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PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY ;

OR,

THE ART OF

TEACHING SPELLING BY WRITING:

CONTAINING

AN IMPROVED METHOD OF DICTATING,

IMitt) ISvtttiutu tot practice;

AND

COLLECTIONS OF WORDS

OF DIFFICULT, IRREGULAR AND VARIABLE SPELLING.

INTENDED FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS, LEARNERS,
WRITERS, PRINTERS, AND ALL OTHER PERSONS
WHO DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE ORTHOG-
RAPHY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

BY WILLIAM BEARCROFT,

LATB MASTER OF THE ACADEMY, KIRKEY MOOKSlDE.
REVISED AND ENLARGED

BY DANIEL H/'BARNES,

ONE OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE NEW-VOHK HIGH-SCHOOL.

YORK, PRINTED 1824 :

NEW-YORK, REPRINTED AND SOLD BY MAHLON DAY,

NO. 376, PEARL-STREET.

1828.
[price one dollar, bound in red.]

£"t*

^

Southern District of New-York, ss.

**+*+*+^$ JJE IT REMEMBERED, that on the second day of

* Xim Si ;|: June, A. D. 1828, in the fifty-second year of the Inde-

%***•*■•*•*•*••*•* pendence of the United States of America, Mahlon

Day, of the said District, has deposited in this office the title of aBook,

the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to

wit :

" The Red Book. Practical Orthography, or the Art of Teaching Spelling by

Writing : containing an Improved Method of Dictating, with Exercises for

Practice, and Collections of Words of difficult, irregular and variable Spelling.

Intended for the use of Teachers, Learners, Writers, Printeis,and all other

persons whodesire to understand the Orthography of the English Language.

By William Bearcroft, late Master of the Academy, Kirkby Moorside, revised

and enlarged by Daniel H. Barnes, one of the Principals of the New-York

High-School."

In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled
•4 An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies
of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such
copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act,
entitled ** an Act, supplementary to an act, entitled an Act for the
encourgement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts,
and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copie?, during the
times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts
of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints."
6 FREDERICK J. BET^S ,

Clerk of the Southern District ofJVeu.York.

9/

PREFACE.

The plan of this work was laid, and part of it written
several years ago. For some time the want of leisure
retarded its progress ; and now declining health does not
permit its extension to the limits originally projected.
But though cut short in the number and variety of the
exercises, the mode of using them is sufficiently explained,
and it is hoped in a way 'that will be found intelligible
by those who may be induced to try it; and that the ex-
tent of the directions will not discourage the teacher
from putting them in practice. For their prolixity, the
Author would apologize, by requesting the reader to
describe, in writing, any common process in art ; and he
will soon be convinced of the multiplicity of words neces-
sary to render the subject intelligible, to persons not pre-
viously acquainted with it : and yet the process itself
may be quite easy when seen.

The Exercises in the Second Part are few, and majr
be thought to increase too rapidly in length and difficulty.
This objection will lose some of its force on considering
that they were composed to serve as specimens, rather
than as a stock for general use, and that the judicious

IV PREFACE.

tutor will be able to supply the defect from works of
merit ; extracts from many of which will afford an ample
supply, and furnish a variety of matter and stile of writ-
ing, not to be expected in the compositions of an indi-
vidual.

The Third Part was the first written, and may b
considered as the parent of the rest. It was in use*
some years before the remainder of the work was thought
of, and found to be highly useful in diminishing th
number of those errors, which sometimes expose genii
men as well as schoolboys.

The Fourth Part consists of a class of exercise
which might have been continued to an indefinite length
wfis not the necessity for such an extension somewha
lessened by the Collection of words in the Appendix.

The short Essays, in the Fifth Part, may be used
as exercises of memory and composition, as well as
orthography : and some of the Letters in the Sixth
Part are applicable to the same purposes.

The Appendix* will save the teacher much trouble in
the correction of exercises, if used as a standard for de-
termining the best authorized spelling of many words
of difficult and unsettled orthography. That words of
this kind are numerous,f must be wellknown to every
intelligent preceptor ; and that they are the cause of
much perplexity to his pupils, and confusion to himself
cannot be denied ; whatever, therefore, tends to im-
prove them, and to facilitate his labors must deserve his
attention. With this view, the Author collected the

* In the New- York edition, the appendix is enlarged from 32 to 150
pages, and the authorities are added.
•f The number of variable words is nearly 4000. See page 339.

PREFACE. V

words in the Appendix, and proceded to examine dic-
tionaries, and to compare them with what he thought
the general usage. In doing this, he found that to re-
concile the inconsistencies and disagreement of the au-
thorities which he had proposed to himself as standards,
was no easy task ; and that frequently a new difficulty
was presented in the claim of common practice. In fine.
he discovered that he stood on slippery ground, and
would have retreated, had it not been for the consider-
ation that this part of the work will not be entirely use-
less, and that it may provoke some abler hand to under-
take the subject. If, in any instance, the nature of bis
plan has led him to deviate from the spelling of esteemed
friends, he has done it with pain. His business was
with dictionaries, and his readers may join him in regret-
ting that they do not possess one which is consistent
with itself throughout.

It was desirable to reduce to order the class of words
terminating iner and or* signifying agents derived from
verbs. But these terminations are so indiscriminately
used, so entangled with one another, that neither ety-
mology nor analogy can unravel them. Compound
words also, and the irregular use of the hyphen, make
no inconsiderable figure in the train of difficulties attendi-
ng the correction of exercises ; but these, with many
others, are not likely to be removed unless the construc-
tion of words should become as much the object of crit-
ical examination as the pronunciation of them. f

* See Rule 18, page 20.

t An Abridged Dictionary, without critical observations, but witit
such orthographical corrections as etymology, analogy, and pr«seirt
n>age might justify, is a desideratum in schools. Such a work, exe-
cuted by a competent hand, and pruned of all words not generally
useful, and of obsolete duplicates of those of varied spelling, might be
induced to the size of a common school book, and become a standard
of orthography. A*>

VI PREFACE.

The authorities principally consulted in compiling the
x\ppendix, as the most likely to be used for reference in
schools, were Mr. Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dic-
tionary, and Mr. Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev.
Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson. These however, like
others are not free from typographical errors and over-
sights, inseparable from works requiring such laborious
and minute attention ; nor from those anomalies and in-
consistencies which have been too long retained in the
language to be readily discarded.

W. BEARCROFT.

Kirkby Moor side, June 12, 1824.

Note. Very few persons understand the condition of our orthogia-
phy, or know that all our dictionaries are in a state of the most hope-
less confusion. But this fact will sufficiently appear to any one who
will turn to his dictionary and look at the words, ectasy, extacy,
ecstacy, exstasy; gipsy, gipsey, gypsy, gypsey ; and frenzy, frensy,
phrenzy, phrensy, with their derivatives. Johnson spells cimiter
five ways, Walker six, and other dictionaries increase the number to
fifteen; and the word musketo is susceptible of more than forty
variations, of which scarcely any one is worse than Sheridan's
Moschetto. Crj'stalize is spelt in common practice, eight different ways,
crystalize, crystallize, crystalise, crystallise, chrystalize, chrystallize,
chrystalise, chrystallise, and the variations may be increased to six-
teen, by substituting i for y, as is sometimes done. See the word salt
m Webster's small Dictionary. Ed.

ADVERTISEMENT

To the New-York Edition.

The practice of dictating has long been familiar to the
good schools of this country, and in the New-York High
School has received particular attention. Commencing
with a pretty large number of active and intelligent boys,
who were constantly encouraged to consult their diction-
aries, the master soon found it necessary, in cases where
the words were variable, in the same or different books,
to decide which should be adopted as the preferable
mode. A list of variable words was commenced, and
an attempt was made to trace the prevalent analogies of
the language, and to educe general rules. Having ad-
vanced thus far, a book was received from our English
correspondent, entitled PRACTICAL ORTHOGRA-
PHY which seemed to comprise so much useful matter,
that the present editor yielded to the request of his friends,
in giving it a revision and republication.

This edition is a good deal altered, to suit the wants of
American schools; and the list of variable words is enlarg-
ed, to render it as complete as circumstances would permit.
Words of uncommon occurrence are not generally in-
serted. No words are inserted without the authority of
standard Dictionaries, except where the analogy, which
really ought to be the highest authority, evidently re-
quires the word in question. That words of the same
analogy ought to have the same form, is so evident as
to be almost a truism ; and yet such is the state of our
spelling, (I say not ORTHographv) that one of its great-
est defects is, that the same word is found under different
forms, and different forms are attributed to words which
ought, for every reason, except bad practice, to have the
same form. Nearly all the irregularities in the language
might be made uniform, if we could be allowed to take
the authority of good authors ; but as this would lead us

Vlll ADVERTISEMENT.

into a wide field, we have deemed it best to take Diction-
aries only, and such as have been published since that
brilliant period of English literature, when Addison, like
the vernal sun, diffused his mild and cheering influence
over the island of our fathers. The Spectator is yet
read and admired. Neither its stile nor its orthography
is obsolete ; and to take the Dictionaries published since
the completion of that work, seems to the writer to be per-
fectly fair ; and to use their decisions in strict accordance
with general rules, indisputably allowable. The rules
are deduced from the language, and the authority is
deemed good when it accords with the rules. Those
who, on the first view, may feel afraid that we have gone
too far, will please to remember that we have done
no more than to choose for ourselves, from the varia-
tions of standard Dictionaries ; always marking the au-
thority, that those who differ from us in opinion may
choose for themselves. Should this book be adopted by
writers and printers as a book of reference, it would save
much time and trouble in turning to Dictionaries, which
perpetually contradict themselves, and leave the inquirer
always in doubt, and often in error.

New-York, May 30, 1828.

Dictionaries used in preparing the New-York
edition.

1» Bailey's folk), 2d edition, London, 1736 ; twenty-seven
years after the commencement of the Spectator by
Addison and his associates. A great and good work.
Of the abridgment, twenty-nine editions have been
published — a sufficient proof of its estimation.

2. Martin's Dictionary, London, 1749; six years before
Johnson's. A most valuable work, very scarce. In
the preface he mentions that it was the best practice of
his day to omit the final k in public, music, &c. His
orthography is less contradictory than that of any other
author, and he gives us Lnglish rather than foreign
words. To this work Johnson seems to have paid
much attention.

3. Johnson's great Dictionary, fourth edition, 4to, Lon-
don, 1777, with a new preface: corrected by the author,
seven years before his death. Probably the best edition
of this great work.

4. Ash's Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1775. A very
elaborate and full Dictionary.

5. Fenning's Dictionary, 8vo. London, 1st ed. 1761, and
2d ed. 1783. A good work, much used in England.
Omits the final k.

6. Dyche's, London, 16th ed. 1777, 17th ed, 1794. Va-
riable words put together. First published about 15
years before Johnson's.

7. Harwood's 8vo. London, 1782. Bailey, revised and
corrected. Bailey's abridgment, 21, 24 & 28 editions.

8. Johnson's abridgment, 1st ed. 1756 ; one year after
the publication of his folio : and 6th ed. with the aur
thor's corrections, 1778.

9. Crakelt's Eniick, small 12mo. London, 1795. Avery
neat edition.

10. Sheridan's corrected by Churchill, 4th ed. Lon. 1797.

11. Jones's 3d ed, 1798, and 9th ed, 1804: made to cor-
rect Walker and Sheridan, and had u an almost unpre-
cedented" sale. Recommended by Dr. Webster,

12. Barclay's improved by Shorton, 4to Liverpool, 1818.

13. Walker's 4to, 3d ed. London, 1802, much altered
from the two former, and can be depended upon, to ex-
hibit the real views of its author.

14. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, 2d ed. 12mo. Lon,
1824. A better work than the other. It rejects the
final and useless &, which has, in too many instances,
been retained only on his authority. In this work the
author points out many of Johnson's contradictions,
but says he did not dare to correct them ! ! !

15. Perry's royal 8vo. London, 1805. Rejects double
letters in derivatives when not under the accent, as
traveler and not traveller. It is esteemed the best of
any pronouncing Dictionary yet known. The defi-
nitions are synonimized and the orthography in many
instances corrected, but the author does not always
follow his own rules.

16. Chalmers's Todd's Johnson, London, 1824.

17 & 18. Webster's New-Haven, 1806. Hartford, 1817.

19. Browne's Union Dictionary, 12mo London, 1806.

20. Scott's Dictionary, 12 mo. Cork, 1810.

21. The American Dictionaries generally, many of
which are more correct than the English.

22. Buchanan's Dictionary, L2mo. London, 1757.

23. Sheridan's, Philadelphia 6th edition, 1796 ; faithfully
copies the misprints of the original.

24. Allinson's royal 8vo. Burlington, N. J. 1813.

-25. Webster's quarto, through the letter I, by inspection
of the proof sheets 5 which the editor has kindly been
permitted to see, tho the work is not yet published. It
will be very far superior to any other.
26. Macredie's, by a society of teachers in Scotland.
Originals. Johnson, three editions; Walker, Ash,
Manin, Fenning, Perry, Jones, Harwood, Chalmers,
Webster, Browne, Bailey, Buchanan.

All these authors, (except the American) have pro-
fessed to be standards for the British nation, and have
been well received. Of those published, Bailey's and
Martin's are works of the most learning, Johnson's of the
most labor. Ash's contains the greatest number of words.
Martin, Dyche, Ash, Browne, Walker's Rh. Webster,
Entick, Scott, Fenning, Barclay, Perry, Buchanan and
Macredie, reject the final K in public, music, &c.

Johnson and Walker contain 38,000 words. Todd's
Johnson, 53,000, WEBSTER'S QUARTO, 70,000.

CONTRACTIONS.

a. Ash. a1. Allsnson. An. Analogy.

b. Bailey, ab. abridgment.
Br. Barclay.

buc. Buchanan.

c. Chalmers's Abridgment of Todd's Johnson,
ch. Churchill's Sheridan.

d. Dyche.

e. Entick.

f. Fenning.
Gr. Greek.

h. Harwood's Bailey.

j. Johnson, js. Jones.

m. Martin.

n. Not right, bad spelling.

o. Old spelling, right or wrong.

p. General practice, py. Perry.

s. Sheridan.

u. Browne's Union Dictionary.

w. Walker's quarto, 3d edition.

wr. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary.

wb. Webster.

Rl Rule.

wb. - The author prefers this form.

J. = Spells two ways without a preference.

w. 4-x Contradicts himself.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Page

Method of Dictating, *. - - - 1

Rules, ._----..... 19

PART II.

Exercises for Dictating, 21

PART III.

Exercises on words of similar sounds, but of different spelling

and signification, 32

PART IV.

Exercises on words liable to be erroneously written by learn-
ers : in which the difficulty arises from a material difference
between the pronunciation and orthography ; from com-
parison or contrast with similar words; from the irregular
formation of the derivatives; from unsettled or varied spel-
ling ; and from other causes, 67

PART V.

Exercises on various subjects, in the form of essays, anec-
dotes, &c. - - - - 103

PART VI.

Exercises in the form of letters, on orthographical and other
subjects, 139

APPENDIX.

Collections of words of difficult, irregular, and variable spelling,

With notes, 19S

Prefixes en, in, un, ---..---.. 201

Prefixes em, im, - - , - - 208

Terminations ant, ent, ance, ence, 210

Terminations ceous, cious, tious, -.-... 214

Terminations ize, ise, 216

Final consonants improperly doubled, ----- 225

F, L, N, S improperly doubled, 229

E final of the primitive rejected, - - - - - - 230

General collection of variable words, - - - - - 233

List of words in or and our, ....... 242

Words in ough, ... ...... 340

Words in ie and y, 341

Anomalies, 342

Arch, 343

Oon, 344

Ous, ose, ile, ive, Ac. 345

CORRECTIONS, 348

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY.

PART I.

Method of Dictating.

To acquire a competent knowledge of
'Orthography, demands much attention from
the student; and where this requisite is
wanting, which is frequently the case, the
labors of the tutor become tiresome, and
his success without hope. That he may
not appear, however, to have been negli-
gent, his pupil is "put forward" to some-
thing less irksome than the spelling of a
language which he is unwilling to learn
by rule ; and thus penmanship is substi-
tuted for grammar, and fine writing and
flourishes delight the expectant but deceiv-
ed parent. Every man of sense and educa-
tion who is engaged in the tuition of youth,
knows that this is not the way to make
sound scholars; — that defective spelling
debases fine writing; — and that no honor
is due to the tutor who builds upon such a
sandy foundation. But the fashion of the
day is against his better knowledge; and
he must either comply with its rules, or be
content to be accounted an unfashionable

* Requisit and perquisit, Webster.
B

2 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

teacher — in other words, a preceptor with-
out pupils.

To those who know their duty, and wish
to do it, the Author of this work begs to
address himself. He is fully aware that
superficial teachers enjoy more of the
patronage of the public than those of
better qualifications and more honesty ;
this, combined with the reflection that the
benefit of the rising generation is the
ultimate object, makes it desirable to assist
in restoring the latter to their professional
rank and consideration. To such, there-
fore, (if not already in the practice of better
methods,) he would recommend one for
the instruction of their pupils in spelling,
that has been used with a degree of success
of which it does not become him to speak.

Nearly forty years since, he made the
discovery that spelling by rote and spelling
on paper, were very different things; and
that the ardent zeal with which he had
employed the Spelling Book, had con-
tributed very little to the improvement of
his pupils, in that department where he
had most expected it. Disappointed and
mortified by his want of success, he had
recourse to practical spelling on slates
and paper, and was soon convinced of
its utility. This led him to labor much
in bringing to maturity what he supposed
was a new practice in the art of teach-
ing. It appears that necessity, the fruit-

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 3

fui mother of invention, had already sug-
gested similar ideas to others, and Dic-
tating soon found its way into many re-
spectable schools, and its superior useful-
ness is now generally acknowledged.

But whether the exercise of Dictation
has been employed with all the effect of
which it is capable, must be left to the
determination of teachers, on comparing
their methods with that here proposed. To
form a proper judgment, it will be necessary
to try the experiment on inattentive pupils,
who will probably be the first to find out
that the plan is calculated to punish idle-
ness by extra labor; (the most effectual
cure for the disorder;) that this extra labor
increases in proportion to the negligence of
the learner; and, that diligence and atten-
tion afford the only means of escape from
this troublesome companion and pursuer.
The preceptor also will find, that, on the
adoption of this method, his pupils in
general will make a rapid advance in ac-
quiring that ease and freedom in writing,
which is the result of much practice only ;
and which, tho# less pleasing to the eye
of the schoolboy and his writing master,
will be of more value to the future man
than painted penmanship and unmeaning
embellishments.

The process of dictating alluded to above,
may be thus described.

* Tho. Webster has restored the old and correct spell-
ing of this word.

4 PRACTICAL ORTHOCRAPHY. [PART I.

A day in everj week was appropriated
to the business of dictating and composi-
tion. This was generally Thursday.*
The senior class dictated first, and the
others followed in rotation. The piece to
be dictated and written, was selected by the
master, and read to the class by that pupil
of it whose errors, on the last occasion, were
the fewest ; and, in case of his absence, by
the next present. If he failed to read in a
slow and distinct manner, so as to be audi-
ble to the whole of the class, he was super-
seded by the next in rank, and made to join
in the exercise of writing with the rest.
That the pupils might understand the
meaning of the paragraph to be written, it
was read in the usual manner, previous to
the commencement of the operation of
writing ;f and then by a few words at a
time, allowing the writers time to finish
the phrase, but not to make any alterations
after it was written. As soon as the exer-
cise was concluded, each pupil subscribed
his name at the foot of his copy, and handed
it to the dictator, who collected the whole
as quickly as possible, and placed them,

* Some of the younger scholars dictated twice or thrice
a week, when one of the senior boys marked the errors,
which on these occasions were not entered in vocabularies,
but committed to memory; those pupils not being suffi-
ciently advanced to use vocabularies.

f The junior classes wrote on slates ; the other on
paper.

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 5

and the book with the original, upon the
desk of the master, or that of an assistant
properly qualified to discover the errors, and
to point them out by certain marks or
characters adopted for the purpose.*

Previous to examination, the exercises
were sorted according to their respective
merits in point of penmanship, and so
placed that the best might be examined
first, and the rest in rotation. This excited
much emulation, as those who took the
most pains in writing, were the soonest at
liberty to prepare for the succeding exer-
cise, which was of such a nature as to
harassf them with, or relieve them from, an
accumulating load that threatened to over-
whelm every idler.

When an exercise was examined, and
marked with the number of errors, the boy
who was the monitor or waiter for the day,
proclaimed the number aloud, and then
handed it to the writer for correction.
These corrections (those of capitals and
points excepted) were not made upon the
copy, but arranged in columns below it,

* For an exemplifition of the marks, see p. 14.

t Harass and embarrass, Johnson.-h
Harass and embarass, Martin.
Harass and embarras, Walker. ,-f-
Harrass and embarrass, Barclay.
Har'ass Dictionary, l Walker +

Harass', Rhyming Dictionary, 5 waiKer.ir
Embarras and embarrassment, Walker. -\-
Embarrass and embarrasment, Bailey's Folio.-\-
B2

6 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. fPART I.

and, when finished, were sent up for in-
spection. If right, they were marked with
the letter R; but if otherwise, the errors
were severally marked with a dash, and
returned for a second correction, and so on,
till completed; when the letter R (without
which mark no corrections were permitted
to pass) was attached by the examiner,
who, after canceling# duplicates of words,
and things of minor consequence, returned
the remainder to be copied by the pupil
into his vocabulary.f When this was
done, the book was sent up for inspection,
and if correct, explanations in red ink were
added to words of similar sounds, and also
to others, the identity of which could not be
determined by the pronunciation. As all
the corrections of misspelled words were
ordered to be made from a dictionary,^

* Canceling, with one I, Perry's rule, p. 15, 8vo. Diet,

t This was a small book containing forty-eight pages
of fulscap || paper in octavo, with which every pupil ca-
pable of using it was furnished ; and which was in fact a
spelling book consisting of such words as he could not
spell correctly; and was made the general repository of
his errors whenever and wherever they were discovered.
The vocabularies were uniform in size, and paged, to pre-
vent the abstractions of their leaves by idle boys who did
not like to commit their contents to memory.

% The best Dictionary is Webster's. But any common
dictionary may be used with the help of the rules given
at page 19.

|| Fulscap, i. e. full-scape, corrupted into fools-cap, like
Welsh rabbit, from Welsh-rare-bit. Scapus, Lat, a quire.

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 7

the errors on this account were punished
with suitable penalties; the vocabulary
returned to the pupil for correction, and
again exhibited for inspection, till made
complete ; after which the explanations
were added as above stated.

While this business was going on, the
next class was dictating, and after it ano-
ther; as soon as the dictator to the last
class had ended, such pupil of the first as
had a page full of words in his vocabulary,
(exclusive of those just inserted,) proceded
to write that page, with its explanations,
upon his slate, from the dictation of some
pupil on the opposit* side of the school,
to whom the vocabulary had been pre-
viously sent for the purpose; and who, on
concluding, immediately handed up the
vocabulary and slate for examination.
Other classes did the same in rotation ;
and for the sake of despatch, sometimes
three or four pupils were permitted at once.
After the correction of the dictation, each
of the slates was examined and compared
with its corresponding page in the vocabu-
lary ; and, if right, that page was marked
with the day of the month in red ink at the
foot. If wrong, the words upon the slate
were dashed out, and no further procedings
with that page allowed till the next dicta-
ting day, when the pupil was at liberty to
make another trial, after he had finished

* Deposit, opposit, apposit, com posit, Webster.

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

the dictation of that day. If in the mean
while he had so neglected to commit the
words to memory that he failed a second
time, the work stood over for a further trial
on the third dictating day ; and so on till he
could do it correctly. Thus the idler, by
delaying to learn his misspelled words,
made no improvement in orthography; in
consequence, the number of his errors did
not lessen, and his vocabulary went on fill-
ing, till his work became burdensome by
neglect and repeated accumulations. On
the other hand, the errors of the industrious
diminished, his vocabulary filled slowly, his
task grew easy, and the day of dictating
was hailed as a day of pleasure and inter-
esting exercise. x4s a stimulus to action,
the indolent were degraded and removed to
a lower class, whenever they suffered eight
pages of their vocabulary to remain un-
marked^ and a smaller penalty was inflicted
for half that number. At length, wearied
with toilingunder an increasing burden,* the
pupil generally discovered that diligence
and industry only could relieve him; and this
urged him to try an experiment which was
uniformly successful.

* Burden, unburthen, Walker.-jr

f A boy has been known to prick his ringer, and forge
the red ink mark at the bottom of the pages of his vocab-
ulary with blood, to screen his idleness. Such tricks
were readily detected, and as promptly punished by addi-
tional exercises in dictating, for the purpose of increasing
that work which was attempted to be evaded.

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 9

The remainder of the day was employed
in other work, which united exercises of
memory, and of practical grammar or com-
position, with practical orthography. This
was done in the following manner: The
tutor read aloud a short anecdote, a passage
from history, or an extract from some book
of science, adapted to the comprehen-
sion of the pupils. The passage was
read as deliberately and distinctly as pos-
sible twice over; the class of pupils for
whom it was intended, having been pre-
viously informed that it was to be written
on slates, or paper, as an exercise of
memory. As soon as the second reading
was finished, the pupils began to write, and
when they had done, the exercises were
examined ; the errors were marked ; and
each exercise numbered according to its
merit. The writers were then called up,
their exercises delivered to them, and the
original read aloud by the tutor, whilst every
pupil attended to his own copy, and noted
its defects. After this, the errors were cor-
rected in the same manner as in the former
exercises, and inserted in the vocabulary.

These exercises were occasionally varied,
so as to train the juvenile understanding to
future attempts at composition. Insted* of
an exact copy, the pupils were directed
to express the sense of the original in their

* Insted, Webster, Stedfast, Bailey. $tedfastnesSj
Walker's Rhyming Dicf.

10 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

own language. These performances were
treated like the last ; and the post of honor
assigned to that writer who had expressed
the sense in language the most independent
of the original.

To pupils thus prepared, the task of
writing letters, and themes or essays, was
not irksome. The memory had been pre-
viously furnished with a stock of the
elements of language, and the understand-
ing exercised in the use of them. Com-
position, with its formidable train of diffi-
culties, was disarmed of its terrors, and
became not only easy and pleasant, but
was considered as in the highest degree
honorary.

it may not be improper to remark here,
that language is acquired by imitation ; that
children cannot imitate themselves; and
that while employed in the manner here
described, they are not only laying up a
fund of words and sentiments, but learning
to form a stile* by imitating that of others.
Without some help of this kind, the boy
who does not like to read (and there are
many in this class) may be exercised in
composition ; may weary himself, and ex-
haust the patience of his teacher; and finally
leave the school in disgust, with the charac-
ter of a confirmed dunce.

The little Work here offered to the notice

f Bailey and Martin prefer i in stile.

IP ART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. f 1

of teachers, is not meant as a general re-
pository from whence all the wants of their
schools are to be supplied. Had the author
wished to make a book from books, a more
favorable opportunity could not have been
desired ; and the convenience of those for
whose use it is principally intended, might
have been promoted by such a step. To
supply its deficiencies in this respect, he
would recommend the practice of keeping
several collections of extracts in manuscript;
some for the younger, and others for the
more advanced scholars.*

The Exercises contained in the following
sheets have been drawn up with a view to
be useful, not only for the common purpo-
ses of dictating, but that the matter thus
brought under the notice of the pupil, may
be more applicable to his present wants,
than the promiscuous selections from books,
and prepare him to receive more benefit
afterwards from those selections. For this
purpose, a collection of the most common
words of similar sound, but of different sig-
nification and spelling, has been exhibited
in such a way as to show the distinction of
the words, by the meaning of the sentence
in which they are introduced. Paragraphs
also have been written, contrived to include
words wherein the orthography and pro-

* Children are capable of dictating as soon as they are
able to write legibly, if the words and matter are suited to
their ages.

12 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

nunciation are at variance ; wherein diffi-
culties arise to learners from the irregular
formation of derivatives ; from comparison
with similar words ; and from other causes.
This subject has been pursued in Letters,
which not only afford a convenient mode of
introducing remarks on anomalous words
and common errors, but are particularly
suitable for exercises in dictating, as they
may serve as models for initiating youth into
a species of composition, of all kinds per-
haps the most generally used.

The intelligent preceptor will not let
slip the opportunity which the public
reading of an exercise affords, for a lecture
on the merit of the respective performances
before him, as it respects the matter, the
language, or the errors of the composition,
He will hold up to censure the blunders of
the careless ; give encouragement to the
well-meant though feeble endeavors of the
industrious; and point out as examples for
imitation, the successful efforts of genius.*

In -the selection of pieces for dictating,
the tutor will choose such as are of a con-
venient length, and adapted to the capa-
cities of his scholars. After the example
of Mr. Murray, he will fix upon those cal-
culated to improve the mind and mend the

* The exercises in composition were corrected in the
evening, and read to the pupils on the following Satur
day morning.

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 13

heart; and while ranging through the fields
of literature and science in search of suitable
extracts, he will be careful to exclude every
thing improper for the mind and the ear
of youth. He will remember, that it is
incumbent on him to teach his pupils to be
good as well as learned ; and that to give
due weight to his precepts, they must be
accompanied by example ; that his oppor-
tunities for doing good are numerous ; and
that the future happiness or misery of many,
may depend on the performance or neglect
of those duties which his station imposes
upon him.

14 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I,

Exemplification of the Marks used to point out the
Errors in Dictation Exercises,

York, Jan, 20, 1824,
Dear Brother,

My farther has desired me to rite

>i . =

a letter to you, hand says i can do it if 1

will, but you no i niver learnt to right

letters so You must exkuse me if I cannot

A —

s/

do as well has torn. 1 1 have many things tell
you, but I cant toke to you this|way ; so

you add better Come and se me, and
then you shall here all a bout it

s/
I ham your Affeckshonate brother,

Samuel watson.
P. S. Tom as been sculking behind the

MJMM«M

skreen, and has thrown it hup on my foot,

M%W«VMi

and toes.

v 5 Words 41

< Capitals and Points . J3>
Total, 50

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 15

The Errors of the foregoing Exercise corrected,
and ready to be copied into the Vocabulary.

Father

Farther

Write

Rite

Right

Wright

And

Hand

Know

No

Gnaw

Never

Learned

(Write)*

(Right)
(Rite)
(Wright)
Excuse

Hear
Here

About
Am

As

Ham

Has

Affectionate

I have
To

Cannot

(Has)

(As)

Sculk-

Talk

Screen-

I'his way
Had

Upon
Hurt

Add
See

My

Duplicates.

N. B. A blank line is placed after the preferable form
of a variable word, as, screen, sculk, better than skreen,
skulk.

16

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

The corrections with their explanations as they
stand in the Vocabulary ; the duplicates having
been previously canceled.*

Father, a parent.

Farther, at a greater
distance.

W rite, to make letters

Rite, a solemn act of
religion.

Right, not wrong.

Wright, a carpenter.

And, a conjunction.

Hand, a part of the
body.

Know, to be inform-
ed of.

No, the word of re-
fusal.

Gnaw, to bite.

Never.

Learned.

Excuse.

As, in the same man-
ner.

Has, possesses.

I have.

To, a preposition.

Cannot.

Talk.

This way.

Had, possessed.

Add, to put together.

See, to perceive by

the eye.
Hear, to perceive by

the ear.
Here* in this place.
About.
Am, to be.
Ham, the thigh of a

hog.
Affectionate
Sculk.-f
Screen.—
Upon.
Hurt.
My.

* Canceled with one I, Perry's rule. t See Rules, p. 19.

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 17

Explanation of the marks used in page 14.

A line under a word shows that word to
be erroneously spelled, as ' niverj ' tokej
4 exkusef &c. Words illegibly written are
marked in the same manner, and treated as
errors, notwithstanding any excuses offered
by the writer in palliation of his negligence.

Two or more lines denote a mistake of
one word for another of similar sound but
of different signification, as ' farther'' for
father, ''hand'1 for and, &c. When more
than two lines are used they show the num-
ber of words of similar sound to that mark-
ed, as 4 rite J write, right, wright.

The perpendicular line is used to sepa-
rate words when too near one another, as,
ilhave,'1 4 thisway?

The curved line connects the parts of a
word which are not properly joined, as ' a
bout? and when the word is misspelled
also, the double error is denoted by a
strait line united to the curve, as , hup
on?

The waved line points out words of
varied or doubtful spelling, and warns the
pupil to consult his dictionary* as to the
best mode of spelling the word so marked,

as ' sculkin&S c skr

5>

een.

The caret indicates something omitted,
as the semicolon after ' letters? the word to
after ' things,' and the period after ; a bout
it? When more words than one are omit*

* See the Rules on page 19.
c2

18 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART f.

ted, the number is shown by a figure with-
in the caret, as in that between ' and'' and
; toes' in the last line.

The mark over a small letter shows that
it ought to be a capital, as the pronoun c £,'
the **' in Horn] and the 'w>' in ^ivatson.''
The same mark over a capital signifies that
it should be a small letter, as 4F' in ;Fow,'
' C ' in 4 Come? and '^ ' in '-Affeckshonate?

Note. — This book having been made in Yorkshire,
has many corrections which are not applicable to this
country, for our people never pronounce " and, hand ;"
"am, ham;" " as, has ;" alike, nor ever mistake "no"
and " gnaw." The pronunciation of the language in
this country is generally much better than it is in Eng-
land, even than that of their pronouncing dictionaries ;
of which no two agree; and Walker's (which is most
generally used in this country) contradicts itself in nume-
rous places. Perry and Jones are the best which I
have seen. Perry's system is excedingty ingenious ;
and it is to be regretted, that his dictionary, which was
formerly in use in our schools, has been superseded by a
worse one. Jones's Dictionary was made expressly to
correct Sheridan and Walker, but the latter more parti-
cularly ; and it had in England a most unparalleled sale,
being reprinted annually for a considerable number of
years. I have before me the ninth edition, which was
printed twenty-four years an), that is in 1304, since which
time the undeserved popularity of Walker has sprung up
in this country more through the influence of booksellers
than the approbation of scholars.

Jameson's Dictionary, just published in London, cor-
rects Walker still further, and brings the pronunciation
back to what it was before Sheridan appeared.

Of the numerous editions of Walker, no two agree, and
no one is consistent with itself or the principles of its
author. Whenever Walker is quoted in this work, the
reader will please to observe that the reference is to Mr.
Walker's own Dictionary, third quarto Edition, London,

PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 19

Rules for Spelling VARIABLE Words.

1. Omit u in unaccented syllables former-
ly spelled with ou, as, honor, favor, labor.

2. Omit k in the end of words formerly
spelled with ck, as, music, public.

3. Prefer a to aw, as, lanch, stanch —
launch, staunch.

4. Prefer a to e, as, gray, vail — grey, veil.

5. Prefer e to ce or ce, as, Cesar, phenix,
economy — Caesar, phoenix, ceconomy.

6. Prefer i when not final to y, as, cider,
tiger — cyder, tyger.

7. Prefer y final to r, ee, oe, or ey* as, demy,
bely, felly, vally — demi, belie, felloe, valley.

8. Prefer u to o, ow, or w, as, spunge, cur-
tain, aukward, croud — sponge, courtine,
awkward, crowd.

9. Prefer e final to two vowels before a
consonant, as, complete, supreme, clothe,
lothe — compleat, supream, cloath, loathe.

10. Prefer ee to ca, as, cheerful — chearful.

11. Reject e final when useless, as, ran-
som, auburn, elicit, deposit, steril, indocil,
germ — ransome, auburne, elicite, deposite,
sterile, indocile, geraie.

12. Prefer ue to ew or en, as, cruet, cue,
fuel — crewet, queue, fewel.

13. Prefer c to k before a, o, w, /, and r, as,

1802; the final revision of which was the author's last
work ; and for the completion of which he inserts a note
of thanks at the end. Of the editions printed since the
author's death, some are better and some worse, but none
strictly agree with the original. — Ed.

20 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.

scull, scate, sconce, screen, sclerotic — skull,
skate, skonce, skreen, sklerotic.

14. Prefer/' to ph, as, frenzy — phrenzy.

15. Prefer* tos when the sound requires it,
as, frenzy, eraze, poize — frensy, erase, poise.

16. Prefer^" tog soft, as, jill, jennet — gill,
gennet.

17. Prefer c, ck, or k to qu, as, coif, check-
er, key — quoif, chequer, quay.

18. Prefer erto ar or or, as, brier, visiter,
instructer — briar, visitor, instructor.

19. Prefer s to soft t, as, torsion, ancient,
vicious — tortion, antient, vitious.

20. Prefer s to c soft, as, expense, de-
fense— expence, defence.

21. Prefer v to ph or f, as, vial, vat —
phial, fat.

22. Prefer x to cs or cU as, extasy, con-
nexion— eestacy, connection.

23. Prefer the shortest if equally correct,
as, colonade, vermilion, bilious, banian, bias,
canvas, christmas — colonnade, vermillion,
billious, bannyan, or bannian, biass, canvass,
christmass.

24. Anglicize foreign words, as, center,
savan, musketo — centre, scavan, mosquito.

25. Monosyllables ending with double
letters, except m, drop one letter in com-
pounds, as, fulfil, farewel, welfare, until.

26. The final consonant is not doubled
in derivations when not under the accent,
as, worship, worshiper, level, leveler.*

N.B. Forauthorities,thereaderis referred to the Appendix.
# See Perry's Rule, p. 15. 8vo. Diet.

21

PAET II.

Exercises for Dictating.

1. If you wish to be wise and good, you
must do as wise and good men do, and in
time you will be like them.

2. When your friends give you good ad-
vice, do not forget to thank them ; and take
care to profit by it.

3. You may play for the good of your
health, but remember that you do not play
when you ought to be at work.

4. Honor and obey your parents, for they,
under God, are the authors of your being,
and your best friends.

/). Those who have books, and who love
to read, are seldom dull for want of compa-
ny ; books are their companions.

6. When you do not know how to act
rightly in any case, think how one whom you
know to be wise would act in that case, and
do accordingly.

7. You should not laugh at the igno-
rance of those who are not sent to school

22 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.

as you are : they might perhaps have been
wiser than you, if they had been as well
taught.

8. If you play with bad boys or with bad
girls, nobody will think that you are very
good ; and the proverb says, " If you tell me
what company you keep, 1 will tell you what
you are."

9. It is a good thing to spell well, and to
write well also ; but he who will not learn
to spell, needs not learn to write, for his
writing could not be read.

10. Youth is the proper time for learning
wisdom, manhood for practising it, and age
for teaching it to others.

11. By being ready to assist others, you
may hope for assistance yourself if you
should happen to want it. It is good to
make friends, but better not to need them.

12. You owe more to your parents than
you can pay them in any other way, than
by becoming what they wish you to be.

13. It is not enough to spell words by
rote : the proof of good spelling is writing
correctly ; for writing is spelling reduced to
practice, and orthography is never learned
without writing.

PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 23

14. If you are ever at a loss with respect
to your conduct towards another person,
you will do well to ask yourself how you
would like him to act, if he was in your
place and you in his ?

15. Never allow yourself to be fretful and
peevish. Those who indulge in such child-
ish passions, find many occasions for exer-
cising them ; and they are bad to quit when
confirmed by habit.

16. Beware of too much familiarity with
a stranger : a sudden friend is a suspicious
character. True friendship is not the off-
spring of a momentary acquaintance.

17. When a bad speller writes, he is sure
to be laughed at by those who read what
he has written, because bad spellers are
liable to be mistaken for blockheads.

18. If you wish to be loved and respect-
ed by others, show that you deserve love
and respect, by your affability and kind-
ness to all with whom you have any thing
to do.

19. Whenever you have committed a
fault, take care to acknowledge it imme-
diately ; and you will find it as easy to ob-
tain pardon by being your own accuser, as
by a defense against the accusation of

24 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.

another. Besides, punishment is thrown
away upon the penitent.

20. Your parents send you to school to be
instructed in what is good and useful : take
care that you do not disappoint them, and
cheat yourself.

21. Learn to be moderate in your de-
sires ; this will improve your happiness by
diminishing the number of your wants;
and these, being few, will be easily satisfied.

22. Never do that to any one which you
would not like him to do to you. Remem-
ber, the Scripture says, " Whatever ye
would that men should do to you, do ye
even so to them."

23. Some of your companions may per-
haps be ill-tempered and rude to you ; if you
would punish them, laugh at their rage ; but
if you wish to show your own superiority,
forgive and pity them.

24. Persons who have no curiosity, and
who never stop to examine things, may be
said to pass through the world with their
eyes open, and yet see nothing in it.

25. Do not think yourself better than
others ; for if you do they will despise you,
and do all they can to mortify your pride, and
humble you.

PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 25

26. If you know a person who is remark-
able for piety and virtue, endeavor to be-
come acquainted with him, learn his senti-
ments, and copy his example.

27. If your talents are not of the first
order, they must be industriously applied ;
and by this means, they may be rendered
quite as useful, as those of a more brilliant
kind worse applied, or grown rusty through
want of use.

28. Churches in Turkey are called
mosks.# Instedf of steeples and bells as
in England, they have minarets or small
towers with projecting galleries, from
which proper persons call the people to
worship.

29. Never promise any thing unless you
have the power as well as the will to make
good your engagement. It is better to per-
form without a promise, than to promise
without performance. Those who are
ready promisers are often slow performers.

30. Silent letters, which are very common
in the English language, are a great plague
to learners. If they could be rejected, it
would be a very great advantage.

31. You should speak the truth on every

* Mosks, Bailey, Rule 24. t See page 9.

D

26 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.

occasion, even when it may happen to
bring down censure upon you. This will be
honorable to your character, while others
are despised for their ingenuity in conceal-
ing faults.

32. When a man attempts to confirm his
opinion by a wager, it is evident that his
arguments in support of it are too light,
and so he throws in his purse to turn the
scale in his favor.

33. We ought not to form a hasty judg-
ment of persons from a slight acquaintance.
A more correct knowledge of them might
probably show us that some are worse, and
others much better, than we thought them
to be. To develop the true characters of
men is no easy matter.

34. The errors of a bad speller are some-
times detected by those who are no better
than he is ; and who will not be the less
severe upon his blunders for being blun-
derers themselves. This is very provoking,
and none but a dunce can bear it with
patience.

35. Boys will not learn, because they
cannot spare time from play ; men will not
learn, because they are ashamed to be
thought ignorant ; aged persons cannot
learn, because they are not disposed to

PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 27

study, and if they were, they would want
new memories.

36. We mistake if we suppose that the
rich and great are the only happy persons
in the world, and that the poor are the most
miserable. The rich have troubles of which
the poor have no conception ; and the latter,
particularly those of pious and virtuous
habits, have comforts to which the rich are
often strangers.

37. When you have children, you will be
able to appreciate the care and anxiety
with which your own parents are now
laboring to promote your best interests, by
instilling into your minds virtuous and
honorable sentiments, and by having you
instructed in every thing likely to be of
service in your progress through life. You
will know that they did not teaze# you with
advice, and check your levities, because
they could not join in your pleasures, but
because they were prompted by those feel-
ings which none but parents can experience,
and which none but children can treat with
disrespect.

38. It is a great misfortune to be without
employment. The mind is constantly in
action, and, if not occupied in something

* Teaze, Bailey and Enticlc ; also Johnson and Walk-
er under vexation and vexatious! and Dyche andBarclay
under torment !

28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART II.

useful, it will be engaged with trifles, and
trifling is unfriendly to virtue. Idleness
opens the door# to vice: industry guards
the passage against the intrusion of improper
thoughts and habits; willingly admitting
those only which are favorable to the inter-
ests of wisdom and piety.

39. Many persons imagine that fine
clothes, rich furniture, and expensive habits
increase their consequence, and secure re-
spectabilityt in the eyes of their neighbors.
These people do not seem to be aware that
the attempt to soar beyond their proper
sphere, subjects them to the scrutinizing
ordeal of envy ; and they seldom discover
the true state of the case, till pride and ex-
travagance have reduced them to poverty,
when respectability vanishes like a shadow,
and their endeavor to shine is remembered
only to their shame.

* D,o,r,e is the proper spelling-, and so written by good
old authors. In door and floor, formerly written with a
final e, doore and floore, the wrong letter was omitted.
It should have been dore, omitting one of the intermedi-
ate o 's. These two and brooch, are all the words in
which oo sounds like o long. Blood and flood, formerly
blond, floud, pronounced short like ou in courage, would
have been better altered by leaving out the o, blud,flud,
like stud, spud. These two are all in which oo has the
sound of u short. It would be well to correct these ano-
malies. See blood in the Appendix.

t Respectability is not found in Johnson or Walker.
It is however a good word, and found in Todd and Webster.

PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 29

40. The beauties of the mind are not
always united to those of the body. A
handsome exterior often serves as a cloke#
to cover a weak or depraved understand-
ing ; and a plain face sometimes performs
the office of a mask to a wise head, or a
pleasing disposition. Beauties seldom take
pains to be agreeable, because the incense
of superficial observers feeds their vanity :
while those who are cast in nature's plainer
mold,t are more solicitous to improve their
minds, that they may secure the approba-
tion of the wise and the good.

41. We are very apt to judge favorably
of our own merits, and to be blind to our
faults. With a microscopic eye we ex-
amine the former, and that in the clearest
light ; but suffer the latter to pass without
notice or observation. This might be pro-
ductive of much evil, if it was not counter-
balanced by the opinions of others, who
examine us with less partial eyes, and who
are always ready to pull us back, whenever
we advance a step before them.

42. Some disputants argue for truth, but
many for victory. He whose object is to
propagate the truth from what he already
knows of the subject in debate, ought never
to turn a deaf ear to the arguments on the

* Cloke. Martin and also Johnson under mantle,
t Mold, Bailey.
d2

30 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.

opposit* side; because it is possible that
they may throw additional light on it, or
place it in such a point of view, as to con-
vince him that his opinion had been hastily
adopted ; and in this case he would profit
by the contest. On the other hand, he who
disputes for the sake of victory, refuses to
listen to reason and the evidence of facts ;
his object being not to elicitt truth, but to
have the last word.

43. You wish to be wise, — to be learned,
— to be a gentleman : but are you willing
to take the trouble of performing the ex-
ercises and acquiring the requisite neces-
sary to entitle you to such a character?
Will you read books and study men, that
you may become wise ? and have you de-
termined to labor in the fields of literature
and science, till you merit the epithet,
learned? When you have accomplished
this, and added those blandishments which
complete the character of the real gentle-
man, you may assume it when you please.
— Some will tell you that all this is un-
necessary, because you are rich ; but riches
alone, will not make a gentleman.

44. Modesty is amiable at every age,
but particularly so in youth. Unaccus-
tomed to comparison, and consequently

* Opposite and deposit, Bailey and Martin!+
t Elicite and solicit, Johnson /+

PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 31

ignorant of his rank in the scale of merit,
the modest youth is less sensible of his own
worth, than conscious of his imperfections ;
and is willing to decline the distinctions of
one, for fear of exposing the other. As he
courts no praise, he excites no rivalry, and
every one is his friend. But time, the
great unfolder of events, places things in
their proper light : the hidden talent can
no longer be concealed ; the diffident pos-
sessor of it is pressed into the service of
the public ; and, by the voluntary surrender
of their pretensions, he becomes the general
depository of secrets, the solver of difficul-
ties, and the arbiter of the disputes of his
youthful companions.

45. The hope of enjoying in the evening
of life, those good things which industry
and economy provide for that period, is a
constant stimulus to action, and the primary
cause of those exertions that produce so
much wealth in this bustling world. These
hopes are however frequently destroyed.
Death, who spares neither the industrious
nor the idle, sometimes calls prematurely,
and transfers to the latter what was collect-
ed by the former; and declining health often
takes away the power of enjoyment. Hap-
py then are those, who, in the vigor of life,
while making provision for the body, have
not neglected to lay up treasure in heaven,
of the enjoyment of which neither sickness
nor death can deprive them.

32

PART III

Exercises on Words of similar Sounds , but of dif-
ferent Spelling and Signification.

SECTION I.

1. Abel Smith is so weak that he is not
able to come to town this week.

2. It is right to accept a present, except it
is an improper one.

3. It is not easy to procure access to some
great men, from the excess of pride and
grandure# with which they are surrounded.

4. Thomas has lost his Accidence, and
also his dictionary : by these accidents he is
deprived of the means of prosecuting his
studies.

5. Frequent executions deeply affect the
passions of spectators, but they have not
the desired effect upon the actions of society
at large.

■

6. I advise you to give due attention to
the advice of your preceptor.

7. The heir to a large estate assumes an
air of consequence among those who breathe

* Martin prefers grandure which is English ; grandeur
is Frejnch.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 33

the same air with himself, and are his supe-
riors in every thing but fortune.

8. A hare is a wild animal, covered with a
kind of fur mixed with long hair.

9. You know the difference between the
arc of a circle, and the ark in which Noah
and his family were preserved from the
flood*

10. All shoemakers use a tool commonly
called an awl.

11. In ancient times it was customary to
offer sacrifice upon an altar : this kind of
worship was altered, and afterwards abolish-
ed on the establishment of the Christian
religion.

12. Scholars ought not to be allowed to
speak aloud to one another in the school.

13. Anne does not mind her work: she is
an idle girl.

14. The sailors put an anker of brandy on
board, and then weighed anchor, and set
sail for Holland.

15. Pll shew you a monument in the
south He of this church, which has lately

* See the Note on p?ige 2§<

34 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IXL

been erected for a native of the isle of Ely,
in Cambridgeshire.

16. In his late reign, Bonaparte rode over a
rough road, in a storm of rain, and broke the
rein of his bridle.

17. A quadruped has four feet. The two
hind feet are called lower extremities, and
the two fore feet upper extremities.

18. He went forth the fourth time late at
night, and brought home a wounded knight
whom no one could know. He wras found
in a grassy lane, where he had lain for several
hours.

19. Some part is already gone from the
sum of our lives, and the present hours only
are ours.

20. He went to Rockaway to see the sea.
Such a scene he had never seen.

21. Boards are made ofjir trees, and hats
of beaver's/wr.

22. Lair is contracted for layer ; stair for

Staid, like paid, said, afraid, is contracted from stay-
ed, and the contracted form seems likely to prevail ; tho
some persons attempt a distinction between staid, sober,
and stayed, the participle of stay. This distinction is
useless.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 35

stayer. Prayer is shortened in sound but not
in spelling.

23. Don Quixote was a knight errant ; his
companion Sancho was an arrant simpleton,
and was sent on many a foolish errand by his
master.

24. The ascent up the hill is so very steep
that I can hardly assent to walk to the top
of it.

25. The man fell from his horse and re-
mained without any assistance, till a surgeon
and two of his assistants arrived from town,
and dressed his wounds.

26. The attendants on company at inns are
obliged to be always ready in attendancewhen
strangers arrive.

27. An auger is a carpenter's tool; and an
augur is one who pretends to foretel future
events by signs.

28. The man was taken in the act of
stealing a bale of goods, and would have
been committed to prison, had not a friend
become bail for his appearance at court.

29. While the man stopped to bait his
horse at the inn, I inquired if he would bate
any thing of the price he asked for him in the
morning.

36 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

30. Baize is a kind of cloth ; and bays is
the imaginary crown of a poet.

31. Barbara Stockdale thought that the
barberry tree had been brought from Barbary
in Africa.

32. The little boy was bare headed, and
could bear heat and cold without injury to
his health. He was much pleased when he
saw the bear dance.

33. The manor of the baron was not pro-
fitable, because the soil was barren, and it
was cultivated in a negligent manner.

34. Base, in music, signifies low, and base
conduct has the same general meaning.
Many modern authors make no distinction
between these words, but the former is
sometimes written b,a,ss.*

35. The Turkish Bey rode upon a bay
horse, at the funeral of the Dey of Algiers,
who died one day last week.

36. It must be a cruel act to murder a bee
for its honey; and jet this is constantly
done.

37. I took a walk on the beach where the

* Martin prefers base.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 37

prospect was dreary; and where neither
hedge nor shady beech could be found to
shield me from the burning rays of the sun.

38. Cesar Johnson has been in the field
pulling beans. He thrashed them, and put
them into a bin.

39. Eusebius began to beat Benjamin, be-
cause he refused to give him a piece of beet
root which he was eating.

40. The belles and beaux were assembled
at bowbells.

41. The Indian carried his bow, but would
not bow.

42. Beer is a well known malt liquor : a
bier was formerly used to carry the dead to
the grave.

43. A berry is a kind of fruit : to bury sig-
nifies to inter the dead.

44. It is better to be a peacemaker than a
bettor of wagers.

45. The wind blew so hard that Helen lost
her bonnet, and also a blue handkerchief
which she had on her neck.

46. It is common to bore a hole through
the nose of a boar, and to put a ring in it.

47. Isaac Mason broke his leg, and was

E

38 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

borne to his house by three men on the day
that his first child was born. This mis-
fortune he has borne with the greatest
fortitude.

48. Some of the rotten boroughs of Eng-
land deserted by men, afford burrows for
rabbits.

49. Christopher made a bow to his uncle,
and as he was turning round to the com-
pany, his hat was snatched off by the bough
of a tree.

50. When we arrived at Brest, my fellow
traveler* got a fall, and hurt both his arm
and his breast.

51. The artillery men immediately ap-
plied themselves to the breech of the gun,
and pointing it at the wall of the castle,
soon made a breach in it.

52. A Briton is a native of the island of
Great Britain.

53. By industry and economy, the man
has saved as much money as will buy a cow.

54. The brewer takes care to bruise or
grind his malt before he brues^ his beer.

* Traveler, Perry. f Brue and mbrue, Martin,

Brew and imbrew, Bailey. Brew and imbrue ! Johnson,
Walker, Sfc. See Rule 12.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 39

SECTION II.

1 . It is not known whether Cain killed
his brother khe\ with a walking cane or
some other weapon.

2. A calendar* is a register of the months
and days of the year : a calender* is a press
in which clothiers smooth their cloth.

3. A canon is a rule or law ; and a great
gun used in war is called a cannon.

4. Rome is the capital of Italy ; and the
Capitol is an ancient building in it.

5. The sealing of a letter and the ceiling of
a room are differently spelled.

6. The man offered to sell his honey
before it was drained from the cells of the
combs.

7. A censer was a vessel in which incense
was burned, and a censor was an officer in
Rome.

* Calender, (a press,) Martin, the same as Calender,
(a register,) Martin, Webster, Leiois. Calendar, J. Br.
E. &c. Callender, Webster, under almanac. Kalender,
Webster. Kalendar, J. B. M. Br. C. In Lewis's Histo
ry of Translations of the Bible, the word is frequently and
uniformly written calender.

40 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

8. The cession of Java to the Dutch was
settled by an act of the last session of par-
liament.

9. The chord line of an arc of a circle
resembles the cord of a bow.

10. From the site of the old castle, a
delightful view bursts upon the sight at
once.

11. The man was cited to appear before
the magistrate, who, being a little short
sighted, did not immediately know him.

12. Alexander Clarke had many debts
owing to him, and he sent his clerk to collect
them.

13. The clause of a sentence is not written
like the claws of a bird.

14. Such is the course of things in this
world, that the rich live sumptuously, and
the poor on coarse and homely fare.

15. Do you know the difference between
the core of an apple, and a corps of soldiers ?

16. Many of my correspondents inform me
that the country is in a disturbed state;
and, from a correspondence with some friends

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 41

in Ireland, I learn that there are many dis-
affected persons in that country also.

17. The Privy Council is composed of
ministers of state, who meet to give advice
and counsel to the king of England.

18. Remember that a courier is a mes-
senger, and that a currier is a dresser of
leather, and also that they are differently
pronounced.

19. The two ships Astrea and Jason
sailed to cruise in the Mediterranean sea,
but their crews becoming unhealthy,they
were obliged to return.

20. Minx a pert wanton girl is sometimes
confounded with mink, a small black quad-
ruped, valued for its fur.

21. In the culture of this plant the farmers
use a plow without a culter.

22. You have written currant,* a fruit,
instead of current, a stream of water.

23. Eustace Williamson deserted the table
before the dessert was set upon it.

* Currant, from Corituh,a city; like Persicum, a peach;
Census, a cherry ; Damascene, a damson ; four names
of fruits, which are merely the contracted, or corrupted
names of the places from which they came.

e2

12

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

24. Dew is drops of water upon grass and
other vegetables in the fields ; and a debt is
said to be due when it ought to be paid.

25. There is a great difformiiy between
the beauty of the one and the deformity of
the other.

26. The disease was so violent that the
man was not able to make his will before
his decease,

27. The American sailors are active, and
their vessels are fast sailers.

28. Arthur Dunn went to York, and when
he had done his business there, he returned
home on his dun mare.

29. Some mistake e'er, that is ever, for
ere, before ; and others for ear of the head.

30. Several manuscripts are still extant in
the Museum; from a perusal of which, this
history has been carried to a greater extent
than was at first proposed.

31. You say you are faint and weak,
which is only & feint to deceive us.

32. 1 would fain know why you feign to be
sick, when you are really not ill.

33. We went to Doncaster/aeV, and saw

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 43

many gentlemen and many fair ladies : at
dinner, we did not fare very well ; so we
ordered a chaise, paid the fare, and came
home to tea.

34. Little Frank walked farther than his
sister, who soon grew tired, and was carri-
ed in her father's arms.

35. The crazy girl had the floor of her
room strowed with dazies# and other flowers ;
and the table covered with flourrf like that of
a bakehouse.

36. The water was very foul and muddy,
but we found plenty of wild fowl near it.

37. Mr. Francis Johnson and Miss Frances
Murray are cousins, and much alike.

38. Fungous flesh sometimes rises in
wounds: a fungus is a mushroom.

39. Eliza met us at the gate: she has
grown much, but her gait is very aukward.

40. The boat in tow, has passed the tower.
When the clouds hang low, they are said to
lower.

* Dazy, Martin ; dazied, Johnson.
t Walker says flour, more properly flower ! o.u.r is
better, See Rule 23.

44 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART Iff.

41. The jester was a great mimic, and
amused the company with his odd gestures
as well as wit.

42. A member of the guild or corporation
was employed to gild the ornaments within
the room.

43. Picture frames are gilt with gold.
Wicked men are often miserable : their guilt
stares them in the face.

44. With all his grandure* and state, Mr.
Pemberton's house is grander than his.

45. The grate is large, and the fire is pro-
portionably great.

46. They bent the houghs like a bow to
form a bower. They could not show the
fireworks on account of the shower.

47. This soldier looks very sad; he grieves
because he has lost the greaves which pro-
tected his legs from danger.

SECTION III.

1. The park keeper killed one of the
deer ; it was a young hart, and instantly fell,
being shot through the heart. The flesh of
it was sold very dear.

* Grandure, Martin.—-

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 45

2. A well sheltered and secure haven is a
kind of heaven to mariners after a storm.

3. Nathan's shoe has hurt his heel, and he
has applied a plaster to heal it.

4. Come here, and you shall hear the
organ.

5. You may go and see the ewe and lamb
under the yew tree.

6. There was another tree of the same
green hue, and Hugh Wright came and hewed
it down with his ax.

7. Sibyl Anderson entertained him much
by singing a hymn.

8. If we work hard, we shall have our
liberty in about half an hour.

9. The heathens worshiped* idols; and
some who are called Christians are too idle
to go to church.

10. The impostor escaped before the im-
posture was discovered.

1 1 . Rebekah sat down in the house before
she knew that it was an inn.

* Worshiped, Perry and Gilchrist.

46 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

12. Sampson Russel has got a little insight
into his trade, and this will incite his curiosity
to a more extensive acquaintance with the
subject.

1 3. Learned men indite letters ; and jurors
indict felons.#

14. We do not read in the Bible that
trial by jury, as with us, was used in Jewry
by the ancient inhabitants.

1 5. The fox was killed near the brick kiln.

16. Take care that you do not write the
nave of a wheel for a cheating knave.

17. Phebe Watson knew not that Ursula
Hill was a new scholar.

18. The farmer mows his hay and packs
it away in his mows ; and sows his grain to
feed his sows.

19. Phillis was not able to unty the knot,
and so she cut it with a knife.

20. Little Joe's mother said to him, lay by
your book, and go and lief down on the bed ;
Joe very willingly laid down his book, but
took up a dish to lade water out of a tub in

* See tfie Appendix. Ly, Martin. Rule 7.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 47

the kitchen. At length he grew tired and
went to bed ; and having lain about an hour,
he got up and walked down the fane to seek
his brother.

21. The man who lacks religion, is lax in
his morals.

22. A Latin scholar should know that
fatten is a kind of brass, or thin plates of iron
covered with tin.*

23. The gentleman led me up the hill to
see the lead mine. The ore is called galena.

24. With jour permission, 1 will leave the
horse, as 1 had as lieve walk.

25. A legislator is a member of the legis-
lature,

26. The boy knew how to lessen his work,
and accordingly said a very short lesson.

27. Lettice Agar would not eat salad with
lettuce in it.

28. After the levee^ the king proposed to
levy a tax on ships employed in the Mediter-
ranean sea.

29. A liar is not believed even when he
speaks the truth. A Her in wait for others

* Lattin or latten, Johnson and Barclay say li brass"
Bailey and Dyche say * iron tinned over," Martin gives
both.

48 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

is often detected. A lyre is a musical in-
strument.

30. The lynx broke two links of his chain,
and finding himself loose, he escaped from
his keeper, who was sorry to lose him.

31. The soup was made by Mrs. Aston's
maid, who is a very good cook.

32. The king's champion wore a coat of
mail at the coronation; and the mail coaches
were decorated with ribands :# the con-
course of persons both male and female was
immense.

33. The sailor, who was not accustomed
to riding, seized the horse's mane as he
would have done the main sail of a ship.

34. Indian corn, in Botany, Zea mays, is
called maize. It does not grow in England,
and the sight of our fields might amaze a
stranger.

35. While the rowers were engaged in a
row on shore, their boat which was not
tied to the dock, was drifted away by the
tide.

* Riband, J. A. D. Ribband, B. M. A. Ribbon,
B.M.A. Ribban,^.D. Ribon, Practice. Dr. Web-
ster derives it from the Welsh, and says it should be
Ribin.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 49

36. Martin Graham did not know that
the word marten* is applied to an animal of
the weezel kind, as well as to a species of
swallow.

37. I cannot excuse jour not knowing that
a matrass is a vessel used by chimists,f and
that a matrice is a letter mold ; but you ought
to know that a mattress is a quilted bed, and
matross a soldier.

38. Mead is a liquor made of the honey
collected by bees from flowers in the meads.
These industrious insects receive no other
meed for their labor than to be barbarously
destroyed. In the country of the Medes the
honey is not taken in the same way.

39. Elizabeth, take care of that medal, and
do not let the child meddle with it.

40. The steward placed the meat before
him, and proceded to mete out the portion
of every one present. A quantity of ale
meet for such a company, was then brought
in, of which every one took what was suf-
ficient.

41. Metal signifies gold, iron, &c. but
mettle means spirit, courage, or vivacity.

.

* Marten, Godman. Martin, Turton's Linne.
t Chimist, Webster, also Walker says " y or its
bstitute i " among il all the nations of Europe."
F

50 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

42. The hay in the mow was cut by the

mower.

43. When the clouds hang bw they are
said to lower. The boat in tow has passed
the tower.

44. A microscope might show you a mite
in the cheese you are eating.

45. The proprietor of the estate is a minor
of seven years of age ; and the colliery upon
it has been let to a miner on lease for four-
teen years.

SECTION IV.

1. Alice Murphy was crossing the moat,
to see the castle, when she got a mote into
her eye.

2. The boat was filled with iron ore, and
was rowed by four sailors with oars.

3. It is our intention to stay half an hour
only.

4. Here comes Esther with her milk pail.
She looks very pale and sickly.

5. Michael, you have broken two panes of
glass, therefore you must order the glazier
to repair them for your pains.

6. Here is a fine pear, Susanna, will you

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 51

pare it for me ? Do, and I will lend yon a pair
of scissors.*

7. This palace is too magnificent for a
mortal. Pallas, the goddess of wisdom,
might be content to reside here.

8. Samuel, there are three words that I
think you can spell: viz. palate, the instru-
ment of taste ; palet, a painter's tool ; and
pallet, a little bed.

9. Mr. Paul Sand by was one of the pall
bearers at the funeral.

10. Emanuel Pole, Esq. had more votes at
the close of the poll than either of the other
candidates.

11. A pastor is the minister of a congre-
gation; it also signifies a shepherd who
feeds his flock in a. pasture.

12. The doctor's patients waited till the
patience of some of them was exhausted.

13.^ After a little pause, the cat sprung
forward and caught the mouse in her paws.

14. My companion was much piquedf atone
of the guides who showed us the wonders of
the Peak in Derbyshire.

#

Scissors. See the Appendix for this sevenfold word.

f Piqued is French; peked would be English; i trans-
lated is e, and qu, k.

52 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

15. The vicar received a visit at the par-
sonage, from the bishop of the diocese. This
is the first time he has had the honor of enter-
taining so great a personage,

16. We walked over a large plain, and
saw some fine sicamores or plane trees.
On our return, we were accompanied by a
joiner with & plane and other tools upon his
shoulder.

17. The plaintiff had lost his trial, and in
a plaintive voice was lamenting the uncer-
tainty of the law.

1 8. The landry maid plaits linen ; the sil-
versmith makes silvern/ate.; and the potter
supplies us with plates for the table.

19. If you please we will attend the Court
of Common Pleas to-morrow.

20. The wall stands quite plumb, and an
Orleans plum tree grows against it.

21. Helen presented me with a volume
of poesy, just published, and my little sister
with a posy of flowers.

22. A popular speaker addressed the popu-
lace, who were assembled under the shade
of some poplar trees near the town. As the

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 53

country is very populous the meeting was
large.

23. The sublime Porte has laid a duty on
every pipe of port wine imported into any
of the Turkish ports.

24. The apothecary recommended a po-
tion which he had prepared; but, being bitter,
his patient left & portion of it in the cup.

25. 'To practise writing essays is extremely
useful, and ought to be the regular practice
of every school.

26. The robber preys upon the property
of the public. He neither prays to God for
pardon for his sins, nor does he praise him
for the health he enjoys.

27. The first President of the United
States was a man of great abilities, and left
an excellent precedent for his successors to
copy after.

28. The late precenter of the cathedral
was very munificent; he was the presenter of
the beautiful chandeleer* which now adorns
the church. This and some other valuable

* Bailey and Walker spell this word chandeleer, which
is right ; eer is always to be preferred to ier} in variable
words. Eer is English, ier is French.

f2

54 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART 111.

presents arrived soon after the death of the
donor, and were opened in the presence of
the archbishop and the dean and chapter.

29. The principles of religion are un-
known to the natives of the country, and
this is the principal cause of the cruelty of
their nature.

30. The prophet foretold the destruction
of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of the
J ews ; but the people did not profit by his
advice.

31. This is less excusable than writing
rabbit, an animal, for rabbet, a joint in car-
pentry, which is sometimes done.

32. Winter not only deadens the appear-
ance of the vegetable tribe, but threatens to
raze them from the face of nature. Spring,
on the contrary, brings new life, and the
drooping plants begin to raise their heads,
as soon as they become warmed by the genial
rays of the sun.

3J. There are three words which some-
times puzzle learners, viz. raiser, one who
lifts any thing up; razor, to shave with;
and razure, the act of taking out or obliter-
ating an error in writing.

34. 1 have read the book with the red

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 55

cover, and think it a very entertaining one.

35. If you read the story of Pan, you will
discover the original invention of the Pan-
dean pipe of unequal reeds, now so much in
vogue among musicians.

36. The boy threatened to wrest the whip
from his brother, and could not rest till he
had got it.

37. The* wretch procured some poison,
and mixed it in a pudding for her husband's
dinner : the poor man had no sooner eaten
of it, than he fell sick, and began to retch
violently.

38. The man is a rigger of ships : he has
caught cold, and from the rigors with which
he is affected, a fever may be the conse-
quence.

section v.

1. James Wright, the wheelwright, who is
too ignorant to write his name, has thought it
right to attend to the rites and ceremonies
of the church.

2. Margery began to wring her hands as
soon as she discovered that her wedding
ring was lost.

56 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

3. The gentleman mounted his horse and
rode strait to York, from whence he took the
road to Hull, and arrived there the same
evening. The next day he embarked in a
ship bound for Rhode Island.

4. Rose trees were planted in rows on each
side of the garden.

5. The manners of modern gentlemen are
not so rough as those of former times ; nor do
they, like them, wear large raffs about their
necks.

6. Mr. Nautilus is become a bankrupt,
and the sale of his goods is advertised for
Wednesday next. The stock is large, and
consists of anchors, blocks, sails, masts, &c.

7. A gentleman threw himself into the
river Seine a few days ago. and was drowned.
For some time past it had been observed
that he was not of sane mind.

8. A satyr among the heathens, was a
horned monster, with the upper parts like a
man, and the lower like a goat; a satire is
a poem in which wickedness or folly is
censured.

9. Richard is known to be a saver of money,
but this transaction savors a little of parsi-
mony.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 57

10. The scenes in Covent-garden theater,
are the most beautiful that I have any where

seen.

11. The lady sent ten cents to the perfu-
mer's for some orris root to scent her clothes.

12. Master Henderson was so silly as to
believe that the Stilly islands are in
America !

13. Sculpture is the work of a sculptor, or
carver.

14. The cloth certainly did seem to be of
one piece, for there was no visible seam
in it.

15. To sear means to burn. A seer is a
prophet. Cere is a part of a bird's beak.

16. This officer was the senior captain in
the service of the Grand Seignior.

17. Susan has an eye as black as a, sloe:
she might be a clever girl, if she was not so
slow in learning any thing.

18. Eagles are accustomed to soar aloft
in search of prey. A sore is an ulcer or
wound.

19. I borrowed a sum of money at the

58 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

bank in February, and intend to return some
of it next week.

20. The sun was hot, and the old man
grew faint, when his son requested him to
repose, under the shade of a large oak that
grew by the side of the road,

21. A beef steak and a hedge stake, tho
written differently, are pronounced alike.

22. After he had traveled through seve-
ral counties, he became stationary, and
settled at Bristol, where he opened a shop
for books and stationery goods of every de-
scription.

23. Several bars of steel were found in the
possession of the prisoner; and tho he said
he did not steal them, he could not prove the
purchasing of them, and was, in consequence,
committed to prison.

24. As the young sucker depends upon
the parent tree for support, so does the soul
look to the Universal Parent for succor in
time of need.

25. First, weigh the box, and note down
the gross* weight; then take out the goods,
and weigh it when empty ; this latter weight
will be the tare, which must be deducted

* Grose, would be better English.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING, 59

from the gross : afterward you may tear the
box to pieces for fuel.

26. To mistake the word tear, which is
water from the eye, for tier, a row, shows
great want of attention to orthography.

27. This part of the country teems with
sheep, and fine teams of horses.

28. After the conclusion of the revolu-
tionary war, many persons with their fami-
lies went into France; and some appear
disposed to settle there.

SECTION VI.

1. This is the proper time for planting
mint, and thyme, and many other herbs.

2. Give to your sister those two peaches ;
and, when your task is finished, you shall
have some too.

3. When he was at Vienna, he compiled
a treatise on the late war, which contained
copies of all the treaties entered into between
the two nations.

4. There are two ways of spelling phial,
a small bottle ; and both differ from viol, a
musical instrument. Vial is correct.

60 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

5. Scholars frequently think so much of
the vacations, that their minds are less em-
ployed in their respective vocations, than they
ought to he.

6. The verb to wane means to decrease.
A wagon is sometimes called a wain.

7. Samuel has torn the waist of his coat,
which is almost a new one ; he ought not to
waste his clothes thus.

8. Where have you been to sell your ware ?
I think you were here last summer, and had
on the same clothes you now wear.

9. The cabinet maker would not tell us
whether the table was made of mahogany
or Bay wood.

10. Charles, if you had not submitted
your neck to the yoke of idleness, you could
not have made a blunder about the yolk of
an egg.

11. He wrote an essay on the art of assay-
ing metals.

12. A carat is a weight of four grains;
and a carot is a well known garden root ;
caret signifies wanting.

13. To cede signifies to give up the pos-

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 61

session of property; this word is written
differently from seed, the organized particle
which produces plants.

14. Cole is the old and correct spelling,
and colter its regular derivative, but modern
practice requires coal and collier.

15. The lady's jewels had, a few days
before been carefully deposited in a
shagreen case, and given to the care of a
servant, who was no sooner in possession of
the valuables than he absconded with them.
The disappointment and chagrin occasioned
by this loss were very great.

16. The dispute rose so high that John-
son in a fit ofcholer, struck Murray in the face ;
and then, taking him by the collar, threw him
upon the floor.

17. The English Chronicle contains an
account of a surprizing cure of a chronical
disease, by the use of the Bath waters.

18. We are not told whether the first cy-
press trees introduced into this country, were
brought from Cyprus, or elsewhere. ,

19. The officer was a Dane, and appeared
not to notice the multitude, nor did he deign
to return the salutes of those who approach-
ed him.

62 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

20. To limn means to paint, and a limner
is a painter. His art is applied to the re-
presentation of a single limb, as well as the
whole body.

21. The man had received very serious
injury, and a few days after the accident, the
discharge from his wound became serous,
and his life was considered in danger.

22. It has already been shown that previous
to the commencement of the eruption, the
weather was remarkably fine ; and that the
sun shone very bright on the day preceding.

23. To slight means to despise or neglect.
A juggler performs tricks by sleight of hand.

24. The doctor wrote a tract, in which he
described the track of the ship Theseus, in
her voyage to New Holland.

25. He was wrapping up the letter, when
a loud rapping at the door announced the
arrival of his friend to whom the letter was
directed.

26. It is common for a robber to flee from
his pursuers. Birds fly because they have
wings. A flea leaps like a grasshopper.

27. The farmer was a strong and hale old
man : his constitution was proof against the

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 63

heat of summer and the cold of winter; and
the snow and hail of the latter season appear-
ed to affect him no more than the genial
showers of spring.

28. A horse will neigh when he sees his
companions. Nay is a word of denial.

29. The weight of the bale of goods was
so great, that the porter was obliged to wait
for assistance before he could remove it.

30. The whole house was dirty; the
chairs, tables, and furniture in general were
not bright ; nor was aught in order as it ought
to have been.

31. The poor bird flew about the room
some time ; and, after many efforts to escape,
it gained its liberty by going up i\ie, flue of
the chimny.#

SECTION VII.

Elision of the H.

1. Brian Wilson has bought a new ax, and
now he hacks and hews every tree he comes
near. These acts may one day subject him
to punishment.

2. Ladies use light and airy dresses in
summer, and warm clothing in winter. Many

* Chimny, Bailey.

64

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

animals wear hairy coats both summer and
winter.

3. The left hand would be much more
useful if parents and nurses did their duty.

4. My aunt tells me that the houses in India
are much haunted by a kind of insect called
the wTiite ant, which is very troublesome to
the inhabitants of that country.

5. I ate some beef without any thing to it
but bread, for 1 hate mustard. We were eight
of us at the table.

6. Simeon pursued his studies with the
greatest ardor, and made an astonishing pro-
gress ; he was never idle, and wrought harder
than any body in the school.

7. There is no harm in playing at marbles;
but I have seen a boy break his arm while
playing at cricket.

8. The boy laid down his bow and arrow,
and went into the field to harrow some new
sown corn.

9. The poor man told a very artless tale ;
he found few disposed to befriend him, and
seemed quite heartless and cast down.

10. Ash trees are common in hedges.

PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 65

Calf's head hash is a dish much esteemed.

11. Doors are sometimes fastened with a
hasp. The asp is a kind of serpent.

12. One boy said he would heat his meat
at the fire, and then eat it.

13. A fine thorn hedge extended along the
edge of the hill.

14. Bartholomew Gibson wanted higher
wages than usual, and showed a good deal
of ire on finding himself disappointed ; in
consequence, his master would not hire him
on any terms.

15. Lawrence is to have his new coat on
Tuesday.

16. Poor old Isabel cannot walk without
taking hold of Priscilla's arm.

17. Dogs howl, and owls scream in the
night.

18. Whether it was owing to the inclemen-
cy of the weather or to some other cause,
could not be ascertained; but the sheep,
wethers as well as ewes, looked much worse
than usual at this time of the year.

g2

66 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.

19. When the surgeon had examined the
tumor, he found it to be a wen, and proceded
to remove it by the knife.

20. It was very wet and rainy all the way ;
and the road being bad, we were detained
on our journey much longer than we expect-
ed. This served as a stimulus to whet our
appetites for dinner, which had waked our
arrival nearly two hours.

21. Which of you is silly enough to
believe that the poor old woman is a witch ?

22. Youth and beauty, like the leaves of
trees, wither and decay : this may remind us
of the grave whither we are all hastening.

23. The man began to whine and lament
for the loss of his money, but when the wine
appeared on the table, he became as cheer-
ful as the rest of the company.

24. Rime, for similar sounds at the ends
of verses, is authorized by Bailey, and so
written by some of our best English books,
particularly Bosworttis Saxon Grammar, and
Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. It is
not So common as rhyme, but more correct.

67

PART IV.

Exercises on Words liable to be erroneously written
by Learners : in which the Difficulty arises from
a material Difference between the Pronunciation
and Orthography ; from Comparison or Contrast
with similar Words ; from the irregular Forma-
tion of the Derivatives ; from unsettled or varied
Spelling ; and from other Causes,

1. The little lambs ran bleating after
their dams with their ears bleeding from the
wounds of the shepherd's knife in marking
them; and seizing the mother's teat, they
seemed to find in it an alleviation to their
sufferings.

2. The man thought himself weatherwise,
and began to prophesy in autumn respecting
the ensuing winter : but tho his prophecy
was not fulfilled, he did not appear to be
convinced of his want of experience in the
science of meteorology.

3. The carpenter bored holes through
many of the boards of the ship's deck to ven-
tilate or let air into the hold, which from the
nature of the lading, had become filled with
foul air, and threatened the health of the
crew. This had the desired effect, and the
sailors completed their voyage in good
health and spirits.

68 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

4. A breeze is a light wind, and is very
refreshing in hot weather. — To carouse is to
drink. — To cauterize is to burn either with a
hot iron, or with a caustic medicine. — To
civilize signifies to improve in morals and
manners. — To colonize is to plant colonies ;
— and to compose means to put together. —
A crosier is the pastoral staff of a bishop. —
An enterprize requires skill and courage to
execute it. — Cognizance means knowledge ;
■ — and confusion want of method. — To criticize
is to discover errors ; — and to crystalize im-
plies to freeze or congele.*

5. A plaid is a kind of loose cloke worn
by the natives of North Britain. The word
is pronounced so as to rhyme with bad, sad,
&c. but differently written.

6. The little girl could not read the book,
and so her sister read it to her.

7. Some vague reports of the minister's
scheme for raising the supplies, have found
their way into some of the newspapers ;
but those prints which are thought to be
more in the confidence of government, are
quite silent, and throw no light upon the
subject.

8. A sharper will look you in the face

* See Appendix.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 69

while he cheats you : and tho you suspect a
fraud, you can seldom mark the crime suffi-
ciently to impeach him. Thus villany* con-
tinues to prowl about the country in search
of prey ; and thus the thief \ shielded from de-
tection, continues to steal.

9. One of the girls was a pert minx, who
did nothing but jant about from place to place,
and flant with every fop within her reach ;
while the other, disgusted by the levity of
her companion, teazed with her importunities,
and wearied with traveling about, returned
home to her friends.

10. The dean was seen in the middle of the
procession when it passed along the green.
Tho he has a keen eye, and a noble mien, his
horse (which was very lean) made but a mean
figure in the cavalcade.

11. Some farmers house their cattle in
winter; others choose to expose them to the
cold out of doors. In summer it is pleasant
to loose them from confinement, and turn
them out to browze among the trees in the
shade. When the weather is hot, flies bite
them so as to rouse their anger, and cause
them to run about the fields like wild
animals.t

* See Letter 6.

t Tho the dipthongs ou and ow vary in sound from oo,
it was not thought improper to introduce them in this
exercise.

70 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

12. A countryman was returning from
market one evening, when his horse took

fright and threw him. He lay for some
time in a sad plight, till a neighbor who
happened to pass that way, discovered him
by the light of the moon, which then shone
very bright. On examining the unfortunate
man, and finding that his thigh was broken,
he tied a handkerchief tight about the limb,
and then hastened to the next town for
assistance to take him home.

13. It is meet and right to rise from your
seat when strangers come into your room to
greet or salute you. When upon your feet
you should in a neat and pleasing manner
offer them meat or drink, as the hour of the
day or the heat of the weather may seem to
require ; and repeat your offer if you think
them backward in accepting it.

14. The man took the little boy by the
hand, and promised to lead him home ; but
after they had passed by the lead mines he
led him into a wood, and there left him to
find his way home as he could.

15. The clown stared when he awoke, and
saw the croud which was about him. He
still appeared a little drowsy, and it was
easy to guess the cause of his being in his
present situation. In short, he had gone
into an inn to quench his thirst ; and, the

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 71

day being droughty, he had been thrown off
his guard, and had drunk a quart of ale at a
draft. This done, he proceded on his
journey a little way, till the liquor so affect-
ed him, that he lay down by the side of the
road and fell asleep.

16. The captain of the ship was so
anxious to procure a sufficient freight,* that
some of the passengers, thinking the vessel
would be overloaded, were in a sad fright.
In the course of the voyage it was found
that the ship was really too heavily freighted;
and, a storm arising, the captain was as
much frightened^ as the crew.

17. A real friend will advise you for your
good, and your acquiescence in his advice will
be best shown by following it.

18. By care and industry the honest man
will try to live ; and will vie with his neigh-
bor in the exercise of every virtue. He
will pry into the errors of others for the
purpose of avoiding them; and when he
hears any one tell a lie, he will cry out with
much concern, "Ofy! How will you answer
for this my friend, when you come to die?" J

* The diphthong ei in this word has the sound of a long.

t Fright, affrighted frighten are used indiscriminately.

| Dy, fy, ly, Martin ; vy, Dilworth. All the words
in the language, formerly ending in ie, which when
written, excede two letters, have been corrected, and the
above may be corrected on good authority independent of
analogy.

72 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

19. The house was said to be haunted,
and the report might have been believed by
some of the family, had not a female ser-
vant, with undaunted firmness, offered to
sit up all night if any one would accompany
her. This proposal was not accepted, and
the story soon lost its credit; but Molly
did not hesitate to taunt one of her partners,
who had on a former occasion spoken rather
vauniingly of her courage.

20. An accessary is one who assists ano-
ther in committing a crime. One thing is
said to be accessory to another when joined
so as to increase it. These two words are
sometimes discriminated tho Martin's Dic-
tionary does not allow a difference.

21. If we take a peep into the harvest
field, we shall see how the mower's sithe
cuts down the corn, sweeps it away, and
leaves it laid in a row. From this row the
binder collects a heap, and makes it into a
sheaf. Afterwards, the reapers come running
and leaping to gather the sheaves and make
them into shocks to keep them from being
steeped by the rain.

22. An acid has properties very different
from those of an alcaly ;* yet when brought
into contact in a state of solution, they in-

* Alcaly, Barclay, Rules, 7, 13.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 73

stantly unite ; and, if the quantities have
been duly proportioned, the properties of
both the simples are completely changed,
and lost in that of the compound. In the
language of chimistry,* the acid and alcaly
become neutralized by the union.

23. Anodyne medicines are those which
ease pain. Those called antiscorbutics are
good against the scurvy; and antiseptics
against mortification. Of a similar con-
struction are the words Antichrist, against
or opposed to Christ; antimonarchical, against
government by a single person : and so are
also antedate, to date before; antediluvian,
before the flood ; antemeridian, before noon ;
and many others.

24. Some people show a great deal of zeal
for the public weal of their country, and
are perpetually appealing to their own plans
for proofs of their patriotism. But if the
keel only of the state vessel should happen
to want repairing, and if, to heal the wound,
their private interests should be ever so little
affected, they do not scruple to lift their
heel against the public interests of the
country, and thus sign and seal their own
true character.

25. Jack Tar knew how to ply the oar
and manage his boat as well as any water-

* Chimistry, Webster and Walker, See page 49.
H

74 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

man at Whitehall; and could keep his
vessel afloat when others were sinking. He
sometimes wrote verses, could repeat many
passages from the poets by rote, and has -
been heard to quote Shakespeare when
giving his vote at a city election. Tho he
doted on his wife and children, yet his
economy was sometimes drowned in liquor ;
and his coat has occasionally been sold to
buy a pot of porter over night; and a bank
note exchanged the next morning in Wall-
street, for a worse to supply its place.

26. In this enterprize the general acheved*
great honor, and completely retrieved a
character of which he had been bereaved
some months. His friends, however, tho
grieved at the report of his defection, did
not believe it, nor did they leave a stone un-
turned to have the subject properly investi-
gated. These friends did (with great credit
to themselves) cleave so close as to heave off
the load of slander that had been heaped
upon him; and finally succeded in undeceiv-
ing the public, who, tho they did not conceive
it at first, now began to perceive how much
they had been abused.

27. The following words are sometimes
written erroneously: namely, coddle, to boil
slightly; coddling, a sort of apple sutableffor
boiling ; and codling, (from cod a fish, and

* Acheve, Bailey, from achever French. There is no
i in the original. t Sutable, Martin.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 75

ling a diminutive,) a kind of fish. In the
spelling of these words we derive little help
from dictionaries.

28. Tom Jones the brazier is a quarrel-
some brazenfaced fellow. He threw down
my gun and broke the trigger ; but I obliged
him to braze it together again, (that is to
soder# it with brass,) which he did very
neatly ; for with all his faults, he is an ex-
cellent workman.

29. The first edition of the book was in-
correctly printed, and the errors remained
uncorrected in every edition but the last.

30. Charles said the word was indeclinable,
and so it was left underlined by every boy in
the class.

3 1 . The word argillaceous signifies clayey.
Argillaceous earth is earth mixed with
clay. — Coriaceous is leathery, or of a sub-
stance like leather. — Fabaceous plants are
those of the nature of a bean. — -Cetaceous
fishes are those of the whale kind. —
Cretaceous means chalky, or abounding with
chalk. — Crustaceous is shelly, with joints.
Crabs and lobsters are crustaceous fishes. —
Farinaceous is mealy. Wheat is a farinace-
ous plant.

32. The soldier was employed as a Her in
* Soder, Ash. — Isaiah, xli. 7. Solder, Johnson, —

76 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

wait to watch the motions of the enemy,
when a stranger approached, and informed
him that the Swedish army had gone another
way. But he was a liar ; and it was after-
wards discovered that he was also a spy in
the service of the Swedes, and had been
trying his talents by an essay on the credu-
lity of the English sentinel.

33. The failure of the enterprize was not
attributed to the driness of the weather, nor
the shiness* of the birds, but to the want of
sliness* in the boy who set and watched the
springe.

34. The shower was very heavy, and the
rain fell in such torrents that all the grates
were choked up, and the water made its way
along the middle of the streets. It was an
hour after the rain had ceased to fall, be-
fore the ground had soked up the water. A
lady who was in the fields botanizing, was
caught in the storm, and exposed to the
whole of it, without either cloke or umbrella
to shield her from its violence.

35. In writing letters to your friends you
should take care to indite them properly,
that the sense may be clear and intelligible
to those who are to read them. Without
this precaution, what you intend to com-

* See the Appendix.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 77

municate may not be understood, and then
your labor will be lost. A good inditer is
preferable to one who possesses the qualifi-
cation of fine writing only.

36. Bad roads are indictable, and any per-
son may be the indicter who can show cause
to the Grand Jury. To indict is to ac-
cuse before a court of justice by a written
accusation, called a Bill of Indictment.

37. The adjective invalid and the sub-
stantive invalid are pronounced differently,
tho generally spelled alike. The former,
which signifies of no force or efficacy, comes
from the Latin word invalidus ; and the
latter, implying one disabled by sickness, is
from the French invalide, anglicized by
dropping the final e.

38. In frosty weather, the air is so cold
as to congele water and to render it solid, so
that the greatest weight may be conveyed
over it, as has been several times witnessed
on the Thames, where fairs have been held
upon the ice. Water is much lighter in a
state of congelation than when fluid. Alcohol
is less congelable than water.

39. Colonel Godfrey died in the field of
honor, combating the enemies of his coun-
try. His services had been acknowledged

h2

78 ^ PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV,

by parliament, and honorary distinctions tes-
tified the approbation of his sovereign.

40. The countryman had no sooner left
the bank, than his pocket was picked of a
quantity of notes and a draft for fifty pounds.
The thief however was at length discovered
in a public house, where after calling for a
draft of beer, and regaling himself with a
beef steak, he had joined a party of Irish
soldiers who were playing at drafts,

41. The servant said he was sorry for hav-
ing delayed to return the balance, and prayed
for pardon; adding that he had neither
played at any game of chance, nor laid out a
penny of the money but what he had paid on
his master's account.

42. Our dictionaries contain the words
ambassy, ambassage, ambassador ; and embassy,
embassage, embassador ; but of these only em-
bassy and embassador are in general use. — We
may also observe that the verbs amend, emend,
and the noun emendation,* the first and last
only are used: and altho amend and emend
are both derived from the Latin emendo, yet
amend is without its corresponding substan-
tive, unless it is amendment.

43. Such cattle as are more inclined to

* Amend and amendment are preferable.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 79

fatten than others, are said to be good
grazers ; these bear a higher price, and are
in great estimation with the graziers who
feed them.

44. Frumenty is made of wheat boiled in
milk; and is a favorite dish with many
people at Christmas. There are three spel-
lings of this word, but frumenty is the most
proper, being analagous to frumentum, the
Latin word for wheat, from which it is evi-
dently derived.

45. A small branch of a tree is called a
bough, and a large one a limb. — Bread is
called dough before it is baked ; and when
not baked enough, it is also said to be dough
or doughy. — A cough is a mechanical effort
of the lungs to discharge viscid or tough
flegm,# or other offending matter. — Shocks
dogs are rough and shaggy.

46. It is not so easy to foretel the changes
of the weather as some people imagine.
This is proved by the frequent failure of
their predictions; and yet they are not
disconcerted by the want of success. The
prognostics of these would-be-philosophers
are generally drawn from various sources.
The crowing of the cock on the dunghil, and
the biting of a gnat in the evening, are

# Flegm, Chalmers, Rule 14. t Shough, old spelling.

80 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

incidents equally productive of matter for
fertile imaginations. But if you ask a reason
for their opinions, they immediately bid fare-
wel to argument, and, entrenched in myste-
ry, convince you that their understandings
are clouded; and that the principles of
their science are enveloped in the mists of
ignorance.

47. The word pendant is French, and
signifies any thing hanging by way of orna-
ment; as a jewel hanging in the ear; a
small flag in ships. The pendulum of a-
clock is also called a pendant. The adjec-
tive pendent is from the Latin pendens, and
signifies hanging; jutting over; supported
from above. It is from this word that we
have dependent, dependence, dependency, inde-
pendent, &c. and therefore these words ought
not to be written, as they sometimes are,
with a in the last syllable; and the French
word pendant should be anglicized by writing
e rather than a.

48. A membrane is " a web of several
sorts of fibers, interwoven together for the
covering or wrapping up some parts of the
body.1' The wings of the bat are membra-
naceous.— The word foliaceous is used to
describe substances that consist of thin
layers or leaves. — Fruits of the pomaceous
kind are those which partake of the nature
of apples. — Fishes that have continuous,

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 81

not jointed shells, are of the testaceous kind.
— Plants that are soft, not woody, are said to
be herbaceous, and this appellative is some-
times also given to the animals which feed
upon them. — Papilionaceous 'flowers are such
as resemble a butterfly. The pea bears a
papilionaceous flower.

49. On the morning of the feast of St.
Michael the archangel, the French army
was attacked by the Archduke, and driven
from the field of battle ; and on the follow-
ing day, the combined fleet was defeated
by the English in the Archipelago, when a
cessation of hostilities ensued. In conse-
quence of this event, the archives of the
church, which had been plundered by the
archenemy of the repose of Europe, were
recovered ; the archbishop was restored to
his archiepiscopal dignity ; and the architectural
devastation of the cathedral repaired with
all possible despatch.

50. Our reception at Rose Castle was
very gracious ; and the season for viewing
the pleasure grounds (which were in a state
of the greatest perfection) was most propi-
tious. The rooms are uncommonly spacious,
and their arrangement for the convenience
of a family, in the highest degree judicious ;
but without that ostentatious display of
grandure* which astonishes at Grove Park,

* Grandure, Martin*

82 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

The viands were excedingly nutritious, the
fruits luscious, and the wines delicious. The
company was select, and tho one of the
gentlemen was a little sententious in his con-
versation, the rest were very agreeable, and
some of them remarkably facetious.

51. A trough is an open vessel or reservoir
of stone or other materials for containing
liquids, &c. — The chough, a bird mentioned
by Shakespear,# may be generally seen fly-
ing about the rocks by the sea side, tho not
much noticed by modern poets. — The hock\
is the joint of the hinder leg of a beast;
above which is the tendon that Joshua was
commanded to cut when he hocked the horses
of his subdued enemies, and burned their
chariots of war writh fire ; that he might not,
by retaining, be tempted to confide in them,
rather than in the arm of that Omnipotent
Being, through whose assistance, he had just
obtained so signal a victory.

52. The stranger appeared to be a scholar
and a man of science; and tho his mind
was fraught with schemes and inventions,
yet in religion he was a skeptic. He pro-
duced a schedule of his discoveries; but the
list did not exhibit any proofs that the
world was made by chance; nor was he

* The simple English, shake and spear, show the best
spelling of this fourfold name.

f Hock and hocked, Webster and Dyche. Hough
and houghed, old spelling.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 83

disposed to enter into a scientific discussion
of the subject. In short, he was no better
able to describe the cause of his own
thoughts, than to discover the source of a
scirrhus or a cancer.

53. A conduit is an aqueduct or canal of
pipes for the conveyance of water. — A gild*
is a society, fraternity, or corporation. The
town hall of a corporation is sometimes
called the gild hall. — The juccf of some
sorts of fruit is sweet; of others, acid.
Those of the latter kind sute better for
baking, but they require more sugar. — The
tract of country visited by the judges for
holding assizes, is called the circuit Ser-
geants, barristers, and attornies also travel
the circuit mpursute of business ; and are
employed in preparing and pleading the
causes tried before the judges at those
assizes.

54. The lady was an experienced coquet,
to whom the etiquet of maskerades was quite
familiar. She could burlesh the gravity of
a Spaniard, dance with a harlequin, or join a
party at picket, or at quadril as occasion

* Gild, sute, sutable, Martin, of course, pursute.

t Juce from the Latin jus, gravy or broth. There is
no i in the original, of course ver-juce and juce are right,
according to Rule 24, and so they are found in Webster's
12mo. Dictionary.

84 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

offered. At one time she was seen toying
with a grotesk figure in a hideous mask;
and at another, casting oblike glances at a
modern antique in an opake corner of the
room. Upon the whole, her talents were so
various, and her conversation and replies so
piquant, as to arrest the attention of the
whole company .#

55. A slough is a miry place, and a slough
signifies the cast skin of a snake or of a
sore. Altho the orthography of these two

* Note on the French words 53 — 4, from Dr. John-
son's preface to his great Dictionary, 31st paragraph.
" The words which our authors have introduced by their
knowledge of foreign languages, or ignorance of their
own, by vanity or wantonness, by compliance with
fashion, or lust of innovation, I have registered as they
occurred, tho commonly only to CENSURE them, and
warn others against the FOLLY of naturalizing
foreigners to the injury of the natives." He adds
again, (fifth paragraph from the end,) " Let them en-
deavor with all their influence, to stop the license of
translators whose idleness and ignorance, if it be
suffered to procede, will reduce us to BABBLE a
dialect op FRANCE."

According to this most excellent remark, we ought to
spell, condit, gild, sute, sutable, pursute, frute, juce,
anteke, piccant, and cirket. I have inserted those only
for which I have given the authority of standard Dic-
tionaries.

* Coquet, B. M. Wb. A. Etiquet, Wb. — Maskerade,
Rule 24. Ash gives masker, from which comes regularly
maskerade. Burlesk, B. M. Wb. Quadril, Wb. with 11.
Picket, M. D. Grotesk, B. M. Oblike, Wb. Opake,
Wb.D.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 85

words is the same, yet their pronuncia-
tion is different, the former riming* with
thou, and the latter with pujf.— Borough towns
send members to parliament as well as cities
and counties.

56. Tho the parliament assembled at
an earlier period than usual, the business of
the session was not finished till the middle
of July. This delay was occasioned by the
intrigues^ of opposition, rather than by any
neglect of the ministry or their colleagues.
And notwithstanding the fatigues of office,
and the efforts of a few demagogues, whose
tongues% had been raised against them, the
ministers persevered in the course they had
adopted, to the conclusion of their labors,
when the parliament was prorogued by the
king in person.

57. The water of some springs is impreg-
nated with iron from the ore of that metal
with which some parts of the earth abound ;
this is called chalybeate water. — The came-
leon is an animal said to have the power of
changing its color to that of such objects
as are near it. — A capuchin is a monk of
the order of St. Francis. — The word epoch
signifies " the time at which a new compu-
tation is begun ; the time from which dates

* Rime, Bailey, Martin, Bosworth, and Turner.
t Intreagues, Martin. J Tungs, Saxon. Wb. 12mo.^-

I

1 IV.

86 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART

are numbered." — A distic is a couplet, or
a couple of lines in poetry ; and a hemistic
half a line. — A chevalier is a knight; and
chivalry* implies valor, or the qualifications
of a knight.

58. The general character of the compa-
ny was not of the most auspicious kind.
Stanhope was so captious, that nobody
could please him. Miller was very loqua-
cious, and would scarcely allow any one to
speak but himself. Grimston, on the con-
trary, was very cautious in speaking, and
might have passed fair, had not his vicious
principles been known. Craven was offi-
cious, and let nothing pass without inter-
fering in the most vexatious manner; and it
was not easy to say whether Rhodes or
Denham was more capricious, for both were
too whimsical to continue an hour in the
same mind.

59. The late archdeacon of Cleveland was
succeded in the archideaconal office by the
Rev. Francis Wood Raper, vicar of Hunt-
ingford, a man of high attainments, and
whose friend Dr. Dolben had filled the
archiepiscopal chair, since the death of arch-
bishop Sterne in 1680.

60. If we look around us, we shall be
surprized to observe how little some people
prize health, and how much pains they take

* Chevalry, Martin.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 87

to destroy it. One of the greatest blessings
of life, without which no other can be en-
joyed, is beneath their care, and unworthy
of their attention. With these persons we
may be disposed to sympathize during an
agonizing fit of the gout, and yet we feel
ready to apprize them of their danger, when
insted of studying the rules of temperance,
they begin to devise means for indulging the
appetite, and for returning to that gorman-
dizing system which has already produced
such baneful effects ; a system which, if per-
severed in, will not only render them unable
to gluttonize as formerly, but disqualify them
for every rational enjoyment of life.

61. Plays are divided into acts, and these
are subdivided into scenes. A scene is also
a painted curtain, behind which the actors
retire when not performing. On the stage
the different characters of mankind are per-
zonized : from the sceptered monarch to the
beggar, all are occasional parties in this
motly* representation ; and the orthodox as
well as the schismatic, the scholiast and the
schoolboy, are all made to "fret their hour"
upon this " world in miniature."

62. Newly enlisted soldiers are called
recruits. — A sluice is a floodgate or aperture,
by which water is let into, or out of, a

* Motly, Bailey, Rule 7.

88 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

canal or river. — Biscuit is a kind of bread
used at sea, and for other purposes. It is
hard and dry, and particularly adapted for
long keeping. The word biscuit signifies
twice baked. It is spelt bisket by Dyche ac-
cording to Rule 24. A composition of flour,
almonds, and sugar, formed into a long
narrow cake, is also called biscuit. — Gui-
neas were first coined in the reign of king
Charles the Second. They continued in
use till towards the end of the reign of
George the Third, when they were super-
seded by Sovereigns.* Guineas were so
called because the gold of which they were
made, was brought from Guinea, a country
on the western coast of Africa.

63. The old man was born near Lough
Neagh, in the province of Ulster, in the
kingdom of Ireland. He was a thorough
bred husbandman, and had followed the
plow for fifteen years, when a war broke
out, and he became a soldier. In this cha-
racter, he has traveled through most of the
countries of Europe, and is now on furlough
at Loughborough in Leicestershire, visiting
his friends.

64. Pharmacy is the art of preparing
medicines. — A confused mass of many ingre-
dients is denominated a farrago.— Physic
signifies, in a general sense, the science of
healing; and a physician is one who pro*

* Worth 20 shillings sterling, C.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 89

fesses the art of healing. — Natural philosophy
is sometimes called physics. — A fissure is a
cleft or narrow chasm. Physiognomy is an
art that professes to discover the dispositions
of persons, and to predict the future inci-
dents of their lives, by the features of the
face. The word physiognomy also implies
the particular look of the face, as well as
the face itself.

65. Monarchy is the government of a
single person, whatever may be his title,
whether emperor, king, &c. — The word
signifies also an empire, a kingdom, &c. —
A hierarchy is a sacred government. An
ecclesiastical establishment is likewise de-
nominated a hierarchy. A heptarchy is a
government by seven persons. In the year
428, England was divided into seven distinct
kingdoms, and governed by as many Saxon
princes. This state of government was
called the Saxon Heptarchy, and continued
till 825, when Egbert united the seven
kingdoms into a monarchy. — Anarchy means
a want of government; a state in which
no man is accountable for his actions, and
in which rapine and murder are the ruling
powers.

66. Naphtha, petroleum, and asphaltum
appear to be the same mineral in different
states of desiccation or driness. They are
bituminous and inflammable ; and are ap-

i2

90 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

plied to various uses, particularly in the
arts. — Porphyry is a species of rock, so hard
that it is difficult to temper tools so as to
perforate it. The ancient Egyptian sculp-
tors, however had a method of cutting it, as
their works testify,* but their art is said to
be lost. — A telegraph is an instrument by
which information can be conveyed to a
distance, through the means of signals ob-
served by telescopes. Tho the use of sig-
nals is of great antiquity, the modern tele-
graph is a creature of the French Revolu-
tion.

67. We ought to be careful how we asso-
ciate with persons of doubtful morals, and
whose characters will not bear the strictest
scrutiny. Our new acquaintances should
be minutely examined, that we may duly
appreciate their merits before we permit
them to ingraciate themselves too deeply
into our favor. Without this precaution
we may negociate friendships to injure our
reputation, or nauseate us with absurdity
before we can shake them off! And tho we
make a public avowal of our separation, it
will be no easy matter to convince others
that we are not made worse by our late un-
propitious connexion.*

68. The young man proceeded to Bristol,

* See Letters 20, 46, and 47.

PAR? IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 91

and found that city so large, as to excede
his highest expectations. As he wanted a
situation in a merchant's countinghouse,
he applied to a friend who had promised to
intercede for him, and had the good fortune
to succede agreeably to his wishes. His
new masters were honorable men, and
conceded every reasonable indulgence that
was requested, and he seemed gratified and
happy. In a little time, however, he began
to recede from those moral principles in
which he had been educated ; his employ-
ers became dissatisfied, and he was even-
tually superseded, and his place filled by a
person who had been intended to precede
him, but whose friends would not then
accede to his wishes.

69. The distinction between a machine
and an engine is not clearly ascertained,
notwithstanding in some acceptations of the
words there is evidently a difference. When
applied to instruments according to the
principles of mechanics, the import of the
words seem to be the same ; but we do not
apply the term machine to a person em-
ployed as an agent, tho we sometimes de-
scribe him as an engine used in executing
the schemes and machinations of his principal.
Such an engine is not moved by the common
principles of mechanism.

70. Many errors in spelling have arisen

92 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

from imperfect pronunciation ; thus, house-
wife has been corrupted to huswife ; and as-
paragus, the delight of epicures, degraded
to vulgar sparrowgrass. Some have been
introduced by adapting the orthography to
bad pronunciation; thus hostler has been
mutilated to ostler ; hiccough has assumed the
spelling of its own convulsive sound hickup,
which will, at least, prevent its being mista-
ken for the hooping or chincough ; and the
fundamental part of music, which has been
denominated the bass, should be changed
into base, the common application of that
term to foundations in general.

71. In many cases the orthography has
been corrupted and vitiated since the pro-
nunciation was fixed ; thus, tho is the proper
spelling, and though a very cumbrous and
aukward addition to the proper word. The
same may be said of many others, all which
it is hoped may be reformed. Thus we
write plow rather than plough ; hock to ham-,
string rather than hough, which is in danger
of being pronounced either huff or hou like
thou. In every case in which good practice
decides in favor of analogy, we should be
careful to choose the simplest and easiest
form of a variable word ; for it is very evi-
dent that no letters really useful, are ever
lost in practice.

72. Holdsworth was heir to a considers-

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 93

ble estate, and had improved his fortune
by marrying an heiress of a v£ry honorable
family in the north. Tho humble in his
views respecting state policy, and no aspi-
rant after literary fame, he possessed a nice
sense of honor, and was facetious in com-
pany, if not actually a humorist. He was
much pleased in the society of worthy and
honest men in whatever station he found
them ; and has spent many an hour in the
society of the invalids in Chelsea Hospital,
inquiring, with the greatest good humor, the
particulars of those actions in which they
had acquired those honorary rewards that
now ornamented their persons, and which
shed such a luster over them as defenders
of their country.

73. The word orchester (or, as it is usually
written, orchestra) sometimes means a band
of musicians, and sometimes the place
wherein they perform. — An aker of land is
the quantity of one hundred and sixty
perches. — A sepulcher is a grave or tomb. —
A scepter is an ensign of royalty. — The
center of a circle is a point within it, equally
distant from every part of its circumference.
— Luster signifies brightness, and lucre is
gain, or pecuniary advantage. — Plays are
acted at the theater. — The poetical measure
of verses is denominated meter. — The word
massacre is frequently pronounced with the

94 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART

final e long; but this is a vulgar error.*-
specter is an apparition or ghost.

,v.

74. The word complaisance implies civility,
or the desire of pleasing ; and complacence
means pleasure, satisfaction, or gratifica-
tion. The latter word also is sometimes
used to express civility; but as it does not
always supply the place of the former, and
as the two words are very differently pro-
nounced, it would be better to limit them
to the definitions here given. A shade of
difference may be observed in the adjec-
tives complaisant and complacent ; the former
being an active, and the latter a passive
quality, if these terms may be allowed to be
thus applied.

75. Some people indulge in such an
habitual absence of mind, that one might
imagine they have a license to dispense with
the rules of good breeding, and to deal out

* The words of this exercise have been too often spelt
with the e after the r in the French form. " This is con-
trary to " Rule 24, and " the practice of the best authors
of the last and preceding centuries, Newton, Shaftsbury,
Dryden, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bolingbroke, Middle-
ton," and others. Johnson condemned this class of words,
and Dr. Webster has corrected them. The two end-
ing in ere might be corrected by writing them lucar and
massacar, with a c, like vicar ; or luker and massaker,
with a k, like rebuker. Either of these would be analo-
gical, and English ; and our language has been too long
disgraced by its subservience to foreign and anomalous
forms of words.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 95

nonsense in the presence of every person
doomed to hear them. Acquiescence in the
sentiments of those orators, is like offering
incense to their vanity, and cannot be done
but at the expense of sincerity in those who
hear them, and who, tho they may not make
the discovery at first, cannot long remain in
suspense as to the real character of those un-
profitable companions. To attempt their
defense would bring upon us a deserved
recompense.

76. The marchioness is a woman of a most
amiable character ; and her affability and
condescension do honor to her elevation
of rank. The house, which is fit to be the
residence of a monarch, stands on an eleva-
ted situation, and has an extensive prospect
over a fine champain* country. In the park
are several goats of the shamoy* kind, and
also a vast number of deer, some of which
were such as we had not seen before. After
we had viewed the rooms, we sat down to a
glass of excellent champain, a wine so called
from the province of Champagne in France,
where it is produced.

77. To patronize^ signifies to support, to
countenance, or protect. — To harmonize
means to agree, or correspond. To equalize

* Champain and Shamoy, Martin.

t See the Appendix for the words in this exercise.

96 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

is to make even, or equal. To tantalize
signifies " to torment by the show of plea-
sures which cannot be reached."— Wares,
or any things to be bought or sold are
called merchandize. — To authorize is to es-
tablish by authority.-— To reqognize implies
44 to recover and avow the knowledge of
any person or thing." — To apologize means
to defend or excuse. — To epitomize is to con-
tract into a narrow space. — To journalize is
to enter an account of daily transactions. —
To signalize means to make eminent ; and to
demise is to grant by will.

78. On a superficial view of our laws, as
they occasionally affect individuals, we may
be led to suppose that they are founded
upon an artificial basis, and that they do not
afford substantial justice to all classes of citi-
zens. But on a nearer inspection we shall
find, that the judicial procedings# of our
courts are more specially calculated to ad-
minister impartial justice, than those of any
court of law in Europe; and that, in conse-
quence, we ought to look up to them with
the most reverential regard, and be thankful
that our lot has been providentially cast under
their benign influence.

79. Okerf is a fossil earth combined with

* ProcEdure and procEeding I Johnson^-

PrecEde and procEed ! Walker -\-
t Oker, B. M. J. Ocher, Wb.

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 97

the oxid of some metal, particularly iron.
It is much used in painting, and is naturally
of a yellow color, but becomes red by
calcination. — The anchovy is a small sea
fish, found on the coasts of France and
Spain, and pickled for the purpose of being
used as sauce or seasoning. The harpsi-
cord* is a musical instrument of the stringed
kind, with keys like an organ. It is at
present little used, being superseded by the
piano forte, an instrument of much greater
variety of tone, and effect in the execution,
than the harpsicord, of which it is an im-
provement. The exchequer is the court to
which are brought all the revenues of the
crown of England, and in which all causes
concerning that revenue are tried.

80. A person who performs any business,
or who signs a deed or other writing, is
said to be the executer of such business, or
of such deed. There does not appear to be
any reason why this word should not be
applicable to the person who is appointed
to execute the will of a testator. Custom,
however, has determined the point, and the
executor of a will is neither written nor pro-
nounced like its prototype.

81. Rhubarb is a very useful medicine. It

* Harpsicord, Dyche. Martin spells it two other
ways, and in both omits the h. See Appendix.

98 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV-

is the root of a. plant common in Tartary,
and now cultivated in Britain. — Woad is a
plant raised in this country in considerable
quantities. This and indigo are the only
coloring matters used in dying blue.— Sper-
maceti* is a substance extracted from whale
oil, and used in the manufacture of candles.
It is also applied to other purposes. — Porce-
lane\ or china ware was first made by the
Chinese; but now the English and other
Europeans manufacture this article of an
equal quality, and ornament it in a stile cor-
responding to the superiority of European
taste over that of Asia.

82. Since the invention of gunpowder,
bows and arrows have been laid aside, and
musketeers substituted for archers. — The
original from which any thing is made, is
called an archetype. — The sister, or daughter
of the archduke of Austria, has the title of
archduchess ;X and the wife of the archduke
of Tuscany is stiled in the same manner. —
The word architrave is a term used in archi-
tecture.— Archaiology signifies a discourse or
treatise on antiquities.

83. Words ending in efy or ify, are very

* Spermacety, English. f Porcelane, Martin.

\ Dutchess and archduchess ! Johnson and Walker.-\-
So also chestnut and horsechesnut, in those and many
other dictionaries ! !

PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 99

discordant in different authors. In all theses
words, i should be preferred to e. We meet
such contradictions as these : — calefy and
clarify, arefy and scarify, rarefy and narrify,
tumefy and ramify, torrefy and terrify, liquefy
and typify^ labefy and rubify, tabefy and edify,
putrefy and purify; and others,which disgrace
the pages of our Dictionaries. Arid, calid,
tumid, torrid, tabid, liquid, and putrid are always
with i, and the derivatives are regularly
formed, by dropping d, and adding^.

84. Words ending in eer or e'er, are variable:
piomer and pioneer are both found in John-
son's Dictionary, the first in his preface, the
second in his stock. In all words of this
class which are variable, (and they are near-
ly all so,) we should choose the English eer
rather than the French ie. Brigadeer, gren-
adeer, bombardeer, halberdeer, gondoleer, can-
noneer, carbineer, are better with eer; for if
spelt with ier, they might be confounded with
such words as multiplier, and occupier.
»
85. There is a small class of words in
ew or ow that are frequently found at va-
riance, even in the most accurate writers.
Mr. Walker has written shown on his title
page, and shewn on the second page of his
preface. The combination ew is going out
of use, being superseded in one case by ue,
and in the other by ow. Thus we write
clue rather than clew, and show and strow

100 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.

rather than shew, strew. In these and
ether cases, the pronunciation guides the
spelling.

86. The number of variable words is
nearly two thousand, all or nearly all of
which, come under the Rules given at pages
19 and 20, or under the foregoing three sec-
tions. These Rules and observations are
drawn from the best modern practice, as ob-
served in works of the highest character,
by the best authors. They will be found
very useful in doubtful cases, and the Ap-
pendix may be consulted wherever a word
seems, at first view, to show an orthography,
different from that to which we have been
accustomed.

87. Smith was a most eccentric character,
and tho not guilty of any hainous crime,
he lived without credit, and died unregret-
ted. At the age of fifteen he was ap-
prenticed to a grocer, but having surfeited
himself with raisins, he grew sick of trade ;
and was placed under a surgeon. His new
master was no stranger to his instability,
and accordingly entered upon an explicit
enumeration of the duties of his apprentice,
declaring that he always required implicit
obedience to his orders, and should not
hold him excusable for any neglect or breach
of them. Under the steady eye of this
gentleman, Smith struggled through the

PART IV.] EXERCISE? FOR DICTATING. 101

stated period of his servitude, and then
entered as a sergeant* in the militia. In this
new character he was sent into the country
to watch the illicit traffic of some smugglers;
and here he became fascinated with the
charms of an Irish girl, who persuaded him
to marry her. Our dreams of happiness are
short-lived. Before the expiration of the
honey moon, the bride grew tired of acting
the hypocrite. Her brain was in a state of
efferv escence'ir om repeated doses of whisky ;f
and she heroically threw off the mask. In
a state of mind bordering on despair. Smith
now had recourse to the expedient of drown-
ing sorrow in liquor, and at last ended his
days in a work-house, where his wife had
died a short time before.

38. Sheets of paper once folded, and mak-
ing two leaves, are called folios ;J in four

* Sergeant, See Note in the Appendix, f Whisky, Wo.

% Nouns ending in o have sometimes es, and at
other times s in the plural. Thus we see folios, olios,
nuncios , punctilios, seralios, banios, ratios, twos, uniform-
ly with s, but echoes, heroes, haloes, woes, cargoes, pota-
toes, with es; which seems to indicate this rule ; namely,
when another vowel comes before o, add the s ; and when
a consonant comes before o, add es ; which rule applies
also to verbs in the second person singular, as, woo, woos ;
go, goes; do, does. From this rule octavos, quartos,
&c. are exceptions. All words that end in ow long,
might advantageously drop the w, and then glo and gro
would be analagous to fro, and go; and the second
person would be gloes, groes, like goes.

J2

102 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IT,

leaves they are quartos, in eight leaves, oc-
tavos, in twelve leaves, duodecimos, in eighteen
leaves, octavo-decimos, in twenty-four leaves,
vigesimo-quartos. The latter two are also
called eighteens and twenty-fours. — Heroes
are great men. — Nuncios are messengers. —
Negro is the Spanish form of the Latin, niger,
black, and the plural is negroes, — Manifestoes
are public proclamations. — Unios are fresh
water shells, vulgarly called, fresh water
clams. — Potatoes, axe the roots of the Solanum
tuberosum. — Tomatoes are the fruit of the
Solanum lycopersicum.

103

PART V.

Exercises on various Subjects, in the form of
Essays, Anecdotes, fyc.

1 . Genius and Economy.

Genius and economy seldom unite in the
same person. The man of genius soars
above the consideration of the utility of
shillings and pence, tho their presence may
be necessary for procuring to-rnorrow's din-
ner; while the economist will not enjoy his
meal to-day, without considering whether he
can dine to-morrow.

2. Shrub.
Shrub is a spirituous* liquor, made by
mixing sugar and the juce of lemons with
rum or brandy. It is pleasant to the palate;
but, like a flatterer, it deceives while it
pleases ; and the unwary often pay for their
gratification by a temporary suspension of
their reason.

3. Wagers.

About forty years ago a person stated to
me a proposition which I thought disputable,
and expressed my opinion accordingly. He
then offered to bet a wager of a shilling on

* See Appendix.

104 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V,

the truth of it, which I accepted, and lost.
The winner knew the positive fact before-
hand, and refused the money ; but I insisted
on paying, and have never been concerned in
wager since. Here the loss of one shilling
has probably saved a thousand.

4. Wafers.

"Wafers are composed of flour, isinglass,
and a very small proportion of yeast. This
mixture is colored, and then spread into
very thin cakes, on tin plates; dried on a
stove, and then cut into wafers."

5. Isinglass.

o

"Isinglass is a substance composed of
the sound, that is, the air bladder, of fish.
The coarser kinds are made from the intes-
tines offish. The preparation is simple ;
after cleansing the sounds from the sea-
water, they are put, for a few minutes, into
lime-water, thfit all the oily parts may be
absorbed. They are then again washed,
cleansed, and rolled into roumd forms of
the thickness of the finger, dried in this
state, and being pulled off in little strips,
appear as we usually see the isinglass."
The mineral named Mica, is sometime call-
ed isinglass, but very improperly.

6. Camphor.

Camphor is a concrete juce found in the
Laurus Camphora, a large tree growing in

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 105

the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo. It is
picked out with knives from the center of
the oldest trees, through the trunk of which
it runs in perpendicular veins. But the
most general method of extracting it, is by
the aid of fire. It is used for medicine, per-
fume, and rockets.

7. Ambergris.

Ambergris is found floating in the sea,
but more commonly in the intestines of a
whale. (JPhyseter macrocephalus.) It is most
probably caused by a sickly state of the
animal, as those that contain it are lean and
appear diseased. The origin of ambergris
has been a fruitful source of conjecture, but
this appears the most probable. It is used
for perfume, and is much valued.

8. Precious Stones.

The diamond is the most precious of all
gems. It is extremely hard, and when cut
and polished, shows a surprizing brilliancy
and luster. They are found in Brazil, and
obtained by washing the earth, raked out
of a small stream called Mielho Verde. The
sapphire is remarkable for its soft blue color.
The topaz for its transparent yellow. The
emerald for its dark green. The amethist
for its rich purple. The ruby for its varied
red. Cornelians are commonly some shade
of red. They take their name frpm cornel,
a cherry, because when polished, as we usu-

106 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

ally see thein, in small round masses, they
resemble cherries.*

9. Ancient Customs,
The attachment of Country people to
ancient customs is very remarkable. When
these customs stand recommended by utili-
ty as well as antiquity, it would be wrong
to lay them aside But there are some
which put morality to the blush, and others
at which common sense recoils; and these
are kept up because our grandmothers did
the same, and our neighbors follow the
example ! Thus silly and wicked customs
become entailed upon mankind, because
superstition and ignorance introduced, and
folly retains them.

10. Reviewing Boohs.

While authors are employed in writing
books for fame, for profit, or for enlightening
the public, reviewers are no less busy in
analyzing! those already printed. In the
early practice of reviewing, the character
of a book was summed up in a few words,
and the reader understood at once, whether
a new book deserved praise or censure.
By the critical analysis now in use, review-
ing is become an extensive source of book-
making; and many readers think that by
an enlarged perusal of these periodical

* See the Appendix. t Analize, Bailey,

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 107

works, they obtain a general acquaintance
with literature and science. About fifty
years ago, Dr. Kenrick was bold enough to
put his name to the London Review ; but
modern critics are anonymous.

11. Eclipses.

An eclipse of the sun is occasioned by
the passage of the moon between the earth
and the sun, and can never happen except
at the time of new moon ; for then only can
they be in the situation to cause an eclipse
of the sun. In an eclipse of the moon, the
earth is between the moon and the sun ;
and therefore the moon passes through the
earth's shadow, and is then deprived of the
sun's light by the interposition of the earth's
dark body between them. This can happen
only at the time of full moon. When the
centers of the sun, moon, and earth are in a
line, the eclipse must be total.

12. Advertisements.

The advertisements of tradespeople and
others in the newspapers, sometimes afford
us amusement in a vacant hour ; while the
anxiety of the brazier to sound the praise of
his goods, of the glazier to return thanks for
past favors, and of the grazier to vary the
market price of cattle, shows the hopes and
wishes of the advertisers. But we gaze
upon the addresses of advertising quacks,
with horror and amazement, when we con-

108 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

sider the great success of their impositions ;
and can hardly avoid expressing a wish to
see them erazed from the pages of every
public print in the country.

13. Lying.

When a man swears to the truth of his
tale, he tacitly acknowledges that his bare
word does not deserve credit. A swearer
will lie, and a liar is not to believed even
upon his oath ; nor is he believed when he
happens to speak the truth. This is a hard
saying, but it does not require an oath to
prove the truth of it.

14. Respectability of Trades.
There is a singular inconsistency display-
ed in the ideal respectability and contempt
attached to different trades. If we notice a
few of the artizans concerned in the clothing
of our bodies only, we shall find that some
of those who contribute most to our comfort
and necessities are thrown into the shade ;
and, like a blade of grass, laid down and ex-
posed to the sun, they wither and fade at
the approach of others of far less moment,
but who are of greater fame and better
paid. From what a height does the jeweler*
look down upon his shoemaker, while the
son of St. Crispin, afraid to raise his eyes,
trembles as he measures the foot of the

* Jeweler, Perry and Webster.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 109

great man who has condescended to employ
him ! Perhaps we cannot exhibit a greater
anomaly in this line, than is furnished by
the unjustly despised tailor. He, who clothes
the lords of the creation, is degraded below
his rank in society, for no reason known by
any member of it, unless it is to increase
the honors and distinctions of dressmakers
and milliners, who might otherwise be con-
sidered a step lower than their masculine
competitor for fashionable fame.

15. Singularity.

Some persons of very moderate parts
affect singularity as a passport to fame.
Others scruple not to continue in the regular
habits of vice and folly, that they may not
be thought singular. The former court
singularity for the purpose of making them-
selves conspicuous : the latter shrink from
the practice of virtue and benevolence, to
avoid the observation of their companions.
Thus both parties procede, till the delusions
of vanity, and the shame of doing good, are
set in their proper light, by the reasonings of
an enfeebled constitution, or the strong ar-
guments of a death-bed.

1 6. Circumcision, Baptism, Catechizing, and
Canonization.

The rites of circumcision, baptism, and
canonization are not of equal antiquity.
The Patriarch Abraham was the first who

110 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

was circumcised, and this was nearly nine-
teen hundred years before the birth of
Christ. John the Baptist began his minis-
try about thirty years after the birth of
Christ, when our Lord himself, and great
multitudes of people were baptized by him
in the river Jordan. It is not certain at
what period catechisms were introduced, nor
who were the first to catechize* the children
of the primitive Christians. Canonization
has been practised by the Catholics since
the tenth century, and many saints have
thereby been added to the Roman calendar.t
Fewer, however, have been canonized of
late than formerly.

17. The Rook.

A boy, whose curiosity and attention to
the Wonders of nature were greater than
those of some older persons, observed a rook
one day busily employed in digging a hole
in the ground with its beak, and filling it up
again. Anxious to know what it was doing,
he approached the place, and disturbed the
bird before it had finished its work, which it
seemed to leave with reluctance. On ex-
amination it was found that the rook had
dug a conical hole in the ground, deposited
an acorn in the bottom, and covered it up.

* Catechize. The derivation from the Greek requires
z? and as this obviates an anomaly, it is to be preferred.

f Calender, Martin.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. Ill

The earth had been replaced with the
greatest care, and most of the grass rooted
up in making the hole, was planted at the
top in the most exact manner : so that had
it been suffered to complete its operation,
no traces of the work of this winged planter
of forests would have been visible.

1 8. Present and Future.

There are two sorts of people in the
world ; one is determined to enjoy the good
things of life at the present moment; the
other is content to wait till a future oppor-
tunity. The difference is this ; — the former
are frequently overtaken by declining years,
when all the good things are spent, and
when little remains but the honors of the
gout, or the approach of want; while the
latter arrive at the same period of life with
constitutions unimpaired by excess, and the
prospect of that plenty which a life of tem-
perance and economy has provided for
them.

19. Gold.

Gold is the most perfect of all metals.
Tho very soft and ductile, it neither wastes
in the fire, nor rusts by exposure to the air,
like other metals. It is nearly three times
as heavy as iron, and of four thousand times
its value. The alchimists* of old labored

* See the Appendix.

112 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

hard to transmute the other metals into gold,
and by this means to enrich themselves,
without considering that its value would be
diminished in proportion as it became plen-
tiful. Happily they did not succede ; and
this beautiful metal has not been degraded
by becoming too common. When it orna-
ments the palaces of the great, or is used in
exchange for the necessaries of life, it is pro-
perly applied ; but it would make bad files,
hammers, and edge tools; and a golden
plow would be both unserviceable* and un-
wieldy.

20. The Storm of 1103.
The most dreadful storm on record is
that of Nov. 27, 1703, which was general
throughout Europe. It is said that in Lon-
don and the neighborhood, eight hundred
dwelling houses, and two thousand stacks of
chimnies were blown down ; and the lead of
one hundred churches rolled up, and thrown
to great distances. The number of trees
torn up by the roots was incalculable; and
not fewer than fifteen thousand sheep were
driven from an extensive plain on the banks
of the Severn, into that river, and drowned.
Three hundred ships were completely de-
stroyed; among which were fifteen of the
royal navy, containing two thousand seamen.
The total loss of property was computed at
four millions of pounds sterling!

* See Note on Letter 33,

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 113

21. The Steam Engine.

The: power of steam engines is described
by comparing it with the strength of horses ;
thus, an engine of sixty horse power is
deemed of equal force with a team of sixty
horses. The steam is raised by a large
boiler, passes into the cylinder, raises the
piston, and is, by the injection of a stream of
cold water, condensed or converted again
into its original element, when the piston
falls. By these alternate changes of water
into steam, and of steam into water, a beam
at the top is made to vibrate like that of a
balance, and thus gives motion to various
kinds of machinery; some parts of which,
being in apartments at a considerable dis-
tance, seem to move of their own accord.

22. Examine both Sides of the Question,

Two men in an inn were one day dispu-
ting very warmly about an inscription on
the obelisk in Castle Howard Park. One
said it was Latin ; the other was positive
that it was in English. Both declared that
they had read it; and no assertion of one,
however positive, was sufficient to convince
the other that he was wrong. From words
they would probably have proceded to
blows, had not a stranger who sat near, said
they were both right ! This seemed impos-
sible ; and the angry disputants were not
more dissatisfied with each other, than with
the stranger, who, smiling at their rage,
k2

114 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

calmly advised them never to decide on a
question without examining both sides of it;
adding, that if they had used this caution in
the present case, they would have known
that the obelisk contains a Latin inscription
on the one side, and an English one on the
other.

23. New Wine and Old Bottles.

The parable of the new wine and old
bottles in the ninth chapter of St. Matthew's
gospel, is not altogether intelligible to
readers who imagine that the bottles of
those days were made of glass, a material
upon which age has no effect. But the dif-
ficulty vanishes when we learn that glass was
the discovery of a later period ; and that the
bottles of the ancients were of leather;
which when hard and dry with age, were
not proof against the fermentation of new
wine ; tho they might contain that which
was old without bursting.

24. Mustard.

It would puzzle a philosopher to account
for the obliquity of taste which first brought
this article into use as a condiment to our
food. To common palates, unaccustomed to
it, mustard is very acrid and disagreeable ;
and it requires a considerable degree of
resolution and perseverance to reconcile the
taste to it. But imitation recommends, and
habit produces a relish for that pungency

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 115

and bitterness, which, tho they would dis-
tort every muscle in the face of an apothe-
cary's patient, give sensations of the most
pleasurable piquancy to the appetite of the
confirmed epicure.

In a way perfectly analogous, we may
trace the progress of innocence to the habits
of vice. We shall find, that, in general,
youth uncontaminated, have no natural re-
lish for immorality; till, seduced by exam-
ple, they break through the restraints of
virtue; and the mind becomes so depraved
by repetition, as to look with complacency
upon practices which formerly it contem-
plated with disgust.

25. Antediluvian Forests,

In the early ages of the world, and while
the number of its inhabitants was compara-
tively small, much of it was covered with
forests. This is shown by the great quan-
tities of wood discovered in bogs and other
situations under the surface of the earth.
Trees, leaves, and fruit, particularly that of
the hazel, are often found at considerable
depths, where they have probably lain ever
since the deluge. Admitting this to be the
case, it is easy to infer that the flood hap-
pened in autumn, when those fruits were ripe;
and that the trees had been torn up by the
torrents of water, and carried into hollow
places, where they became buried under the
vast beds of earthy matter brought over

116 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

them by the motion of the water, when re-
tiring from the Jand into the sea.

26. Velocity of the J find.

The velocity of the wind is sometimes
very great. When Monsier Garnerin as-
cended in his balloon on the 30th of June,
1802, he was carried from Ranelagh Gar-
dens near London, the place of his ascent,
to the sea side, about four miles from Col-
chester in Essex, in three quarters of an
hour, notwithstanding the distance is about
sixty miles. The wind was strong, tho not
impetuous, and yet its celerity must have
been at the rate of eighty miles an hour.

27. Galls.

Galls are not a fruit, hut an excrescence
produced by a species of oak in the East.
A small winged insect perforates the under
side of the leaf, and deposits an egg in the
wound. The sap oozes out, and soon forms
a ball in which the egg is enveloped, and
while the ball increases in size, the egg with-
in changes first to a worm, and afterwards
to a fly. Similar excrescences may be found
on the leaves of our oaks, but they are of a
much smaller size than those of Aleppo, and
the south of Europe. Galls are used in dy-
ing, tanning, and in making black ink.

28. The Moon.
Any thing new, however trifling in its

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 117

nature, attracts our attention. Curiosity is
readily excited to see and examine a new
house, a new fashion, or a new invention ;
but a new moon, as it is called, may appear
monthly without a single inquiry into the
cause of the phenomenon. And yet how in-
finitely inferior are all the inventions of man
to the works of the Great Architect of the
universe, as displayed in this luminary only.

29. Coal*

It is thought by geologists that the im-
mense beds of coal within the earth have
been produced by the remains of the forests
of the antediluvian world; and that by a kind
of bituminous fermentation the wood has
been transmuted into coal. There is some-
thing in this hypothesis so consistent with
the omniscience of the Deity, that it is not
easy to withhold our assent to it. That the
superfluous produce of the earth before the
flood was, by that event, buried in its bowels,
and preserved as in a storehouse, till the
multiplied wants of man required it, is a
reflection that must increase our admiration
of the infinite wisdom of that Being who
created and governs the world.

30. Influence of Habit.

It has been said that man is a bundle of
habits, and when we consider how much

* Cole, Sir Thomas Mors*

118 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

his words, thoughts, and actions are in-
fluenced by them, we shall not feel inclined
to dispute the assertion. Yet we cannot
deny that this bundle is frequently composed
of materials of the most heterogeneous na-
ture, and that it is no uncommon thing for
those that are good to wear out, or to give
way to others of a worse quality ; and thus
the man of good habits in early life, some-
times becomes a man of evil ones, at a period
when the former ought to have ripened into
wisdom and virtue. But wisdom and virtue
are soon extinguished by vicious habits, and
even good ones (if any are left) are thrust
out to make way for those which are no
sooner admitted, than they begin to increase
and multiply.

31. Purity of Sea Water.

The saltness of the sea seems to be the
means devised by the Creator for preserving
it pure. In the torrid zone, where, from
excess of heat, the danger ofputrifaction* is
greatest, the sea water contains most salt ;
in the temperate zones the saltness diminish-
es ; and near the poles the water is compa-
ratively fresh. But it is believed that salt
alone would not be sufficient, and that mo-
tion also is necessary. Hence we may see

* Putrid, putrify, putrifaction ; petrify, petrifaction j
stupid, stupify,stupifaction,&c. All the words of this form
have properly i before fy and faction. See page 98 and
99.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 119

the use of winds, tides, and currents in assist-
ing to prevent that putrifaction, which, as Sir
Robert Hawkins says, would corrupt all the
world.

32. Drunkenness.

Drunkenness and cancers are seldom
cured. If checked for a time, they break
out again with renewed force, and death at
length puts a stop to their career. A liking
for liquor increases with the practice of in-
dulging in it; and so long as the means of
procuring it are at hand, and the ability to
take it in excess continues, the drunkard
procedes in his course ; and it is perhaps not
too much to acknowledge, that something
more than human is required to arrest his
progress, and to root out that propensity
which is at once his delight and his shame.

33. Trade no Degradation.

It is very common for persons whose rank
places them above the toils of business, to
despise those who are engaged in it ; when
a slight inspection of their own pedigree
might perhaps enable them to trace their
present elevation to the fortunate specula-
tions of some plodding alderman, the scien-
tific researches of an industrious manufac-
turer, or the ingenious inventions of a com-
mon mechanic. And yet such is the perver-
sion of judgment among men, that the very
means which raised them to eminence be-

120 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

comes the object of their derision; and the
prodigal squanderer of a patrimonyis honor-
ed, while the memory of the creator of it is
consigned to ignominy, because he had been
a man of business !

34. Coffee.

The coffee tree was brought into Europe
from Arabia, of which country it is a native.
It grows to the height of twelve feet, and
produces a berry containing two seeds;
these, when properly prepared by roasting,
constitute the coffee usually sold in the
shops. As an article of food, coffee contains
little nutriment; and, in this respect, it seems
upon an equality with tea, "both being
rather the vehicles of nourishment than nu-
tritious of themselves. The most that can
be expected from them in general is, that
they are grateful, and very little injurious."
In its medical character, coffee does not rise
so high as some other articles of eastern
produce; yet we are told that persons afflict-
ed with asthma have experienced great re-
lief, and even a cure by drinking strong
coffee. The head-ake too, is frequently re-
lieved by a cup of coffee; and drowsiness
may be prevented by the same means.

35. Literary Vanity.

There are coxcombs in literature as well
as in dress. The acquirements of the sound
scholar, like the dress of the man of sense,

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 121

recommend themselves to the rational part
of mankind for their utility ; but utility is
not the object of the would-be-learned fop.
He studies that he may be admired ; and
for this end he affects to despise what is
useful, because it is common and known to
others ; and becomes a shining professor of
what no one pretends to but himself. In
this way he procures the applause of the
many, who always admire what they do not
understand ; and obtains the contempt of
the few, who can justly estimate the value
of his pretensions to literary fame.

36. The Use of Mountains.
Mountains and hills are of great impor-
tance in the economy of nature, and display
the infinite wisdom of the Great Architect
of the universe. The clouds, which consist
of watery exhalations from the sea and land,
after floating some time in the atmosphere,
are attracted by the mountains, upon which
they descend in rain. This sinks down-
wards, and after being collected into reser-
voirs, breaks out on their sides in springs,
which by uniting, form brooks and rivers.
Thus the hills are storehouses for water,
whence we are supplied with that most
valuable fluid; while the superabundant
streams, when collected into rivers, not only
water countries or districts where springs
do not abound, but become useful for the
purposes of navigation, in the conveyance
l

122 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

of the necessaries of life from one place to
another.

37. Indolence.

To the young student there is hardly a
greater enemy than indolence. It matters
not what are his abilities, if he will not ex-
ercise them ; nor who is his preceptor, when
he will not take the trouble of learning.
However bright his parts, they grow rusty
through the want of use ; and force is not
always successful in attempting to bring
them into action. Perhaps the best remedy
for this disease is extra labor ; and when this
can be supplied as a consequence arising out
of the complaint, it seldom fails in effecting
a cure.

38. Smoking.

This is a more expensive habit than some
people are aware of. A professed smoker
will consume an ounce of tobacco daily;
this, at fourpence per ounce, is two shillings
and fourpence a week, or six pounds, one
shilling and four pence a year. But this is
not the whole cost. If we may believe Dr.
Franklin, time is worth money, and hence it
would not be difficult to show that the time
spent in smoking a pipe is, or ought to be,
worth as much as the tobacco ; and therefore
the expense becomes doubled. This is the
case as it stands with dry smokers. There
are some, however, who improve upon this

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 123

practice, by washing down the smoke with a
glass of beer once or twice a day, which will
Jiot cost less than the tobacco ; so that the
general account will stand thus.

£. s. d.

Tobacco, 6 14

Time, . . 6 14

Beer, .614

Total 18 4 0

If any one should think this calculation
too high, he must be told that neither the
expense of pipes, nor the extra consumption
of tobacco, beer, and time, on account of
social intercourse, is included in it.

39. Opium,

The opium of commerce is prepared from
the papaver somniferum, or white poppy. It
is obtained by making incisions in the cap-
sules every evening, and in the morning the
sap, which has distilled from the wound,
and become thickened, is scraped off, work-
ed by hand in the sunshine, and formed into
cakes of about four pounds each. Six hun-
dred thousand pounds are said to be annu-
ally exported from the Ganges alone. Opium
allays pain, lightens sorrow, diffuses a pleas-
ing languor over the frame, and gives unusual
serenity to the mind, dispelling every ap-
prehension of sublunary evil, and steeping
it in scenes of elysium. But it is only for a
time, and the charm being dissolved, the

124 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PA.RT V.

soul awakes from its trance only to experi-
ence aggravated wo, in those who have
fallen into the habit of using this drug. If
there is on earth a misery that may be sup-
posed to approach to the sufferings of future
punishment, it is the state of the opium eater,
after the action of his dose has subsided, —
unhappy and trembling, his head confused,
and his stomach sick, remorse at his heart,
but his resolution too feeble to attempt a
reformation; feeling as an outcast from every
thing that is good or great, he returns des-
pairing to a repetition of his dose, and every
repetition adds confirmation to his evil habit.
His constitution becomes exhausted in the
course of a few years ; he grows prematurely
old, and dies of palsy, dropsy, or some dis-
ease as fatal ; he dies, having by his own
weakness and imprudence lived a life of
wretchedness in this world, and looking for-
ward at his exit, to the darkest scenes of
misery in the next. How often does man
turn the greatest blessings into the greatest
curse !

40. Sugar.

The sugar cane is said to be a native of
Africa, the southern parts of Asia, and also
of the West Indies, where its cultivation is
carried on to a vast extent. Sugar is made
by mixing the juce of the cane with a due
proportion of lime, or potash, and then boil-
ing it till it crystalizes. After separating

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 125

the molasses or uncrystalized part, the rest
(which is raw sugar) is sent into Europe, to
be refined or made into loaf or lump sugar.
Much has been said and written on the
properties of sugar. — The physicians of the
sixteenth century recommended it as whole-
some; those of the seventeenth condemned
it; but the experience of the moderns has
enabled them to bear testimony to its virtues
in a medical point of view ; and to prove that
as a part of diet, it is highly nutritious.

41. Antidiluvian Remains,

In July, 1821, a cavern of considerable
extent was discovered in a limestone rock
in Kirkdale near Kirkby Moorside, York-
shire. The bottom was strowed with bones
and teeth imbedded in earth ; these were
the remains of a variety of animals, many
of which are now extinct in this part of the
world. The authors of the " Geological
Survey of the Yorkshire Coast," were of
opinion that the bones had been floated in
by the waters of the universal deluge ; and
that the mouth of the cave had been warp-
ed or stopped by the same cause. But
Professor Buckland, in a most valuable and
elaborate memoir on the subject, in the
" Philosophical Transaction," (which has
been honored with the Royal Society's
gold medal,) has shown by reasoning which
will not be easily controverted, that the
cavern had been a den of hyenas previous
l2

126

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V«

to the flood; and that the bones of their
prey, with the hyenas themselves, had been
intombed within it by the event. In either
case, they must have been buried above four
thousand years.

42. Caoutchouc^ or Indian Rubber.

This substance is the dried juce of a
large tree in South America, which rises to
the height of fifty or sixty feet. The
caoutchouc is sent here in various forms,
and frequently in the shape of bottles.
These are made by covering a core or
model of clay with the juce or sap of the
tree, and repeating the operation by addi-
tional coverings as the former become dry,
till the bottle is of the thickness required ;
and when dry, the core is moistened with
water and picked out. In this manner the
Indians make a kind of boots, which, from
the peculiar nature of the gum, are remark-
ably elastic. They use it also for candles and
torches, which give a very dazzling light,
without producing any smoke. — The caout-
chouc is particularly serviceable to artists
and writers, from its property of erazing the
marks of black lead ; and from this property
it seems to have acquired the name of In-
dian Rubber.*

* Five species of trees are known to produce caout- ;
chouc, Haevia caoutchouc, Jatropha ela&tica, Ficus in-
dica} Urceola elastica, Artocarpus integrifolia.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 127

43. Pepper.

Black pepper is the berry or seed of a
jointed shrubby plant, which sometimes
climbs upon others, and sometimes creeps
on the ground. In the latter state it sends
out roots at every joint. In some parts of
the East Indies it grows wild ; but in Java
and Malabar it is much improved by cul-
tivation. "White pepper," Dr. Thornton
says, " is the fruit of the same plant, ga-
thered after it is fully ripe, and freed of its
external coat by maceration in water. It is
smooth on the surface, and less pungent than
the black pepper." Pepper is occasionally
used in medicine, but the principal consump-
tion of it is as a condiment in cookery. Ac-
cording to the same physician, it has a warm
and cordial effect upon the stomach, invigo-
rating the powers of digestion, without in-
flaming the blood.

44. Mistaken Charity.

Every parish in England is obliged, by
the laws of the country, to maintain its own
poor; and scarcely any circumstance can
arise sufficient to authorize a person to ask
charity elsewhere. These laws, which are
founded in reason and justice, forbid our
giving to strangers unknown, what is due
to the necessities of our poor neighbors
around us ; and if we were wise enough to
yield implicit obedience to them in this
respect, the cause of those disorderly habits,

1 28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

which are the result of vagrancy, would be
removed ; for vagrancy will cease when we
cease to encourage it by serving beggars.
But this injunction, tho coupled with a
penalty, is very generally disregarded by
the ignorant and inconsiderate, who are not
aware that under the mistaken idea of indul-
ging their humane feelings in dispensing
charity, they are contributing to the support
of almost every vice of which human nature
is capable.

45. Vag

rancy.

This has long been an increasing evil in
England, tho much has been done to check
it in the metropolis. The Vagrant Offices
recently established in large towns, bid fair
to abate the nusance* in those places ; and a
late act of Parliament contains provisions,
which, if duly enforced, would go far to put
down vagrancy altogether. Hitherto, how-
ever, a numerous class of people have expe-
rienced no relief. Banished from large
towns, the vagrants infest the smaller country
places more than ever; and partly from igno-
rance of the law ; partly from charitable mo-
tives, excited by the imposing tales of lying
mendicants; and partly from personal fear,
the unwary inhabitants seldom refuse their
alms. Thus the system is kept up in spite of
every endeavor to destroy it; and thus a

* Nusance, Bailey , Martin, Ash, Webster, Blackstone,

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 129

hord# of beggars is continued in the country,
sufficient to employ the Vagrant Offices by
their partial wanderings, and — should those
offices relax in their exertions, — to deluge
the very towns in which they are now so
efficiently established.

46. Industry.

It requires no great knowledge of human
nature to be convinced that man is formed
for industry. His hands and his limbs are
peculiarly and mechanically adapted to
every kind of work; and the mind is capa-
ble of directing them in all their operations.
The mind can also work independently of
the hands, and is so constructed, that our
highest pleasures arise from its employment.
This, one would imagine, must be such an in-
citement to industry, both bodily and mental,
as, in a great measure, to prevent the loss
and misapplication of time. But it is not
so; for what a waste of life do those suffer,
who spend half their time in the arms of
Morpheus ; whose evening devoirs are regu-
larly paid at the shrine of Bacchus ; and
whose meridian sun is superseded by the
midnight lamp of revelry and dissipation !

47. Economy and Parsimony.
Spendthrifts generally confound the ideas
naturally attached to these words. With
them, every prodigal is liberal, and every

* fjord, Bailey. Rule 11,

130 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

economist parsimonious. They do not un-
derstand how a person can attend to the
regular management of his affairs without
being covetous ; nor how he can absent him-
self from the haunts of pleasure without
being penurious. They have no idea of the
practice of adjusting expenditure to income,
nor of laying by something for future exi-
gencies and certain wants. These dull
pursuits* are left to the economist, who with
" Waste not, want not," for his motto, is per-
haps privately feeding the poor out of his
savings, and exercising a benevolent gene-
rosity among his friends and neighbors.

48. Tobacco.

This narcotic and poisonous plant was
first brought into Europe from the island of
Tobago, by a Spaniard, about the year 1 560,
in the early part of the reign of Queen Eli-
zabeth. From Spain it was carried into
France, and from thence into Great Britain,
where it was cultivated previous to 1570.
In 1624 (23d James I.) the cultivation of
tobacco in England was prohibited, and in
1685 a tax was imposed upon that imported
into the country. From the increased con-
sumption of the article, the duty upon it
now yields a considerable revenue to the
state ; and this is certainly its principal
recommendation ; the others being mostly

* See Note page 83,

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 131

such as are always at hand when we would
apologize for habits that are neither useful
nor necessary ; and which in our reasoning
moments we privately condemn.

49. Prince Ruperfs Drop.

This singular production is made at the
glass houses, by dropping a small quantity of
melted glass into a vessel of cold water. In
its descent, the melted metal assumes a form
somewhat like that of a tadpole, except that
the tail is round and tapering till it becomes
capillary and crooked. The head or thick
end of the drop will sustain a smart stroke
from a hammer without injury, while a very
small part broken off its tail causes an im-
mediate explosion of the whole drop, which
is reduced to atoms in a moment ; and a
considerable shock given to the hand that
holds it. This phenomenon has not hitherto
been satisfactorily explained, tho the ablest
philosophers have attempted it.

50. Generosity.

This term is frequently misapplied when
used as a contrast to selfish avarice. Simple,
unsophisticated generosity is a scarce arti-
cle ; the spurious kinds are very common.
To give to those who have given to us, is the
payment of a debt — this is not generosity.
To give to those from whom we have ex-
pectations, is bribery — and not generosity.
To give to others what is of no use to our-

132 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

selves, relieves us from an incumbrance, and
may be charity, but not generosity. To give
to others what is not useful to them, is waste,
and not generosity. To give indiscriminate-
ly, is prodigality, — it may be ostentation,but
not generosity. To give what we cannot
afford, may deceive the world — may deceive
our creditors — but it is not generosity.

51. Modern Romance.

The historical plays of the inimitable
Shakespear have been the means of extend-
ing the knowledge of history among many
persons who might otherwise have remained
ignorant of it for life. These plays were
generally historical facts versified and adapt-
ed to scenic representation, with as little
distortion as the nature of the composition
admitted. Still, the poetic license did not
enhance the value of history, but made it
more palatable to the tastes of those who
had no natural relish for it as a study. The
refinements of modern taste have, however,
rendered this " Help to History" a little stale;
and we are now to be introduced to an ac-
quaintance with Clio through the interven-
tion of Modern Romance, and to toil through
three or four volumes before we can acquire
the information contained in half as many
pages of real history ! This course of read-
ing may bring pecuniary advantages to
authors and booksellers, but it will not be
profitable to the student.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 133

52. Printing.

This art, which is very properly stiled
" the nurse and preserver of the arts and
sciences," was invented at Mentz in Germa-
ny, and soon after brought into England, by
William Caxton, whose workintitled "The
Game at Chess," with the date 1474, was
the first book printed in England.

The matter of the first printed books, com-
pared with that of those of the present day,
and the contracted state of human knowledge
previous to the introduction of printing, with
the universal diffusion of it in our time, show
the progress and effects of this sublime dis-
covery in the last three hundred and fifty
years ; a period in which millions have been
raised from the grossest ignorance and bar-
barity, to the contemplation of the most ab-
struse sciences ; and in which the inspired
writings have been disseminated to the most
remote corners of the earth.

53. Asbestos.

This is the mineral of which the ancients
made the incombustible cloth in which they
wrapped the bodies of their dead previous
to burning them. By this means the ashes
of the dead body were preserved from mix-
ing with other matter, and were inclosed
in an urn or vessel of burnt clay. Many
of these urns have been dug out of the
small circular hills, called also barrows,
and cairns, that are still to be seen in difte-

M

134 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

rent parts of England. The substance of
which the cloth was made was that variety
of asbestos called amianthus, consisting of
fine white silky filaments or threads of a
beautiful silvery white. This was mixed
with flax or wool, and formed first into
threads, and then into cloth in the loom ;
after this the wool or flax was dissipated in
the fire by burning the cloth, which remain-
ed unhurt by the operation.

54. Charcoal.

Charcoal is made from the branches of
oak, chesnut, pine, alder, and other kiuds of
wood, by burning them in piles, and cover-
ing them up, at a certain period of the pro-
cess, in such a way as to check the combus-
tion without putting out the fire ; the object
being to char the wood only, and not to re-
duce it to ashes. Charcoal is nearly incor-
ruptible ; and on this account the bottoms
of stakes and posts are frequently charred*
before they are fixed in the ground, to make
them durable. It is used in the composition
of gunpowder, and in the purification of
whale oil for burning in lamps. On many
occasions it is used insted of pitcoal, but not
without danger ; the vapor arising from it
when burning being so extremely suffocating,
that many lives have been lost from want of
caution in this respect. Tho it does not
yield a visible smoke, it should never be
burnt but under a chimny.f

* Charked, Ash —
t Chimny, Bailey. Chiranies, Practice. Rule 9.

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 135

55. The Andes.
The Andes or Cordilleras, are the highest
and most extensive chain of mountains on
the globe. They run in a direction parallel
to the South Pacific Ocean, and at no great
distance from it; nearly the whole length
of South America, from the Isthmus of
Darien on the north, through Peru and
Chili to the Straits of Magellan in the south,
a distance of five thousand miles. The
height of Cotopaxi, one of these mountains,
has been measured, and found to be 6252
yards, or something more than three miles
and a half above the level of the sea.
Mountains of such immense size naturally
give rise to rivers of proportionate magni-
tude, and accordingly, those of South Ameri-
ca are the largest in the world. These are
frequently swelled into the most dreadful
torrents, from the sudden thawing of the
snow with which the summits are covered,
and which is suddenly melted by eruptions
of vulcanoes, here very numerous. When
these floods descend into the plains, they
cause the greatest devastation, deluging the
land, and involving the inhabitants and their
flocks in one common ruin.

56. Importance of rejecting Silent Letters.

If the English language could be reform-
ed, as the Spanish has been, it would be an
incalculable benefit to the American nation.
For, suppose our population to be ten mill-

136

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

ions, then one million will be schoolchildren,
and each one must learn the same letter.
Suppose itasilentand useless onelike ein the
end of ransome or elicite, [Johnson] and sup-
pose that the learning of this, costs one min-
ute of time, then one million of minutes is
almost two years of time lost in learning a
useless letter. Suppose again that of 40,000
words in our language, one eighth part
should contain a useless letter; then 5000
multiplied by two years, makes 10,000
years, of time totally lost by one genera-
tion of children, in learning that which
a very small share of good sense and moral
courage in our people would correct.
But our population doubles in twenty-five
years, therefore besides the 10,000 years
lost to the present generation, 300,000 would
be lost in the next century. How vast an
amount of useful learning might be acquired
in the time thus lost !

57. Progress of our Language.
The English language is constantly im-
proving, and will continue to improve. No
human force can stop its silent, but efficient
advances. Three centuries ago, almost
every word ended in a final e. Sixe and fixe
would not now be tolerated, but yet the e in
hundreds of words is j ust as useless as in those
two: for instance, all the words ending in ve
pornounced short, have a useless e at the end>
which is rejected in compounds, as, hav-ing*

PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 137

Uv-ing, giv~ing, lov-ing. It is hoped that good
sense will prevail over prejudice, and that we
shall be permitted tospell as we ought. Could
we be allowed only to spell the same word
uniformly, in the same way, (and surely this
seems a reasonable request,) we should
secure a very great improvement. Why is
it necessary to spell will and full with //, and
then,when they are put together, to spell both
of them differently? Why not reject the use-
less final letters, and spell according to the
primitive and correct orthography wil, ful,
shal? Double I in the end of words is always
useless, for even in all, one / only is sounded,
and in the compounds, one / is always re-
jected, as also, al-most, al-ways.

58. A Specimen of English in the year 1560,
from an old History of Queen Elizabeth,

A Monstrous Fish. — The ninth of July,
at sixe of the clocke at night, in the isle of
Thanet besides Ramesgate in the parish of
Saint Peter vnder the clift, a monstrous fish
or whale of the sea did shoot himselfe on
shore, where for want of water, beating him-
selfe on the sands, he died about sixe of the
clocke in the next morning, before which
time he rored, and was heard more then a
mile on the land. The length of this fish
was two and twentie yards, the neather iaw
twelue foote the opening, one of his eyes be-
ing taken out of his head, was more then sixe
horses in a cart could draw, a man stood vp-
m2

138 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.

right in the place from whence the eye was
taken, the thicknesse from the backe where-
on he lay, to the top of his belly (which was
vpward) was fourteene foote, his taile of the
same breadth, betweene his eyes twelue
foote, three men stood vpright in his mouth,
some of the ribs were sixteene foot long, his
toung was fifteene foot long, his liuer two
cart loade, into his nostrils any man might
haue crept : the oile being boyled out of the
head was parmacetie, the oile of his body
was whitish, and sweet of tast.

59. Procrastination,
" Procrastination is the thief of time."
How often do we hear these words re-
peated, and how seldom do we profit by
them ! Life is short ; and yet we do not
scruple to waste the time of which it con-
sists, in neglecting to employ it properly.
It is true, we propose to change our system
hereafter; and to atone for every delay,
when we are a little older, and when our
engagements with the world, or attachments
to its pleasures, press us less closely; but
the convenient opportunity does not arrive,
and we wait for its appearance. Thus man
goes on from day to day, and from year to
year, making resolutions to " redeem the
time," and fulfils them by new ones, to be
superseded by others in the same manner.
Thus he

" Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve;
(t In all the magnanimity of thought
« Resolves, and re-resolves ; then dies the same."

Young.

139

PART VI.

Exercises in the Form of Letters, on Orthogra*
phical and other Subjects.

letter i.

Dear James, York, May 7, 1 322.

From the inquiries in your last letter,
I find you are desirous of improving your-
self in English Grammar, and particularly
in Orthography. This is a proper and
necessary resolution, as your letter exhibits
some proofs of a want of attention to the
subject. — The best way to become a correct
speller is to write down sentences or passa-
ges from books as they are read or dictated
to you by another person, not rapidly, but
by a few words at a time ; and when this is
done, your errors should be marked, and
then corrected and copied into a book kept
for the purpose, that they may be committed
to memory the first opportunity. A page
of these words should, at a future time, be
dictated to you, and, if no errors are com-
mitted, you have done with that page ; if
otherwise, it must be learned by heart, and
dictated to you again the second or third
time, till you do it correctly. I intend to
write again on this subject, and am, in the
mean time,

Your sincere friend,

Theophilus Wright.

140 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART XL

LETTER 2.

Dear J ames, York, May 1 6, 1 822.

My last letter in answer to yours on the
means of improvement in spelling, described
the practice of Dictating as the best method
of accomplishing your purpose. I will now
resume the subject, under the idea that you
are as eager to pursue it, as I am to assist you.
If you wish to become a correct writer, as
well as a correct speller, (for there are other
requisits besides that of forming words,) the
person who dictates to you must mention
the different stops and marks as heprocedes;
the names and characters of these, with the
use of capitals, and various other matters,
you must learn from a good English grammar,
without the study of which, your endeavors
to acquire a proper knowledge of this and
the other parts of grammar, will be in vain.
The subject at large is too extensive for a
letter, but should you meet with any difficul-
ties, do not hesitate to mention them, that I
may enjoy the pleasure of being useful to
you, for I am, dear James,

Most sincerely yours,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 3.

Dear James, York, May 30, 1822.

When you have made some progress in

grammar, and have grown expert at dictating

part vl] exercises for dictating. 141

in the usual way, you may ask some person
to read to you, in a slow and deliberate
manner, a short anecdote or tale, or passage
from history, and after he has done, you
may write down as much of it as you can
recollect. Repeat this kind of exercise, with
various passages, till your copies agree with
the originals, or nearly so. This practice
will strengthen your memory, and enable
you to relate a story, or the particulars of
an incident, either in conversation or on
paper, with so much accuracy as to secure
you the attention of your hearers or readers.
If no one is at hand to dictate it, you may
read the passage yourself, and then, after
putting the book aside, procede to the wri-
ting of it from memory, as above described,
I remain, affectionately yours,

Theophilus Wright,

LETTER 4.

Dear James, York, Sept. 4, 1822.

It is so long since the date of my last
letter that I presume you have, ere this, be-
come pretty well acquainted with the rules
of your grammar; that etymology, syntax,
and prosody are as familiar to you as ortho-
graphy ; and that your memory has been
sufficiently strengthened by dictating in the
manner pointed out in my last. I will now,
therefore, recommend another kind of dicta-
ting, to exercise your understanding, as the

142 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

last did your memory. In this case, whe-
ther the piece is read to you by another
person, or perused by yourself, you must,
insted of writing down the identical words
of the original passage, (as in the exercises
of memory,) express the sense and meaning
of it in your own language. When it is finish-
ed, you may compare your copy with the
sense of the original, and judge of your suc-
cess. This practice, if persevered in, will im-
prove your compositiens, and qualify you to
speak and write with fluency and elegance.
That complete success may be the result
of your endeavors, is my ardent wish.
Your cordial friend,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 5.

Dear Son, Bawtry, Jan. 17, 1822.

I found some difficulty in reading your
last letter, and the vexation arising from
spending so much time over it, was not
abated by the hacknied plea of " haste.*'
Such an apology may be a convenient one to
a bad writer; but a good penman (as you are)
is always inexcusable whenever he writes
illegibly. Whatever may be thought to the
contrary, there is really no saving of time in
an unintelligible scrawl ; it is the effect of
custom, and a better custom would have pro-
duced better writing in less time. But if, for
the sake of argument, we admit the plea of

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 143

saving time as an excuse for writing a scrawl-
ing letter, we cannot deny that much more
may be lost in deciphering a scrawling an-
swer to it. There is, however, one case in
which this mode of writing is really useful;
that is, when it serves as a cloke* to conceal
bad spelling; and there is reason to believe
that this is the true, tho disguised cause of
its being fashionable.

Let me beg of you to write no more "in
haste."

Your affectionate father,

Edwin Sampson.

LETTER 6.

Dear James, York, Oct. 7, 1 822.

It affords me much pleasure to find
that you are acquiring a taste for analyzing
words. You remark that villain and its de-
rivatives villeinage, villanous, villany, &c. do not
follow the same rule in spelling; and that
this irregularity, for which you can see no
necessity, creates a difficulty that might have
been avoided by forming the derivatives
after the primitive villain. — Analogy, or " the
agreement of several words in one common
mode," has already decided as you have
done, and decided rightly; but the taste for
foreign etymologies has in this, as in many
other instances, substituted intricacy for sim-

* Rule 9th.

144 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI.

plicity, and confusion for analogy. This is
not the only difficulty of the kind that you
will have to encounter in your progress ; and
it will call for your strictest attention to sur-
mount them; for you will remember that
where rules fail, memory must supply the
deficiency. This error may be corrected
by writing v, i$ /, /, a, w, which wants nothing
but authority to make it right.
I am, dear James,

Yours very truly,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 7.

Bradford, Wilts. Mar. 21, 1822.

Dear Brother,

I am delighted with the idea of your
resolution to study Geology, and shall reck-
on upon your company in the vacation, when
we shall ramble over hills and vallies, clam-
bering upon rocks, and exploring caverns, in
search of those curiosities of nature which
neither the divine nor the philosopher can
contemplate with indifference. This study
will be an additional source of pleasure to
you. It will enlarge your ideas by making
you acquainted with new things, and by in-
troducing a new language to which you
would otherwise have been a stranger; for
you must observe that every science has a
language of its own ; that is, it employs words

PART YJ,] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 145

and terms peculiar to itself, many of which
being derived from the learned languages,
your Latin and Greek will be called into
service, and be found not only useful, but
highly entertaining.

Go on, my dear George, and rest assured
of my best wishes.

Your affectionate brother,

Adrian Tooke.

LETTER 8.

Richard Bentley sends his respectful
compliments to Master Howard, and re-
quests the favor of his company on Friday
afternoon, to join a select party of friends,
in a walk to seethe ruins of Rivaulx Abbey,*
with the granduref of which, and the beauty
of the surrounding scenery, he believes they
will be highly delighted.

R. B. makes use of the present oppor-
tunity to comply with Master Howard's
injunction, and informs him accordingly,
that his last letter contained a slip of the pen,
which, tho of little moment, is still an error,
and deserves that attention which all who
are desirous of writing correctly, must give
to their compositions. The mistake was in
using the word relic, signifying that which
remains, for relict, a widow.

Helmsley, Tuesday morning.

* Abby, D. C. t Grandure, Martin.

146 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

LETTER 9.

York, Nov. 12, 1822.
Your letters, my dear James, give me
great pleasure, as they afford convincing
proofs of your regular advancement in
grammatical knowledge. I have no doubt
of your proficiency being a cause of satisfac-
tion to yourself also, nor of the increase of
that satisfaction as you procede. The more
we become acquainted with any science the
better we like it : our views expand, and ob-
stacles which at first appeared insurmount-
able, dwindle to insignificance as we ap-
proach them. It is not that the rudiments
of knowledge contain the greatest difficul-
ties, but that our resources for overcoming
them are then the most scanty, which re-
tards our progress in a new study, and ren-
ders it dry and irksome. I mention this, that
you may be encouraged to go on with spirit
in whatever you undertake to learn, after
satisfying yourself that your new acquisition
will repay your time and labor. Remember
that there is no art so hard to learn, no
science so abstruse, as not to be within the
reach of a fixed resolution to acquire it.
I am yours, &c.

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 10.

Dear Sister, Denbigh, Jan. 24, 1 823.

You observe that the word stile is dif-

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 147

ferently spelt, by different authors, some
having i and some y. The same happens in
many other words, such as, tiger, tyger, cider,
cyder, cist, encysted, cipher, cypher, in all of which
the i is better than y. Y was formerly
used abundantly in spelling, but has, in the
progress of the language, been replaced by
its substitute z,which being shorter and easier
to write, should always be preferred in the
middle of words; andy should be preferred
to i in the end of words, as demy, anthropopha-
gy, &c. which are found in this form in Chal-
mers's Dictionary. Some have supposed
that there is a difference between stile and
style, the former denoting the steps into a
field, and the latter a manner of writing.
Many good authors do not observe this dis-
tinction, and several dictionaries expressly
prefer the i in stile, a manner of writing,
which comes from stilus or stylus, Lat. an iron
pen. The Latin word like the English is
variable, as many others are, but by the
help of your 6th Rule, you will always have
a guide to the most modern, correct, and
convenient form. I hope you will attend to
these rules with care, as they have been
deduced from the great body of the lan-
guage, and are a general guide to the spell-
ing of the numerous words, that are found in
several forms in even the best authors.
Your truly affectionate brother,

Philip Julius West.

148 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
LETTER 11.

Leicester, Jan. 26, 1823.
Your letter, my dear Frank, is just re-
ceived, and jour sisters are laughing at the
history ofyour blunders at Melton. Richard
is quite angry with you, and says it is well
he was at home, as he should have been
entirely out of countenance, by the thought-
less impropriety ofyour conduct in the com-
pany of strangers. You say that one of the
young gentlemen was so unpolite as to tease
you ; but was it not to be expected that your
own forgetfulness of the rules of good breed-
ing should induce him to indulge in liberties
that he would not have taken with one of
more correct behavior ?

Another blunder, which you have not
mentioned, is displayed in the letter. — You
have written the word tease* with a #, and I
should not have been surprized, if you had
adopted the still worse spelling of some of
our female novel writers, /, e, e, z, e ; because
there is no end to the mistakes of those who
write and speak without thinking.

Your mother unites in the most ardent

* Tease, please, ease, are analogous, but Walker writes
teaze under plague, and teazing under vexation and vexa-
tious. This contradiction is faithfully copied from John-
son, and Johnson copied from Bailey and Martin, who
preferred the z in teaze. So little attention have authors
paid to consistency in their works ! Teaze is the better
spelling according to Rule 15. This censure would have
been avoided, had the writer looked a little further.

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 149

wishes for jour reformation, with, my dear
Frank,

Your affectionate father,

Vincent Thompson.

LETTER 12.

Dear James, York, April 17, 1823.

I received yours of the 12th inst. and
think you do wisely in spending an hour
every morning in the garden. This will have
a tendency to improve your health and in-
vigorate your mind. But to enjoy these
benefits in greater perfection,! would recom-
mend the study of botany. This will excite
an interest in the knowledge of plants with
which you are yet unacquainted, and afford
a pleasure in your walks that you little ex-
pect. You will never want company while
traversing the fields, for in every plant and
flower that you stop to notice, you will re-
cognize an old acquaintance, or discover a
stranger whose name and family will become
the object of your most sedulous inquiries.

Pray favor me with your sentiments on
this subject; and if I can assist you, let me
not be denied the pleasure of doing it.

I am, my dear James,

Your sincere friend,

Theophilus Wright.

n2

150 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

LETTER 13.

Bradford, Feb. 2, 1823.
My Dear George,

I am sorry to hear that your old friend
Smith has been arrested, and to suppose that
he is gone to prison. I employ the word
suppose, because your letter says he is gone
to the goal, and I am not certain whether
you meant to write g, a, o, /, a prison, or to
inform me that Smith was gone to some
races; g, o, a, /, the word you have used,
signifying a starting post. As it is, however,
not very likely that he would be arrested for
the purpose of being sent to the races, Ifear
the poor fellow is really in limbo.

If you use the word j\ «, i, /, for a prison,
as is now generally done, you will not again
be liable to a similar mistake. Gaol is a
monstrous word which every correct writer
will avoid.

Your affectionate father,

Robert Sutton.

LETTER 14.

Dear Brother, Edge ware, Feb. 13, 1823.
I am happy to hear that your mineralo-
gical pursuits afford you so much pleasure,
and should like to join in your researches,
did not the distance at which we are placed
forbid it. But tho not permitted to share in
your excursipns, I can accompany you on

PART Vl.] EXERCISES FOR DtCTAtiNG. 151

!)aper, and sometimes call your attention
rom mountains to words ; on one of which
I shall now take the liberty of offering a
remark. In mentioning the mineral called
Muscovy talc, you write it like the verb talk,
to speak. Your dictionary certainly authori-
zes both spellings, but as they are pronoun-
ced alike, and with the sound of the vowel
a, as in talent, we are reduced to the dilemma
of applying a two-fold pronunciation to the
letters t,a,l,k, according as they happen to
be employed in mineralogy or in speech.
This difficulty is avoidable by adopting the
French original t, a, I, c, which is the spelling
used by

Your affectionate brother,

Sampson Bird.

LETTER 15.

Dear James, York, April 25, 1823.

When you write to a member of par-
liament, you should envelop your letter in an
envelope ; that is, you should inclose it in a
cover. This will not subject the receiver to
the charge of double postage, if you add the
letters M. P. after the gentleman's name
and title ; members of parliament being not
only privileged to send their own letters
franked, but to receive those of their corres-
pondents free of postage. This indulgence
is granted on account of the extensive corres-
pondence between them and their constitu-

152 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

ents, which their duty as senators naturally
imposes. They are also allowed to frank
the letter of a friend ; but in this as in all
other cases, the superscription must be in
their own hand writing.

I send this in answer to your inquiry, and
trust you will be able to understand the
subject.

Your sincere friend,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 16.

Dear Sir, Ipswich, Mar. 4, 1823.

Your letter dated Feb. 26, did not arrive
till yesterday; and as you appear to be un-
der a mistake, f hasten to answer it. Like
many others unacquainted with history, you
attribute the destruction of all the ancient
edifices of England now in ruins, to Oliver
Cromwell. This is an act of injustice to the
memory of a man whose real faults want no
addition. The ruins you mention are of three
kinds, namely, religious houses, royal castles,
and the mansions of the nobility. The reli-
gious houses were called Abbeys or Priories
according as they were under thegovernment
of an Abbot or Abbess, or that of a Prior or
Prioress; and, generally, Monasteries or
Convents, whether inhabited by Monks or
Nuns. The revenues of all these nouses were
sequestered in the reign of Henry VIII., and
the buildings have, of course, fallen to decay.

pari vi.] exercises Fok Diet ATttrc. 153

The royal castles and those of the Mobili-
ty which were converted into fortresses
during the civil wars in the feign of Charles
I., were many of them battered down by the
besiegers ; others were dismantled at the
commencement of the usurpation of Crom-
well, and left in such a state of dilapidation,
as to be involved in one common ruin. This
was about one hundred and ten years after
the dissolution of monasteries.

With much regard, I remain, dear Sir,
Your obedient servant,

Austin Benedict Hume.

LETTER XI.

Dear James, York, Apr. 29, 1 823.

You ask how you are to write cauli-
flower, because, as you say, your dictionary
spells the word two ways, without giving
preference to either. Such a case naturally
challenges observation, and an inquisitive
mind is not satisfied without a reason. With
a view to encourage your future remarks, I
will now observe, that the word cole is a
general name for plants of the cabbage
kind, of which species the cauliflower is one ;
that spelling, therefore, of cauliflower which
begins with the letters c, o, /, seems to be de*
rived from this source. But cole itself comes
from the Saxon word c, a, w, I ; and hence we
have the other spelling beginning with e,a,w,/.
The pronunciation is the same in both ; and

154 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

the short sound of the vowel o in the first
syllable, has done much towards establish-
ing the former spelling; while etymology puts
in a stronger claim for the latter, as coming
more directly from the Saxon original.

I hope to hear from you again on a similar
subject, and am, in the mean time,
Sincerely yours,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 18.

Hartford, May 3, 1823.
My Dear Edward,

From the tenor of your letter of the 27th
ultimo, it appears that you are surprized at
the change in the affairs of Mr. Nimrod.
When you have acquired more knowledge
of the world you will understand that such
changes are the natural consequence of
thoughtlessness and expensive habits; that
every family is under the influence of eco-
nomy, or of waste ; and that " wilful waste
makes woful want." If you consider these
principles, and apply them in the present in-
stance, your wonder will cease, and you will
perceive nothing in the event but what might
have been anticipated by any rational per-
son acquainted with the circumstances. But
you will probably ask why Mr. Nimrod him-
self could not foresee and prevent his own
downfal ? To this I answer, that mankind are
divided into two classes ; that those of one

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 155

class calculate and proportion their expen-
diture to their income ; and that the others
give themselves no trouble about the matter.
— Need I add that the event shows Mr. Nim-
rod to have been one of the latter class ?
I am, my dear Edward,

Your affectionate uncle,

John Adams Mason.

LETTER 19.

Sir, Louth, May 30, 1823.

I have just returned from Keswick, after
spending a month among the mountains and
lakes of Cumberland. Of the enchanting
beauties of this country you will have a verbal
account from my friend and fellow traveler
Mr. Arlington, whose sketchbook also will
contribute much information respecting
scenery, which words alone fail in describ-
ing, and to which even the pencil cannot do
justice.

From Keswick I made an excursion into
the romantic vale of Borrodale, and saw the
mountain in which are the mines that supply
the principal part of the world with plum-
bago or black lead.# 1 had not an opportu-
nity for seeing in what manner this singular
and valuable mineral is extracted from the
mine ; and therefore can give you no further
account of the process, than that it is said to

* Carburet of Iron.

156 PRACTICAL ORTH[OQRAPHY, [PART ¥4.

be carried on occasionally,with considerable
intermissions, as the demands of the market
and the interest of the proprietors require.
With this I transmit a dozen of black lead
pencils which I bought at Keswick, under
the idea that they must be genuine ; your
acceptance of them will oblige, Sir,
Your obedient servant,

Vincent Newton.

LETTER 20.

Dear James, York, May 14, 1323.

You are probably not aware that your
last letter contains a word not authorized by
your dictionary, which 1 know to be that of
Mr. Walker; neither is it to be found in Mr.
Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev. Mr.
Todd's edition of Johnson, nor in several
others. — The word in question is connection,
which you have written as derived from the
verb connect, insted of connexion* from connex.
There does not, however, appear to be any
good reason why connect, a verb in common
use, should be superseded in its derivative by
connex, as that verb is not used ; and your
error, notwithstanding the omission of the
word by most of our lexicographers, is cer-
tainly a pardonable one. I shall write again
on this subject and explain it more fully. t

* Rule 22. f See Letters 46 and 47.

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 157

With sentiments of sincere regard, I re-
main, my dear James,

Cordially yours,

Theophilus Wright,

LETTER 21.

Monmouth, Nov. 21, 1816.
Dear Newton,

We were all up in good time on Tues-
day morning last, to see the eclipse of the
sun, which, we were told, would be such a
one as we had never seen. The morning
was frosty, and we waited with anxious ex-
pectation for the clearing away of the fog,
which seemed to envelop the town only.
Aboutthemiddle oftheeclipse themistgrew
a little thinner, and we obtained an imperfect
view of the sun's disk,* which resembled the
moon when about four days old. Soon after
this, the fog became general, and our hopes
vanished. I shall be glad to hear that you
were more favored, and to receive your de-
scription of this phenomenon when you have
leisure to write.

Edmund Halley.

LETTER 22.

Dear Edmund, Orford, Nov. 23, 1816.

I am happy to inform you that we had

* Disc, Dyche.
O

158 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI

a most beautiful view of the solar eclipse on
the 19th instant. The clouds which so en-
viously obstructed jour view, were more
propitious here, and kept out of the way.
Having converted my telescope into a
helioscope for the occasion, 1 was enabled to
observe both the beginning and end of the
eclipse, with a degree of exactness far supe-
rior to what could be done with the naked
eye. The moon first appeared to touch the
upper part of the sun's limb to the right hand,
and on passing downward, covered so much
of it as to give it the appearance mentioned
in your letter, viz. of a new moon with its
back downward. In a little time the back
was toward the right hand, and afterward,
toward the upper side ; and finally, the
moon went ofFa little to the left hand of the
sun's lower limb. It was a most interesting
sight, and I enjoyed it with the highest satis-
faction. 1 made some other observations at
the time, which shall be shown to you on
your first visit to, dear Halley,

Yours truly,

Isaac Newton.

.

LET1ER 23.

Dear James, York, May 25, 1823.

Your letter of the 9th inst. contains
proofs of industry in the prosecution of your I
studies. It is not however perfectly free
from errors, tho nearly so. You tell me your

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 59

sister staid so long in Bristol that she could
not accompany you to Shrewsbury, without
perceiving that you have used the adjective
staid for the verb stayed.* This is a slip of
the pen which might have happened to a
writer of more experience than yourself;
and tho it reflects no great discredit, yet
you must be upon your guard against a re-
currence of the mistake.

I go to Aylesbury to-morrow, where your
letters mayprobably find me for three weeks
to come. I am, my dear James,

Yours, with sincere regard,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 24.

Dear Sam, Newport, May 27, 1823.

Your apology for a letter is received,
and I can assure you it made me laugh
heartily. It seems you take more pains
than I should like to do, in composing let-
ters ; and I am of opinion that if you were
less industrious in asking the help of others,
you would find the task more easy. 1 wish
you would learn to use your own abilities,
which are abundantly sufficient for the pur-
pose, and then you would not want to bor-
row those of your friends. If you will make
the experiment, I am persuaded that you

* Staid is the contracted form, which will probably
prevail. See Note at page 34.

160 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

will find no more 6! ifficulty in talking on paper
to your absent friends, than in personally
addressing those who are present.

I will conclude by requesting that you
will place more confidence in your own ta-
lents and exertions, and by begging to be
favored with the first fruits of your genius in
letter writing as soon as possible. In the
mean time, believe me to be,

Your faithful friend,

John Eustace Bailey.

LETTER 25.

Plymouth, June 12, 1817.
Dear Bernard,

We had a most dreadful thunder storm
on Tuesday last about noon. The rain,
which fell in torrents, was mixed with hail-
stones of such a size that many windows
were broken, trees rent in pieces, and half
the goslings in the neighborhood killed.
But this is not the worst : — a poor man who
was working upon the highway was struck
dead, and another at a little distance much
scorched. A cottage at the end of the town
was set on fire, but happily it was not in-
habited. Much damage has been done in
different places by the flood, but I do not
hear of any other lives being lost. When
you write, which I hope will be soon, I beg
you will say if the storm reached you.

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 161

Pray mention me in a respectful manner
to your parents, and convey my grateful ac-
knowledgments to your sister for her very
acceptable present.

I am, my dear Bernard,

Sincerely yours,

Owen Williamson.

LETTER 26.

Dear James, York, June 13, 1823.

In your letter of the 28th ult. you have
written the word vitiate* with a c, which is
consonant to analogy, but contrary to the
practice of some authors. After forming
vice from the Latin vitium, our etymologists
seem to have given up the primitive, and
returned to the Latin for its derivatives,
which are in consequence too often written
with / insted of c, except vicious, in which c
is commonly retained. This mode of form-
4ng derivatives is familiar to those who are
acquainted with the learned languages, but
it is a source of perplexity to the mere
English scholar, who Sees no reason why
he should depart from the natural rule of
analogy for the sake of adopting an irregu-
larity, which, on every lapse of memory,

* C is always to be preferred to t in such cases :
viciate is better than viTiate, negotiate better than nego-
Tiate, ancient is better than antient, and so in all similar
cases, according to Rule 19, which prefers 5 or c to t soft.

o2

162 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI.

must be superseded by a recurrence to the
primitive.

Your friend,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 27.

Exeter, June 5, 1823.

My dear young Friend,

I have just been informed that you in-
tend to quit the service of your employer
and go to Jamaica, and that your parents,
as might have been anticipated, are much
distressed in consequence. You are no
stranger to the warm attachment I have
long entertained for them, and can hardly
be ignorant of the interest I have taken in
every thing that concerns yourself; any
apology for thus addressing you is therefore
unnecessary.

Your views in thus leaving your native
country have not been fully explained to me,
but I understand your plan is, like that of
others, to gain a fortune, and return home
to enjoy it. Before you go, however, I beg
to be favored with your answers to the fol-
lowing questions. Are you prepared to
support with fortitude, all the disappoint-
ments that may intervene betwixt your
present state and the affluence you seek ?
Have you considered the climate of the
West India islands, and its effects upon the

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 163

constitutions of northern men ? Do you think
you will know how to enjoy your good for-
tune at home, after sacrificing your health
in a foreign clime ? And have you reflected
on the great probability of your never return-
ing? These are matters submitted to your
most serious consideration.

Yours faithfully,

Arthur Mortimer.

LETTER 28.

Exeter, June 12, 1823.
My dear young Friend,

Your letter in answer to mine of the
5th inst. gives me great pleasure; and I
am sure your parents will be still more gra-
tified than myself with your proposal to re-
linquish the idea of making a fortune in
Jamaica. Encouraged by the attention
with which you have honored my former
letter, and anxious to promote your best in-
terests, I feel a wish to add a few words on
the subject of your leaving Mr. Jones, who
is considered a kind master, tho 1 am not
able to prove it from facts. But I think you
may form a correct judgment respecting the
cause of the misunderstanding between him
and you, if you will take the trouble of ask-
ing yourself the question, whether the gene-
ral tenor of your conduct towards Mr. Jones
has been such as you would have approved,

164 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY* [PART VI.

had you been in his place ? This question
will be easy lo answer when you have been
ten years a master, and may be done now
by putting your candor fairly to the test. If
after this trial you stand acquitted, I would
adviseyou to attempt the reformation of your
employer, by increased attention to his in-
terests ; for he is a hard master indeed who
cannot be improved by a faithful servant ;
and remember, that the best way of exchang-
ing an unpleasant situation for a better, is,
to conduct yourself in the former in such a
manner as will ensure a recommendation to
the latter.

You will perceive that I am calculating
upon the probability of your continuing a
little longer in your present situation, and
on your ability to render it comfortable.
With every good wish for your happiness, [
remain, my dear Andrew,

Affectionately yours,

Arthur Mortimer.

LETTER 29.

My dear Boy, Worksop, June 16, 1823.

I understand from your last letter that
you are in a strait respecting Master Tan-
cred; who, it appears, is a great money
borrower. By the exercise of a little in-
genuity, I have ascertained the fact that his
supplies from home are more than sufficient

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 165

for all his wants, and that he has no occa-
sion whatever to borrow of his schoolfel-
lows ; to most of whom5 as well as to your-
self, I find he is indebted. To his next so-
licitation for money it may not be improper
to answer, that when he returns the sum he
already owes, you will lend it to him again;
and that to accomodate him you will en-
deavor to do a little longer without those
superfluities which you are sorry to find are
necessaries to him; but that you have resolv-
ed not to lend any more money to those who
think as little about the prudent application
of it as they do about the day of payment.

I will not undervalue your judgment by
supposing you insensible to the humiliating
circumstances in which Master Tancred's
4plly and extravagance have placed him ;
nor will I imagine that the example of his
degradation will be lost upon his compan-
ions, who, no doubt, look down upon him as
other creditors do upon their thoughtless
and prodigal debtors.

That you may suffer no loss, I inclose a
bank note to replace that lent to Master
Tancred, and am, my dear Francis,
Your affectionate mother,

Helen Anne Brook.

LETTER 30.

Tuxford, June 18,1823.
Your letter, mv dear Harry, found me

166 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI

at Chatham, where I had been on a visit for
three weeks. Your uncle was much pleas-
ed with your account of the school, and
with the detail of your studies. He said
the writing does you credit, and the language
is better than could be expected at your
age. He considers the delight with which
you mention those of your schoolfellows
who are behind you, as a token of superior-
ity, and a proof of rising merit. But your
aunt, who is a very shrewd woman, shortly
observed, that if her nephew would begin to
emulate those before him, insted of compa-
ring himself with those who are behind, she
should have better hopes of him. To this
remark your uncle made no reply; and I
communicate it that you may examine, and
apply it to practice.

Your mother and Sophy are very well ;
and so are also James and Elenor; they
all unite in sentiments of affectionate regard,
with,

Your brother and friend,

Stephen Owen Langton.

LETTER 31.

Coleshill, Berks. June 24, 1823.
Dear Sister,

I received your letter of the 17th, re-
questing my opinion on the volume accom-
panying it. As you are already acquainted

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 167

with my sentiments on the subject, I can
scarcely guess your motive for making this
request, unless it is that your own opinion is
in favor of the work, and that you ask for
mine to sanction it. In short, I feel inclined
to suspect that some way or other, you
have lately acquired a taste for novel read-
ing. If this conjecture is right, you can
perhaps inform me what advantages you
expect to derive from this new acquisition.
Do you propose to improve your relish for
truth by volumes of fiction ? Is your know-
ledge of history, of geography, of every
thing useful and necessary, to be drawn
from this source ? It is true that, in this
book-making age, we have witnessed some
well meant attempts to introduce sentiments
of morality and religion, in the disguise of
novels, to the notice of readers who have not
a natural liking for simple facts and plain
reasoning; but is it not to be lamented,
that the disguise of fiction is become neces-
sary for the adaptation of truth to the per-
verted taste of the present day ?

I return the volume unread, that my reso-
. lution to resist the temptations of novel read-
ing may not be put to trial ; and conclude
with the hope that my dear Lydia is pos-
sessed of as much fortitude as her most
affectionate brother,

Roger Thoresby.

168 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI.

LETTER 32.

Dear James, York, June 16, 1823.

The irregularity alluded to in your let-
ter of Tuesday cannot perhaps be reconciled
to analogy so perfectly as you seem tp wish ;
yet some light may be thrown on4be subject
by a little examination. You will observe
that agents coming from verbs, commonly
form the masculine gender by the addition
of er or or to the verb, as actor, chanter,
conductor, &c. from the verbs to act, to
chant, to conduct ; and the feminine by
changing the masculine terminations er and
or into ress, as actress, chantress, &c. or into
ess where the verb ends with a letter that
does not admit r after it, as govern, govern-
ess* Some masculines also, with similar
terminations, tho not formed immediately
from verbs, make their feminines in the
same manner, as arbiter, arbitress, master,
mistress ; embassador, embassadress ; traitor,
traitress; &c. Words in which the mascu-
line termination is preceded by er or or make
theirfeminines in ess to avoid the duplication
of the letter r, as adulterer, adulteress ; caterer,
cateress ; emperor, emperess ; sorceror, sorcer-
ess. Many of these are contracted in com-
mon practice, as empress, adidtress. The
contracted form is to be preferred in prac-
tice, in general, on account of the saving of
time in writing and printing, as well as the
ease of pronunciation. Many form the

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 169

feminine by the simple addition of ess to the
masculine, as baron, baroness ; heir, heiress ;
host, hostess ; lion, lioness ; mayor, mayoress ;
poet, poetess ; &c. and others are irregular.
Feminines in ix are Latin, as executrix, admin-
istratrix.

I am, my dear James,

Sincerely yours,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 33.

Dear James, York, June 21, 1823.

You have noticed many irregularities
in the spelling of primitive and derivative
words, but I do not recollect your having
made any remarks on those with the termi-
nations able and ible. Dr. Johnson retain-
ed the silent e in movable and omitted it in
immovable. Mr. Walker retained it in both
words, but his reason for so doing is insuffi-
cient; and his spelling of blamable with that
letter, cannot be defended on the principles
of analogy. Mr. Todd has given these
words correctly without the e ; and you
will find the ninth of Mr. Murray's Ortho-
graphical Rules applicable to the case.

In all such cases the e is to be omitted
except after c and «\ as chanceable, change-
able, which would otherwise be chan-ca-bk
and chan-ga-ble. It would be a useful im-
provement to change this c into s, and g in-

170 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

to j, and then the rule would be without
exception to omit the final e before able or
ible. Or they might assume i as in reducible,
frangible, tangible, fencible, invincible* It is to
v be remarked, that able is in general to be
preferred to ible, as conversable, reversible, are
better than reversible ; referable like 'preferable,
is better than referrible.

Anomalies of this kind are numerous, and
require that attention which I trust you will
continue to devote to the subject. In a
few days I may probably meet you at Salis-
bury ; and am in the mean time as ever,
Your sincere friend.

Theophilus Wright.

# The use of ible rather than able, in any
case, seems to have originated in the neces-
sity of keeping the soft sound of c and g in
the derivatives ; and if ible was confined to
that use, it would be an easy and simple
rule. The following words which have not
yet conformed to the general rule might
soon become familiar in their corrected
form.

peaceable peacible

traceable tracible

undefaceable, M. undefacible

like

serviceable

impierceable

pronounceable

marriageable

damageable

manageable

advantageable

servicible

impiercible

pronouncible

marriagible

damagible

managible

advantagible

forcible
reducible

miscible

coercible

fencible

corrigible

elegible

intelligible

refrangible

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 171

unvoyageable

unvoyagible

like regible

allegeable

allegible

s : legible

changeable

changible

: tangible

vengeable

vengible

: frangible

chargeable

chargible

: incorrigible

These are nearly, if not quite all of these
anomalies, and analogy as above shown,
would correct them all. They ought to be
corrected. As to chastiseable, titheable sale-
able, unshakeable, mistakeable, tameable, blame-
able, reconcileable, hateable, abateable, sizeable,
moveable, and proveable, with their com-
pounds and derivatives, the spelling of
them with the e is wrong. They are con-
tradictory in every dictionary.

The rule then is general that the final e is
rejected before able, and a in able is changed
into i after c and g soft.

Solvable, vendable and tenable, are better with
a, and the perpetual contradictions of the
same or like words, in all the books, show
that the authors had no distinct idea of what
is right, and what is wrong. For instance,
fencible and defensible ; pREferable and KEfetri-
ble, and inferible ; conversable, and reversible ;
defendable and descendible; emendable and ex-
tendible ; bendable and vendible ; dividable, divi-
sible, and corrodible ; exhalable and saleable ;
returnable and discernible ; indispensable and re-
sponsible ; advisable, fusible ; respectable, dispu-
table, delectable, and collectible ; un-comeata-
ble, [johnson] and incompatible ; taxable and
flexible: and many others in Johnson
and Walker, without any apparent reason.

172 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
LETTER 34.

Dear James, York, July 4, 1823.

You ask whether you are to retain or
omit the mute e in the word judgment, abridg-
ment, acknowledgment, lodgment, adjudgment, and
prejudgment. The solution of this question
has been a stumbling block to many, tho
custom seems determined to remove it. Dr.
Johnson left out the e in those words, and
has been followed by Mr. Walker and Mr.
Murray, All our dictionaries are contra-
dictory in these six words. The use of the
d is to soften the g, and therefore the final
e in compounds is unnecessary. If we could
do, as Fenning's Dictionary suggests, sub-
stitute j for g soft, then both d and e might
be spared, and we should Write simiplyjuj,
insted of judge, saving two letters and avoid-
ing many anomalies; but as no Lexico-
grapher has ventured to write them in this
manner, we yet pursue the old way, until
we can find a better.

With sentiments of regard I subscribe
myself,

Your sincere friend,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 35.

Worcester, Sept. 13, 1823.

My dear Sophia seems to think that her

mother is as fond of dress as herself? pther-

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 173

wise she would not have filled her last letter
with a long description of the fashions of the
day, to the exclusion of every thing else.
This was not wisely done. Other informa-
tion was at hand which might have been
more amusing to your father and myself. I
do not wish you to be altogether inattentive
to the modes of dress, because-1 should not
like you to appear singular; but I certainly
should be sorry to find you aspiring to the
distinction of a leader of fashion. This is
a vain pursuit;* for notwithstanding you
might rise till your head grew giddy with
the fancied elevation, yet somebody would
be above you ; and after all, if the object of
your wishes was attainable, it would not be
worth possessing.

I am, my dear Sophia,

Your truly affectionate mother,

Lucy Anderson.

LETTER 36.

Dear James, York, Sept. 1 3, 1 823.

In your last letter I observe that you
have written the word counseled with one /
only. This is agreeable to the latter part
of the fifth rule of orthography in your
grammar, and is perfectly right, but custom,
which is not always governed by rules,

* Sute, sutable; Martin ; of course pursute is correct
Rule 18.

p2

174 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

claims for the letter / the privilege of being
doubled in words like the above, wherein
the accent does not fall on the last syllable.
Hence we see enamelling, equalled, libeller, mar-
velled, quarrelling, traveller, &c. written with
the I doubled, tho the last syllable in the
primitives enamel, equal, libel, &c. is without
the accent. All this is wrong, judging by
the best authorities and the best practice.
Take for instance the two following testi-
monies of Walker and Perry.

Mr. Walker in his Rhyming* Dictionary de-
clares for an expulsion of this /; his words
are these : " Why we should write libelling,
levelling, revelling, and yet offering, reasoning,
suffering, I am totally at a loss to determine,
and unless / can give a better plea than any
other letter in the alphabet for being doub-
led in this situation, I must, in the stile of
Lucian in his trial of the letter t, declare
for an expulsion." (p. x.)

Mr. Perry says " We would now ask what
stronger evidence can be adduced to prove
the erroneousness of doubling the final con-
sonant, in cases stated as above, of words
consisting of two or more syllables, whose
accent is upon the first syllable. Thus from
the verb to quar'rel, we have analogically
written quar'reling, quar'releth, and the sub-
stantive quarreler ; from to victual, victualing,

* Rime, Bailey — Turner's History, and Bosworth's
Saxon Grammar.

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. V) [5

vic'tualeth, and the noun vicHualer ; from to
worship, worshiping, wor!shipeth, worshiper ;
and from the substantive j>'ew 'el, we write by
analogy jew'eler. Insted of the above correct
spelling of the words, all our lexicographers*
have erroneously spelt them with //; as,
quarrelling, quarreller ; victualling, victualler;
worshipping, worshipper, and jeweller." 8vo.
Diet. p. xv.

Adieu, my dear James, and believe me to
be, with increasing solicitude for your hap-
piness and success,

Yours most sincerely,

Theophilus Wright.

LETTER 37.

Dear Harry, Ipswich, Sept. 13, 1823.

Your uncle Kingston was here yester-
day, and delivered your letter. He says
you look extremely well, and have grown
much since you went to school. He men-
tioned an indulgence that has been granted
to one of your schoolfellows, which he
thinks might be extended to you ; and beg-
ged me (probably at your request) to write
to Mr. Wilson on the subject. I have no
objection to your enjoying any reasonable

* Except Dr. Ash, who has given the correct orthogra-
phy to two words only of this numerous class, namely,
victualed, and victualing ; but spells victualler and all the
rest with U. Dr. Webster's new dictionary will correct
these words.

176 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

indulgence not likely to be abused; but
before I can take one step in the business,
1 must know whether the indulgence was
granted as a reward for superior merit in the
boj ; or was extorted from Mr. Wilson
by the parents of a spoiled child, against his
wish, and in opposition to the rules of his
school.

When you have cleared up this matter,
which may be done, in your next letter, I
shall know how to act ; and am, in the mean
time, my dear Harry,

Your affectionate father,

J oseph Greenwood.

LETTER 38.

Dear Jane, Camberwell, Sept. 15, 1 823.
I received your letter of the 10th
instant, requesting my consent to your pro-
posal for working a hearth-rug, which you
say you can finish in six months. I am not
disposed to undervalue your work, nor to
doubt of its being neatly executed ; but I
think your time might be better employed
than in learning to make an article with
which a manufacturer can furnish you at a
much smaller expense, because he can make
fifty before you can produce one. Besides,
my dear, you seem not to recollect that you
are not intended for a hearth-rug manufactu-
rer ; and that you have many things to ac-

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 177

quire before you can be properly qualified to
undertake the management of a family, and
to acquit yourself with credit in sensible and
respectable company. Your father says
you do not write very legibly, and he has
also discovered that your spellingis not good,
and that your knowledge of grammar is very
defective. You know his kind intentions,
and that he does not want to spare any
expense in your education ; but he wishes
that expense to be applied in the acquisition
of practically useful knowledge. He unites
in sincere love to you, with

Your truly affectionate mother,

Theodosia Maynard.

LETTER 39.

Pickering, Sept. 17, 1823.
My dear Charles,

I visited Mr. Anderson yesterday,
when he showed me a letter from you, in
which I was sorry to see that you had not
addressed him in a way suited to the occa*
sion, I certainly do not wish you to lay
aside the commercial manner of writing,
any more than I should wish you to lay aside
the character and pursuits that require it ;
but I do wish you to discriminate between
the common language of business and that
of general intercourse with your friends.
To begin a letter with "Mr. Anderson,

178 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART TI.

Sir," may pass between one tradesman and
another ; but you seem to have forgotten
that you were writing to a gentleman and a
Scholar, who cannot be much gratified by
the letters of a correspondent, who can use
no other stile than that of the shop and the
warehouse. It may be convenient for the
man of business, when writing several letters
at one sitting, to begin with the name of the
person he addresses, by way of preventing
mistakes ; but the man of education does
this by writing the name of his correspon-
dent below the conclusion of his letter, at
the left hand corner of the page; and this
leaves him at liberty to use any mode of ad-
dress which rank or circumstances may re-
quire.

I trust you will profit by this hint from
Your affectionate father,

John Alfred Easton.

LETTER 40.

New- York, Nov. 22, 1827.
My dear Son,

You inquire whether you shall write
inquire or enquire ? Many have asked the
same question, and a reference to J ohnson,
or some one of his particular admirers, has
often satisfied those who look at the subject
hastily, and determined them in favor of the
i rather than the e. But modern practice is

'PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 179

pretty uniform in adopting the e, and on
reference to the great dictionary, I find that
Johnson wrote squire and enquiry ; and tho
this form is not found in his stock words,
yet the remarks under inquire that it is more
commonly written enquire. In many words
the same doubt will occur, &s,inclose, enclose,
&c. for a catalogue of which you may con-
sult the Appendix of " Practical Orthogra-
phy." You will observe that the old form
was e, which Martin uniformly prefers, in
this whole class of words; but the modern
form is c, and the case is often, like s insted
of ^determined by mechanical convenience
in writing, rather than any other good rea-
son that can be assigned.

I hope you will continue to inquire until
you are fully satisfied, not on this point only,
but on many others. Our orthography has
been too little studied. It has been too
much left to chance or caprice, and it needs,
at this moment, a great reformation to bring
it back to that simplicity which its deriva-
tion would indicate, and the practice of good
authors would justify.

Your affectionate father,

Henry Markman.

LETTER 41.

New-York, Nov. 26, 1827.
My dear Lambert,

You have observed that I write proccofe

180 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

and precede, accede and excede, secede and suc-
ceed, &c. alike, tho in some of our dictiona-
ries, three of them are spelt with double ee.
They were formerly all spelt ceede with three
e's, but as this was perceived to be unneces-
sary, the words were abridged by omitting
one e at the end of these three, and from
the middle of all the others — a palpable
mistake which ought to be corrected. They
all come from the Latin c, e,J, o, and the
the English cede, and ought, for every reason,
except vicious practice, to be spelt alike.
If you have courage enough to do right, I
advise you to spell them all uniformly ede,
according to Rule 9th. This will econo-
mize the use of letters in the derivatives,
and prevent such glaring inconsistencies as
procedure and proceeding. Pursue your
search, and you will find many things of this
kind that ought to have been corrected,
and would have been, if our lexicographers
had done that for which many people give
them credit. But the work yet remains to
be done, for no dictionary of our language,
has yet been published which is consistent
with itself, even in a tolerable degree. Mr.
Walker has noted some things of this kind,
but many more escaped his observation ;
and it is to be regretted that he did not
make the corrections which he has said
were necessary. He saw and noticed John-
son's mistakes, but says he did not dare to
correct them. Mr. Chalmers bas, however,

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 181

done a very acceptable service in correct-
ing many of them. Where he has failed to
observe them, other authors may be con-
sulted, particularly Perry, Barclay, Martin,
and Ash. For example, nearly all the
authors have overlooked the contradiction
of spelling d, a, u, b and be, d, a, w, b ; but this
is corrected by Perry and Barclay ; accord-
ing to Rule 8th, which directs in such cases
to prefer u to w ; and this again comes under
the canon of preferring the shortest, if
equally authorized. I thank you for the in-
quiry, and shall ever be happy to assist you.
Your faithful friend,

John Saxon.

LETTER 42.

New-York, Nov. 26, 1827.
My dear Son,

I perceive you spell the word com-
plete, compkat. This 1 own is on the title
page of Bailey's Dictionary, a work which
I very highly esteem; but it is not the best
practice of the present day. We now
write this word with e final, according to
Rule 9th, and cheerful with double e, rather
than ea, by Rule 10th. While on this sub-
ject, permit me to remark, that a careful
observation of these rules will prevent many
mistakes, and reconcile many discrepancies
of orthography. You will find that they all

182 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

tend to this point; namely, to make the best

AND MOST ECONOMICAL USE OF OUR PRESENT AL-
PHABET. Some well-meaning men have de-
sired to make new characters for orthogra-
phy. That is impossible, and would be
nearly useless if it could be done. All that
seems desirable is very easy ; namely, to use
the powers we have to the best advantage;
but this will give me an opportunity of wri-
ting again to explain the subject more fully.
Adieu, and believe me ever,

Your most affectionate father,

Fitzwilliam Childs.

LETTER 43.

New- York, Nov. 26, 1 827.
My dear Son,

The twenty-fifth of November is annu-
ally celebrated in New- York by a military
parade, in commemoration of the evacuation
of this city by the British, at the close of the
revolutionary war. Once in twenty-eight
years the 25th day of the month will be on
Sunday, and then we celebrate the next
day. That happens the present year, and
to-day is the celebration. This period of
twenty-eight years, when the days of the
week return to the days of the month, in
the same order, is called the Solar Cycle.
The Lunar Cycle is a period of nineteen
years, at which the lunations return to the

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 183

same days, and very nearly to the same hours.

When the year is divided by 19 the excess

is called the golden number. We must

remember, however, always to add one

before we divide the current year, as,

1 827+l=1828-H9=96 cycles since the birth

of Christ, and 4 over, which 4 is the golden

number. You should look into Chronology

a little, and be able to read the almanac.

Your affectionate parent*

lamco Ecnelbert.

LETTER 44.

New- York, Nov. 28, 1827.
My dear Son,

I promised you another discussion of
the topic of the economical use of the powers of
our present alphabet. We want no new charac-
ters, but it would be of no small advantage
to learners, if the same sound was always
represented by the same letter. Infantom
and frenzy, you are taught to prefer/ to ph.
This is right. Gulf is gained from gulph, and
many others, and it is hoped the time will
come when we shall dare to write alfabet, or-
thografy, and all the other words which have
ph in the same manner. J has taken the
place of soft g in some words, slsjUI, jennet,
jail ; and to substitute it universally would
save an additional letter, namely, e, which
must come after theg, to show its soft sound.

184

PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

This reminds me of a singular circumstance,
that a misprint in some old dictionary has
been copied by more than twenty authors
of dictionaries without correction. It is in
the word sergeant, which every dictionary
spells with g, and every dictionary, which I
can find, spells the same word with j in
the definition of coif or quoif. Ash may be
excepted under quoif, where he has sergvnt,
e^Lrlently a misprint, but under coif he has
like the others, wr,M^ which is certainly
wrong ; for if the j is used, e must bcomUu],
as it was put in to soften the g. Serjctnt like
servant, would be a good form. Dyche is the
only author who has noticed that this word
is variable.

Misprints in Johnson have been often
copied, even those that Johnson afterwards
corrected, such as falchin and witherrung.
This last is overlooked by Mr. Walker, tho
it was corrected by Johnson himself in his
fourth edition of the great dictionary.

But to return. Economy would direct to
use c insted of cJc, and always to place it
before a, o, u, or a consonant, and to use k
wrhere c would indicate a wrong sound ; that
is, before e, i, and y. K appears to have
originated in our language, with the Norman
conquest, and to have been made by putting
a strait mark behind the c, to show its hard
sound. The k is changed into c correctly
and analogically in invoke, invocation, convoke,
convocation ; embark, emharcatiw* Not under-*

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 185

standing this principle, has caused some to
suppose that embarkation with c was a mis-
take. It is not, but according to a general
rule laid down by Penning, in the preface to
hisdictionary,publishedinl76l. He says "C
before a,o, uj, and r, and at the end of words,
is sounded hard like k, as in can, cost, cub,
class, crust, public. It should be observed, it
has been the custom to add a k to c at the
end of words, but as this destroys their ana-
logy, and renders their etymology uncertain,
the moderns have justly omitted the k."
Martin, in 1748, says it was the best prac-
tice in his time to omit the k, and yet some
modern authors have attempted to revive it.
This practice should not be encouraged, on
the principle of economy, which requires
the shortest and simplest form.

But I find it necessary again to postpone
the conclusion of this subject. I remark,
however, that you should, as much as pos-
sible, examine different authorities before
you decide doubtful cases.

Your ever affectionate father,

Fitzwilliam Childs.

LETTER 45.

New-York, Nov. 29. J 827.
My dear Son,

Economy in spelling would require the
dropping of all double final consonants ex-
*2

186 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

cept s, and this would be according to the
Saxon parent, aud ancient practice. We
generally drop one / in compounds, when
the simples end in double //. This is right,
and if the simples could be corrected, it
would be a gain to the language. Why we
should write till and until would be difficult
to say. It is a bad practice, and contrary
etymology. Wicliffe, and other early wri-
ters use one / in all such words as, shal, wil,
al, fed, &c. the same that we use in com-
pounds.

Modern practice has too often omitted z.
It ought to be much more used than it is.
All our dictionaries insert it in many words
where it is too often omitted by those who
are not particular to write correctly. En-
terprize and all words of that form, are bet-
ter with z, because it is the most natural
sound, and that which is denoted by the
name of the letter which is s hard, ezzard,
zed, or ze.

Yours ever and most truly,

John Saxon.

LETTER 46,

New- York, June 6, 1827.
Dear Charles,

The remark on the word connexions my
late letter reminds me that I owe you an
explanation. This word is often spelt with

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 187

ct, which is wrong, tho not for the reason
commonly assigned, viz. that it is not in the
dictionaries, for it is found in several of
them, particularly in Ash's, that great and
valuable storehouse of knowledge, which
contains about three times as many words
as others. Xion and ction are variable in
many words, as, inflection and genuflexion,
but x is always better than ct, because a
shorter and a more natural way of making
the round in question. In all such words t
has the sound of s, and i of y, and thus fiction
is pronounced j&r-i/wft. If our language could
be reformed, we might very well spare Hon
out of the vocabulary, by substituting c or x,
suspicion and contricion might be alike ; nation
might take c, nacion as in Spanish, and
wherever ct occur, they might be changed
to x. This would save a vast amount of
labor in teaching and learning.

It is hoped that the use of x and z may
be increased rather than diminished; which
last seems to be the present disposition of
printers.

Your cordial friend,

David Graham.

LETTER 27.

New- York, Dec. 1, 1827.
My dear Son,

You remark justly that you find the dif-

188 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

ferent compounds of the same word differ-
ently spelt. That is a great disgrace to our
language, and shows how little attention
has ever been paid to our orthography. No
author except Perry and Webster have dared
to correct gross and palpable blunders.
The fear of being singular, keeps many per-
sons from doing that which it would be a
very great public benefit to have done. But
1 hope you will ever dare to do right, tho it
should not be fashionable. Genuflexion has
x, but inflection and reflection have often ct: x
is better by Rule 22 ; and wherever we find
a word variable we should fix it on the right
side. Then we may hope that in time, our
language will assume something like correct-
ness and regularity.

Your affectionate father,

- John Saxon.

LETTER 48.

New-York, Nov. 28, 1827.
My dear young Friend,

You remark that you find a diversity in
the spelling of words ending in ey or y, and
that the derivatives do not agree with their
primitives. That is often the case, and has
been often remarked before. In many of
these words the plural has assumed a differ-
ent form from the singular, as, chimney, chim-
nies, valley, vallies. This has been expressly

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 89

condemned by good authors, and jet the
anomaly continues. It can easily be cor-
rected by rejecting e, and spelling mony, mo-
nies, monied ; hony, honied ; chimny, chimnies ;
attorny, attornies ; vally, vallies, and so of all
others, rejecting ey in every case, for it is
always useless ; and then we should not see
such very aukward looking words as moneyed,
which scarcely differs from moon-eyed. Hon-
eyed is not often seen, and it is hoped it may
not be introduced, as the other has been,
from a zeal for correctness, which is not ac-
cording to knowledge. If we should spell
they, thay, ixo it. oug-ht to have been, and
other words of the same roir^ [n the same
manner, and omit the e in abby, jocky, &c#
there would not be any necessity of using
ey, eys, or eyed, except in about half a dozen
words, and even these would be better in a
different form. Key, eye, and clayey, might
all be reformed advantageously ; and then
kee, like bee, and kees, like bees, ey and eies,
claiy, skiy, would be correct and analogical.
It is hoped that some able genius will arise,
and reduce to order the chaos of English
spelling. It would be a great blessing to
the nation, saving a vast amount both of
time and money to the rising generation,*
Your cordial friend,

Henry Hartshorn.

* See page 13^^-7,

190 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

i

♦
LETTER 49.

Dear Sir, New-York, May 16, 1327.

You ask my opinion on the correct ortho-
graphy of words derived from the French,
and ending in on, 1 answer that practice is
variable, but the rale is plain. They should
all come into English with oon, and a single
consonant in the middle, is in general pre-
ferable to a double one, as, racoon, dragoon,
cocoon, baboon, shaloon ; f, I, and s, are doub-
led but no others, except by mistake, as,
buffoon, balloon, bassoon; but even in these the
double letter is sometimes o»™iio^ aS? sha-
loon, basoon, anJ Ju/oon, B.; and the rule
ought ±o ^e general. It would tend to order
■diia simplicity, which are, of all things, most
desirable in language.

Yours, ever and truly.

Warren Kirby.

LETTER 50.

Dear Sir, New-York, Dec. 1, 1827.

Analogy is one of the surest guides to
correct spelling, and it should ever be ob-
served when it is possible, without doing
great violence to established usage. This
remark is elicited by observing the word
vermilion in your letter with one /, and not, as
in too many cases, we see it with two /'s. I
can give you a general rule for this, derived,

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 191

like all good rules, from the best practice of
the greater part of those who understand
the propriety of the language. It is this ;
F, L, JV, S, f, or V, followed by i sounded
like y, is preceded by a single consonant, as,
bilious, pinion, evasion, nation, savior. So also
rufian might be corrected and the rule might
be made general that any consonant followed
by i sounded like y should be single. Briliant
and cotilion would soon become familiar,
and the numerous errors now made in these
words would be avoided. Why should we
spell incision, and decision, and abscission, and
rescision? The true answer is, analogy has
been neglected. Johnson says he writes
" inveigh and convey in compliance with a
numberless majority." The majority is how-
ever wrong, for the same word ought to be
spelt in the same way ; and that uniformly.
If this was done, we should avoid many er-
rors, and bring back our language to its
primitive simplicity. Many, very many ab-
surdities may be avoided by a reference to
the Saxon, which is the mother tongue # of
English, and deserves to be better known
than it has hitherto been. In almost every
instance where the commonly received pro-
nunciation differs from the spelling, jt is
owing to a vicious corruption of the ortho-
graphy, since the pronunciation was fixed.

* Tung, Saxon, like lung, rung, sung, yung.

192 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

But of this subject I shall treat in another
letter.

In the mean time farewel,

Yours, ever and truly,

Henry Hobart.

LETTER 51.

New-York, Dec. 3, 1827.
My dear Friend,

In my last letter I intimated an intention
of returning to the subject of corruptions in
spelling, which may be corrected by a re-
ference to the orthography of our Saxon
ancestors. The pronunciation, of common
words, such as man, much, tell, bad, &c, and
indeed of nearly all the Saxon stock of our
language, which is much the greater part of
the whole, is very little liable to change, and
probably has not changed, in any consider-
able degree, since the invention of printing,
or even during the last eight hundred years,
which brings us back to a period when the
Saxon language was spoken in England, tho
mixed with other dialects. The common
pronunciation then will show us in general
what words have been altered by time and
caprice, or by the prevalence of foreign
idioms. This class of words is numerous,
and important. Why do we pronounce
busy, bisy? Because the old spelling was y,
or its substitute i, bysy or bisy is the ancient

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 193

spelling. Again love is always pronounced
luv, which is the old and correct spelling;
the same maybe said ofwhare,thare,sun,(son,)
yuth, yis, wulf, munk, gilt, (guilt,) bin, (been,)
tung, shuv, eny, meny, cum, git, (get,) sum, (some,)
and a multitude besides ; all of which might
be very advantageously corrected, if we had
sufficient authority ; and as the Saxon begins
to be more cultivated than it was formerly,
the reformation may perhaps take place at
some future period.

Your cordial friend,

John Saxon.

LETTER 52.

New-York, June 12, 1827.

My dear Friend,

Whether we should write acetose or
acetous, our dictionaries do not inform us.
The number, of this class of variable words,
is about thirty. It would be a good thing to
omit the final e, as in verbose, (verbos,) and the u
in verbous, (verbos,) by which both these forms
would be reduced to one, and then also the
primitive and derivitive would follow the
same rule. Verbos, verbosity ; animos, animosi-
ty > generos, generosity. This class of words
would then be analagos to the class in or,
as, labor, laborios, honor, honorary : and also to
those in on, as, station, stationer, nation, nation-
al. To omit the final e in adjectives ending

194 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.

in He, ive, would give the same result. That
is, the primitives and derivatives would not
contradict each other as they do at present :
activ and activity would be analagos to sterile
sterility, fatal, fatality. These words were
formerly pronounced long, active like alive ;
fertile like revile; but since the pronunciation
has been altered, the spelling should, and
and sooner or later, must follow. Thousands
of final c's have been retrenched within the
last two hundred years ; and thousands yet
remain that are not only useless, but a very
great injury to every man who must learn,
or practise reading, writing, or printing.
Within two hundred years we have dropt
full one sixth part of all the letters formerly
used in spelling, and the reformation is still
going on silently but efficiently. The evi-
dent and constant course of the language is
toward simplicity and uniformity. It is now
recommended by a bold and free writer of
London, to drop all silent letters, to spell
simples and compounds alike, and in short,
to make the best and most economical use
of the al/abet, which is the grand rule
of orthogra/y. The Spanish have made a
most useful reform in their language, and it
is approved by all the world ; but the Eng-
lish seem unwilling to profit by that good
example.

Yours most cordially,

John Saxon.

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 195

LETTER 53-

New-York, Dec. 10, 1827.
My dear Friend,

Many of the present anomalies of our
language were brought in bj the Normans,
who came to England in the year 1066.
One of the most prominent is the inserting
of a/ before ch. The French sound of ch,
is like our sh, and to prevent this sound, a
/ was inserted, but you can observe the old
and correct form remaining in detach, attach,
lecher, rich, which, Rochester, such, much, and
wherever two vowels come before the ch, as,
teach, speech, touch, (which should be tuch,)
treachery, roach, brooch, crouch. In these and
similar forms the t has not crept in, and why
it should be retained in witch, switch, and
not in which, rich, is not easy to say, on any
principle of analogy, or consistency. To
reject t, in all cases before ch, would be to
return to primitive correctness ; and, as in
other cases, would save time and money in
teaching and learning. The benefit of a
reform becomes more apparent, when we
consider the multitude of people, from Alas-
ka to New Holland, that will in a few years
speak the English language. They will soon
amount to a hundred millions, and to each
individual the advantage would be equally
important.

Very sincerely your friend,

John Saxon.

196 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI.
LETTER 54.

New-York, Dec. 18, 1827.
My dear Friend,

The termination s, o, m, e, in English, as
has often been remarked, is not the word
some, but the Saxon s, u, m, or s, o, m, and the
final c has been added by mistake. Bailey's
folio Dictionary, that great and learned work,
omits the final e in sixteen adjectives of this
class, such as, burdensom, cumbersom, fulsom,
gladsom, irksom, lothesom, noisom, quarrelsom,
wearisom. The final e is commonly omitted in
buxom, (buclc-som, J\I^) transom, ransom ; tho
Johnson spells ransome with the e. In this he
is not generally followed, but expressly con-
demned by some of the best lexicographers.
With equal reason they might object to
the e final in every word of this class, and
it is to be hoped that Bailey's authority may
prevail; and that the useless final letter,
which has crept in by mistake, contrary to
etymology, may be rejected from the whole
class. Every thing that abridges the labor
of the pen deserves attention, and if on a
careful examination it is found to be right,
it should be adopted. The maxim of Frank-
lin, that " Time is money" seems to be for-
gotten, while we are perpetually writing a
multitude of useless letters. But it is said
that Johnson's Dictionary has fixed the form
of our language, and that we ought not to
alter. That is a mistake. No living Ian-

PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 197

guage ever was or can be fixed. Language
is constantly progressing, and a multitude of
Words are spelt at present differently from
Johnson's Dictionary. The final k was re-
jected in Martin's Dictionary before John-
son wrote, and is at present scarcely ever
found, except in monosyllables, in " a num-
berless majority "of good publications; and
thousands of common and useful words have
come into use since Johnson's time. John-
son did not attempt to fix the orthography,
or suppose he had done so. He says ex-
pressly that he left every author's spelling as he
found it, that the public might balance suffrages,
and judge between them. What is right ought
to be preserved, what is wrong ought to be
rejected. We ought to cultivate our lan-
guage, to supply its defects, and prune it of
its redundancies. Nothing so much opposes*
useful improvements as a blind adherence to
customs long established, and often wrong>
Every one complains of the difficulty, and
even absurdity of our orthography, and yet
few, if any, have courage enough to spell
right, even when they know what right is. We
should, to be sure, be very careful not to do
too much, but a constant and efficient im-
provement is silently reforming our lan-
guage, and we may hope to see it, at some
future time, much improved.

Your faithful friend,

Arthur Stevenson.

r2

198

APPENDIX.

Containing Collections of Words of difficult, irregu-
lar, and variable Spelling. With Notes.

Of Words with the Prefixes en,

The uncertainty and confusion occasion-
ed by the promiscuous use of en and in, with
their substitutes em and im, are the cause of
much perplexity to the English scholar,
from which our lexicographers have done
little to relieve him. To the convenience
of the poets we are indebted for the liberal
application of them to verbs ; and to our
taste for French etymologies we owe the
choice of en and em in preference to in and
im. The same unsettled use of in when ap-
plied in a negative sense before adjectives
and adverbs, and contrasted with un, is also
an additional source of confusion; and this
is increased by the almost unlimited use of
the latter, compared with the more restrict-
ed employment of the former. Thus, with-
out either analogy or established usage for
his guide, the learner is left to grope his
way in the dark. With a view, therefore,
of drawing his attention to the subject, so
that he may feel his ground, rather than of
attempting to give him a description of the
road, the following list of words has been col-
lected, and exhibited in such a way as to be at
least a practical comment on these remarks.

APPENDIX. 199

In this list, as well as in the general collec-
tion of words of* variable spelling, the words
that are obsolete,ov least in use, are printed in
the Italic character: but in marking the dis-
tinction, the author has not always decided
according to his own judgment; being less
inclined to exercise his individual opinion
than to balance the discordancies of the au-
thorities which he consulted ; where those
were equal, the two words in dispute are gen-
erally both printed in the Roman character.

Mr. Booth, in his 'Introduction to an Ana-
lytical Dictionary of the English Language,'
says, "/ft and en are often confounded. The
Greek and French preposition era corresponds
with our in, but in English the words ought to
be distinguished, which can be done with ac-
curacy and ease. In signifies situation, and
originally must have meant the particular spof
where a thing was situated. In this sense it may
always be explained by the wordplace,\\hich
without injury to the meaning of the sentence,
may be substituted in its stead, /ra is also used
to signify time, and when so used, the word
time will always be completely equivalent
From these definitions, the distinction be-
tween in and en will be evident. To inclose,
will signify to close in, or to close aplace, and to
enclose, will be simply to make close; to inquire,
will be to seek in, or to search the place, and to en-
quire, will be to make search. This distinction
is, however, not attended to by the generali-
ty of writers, as they use indifferently either
the in or en prefixed to verbs.

200 APPENDIX.

" In, as a prefix, also marks negation. It was
used by the Romans in this privative manner,
when joined to nouns or participles, and is
equivalent to the word not ; as indecent, is not
decent, intemperate is not temperate, and so of
others.

" Synonimous with the negative in is the
prefix un. When in or un is annexed to
verbs, it does not only signify that the action
is not performed, but that it is reversed. To
ravel is to twist and confuse ; to unravel is to
separate what has been raveled.

"£wissometimes,in composition, spelt cm,
and in is spelt ig, il, im, or ir, according to the
various initials of the words to which the pre-
fix is joined ; and these irregularities depend
on the supposed ease in pronunciation, from
a more pleasing coalescence of sounds: Thus
embattle, ignoble, illegal, improper, and irresolute,
are used for enbattle, innoble, inlegal, &c."

Martin always prefers the in and im in
these prefixes. Modern practice common-
ly chooses en and em, probably from the ease
of writing an e rather than an i, which al-
ways requires the pen to be lifted, before
the letter is finished. The same reason that
has nearly deprived us of the useful s hard,
ezzard, zed, or ze. Several of these words
are found only in Martin and Ash. Those
which are clearly from the Latin, have in in
preference to un, and those from the Saxon,
un rather than in.

APPENDIX.

*

Words with the prefixes en9 in, and un.

EN

IN

UN

Enable

Inable, M.

Unable

Inability

Unability, M.

Inaccessible, M. —

Unaccessible

Inaccurate

Unaccurate

Inactive, M. —

Un active

Inactivity

Inadmissible

Inaffectedly

Unaffectedly

Inalienable

Unalienable

Inalterable

Unalterable

Inamiable

Unamiable

Enamor

Inamor, M. —

Inanimate

Unanimated

Inapplicable

Unapplicable

Inapposite

Inarticulate

Inartificial

Unartificial

Inattentive

Unattentive

Inaudible

Inauspicious

Unauspicious

Encage

Incage
Incalculable

Encamp

Incamp, M. —

Incapable, M.

Uncapable, M.

Incapacious

Incapacitate

Incapacity

*

Incarcerate

Encase

Incase

Uncase, M.

Incautious

Uncautious

Incertain

Uncertain

Incertitude

Uncertainty

Inchamber

Enchain

Inchain, M. —

Enchant

Inchant, M. —

Dis-enchant

Dis-inchant,M. —

Inrharitable

Uncharitable

Enchase

Inchase, M. —

Encircle

Incircle, M.

201

202

APPENDIX.

Encisted

Tncisted l

Incivil

Uncivil

Incivility

Uncivility

Enclasp

Inclasp

Unclasp

Encline

Incline

t

Encloister

Incloister, M. —

Enclose

Inclose, M. —

Unclose

Enclosure

Inclosure, M. —

Include

Inclusive

Incommode

Incommodious

Dis-closure

Incommunicable

Uncommunicated

Incompact

Uncompact

Incomparable

Encompass

Incompass, M.

Incompassionate

Uncompassionate

Incompatible

Incomplete

Uncomplete

Inconditional

Unconditional

Inconformity

Unconformity

Inconscionable

Unconscionable

Inconscious

Unconscious

Inconstant, M.

Unconstant

Incontrolable

Uncontrolable2 Af.

Incorrect

Uncorrected

Incorrupt

Uncorrupt

Encounter

In counter, M. —

Encourage

Incourage, M. —

Dis-courage

Encrease

Increase

De-crease

Increated, M. —

Uncreated

Encroach

Tncroach, M. —

Encrust

Incrust

Encumber

Incumber

Disencumber

Encumbrance

Incumbrance
Incur

.

Endamage

Indnmage, M. —

Endanger

Indanger, M. —

t See cist in the general collection of variable words.

3 The primitive of this word has eight forms, controle, contronl,
control, controll, and comptrole, comptroul, ccmptrol, comptroll. The
first is best, and from it Martin gives controlablt and uncontrolabU.

Endear

AJFFJENDIX.

Indear, M. —

XiU

Endearment

Iudearment

Endeavor

Indeavor, M.

Indeclinable

Undeclined

Indemonstrable

Undemonstrable

Indeterminable

Undeterminable

Indevout

Undevout

Indeterminate

Undeterminate

Endict

Indict, M. —

to accuse before a

to accuse before a

court of justice.

court of justice.

Endicter

Indicter

an accuser.

an accuser.

Bridie trnent

Indictment

an accusation.

an accusation.

Endite

Indite

to draw up, or com-

to draw up or com-

pose.

pose.

Enditer

Inditer3

a composer, a writer.

a composer, a writer.

Indistinct

Undistinguished

Individed

Undivided

Indivisible

Endorse

Indorse, M. —

Endow

IndoWy M. —

Endue

Indue

Endure

Indure, M,
Inedited

Ineffectual

Uneffectual

Inefficacious

Ineloquent

Inelegant

Inelastic

Unelastic -

Inept

Unapt

Ineptitude

Unaptness

Inequal

Unequal

Inequality

Inequitable

Unequitable

Inerringly

Unerringly

Inexcusable

Unexcusable

3 This arrangement may be useful in settling the orthography and
application of these words, which appear to have been little attended
to in our Dictionaries.

204

APPENDIX.

Enfamish

Enfeeble

Enfeoff

Inexhaustible

Inexpected

Inexpedient

Inexperienced

Inexpert

Inexpiable

Inexplicable

Inexpressible

Inexpressive

Inextinguishable

Infeeble
Infeoff

Infertile
Infertility

Infix

Inflame, M. —

Inflate

Infold

In force, M. —

Inform

Infortunate, M.

Infranchise, M.

Infrequent

Ingender, M. —

Ingage, M. —

Ingine

Ingineer, B.

Unexhausted

Unexpected

Unexpedient

Unexperienced

Unexpert

Unexpiated

(inexplicable

Unexpressible

Unexpressive

Unextinguishable

Unfertile

Unfix

Unfortunate
Unfrequent

Enfetter
Enflame, M.

Enfold
Enforce
Enform, C.

Enfranchise

Engender

Engage

Engine

Engineer

Engird

Engirt

Engorge Ingorge, M.

Engraft Ingraft

Engrapple

Engrain Ingrain

Engrave Ingrave, M.

Engross Ingross, M.

Engulf Ingulf5 M.

4 See Mr. Walker's Dictionary, on graff and graft.
6 Chalmers and Walker are both inconiistcnt in the spelling of thi*
word and its primitive. See Rules page 18.

APPENDIX.

205

Enhance

Enjoin
Enjoy

Enkindle

Enlard

Enlarge

Enlighten

Enlist

Enliven

Enmesh

Ennoble

Enquire

Enquiry

Enrage

Enrich

Enrobe

En role

Enrolement

Inrole, M. —
Inrolement
Immeasurable
Immovable
Iramethodical
Imraask
Immingle
I Im paradise

« Johnson's Dictionary has inquire, but
usual form is enquire, and so, in his preface,
frequently.

S

Inhale

Inhance

Inhold

Inhospitable,M. •

Injoin, M. —

Injoy, M. —

Injustice

Inkindle

Inlard

Inlarge, M.

Inlighten

Irilist

Inliven

Immesh

Innavigable, M.

Innoxious

Inobservant

Inobservable

Inoffensive

Inoperative

Inorganic

Inorganized

Inquiet

Inquietude

Inquire6
Inquiry
Inrage, M. • —
Inrich, M.

Unhospitable
Unjust

Unnavigable

Unnoble, C.

Unobnoxious

Unobservant

Unobservable

Vnoffensive

Unoperative

Unorganized

Unquiet

Unquietness

Unrobe
Unrole

Unmeasurable

Unmovable

Unmethodical

Unmask

Unmingled

Unparadise

he remarks that the more
he writes it uniformly and

20b

APPENDIX.

Ensample

Impolite

Vnpolite

Ensanguine

Insecure

Unsecure

Inseparable

Unsep arable

Inshelter

Unsheltered

Enshield

Unshielded

Enshrine

Inshrine

Insignificant

Vnsignificant

Enslave

Inslave, M. —

Insincere

Unsincere, M.

Insociable, M.

Unsociable

Ensnare

Insnare

Instable

Unstable

Enstal

Instal

Ensue

Insue

Insufferable

Unsufferable

Insutable

Unsutable,8 M.

Ensurance

Insurance7

Ensure

Insure, M.

Insusceptible

Unsusceptible

Entail

Intail, M. —

Entangle

Tntangle, M.

Intangible

Untangible

Int enable

Untenable

intendment

Intendment, M.

interchange

Interchange

Entercourse, M.

Intercourse, M. —

Enterlace

Interlace, M. —

Enterline

Interline

Enter plead

Interplead

Enthral

Inthral

Enthrone

Inihrone

Entice

Intice

Entire

Intire

Entitle

Intitle

Untitled

Entomb

Intomb, M. —

Intractable

Untractable

7 Insure and insurance M. are not in Walker's Dictionary.

8 Martin writes these words without the i.

APPENDIX.

207

Entranse, Wb.

Entrap

Entreague9 M.

Entreat

Entrench

Entrust

Entwine

Entwist

Enumerate

Enveigle

Envenom

Envelop

Environ

Envite

Enure

Envoice « ° M.

Enwrap
Enwreathe

Intrance

Intrap, M. —

Intrigue, M. —

Intreat, M. —

Intrench, M. —

Intrust, M. —

Intwine

Intwist

Innumerable

Invaried

Inveigle

In venom, M. —

Invelop

Inviron, M. —

Invite, M. —

Inure, M.

Invoice

Inutlerable

Invulnerable

In wrap

Inwreathe

Untwist

Unnumbered

Unvaried

De-velop

Unutterable
Vnvulnerable

Un wreathe' •

9 Entreague, intreague, intrigue, Martin.

i o Envoyce, Martin.

l i See Walker's principles of pronunciation, under th« letter th.

See Letter 20 on this class of words.

REMARKS.

This is the most difficult chapter in orthography.
Opinions are various and practice is discordant : more of
these words are therefore left in the Roman character than
the editor, independent of his authorities, would have
chosen, but this perspicuous arrangement will enable the
reader to choose for himself.

ZOO APPENDIX.

Words with the Prefixes em and im.

Erabale

Imbale

Embalm

Imbalm, M. —

Embank

lmbank, M. —

Embarras

Embargo

ImbargOyM. —

Embark

Imbark, M. —

Em base

Imbase, M. • —

Embathe

Imbathe, C. —

Embattle

Imbattle, M. —

Embay

Imbay

Embedded

Imbedded

Embellish

Imbellish, M.

Embezzle

Imbezzle,1 M.

Embibe

Imbibe, C. —

Embitter

Im bitter, M.

Emblazon -

Imblazon

Embody

Imbody, M. — C-

Emboli, C.

Imboil, C. —

Embolden

Imbolden, M. — C

Emborder

Im border, M. —

Embosk

I m bosk, C. —

Emboss

Imboss, M. — >

Embosom

Imbosom

Embottle

Imbottle

Embound

Imbound, C. —

Embowel

Imbowel

Embower

Imbower

Embox

Imbox, C. —

Embrace

Imbrace

Embrocate

Imbrocate

Embroider

Imbroider

Embroil

Imbroil

Embrown

Imbrovrn, C. - —

Embrue

Imbrue, M. C. — »

Embryon

Imbryo

Embue

Imbue

Emburse

I m burse, C. ■—

Emerge

Immerge

l lmbezel and imbezle, Martin..

APPENDIX.

209

Emersion

Emigrate

Emission

Emit

Em pair

Empale

Empannel

Emparadise

Empark

Em parlance

Empassion, C.

Em peach

Emplead

Employ

Emploiment2

Empoison

Erapoverish

Empower

Empress

Emprison

Emprove, M.

Empurple

Dis-embogue

Immersion

Immigrate

Immission

Immit

Impair, AT.

Impale, M.

Impannel, M. —

Imparadise

Impark, M.

Imparlance

Impassion

Impassioned

impeach

Implead

Imploy, M. — A,

fmploiment, Peahson.

Imprison

Impoverish

fmpower

Impress

Imprison, C. -—

Improve

Impurple, M.

Dis-imbogue, M, —

2 Emploiment— Pearson (on the creed m!662) spells this word mi-
plot'ment. Analogy requires i and not y in emploiment and enjoiment.
Raiment with ay, (rayment) would look very antiquated, but it is quite
as good as payment, (paiment ) Enjomment, raiment, merriment,
complement, accompaniment, hardunent, and many others with i,
show the rule with sufficient clearness. Rejoice and invoice have lost
they, tho they formerly had it, and y is rapidly yielding to its substi-
tute i, in the middle of words, in general practice. It is well that it i»
so. It would be a good rule never to use y in the middli|? of a word.
Y will finally be omitted entirely in such cases, except perhaps before
ing, as in delaying, dying. Two i% never come together in English,
tho there seems no good reason for the prohibition; for if we were ac-
customed to them, they would be better than our present form. Such
words as saing, deleting, displaing, if authorized, would be as good as
going, being, swing ; and the orthography of this numerous class of
words would be simplified by omitting y altogether, in derivatives.

s2

210

APPENDIX.

Words with the Terminations ant} ance} or ancy <j
ent9 ence, or ency.

The spelling of words of this class can
seldom be determined by the pronunciation;
and it was thought that a collection of the
most useful of them arranged alphabetically,
might be of service. It is hardly necessary
to say that the substantive generally follows
the orthography of the adjective, as, Aber-
rant, Aberrance, Aberrancy ; Brilliant, Bril-
liancy, &c. To include them would enlarge
the collection without adding to its utility.*

Words in ant, ent, &c.

Aberrant

Abhorrent

Absorbent

Abstinent

Abundant

Accordant

Acescent

Acquiescent

Adherent

Adjacent

Admittance

Advertence

Affluent

Antecedent

Apparent

Appealant 1

Appellant

Appearance

Appertment 2

Appertenence

Applicant

Appurtenant

Arborescent

Ascendant 3

Ascendency
Aspirant
Assailant
jAssistant
Attendant
'Audience
Benevolent
Brilliant
Buoyant
Cadence
Circumambient
Circumfluent

* "The Latin ens signifies being; the it or thing which exists.
Hence it was used to form the present participle in that language, as
docens and amans, which express existing, or being, in the state of a
teacher or a lover. Our words in ent or ant, and ence or ance, are
from this source. Both denote being or state ; the former being appli-
ed to constitute adjectives, and the latter substantives. Thus abun-
dant is the quality of existing in abundance, which is the name given
to such a state of existence." Booth's Introd.

i Appealant, tho more agreeable to analogy, is less in use than
appellant.

2 Appurtenentandappertinance are irregular. See general list.

3 Ascendant and ascendency are also anomalous.

APPENDIX.

2J1

Claimant

Clement

Cognizance

Coherent

Coincident

Combatant

Competent

Complaisant

Complacent

Compliant

Concomitant

Component

Concordant

Concurrent

Condolence

Conference

Confidant 4 s.

Canfident s. & a.

Conflagrant

Confluent

Congruence

Connivance

Conscient

Consentient

Conservant

Consistent

Conspirant

Consonant, a letter

Consonant,

agreeable.
Constituent
Continent, the

main land.
Continent, chaste.
Convalescent
Convenient
Conversant
Corpulent
Correspondent

Couchant

Covenant

Countenance

Credent

Crescent

Currant, a fruit.

Current, a stream.

Decumbent

Defendant

Deference

Defiance

Deficient

Delinquent

Demulcent

Deobstruent

Dependence

Dependence, J. —

Dependent

Deponent

Descendent 5

Descent

Despondent

Different

Diffident

Discordant

Discutient

Disobedient

Disputant

Dissonant

Distant, remote.

Distent, breadth.

Disturbance

Dominant

Dormant

Efficient

Efflorescent

Effluent

Emigrant

Emanent

Eminent

Emollient

Equivalent

Errant

Esculent

Evanescent

Evident

Excrescent

Existent

Exorbitant

Expectant

Expedient

Extant, now in

being.
Extent, space.
Exuberant
Feculent
Fervent
Flagrant
Flatulent
Flippant
Fluent
Fragrant
Fraudulent
Governance
Herbescent
Ignorant
Immanent
Imminent
Impatient
Impellent
Impendent
Impenitent
impertinent
Important
Impotent
Improvident
Imprudent
Impudent

4 This word is anglicized from the French. It has no derivatives.

5 Descendant and its derivatives are a redundancy.

212

APPENDIX.

Inadvertent

Incessant

Incident

Incipient

Incoherent

Incompetent

Incongruent

Inconsistent

Inconstant

Incontinent

Inconvenient

Incumbent

Independent

Indifferent

Indignant

Indolent

Inefficient

Inexistent

Inexpedient

Inference

Influence

Ingredient

Inhabitant

Inherent

Inheritance

Inobedient

Insolent

Insolvent

Instant

Insufficient

Integrant

Intendant0

Intermittent

Intolerant

Irrelevant

Irreverent

Itinerant

Jacent

Jurisprudent

Lieutenant

Luxuriant

Maintenance

Malevolent

Malignant

Mellifluent

Militant

Mollient

Obedient

Observant

Occident

Occurrence

Omnipotent

Omnipresent

Omniscient

Opponent

Opulent

Ordinance

Orient

Ornament

Participant

Patent

Patient

Peasant

Pedant

Pendant, a jewel

Pendent, hanging

down .
Penitent
Permanent
Perseverance
Pertinent
Pestilent
Petulent
Piquant
Pleasant
Pliant

Poignant

Potent

Precedent, a rule.

Precedent, going
before.

Precipitant

Predominant

Pre-eminent4

Pre-existent

Preference

Pregnant

Preponderant

Prescience

Presence

President, a gover-
nor.

Prevalent

Proficient

Prominent

Protestant

Protuberant

Provident

Prudent

Pubescent

Puissant

Pursuivant

Purulent

Putrescent

Quadrant

Quiescent

Quintessence

Quittance

Quotient

Radiant

Raiment

Rampant

Recipient

Recumbent

« Intendant and superintendent are anomolous. Better intendent.

7 Pre-eminent and Pre-existent are hyphened in Walker, as a guid*
to the pronunciation.

APPENDIX.

213

Recurrent

Recusant

Redundant

Reference

Refluent

Regnant

Relevant

Reluctant

Remembrance

Remittance

Repellent

Repentant

Repugnant

Resident

Resistance

Resolvent

Resonant

Resplendent

Respondent

Reverent

Riddance

Ruminant

Sapient

Semblance

Sergeant8

Servant

Sextant

Silent

Solvent

Stagnant

Stimulant

Student

Subjacent

Subsequent

Subservient

Subsistent

Succulent

Sufferance

Sufficient

Superabundant

Supereminent

Superincumbent

Superintendent9

Supernatant

Suppliant

Sustenance

Sycophant

Temperance

Tenant

Tolerant

Torrent

Transcendent

Transient

Translucent

Transparent

Transplendent

Trident

Triumphant

Truant

Turbulent

Unguent

Utterance

Vagrant

Valiant

Vehement

Verdant

Vicegerent

Vigilant

Violent

Virulent

Visitant

Volant

Warrant

8 Sergeant. In Baley's folio Dictionary, about a hundred years
ago, a misprint crept into the definition of coif or quoif, " the cap of a
ser/eant at Law," and this has been faithfully copied bv nearly or
quite every dictionary since printed. If it is to be spelt with aj, then
there is no use of the e, which was put in to soften the g\ Serjant
would be a good form of the word, analogous to servant which was,
according to Gilchbist, originally the same word.

„ See note on intendant.

214

APPENDIX.

Words with the terminations ceous, cious, and tious,

The pronunciation of these terminations
is uniformly shus, and therefore the spelling
of the words compounded with them cannot
be determined by the ear. Those which
are most in use are here collected ; and of
them it may be observed, that ceous relates
to the nature and properties of things : as
cetaceous, {cete, Lat. a whale,) of the whale
kind ; micaceous, {mica, Lat. a genus of a min-
erals,) of the nature of mica, easily separa-
ble ; saponaceous, (sapo, Lat. soap,) having
the properties of soap. Cious and tious
commonly refer to actions or affections of
the mind ; as, avaricious, facetious, officioits,
superstitious, fyc.

Adscititious
Adventitious
Ambitious
Arenaceous
Argillaceous
Audacious
Auspicious
Avaricious
Butyraceous
Capacious
Capricious
Captious
Carbonaceous
Cautious
Cetaceous, of
whale kind.

the

Cilicious, hairy.

Contentious

Contumacious

Coriaceous l

Cretaceous1

Cruslaceous

Delicious

Disputations

Efficacious

Fabaceous

Facetious

Factious

Factitious

Fallacious

Farinaceous

Factitious

Filaceous

Flagitious

Ferocious

Foliaceous

Frumentaceous1

Fugacious

Gracious

Herbaceous

Irreptitious

Judicious

Licentious

Loquacious

Linguacious

Luscious

Malicious

Membranaceous

Johnson, Walker, and Chalmers spell several of these words
cious, contrary to analogy.

APPENDIX.

215

Meretricious

Micaceous

Nutritious

Officious

Ostentatious

Papilionaceous

Pernicious

Perspicacious

Pertinacious

Pomaceous

Precious

Precocious

Propitious

Pugnacious

Rapacious

Rosaceous

Sagacious

Saponaceous

Seditious

Sententious

Setaceous, bristly.

Siliceous,2 flinty.

Spacious

Specious

Superstitious

Supposititious

Surreptitious

Suspicious

Tenacious

Testaceous

Veracious

Vexatious

Vicious

Vivacious

Voracious

2 In their (respective places in the dictionaries of Walker and Chal-
mers, we find in the former,

11 Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Silicious, made of hair;" and in
the latter,

" Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Siliciotts, made of hair. Flinty,
full of stones."

The present state of science, however, seem to claim a little more
distinction for a derivative of silex ; and for this reason, as well as to
avoid confusion, the above spelling, sanctioned by the writers on chi-
mistry, has been adopted.

For a full catalogue of these words, see Walker's "Rhyming Dic-
tionary ," a much more useful work, both for orthography and pronun-
ciation, than his pronouncing dictionary.

216

APPENDIX.

Words with the terminations ize and ise.

Authors and lexicographers vary so fre-
quently in the orthography of words with
these terminations, that chance is substitut-
ed for settled usage, and confusion supplies
the place of analogy. A collection of words
mize and/se, from the standard dictionaries,
has therefore been made, for the double
purpose of showing where these authorities
differ, and of exhibiting the most useful of
this class of words in a connected series,
for the accommodation of the student. Cor-
rections proposed, are marked with an in-
terrogation point, thus, comprize ?

IZE.

ISE.

Advertise, b. j. c. w.
Advise, b.j. c. w.

Agatize, wb.

Aggrandize, b. d. j. w. py.

Agnize, b. d. j . w. c.

Agonize, b. d. j. w. py.

Alchymize, c.

Alchimize, wb.

Alcalize, wb.

Alcoholize, b. br. f. w. c.

Allegorize, b.m.d.j.w.py.

Americanize, wb.

Amortize, b. j. h. py. js. p. . Amortise,* w.

i Amortise and amortization ! Walker. -\-

This word was printed in Johnson's first abridgment amorise with-
out the t. The * was a misprint also, as appears from the position of
the word, s after z. Thiserror was corrected by Johnson inhis revision
of his own work, but the small book being more convenient for a copier
to handle than the large ones, no notice was taken by Mr. Walker of
Johnson's correction, in this and several other instances. None of
the editions of Johnson's Abridgment appear to have been collated
with his own final revision of the great Dictionary, tbe quarto edition
of 1777, which is the authority marked Jin this book.

APPENDIX.

217

Anacephalize, b. d.
Analogize, J. w. py. br.
Analyze,2 b. j. h. w. py. wb.
Anatomize, b. d. j. w. py. c.
Anagrammatize, b.o.j w.py.
Anathematize, b. d. j. w . py.
Anglicize, wb,
Animalize, wb.
Annalize, c. wb.
Antagonize, b. j. w.
Apologize, b. d.j. w. py. c.
Apostatize,3 b. j. w. py. c.
Apostrophize, b. j. w. c.
Apothegmatize, c.
Apprize, to value, wb.
Apprize,£o zn/bm.B.j.D.PY.c.
[w.

Aromatize, b. j. w. py.
Assize,3 b. d. j. w. py. c.
Astrologize, j. w. py. c.
Astronomize, c.
Atticize, wb.
Australize, j. d. py. c.
Authorize,4 b. j. w. f. c.
Avize, wr. w. c.
Baptize, b.m.d.j.w.py.c.wb.
Barbarize, py. w. c. wb.
Botanize,5 wb.
Brutalize, d. py. w. c. wb.
Buffoonize, g.

Canonize, b. m. d. w. py. c.
Cantonize, b. m. d. j. w. c.
Capsize, wb.

Analyse, d.

Anglicise, c.

Apostatise, d.

[c. f. py.
Appraise, to value, b. d. j.w.
Apprise, to inform, wb.

Arise, b. j. c. w.

Assise, m.

Atticise, b. w. c.

Authorise, m. wr.+
Avise, c. wb.

2 Anah'ze, B. folio, and parah'ze, W b. 12 mo. are preferable by
Rule 15. Analyze and analyser ! Harwood.-\-

3 See Rule 15.

4 Authorize and disauthorise, and unauthorised, Walker's Diction-
ary. This contradiction, like many others, is copied from Johnson.
Authorise, W. Rhyming Dictionary.-f-

5 Botanize is neither in fValker nor Chalmers.

T

218

APPENDIX.

Carbonize,6 wb.
Carnalize, wb.
Catechize, ba. a.
Cauponize ?

Cauterize, b. ivr. d. j . w. c.wb,
Chameleonize, wb.
Characterize, b. d. j. w. py.
Chastize, b. J. abridgment.
Christianize, j. w. wb.
Cicatrize, b. m. d. j. w. c.
Circumcize
Citizenize, wb.
Civilize,8 b. m. d. j. w. c. wb,
Colonize,9 br. py. c.
Colaphize, b.
Comprize ? 1 9

Contemporize, l « br.

Criticize, b. folio.
Crystaiize, wb.
Crystallize,1 1 d. w. py.
Dastardize, br. wb.

Catechise, b. m. d. j. w.
Cauponise, wb. c.

Characterise, c.

Chastise, b. j. w. py. c. wb.

Circumcise, b. j. w.

Civilise, A= py.
Colonise, j.- w.

Comprise, b. j. c. w.
Compromise, b. j. py. c. w.
Contemporise, d.j.py.w.c.js.
Covetise, j. [ch.wb.

Criticise, j. w. py.

Dastardise, b. j. w. py.
Demise, b. j. w.

6 Carbonize, theorize, emphasize, and many other good words are
found only in Webster.

7 Chastize, Johnson's abridgment : Chastise Johnson's quarto.

8 Civilize and civilisation ! Fenning.-f-

Tumer,s History has this word with z, through several pages, and
then with s, and so alternately !

9 Johnson prefers s, but all his authorities have z / Such is often
the case.

i o Comprize with z, I do not find tho Bearcroft prefers it, on the
authority of Chalmers. My copy, has s, but z is better in every
case, where there can be a doubt.

1 1 Messrs. Dyche, Johnson, Perry, Sheridan, Churchill, Jones,
Walker, Chalmers, Entick, and Browne spell temporize and extemporize
with z, and contemporise with s / Scott and Penning avoid the
contradiction by omitting contemporize, and Allinson has temporise
and contemporise with s, and extemporize with z! Barclay has uni-
formly z, and in this, as in many other cases, shows his superior tact.

i 2 In crystaiize, equalize, ffanquilize, &c. one 1 is better. See Per-
ry's Rule and Webster's 4to.

APPENDIX.

219

Demephitize, wb.
Denarcotize,WB.
Denationalize, c. wb
Deputize, wb.
Detonize, d. j. w. c. py. wb

Dialogize, wb.
Disauthorize, br. wb.

Despise, b. j. w.

Devise, b. j. w.

Disauthorise, w.-[-j.-r-
Disfranchise, -1 8 w.
Disguise, b. j. w.
Divertise,14 w. c.

c.

Dogmatise,
Economise, py.
Electrise, c.

Enfranchise,1 3

Documentize, m.
Dogmatize, b. j. w py. wb.
Dramatize, wb. x 6
Economize, c. wb. not in w
Egotize, w.
Electrize wb.
Emphasize, wb. only !
Endenize, d. w. wb.
Energize, c. w.

Enterprize, b. d. a.
Epicurize, c.
Epistolize, c.
Epitomize, b.
Equalize, b. br. wb.
Eternalize, b. w. c.
Eternize, b. j + br. w.c.
Eulogize, c. not in w. !
Evangelize, b. d. c. w.

Exercize, b. folio under cap

verses.

\ 3 The last syllable is short, and the final e might be spared as in
emphasis, and more than a hundred others.

1 4 The last syllable is short in Walker, but accented, and conse-
quently long in Chalmers.

i 5 Dogmatise and dogmatizer ! Chalmers.-^-
i 6 Dramatise is not in Walker or Chalmers.

i 7 Walker has eternalize and eternize with *, in his Pronouncing
Dictionary, and with st in his Rhyming Dictionary !

Enterprise, m. j. wr. w. wb.

Epitomise, d. j. wr. w.
Equalise, d. wr. w.
Eternalise,17 j.+ wr.-J-
Eternise, wr.+

Excise, b. j. c. w.
Exercise, b. j. c. w.

220

APPENDIX.

Exorcize, m.
Extemporize, ,8
Familiarize, d. j. w. py. c.
Fertilize, d. j. w. py. c.
Formalize, b, d. j. w. c.

Fraternize, c.
Gallicize, p.

Galvanize, p.
Gargarize, d. j. py. w.
Genealogize, p.!
Generalize, c. w. py.
G£ntilize, c.
Geometrize, w. c.
Gluttonize, b. p. a. py.
Gormandize, 2 ° d. j. w. py,
Grammaticize, wb.

Harmonize, d. j. w. py.
Heathenize, c.
Heavenize, c. „
Herbalize, d. wb.
Herbarize, c.
Herborize, wb. Gray.
Humanize, b. d. j. \v.
Idolatrize, d. w. py. wb.
Idolize, b. d. j. w. py.
Immortalize, b. d. j. w. py.
Italianize, a. c. py.
Italicize, wb. not in w. !
Journalize, d. c. not in w. !
Judaize, d. j. w. py.
Latinize, d. j. w. py.
Legalize, d. j. w. py.
Liberalize, py.
Magnetize, wb.
Mainprize, b.= m.= h. w.

i 8 See note on Contemporize.

Exorcise, b. j. w. py.

Franchise, ,6w.

Galliardise, b. w.

Glutlonise, d. j. w. c«

Grammaticise, c.
Guise, b. d. j. c.

Italicise, c.

Mainprise, c. a. py.

i 9 See note on Disfranchise.
2 o Also gourmandize, gourmand, Fr. a glutton, Chalmers,.

APPENDIX,

221

Melodise, wb. 12 mo.
Merchandise,22 w.-j- py.

Methodise ,d. j.-fc- w. pv.

Modernise, j. py c.
Monarchise, j. w. c. A. py.

Moralise, 2 3 c ^-

Materialize, w. c. py.
Melancholize, c.
Memorize, w py. ws.[Todd.
Memorialize,21 wb. not in
Melodize, not in Todd.
Merchandize, b. m.
Meteorize, b. c.
Methodize, b. m. j. c. p.
Mercurialize, c.
Mineralize, wb.
Miniardize, c.
Modernize, br. w.
Monarchize, wb.
Monopolize, b. d. j. w. c. py.
Moralize, b. d. j. w. py.
De-moralize, c -{- wb.
Mysterize, d. j. w. py.
Mythologize, j. w. py.
Nationalize, c.
De-nationalize, wb.
Naturalize, b. d. j. br. w. c.
Organize, b. d. j. w. py.
Dis-organize, c. not in w. !
Re-organize, p. not in w. !
Oxidize, p.
Panegyrize, b. d. w.
Paralyze, w. py.
Paralogize, b. m. d. w.
Partialize, w. py.
Particularize, b. d. j. w. py.
Patronize, b. m. p. A. wr.
Peculiarize, c.
Pedantize, c.
Personize, c.
Philologize, py. c.
Philosophize,B. d. j. w. c. py.

2 i Though this word is not found in Chalmers and Walker, yet a
valiant officer in the army or navy would not like to lose his privilege
of menorializing his sovereign, as a preliminary to his promotion for
past services.

22 Merchandize Walker with s, and under trader with z !

a 3 Moralise and demoralize ! Chalmers.

t2

Naturalise, wr.

Patronise, d. j. br. w.
Pedantise, b.

222

APPENDIX.

Phlebotomize, d. j. c. py.
Plagiarize, p.
Platonize, c. wb.
Poetize, d. j.
Polarize, p.
De-polarize, wb.

Prize, b. d. j. w.
Prophetize, j. w.
Pulverize, j. wr. py= c.
Puritanize, c.
Pyritize, p.
Realize, j. w. py.
Recognize, b.m. wb.

Reprize, b. A.
Revolutionize,25 wb.
Rhetorize, c.
Romanize, d. j. w/c.
Royalize, d. j. wb.
Satirize, d. j. br. py. wr.
Sanctuarize, c. wr.
Saxon ize, Bosworth.
Scandalize, b. d. j. w. py.
Schismatize, b. j.
Scrutinize, b. d. j. w.
Secularize, b. d. j. py. w.
Sensualize, d. j. py. w. c.
Sentimentalize, p.
Sermonize, b. d. w. py.
Severalize, c.
Signalize, b. d. j. py. w.
Singularize, j. py.
Sirenize, c.
Size, b. d. j. py. w.
Solemnize, b. d. j. w. py.

Phlebotomise, b. w.

Poetise, b.

Premise, b. j. w.

Prophetise,c.
Pulverise, 2 4 w,-j-

Recognise, b. d. j. br.py.
Revise, b. j. w.
Rise, b. j. w.
Reprise, p. w.

Royalise, w.
Satirise,26 w.-j-
Sanctuarise, wr. w. p \\

2 4 Pulverize, wr. pulverise, w. and pulverization, w !
2 5 This antimonarchiai word is not in Todd,
2 6 Satyrize, Bailey.

APPENDIX.

223

Sovereignize, c.
Specialize, c.
Spermatize, wr. w. c. py.
Spiritualize, b. d. j. pt. w.
Sterilize, d. j. w.
Stigmatize, b. d. j. py. w.
Subsidize, c.
Subtilize, b. d. j. w. c. py.

Surprize,2 7 b. m. d. py.

Sycophantize, b. m. d.
Syllogize, b. j. py. c. w.
Symbolize, b.d.j.m.py.c.w.
Symmetrize, w.
Sympathize, b. d. j. py. w. c.
Symphonize c.
Synonimize ?2 8

Synchronize, c.
Syncopize, c.
Systematize, w. c. py.
Systemize, wb.
Tantalize, b. d. j. py.
Tartarize, b. d. j. w.
Temporize2 9 d. j. w.
Thesaurize, b.
Theorize, wb. only !

Supervise, b. d. j. w.
Surmise, b. d. j. w.
Surprise, m.= j. w.
Survise, c.
Sycophantise, d. br. c. py.

Synonomise, j. h. s.
Synonymise^B. d. w. py. c.ch.
[a. js.

Systematise, d.

2 7 Johnson's Dictionary has s, but he wrote z in surprize.

2 8 Synonimize. None of the dictionaries have z in tiiis word, tho
it evidently ought to be in it, if in any word derived from Greek. The
authors differ between o andy, in the third syllable. Fenning gives
synonimous, synonima. Johnson has synonimes in his preface. Both
sinonimous and anonimous, and all their cognates, would be better
with i, by the 6th Rule. The spelling with o, insted of y was a mis-
print in Johnson, as appears by the position of the word, o being
placed after y, and this like many other mistakes, has been often
copied. No authors are. free from errors of this kind. Martin, Bailey,'
Ash, and Perry have done much towards correcting the language, but
much more remains to be done. Dr. Webster will do more than all
his predecessors.

2 9 See note on Contemporize.

224

APPENDIX.

Tranquillize, A. c. notin w.
Tranquilize ? Perry's Rule.
Tyrannize
Uncivilize, w.
Vaporize, wb.
Verbalize, b. d. py. w.
Villanize, b.j.py.w.

Vocalize, c.

Vocalise, w.

Volatilize, b. j. py. w. c.

Vulgarize, c.

Warrantize, b.

Warrantise, j. w. c.fr, py.

Wise, w.

Womanize

Womanise, w.

CE like ZE.

Sacrifice

Sacrifise, o.30

Suffice

Suffise, o.

Tyrannise, b. d. j. w.c.

3^) The old spelling is less anomolous, according to the pronun-
ciation, than the modern.

From this review of these terminations, it appears that
the great majority of words have z, which is to be pre-
ferred in doubtful cases. Most of the authors seem not
to know which form is right, or which is wrong. Out of
three hundred, there are only thirteen or fourteen that
are not better spelt with z, and it would be a useful im-
provement to use z invariably. This class of words is
constantly increasing, and almost every periodical publi-
cation shows us new forms, especially as this termination
is so frequently used in the popular sciences of Chimistry
and Mineralogy ; where many may be found, which are
not yet collected into dictionaries.

The above list is nearly double of the original, and
more might be added. Wherever Walker's authority is
not quoted, the word is not in his book. A glance at
these will show, how extremely defective is that work,
which many suppose to be a perfect standard. More
than ninety of these words will be sought in vain.

APPENDIX.

22b

Words in which the final consonant is often improperly
doubled. These words are corrected, by Rule 26, on
the authority of WALKER, PERRY and WEBSTER,
as explained in Letter 36. N. B. Where the words in
the second and third columns are different, each one mav
be repeated.

Primitives.

Regular Derivatives.

Improper Forms.

un-apparel
barrel

apparel ed
barrel ed

apparel 1 ed
barrel 1 ing

bevel

bevel ing

bevel 1 ed

em-bowel

bowel ed

bowel 1 ing

un-cancel

cancel ed

cancel 1 ing

cancel ated

cancel 1 ation

carol

carol ed

carol 1 ing

cavil

cavil ed

cavil 1 ing

cavil er

cavil 1 ation

cavil ous

cavil 1 ous

channel

channel ed

channel 1 ing

chizel *

chizel ed

chizel 1 ing

council

council or

council 1 or

counsel

counsel ed

counsel 1 able

counsel ing

counsel 1 or

cudgel
crystal1

cudgel er
crystal ine
crystal ine
crystal ization

cudgel 1 ing
crystal 1 ite
crystal 1 ized
crystal 1 izable

dial

crystal ography
dial ing

crystal 1 ographer
dial 1 ist

dishevel

dishevel ed

dishevel 1 ing

drivel

drivel er

drivel 1 ing

duel

duel ing

duel 1 ist

duel ed

duel 1 er

em-pannel
eri-amel

em-pannel ed
en-amel ed

em-pannel 1 ing
en-amel 1 ing

en-amel ar

en-amel 1 er

co-un-equal

equal ed

equal 1 ing

i Many of these, being in other respects variable, are repeated in
the general list, to show the authorities, which the reader is desired
to consult.

226

APPENDIX.

Primitives.

Regular Derivatives.

Improper Forms.

equal ize

equal 1 ity

gambol

gambol ed

gambol 1 ing

gospel

gospel er

gospel 1 ed

gravel2

gravel ly

gravel 1 ing

grovel

grovel er

grovel 1 ing

hansel

hansel ed

hansel 1 ing

hatchel

hatchel ed

hatchel 1 ing

hovel

hovel ed

hovel 1 ing

housel

housel ing

housel 1 ed

jewel

jewel ed

jewel 1 ing

jewel er

jewel 1 er

jewel ery

jewel 1 ery

jewel ry

jewel 1 ry

un-kennel

kennel ing

kennel 1 ed

kernel

kernel ed

kernel 1 ing

label

label ed

label 1 ing

laurel

laurel ed

laurel 1 ed

level

level er

level 1 ing

libel

libel er

libel 1 ing

libel ous

libel 1 ed

marshal

marshal ing

marshal 1 ed

marshal er

marshal 1 eth

marvel

marvel ous

marvel 1 ed

marvel ing

marvel I er

new-model

model er

model 1 ed

model ed

model 1 ing

nousel

nousel ed

nousel 1 ing

parcel

parcel ing

parcel 1 ed

pencil

pencil ed

pencil 1 ing

pistol

pistol ed

pistol 1 ing

postil

postil ed

postil 1 ing

postil er

postil 1 ion

pulvil

pulvil ed

pulvil 1 ing

pummel

pummel ing

pummel 1 ed

quarrel

quarrel er

quarrel 1 ing

quarrel ed

quarrel 1 eth

un-ravel

ravel ed

ravel 1 ing

revel

revel er

revel 1 ed

a In gravel-ly and grave-ly, the termination is simply added to the
end of the words, as in all other cases.

APPENDIX.

25

Primitives.

Regular Derivatives.

Improper Forms.

revel ing

revel 1 eth

revel ry

revel 1 ry

re-victual

victual er

victual 1 ing

victual ed

victual 1 eth

un-rival

rival er

rival 1 ed

rival ry

rival 1 ing

rivel

rivel ed

rivel 1 ing

rowel

rowel ed

rowel 1 ing

shovel

shovel er

shovel 1 ing

shovel ed

shovel 1 eth

shrivel

shrivel ing

shrivel 1 ed

snivel

snivel ing

snivel 1 er

snivel ed

snivel 1 eth

tassel

tassel ed

tassel 1 ing

tinsel

tinsel ing

tinsel 1 ed

un-trammel

trammel ed

trammel 1 ing

tranquil

tranquil ize

tranquil 1 ity

travel

travel er

travel 1 ed

travel ing

travel 1 eth

tunnel

tunnel ed

tunnel 1 ing

wool

wool en

wool 1 en

wool ed

wool 1 ed

wool ly

worship

worship er

worship p er

worship ed

worship p ed

worship ing

worship p ing

worship eth

worship p eth

bias

bias ed

bias s ed

un-bias

bias ing

bias s ing

canvas1

canvas ed

canvas s ed

un-canvas

canvas ing

canvas s ing

carcas '

carcas es

carcas s es

cutlas

cutlas es

cutlas s es

compas1

compas ed

compas s ing

compas er

compas s eth

trespas1

trespas ing

trespas s er

atlas

atlas es

embarras w.

embarras ing

embarras s ed

embarras ment

embarras s ment

228

APPENDIX.

"i

Primitives.

Regular Derivatives.

Improper Forms.

wagon

wagon er, j.

wagon n er, j. ab.

benefit

benefit ed, wb.

bene fit t ed

benefit ing

benefit t ing

bigot

bigot ed, j.w.

bigot t ed

un-bigot ed

un-bigot t ed, j. w.

buffet

buffet ed

buffet t ed

buffet ing

buffet t ing

cam let

camlet ed, wb.

camlet t ed, c.

carburet

carburet ed

carburet t ed

closet

closet ed

closet t ed

rivet

rivet ed

rivet t ed

rivet ing

rivet t ing

3 Unbigotted. This is one of the errors in Johnson, which Walker
condemned, and yet — retained ! It also is in the New- York Stereotype,
and Chalmers.

4 Benefit. The reason of dropping the t of Jilted, when compounded
with bene, is that the accent is changed to the first syllable.

5 Wagon-ner, Johnson's Abridgment. This is one of the misprints
which Johnson corrected in his great dictionary, fourth edition, but
which Walker overlooked, and inserted the misprinted form in his
dictionary, where it still stands even in the New-York stereotype edi-
tion.

prefer
refer

infer

transfer

suffer

preferable,B.j.w.E.c.
referable,!!, c. wb.

inferible, u. c. wb.

tranferable, w.wr.c.
untranferable, c.
sufferable,B.j.E.BR.w,

referrible, b.j.d.js.e.
referible, wr.[br.w.c.
inferrible, w. js. mc.
inferible, j.f e.br.c.
transferable, e. wb.
untransferrable,E.wB.
[l2mo.

These five words are all found in their proper form in Chalmers,
but other authors appear to have copied from Bailey, and from each
other, without attention to analogy. Of the Jour form6, one only can
be right. Mr. Walker has three of them right, and Chalmers and
Webster have corrected the other two ; Johnson, Chalmers, Barclay
and Entick have three forms, and Entick and Webster's 12 mo. have
the fourth; Mr. Walker has three forms, he altered one of Johnson's
for the worse, and one of Entick's for the better. See his note on
transferable, and Entick's Dictionary.

REMARKS.

More might easily be added to this list, but these are
sufficient to illustrate the rule. It will be observed that
the words in the third column are corrected by omitting
the superfluous letter between the spaces.

APPENDIX.

229

Words in which the letters F, L, N, S, are improperly
doubled before i having the sound of y, or y consonant, as
it is sometimes called. See Rule 23, and Letter 50.

Primitives,
ruf, Saxon.
battel, old form.
rascal
gai or gala
hale or haul
ramp

scalogna, Italian.
medal

stalon, French.
rebel

ball and yard
bis-mille, hat.

French.

postil,post,.Lf. after

French.

mille, Lat. 1000
tris-mille, Lat.

French.

pilus, Lat. hair
model
vermil
cole or coal

French.

coglione, Italian.
sculier, French.

Gentoo?

panis, Lat. bread
rogne,or royne, Fr.
trognon, Fr.

Lat.

Lat.

Regular Derivatives.

ruf ian
battal ion, wb.
rascal ion, j. py.

gal iard

ha! iards
rampal ion

seal ion
medal ion

stal ion
rebel ion

bil iards

bil ion ;

bril iant
postil ion, py.
cotil ion

mil ion

tril ion
pavil ion, py.c

pil ion
modil ion, d. j.
vermil ion, py. c

col ier

bul ion

cul ion

scul ion

ban ian, wb.

pan iers

run ion

trun ion
abcis ion1
recis ion^M.j.

Improper

ruff

battal 1

rascal I

gall

hall

rampal 1

seal 1

medal 1

stal 1

rebel 1

bill

bill

brill

postil 1

cotil 1

mill

trill

pavil 1

pill

modil 1

vermil 1

col 1

bull

cull

scul 1

ban n

pann

run n

trun n

abscis s

rescis s ion

Forms.

an

on

on

ard

ards

an,aJ.

on

on

on

on

ards

on

ant

on

on & on

on

on

on

on

on & on

on

er

on

on

on

an, c.

ers

on

on

on

i See General List.
Ton would be a more analogical form of this word.
U

230

APPENDIX.

Words in
rejected in
which have

Primitives.
tithe
shake

rebuke

sale

reconcile

inflame
blame

tame

tune

desire

measure

pleasure

which the e final of the primitive, is properly
derivatives before able. N. B. For those
c and g, see note on Letter 33, page 170.

Regular Derivatives,
tithable, b. m. c.
shakable, an.
un-shakable,1 w.-
rebukable, c.
un-rebukable,B.c. A. m-
salable,1 w.-
unsalable,1 w.~
reconcilable, c.
irreconcilable, b. j. c
irreconcilably, w.~ c.
unreconcilable, w.- c
reconcilableness, c.
irreconciIableness,B.c.
inflamable, an.

Improper Forms,
titheable, j. w.-
shakeable
un-shakeable, c. A.
rebukeable,
un-rebukeable
saleable, b. m. j. c.
unsaleable, m. c.
reconcileable, b. j. c.
irreconcileable,B.M.F.
irreconcilably, b.
unreconcileable, j. m.
reconcileableness,B.c

blamable,j. wb.
unblamable, j. c, wb
blamably, j. c. wb.
blamableness, c. wb.
tamable, w.-
untamable, m.^- w.
untamableness
tunable, b. j. wb.
untenable, j. wb.
desirable, d. j. br.
undesirable, j. b.
measurable, j. wb.
immeasurable, j. wb.
unmeasurable, A. b.
pleasurable, A.
pleasurableness, A.

irreconcileableness
inflameable, b. j.
inflammable, j.
blameable, b. m. wb.
unblameable, m.br.p.
blameably
blameableness, b.
tameable,^ m. j. c>
untameable,J. c.-jf-
untameableness, a.
tuneable, m.
untuneable, m.
desireable
undesireable
measureable [12 mo.
immeasureable, wb.
immeasurable,
pleasureable, b.
pleasureableness

i See Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, p. xv.

t Mr. Chalmers has forgotten his rule in tameable, hateable, chas-
tiseable, appeaseableness, saleable, unsaleable unshakeable and lose*
able.

APPENDIX.

231

Primitives.

Regular Derivatives.

Improper Forms.

appease

appeasable,2 b.c.wb.

appeaseable

appeasableness,B.WB.

appeas^ableness, c.p.

unappeasable, J.

unappeaseable

purchase

purchasable, A.-

purchaseable

advise

advisable, b« j. wb.

adviseable, b. m. f.

unadvisable, c.

unadviseable

advisableness, b. wb.

advfceableness

devise

devisable, c.

deviseable

excise

excisable,3 m. c.

exciseable, e.

demise

demisable, wb.

demiseable

despise

despisable, b.br.j.e.

despiseable, d.

despisableness, b.

despiseableness

chastise

chastisable, wb.

chastiseable, c.

lose

losable,4 an.

loseable, j. wr. c. A.

dispose

disposable, c.

disposeable

oppose

opposable, p. Nat. His.

opposeable

impose

imposable, c. wb.

imposeable, d. j.

suppose

supposable, b. m. j.

supposeable

excuse

excusable, b.

excuseable, m.

inexcusable, b. j.

inexcusable

excusableness, b. c.

excuseableness

accuse

accusable, b. j.

accuseable

refuse

refusable, c.

refuseable

bate

batable, b. br. wb.

bateable

abatable, wb.

abateable, wb. small.

debatable, j. wb.

debateable

hate

hatable, an.

hateable, c.

palate

palatable, c.

palateable

unpalatable, c.

unpalateable

rate

ratable, j. py. c.

ratable

dilate

dilatable, wb.

dilateable

taste

tastable, c.

tasteable

sute, m.

sutable, m.

swtable, j.

converse

conversable, j. b.

conversable,

a Mr. Chalmers has appeasable and appeaseableness which he de-
fines reconcileable and reconcileableness, making three contradic-
tions! !!

3 Excisable and chastiseable ! Chalmers-^-

« Loseable and provable ! Chalmers.-\-

* Hateable and ratable ! Chalmers.-^-

232

APPENDIX.

Primitives.
reverse

prove

Regular Derivatives.
reversable, an.

irreversable, AN.
movable,7 g. wb.
movably, c.
raovableness, c.
immovable, j. q.
immovably, j. c.
immovableness, c.
immovability, c.
irremovable, c.
removable, j. w. c.
unremovable, w. c.
unremovableness, c.
unremovably, c.
immovable, c.
amoval, c. wb.
removal, j. c. w.
provable, c. wb.
provably, c.
approvable, j. wb.
improvable, j. w. c.
iraprovably, j. w. c.
improvableness,j.w.c
improvability, c.
irreprovable, c.
irreprovably, c.
reprovable, j. w.
unimprovable, j. w.
unimprovableness, j
unreprovable, j.w.m.
unreprovableness,AN
approval, c.
approvance, c. wb.
disapproval, wb.

Improper Forms.

reversible, j. b.
reverseable, m.
irreversible, b. m. j.
moveable, b. j. w.
moveably, j. w. [br.
moveableness, b.j. w.
immoveable, b. w.
immoveably, b. w.
immoveableness, b.
immoveability
irremoveable, j. w.
removeable, b.
un re moveable, j. w.
unremoveableness
unremoveably, j.
unmoveably, j. m.
amoveal
removeal

proveable, j. w. py
proveably
approveable, f.
improveable, b.
im proveably
improveableness
iraproveability
irreproveable, b.j.w.
irreproveably
reproveable, b.
unimproveable
unimproveableness
unreproveable, b.
unreproveableness, b.
approveal
approveance
disapproveal

« Conversable and reversible ! Johnson.-)- copied from Bailey.

7 The words movable, provable and their compounds are con-
tradictory in nearly all the Dictionaries. Chalmers has uniformly
omitted the e, Bailey and Martin usually retain it, Johnson and
Walker are about equally divided, having made as many contradic-
tions as possible. Walker expressly approves of the e, in his Pronoun-

APPENDIX.

233

Primitives.
seize
size

Regular Derivatives.
seizable,8 m. c. a.
sizable,

m. c. w.

sizableness, an.

Improper Forms,
seizeable

sizeable, b.j.c.py.w.
sizeableness, py. A.

cing Dictionary, and disapproves of it, in his Rhyming Dictionary,
where he has drawn out Dr. Johnson's contradictions, ten on one
side, and nine on the other, and says he did not dare to alter them !
Johnson's authority is, therefore, the same as Walker's, where W. is
not quoted.

8 Sizeable and seizable ! Dictionaries. -f-

A General Collection of Words of variable spelling, in
which those of the best usage, are printed in Roman cha-
racter, and those which are preferred, are placed in the
first column.

Abay, b. a. Rl 4.
abayance, b.
abbot, b. m.
abby, d. c. Rl 7.
abetter, j. c. Rl 18.

abridgment, b. m. j. w. wb.
acknowledgment,B.j. w.c.wb
adjudgment, wb.
judgment, b. j. c. Rl 23.
misjudgment, c.
prejudgment, an.
lodgment, m.
abcision ? Rl 23.
recision,3 m. j. w.

abyss, j. wb.
accessory,1 b. d. j, wb.

abet/, b.=
abeyance, b.=
abbat,B.= m.=.
abbey, d.= wb.
abettor, b. wb.
abetor, m.
abridgement, c.
acknowledgement, todd.
adjudgement, c.4-
judgement, b.-J- w.-f-
misjudgement
prejudgement, c.
lodgement, c.-J- J.-fr- w.-j.
abscission, j. wb.
rescission, m. Br. py.
recission, h.—
rescision, m=
abys, m.
accessary, m. d.-b.=j.=

i I do not find acknowledgement with the e, in any dictionary but
Todd's, tho Bearcroft prefers it. See Letter 34.

2 Johnson has corrected recision, and abcision ought to follow an-
alog}', as con- de- ex- in- pre- re- inter- circum-cision. See Letter 50.

u2

234 APPENDIX.

accooter, wb. 12 mo.

account, b.- j. c. Rl 24.
accrue, M. b. j. Rl 12.
acheve,2 b. R124.

acheveraent, Analogy.

acronical,3 M.Buewb. R123

acronically, al. wb.

acrostic, m. wb. py. buc. wr,
distic, an. Rl 2,

hemistic, wb. py. wr.
hexastic, py. wr. d.

pentastic, wr.
monostic, an.
actress, b. c. Rl 23.
ado, m. adoo ?
adultress, d. Rl 23.
advoutry, J. c wb. Rl 8.

abvouzen, A.
advouson,5 A. Rl 8.
adz, wb. c. Rl 23.

afraid, j. c. Rl 23

agast,1 b. m. j. A. wb. Rl 23,

accouter, wb- 4to.
accoutre9 Fr.
accompt, j=s
accrew ,b.=
achieve, b. wb.
atchieve, B.r=
achievement, j.
achievement, Br.
.acronycal, j.
acronychal, b. f. d.
acronychally , f.
acrony colly, a. c.
, acrostick, B.-f- j.-f- h.+
, distichfC.-jrJ.X b. X h. X py. X
hemistich, h. X [sr.

hexastichjH.x
hexastick, b. x c«x
pentastick, h.x
monostich,* py.x wr.
actoress
adoe, M.=s
adulteress, j. c.
advowtry, b.-
advoutrie, b.
avowtry, b.
advowsen^B.s= Br. =
advowson, j. c.
adze, b. m.
addice, b. m. j.
affraid, b.
aghast, b.= c.
agazed, a.=

i The distinction, sometimes attempted between the two forms of
this word, is unauthorized and useless.

2 Acheve, from the Fr. achever, is the proper spelling of this word,
tho not the usual form. There is no t in the original.

3 Omitted by S. W. Js. !

4 It will be observed that all these authors contradict themselves
in this class of words.

« Ash spells this word five ways advouson, advouzen, aduowson,
advoiosen, advowxen.

APPENDIX.

235

agouty, b. c. br. wb. Rl 6.

agen, j. c. (Saxon.) Rl 23.
aggroop, wb.- Rl 24.

groop, wb.-

ail, b. Rl 5.

ailing, b.

airy, hawk's nest, b.m. D.Br. c.

aile, d. wb. Lat.ala, a wing,
ile, j. br, d. Rl 23
ake,2 so headake, heartake
toothake, boneake.
aker, b. wb.
alarm, b. g.
alas, b. c.

alcade, b. wb. Rl. 9.
alcaly,3 br. f. Rls 6, 13.

caly, an. Rl 17.
alcaline, b. Rl 17.
alcalize, b. a. 17.
alcalizate, b.
alcahest, b. c. wb. Rl. 17.

alcanet, an. Rl 17.

agouti, p

agoty, wb.

again, b. c. wb.-

aggroup, j. c. wb'.

aggroupe, b.

group, wb.

ayl, b. 24th edition.

ay ling, b.

aerie, br. aire, b.

eyry, j. d. br. eyrie, b. m.

ayry, b. j.

aisle, j. c. d.= wb.

isle, b. j. d.

ache, j. x c.x

ach, d.=

acre, j. wb.

alarum, b. =

alaSS, WAKEFIELD.

alcaid, c. alcalde, b.
alcali, b. m.
alkaly, m. buc.
alkali, j. c. wb.
kali, c.
alkaline, c.
alkalize, wb.
alkalizate, c. b.= wb.
alkahest, b.= m. wb.
alchaest, h.
alkanet, c wb.
alkannet, bs. ency.

i The omission of silent h, in this word is right, and will authorize
the correction of the following words of the same family. There is
no h in the Saxon original. Gastful, gastfully, gastly, B. gastliness,
gastness, B. gost, B. gostly, gostliness, gostlike, gasted.

2 Walker specially prefers ake, (see k in his preface,) and gives
headocA, heartocA, toothac/i, bellyac/iE, following Johnson. O^ Let
it be remembered that I quote Mr. Walker's own Dictionary, for in the
reprints these words vary. In Chalmers they stand thus, headacA,
heartachE, toothac/iE, boneachR, bellyac/iE. Dyche follows Johnson,
but omits bellyache. Such specimens of inconsistency are very fre-
quent in all our Dictionaries. We hope for better things when Dr.
Webster's great work appears.

3 Alan Arabic particle, Bailey.

236

APPENDIX.

alcanna, wb. Rl 17.
alchimy, wb.
akhimistj wb.
alchimistry, wb-
alchimical, wb.
alcohol, b. wb. Rl 1 7.

alcoran, b. c. buc. wb.

coran,3 an. Rl 17.
alembic, j. wb.

alien, d. wb.
aliped, wb. Rl. 23.
capriped, wb.
biped, wb.
quadruped, wb.
soliped, wb.
centiped, wb.
railliped,5 wb. w.
palmiped, wb.

alhenna, wb.
alkenna, wb.
alchymy, j. c.
alchemy, A.
alchymist, j. c.
alchemist, h.
alchymistry, j. w.

alchymical, j. c.
alchemical, p.
alcahol, b.
alchohol, m.
alkohol,2 encyc.
alchoran, m.
alkoran, encyc. wb.
koran, c. wb.
alembick,4 c.
limbeck, j.
aliene, b. wb.
alipede. b.
capripede, b.
bipede, o.
quadrupede, o.
solipede, wr.
centipede, wr.
millipedes, j.
palmipede, wr.

i So also chimisi, chimistry, &c Wb. These Arabic words should
assume an English dress, which requires c beforea, o, u, and k before
e, t, y. Al-chimistry with i is given on the authority of Dr. Webster,
but not his old dictionary. In French and other languages of Europe
it is i, and this nearly agrees with Johnson ; i and y being substitutes
for each other. See" Walker on Chymist. The ch in these words
would have been better k, kimist,kimistry, like al-kermes, al-kekengy.

2 Brewster's Encyclopedy.

s Many dictionaries have al-coran and koran, al-caly and kali-f-
Such errors should be corrected without hesitation.

4 It is to be observed that no notice, in general, is taken, in this
list, of the antiquated final A-. A dozen of our best dictionaries re-
ject it, and among them Walker's Rhyming Dictionary.

* Millifed, Wb. Walker corrects this word and recommend*
Milliped, as above.

APPENDIX.

237

plumipedj wb.
multiped,1 wb.
allege, j.
alloy, b. wb.
allegany, wb. 12mo.
allunge, an. R. 8.
lunge, wb.
ally, m.= c.
almanac, b. Br. d. e. wr.
altbo, wb.
alum, m. c. b. wb,
aluminous, b.
always, j. c. wb.
amasment, j.
ambergris, w. wb.

so verdigris, w. py.

amend, wb.
amendment, wb.
amid, wb. among, wb.
amoor, wb. 12 mo. Rl 24.
amphitheater, wb. Rl 24.
theater, wb. m. = b.- Rl 24.
analize,3 b. folio,
paralize, wb. 12 mo.
anastrophy, wb.
catastrophy, wb.
apostrophy, wb.
strophy, an.
antistrophy, wb. wr.

plumipede, wr.
mutlipede, wr.
alledge,wb.
allay, of metals*.
alleghany, wb.
ullonge, b. c.
longe, c.
allie, m.-

almanac&, j. c. wb.
although, j.
allum,2 h.
alluminous, h.
alway, wb.
amassment, wb.
ambergrise, m.
ambergreess, m.
ambergrease, A. b.
ambergreece, A.
ambre-gris, Fr. b.
emend, c.
emendation, c.
amidst, wb. amongst, wb.
amour, Fr. j. c. wb.
amphitheatre, c.
theatre, c.
analyze, c.
paralyze, c.
anastrophe, 4 wr.
catastrophe, wr.
apostrophe, wr.
strophe, wb. wr. x
antistrophe, m.

i Walker prefers these words without the e final. See his notes
on centiped,

2 One of many instances in which B. folio is superior to the abridg-
ments, tho H. intended to correct the errors of the common editions,
and says he has done it.

3 There is a prevailing disposition to change y into i, hence Jonks
.has dialisis. Analisis, and paralis will probably follow.

4 All these Greek words should end in y, or reject e.

6 Walker's Rhyming Dictionary spells only one of these words,
with y, and Webster only one with e !

238

APPENDIX.

anagraph, AN.

epigraph, c.

paragraph, d. j. wr. Rl 24.

apograph, j. wr. w.

monograph, p.

apograph, d.

ancestral, p. c.

anchoret, b. m. j. a.

ancient, b.= Rl 19.
ancientry, b.
antic, m.- wb. Rl 24.
ancle, b. = m. Rl 17.
uncle, j.

antechamber, b. a. wb.
antilope,3 b.
antitype

anterior,3 wb. wr.
posterior, j. wr. w.
exterior, j. wr. w.
interior, wr. wb.
superior,4 wr. w.
inferior, wr.
citerior, An.
ulterior, wb.
apostasy, j. A. Rl 20.
R124.
apostem, d.

anagraphe, b. a.

epigraphe, b. x d«x j X wr- X

paragraphe, b.

autography 1

monography

apographe

ancestrel, b. j.

anachoreta, b.

anchor ete, h.

anchorite, j. a.

anachoret, d.

anachorete, j.

anachorite, j.

antient, d.= anshent, b.

anchentry, j.= w.=

antique, j.

ankle, j. f.—

unkle, J.=

antichamber, b. b j. m.

antelope, b.«= d.= c.

antitype

anteriour, j.x w.x

posteriour

exteriour

interiour, j.x w.x

superiour, j. x

inferiour, J.x w«x

citeriour

ulteriour

apostacy, B.

apostasis, b. a.

apostemef b.= j. wb.

i Autography, B. and M.

2 Antilope, Turton's Linne and Cuvier.

3 See note at the end of A. in this list.

4 Johnson has two of these words in or, and four in our ! Walk-
er has three in or, and three in our thus contradicting himself as much
as possible ! !

5 These words afford an example of that discrepance between the
different parts of Johnson's Dictionary which very often occurs.

APPENDIX. 2d

apostume, b. j. x

apostema, b.

aposthume, d.=

impostume, b. m. c.

imposthume,. jx D«

apostemate, wb.

imposthumate, j.X

apostemation, j.

imposthumation, J*X

apozem, b. c. Rl 15.

aposem, w.

apothem,1 wb. Rl 24.

apothegm, d.-

apophthegm/ A.-

appal, A. py.

appa^,wb. appale,B.

appalment, p,

appalement, b. w.

appareled, A. py. Rl 26.

apparelled, Bible.

apposit, wb. 12 mo. Rl 11.

apposite, j.

apprize, to value, wb.

appraise, j.

apprise, to inform, wb.

apprizer, wb.

appraiser, j.

apprizement, wb.

appraisementt J.

apricot, j.

apricock, j.=

abricot, j.

abricock, c.

appertinent, j.

appertinant, 1 error

so also pertinent

appertenant, 2 errors

impertinent

appertenent, 1 error

abstinent

appwrtenent, 2 errors

continent

appwrtenant,3 c. 3 errors

appwrtinant, 2 errors

appwrtinent, 1 error

appertinence, 4 an.

appertinance, b. 1 error

like pertinence

appertenance, J. 2 errors

impertinence

appertenence, 1 error

abstinence

appwrtinence, 1 error

continence

appwrtinance, 2 errors

i So phlegm and diaphragm anglicized might be phlem or fiem. and
diaphram or diafram, Rule 14.

2 Prize and apprise, to value, contradict, z would be better and so
Mr. Webster's Dictionary will show these words.

s Three mistakes, all that can be, are found in Chalmers.
* Impertinence and appertinence are analogous, but no author has
spelt the latter as it should be, with e, t, e, from Lat. per-u'n-«o.

240

APPENDIX.

arabesk, b.m. Rl 24.

burlesk, b - m. Rl 24.
grotesk, b. m. wb.
picturesk, an. Rl 24.
mosk, b.

cask, a headpiece, b. m.
risk, b. j. m.
sea-risk, p y.
moresk, m.
arc, wb.
argil, b. j.
artizan, m. Rl 15.
partizan, m.
courtezan, b.
denizen, j.- h.b. Br.

archduchess, * j. c. w. py,
duchess, b. wb.
duchy, b. wb.
arras, b. wb.
arrac, d.'p.

arrain, An.

derain, Br. s. d. wb.

arret, c. f.
arretted,4 c.

arquebus, j.

appwrtenence, 2 errors

appwrtenance, b.c.d.3 errors

pwrtenance, j. d. 3 errors

pwrtnance, Bibie. 2 errors.

arabesque, Fr.M .

rebesk, m.

burlesque, Fr.

grotesco, B' grotesque, B.wr.

picturesque, c. wb*

mosque, b. moschey, m.

casque, b. = wr.

risque, b. wr.

sea-risque, J.X py.

moress, b. morisco, b.

ark, of a circle, b.

argill, wb.

artisan, j.

partisan, j.

courtesan, b..

denisen, j.

denison, j. h. c. Br.

denizon, b. m.

archdutchess

dutchess, m. d. j.Xpy. w.xc.

dutchy. b.- m. w.

arrass, h.

arrack, j. arack, j. rack, d.

arac, d. f.

arraign, b. Br.

deraign,B. deraine,H. dereine

deraigne, h. dereigne, b. [b-

arrette, Fr.

arreted, f.

arnotto, c. wb.

annotto, d.

arnatto, c.=

arquebuse, j.= sr. c. wb.

i Dufchess and archduchess! B. J. W. Js. S. &c. Wb. is correct.
2 Pronounced rack, and so spelt by Dyche.
» Arretted doubles the t because it is under the accent.

APPENDIX.

241

arquebuss, d.b. karquebus,u.
harquebuse, m.= wb.
harquebuss, b. m. f. j. wb.
haquibut, B.
haqueyB.H.
hage, c.
haguebut, c.
harquebussier, J.

assafoetida, j.

asafoetida, c.

asafetida, wb. 12 mo.

asbestus, wb. w. =

ashlar, b.

askaunce, b.j^ askaunsep.

ashaunt, j.

askew, b. j x

s&ew, b.

aslaunt, o.

iparrowgrass, w.

cess, j. sess, j.

cessment, j. cense, J.

atteint, h. Fr.

atturraey, b, j.

afforny, b.

attorney, b.— j -

attornies, p. Rl 6.

attorneys ?

avaunt, b.= c. py.

i Ashlar and ashlering ! Dictionaries X

2 This word is variable both in the singular arid plural ; the latter
being more commonly, and I think more correctly written attornies
than attorneys. These eys are obsolescent, and ought to be entirely
rejected. Bailey, as will be seen above, authorizes both corrections
and the word's being derived from turn, as well as the uniform pro
nunciation, indicates u rather than o, in the second syllable. Oandov
Fr. sounded u short in English, ought to be corrected. It is not ex-
pected that the above form will be immediately adopted. Prejudice
is too inveterate to yield to right; but the plural \uies is pretty well es
lablished, and the sigular attorny, B. ought to follow ; accordingly
Bailey has attormship, which is according to Rule 6, and analogous
to penniless, merr'imake, &c.

3 Some have supposed these different words : avant contracted van,
front, and avaunt ! be gone. Bailey decides them to be the 9ame.

V

arquebusier, j.- p. h. wb.
arquebuseer? an.
asa-fetida, wb. Rl 24.

asbestos, b. c. wb. Rl 24.

ashler1

askance, m. j. Rl 3.

askant, m.

askue, j. (under skue) Rl 12,

skue, j. Rl 12.

aslant, m. j. Rl 3.

asparagus, j. b.

assess, wb.

assessment, wb.

attaint, b.

atturny ?« Rls 7. 8.

atturnies ?
avant, m. b. Rl 3.

242

APPENDIX.

auburn, b. Rl 11.

aukward, b. m. f. j. Rl 8.
auger, b. Rl 18.
author/ j.+ in stock.

auburne, j.

abburn, b. abridgment.

awkward f j.-

augar, b.=

authour, j. (in preface.)

i Author, authour, Johnson. Little notice has, thus far, been
taken of this antiquated and very improper mode of spelling words of
this form. The u is rejected by Ash and Webster, and the best and
most extensive modern practice. Cleav eland's Mineralogy, printed at
the University Press, Cambridge, shows odor, color, &c. Walker
decides in favor of honor and favor- Gilchrist decides in the same
way for the whole class. See his Diet. This form makes the simples
and derivatives follow the same rule, as laboR, laborious. Or, os, om,
on, are proper English terminations, as iutoR, asbestos, ransoit, cri-
terion, and they should, in all cases, be preferred. From polysylla-
bles the u is generally rejected, except endeavor, demeanor, and a
few others. The following are the dissyllables. They are corrected
by the 1st Rule, on the authorities abovementioned.

achor, w.
actor, w.
algor, w.
anchor, w.
arbor
ardor
armor
author, w.
bettor, w.
candor
captor, w.
castor, w.
censor, w.
c.essor
clangor
clamor
color

cremor, w.
debtor, w.
doctor, w.
dolor
donor, w.
error, w,-
factor

These are nearly all, and of these, some are never variable ; indeed
the majority of them are never written our by any scholar. It thus
appears that the words, of two syllables, of this class, are nearly
a hundred, of which, according to Walker, thirty-seven only admit the
m, under any circumstances of which number he corrects eight, error
fervor, flavor, favor, honor, honor, tenor, warrior. It must be ob-
served that these words are taken from Walker's Rhyming Dictionary,
where, on account of the similar terminations being arranged together,
there is no danger of typographical errors. It will be remarked that,
in these very words, the u has been retained on Mr. Walker's autho-

favor, w.-

lictor, w.

seignior, w.

fautor, w.

liquor, w.

senior, w.

fervor, w.-

major, w.

splendor

fetor, w.

manor, w.

sponsor, w.

flavor, w.-

mayor, w.

squalor, w.

flexor, w.

minor, w.

stupor, w.

fluor, w,

mirror, w.

succor

fragor, w.

motor, w.

tabor

fulgor

neighbor

tailor, w.

grantor, w.

odor

tenor, w.-

harbor

parlor

tepor, w.

hector, w.

pastor, w.

terror, w.

honor, w.~

pretor, w.

torpor, w.

horror, w.-

proctor, w.

traitor, w.

1 tumor

rancor

tremor

ichor, w.

rector, w.

tumor

junior, w.

rigor

tutor

juror, w.

rumor

valor

labor

sailor, w.

vapor

languor, w.

savor

victor, w.

lector

savior

vigor

lentor, w.

sapor, w.

visor, w.

lessor, w.

scissors, w.

warrior, w.-

APPENDIX. 243

aw, b.- M. Rl 11.

ax, b - m. Br.

ay, (yes,)B. j. w. wb. Rl 11
aye, (ever) b. j. w. wb.

awe, b. j.
axe, b. j.
aye, wb.

rity. Those to whom that was any argument, may now change for
the same reason. The whole number, of words in or, in the language,
is about three hundred, of which the abovementioned thirty-seven, and
the follow'mgfourteen polysyllables, omitting compounds and those of
a different pronunciation, as, paramour, are all that I can find spelt
with our in Johnson and Walker.

inferior i behavior emperor intercessor

superior enamor cognisor ostentator

interior demeanors successor endeavor

exterior governor

i For the contradictions of these words, see page 233.
2 Demeanovr and misdemeanor. ! Johnson and Walker.

Note — Walker's Rhyming Dictionary is a performance of much
more merit and utility than his Pronouncing Dictionary. It is better
inth for orthography and pronunciation, and a revision and correction
of it, might make it one of the most useful books in the language,
to students, writers, and printers.

The class of words in ic or ick are corrected by the 2d Rule, on the
authority of the thirteen following dictionaries, namely: Martin, Ash,
Penning, Entick, Browne, Barclay, Dyche 17th edition, Scott, Perry,
Buchanan, Macredie,* Webster, and Walker. The latter rejects the
k in his writings, in his notes especially, and above all, in his Rhy-
ming Dictionary, where the thing is specially noticed, and the words
placed in the alphabetical series under c, and a particular reference
under k, as follows, namely.

" For those words from the learned languages, formerly written with
k, as critick, publick, musick, (fee. see critic, public, music."

Here again after our servile imitators of European absurdities have
been endeavoring to keep up an antiquated, cumbrous, and vicious
orthography, the very authority on which they chiefly depended is
found to be exactly on the other side, fgnorant subservience to fo-
reign authorities, -and blind imitations of prescriptive errors is crimi-
nal in those who have the means of better information. Dr. Webster,
for his great and long continued exertions in the cause of reform,
deserves, and will no doubt receive, the lasting gratiteide of his country-
men.

* A neat little book without a name, made by a society of teachers
in Scotland. The printer's name is Macredie.

244

APPENDIX,

Babler, m. '
bafler ? An.
bacheler, b.

bailif, c.

balif?

bagatel ?

bailer, wb. Rl 18.

bailiwic, f. buc. u.

balad, b. Rl 23.

balance, b.- wb.

balast, b.

baldric, b. wb. 12 mo.

balk, m.- h. j. wb.-

baluster, Br. wb.

banister, m.

balustrade, bi. wb. Rl 23.

bandit, j. Pope. c.wb. Rl 24

bandits, wb.

bandlet, wb.

banian, m. d. Br. wb.Rl 23.

babbler, j. f. wb.

baffler, j. wb.

bachelor, m.- f. wb.

bachelour, m.

batehelor, b. m.

batchelour, m.

bailiff, j. Br. f. wb.

baliff, wb.

bagatelle, b. w. Fr.

bailor, wb.

bailiwick, j. wb.

ballad, b. m. wb.

ballance, b. m. j.

ballast, b.-m.- j. wb.

bauldrick, A. j.

baldrick, wb.

baulk, m. b.

balluster, m. b.

ballister, m.- b.

bannister, wb.

ballustrade, B.

banditto, j.=

banditti, m. Br.

bandelet, wb.

bannian, c. b. w.
\ banyan
[bannyan

1 Babler ; words of this form properly drop one consonant when
another is added. They were formerly spelt without a final c, that
is apl, setl, were the Saxon forms, and when the e was put in to sound
the I. it was before the I, thus apet, but as this might lead to a wrong
sound namely a pel, the p was doubled to keep the vowel short, — a
reason which no longer exists when another consonant is added.
These words, with three consonants together, have such a crouded ap-
pearance, that there is a general disposition to drop one letter, and as
many of them stand upon good authority, the whole are put down in
that form, quoting the authority, or, when that is wanting inserting
analogy.

Mr. Walker under cadle decides otherwise; and there is apparent rea-
son in what he states, but practice seems to be going against him, and
even his own practice was, in many cases, against his own decision.
See giglet, pedler, fyc.

2 Baliff, wb. bailif, c. both syllables variable ; prefer the shortest,
and we shall have bfa,l,i,f, which is really all that is needed.

APPENDIX.

245

bandoleers, b. j. wb. c.

bandrole, An. banderole, Fr.

bar, m.- Rl 23.

baize, m. j. i\ A. c. wb.

bargainer, b. j. wb. Rl 18.

baritone, wb.

base,2ft music, M.B.py.wb.j.Bi

baseviol, j. wb.-

bason, f. d .Br. = b. wb.=

like mason

batlet, j. s. e. js. wb.

battle-ax. wb. Rl 23.

battledore ?

battalion, b. j. wb.

bateau, wb.

bauble, b. m. Br. f. Rl 8.

baud, b. m. a.

baudily ? An.

baudiness ? An.

baudry ? An.

baudy, m.

baul ? An.

beadrole ? An.

duty

buty*

duteous \ Rl 24.

huteous [An.

dutiful

butiful

bandileers> b.
bandeliers, m.
bandoleers, f =
bandolers, a.

bandrol, j. f. b. py. js. wb.
bandroll, wb. 1 2 mo.
banderol, m. Br. f.
bannerol, wb.
barr, m.

bayze, M. f. bayes, m.
baise, bays. d. b. bayz. b.
bargainor wb. 12 mo.
barytone, wb.

ss, j.= m.=
bnssviol, j. = Br.==
basin, j. wb. d.= a-

battlet, An.

battleaxe, wb.

battledoor, j. d. Br.

batalliun, b.

batteautFr. battoe,wb. 12mo

bawble, m. j. s. d. a.

bawd, b. m. A. f. d. wb.

bawdily, b.

bawdiness, b.

bawdry, b.

bawdy ', m. js.

6aH?£, Br. d.

6aW, m.=

beadroll, m. a. Br. wb.

bedroll, m. b.

beauty

beauteous

beautiful

> French words should be Englished. In cases where no authority
is given, we only show what ovght to be, not what is in use.

v2

246

APPENDIX.

bedlam, wb. contracted for
bedsted, Br. wb.
brestings, m.

bedaub,1 Br. wb. Rl 8
daub, j. x wb. &c.
befal, b* Mac. wr. py. e.RI 15!
overfal, j. wr. c. x
windfal, j. wr. wb.
waterfal, j. wr.
downfal, j. wr. c. d. a. py.
havior, An. Rl 1
behavior, wb.
misbehavior, wb.
behoove,2 b. p. a. Br. wb.
belabor, e. wb.
belam, c. b. a. Rl 2 3
lam ?

beldam, b. m. wb. py. Br. A
R125
belfry, J. py. wb.
belflower, j. c.
bel founder, j. py.
belman, j. py. js. s. A. w.
belmetal, j. py. js. A. s. w.
belringer, c.

belwether, j.E.py.F.js.w.wb.
belfashioned, An.
belshaped, An.
bely, Br. m- b. Rl 7
benum, j._j_ A. w. wb. Rl 23
num, wb.-
unbenum. m.

bethlehem, a hospital
bedstead, Br. j. a. wb.
breastings, b.
biestings, Br. c. wb.
beestings, b. c. wb.
bedawb,j. x b—
dawb, b.- wr.

befall, Br. c. m. j. x wb.x

overfall, d. wb. [wb.

windfall, Br. wr. c.X D.x Py.

waterfall, Br. c. py.x *>•+

downfall, b. wb.

haviour, j.

behaviour, j. d.

misbehaviour, j. d.

behove, m. js. wb. 12 mo.=

belabour, j. s. A.

belamm

lamm, c.+ b-x A.

beldame

belldame

bellfry

bell-flower, Br. wb.

bell-founder, Br. wb.

bell-man, Br. wb.

bell-metal, Br. wb.

bell-ringer,

bell- fashioned, py.x A,
bell-shaped, wb.x
belie, j py. wb. belye, Br.
benumb, Br. A. e.
numb, j.-fc
unbenumb

benjamin, m. corruptly
bergamot, b. m. j. Br. e. wb. lburgamot, j.

i Daub and bedawb ! All dictionaries except Br., Macredie and
Wb.

a The reason for preferring oo, is that it obviates one more anomaly.
Every one dismissed is a gain to the language.

APPENDIX.

247

beril?1

beriline ?

beside, j. wb.

besom, j. wb.

bespue, m.

spue, m.

bestrow, An.

strow, j.

show, j.

bethral, j. Br. wr. c. Rl 25

inthral, b.- wr. Br. c-

enthral, b. wr. c.

disenthral, wr. j. Br. c.

betrayer, j. wb.

between, j. wb.

bevel, J.- Br.- m. wb.

like level

bezel, m.- b. j. wb.

bibler, wb. a tipler. wb.

bias, m. j.x b.

unbias, wb.

biased, wb.

bigot, m. [s.x Js. e. wb

bigoted,2 c.+ w.x a1.-j-j.x

un bigoted, py. js. e. wb

bile, bills, lat. b. j. h. f.-

bite, a turn. wb. 12 mo.

bilious, habit, j. Let. 50.

biliary,4 ducts, j.

biliards ?

haliards ?

laniards, c.

bilions ? milions ? trilions ?3

bigamy, b. j. wb.-

bin, d. wb. Rl 23

beryl, j. E. w.
beryline, bervlline, wb.
besides , j. wb.
beesom, b. m.
bespew, j. wb.
spew, j —
bestrew, j. m. wb.
strew, j.= m. w.
shew, j. w.

bethrall, wb.

nthrall, m. wr.x J.

enthrall, m. d. wb.

disenthrall,

disinthrall, wb.

bewrayer, j. wb.

betwixt, j.= wb.

bevil, j. sr.

bezil, m. b.j.

bibbler, tippler

biass

unbiass, J. x Br.

biassed

biggot

bigotted s.x

u?ibigotted,j.xc.xw.X A\-t,

boil, d py. h-= b.-

biaht, wb.

billious

billiary

billiards, M. w.

halliards, b. see page 229

lanniards

billions

digamy, wb.

binn, d.

i The etymon of this word requires i according to Rule 6.

2 The words afford a fair sample of our lexicographers. Several of
them have omitted unbigoted, and so escaped the contradiction.

3 Billiards, billions, millions, &c might be corrected by a general
rule, and be biliards, bilions, milions. See Letter 50, and page 229.

248

APPENDIX.

binacle, wb- Br,

binnacle, w.
bittacle, j. w. c.

-

bishopric, wb. Rl 2

bishoprick, j. c.

bisk, b. j. Rl 24

bisque, b.=

bisket, b, d. c.

biscuit, d.= pr» bisquet, b.

bissextil ?

bissextile, wb.

blanket, j.- wb.~

blanket, b. wb. c.

blest, j. c.

blessed, j. c-

blite, to blast, a.

blight, j.

bloomer, b.

bloomery ?

bloomary, wb. 12 mo. b.+

bloraary, wb.

blote, b. m. wb. Rl 9

bloat, m,= j. A.
bloud, B= M.=

blud?x

blood, B. M. J.

flud?

flood, B. M. J.

blue

blew, o.

bluly, w.- wr. aphorism 8.

bluely, J.-b

truly, j. duly, j.

truehj, duely

ruful, w. woful, j. awful, J.

rueful, j. woeful, awefuL

bluness, w.-

blueness, j.

truness, w.-

trueness, w. j.

blur, b. Rl 23

blurr, b.

bole, b. j. d.

boll, j.

bogler ?3

boggier

,

bolster, m. Br. h.-

boulster

bolt, c- p.-

boult, C. F.

bombard, b.

bumbard, c. j.

bombardeer, b.

bombardier, j.
bombarder, h.

bombizene ?

bombazine, p.

i These words are not. at present variable, but they are anomalous,
and might advantageously be corrected according to etymology, as
they stand above, and as they are invariably pronounced with w short.
Blwt and Audi Teutonic ; flwo, Lat , from which we have regularly
bhtd and fh/d, i. e. fiVid ; blwsh and flwsh. This would be right, but
wrong too often prevails, and must be suffered when it has become in-
veterate. We have no present expectation that the question ? will be
answered affirmatively. See note p. 28.

a Bogler, see the note on babler, page 244

APPENDIX.

249

bombasin,1 j. c. f. d. Br. wb.

bombast, b. c-
boulder, d. p. c.
boose, a. wb. Rl 24
boosy, m. wb.

borne, wb.-
bots, M.
booge ? Rl 24
boogy ?
braze, Br. j.
brazier2 f. j. Br. d.
breese, a fly, a. f.
breeze,3 wind, m. j.
breze ? An.
brue, m. Rl 12
imbrue,4 j.-f- f. m. &c.
bruer ? ~)
bruery ? > An.
bruing ? )

bombysine, A.
bombycine, B.
bombasine, m.= a.
bumbasin, b. m. a.
bwnbast, B. J.
bowlder, d.= f. c.
bouse, B. j. f.
bousy, j. f. bowsy, b
bowze, m.
bowse, b.
bourn, j.
botts-, M.

bouge, j. b. bouch, c.
bougie, Br. d.

brasier, j.-
breeze, b.

z,b.

brieze, m. briez, b.
brew, j.+ b.
imbrew, c. b. (see page 38. }

4 Brew and imbrue ! Dictionaries.

i This word, in English, ought to be spelt Bombazene, or Bombi-
zene- lis French dress is awkward, in English company, The /is from
y in Bombyx, a silk worm.

2 Johnson's inconsistency has been faithfully copied by Walker in
brasier with s, and glaeier, grazier with z, and followed by the original
author of this book.

3 Breeze. It seems a little remarkable that certain letters, such as
c, g, s, th, v and z should still, in most cases, retain the old form of
three vowels, when one of those vowels has been rejected from all
words of other terminations.

Freze, chese, gese, grese, jlece, theve, brethe, would, as soon as we
should become accustomed to them, appear as well as these, obese, eve,
Chersonese, reve, (a Baliff) clothe ; and we should be spared the great,
and to many persons, unconquerable labor of learning and remem-
bering this very difficult part of our spelling. Let us see what might
be done with this most troublesome class of words, and how very easily
they might be simplified. Most, or even all of them, would be
more agreeable, both to etymology and analogy, in their simplified
form, than they are in their present tortuous shape.

250

APPENDIX.

'; ''

flece

fleece

shethe

sheathe

grece

greece

methe

meathe

nece

niece

brethe

breathe

pece

piece

wrethe

wreathe

place

plaice

bequethe

bequeathe

pece

peace

benethe

beneath

sluce

sluice

lothe

loathe

juce, wb.

juice

This last

is gained in its correct-

verjuce, wb.

verjuice

ed form like clothe.

lege

liege

retreve

retrieve

sege

siege

siv

sieve

cruse

cruise

deceve

deceive

gise

guise

receve

receive

bruse

bruise

conceve

conceive

ese

ease

perceve

heve

perceive

cese

cease

heave

decese

decease

leve

leave

surcese

surcease

cleve

cleave

lese

lease

reve

reave

reiese

release

bereve

bereave

plese

please

greve

greave

displese

displease

weve

weave

pese

pease

sieve

sleeve

appese

appease

reve

reeve

crese

crease

acheve b.

achieve

decrese

decrease

theve

thieve

increse

increase

leve

lieve

grese

grease

beleve

believe

tese

tease

releve

relieve

disese

disease

greve

grieve

gese

geese

repreve

reprieve

chese

cheese

baze

baize

phese

pheese

seze

seize

lese

leese

teze

teaze

brese

breese

wheze

wheeze

chase

chaise

sneze

sneeze

rase

raise

breze

breeze

frase

fraise

freze

freeze

prase

praise

greze

greeze

apprase

appraise

squeze

squeeze

(Haprase

dispraise

freze

frieze

The analogy already stands in favor of this alteration, as jreze,
froze, frost; reve, reft ; bereve, bereft; cleve, cleft ; theve, theft; leve,
left; siv, sift ; deceve, deception; &c, benethe, nether; cruse, refuse';
cruse, obtuse ; baze, raze, graze; gise rise ; plese, these : sluce, truce;
juce, spruce. Etymology requires acheve from achever, Fr. releve from
relever, Fr. deceve from deceptum, Lat. cese from cedo, Lat. decrese
from decresco, Lat.

If the simple improvement here proposed could be adopted, it would
save millions, in time and money, to our nation, and to the countless
multitudes who will, in some future time, speak English in America.
Europe, Africa, New Holland, and the islands of the Atlantio, Pacific,
and Indian oceans.

APPENDIX.

251

bridewel, Rl 25

brier, j. F.Br.By.c.-wb.Rl 18

brigadeer, m.

brindled, wb.

Britany ?

Britan ?

Britanic?1

briony, m.- a. Rl 7

broche, A. wb. Rl 9

brocoly, R] 7, 24

brocage, Br. py. Rl 13

brunet wb.

like cadet, orevet, coquet,

bucaneers,2 wb. Rl's 10 & 23

buffoonry, b. abridgment.

bridewell, j.

(St. Bridget's well.)

briar, f. b. c-

brigadier, a. w. c. Br. d. wb.

brinded.

Britan ny, Bretagne Fr.

Britain

Britannic

bryony, j. c. f. Br. wb.

brock, b. A. brouch, wb.

brooch, j. d. Br. c. py.

brocoli, d. c.

broccoli, A. Br. f. wb.

brohage, m. d. a. f. wb.

brokerage, j. d. f. wb.

brunett, wb. 12 mo.

brunette, A. py. Fr.

bucaniers, b.~ py. j. wb.

buccaneers, b. m.

bucanneers, wb. small

buccaners, f.

bucJcancers, m*=

buffoonery, j. b. folio.

In this view, there is scarcely anything more important than the ju-
dicious simplification of our. orthography; and as this begins to be felt
both in England and America, we may perhaps hope that a useful
reformation will be accomplished. The difficulty is that no man of
letters, (and no other can do it,) has dared to set the example, in any
popular work. There are thousands now ready and willing to join
in the work of reformation, as soon as it can be done with safety.

i Britanic- The i in the second syllable of Britain has crept in by
mistake, as it is not found in the primitive; and of the numerous class
of words of this form, Jour only double the letter under the accent.
The analogy, and "of course the rule, requires these to be corrected.

tyrant

tyrannic

ocean

oceanic

talisman

talismanic

botany

botanic

Britain

Britannic

satan

satanic

barbar-ows

barbaric

pulmo-nt's

didascal-os

medal

cephal-e

metal

pulmoni

didascalic

medalZic

cephalic

metallic

2 Bucaneers. For the spelling of the 1st and 2d syllables, Johnson,
Bailey and Perry are authority ; and for the spelling of the 3d syllable
Bailey t Martin and Webster ; and for the whole, Webster.

252

APPENDIX.

bullis

bulbaiting

buldog

bulfinch }R1.25.

bulfrog

bulhead

bulrush, j. py. wb.

bulwark, j. py.

bun, m. py. wb.

bumblebee, c. wb.

bumkirijM

burden,1 j. c-

disburden, j.

unburden, An.

overburden, j.

burly, b. j. Rl 7

burlesk, wb. see arabesk

burser, m. Rl 18

buxom,2 j. b.- wb.

butteris, wb. c.

Cabin, j. wb.
caboose, wb.-
cady,Rl's 7 & 24.

cag,j. wb. RJ 13

[calif.
caitif, B.C. better catif like
calamin, m. wb. Rl 11

bullace, m. j. wb.
bullice, wb.
bull-baiting, wb.
bull- dog, wb.
bull-finch, wb.
bull-frog, wb.
bull-head, wb.
bull-rush,
bull-wark
bunn, c. wb.
humblebee, j. wb.
bumpkin, c. wb.
burthen, c.
disburthen, b.
unburthen, J.X wb.x
overburthen
hurley, b.
burlesque
bursar, d.
buxum, b. folio.
buxome, b.
bucksom, m.
buck some, b.
buttrice, b.
buttress, b.- j.
butter ess, m.
cabbin, b.

camboose, coboose, wb.
cadi, j. wb.
cadec, m.
kag, b.
keg, b. j.
caitiff, j. wb.
calamine, b. wb.

i The rejection of the Saxon Thorn, aspirated d and t (TH) is a loss
to the present language, and has caused such discrepant forms as bur-
then, burden, further, furder, murther, murder, in the choice of which
custom has capriciously decided, for while the .first two are in use,
furder is vulgar, and murnwer obsolete.

2 A useful contraction and correct ending. All words in some are
contrary to Saxon, and ought to be corrected. Bailey has corrected
most of them.

APPENDIX.

253

cayman, b. m. wb.-

callimanco, b. m.

calimanco

chalice, c.

calicoe, b. m. callico, c.

cauldron, b. m.

chauldron, m. chalder, j. b.

chaldern, m. b.

chaudron, J.

chalduer, d. chadron, j>. b.

caleche, ft. wb.

chalcedony, wb.-

chalcography, c.

coZe, c. wb.

&az7, c. A:a?e

kalendcr, wb.

kalendar, j. b.

calender, m. Lewis

cullender

to press cloth

calligraphy, c.

calefy, wb.

califf, b. kalif, wb.
caliph, j wb.
caliphate, wb.
kali/ate, wb.
khaliphate, (Henderson. )
caliper, b. originally the
caliver, b. j. p. wb. [same
calliber, b. callibre, b.
callipers, j. wb.
cannipers, w.
caulk, wb. catt&, b.
calyx, b. calice,B.
camel lepard, wb.
cameleopard, camelopardus
camelnpardalis, b.
camel leopard

i There seems to be no use in a different spelling of these words.
Martin spells them alike. Lewis spells the first always with e.

W

caiman, /. wb. Rl 6
calamanco, j. wb. Rl 23

calice, c.
calico, j. wb.
caldron, wb. Rl 3

chaldron, b. m. j.

calash, wb. Rl 24

calcedony, wb.

calcography, c.

cale, d.

cawl, cabbage Saxon

calendar,1

a register

calender, m. wb. and others,
caligraphy, c.
calify ? Prefer ify to efy, in
all cases, see p. 98-9
calif, j. sr. wb. R123& 13

califate, wb. Rl 13 & 14

caliber, j. w. wb.
bore of a gun

calipers, b. wb. Rl 23

compasses

calk, j. b. wb. Rl 3

calix, j. b. wb. Rl 6

€ameiopard, wb.

254

APPENDIX.

calot, m. Rl 23 & 24
cameleon, b. f, wb.

cameo, wb.

camlet, b. j. d. wb. c,

cammoc, a. d. wb.
camous, c.
camomile, m. wb. c.
campain, m. b. wb.
champane, wb.- wine
champain, b. wb. level
camphor, m. j. py. p. wb.
candify, c. see page 98.
can, j. py. wb. Rl 23
cannel-coal, wb.
candle-coal, wb.
canail, wb. Rl 24
canhook, wb. from can, a
cancelated, py's.Rl.wb. [cask
cancelation, py's. Rl wb.
canceled, py's. Rl wb.
canceling,1 py's. Rl wb.
candlemas,2 j. py. wb.
cangaroo ? Rl 13

canister, b. wb. Rl 23
cannoneer, b. a. wb.
canoo, b. m. wb. Rl 24
canvas,3 m. py. wb. Rl 23

i Perry, like other authors, sometimes loses sight of his own Rule.

a All the words compounded with mass are variable. One * it bet-
ter by Rules 23 and 25.

» Two forms of this word are unnecessary.

callot, c.

calotte , j. b. calote, wb.

chamceleon, b.

chamelion, b.

camelion, m.

chameleon, j. b. wb.-

camaieu, wb.

camayeu, wb. camsea, a.

chamblot, b. chamelot, b. o.

cam lot, camelotyj. c.

chamlety m. j. camelet, b.

chamblet, j. m. c.

camblet, c. Jive ways

cammock, b. camock, b.

camoys, c.

chamomile, b. j.

campaign, py. wb.

champagne, wb.

champaign, py. champion,*.

camphire, py. b.

candefy, b.

cann, m.= canne, m.

canal-coal, c.

canaille, py. b. j.
cannhook, b- canthook, p.
cancellated, j . py.
cancellation, j. py.
cancelled, a.
cancelling, A.
candlemass, b. m.
kangaroo, wb.
kanguroo, Turton, Lin. Cu-
cannister, b. a. [vier

cajinonier,j. pv. a. wb.
canoe, j. py. v/b.canoa, j.py
canvass, j. b.

APPENDIX.

255

canibal, m.
capapy ? Rl 24

capriped, wb. Rl 23
caravansary, j. wb. Rl 24
carcanet, a. wb.

carbine, b. wb. Rl 23
carbineer, Rl 24

caracol, b. wb.
carcas '

cariboo, wb —
carmin, wb 12 mo
carvel, b.= wb.
cardamom, wb.

carnival, b.= a. wb.
carat, m. j. d. wb.
caraway, c-
capital, m. j.

capstan, b. wb.

carack, c,

carot, m. a. b. carota, Lat.

caroty, m. b. a.

carion, m.= like clarion

cartel, j. A. wb.

cartoon,2 b. wb.

cartridge, j. b. d. wb.

cannibal, J. A. py. wb.

cap a pie, Ft. J. wb.

capapee, b.

capape, m. j. b.

capripede,

caravansera, A.= b.

carlcanet, b.

carknet, b.

carabine, b. j.= A.- wb.

carbinier, wb.

carabineer, b. wb.

carabinier, A. j.

caracole, j. b.

carcase, a. b.

carcass, A. j. wb.

carreer, b.

carriboo, wb.

carmine, j. wb.

caravel, j.= wb.

cardamon, b.

cardamum, b.

carnaval, A.= b.= wb.

carrot, b. m. car act, m.

carraway, c.

chapital, m.

chapiter, j. different words,

capstand, B.capstern,B. [wb.

carrack, c.

carrot, j. A.py.wb. carote,Fr.

carroty, j. a. wb.

carrion, b. a. wb.

cartelle, ft.

carton, b.

cart age, z j. Ab.

cart rage, j. A.

cartouch, wb. cartoose^ b.=

cartouche,M. = A. cartouse,A .

• The variation is here in the final letter, which is useless, and be-
ing rejected, makes the two forms a^ree in that one which is right, ac-
cording to general rules* Such is often the case.

3 See Letter 49. 3 A misprint copied many times.

256

APPENDIX.

cashier, noun, b. m.
cashire, verb, b. m.
cash-yer, cash-man, or cash-
cask, m. j. wb. [keeper
cassoc, u.
cassowary, d. wb.

castrel, b wb. Rl 13
catalog?1 RI24

cashier, j.

cashier, j. erroneous
cashire, to make cas&um,
casque, j. casquet, c. [void,
cassock, b. wb.
cassaware, b. m. c.
cassiowary, jr. c. py.
kastrel, b. kestrel, wb.
catalogue, Fr.

i Catalog French words should, in all cases, be Anglicized Nothing
but a very reprehensible deference to French, can make us continue
to write the worse than useless termination ue, when it is contrary
both to etymology and analogy, in such words as feague, league, teague,
plague, vague, intrigue, fatigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, peda-
gogue, demagogue, synagogue, mystagogue, decalogue, dialogue, tria-
logaie, catalogue, theologue, epilogue, collogue, monologue, prologue,
rogue, brogue, prorogue, fugue, exergue, in writing which, we are com-
pelled to be singular, or to write fifty one useless letters. Let us see how
these words might be reformed, and approach nearer to their originals
than they are in their present shape.

feag 1

decalog

"

leag /• like tweag.
teag >

dialog

trialog

plage, or plaig

catalog

vage, or vaig

theolog

^like log, flog

intreeg, or intrege

epilog

j

fateeg, orfatege

collog

harang, like bang, clang

monolog

tung, like sung, rung

prolog

J

disemboge

roge

pedagog \

broge

svnagogf I like S°§ and mag°g-

proroge
voge

mystagog J

fuge and

ex

erg

In those words in which the pronunciation has shortened the termi-
nation, it is a very great absurdity to continue the ue, inasmuch as the
use of the w, was to harden the sound of g, and the e denoted a long
sound. Dogue is just as good for dog, or drogue for drug, as any in
this list.

Those which have the termination long may be corrected by simply
rejecting the u and keeping the g hard, or by putting hvo vowels before
the g.

We ought in fact, to distinguish hard g from soft g. It may be very
easily done by writing soft g with a point over it, and a strait side,
like the script type, and hard g in its present form; or, what
would be still better, is to accept Fenning's recommendation, and
vvritej in such cases, and keep g always hard : then lege, fege, plage,
vage, fatege, intrege, disemboge> roge, broge, proroge, voge, fuge,
would be analogical and correct.

Fugue is often pronounced fuje ; in that case the u is strangely
wrong, and/ug-e right.

APPENDIX.

257

catar ? Rl 24
like guitar, debar, &c.
catastrophy, wb. see apostro-
catcal, j. wb. Rl 25 [phy
catch, j. wb.

catnip, see Nep
caterwaul, j.-t: wb.
waul, An.

catsup, j. wb.i. e. cate sup
causey, b. j. w. wb.

cavaleer, b. Rl. 24.
caveer, b. m. buc

cauk, w. wb. Rl 8
cauf, a. w. wb. Rl 23
caul, m. j. w. wb. Rl 8
cauliflower, j. w. wb.

caw, b. j. wb. Rl 13
cassimer, Br. wb.

cazic, wb.=

cede1

catarrh, b. wb.

catcall, b wb.

ketch, A. d. common pronun-

bombketch, A. [ciatioji

jack ketch, A.

catmint, wb.

caterwawl,

wawl, j. x d. wale, M.wail.r.

catterwawly b. m.

catterivaul, m.

catchup, c. wb.—

ketchup, wb.

causway, b. m.

causeway, j. b. w.

cos s io ay, b.

cavalier, b- j. py. w. wb.

caviar, wb. cavier, A,

caviare, j. cavear, w. john-

caviary, b. m. [ston

eavesson, w. wb.

cawk, wb.

cauff, b.

cawl, m.

collijloioer, j.=

collyflower, b.

kaw, b.= wb.=

cassimere, Br.

kerseymere, p. wb. l2mo

cazique, j. Fr.

cassique, b. a.

ceede, old form.

ceed} p. in compounds

i So antecede, accede, concede, intercede, decede, excede, precede,
procede, recede, retrocede, secede, succede, 12 in all ; of which three
are often spelt wrong. Johnson and his followers have precede, pro-
ceed, accede, exceed, secede, succeed, directly contradictory. They all
had formerly ceede, and in the progress of the language were abridged
differently. See Letter 41.

w 2

258

APPENDIX.

cele? R124
celing ? Rl 24

celery, j. b. a saUet !
wb. a salad, m. a. a sal/ad
center, b. m. wb.
cere, wb.

chamfer, b. Br. [wb

chamoy, b. wb. shammy, b.
chandeleer, b. w. R124
chant, J.- wb.
chantry, j, wb.
chanticleer, j. wb. Rl 10
chase, b. j. py. wb. Rl 20
char, j. wb.- to burn

char,1 b. a small job of work
charioteer, b.j. py. wb. Rl 24
charloc ?
chastely, py. w.-
chasteness, py. w.-
cheer, b. Rl 24.
cheerful, m. j.
check, m. Rl 10.
checker, m. j.
chesnut, b. buc Rl 23.
horse-chesnut,2 j. w. &c
chesapea.c; wb.
chevaleer,Rl 24.
chew, b. m.
chego ? Rl 24.
chicanery, wb.

py.

wb.

ceil, j. ciel, b. m.
ceiling, B.-j.-F.-sr.-
ieling, p. b. h. j. sr.
ellery, b. m. a s'dllet -
ccteri, wb.
centre , Fr. j.
sere, b.j.
chamfret, b.
chamois, ft. wb.
chandelier Fr. j.
chaunt, o.
chauntry, b.
chanticlear, b.
chace, b.= m.=
charr, b.
chark, b. py. A.-
chare, b. - .
chariotier, Fr.
charlock, j. wb.
chastly, b. j.
chastness, b, j. f.
chear, b.
chearful, b.
cheque, m. o.
chequer, j.

chestnut, m. j.-|- w.+ wb.
horse-chestnut
chesopeak, wb. old.
chevalier, m. j. rr.
chaw,3 b.

CHK^oe, wb. chieGQ, b. m.4
chicanerie, buc
chicanry, b.

i Still used in the Northern States, and pronounced cliore, wb.

2 These words contradict in nearly all the dictionaries.

3 The last is a common pronunciation among the vulgar.

4 Both syllables are authorized here, and choosing a syllable from
•ach, makes a simple English word.

APPENDIX.

259

chilblain, m. j. b. wb. Rl 25
chiln ess, j. Rl 25.
Childermas, b.m. py. Rl 23.
chimist, wb. see alchimist.
chimny, b. Rl. 7. [Rl 6,

chimnies, p
chincapin, Mx. sylva.
chints, buc. wb.
chivalry, b. m.
choir, m j. Rl 17.
chorister, j. buc. Rl 17.
Christmas, buc. wb.
chizel, m.
under punchion.
cives, m.= wb. a.

choke, b -m. J. wb. Rl 9.
colic,1 m.-b. Rl 23.
choose, b.- j.
cord, j RI23.

chouder ? Rl 8.
crism, m. Rl 23.

cider, b.j er.F.A.wb.Rl 6.
sider, b m. j. Rl 20.
churn, b.

cinnabar, m. b. py. c. wb.
succory, b. a. c*

cimbal, m. wb Rl 6.

chillblain

chillness, wb.

childermass, b. j. u.

chymist, j. w.

chimney, m. j.

chimneys, p.

chinkapin,wb. chinquapin,*.

chintz, p.

chevalry, b.

quire, b.

quirister, b. j.

christmass

chizzel, b. h. chissel, buc

chisel, b. m. wb.

chives, j. m.

chieves, b.

choakj j.

cholic, M. B

chuse, M. B. BUC-

chord, j.

chowder, wb.

chrism j j. chrisom,*. j.

crisom, b.

cyder, m - Br. j. w. c.

syder, b. m.

chern, b. c.

cinabar, p.

cicory

cichory, b. a.

cymbal, j.

i The omission afh in colic, crystal, crism, cameleon, calcedony, Arc
should be followed in all words, of the same form, derived from the
Greek. In English we ought to use c, before a. o, u, or a consonant;
and Arbefore e, i, y. K, at the end of words, should be replaced by c, at
in the original Saxon : examples, invoAre, invocation ; cat, kitten ;
embanc,embarc,embarcation,skeme.scool,mecanic. This would mak*
our orthography simple and easy ; and it would also restore its purity
and make it true to etymology.

Colic and melancholic ! Johnson. X

260

APPENDIX.

cimeter,B mj.e.a.p.h.js.w.
w. c. d. s. py. ' sr. u. aI.
This is most common.

cimiter,wb. great dictionary
This form is preferred.

cinara, b.

cion, b. m. d. j. wb. h. Rl 6

cifer? An. Rl 14.

cipher, m. jx wb. b. a

decipher, jx wb. m.

deciphered, wb.

undecipherable

ciperus, b. m. Rl 6.

circ, c.wb.

circus, Lot. j. py. c. wb.

cist, b.4- j.-f- wb. c.

cisted, b .+ j.x c.x PY+wb

encisted ? An.

cistic, wb. Rl 6.

encistic, An.

citadel, m.

clerk, m. p.-

clam, c. wb.

clergyable, wb. 12 mo. Rl 7

click, b.j. Rl 13.

cliff, b. c.

clinch, b. m.= c. wb —

cimetar, w. d, s. f. n.
cymeter, j. c. js. s. a.
cymetar, j. c. A

smarter, m. scimiter, m.

simitar, b,j.m.s.js.w.d. Br.c.

scimitar, b.m.js.f s.w.d.c.j.u.

scimeiar, b. p. s. aI. h, Br. w.

scymetar, b. h. c.

scy meter, p. b. w.

scymitar, b. f,

cynara> b.

cyan, b. m.= d.= c.

scion, wb. b. Fr.

chifre, Fr.

cypher, b. d. j.x wb.x

decypher, j X wb. M.

undecypkered, wb.

nndecypherable, wb.

cyperus, b.

irque, Fr. wi. py. c.

cyst, c. wb.- cystis, b. j.

cysted, cystus, Br.

encysted f j.x c.x &c

cystic, d.

encysticy d

cittadel, m.

dark, m. p.

clamm, j.

clergyable, c. wb.

klick, c.

clift, b. cleft, c.

clench, j.= b.= buc.

i PERRY is uniform and consistent with himself. Walker
spells the word six ways ! Johnson five ! Bailey and Chalmers six .'
and other authors increase the number to fifteen at least ! ! This is
a precious specimen of English Dictionaries. The etymon is also va-
rious, from the Spanish, Italian, Turkish, &c.

a Nearly every Dictionary gives cisted with t, and encysted with y.
Such contradictions are very frequent, especially in Johnton and
Walker.

APPENDIX.

261

elister, m, Rl 6.

eloister, b. j. wb. Rl 7.
roister, j.
oister, b.-

cloke, m.-j. b. c. wb -
cloth, j. wb.
clothe, b. j.x wb. Rl 9.
unclothe, py.
clothing, py. wb.
bedclothes, c. wb.
bodyclothes, c. wb.
graveclothes, c. wb.
cradleclothes, c. wb.
clue, m. wb. Rl 12.
cobler, b. m. buc.
kobler, Danish.
coax, j. Rl 22.
coxe, m. Rl 9.
condolence, wb.
coke, b. py. c- w.-
cockerel, j. wb.
cole,2 Sir Thomas More.
colier, An,

coliery ? An.

cope, m.- Rl 9.

cockny ? Rl 7.

cocknies ?

cocoa, j. wb.

coco, m. A. coca, c.

coddle, b. wb.

codlin, an apple, b. wb. M.

codling, an apple, c.

clyster, b. m. j. wb. Br,
glister, b. j. m.
glyster, b.
cloyster, m.=
royster, A. W.Irving,
oyster,1 J. p.
cloak,2 b. j.x
chat h , b. J.
cloathe, b.
uncloath, j. X
(loathing, J-
bedcloaths, J.
bodycloaths, j.
gravecioaths, J.
cradlecloaths, j.
clew, j. b. wb.
cobbler, b. j. wb.—

coalcs,, b.m.
coax, j.
condolance, m,

COCiiZ, C.

cockrel, b. m. buc.

coal. j. and others.

collier, j. wb. coalite?', wb.

coalier, wb. coalery, c.

colliery, J. coliery, m.

coap, m.

cockney, j. wb.

cockneys

cocao, b. c.

cacao, d c.

codle, j. wb.

codling, a young codfish.

coddling, see p. 74. [b.wd.

i Oister, Bailey prefers i. Rule 6. This is one example, among
many, in which common practice differs from the best authority.

2 Sir Thomas More wrote a letter with a COLE. See Johnson 'g
Dictionary. Coal and collier are anomalous. Neither is analogical-
ly correct Col is the Saxon, and final e in English, makes the long
sound. Kole is Teutonic.

262

APPENDIX.

cognizance, b. Br. wb.

recognizance, b.- m.
coins, b. j. m.

coif,' b. j. Rl 17.
coiffure, j.
coil, b. J.
coits, m. buc.
colonade,2 b. Rl 23.
collet, j.= m.-
colofony? Rl 14.
colofony, Rl 24, 14.
colofony,3 Rl 23. 24.
colter,4 m. b. Rr. wb.

cumber, m. Rl 8.
compas ?« Fr. Rl 23.
like canvas, which see.

connizance, m.
cognisance, b. m.
recognisance, sr.X
coigne, c.
quoins, b. c.
quines, m. buc.
quoif, b.
quoiffure, j.
quoil, d. c.
quoits, M. BUC.
colonnade, b. j.
colet, B. M.
colophony, b. j.
colophonia, b.
colofoma, B.
coulter, j. m.=
culter, j.
comber, m.
compass,4 m. j.

1 See pages 184 and 213,

2 Like lemonade, promenade, serenade, cavalcade.

3 In this word, as in many others, choosing a syllable from two or
more variations makes the whole word right, according to genera! rules,
tho the whole word thus corrected, isnnt found in the hooks. Johnson
givs the final y which is English, and Bailey gives/ insied ofph, which
ought to be corrected through the whole language. It is gradually
gaining ; fantom, frenzy, gulf-, and others are established, and it is
hoped that we may yet see orthngrafy, geografy, and that nume-
rous class of words, simplified in the same manner. The Spanish
have done so, and all the world applauds.

* Common pronunciation gives this word with long o, but its deriva-
tion requires u. Cultor Saxon, culter Latin, a knife.

5 ASS in the end of words, when not underthe accent, should be rejected
as it is generally contrary to the etymon, and tends to a false pronun-
ciation, as compass insted of compas. Nearly every one, of this class
of words, is variable. Let us see how they would look when corrected,
canvas compas dowlas hippocras

cutlas bias trespas Christmas

atlas haras embarras sassafras

Six of these are written, according to Dictionaries, with single s,
and six with double ss. Let the erudite reader determine which and
why?

APPENDIX.

263

complexion, b. m. j.py.Rl22
connexion,' b. J-x w. Buc.
inconnexion, An.
complete, b. m. j. Buc.
compromited, wb.
compromiting,wb. see p.228
comrad ? [note 4.

con, j.Br.
condolence, wb.
condyl, wb.
congele ? An.
congelation, j.y B.
congelable, c.
congelement, An.
construe, b.- m.
controlable, m. see p. 202
under uncontrolable, m.

complection
connection, A. b. wb.-
inconnection, j. Hist, in his
compleat,B buc. m. [Diet,
compromitted, p.
compromising, p.
comrade, j.
comarade, h. b.
comerade, m. camrade, b.
conn, m.
condolance, m;
condyle, p.
congeal, j. H-
congealation
congealable, b. j.
congealment, j.
conster, b. m.
controllable, j. Br.
uncontrollable, wb.
uncontroulable, b.

t See Flexion and its compounds. The state of these words, in all
our dictionaries, shows how very little attention has been paid by lex-
icographers to orthography. They have often blindly copied, and ad-
ded their own, to the errors of their predecessors, until the whole
needs a thorough revision ; which it is hoped some able hand will un-
dertake. It would be very useful to substitute x for ct wherever this
combination occurs. It would be simply incorporating the two letters,
for t, in all such cases, has the sound of s, and cs contracted is x. If
many petsons of education cannot tell whether they should write ct or
e, it would be doing no great violence to write x uniformly, and at
the same time economize the labor of the PEN, which occupies so
great a portion of the time of such multitudes of men, in every civiliz-
ed community. If he is a public benefactor who can make two spears
of grass grow in the place of one; surely, he who should abridge the
enormous labor of perpetually writing a multitude of useless letters,
will deserve his share of gratitude. But when the labor of learning
is considered, the consideration rises in imj .irtance, and becomes in
fact, immense and almost infinite. No man can calculate the mil-
lions that might be saved in time and money, by a judicious simplifi-
cation of our orthograyy.

2 CoN6ELK,from gelu frost, Lat. gelid, gblable, &c all with x only.
These anomalies are meieblundeis which should be corrected. John-
son is once right and three times wrong in these four words.

264

APPENDIX.

eontrole?1 An.

controler ? An

controlership ?
controleraent.?

convent, &. Br. c.
cony,3 fl. a. d. Br. j. py.
conies, wb.

pony, w. Br. m. j. b. Rl 7.
crony, vv. py. j.
hony,B.under&ee. honied, j.
mony, b. monied, c.
copse b. sr. m. j. d. Rl 23.
copier, j. py. a. wb. Rl 3.
copist, b. m. py. j. wb.

coquet, b. m. d. s. wb.

control, b. j. d. a. wb.

control!, b. wb.

controul,2 p.

comptrol

comptrulljj. wr.

counter roll, b.

counter rot, c.

controller, b. m. j. d. Br.

comptroller, m. d. j. Br.

control/ership, wb.

controlment, b. d. j. sr. wb.

controllment, wb.

count errolment, c.

covent, b. d. c.

coney, b. a. wb.

coneys

poney, o.

croney, o.

honey, b. j. honeyed, A.

money, b. j. moneyed, j. c.

coppice, m.= d. j. b. Br. wb.

copyer

copyist, wb.

cocquet, m. a.

coquette, b. c. a. Fr.

x See page 202, Note 2. From the French controler, hoth etymol-
ogy and analogy require final e and one I. This is according to the
great analogy of final e lengthening the foregoing vowel. OLI> might
be rejected entirely without loss, and with advantage, noix and loll
are short and might drop one 1, dol, lol. Bole, pole, role, scrolh,

DHOLE, STROLE, TROl E, TOLE, ENROLE, UNROLE, MUSROLE, fATHOLE, FI-

trole, like console, cajole, condole, pistole, parole. Some of these words
are corrected, and others are variable, and analogy ought to prevail
over vicious practice, and contradictory cacography.

3 CONTROUL, This form is often seen in books and newspapers.
It is worse than ol or oil. OU should be ou like THOU ; and OW,
long like OWE Soul is from the saxcn, more correctly SOWL like
bowl. By observing these two simple rules, a multitude of anomalies
might be corrected. They appear to be authorized by the Saxon.

3 Cont is sounded short like honey and money ; and has lost the «,
like a multitude of others; and in the derivatives of money and honey,
honied and mom ed, the ey is changed to t, as it ought to be in all the
word* of that form in the language. EY is useless and obsolescent.

APPENDIX.

265

coquelico, wb. Rl 23.
contemporary, • d. Br. b. wb.
coraline? An.
cordwainer, b. m. d. j.
coroner,3 m. py. Br. A.
cornelian,3 b. m. p. j. a.
corn el ion

cornice, b. Br. m. j. wb.
corslet, b. d m. Rl 23.
cottage, b.
cot i lion ?4 An.

cotery? An. Rl 24.

like, revery, b. w. j.

coul, b. m. Rl 8.

coulstaff, b.

cot, a bed or house, b. m. d.j

cozen, to cheat, m.- Br. d. j

cousin, a relation, j. d. Br.

could,5 B.
coverlid, b. a.
councilor, py'sR. wb.

counselor, py's r. wb.

coquelicot, wb.
cotemporary, j. Br. d. b.=
coralline, wb.
cordiner, b. d, j.
crowner, m. a.
carnelion, j. py.
carnelian, j.+ A. c. wb.
cornish, b. m-
corselet, m. d. j. Br.
cotage, b.
cotil/ion, c. A. Br.
cotillon, c. py. wb. A.
coterie, b. Br. pr. wb.
reverie, Br. Fr.
cowl, M.- J.

cowlstajf", j. wb colstaff,wb.
cote, b. j. coat, j. Br.
cott, A. wb.

ten, b. m. A.
cousen, a. cozin, m.
cosin, b. cosen, b.
cozen, b. cousen, b.
cood, o.

coverlet, j. b. a.
council/or, a member of a
counsel/er, a. [council, wb.
counsel/or, b. d. j. Br.

i In all words from the Latin, compounded with con, we wrl-te co,
before a vowel, and col, com, con, cor, before consonants, as, co-agu-
iate, co-eternal, co-incide, co-operate, co-urgent, and coZlate, compose,
connate, correct

2 Corona Lat. a crown ; coroner or crowner, an officer of the crown :
but in America we use coroner for an officer who inquires into the
cases of accidental death.

3 Not from carnis, of flesh Lat. but from cornel, a cherry from
the resemblance of the polished stones, to cherries. Webster 's 4to
distinguishes carnelian, a stone, from cornelian, a tree. See page 105.

4 bee Letter 50, and page 229.

5 Gerard's Herbal gives COOD, WOOD, and SHOOD, for could,
would, and shovld.

6 Martin dues not distinguish these two words, he gives councel, an
assembly, and councel, consel, B. counsellor, one that pleads at the
bar. Counseled, eounseling, counselable, WB. 4to. See page 225.

X

266

APPENDIX.

counterpoize
poize,1 j.X d.= p. A. c.
avoirdupoize ? An.
equipoize, d.
overpoize, An.
cumfry, buc. Rl 7.
cumfry, buc. Rls 8 & 7.
curmudgeon,2 o. Br. j.
colander, m. d. j. c. wb.

covy,3 b.- a.- Rl 7.
couhage, d. c. Rl 8.

covin, j. wb.
crafish ?4

counterpoise, j.X m.f.awd
poise, m. c.

avoirdupois, j.+m. d. A.wb*
equipoise, j.x m. f. a. wb.
overpoise, j.x m. d. f. a. c.
cumfery,M. cumfrey,B.w.wb.
corafrey, M.B.w.comfry, wb.
cormudgeon, b. m.
cullander, b.= m.- buc.
cidlender, p.
covey, j. Br. wb.
cowhage, Eaton' sBotany.wb
cowitch, d. wb. vulgar,
covine, j.
crawfish, j. wb. Br. d.

1 Murray's Grammar has an exercise specially designed to teach
us "to spell poize with z. This is right; and of course all the com-
pounds must have z. Walker altered Johnson's orthography, but
forgot to change the position of the word, and so S now stands, in this
word, after T, thus, poiSon, 'poiTrel, poiSe ! ! Z is preferred by
Rule 15, and avoirdupoize, from the same root, (poids, Fr.) ought
certainly to have the same spelling. P, o, i, z, would be the best form.

2 Curage, scurge, &c. with their compounds should be spelt in the
same manner by Rl 8. but Johnson has given UR in curmudgeon, and
OUR in other words, all derived from the French cceur, heart.

Ash has made a ludicrous blunder on this word. Some person
wrote to Johnson that curmudgeon was " a viciousmanner of pronoun-
cing coeuk mechant, French;" and did not give his name. Johnson
therefore gives credit, for the information, to "an unknown correspon-
dent.^ Ash, not understanding French, or Johnson's English, in the
present case, puts " CURMUDGEON, (sfrom the French coeur, un-
known, and mechant, a correspondent) a miser, a churl, a griper."
See Johnson and Ash."

3 AGE is a frequent termination of the names of plants, as borage,
smallag-e, lovag-e, cabbag-c, spinag-e, Wr. or spinach,- orag-e or otach ;
sumach, \i\ach Wr. or liZoc.

Couhage or cowhage. The Saxon U comes into OU or OW in
English, as cu, cow ; thu thou, and many others. It would be a great
benefit if this analogy could be uniformly observed. See note on con-
trole. It would purify the language from a multitude of hateful anom-
alies, such as bow to bend, bow to shoot with, sow and sow, mow and
mow, row, row, now, know, tower, rower, bower, blower, &c &c.
O are OE should be long O, like go, foe ; goes, foes : and ou should
in all case be OU, as in thou.

4 An established corruption, but neither w nor y belong to the word.

APPENDIX.

267

(ecrevice, Fr. a crab.)

cranch, A.

or scranch, j. b.

crier, wb. buc. Rl 6.

creek, b. RI 10,

cressent,1 b. R124.

croke, b. m. buc. Rl 9.

crisis, e.

critic, wb.

croud,2 M. j. wb. Rl 8.

uncrouded, j. w.

cruel ? An. Worsted.

cruet, a small bottle, b. m. j.

cruse, b. m. A.wb.
crozier, a. Rl 15.

cruise, a voyage, wb.

to cruize, wb. Rl 15.

cruizer, wb.

crura, b. m. j. c. Br. wb.

croop,2 b. m. wb.- Rl 24.

crooper, b.

croopade, wb.

crusade, b. a. d. Br. c. j. wb

crayfish, j. d. Br. wb.

crevice, h. b. buc.

crevtSf c.

crevisse, c.

crevize, b.

craunch, d. j. Br. wb.

scraunch, wb. crunch, m.

cryer, wb.

creak, to make a noise, j.

crescent, j. b.

croak, j. d. Br. wb.

crise, e.

critique, Fr.

crowd, j.-f- m. d. w.-£-

uncrowded

crewel, b. j. c. Br. wb.

crewet, b. m. crevet, b.

creuet, b.

cruise, j. Br. d.

croisier, b.

croizier, b. crosier, A.

cruise, b. d. Br. j.
cruiser, b. d. Br. j.
crumb, j.= Br. d.
croup, B. d. j.
crouper, b. m. j.
crupper, d. Br. wb.
croupade, wb.
crusado, b. Br. j. c.
croisadey j. b. a. d. Br.
croisado, j. cruzade, a.

i Cressent, this word with double ss, insted of see, is put down by
Bailey repeatedly, as of undoubted authority. If we could correct all
the words in see to ss, it would give simplicity and beauty to this part
of the language ascoaless, acquiess, eflfervess ; like express, confess,
distress, bless, &c.

a Crowd and un-crowded ! Johnson and "Walker.-f-

3 From croupe Fr. and should have the same form as troop, troop-
er, from troupe, Fr. OU in French is 00, in English, and ought always
to be so translated. Dr. Johnson indignantly condemns all French
words. See page 84.

268

APPENDIX.

crystal, m. j. wb. cristal ?
crystaline, py. wb. A. p x
crystalization, py. wb. a.
crystalize,1 py. wb. A. f. d.

chrystal,u. p.
crystalline, p.x m.
crystallization, f.+ d."
crystallize, j. Br.
chrystallize, p.

crystalography, wb.

cue, m. d. j. c. Rl 12.

cuerpo, j.- m.

cuckoo, B. M. BUC.

cucumber, b. m. j.

curb, b. d. Br. wb. j. Rl 13.

cupel, b. wb.

currants, m. buc.

corinths

cur, A. Rl 23.

curtain, h. d. j. m. Rl 8.

cur tin ?2

custard, m. Rl 8.

cutlas, b. Rl 23.

crystalise, p.

crystallise, p.

chrysalize, p.

chry3talise,p.

christallize, p. &c. &c.

crystallography, p.

queue, c. kue, b.

querpo, j.

cuckow, b. m. buc.

cow cumber , m.=

kerb, b. m. d. a.

kirb, d.

cuppel, B. M. D. J.

coppel, B. M. D. J. BUC.

copel, b.=

currans, m. buc. see p. 41.

courtine, j. m.
courtin, b.
costard, m.
cutlass, Br. d. j. a. m
cutlash, a.
cutlace, b. m. A.
curt lass, m.

i Ignorance or negligence has given to this common word, 16 dif-
ferent forms. PERRY is right, and this is one of a thousand examples,
that might be produced, to show the superiority of his work, over that
of Johnson, Walker, Sheridan, or Jones. The h is rejected by com-
mon consent, as it ought to be from all similar words.

2 A selection, from these variations, would make a proper word
curtin. The termination AIN when sounded short, might advanta-
geously be replaced by IN, as cert'm, cerlmly ; mountin, movntinous.
AI being a regular form of the long sound of A, would not then be
equivocal.

APPENDIX.

269

cyclopedy, j. Rls 5 & 7.
encyclopedy, j.
cyclopedia, d. j.
encyclopedia, j.

curtle ax, m. a,
courtlass, b. cutle ax, a,
curtel ax, Br.
curtelasse, Br.
cyclopaedia, b j.
encyclopaedia, Brewster.
cyclopoedy, b.
cyclopede, c- wb.

All words beginning with CY or SI will probably follow the preva-
lent mode of substituting I for Y. It is not however to be supposed
that any change in language, however useful, can be at once effected.
All we can do is to observe the course and tendency of the language,
and adopt those little and almost insensible improvements that spring
up from time to time, nobody knows how or whence. The course of
the language is towards SIMPLICITY and REGULARITY, and the
present effort is to ascertain in detail the exact bearing of that course.
The discussion cannot but beusefnl, whether the authors views (vues)
are approved or not. He gives to the inquirer a key which will ena-
able him to open the archives and examine for himself.

Dabchick, wb. c. w.

dabler ?

dactyl, j. buc.

daffodil, wb. py. b, m. buc.

daily, m. w. wb.
dain, b. (a in Fr.)
dandiprat, j. b. d. c.
damask, buc. w. wb.
damson, , wb. w.

dandruff, w. wb.

dobchick dopchick
dipchick, wb. c.
dabbler, w.
dactyle, b. m. w.
daffodilly, c. py. daffodill, c.
daffodown dilly, py. w.=
daffy down dilly, b. m.
daffadilly, c.
daffadowndilly, c.
dayly> wb.-
daign, m. deign, j . b.
dandeprat, b. dandepart, m.
damascene
damascene, s. c.
damsin, b. m.

dandriff, b.= m.= py. buc
dandraff,m.= 3 ways.

1 One/ would be better, as in Saxon, dandrof.

x2

270

APPENDIX.

darksom, b.

daub,j.XD.xBr. w. wb.

bedaub, Br. wb. mc.

dazy, m.

dazied, j. wb. A. w. Rl. 15.

dazzle, m. j. wb.

deboshee, m. b. Rl 24.

debark, m. w. Rl 17.

bark, m.

defense, b, j. wb. R120.

defy, wb. w. Rl 7.

defier, b. d. j.x wb-Rl 6.

denier, b. wb. w.

delf, b. d. j. wb. Rl 23.

demon, j. b. d. Er. Rl 5.
demeanor,2 wb.
demy,3 b. c. Br. w. c. A. wb
demain, m. d. b. j. wb.

deposit, d. wb.
denizan, wb.

darksome, j. c.

dawb, b.-m.

bedawb,j.x b. d. X and others

daisy, 4" Br. wb. m. j.

daisied, wb.

dazle, m.=

debauchee, m.- j. d.

debarque, m.

barque, Fr.

defence, j. b. d. buc. w.

defie, o.

dejyer, wb.

denyer, j.x

delph, b. j. delft ,

delfe, j.

daemon, Br m.- buc.

demeanour, d. j. Br.

demi, b= j. a.-

domain, J. Br.

demesne, m. d. j. Br.

demean, j. Br.

deposite, m. j. Br. w.

denisun, m. see artizan

i Bailey spells these words following- without the final e, which is
agreeable to analogy, and nearer the original Saxon sum or som, than
the present usual termination some, and ought to be preferred Jid-
venture?om, blithesom, hurdensom, buxom, cumber som, fulsom, game-
som, g7adsom, humorsom, irksom, lothesom, metllcsom, noisom, play-
som, quarrelsom, ransom, transom. These seventeen, from different
parts of the book, show what Bailey intended. If a lew are spelt with
e final, we must suppose it was an oversight. This correction might
well be extended to all words of this class. Blossom, bosom, che-
soin, besom, &c. are without e final, as they should be ; and wh> half
of these words end in some, and the other half in som, would be hard
to say, unless we suppose that our lexicographers have delighted in
contradictions and inconsistencies.

2 Webster has corrected this long-continued and often-repeated
contradiction. B. is consistent, but wrong ; Br. and Macredie have
the words right, with u rather than w, according to Rule 8. Q3" Let
it be understood that Walker piofesses to follow Johnson, even where
he sees and declares that he is wrong. See the word Codle.

3 Demeanour and misdemeanor !! J. W. Br.-f-

4 Defier and denyer, J. -f*

s Demi, in compounds, is correctly spelt with I, but demy with Y.

APPENDIX.

271

dervis, d. j. Br. d. wb.

destin, b.
desert, m. w.
despot, d. j. sr. wb.
determin, wb. 12mo. Rl
detracler, j. Br. Rl
develop, d. j. Br. w. Rl 23
development, wb.
envelop, w. wb.
envelopment, wb.

dervise, Br.
derves, Br.
destine, d. j. Br, w.
desart, j. m. buc.
despote, b. m.
determine, b. d. Br.
detractor, wb.
develope, c.
developement, c.
envelope, d. b. c.
envelopement. c.
dexterous, d. Br. j. m. w.

sinistrous, d. b. j. w.
dextrously, wb.
dial, m.

diaphram ? Rl 24
dialist, j. w. wb.
dialing,2 py. Br. m. w. wb.
dicker, b. c. not in w.
dier, wb.
dimity, j. d. Br.
dime, wb - not in w.
diocese, 3bf. m. d, wb. dioce-
dipthong,4 p. [san, j -f

tripthong, p.
disciplin, wb. 12mo
dispatch, Br. wb- ■
discrete,5 j wb.
deshabil, wb.-

disinter, j, d. Br. w. wb.

sinisterous,

dexterously, b. Br. j. w.

dyal,

diaphragm, wb. Greek

dial list, p.

dialling, j. d. see p. 225.

dicker, j. daker, buc

dyer, wb.

dimitty,m. b.

disme, b. j. Br.

diocess, j.~+- d. w

diphthong, J. Br. wb.

triphthong, d. j. Br. wb.

discipline, wb. 4 to

despatch, d. j.

discreet, wb. j.

dishabil, wb.

dishabille, m. j. d.

disinterr, b. m.

i These words are discrepant in nearly all the Dictionaries Dex-
tenus with the e and sinistrous without it. So Walker and Johnson +

2 Dialist and dialling '. Johnson.^ Walker is right.

3 "Diocess, the circuit of every bishop's jurisdiction." — Walkerand
Chahner's dictionaries.

" Bishoprick, the diocese of a bishop." — Ibid
"Diocesan, pertaining to & diocese.'' — Chalmers

4 Di/thong and tri/thong are better.

5 The distinction in these words is useless; and e final is better, by
Rule 9.

272

APPENDIX.

inter,1 d. Br. j.

disc,2 d. wb.
dis-re-gard, w.
gard,3 b. m. d. j. w.
gardian, Br.
belgard, c.
garden, j. w.
vangard? An.
countergard ? An.
garanty? An.
garanter ? An.

waranty ? An.
warant ? m.
yard, w. ward, Br. w.
warden, m.
wardrobe, Br.
wardship, Br.
gardship ?
disseize, b. Br. j. w.
seize, j.
seizin,4 b. j. s.

disenterre, j. x w. X Fr.
enter r, b.
disk, Br. j. w.
d\s-re-guard9
guard, b. m.- &c.
guardian, d. wb.

vanguard, c. m. j. w.
counter guard, c. wb.
guaranty, d. Br.
guaranter, d. Br.
guarantor, wb.
warranty, Br-
warrantry, Br.

guardship, d.

disseise

sease, b.

disseisin, b. m. Br. j.+ w.

i /nter, disinter, and disenterre ! Walker-

2 Note. C being the original and proper letter, is always to be pre-
ferred before a, o, u, and consonants ; and also at the end of words ;
and if all the final Ws should be rejected, it would be a great gain. C
before a, o,u, and k before e, i, y, should be universal. Ch, having
the sound of k, might drop h, in the former case, and substitute k in
the latter. In ck before I, the k might be dropped, as in ancle, uncle,
carbuncle, caruncle, icicle, secle, hade, made, cade, and zinc, thine,
disc, fisc, blanc, thauc, arc, hare, wic, thic. Ck or c final before a
vowel might reject c, or assume k, as in blanc, blanket; traffic, trffik-
ing. The Saxon C will eventually claim its right.

3 Gard, yard, and ward, were originally the same word. In tb«
Saxon, g, w and y, were frequently interchanged ; but we ought by no
means to useg- and w, or u in the same word, as in guard. Further,
our word gard, is immediately from the French garde, without the u,
for the g must be hard of course before a, and the u is useless. Nothing
but ignorance, or inattention, could have produced and retained gvard
and regard, garden and g-imrdian. Such words disgrace the lan-
guage, and increase manifold, the difficulty of learning.

4 Seizin with z, and dis-seisin with s / Walker.X Johnson ha*
these words all with z except one ! Z is right, but the puzzling digraph
•«' should be rejected. See page 250.

APPENDIX.

273

dis-seizor, b. Br. J. s. w.
dis-seizee, b j. s.
distil, Br. m. j.
distilment, j. w.
distilation ?
divest, d. Br. j. wb.-
docil ? An
indocil,1 j. Br.
doctrin, wb. 12 mo
docket, Br. wb.-
doggerel, w. wb.
dogerel ?
dolphin, wb.
dor, m.

dossil, c. j. Br. wb. buc. w. a
like fossil [pledget

dorsel, b. m. Br. buc. a cur-
dorse, wb. [tain
dosser,2 m. wb. a bundle
dotterel, j. Br. wb.
douse, wb. j. Br.
dower, wb- j. b. buc-

flour,3 wb.
downfal, j. Rl 26
downhil,4 j.
uphil ? An Rl 26
draft, j. x wb Rl 23

distil/, b. wb.-
distil/ment, wb.-
distil/ation, w. wb.-
devest, b. m. d. j.
docile, j.4- Br. b.
indocile, b. Br.
doctrine, j.
doquet, J = wb.
doggrel, B. m. h.
dogger ell, wb. small
dauphin, Fr.
dorr, j.

dosil, b. dossel, b.
dozel, b. m.
dorsale, b. dossale, b.

f, B. M..EUC.

dorser, m. w. dorsel, w. wb.

dotterell, o.

dowse, m.

dowry, j. Br. buc.

dowery, j. Br.

flower, j. w. see p. 43 note.

downfal/, wb.

downhil/, w. wb.

uphil/, j. x

draught,5 j. Br. w.-

i Docile and mdocil ! Johnson and Walker.+

2 These words are much confused in ihe dictionaries, and may per-
haps be all wrong, and all mean the same thing, in the general idea
of back; as a back load, a back curtain, a basket carried on the back,
and a dressing for the back of a wound. If this conjecture is right,
the proper word is dorsal, and the words basket, curtain, dressing,
and burden, are understood.

3 The progress of the language indicates a general change of this
w to u, when under the accent, and sounded ou as in thou. This is
right.

4 Up hill with twol'sand downhil with one ! Johnson. X

5 Drafts and checks are of so much importance in commerce, that
it is in vain to attempt the suppression of their names. Future lexi-
cographers will probably find it necessary to give that rank to these
two words which has hitherto been denied them.

274

drafts, wb. - a game

draff, wb. buc.

dozen, m. j.

dram, b. j. buc- wb.

draul, b. Rl

drazzle, m.

drizzle, m, j. wb.

dazzle, j. Br. wb.

driblet, j. Br.

drole,1 Br.

drolery ? An

drouth, wb.

droutby

drily, b.+ a. Rl 6

driness, b. x

shily, j. d. e. A.

shiness, j. d. e.

slily, c. e.

sliness,2 j. d. b. e. a. c.

drier, wb.

dried, wb.

drousy, b. m. Rl

drousily, b.

drousiness, b.

drouse, An.

APPENDIX.

draughts
draugh, jr. w.
dosen, m.

ichm, buc. Greek
drawl, j. Br.
drazel, j. Br. wb.
drisle, m.
dazle, m.

dribblet, b. m. wb.
droll

drol/ery, j. Br.
drought, j. sr.
droughty, j. Br.
dryly, j.X Br. d. e. c. wb.
dryness, J. d. Br. e. a. c. wb.
shyly, c.

yness, Br. b. a. c.
slyly, j. X A.
slyness, no author.
dryer, d. Br. j.
dryed, wb.

owsy, m.- J. D. sr.
drowsily, j. Br.
drowsiness, d. b. j.
drowse, J. d. Br. wb.

» Drole. All words of the form oil sounded long, should be spelt
with final e, like this in Barclay. See enrole and controle.

2 No dictionary, which I have yet seen, is consistent with itself;
nor do they all agree upon any one of these words, except sliness.
Bailey has drily driness shyness sliness!

Dycke has dryly dryness shily shiness sliness

Entick has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly or slily sliness
Ash has drily dryness shily shyness slyly sliness, and in

definition shiness.
Chalmers has dryly dryness shyly shyness slily sliness, 4 and 2
Johnson has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly sliness ! ! .'

Six words, and three contradictions ! and in this he is followed
by WALKER, Sheridan, Jones, Allinson, &c. &c.
Fenning has dryly dryness shily shiness slyness

He follows Johnson in four, omits one, and misspells one which J.
had spelt right. Who can hereafter have any confidence in English
Lexicographers ?

If Walker saw these contradictions, why did he not mention them ?
If he did not see them, what will be thought of his sagacity ?

APPENDIX.

275

dredge,B.wb.fo sprinkle flour
dredging box, w.- [on meat
duchess,wb. see arch duchess
ducat wb.
ducatoon, Br. wb.
duce, m.
duse, wb .
duc&ingstool, J. d. wb.

dueling, wb. see p; 225
dulhead, j. d. Rl 25
dulbrained, j. wb.
dulness, d. j. Br. w.
dum ? An.
dumly ? An.
dumness ? An.
dumfouhd, wb.
dunghil, j.
dier, j d. wb. Rl 6
dy, m. dying,1 m. w.
died, p.

dike, d. j.

drudge, j. Br.
drudging box, j. Br.
dutahess
ducket, m.
duckatoon, m.
deuce, d. Br.
dewce, m. dewx, b.
cuckingstool
duckingstoll, b. Br.
cuckingstoll, b.

dullhead, wb.
dullbrained, wb.
dullness, wb.
dumb, j* wb.
dumbly, j. wb.
dumbness, d. j. wb.
dumbfound
dunghill, b. wb.
dyer, wb.-

dye, j. wb. dyeing, wb.
die, c. d. dyed, wb.
dyke, J.

1 Dying, expiring, and dying, coloring, are alike in Martin, as
they ought to be everywhere. Martin makes no distinction in any
form of the two words. He has dy, dye, and die, to expire, and to
color.

Note. Five hundred words begin with ois, and ten only with dys.
These last might advantageously conform to the general analogy;
thus, cfc'scrasy, cfo'sentery, disodile, disorexy, dispepsy, t&speptic, dis~
phony, rfispnoea, disury, and the mineral, tfe'sluite.

Echo, B. H.
ebon, j. Br.
economy, d. Br.
ecumenical, wb. Rl. 5
eft, A. j. d. b. wb.
evet, j. M.wb. buc.
eilethole, b. m. Rl 6

eccho, b. h.
eben, b. Br. j.
ceconomy, sr.
oecumenical, J.
effy wb.

ebbet, Rafinesk
eyelethole, j. wb.
oylet, b. eylet, w. wb.
oilct, B. M,

276

APPENDIX.

eke, wb - Rl 9

electer, wb. Rl 24
elflock, j. wb.
elicit, d. Br. w. wb.
eloin, m

embassy , d. j Br. buc.
embarrasment, b.
embarass, m. see p. 5
embarras,1 w.
embarcation,2 j. d. c. Rl 13
debarcation? Rl 13
demarcation, c.
embark, m.
embezzle, j wb.
embrion ? Rl 6

hemorroids, m.

hemeroids ?

empannel,B. d. j. Br: f. py
pannel, b. m. d. j. Br. p.
like channel, flannel,scrannel
irapannel, b. m, wb. buc.
empress, wb-
endevor ? gerard
endeavor, wb.
engineer, b. j.
enhance, b. m. d. j. Br.
enrole ? An. ROLE, b. h.

enrolement ? An

eek, wb.

electrum, Br.

etectre,j. Br.

elveslock, j.

elicite, j.

eloigne, Br. eloign, m.

embassadowr, Br.

ambassador, b.

embassage, d. j- Br.

embarassment

embarrassment, J. w.

embarrass, j. d. Br. wb.

embarkation, b. Br. wb.

debarkation, wb.

demarcation, wb.

embarque, Fr-

embezle, m. imbezel^u.

embryon, j. Br. wb.

embryo, j. d. Br. wb.

haemorrhoids, M.

hemorrhoids, j. Br.— wb.

emerods, m. d. j. Br.

emeroidSyM. d. j. Br.

emrods, m. wb.

empanel

panel, d. j, Br. js. w. s. A. c.

impanel
emperess, j. w.
indeavovr, m.-
endeavour, j.
ingineer, b.
enhaunce, b. m.
enroll, b. m. j. a. roll, b.
inroll, m. inrol, b. h. a.
enrol, d. Br. buc.
enrolment, wb.
enrolment, b.x d. J. Br. A.

i Embarras, and embarrassment ! Walker. X
2 So also invo/ce, convoke revo/re avowee.

invocation convocation revocation avocation, Rl 13

APPENDIX.

277

enroler ?
enstal, b.
instal, m.
enstalment,' b.
instalment, j.
eolipile, wb.

epaulet, b. wb.

epitomy, wb. Rl 24

epoc ? Rl 23

epoch, b, m. j buc. wb.

eringo, Br. b. wb.

eraze ? An.

raze, c. w.-

razure, c.-J-

erazure ? An.

ere,2 b. m. d. j. Br.

ermin, wb. Rl 11

error,3 b. m. d. Br. buc. wb.

escape, b. d. j. Br. wb,
escalade, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.

eschalot, d. j. w. wb.
escalop, b. wb. d. c. j. Br.w

escar, b. m.

eschar, b.m. j. d Br w. wb.

escritoir, b. d. j. Br. w. wb
escutcheon, b. w. wb.
escocheon, c. wb.

inrolment, b.x H' a.

inrol/ment

enroUer, j. wb.

enstalZ, m.

instal/, d. j. m.

enstaUment

installment

eolipyle, b.

aeolipyle, M.

aeolipylae, m.

epaulette, Br. Fr.

epitome, b. buc. wb.

epocA;, o. epoccs, b. a.

epocAa, b. m. buc.

eryngo, Br.-wb.-

erase, b. Br. j. d. c. w.

rase, w. c. see W. dictionary

rasure, c.

erasure, ex wb.

eer

ermine, b. wb.

err our, j. b.

errata, d. j. Latin

scape

scalade, m. d. j. Br.

scalado, j. b.

shalote, wb. shalot, b. m.

scallop, c- j.

scalop, Br. scollop, c. wb.

scrutoire, b. scrutore, m.
scrutoir, b. m.
scutcheon, c. b.

i Bailey generally omits one letter in such derivatives as enstalmeni,
enrolment, j. amasment, embarrasment, appalment, f. ; and in this he
is often copied by Johnson.

2 This word is from Sax. oe, early time ; aer, or eer, before ; erst,
first.

3 See the list of these words at the end of A, page 242.

Y

278

APPENDIX.

espousals, b. d. j. Br. w.
especial, b. w. wb.
espouse, verb, b. d. j.Br.wb
espinel, wb.
espy, b.m. d. Br. j. wb.
esquire, b. d. j. wb.
estrange, verb, B.o.j.Br.wb
estray, Br. b. m. wb.
astray, j. Re-
establish, b. j. d. Br.
example, b. j. d. Br.
sample

exemplar, wb.
exemplary, j. Br. wb.
exchange, b. d. j. bi. w.
exchecker ? An
exchequer, b. Br. d. j. w.
check, b.
excede ? An
exergwe, b. c. wb.
expunge,1 w.

excentric, b. c. m.-h. a.buc
etiket ? etiquet, wb.
eves, buc.
evesdrop, wb.
expense, m. j. bt. w.
expenseful, d. j. w. wb.
expenseless, d. j. Br. w.
exsiccate, w.- wb.
extasy,2 b. m. Rls 19 & 22

extatic, b. m.
extreme, m. w.

spousal, b.
special, b.
spouse, noun, b.
spinel, wb.-
spy, b. wb.
squire, b.

strange, adj. b. wb.
stray, Br. b. wb.

stablish, m. b.

ensample, d. j. Br.

sampler, j.

examplar,Buc. exampler,wb.

examplary, d. j. Br. wb.

change, b.

checker, b.

chequer 9 j.

cheque,

exceed, d. Br. s.

exergum, b.

spunge, b.

eccentric, B.c.M.D.H.A.w.wb.

etiquette, w.

eaves, buc wb.

eavesdrop, wb.=

expence, b. m. Br.

expenceful

expenceless

exiccate, w. see his note

ecstacy, b. m. extacy, b. m.

ecstasy, c-

ecstatic, b.

extream, m.

i Custom appears to have decided capriciously in some of these
words, beginning with es or s, from escape to expunge.

2 Our dictionaries are in a state of utter confusion with respect to
this word and its derivatives. Ecstasy, ecstacy, extasy, and extacy ;
ecstasied; ecstatic, and extatic are the changeable materials out of
which learners have to make their election. Perhaps it may assist
them to point out ecstasy, ecstasied, and ecstatic, as the spelling most
conformable to the original Greek, and to remark that cs in contrac-
tion is *'.

APPENDIX.

279

eye,
ey ?
eyryS
y, b.-

M.-

wb. aerie, see airy

eie, m.

ey, b.

i Bailey remarks that " ey formerly written at the end of words, is
now more generally and better written with a single y." This is right.
EY should be rejected. See Letter 48.

Fag, c. b. w.

fake, b. wb.

fagot, m. d. j. Br. w.

faign, b.

fait, b.

fakir, b. wb.

falchion, b. m. d. Br. J.

falchon, m.

falcon, b. d. Br. j.

falter, Br. j. b.

false, b.

fait ? An. like salt, malt, hall

falsehood, j. b. w.-

faraows, b.

fanatic, d. j. Br. m. Rl 14

fansy ? An

fantasy, m. j. d. Br. wb.

fantastical, d. j. w.

fantasm, m. Br. d- j. b. w.

fantom, m.- Br. c. wb.

farewel, m. Rl 25
farther, b.- wb.
farse, m. Rl 20
fathom, b. m. d. j. Br.
faucet, b. m. d. j. Br. wb.

feag,m.feague,c.

fac, B.fack, b.

faggot, b.

feign, b.

fete, Fr.

faquir, b. wb.

fauchion,B.j.BT.faulchio?i,B.

faulchon, m.j.fa^chin, ' J.Ab

faulcon, m. j.

faulter

faulse, Br.

fault,2 b. j.

falshood, M. b. J.

famose, b.

phanatic, d. m.

fancy, d. j. Br. b.

phantasy, Br.

/fantastical, m. d.

phantasm, j— m, d. Br.

p/«antom, m. d. j. Br.

fantome, b. m. h.

farewell, b. j. Br, d. w.

further, b. wb.=

farce, m. d. sr. wb.

f adorn, b. m.

fawcet, m. f asset

i Falchin, in Johnson's 1st and 2d editions of the great dictionary,
and in the abridgments of the same, is a misprint, which is corrected
in Johnson's revision of his own work ; and yet this mistake is faith-
fully copied by Sheridan, Mavor, and others. VVitherwrung was with-
out the second w, and was also corrected by Johnson, but retained by
Jones, Walker, and others. See p. 228.

a Fault, false and falter, are anomalous.

280

APPENDIX.

feat. b.

felly, m. d. c. wb.-

felon, b. m. d. Br. j. wb.

felness, Rl 25

felwort, sr.

fennel, b. d. j. Br. wb.

felspar, wb. feldspar, wb.

fief, wb. b. Br. d.

fee, p,

feef?

feefee ?2 or feffee r

feefer ? or feffer ?

infeef? or infef ?

enfeef ? or enfef ?

infeefment ? or infefment ?

enfeefment? or enfefment ?

feefment ? or fefment ?

fauset, d.

fait, b fete, b.

felloe, d. j. sr. c.

fellow, m,

fellon,1 m. wb. a crime, a

fellness, b. wb. [whitlow

fellwort

fennil, m.

felspath, wb, feldspath,xvb.

feoff, sr. wb.

fides, hat. fe, Spanish

feoffee

feoffer, Br.wb. feoffor, wb.

infeoff, Br. wb.

enfeoff, sr. wb.

infeoffment

enfeoffment, Br. wb.

feoffment, Br.

i Webster, Johnson and Martin do not distinguish these words.

a Barclay pronounces these words long, as we generally hear them.
So Mr. Walker was directed by his ear, which was doubtless more cor-
rect than the Lawyers whom he consulted. See feoff, in his pronoun-
cing dictionary.

This class of monsters ought to be reformed and made English. If
they should follow the pronunciation, they would be better, but still
there would be duplicates, in the feedal (feodal) system of Burke, and
the fudal (feudal) system of others; and in ttye feef (feoff) of Barclay,
and the enfef (enfeoff) of Walker and others.

FEE is a well known term for a reward of services rendered. When
princes gave lands as rewards, they were fees, and thus the lands were
fee-ed (/k-od) and the tenure was /ee-dal (feodal, feudal) by which
they held their feefs (fiefs, feoffs, feods, feuds) or possessions. We use
the word/ee for the same general idea of property " in fee simple."

FEUD, a quarrel, should be spelt fude. It is from the same root as
vighr, with the radicals r, t, or f, d.

The other irregular sounds ofEO might be reformed thus, in people,
change O into E ; in Leonard, leopard, jeopard, reject O, and in yeo-
man, reject E. They would then be simple and analogical, thus,
peeple like steeple ; Lena.td like reward ; k/?ard,jepard, like Shepard ;
and yoman like Roman.

The words above, like all those in this list, for which no authority
is given, are proposed for consideration. All liberal discussion is use-
ful i and those whose views may differ from the author's, will be ben-
efited by having the subject fairly presented, and by seeing the differ-
ent authorities subjoined.

APPENDIX.

281

fude?

fudal ?
fudality ?
fudary ?
fudatory ?
fude ? a quarrel
fennigreek, b. m.

ferrel, m. an iron ring

ferule, wb
fether, wb-
fetid,j. R124
fetus, j.
feverfue, d. Br.

febrifuge

filbert, d. j. sr.

fidler, wb. s. d. scraper

fiber, b. m. wb.

fillet, b. m. c. d.

fibrin, wb.

filter, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.

fishgig, wb.

finery, b. m. Br. d. wb.

fir, b.

financer, m. p.

finess, wb.

filigrane, b. wb.

filigree, Br.

flagelet, m. j. d. Br. wb.

flaraboy, b. m.

flant ? An

flanting, b.

flegrn, b.

fleme ? Rl 14

flier, wb.

feud, D.Br. wb.feude,B.
feod, b. d. j. Br.
feudal, Br.wb. feodal.D.j.Br.
feudality , Br. wb. feodality,wb
feudary, Br. wb. feodary, b.
feudatory, sr. wb. feodatory,
feud, Br. wb. [b. wb.

fen i greek, b.
fenugreek, b.
ferrule ', m. d. j. wb.
verrel, b. m. verril, b.
ferula, b. m.
feather, j. wb.
foetid, Lat.
foetus, Lat.
feverfeie, m j. Br. wb.
featherfew, j.
fetkerfewj wb.

berd, m.
fiddler, j. d. Br. wb.
fibre, b. j. Br. d. m.
filet, m. b.
fibrine

filtre, philtre
pAilter, b. j. wb.
fizgig, b. m. wb.
finary, b. m. Br. wb.
firr, b.

financier, d. j. Br. wb.
finesse, wb. Fr.
filligrane, b. fiUigram, bZ
fillagree, Br. filtegreen, b.
flageolet, m.=
flambeau, b. Fr. wb.
flaunt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.

phlegm, b.- fleam, b.
phleme, m.
fleam, d. j. Br.
flyer, wb.-

y2

282

APPENDIX.

flexion,1 b. m. wb.
deflexion, m.
inflexion, b.
genuflexion, b. d.
reflexion, b. d. m.
flirt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.
spirt, m. Br.
flote, d. Br. Rl 9
flotson, m. wb.
flore ? see p. 28 Rl 9
florin, b. d. Br.
flud ? see p. 28 Note
flue, b.
flurish ?
flour, b. wb.
deflour, m. j. buc. wb.
fluke, b. d.

flummery, b. m. d. j. Br.
fluorin, wb.
fluxion,1 b. wb.
foist, b. m. d. j. sr.
fole, B.- M.
fome, b.- m.
forage, b. M.Br,
fulscap, see p. 6 Note
forin ? would be better
and so also
suvrin ?2
sovereign, b. h.
forelock, b. j. Br. c.
forestal, d j. Rl 25
foretel, j. d. Rl 25

I flection, wb.
deflection, b. d. j.
inflection, b. d. j. m.
genuflection, j. B.M.Br.c.wb.
reflection, d. m.
flui t, M.-
spurt, m. Br.
float, d. j. Br.
flotsam, wb. flotzam, m.
floore, o. floor, d. j. sr.
floren, b. d. j.
flood, j. Br. floud, o.
flew, b.

flourish, d. j. Br.
flower, d. j. w.-
deflower, b.= d buc.
flook, b.j. flouk, B.
flommery, o,
fluorine, wb.
fluction
foyst, m.
foal, j. sr.
foam, j. Br.
forrage, b.
fools-cap, wb.
foreign,2 d. j. Br.
foraign, o. forreign, m. j.
souvereign, o. sovran, Aken-
soveraign, o. [side

foretop, m. d. c.
forestal/, b. m. Br.
foretel/, b. m. Br.

t Fluxion, and its compounds are invariable, having always the X
which is recommended for flexion and its compounds. Rl 22.

a If these Norman words could be reformed and take an English
dress, they would stand thus, forin, forinert and suvrin, suvrinty.
EI when translated, is AI ; the G is a useless intruder, and ought to
be rejected; then these word9 would end in ot'n, sounded short, like
curtain, certain, mountain, fountain, in which the I only is sounded,
and it only ought to be written, thus, certin, certinty, mountin, moun'
tinous. The Norman corruptions are the worst part of the anomalous
words in the language.

APPENDIX.

283

forfit?' R124

fortunetel? R125

form, m. d.

forest, b. m. j. sr.

foss, M. D.

fother, b.

fragil, m.- Rl 1 1

fraight, b. m. better frait,

frantic, b. m. j. [like strait

freeze, m. b.-

freze ? see p. 249 — 50

freewil, j. Rl 25

frenetic, d. j. m.frentic, m.

frenzy, m. d. j.x Br.

frenzied, Rl 14

fricasee, m.

frigat, b. j.

frier, m. Rl 6

frippery, buc. wb.

frith, m.- Rl 6

frizzle

frizler, j. Br,

froise, b.

frolic, d. wb.

frontier, d. m. d. Br.

frowzy, m d.j. Br.wb. A. Rl 8

frute ? see p. 84

frumenty, b. j. Br.

fuge, d.

fuel, b. d. j. Br.

fulness, b. Rl 25

fulfil, b M.

fulsom, b.

fumows, b. see Let. 52

funnel, b. m. d. j. Br.

furbeloe,2 m. Br. buc.

forfeit, d. j. Br. Fr.

fortunetel/, j.-f

fourm, m.

forrest, m.

fosse, m.

fodder, b.

fragile, m. d. j.

freight, b. m. d. Br.

frentic, m.-

frieze, m. j.

frize, b. m. j.

freewil/, d. Br.

phrenetic,B.Br.phrentic,D Br.

frensy, m. phrenzy

phrensy, b. Br. m. d. j.X

fricassee, J.wb.fricassy,M.

frigate, py. wb.

friar, m. d. j. sr.

fryer, fryar, o.freref Fr.

fripery, m.

fryth, m. firth, p.

frizle, b. m. d. j. frisle, M.

frizzier, see babler

froyse, b.

frolick, Br.

frontire, m.

frowsy, frowy, a .

fruit, French form, j. wb.

furmeniy,M. furmety, b.j.m.

fugue, b. m. j. Br. fugha, b-

fewel, b. j. d. Br. feuel, u.

fullness, wb.

fulfill, wb. fullfill, o.

fulsome, d. j. sr.

fumose, b.

tunnel, b.

furbelow, m. j. d. Br.

i (Jounterfit, comfit, benefit, /or/i<, surjit, &c. should all end alike,
a Reject the variable letter in each, and both words are right. See
page 101, Note, and gibbous in this list.

284

APPENDIX.

further, b. j. wb. farther, b. j. wb.

furz, b. m. wb. furze, m. j. h.

fuse, to melt, j. Br.
fuse, a match, b. m.- h.

[m.j. h. Br. wb.
fusee, part of a watch, B.py
fusil, a light gun,B.M.D. j .bt.-

[py. wb.
fusable ? capable of being
fusil, j. wb. [melted fusite, b. h.

fusee, track of a buck, j.
fusil, a figure in heraldry, w.
fusileer, b. wb. [j. wb

fuz, py.

fuzball, py.

fy, b. d. j. m. py. e. Rl 9.

fusee, b. Br. j. h. fusil, m.

fusil, m. BY.fusy

fusee, b m. sr. J. h. py. wb.

fusible, m. b. j. h. Br. wb.

fusilier, d. j. Br. py.
fuselier, m.
fuzz, b. m. r>. j. sr. wb.
fuzzball, b. m. j. wb.
fie, b. e.

i Fusil, a gun, fusee, part of a watch, and fuse, a match, are con -
founded in most of the dictionaries, as above in Johnson and Barclay.

Gabardin, m.

gabler ?

gage, b.= d. j. Br.

gaging, wb.

gaiety, m. Br. b. d.

gaily, J.

gainess ?

gaiters, wb.
galeon, m.-'

galiot, d. j.' Br. wb.
galiard, ?
like haliards, c.
gaily, wb.=
galipot, wb.
gallipot, wb. j.
gairish, d. j. Br. wb.-
gamboge, d. j. Br. wb.

gabardine, j. b.

gabbler, j.

gawge, j.- Br. wb.

gauging, d. Br. wb.

gayety, j.- Br. d. wb.

gayly, j.**- d. Br, wb.

gaieness, b.

gayness, j. wb.

guetres, Fr.

galleon, b. d. j.

gallion, d. m. Br.

galliot, m. wb. galleoty wb.

galliard, d. b. j. p. 229

halyards

galley, d. m. j. Br.

galletyle, j. wb.

gallypot, Ad. galleypotf acL

garish, m. wb.

gambodge,3. lstab

gamboidea, b.

APPENDIX.

285

gambrel, j. wb.

ganch, j. b.

gang, wb.

gant, wb.

gantlet, m.- j. d. wb. a

gantlet, j. b. a punishment

gast, B. J. D.
gastly, m. d.
gasted, b.
gastness, b.
gaud, wb.
gaudy, J. d. E. wb.
gauz, m.

chambrel, b.
cambren, b. cambrel, b.
gaunch, b.=
gangwe, wb.
gaunt, j. Br. d. wb.
glove gauntlet, m d. j. Br. wb,
gant/o/?, m.
gantlope, m. b. wb.
gantelope, d. Br. j,
ghast

ghastly, d. j.
g/tasted
g/aastness
gaude, j.
gawdy, m.~
gauze, d. j. Br. wb. gause,v.

gazel, m. Br.

gazet, w.

geer, m. Rl

gard, d. m.b.j. see disregard guard

geminy, j. wb. Rl 24

gelable, d. j. wb. see congele|^ea/a6/e

congelable, c.

gelatin, wb.

germ, d. wb.

gernrin, ' j.

gibe, j.-m. Br. d. c. Rl 6

gibbose,2 d.

gibbosity, wb.

giblet,j.B d.h. wb. see babler

giglet, j. sr. h. wb.

gawz, m. B.gaivse, m. d.
gazell, gazelle, Fr.
gazette, j.
gear m. d. j. Br.

M.-D.

gemini, d. Br. wb. Lat

congealable, d. j, b.
gelatine, j.
germe, j. Br.
germen, b. wb.

e, j.
gibbows, d. wb.

gibblet, b.
gigglet, w -

\ Germun is more common, but germin more correct, according
with its derivatives, germinate, germination, &c.

2 In all words of this form, and there are many, if we reject the
variable letters in both forms, the letters remaining will show that
form of the word, which agrees with the derivatives ; and which might,
with great advantage, be uniformly adopted; as, gibbos, gibbosity,
generos, generosity, verbos, verbosity, &c, OUS when not accented,
is analagos to OUR, in honour, favour, &c , all which are now cor-
rected on the best authority. See Let. 52, and p. 242.

286

APPENDIX,

gigler, h.

gib, wb.

gibcat, j. wb.

gibbet, d. wb.

gimlet, b. d. Br. j. c. m. w.

gipsy, m.- d. j. c. w. Rl 67

gim crack, d. j. Br.

gire, c. j. w. Rl 6
girt, m. w. wb.=
guitar, d. m. j. wb.

gist, w.
glede, d. j.
gladsom, b.
glout, j. d. b. wb.
gizzard, d. j. Br.

glair, h. wb.

glazier, j. Br. w. wb.

grazier, j.- b. d. w.

brazier, w.

glisten, m. j. Br. wb.-

glitter, m. j. wb.

glucin, wb.

glue, m.- j. d. wb.-

globose, d. w. see gibbose

gloze, w. wb.

gnar, d. j. Br.

gnarled, j. Br. w. wb.

giglot, b. c. wb.

giggler,1 j. sr. wb.

gibbe,j.x sr. d.

gibbe cat

gibet, d. Fr.

gimblet, D. wb,

gypsy, c. wb. gypsey, wb.

gipsey

2 w. r. wb.

gimecrack

ginecrack, b.

gincrack, h.

gyre, Br. c. w.

girth, m. Br. d. j. wb.

ghittar, b. h. cittern, g-

guitar e, b. g hitter, m.

guittar, b- cithern, py.2

ghittern, b- m- h- gittern,wb.

gest, j- wb- gite, Fr-

glead, b- d- Rr-

gladsome, d- j. b.

glowt, m.- b- d.

ghizzard, b-

gizzern, d.

glaire, j.

glasier,

grasier, j. b. d. w.

brasier, w.-

glister, m.

glucine, p.

glew, m. j. wb.

globows, d. w.

glose, w= wb. [gnarl,wb

knur, j. knurl, wb. gnarr, b.

knurled, knurle, J,

l Gigg-ler and giglet, Johnson! These words, amonga multitude,
show that our Lexicographers have had no settled principles to direct
them, in reference to the right spelling. See Note on babler.

* Such are the caprices of orthography, when rules are wanting.

3 Walker prefers brasier with s-, and glazier with z !

APPENDIX.

287

gnarly

gnarl,1 d. j. Br. w,

goblet, m, d, j. bh b

goslin, m, b.

gore, m, b, blood, or cloth cut

knurly, wb.
knarl, wb. knarly, wb.
gobblet, w.- see babler
gosling,2 j. d. wb.
goar, j. d.

gondoleer, M: [widening ,wb gondolier, d. j. Br.

gors, h. gorze, goss, h, wb.
gorz, b, gorss, wb.

gorse, w. wb.
gossamer, w. wb.
graft, j. d, Br. wb.

grand u re, m.
granit, wb.-
garnet,4 wb.-
grapnel, j, w. wb.
grapling, wb.
granulose, see gibbose
grass-plot, j. Br. w, wb.
gray, j.- d. Br, w.- wb.-
grayhound, b. = wb.-
grayness, d. j. Br. b,
graybeard, d. j. Br.
greece, Br. w, wb.
grese, wb,-
grenade, o. Br. w. wb.

grenadeer ?

griffin, m. d. j. Br. w.

gossomer,B.u. gossamor, Br.
gosemore, h.
graff, m. d, Br.

andity, d. wb.
grandeur, 3 j. Br. Fr. wb.
granite, b. j. w. wb.
granate, d. j. Br. b. w. wb.
crapnel, Br. wb.
grappling
granuloz/s
grass-p/a*
grey, d. j. Br,
greyhound, j. Br. d,
greyness

greeze, w. r. j, Br.
grease, grise, w. r,
grenado, Br. d.
granade, d.
granado, d. b.
grenadier, m, d, j, Br, w.
granadier, b, d,-
griffon, Br, d, j. w. wb,
gryphon, c.

» It is somewhat difficult to determine which form is to be preferred,
both are very knotty.

a The diminutive termination LIN or LING, as in codZm, gosZin,
goblin, is better without theg*; at least in many cases: as also EN,
which has been mistaken for ing in stocken, like mitten,- and ticken,
like chicken.

3 Johnson, in addition to his strong condemnation of all French
words, particularly marks this which Martin had corrected.

* Dr. Webster prefers garnet to granate! Different words.

288

APPENDIX.

grizzly, d, Br. j. wb. gray
grizly ? *

grisly, M.j.Br.wb, frightfm
grizzled, d, w,
grogram, d, m, j. Br. w.

grorawel, wb, sm. Rl 25

grotesk, b. wb.
groop, wb.- Rl 24
grous, d.

grout, j. Br. d. m. head
groundsil, b, wb.

grudge, d. j. Br, w.

guaiacum, w. wb.

guelf, wb.-

guess,2 j. d. Br, wb,

gild, b.

gulf, m. Br. d, j. wb,

engulf, wb.

gunnel, d. j. Br. w, wb.
like trunnel, which see
gugaws, m,
gurgle, wb.-
gutter, d.j. Br.
gutteral ?
gAerkin,3 d. w.

grisly , M. for both

grogerum, w.

grogeram, j. Br \grogran,BT,

gromweU, d, j, Br. wb,

ummel, w.
gromill, d. gromilf wb.
grotesque, d. j, Br. wb,
groupe, b. group, d, J, Br.
grouse, d. j. Br. wb.
growse, b,
growt, j, wb
groundsel^ wb.
groundsel, b. d. Br. j, W.
grounsel, m.

grunsel,B . D.j.w*grundsel9wb
grutch, b. j== w=
guiacum, w.
guelph, wb,
ghess, j, wb,
guild, b. wb. geld, b.
gulpJi, m. j, Br.
ingulph, w.
ingulf, j. engulph
gunwale, j-Br, d, w- wb.
gunnale, b.
gewgaws, j. wb,
guggle, w=
guttur, Lai.
guttural, m. d. Br.
guerkin, d.

> There is the same reason for and against omitting a z in this
word, as for d in sadler,fidler, pedler, &c. See Note on babler.

2 The Normans inserted u or h after g to keep the g hard, as guer-
don, g/terkin but putting u after g before a as in guard, was a blunder,
for even the French have it garde. So also u after b and g, as in
build, buy, guild, guy.

a So also ghcss and g-?*ess. If we had g hard, both h and u might
be spared. In gherkin h has prevailed, and in guess u is more com-*
inon. Custom is capricious.

APPENDIX.

289

guzler ? see babler

gipsum ?

gipseous, A.

gipsine ?

Habergeon, d. b. Br. j.

habiliment, b. j. d. Br- c.

hackny ?

hacknied ?

haddoc ?

hagard,1 b. m. d. j. vvb.

hackle, d. Br. c- w.

hagler ? see babler

harebel, j. RIs 9 & 25

hainous, m.- b.- wb.
hacketon ?

hake, d. j. w. wb.
halberd, b. j. wb.
halberdeer, b.

halcion ?
haliards, c.
hallo ?2
qu. from hail,o

halser, b. w. wb.

halimas, b.

holidara, c. h. wb.

hammoc, d. wb.
like maminoc, wb.

guzzler, d. j. Br. w.
gypsum, wb.
gypseous, d. wb.
gypsine, d.
habergion, m.= b.=
abiliment, c-
habilement, m-
hackney, wb.
hackneyed, wb.
haddock, m. d. j. Br.
haggard, d. j. Br. e w.
heckle, c.

haggler, j. Br. hegler, b.
harebell, Br. w. wb.
hairbel, j. c-
hairbell, d. sr. w.= wb.
heinous, c-- d, Br. w.
haketon, b. haqueton, j.
hacqueton,j. ==wb. hecqueton
haak, m.= w- = wb -
halbert, d. halbard, m. p. b.
halbardier, d.
halberdier, j. c. b.
halcyon, M.D.j.Br. alcyon^i,
halliards, D.B.Br- halyards,B.
halloo, b. j. d- Br. w. wb.
hollow, c. holla, w.
hollo, wb. 12 mo.
hawser, b.d.
hauser, haulser, c,
halimass, j- c. w,
halmass, j- hallowmas, c.
holidom, b. halidome, h,
halidom, c - b. wb.
hammock, j.
hamack, c.

i Hagard, haggardly ! Johnson.+

2 This common word is spelt four ways in Johnson and Walker.

3 00 for o long is not according to English analogy.

Z

290

APPENDIX.

hames, b.

hamper, b. m. d. Br.

hanch, b. m. d.

handkerchef? Rl 24-

kerchef?

neck kerchef?

kerchief, b.

handrail, j, Rl 25.

handsel, b.- d. j. Br, w.

harem, c-

harang, Eng. like hang

harass, m. d. j. w. see p, 5

haras ?

harpooner, w. wb.

harpsicord, b. d. j, see p-97

harness, b. c.
harrier, b.- d.
heriot, m. d.

harslet, d, Br. j. w.
hatchel, b. d. j. w.

hassoc, wb. 12 mo

hattoc ?

havoc, wb.

cassoc, wb- 12 mo

raattoc, d.

hark, d. j. Br.

hash, b. d. j. Bf.

hasp, b. d. j.

haul, m. j. Br. w. wb.

haura, d. j. Br. w. hawm, d,

haumes, b.= c.
hanaper, d. m. j.
haunch, d. j.
handkerchief, d. j. Br.
handkercher, m. b.
neckerchief, j. neckatee, j.
kerchezf,1 d. j. Br.
handmiM, Br. wb-
hansel, m.
haram, c.
harangue, Fr.
harrass, Br.
harras ? like arras
harponeer, d. j. b.
harponier, m.
harpooneer, b.
harpineer, b.
harpsichord, w.
harpsecord, m.
harpsecol, m. harpsicol, b.
harnes,2 b.=
harier, m. j. w.
hariot, m. d. harriot, m.
herriot, m.- herit, b.-
haslet, j.= Br. w.
hitchel, B- d. j. hetchely wb
hackle, b. j. heckle, b. d.
hassock, d. j. Br.
hattock, d. j.
havock, d. j.
cassock, d, j.
mattock, j. w.
heark-en, d. j. Br.
hashe, b. hach, b,
hapse, b. m.
hale, d. Br. w.
haulm, b. halm, b. w.

i Kercheif. This is one instance, among many, of the careless
copying of misprints.

2 Double ss must be retained, or caress would be cares ; Jiness,
fines i and princess, princes, changing both number and gender.

APPENDIX.

291

hazel, j. b. d. w.

hauk,M under screation

hayward, m. d. c.

headake, see alee

heartake

headstal, m. j. ab.

hede, o. b.

hele, h. o.

hectic, d. m.

hemloc ?

hepe, o. b.

hero, d j. bt. heroin, m=b.

herse, j. c. wb.

heron, m, j.

hest, c. wb,

herbalize, d.

herbalist, d. c.

herbarize, d. c* see p. 220

hemorrhage, d. j. Br.

hermit, Br. b.

hermitical, b. wb.

hermitage, b. wb.

heteroscians, j. Br.

hexaped, wb. see p. 23S

hibernal, b. j. Br. c.

hibernate, wb-

hibernation,' wb.

hibernacle, wb.

hibrid ?

hibridous ?2

hide, b. j.

hickory, wb.

hiemal

higler, b. m. see babler

hip, j. c.

hazle, j.

hasle, b. hasel, b,

hawk, m.

heyward, c.

headach, d. j. bt.

hearlach, j, sr.

headstall f d. sr. w. j.

heed, d.

heal, h.

hectic&, j.

hemlock d. j. Br.

heap, p.

heroe, m.= heroine, d, j. sr.

hearse, b. d. j, c.

hern, m. Br.

heast, c.

herbalist, d. b.

herborist, c, b.

herborise, c, herborize, wb.

haemorrhage, j. Br,

eremite, d. j. Br. c.

eremit, wb. heremite, c.

eremetical, d. j. Br. c.

heremetical, c.

heremitage, c.

eremit age, c.

heteroscii, p. Lat,

hexapod, by. a, hexapede

hybernal, b. = h,

hybernate, wb.

hybernation, by. wb.

hybernacle, wb,

hybrid, d. j. Br. A.

hybridous, wb.

hyde, b.

hecharry, A.

hyemat, A. b. m.

higgler, 3. hegler, m.

hyp, b. d. j.

i Ht'benal and hybeFnation! Barclay. X
3 These words have often i in Latin.

292

APPENDIX.

hippish, j. c.
hipothenuse, b. m,

hippogriff, Br. c.
hippocras. Br. c- m.
hipocras, b. folio
hickup, D. b. j. m. A.
hindrance, c.
hilloc, wb.
hiss, w. wb.
hippopotamy, wb,
hithe,1 m.-
hobler ?
hoboy, m. b. d. c.

hoggerel. w. c. wb.
hogerel ?
hoe,2 b. m. j. Br.
hogo, c. B.

holster, m, c- w.

so bolster

hoiden, b. m. j. Br,x w.

hoidening, An.

hoist, b, j. Br- w.

holibut, b. wb.

holiday, Br. c. wb.
holihock, b.

hyppish, p.
hypotenuse, j. d. w.
hypothenuse, b.
hoppogriff, o.
hypocras, a
hippocrass, j.
hicket,M.B.H* hiccough, a. d,
hinderance, j. w.
hillock, j. a.
ciss, wb.

hippopotamus,- b. w.
hythe, m. hyth, M.
hobbler, b.
hautboy, m. d. j. Br.
hautbois, b. o&oy, b, oboe,B.
hoggrel, b. h,
hoggel, b, h.

ho&', B. AI.- J.
hogoo, M. B.
haut gout, c. b.
hogoe, b. A.
holdster, j. c,
boulster, o.
hoyden p.
hoydening, Br.X
hoise, m. Br. b. w.
hoyst, Br. hoyse, Br.
halibut, j. w.
hailibut, b. m.
holybut, b. hallibot, b.
holyday, d, j. b. c. -
holy hock, j. b.
hollyhock, Br. d, j. w.

« All words bngiiiuing with % might substitute z with advantage,
as the words above written, have done.

2 Hoe from how, shows the progress of this class of words toward
simplicity. The next step will be to reject e final, as in go, wo ; which
is the simplest form, and having no superfluous letters, cannot be
shortened, and probably will never be altered. How is analogous to
bow?, mow, sow ; hoe is analogous \ofae, toe, soe, (a brewer's tub) and
ho would be analogous to go, wo, no, lo.

APPENDIX. 21

hole,1 h. c.

whole, c.

holm, m. d. j.

holme, d. home, o.

homestal Rl 15.

homestal/, c.

homested, wb.

homestead, j. Br.

hommoc

hommoc&, wb.

hone, c- j.

hoane, c.

hominy, p.

hommony, wb.

hoop, B. J.

whoop, B. M. J.

hoopingcough, b. m. d. j.

whoopingcough

honied,2 d. j. w.

honeyed, a.

hony, b. the Saxon has noe.

honey, b. j.

so inony, 3 b. folio

money, j.

monied, c.

moneyed, j.

hord, b.

horde, c, w.

horehound, b. m. wb.

hoarhound,j.

hore, Chaucer

hoar, p.

hory ? .4n. gray headed

hoary, c. w.

horizon, b. j.

horison, b.

hozier ?

hosier, j. w.

ozier,4 b. m. wb.

osier, b, wb.

hospitaler, b, P)r.

hospitaller, j.

household, d. j. Mr-

houshold,5 b.

falsehood, w-

falshood

housel, b. j.

howsel, b.

hochjB.c.wb.

hough, b, j.

hoh, Sax. no u or g

hox, c, hockle,wb.

hotel, c-

hostel, j. c. hostelry, c.

hostler, c. b. d. m-

ostler, c. b. j. hosteler c.

hostlery, m.

ostlery, j. b, hostry, m. b.

housewife, m-

houswife, huswife, b. j. a

hub, wb. nave

Ao6, wb.

hue, b. m- d. color

Aew, B. M. c.

hue ? to cut

hew, c.

i Hole and holsom, b. are from the same root as Aate; there is no
w in the Saxon, and no need of it in English.

2 Moneyed and honeyed are monsters.

3 Like cony, crony, bony, drony, pony. See cony.

4 Like brazier, glazier, grazier, &c.

6 Omitting the e, renders these words liable to a wrong pronuncia-
tion, as houshold, jal-shood.

z 2

294

APPENDIX.

humpback, c. w.
hungered, d. j. w*
hudler ? German
hurlbat, j. w.

hurlwind, c.
hurricane, b. j. m. w,

hurst, d. j.
hurtleberry, j. w.

hiacinth,1 A. b.
jacinth, j. w.
hy,2 b, m.
hyena, w.

hunchback, c. w.
hungred, d- c-
huddler, c.
hurlibat, m.
whorlebat, m,
whirlwind, p.
hurricano, w,
herricane. b.
herst, d. j. hyrst, d. j,
whortleberry, j.=
whurt, j.
hyacinth, j. w.

hye, b. hie, b, j.
hyen, w.

i Hyacinth becoraesjacinth by omitting the h.

2 This word shows the process of reformation, which is constant-
ly and silently going on, in this class of words. Hye was the old
spelling, then hie, and then hy, as above. Dy and ly have the same
form in their derivatives ofying, tying, as Martin assigns to them, m
their primitives. See p. 71,

Icicle, j. c.
lines ? Rl 25
imagin, wb. 12 mo
imposterp.
incle, b. h.
indigo, m.
inrode, m. h. a.
instal, b,
instalment, j.
instalation ? An.
insted, wb. stedfast, b.
instil, b. d.
instilation ? An.
institutes j. c-f.
instructer, j. c. x
inter, b.
disinter, b.

intendent, w. ft. /

isicle, b. c.
illness, j.
imagine, j. wb.
mpostor, wb.
inkle, m.
indico, m,
nroad, m. h. a-
instal/, d. J-J- wb.
instalment, wb.
installation, wb.
instead, j. wb. see p. &
instil/, j. wb.
instillation, b. py. wb.
iustitutor, j.x wb.
instructor, j.x wb,
enterre, Fr.
disinterr, B: m,
disenterre, j. c. Fr*
intendant, b. wb*

APPENDIX,

295

superintendent, wb-
interest, j.
intermedler ?
interreign, b. j.
inthral, e.

inthralment, j. b. Br. c.
invalid, j. sick
invalid,1 j. not binding
intreage, b. m.
invay ? Rl 24.
convay ?
survay ?
purvay ?
inveegle ?
inventer, wb.
irrevocable, j. wb.
invoice, m.
inwal ? Rl 25
iron, j.3
iland, wb. ieland, wb.

superintendent, n.
inter ess, j.-
intermeddler, j.
interregnum, b. j. Lat.
in thrall, j.x wb.
inthral/ment, wb.
invalide, Fr.

intrigue, b. j.
inveigh, J.+
convey, j.-*-
survey, j.
purvey, J.
inveigle, j.
inventor, j.

irrevolcable, wb. 12 mo
invoyce, o.
inwall, j.
iern, old spelling
'island, j.

i Johnson is clearly correct in spelling these words alike, original-
ly the same, meaning not strong, as applied to the body, and to a
contract.

2 These Norman corruptions should be reformed. Ai, or ay, is
the regular form of long a as in day, daily; and to change all the words
that have ie, ei, orea, for the sound of long e, into double ee, would be
of vast importance, to the learners of English. Those that have a
final e, might reject i ; then the regular forms would be, intreeg, seze,
seel, beleve, deceve, fyc. See p. 250.

3 The pronunciation, of this and many other words, was fixed, be-
fore the spelling was corrupted ; for example, bisness is better, accor-
ding to old authors, than business. The vowel that follows r, is trans-
posed, in pronouncing this and other words.

4 That is ea-land, water land. Island is a bad corruption.

For the variable words beginning with in, see the list of words with
the prefixes en, in, un.

Jackal, j.

jag, J.

jail, b. j. wb.-

i jackal J,

\gaol,2 B. M. D. J.

i No letter should be doubled, in the end of words, except S.
a Gaol. This word is a monster.

296

APPENBiX.

jailer, j.

jam, b. m.
janty, b. d. m. j.
jant? An.
jantiness ? An.
jessamin, b. m. wb.

jar, m. j.

jandice?

jelly, j. d. wb. Rl 16

jellied, d.

jennet, b. m. d. j. c.

jenneting, j. wb.

jill, c. M.
jerfalcon, d.

jereagle, j.
jerk, b. J. wb.
jet, Mi
jeweler, py.
jewelry,1 Rl 23.
jilliflower, p.

jingle, wb.
job, M.
jocky r Rl 7.
jocund, j
jocundity, j.
joke, m.- b. j. Rl 9.
jole, j. Bl 9.
joiance, b. Rl 6.
joiful ? An. Rl 6.

l These four forms are often
of them on one house !

gaoler, i>. J. nr.w disapproved

jailor , p.

jamb, j. jaumb, b.

jaunty, b.

jaunt, b. j.

jauntiness, j.

jessamine, J.

jessemin, b. m.

jasmine, j. jasmin, ». m.

jarr, b. m.

jaundice, j.

gelly, m. d. j. Br. wb.

gennet, j.

genet, d. j, c- wb.

giunet, j. Br. c. wb.

juneting, j. junetin, k.

genneting

geniting, m. d. j. Br. c.

gill, j d. Br.

gerfalcon, b. wb.-

^erfalcon, b. wb.

jereagle, j. wb. Bible

yerk, j.x b.

jeat, m.

jeweller, b. j.

jewellry, jewellery, jetcelery,

july-flower , d.

gilly-flower, d. j. Br. wb.

gingle, wb.

jobb,2 b.

jockey, b. j.

jitcund, b. joconde, b.

jucundily, b.

joak, m.

jowl, b. joll, J.

joyance, j.

joyful, wb.

seen on signs ; in some places, two

a However strangely this now looks ; it is just as good as ebb.

APPENDIX.

297

joint, j. b.

jointure, b.

joist, B.

jonquil, b. m. d.

jouler ? Rl 8.

jurny ? Rls. 7, 8 & 24.

judgment, b. j. R] 23.

jugler ? Rl 23.

juce, wb. Rl 24.

verjuce, wb.

julep, b.

juncate, j.- d.

just, b. m. j. Rl 8.

joynt, m-
joynture, m.
jpy st, m.
jonquille, j.
jowler, b. j.
journey,1

judgement see p. 233
juggler, j.
juice, b. j. wb.
verjuice, b. j. wb.
julap, b.= j.
junket, b. m. d. j.
joust, J.

i Journey, translated into plain English, is jurny. The plural is
often seen in ies, as journies, then the singular must of course be y,
and not ey.

Keelhaul, wb.

keelson, b. b. j.

keltic, Turner. Bosworth.

kelts, Turner. Bosworth.

kern, j.

key, m. j.

keyage, d. j.

kickshaw, j.

kidny ?

kidnies ?

kill, b. m.

a-kimbo, p. kimbo, h. c.

kink, wb.

kintal, b. m. c.

knapsac, j. haversack, wb.
knel, j. h.
knob, d. j.
ky, c.

keelhale, b. j.

kelson, j. c.

Celtic, p.

celts, p.

quern, j. kirn, c.

fcay, b. m. quay, b. j. wb.

kayage, b. quayage

quelque chose, J. Fr.

kidney, b. j.

kidneys

kiln, b. j. kell, b.

kembo, b.

kenk, b.

quintal, b. c. m. wb.

kentle, wb.

snapsack, m,- j.

knell, b. wb. knoll, c. wb.

knop, d. Bible.

kye, h.

HEMARK8.

K and G before N, at the beginning of words, might very well be
spared, nife, nomon, nack, naj>} nab} narl, nurl, &c. would all be im-
proved by the change.

298

APPENDIX.

Laboratory, m.

labify ?

lacrimal ? Rl 24.

lacky ?

lackluster, wb.

lair, b. j. a "place of lying.

lamel, wb.

lamelate, py's r.

lamelar, py's r.

lam ?

lamin, b. m.

lamens, wb.

lammas, m.

larapers, b. m. wb.

lampry ?

lancer, p.

lanch, b.- j.- w.-

landfal Rl 25

landscape, b. j.

lantern, c. wb.

laniards,* wb. 12 mo

landress, b.- m. h.

landry, b.- m. h.

langrel, m. wb.

lattin, b.j.m. see note, p. 47

laystal ? Rl 25.

laun ? Rl 8.

lee, j. afield.

lether, wb.-

lethern, wb.-

leven, j.

lecher, m.

lecherous, j.

lechery, m.

leger,2 j.

leming, p.

lentil, m. j. c. wb.

elaboratory, m.
labefy, j.
lachrymal, b. j.
lackey, b. j. laquey, Fr.
lacklustre, j.
layer, b.

lamella , py. Lat.
lamellate, j. wb.
lamellar, wb.
lamw, j. see belam
lamina, j. Lat.

lammass, o.

lampass, m. j.

lamprey, m. j.

lampron, wb.

lancier, m.

launch, b. launce, b.

landfall, j.

landskip, m- a.

lanthorn, b. m. c.

lanniards, b. h. lanniers, b.

laundress, j. la van dress

laundry , j. wb. launray.wb.

langrage, wb.

latten,B.= m.

laystal/, j.

lawn, j. laund, b.

ley, j. lay, 3.

leather, j. w,

leathern, j.

leaven, b.

leacher, o.

leacherous, b. m.

leachery, m.-

ledger, b. m.

lemming, wb.

lentile, p.

i The reference to this word, C, at page 247, should have been wb.
a The g- is softened by e, and d is useless.

APPENDIX. 2iJ

lepard, wb.

leopard, j. wb.

lerry, m. j.

lere, b. j.

lettice b. wb.-

lettuce, j. letuce,B.

lever, m.

leaver, m.-

hide?1 R112.

lewd, j. m. _

libertin, wb.

libertine, j.

license, j. wb.

licence, b.

licorice, j. wb, a root

licorish, b. Hckorish,* b.

liquorish, b. liquorice, wb.

ly, m. falsehood

lye, b. lie, j.

lue ?3 lutenant ?

lieu, Fr. ftewtenant, Fr.

linen, wb.

linnen, m.

linsy woolsy, m, Rl 7

linsey woolsey, j.

lilac, wb.

lilack, m. lilach, j.

lily, m. wb.

lilly, b. m.

lilied, f.

lillied, wb.

limegal ? Rl 25.

limegal/, wb.

liquify ? An. liqmd

liquefy, b. j.

lodestar, j.

loodstar, j.

lode?Rl9.

load, j.

lodestone, j.

loadstone, j.

loch, j.

lough, j.

lome, b.

loam, b. j.

loth, B.

loath, b. j.

lothe, b. m.

loathe, b. m.- j.

lothesome, b. see

note on

loathsome, j. w.

lothsom, b. folio [darksom

loathsom, b.

lothesomeness, h.

loathsomness,B.
loathsomeness, j. w.

loiter, b.

loyter, b. m.

loial?4 An. from hi,

Fr.

loyal, j.

roial ? An. from roi,

Fr.

royal

i From the Lat. ludus ? play. This conjecture is about as proba-
ble as the several others given in Bailey and Johnson. If it is right,
hide would be the correct spelling, like crude from crudus, rude from
rudis.

a Xickerish, delicate, is a different word.

3 Like sue rue true blue vue? subdue pursue

suing ruing truly bluing vuing? subduing pursuing
issue yutvue? rescue value
issuing purlwe.? rescuing valuing

4 Both etymology and analogy require i in these words.

300

APPENDIX.

lorimer, m. j. «

lout, B. M. J.
Jour, m.

lu, 3.
luff, B.

luker,1 see p. 94 & 84.

luff, b. see term

luncheon, j.

lunch, b. j.

lunet ? lunett, wb. 12 mo

brunet,wb. brunetl,wb.l2mo

lupin, wb.

luster, b.

lustring, m. b. j.

i. e. fostering, silk with a

ly, m. lixivium [luster

linage, m.

linx, Fr. like minx.

Ioriner, M. J.
\lowt, B.
llower, M.-s.
jloo, J.
\lough, b.
lucre, Fr. b. j.
loof, J.
nuncheon, j.
nunchzon, b. m. j.
lunette, b. m. j. Fr,
brunette, Fr.
lupine, j.
lustre, j.
lutestring , b. m.

lye, b. wb. lie, j. ley, Br. t.
lineage, b.
lynx, j. b.

All words beginning with ly, might advantageously substitute i
foxy.

Mackerel, m. j.
magot ?

like fagot, m. j. b. d.
magpy, m.
mahomet,1 b.
mohammed, wb.
mainprize, b. m.
maiz, m. wb.

maladministration, m.
malcontent, p.
manchineel, j,-
mandarin, b. j. w. wb.
manoover ? English, An.

mackarel, b. mackrel, d.
maggot, b. j.
magget, m.
magpie, b. j.
mohamed, p.
muhammed, p.
mainprise, w.
maize, b. j. w.
zea mays, Botany
maladministration, j.
malecontent, w.
manchineol, j.
mandarine, p.
manoeuvre, py.
maneuver, wb. small

i The people of Tunis, who speak Arabic, accent this word on the
second syllable, and end with the d. Cowper accents the first. "Thus
Mahomet's mysterious charge.''

APPENDIX.

301

mantow, m. buc.
mantowmaker, m.
manto? English, An.
mantoe, b. Elphinstone,
mantoemaker, Elp.
many, p.
any, p.
mar, w.
margin, b.
marshal, b. j.
markee, wb.
marmalade, J.

martin, 2 a bird, w. b.
marten, a quadruped, b- w.
martingal, b. j, w.
farthingal ? An.

martinmas, m. j.

mask, j.

masker,3 j. w, wb.
maskerade ? An.

massive, m,
massaker4
mastic, m.

matins, m. w.

matras, h. a chimical vessel

matros ? a soldier

matrice, m. a mold

manteau, Fr.

manteaumaker

mantua, b. w.

manluamaker, w.

see Walker on the word

meny,1 Saxon

eny, Saxon

marr^ m. b.

mar gent, b. o.

marshall, b. mareshall, b.

marque

marmelade m.

marmalet, b,

maron, Fr.

marten, j.=

martern, b. = m.

martingale

farthingale, d. j. Br-

fardingale, m.

martinmass, b.

martlemas, m. martlemass}B,

masque, Fr.

masquer

masquerade, b. j. x W.

mascarade, m.

massy, m.

massacre, j. Fr.

masticA;, j.

mastiff, j. masty, m.

mattins, m. matines, m.

matrass, b. m. j.

matross, j. motitross, m.

matrix, m.

i This is one of very many instances in which the orthography has
been corrupted, since the pronunciation was fixed.

3 See No. 36, p. 49. These words are not commonly distin-
guished. . v

3 Masker and Masquerade ! Walker. X

4 Sec note at p. 94.

A A

302

APPENDIX.

matress ? * a bed

maukish ?

mazardj j.

meazles, b. m.

medler ?

medly, b.

meen, b.- m.-

raere, m. w.- only

mere, b. w. a lake,

melasses, b. m.= buc. wb.

meliorate, m.
mencar, p.
merchandize, m.

meslin, b. m. d. buc.

metalic ? An.
metaline, py.
metalist, Py.
mineralist,2 m. w.
metalography3
metalurgist, py.
metalurgy. py.
metaliferous ? An.
meter, b. m. wb.
mildew, b. j.
millener, m. b,
mimicry, wb.

mattress, j.
mawkish, b. j. m.
mazzard, b.
measles, b. m- j.
meddler, b. j.
medley, j.
mien, b. m.
meer, m.-

meer, m.- mear, b, buc.
molasses, c, w.

dosses, m. w. c.
ameliorate
menker, b. m.
merchandise , b.
mercandize, b.
mescelin, m. b.
maslin, m. b. buc.

'sling, b. mislen, d,
mastlin, j.
metallic, b. m.
metalline, b.
metallist, b. m-X w.x
minerallist
metallography, m.
metallurgist
metallurgy, m.
metalliferous, py.
metre, b. m.
meldew

milliner, f. c. milaner
mimickry, j.

i These four words should be carefully distinguished. ASS and
OSS might spare an S, and mattress might spare a T, and thus con-
form to the analogy of the others.

2 Mineralist and Metallist ! Martin,X Walker. -f-

3 Metalography is like cry sialography, which Webster has with
one 1 in his4to Dictionary. Metalic, cephalic, aud oxalic are analo-
gous, and two of them are always with one I; why should the other
have two ? Perry has corrected four of these words, and forgot to
correct the Jifth.

APPENDIX.

303

mimon,1 j.
rnilion ? »
mi new, b.
minstrelsy, b. Bue.

ministry, w- b.

mink, wb. a quadruped.

minx, m. a girl

minuet, b. j.

mirror, b. j. w.

misbehavior, e. wb.

raiscal, j. c.

miter, j. m. d.

misdemeanor, j. w. e. wb.

demeanor, e. wb.

misprision, b- j. m.

mizzle, m.

mis-spel2

mis-spell

mis-speak, j. c. py. wb.

mis-spend, m. buc.

mis-spender, An.

misselto, A.

mistery, at. a,- p. 3 Rl 6.
com mixion,4 w.
mizzen, d,- w.
mone, m.- b.- Rl 9.
mote, b. m. d.

minnion

million, b. j.

menow,B. M.H.minnow,w.wb.

minstrelsey, w. wb. 12 mo

minstralsy, b.

ministery, b.

minx, Harlan

minks, m.=

menuet, m. b.

mirrour% m. b.

misbehaviour, j.

miscall, m.

mitre, j. m. d.

misdemeanour, m.

demeanour,5 J.w-x

misprison, b. folio

misle, m. - h, buc.

mispel, d, c. py.

mispell, w. wb.

mispeak, w.

mispend, j. d. w. c. wb.

mispender, j. wb.

misseltoe, b. a. d.

misseldine, b. a. h. d.

misletoe, m. d. c. wb.

missletoe, b. h.

miseltoe, buc. mistleto, py.

misleto, Gregory's Diet.

mistletoe, a.- j. d w. c.

mystery, m. a £raete

mixtion, w, b, mistion, b. f,

mizen, d. missen,D. misen,D.

moan, j

'moat, b. m.-

i Why should L have a privilege denied to N ?

* Mis-spel is mis-spelt in every Dictionary which I have seen. One
I is according to rule 25 ; but one s seems to be a mistake.

3 Fenning remarks on mystery, a trade, with v, and says it is im-
proper.

* Mix/ion and com-mixion ! w.-f-

* Demeanour and misdemeanor ! Johnson and Walker. -J-

,304

APPENDIX.

niohawk, d.

mold, b« buc. wb - shape
molder, An.
moldiness, wb.
molding, wb,
mole, m. d.
molehil ? Rl 25,
molt, b. wb.
mony,1 b. d.
monied, m.
morel, m. d. wb.
moresk, b. j. c.

morter, b. Rl 18.
morris, b. m. j. w- Rl 20.
mosk, b.- d.- buc. wb.

motly, b, m.

moslem, p.

mue, m. Rl 12.

mufler?

mulatto, m. wb.

muleteer, j. wb.

mullen, b. m. wb.

mum,2 b.

mummery, b- j. m. d. w,wb

munday, m.

mungrel, m. d. w. wb,

murder, b. m- see p. 252.

muscatel, wb.

musketeer, j. d. wb.
musket, j. wb.

rausketo3

mohock, d.

mould, b.- j.

moulder, j.

mouldiness, c.

moulding, c.

mold, b.

molehill

moult, b.

money, j. d. b.

moneyed, b. j. d. c.

morille, m.

moresque, Fr. moress, b.

moristc, b. morisco, b.

mortar, j.

murrice, b. morisco, b.

mosque, j. d. wb.

moschey, m.=

motley, f.

mussulman, b. j. m.

mew, m.-

muffler, b. j.

mulattos,

muletier, b. muletto, b.

mullein, j. d,

mumm, d.

mommery, c. u. wb.

monday, m.-

mongrel, m.-d.

murther, b. m.

muscadely m, muscadin, wb.

muscadine, m.

musqueteer, b. m. musketier,

muslcit, b. [buc.

musquet, b.

musketoe, wb. muskitto, c.

i Bailey uses this form repeatedly, as of undoubted authority.

3 All such words show the progress of the language towards sim-
plicity.

3 This word may have about fifty different forms. In Sparks's life
of Ledyard, the plural occurs in three different forms. So little atten-
tion do our best writers pay to consistency and uniformity.

APPENDIX.

305

1

musquitto,c. muschetto,B.fo\.

muscheto, b. m. moscheto

moschetto, b. m. s. u. w.

mosquetto, py. musqueto

musquito, Sparks, musquetoe

musketoon, j. d.

musquetoon, m, b.

muslin, b. m. J. d.

musselin, b. m.

mussel, b.= a shellfish

muscle, py. j.

mustaches, m j. d. w. wb.

mustachoes, wb.

muster-role ? An,

muster-roll, b. j. wb.

Naker, b. Am. jr.

nacre, b. nacker, b.

nankeen, wb.

nankin, p.

nag, b.

nagg, b.

narwal, Godman, wb.

narwhale, j. narewhale, j.

nave, j.

nef, J.

neal, m'. j-

anneal, j.- m,-

nectarin, b. wb.

nectarine, m. j.

neck-cloth, wb.

neck-cloath, j.

negro, wb.

neger, wb. niger, b.

nedeful, b.

needful, b, j.

nep, b. j. m, wb.

nip, b. =

catnep, Biglow's Botany.

catnip, wb. 12 mo

catmint, j. b. wb.

cafs-mint, m.

parsnep,j.D.B.M.s,JS.Turton

parsnip, b. m. w. f. wb.

turnep,1 B.D.A.Turton'sLin.

turnip, b. d, j.w.Js.s.Br.F.wh

b. folio, under naphew

nepe, b.

neeptide, b.

neaptide, b.

net, b. m.

neat, j. nett, wb.

nib j. b.

nip, b. neb, j. b.-

nibler ?

nibbler, j.

neece, b.

neice,B. j. niece, b. m.

nuel, b. m. j.

newel, j.-

ny, o. Thos. More.

nigh, j.

nich, wb.

niche, j. nice, b.

niter, wb.

nitre, b. j.

noisom, b.

noisome, j.

noisomness, b.

noisomeness, j.

nole, b,

noul, b. j. noil, j.- b.

i Njep, Saxon, is rapa, Lat. ; and turnep is, according to the deri-
vation, more correct than turnip.

aa2

306

APPENDIX,

jobbernole ?
nozzle, wb.
nubble,1 j.
nurn, wb.-
nusance, b, m. wb.
nuraness, buc. wb.
numscul? Ri25.
numscull, j. ».

nutgal? Rl 25.
nutshel ? Rl 25.
nuzzle, b. j.
nursel, b. m .

nowl, m.

jobbernowl, b. j. py.
nozle, j. p. nosle, b. p.-
fcnubble, b— m.
num&, j. c.
nwsance, j. b. c. d.
num&ness, j. d.
num&scull

numskull, j. w. c. py. wb,
numbskull, numscul, k.
nutgall, j. wb.
nutshell, j. wb.
tuistle, b. j, nousel, j.
\nursle, j. noursle, b.

a In the same way, k before n should be universally rejected, as in
this word by Johnson.

Oaf, b.

oke,1 &•
ore, b. J. metal
ore, m. to row with
obay, b.
obaisance, An.
oblike, wb.

auff, b. m. elf, b, m.
ouphe, j. c. ouph, f.
oak, j.
oar, b. m.
oar, j.

obey, b. m- j.
obeisance, m. j.
oblique, b. m. j.

oker, b.m.j. h. Rls. 23 & 24ocher, wb. ochre, b. j

okerous? An.

ochreous, j. ocherous, wb.
ochrey, j. ochery, wb.
ochraceous, Say.
ochymy, ockamy, b.
cac-ochymy, J.-J-
oddly, wb.
oddness, wb.
offence, j. m. w.

ochimy,3 j.
caoochimy
odly, b. Rl 25.
odness, b.
offense,4 wb.

t This is the only word that remains to be corrected, of all that
were formerly spelt o, a, k ; and this might yield to analogy, if oak
was not too stiff to bend.

a Od, odd; eg, egg; ad, add; eb, ebx, &c. should follow nag, nagg,
jar, jarr; fu r, furr : mar, marr ; bun, bunn; bur, burr, &c.

3 Ochimy and cac-ochymy ! Johnson and Walker. -h

* Offensive, j. w. and offence, j. w. J-

APPENDIX.

307

oil, J,

oleander, J.

olio, b. j. sue. wb.

okum ?

omber, b. m.
ooze, j. x D>

wb.

sea-ooze, py.
oozy, b. wb.
opake, wb.
opposit, wb. 12 mo
deposit, wb. 4 to
apposit, wb. 12 mo
composit, wb. 12 mo
reposit, wb. 12 mo
exquisit, An.
requisit, wb. 12 mo
prerequisit, wb. 12 mo
perquisit, wb. 12 mo
ophthalmy, j. w.

orage,2 b.

oi/l, j. m, o.
oliander, wb.
oglio, B. J.

oakura,B.j.w.H. oakkam^.u,
okham, b. oakam, b. h.
ombre i b. j.
oose, j. owze, b,
ouse, d, j. owse, m. d wb.
ouze, b. m. oaz, b,
sea-oose,1 j.-f- w.-+-
ousy, b. oazy, b. m.
\opaque, b. j.op«cow$,B,Lat.
opposite, j.
deposite, j.
apposite, j.
composite, w-
reposite, w.
exquisite, wb. 12 mo
requisite, w.
prerequisite, w,
perquisite, w.
ophthalmie, j.
ophthalmia, b.
orrage, c. erach, b. j.
orrach,B. j. orach, h. b»
arrach, b. arrack, j,
or gallons, b.
owison, j.
or duel, m.=
orchestre, b. c. w.
orchestra, b. c. w.
orpine, j. c. w.
ostridge, b. h. ostrige, m.
estrich, a. c. o. estridge, c.
once,D.= onca, FV.
osier, b. m. c. w,
osprey, b. m.
othergates, c. w,
otherguess, c.

i Ooze and sea-oose! Johnson and Walker. X
a See note on Couhage.

orgillous, b- j. c.
orison, b. m. c. w.
ordeal, m. b. c. w.
orchester, wb.

wb.

orpin, b. m.
ostrich, m. b. j, d. c.

ounce, b. c. a beast
ozier, b. m.- wb.
ospray, j. c. w.
otherguise, c. w. wb.

308

APPENDIX.

OUCh, M. B, C.

overaw ? aw, m,

overfal, j. c.

overhaul, m. c.

overspred, Wakefield

overvail, An. Ri 4.

vail, j.

unvail, j. w.

oul?

oulet ? Aoulet, m. j.

oxid, p. Rls 6, 11. oxide, p

oxigen, p.tRl 6,

oxidize,1 p.

oister,2 b.-a. m. buc. h.-

roister, m. j.

owch, b.

overawe, J. c. w. awe, *§.

overfall, w.

overhale, c. b. w.

overspread ? j.

overveil, j.x w.

veil,=

unveil, j.= w.

owl, b. j- M. c.

owlet, j. c. howlet, m.

oxyd, wb. oxyde

oxygen, c. oxygene

oxydize

oyster, j.

r oyster, a. Irving

i So also oxidate, oxygenation, oxidation, oxidable, «Spc.
2 Like fioisterows, hoist, foist, joist, moist.

Packet, j. c. b.
painim, b. w.
palankin, wb. o.

palet, wb. 12 mo
palish, m. c.
palfry, b. wb. 12 mo
palisade, j, b. c.
palmetto, j. c. wb.
palmister, b. m. A- c.
palmistry, b. m. j. a.- c.
palsy, b. m. j. c.
palsied, b. j. c.
paltry, b. j.
pannel, b.

pansy, m. b. j. c. w.
tansy, m. d.
pantaloons, m.
pantoofle ? Rl 2^.

paradisical, wb.

paquel, m.- b.
paynim, b.
palanquin, b. m. j. c.
palankeen
paiette, j. c, Fr,
paleish, b,

palfrey, b. m. j. c. w.
palisado, j. = c,
palmeto, h.

dmester, a.
palmestry, A.
palsey, o.
palseyed, o.
paultry, b.

panel, j. c. see empannel
pancy, b. j. c. w.
tanzy, d.

pantaloon, m.j. w. c.
pantoujle,M.Fr.pantoJfle,B,H
pantofe, m. buc. c. w.
paradisaicaly p. Henderson
Iparadisiacal, j, c. w.

APPENDIX.

309

parhelion, m. j. c. w.

parly ? like merry Rl 6.

parlinient, like merriment

parsnep, see nep. m. j. buc.c

parsly, b.

partridge, m.

partare ? English

partizan, m.

pashavv, wb.

pashawlic, wb.

patacoon, m. j. b.- c. w.

paten, c-

patteh, m. J, c.

parole, j. w.

patrole ? An.

petrole ? An.

pistole,1 m. a coin
panch, a.
paver, c. wb.
perch, b. m. j. c.
peccary, wb,
pedler, b. j. w.
peep, j.
peer, b. c-
pelmel ? Rl 25.

penniless, b. j. c. w.
pennipost
penniroial
penniweight,2
pensil,3 b.

parelium, m .- buc. h.

parhelium, m. buc. h.

parley, b. j. w.

parliament, c. w.

parsnip, m. buc. w.

parsley, b. j. c.

partrige, b.

parterre, b. j. Fr.

partisan, m. b. j. c.

bashaw, j. wb.

pacha, p.

pattacoon, m. b.

patin, c.

pattin, m,

parol, c.

patrol, j. w.patroul, b.

petrol, c. wb. petrolium, w.

petroleum, Lat. c.

pistol, a small firelock

paunch, c.

pavier, b. j. m. c. paviour,o.

pearch, m.-

peccari, p.

peddler, w.- pedlar, ».

piep, m. b.

pier, c. pear, c.

pellmell, b. j. c. w. wb.

pallmall, c. w.

pail mail, w,

pennyless, p.

penny-post, b,

penny-royal, b. j.

penny-weight, J.

pensile, j. c. w.

i The e final is necessary, in these words, to preserve the true
sound, and prevent pistole from becoming pistol.

a Like merciful, merciless, hardihood, &c. If these are written
together, they should have i; if separate, y, as above.

3 All words ending in He pronounced short, might well spare the e,
as steril, j. b. indocil, j. The omission of the e would prevent such
contradictions as docile and in-docil! Johnson and Walker, -f-

310

APPENDIX.

peony, b. m. j; c. w.

peruke, b. bi\

persiraon, mx. sylva

periscians, b, m. c.

petrify, b. Br.

petty, b.

phiz, b. d, c.

phenix, d. c. w,

picaroon, j. d. c. w.

pickax, b.

pickeer, c.

picturesk, wb.

pigmy, b.- j. c. w. wb.Rl6

pioneer, b. j. Br. c, w.

peek, b.

picket, b, m. d. c.

pipperidge, d. wb.

pistacb, d.

pix, d. Br, c. wb.
placard, d m. b. j. Br. c.

placket, b. m. j. d. c. w.
plad, m.
plane,2 b.

plaster, m. d.- j. b, d c.
plot, j- d. level
platen,3 b. m. j. d. b. c. wb
pleasurable, j. see p. 230.

piony, b. m.= c w. pmy

perruke, b. m.

persimmon, wb.

periscii, b. c.

petrefy,*

petit, b. j. Fr.

phyz, B. m. d, c.

phoenix, b.

pickaroon, b. pickeroon

pickaxe, j. Br. c. w.

picqueer, c.

picturesque, d. wb.

pygmy, b. wb. pygme, a.

pionier, J.x B«

pique, Fr. b. m. J.

piquet, b. m. j. d.

piperedge, b. m.

piperidge, Br.

pistacho, m.

pistachio, Br. j. b. c. w. wb.

pistachia, d.

pistacchi, Ital. pistache, Fr.

pyx, d. Br. m,

placart, d. b. j. Br. c.

placaert, b

plaquet, Fr. c.

plaid, j. c.

plain, b.

pla'me, old form

plaister, b d.

plat, j. c,

plattin, p. platine, b. m.

pleasureable, b.

i See p. 98 and 99.

Pcripnumony, plurisy, pnumatics, and rumatism may drop the use-
less e by Rule 24.

2 --These two forms are derived from the old form by omitting the i
in one, and the e in the other. The case is similar with a very large
number of words.

3 The Printer's Grammar, published in New-York, by C. S. Van-
WinUle, in 1818, has this word five times on page IftO, spelt pla"'
and five times on the opposit page, spelt platen !

APPENDIX.

311

pleget, b. m.

plethory, d. c.

pliers, j. Br. d.- c.

plow,1 B.Br.D. wb. plou? Sax.

unplowed, 2 j.

plum, sr.-o. b. j. a fruit

plummer, d. b. c.

plummet, d. j. c. wb.

ply, d. sr.

poinant, m. b. Rl 24.

poinancy, m. poinantness, b.

poize,3 d. j. Br. c. see p,266

pole ? the head

pole evil, b.

pole-ax, b.

poltroon, sr, d.

poltroonery

pontif, m.4

porringer, d. j. Br. c.

pontoon,5 Br.

porphvry, j. c. wb.

portmantle, m. d.

porcelane, m.

porpus, d. Br. c.
portray, b. j, d. c. wb,
portcullis,0 j. d c.

pledget, b. sr. d.
plethora, d. c.
plyers, b. c.
plough, Br. D. J.
unploughed
plumb, b.=
plumber, d. b. j. c.
plumb, d. plumbet
plie, o.

poignant, b. j. c.
poignancy, j. c.

poise, d.= b. w. c.

poll, b. j. /

poltevil, d. j.

pole-axe, c.

poltron, m. j. d,= w.

potronry, c. poltronery, m.

pontiff, b. j. c.

porrenger, m.

ponton, b. m- j. Br.= w.

porphyre, j. c.

portmanteau, d. b. j. c. wb.

porcelain, b. j. w. c.

porcelan, b.

porpoise,v.Br.j.c.porpes$,vtb

pour tray, b. c.

portcluse, j.d.c. portcullice ,M

i The gh should be universally rejected, as an odious corruption, .
but the u final would be better, as in thou ; because w final is often
merely the mark of long o, as in know. PLOU is right, if practice
would permit.

2 Plough and unplowed ! Johnson and Walker, with their usual
inconsistency ! ,

3 See counterpoize.

4 Pontif/" and ponti/lcate, &c. contradict : altho the accent is on
the/*, in the derivative, oney* of the primitive is rejected. This ab-
surdity may be avoided by adopting the spelling of the excellent and
judicious Martin, which is also in accordance with Rule 23.

s In all words of this form, OON is preferable. See Letter 49.

6 Porta, agate, and cludo, i. e. claudo, T shut, show the mean-
ing of this word, and indicate the proper, tho not the common spell-
ing.

312

APPENDIX.

posy, B. M. D.J. c.
postilion, b.
pottage, j. d.
potato, m. j. d. Br. c.

pOultlS, B. M. D.

pouch, b.- Rl 8.

pouder, m.b. Rl 8.

poze, j. c.

prance, b. j. d. c. Rl 3.

prairy, wb.

pratic, b. wb.

preferable, b. j. b. h. see p

pretense, wb. p28

preterit, J. wb.

primmer, b.

like glimmer, simmer,

privilege, b. m. j.

prize, b. d.j. m.-

posey, m.

postillion, b. si. j. Br.

potage, m. d.

potatoe, b.

poultice, j. b. c.

powch, B,

powder, b.- j. poulder, c.

pose, Br: c. wb.

praunce, b. m.

prairie, Fr,

prattic, d. pratique, b. m. c.

prattique, d.

preferable, b. Ab.= h.=
pretence, d. w.
preterite, A.
primer,3 b. j. wb.

priviledge, m.

prise, b. d. m.

apprize, d.b. apprise

comprize ? An. comprise, d. b.

reprize, b. reprise, d, b,

surprize, b. surprise, d. b.

enterprize, d. b enterprise, w.

overprize, w, overprise,

procede, An. proceede, b. i.proceede, o.

procedure, b j. proceedure

proceding ? An. proceeding, j.-j-

precede3 preceede

preceding, p. preceeding

i Primer, linen, polish, &c. show that in English, we are chiefly
guided by accent, and not by quantity depending on single or double
letters.

2 Nothing is more evident than that all these words should follow
the same analogy; and yet no Lexicogiapher has written «.hem all
either with z or s. Z is to be preferred in all words, where the sound
requires it; otherwise we lose the use of this letter in the very case
for which it was designed, i. e. shard, ezzard, zed, or z.

3 Ignorance has done all that it could do, to viciate our spelling,
and produce contradictions without number and without reason. Wit-
ness the words above, and the others of the same family ; but so glar-
ing an error as proceed and precede, proceeniNG and proceovRE, one
would have thought might have been seen and avoided ; and yet no
Lexicographer has even appeared to know the fact. See cede.

APPENDIX.

313

profane, m.- b. j. wb. Rl Xhproph
profile, b. w\ wb.

protracter, m. j. wb. Rl 18.
puet, m. d. b. w. Rl 12.
pumpkin, b. m. d. Br.
pumkin, wb. bumkin, m.
pummel, b. Br. wb.
puny, b. j. wb. Rl 24.
purblind, m. c. wb.
puncheon, b. j. d. wb.

purlue, A. lue?

purvue ? vue ? Rls 12 & 24

purslane, m. Rl 9.

pur, c.

pursevant, b. m. Rl 24.

purify, wb.

putrify, b. m. wb.

pustle, B. M.

py, Rl 7.

seapy, Rl 7.

pybald, m. a.

ane, m,
pourfil, B. M.
purjile, B»purfil, A.
protractor, b. m.
pewet, m. j. d.- c. w.
pompion, b. d. c.
pumpion, j. d, sr.
pommel, b. m. d. Br.- w,- c.
puisne, b. j. wb.
poreblind, c. wb.
punchion, b. m. d.
punchin, b.

pourlieu,1 c.

purleu, b. purlieu, Fr.B.wb.

purview, m. j. b. purvieu,M.

pur slain, b. m. j.

purr, d. j.

pursuivant, b. wb. f.

purefy

putrefy, m. j, wb.

pustule, wb.

pye, m. w. pie, b. j. wb.

seapzV, seapy e, wb.

pzebald, j. w. c. wb.

pyebaiid, c.

P before s and t, at the beginning of words, might advantageously
be rejected. Salm, tisan, and iisic, would be better than the pre-
sent strange and foreign forms of these, and the other words of the same
family. Indeed tisic and tisical stand fairly in Johnson, and are for
every reason to be preferred.

Gilchrist recommends the dropping of all superfluous letters.

i These words ought to be anglicized.

Quadril, wb.
quadruped, j. wb.
quarantin, wb.

quaint, j. c.
quarterage, b.
quarry, c.
quarto, b.

quadrille, b. j. quadrill, wb.
qnadrupede, b. m,
quarantine, j. c.
quarantain, j. c.
quarantaine, b,
queint, M,
quarteridge, b.
quar, c. quarre, c.
quarta, b.=
B B

314

APPENDIX.

queme, b. j. c.
query, j. c.
quinsy, j. c. wb.

quirk, j. b. c
quota, j.

queem, b.

quoere, b. c. queer y, b.

quinsey, b. m.

squinancy, m. squincy, m.

querk, m- b.-

quoto, 0.

REMARKS.

In words of variable spelling, c or k is always to be preferred to
qu, because either of them is simpler than the aukward double char-
acter expressing a single sound. In orthography, simplicity and reg-
ularity are of all things most desirable. Q is little used, and of that
little a part is obsolescent. Its use should be discouraged in every
case, in which it is not quite necessary.

Kabbet, b, m. j. c. ajoint.
rabbit, d. j. c. a hare
radish, j. py. b. c.
racoon, Ash

ragoo, b. m. wb.
rally, b. rale ? An.
rallery, b. m. wb. ralery ?
rampart, wb.
ramparteer ?
ranedeer, wb.-

ransom, b. m. wb.

rapter, c.

rareripe, wb.

rare, b.j. wb. slightly cooked

rarify ? see p. 98 & 99.

ratlins, d.

rasberry, b. m. c. buc,
raze, b. m, wb. see eraze
razure, c.
race, w. to run

rabbet, b. m. for both

raddish, wb.

raccoon, wb.

rackoon, m. b. w. c.

ragout , j. wb.

rail, b. railing, b.

railery,B.wb raillery ,j .w .py

rampert, b. rampire, b,

ramperteer, b.

raindeer, d. c. w. wb.

remdeer, wb.

ransoms, * j. w.

raptor, c.

rathripe, b. c.

rear, b. w. c. rere, b. j.

rarefy, w. rarejie, b.

ratlines, b. rattlings, b.

ratlings, b.

raspberry ,j .c. raspis-berry u

rase, c. wb.

rasure, c.

rase, b.
rasor. m.

b. BUC.

ratoon, wb.
recal, buc.

i Ransome and transom! Johnson.
2 Razor and razourable ! Johnson. X

rattoon, b. w.
recall, b.

APPENDIX.

315

rere, b. hindmost
reremouse, b. m. py.

rereward, b. j.
real, m. c. a coin
reckless, j. wb.
recompense, w. c. wb.
reconnoiter, c. wb.
rede, b. j. c. advice
reddle, j. b, c. " a craon,?,B.
redout, wb.-
reinstal, w.
rely, b. wb. ly, m,
relic, m. a. wb.
renard, b. j. w. wb.
rencounter, j. b. a. wb.

rendavoo ? Rl 24.

renegade, b. w.

rennet, m.- b. w- wb.
repete, buc- compete, wb.
replier? An. denier
reptil, Lat. reptile's
republic, m.
resin,1 buc- j.- c,~
respit, b,- m. wb.
retale, detale,2

• These two words have assumed a slight shade of difference in
common practice. Rosin from the Pine, and resin from trees in
general.

2 This word is not introduced here as one in use, but as one that
ought to be so. Tale, signifying a numeral account, reckoning, or
number reckoned, is a Saxon noun from the verb telan, to count.
Hence to retale is to recount or reckon over again, as small dealers do
with those articles which they purchase by tale and not by weight. To
retail, (retailler, Fr.) means in English literally, to renew or replace
1 that which terminates the animal behind !' Detail is under the same
predicament. Detale [de and tale, from tellan to tell, Sax.] would
be better.

N. B. This is plausible, but not correct. TAIL is from French Tail-
ler, to cut. To retail is to sell by cutting, and a tailor is a cutter of
slothes. Ed.

rear, b.

rearmouse, j. w. c.
reermouse, j. p.
rearward, j. c.
rial, b. m. ryal, m.
reckless, b. retchless, b.
recompence,,B.
reconnoitre, b.
read, b. j. c-
ruddle, b.
redoubt, b.
reinstall, wb.
relie, o. lie, lye, o.
relique, m. b,

m'nard, b. buc. reynard, o.
rencontre, b. Fr.
rencountre, A.
rendezvous, wb. buc. Fr.
rendevous, b. buc. a. m.
renegado, b. w.
runagate, w. wb.
runnet, b.- m. w.- wb.
repeat, buc.
replyer, w. c. wb.
reptile, j, b.
republique, m.=
rosin, buc. j. c.
respite, m. b. w.
retail, b. j. detail

316

APPENDIX.

reve, b. f. w.
bereft, reft, reve, b. to be-
revelry, j. w. wb. [reave
restive, d.- b. buc. wb.

revery, d. j. w. wb.

reversable, b. h bug.
conversable, j. d. c. f. b. py
irreversable,2 see p. 232.

revocable, b.

rapsody,3 b. m, buc. [worth
rime, B.-M.wb. Turner, Bos-
ribboDjB.M.Buc. py.D. w. wb.
see p. 48.

riggle,* b. j. w. wb.
rinse, m. j.
risk,5 j. w, Br. d.
ro, like go, to, no, so

reeve, j. f.-

reave, j.

revelriey Fr.

restiff,1 c- w. wb,

resty, B.w.Buc.wb. raisty, b.

reverie, d. Fr.

resvery, m. buc. Br. py.

reversible, d. j. c. f. py. w.

reverseable, m.-J-

in*eversible, m._i_ b.-+- j.x

D.X c.+ H. X f.X py .-J-BU. X
revokeable, wb.
rhapsody, b.

rhime, b.m.buc. rhyme, b.j,
riband, py.D. j. a. w. wb.
ribband, b. m. buc.
ribon, p. ruban, Fr.
ribban, A. d,
wriggle, j. w.-
rince, Fr.

risque,B.D. sea risque,J.X w.
roe, w.

, Restiff and restifness ! Walker, i-

2 This is a fair sample of the negligence of our Lexicographers,
who all spell conversable right, and irreversable wrong, and contradict
each other on the word reversable.

3 Rh from the Greek p, could very well spare h, in every instance,
as in rapsody. Rime is from the Saxon, and never had h. Ignorance
confounded this word with the Greek pv&nos, rythmus, but rime and
rhythm, are different things. That very excellent work, the History
of the Anglo Saxons, by Sharon Turner, gives R, I, M, E, and is fol-
lowed by Bosworth's Saxon Grammar, which is also a work of the
very highest character. Reioric, rumatism, rubarb, rinoccros, &c.
would soon become familiar, and appear better than the present forms.

a All words beginning with tor, might well follow the leading of
this, and reject the w, as worse than useless, and a relic of barbarism.
The early riters of the English language, as Chaucer, rote these
words without W.

s Riak and sea-risque ! Johnson and Walker.-f-

APPENDIX.

317

robin, py, w.
rore, o. see p. 137.
ROLE, h. b. foiio
roler, An.
rocklo,1 English

rost,2 B. BUC.

rout, w. b. d. for both

rou, b. A. like thou Rl

rouze, b. Rl 15.

roial ?

roialist ? 3

ruful, w.- ru ? An.4

rumb, b.- buc.

rummage, c-

runlet, b. wb.

runion ? An.

runt, j.

rhyncops,5 l. table
rincops ?

robbin, py.-f-

roar, w. roor. b. roore, o.

roll, J. roulf b.

roller, b. j. router

roquelo, d.

roquelaure, d. Fv.

roquelaur, wb.

roast, b.- buc.

route, A. & w. distinguish

row, c.

rowze, m. rouse, m. w. Rl 8.

royal, j.

royalist, &c,

rueful, j. w. wb. rue, j. w.

rhumb, b. buc. rhomb, b.

rumogp, c.

rundlet, b. c. d. wb.

?'oundlet, b.

rumiion, b, d. c.

ronion, j. b. Ab. c-

ront, j,

rynchops, l. turton, d. wb.

rhynchops, cuvier

i If this word is used, it should be translated, but the cloke is out
of fashion, and if the word was not in our spelling books, it might be
dropped entirely. It is no part of our language.

2 Like post, most, host, gost.

3, There is no good reason why the antiquated y should be retained
in these words. We might as well write rejoyce, invoyce, as loyal and
royal. The y is no longer used in the French original. See note, Vi.
209.

4 The only reason why we do not write AW, OW, EW, AX, AY,
EY, RU, R.O, RY, LY, and many others, insted of owe, ewe, eye, rue,
roe, &c. is that the words thus written, would look too short ! AW,
AX, AY, WO, and others are found in good authors, and indeed be-
gin to be common. Success to the whole, and a rapid progress in the
high road of simplification !

5 Rhyncops. Linne printed this word right in his table, and wrong
in his description; and the misprinted form is copied by Dr. Turton,
Webster and others, piv Konro>, razor bill is the etymon; and besides the
misprinted form leads to a false pronunciation of the second syllable,
like chaps. A better spelling would be RINCOPS, omitting the h alto-
gether, which Cuvier repeats. See Cutwater in Webster's 4to Dic-
tionary, i

bb2

318

APPENDIX.

ryi

ry-grass ?

j rye, J. m. rie, j.
(rye-grass

i Y is the proper terminating letter insted of IE or YE, I, OE or EY.
Rls 7 and 11.

sachel,1 j. wb.
sadler ? An. pedler, w.
saffron, b. j, wb.

sailer, j.= wb. Rl 18.
sanfoin, p.

, j.- h. wb.

salic, wb.
saphire, m.
silic, Eng.
salep, c- wb.
salsify, j. d.
saltpeter, wb.
sassafras, wb.

sampler, w. wb.
see example
sandarac, wb.

santer, b.-
sarse, b- m. j.
sarsenet, b. m. .
satire, j. buc.
satirical, j.
satirize, .t.
satirist, j.
satin, b. m. j.
savanna, j. py. b. wb.
s a vans,2 p.

satchet, b. j. m. wb.
saddler, b, wb. see babler
s off urn. o. safforn, b. fol.
zaffren, b. zafren, b.
sailor, b. wb.
sainfoin , m. j. wb.
saintfoin, b, sainfain, s. wb.
sallad, b. m. sallet, o.
sallet, b. m. d. j, h.
salique, Fr.
sapphire-, j.
silique, Fr.
saloop, c- wb.
salsifre, b.
saltpetre, j.
saxafras, b. m. buc.
saxiffaSjM .buc. saxifrage^
samplar
exemplar

sandaric. buc. sandarack, h.
sandarak, d. j. sandarachyv>
wi filter, j, m.

saree, m. scrse, b. searse, b.
sarcenet, m. j.
satyr, b.- buc.
satyricaly b.

satyrize, m. satyrise, b.
satyrist, b.

sattin, b. buc. satten, b. m.
savanna//, p, savana, m. b.
sfravans, b.

i T before ch is a Norman corruption which deserves to be puri-
fied, as In attach, techy, rich, stfeh.

3 Bailey's fulio givc^ s<,avans as we now use it. I have not found
it in othcrdictiouaiioft.

APPENDIX.

319

sausage, m. b.

savior, wb.

savor, wb. wb. see p, 250,

sawyer,1 wb.

scalade, wb.

scallop, j. c. py. see escalop

scate, j. b.

scepter, m. b.

skeleton, m.

skeptic, j.- m.

skedule r

skeme ?

skirrous, wb.

skirrosity ?
scissors,2 py.

saucidge, b. m.
saviour, m. b.
savour, m. b.

sconce, py. b. j. wb. Rl 13.
scot, wb. to stop a wheel

scoul, b. M. BUC

scouling, b.

scour, b. m.

scranch, b

rather cranch

scraul, buc.

scrauler, An.

scream, m. b. Rl 13.

screen, b. m. j.= Rl 13.

scrofula, b.
scrofulous,

j. py.

PV- M.

sawer, j,

scalado, b. escalade
scollop, c. b. py.
skate, j.
sceptre, j.

seeleton, m. b. sceletus. fi.-

sceptic, m.- j.

schedule

scheme

schirrus, b py. sc2VrAows,c.B

schirrous,?y. schirrhus, buc.

sc h i r r g s i ty .py .- scirrosity, py

scissars, j, c. scissor, j- c.

sizers. J. c.

cissor, e. risers, b,

cizar, c. cisars, b.

skonce, j.

skatch, j.m,buc. skotch, buc

scoat, py. scotch, py.

scowl, b. m. buc.

scowling

scowr, B. M.

scraunchy o.

craunch, o.

sarnvl,B^uj buc. scralLs. m.

scrawler

skream, b. m.

skreen, b. m. j.
Rl 14. scrophula, b= [evil.

wb. small scrophulous,\vh,\mdev kings-

i Like lawyev and bowyer.

2 The worst way is the most common in practice. Rules 20, 15 IB
.require sizers, which Johnson gives. If it is said that this spelling
will confound it with sizers, with i long, we may reply that the accent
determines the meaning, which is always known to a speaker, and
consequently may be to a reader. The letteis p,o,l,i.s,h aie never
mistaken in a phrase or sentence. Thus we may say, 4 The polish of
the r.izers is high. The Polish universities have no sizen. The sizms
eut well. The sizers serve tables.'

320

APPENDIX.

scrole, An. Rl 13.
sculk, b. j, m. py. Rl 13.
scull,1 b. m. j- py.
scullcap, wb.
sculcap, Rl 25.
scullery, b. m. py. wb.
to scum, j.- scummer, m j.
scurrilous, b. m.
scarisk, py. e.
sea-ooze, py. e.
searcloth, m.
secresy, m. buc. Rl 20.
segar, English, p.
senior, e. a. wb.
seniorage, A. wb.
seniory, e. A. wb-
seize,2 bj.c.buc. seizin,j,(
seizure, b buc. seized
selander, b. m. buc.

sena, b. buc.
seneca, A. Rl 13.
sentinel, b. j. w.-

sepulcher, wb. 12 mo.
sepulker ?
seralio? HI 24.
sere, f.. dry

sergeant,3 w. serjant ?
shab,4 a. eb? ad ?-
shaddoc
sheathe,5 m. a w. wb.

scroll, B. M. PJ'.

skulk , b. j.= py.

skull, b. j.= m. py,

skullcap, j.= py.

skvlcap

skullery_

to skim, j. skimmer, m.

scurrillous,^.

searisque, j.x py. risk, j.-{-

sea-oose, j.x ooze, j.-k

searcloath, j.

secrecy, e.

cigar, Spanish, wb.-

seignior,M.

seigniorage, m e.

seigniory, m, e. signory,j e.

sense, b seise,Buc. seisin, b.e.

seisure, buc. seised, b.

sellander, m, selliander, m.

solander, m. sellender

senna, b. e. A. senie. A.

sene&a, wb. sm. senega, A.

centinel, b.

centry, b. j. sentry, b. j,

sepulchre, b.

seraglio, b. e.
seer, c.

serjeant, w. under quoif
habb, m. ebb, p. add, p.
shaddock, wb.
sheath, w, wb.

i Scull. In all dictionaries both ways, with the same definition-.

2 Seize and seisable! Bailey folio.

3 See no',e at p. 213, and Letter 44.

4 Words of more than THREE letters, often drop the double finals.
All these double letteis are useless, and nearly all that excede THREE
LETTERS are corrected in general practice.

5 The e is necessary to soften the sound of Ih, but I do not find un-
sheathe in any dictionary except Ash. See wreathe.

APPENDIX.

321

unsheathe, A.
sherd, a.
shamade, buc.
shamoy, m, b buc.

shanker, b. m. j.
sheer, b. j.
sheers, j. c.
shark, m. a.
sheet, m. a. a rope
sheriffalty, m.
show, J.- E.-
shipwrack, m.
shock, j- A.
shore, b. m. e. buc.
shole, Saxon, buc.
shote, A- wb.
shoveler,B.M.A.wb.see p
shred,1 m. j. e. a,
shriek,2 a,
shrilness, Rl 25.
shroud, b, j. e. A.
shrude ? An.
shuttlecork?3

sibilant, py. j.
sibilation, py. b. j.
sicamore, a. j.

sillabub, b. m. c.

simily Rl 24.

simar, m. b. j.- f. c. e.

225

unsheath, j. w. a. m. wb:

shard, j. m. sheard, b. j.

chamade, buc-

chamois, j. A. shamois, j. m.

shammv, A. E.

chancre, j

shear, b. m. j.

shears, b. j.x m. c.

shirk, m. A,

sheat, A.

shrievalty, b.

shew, j. e.

shipwreck, A. e.

shough, j. wb.

shoar, m»

shoal, j,

sheat, b. a. shoot, m. saut,B.

shoveller, j. m.

shread, b. m.

shrike, A.

shrillness, e.

shrowd, m. E. A.

shrewd, m.

shuttlecock,M.E. skittlecock,

shittlecock, m. j. e. [j,

sibillant, n.

sibillation, n.

sycamine, j. sycomore, b.

sycamore, j.

syllabub, j.sillibub,B. M.J.-

sillibauk, b.

simile, b. e.

syrnar, p. samar, h. m.

chimmar, b. m, cymar, b.f.c.

chimere, c. simarr, m. [j.w.

J All words in ea sounded short, should be corrected like shred,
ded, red, led, tred. Nothing but courage is wanted, for old books are
abundant authority, for this correct spelling.

2 Shreke would be preferable.

3 Shuttlecock. Under this word Ash spells battledore with the final
t, as suggested at page 245.

322

APPENDIX.

simnel, j. euc. wb.
simonical, buc. wb.
siphon, b. m. j. wb.
sirloin, A. j. w.
sirname, m. b. buc. i. e.
sire name, m.
siren, b. j, a. wb.
sirius, b. j. a. wb.
sirup, b- j, wb.
sithe,1 b. m. j. buc. a.-
site, m. j.
skain, b. m. wb. scane ?

skue, m. j. a. py. wb.
skilful, m. py. wb.
skillet, m. py. wb.
skirfk, b. m.

skir, b. A.

slant, b. j.

slat, A. wb.

Slavonian, wb.

slay, m. j. buc. in weaving

slazy ?

sled, b. j.2
sley, wb.
slick, b. a.
sliness,3 b. j.
slobber, m. j. wb.
sluce, b- m. wb.
smallage, b. m. j.
smalness, j.

cimar, c. buc. samarr, m.
simare, b. e.
cimnel

simoniacal, A. j.
syphon, j. wb.
surloin, p. n.
surname, j. A. m.

syren, a.
syrius

syrup, b.- A, strop, j. a.
sythe, m. buc. scythe, b. m.
scite n.

skein, b. m. j. wb.
skegn, b. skaine, b.
~ew, m. A. py. wb.
skillfull, o.
skellet, m. buc-
scincus, Lat.
skinc, scink, seine
skirre, j. A. skirr, A. wb.
slaunt, o.
sloat, B. j. A.
sclavonian, p.

stey,B.j.A.wb, slaie, B.j.wb.
sleave, j. wb.

sleazy, B.M.j.A.wb. sleezy,j.
sleasy, A. silesia
sledge, b.
sleigh, p.
sleek, j. A.
slyness, f.

slabber, m. j. slaver, m. j.-
sluice, j. wb.
smellage, wb.
smallness, b.

1 Johnson specially prefers sithe.

2 In sledde, the original Belgic word, there is no g.

* An error occurred in this word at page 274. Strike out the words
" no author," and " except sliness." The addition of Fenning's au-
thority, makes the correction necessary.

APPENDIX.

323

smirk, b. j, wb.

smirky

smoke, b. m. j. a.

suath, wb. a sithe handle

sneeze, b.a.j. sneze? p.250.

snub, m. h. j.

so,1 b. a pail or tub

socage, m. wb.

sole, M. BUC.

soke, b.- m.-

sope, B.- M.- j. BUC-

soder, a.- j. Bible

soil, b. j.

soop, b,- m. wb. buc. Rl 24,

soot, b. py. wb.

sooty, py. wb.

to soothe, py.

sophomore, p. soph, py. j.

sorel, m, py. a buck

to souse, j. souze ?

souse, j. the noun

sour, m. j.

sowl, Saxon

soe, wb. sow, m. j. to stitch

spacious, m. j.

specter, wb.

spermacety ? Rl 24.

spigot, j. wb. like bigot

spue, m. A.

spinage, b. m. j. buc wb.

spinel, j. wb.- spinell, p.

spinnet, j. wb.

spiritous,2 j. wb.

splint, m. j.

smerk, b. m. j. wb.

erky, j.
smoak, A. o.
snead, b. sneath, b,
snese, A. c. sneese, j.
neeze, a. neese, j. a.

ibt j. sneb, j. sneap, j.
soe, j. soa, b. sow, m.
soccage, m. j. wb.
soal, o.
soak, j.

soap, j.= see j's preface,
sodder, b. m. buc. wb.
solder,j.-B.M.Buc.wb. unsol-
soyl, b, m. [der, m.

soup, Fr. wb.
sut, wb.
sutty, wb.
sooth, b, py.
sophimore, wb. 12 mo
sorrel, v. py. a plant
sowce, j.
souce, B. M.
sowr, m. J.
soul, p.
sew, m.- j.-
patious, m.
spectre, j. h.

spermaceti, parmacety, c,
spiggot, M. H, BUC.
spew, m.j. wb.
spinach, j.=
spinelle, p. espinel, wb.
spinet, j, m. buc.
spirituous, j. wb.
splent, m. •

i See note on hoe.

2 To the euphony of spiriiueux, we seem to owe this word, which,
after all has nothing to recommend it in preference to our English de-
rivative tpiritvus.

324

APPENDIX.

spirt,1 m. J- wb. like squirt

spunge, b. m, j.= buc. wb.-

spunk, m. j.= a. wb.

spred, Wakefield, o»

sprite, J. wb.

spite, m. j.

despite,2 m. wb.

springhalt, j.

sprout, wb-

sprue, wb.

spue, b.

squobble, b. A.

squall, m. j. A.

squamous, j.

squeel

squil, m.

stadle, j -see babler

stale, j. a handle

staid, m. j. sober

staid, j. wb. participle

stair,4 j.

stake, buc. wb.

stanch, b. j. c, wb.

unstanched, m.

stationery, see p. 58.

stedfast, b. m. j. buc. wb.

stedfastness, w. r. j, wb.

sted, j. wb.

unstedfast, An.

steddy, wb. Creech, p. 177.

stelth, wb.

step ? a plain

spurt, m. j. wb,«

sponge, j, a. wb.

sponk, j- A. wb.

spread, j.

spright, m. j. wb. sprete, a-

spight, j. spyte, j* o.

despight, m.

string halt, j .

sprowt, o.

sprew

spew, b. w.

squabble, m.

squawl, m. j- A. squeal, wb.

squameous , m. squamose, a.

squeal, m. j.

squill, j.

staddle, j.

stele, c. j. steale, b.

stayed, m. j.

stayed,3 p.

stayer, o.

steak, b. buc j.

staunch, o. c. j.

unstaunched, j.

stationary

steadfast, j. wb.

steadfastness, j. wb.

stead, j. wb.

unsteadfast, m.X j.

steady, wb.

stealth, wb.

stepp, wb. steppe, p.

' A small class of words vary between e, i, w, o, before r and an-
other consonant, as spirt, spurt; whirl, whorl; smirk, smerk; quirk,
querk ; sturk, stirk. I have preferred the i, which will unite tnoet of
these words in one form. ^

2 Ight is obsolescent : He is better.

3 These two words are the same.

4 See note at page 34, No. 22.

APPENDIX.

325

steril,1 b. m. j. A. wb.

stint, b, m.- j. wb.

stigian, A.

stile, b. m.-j.a. a passage

stile,2 b.- m.j. a. a manner

steelyard, A,

stilness, m.

stiptic, m. stiptic&, j.

stirk, A.

stirup ? like sirup

stote, b. m. py.

stomp, wb. of the foot

stony, wb.

strait, m. c- wb.- j.

straitway, m. wb.

strap, j. wb.

streke, m.j. wb.

stroke, m. buc. j.

strole, b.

strow, j. wb.

stupify,3j wb.

subtract, b.- m.- j.

subtraction, m.-

subtil? An.

subtil ly, wb. subtly, j.
subtiliy, j.
succedent, b.x
succede ?
succedaneous, j,
suction,4 j. wb.

1 This word has not had the e final for a century, till some late au-
thors attempted to revive it. It is better omitted, in all this class
of words, and then the primes and derivator will agree, as fertil,
fertility; steril, sterility; activ, activity; civil, civility.

2 There is no need of a distinction in these words; but if any is ad-
mitted, it should be style, steps into a field, from aroXos, a pillar, and
stile, a pen, or manner of writing, Lat. stilus or stylus. Johnson does
not distinguish these two forms, but prefers style, for the -steps into a
field.

3 Stupify and stupefaction ! Johnson. X

4 K might be universally rejected, in compounds before a conso-
nant, as here in suction from suck ; so sucling, tacling ; swcie, lade.

C C

sterile, P.

stent, m. p.

stygian, b. a,- wb.

style, m.

style, j,- m.-

stilliards, A.

stillness, j.

styptic, b. styptick

sturk, m. j.

stirrup, b. m. j. stirrop, a.

stoat, b. m. j. py. wb.

stamp, a print

stbney, wb.

straight,M.B.j.wb streight,u,

straightway, j.

strop, A. wb.

streak, p. j.

stroak, b. m. buc a.

strowl, j. stroll, m. j.

strew, m, j. straw, j, wb.

stupefy, wb.

substract, m. w.- j.- wb-

substraction, m. j. prefers

subtile, b.= m. j. wb.

subtle, b. m. j.

subtilely, j. wb.

subtlety

succeedent, An.

succeed, b.x j. x succeede,o.

suc&tion, suck

326

APPENDIX.

suet, M. J. wb.

sue, m. wb.

sugary, w.

sum, B. M.

suiter, j. wb.

sute, B. m. a. h. c. Rl 24.

sutable, m.

unsutable, m.

sulfur ? Lat. Virg.

sumac, wb.

summer, wb.

summerset, j. wb.

superintendent, c. py.

superviser, m.

supreme, b. m. wb.

surfit ? Eng.

surfiter ?

surcingle, m. c. py.

surprize, b. m. j. wb,

surtoot, b. m. Rl 24.

surveyer, m. Rl 18.

survue ? Rl 24.

suspense, c. py. wb.

sutler, b.j. py.wb. see babler

swadling, m. see babler

swob, wb.

swobber, b. j. c. wb.

swale, b. m. j. c-

swath, py. c. wb.

sward, py. wb.

swomp, m.

sweetbrier, py. wb.

brier, j. wb.

swosb, wb.

swepe, b. m. well-pole

swop,2 b. m. j. a- py. wb.

i This strange word is not a misprint, for J. quotes Spenser as his
authority for doubling the g, and gives no other form.

a After W, a often assumes the sound of o; and the instances above,
show that spelling follows pronunciation, and tends to obviate anom-
alies..

sewet, m.

v, o.

suggary I ' j. 1st abr. fbl.&qi .
summ, b. m.
suitor, m* J. wb.
suit, J. M.
suitable, m.
unsuitable, j.
sulphur, wb. Lat.
sumack, b. sumach, j.
summage, m.
sommer, o.

somerset summersaut.j. j.=
superintendant, wb.
supervisor, m. py. wb.
supream, o.
surfeit, m. py. Fr.
surfeiter, py. wb.
sur&engle, m.
surprise, m. py.
surtout, m. j.
surveyor, m. wb.
surview, j,
suspence, b.
suttler

swaddling, c. py.
swab, c. py. wb.
swabber, b. m. j. c. py.
sweai, b,= m.= j,= wb.
swarth, b. swatch, py. c.
swerd, b. m. gord, wb.
swamp, j. m.= py. c.
sweetbriar, jvx c.
briar, wb.
swash, j. py. c.
swipe, m. sweep, wb.
swap, b. m. j. c- py. wb.

APPENDIX.

327

silph, b. Rl 6.
silvan, c. py. Rl 6.
syncopy ? Rl 24-.
synonims?
sinonims,1

>ylph, c.py. wb.
sylvan, c. py.
syncope, m.
synonymes, c. Crabbe
synonimes, j. preface
synonyms, wb. Taylor
synonima, f.

synonymy,c,py. sy?wmym,c.
synonymous,py,synonomous

i Sinonim, sinonimous, sillable, sistem, &c. want nothing but au-
thority to make them better than the present forms. It is hoped that
the good sense of scholars will follow the leading of general practice,
and substitute I for Y generally, in the middle of words. The simplest
form will ultimately prevail.

synoniniy
synonimous,F,w. under hum

Tabify, m. t.
tabret, m. p. c. wb.

tabard, m. py. c-
tacmahac

tabelion ?
tach, m. py. d. wb,
attach, w, detach, w.
tafrail ? the aft rail

taffety, b. m. wb.

tailor, b. m. c. wb.
talc, c. wb.
talcose, p.

talness, c.
tamborin, wb.

tan, m. wb.
tomkin, b. m.

tapistry, m, b.

tabefy, b. py.

taber,M. taboret,wb.taborine
tabor,M.wb. taborin,wb, [f.
tabour,M.py. tabourine,py.c.
taberd, m. py, c.
tacamahaca, b.
tacamahac, m. wb.
tabellion, m. f.
tache,B.py.M.H-wb.fa<cA,B.py
attatch, detatch n.
tafferel, b. m, j. c, wb.
taffarel, A.
taffeta, py. c. wb.
taffata, c, taffyte, f.
taylor, wb.
talck, wb. talk, c.
talky, c. talcky, wb.
tallness, b. wb.
tambarine, B. m. h. d.
tamborine, tambourine, c<
tambourin, d.
tann, m,

tampkin, f. tamkin, c. wb.
tampin, m.

tompion,B.M.F tampion>M.F.
tapestry, m. b. f, c. wb.

328

APPENDIX.

tar, m, f. wb.
tartar, m. b. wb.
tarif, wb.
tarpaulin, b. h.

tarve, wb.
tarsel, b. c, wb.

tassel, b. m. c. p.- d. wb.
tatler, d. u. p. Rl 25.
tatterdemalion, c.
tant ? An- like pant, chant
taudry, b. m.- h.
teaze, b. m. wb.
teazing, e.
teazel, m.

techy, b. m. c. wb.
ted, m. wb.
tenant, b.- m. wb.
tether,2 b.- f. wb.
terras, m.

tint, f. wb.

tenet, f. wb.
tension, m. buc. h. wr.
contension, m.
in-attension

tarr, m.

tartre, m. Fr.

tariff, m. f. wb.

tarpawling, b. m. h. f.

tarpauling, m.

tave, wb.

tassel, b. m. c- d. tercel, cs

tiercel, b. m. d.

toss el, Br. f.

tattler, h.

tatterdemallion, m. wb.

taunt, b. m. wb.

tawdry, b. m, f- c- wd*

tease, b. m. e.x wb.

teasing

teasel, m. c. wb.

tassel, b. d. c.

teasil, b. tazel, c.

tetchy, f. touchy, f,

tede, m.

tenent, b- m.

tedder, b. f.- wb.-

tarrace, d. m.

terrace, b. m. h. c. wb.

tarras, b.d.h. terrass, b.m.h,

tarrass, m.

teint, b. m. wb. teinte, Fr.

tinct, Br. f. taint, c.3

tenent, m.

tention

contention, m. buc. c. wr,

in-attention, h. wr. c-

i In all variable words of this form, z or s, the z is preferred by
Rule 15. Most of those dictionaries which insert s in the stock, show
2 under other words. See note at page 27, for a small sample of these
very common inconsistencies.

a This is like burden, burthen ; murder, murther, and the vulgar
furder, further; the Saxon Thorn comes into English with th or d.

3 Here again, as in many other cases, leaving out the variable let-
ters of three different forms, makes the word write according to gen-
eral rules.

APPENDIX.

329

distension, c,

co-extension, m. buc. H.c.Br

retension ? An.

intension, m. buc. h. c.

detension, m.

sustension ?

pretension, c. m. buc. h. wr

portension, c. wr.

abstension, An.

obtension, wr.

tenon, f. c. wb.

tendril, c.

lerce, m. f. c.

terrier, b. f. c. wb.

terrify,' b. m. c. wb.

tesselated, b. f.

theater, b. m. wb.

theocrasy, m. Rl 20.

thil, b. Rl 23.

tliime, f.

tho, m. wb. Rl 23.

thole, c. wb.

thraldom, b.m.d j. Br.c.Rl 25

thrash, m. f.- c. wb. Rl 24.

tli red, wb. Rl 23.

thret, wb. Rl 23.

th roster, m.

throte ? An. Saxon

throttle, m. f.

thru ?

thrum

thum, wb.

ticken, f. wb. so slocken

tiger, m. c- wb.

ty ? An.

unty, c. j.

tiny, f. c-

tire, c-

tere ? An.

tidbit, c.

distention, m. buc. c. wr.

extention

retention, m, h. c. wr. wb.

intention, m. wr.

detention, m. buc. h. c. wr.

sustentation, p.

pretention

portention

abstention, wr. c.

obtention

tennon, wb.

tendrel, m.

tierce, m. j. f. c. teirs, m.

tarrier, b. f. c.

ierrefy, b.

tessellated, j.

theatre, b. m.

theocracy , m.

thill, m.

thyme, f -

though, m. wb.

thowl, b m. c.

thralldom

thresh, b m. f. c.

thread, m. f.

threat, m. f.

throwster, m. f. c. wb.

throat, m.

throatle

through, m.

thrumb

thumb, m. c wb.

licking, f. wb. stocking

tyger, c.

tye, m. tie, m. wb.

untie, j. ass

tyny, f. c.

tyre, c.

tire, wb. tier, c. wb.

titbit, c wb.

, See page 98, No. 83.

cc2

330

APPENDIX.

til ? An.

until, m. j.

tinsel, j. c.

tipler, wb.

tisic, m. j."

tisical, j. c.

tithe, p. c-

titilate, py.

titilation, py,

tobacco, b. m. c. wb.

tole, b. f. wb.

toilet, b. m.

tost, m.- like post, host

rost, b. most, gost
tun, B. m.- p. c.

tunnage, b. Br. m.- -f.

tung, wb. Saxon

torrify, b. m. j,

torrifaction, An.

torsion, B.j.M.c.wb. Rl 19,

contorsion, b. m. wb.

distorsion, b. m. wb.

extorsion, m.

detorsion, b. wb.

intorsion, wb.

turmalin, wb.

turny ?

turniment ?

turnament, b. m. j.

turniquet ?

turnsole, b. wb.

toor, wb-

touze, b. m. Rl

toward, p. m.

towr, b. m. to fly high

tragacanth, b. m. c.

till, m. j.x

untill

tinsil, m. tincel, m.

tippler, m. c.

pftthisickjB. Greek. tisic£,j . c

tissick, b.

tythe, p. c.

titillate, c. wb.

titillation, m. c. wb.

tabacco, b. m.

toll, b. m. wb.

toy let, b. M.

toast, m. j.

roast, j.

ton, B. m. P.

tonnage, b. m, p.

tongue, b. Norman

torrefy, wb.

torrefaction, m.x b -f-

tortion, j.

contortion, wb,

distortion, j, b. m.

extortion, b. m. wb.

detortion

intortion

tourmaline, p.

turney. b. j.

tournay, j.

frwrnament, m. j. wb.

tourniquet, m. c. b.

tornisoly m. turnsol, c.

tour, b, m. Fr.

touzle, b, touse, bj.c. tows?

towze, m. towz, B.

towards, p. wb.

tower, p. c. tour ?

adragacanth, p.

gum dragon, p.

i Webster spells torsion and all its compounds with s except extor-
tion. Why should that be excepted I Martin spells it with S. and T,

APPENDIX. JJ1

traffic, m.

traffick, c. wb.

traffiking ?

trafficking

traffiker ?

trafficker, wb.

trapes, b. m. j. c

. wb.

traipse, j. A. wb.

tranquility, wr,

D.

tranquillity, m. b. wb.

transom, b. m.

transome

ransom, b. m.

ransome, j.

handsom ? An.

handsome

transe, j, c. a. v

tb.

trance, c-

tranquilize, Rl 23.

tranquillize, m. c.

traitor, m.- f.

tray tor, m.

tramel, b. f.

trammel, m. f.

travel, b.

travail, c.

tra vested, m.

travestie, p.

treble, m. j.

frebble, m.

trecherous, wb.

treacherous, b. c.

tred, wb.-

tread, b.

tredle, m.

treadle, m. b.j. treddle,B.wb.

tressel, m. c.

trestle, m. j. c.

trespas ? Rl 23.

trespass, b. m.

trespaser

trespasser, b.

tret, f.

trett

true,2 b. truly, j

.X

trew, b. bluely, j.x

triplet, f.

triblet, b. tribblet

trial, f.

tryal, f.

triers, m.

triours, b.

trivet, b. m. j. f

. c.

trevet, b. m. j. c- f.-

tripoly, b, m. j.

c. Rls 7&24

tripoli, p.

Irole ? An. Rl

troll, B. M, c.

troul, b. c- f. trowl, b. c.

truble ? Rl 24.

trouble, trubble, wb. 12 mo

trophy, m. j.

trophe, Gr.

strophy, see p.

237.

strophe, Gr.

trousers, c-

trowsers, c trouse, c.

\ Tranquility. We have more than six hundred words of this form
and analogy, of which tranquility is the only one that doubles ihe
consonant, except after o and u, as jollity, nullity. Wr. corrects the II.

2 The compounds of true and blue should drop the final e, as truly.
blu\y ; frwness, bluness; frwism, ^rwborn, trubred ; or he separately
written, as true hearted. The proper form will be ascertained by d«-
tarmining whether the compound is one word or two words.

332

APPENDIX.

truncheon, p.

trunchon,1
trunnel, b. f. c. wb.

tumbrel, b m. j. p.
turaify
turbot, J. c.
turban, b. j. p. c.
turcois, J. c. b.

turky, b. wb. turkies, An.

tunny, c, a. wb.

tunnel, j. w.

tunnel er, A. see p. 225.

turmeric, b. m. j. c.

tuz, b. wb. c.

tweak, f. c.

tusks,2 M. J.
twibil, c, Kl 25.
unchaste, f.
chaste, m.
unbonneted, py.
undersel, Rl 25.
unlicensed, j. 20,

trunchion

trannel,c.j. py.A. trennel,c.A

trenel, b. m. treenel, b. m. a.

treenail, py. a. wb.

tumbril, wb.

tumefy, c.

turbut^ m. b.

turband,j.F. turbant}B. m.j. p.

urcoise, m,

turquoise, j, c. b. turkois,c-
turkey, m. j. turkeys
thunny, tunney, b.
funnel, j. w.
tunneller, b. m.
tumeric, p.
tuzz, wb.

tvveag, p. c, ticeake, f.
tweague, f. c.
tushes, m.
twibill
unchast, m.
chast, o.
unbonnetted, j.
undersell, j.

nlicenced

i Words ending in cheon, or chion, are variable. To omit bofh e
and i, would be better, as trunchon, fatchon, lunchon, nunchon, pun-
ckon So o\so fashox, wb. and cushos. Geon, or gion, also variable,
would, as before remarked, be better by substituting^;' for ge or gi.
thus dunjon, i. e donjon, relijon, haberjon, pijon, widjon, surjon. So
also serjaut, pajaut, curajos, outiajos, &c. This would eminently
combine utility, and correctness, As they are, EON is preferred to
ION, as puncheon, habergeon, are better than punchion, habergion.

2 In Saxon fisc is fish. The proper name is Fisk, or Fish, and from
this analogy comes the double form of the word, tusks, tushes- The
latter is common among unlearned people, who generally have better
reason on their side than ignorant hypercrtics are willing to allow.
Indeed no word can become very common without some reason, which
critics will respect, exactly in proportion to the soundness of their
learning, and the extent of their researches.

3 Chaste, ba«te, waste. Final e lengthens the sound after two con-
sonants, as in luthe, clothe, strange, change.

APPENDIX.

333

license, j.
unparalleled, j.
unparaleled P1
unshakle,2 j.
shade ?

licence, J.+ w.
unparallelled, j. in ref.
unparalelled
unshackle, M.
shackle, J.

i From Gr. napa aWrjXwv by each other. Altho there are two XA
in the Greek, yet as one only is sounded, it would be well to choose
this simplest form.

2 This might be supposed to be a misprint, if the order of the Al-
phabet did not show the author's intention. Every useless letter dropt
is so much gain, but if this word and its cognates are to be altered,
they should drop the k and retain the c, as, shackle like made.

Vacilate ?
vail, j. py.
unvail, m.
vally ? Rl 7.
vallies, p, RI 7.
vane ? Lett, vanus
vain ? hat. vena,
vane, b. f. hat. vannus.
vagary, p.
valance, f.

balance, j.

valt ? like halt, salt,

vat, b.

veneer, f. m.

vant, \vb.
velom, d.

vassalage, py.
vender, m. j.
venomous, j. f. m.
venue, b.- m. Rl 24.
vergaloo
vermin, b. m,- wb.

vacillate, b. j,

veil, j.=

unveil, py.

valley, b. j,

valleys

vain, j.

vein, p.

fane, b.

fegary, b. m.jigary, m.

vallance valence, b. m.

vallens, m.

ballance, b.

vault, m,

fat, b.

fenier, m.

vaneer, m.

vaunt, b. j. m.

vellum,, m. j. vellam, m<

vassallage, j.

vendor, b. m,

venemous, j,=

venew, b.

vegoloo, wb. vergaloue, p.

vermine, m. j.

i Most of the dictionaries give vail, veil, unveil. Martin is correct
and consistent in giving vat7and vnvail only.

334

APPENDIX.

verjuce, wb.

juce, j. wb. juse, wb.-

vermil, wr.

vermilion, b. j. wb. m.

verrel, f. m. see ferrel

verteber, wb.

vervain, j.

vervane ? Lat. verbena

vial, j. wb. f.

vicount,M.

victual

viciate, b.-

vicious, m. c.

viciously, c.

viciousness, c.

vigilance, j.

vignet, wb.

villan ? An. villan-us, Lat.

villany, j. b.

villanage, b. j.

villanous, j. c.

villanously, c.

villanousness, c.

villanize, j. c,

vinyard, wb.

violater, m.

vue ?' An.

revue ?

vuing ? An.

virtuoso, b. m.

virtue, b. m.

visiter, m. wb.

vizard, m.-

vizier, b. m.

vulcan, wb. f. m.

vulcanic, wb. Rl 24.

vulcano, j. b.- m. c.

volly ?2 An. Rl 7.

verjuice, j. m.
juice, wb. jus,La£,
vermeil, Fr,
vermillion, j. f.
verril, m. verrolyF.
vertebra, Lat.
vervine, j.=
vervan, wb.
phial, j.= b. m.
viscount, m.
vittle, wb.
vitiate, b.

itious, wb. c. m.

iiiously, c.
viceousness, c.

igilence, j.=
vignette, c. vinnet, m.
villain, j.
villainy, c,
villenage, b. m.
villainous, b. c.
villainously, b.
villainousness, b.
villainize
vineyard, b. j. f,
violator, m.
view, j. b.
review, b. j.
viewing, b. j.
vertuoso, b. m.
vertue, B. m.
visitor, m. wb.-
visard, visor, f.
viziar, j. visier, b. m.
volcan

volcanic } wb.
volcano, j.<=
volley, m. J.+ wb.

t Vue is exactly the original French, and the most regular English
of this word; and we have thus a double reason for reforming the spel-
ling which now stands on a level with niew for new.

9 Volley and vollied ! Johnson and Walker. , -

APPENDIX.

335

vollied, j. c.
vulpine,' j. b.
vy ? An. Rl 7.
wafer, wb.
wagon, j. w. d.- c.
wagoner, j. c. Rl 23.

waiwardly, b.
waiwardness, b.
waiward, m. b. Rl 6.
walnut, b. m. p, c. Rl 25.
walflower ?
w hale, wb. wale, c. to mark
[or stripe.
werk,2 b. m.
warloc ?
wassel, b. m. buc,

wasselers, b. m. buc.

volleyed, j. in ref.

vidpin, m.

vye, b. m.- vie, m. j.

wafle, wb.

waggon, b. m. d. f. c.

wagonrcer, j.! w. see p.228,

waggoner, b. m. f.

waywardly, j.

waywardness, j.

wayward, m.

wallnut

wallflower, b. j.

m. c.

weal, c. welk, c.
wheal, b. c. whelk, b. c. wb.
icarch, b. work, wark, b.m.c.
warlock, j. d. warluck, d.
vvastel, b. m. wassal,
wassail, b. j. wb.
wassellers, b,
wassailer, py. wb,

t So also canine, cervine, feline, cedrine, equine, anatine, assinine,
anserine, supine, leonine, leporine, vaccine, vituline. bovine, agnine,
columbine, passerine, ovine, serpentine. All adjectives of this kind,
describing animals, of various genera, are long, and should retain the
e final,

2 Werk or wwrk is the correct spelling of this vrord. Fenning gives
us the origin of ;t after xu as|follovvs. "VV. this letter isborrowed from
the Gothic or Saxon, and receives its name improperly, from its
shape, not from the sound. Had we retained WEN the Saxon name,
it would have facilitated the understanding of its power. It is used
before vowels except u. This exception" originated "when the
Gallic uu were introduced, insted of the Saxon" character which
nearly resembles our y, " for it seems odd to have three uvv together.
In the Saxon u follows the w as often as an other letter as" vvuvi, wurt,
wurth, wunder. " As we write w as one letter and not vu we might
have u after w as well as formerly ; but being too strict imitators of
Gallic nicety, and at the same time forgetting the sources of our
language, the u which follows the w in the original wwrds, has been
changed into o, ow, oo, and we have done all we can to render the
derivation of our wurds impracticable. At first indeed writers and
printers were content with uu, in such wwrds, writing minder, from
the Saxon wundor ; but afterwards thinking a vowel was still wanting,
when the uu were" joined in " w, they thought it necessary to add
another vowel to supply the seeming omission, and produced the wwrd
wonder." See Note on Y.

336

APPENDIX.

wasseling, m.

waterfal, j.1 Rl 25.

warrior, m.

waste, m. f.

wave, B.w.wb.Buc. to put

waul,2 wb. 4to.

wearisom, b.

wearisomness,3 B.

welsh-rare-bit

welsh, c.

weezel, j. d.

wezon, b.

wevil, B. M F.

wether, b. m. wb. f.

welkin, m, d. f.

wensday,4 o.

wale, b.

welcome, j. f. Rl 26.

unwelcome, m.

wel ?5

unwel ?

welaway, b. c.

welbeing ?

welfare, f.

whelk, m- b.- j. a shell

off

wasselling

waterfall, b.

warriou?\B.M.warrieri b. m,

wast, m. o.

waive, b, o, weive, c. o.

wawl, J -|- b, wb.

wearisome, m.

wearisomeness, p.

welsh-rabbit, p.

welch, p.

weazel, d. weesel, b. m. buc.

weasel, b. j. buc c.

wezand, j. c.

weasand, b. m. buc. f.

weazon, wb. wesil, j.

weevil, j* ir. buc. d.

weather, m#-

wilking, m.

Wednesday, p.

waile, b. wail, b.

cellcome

unwellcome

well, p.

unwell, wb

wel la way, b.

we II being, j,

well fare

whilk, m.

weltc} b. m. j. wilk, B. M.

1 Waterfal and windfall ! Johnson's 4to-f- In Johnson's first
abridgment they boll) have single I, and in Walker //•

2 Wawl and caterwaul ! Johnson and Walker.-4-

3 Bailey's folio has wearisom, donned liresome, and wearisom-
ness .' tiresomeness! A double contradiction.

4 Formerly this word was written as it is pronounced.

5 The 11 is useless and contrary to the etymon.

6 The other compounds of well might reject the superfluous I by
Rule 25, page 20.

APPENDIX.

337

wield, ' b. m,
whay, m.

whirligig, m
whirl, b. m. J, c.
whimsy, b. m.
whir, c,

whur, b. m, j. wb.
whurring, b.
whiz, p wb.
wic, d.- p. c-

wick, b. m. of a candle
wiry, c. spiry, wr. c.
firy, Cardell
miry, wb.
widgeon, b m.
wince, b. aj j. f.-

windfal. j. wb. Rl 25.
windmil ?
windgal ?
wingshel ?
winlerkil ?
withal, p. c.
windias, Rl 25.

wich ?3

which, j.

wiseaker ? weis sager, geb.

wiih ?

weild, b. m.

whey, b. m. Pi

whirly gig, m.

whorle, b. whirle, b. folio

whimsey, j. m.

whirry, c.

whurr, j.

whining, j. b.

ichizz whuz, b.

wyck, d. wyche, d.

wich, f. c. D.

week, b. m»

wiery,2 c — j. wr. wire

fiery, c. fire

miery, mire'

widgin, b. m.

winch, j. b. m. quinchy

quick, c.

windfall, p,

windmill, j.

wind-gall, j.

wingshell, j.

winterkill

with all

windlass, j. b. winch, h« c,

windless, b. m.

witch, j.

whitch, n.

wiseacre, p.

withe, c. withy, b. m.

withz, h.

i When several respectable authors of dictionaries cannot tell how
to spell such words as this, and r/ding, citing ; not only may com-
mon people be excused for occasional mistakes, hut all would be bene-
fited by a reform of the whole of this tortuous and torturing class of
Urords. If we should adopt the rule of putting DOUBLE \OWELS
before DOUBLE CONSONANTS, and SINGLE VOWELS before
SINGLE CONSONANTS, the whole would be eaj-y and simple, and
no one would mistake the regular forms of weeld, yeeld.feeld, sheeld,
and celing, llicving, receving, sezing.

a This transposition cfe and r often occurs in Saxon and English

a T before eh its a Norman corruption, which should be reformed.

D D

338

APPENDIX.

wiljy.slily, shily,drily.p274
wizard, b. m. j. f. c.
witherwrung,1 J. 4to m. d-

wo,2 b. m. f. wb.

woad, c. b.

wulf, Saxon

wun, b. Saxon

wunder, Saxon

\vunt,Saxon see note on werk

wood, Gerard

woodbine,c.B'a Aowy-suckle'

wooden, b. f.

woolen,3 wb. see p. 227

woosted, b. m.

wrath, b.-

rack,4

wreathe,5 A. Br- py. f. e.

unwreathe, py.

inwreathe, j. py. e.

ring?4

ritten ? Chaucer

wyly, dryly, shyly, slyly

wizzard, j.+ wisard, b. c.

witherung, A.

witherrung, j. ab. & folio

woe, m. f. wb.

wood, b. wad, b.

wolf, p.

won, p.

wonder, p.

wont, p.

would, p.

woodbind, b.tm. j. c.

woodden, n

woollen, b. j. m. pv.n.

worsted, m. b. .

wroth, b.

wrack, b, wreck, b.

wreath, b. m. c. j. ry. e. .

unwreath, j. A. c. e.

in wreath, c.

wring, p.

written, p.

, This word, like falchion, shows the extreme carelessness of Lexi-
cographers, and their servile copying of each other, whether right or
wrong. Johnson's folio omitted the w hy mistake, and the abridg-
ment, published the next year, had the same error ; which is faith-
fully copied by Jones, Sheridan, WALKER, Mavor, and Browne.
Johnson corrected the error, in the 4th edition of his great dictionary,
and it is right in Martin and Dyche, who preceded Johnson ; and in
Perry, Buchanan and Chalmers. . See note on falchion.

2 All words ending in OE or OW might be corrected, like wo. See
note on hoe. The e final is useless and obsolescent.

3 On this word Perry has not exercised his usual vigilance.

4 See note on riggle.

5 Wreathe. Dr. Johnson spelt inwreathe with e final, and wreath
and unwreath without it; and in this, he has been blindly copied by a
dozen different Lexicographers. WALKER pointedly condemns, and
yet adopts the same absurdity !

yar, c.
yot? R124.
yean, d. b.

yarr, d.

yacht, b. d. yatch, m. i>. b.

ean, m.- b.

APPENDIX,

339

yern, w.f.

yest, m. d,- w.-

yex, d.- b.

yelk, b. m.- j.- d.- w.

yerk, see jerk

yoke, b. m,- d.-

y under ? Saxon

yung? jung, German

yure ? yu ?

yule, b. m.

yuth?1 like truth

yearn, w.- f.
yeast, m.- d. w.
yux, d.
yolk, b.- m. w.

yoak, b. m.d.
yonder, p.
young, d.
your, p. you, p.
jule, Turner
youth, p.

i In yule, Y comes before U without any offense, and so it might
in other words; and yung, y under, yu, yuth, yure, are more correct,
independently of vicious practice, and Norman corruptions, than the
present forms of these anomalous words. Y in this respect, like double
u, has been deprived of its proper right, without any apparent reason.
The German is correct, and our scholars, on trial, will find that lan-
guage of vastly more importance to the knowledge of English, than
Latin and Greek.

Zigzag, w.
zinc, py. w.
zocle, d.

ziczac, Dillwyn
zink, m. wb. zinck, b.
socle, d. zogco, D.

4 Zinc and zinciferous are to be preferred : indeed wherever we
can reclaim the original letter to its proper place and use, it ought to
be done, because it is simpler, easier, and more correct, according to
the original Saxon, in whieh k was scarcely ever used until the lan-
guage of Britain was corrupted by the Normans.

REMARKS.

From this review, it appears that nearly FOUR
THOUSAND words are variable in our best dictionaries ;
and that common practice is often at variance with the
highest authority, discordant with the clearest analogy,
and contradictory to the most obvious and undoubted
etymology. Such is the present state of our language, tho
most persons suppose that ""Johnson's Dictionary has
fixed its external form.''1

340

APPENDIX,

Words with the termination ough.*

The orthography and pronunciation of
words of this class differ so widely, that the
errors of learners in writing them are excu-
sable. The following arrangement of them,
according to their pronunciation, may be
useful.

Bough

Bon

Clough, a cliff

Clou

Plough, better plow

Pl.u

Slough, a miry place*

SI »u

Sough, w.f

Sou

Through

Thru

Dough

Do?

Furlough

Fulo

Though

Tho

Although

Altho

Borough

Burro

Thorough

Thurro

Enough

Enuf

Rough

Ruf

Slough, the cast skin of

a snake

or sore

Sluf

Chough

Chuf

Tough

ruf

Clough, an allowance in

weight,

now general- ~)

Clof

ly and better written

doff.

£

Cough

Cof

Sough, py.f

Sof, py.

Trough

Trof

Hough

Hoc

Lough

Loc

Shough

I

Shoe

*This barbarous termination might very well be spared from the
language, and the words spelt as they are pronounced, in the second
column.

f Walker says " rh\m,3s now,'' and Perry spells the pronunciation
sqf.

APPENDIX. 341

Monosyllables in which the terminations ie and y, are
either transposed or changed in some of their deriv-
atives.

Cry, crier, cried, crieth, crying

Die, dier, died, dieth, dying

Dry, drier, dried, drieth, drying, drily, driness

Fly, flier, flieth, flying

Fry, frier, fried, frieth, frying f

Hie, hied, hietn, hying

Lie, to rest, lier, lieth, lying

Lie, to Jib, liar, lied, lieth, lying

Ply, plier, plied, plieth, plying

Pry, prier, pried, prieth, prying

Shy, shily, shin ess

Sly, slily, sliness

Spy, spier, spied, spieth, spying

Tie, tier, tied, tieth, tying

Try, trier, tried, trieth, trying

Vie, vied, vieth, vying

IE in these words should be changed into Y, as has
been done in all words that excede three letters. Dy, hy,
ly, ty, vy, tho short words, would look as well as fny, by.

Final y, when under the accent, is changed into i be-
fore a termination beginning with a consonant, as dry,
drily, driness ; shy, shily, shiness.

In Mr. Walker's dictionary we have dryly and dry-
ness ; shily and shiness ; slyly and sliness !

Compound words should retain the spelling of their
simples, and be coupled by a hyphen, as dry-nurse, dry-
shod, fly-blow, fly-catcher, sly-boots. But whenever the
two words coalesce into one, the i takes the place of y,
as mercy, merciless; penny, penniless. The termina-
tion ey is sometimes retained, as moneyless, and often
dropped, as obey, obeisance; honey, honied; money,
monied ; volley, vollied. Bailey spells money, mony ; of
course monilcss would be regular and analogous to pen-
niless, and the course of our language strongly tends to
the rejection of EY final.

dd2

342

APPENDIX,

Anomalies that need to be altered in a slight degree
to make the primitive and derivatives correspond.

explain

explane

explanation

prevail

j re vale

rirevalence

reveal

revele

revelation

speak

speek

speech

repeat

repete. buc-

repetition like

competd

competition

redeem

redeme

redemtion

acclaim

acclame

exclamation

exclaim

exclame

exclamation

proclaim

proclame

declamation

reclaim

reclame

reclamation

declaim

declame

declamation like

defame

defamation

repair

repare

reparation

compare and

prepare

preparation like

declare

declaration

congeal

congele

congelation

proceed

procede

procedure

succeed

succede

succession like

precede

precession

exceed

excede

excess

relieve

releve

relevant

reave

reve, b.

reft

bereave

bereve

bereft

thieve

theve

theft

sieve

siv

sift

give

^iv

gift

have

hav

haft

sleep

slepe

slept

keep

kepe

kept

feel

fele

felt

steal

stele

stelth

weal

wele

weltft

heat

hele

helth

deal

dele

delt

spell

spel

spelt

APPENDIX.

343

will
shall

wil

shal

vane

wilt

shalt

vanity

Almost all words that have ee or ea, ie or ei, had
formerly three vowels, and would have been better
abridged, by omitting one of the intermediate vowels,
and retaining the final vowel. Inattention to this fact
has brought in such contradictions as repair and prepare;
both of which were formerly spelt with three vowels and
alike, as repaire, prejmire, and both ought to be as
above suggested. This would make the spelling of these
words simple and correct.

Arch pronounced like artsh.

Arch

Arched

Archeth

Arching

Archer

Archery

Archbishop

Archbishopric
Archchanter

Archdeacon
Archdeaconry
Archdeaconship
Archduke

Archduchess2

(Archenemy

Archfiend

Archprelate

Archphilosopher

Arch presbyter

Archtraitor

Archwise.

Arch pronounced like ark.

Archaiologic

Archaiology

Archaism

Archangel

Archangelic

Archetype
WciiidiacVnal
v tchiepiscopal
Archipelago
iTchiteci

• Architectonic
(Architectural
: Architecture
| Architrave
(Archives.

• See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, p. 54.

a In the dictionaries of Messrs. Chalmers and Walker we find
dutchess and archduchess ! See, page 240.

344

APPENDIX.

Words ending in OON.

The accented termination on of the
French, is properly oon in English. The
words marked with an asterisk, are found
also in on; and those marked with an obe-

lisk, sot

netimes doul

)le the midd

le conso

nants.

Baboon

picaroon

cacoon

macaroon

-

racoon, b.

py- a. t •

maroon

cocoon

quadroon

pucoonf

ceroon

chacoon

monsoon

patacoon

basoon* f

cardoon*

casoon* f

lardoon

gossoon

rigadoon

festoon

buffoon

-

poltroon*

tifoonf or

tuffoon

platoon*

dragoon

batoonf

sashoon

ratoonf

saloon

bretoon*

shaloon* f

poutoon*

pantaloon

spontoon*

doubloonf

cartoon*

baloon* f

melacotoon

lampoon

musketoon

harpoon

3upetoon* f

APPENDIX,

345

Adjectives in OUS and OSE, might be
spelt uniformly in OS, like nouns in OR,
and thus the primitive and derivative would
be similar. Adjectives that have e mute
in the end, might omit the silent letter.

Aquose

aquos

aquosify

acetose

acetos

acetosity

verbose

verbos

verbosity

animose

animos

animosity

globose

globos

globosity

jocose

jocos

jocosity

pilose

pilos

pilosity

generous

generos

generosity

curiows

curios

curiosity

leprows

lepros

leprosity

carioz/s

carios

carosity

poroz«

poros

porosity

glebows

glebos

glebosity

monstrous

monsiros

monsirosity

carnows

carnos

carnosity

crino?«

crinos

crinosity

active

activ

activity

passive

passiv

passivity

festive

lestiv

festivity

captive

c«ij>tiv

captivity

native

nativ

nativity

ductile

duct il

ductility

fertile

fertil

fertility like

steril

sterility

futile

futil

futility

facile

facil

facility

fragile

fragil

fragility

facile

facil

facility

imbecile

imbecil

imbecility

puerile

pueiil

puerility

virile

viiil

virility

senile 1

seuil

senility

These terminations were formerly sounded long, but
the pronunciation being altered, the orthography should
follow.

346 APPENDIX.

REMARKS.

It may not be improper here to add a few words on
the omission of the letter k, at the end'of words of two
or more syllables ; and this is the more necessary because
several of the dictionaries used in compiling the work,
retain it.

Mr. Chalmers tells us that 'the English [should]
never use c at the end of a word.' And Mr. Walker in
his Principles of Pronunciation, says, ' it has been a
custom within these twenty years to omit the k at the
end of words when preceded by c* This has intro-
duced a novelty into the language, which is that of end-
ing a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a
blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some
irregularity in future formatives ; for mimicking must be
written with the k, though to mimic is without it. If we
use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon, we must
write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking
and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are
not out of the line of formation. This omission of k, is
however too general to be counteracted even by the au-
thority Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined
to words from the learned languages : and indeed, as
there is not the same vanity of appearing learned in the
Saxon, as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great fear
that thick and stick will lose their Ar, though they never
had it in the original.'

Notwithstanding the retention of the k in the body of
of his dictionary, in conformity to Johnson, it appears
that Mr. Walker was in the habit of bending to necessity
in his common practice,wherein we find him writing cubic,
gigantic, music, philippic, and other words from the
Latin and Greek, without the k.

It has been already remarked that the compiler of
this work is more solicitous to balance the discordancies
of the authorities which he consulted, than to exercise
his own individual opinion. In a few instances, how-
ever, he has ventured to put in a claim for etymology,
and in others for analogy, while custom pleaded the
right of possession. He is fully aware that the attempt
to render a service to the instructers of youth may expose

APPENDIX. 347

him to censure, not only for the little he has done, but
for the imperfect manner in which that little is executed.
He is aware also, that he may be accused of making too
free with the errors of others, and being insensible to his
own. To this he has no better defense, than that the
nature of the work imposed upon him the task of notic-
ing such errors ; and that if his labors fail of success, he
will be content to plead guilty, in having attempted to
do that for which a good intention was his only qualifi-
cation.

[" Some of the British Lexicographers afford a remark-
able illustration of the fact, that if a man has not in early
life been well taught in his mother tongue, and acquired
a habit of attending to its orthography, hardly any extent
of after reading will supply this defect." Martin, Bu-
chanan, Ash, Entick, Fenning, Barclay and PERRY,
are better than Johnson, Sheridan, Jones, Todd, Chal-
mers and WALKER.

In pronunciation, and generally in orthography, Perry
is by far the most accurate of all the British Lexicogra-
phers. In the former, I have never found him wrong,
according to the best practice of this country; and in the
latter, he has excelled all his predecessors, in consistency
and uniformity.

At the time of writing this note, Dr. Webster's great
Dictionary is one half printed, and it is quoted in the
foregoing list, through the letter I. The reference wb.
since that, is generally from the 12mo of 1806, and the
small book of 1817 ; both of which are far superior to
any foreign Dictionary previously published.] Ed.

CORRECTIONS.
Page.

10, last line, dele and Martin, and. read prefers for prefer.
20, Rule 19, lusted of pr^/er s to s^/K tT read prefer s or cto soflt.

Rule 25, for except ss, read except ess.
41, No. 22, read r/wte// for instead.
68, No. 5, rune is lietter than rhyme.
83, No. 53. ./«ce. Wb 4to has jvse.
104, No. 5, 13th line, for sometime, read sometimes.
187, Letter 27 should be 47.

214, last line, for far tuious, -read fictitious.

215, 7th line of iVoie, for seem, read seems.

216, 2d, line from fie bottom for /6c, read f/?e,

221, 1st line of rote, for though, read tho. 3d line, for memorializing,

read mem >ritilizui%.
225, 5th line, f< r m/rv, read may.

228, 24th line, 3d column, add Preferrable, H.=* 27th line, 2d col-
umn, for infer'ibic, read inferable.
247, for laniard. -t c . read laniards, wb.

274, line 19, dele n*. author, and 4tb line of Note, dele aeogtf fftmMfc
See Note 3 n: 322.

In the multitude t>f references, mistakes are most likely to occur.
Some of the references are tp the words as used by the authors, in
their definitions tho not in their stock.

N. B. No two editions nf a bonk are exactly alike, and the same
edition is often found with a different spelling, where alterations
have been insjprfted n the ;-tereotyp3 plates, or corrections made while
striking off.

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