomber  ot  Uaiu  placed  aide  by  ftlde. 

"Art  M«ltl" 


Comp/«f«  m^impmenit 
m0t€t(andbronMe,  for 
affic ««,  hank*  and 
public  6tti/e£tn^a.  Yoa 
mha^M  know  ihmi  ««] 

Vrfj^^MflTOfV  #8ir  rttCin*' 

Hob   and  pro^ocfibrw ' 
ar«u}ithouta^uai,  Wm 
witi  maiij^aa  a  booUH 
ikai  jUoBifaimB  manj^ 

"  'l«cJW««»«l7Mflla. 


S^nd  far  Catalog  W-i 

ART  METAL  CONSTRUCTION  CO- 

FacterlM  mnd  Offlc«4 :  Jameatown*  N«w  York 

■taaoiorrtcci-  M««Tttrt.  (7b.ieM«.aM«M,WMaiAff*«at 
iftiafefwi.  a*«ftM  city.  u>a«#tu*,  m%,  &mi«. 


Uit  Reati^t*  Service 


For  infocmattcm  about  pofiular  mortj 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


Transcribing  from  your  Dictaphone  dicta- 
tion is  the  simplest  thing  in  the  world 

YOUR  operator  turns  on  the  switch  when  she  begins  her  day's 
work.  She  slips  your  dictated  cylinder  on  the  mandrel  of  her 
transcribing  Dictaphone,  throws  back  the  reproducer-lever,  hangs 
the  hearing  tubes  lightly  in  her  ears,  presses  the  foot  control,  listens 
to  your  first  few  words  and  begins  typewriting.  When  the  dictation 
goes  too  fast  for  her,  she  releases  the  foot  control  until  she  catches  up. 
And  that  is  all.  Except  that  she  quickly  finds  that  the  mechanical  processes 
have  become  wholly  automatic  and  unconscious. 


Telephone  or  write  to  our  nearest  branch,  or  better  yet,  call  : 


AtlMU.  82-84  N.  Broad  St 
Boston,  174  TroBont  St. 
Oucaco.  101  N.  WabMh  Ato. 
Dotoolt,  84-88  Lofarotto  BUd. 


MiiuMapolk.  422^24  NieoOot  Ave. 
Now  York.  88  Cbambors  St. 
PhUadoliJda.  1108  CKoatmt  St. 
Pittsburs.  101  Sixth  St. 


Saa  FraaeUeo,  334  Svttor  St. 
St.Lo«ia.l008OliToSt. 


»•  Caa.,  McKinnon  Bid*. 
Mosico.  D.  F..  1-A  Callodo  LopoB  7 
And  in  all  larso  cities 

Write  for  catalogs  and  full  particulars,  and  a  complete  list  of  all  branches,  one  of  which  may 
be  nearer  to  you  than  any  of  the  above,  to 


''The   Dictaphone 

Box  114^  Tribune  Building,  New  York 

Cohiinbia  Phonofraph  Compaoj,  Genl,  Sole  DistrilHiters 

Exclunvf  Selling  Rights  Granted  Where  We  Are  Not  Actively  Represented 

Positions  an-  <»|)en  in  several  of  the  large  cities  for  high-grade  otVice  si)ecialty  salesmen. 


99 


Are  jrrwi  thinkinir  of  butldinR?  The  Reader*'  Service  can  five  you  V*^'^^  xm'v^r^'w^'^ 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


[4] 

T>  ARE  wine  from  a 
-'-^  tin  cup  would  lose 
its  charm.  Your  most 
earnest  business  argu- 
ment  lacks  in  power 
when  written  on  p<x)r 
paper. 

Old  Hampshire  Bond 
is  good  business  sta- 
tionery. We  do  not  say 
it's  the  best.  We  say 
it  is  good  and  request 
you  to  pass  compara- 
tive judgment  upon 

ffloid 

and  aii  othcrb. 


[5] 


TSN*T  it  strange, 
^  though,  how^ 
many  bond  papers 
have  been  born 
* 'old  ?'*Jii5t  because 
of  the  standard  set 
by  Old  Hampshire 
Bond  we  now  find 
offered  by  both 
printer  and  maker, 
stationery  marked 
"Old  THIS  Bond" 
"Old  THAT  Bond'^ 
**01d  SOME- 
OTHER  Bond'* 
and  many  of  the 
titles  sound  like  or 
suggest  the  real 
HAMPSHIRE. 

You  know  why 
all  this  is  done  and 
you  will  act  accord- 
ingly- 

Buy  the  real 
standard  to  get  the 
best  and  that  of  the 
best  repute. 


16] 

^Y^OU  should  see  the 
-*•  Old  Hampshire 
Bond  Book  of  Speci- 
mens. It  shows  a  wide 
selection  of  letterheads 
and  business  forms. 
One  style  of  printing, 
lithographing  or  en- 
graving, on  white  or 
one  of  the  fourteen 
colors  of  Ol^  Hami^ 
shire  Bond^  is  sure  to 
express  exactly  the 
feeling-tone  you  desre 
for  your  stationery. 

Hampshire 
Paper  Company 

South  Hadley  Fails 

Mauachusetis 

Tki  9nfy  papir  maJhrs  im  df 
%ju$rU  mairng  h^nd  pmptr 


Hie  Redden*  Strvice  9vc%  IfitumtiSufi  fthoiit  in^otnttflu 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


D 


This  book  is  for  the  members  of 
the  firm,  managers  and  heads 
of  departments 

It  was  an  expensive  book  to  produce — 
and,  therefore,  we  ask  you  in  sending  for 
it,  to  use  your  business  letter  head  and 
state  the  position  you  occupy  with  your 
firm — to  aid  us  in  avoiding  needless  waste. 

The  King  of  France  said:  "Begin  at  the  beginning,  go  to  the 
end,  and  then  stop."  That^s  just  what  this  book  does — in 
(jther  words,  it's  adequ€Ue  in  the  handling  of  its  subject. 

Dictation  on 

The  Edison 
Business  Phonograph 


— and  what  more  can  you  say  of  a  book,  whether 
it^s  an  advertising  book  or  **pure  literature," 
than  to  say  that  it  is  adequate — that  it  fills  the 
bUl. 

This  book  probably  contains  a  lot  of  things 
that  you  already  know  and  sam€  things  that  you 
have  not  been  brought  face  to  face  with  before. 

It  is  every  bit  of  it 
about  the  advan- 
tage of  using  the 
f^  ^^H  A  vg  Edison  Business 
m  ^^nHHBnne  I'ho'^^^Kr^ph  in 
l\   ^V^^^Bp^^    handling  corres- 


pondence,  all  of  it 
more  or  less  cbse- 
ly  related  to  your 
own  businesr-HMit 


ihoyld  be  nunc  the  Icsi  mieresting  to  you  on 
chat  account 


Do  you  realize  that  the  Edison  Business  Pho- 
nograph is  the  business  appliance  that  conserves 
the  time  and  energy  of  your  highest  salaried 
men — that  most  other  business  appliances,  rapid 
copying  machines,  addressing  machines,  enve- 
lope sealers,  stamp  stickers,  etc.,  merely  trim 
the  edge  of  your  expense  by  saving  on  stenog- 
raphers* and  office  boys'  wages? 

There  is  a  place  on  your  desk  for  this  book, 
there  is  a  place  in  your  mind  for  the  facts 
which  it  contains,  just  as  there  is  a  place  in 
your  office  for  the  great  business  system  which 
this  book  represents — no  matter  what  the  size 
or  character  of  your  business.  Write  for  this 
book  today. 


214  Lakeside  Avenue, 
Orange,  N.  J. 


a&Um. 


Ill  writiiis  to  advcrtUerw  ple*te  mention  The  Woeld's  Wore 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


CONSTRUCTION 


JBitt  mt 


BOND 


Business  Stationery 


tAt  Pric4 


Begin  to  eliminate  wastes  in  your  business  and 
surely   specify   Construction    Bond   for    your 
stationery.     Compared  with  it,  other   fine   pi 
an  extravagance*     The  reason  is  plain. 

Unless  you  specify  and  suure  Construction 
are  forced  to  pay  the  profits  and  expenses  of  a  round 
about,  wasttfid  method  of  distribution.  But  Coo- 
struction  Bond  is  sold  direct  to  respansible  prioten 
and  lithographers  throughout  the  United  States  instad 
of  through  local  jobbers.  It  is  handled  anly  in  quuh 
tities  of  joo  lbs,  or  mart  at  a  lime  instead  of  in  rtam 
packages.  The  economies  of  this  method  of  distribch 
tion  assures  you 

Impressive  Stationery 
at  a  Usable  Price 

Obviously,   you   con   secure   stationery  on    Coastnictioo 

mdy  of   a   first   doss   pnntcr   or   Kthogripher»    big 

pocket  book  and  policy  to  protect  your  interests  by 

paper  in  quantities.     There   are  several  such    in  your  locmBty 

who  recommend  Construction  Bund.     They  are  as  near  you  at 

your  telephone  or  stenographer. 

Cheap  stationery  is  just  as  wasteful  as  expenshe  siUtioiM^. 
Whut  you  need  is  good  quality  at  a  usoMc  price*  It's  woctli 
a  little  effort  to  get  it.  If  you  have  any  difficuhy,  a  iwtc 
to  us  on  your  business  can!  or  letterhead  will  bring  yofu  the 
names  of  those  printers  and  lithographers  in  yo^r  locality  wbo 
handle  Construction  Bond  and  some  specimen  lettcrboads  sbow- 
ix^  the  various  colors  and  finishes. 


W.   E.   WROE  &  CO. 

Sales   Office:    1001    MICHIGAN   AVENUE.    CHICAGO 


Plroitipt  rtpbei  lo  AriMciAl  mQumet  frofii  The  Uxadtn'  S«fvice. 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


Mt 


SSOOl-A 


^^=^«*;^e  COMPANY         I  u^ 


iehl^fnot  so  much  abou|;^M@lfi' 
graph  Prinling^it^s  years  younger. 

T  took  us  five  years  to  prove  to  ourselves  that  the  Multigraph 
would  do  real  printing  as  well  as  it  does  form-typewriting  — 
but  it  needn't  take  you  five  minutes. 

The  above  blank  is  one  of  many  printed  on  the  Multigraph  by  a  department  store,  at  * 
vivdng  of  60%.  The  work  was  done  by  the  regular  office-force  when  not  otherwise  engaged; 
but  according  to  the  company's  own  statement  a  liberal  charge  for  time  would  still  leave  • 
laving  of  fully  50%. 

Chances  are  you  can  save  as  much  on  your  printing,  and  enjoy  the  convenience  o( 
i>rodudng  the  work  in  your  own  office,  and  in  quantities  as  large  or  as  small  as  you  fie 


I 


Let  us  prove  the  quality  —  and  then  let  your  own  business 
prove  the  advantages.      Don't  fear  any  strong-arm  methods. 

You  can*t  buy  a  Multigraph  unlets  you  need  it 

No  man  has  money  enough  to  buy  the  machine  unless  we  are 
«ure  he  will  profit  by  its  use.  And  no  man  has  money  enough  to 
neglect  that  profit  if  it's  there. 

Our  rei>resentative's  time  and  suggestions  are  at  your  service 
Or  we  shall  be  glad  to  send  samples,  literature  and  any  data  wf 
may  have  to  fit  your  case. 

Write  today.    Ut«  the  coupon. 

Ask  us  alM>  alxiut  the  Univerul  Foldinx-Machine  and  the  Markoi 
Envclo|wScalcr— both  Krral  savers  tif  time  and  money  fur  any  oflke  that 
baa  Urge  outguing  maiU. 

THE  AMERICAN   MULTIGRAPH   SALES   CO. 


Execttthro  Officoa  and  Factory 
1828    East    Fortioth     StrMt 
BraacliM  ia  Sixty  QUm— Look  io  Y< 


(^J^ 


TolopboBo  Diroclory 

t4tf^op«aaR«proa«ntotivoax   TIm  IntoraotioMil  Multignipli  ConpoBy,  79  Qooon  St. 
Loii^oa.  K.  C.  EmmUmd  i  Borlitt.  W.-8  Kr»«iaoMtr.  70  Ecko  FiMriclMtr. 


*  Whit  Uses  An  Tm 
Mostlntemtedli? 

Check  them  oo  tkia  lUp  nd 
enckMe  it  with  your  reqoert  for 
ioformatloa,  wriiun  on  yomr  kmai- 
mfts  sUttiomtry.  We'll  show  yoB 
what  othera  are  doinc. 
AMERICAN  MULTIGRAPH 

SALES  CO. 
1828  E.  Fortieth  St..      Clevelaad 

PllBllBaS 
— jBookleta 

^Fotdera 

Env«lope-Stu 

IIouae>Orsan 

Dealers'  Impriata 

Label  Imprinto 

System-Forms 

Letter-Hrada 

BUI- Heads  aod  StateoMBts 

Receipts.  Checks,  etc 

Eaveiopea 

Typowftthict 

r I  Circular  Lettcfa 

^Booklets 

En  vdope-Stoffcrs 

Prlce-li«its 

Reports 

,  Notices 

I  Bulletins  to  Employoas 

Inilde  System> Forma 


Scoii  for  Thi  WoRLo't  Work  handbook  of  tchooit 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


3 


Everything  You  Want  In  A  Filing 
Cabinet   Is   Best  Supplied  By 

THE  SAFE -CABINET 

R       Convenience — TH  E    S  A  F I :  - 
CABINET  accommodates  what- 
ever  fJliDg  devices  you    need. 
Contents    immediately    acces- 
sible. 
Fortahmty  —  THE     SAFE- 
CABINET  is  easily  moved  by 
one  person. 
Capacity~TSE  SAFE  CAB 
INET  holds  four  times  as  much 
as  a  safe  the  same  si^e, 

Economy-Tim  SAFE-CABINET  costs  so   very 
little  more  than  wood  tHat  price  is  no  drawback. 
Protection— TB^  SAFE-CABINET   is   fireproof. 
lit  is  put  together  by  a  patented  method  of  constnic- 
Ition  which  makes  it  practically  one  piece — absolute- 
ly durabte,  rigid,  solid— the  only  one  of  its  kind, 
D<tn*t  C4>nfuse  U  with  a  name  someiking  tike 
a,      Gft  (he  ariiinal   and  genuine 
THE  SAFE-CABINET 

Send  for  h^Ui  W-2 

THE  SAFE-CABINET  CO. 

.  W  Marivtta.  Obio 


M^mM  f^f^tuwt^i  cf  tkt  S-C  STEEL    OFFJCS  FUM' 

NtTUKBand  /At  JSC  BOOKVNIT.  tJu  new 

iit*i  it^wttr-y    tytttm /»r  tffiit  And  ht^mmt 


SPENCERIAN 

STEEL   PENS 


are  uniform. 

Find    the   style    that    fits 

your    handwriting   and 

your  pen  troubles  are  over. 

Spencenan  Pens  always  run  the 
aaine  because  they're  always  made 
of  the  same  Spenceriaa  Pen  Steely 
tempered  to  the  Spencenan  stand* 
ard  of  elasticity,  and  pointed  by 
the  sam€  expert  workmen. 
Spencerian  means  highest  qual- 
ity in  every  pen  of  every  box. 

Samptm  c^^d  •/ 13  diffmtmni  pmnm  and 
M  tfoo^  pmnhmidmf  *mnt  for  IOc»nU. 

SjUiKilaa  fcA  C«..  S4S  Wr^^iwmj,  New  tcrli 


PRACTICAL   REAL  ESTATE  METHODS 

Br  Tlilrtr  N*w  V«f1c  ExrcrU 
Btt3^lij?,  scllin.  *  :  ,jj- 

log,  and   mjdT  .1 

Copies afiedtM:u-M.  ;,,  ,,»  i, .  .  ,.u,..iv  .un  iw.i.j7Ti^.igc, 

^kitthtcday,  Page  &  Co.,      Uiirden  City,  N.  Y| 


ALL  Dixon  Pencils 
take  £:ood  points 
—  long,  medium  or 
stubby.  There's  only 
one  degree  of  best. 
It's  in 

DIXON'S 

AMERICAN  GRAPHITE 

PENCILS 

Send  now  for  Dtxoti's  Oirldc 
for  Pencil  Users.  Tells  whal 
sort  to  select  for  all    ui 

J05Eini  DIXON   CRUCtBLe 
COMPANY,  J#r»«7Citx.  H.d, 


For 


What  more  appropriate  as  a 
Xnia«  or  New  Year  gift  than 


e-T  to  bur  — fi<^lQrmUi 
jeweler*  «D(t  slarifflMin^ 

Ctttr  i«  Mad  ^  to  re 

brcauMT      il      can      he 
lUtyivUcrc    for  •    %mm 

^■^^^    frtllMiil     aur 
kafciMtf. 

10U  a  u  carried. 


O-il    S^iVMriUtl^    \\\v\    ir*»:Kn, 

MABIE,  TODD  Ik  CO. 

17M«i«lMiljMM  SMS. 

New  York  " 


Arv  fOQ  tliiiUtini  «l  boildtttgf    IW  Retikfff*  Service  r^a  giTC  yon  bdpfttl  luffCftiagii 


BUSINESS   HELPS 


1 


I    ■ 


YOU  MIGHT  BE  SATISFIED 

with  any  one  of  many  good  bijsiness  papers,  but  your 

correspondent  may  be  more  particiilar  and  use 

STRATHMORE  PARCHMENT 


III!  I 


ymititiiwtt 


contains  the  exact  paper  you  want  for  your  station' 
ery.  Your  printer  will  show  you  one — or  write  us. 

STRATHMORE  PAPER  COMPANY 

Successor  la 

MrmNEAGUE  PAPER  CXDMPANY 

Mittmeague,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 


m 


BUSIN  ESS    HELPS 


THE  BELKNAP  ADDRESSING  MACHM 
SENT  ON  30  DAYS  TRIAL 


ALL  work  done  on  the  BELKNAP 
.    Addressing  Machine  lool^s  type- 
Wrilien  because  it  is  typewritten. 

The  envelope  looks  as  if  it  contains  a  personally 
dictated  appeal  —  and  not  a  circular. 
Your  lists  are  always  private  because  you  cut 
your  own  stencils  —  in  your  own    office — on 
any  typewriting  machine. 

Drop  us  a  postcard  now.      We'll  send  you  the 
BELKNAP  to  use  without  cost  for  30  days. 

RAPID  ADDRESSING  MACHINE  CO. 


/ 


ri 


j^ 


i74  BROADWAY 
NEW  YORK.  N.Y. 


716  CHESTNUT  ST, 
PHILADLLPHIA.  PA 


610  FEDERAL  ST. 
CHICAGO.  ILL. 


0rtHo  OFi;iL4TiJiB  ttY  iKfrrj* 


The  Head  of  the  Firm 

often  (inds  that  the  vital  facts  in 
his  business  are  hidden  in  a 
tangle  of  accounts. 

Have  YOU  ever  asked,  "How 
can  I  gel  more  facts  and  less 
bookkeeping?'* 

WE  HAVE  THE  ANSWER. 

The  NARAMORE-NILESSys. 
tern  of  accounting,  perfected  by 
years  of  general  use  and  accu- 
rately fitted  to  your  business  by 
correspondence,  will  save  time, 
prevent  errors  and  make  plain 
as  print  ALL  the  facts  ALL  the 
lime. 
Don't  argue-DROP  US  A  UNE 

AcCTMtit  Syilwt  bj  Wail 


)1  C«ttlas4  BBiMiBf 


R<idb«tl«r.  N.  T. 


l^OU  woulci&*t  know  you  wcfe  «viiti2>g 
*  with  a  ited  pen — iK<7  «re  to  fles^ 
ible.  The  tinf  b*lI*pojnl  tnrtf  <|  «f  tl^ 
lutial  tliff,  thmtp  point  niAkei  iIm  ilfn 
cQocw  Th«y  ftfiofd  s  wdcoa«  mU  faooi 
•crildiiiig,  diggifts  aad  yocla^ 

BallPointedf 
Pens 


GflU 


tvri)«  Ai  Itgiit  or  hcAVf  «s  f  cm  ityl« 
long«f  b^me  ihcy  re  ma^  of 
ito^l.     10  v«ne«iei.    Silm-grcy»  f  iJOOl 
eo«ledL  llJOpetpoii. 

Al  y0ut  SiaUtmtt,  ntmnl  finpgid  tp  mm 
24-  for  25  cents 
H  BAtNBRlDCE  A  CO. ,  99  WiUIia  Sc  .  H*^  fJT 


The  KcAtlert'  ^tnrioi  ilvvi  inform* tiom  About  luyeitawfita 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


"Mr.  Jones,  the  bill  clerk  says  he  is 
ready  to  beein  extending  his  bills  and  he  wants 
the  Comptometer." 

**TeIl  him  he'll  have  to  wait  until    .  __ 
I  finish  checking  my  postings." 

**A11   right,    but  how  about 
Mr   Brown — he  says  to  tell  you 
he' s  been  holding  up  some  per- 
centage work  for  two  or  three 
days,  waiting  for  a    chance    ' 
at  the  machine?" 

**Well,  I  won't  keep  it  long 
but  there's  nothing  doing  until  1 
get  through  " 

— This  is  typical  of  what  hap- 
pens   in    offices    where    they 
understand    the    Comptometer 
— where  its  value  has  been  dem- 
onstrated by  use  on  all  kinds  of  figure  work^ — addition,       •^  ^ 
multiplication,  division  and  subtraction. 

A  fair  example  of  how  it  works  out  in  actual  experience  is  pre- 
sented in  the  following  letter: 

Buffalo,  N.Y. 

"At  the  time  we  purchiied  our  fint  Comptometer  we  found  it  difficult  to  get  any 
of  our  people  to  take  nold  of  it.  Finally  one  of  our  clerks  discovered  that  it  was  a 
good  thine:,  .and  it  was  not  very  long  More  several  of  out  people  began  to  use  it  with 
the  result  tiiat  in  a  short  time  they  were  scnpping  among  themselves  as  to  who  should 
eet  the  machine;  and  to  keep  peace  in  the  funily  we  weie  obliged  to  get  another  one. 
Both  nMchines  are  now  busy  most  of  the  time  We  use  them  m  a  variety  of  ways. 
Since  we  have  used  the  machine  in  our  Invoicing  Department  we  have  practicslly  no 
trouble  in  having  invoices  returned  on  account  of  errors  in  figuring,  which  was  the 
case  formerly.    We  can  certainly  recommend  it  most  highly  for  any  kind  of  figuring.** 

PRATT  &  LETCHWORTH  CO. 

Not  much  enthusiasm  at  first — a  little  preju- 
dice maybe,  but  once  it  is  realized  how 
much  wearisome  labor  it  saves — how 
easy  it  is  to  operate — what  satisfac- 
tion and  economy  in  its  rapid  work 
and  sure  accuracy,  then  they  are  all 
after  the  Comptometer  when  there 
is  any  figuring  to  do. 

The    result  is  greater  efficiency  all  around — fewer 
rnorsj    lighter  work,    less  expense.     No  need  to  take 
hcursiy  cviUence  for  it— try  it  for  yourself. 

Felt  &  Tarrant  Manufacturing  Co. 

1 700  N,  FauUna  Street  s        s        a         Chicago,  IlL 


it  tmrn't  eati  yon  anything 

to  hmfe  a  Cofn^tvmmimr 
pat  in  ysrar  ufffic^t  «n 
frfczt   if  y&u  don't 
cAoo«e  to  Acep 
il    lend  If 
tack. 


ill  iwitinK  <••  jo\crii«cn  please  inviiuun  Tiil  Worli>\  Work 


cacrv  *i  w^iwl  w-i^w.r\r\  -jr^ryA 


BiiiDifrfe^ 


READERS  are  invited 
•*  \Q  apply  to  this  de- 
pan  mem  fair  buildinr 
intormahof)  knd  advice. 
We  wiil  rUdly  Bugreat 
materia  It  and  eqaipmetit 
for  arf  retidetiGea, 
country  hornet  anct  fac- 
tories, aii<d  ptii  readerv 
it>  common  ica don  with 
reliable  dealers^  Ad- 
dress Rtadfrs*  SfTvice, 
Thi   Worlq's  Work 


The  Drudgery  of  Sweeping  .1 


is   unknown  to  the  woman  using   BISSELL'S   "Cytro**    BALL- 
BEARING Sweeper,  world  renowned  for  its  light  ratmtiii^  and 
thoroughness.      In  every  country  on  tlie  glohe  where  carpels  um  rti^ 
are  used,  tlie  Bissell  Sweeper  is  sold,  and  everywhere  reco^nixed  as  the 
best  and  most  efficient  carpet  sweeper  made. 
,^      w^  _  -^    ^^   ,y^  T     T      ^^  ^^^  original  genuine  machine  tliat 
MM  IJ  1  5   S  E  Ltf  L   ^^  **^"  thirty-six  years  on  the  nsar* 

^J  A  *#    *#  M^  MM  Mm    ]£g|  and  while  imitated,  has  always 
maintained  the  foremost  position,  constantly  growing  in  favor  until 
today  it  is  recognized  thoroughout  the  world  as  the  best    Sweeps 
easily,  silently  and  thoroughly,  raises  no  dust,  brightens  and 
preserves  your  carpets  and  rugs,  and  will  outlast  fifty  com 
orooms.     Price  $2.75  to  $5.75.     For  sale  by  all  first-class  dealersv      Booklet 
'Easy,  Economical,  Sanitary  Sweeping"  sent  on  request 

BISSELL  CARPET  SWEEPER  CO..    Dept  5.    Grsnd  Rapidt,  Mick 

(L4r£elt   £iciyi[v«  C^jrpvt   $»«rpcr   M4kert  lb  th*   World) 


Lidht  Your  Country  Home  by  Electric  Lirfht 

Economical  lighting  of  country  homes  and  buildings  by  elec* 
tricity— the  cleanest,  safest,  most  pleasant  light — is  possible  for 
everyone  by  the  simple,  compact  and  efficient 

Fay  &  Bowen  Electric  Li^htin^  System 


ntinc  atorajic  batteries  to  civt'  light  any  hoar  by  sitnpfy  ttirnire 
mo  at  ftor  coaveDieot  time,  and  you  doo't  Dc^d  a  tr;im»  ii  >  ni: 
verr  licDple  and  peKectir  tafc — 32'volt  carrent.    In  addition  to  liBbttOir^  you  can  bave 


itch.    The  fnifinc  i% 
r.    These  plaott  are 


MDple  power  ro  pump  water,  run  the  sewinr  isacbi^e»  vftcuum  cleaner  or  oaachiDcrr  in 
bam  and  out  buildioifB.    And  fou  reduce  &re  rikk. 

•3«Oa  lOr   UUr  I^ieCiriC   """«»"»«„«,  „q  „  e,jai,«n«it  r«w  your  e»ci  w»ali«c«ii 


FAY  &  BOWEN  ENGINE  CO.«    t27  Lake  St..  Gcnevst  N.Y.,U.S.A, 


"REECO" 

Water    Supply    Systems^ 


I  wf=i  \\\t\  mnrrof  cniMiBat  iHtmi^*^  i 

luwna. 

t;T    r,f     tliimv.TJiit4     r.r    'Mr. 


I  No  daageroa»  ifujioHiie— no  noUy  cxbjiuiit  — 

I  ao  »tf*tji — TifTthlnK  to  tcl  oiil  of  onitr 
I  "'  M!^4icity    until    ah'. 

I  ct.  /    Rider  artd  *'^. 

I  •«^'f  c* — C8pecia.iljr  aiJ  <L 

■  y  Uol  aif— Willi  ■»•.  c«A},  wood  or 


TWffnt*    '.I 
tin  <lf.  t.f 
^IJU   ♦(  ^ 

riin 

\VnT«f  *m'  <rtxY*'*  1= 

%rt(lH>ut   h<tcb   or  li 

RIDER-ERICS5UN  thuiiHfc.  uO. 

Il«w  T*r^.     kKM.     fMiiaUia      liMtr«al  r.  Q      Mmt,  AwmA 
AI><3  Mit^kcrra  of  the  "Rreeo**  EHe^rtric   P^Arvifn*. 


In  wHtinc  to  idTtntteri  ptcMe  mentiyfi  Tki  Wtiiiu}'i  ^'aai 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK  ADVERTISER 


^SP 


I^s  Never  too  Late  to  Mend 
If  You  Own  a  Utica  Plier 

A  pair  of  Uiic*  Pliers  will  tare  vera  time,  monev  and 
worry  becante  there  are  a  huDdred  and  one  thingi 

that  breali, 
bendy  or 
loosen  in 
every 
home  dnr- 
i  n  g  the 
year.    Get 

a  pair  of  Utica  Pliers  and  fix  it  yourself.  If  they  are 
not  satiH factory  return  them  and  get  your  money.  Do 
not  accept  a  substitute.  Write  for  Plier  Palmistry. 

UnCA  DROP  FORGE  &  TOOL  CO. 

Utica,  N.  Y. 


SAVE  TYPEWRITERS 

$25  FACTORY  REBUILT 


Our   "fltrtar? 


r    4ftd    bwt  ^lupp^    (Setoff    <B    the  wwrVlH 

*''ALLMAKESI     AaSTTLESI     A 


»MrH»    Tit    n*%r«Kt    fcrapr-b    liCfsrv. 

Aacricu  Wrii^  lltcUH  Ca^pur  . 


SILENT  WAVERLEY  ELECTRICS 

Roomy,  Luxurious.  Full  elliptic  spriofcs.  Only 
pnred  shaft  drive.  Exide,  Waverley.  National  or 
Edison  Battery.  Write  for  catalog. 
Tks  Wa*«lt7  CMpaiv,  SMik  East  St. 


FLOOR     VARNISH 

MasHWoof  H«el-iMroor  Wsiter-^roof 

PRINT  YOUR  OWN 

Canl*.  ciitiulnrs,  liookA,  tiewHptiper.  TreM,  $9. 
Lancer  $1S.  Rotary  $60.  SaTv  m<»nry.  B\w  pro- 
fit phntiiiirforotlieni.  All  eii^y.rulc^aent.  Write 
factory  for  prm^  ctitnldr.  lYTK.  cnrdH,  paper,  te. 


WHEN  You  Transfer,  Do  It  Right 
and  Avu'id  trouble  later  on.  'Ine  "Y  and  E"  lnin»> 
f.»    U,^U    t*1U  *h*   viakt  wave       S^nA  for    h — FREE. 


fer  Bfiok  tellt  the  right  waft. 
YAWMAN  *  ERBE  MFQ.  CO..  4M  Si.  Pi 


Send  (or  it— FREE. 
It  St.  RsckcHcr,  N.  Y. 


Thit 
PontUftMafi  11 

BrAHi-b    Of  licet: 

BQ^TDlf 

ST.  tOQtS 

CBJCAGO 

PSILAI>ltrSiA 


INK 


■KAMUflCtUHtO  IT 

J.  M. 

HUBER 

I5fl  ^aujtt  ST 
Pif  W   YOHK 


Bring  Us  Your 

Waterproofing  and  .Finishing 

Problems 

With  our  complete  line  of  waterproofing 
Comi>ounds,  Dampproof  Coatings,  Scientific 
and  Technical  Paints  and  Enamels,  we  are  in 
the  best    position  to  soke    your  i^roMrms. 


tflljUufl 

TRUS-CON 

ASEPTICOTE 

A  flat,  washable,  durable,  sanitary,  decorative  finith  foi 
interior  walb.  Perfectly  aseptic  ana  sanitaxv.  Easily 
cleansed  with  soap  and  water.  Most  artistic  in  appeu^ 
ance.  Manufactured  in  great  variety  of  tints.  Applied 
on  interior  surfaces  of  plaster,  cement,  brkk,  wood,  uur 
lapandmelaL 

TRUS-CON  SNaWTTE 

httlar  wmiwca  olwoad^nulaJ,  plAJ&tcf  vtd  cnasoanp-  1^ 
diiocsniBaliwtbaddi»C3rof  tooe^  soflscs,  vLlteiiea 
s&d  histcf  thai  cannot  be  Piccttpd 


TRUS.CON  FLOOR  ENAMEL 

Produces  a  tough,  elastic  and  reasonaUy  durable  finish 
on  all  cement  floors,  rendering  them  washable,  stainpnwl 
otiprout  and  dustless. 

TRUS-CON  INDUSTRIAL  ENAMEL 

A  glfliA  coating  of  whitest  white,  with  powerfid  Uglit* 
reflecting  qualities,  for  treating  factories,  work-rooms,  ea* 
closed  light  shafu.  etc. 

TrM-C«a  yk'mtmrprmm^um  Paste,  latcgral  wateiprauSt 

fcr  concrete. 

Tum-Cmi  St«a«t«x«  a  liquid  ccsurat  coatfag  for  alnceo,  ooa 
cretr  md  brick. 

Tr«»4'Mi  Plaatar  B««d,  a  dampmltting  palM  far  laaeiiai 
of  « looted  walls. 

Tr«^C«a  T*Tr  tr—l,  ■  Tn-f|rsnnT  rtr^mf 'Tritnn|TrrnnfiB| 
esterlor  maioonr. 

Traa-C^Mi  Eddwalaa,  a  du«al>le  artMlc  eaaiBcl.  mt  estcrtoi 
Utffaces. 

^L  TuM-C^Mi  Dairy  EnaiMlt  durable  saa 

-^^  kary  caamel  for  dalrks  and  creamttlcs. 

TnH»(?«a  I  abaraf  ry  Eaatal,  to  ■• 
tin  chemical  gaia  ia  iaburalorlci. 

Tr«a-<3(Ni  Baryta.  mo«t  adTaacad  pr» 
tactlvc  coating  for  boa  and  steel. 

Comamit  m»  mt  thia  timm  rmgmrdma 
yomr  prmmmmt  Wmimrproofinw  mn^ 

fimimhint  pro6/«m«.    Wm  can  hmip 

^r  yom,  Lmt  mm  mmnd you  our  iitmraturm 

Truued  Concrete  SteeL^^ 

406  TwuM—d  Concrete  Bldff^  l>«jteixC««e«.. 


KAH^ 
SYSTLM 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  Thk  World's  Wosk 


BUILDING    HELPS 


Ym 


%:  In.'* 


J 


The  day-in  and  day-out  wear  on  sinks 
demands  material  of  the  utmost  dura* 
bility.     That  means  porcelain. 

Mott's  Imperial  Solid  Porcelain  Sinks  (white)  have 
a  thickness  of  over  two  inches,  s:ivin|r  them  vmtiiiiftl 
strcn^h.  Bcin^  made  in  one  piece  without  joinit, 
and  glazed  inside  and  out,  they  are  easily  kept  clean. 
This  insures  the  preparation  of  food  under  whole* 
some  and  sanitary  conditions  and  protects  heakh* 

Oui  Colonial  Porcelain  Ware  (buff  colored)  h  sani- 
tary and  durable,  but  less  expensive  than  white. 

**MODERf^  PLUM BlNC-^FoT  comritxe  MormmtUm  re- 
^rding  Kitfirooma  or  kitchen  equipnirnt*  wrtitc  far  '^Modern 
Plumbm^f/'  an  80-jagc  booklet  iflmtimtinif  24  model  b«nJi^ 
room  interiors  raiipnj;  in  cost  Imtn  $7Z  to  f  1,000.  Setit  o« 
request  with  4  rrnin  for  prwtapr,  Jii  wrtting  |  ' 
if  you  are  ettpeciollv  interested  in  kitchen  and  i^v 

Fhe  J.  L,  MoTT  Iron  Works 

Fifth  Avtwrc  and  Sr.vi;NTtLWTn  Stekkt,  NrwYosc 

HfLJSTtiMS      IkwtaB.  ChkafD.  I^l»ielpl>la.  Dctrok.  lflMM|»1k  WM»lfli% 
%t.  |«>u4a,  Nnr  OrleAo^  DenvfTt  ton  Ft«MrliCD«  S«a  Aiisfllii,  Atlittl.  faflOk.  I^at^ 
\»M  lore  K  |ihn«MMl«.  Plmlnrth,  Cctentwt.  O.*  KtMM  CNy.  isb  l^te  C^r 
CAHADAt  tl«  Birurr  Mntt.  lioiAfffsL 


The  fUsdcn'  Scrvic*  wiU  give  inicrtrtitsnn  *Im.ui   iu»um.4Hle* 


BUILDING    HELPS 


Manage 
Your 

Home 
with 


Mer^phones 


With  an  Inter-phone  System  in  your  home 
you  can  telephone  your  instructions  direct  to 
the  kitchen,  or  to  any  other  room  in  the 
house.  You  can  avoid  stair  climbing  and  need- 
less walking  from  room  to  room.  Simply  push 
a  button  on  the  nearest  Inter-phone  and  talk. 
Convenient?  You'll  wonder  how  you  ever 
did  without  it 

Cost  of  installing  an  Inter-phone  system  ranges 
from  $6.00  per  station  up.  Maintenance  cost  is 
no  more  than  for  your  door  bell. 

V/rite  to-day  for  Booklet  No.  8701 

WESTERN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 


'  V'.rL 


ManufactarmrB  of  thm  6,000,000  "Bell"   TmUphonma 

riiivinHKh  Minnra|ioli«  l>riiver  ^.m  Francistu 

^t.  r.iiii  PulUo  lUU  and 

MiiM.iukt-r  Oni.iiia  !.'»•  AiiKclc» 

".iini  I  I'lii*  Okl.iiiT.i  <■  tv         ^e.iitle 

K.iii^asCiiv  Sail  LjLc  1  i:v        l*i<rtLiDJ 

ii><  \Viiiiiipr|{  VaiKouvcr 

I'aris  Ji'h.tnnr«*iiir«{         Syilnry        Tokyo 


'S*NE  Tllir  AND  PRnOHT 


l'  "t'li  li.-i  .iri.ij-  ...% 

Kl.h|:i.>||-]  I     !>•  ilin.lll 

M..ni  'jl:  I 

An'. »» ip        I  ..I.  '  n        pi 


Atidreaa  thm  hou»m  nmarmmt  yon 

••:i!oiIi.«ium  EQUIPMENT  FOR  EVERY    ELECTRICAL  NEED  'via>aLi:J^::^mBt 


In  M riling  to  jJ\crti&crs  please  mcniion  Tub  World's  Work 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


^ 


^^i 


His  lirst  telephone  mes^fiftge  —  what  shall  it  be? 
Naturally  the  Jirsl  thing  a  real  live  boy  would  think 
of  would  be  the  thinjj  he  likes  best.  That's  the 
reason  he  is  'phoning  for  Shredded  Wheat,  the  food 
that  builds  sturdy,  healthy  boys  and  girls — a  food 
to  grow  on,  to  play  on,  to  work  on. 

For  breakfast  in  Winter  nothinit  so  nourishing  and  sctisfyinC 
M  Shredded  Wheat  %vith  hot  milk  and  nothing  so  easy  to 
prepare.  Heat  the  biscuit  in  oven  to  restore  crispncss,  then 
poxtr  III.!  mitk  nver  if.  adding  a  liltle  cream  and  a  dash  ol  salt. 

Made  oiilf  hy 

The  Shredded  Wheat  Companjf  Niagara  Falli,  N.  Y. 


In  vri^nt  «■  ultmkM*  vImm  mWdoA  Tum  Wqaui'a  WocK 


THE    WORLD'S  WORK   ADVERTISER 


3 


YANKEE  $1.00        JUNIOR  $2.00        ECUPSE  $1.50 

THE  wonderful  thing  about  the  IngersoU  Watch 
is  not  its  price.  The  wonderful  thing  is  its  Accuracy 
at  a  price  so  far  below  what  you  must  pay  for 
accuracy  in  any  other  watch. 


The  IngersoU  Watch  is  the  time  piece 
of  over  15,000,000  people — people 
in  every  walk  of  life,  but  people  who 
judge  a  watch  solely  by  its  timekeeping 
accuracy,  and  not  by  the  amount  of 
money  it  represents. 

Boold#t  MDl  trm 

Robt  R  Ingertoll  &  Bro.,       125  Ashland  Buflding,  New  York 


Have  you  a  watch  you  can  depend 
upon  ?  If  not  get  an  IngersoU. 
Have  you  a  watch  you  have  to  watch? 
If  to»  drop  the  worry  of  it  and  get  an 
IngersoU.  Guaranteed  for  a  year. 
Sold  by  60,000  dealers. 


The  Rcadcn*  Scnrke  wiU  give  iafonnmtioo  about  autocncAXSm^ 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK    ADVERTISER 


A  TAQLtSPOONfUL  Of  SOAP  POWDER 
SHOULD  WEIGH  AN  OUNCE  fiiUO  MAKE  A 
QUART    Of    SOLID    SOAf^    PASTE 


PEARLINE 

is  Condensed-Dry  Soap 
Powder— in  the  smallest 
possible  Bulk. 

A  Tablespoonfut  of 
PEARLINE  weighs  twice 
as  much  or  more  than  the 
Fluffed  Powders  wAen 
they  are  dried. 

Therefore— use  for  any 
purpose  /4  to  Yz  as  much 
PEARLINE  as  you  do  of 
these  Fluffed-Moisture  La- 
den Powders.  ^uk«  d... 


Tito  Much 


Makn  Dt'lt 

Si»p  l.iv«ly 


POPPED 

FLAKED 

FLUFFED 

WATERED 


A    MOO«K    HOMC    POftTAAfr. 


Picture  taking  is  simpleyj 
than  you  think— if  you  do  fl 
the  ■ 

Kodak  Way 

And  there*  s  no  more  delightful  side 
to  photography  than  the  making  ot  ^ 
home  portraits.  Get  the  full  plcaani^^l 
that  is  to  be  had  froai  your  Kodmk  bjH 
taking  in*daor  pictures  in  winter  ^H 
well  as  out-door  pictures  in  sumixirr.  ^^ 

To  make  every  step  perfectly  AviX 
we  have  issued  a  beauiihiUy  illu^&trmtrd 
Utile  book — At  Home  with  the  Kodak 
— that  tells  in  a  very  undersiAnda 
way  just  how  to  proceed.  It  may 
had  free  at  your  dealer's  or  hf 
direct,  upon  request. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  CO., 

ROCHESTER.  H.  T.,  The  Kodkk  €»^ 


,  to  «dvertitcft  pleMC  cnenttofi  Tat  Wo*iift*a  Woas 


THE    WORLDS   WORK   ADVERTISER 


OATd   Iiidaz  T7al«a 
for  ^i  0tf4« 


Cmr4  lodui  UnlU 


idlobe  Cal>toei  Sofe 

Combines  Protection 
With  Convenience 

Every  man  can  now  have  a  steel  safe  arranged 
to  suit  his  own  particular  line  of  business. 

He  no  longer  needs  to  purchase  bulk  and  weight  in  order 
to  secure  protection  against  loss  by  fire  or  tbef  L 

He  can  buy  a  Globe  Steel  Cabinet  Safe  without  any 
interior  fittings  whatever ;  or  if  he  wanta  to,  he  can  buy  it 
already  equipped  with 

Steel  Filing  Cabinet  Units 
Shelves    and    Partitions 

There  ii  practically  no  limitation  to  the  variety  of  ateel  Interiors  that  can  be  made 
into  combinations  from  the  asaortment  of  steel  Filing  Cabinet  Sectiona  which  we 
manufacture. 

Steel  pftrlitiim«  rmryitif  from  two  to  vig^ht^en  inclids   in  heii^htt  and  »belT«o  mi  be 
inserted  without  the  uAe  of  any  tools  whjiUoever. 

Our  csUloiftio  iilofltratinii  a.  nufuber  of  model  inUriora  medtf  np  with  FiUnipCnbinet 
Sectiima  for  veriuua  Imee  of  buelneas,  wbich  ar«  worth  InTcetigfttlx^  whetJier  yoa 
wi«h  to  purchese  or  not. 


cut* 


ru« 


Wilm  UaSia 


I  Dr^vtf  S 
Unlu 


Mailmd  Frwm  on  Re^ummt*     Addr*u  D^pi.   J,  9ti 

^C  Slpbc^VcrnickcCa^  Cinciniiati 


StormM,' 


Ib  writiai  to  tdvcrtiieri  pl«ue  mmtioa  Tlii  Woau)'i  Wosx 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


Ftom  a  Photograph  Showing  the  Lut  Step  in  Locating  the  Exact  Centtr^  Population  0/  Hit* 

"The  Center  of  Population^ 


A  Title  that  Fits  Every  Bell  Telephone 


4 


From  the  census  of  1910  it  is  found  that  the  center  of  population  is  in  Bloomin^oti,  IndlamL 
9d  degrees  10  minutes  12  seconds  north,  snd  lon^tude  86  degrees  32  mlDutes  23  aecoM 


**If  all  the  people  in  the  United  States 
were  to  be  assembled  in  one  place,  the 
center  of  population  would  be  the  point 
which  they  could  reach  with  the  mini* 
mum  aggregate  travel,  assuming  that 
they  all  traveled  in  direct  Unes  from  tlieir 
residence  to  the  meeting  place." 

— t/.  S.  Census  Bulletin. 

This  description  gives  a  word  picture 
of  every  telephone  in  the  Bell  system* 

Every  Bell  telephone  is  the  center  of 
the  system* 


It  is  the  point  which  can  be  r 
with  **the  minimum  aggre&rdte  i 
by  all  the  people  living  within  tlM 
of  telephone  transmission 
access  to  Bell  telephones. 


amy 


Wherever  it  may  be  on  the  mm] 
Bell  telephone  is  a  center  for  pu 
of  intercommunication. 


To  make  each  telephocie 
of  communication  for  the  la 
of  people,  there  must  be  On© 
One  Policy  and  Universal  Ser 
country  of  more  than  ninety  ml 


Mie  tfl 

lai  ^tisn 

mini 


AMERICAN  TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  CO 

And  Associated  Compakies 
One  PoHcp  One  System  Universal 

In  writitiii  10  Advemten  pSeAne  incniiofi  l^t  Waiu^^i  Hois 


1^ 


iWersat  J^ 


I  THE    VORLD'S  VORK  ADVERTISER  | 

Spending  A  Dollar  To  Save  Three 

True  Stories  of  ^^ Efficiency  Engineering^^ 
With    The    Westinghouse  Electric  Motor 


WHEN  a  watch  factory  not  far 
from  Giicago  decided  in  opening 
a  new  plant  that  electric  drive  was 
the  only  thing   for    the   modem' watch 
works,  they  called  our  engineers  in  con- 
sultation. 

We  advised  them  that  in  their  particu- 
lar case  the  apparent  extra  expense  of 
individual  motor  drive  with  Westinghouse 
Motors  over  group  drive  with  electric 
motors  was  not  an  expense  at  all»  but  an 
investment 

After  going  over  with  them  the  ad- 
vantages of  individual  motor  drive  in  ease 
of  control  in  economy  of  factory  arrange- 
ment, in  effidency  of  operation  be- 
cause no  current  is  consumed  in  turning 
shafting  enough  for  a  dozen  machines 
when  only  one  is  needed ;  they  agreed 
with  us  and  installed  the  individual  West- 
inghouse Motors. 

For  comparison  this  plant  had  as  a 
neighbor  a  plant  turning  out  the  same 
dass  of  work  but  applying  power  to  its 
machines  through  shafting  and  belts  by 
means  of  two  large  electric  motors.  On 
a  year's  comparison  the  power  bill 


per  machine  for  the  same  amount 
of  work  is  one  third  less  for  the 
individual  drive. 

As  to  what  these  people  think  of  the 
Westinghouse  Motors  after  two  years  of 
operation  we  quote  from  a  letter  written 
by  them:  **We  cannot  say  enough  in 
praise  of  the  Westinghouse  three-phase 
small  motors.  The  design*  workmanship 
and  performance  is  beyond  criticism  and 
we  take  great  pleasure  in  showing  them 
to  anyone  interested  in  motor  drive.** 

But  back  of  the  design  and  the  rugged 
construction  that  thousands  of  users  of 
Westinghouse  Motors  praise  at  every 
opportunity  is  the  service  that  goes 
with  the  Westinghouse  Motor. 

This  service  has  in  mind,  not  the  in- 
stallation of  a  motor*  but  efficient 
manufacturing  production  by 
means  of  the  motor.  To  that  end 
the  motor  is  designed  to  do  its  particular 
work  with  the  least  lost  motion  or  ex- 
penditure of  energy.  And  to  that  end 
we  give  the  customer  the  full  benefit 
of  our  wide  experience  in  industrial 
power  application. 


You  are  interested  in  the  Westinghouse  Motor  if  you  are  interested  in  any 
of  the  great  industries  in  this  country.  The  Westinghouse  Motor  has  bettered  some 
operation  in  every  one  of  them. 

Westinghouse  Qectric  &  Manuf actaring  Company 

Pittsburgh 

Salet  Offices  in  Foiiy-fhre  American  Cities  RepreMntetiret  All  Orer  the  World 


In  writing  to  advertiters  pleite  mention  The  World's  Work 


Take  a  tip  from  Sir  Walt.    He  was  m  good 
If  he  hadn't  been  willing  to  take  a  chance  Ic:^' 
hundred  years  ago.  he  never  would  have  kuc 
what  a  smoke  was  like.     He  tried  tobacco 

discovered  the  jimmy  pipe. 

If  you  haven*t  smoked  Prioce  AJbert, 

thereat  a  ditcovery  to  store  for  yota. 
Try  it.  You'll  discover  the  g^reatest  im- 
provement in  pipe  tobacco  since  Raleigh 
packed  bis  first  pipe  home  to  EngUod. 


ihe  national  joy  Bmokm 


II  a  rtal  vorprist  to  th«  man  who  thinks  h«  can't  imoke  ■  pipe,      ft  tao't  ba«  rear 
tonf ut.     It't  mellow  and  frafrftftt  beyond  •nythtng  you  ever  put  m  m»tch  to,  Voa 
can  amuke  kt  all  d»y  «nd  every  pipeful  •eem«  tweeter  mn6  Detter      P    A    U  i 
by  a  apccittl  patented  pro^ieaa  ^t  *pent  a  fortune  to  perfect  and  tetl   about, 
only  mmk  you  to  tnveat  a  dime  at  the  ceaiaat  amoke  ihop  and  teet  it  out  in  yoMt 
I  old  Jimmy  pipe 

00  >•■  Amotv  f  Aaf  Prinem  Ath^rt  ia  now  f  A«  ^g^Mt  m^Hinm  PiP*  itA^ctna 
In  tk»  wfidf    Tm  fm<h  thai  ^^mt  >««  Wl  it  ht§d  to  hmv  ih*  #oo4«* 

Sold  everywhere  In  toe  tina,  jc  bafa  handy  for  rotU 
ing  ckjtarettee,   haltpound   and   poond   humldora, 

Wlii«too-5alem,  N.  C 


to  writiikf  id  sdrertiien  pteiic  mention  Tat  Woaio't 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK    ADVERTISER 


Send  him  away  happy  with  a  good  breakfast  of 

Swift's  Premium  Ham  or  Bacon 

Nourishment,  flavor  and  quality 

De*Ur»  supplied  b7 
Swift  &  Company,  U.  S.  A. 


I 


to  vdtiiif  to  AdTertaien  pktm  meation  Tm  Wou4>*i  Wotx 


A 


= 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


Where  Do  the 

Smiles 
Gome  From? 


Those  spontaneous,  contag^ious  smiles  you  see  are  not  mere 
signs  of  mirth;  they  are  signs  of  hcalih. 

Nature's  great  promoter  of  health  is  sleep.  And  there  is  no 
better  inducement  to  get  the  proper  amount  of  sleep,  and  tlie  right 
kind  of  sleep,  dian  an  Ostermoor  Mattress, 

Here  is  the  big  reason  why  you  should  learn  the  difTercnce 
between  the  Ostermoor  and  imitations.  That  difference  is  shown  in 
tlie  record  behind  the  mattress.    The 

Ostermoor 
MATTRESS  $i  j- 

is  the  only  mattress  of  its  kind  that  has  back  of  it 

a  record  of  five  to  fifty  years'  cunsiant  nsc  In  the 
best  humes  and  institutions*  We  have  thijusands  of 
letters  from  users  to  prove  that  after  tliis  length 
of  service  their  Ostennoors  are  still  giving  as  gmd 
service  as  ever. 

Show  us  an  imitation  that  can  produet  tiaclli  a  r«o»^  t 
Reniember  the  Of<temiCH>r  is  built,  not  itttflbd.  Bf  %hm 
exclusive  Ostermoor  pmct-ss^  iuur  tboioafid  fiJiny  sJ^^^  ^ 
cotton,  arc  buitt  ttj^ethcr  by  hand  in  »ut:h  s  B»&»«eT  tbat 
the  Ostermoor  never  loses  it  biUowy,  ctmf<Lcnntt)^  KKltaeML 
Always  dc^Ai^  duAt  pruuf,  saiiiury;  utrvti  xig^xH  rv  m-iJ^tt  g. 

Write  for  144-Pjn?P  Boole,  and  Sampli^*.  FREE 

1(  tfTI*  T«w  uW>  p^     It  It  • 


MtltretMi  CMt 

I  liiM  and  while  tick. 


c 


THE    WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


PEOPLE  are  proud  of  their  Berkey 
&  Gay  furniture.     It  is  something 

besides  furniture*  It  is  part  of  the  home,  and  part 
of  their  lives*^  There  is  thought  and  sentiment  and 
individuality  in  it* 

TITE  have  been  making  it  for  fifty  years  or  more.  In 
^^  all  that  time  we  have  been  making  it  for  a  purpose 
and  not  for  a  price.  The  quality  goes  in  before  the  price 
goes  on-  Many  of  our  workmen  have  been  with  us  since 
they  were  boys.  They  do  not  know  what  it  is  to  rush  a 
piece  of  work. 

NO  matter  what  yoa  buy  of  ourSt  whether  it  is  a  small  chair  or  a  heavy 
dining  table,  it  gives  that  sense  of  quality  which  cannot  be  put  on 
but  has  to  be  of  and  in  the  furniture  itself.  We  make  furniture  for  the  bed 
room,  the  dining  room»  the  living  room,  the  library  and  the  hall.     It  is 

For  Your  Children  'j  Heirlooms 


YOUR  local  deiler  will  »how  you 
Berkey  &  Gay  fufniture,  W»(h  our 
mieniliceQt  portfaliaof  direct  photo- 
grtvurt^  n€  will  enable  you  to  eel«ct  f rom 
cnir  entire  line  nl  over  two  thouMtid  piecett 
With  Ihb  and  the  pieces  he  has  on  his 
Aoort  you  wiU  lee  why  our  furtiiture  vtatida 
the  teit  of  lime  and  will  be  handed  down 
in  your  family  for  years  and  yean* 

Our^  ii  not  catalogue  furniture.  It  it 
not  the  »ort  that  can  be  truthfully  pictured 
in  the  ordinary  commercial  way.  It  ia  too 
interening  for  thai. 


^^UR  book,  ''Cbiriicter  in  Furnimrt/' 
II  i»  a  de  luxe  publication  giving  the 
history  and  meaning  ol  furniture  of 
the  periodic  Rene  Vincent 'a  illuttrationi 
abow  our  furniture  in  real  life.  Fifteen 
two  cent  U.  S.  attnupa  brinp  it  to  you 
by  return  inajl  — tod  with  li,  if  you  aalr, 
we  will  tend  a  card  in 
colortbearin|fthe  famous 
poem  **ln  Amsterdam, " 
by  Eugene  Field,  a  ynt^m  ^ 
he  wrote  about  Berkey  iff) 
U  Gay  furniture* 


Berkey  6?  Gay  Furniture  Co. 

178  Canil  Street  Gnod  Rapids,  MkbifBa 


hmmwr    tk»f  it  J«    ar   m 


^ 


The  Raadari'  Sarrioa  will  hItv  tnformatioo  about  automobOat 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


Why  not  stop  losing  money? 

People  lose  money  by  producing  too  much  light  and  smothering  rt 
with  the  wrong  shade  or  globe.  That  is  easily  fixed;  the  right  shape  am: 
kind  of  glass,  giving  the  same  illumination  with  less  current,  stop  that  lo*i 
right  away.     Read  ^^Scieniific  Illumination^^ 

Or  they  lose  money  by  not  having  enough  light.  Employes  are  con- 
stantly under  strain.  It  injures  their  health;  reduces  their  effidcocr, 
causes  poor  output  and  breakage;  and  may  lead  to  accidents*  Customcn 
don't  like  such  stores.  Scientific  Illumination  will  remedy  this  —  probibi; 
without  adding  to  your  lighting  cost,  perhaps  reducing  it. 

Or  they  lose  money  by  having  too  much  light — an  obvious  wait 
Also  (not  so  obvious)  too  much  light  is  almost  as  bad  as  too  little:  you  cani 
see  right  or  work  right.  Everybody  is  under  strain.  This  is  easily  cor- 
rected, at  reduced  cost,  by  Scientific  Illumination. 

How  about  your  lighting? 

Is  it  right?     If  so,  you  are  one  in  a  thousand.    Are  you  wasting  lie 
strength  and  value  of  your  employes  —  which  is  money  .^      Are  you  throw- 
ing away  valuable  electric  current  —  which  is  money?     Are  you  drivin 
away  trade  —  which  is  money? 
P  At  home  —  is  your  family  enjoying  satisfactory  and  restful  lightin 

or  suffering  under  the  strain  of  the  average  badly  lighted  home? 

Scientific  Illumination  is  the  only  economical  illumination.  It  uses  |i 
the  right  amount  of  current,  it  gives  you  the  kind  of  light  you  need  ai: 
where  you  need  it.  It  makes  money  by  saving  money  and  increasi 
efficiency. 

Send  for  ^^ Scientific  Illumination^^ —  an  easily  understood  book  —  an 
let  our  Illuminating  Engineering  Department  help  you  with  your  Ughtu 
problem.  We  do  this  because  glass  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  ^ 
illumination.  When  you  realize  the  importance  of  good  lighting,  you 
use  one  of  the  many  kinds  of  glass  we  make,  of  which,  by  the  w^ay»  Alh 
is,  in  more  than  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  the  globe  or  shade  which  gives  tl 
greatest  amount  of  agreeable,  usable,  money-making  ligh^ 

Macbeth  -  Evans  Glass  Company 

Illuminating  Engineering  Department 
Pittsburgh 


N«w  York 


Uptoim,  19  West  ;ioth  Street 

Downtuwu,  I  Hudson  Street  comer  ChAmbcf*  Stnti 


Botion  :  ^  Oliver  Street 
Cbicmgoi  171  West  Uke  Street 


Fhilad«lpliU;  M  Somk  ElfltUi  Stnm 


Arc  rou  tiucikinf  ai  biiil<lini?    The  Rcvdere*  Senriot  can  fiire  yao  hdfvful  ii 


THE    WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


We  make  Varnish 
to  be  used^not 
simply  to  sell. 


Poor  varnish  is  good  to  sell,  because 
the  Varnish  Maker  and  the  Dealer  have 
especially  stiff  profits  on  it. 

Varnish  that  endures  being  used  costs 
a  great  deal  more  to  make  and  is  sold  at  a 
much  smaller  profit. 

Is  it  the  big  profits  you  wish  to  pay  for, 
or  the  wearing  power  and  the  elegance  of 
the  varnish? 

Now,  as  a  matter  of  fact  you  pay  out 
more  cash  for  the  poor  varnish  than  for 
the  fine  varnish. 

The  varnish  that  wears  and  lasts  does 
a  Job  with  enough  fewer  gallons  and 
enough  less  labor  to  make  it  a  saving. 

Thevamuh    MuTpHy  VaTiiish  Company     '*^^^ 

That  LasU  FRANKLIN  MURPHY,  PraMdent  CHICAGO, 

Longest  AMocMtod%nlilDoll«•IIVa^li•hCoapM^Ulllited.Molllre^  ILLS. 


Goint  abfoad }  Routet,  time-ubkt.  and  all  torts  of  infomutioii  obuiacd  through  the  R.O'^*^ 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK   ADVERTISER 


3 


Look  Young  I 

The  double  vision  glasses  worn  by 
the  man  or  woman  of  middle  age 
look  exactly  like  the  single  vision 
glasses  worn  by  young  people  of 
twenty-five — if  the  double-vision 
lenses  are  Kryptok  Lenses, 

When  you  buy  Kryptoks  you  get 
the  only  un noticeable  and  incon- 
spicuous double-vision  lenses  inade« 
Two  pieces  of  glass  of  different  re- 
fractive powers  are  so  skillfully  fused 
into  one  lens  that  no  line  of  demar* 
cation  can  be  seen.  The  lens  is  then 
ground  with  two  distinct  focal  puints 
— one  for  near  vision  and  tlic  other 
for  far  vision. 


LENS 

Wir«  hf  oTtf^  200,  (KNI  yeo^t* 

UU  $imgU*piti9m  Umtn 

They  do  not  roar  one's  good  looks  nor 
brand  the  wearer  unmistakably  with  a  sign  of 
age.  Ask  for  them  by  name.  Even  tbc  near- 
est imitation  is  far  dliTercnt  in  appearance. 

y^mr  •pHttam  tarn  smppfy  ytm,  Kfj^kt  earn  b« 
finwd  Hi  »ny  style  frame  ©r  tP  ypmr  M  frumru 

Send  for  Descriptive  Booklet 

which  ezplftint  Kryptok  Lctitcs  fully  becidct  con- 
taining many  facti  of  interest  to  erery  one  who 
ffcart  two-riiion  lenies  or  who  ihould  wear  thenu 

KRYPTOK    COMPANY 
1 10  E^tt  Uid  St.  New  York 


K<«<  tbe  ibMaee  «l   mam*, 
Kri^ok   tgajjf  do  ikoc  knii 

-.1.1   Of  wf-  ■ 

Th«r  In- 


% 


,       Thit  ft  •  Patted  LttB* 

Han   tbc    arlr    •rmat,      ThCT 


« 


to  wTiun«  lo  adveniten  p(e*«e  oMftlidQ  Tut  Woiu^^t  WoiC 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


AROUNDtheWORLD 

^  I  lO  DAYS  ^ 

S.S.  VICTORIA  LUISE 


fitOMNEWYORH 

NOV.  12. 1912 


FffWSiflfRiNCfSCO 

mnm} 


ANP  UP 


HAMBURG  AMERieAN-LlNE 


41-45  BROAD Wv 


SAN  ntANCiCCO 


L 


In  writing  to  tdwrtltcn  plc«M  mcntioo  Ths  Woti4>'i  Wo^k 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   ADVERTISER 


f 

■  Throi 

I  SOUTHERN    RAILAVAY 

Pi  premier  carrier  of  the  south 

THE  TRAIN  FOR  TKE  TOURIST— Tro^mg  the  Blue  Ridge  tT»ven»iiig  the  ViUcy  tA  the  Ficnch  Broad  Rmr.  1^ 

F«J--Fnmrd  Laiid  of  the  Sky  m  Western  North  Cuolina,  tad  the  Piedmont  and  G>«atol  Rcgjocu  ol  Soudl  f^TiJini 

THE  TRAIN  FOR  THE  HQMESEEK£R.^A^«it.iri.l  and  Hofticultutal  Opportunitiea  m  Fruiii^  Vt%mMe^  Qm 

Live  Stock  and  Cotloa. 

THE  TRAIN  FOR  THE  BUStNESS  MAK^Inr!.t*tn.1  Oppnrttmtf^^  .11   Along  the  Roule— The   Hani  Woodi  d 

Tennc»ee  «iid  North  Carolma,  ihc  Pine  ot  South  Carolina,  Cotton  and  other  Raw  MalenaU  cloac   at  lu 

venient  G>al  Suppbei — Hydro  Eiectric  Poweri  developed  and  imdeveloped  in  the  Mo^miata  Rcg^oa    mni 

Carotina  PiedmooL 

THE  TRAIN  TO  CHARLESTON— A  Gateway  to  the  SEA  with  a  tpleudid  Harbor. 

APPLY  TO  ANY  AGENT  OF  SOUTHERN  RAILWAY  OR  CONNECTING  UNE5 

N.  R,     Soathem  Railway  mmbracet  ather  tmrriiory  offmring  alfracfrW  on  J 
for  inveMtmeni  in  agriculturt,  fruit  culture,  farming  and  manufacturing. 


3 


CAROLINA  SPECIAL 

Through  Train  in  cennmction  with  Queen  and  Cretceni  Route  (C  N,  O.  A    T  P.    Ry.}    i^m§mmm- 

Amhettitim,  N.  C. ,  SummmrvUte  and  CharUmton^  S.  C.    Connect  ion*  to  and  from  A  ik^n  as^JAm 


i.^^u 


-fOTEL  QHAMBERLIN 

*    .^/t  Old  Point  Corn,  or t,    i'^irArnici 


Do  You   Know 

the  Delights  of  Real  Southern 

Cooking  ? 


ahr>^i 


*  How 
!rf  Hnm 
.'  -rnie 
1  ^t 


T^ie  Ctumhrrltn  cotnr  fTcati  ftom  thr 

W»*  ral«c  our  rmn  Vetetable*,  the  kn.  .     _.uw 

only  rn  ouf  Mell(»w,  Ideal,  Southern  CJiiujtlc. 

TliJ^  h  ihr  ktnd  r>fft>oA  for  whtrh  Tt»^  rh«mb«»rlln 

f    '--  ,     -  -,        ,  ■  ■    -         1-    ■  .-  ■  ,  -,,-^,  far 

...it 


£<• 


n'  'K  t).     I  ikc  amiy  mnm*  mr  ciftriorfitp— in*--  ( 


f-ice  perfect  in  every  detail— and  no  one  eT<-r  tiav^  <*! 
The  Chamberlin  wttbmit  httvtnc  an  apprhU  Tie 
Inriffunitinff  Air,  %ht  Wboaoaoitt«  iUcftatlua  tmkmm 
care  of  thai. 

Location  Unique  In  Every  Rei|iect 

Look  nt  ihr  IlluKtnition— TOQ  w*  the 


Hffhtfil 
naral  >^ 
thIiUr 

tl^ltk* 
ta  ma«n  > 
tarftr«t  urni 
Complete  lletl 


cdt 


icir-on  Hamplofi  Itoada.  ftm 
u>d  U  an  ev#rr  oar  acevrvaftop  te 
tiiof  theMat)<W8Wttfi^|m.  Ha» 
nrnr— the  '  '  MtUlaiT  ar- 

rr*ort  in  *•  Tlw  llofcl 

,  k*v>tr]ted.  yt  i  ttliaaltei 

I    ifJiKiintisi  Si'u  t'ltoi  »nil  ttMr  I 
inj%l   B<itht  of  any  r^oH:  Dan 
BaUi[A#.  Hldlnf.  are  a  few  of  tiw  i 
to  (  * 


l^ 


Trmt^p^rUHem  Q£kt  e^     '* 
CEO.  f.  ADAMS.  Mfr..  Fortran  M^waa.  Va. 


JmOMt,  ^^f  ti  41^  r«ia^  i 


N«wYaAOflica*ll» 


Coiaf  abroad  f  Rout««,  tim»*tabl«i«,  and  all  toru  of  ittlormation  obuijiad  tluouili  tlic  Itedan'  5«r«te 


THE   WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


nminniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiDiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 

Some  fine  day 
you'll  come  West 


t 


Yes  sir,  yes  ma*am,  youH  come  right 
into  this  garden  land  oly oars  wheie  3ie 
birds  sing  and  the  flowers  bloom  year 
around;  where  winter  is  bat  a  name/ 

You'll  come  into  your  own  out  here 
in  California — ^and  in  the  wonder* 
State*  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Life's  tooHh  living  ^^  f}r  Jf 

blaze  and  read  about  your  CalilomJa  and 

Clan  what  ycu  will  do,  not  this  year  perhapt, 
ut  befcjfc  many  yean. 

Fof  the  caD  ot  the  far-We»t  is  in  yom^ifiood, 
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men  and  women — memben  of  ihe  Sumet 
League— who  want  to  make  you  as  enlhu- 
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of  yours. 

Will  you  kindly  f  p«»  "^  -^^ 

•^  '^   the  accompanymg 

coupon  >  WtU  you  cotef  into  the  ipiril  of 
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artd  ^dne^  by  mailing   your  name  and 

address. 

Because  we  want  to  send  you  piduFe*  and 
boolclcti;  we  want  lo  tell  you  about  a 
[ain3y  in  your  own  neighborhood  who  know 
aQ  about  CalSomia  and  the  great  Pad&c 
Coatt  States  who'D  want  to  hdp  you 
know,  loo. 

We  want  you  lo  meet  tfiat  famfly  and  talk 
it  over  \  to  get  the  spirit  that  has  made  the 

West  your  land  ol   the  open  hand   and 


iiiMiniinDniiiiyDininuniiiiiiiniimiiH 


111 


open    heart,  where   itV  good   to  Hve  and  = 

know  life  at  its  bestl  E 

A  2  cent  stamp  f^  ^  'J.  ",7  = 

^  door  tmmediatety  g 

a  Panama  Exposition  Booklet;  a  sample  copy  S 

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graphs  of  western  scenes;  a  booklet  describing  n 

ihe    Panama  -  Pacific    Exposition    at    San  = 

Francisco  b  19 15  ;  an  entertaining  and  in  E 

(otming  volume  on   '*  Calif omiaV    Famous  E 

Resofts**  and  one  of  our  descriptive  booklets  5 

about     California.     Oregon,     Washington^  S 

Nevada^  Arizona  or  New  Mexico.  S 

Beskles^  that  2  cent  stamp  wiD  put  at  your  S 

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we  U  send  I^eague,  that  has  no  tfnes,  no  g 

obligations,  except  ^t  you  pass  on  to  your  S 

neighbor  what  you  learn  about   California  = 

and  the  West     Does  all  that  interest  you  >  S 

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who  would  live  life  at  in  best?  1 

I  "GET  ACQUAINTED"  COUPON 

StTNSET-THE  PACIFIC  IfONTItLY  MAOAZTNE  INFOS' 
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llaraxine,  &Tict  hoakk^t  «bciuC 


ig^lhtfut  w  fuiflhtr  ^Ugalkm  «n  mv  pan. 


^i^ 


Going  abroad?    Routes,  time-ubiet,  and  all  torti  of  information  obtained  \.V\xc>\^<^  >^cv« 


.^ri^r*-*^*-'^'^ 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


1DoUan61f3ous( 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


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PHILO  BURT  MFC  CO. 


A»k  the  Readerf  ^tv\c« 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK  ADVERTISER 


^^The  Outlook  Has  Become  theFonim 
for  Public  Discussion  in  America'' 

"  The  Outlook's  interview  with  President  Taft  defending  his 
administration  is  the  big  news  story  to-day. 

"In  this  interview,  which  comes  from  a  trained  newspaper 
man,  for  the  first  time  in  his  incumbency  of  the  White  House, 
President  Taft  gets  a  clear  view  of  what  he  is  trjing  to  do  before 
the  American  people.  .  .  . 

"  But  this  is  beside  the  real  point  of  this  editorial. 

"The  point  is  this  :  That  The  Outlook  has  become  the  forum 
for  public  discussion  in  America. 

"  Week  after  week  for  a  year  or  more  The  Outlook's  editorial 
page  has  been  discussed.  The  Outlook  has  made  a  place  for 
itself  distinctive  and  peculiar.  Nothing  else  like  it — since,  perhaps, 
Greeley's  day — has  been  known  in  America.  It  has  made  editorial 
news,  and  the  Press  Associations  carry  its  views  and  discussions, 
as  regularly  as  they  carry  the  market  reports. 

"Theodore  Roosevelt  ...  is  doing  as  much  for  the  country 
as  though  he  were  President.  He  is  directing  the  thought  of  the 
people  into  straight  channels  that  will  lead  to  wise  action. 

"  But  The  Outlook — a  happy  compromise  between  all  the  good 
of  a  newspaper  and  all  that  is  fine  in  magazines — has  become  a 
function  of  the  American  government  as  it  now  exists.  It  is  the 
greatest  organ  of  public  sentiment  in  the  country  toJay.  No 
leader  of  American  sentiment  or  public  feeling  can  ignore  it. 

"  For  now  abideth  these  four — the  executive,  the  legislature, 
the  judiciary,  and  The  Outlook.  And  the  greatest  of  these  is 
The  Outlook." 

William  Allen  White  in  the  Emporia  (Kansas) 
"  Daily  Gazette*'  of  December  1,  1911. 

The  Outlook 

287  Fourth  Ayenue^  New  Yoric 


If  you  have  not  yet  become  a  rcZ'  ("■"—""— --"■"—■"'""""""""""""■■•"l 

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ular  subscriber  of  T/ie  Outlook  |  2S7  F—th  At—i..  N.w  York 

we    shall   be    pleased   to    send  i  ^Vpu  may  send  roe  three  o^secutive  numbers  of  The 

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an    introductioti    upon    receipt  \ 

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In  writing  to  advcrtiiert  please  mentkxi  Thb  Woioo's  Wo&k. 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK   AD^TfaK  I  I 


t*]« 


llMtilr«f9(AC 


Its  Read] 
Do  Tarn 
Bir  AND  Wi 
ETsHelp 
Inspirati< 

Good  Housekeeping?  it  more  ill  an  a  vnag  ' 
zinc  that  merely  entertatna.   A  year'i  »ub. 
scrtpdon    is  a  thorough    study  io    home 
making,  home  management  and  economy,     fl  It  has  good  fictioQ — 
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J    1  iousc  keeping,  more  than  any  other  magazine,  is  a  real  and  oracticjil 
/  help  to  the  "Manager  of  the  Home.*'     ^  It  brings  you  ne\s  f 

/   suggestions,  and  the  news  of  all  the  latest  inventions,  aU  dr 
/    written  and  splendidly  illustrated.     ^  It  is  the  most  entertaining  as  wclj 
as  the  most  informing  magazine  published  fof  the  American  woman. 

GoodHousekeepii 

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maket  itself  felt  in  every  comer  of  the 

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It  it  the  bestwomsn*t  magazine  knowo. 
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may  J 


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C-i. 


SOME  PEOPLE 
HAVE  THE   FACTS   BACKWARDS. 


Many  hold  the  very  erroneous  belief  that  WHITE  PINE,  "the  People's  LnmlxT  wnce  the 
PilgTtms  landed,"  no' longer  exists  in  commercial  (|aantiHe«(!),  oris  not  easily  avuilnMe  at  compar- 
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and  head  ihcm  straight  for  WHITE  PINE  an^J  NORWAY 
FOREFATHERS/'     THE    MOST     UiMVEKSALLY 


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t, jtlWim  to  j4i 


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*Tu%  WoMJi**  ^«ii«- 


THE    WORLD*S   WORK   ADVERTISER  | 


Visit  the 
American  Mediterranean 

No  other  lands  are  as  quaint  and  fascinating,  no  other 
trips  are  as  full  of  comfort  and  health  as  those  which 
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t  Wiiiihiiigt^in  9t 


In  writing  to  advertitcrt  plcatc  mention  Tub  World's  Work. 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK  ADVERTISER 


Williams 


HbTderTop''S?rcV'' 


g 


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The  Readers*  Service  is  prepared  to  advitc  parents  about  schooU 


AUTOMOBILES. 


Each  month  we  will  publl&h  on  this  page  a  brief  stuopsIs  of  tlie  most  tloiely  InfQrms&ioc 
automobiles.    Our  readers  are  Invltecl  to  write  the  Readers*  Service  far  adf1o«  on  ail  mstua 
to  itutomoblles.    An  expert  will  answer  these  inQUlrtes  promptly  by  mall-     Tills  ^mrwiem  l0  ftti^ 


IN  THE  MATTER  OF  TIRES,  LUBRICA' 

ING  OILS,  ETC. 


Conditions  have  changed  among  the  automo. 
bile  public.  There  was  a  lime  when  the  average 
automubile  owner  knew  hltle  or  nothing  about 
tires.  He  was  more  or  less  at  the  mercy  of  the 
manufacturer  and  usually  took  what  was  handed 
out  to  him.  for  the  reason  that  he  did  not  know 
a  good  tire  from  a  bad  one. 

Now,  however,  the  automobile  owner  is  a 
wiser  man,  and  why  ?  Because  the  manufac- 
turer has  undertaken  to  educate  the  automobile 
owning  public  through  magazine  and  newspaper 
advc  tising  a*garding  the  construction  of  tires» 
the  material  from  which  they  are  made,  etc. 
So  now  the  automobile  owner  is  able  to  judge  for 
himself  as  to  the  value  of  tires  and  to  select 
those  that  are  the  best  for  his  individual  needs. 

This  educational  process  on  the  part  of  the 
manufacturers  has  proved  that  an  automobile 
owner  cannot  spend  a  few  hours  to  belter  ad 
vantage  each  month  than  by  studying  all  of  the 
automobile  tire  advertising  he  can  lay  his  hands 
on,  and  by  sending  for  catalogued  and  carrying 
his  invest igatic»n  still  further.  This  search  for 
facts  is  most  instructive  and  the  net  result  is 
money  in  his  pocket  and  greater  enjoyment 
from  motoring. 

A  system  in  vogue  among  many  owners  is  to 
keep  careful  record  of  the  exact  date  a  lire 
goes  on  each  of  the  four  wheels  of  his  car. 
Then  when  the  tire  finally  gives  out,  by  con* 
suiting  his  speedometer,  he  can  tell  just  how 
many  miles  each  tire  has  travelled.  Here  by 
Ihe  way,  is  a  very  practical  purpose  which  the 
speedometer  serves  and  one  that  »  not  generally 
appreciated. 

The  cost  of  tires,  as  an  iiem  of  expense,  has 
grcywn  to  such  proportion*  that  nowadays  the 
owner  himself,  even  if  he  keeps  a  chauffeur, 
superintend  alJ  the  buying.     Indeed,  we 


know  from  actual  inv«  vTtt'.uijn  an 

readers  that  in  nine  c:i^c^  <iut  ol 

does   do  the  buying,      fhts   is   fio  rcfledj 

chauffeurs  for  many  of  chetn  are 

point  is  they  are  not  spending  their  i 

and.  naturally,  are  not   in^ilincd 

this  matter  the  close  atfentiofl  it 


There  is  one  thing  that    auiumob 
generally  know  precious  little  ahout.^ 
is  proper  lubrication.     Ii    is  an    item 
more  importance  than  the  fire  qucstiq 
it  directly  affects  the  vtry  vitals  of 
namely,  the  engine.     It  is  ez%y  cooul 
cover   whether   the   oiling    system 
properly,  but  it  is  a  far  dtffercni  mat  id 
sure  that  the  engine  is  being  fed  the 
of  a  lubricant.     A  man's  digestive  013 
be  in  perfect  working  order  but  indig 
will  prove  his  undoing.     Sf>  if 
gine  of  an  automobile 

Mr,  Automobile  Ownt'T,  ?itgd>  ih" 
oil  situation  and  be  very  sure  that  yc 
engine  the  kind  of  food  th:it    it 
not  leave  the  selection  of  tuhricanrs 
else.     It  i%  altogether  loo  important 
The  c^it  is  yours.     You  are    paving 
Investigate   for  yourself.     Then?    are 
automobile  oils  on  the  market  —  some  1 
others  of  an  inferior  grade.     It  is  nci| 
to  buy  a  cheap  tnl — it  will    prove 
expensive  in  the  end. 

Here  i!i  a  1  "-a which 

tosomeofoLii  ^^t.    In  rair 

take  an  oily  rag  and  rub  over  the 
vertically,    not    I  lUv.     Thb 

vent  water  from  'n  the  gla 

afford  the  driver  a  clear  view  ahead. 


AUTOMOBILES 


ffMBH 


Mack  and  Saurer 

This  company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  assisting 
the  business  public  in  solving  its  transportation  problems, 
rather  than  to  sell  a  particular  kind  of  truck. 

It  is  an  association  of  the  only  truck  manufacturers  who 
have  been  in  business  long  enough  to  justify  the  initial 
expense  of  their  product  by  proved  length  of  life  and 
economy. 

The  only  organization  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  motor-trucks,  and  offering  trucks  of  sizes, 
from  1  to  10  tons  capacity,  which  is  equipped  to  supply  the 
most  economical  truck  for  every  kind  of  merchandise,  and 
to  manufacture  every  type  of  body  in  its  own  plant. 

Sales  and  Service  Stations  established  in  the  most  im- 
portant centres  and  rapidly  being  extended.  The  strongest 
financial  connections  to  insure  stability  of  product  and 
thoroughness  of  service. 

You  cannot  afford  to  settle  your  transportation  problems 
without  taking  this  organization  into  account. 

Send  for'§ur  literature 

International  Motor  Company 

General  Offices  :  57th  and  Broadway  New  York      Works  :  Alientown  Pa  ;  Plainfield  N  J 

Silet  and  Senice  StaUont:    New  York.  Chicago.   Philadelphia,   Bofton.   San  Francitco  and  other  large  cities 


Send  for  World's  Work  hand  book  of  schooU 


w 

^"                ^ 

AUTOMOBILES                                  | 

1 

Made  With  Of 

^  Il_-g-g^      , 

Note  the 

Without  this 

ir^^*^^^>''^i^^5v 

Double  Thickt 

Double-Thick 

l^^^^l^^^^^^^^^b             i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

Note  the 

Non-Skid  Tread 

Deep-Cut  Blot 

The  Only 

^HBjl^^^Hy 

m 

Winter  Tread 

i^^^^^^S^^^^^^^^^ 

Note  the      ^M 

With  a 

^^^^^^B^&^^^^^l^ 

Countlesm  EdgM 

Bulldog  Grip 

^^^^^^ 

and  Anglem       1 

No-Rim-Cut  Tires  m 

10%  Oversize.        ■ 

1911  Sales-409,000  Tires       1 

Stop  for  a  moment,  Mr.Tire  Buyer, on  this  verge  of  1 1 

Consider    how    motorists    are   coming    to    Goody 

No-Rim-Cut  tires. 

Six  times  the  demand  of  two  years  ago— 800,000  i 

Enough  sold  last  year  to  completely  equip  102,000  c 

Now  the  most  popular  tire  in  existence. 

Just  because  one  user  says  to  another     "These  t 

avoid  rim-cutting,  save  overloading.  They've  cut  my 

bills  in  two." 

For  the  coming  year,  127  leading  motor  car  makers  h 

contracted  for  Goodyear  tires.    We've  increased  our 

pacity  to  3,800  tires  daily. 

Now  make  a  resolve — to  save  worry  and  dollars,  to 

perfection  its  due—that  you'll  make  a  test  of  these 

1 

ented  tires. 

1 

L                                   F«c  Manuation  4bout  popular  itioiu  wriu  lo  ilie  Rcatlcn'  Scmee 

AUTOMOBILES 


Upkeep  Reduced 
$20  Per  Tire 


These  are  the  facts  to  consider: 

No-Rim-Cut  tires  now  cost  no  more  than 
other  standard  tires.  The  savings  they  make 
are  entirely  clear. 

And  those  savings  are  these: 

Rim-cutting  is  entirely  avoided. 

With  old-type  tires  —  ordinary  clincher  tires 
—  statistics  show  that  23  per  cent  of  all  mined 
tires  are  rim-cut 

All  that  is  saved  —  both  the  worry  and  ex- 
pense —  by  adopting  No-Rim-Cut  tires. 


Then  comes  the  oversize. 

No-Rira-Cut  tires,  being  bookless  tires,  can 
be  made  10  per  cent  over  the  rated  size  without 
any  misfit  to  the  rim. 

So  we  give  this  extra  size. 

That  means  10  per  cent  more  air  — 10  per 
cent  added  carrying  capacity.  It  means  an 
over- tired  car  to  take  care  of  your  extras  —  to 
save  the  blowouts  due  to  overloading. 

And  that  with  the  average  car  adds  25  per 
cent  to  the  tire  mileage. 

All  that  without  extra  cost 


Tire  expense  is  hard  to  deal  with  in  any 
general  figures. 

It  depends  too  much  on  the  driver  —  on 
proper  inflation  —  on  roads,  care,  speed,  etc. 


But  it  is  safe  to  say  that,  under  average  con- 
ditions, these  two  features  together  —  No-Rim- 
Cut  and  oversize  —  cut  tire  bills  in  two  at  least 

We  figure  tlie  average  savifig  —  after  years 
of  experience  with  tens  of  thousands  of  users 
—  at  $20  per  tire.  This  varies,  of  course,  with 
different  sizes. 

WTiether  more  or  less,  it  means  something 
wortli  saving.  It  totals  millions  of  dollars 
every  year  to  users  of  these  tires. 

And  you  get  your  share  —  without  added 
cost  —  when  you  specify  Goodyear  No- Rim-Cut 
tires. 

13  Years  of  Teste 

Here  is  the  final  result  of  13  years  spent  in 
tire  making. 

Year  after  year  —  on  tire-testing  machines  — 
we  have  proved  out  every  fabric  and  formula, 
every  method  and  theory,  for  adding  to  the 
worth  of  a  tire. 

We  have  compared  one  with  another,  under 
all  sorts  of  usage,  until  we  have  brought  the 
Goodyear  tire  pretty  close  to  perfection. 

These  are  the  tires  made  in  No-Rim-Cut 
type  —  made  10  per  cent  oversize.  And  they 
represent  what  we  regard  as  finality  in  tires. 

In  the  test  of  time  they  have  come  to  outsell 
every  other  make  of  tire. 

Our  new  Tir«  Book  it  roAcly.  It  it  filled  with 
facto  which  erery  motorist  should  know.  Ask 
ttt  to  mail  it  to  you. 


GoODi^EAR 

No-Rim-Cut  Tires 

With  or  WHhout  NoB-Skid  Treads 


THE  GOODYEAR  TIRE  &  RUBBER  CO.,  AKRON.  O. 

BraachM  and  A««ociM  fai  103  PriMipal  CiliM.  W«  Malw  iUl  Kind*  «ff  R«bh«rTirM.T1r«  AccMMflM  aaal^ 
Main  Caaadiaa  Off ica,  Toroata,  Oat.  Canadian  Faetonr.  BowoMaTiUa,  Oat. 


In  writing  to  advertiten  please  mention  1*he  World's  Woek 


The  ahoCe  4  I  -l-ton  Commtr  Truck^  wa*  recently  bought  hy  OouhleJagt  Page  <5  0»., 
the  publiihers  of  IVorU**  IVori^  and  Country  Life  in  Ameiica* 

Guaranteed  for  Seven 
Years. 

TECHNICAL    name$     of  Scarcely  any  broader  or  faixei 

steels  and  parts  may  mean  warranty  could  be  given  any 

but  little  to  you  as  a  buyer,  motor  truck  buyer,  Yelwecan- 

hence  we  offer  this^  guarantee  not  pose  as  altruists:    the  war- 


on   every  W  C  P  Commer 
Truck  sold  : 

We  warrant  Commer  Trucks 
for  SF.VEN  YEARS  from  date 


ranty  adds  no  risks  to  our  busi- 
ness. For  not  one  Commer 
Truck  has  ever  worn  out 
though  thousands  are  in  service 


of  delivery.    This  warranty  is    on  the  six  continents,  many  of 
unlimited  regarding  defective    which  are  seven  years  old. 
material     and    work- 


manship. 

Our  positive  belief  in 
the  W  C  P  Commer 
Truck  is  thus  proved 
by  the  first  motor-truck 
guarantee  that  really 
means  something. 


Our  seven  year  war- 
ranty is  commer- 
cially  sound  for  it  is 
based  on  proved  ser- 
vice done  oy  A  COM- 
MERCIALLY  SOUND 
PRODUCT— The  Com- 
mer Truck. 


tTO  NEXT  page:) 


In  writing  to  •dTcrtiten  pleue  moition  To*  Woiu4>'ft  Worc 


AUTOMOBILES 


The  above  Commer  Truck  ^  owned  by  the  Eagle  Storage  IVarehouses. 
They  have  recently  placed  a  repeat  order  for  a  second  Commer  Truck* 

The  WCP  Commer  Truck: 


4  1-2  TON 


5  1.2  TON 


6  1-2  TON 


TPHE  G>inmer  Tnick  now  built  in 
America  is  known  as  The  WCP 
Commer  TnicL  It  is  o(  4  I  -2.  5  I  -2 
and  6  I  -2  tons  carrying  capacity,  the  price 
o(  the  4  1-2  ton  chassis  being  $4500 
instead  o(  $5750,  the  price  o(  the  4  1-2 
ton  Commer  formerly  imported. 

The  WCP  Commer  Truck  is  a  du- 
plicate oi  the  British-built  Commer  Truck 
being  made  under  the  same  critical 
methods  ci  manufacture  and  inspection. 
The  materials  used  in  Commer  Trucks  as 
built  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  come 
from  identically  the  same  sources.  "Dy- 
namic** steels  are  largely  employed — steels 
that  have  proved  their  ability  to  stand 


terrific  strain  without  breaking,  sagging  or 
crystalizing. 

There  is  the  same  high  duty  engine  — 
the  engine  that  no  other  motor  truck  en- 
gine in  the  worid  can  successfully  compete 
with  in  low  gasoGne  and  oil  consumption. 
There  is  the  same  unique  and  foo^roof 
transmission  of  the  constant  mesh  type. 

Send  for  a  copy  of  our  32-page  an- 
nouncement from  our  Engineering  De- 
partment, which  ran  recently  in  two  of 
the  leacBng  automobile  pubBcatioos.  It 
contains  one  of  the  soundest  and  simplest 
expositions  of  motor  trucks  facts  ever  given. 

Write  us  today  before  you  forget. 


Wyckdff.  Church  fi-PARTRiDGEjis 

BROADWAY  AT  56th  STREET  NEW  YORK  CITY 

PUiNTS   AT  KINGSTON,   NEW  YORK  AND   LUTON,  ENGLAND 

OR  THESE  REPRESENTATIVES: 


Chas.  B.  Shanks,  Western  Manager, 

703  Monadnock  Bldg.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Pioneer  Automobile  Co.,  Golden  Gate  Ave- 
nue, San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Pittoburg  Auto  Co..  5909  Baum  St..  Pittsburg 

Benoist  6l  AuU.  Benoitt  Bldg.,  St.  Louis 

J.  A.  KoeU  New  Orleans,  La. 

Fred  E.  Gilbert  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

H.  E.  Olund.  Crovm  King,  Arizona 


Tkos.  P.  Goodbody,  626  N.  Y.  Life  Bldg., 

Chicago,  111. 
*  Dodge  Motor  Vehicle  Co.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Skinner  Bros.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Geo.  R.  Snodeal  Auto  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Motor  Sales  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C 
Geo.  H.  Snyder,  465  Fulton  St,  Troy.  N.  Y. 
Hoagland  .Thayer.  Inc.,   383   Halsey   Street, 

Newark.  N.  J. 
J.  Wade  Cox,  Houston,  Texas 


In  writing  to  advertiten  pleste  mention  The  Wori.d*s  Work 


You  will  buy  the  car  that  has  the  most 
features  designed  for  your  conveni- 
ence, your  comfort,  yoar  safety,  yowr 
economy  and  your  pride  of  ownership. 

Some  cars  seem  to  be  built  to  please  the 
builder.  You  want  one  that  was  built  to 
please  the  buyer — for  you  are  a  buyen 

Therefore  we  refer  you  to  Uie  diagram  above. 
ChAlrners  "Thirty-Six"  is  a  car  for  the  buyer.  Look 
over  the  entire  motor  field  and  see  if  you  can  get 
these  "Thirty-Six"  features  in  any  other  car  at  $1800. 
See  if  you  can  get  all  of  them  in  any  other  car  a1 
any  pnca. 

Why  They  Bought  •Thirty^Jxet' 

Daring  the  last  few  weeks  we  have  been  asking 
many  of  our  owners  to  tett  us  why  they  bought  the 
^'Thirty-Six."  Everybody  se«m8  to  agrea  on  thesa 
ten  big  reasons: 

Chalmers  Self -Starter 

Doet  Away  y^Xh  cranklnff^  Add«  at  leait  SSOO  to 
the  value  of  an  aut<»mobi)«.  Simple,  lafe,  effkienti 
air  preaaure  tjrpcw  Nathina  complicated— Joat 
pre**  a  button  on  the  dash  and  away  soee  your 
motor. 

2,  36*  X  4*  Tires  and  Demountable  Rima 

BfC  tire*  Inaure  eate  of  Hdlng  and  reduce  tire 
troub1«  to  the  Tninlmum.  Demountabta  rlma  rob 
puncturea  of  thalr  terrora. 

3,  Five  Speed!  Trantmiaaion  —  Four  Speeds 
Forward  and  Reverse 


Chrilrm-r*   syrnrtiplry   i 
color  actiemea. 


8«c«ua«  of  ttir  fealurao  1 

ether  «dvantnc««:  hvcau 
Cadematerl*ri«n.' -^ 
ftt  MtJrird^  the    't 


vnluo  for  the  mm 


AfTorda  ulmoit  tl< 
you  cam  chmb  *t' 
time  and  wlibout  [ 

4.    Long  Stroke  Motar 


controt     WUh  It 
r-t  «irltho«it  loaa  oi 

yjui  molar. 


M«Ktmum  powar  at  low  eaglne 
puUknc.  tonaer  •efvl«e.  greater 
At>m  from  vtbratlocL 


•pletidld 
free- 


Qialmers  Motor  Company,  Detroit.  Mich, 


The  Biggest  Chalmers  Year 

Since  July  1st  w  have  shl|>ped  42%  mora  ^ 
than  during  the  same  pctlod  last  jresr— ^emd  tmi  ym 
waa  a  good  year  too. 

We  have  daUvered  mora  tliaii  ZfiQ^  of  iIm  **Tl^t^ 
Sixes."  These  cars  have  ttom  been  t«>t«d  in  ovtwe 
hands  in  ell  parta  of  the  country;  in  varicsQe  attttv^ 
in  diverse  cUmatas;  on  all  aorta  of  rcMtte.  Sw?* 
where  they  have  made  food. 

In  view  of  iheaa  lbct%  we  atifi«t|  jcni  p^f  y^r 
order  now — end  the  earlier  the  dale  aet  for  daiv«> 
the  baner.    Our  new  catalog  9t%&  oo  te«|aa«t* 


Send  for  Wonjuo^i  Wajut  Liulbook  of  »di»}l« 


AUTOMOBILES 


laitioiidJires 


•V 


necaulo  hmi  fnoscliedper 
3ttfwem>nf 


rE  dealer  who  sells  you 
DIAMOND  TIRESis 
thinking  of  your  profit  as 
well  as  his  own-he  is  "tire-wise" 
-and  believes  in  trading  up- 
rather  than  trading  down* 

(L  He  can  buy  cheaper  tires  than 
DIAMOND  TIRES,  and  make  a 
larger  one-time  profit,  but  he 
cannot  sell  you  fe/fer  tires. 

<L  The  dealer  who  sells  you  DIAMOND  TTRra 
can  be  depended  upon  when  he  &e] Is  you  other 
thin^  he  believes  in  service— In  integrity. 
He's  relltible. 

in  addition  to  dependable  dealers 
everywhere,  ihere  are  FIFTY-FOUH 
Diamond  Service  Staiions*  Diamond 
Service  means  mure  than  merelM  sell- 
ing tir^—it  means  iaking  core  of 
Diamond  Tire  bui/ers. 

TIicJ)iainondl^bto  (o 

AKRON,  OHIO 


In  MritiriK  to  aJverlisers  plea«e  menlimi  Tvvv.  ^K*\».\\C  -.  >^v\^^ 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISER 


A  Top  That  Leaks 

t  costs  money  in  spoiled  trimmings,  ruined 
clothes  and  expensive  repairing* 

Using  an  umbrella  under  a  Top  is  **  carr>^- 
mg  coals  to  Newcastle.*'  A  Top  made  of 
genuine 

leather  will  stand  — 

»F«ldtnf ,  Creattiif  *  Bcndnif .  Rtckin;,  Strainiof ,  RoQf  fa 
UtAfe»  HoiTj-np  FoMiitf ,  CaLreUit  HaAdltng ,  Intentc 
C«Id.  Inlesse  Heat,  Wind  Pretinre,  Wttcr  Soikiof ,  Sun 
B«ktBf ,  Sle«t  Freezins^.  Oil  Spattrring,  GreAi«  Spatter- 
nf «  Mud  SpAttenof ,  Dittt  ud  Dirt  SmudfiAg.  Did  ypu 
ever  tbink  of  that? 

A  ^^ania^Oti  Top  will  stand  all  these 
thinKy-tbc  other  kinds  won't. 

9l(Mnia^c€e  has  an  outside  surface  coat- 
ing which  is  not  only  w^aterproof,  but  is  so 
smooth  that  it  can  be  easily  washed  when 
,lhe  rest  of  your  car  is  being  cleaned. 

And  the  cheap  Top  simply  cannof  be 
cleaned.  The  more  you  brush  and  the  more 
you  scrub,  the  more  you  grind  the  dirt  and 
dust  into  the  very  heart  of  the  material. 

In  the  Park  or  on  the  Avenue,  an  ill-kept 
Top  makes  you  unpleasantly  conspicuous — 
A  ^OiU^Mdit  Top  keeps  your  whole  car 
looking  new. 

Reach  For  A  Pencil 

ind  jot  ilown  on  a  iKistAl  the  word  **X-Rny,**  Tlien 
wc  will  scud  you  a  copy  oi  the  new  ' 
**The  X-Kay  on  Automobile  Tops  *' 
you  ^"  ^'  ^^'v  k>ok  iuto  the  various ni.iw  .....^  i.^  . 
lor  i  c  Ttip^.  Takes  you  lienealli  the  out- 
iiilc  1  uling.  Shows  you  just  wliril  you  nre 
tuyinjj  in  Uic  way  of  filler*  And  linings.  This, 
booklet  is  profusely  illustrateil— it  is  worth  real 
inoney  to  you  if  you  own  a  Top  or  if  you  cjc|^ect  In 
own  one.  Write  todnv.  rij?ht  now  liefore  von  for* 
get     iWX  "  ■'     \y'    -  ^                  '  "   '■    -      *  ■fiilC' 

pendent  car 

from  cfiTi  1 1 . .  ,. , . .  ^,  ,,....,...;....,,■.  .■ .  I, ,,,,,,......).  .  .. 

The  Pantasote  Company 

%•.    102  fiowlkf  Creel  Biiildmi  NEW  YORK 


* 


When  the  difference  lo 
cost  between  had  pens  mm! 
be«t  petis  ii  so  imalt. 
The  wonder  ii  that  bu 
pens  ihouM  be  m«4t 
at  All 


STEEL  PENSj 

are  the  be?!.     In  tennp«^,  desi|fti, 
and  worknumihip  ;  Ii4  eltUtici^y^ 
ink-flow  »nd  tmoolh    wttthig:. 
Sample    card    of    12    diffitf«iil 
ftylet  sent  for  10  cenu^  la-- 
cludmg  2  good  pen-tioUletm, 
SPENCFir  S    CO. 


SILENT  WAVERLEY  ELECTRICS 

Roomy,    Luxurious,     Full   elliptic   spiinjci^      OJ9 
jtrnvtd  ahiift   drive»      Exide.    \\averli*y,    Naiaoa*i  * 
Kdisun  Battery.     Write  for  mUUift. 
Hie  Wavcrley  Cmpaajp  Smib  EmI  S«.«  *-^  nn  T\,  M 


Ten  Db^b^  #>e^  THml 


antftriA 


CTORY  PRICES 


I 


IT  OMLY  COSTS 


^  fDrtnlilloa.     pc  " 

^MEAOCYCtSGO. 


Q^WU   P*i37       CM1CA40 


Three  Magazines 
For  Every  Horn 


COUNTRY  LIFE  IN  AMERU 

Beautiful,    practical,    entcrrtaintni. 

$4.00  a  year.     (Twice  a  montb.) 
THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

interpreting  to-day's 

$3.00  a  year. 
THE  GARDEN  MAGAZINE- 
FARMING 

telling  how  to  make  things  grow. 

$1.30  a  year. 


DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &   CO. 

Garden  City  New  Yoric  | 


la  writing  to  tdveniftcn  plcMC  mcniifHi  1  ua  Woiiu**^  Waa& 


THE    WORLD'S    WORK   ADVERTISER 


ATWOOD  GRAPE  FRUIT 

HO  OTHER  GRAPE  FRUIT  IN  THE  WORLD  EQUALS  IT  Df  FLAVOR 

A  well-known  physician  writes :  ''I  prescribe  grape  fruit  for  all  my  patients,  and 
•'"^  tell  them  to  be  sure  and  get  ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  as  other  grape  fruit  to  the 
Atwood  is  as  cider  apples  to  pippins. " 

The  Journal  '^ American  Medicine''  says :  ''Realizing  the  great  value  of  grape  fruit, 
the  medical  profession  have  long  advocated  its  daily  use,  but  it  has  only  been  within 
the  past  few  years  that  the  extraordinary  curative  virtues  of  this  'king  of  fruits* 
have  been  appreciated.  This  dates  from  the  introduction  of  the  ATWOOD 
Grape  Fruit,  a  kind  that  so  far  surpasses  the  ordinary  grape  fruit  that  no  comparison 
can  be  made.  ** 

Says  £•  E.  Keeler,  M.D.,  in  the  ''Good  Health  Clinic'' :  ''In  all  cases  where  there  is 
the  'uric  acid  diathesis'  you  will  see  an  immediate  improvement  following  the  use 
of  grape  fruit," 

We  httve  ttrrttnged  for  «  much  wider  distribudon  of  ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  this 
season  than  has  heretofore  been  possible.  If  you  desire,  your  grocer  or  fruit 
dealer  will  furnish  the  ATWOOD  Brand  in  either  bri^t  or  bronze.  Our  bronze 
fruit  this  keason  is  simply  delicious. 

ATWOOD  Grape  Fruit  b  always  sold  in  the  trade- 
mark wrapper  of  the  Atwood  Grape  Fruit  Company. 

If  bought  by  the  box,  it  will  keep  for  weeks  and  improve. 

THE  ATWOOD  GRAPE  FRUIT  COMPANY  290  Broadway,  New  York 


/Pronounced 


^  Hyomei 


Breathe 
It  For 


Catarrh 


Bre&ihe  Hycimei,  it  is  a  sootliing  atitiseptic  that  penetrates  the 
folds  and  crevices  of  Ihe  ineTi^braRe  of  the  Tjosei  and  Lhroai,  de- 
Btmy*  the  micfobes  and  h«als  the  sore  caUrrbal  spots. 

Made  of  pure  AuitmlUo  Eiicalyptaa  consbined  with  other  aRtU 
sepuks.  It  do«a  not  con  tain  qpiuirif  eocene  or  any 
hartnful  or  habit  farming  drug. 

To  get  quick  reUef  and  beat  rc&Qhs  from  the  Hyomei 
treat mervt  in  addition  to  using  tbe  inhalei  as  diiected,  try 
ihb  vapvor  treatment  just  before  retiring. 

Into  m  bcrtvl  of  boiling  water  pour  «  acant  tea- 
■poorifilt  of  HYOMEI;  cover  hcAd  and  bowl 
with  m  to^v-el  and  bre&tbe  for  five  minute*  the 
•ootHtnM,  heidtntf  antiaefitic  vnttor  that  arUca, 

Morie^  will  be  refundrd  if  Hyoroei  drtcsn*i   give  saiLs* 

action  in  ca^ts  of   cmtarrb,  catarrhal  deafne>«!t«  coughs^ 

colds  and   Cfoop,     Com^ilete  outfit*  wliich    indudcs  in- 

ba^Jer^  $1.00;  e^ttra   bolile   50  «ents^  ^t  pharmacms 

everywhere^     Free  trial  bottles  on  nrpiest  from 

Booth's   Hyonmei   Company 

Box  H  -  -  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


What  you  with  to  know  aboat  any  bond  from  The  Readers'  Senrv»,« 


Two  ci  the  many  new  vid  beautiful  designs 
for  Sluds  Ve«t  Buttom  and  Culf  Links— gold 
and  pUtitium  mounted  and  cf  the  finest  work* 
maiuhip — some  set  with  precious  stones — 
made  by  the  largest  house  man uJat.'tu ring  line 
jewelry  in  the  world. 

Krementz  Bodkin-Clutch 
Sluds  and  Vest  Buttons 

apprii]  to  fasttdioui  dres»ert  as  the  rnoail  pcrlccl 
for  wear  with  ttifl  bosom  shirts.  7  htif  go  in 
lii(<  a  needle  and  hold  lll^e  an  anchor;  and 
are  absolutely  tree  bom  bother  of  any  kmd. 

A»k   to  M*   ihcnn   «1    »ny   oi  ihr  l««diRf  ><r><^e)m. 

tf  ¥our  ir«el«f  docs  nof  keep  iKenv  wriU'  tm 
6odU«4  am  n*n»e  o|  iewder  who  do«s. 

KREMENTZ  &  CO. 


70  CheOnut  StnH 


PRACTICAL  REAL  ESTATE 
METHODS 

By  ITiirty  New  York  Experts 

A  UNIQUE  symposium  of  some  thirly- 
odd  chapters,    dealing   with   every 
branch  of  the  real  estate  business. 

^  Buyingt  aelliniTt  leasing,  renting,  im- 
proving, developing,  and  financing  real 
••tale  theae  and  kindred  topics  are  dit- 
cuaaed  by  mm  oi  ability  and  knowledge. 

DoaUedaf ,  Ptgt  &  Co.«  Garden  City^  N*  Y. 


18  YEARS  ON  THE  MAJUCET  1 

nMn[s.i;i4is  o(  u«»rr9  Hnsunr  tUr  vaoai   fMrttcmter  ^1 
rc-i>rc-^tMitjitJvc  KumncMi  mrtt  o(  ttie   tJniteil    fitairi  ^\ 

cvtryonc  n  wiHing  ci)tlr>r**r  nf  the  ] 

^'Fradical"  Trousers  Hanger  ami  Proi 

9$  tbc  TCiy  best  deiricc  for  the  tjirc^  o(  :;  "oacr^  TIM  a 

DrtTK  A  BKrouii 

KEEPSTRCIt  •iBll?i'*SMOOT|]  Al»  ir  IMOJIIC; 

l,et  u5  send  you  otir  |S,ii  ••*    '  "  •'-'      r  of  f  ivr 
[iaujc^r^  and  one   Clo«ct  oaan 

MOlffiVRBPIIIVIIRD  \    :      >        I   T   f*ftn31K?if ' 

any  trEne  witlitn  «u  (ia^^n. 
ILI.rs$TUATBD  iiOOKLET  TFOli  KK^rCiT  j 
PRACTICAL  NOVELTY  CO..  14f  S.  41k  St .  Ma.,  Pa 


Practical  Cooking 
and  Serving 


By  Janet  Mackenzie  HlU 

MISS  IllLLb  «  u  |„^s^ 

tho  F)<»4tim  <ri   »|^  Lm 

nrriUcti  wtiAl  .    , ^y,  : ....    ,t  prmrlM-kL 

Uj>'to-date^  and  comprebettaiTv  VTCiHi   of  tlir  i»d 

evrr  pubtUhed. 

Two  Hundred  lUuatratiotta     Wa<  tfS    fful^^  m 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE   &   CO 

GARDEN  CrrY  NtW  YORE 


ffi  wntjog  to  idv^rtisen  pleite  mtniicMi  Tns  Wuix«'»  Woml 


c 


WHAT    TO    WEAR 


Adirondack  Foot-Warmers 

Are  tfkiiiip«KiiKli|ai  for 

Motortng,  Drtving  and 
Sitling  Outdoori 

TImj  in^iT  ceuinra,^  wanntli,  cofntArt  ! 
Mike  ii'vlQg.  in  the  nivn  in  I  be  Wmtrr  a 
keen  tn}o3rTiienl.  Thry*«  uni  verily 
ia  dcniAod-  Wom  by  niro  ifid  irtwntn 
over  fEfiuUr  shaes  or  over  hose.  Wade 
of  f^Wteil  shrrTT-^^trn  with  hea^T,  inutii 
wuoL  ioMde;  tm  inches  buth.  Sta^tc  ^oe 
iixK  aijd  *»helher  to  be  worn  over  shoe* 
oiT  hovt   Money  bock  ii  not  S4ti&la£tury 

iVir  Mm  ami   \^  vinvii 
W.  C.  LEONARD  a  CO..   ?6  Haln  St.,     SannK  Like.  N.  V, 


$1,50  FAIR 
SENT  PREPAID 


The  World's  Finest  Footwear 

TeanAs  Comt 

SHOES 

Wat  Men.  *ndi  Woineii,     Strictly  HKcd'Sewrccl  and  Qu 
Qumlitjr.       For   Strert,    Dreu  uid   5f>ortm|,      $S    to    $IS. 
Send  fcrt-  Style  Bro-ckure. 

THOMAS  CORT.  NEWARK.  N.  h 


The  Fireless  Cook  Book 

By  MARGARET  J.  MITCHELL 

This  book  escplaiM  in  3,  simple  way  bow  to  make  fttid 
use  this  mvcniion,  whidi  has  only  recently  biKximc 
known,  but  has  atrcady  proved  itsdf  a  real  labor^ 
saving,  ccQnomtcal  implemcnC. 

Indudinfi*  as  it  docs,  a  so  receipts,  the  vclmne  must 
soon  become  a  necessity  to  all  up-uAlate  housekeepers. 
NinetKQ  pen-and-ink  drawings. 

Netp  11.25  (poitaga  12c) 

DOUBLEDAY,PAGE  &  CO. 


GARDEN  CITY 


NEW  YORK 


Wfcen  you 
read  mtti 


^oldin^  foat  book  or  nmnitliKl 
rtni "  II  r«Al  1  w  th^t  you  F  rv  r  r  he  ( <  re 


le  atrsm 


Ri-tt-UBook  Hoid^'f  Co 


eye.  nenre  enrl 

__..„_     11  sllipi  oammd 

off  dm  ir  Of  table  id  i*  tao  1 1  y ^  1ft 
nuAe  of  meta,!,  tundumely 
iplAf^fl  Slid  »il]  Iw  iFrit  yftti, 

Nr  r  i^)  If  ■rose  »?».    Fr«.e  iKK)k- 

1> ;  iiir  the  ■.ikinf^ 

..  f><^1>».  W,  Lot  A  nffeiN,  C«1. 


]B5est  &  Co. 


Do 

Childrehis  Clothes 
3howS^sofWear 


This  Is  the  Time  of  Ye.ir  When  the 
Childret]*s  CloUies  Need  Freshening  Vp^ 

It  often  tiappcns  tlmt  hy  simply  repMelnt^  an 
■rtkle.   or  two^^   you  can  effect  4  xoftrked   iiS- 

Maybe  it  is  n  |tnir  rt[  !iboc«  tbjit  will  do  it»  or 
a  new  hail,  or  extra,  troupers*  Or  even  some 
naallrr  ArticlCi  such  as  a  tie.  a  pair  of  fflovci^ 
or  a  bit  of  fur« 

It  Would  Be  A  Good  Plan 
For  You  To  Get  A  Copy 

Of  Otir  Mld^ Winter  Cataiogiie 

(free  for  the  asking)  anil  let  tts  ttiany 
practical  suggestions  help  joii  with 
this  problem  of  Children's  Dress. 

This  CATkLOfivM  bas  been  cai^ fully  eom piled 
[1^  i-.ctiife  anil  ilcscrilje  every  article  of  Chilfdrea'd 
and  lafimlfl'  apiKiieL  in  widest  mjiirart in eDts*  wl lb 
St^t-ial  UVtit  Arid  Xovelltes  Ib&t  fumiab  timely 
binta  for  "  fresUemntt  up  ", 


\iTVi  nre  the  larrett  Orijiinaion, 
* '^  Makers  Ktid  Importers  of  Cbil- 
dren'a  FaKJiioDS  in  thia  Country. 
We  fell  direct  to  homeR,.  Pacini: 
you  the  uinipcc«ary  ^^U 
onliaaiHly  cbarg^. 


We  mnintiuii  &  separate  department 
that  cane?  for  orders  that  come  by  letter,. 

€oniEj<lent  ihoiiperi  aet  wlS  your  pergonal 
rirlire*rntalive.  srlcctitiif  your  gondii  aA  tare- 
fully  lU  tboush  you  did  it  in  penon* 

Our  Guarantee  of  SatJifactkiii 

IS  a  part  of  every  purchase.  It  allows 
the  retnm  of  any  article  for  exehangr, 
or  prompt  refund  of  money. 

To  lii«iire    fircwBritneM,   in  wnlinff   for  catfilnciie, 
pleiwe  addfwi  your  letter  lo — 0«p*rln«iit  No*  17. 

FIFTH  AVE.  Ai  nttf.mk  sl  NEW  YORK 


In  writing  to  tdvcrtlsert  please  mentioa  The  WQtX!o*i  ^<^'%:k^ 


in    ihii  deparimcni  will  be  mcluded  all  the  ihins*  tbut  kid  in  the  hArtdhns  *na  contrul  ul  butii^emt  Lb 
ilie  ornce*    The  Basinets  Helpt  Deiiartnieni  will  |;Udly  iurniJih  detailed  inforrnaium  about  aof  o*   the 
devices  Mdvenised  or  cti  Aoy  lubject  rei^uaic  to  butinejs  oiethodi  and  m^iufcment.      Hkii 
service  ij  fm.      AdAten 
Bu9ine«s   Helps  Hept,,   DoubledMy,  Pare  A  Co.  1 1.||  W.  jsd  St.  New  Yf>rk 


iX.  Smith  &  Bros. 
Typewriter 

iHMi-nr\msG,  lONO^wiiAmNQ) 

THE  printing  center  is  the  point 
where    every  operation  of 
every  part  of  this  typewriter 
culminates — completes  itself. 

In  the  New  Model  Five,  the  print- 
ing center  is  completely  safeguard- 
ed. Ball-bearings  of  the  carriage  and  of  the  Capital  Shift  make  it  sub- 
stantial and  stable,  no  matter  at  what  point  in  the  line.  Ball-bearing 
I  typebars  throw  the  types  accurately  and  positively  to  the  printing  point 

In  addition*  a  typebar  guide  completely  prevents  all  vibration  of  type- 
bars  from  collision  due  to  an  uneven  stroke  in  rapid  operation. 

Other  new^  features  are  a  geared  carriage-ball  controller;  ribbon  coloi 
switch  in  the  keyboard;  a  device  which  absolutely  prevents  lettering 
type  faces;  and  a  lighter*  snappier  key-touch  which  is  a  joy    la 
operator. 

Don*t  iivM«  ibe  frte  book  of  M&dcl  Flv§,     Write  hr  H  io^y* 

L  C.  Smith  &  Bros.  Typewriter  Co.  iK%!i<5ri£SS;  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  U,  S*  A. 


L 


In  wrifirs^  to  advcfiitcri  pleftic  mention  Tm  Woixn's  WcmK 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


Dictaphone  dictation  is  the  direct  method— and  the  one 
method  wherever  time  is  figured  in  dollars  and  cents 

THIS  has  been  well  proved  over  and  over  again  by  individiial  business  mm^  by 
famous  writers,  by  the  busiest  specialists  in  the  medical  profession,  by  the 
ablest  lawyers,  by  the  best*known  preachers,  by  govemme.it  officials,  by  depart- 
ment heads  in  the  largest  manufacturing  orgjmizations,  by  the  great  mail  order 
houses,  by  the  department  store  managers,  by  the  office  managers  of  the  insurance 
companies  and  the  railroads. 

Write  for  new  booklet,  giving  eiperiences  of  such  tisers  asr  Rock  Island  Lines,  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  Iriiematlonal  Harvester  Co,»  Bessemer  Gaa  Engine  Co,,  Rapid  Mmot  Vehicle  Co., 
and  many  others  and  realise  that  jyst  as  a  man  needs  a  telephone  so  does  he  need  a  Dictaphone 
&nd  that  he  is  wasting  dollars  just  so  long  as  he  keeps  on  without  it. 


Telephone  or  mxite  lo  our  nearest  hranch,  or  better  yet,  call : 


AlUnlm.  ft^M  n.  Br«4d  St. 
Bofltcift*  174  Tr«iiiDnl  Sl 
CKkac9.  101  N.  W«b*.h  Awe. 
D«trvit«  $4^M  LAfAriilt*  BWd. 


Mjufieftiwlu.  422^^4  Nicoll*!  At«« 
N«w  Yark.  ad  Ch»inb«r»  St. 
Phil«d*tplftift.  ltO>9Ch»tiiutSt. 
Pittiburt.  101  Sath  St. 


5ui  FranelKO.  334  Sutter  St, 
St.  Louii,  lOOS  Olive  St< 
Torontflh,  C«d,,  McKtnnH&n  Bldf. 
Moiiee.  0.  F..  I- A  Cd Ik  dt  Lot^^i  7 
And  in  «ll  larsr  citi«i 


Write  for  catalogs  and  full  particulars,  and  a  complete  Hat  of  aU  branches^  one  of  which  may 
be  nearer  to  you  than  any  of  the  above,  to 


**The  Dictaphone 

Box  114,  Tribune  Building,  New  York 

Columbia  Pbottosraph  Company ^  Geai,  Sole  Duiril^teri 

Exclusive  SeUin^  Righis  Granted  Wiiere  We  Are  Not  Adtvdy  Represented 
Positions  arc  open  in  several  of  the  large  cities  for  high-grade  office  specialty  salesmen* 


99 


Save  lime  in  your  ofiice  work.    The  Readers*  Service  is  acquainted  with  the  Utcit  dft.v\K*^ 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


niieir 
Oftinion 


Look  for  the 

'* Eagle  A'' 

Water*  mark 


It's  a  good  habit 


Let  This  Book  Be  YJ 
Guide  In  Buying  B\ 
ness  Stationery 

It  is  the  key  to  the  door] 
efficient  business  paj. 

It  is  well  to  know  what  oiber  j 
are  using,  and  what  they 
say.     This  book  teUs  you. 

It  will  do  more  in  ten  minut 
put  you  on  the  right  road  to  | 
stationery  than  our  adv< 
could  do  in  ten  months. 

It  is  a  snappy,  handsome  Kttlc  1 
full  of  unsolicited  opinions 
Doctors,  Lawyers,  Merchants  i 
Chiefs— in  the  business  world 

It  is  ''  Their  Opinion  "  of 


COUPOI 


tt  apptATft  In  M  Bond  Paprrt  o1 
QHAlity  Aod  known  worth 


The  De  Luxe  Business  Paper 

To  further  augment  this  book  it  wt 
be  well  to  have  our  portfolio  of  S|]^ 
men  Business  Forms— Printed^  Lit^ 
graphed,  and  Die-stamped  on 
White  and  Seven  Attractive  Col 
of  COUPON  BOND. 

If  you  really  want  efiFicient  stmti 
ery,  both  the  Book  and  the  Portf^ 
will  be  invaluable  to  you, 

Smn4i   fur   hmtk   tmdmr*    tn    rnHHrnm 
^0a»9  U9€  yout  hvtiimmMa  **"-'  fttmi 

AMERICAN  WRITING   PAPER 
31  Main  Street,  Holyoke,  M 


ritififf   tt"*  ajv^nuen    vIf 


Wamt 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


Impressive    Business    Stationery 
Readily  Secured  at  a  Usable  Price 


CONSTRUCTION 


Bist  ai 


BOND 


tJu  Prici 


Modi  in 
H  Kite  and 
Six  Colon 
with 

Envelops 3 
to  MaUh 


You  need  it ;  you  can  get  it — easily — in  the 
150  principal  cities  in  the  United  States 
where  the  most  responsible  printers  and  lith- 
ographers carry  in  stock 

CONSTRUCTION  BOND 

Let  us  send  you  the  names  of  those  concerns 
in  your  locality  who  recommend  Construction 
Bond  because  it  helps  them  give  you  better 
stationery  for  your  money.    Here's  the  reason: 

Construction  Bond  is  sold  direct  to  these  respon- 
sible printers  and  lithographers  only;  it  is  always 
sold  and  handled  500  lbs.  or  more  jcU  a  time.  Other 
fine  bond  papers  are  sold  through  local  jobbers  to  any 
printer,  as  little  as  10  lbs.  at  a  time.  The  economies 
of  our  method  of  distribution  have  brought  us 
the  support  of  the  most  important  printers  and 
lithographers  in  the  United  States  —  the  very 
concerns  who  are  best  able  to  produce  stationery 
of  the  character  you  want. 

To  specify  and  secure  Construction  Bond  is  to  be 
sure  of  getting  good  paper,  good  work  on  it,  and 
the  utmost  value  for  your  money.  Send  us  your 
business  card  and  receive  free  our  portfolio  of 
handsome  specimen  letterheads  and  the  names  of 
those  who  can  supply  you  Impressive  Stationery 
at  a  Usable  Price  on  Construction  Bond. 

W.  E.  WROE  &  CO., Sales  Office,  1001  Michigan  Ave..  CHICAGO 


In  writing  to  advertiten  please  mention  Thi  World's  Wq«>«: 


n 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


Ppt^ 


m 


^OUll  big  custom- 
*  ers  —  the  ones 
whose  business  is  your 
prize  and  pride — prob- 
ably use  Old  Hamp- 
shire Bond  Stationery, 
See  if  they  don't*  If 
they  do  not^ — all  the 
more  reason  why  you 
should  use 


[8] 


rilHERE  are  stDI 
''■  a  few  large  insti- 
tutions that  do  not 
eoncern  themselves 
enough  about  their 
stationery,  just  as 
there  are  big  houses 
that  don't  believe  in 
advertising — yet. 

Old  Hampshire 
Bond  is  the  best  and 
cheapest  advertising 
you  can  do.  A  stock 
of  it  is  an  investment 
—  not  an  overhead 
ex|)ense. 


19] 


YOU  should! 
Old    Hamp 
Bond  Book  of 
mem.  It  shows ; 

selection  of  letter 
and  business  font 
One  style  of  printLo; 
1  i  t hograpli  i  ng  o^H 
graiing,  on  white  i 
one  of  the  fourtet 
colors  of  Old  HiOMj 
shire  Bond,  is 
exactly  exprcsi 
feeling-tone  you< 
for  your  busii> 

Write  ffw  it  tijid 
present  Irlltfiinaui* 

Hampshire 
Company 

SautA  H^iif  Fm 
Afasmcimtttf 


III  •lilifii  U>  ^Uveruten  ptei«c  titeniion  Tiit  \I'»ax»'«  Wiifts 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


STRATHMORE 
PARCHMENT 

^u  will  take  pride  in  signing 
letters  written  on  StratKmore 
Parchment.  TKey"-  give  inviting 
presentation  to  your  thoughts. 
Their  dignified  appearance  be- 
speaks the  highest  business  IC 
ideals  and  begets  the  deepest 
consideration.  The  Strathmore 
Parchment  Test  Book  sent  free 
on   request -or  ask  your  printer. 


Ik  The  StratKmore  Quality"  line  includes  high  caste  papers  for  artistic  printing  K 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


A  steel  Filing  { 

System  in  Miniature 

'*Art  Metal"  Steel  Hatf-SecUons  are  the  cleverest,  ImndiiaL 
safest  filing  cabinets  ever  produced  for  offices  where  Avafl. 

able  space  is  limited 

Fire-resisting,  space -saving,  these  Hatf-SecUons  are  Idcotl. 
cal  in  design,  construction  and  finish  with  the  wider  **Art 
Metal"  Sections,  and  contain  all  the  former'a 
patented  features. 


Art 

Steel  Half-Sections 


Are  conitrucied  on  ihe  anit  principle^  and  can  be  built  up  or  taken  down  is 
needed.  A  choice  of  all  the  essential  filinir  devices  b  offered.  Tbc  cxclusiv* 
automatic  lockinif  feature  bi  furnished  when  desired. 

Manufactured  in  the  Urgest  metal  furniture  factorica  in  the  world,  where  tli« 
first  metal  furniture  built  was  produced  2$  vear»  atfo*  no  e%:pcn9G  has  been  aptti^ 
to  assure  tlie  perfection  of  this  line.  It  has  never  been  equalled  in  the  nnest 
grades  of  cabinet  makina. 


Special 
Equipment 


\ 


We  have  unequalled  facil- 
itiei  for  bullt-to-order 
equipment  in  steel  and 
bronxe  for  pubUc  build* 
inffs.  banks,  libraries  and 
commercial  offices,  Plana 
und  estimates  furnished. 


"Art  M«tar '  Steel  Half-Section*  and  a 
«omf»l«te  Uoo  of  «te«l  off lc«  f  urQllur« 
to  always  carTl«d  in  stock.  Sample* 
eBnb>fts««]iatoar  bnnch  offkas  and 
s  in  alUarvi  clUei, 


S^nd  for  ittuBtratmd  cataio^tim  W  *2 

Art  Metal  CaNSTRucnoN  Co. 

Branelk  Of  Am*  x  1V#w  Yoffe.  Chicago.  Bo««oo, 
W«ablnatoa.    PHtaburv,     IUn«a«    City.    L«s 


•iiV^^^V'ii'*^  it»t*  i  U  i^  t^  ^  \i  ^''v.  '.^r^^'flVitlir  IV^  t'' 


Tlic  A^£W^ 


^WAM  Safety' 


Fountpen 


p09««9»f«tlire«  featurrv  that  make  it  the  most  reliable  pen  made.  It  emnH  Uak  herauMtbt 

down  Cafk**  creiut  an  aif -tight  chamber  aratimi  the  pen  point  which  roaket  leaking  tmpoiiJbl«.  It 

iam'i  hUt  l>ccau»e  the  **  Ladder  Fe«d  **  controlf  thm  Mpply  af  |&k« 
Ask    atiy   tta-  ^S^^fa^J^^^^^^^  giving  the   ex ict  amount  neccManr — iiai  ifcore.      .4:^^  m*, 

ti  r.rf  or  fewelef  ^^^SS^^^^^^h^^^^^^      ^rti/i  because  the  *G4ild  T«p  F«W. 
•  tiuw   vmi  9  telcc-       ^^^^^^^^BS^^^^^^^^^^^^te^         *^^*  poiiu  til  tHe  pen  «vet 
nf   thf*   New   **Swfta'r  ^^^^^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^.^         twbkh   Ifuairr* 

Safety**   Fountpena,     Pnce  $2  SO 
and  up.      IllustmteU   list  tiiowinjc  Vlic  dttfrrent 
%tt^*   anrf    «r}le*    made«    tent    Ore    on    rcqucit. 

i  ^ne,  NewYorli    M ABIE.TODD  &  CO.  20S  So.  St»l*  St. 


about  popular  moru  write  to  the  Readen'  Serrke 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


A  book  for  big  men 

— not  necessarily  at  the  top,  but  at  least  on  the 
way.  Are  you  the  man  in  the  *' front  office"? — 
Are  you  the  man  on  whose 
judgment  the  man  in  the 
front  office  relies? — ^Then  this 
is  a  book  for  you. 

This  had  to  be  a  gcx)d  book,  almost  a 
great  book,  for  it  advocates  the  business 
appliance  directly  concerned  with  big 
men.  Most  other  business  appliances  save 
their  cost  many  times  over  in  stenog- 
raphers* and  office  boys'  wages,  but  it  is 

The  Edison 

Business 

Phonograph 

that  conserves  the  time  and  energy  of 

principals  and  high 
salaried  men  —  that 
makes  **  Scientific 
Management**  of 
the  business  office 
an  actuality. 


This  back  tells  what  the  Edison 
Business  Phonograph  is  and  why 
it  is —  what  it  has  done  and  is 
doing  in  offices  of  every  kind  and 
size — what  it  will  do  for  your 
office,  whether  it  is  small  or  large, 
and  no  matter  what  its  character 
—  whether  you  do  all  the  dic- 
tating yourself  or  have  a  staflf  of 
dictators  and  correspondence 
clerks. 

There  is  a  place  on  your  desk 
for  this  book,  there  is  a  place  in 
your  mind  for  its  contents.  Write 
for  it  today. 


\WJn^ 


l^nORFOlSjlTlli 


214L&kf»iile  Ave,,  Orange,  R  ^* 


Save  time  in  your  office  work.    The  Readers'  Service  ii  4cquaxci\ft4  WvCcv.  ^Jcv^Xwr-v*.  ^^>iv«x 


BUSINESS    H  ELPS 


I 


MGDRE 

THE  ORIGINAL. 
NON-LEAKABLE 

FOUNTAIN  PEj 


The  easiest  pen  to  fOl. 

One  of  the  features  which 
makes  Moore's  an  unquestion- 
ably superior  pen  is  the  ease  and 
rapidity  with  which  it  can  be  fill- 
ed. Simply  remove  the  cap,  drop 
the  ink  in  and  pen  b  ready  for 
<iise  —  no  inky  joints  to  unscrew. 

Moora**  U  a  rery  ftatitfactory  pen  to 
cmrrf  around  in  your  pocket  or  b&g,  bo- 
CBUio  it  doos  not  cifoni  tho  tUf  btest  po»* 
libtlily  for  leaka^o.  Remember  a1»o  tbftt 
tbU  pen  never  faiU  to  itrrite  vritb  the  first 
•troko  —  requires  no  ihaking,  lt»  ink 
flow  is  ftlwAyt  free  mad  eirea. 


BE  SURE  ITS  A  MOORE'S, 
for  Sale  By  Dealers  Everywhere 

AMERICAN  FOUNTAIN  PEN  (0. 

16a  OfVONSMIRE   $T^    ' 

BOSTON    MASl 


^^JheBallPoint 

Makes    "^•'^^' 

Letter-Writing 

a  Pleasure 

Writes  more  smoothly  and 
quickly — with  never  a  scratch 
or  blot.     Do  better  justice  to 
your  fine  stationery.  Usetbegli<iing 

Ball -Pointed  Pens 


The  bftH  makci  the  writific  eeaitf — bttt  tt 
Kesvus*     The  only  teal  impro*^«eot  foe 
yeii*.    Ten  v»rictic«.    M*de  ia  En^Uad 
ol    htgfi'grtde   Sheffield  ileel, 
Sitvef'gtey.    $1.00;  Gold    coi 
$|.S0  per  groM, 

Ai  your    tfatiener    w 
sfntfo$tj>*}iJ  by  us 

s«tt»kv«i«r24  Vf 

IL    B^INERIDGE 
a  CO. 

00  wmiun  St. 
UttwTorlc 


Pencil  Perfection 
only  found  in 

L.  &  C  HABDTMUTH^S 

koh-i-noor 
Pencils. 

To  search  for  it  elsewliere  is 

simply  a  waste  of  time*     No 

other  pencil  has  the  velv^ 

touch  of  the  "  Koh-i^noar** ; 

no  other  pencil  b  Marijf  so 

durable. 

In  17  DiefffMi  mxA  Co^ylasw 

Of   litfh<W  «toiiooeri»   dMist   m 
dr«wittg  mdoriali.  sttiili*  N|i|iliii»  Aic. 

OliMtrvlod  UA  ^m  >gylkrti—  to 
U  A  C  HARDTMUTM, 

34.  EmI  23rd  Sf  ^  How  York  | 

and  Koh-i-noor  Hmmm*  tj^ndm 


For  infomiilion  rtRafdJni  mUmsJ  And  iu«m*hip  Uoetp  write  to  ih<  Restlefi*  Scmot 


BUSINESS    HELPS 


$600  Saved;  $15,000  in  New  Business 

Secured — a  Seven  Months'  Result 

with  the  Multigraph 

TO  some  users,  the  chief  value  of  the  Multigraph 
is  the  saving  it  effects  on  printing-bills.  To 
others,  its  greatest  service  is  in  getting  new  busi- 
ness.    But  for  most  users  it  performs  both  services. 

In  the  double-service  class  is  the  Haskins  Glass  Company, 
of  Wheeling.     Take  its  own  word  for  the  facts : 


"In  reply  lo  your  request  for  information  regarding 
Multigraph  which  was  purchased  from  you  some  seven 
months  ago,  we  are  very  glad  to  advise  that  the  machine 
has  proven  entirely  satisfactory,  and  even  exceeded  the 
estimate  of  usefulness  which  your  representative  claimed 
this  machine  would  be  to  us  at  the  time  of  purchase. 

* '  In  round  figures,  we  would  estimate  our  saving  by  the 
use  of  this  machine  at  about  $600  since  wc  have  been 
operating  it  —  all  of  this  on  printing  our  office  and  fac- 
tory stationery  and  the  vanous  forms  used  in  our  bus- 
iness. In  addition  to  this,  the  real  typewritten  letters 
which  we  are  enabled  to  get  out  with  this  machine  have 

ma 


produced,  as  near  as  we  can  tell,  about  $15,000  worth 
of  business  since  we  have  had  it,  or  at  the  rate  of 
$25,000  a  year. 

"Our  office  boy  has  experienced  no  difficulty  what- 
ever in  securing  results  equal  to  that  of  the  printed 
matter  we  formerly  bought;  and  the  speed  and  prompt- 
ness with  which  a  job  can  be  turned  out  inake  the 
machine  invaluable. 

"We  are  very  glad  to  give  you  the  above  information, 
and  consider  it  but  small  return  for  the  great  benefit 
this  machine  has  been  to  us.  You  are  free  to  use  it 
in  any  way  you  see  fit." 


,  Fhx/uces  real  printing  and /orm-fypewrHing^r^pidi^ 
economicaJ/y.  privately,  in  your  own  establishment 


There's  no  question  about  the  efficiency  of  the  Multigraph  as  a 
machine.    That  has  been  proved  time  and  again  during  the  past  six  years. 

The  question  with  you  —  and  with  us  —  is  one  of  service.  How  much 
will  the  Multigraph  save  for  you?    How  will  it  help  your  business? 

Those  things  depend  upon  your  business  —  and  that's  why  we  make  it 
ours  to  find  out. 

You  can't  buy  a  Multigraph  unleM  you  need  it 

That's  not  simply  talk.  It  goes.  Your  own  business  must 
prove  its  need  before  your  money  will  buy  a  Multigraph. 

If  you  permit,  one  of  our  representatives  will  assist  you  to 
secure  the  evidence.  If  you  wish  to  form  your  own  opinion  first, 
wc  shall  be  glad  to  furnish  literature,  samples,  and  data. 

Write  today.     Ute  the  coupon. 

Ask  u^  also  about  the  Universal  FoldinK*MacbiDe  and  the  Markoe 
Knvelope-Sealer  —  great  time  and  money  savers  for  any  oAce  with  large 
out-Koing  maib. 

THE  AMERICAN   MULTIGRAPH   SALES   CO. 


ExecutiTo  Offico 
1828  E.  ForU«th  St. 


®3*lri 


BnAchet  ia  Sixty  Cities 
Looii  in  Your  T«l«piftoiie  Directory 


European    Rcprc««nUtlTes :   Tlio    Intomational    Maltigrapb    Company.  89   Holbom 
ViflMiact.  London,  EncUndt  Berlin,  W^-S  Kmuaenatr.  70  Ecke  Friedndutr. 


What  Uses  Are  Too 
Most  Interested  In? 

Check  them  on  this  slip  and 
endoae  It  with  your  request  for 
inforinatJon.  wriiun  on  your  bust- 
n^ss  stationery.  Wr'Il  show  you 
what  othera  are  doing. 
AMERICAN   MULTIGRAPH 

SALES  CO. 
1828  E.  Fortieth  St..      Cleveland 
Printing: 

iBookleU 

^Folder* 

I  En  veiope-Staffexa 

I H  ouw-Orran 

.Dealers'  Imprinta 

; Label  ImprinU 

jSyslein- Forms 

'  Lr  t » er-  Head  s 

^^  Rill- Heads  ond  Statements 

Receipts.  Checks,  etc. 

_  _    Envelopes 

Typewriting: 

] Circular  Letters 

.Booklets 

I  En  velope-StuCers 
1  Price-lists 
.  Reports 
_  Notices 

_  RtilI'Mins  to  Employees 
Injdc  Syxtem-Forms 


In  writing  to  •dvertitcrt  please  mention  Tbi^  Wo^vc^^^'^^vn. 


BUSINESS    H  ELPS 


.V  'fvrifer/syour  Stencj/AfaAer 

LKNAP  ADDRESSING  MACHINE 
;ENT  on  30  DAYS  TRIAL 


ALL  work  done  on  the  BELKNAP 
.    Addressing  Machine  loo^s  type- 
wrilten  because  it  is  lypewdtten. 

The  envelope  looks  as  if  it  contains  a  personally 
dictated  appeal  —  and  not  a  circular. 

Your  lists  are  always  private  because  you  cut 
your  own  stencils  —  in  your  own  office  —  on 
any  typewriting  machine. 

Drop  us  a  postcard  now.  We'll  send  you  the 
BELKNAP  to  use  without  cost  for  30  days, 

RAPID  ADDRESSING  MACHINE  CO. 


374  BROADWAY 
NEW  YORK.  N.Y. 


716  CHE^TMUT  ST. 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


610  FEDERAL  ST. 
CHICAGO.  ILL, 


BCIXO  0IT-X4Tn>   BY    tgim  « 


THE  S^  BOOK-UNIT 

( 5^c briefer  P*t«iti ) 
7%e  New  Sieel  Library  SyMtem  for  Hame  tmd  Officm 

Grows  with  lite  books  by 
•ecUons  but  the  sections 
always  make  an  unob^ 
structed  interior  with  ad* 
juitableshelves  and  swing* 
ang  doors  like  an  old-style 
caje. 

if       '  ^/  ^k  '^^^  sections  have  Deithcr 

p^^^^  JH  lop  nor  boltorn  but   fasten 

togclher  at  back  and  sides. 

The  doors  swing  as  one. 
No  space  lost  vHtb  sliding 
doors. 

r    *  »--^  jl,^,  j^helves  adjust  at  half 

Inch  Inlen'aU  regardless  of  the  section  joinu. 

Xo  spat  'ost.  Seven  ore! i;hr  rows  act ommodated 
In  the  space  usually  required  for  five*  fewer  sec- 
tions neerjrd« 

Fhiirthed  in  olive  green,  mahogany  or  04k  in 
keeping  with  and  not  to  be  dJitJnguished  from  the 
finest  furniture* 

Smnd  for   itlnBtriMl^d    ttooktrnt    W  3 

THE  SAFECABINFT  CO 


No  springs 

Just  as  kxi#  \ 
clock    has         ' 
thw'Il   be 
tension   and 
qu^nt    vanatioo 

The 
□ectroa 

has  a  Somali  „, 
in  place  of  sprinij^s  and  kcq^s  absolv 
accurate  time  nV    '         r^?. 

Ami  it  is  5o  >  mrchanbm 

thcTQ  h  nothing  to  gtrt  out  of  CBnlcr. 

No  winding      No  attentio? 

11     .r.    ri.Mks    0^   on  duty    in    >:i,vrrT,mn>t 
tQm   itAtlotti  and    Urge    buaine« 


I 


and 

and  iAi  t  >(i  . 

Electro  Clock  Company  i 

fiercer  A.  Grant  Su,  Baltisoc 


Krr«Upf«  pWi^c  rnentinr  T  ti»   Unis&*i  Wpat 


THE    WORLD'S   WORK    ADVERTISER 


1847  ROGERS  BROS 


Spooiis.  PorKs.  Knives,  etc.,  of  tiie  liiKhet^t 
iiracic  carry  Uk'  above  trade  niark. 


W^'-y-^ 


Sillier  Plate 
that  Wears' 


IIERIOEII  BilTANItmOOIiFANT.  UERIBEM^  CONN, 


Hl>i'?'«'ri«»iJui.iAl  S(|i,iert"c.,  >ucC'rtniTl 


SEW  TIIK 


EHICiSi 


SAN  riMCISGI 


Send  lor 


THE    PASSING 

OF  THE 

IDLE  RICH 

By  Frederick  Townsend  Martin 

HERE  is  a  book  by  a  man  prominmt  in  social  circles 
both  in  this  country  and  abrond.  His  approach 
to  the  subject  is  not  that  of  the  muck-raker:  he  sees 
those  undercurrents  which  make  the  superficial  extrav- 
agance a  sure  sign  of  great  social  changes. 

Net  $1.00   (postage  lOc.) 


DOUBLEDAY,    PAGE  &    CO. 
GARDEN  CITY,  NEW  YORK 


Responsible  Real  Estate  Agents 

^  The  World's  Work  is  in  ihc  cn- 
^^viablc  position  where  it  can  put 
V'ou  in  touch  with  real  buyers  of 
property  in  general  and  farms  in 
particular.      Write   for   the    plan. 

The  World's  \Vork 

Gcirdcn  City,  N.  Y. 


*©1  WHERE -TO- GO 


0RONXVILLE    M.  V. 


ATLANTIC  CITY  ii,J. 


Hotel  Gramalan.!^:"^^^^f;;^U;'i:;: 

eht^<»li  r  irUK  *iw<t<^n  ruM  nf  tin*  SUir. 
Til*?  Mui-it  iit^iiinrMl  AuiHiHvm  l)ui*'l  in 
Aiiit^rii;!.  riiirty  i[iliiiit''«  fhntt  \i'W  Vnrtf. 
_         CALVE8TON_TElCAS 

WJhdT  fti   tJj.«    HOTEL    OALVEZ, 

«iil*ij.li'ii.T*"V.   "viit.intlc  cn\  ..f  .■Hoiitfi:" 

y  Ilbi'7«1  >iti (  ^4:iMilriif  klMli I rrEiJ.  I >-ill m \  r\Uiv.\ttK 

Wi-jti-  ii'r  liM-r.Hnn'  lo  A.  Ih .  Li'«mi,_M«r. 
Z_       WA8HliiCTOM_D.  G. 

llOrtlL     DKI&COLL 

Irar^pfl  I'  !*,rarMttiiL  Titur- 
I'^U"  If  :i  vii'T  lie*  St-ar 
\M\i\u  sritiiiu.    Ariilil»t 

>llrii.l  Pllt'i'H.  CiJiram'. 
I  :iMi>*    tft.iTi;-!.       M  Ij^ili*. 

I,  I  \iiii  r  lii.'.n,  Kiir.  Fl  ii|i'. 
■Urn II, hi.  SrmvrnjrOirfL 

SEATTLE     WABH. '_  ^ 

■  r^«HTI-"  MfMlll-lCom- 

Ifi.irl.fi*.     Ill   f.i,|. ;|!.|«i  KhiiMriiri;  rli'.rrlcl. 

Hii.'Jl^ll  ifnil       I  in,*   Itii*.     f  1  r.n  iTtk^^ 

BWITZCRLAND    _  _ 
IT  i'<i*iTfi  i.i-:hh  to  tf»o  T«  " 

SWITZERLAND 

lli-iir  \*t  ^i"'tit\  n  \  jinit lull  at  phiih'  Aniff ii^aii 
fi>..ri-i,  J,ii  IH  «rif.i*  \Mii  liiiH.  Wrlji-  fiT 
TILVV]:L  1.I.JTKIL  Sii.  l:i;tli(l  Ukc  llnU'l 

ewisS  FEDERAL  RAILROAD 
94  t  rifihATr<i«e    5ff  wf  V»rh  City 


Hold  Savov, 


Sim  U^'* 
1lll1lfl^nir«<**U  »■■ 


I 


H 


Afk 


Atlantic  City.  J?i'i!?iTi?M.l: 

AImi\'4<  HitintrATliin  Hhiiwii  Tinr  ntif>(»'rtji'ti  <>f 
rjiii  inaL'iiiili'itnt  aim!  i*<iiii>|iltii<ii^'l\  {kit>M| 
Ikiiiisi'  tiny  thtf'n  Atr  ]']:i;;ii  aimL  l.tirlnHi-il 
s*  iliirhtiiiH  i»v'iTl*w>fc  I  !>*■  I*naffl-T*  ;ilk  u.liil  t  hrt 
<  ir#':in,,  Thi'viivinttiMiHnl.  rL-Ti^fr-riii'iimiid 
rMPMfnrt^if.rriM"  Marli'-inMiifh  hlHiihrlmaml 
tli't'  llivli:>iniTl<i]i;  I'llntntH  ^t  All:iiiTir  i'Lrv 
malcf  (tiH  M\f  lilfml  i^m**  for  \N'hririT  feiifl 
ss-Ttnff.  Alw»v^H|H-El.^^  flu-  ritrbjiiiilMiiMi'h' 
IHklttralrHl    LiHiikU't.    .Insbh    Wfilti'^    ^    SOUS 

t'lYtriiMiiy,  Kruinrlrtiiim.  bthJ  |»lr¥i*ti»ni. 


"H  Ell'LTini  EaORT  8  ' 


ri'M'^n,  akw»iN  n^auh,  amiavK    Vwt^f*     TaMr 
%ni\  9itrf nilSLrirH  ^iTi'inrna^^t-il. 


THE  HITTLI;  Htl^lK  t|l!«ITAItll  tt  HTHTlCll 
Ul   nMl.TU   Kf  iLlfJKil  It  I    ii.tlHti.ftMT  Kidlth 

^<"rhori  wImJ  lirtf  IrAi  tliJif  li-'iT  til  ^-"t  ttrii  «|:i| 
i-^iniariiini.    I*  t  ItW    K3.ll>  rcvb.  Wiiii  ,iiM  _^ 

Bt«H,  Banltailumr  Aiiiii!vlLU\  >i.  <\ 

liLi,-4r  t'lJiLk.iLli',  t-<ijii|iit-te  eiMi^^li<''['tir  I'tT- 
liHt|i;il  Dtle'liltnlk  1i*MLje-lLkei-4ilkinU4)ii'«.  Wk- 
Ih-^filliLireilt  inHi>^.    Wrm^f*  ri>jiii|-lilei5. 

In  RnfiliLti.11  I  lifhisive  iSin  k   Ha>  «*Tltfln. 
kxifftt   tri^atiiLriii  of  imth  ritr*  ri^'inlrthtc 
Mii-rtal  rife  liuranmo  of  tii*rvrMiH  ^^nEtrUuis. 
SlJlornnniinikMi-aiUi  Wa^,,  tUn-Tkiii. 
~  TiiK  Ami.mh  \>   N Al  HI  IM 
A  MiiM^r^iL  Sii'riiii;^  JliMliLi  li^n  ^ort 

THE    CLEN    SPRINGS 

All  aj'iiTitVi-i^  ftioTiHof  ITydnitlii'niifT.  Mi-iu 
>iliTi'  ;iT^il  MiH  lik^  krv.  ^vuhHih  llAtha 
fur  wi,*yl«i  rir-i.^  iiinl  J  Ki-ji-^*-  i»t  i  ln'  1 1*  iin  M  ■  -t, 
]{rln«*  IdiiiHiii  f'f  HiiMiii.iihi.in.  Aitr-u  tl^  t- 
(inirUikk^.  IlltiitTnitriMkNvikh'lH,  Wtii,  E. 
l.t'f!iiii:»  f  ILjM;i  M*ii-m,jVii!W(ii!v,  N .  V , 

ilM^l        Jm*1in'  wiifr  luit^rmr  In  tt-i^"  r*- 

i-%r^^/i^  ri'rh.if*      Alt^.^lfirTil-i      ft.^».fiaJl* 
t^n.4  y*li*    nr  1'    irj- I.  «*  !-1    !■  Hi",  *!■  1,. 

33        LONG  BEACH  CAL. 
E4IK4*    UFA  4  II    NASlTAKllM 

I...JII  II.  !|.  li  *1,.  ri'  jH-  M  U  IC  '  iJl  h  lU'i  '  •  ■^-  k 
VnH.f HP  ^.iiPi  ri^irrii.'-u     *  t^.  ii  '■  -  -  p       H  -  h " ^  i  K  U  I  I 

CU  KUrc^  B^nM  for  Bo^ 


In  writlnK  lo  advertiocrs  please  mentii>n  TiiK  Wo^\aVs  ^^v'«w 


Factories  Flooded  With  I>aylj 

Pay  in  initial  cost  and  keep  on  paying  in  better  work  And  bigger  outpyf.     ""     ' 
fre^K  air  make  workmen  active,  indusiriou«  and  most  eflideot.     Ilaitml    ' 
windows  CUta  the  light  bill  and  adds  to  the  dividends. 

UnttedSteelS^SH 

A  Solid  Steel  Saik  unweakened  by  cutting  or  pitncliang  at  tke  lomita  — 
Large  wide  Ventilators,  weather- pr""^'-' I  ^^^  double  cotrular  conlact  jatBte 
-   improved  glazing  witK  special    :  ps—  Superior  in  apfiesraiM3C 

and  hnisb-  Fireproof— Permanent     '  >  a\  -used  ail  over  tke  coujutry. 

Write  today  for  free  United  Steel  Saab  Cataiog.  Estiinalei^  etc 

TRUSSED  CONCRETE  STEEL  COMPANY. 

706  TruMcd  Concnte  BuUding,  DETROIT,  MICHIGAN 


// 

tvrovfdei   a  tough   wranng  lurfio?   on   irood  <!«•«  mttd   II 
isecause    it   Is    niu>*protj(,   beel  }>ri>il,    wiler-pi^^oL     l^rtoiPB 
Send  f  c»r  Free  Sample  Panel 


fialsh^d  Kith  ^©i."    ht 

S^wii  lor  U—if**. 

la  f*iai<Si  J4  C^affwnfiK  it.* 


•b^HiMiblLT*!, 


PRATT  I  LAMBERT  VARNISHES 


\u   V\  ritiri^ 


,,:^,  f  I1t»rT  .     \A(L.^ 


cnrioii  TitK  Wti«.tai*>  We««.t 


BUILDING    HELPS 


There's  But  One  Best 
in  Anything 

fn  Pliers  it  is  Utica 

The  most  scientifi- 
cally designed  line 
of  pliers  and  nippers 
made*  The  result 
of  careful  develop* 
ment  to  make  an 
absolutely  perfect 
tooL  Guaranteed  to 
do  its  work  without 
breaking  and  with- 
out tiring  tlie  work- 
man's hand. 

"The  Quality  Une" 

Write  for  Catalog 

UticaDrop  Forge  &T00I  Co. 
trriCA,  N.  y. 


es  PRINT  YOUR  OWN 


Cards,  circnlan,  books,  newspaper.  Press,  |S. 
Larirer$l8.  RoUryfOO.  Save  money.  Wff  pro- 
fit priniinff  for  others.  All  easy,  rales  sent.  Write 
factory  for  press  csUloc.  TYP&  cards,  paper,  &c. 


DIXON'S 

American  Graphite 

PENCILS 


»4«UF|CIU11&  1^ 


?6Mtcsnsa    ji 
f  rlnTrdWIth 


firsocb   orrket 

BQMQti 

ST.  LODIS 

CHICAGO 

PHtXABtLFElA 


M.      A     1       A  A.        1^5    WOI^TM    ST. 


nhW  YHRK 


SAVE  TYPEWRITERS 

$25         FACTORY  REBUILT 


With  Carter  White  Lead  and  any  good 
tinting  colors,  an  experienced  painter  will 
produce  any  shade  or  tint  you  want,  wiU 
spread  a  brushfuU  on  a  board  that  you  may 
see  just  how  it  will  look,  and  if  necessary, 
change  it  until  it  exactly  suits  your  ideas. 

More  than  this— some  lumber  is  more  absorb- 
ent than  others;  old  paint  is  never  in  the  same 
condition  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  house  as  in  the 
shade;  atmospheric  conditions  also  affect  the  life 
of  paint  ^1  these  things  are  considered  by 
the  experienced  painter,  and  he  will  mix  his 
Cuter  white  Lead  paint  to  suit  the  oondition  of 
any  surface. 

GARTER 
Whiio  Lead 

'*Th0  Ltad  with  CAs  SprMuT 

is  the  pure  white  lead  of  oar  forefathers,  only  whiter, 
finer  and  more  perfectly  made  by  an  improved,  modem 
proceaa.  Pare  Carter  White  Lead  and  linseed  oil  paint 
doea  not  crack  nor  peeU  bat  wears  sjadually,  as  paint 
ahoald,  and  after  years  of  serriee  is  ready  for  reipainting 
without  baming  or  aeraping. 

If  yoa  have  hoildings  that  need  painting,  now  ia  the 
time  to  arrange  for  the  work.  Materials  promise  to  be 
somewhat  lower  than  a  year  ago,  bat  now,  as  then,  there 
is  no  paint  more  economical  than  Carter  White  Lead 
and  linseed  oil,  whether  yoa  figure  it  by  the  gallon, 
by  the  sqaare  yard,  or  by  years  of  service. 

Plan  BOW  to  paint  rl^t*  Begin  by  sending  for  oar 
book  ''Pare  Paint."  It  is  a  text-book  on  house  painting 
and  includes  a  beautiful  set  of  color  plates  showing 
houses  attractively  and  tastefully  painted.  FREE  to 
property  owners,  architeeta  and  painters. 

Carter   White  Lead  Company 

12063  5.  Ftorsa  5f.,  Chicago,  JBL 
Foc.'orlesi  Chicago  anil  Omaha 


50Vp  cheaper  than  Paint 
50%  cheaper  to  apply 
100%  handiomer  than  Paint 

This  is  only  a  pari  of  what  you  gain  by  using 

Cabot's  Shingle  Stains 

Tbcy  arc  matle  of  Creosote ,  alHiJ  thoroughly  jpn  >,  r 
Y*iur  own  men  am  put  Uicm  cin.  or  you  can  dfj  ii  y> 
»rt  back  whrrr  Hmt.'  arr  n.»  nuidlrr^        1  hrv  :.'ivi      ■ 
cnl  coloring  efF'  > 
arc  uscri  on  all  > 

boaHing   Thcim^     ,    _  ,.      _„:... .  ^  .. 

You  am  ttt  Cabot's  Staim  tM  tntr  tkt  comntry.    Send  far  Jrtt 
iomptes  &n  vaod  and  tMm0  ft/  Htansi  agent 

SAMUEL  CAftOT.  Inc.,  Mioff .  Chcmliti,  3  Oliver  St.,  Boiton.  lUit, 


MIS^^(c="fp^T\n  n      *^^R  WALLS 
l^ll   H^  if  IP^llVIJSa  CEILINGS 

GOES  m  LIKE  PAINT;  LOOKSllKE  WALLPAPER;  YOU  CAN  WASH  IT 
A  beautiful  iUuslruUd  bonk  of  -M  coIt>rA  ami  Tlioto- 
granhs  sf-nl  frctr.  Send  vnir  unmc  cin<i  address  to  the 
keystone:  varnish  CO.  Br^>olc])m,  N.  Y. 


"  f  i=»nq>}t  Bpeak  t»>f*iiitiik|%  t^    f  > 


THE    COMPLETE     PMOTOC 


"REECO"...Dependable  Water 


For  over  half  a  centur>'  "Rccco"  Rider  aud  "Reeco" 
Brtcssrm  Pumping  Enemra  (operated  by  hot  air)  Uavc  been 
considered  the  mo«t  efBcicnt,  ecouomical  and  dependable 
eutitt>ii)etit  made  for  doroc'-Hr  water  supiily* 

Water  ser>'icc  that  is  nbundant  for  aJI  oecd*.  that  is  coo- 
staiil  iu  all  fenfionn  aud  all;  weather  conditionsi,  is  assured  by 
"Rccco*'  equipment — in  connection  with  pressure:  or  etevatc^J 
tanks, 

No  other  pumps  are  §o  simple  to  o|»erate,  so  eafc  and 
reii^Lble,  so  free  from  break  do  won,  as  'Rceco"  Puin|>s.  A 
chiUl  can  opcrulc  tlicm, 

I  »v«  T   loinj,!  "Kci.i-'i"  I'uitic?;  arc  now  in  n^c. 

RIDER-ERICSSON  ENGINE  CO. 


Supply  Systems 


N«w  Y«rii.     BMtM.     PhiU<l*l|>kia,     M«atred.  P.  Q.     SH«er.  AMtr^ta. 
Alao  Makers  of  the  "Rc^eco**  Electric  Pump« 


NoDc  Gcimine  Without  This  J^iguatiire. 


The  lnvcotor'6  Signature  that  Maodfi  ior  p«rfeeilkm  lo 


\M^c;^^^c.^^ic»:\  SHADE  ROLLER 


Get  the  Oiijrinator's  Sipnc<J  Product 
and  Avoid  l>t>$appninttnpnt. 


Your  own  Electric  liihi  on  your  Country  pli 

and  hundicsl  livhi.    Rcudv  to  turn  ou  u  «kUt  « 

FAY&BOWEN.':;v;;LVi'Si 


!.!** 


I C30  t'uv.  ^*'c•^ 


Sand  for  our  EloctrUi  iUght  #wfJW«^ 

r»J,  >.atr    ,1,.  ,  ,4( 

FAY  t  iOWiW  EWCmE  CO^  m  Uhi  SwGiMva,  iCT^f 


S«id  Cor  Tii«  \l*iMiu>'«  Wmk  liAfutbodli  «f  icKoota 


BUILDING    HELPS 


^Build  Your  House  Imperishable  of 

NATCO  HOLLOW  TILE 

The  shrewd  and  farsighted  owner  builds  today  not  alone  for  comfort 
and  beauty— but  against  fire  and  the  fear  of  it — deterioration  and  decay. 


f.Vs    'J    ". 


NATCO  HOLLOW  TILE  is  absolutely 
unaffected  by  fire.  It  stands  eternal  against 
decay.  A  home  built  of  NATCO  is  not 
alone  for  today  or  ten  years  hence,  but  for 
your  children's  children.  It  lends  itself  to 
the  best  architectural  treatment  and  design* 

Once  buillp  it  defies  time  and  its  nmin- 
tenance  cost  is  niL 

Its  blankets  of  air»  which  completely  stir- 
roimd  the  house,  compel  a  uniform  tem* 
perature*  A  NATCO  home  is  cooler  in 
Summer,  warmer  in  Winter,  and  always 
free  from  dampness.    It  is  vermin  proof. 

Ir  ti  ecooomtcAl  be^ose  m  first  cost  n  ill  l*5t  cost. 
And  yf^t  it  costs  no  more  th^a  homes  of  older  and  pcr- 
itfajble  formt  of  coostruetiodi. 

Advanced  arcbi reels  btiild  their  own  hofnes  of  it 
The  greatest  of  modem  build mgf  arc  fireproofed  with 
it.     Let  it  be  the  fabric  for  your  own  home. 

BbmI  f«  ««  ii>!bv»lt  96>P*ae  hudbool.    '^FtREPROOF 
HOUSES."    E*wf  dri^  ol  NATCO  HOLLOW  TILE 

t  4  NATCO  HOLLOW  TllX  »npn.  ii,  «< 
mn  ^flCfy  Id  $200,000,  Ad  nnluy*^  f»^r  ^  die  ptv^ 
pectivc  btaUor.    Write  today.  enckMang  10c  in  •tamps. 

NATIONAL  -  FIRE  PROOFING  -  CO. 

Department  P  Pittsburgh.  Pa. 

O0ica  in  A  n  Principal  CUia 


'^>Y(mMif^ 


For  information  about  popular  retoru  wdift  \o  xVa  ^^x^«.v^  ^tn\<:x. 


BUILDING    HELPS 


Hoil«on  TetftiiaAl  Bulletin  bv  Metrapoliun  Life  Inaurance  Buiidins 

KoklcriMidtcr  Hotel  Ratiroa  BuilcittiK 

Mi|j«4tk  Hotel  Sic£«ei-CcK>jp«r*i  Star  a  Tfioity  laildtnr 

Debnonico  «  Savour  Ho<d  RiH  C«rltoh  Hotel  M«rbnd««  BM«, 

The   City   of 

Edison  -  Mazda  -  Light 

New  York  DistHct 

If  all  the  buiyings  Ugh  led  bv  Edison  Mazda  Lamps  could  be  irroupcd  together  the  result 
would  be  a  city  composed  of  the  kadin^  store*,  hotels,  office  buildings,  banks,  theatres^ 
schookj  mu&cums,  hospitals,  factories,  railroad  stations  and  thousands  of  homes. 

Scores  of  cities  would  be  represented.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  New  York  City  Disinct 
can  be  shown  here.  In  these  eleven  bmldmgs  there  are  over  85*000  Edison  Mazda  Lamps 
giving  a  tola  I  light  of  nearly  3,000,000  candle*powcf»  One  of  these  buildings  is  tlie  largest^ 
another  the  tallest  ofHce  building  in  tJie  worlds 


llldn  todir  to  mn  the  ttarHv  Rduicin  Mutda  Lamp  ihal 
v»  tirittiy  IhKr  tirnf*  **  much  Jiii^ht  *s  tbe  DfdinjLFy  cmr- 


todir  to 
Sfvntirittiy  Ihnr 

U»n  liLiTnt^iit  Ufnt>  njitamiiirut  ihv  imjtic  umi'tial  *.*i  current, 
^'tiiir  li^'biiitijt  nitniiAny  ur  trivet  riiAl  »ii]ppt>*  lieBiIrr  ttill  Fmx^ 
nk^  *n.y  nkw"  Imm  5S  to  si«  wsit*- 

Which  of  1]hr#  |fil!i>iriiM|  »c»  tu  40  JMJK<«  iiiiumtedf  pim- 


"The  tigbtiBg  of  Rotek  aiwl  Cafa  " 

"Tbe  lJ«hyo«  of  Oi&c<  *iid  PuUk  BuMngs" 

'*Tbe  Lifhtinf  of  tron  mnd  Sted  Worki  " 

"TWLW»tin«  o*  Tettik  F*ct9ri»*' 

"  a  New  Era  In  Uf btinjE  **  (Hoaa,  etc,) 


General  Electric  Company 


Dept  46 


Schenectady,  N.  Y* 


Branch  Office*  in   &^*r  40    eJl^i 
TlitB  trad«  rnu-k  te  tl^  OuArantee  erf  Exceltimee  ort  G<m€la  E|«ctHe*l 


How  to  invest  your  funds  —  aik  The  Readers*  Sctvvc^, 


BUILDING    HELPS 


f<v;  GUARANTEED 
^    PLUMBING 
FIXTURES 

THE  bathroom  should  be  planned  for  appearance^  as  well  as 
for  utility  and  sanitation.     The  artistic  construction  and  design  ol 
^'^tandard"  plumbing  fixtures  should  be  considered  when  seleclkts 
your  bathroom  appointments* 

The  "iStattdard"  guarantee  label  removes  every  element  of  sp>ecu]4ition 
from  your  pUimbing  expenditure  and  makes  it  a  guaranteed  invest ment. 
The  years  of  comfort,  convenience  and  healthfulness  which  the  inst«i* 
lation  of  ".Standard"  guaranteed  plumbmg  fixtures  assures,  quickly 
repays  their  cost  and  adds  permanently  to  the  value  of  your  home 


G€ntiin«».  'a^tntfdftftT'  fijrfures  for  the  Hofne 
and  for  Scti<x»l.  Office  Duildings,  Public 
Inst ifut ions,  ctc.«  arc  identified  by  the 
Green  «nd  Gold  L«bcl,  with  the  excep- 
tion o(  biiihs  bearing  the  Red  nnd  Bl«ck 
L«bel,  which,  while  d  the  first  qunlity 
of  munulacture.  have  a  shghtly  thinner 
en«nielifi|[,  mnd  thua  meet  the  require- 


ments o(  those  w  ho  demand  'SUmditrsT' 
^lAhry  at  \fM  expensr.  All  ^tand^r^r 
fixtureswifhc«rewiUI«itfl(ifetiii»e.  An*i, 
no  Kxture  is  ecQutoe  mdtm  H  hmmra  lA^ 
guarantte  i^ei.  In  otdtr  lo  Avoid  the 
sobftfitution  ot  inferior  fixtures,  ipcetfy 
';Staiiif<i<(r  gpods  in  wririog  (not  v«fi>. 
■Uy)  Aod  nuke  ture  ihii  you  get  litem. 


StattdoiU^anitiiislD&Co.        Dept   h  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 


N^wYork.  .  .3rWegt3lii9tT««f 
ChtCAoo  ....  415  A4hlMid  Bkfck 
plitUi£tailii  .  .  1 1 2fl  Walnul  Surel 
Tofontot  Cuu  .  59  Rielniiood  St.,  E. 
Mbufiih  .  ,  lOfl  S>vih  Sirfi'i 
LouM .  106  K  foatlh  Street 


Monlrral,  Can  Idg.      San  F 

Ckvelind.      '  b.      PtWonh.Tcji^rroafV)' 


Prorapt  replies  to  finudAl  inquiriei  from  The  Rtjdert*  Scnricc 


BUILDING    HELPS 


The  Most  Economical  Roof 

T^OR  half  a  century  architects  have  known 
^  that  slag  and  gravel  roofs  would  qfien  show 
nian'clous  durabilit>^ 

The  Barrett  Specification  defines  tlic  method  hy  which 
these  roofs  may  he  built  so  that  they  will  always  show 
such  dirnbility. 

It  nrovides  fnr  the  best  matenals  manufactured^  and  pre- 
scribes the  most  approved  methods  of  application. 
A  Barrett  Specification  Roof  ivtil  cost  less  than  any  other 
permanent  roof,  will  last  upwards  of  twenty  years  and  wilt 
need  no  painiinsr  or  coating  or  care.  Such  roofs  arc  firc- 
rctardant  and  take  the  base  rate  of  insurance, 
'I 'hat  is  wfiy  they  arc  iinanably  used  on  larj^e  manuracrur* 
ini!  plants  uht^re  the  mui  arf:is  arc  urcat  and  where,  thcrc- 
fore^  the  unit  C(»sts  are  carefully  studied. 

Ih'J/i-i  £ii'in^  Thi  Barrett  Spcaji^atkn  in  full 
ma'ikti  Jh'f  r^n  n-yu^sL      Addr€%i  neartst  ql^C£. 

BARRKTT  MANUFACTURING   COMPANY 

Kriir  V   rlc  Cbi^ara  PJ^^iiadrlHiii  tkiiEuA  5L  I^ttii  Clrrrljivl  Ti'tt^iurxlk 

titiinxiitl  KArmii  Ciir  HjiiiietT*^[ri  New  OiEram  3ran\t  Tjindnn.  t  <t 

CaniiiiJi  dihict^— ^Muintcjj       Taramo        Winnjiprr       VAtmurrr        |l  ivhti,  K.Ik         tUlifiL  M.& 


SPFCfAL  NOTE 

Wc  advise  incor- 
poratintr  in  plana 
the  full  wordintr  of 
The  Ban^tt  Speci- 
fication, in  order 
to  avoid  any  mis- 
understanding. 

If  an  abbreviated 
form  is  desired 
ho^vever  the    fol- 

lowinix  is  su^^jrestcd: 

ROOFING-Rh:illbc 
a  Ilarrct!  SpcciHeutidn 
Rotjf  l.Tid  aa  ilirectcil 
in  priutctl  Si^crifitM- 
itiin,  ri'v  iie«l  Aupiat 
J^,  1911,  mm^  the 
rri;ilf  riuU  sprrifii'il,  an  J 
Tiiibjcrt  tn  the  hi^pcc- 
tiiin  rciiuireiufnt. 


The  Readers'  Service  gives  infurmatioxv  3\m\&\  \TVNC^^ts^t\^^% 


WORLD'S    WORK    ADVERTISE 


m 


BARBERS 

AutoStrop  Safety  Razors 


Mr,  Buttt.  Prop>  Barb«r  Shop 

HOTEL  ST.  REGIS 

New  York,  »»y«  m  p»rt 

nmt  be  rhikvedi  by  ilulle<cl  bftrbert 
•tid  ID  •  fiac,  BDtiippCic  barber thop 
»uch  u  w«  tuvc  bete  at  the  Holiel 
St.  Regk,  «  ro*n  wKouU  •h»vt 
hinuell.  ^Thc  AutoStiop  Razor, 
»  (ny  optJuoD.  i»tbe  beal  for  Povite 
iMf.  b^uve  he  can  itrop  ■  keen 
b«rber't  cdfe  onto  H,  aad  the  b*r> 
ber'i  edige,  of  coutie^  ensU^i  Kim 
k)  ihave  tiiMMillily,  comfonably." 


Mr.  Moti«  Prop,  E«rWr  Sbap 
BELLEVUE  .  STRATFORD 
Pliilad«]phi^  cay  I  in  parti 

"G*niUmen* — -WKm  «  n>an 
can,  il  it  olwayi  beil  ta  be  •hav<tJ 
iti  ■  ihocoughJy  hypeok.,  aatiwfilic 
Baiber  Stiop lik« thtttof  ibe  fidlc^ 

vut'Stfatford, 

Bat  wh<>n  betraineUof  wlldi  h* 
cinnn^  fjn.j  •  prrfettly  and  *Mi« 
»rp(lrifly   eqilfpl^  Barbcff   SllOp^ 

h*  tKouKJ  intve  hmuctf. 

For  thialftttv  pttrpa»  I  know 
af  AMhtii|  belter  than  the  Aid^ 
SifofiSajtty  Hazier.'* 


Mr.  Corey,  H»m4  B«rb«r 

HOTEL  LA  SALLE 

Chicaito,  sfejrt  in  p«Ht 

*'  Cf  fitf/cindi>4^UliB9li»7CBr 

h^rtir  ol  the  4ili,  MjuacMf  oommi 

ul  ycur  AulaSliop  fUiflr.  I M  to 

3lhalifafli)iiimakl0dM««tti^ 
ami  euuw(a|n»pft  Mor.  iW  bcil 
fbtoff  be  ciO  do  il  to  i#t  asi  Aiii»> 
Sttop  Razor  brcau^  f; - 

atnipoinf  f«r  ban  <r 


quickly  ami  convm' 

him  an  «dli«  whieh  will  f .^ov^'  hw 

b«aidtoUi4 


Mr.  Hoffmann,  Head  Barbviv 
HOTEL  BELVEDERE 
Baltijnore,  saya  in  pavCt 

"  Genti^me  n>~Y<im  AutaSlrap 
Rator  ii  1^  only  S4ely  Raior  1 
«v«f  vrcocBniend  Do  ny  m— ii, 
beoioae  it  it  tbe  oolr  «ftc  nrfll  on 
ihenebi  ).I««.  i  c..  tfit  priac«it  of 

li<r«rr»'  r 

Tl»COrrM  ' 


-n  can  Miop  « 


Bciknic^U  alfo«d 


AuloSlroD 


Simplicity 

Stropft^  ShaT«i| 
Cle&oft  without 
D«t»clijac    Blade 


Wim 


Speed 

Far  Quidker*  H««* 
di«r.  iKan  a  N*> 
Stroppitis    ilm»ar 


Econamy 
Clueaper  than  a  Dollar  Razor,  B«cauta  iKe  Bla4ta  La»t  So  Loa^p 

Camiiti  of  tttver-pUted,   ietf-itropping    Rafor,    ti    BMa   and   Stnip    lit  ffinAinnf  Otoe, 
TnTcl»n*  Scij,  |6.^o  up,     SoM  oti  Trul  ac  all  ditlan  In  tJ.  S.  «4Cin«dj.     Factom  b  b«tj| 

mlao  En  If  Land  and    Prince.      Send  tor   Frr»»  Catalflf^i'* 

AutoSlrof^  Safetf  Rasor  Co.  351    Fifib  Armtm;  Naw  York;  400  RleluMttd  S%w^m^  W 
Toronto^  Canada  s  6t  Naw  Oxford  Str««t«  Loiidoa  ** 


^ 


116 


In  wHtmc  to  Advertiicn  pk^ic  nicntum  Tui  WoHUi*i  WoM 


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