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iiiiiimii 

900047731 S 


'2 


.* 


PLUTARCH'S  LIVES, 

TRANSLATED    FROM 

TI^E  ORIGINAL  GREEK; 

WITH 

NOTES  CRITICAL  AND  HISTORICAL, 

AND    A 

LIFE  OF  PLUTARCH. 


BY  JOHN  LANGHORNE,  D.  D. 

AND 

WILLIAM  LANGHORNE,  A.  M. 

IN  SIX  VOLUMES. 


THE  THIRD  EDITION, 

BY 

THE  REV.  FRANCIS  WRANGHAM,  M.A.  F.R.S. 

WITH  CORRECTIONS  AND  ADDITIONS. 


VOL.  VI. 


LONDON: 

Peimtbd  foe  J.  Mawman  ;  F.  C.  aitd  J.  RiTiifGTOir ;  J.  Nnifif ;  W.  Claeke 
AiTD  Sons;    Cadell  atid   Datiei;    J.  aitd  A.  Arch;    Scatcherd   and 

LbTTERMAN  ;  LoVGMAIf,  IIURST,  ReES,  OrME,  AND  BrOWN  ;  J.  RiCHARDSON; 

J.  M.  Richardson  ;  J.  Booker  ;  KWiluamb  ;  J.  Murray  ;  Wing  rave  and 
CocuRGwooD  ;  Black,  Kingsburt,  Parbort,  and  Allen  ;  J.  Hatchard  ; 
Baldwin,  Cradock,  and  Jot  ;  R.  Scholet  ;  Sherwood,  Neelt,  and 
JoNBi ;  Oglei,  Duncan,  and  Co.  ;  J.  Bobn  ;  E.  Llotd  and  Son  ;  G.  and 
W.  B.  Wuttauer  ;  SmniN  and  Mariball|  and  Wiuon  and  SoNty  To«i(» 

1819. 


CONTENTS 


OV  TUB 


SIXTH    VOLUME. 


PAO> 

XLV.  Dion l 

XL VI.  Brutus SS 

Dion  and  Brutus  compared 108 

XLVII.  Artaxtrxes ..,, lis 

XLVIII.  Aratus 151 

XLIX.  Galha. 210 

L.  Otho. 24S 

Index 265 


THE 


LIFE 


OF 


DION 


SUMMARY. 

Service  done  by  the  Academy  to  the  Greeks  in  rearing  Dion,  and  to 
the  Roman*  in  assisting  the  education  of  Brutus.  General  similar 
rity  between  these  two  great  men.  Dionysius  the  Elder  seizes  the 
government  of  Syracuse  :  his  partiality  to  Dion,  Character  of 
Dion.  Advantages  derived  by  him  from  his  intercourse  mth  Plato, 
Dionysius,  exasperated  by  the  bold  truths  of  that  philosopher, 
orders  him  to  be  sold  as  a  slave.  Dion's  Jreedoni  mth  Dionysius. 
Dionysius*  death.  Offers  made  by  Dion  to  his  son.  He  is  calum- 
niated  by  the  courtiers.  His  austerity  displeasing  to  young  Diony^ 
sius.  He  exhorts  that  prince  to  the  study  of  philosophy,  and  by 
repeated  importunities  induces  him  to  send  for  Plato  to  Sicily, 

'  Dion's  enemies  set  up  Philistus  in  opposition  to  him.  Change 
effected  by  Plato  in  Dionysius,  The  courtiers  succeed  in  render^ 
ing  him  suspicious  of  Dion,  who  is  banished  into  Italy.  Diony^ 
situ*  affection  for  Plato,  and  for  philosophy.  Plato  returns  into 
Greece,  and  endeavours  to  soften  Dion's  severity  of  manners. 
Honours  paid  to  Dion  in  Greece.  Dionysius  presses  Plato  to 
return  into  Sicily,  Plato  revisits  Syracuse  ;  is  ill-used  by  Diofiy' 
sius,  re-demanded  by  Archytas,  and  sent  home  again.  The  tyrant 
compels  Dion*s  wife  to  marry  Timocrates.  Dion  determines  to 
make  war  against  him  ;  and  re-assures  his  forces,  disheartened  by 
the  idea  of  being  led  into  Sicily.  Eclipse  of  the  moon  ;  how  inter- 
pretefi  by  the  soothsayer  MiUas.  Violent  storm  during  his  voyage. 
He  arrives  in  Sicily,  and  marches  toward  Syracuse,  where  lie  is 

joined  by  many  bodies  of  troops.     The  principal  Syracusans  meet 

VOL,  Vl.  B 


I 


DION. 

him  at  the  gales  1  Timocratet  Jiies.  Dion  makes  his  public  entry 
into  the  city,  ond  is  appointed  prator.  Specious  proposals  of 
Dionysiui  to  the  Syracusans.  He  suddenly  atladcs  the  city,  and 
is  driven  lack  viilh  great  loss.  Dionysius'  letter,  tending  to  render 
Dion  obnoxious  to  the  citixens,  and  it's  effect.  The  people  appoint 
Heractides  his  eoUegue,  who  enters  into  intrigties  against  him. 
Sosis'  calumnious  accusation  of  Dion.  Pkilistus  is  taken  by  the 
Syracusans  in  an  engagement,  and  barbarously  put  to  death.  TV- 
mceus  censured  for  his  reproaches,  and  Ephorasjbr  his  encomiums 
upon  Philistus.  Dionysius'  escape.  Dion  is  deprived  of  the  com- 
mand; leaves  Syracuse,  and  is  pursued  by  the  cUittns,  whom  ka 
Iviice  repulses.  He  goes  to  Leontium.  Nypsius,  Dionysius'  ad- 
miral, takes  Syracuse  by  surprise.  They  send  for  Dion  :  he  ttta 
f^.  The  soldiers  of  Dionysius  ravage  the  city.  Dion  reaches  the 
gales,  and  conquers  the  enemy.  His  reply  to  his  Jricnds,  who  ad' 
vise  him  to  destroy  Heraclides  and  Theodotes.  He  pardons  the 
former,  who  is  continued  admiral,  and  forms  nexo  plots  against  him. 
They  are  reconciled.  The  mediation  <if  Gasylus  the  Spartan, 
Dionysitit'  ton  drivers  up  the  citadel,  and  Dion  recovers  his  n^. 
Hit  generosity  and  moderation.  Heradides  recommences  hit 
schemes,  and  Dion  consents  to  his  a4sassination.  CalUppu^  con' 
spiracy.  Apparition.  Death  qf  Dion's  only  son,  Caltcppu*  givet 
Dion's  wife  and  sister  the  most  tolenin  assurances  of  his  Jidtlity. 
iJHoa  it  killed  by  the  sulilien  .■  hit  sister  and  wi/e  imprisoned. 


S  we  learn  from  Simonides,  my  dear  Seneeto, 
that  the  Trcyans  were  by  no  means  offended  at  the 
Corinthians  lor  having  joined  the  confederates  in  the 
Grecian  war,  because  the  family  of  Glaucus,  their 
own  ally,  was  originally  of  Corinth',  so  neither  the 
(ireeks  nor  the  Romans  have  reason  to  complain  of 
the  Academy,  which  has  been  equally  favourable  to 
both.     This  will  appear  from  the  Lives  of  Brutus 

'  Horn.  II.  vL  152..  &c.,  wbeucc  it  appears  that  GUucim  wan 
ilUKendL'cl,  ilirougli  Belk'rophoa,  from  Sutyphua,  who  bad  Ibnneriy 
rei«ned  in  Kphyra,  sub*c^ueDl)y  callml  Corinth.  Arialotle,  Khct. 
L  p.,  hut  ynrnmod  Slmotudc*'  lino  upon  tJtc  nibjcct.* 


DION.  S 

and  Dion ;  for  as  one  was  the  scholar  of  Plato,  and 
the  other  educated  in  hia  principles,  they  came  lik^ 
wrestlers  Irom  the  same  palsestra,  to  engage  in  the 
severest  conflicts.  Both  by  their  conduct,  in  which 
there  was  a  striking  similarity,  confirmed  that  obser- 
vation of  their  master,  that  ^*  Power  and  fortune 
must  concur  with  prudence  and  justice,  to  effect  any 
thing  great  in  a  political  capacity."  But  as  Hippo* 
machus  the  wrestler  said,  that  he  could  distinguish 
his  scholars  at  a  distance,  though  they  were  only 
carrying  meat  from  the  market'^ ;  so  the  sentiments 
of  those,  that  have  had  a  polite  education,  must 
exercise  an  influence  of  the  same  kind  upon  their 
manners,  and  give  a  peculiar  grace  and  propriety  to 
their  conduct. 

Accident  however,  rather  than  design,  gave  simi- 
larity to  the  lives  of  these  two  illustrious  men  ;  and 
both  were  cut  off  by  an  untimely  death,  before  they 
could  carry  the  purposes,  ^fhich  they  had  pursued 
with  so  much  labour,  into  execution.  The  most 
singular  circumstance  attending  their  death  was, 
that  both  had  a  divine  warning  of  it,  in  the  appear- 
ance of  a  frightful  spectre.  There  are  indeed  who 
afiirm,  that  no  man  in  his  senses  ever  saw  a  spectre^ : 
that  they  are  the  delusive  visions  of  women  and 
children,  or  of  men  whose  intellects  are  afiected  by 
some  distemper  of  the  mind  or  some  infirmity  of  the 
body,  and  who  refer  their  absurd  and  ridiculous 
notions  to  divine  inspiration.  But  if  Dion  and 
Brutus,  men  of  firm  and  philosophic  minds,  whose 
understandings  were  not  easily  to  be  deluded  or 
discomposed  by  any  sudden  apprehension,  could  pay 
so  much  credit  to  th^  appearance  of  spectres  as  to 
give  an  account  of  them  to  their  friends,  I  see  no 

^  A  proof— and  many  such  occur  in  Theophrastus,  of  the  Aa» 
plicity  of  ancient  Grecian  manners  !  * 

^  A  very  singular  story,  however,  could  be  told  upon  this  head 
by  Generals  S-^  and  W — ,  boUi  men  of  indisputable  honour  and 
spirit,  and  honourably  distinguished  by  their  exertions  in  "^^~ 
country's  service.* 

B  3 


// 


*  DION. 

-reason  why  we  should  depart  from  the  opinion  of  th-e 
ancients — that  men  had  their  evil  genii,  who  dis- 
turbed them  with  fears  and  distressed  their  virtue, 
lest  by  a  steady  and  uniform  pursuit  of  it  they  should 
hereafter  obtain  a  happier  allotment  than  them- 
selves'.  These  things,  however,  I  must  refer  to 
another  opportunity ;  and  in  tiiis  twelfth  book  of 
parallel  Lives,  of  which  Dion  and  Brutus  are  the  i 
iubjects,  I  shall  begin  with  the  more  ancient.  | 

After  Dionysius  the  Elder  had  seized  the  govern- 
ment of  Sicily*,  he  married  the  daughter  of  Her- 
inocrates,  a  Syracusaa.     As  the  monarchic  power 
"however  was  yet  but   ill  established,  she  had  the 
■misfortune  to  be  so  dreadfully  abused  in  her  person 
by  an  outrageous  faction,  that  she  put  an  end  to  her 
life.     When  Dionysius  was  confirmed  in  bis  govern- 
inent,  he  married  two  wives  at  the  same  time.     One 
was  Doris,  a  native  of  Locris ;  the  other  Aristo- 
mache,  the  daughter  of  Hipparinus,  a  principal  per- 
son in  Syracuse,  who  had  been  his  collegue  when  he 
was  first  appointed  general  of  the  Sicilian   forces. 
These  wives,  it  is  said,  lie  married  on  the  same  day. 
■■It  is  not  certain  which  he  enjoyed  first,  but  he  was 
,  afterward  most  impartial  in  bis  attentions  to  them  ; 
.  fcr  both  attended  him  at  his  table,  and  alternately 
.  partook  of  his  bed.     As  Doris  bad  the  disadvantage 
I  lof  being  a  foreigner,  the  Syracusans  sought  every 
I  method  of  obtaining  the  preference  for  their  coun- 
[  trywoman ;  but  it  uas  more  than  equivalent  to  the 
I  disadvantage  of  the  former,  that  she  had  the  honour 
L  of  giving   Dinnvsius    Iiis  eldest  son.     Aristomache 
I  'on  the  contrary  was  for  a  long  time  barren,  though 
^  the  king  was  extremely  desirous  of  having  children 
fcy  her,  and  even  put  Doris'  mother  to  death,  on  a 
supposition  that  she  had  prevented  her  conception 
by  potions. 

•  *  Thi«  i»  perfi-'ctly  agrcrablp  tn  the  Plaloiiic  doctiinc  oT  ihc  dii- 
ferent  onlcn  and  diKpontiKtii  of  ihe  genii ;  and  both  Dion  watt 
Srtilu*  wfTi-  )[reiit  (Htbiiciftiu  bi  Platanimn. 

•  U.  C    40.;.  , 


DIOK.  '5 

Dion,  the  brother  of  Aristoraache,  was  well  re- 
ceived at  court ;  not  only  upon  his  sister's  account, 
but  from  the  regard  which  Dionysius  had  for  his 
merit  and  abilities :  and  that  prince  gave  his  trea- 
surer an  order  to  supply  him  with  as  much  money  as 
he  wanted,  but  at  the  same  time  to  keep  an  account 
of  what  he  received,  .  * 

But  whatever  tlie  talents  and  virtues  of  Dion 
might  originally  have  been,  undoubtedly  they  re- 
ceived the  happiest  improvement  under  the  auspice^ 
of  Plato.  Surely  the  gods,  in  mercy  to  mankind, 
«ent  that  divine  philosopher  from  Italy  to  Syracuse, 
that  through  the  humane  influence  of  his  doctrine 
the  spirit  of  liberty  might  once  more  revive,  and 
the  inhabitants  of  that  country  be  rescued  from 
tyranny  *. 

Dion  soon  became  the  most  distinguished  of  his 
scholars.  To  the  fertility  of  his  genius,  and  the 
excellence  of  his  disposition,  Plato  himself  has  boru'e 
testimony  %  and  he  did  the  greatest  honour  to  that 
testimony  by  His  life.  For  though  he '  had  been 
educated  in  servile  principles  under  a  tyrant,  tbougb 
he  had  been  familiarised  to  dependence  on  one  hand^ 
and  to  the  indulgence  of  pomp  and  luxury  as  the 
supreme  happinesis  on  the  other,  yet  he  was  no 
sooner  acquainted  with  that  philosophy  which  points 
out  the  road  to  virtue,  than  his  whole  soul  caught 
the  enthqsiasm  ;  and  with  the  simplicity  of  a  young 
man,  who  judges  of  the  dispositions  of  others  by  his 
own,  he  concluded  that  Plato's  lecturer  would  have 
the  same  effect  upon  Dionysius:  for  this  reason  he 
solicited,  and  at  length  persuaded,  the  tyrant  to 
hear  him.  When  Plato  was  admitted,  the  discourse 
turned  on  virtue  in  general.  Afterward,  they  came 
to  fortitude  in  particular ;  and  Plato  made  it  appear, 
that  tyrants  have  of  all  men  the  least  pretence  tq 

^  Plato,  in  his  seventh  letter,  says,  <  When  I  explained  the  prin- 
ciples  of  philosophy  and  humanity  to.  Dion,  I.  little  thought  that  ^ 
was  insensibly  openine  a  way  to  tli0  subversion  of  tyr^ny.* 

Mbid.  . 


that  virtue.  Justice  was  the  next  topic ;  when,  on 
Plato's  asserting  the  happiness  of  the  just,  and  the 
wretched  condition  of  the  unjust,  the  tyrant  was 
stung,  and  unable    to    answer    liis    arguments,   cx- 

Eressed  his  resentment  against  those,  who  seemed  to 
sten  to  him  with  pleasure.  At  last  he  was  ex- 
tremely exasperated,  and  demanded  of  the  philo- 
sopher, what  business  he  had  in  Sicily  ?  Plato  an- 
swered, "  That  he  came  to  seek  an  honest  man." 
•'  It  seems  then,"  replied  the  tyrant,  "  that  you 
"  have  lost  your  labour."  Here,  Dion  hoped,  his 
anger  would  have  ended ;  but  while  Plato  was 
ha-Hteiiing  to  be  gone,  he  conveyed  him  on  board  a 
galley,  in  which  Pollis  the  Laceda;monian  was  re- 
turning to  Greece.  Dionysius  urged  Pollis  either  to 
put  Plato  to  death  in  his  passage,  or  at  least  to  sell 
liim  as  a  slave  :  "  For,  according  to  his  own  maxim," 
said  he,  "  this  fellow  cannot  be  miserable ;  a  just 
*'  man,  he  says,  must  be  happy  in  a  state  of  slavery, 
*'  as  well  as  in  a  state  of  liberty."  Pollis  therefore 
carried  him  to  >Egina,  and  sold  him  there''.  For 
the  people  of  that  [)lacc,  being  at  war  with  the  Athe- 
nians, had  made  a  decree,  that  whatever  Athenian 
was  taken  upon  their  coast  should  be  sold. 

Dion  notwithstanding  retained  his  interest  with 
Dionysius,  had  considerable  employments,  and  was 
gent  embas.sador  to  Carthage.  Dionysius  entertained 
a  high  esteem  for  him,  and  he  therefore  permitted 
him  to  apeak  his  sentiments  with  freedom.  An  in. 
stance  oi  this  we  have  in  the  retort,  which  he  made 
on  tlie  tyrant's  ridiculing  the  government  of  Gelo": 
"  Gelo,"  said  Dionysius,  "  is  (Cielos)  the  laughiog- 
"  stock  of  Sicily."     While  others  admired  and  ap- 

'  For  twenty  p(Min<ls.  (L.)  The  silence  of  Plato  however  upon 
lliis  subject,  in  his  Letters,  seems  to  ncquit  Dionysius  of  the  charge 
of  luiving  port  lei  patC'd  in  this  piece  of  villainy.* 

»  (iilo  usuriK'd  llie  kin^'dom  of  Syraciisf.  B.  C.  +91  :  eleven 
yean  adenvard  txmt  nt  Hinicra  tho  Carthaginians,  who  by  attack- 
Uiu  Sici'y  intendeil  lu  moke  n  diversion  in  favour  of  Xerxes :  and 
dying  U.  C.  i78|  was  suc(;e«Jed  by  \ui  brotlier  Hiero,  the  friend 
ffiwUt.* 


DION.  V 

plfluded  this  witticism,  Dion  answered^  ^^  You  oIk 
*'  tained  the  crown  by  being  trusted  on  Gelo'B 
<<  account)  but  no  man  will  hereafter  be  trusted  on 
^^  yours."  In  fact,  Gelo  made  monarchy  seem  the 
best  of  governments ;  whereas  under  Dionysius  it 
appeared  to  be  the  worst.  Dionysius  had  thre« 
cnddren  by  Doris,  and  four  by  Aristomache,  of 
whom  two  were  daughters,  Sophrosyne  and  Arete. 
Of  these^  the  former  was  married  to  his  eldest  son 
Dionysius,  the  latter  to  his  brother  Thearides ;  and^ 
after  his  death,  to  her  uncle  Dion.  In  Dionysius' 
last  illness,  Dion  would  have  applied  to  him  in 
behalf  of  the  children  of  Aristomache,  but  the 
physicians  were  before-hand  with  him.  They 
wished  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  his  successor ) 
and  when  he  asked  for  a  sleeping  dose,  Timssui 
informs  us,  they  gave  him  one  so  efiectual^  that  he 
awoke  no  more  ^ 

When  his  son  Dionysius  came  to  the  throne,  in 
the  first  council  that  he  held,  Dion  spoke  with  se 
much  propriety  upon  the  existing  state  of  affairs^ 
and  the  measures  which  ought  to  be  taken,  that  the 
rest  appeared  to  be  mere  children  in  understanding. 
By  tlie  fireedom  of  his  councils  he  strongly  exposed 
the  slavish  principles  of  those  who,  through  a  timo* 
rous  disingenuousness,  recommended  such  measures 
as  they  thought  would  please  their  prince,  rather 
than  such  as  might  advance  his  interest.  But  whai 
alarmed  them  most  was,  the  steps  which  he  proposed 
to  take  in  regard  to  the  impending  war  with  Car* 
thage  :  for  he  offered  either  to  go  in  person  to  Car* 
thage,  and  negotiate  an  honourable  peace  with  the 
Carthaginians  ;  or,  if  the  king  were  rather  inclined 
for  war,  to  fit  out  and  maintain  fifty  galleys  at  his 
own  expense. 

With  this  magnificence  of  spirit  Dionysius  was 
delighted;  but  the  courtiers  feeling  how  little  it 
made  them  appear,  agreed  that  at  all  events  Dion 

9  B.  C.  S68. 


9  DIOV. 

must  be  crushed,  and  in  consequence  spared  no 
Calumny  that  malice  could  suggest.  They  repre- 
Bcnted  to  the  Icing,  that  he  certainly  meant  to  make 
himself  master  by  sea,  and  thus  to  obtain  the  king- 
dom for  his  sister's  children.  There  was  moreover 
Mother,  and  an  obvious  cause  of  their  iiatrcd  to  him, 
'in  the  reserve  of  his  manners,  and  the  sobriety  of 
his  life.  They  themselves  led  the  young  and  ill-edu- 
cated king  through  every  species  of  debauchery, 
the  shameless  pandars  to  his  wrong-directed  passions. 
'  Yet  while  folly  rioted,  the  rage  of  tyranny  was  dis- 
,  solved  in  the  ardour  of  youthful  indulgences,  as  iron 
'i  softened  in  the  fire;  and  the  kindness  and  lenity, 
which  the  Sicilians  could  not  expect  from  the  virtue 
pf  their  prince,  they  found  in  his  infirmities.  Thus 
the  reins  of  that  monarchy,  which  the  Elder  Diony- 
Biua  had  vainly  called  '  adamantine,'  when  he  boasted 
that  he  had  rivetted  them  on  the  state,  gradually 
feu  from  the  loose  and  dissolute  hand  that  held 
them.  This  young  prince,  it  is  said,  would  continue 
the  scene  or  intoxication  for  ninety  days  without 
intermission  ^  during  which  time  no  sober  person 
or  conversation  was  admitted  at  his  court,  where 
all  was  drunkenness,  and  ribaldry,  and  buffoonery, 
and  riot. 

Their  enmity  to  Dion,  who  had  no  taste  for  these 
empty  enjoyments,  was  a  thing  of  course ;  and,  as 
he  refused  to  partake  with  them  in  their  vices,  they 
resolved  to  strip  him  at'  his  virtues.  To  these  they 
gave  the  names  of  such  vices,  as  are  supposed  in 
■ome  degree  to  resemble  them.  His  gravity  of  man- 
ners they  called  prtde;  his  freedom  of  speech,  inso- 
lence ^  his  declining  to  join  in  their  licentiousness, 
contempt  "*.  It  is  true,  there  was  a  natural  haugh* 
tiness  in  his  deportment,  and  an  asperity  of  an  un- 
'  sociable  and  almost  inaccessible  nature  :  hence  it  is 

SnumnH  cupimtn  vat  iucnitlarf.     Pratrnt  <fuit 
Noiiiam  vivil  t  MuUain  ttt  JrmUm*  homo,  &c. 

(nor.S«t.I.iii.,55,fitc.)» 


DION.  9 

not  to  be  wondered  at,  that  he  found  no  ready  ad- 
mission to  the  ears  of  a  young  king,  already  spoiled 
by  flattery ;  since  many  even  of  his  own  particular 
friends,  who  admired  the  integrity  and  generosity  of 
his  heart,  could  not  but  condemn  those  harsh  for- 
bidding manners,  which  were  so' ill  adapted  to  civil 
intercourse  :  and  Plato  himself,  upon  writing  to  him 
some  time  afterward,  warned  him  as  it  were  by  the 
spirit  of  prophecy,  ^^  To  guard  against  that  auste- 
rity, which  is  the  companion  of  solitude^*  :'*  The 
necessity  of  the  times,  however,  and  the  feeble 
state  of  the  monarchy  rendered  it  necessary  for  the 
king,  though  contrary  to  his  inclination,  to  retain 
him  in  the  highest  appointments ;  and  this  Dion 
himself  very  well  knew. 

As  he  was  willing  to  impute  the  irregularities  of 
Pionysius  to  a  bad  education,  he  endeavoured  to 
engage  him  in  a  course  of  liberal  studies,  and  to 
give  him  a  taste  for  those  sciences,  which  have^ 
tendency  to  moral  improvement.  By  these  means 
he  hoped  he  should  induce  him  to  think  of  virtoe 
without  disgust,  and  at  length  to  embrace  it*s  pre- 
cepts with  pleasure.  The  young  Dionysius  was  not 
naturally  the  worst  of  princes ;  but  his  father  being 
apprehensive  that,  if  his  mind  were  improved  by 
science  and  the  conversation  of  virtuons  men,  bie 
might  at  some  time  or  other  think  of  depriving  him 
of  his  kingdom,  kept  him  in  close  confinement; 
where,  through  ignorance  and  want  of  other  em- 
ployment, he  amused  himself  with  making  httle  cha* 
riots,  candlesticks,  wooden  chairs,  and  tables.  His 
father  indeed  was  so  suspicious  of  all  mankind,  antl 
so  wretchedly  timorous,  that  he  would  not  suffer  a 
barber  to  approach  his  head  with  a  rasor,  but  had 
his  hair  singed  olF  with  a  live  coal  by  one  of  his 
>  own  attendants  ^'^.  Neither  his  brother  nor  his  son 
were  ever  admitted  into  his  chamber  in  their  own 

"  See  Vol  II.  p.  192.,  not.  (24.) 

"  Cic.  Tusc.  QiUDSt.  y.  20.  says^  this  office  was  performed  by  his 
daughters.* 


clothes,  but  were  first  stripped  and  examined  by  tlie 
sentinels,  and  after  that,  were  obliged  to  put  on 
such  clothes  as  were  provided  for  them.  When  his 
brother  Leptines  was  once  describing  the  situation 
of  a  place,  he  took  a  spear  from  one  of  the  guards 
to  ti'ace  the  plan,  upon  which  Dionysius  was  ex- 
tremely offended,  and  caused  the  soldier  who  had 
given  up  the  weapon  to  be  put  to  death.  He  was 
afraid,  he  said,  of  the  sense  and  sagacity  of  bis 
friends ;  because  he  knew,  they  must  think  it  more 
eligible  to  govern,  than  to  obey.  He  slew  Marsyas, 
whom  he  had  advanced  to  a  considerable  military 
command,  merely  because  Marsyas  had  dreamed 
that  he  killed  him  ;  for  he  inferred,  that  this  dream 
by  night  must  have  been  occasioned  by  some  similar 
suggestion,  or  conception  of  the  day*.  Yet  even 
this  timorous  and  suspicious  wretch  was  offended 
with  Plato,  because  he  would  not  allow  him  to  be 
the  most  valiant  man  in  the  world  1 

When  Dion,  as  we  have  before  observed,  consi' 
dered  that  the  irregularities  of  young  Dionysius  were 
chiefly  owing  to  his  want  of  education,  he  exhorted 
him  earnestly  to  apply  himself  to  study  ;  and  by  all 
means  to  send  for  Plato,  the  prince  of  philosophers, 
into  Sicily:  "Upon  his  arrival,"  said  he,  "apply 
*•  to  him  without  loss  of  time.  Conformed  by  his 
*•  precepts  to  that  divine  exemplar  of  beauty  and 
*'  perfection,  which  called  the  universe  from  confu- 
*'  sion  into  order,  you  will  secure  at  once  your  own 
*'  happiness,  and  that  of  your  people.  The  obe- 
*•  dience,  which  they  now  render  you  through  fear, 
*'  by  your  justice  and  moderation  you  will  improve 
"  into  a  principle  of  filial  duty ;  and,  from  a 
'*  tyrant,  you  will  become  a  king.  Fear,  and  force, 
*'  and  fleets,  and  armies  are  not,  as  your  father 
**  called  them,  the  'adamantine'  chains  of  govern- 


But  ihis  denoted  a  foregooe  conclusion : 

'Tis  B  ihicwd  doubt,  though  it  be  but  %  dream. 

(OtheUo,  UI.  3.) 


DION.  11 

^  ment ;  but  that  attention,  that  afiection^  that  re- 
^^  spect,  which  justice  and  goodness  ever  draw  after 
^  them.  These  are  the  milder,  but  at  the  same 
^^  time  the  stronger,  bonds  of  empire.  Besides,  it 
^  is  surely  a  disgrace  for  a  prince,  who  in  all  the 
^^  circumstances  of  figure  and  appearance  is  distin- 
'^  guished  from  the  people,  not  to  rise  above  them 
^^  likewise  in  the  superiority  of  his  conversation  and 
'^  the  cultivation  of  his  mind,  and  to  embellish  the 
^'  palace  of  bis  soul  with  royal  furniture." 

As  Dion  frequently  solicited  the  king  upon  this 
subject,  and  occasionally  repeated  some  of  Plato's 
arguments,  Dionysius  conceived  at  length  a  violent 
inclination  to  hear  him  discourse.  He  therefore  sent 
several  letters  of  invitation  to  him  at  Athens,  whidi 
were  seconded  by  Dion's  entreaties.  The  Pythago- 
rean philosophers  in  Italy  also  concurred  in  desiring 
him  to  undertake  the  direction  of  this  young  prince, 
whose  mind  was  misguided  by  power,  and  to  reclaim 
him  by  his  solid  advice.  Plato,  as  he  himself  owns^, 
ashamed  to  be  a  philosopher  merely  in  theory,  and 
not  in  practice,  and  flattering  himself  that  if  he  could 
rectify  the  mind  of  this  ruling  portion  of  Sicily,  he 
might  by  the  same  means  remedy  the  disorders  of 
the  whole  island,  yielded  to  their  request. 

The  enemies  of  Dion,  now  fearing  an  alteration 
in  Dionysius,  advised  him  to  recall  from  exile  one 
Philistus  (b,  man  of  deep  learning  ^\  and  well  skilled 
in  every  thing  relative  to  despotism)  with  a  view  of 
setting  him  up  in  opposition  to  Plato,  and  his  philo^ 
sophy.  Philistus,  from  the  beginning,  had  been  a 
principal  instrument  in  supporting  the  established 
monarchy,  and  kept  the  citadel,  of  which  he  was 
governor,  a  long  time  for  that  par^.  It  is  said, 
that  he  had  a  private  commerce  with  the  mother  of 
the  elder  Dionysius,  and  that  the  tyrant  himself  was 
not  ignorant  of  it    Be  that  as  it  may,  Leptines, 

"  LettviL 

M  For  an  aoooQtttof  tUskisUsnaa  see  IL  S50l>  not  (29») 


■?rfio  had  two  daughters  by  a  married  woman  whom 
Jie  had  debauched,  gave  one  of  them  to  Philistus  in 
marriage',  but  this  having  been  done  without  con- 
sulting Dionysius,  he  was  offended,  imprisoned 
Leptines'  mistress,  and  banished  Philistus.  The  lat- 
-ter  fled  to  his  friends  at  Adria",  where  (it  is  proba- 
ble)  he  composed  tlie  greatest  part  of  his  history  ; 
for  he  did  not  return  to  Sicily  during  that  Dionysius' 
reign.  After  his  death,  as  we  have  observed,  Dion's 
enemies  procured  his  recall.  His  arbitrary  princi- 
ples were  well  suited  to  their  purpose,  and  he  began 
to  exercise  them  immediately  upon  his  return. 

At  the  same  time,  calumnies  and  impeachments 
against  Dion  were,  as  usual,  brought  to  the  king. 
He  was  accused  of  holding  a  private  correspondence 
with  Theodotes  and  Heraclides,  for  the  subversion 
of  the  monarchy ;  and  indeed  it  is  probable  that  he 
conceived  some  hopes,  from  Plato's  arrival,  of  les- 
sening the  excessive  power  of  Dionysius,  or  at  least 
of  making  him  moderate  and  equitable  in  the  use  of 
it.  Besides,  if  he  continued  obstinate  and  irreclaim- 
able,  he  was  determined  to  depose  him,  and  restore 
the  commonwealth  to  the  Syracusans ;  for  he  pre- 
ferred even  the  popular  form  of  government  to  an 
absolute  monarchy,  where  a  well-regulated  aristo- 
cracy could  not  be  procured. 

Such  was  the  state  of  af&irs,  when  Plato  arrived 
in  Sicily.  At  first,  he  was  received  with  the  greatet 
appearance  of  respect  and  kindness,  and  was  con- 
veyed  from  the  coast  in  one  of  tlie  king's  most 
splendid  cliariots.  Kvea  Dionysius  himself  sacri. 
Heed  to  the  gods,  in  acknowledgement  of  the  hap- 
piness conferred  upon  iiis  kingdom.  'I'he  people, 
likewise,  entertained  the  greatest  hopes  of  a  speedy 
reformation.  They  observed  an  unusual  decorum  in 
the  court- banquets,  and  a  sobriety  in  the  conduct 
of  the  courtiers;  while  the  king  himself  answered 
all,  to  whom  he  gave  audience,  with  the  utmost  afla- 

'<  In  the  Picmc,  W.  The  March  of  Aocora,* 


DION.  IS 

bility.  The  desire  of  learning,  and  the  study  of 
philosophy,  became  general ;  and  the  royal  palace^ 
It  is  said,  was  filled  with  the  dust,  in  which  the  stu- 
dents describe  their  mathematical  figures.  Not  long 
after  this^  at  a  solemn  sacrifice  in  the  citadel,  when 
the  herald  prayed  as  usual  for  the  long  continuance  of 
the  government,  Dionysius  is  reported  to  have  cried, 
**  How  long  will  you  continue  to  curse  me  ?  **  This 
was  an  inexpressible  mortification  to  Philistus  and 
his  party :  "  If  Plato,"  said  they,  "  has  already  eft 
*^  fected  such  a  change  in  the  king,  his  influence  in 
"  time  will  be  irresistible.** 

They  now  no  longer  made  their  attack,  on  Dion 
separately,  or  in  private ;  but  united  in  exclaiming 
against  him,  as  having  fiiscinated  the  king  by  the 
delusions  of  eloquence  and  philosophy,  with  a  view 
of  inducing  him  voluntarily  to  resign  the  crown  in 
favour  of  his  sister's  children.  They  represented  it 
as  a  matter  of  the  highest  indignity,  that  after  the 
whole  force  of  the  Athenians  by  sea  and  land  had 
vainly  invaded  Sicily,  and  were  vanquished  and  d^ 
stroyed  without  so  much  as  having  been  able  to  take 
Syracuse,  they  should  now  by  means  of  one  sophist 
overturn  Dionysius'  empire,  prevail  upon  him  to  part 
with  his  guard  of  ten  thousand  spearmen,  to  give  up 
a  navy  of  four  hundred  galleys,  and  to  disband  an 
army  of  ten  thousand  horse,  and  many  times  that 
number  of  foot ;  in  order  to  pursue  an  ideal  happi- 
ness  in  the  Academy,  and  amuse  himself  with  theo- 
rems of  geometry,  while  the  substantial  enjoyments 
of  wealth  and  power  were  left  to  Dion  and  his  ne- 
phews. 

By  means  of  these  suggestions,  Dion  first  incurred 
the  suspicion,  and  soon  afterward  the  open  displea- 
sure of  Dionysius.  A  letter  of  his  was  likewise  in- 
tercepted, and  privately  carried  to  the  king.  It  was 
addressed  to  the  Carthaginian  agents,  and  directed 
them  not  to  have  their  audience  of  the  king  con- 
cerning the  conclusion  of  the  peace,  unless  he  him- 
ielf  were  present,  and  then  every  thing  should  be 


DION. 

settled  as  they  wished.  Timseus  informs  us,  that 
after  Dionysius  had  shown  this  letter  to  Philistus, 
and  consulted  him  upon  it,  he  over-reached  Dion 
by  a  pretence  of  reconcihation,  and  told  him  he  was 
desirous  their  good  understanding  might  be  renewed. 
After  tliis,  as  he  was  one  day  walking  al^ne  with 
him  by  the  wall  of  tlie  castle  near  the  sea,  he  pro- 
duced the  letter,  and  accused  him  of  having  con- 
spired with  the  Carthaginians  against  him.  Upon 
his  attempting  to  speak  in  his  own  defence,  Dionysius 
refused  to  hear  him  ;  and  having  forced  him  on  board 
a  vessel,  which  lay  there  for  the  purpose,  he  com- 
niande<l  the  sailors  to  set  him  ashore  in  Italy. 

When  this  was  publicly  known,  it  was  every  where 
condemned  as  tyrannical  and  cruel.  The  court  was 
in  distress  for  the  ladies  of  Dion's  family  ;  but  the 
citizens  received  fresh  courage  from  the  event,  hop- 
ing that  the  odium,  which  it  would  raise  against 
Dionysius,  and  the  general  discontent  that  his  go- 
vernment occasioned,  might  contribute  to  bring 
about  a  speedy  revolution.  Dionysius  observed  this 
with  some  anxiety,  and  thinking  it  necessary  to  pa- 
cify the  women  and  the  rest  of  Dion's  friends,  he 
told  them  that  he  was  not  gone  into  exile,  but  only 
sent  out  of  the  way  for  a  time,  lest  his  obstinacy 
should  draw  upon  him  a  heavier  punishment.  He 
also  allowed  his  friends  two  ships,  that  they  might 
despatch  to  him  in  Peloponnesus  as  much  of  \m 
treasure,  and  as  many  of  his  servants,  as  they  should 
think  fit ;  for  Dion  was  a  man  of  considerable  pro- 
perty, and  little  inferior  to  the  king  in  wealth  or 
magnificence.  The  most  valuable  part  of  his  eflects, 
together  with  presents  from  the  ladies  and  others  of 
his  acquaintance,  his  friends  conveyed  to  him ;  and 
the  splendour  of  his  fortune  gained  him  great  respect 
among  the  Greeks.  At  the  same  time,  they  con- 
ceived a  high  idea  of  the  power  of  the  tyrant,  when 
an  civile  from  his  kingdom  could  make  such  an  ap- 
pearance. 

Pionyiitts  now,  under  colour  of  kindness,  removed 


DION.  15 

PJato  into  the  citadel ;  but  in  reality  to  set  a  guard 
upon  him,  lest  he  should  follow  Dion,  and  proclaim 
to  the  world  how  injuriously  he  had  been  treated. 

As  wild  beasts  become  tame  and  tractable  by  use> 
so  the  tyrant,  by  frequent  conversation  with  the 
philosopher,  began  at  last  to  entertain  an  affection 
for  him:  yet  even  that  affection  had  something 
tyrannical  m  it ;  for  he  required  of  Plato^  in  return^ 
that  he  should  confine  his  regard  and  admiration 
exclusively  to  himself.  On  condition  that  he  would 
prefer  his  friendship  to  that  of  Dion^  he  was  willing 
to  resign  the  whole  administration  into  his  hands. 
This  extravagant  attachment  gave  Plato  no  small 
trouble ;  for  it  was  accompanied  with  petulance  and 
jealousy,  as  the  love  which  subsists  between  the 
different  sexes  has  in  a  short  period  it's  frequent 
quarrels  and  reconciliations.  He  expressed  the 
strongest  desire  to  become  Plato's  scholar,  and  to 
proceed  in  the  study  of  philosophy ;  but  he  ex* 
pressed  it  with  reluctance  in  the  presence  of  those, 
who  sought  to  divert  him  from  his  purpose,  and 
seemed  as  if  he  were  in  pursuit  pf  somethings  of 
which  he  ought  to  be  ashamed. 

As  a  war  broke  out  about  this  time,  he  found  it 
necessary  to  dismiss  Plato ;  but  he  promised  him, 
before  his  departure,  to  recaU  Dion  the  ensuing  sum* 
mer.  He  did  not  however  keep  his  promise,  undw 
pretence  of  the  war ;  but  he  remitted  to  him  the 

Produce  of  his  estate.  At  the  same  time,  he  desired 
lato  to  accept  his  apology,  assuring  him  that  he 
would  instantly  send  for  Dion  on  the  conclusion  of 
the  peace ;  and  he  entreated  Dion  himself  in  the 
mean  while  to  remain  quiet,  and  not  say  or  do 
any  thing,  which  might  hurt  his  character  amon^ 
the  Greeks.  This  Plato  endeavoured  to  effect^ 
by  keeping  Dion  in  the  Academy  in  pursuit  of 
philosophy. 

At  Athens,  Dion  lived  with  an  acquaintance, 
whose  name  was  Callippus.  But  a  piece  of  pleasure- 
ground,  which  he  purchased,   he  gave  up  on  his 


departure  to  .Speiisippus,  with  whom  he  had  moi 
usually   coni'ersed.     Speusippus  (as  Timon. 


Ily  informs  us)  v 


in    hJM  ^ 


poems  called  nyiii  '",  sarcastic; 
facetious  companion,  and  had  an  apt  turn  for  raillery  ; 
and  PJato  was  desirous,  that  Dion's  severity  of  man< 
ners  might  be   sollcned   by  the  pleasantry  of   his 
conversation.    When  Plato  exhibited  a  chorus  of  boys 
at  Athens'',  Dion  took  upon  himself  the  manage- 4 
ment,  and  defrayed  the  expense.  Plato  was  solicitoua«  J 
that  this  munificence  might  procure  him  popularity  y  J 
and,   upon   that  account,    he  readily  gave  up  tbs  | 
honour  of  conducting  the  affair  himself.  , 

Dion  likewise  visited  other  cities,  and  conversed  . 
with  the  principal  statesmen,  by  whom  he  was  pub^  , 
h'cly  entertained.     In  his  manners  there  was  now  aa_ 
longer  any  thing  pompous  or  affected,  nothing  thati 
savoured  of  the  dissolute  luxury  of  a  tyrant's  court,  j 
His  behaviour  was  modest,  discreet,  and  manly  ;  and  J 
his  philosophical  discourses  were  ingenious.     This 
procured  him  popular  favour,  and  public  honours  ; 
and  the  Laccdajnionians,  without  regard  to  Diony- 
sius'  resentment,  though  at  the  very  time  they  had 
received  succours  from  him  against  the  Thebans, 
presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  their  city.     We 
are  told  that  Dion  accepted  an  invitation  from  Ptffio- 
dorus,  the  Megarensian,  who  was  a  man  of  consider- 
able power  and  fortune ;  and  when  he  found  his  door 
crowded  with  people  on  business,  and  that  it  was 
difficult  to  get  access  to  him,  he  said  to  his  friends, 
who  were   expressing  their  dissatisfaction   on   the 
occasion,  "  Why  should  this  affront  us?     We  did 
*•  the  same  ourselves  at  Syracuse." 

Dion's   popularity  in    Greece  soon   excited  the 
jealousy  of  Dionysius,  who  in  consequence  stopped 


'  "  These  (as  Suidas,  nnd  Diog.  Lsert.  ix.  S.,  tell  ub)  were  « 
■pecicd  of  burlc*c|ue  Mtirts,  (Urcctfil  against  the  philoRophen.  par- 
ticularl)'  [hove  ceiii'd  the  Dograatielc  Spciuippus  succeeded  Pluto 
ID  the  Aciidemy,  U.  C.  348." 

"  This  was  a  dnimolie  en  Attainment,  exhibited  with  grent  m.ig- 
Aificence  on  ihc  feast  of  Bacchus.  Sec  the  Life  of  Arislides,  II.  H-S. 


DION.  It 

his  remittances^  and  put  his  estate  into  the  hands  of 
hfs  own  stewards.  That  his  reputation  however 
might  not  suffer  through  Plato's  means  among  the 
philosophers,  he  retained  a  number  of  learned  men 
in  his  court ;  and  being  desirous  to  outshine  them 
all  in  disputation,  he  was  frequently  under  a  neces- 
sity of  introducing,  without  the  smallest  propriety, 
the  arguments  which  he  had  learned  from  Plato. 
He  now  wished  for  that  philosopher  again,  and  re^^ 
pented  that  be  had  so  ill  availed  himself  of  his 
instructions.  Like  a  tyrant  therefore,  whose  desires 
however  extravagant  are  immediately  to  be  complied 
with,  he  was  violently  bent  on  recalling  him.  To 
effect  this,  he  meditated  every  expedient:  and  at 
length  prevailed  upon  Archytas,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Pythagorean  philosophers,  to  pledge  themselves  for 
the  performance  of  bis  promises,  and  to  persuade  him 
to  return  to  Sicily  ;  for  it  was  Plato,  who  had  first 
introduced  those  philosophers  to  his  acquaintance  ^\ 
On  their  part,  they  despatched  Archidemus  to 
Plato,  and  Dionysius  at  the  same  time  sent  some 
galleys  with  several  of  his  fi*iends  to  join  in  their 
request.  He  wrote  to  him  likewise  himself  and  told 
him  in  plain  and  positive  terms,  that  his  friend  Dion 
must  expect  no  favour  from  him,  unless  he  accepted 
his  invitation ;  but,  upon  his  arrival,  he  might  de- 
pend on  every  thing  he  desired.  Dion  was  also 
solicited  by  his  sister  and  wife  to  persuade  Plato  to 
gratify  the  tyrant,  that  he  might  no  longer  have  an 
apology  for  the  severity  of  his  treatment.  Plato 
tnerefore,  as  he  says  himself,  set  sail  the  third  time 
for  Sicily : 

To  brave  Charybdis*  dreadful  gulf  once  more  V» 

His  arrival  was  not  only  a  satisfaction  to  Diony- 
sius, but  to  the  whole  of  Sicily ;  the  inhabitants  of 
which  did  not  fail  to  implore  the  gods,  that  Plato 

»•  See  Plato,  Epist.  vii. 

'9  Ody«,  xii.  428.  The  passage  itself  occurs  in  Plato,  Epist.  w.? 

VOL.  VI.  C 


might  overcome  Philistiis,  and  tliat  the  tyranny' 
might  expire  under  the  influence  of  his  philosophy. 
Plato  was  in  high  favour  with  the  women  in  parti- 
cular, and  with  Dionysius  he  had  such  credit  as  no 
other  person  could  boast,  being  allowed  to  approach 
him  without  being  searched.  When  Aristippus  the 
Cyrenean  **  saw  the  king  offering  Plato  money,  and 
Plato  as  constantly  declining  it,  he  said.  "  Dionysim 
"  was  liberal  without  danger  of  exhausting  his  tre». 
*'  sury ;  for  to  those  who  wanted  and  would  tak« 
*'  money,  he  was  sparing  in  his  offers,  but  profusS 
"  where  he  knew  it  would  be  refused." 

After  the  first  compliments  were  over,  Plato  seized- 
an  opportunity  of  mentioning  Dion ;  but  the  tyrant- 
put  him  ofij  till  at  last  expostulations  and  animosities' 
took  place.  These,  however,  Dionysius  was  indus- 
trious to  conceal,  and  endeavoured  to  bring  over 
Plato  from  Dion's  interest  by  repeated  favours  and 
studied  civilities.  The  philosopher,  on  the  other 
hand,  did  not  immediately  publish  that  prince's  per- 
fidy, but  dissembled  his  resentment.  While  thmgs 
were  thus  circumstanced,  Plehcon  of  Cyzicura,  one 
of  Plato's  followers,  foretold  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  ; 
and,  as  it  happened  according  to  his  prediction,  the 
king  in  admiration  of  his  learning  rewarded  him  with 
a  talent  of  silver.  Upon  this  Aristippus,  jesting 
among  the  rest  of  the  philosophers,  told  them, 
"  That  he  likewise  had  something  extraordinary 
*'  to  prognosticate."  Being  entreated  to  make  it 
known,  *'  I  foresee,"  said  he  "  that  there  will  shortly 
f  be  a  quarrel  between  Dionysius  and  Plato."  Soon 
after  this,  Dionysius  sold  Dion's  estate,  and  con- 
verted the  money  to  his  own  use.  Plato  was  re- 
moved from  bis  apartment  in  the  palace-gardens,  and 

>°  ThU  philosopher  began  wiih  taking  lessons  from  Socrates :  but 
ilislikine  the  rigiJ  ethics  of  that  school,  he  CEtablished  one  of  his 
own  unSer  the  name  of  Cyrenaic,  which  was  still  more  voluptuous 
and  ncconimodattDg  to  human  frailty  than  that  of  E[)icurus.  lie  wat 
m  great  favourile  with  Horace, *aiid  is  frequpritly  mentioned  in  hil  I 
worki,  particularly  Ep.  I.  i.  and  xvii.,  in  the  Utter  of  which  he  il  j 
pictitBtly  contoMted  with  the  tymt  Diogenes.* 


I 


DION*  19 

placed  within  the  purlieus  of  the  soldiery ;  who  had 
long  hated  and  even  sought  to  kill  him,  on  a  suppo* 
sition  that  he  had  advised  the  tyrant^  to  lay  down  his 
government,  and  disband  his  guards. 

Archytas,  who  had  engaged  for  Plato*8  safety, 
when  he  understood  his  danger,  sent  a  galley  to 
demand  him ;  and  the  tyrant,  in  order  to  palliate 
his  enmity,  previously  to  his  departure  made  pom- 
pous entertainments.  At  one  of  them,  however, 
he  could  not  forbear  saying;  ^^  I  suppose,  Plato, 
*^  when  you  return  to  your  companions  in  the  Aca- 
"  demy,  my  faults  will  often  be  the  subject  of  your 
**  censure/'  "  I  hope,"  answered  Plato  with  a 
smile,  ^'  we  shall  never  be  so  much  at  a  loss  for  sub- 
**  jects  in  the  Academy,  as  to  mention  you  at  all.** 
Such  are  the  circumstances,  which  have  been  men- 
tioned concerning  Plato's  departure,  but  they  are 
not  perfectly  consistent  with  his  own  account^*, 

Dion  being  offended  not  only  with  these  things, 
but  with  some  intelligence,  which  he  had  before  re- 
ceived concerning  his  wife  (mysteriously  alluded  to 
in  Plato's  letter  to  Dionysius),  openly  declared  him- 
self his  enemy.  The  afiair  was  as  follows :  Plato 
was  desired  by  Dionysius  privately  to  consult  Dion, 
upon  his  return  to  Greece,  whether  or  not  he  would 
dislike  his  wife's  marrying  another  man :  for  there 
was  a  report,  whether  true  or  the  invention  of  his 
enemies,  that  his  matrimonial  state  was  not  agreeable 
to  him,  and  that  there  was  a  coolness  between  him 
and  Arete.  After  Plato  had  consulted  Dion  on  the 
affair,  he  wrote  to  Dionysius  ;  and,  though  he  spake 
in  plain  terms  of  other  matters,  he  mentioned  this  in 
a  manner  which  could  be  intelligible  only  to  the 
king.  He  told  him  that  he  had  conversed  with  Dion 
on  the  business,  and  that  he  would  certainly  resent 
it,  if  any  such  attempt  should  be  made  ^\ 

So  long  as  any  prospect  of  an  accommodation  re- 

*■  Ejpist.  vii.,  where  he  simply  states  that  Dionysius,  on  Archytas' 
requisition,  victualled  a  galley  for  him,  and  sent  him  home  again.* 
^^  Epist.  xiii. 

C  2 


■  so 


DION. 


inained,  Dion^'sius  took  no  farther  steps  in  the  af!ulr  ; 
but  when  that  prospect  disappeared,  and  Plato  bad 
once  more  lelit  Sicily  in  displeasure,  he  compelled 
Arete  to  marry  Timocrates  :  in  this  instance,  failing 
short  even  of  his  father's  lenity;  for  when  Philoxenus 
(who  had  married  Theste,  the  sister  of  that  prince) 
was  declared  his  enemy,  and  fled  through  fear  out  of 
Sicily,  Dionysius  sent  for  his  sister,  and  reproached- 
her  with  having  been  privy  to  her  husband's  escape,^ 
without  letting  him  know  it.  Theste,  without  fear^ 
or  hesitation,  replied  ;  "  Do  yon  then,  Dionysius, 
*'  think  me  so  bad  a  wife,  or  so  weak  a  woman,  that 
*'  if  I  had  known  of  my  husband's  flight,  I  would 
•'  not  have  accompanied  him,  and  shared  in  tiie 
"  worst  of  his  fortunes?  Indeed,  I  was  ignorant  of 
"  it.  And  I  assure  you  that  I  should  esteem  it. 
*'  a  higher  honour  to  be  called  the  wife  of  Phi- 
"  loxenus  the  exile,  than  the  sister  of  Dionysius  the 
*'  tyrant."  The  king,  it  is  said,  admired  her  spirit- 
ed answer :  and  the  Syracusans  honoured  her  so 
much,  that  she  retained  her  princely  respect  and 
retinue  even  after  the  dissolution  of  the  tyranny ; 
and  the  citizens,  by  public  decree,  attended  the 
solemnity  of  her  funeral.  This  is  a  digression,  but 
it  may  have  it's  use. 

Dion  now  thought  of  nothing  but  war^'.  Plato, 
however,  was  against  it;  partly  on  account  of  the 
hospitality,  which  he  had  received  from  Dionysius, 
and  partly  because  of  the  advanced  age  of  Dion  "*. 
Speusippus  and  the  rest  of  his  friends,  on  the  other 
hand,  encouraged  him    to  rescue  from  slavery  his 

"  B.  C.  537. 

•<  Of  Plato,  now  "1  ■  My  the  modern  editors  of  Amyot'a  French 
yeraion,  arguing  from  the  best  MSS.  That  it  could  not  be  Uion^ 
appears  aa  weir  from  Plata's  Episk  vii,  where  he  obierveg,  that  on 
hia  first  arrival  at  the  Younger  Dionysiua'  couri  (eleven  years  only 
prior  to  this  peiiotl)  Dion  had  jiut  attained  menhood,  tu  from  Cor* 
noliui  Kepo*.  who  states  that  at  his  death  (three  years,  at  least,  sub. 
icqucnt  ui  his  arrival  in  Sicily)  he  was  only  fiity-five.  He  might 
then  now  be  pronounced,  as  in  the  next  page,  aifiwfkciwt,  but  hard- 
ly pt!hap«>ir«..* 


) 

if 


DION.  ^1 

native  Sicily,  which  stretched  forth  her  hands  toward 
him,  and  would  certainly  receive  him  with  every 
expression  of  joy.    Speusippus,  when  he  attended 
Plato  into  Sicily,  had  mixed  more  with  the  people, 
and  learned  their  sentiments   with   regard   to    the 
government.      At  first  indeed  they  were  reserved^ 
and  suspected  him  as  an  emissary  of  the  tyrant's  $ 
but,  by  degrees,  he  obtained  their  confidence.     In 
short,  it  was  the  voice  and  prayer  of  the  people,  that 
Dion  would  come  though   without  either  army  or 
navy  to  their  relief,  and  lend  them  only  his  name 
and  his  presence  against  the  tyrant.     These  repre» 
sentations  encouraged  Dion,  who  the  more  effectually 
to  conceal  his  intentions,  raised  what  forces  he  was 
able  by  means  of  his  friends.     In  this  he  was  assisted 
by  many  statesmen  and  philosophers,  among  others 
by  Eudemus  the  Cyprian  (upon  occasion  of  whose 
death,  Aristotle  wrote  his  Dialogue  on  the  Soul  ^^), 
and  Timonides  the  Leucadian.     These  engaged  in 
his  interest  Miltas  the  Thessalian,  who  was  skilled 
in  divination,  and  had  been  his  fellow- Academician.' 
But  of  all  those  whom   the   tyrant  had   banished, 
which  were  not  fewer  than  a  thousand,  only  twenty^* 
five  gave  in  their  names  for  the  service.     The  rest, 
through  want  of  spirit,    declined  engaging  in  the 
cause.    The  general  rendezvous  was  in  the  island 
of  Zacynthus '^^^ ;   and   there,    when  the  little  army 
was  assembled,  it  did  not  amount  to  eight  hundred 
men  '^ :  but  they  were  men,  who  had  signalised  them* 
selves  in  many  a  hot  engagement ;  they  were  in  per- 
fect discipline,  and  inured  to  hardship  ;  in  courage 
and  conduct,  they  had  no  superiors  in  the  army  :  in 
short,  they  were  men  likely  to  serve  Dion's  cause, 

*i  Not  now  extant.* 

*^  Hod.  Zante,  an  island  in  the  Ionian  «ea,  to  the  west  of  the 
Morea.* 

*f  Diod.  Sie.  cxvi.  9, 10.  enlarges,  with  great  proprietj,  upon  the 
extraordinary  spirit  of  this  enterprise,  (L.)  and  the  cause  of  it's 
SQCcess;  a  success,  which  proved  that  power  alone  is  not  the 
*  adamantine '  chain  of  empire,  unless  the  links  have  been  forged 
by  justice  and  benevdence.* 


nioN. 


bv 


rousing  and  animating  by  their  example  those,' 
who  sliould  flock  to  his  standard  in  Sicily. 

Yet  tliesB  men,  when  they  understood  that  they 
were  to  be  led  against  Dionysius,  were  disheartened, 
and  condemned  the  rash  resentment  of  Dion ;  the 
consequence  of  which  they  looked  upon  as  certain 
ruin.  Neither  were  they  less  offended  with  their 
commanders,  and  those  who  had  enlisted  them,  for 
having  concealed  the  object  of  the  service.  But  when 
Dion,  in  a  public  speech,  after  showing  them  the 
feeble  state  of  Dionysius'  government,  told  them  that 
be  considered  them  rather  as  so  many  officers,  whom 
he  carried  to  head  the  people  of  Sicily  already  pre- 
pared to  revolt,  than  as  private  men  j  and  when  Atci- 
inenes,  who  in  birth  and  reputation  was  the  principal 
man  in  Achaia,  confirmed  this  statement  and  joined 
in  the  expedition,  they  were  fully  satisfied. 

It  was  now  about  midsummer,  the  Etesian  winds  " 
prevailed  at  sea,  and  the  moon  was  at  the  full,  when 
Dion  prepared  a  magnificent  sacrifice  to  Apollo,  and 
marched  in  procession  to  the  temple  with  his  men 
under  arms.  After  the  sacrifice,  he  gave  them  a 
feast  in  the  race-ground  of  the  Zacynthians.  They 
were  astonished  at  the  quantity  of  gold  and  silver- 
plate  exhibited  upon  tliis  occasion,  so  far  above  the 
ordinary  fortunes  of  a  private  man  ;  and  naturally 
concluded,  that  a  person  of  such  opulence  would  not 
at  a  late  period  of  life  expose  himself  to  dangers, 
without  a  fair  prospect  of  success,  and  the  certain 

■-»  These  v'miB  blow  regularly  at  a  certain  season  of  the  yi 
Strabo  soiuctimt^B  colls  them  East,  and  gometimes  North  nindi; 
but  to  convey  Dion  from  Zacynlhus  to  Pachynun,  they  miwi  have 
blown  from  uie  east.  Pliny  makes  the  Etesian  the  unie  as  tho 
North-East  wind  :  AquUo  in  leslate  media  mutat  nomen,  el  Etetiai 
(H.  N.  wiii.  Si.)  He  informs  us,  when  these  winds  begin : 
octavo  CaL  Aug.  Mgypto  aquUe  occidit  metulina,  Eleaarum- 
i/ve  prodnmi  JlaiM  incipiunt  (28.):  and  when  they  end;  Dfcima 
trxlo  Cat.  Oct.  Mgi/plo  Spko,iouam  tenet  virgo,  exontur  malutinb, 
Etaiffifiie  rfcsinan*  (31).  Thus,  it  seems,  tbey  last  about  two 
months  (Pliny  elsewhere  says  forty  days,  ii.  *7.) ;  and  the  relief  of 
Huch  gales  in  that  season  is  plainly  providential.  Aristotlv  account* 
thr  them  from  the  conveicily  of  the  earth. 


ain^J 


3 


DION.  23 

and  strong  support  of  friends.  Afler  the  usual  pray- 
ers and  libations,  the  moon  was  eclipsed.  This  was 
nothing  strange  to  Dion,  who  knew  the  variations 
of  the  ecliptic,  and  that  the  defection  of  the  moon's 
light  was  caused  by  the  interposition  of  the  earth 
between  her  and  the  sun.  But  as  the  soldiers  were 
troubled  about  it,  Miltas  the  soothsayer  undertook 
to  give  it  a  proper  turn,  assuring  them  that  it  por*- 
tended  the  sudden  obscurity  of  something,  which 
was  at  present  glorious ;  and  that  this  glorious  ob- 
ject could  be  no  other  than  Dionysius,  whose  lustre 
would  be  extinguished  on  their  arrival  in  Sicily. 
This  interpretation  he  communicated  in  as  public  a 
manner  as  possible ;  but  from  the  prodigy  of  the 
bees^,  a  swarm  of  which  settled  upon  the  stern  of 
Dion's  ship,  he  intimated  to  his  triends  his  appre- 
hensions that  the  great  afiairs,  which  Dion  was  then 
prosecuting,  s^er  flourishing  awhile,  would  come  to 
nothing.  Dionysius,  it  is  likewise  said,  had  many 
prodigies  upon  this  occasion.  An  eagle  snatched 
a  javelin  from  one  of  his  guards,  and  after  flying 
aloft  with  it,  dropped  it  into  the  sea.  The  waters 
of  the  sea  at  the  foot  of  the  citadel,  as  plainly  ap- 
peared to  every  one  who  tasted  them,  were  fresh 
for  one  entire  day.  He  had  pigs  farrowed  perfect 
in  all  their  other  parts,  but  without  ears.  This  the 
soothsayers  considered  as  an  omen  of  rebeUion  and 
revolt :  the  people,  they  said,  would  no  longer  give 
ear  to  the  mandates  of  the  sovereign.  The  fresh- 
ness of  the  sea-water  imported  that  the  Syracusans, 
after  their  harsh  and  severe  treatment,  would  enjoy 
milder  and  better  times.  The  eagle  was  the  mini- 
ster of  Jove,  and  the  javelin  an  ensign  of  power  and 

>9  This  superstition  prevailed  not  less  among  the  Romans,  than 
among  the  (jreeks.  See  the  Life  of  Brutus.  (L.)  That  the  sud- 
den appearance  of  a  swarm  of  bees  was  considered  as  an  inauspicious 
omen,  portentous  of  slavery,  &c.,  we  learn  from  Cic.  Orat  de 
Harusp.  Responsis.  Was  the  speedy  decay  of  prosperity,  foretold 
in  the  ^^  (mquires  the  former  English  translator),  inferred  from 
Jjbe  food  of  bees,  the  beautiful  but  transitory  flower?  * 


government :  thus  tlie  father  of  the  gods  had  dtt 
stined  the  ovetthrow  and  abolition  of  the  tyrannyJ 
These  things  we  have  from  Theopompus.  4 

Dion's  soldiers  were  conveyed  in  two  transporti.- 
These  were  accompanied  by  another  smaller  vessel, 
and  two  more  of  thirty  oars.  Beside  the  arms  of  those 
who  attended  him,  he  took  with  him  two  thousand 
shields,  a  large  quantity  of  darts  and  javelins,  and  a 
considerable  supply  of  provisions,  that  nothing  might 
be  wanting  in  the  expedition  ;  for  they  put  off  to 
the  main  sea,  because  they  did  not  think  it  safe  to 
coast  along,  being  informed  that  Pbilistus  was  sta- 
tioned off  Japygia^"  to  watch  their  motions.  Having 
sailed  with  a  gentle  wind  about  twelve  days,  on  the 
thirteenth  they  arrived  at  Pachynus'*',  a  promontory 
in  Sicily.  There  the  pilot  advised  Dion  to  land  his 
men  immediately ;  as  if  they  once  doubled  the  cape, 
they  might  continue  at  sea  a  long  time,  before  they 
could  have  a  gale  from  the  south  at  that  season  of 
the  year.  But  Dion,  who  was  afraid  of  disembark- 
ing too  near  the  enemy,  and  chose  rather  to  make 
good  his  landing  in  some  remoter  part  of  the  island, 
doubled  the  cape  notwithstanding.  They  had  not 
sailed  far,  before  a  strong  gale  from  the  north  and  a 
high  sea  carried  them  (juite  off  Sicily.  At  the  same 
time,  there  was  a  violent  storm  of  thunder  and  light- 
ning, for  it  was  about  the  rising  ofArcturus;  and 
it  was  accompanied  with  such  dreadful  rains,  and 
the  weather  was  in  every  respect  so  tempestuous, 
that  the  affrighted  sailors  knew  not  where  they  were, 
till  they  found  themselves  driven  by  the  violence  of 
the  storm  to  Ccrcina  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Here, 
from  the  dangerous  rocks  which  surrounded  this 
craggy  island,  they  narrowly  escaped  being  dashed 
to  pieces  i    but   by  working  hard  with  their  poles 

*"  This  teena  to  have  been  ApuUa,  or  Cal^ria ;  and  henre  aroM 
|1itnnniu  ol' the  N,  W.  windJapyx,  which  wM  fevourablu  tn  luch  ■ 
were  uiling  frondtaly  W  Greece.  (Sec  Hor.  Od.  I .  iii.  ♦..  4cO  ' 


Acra  Japui 
i>  Hod. 


i^ia  orPlin.,  H.  N.  iii.  11.,  is  the  nwdeni  C.  dl  Lcuca.* 


dion:  15 

they  kept  clear,  with  much  difficulty^  till  the  ^torm 
abated.  They  were  then  informed  by  a  vessel,  which 
accidentally  came  up  with  them,  that  they  were  at 
the  head  of  what  is  called  the  Great  Syrtis^^     In 
this  horrible  situation,  they  were  farther  disheartened 
by  finding  themselves  becalmed ;  but,  after  beating 
about  for  some  time,  a  gale  sprung  up  suddenly  from 
the  south.    On  this  unexpected  change,  as  the  wind 
increased  upon  them,  they  made  all  their  sail,  and 
imploring  the  assistance  of  the  gods,  once  more  put 
to  sea  in  quest  of  Sicily.     After  an  easy  passage  of 
five  days^  they  arrived  at  Minoa,  a  small  town  in 
Sicily  ^%  belonging  to  the  Carthaginians.     Synalus^^ 
a  friend  of  Dion's,  was  then  governor  of  the  place  $ 
and,  as  he  did  not  know  that  this  little  fleet  belonged 
to  Dion,  he  attempted  to  prevent  the  landing  of  his 
men.    The  soldiers  leaped  out  of  the  vessels  in  arms, 
but  killed  none  that  opposed  them ;  for  Dion,  on 
account  of  his  friendship  with  Synalus,  had  forbid* 
den  them.     They  ran  however  in  one  body  with  the 
fugitives  into  the  town,  and  thus  made  themselves 
masters  of  it.     When  Dion  and  the  governor  met, 
mutual  salutations  passed  between  them,   and   the 
former  restored  to  the  latter  his  town  unhurt.    S3rna- 
lus  in  return  entertained  his  soldiers,  and  supplied 
him  with  necessaries. 

It  happened  that  Dionysius,  a  little  before  this, 
had  sailed  with  eighty  ships  for  Italy,  and  his  absence 
gave  them  no  small  encouragement :  so  that,  when 
Dion  invited  his  men  to  refresh  themselves  for  some 
time  after  their  &tigue8  at  sea,  they  thought  of  no^ 
thing  but  making  a  proper  use  of  the  present  mo« 
ment,  and  with  one  voice  called  upon  him  to  lead 
them  to  Syracuse.     He,  therefore,  left  his  useless 

'*  Not  far  from  Tripoli.  There  was  also  a  smaller  Syrtis,  and' 
both  were  bays  fiill  of  rocks  and  quicksands,  occasioning  a  danger^ 
ous  ineauallty  in  the  motion  of  the  waters.* 

)3  Called  also  Heraclea,  on  the  southern  coast  between  Agrit 
^ntum,  ho(L  Girffenti,  and  Lilybieum,  hod.  Cape  Boco^ 

^*  Diodonis  calui  him  *  Pyralus.' 

7 


arms  and  baggage  with  Synalus,  and  having  engaged  ' 
him  to  transmit  them  to  him  at  a  proper  opportunity, 
set  oft' on  his  march  for  that  place.  Two  hundred  of 
the  Agrigentine  cavalry,  who  inhabited  the  country 
about  P-cnomus,  immediately  revolted  and  joined 
him  in  his  march,  and  these  were  followed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Gela". 

The  news  of  his  arrival  soon  reaching  Syracuse, 
Timocrates.  who  had  married  Dion's  wife,  and  who 
was  appointed  regent  in  Diooysius'  absence,  imme- 
diately despatched  letters  to  apprise  the  tyrant  of  the 
event.  In  the  mean  while,  he  applied  Iiimself  to 
prevent  all  tumults  in  the  city  ;  for  the  people  were 
greatly  animated  by  the  report  of  Dion's  arrival, 
though  their  uncertainty  and  alarm  for  a  time  kept 
them  quiet.  A  singular  accident  happened  to  the 
courier,  who  had  been  sent  with  the  letters  for  Diony- 
sius.  Upon  his  landing  in  Italy,  as  he  was  passing 
through  the  territory  of  Rhegium  to  Caulonia,  where 
the  tyrant  then  was,  he  met  an  acquaintance  of  his 
returning  home  with  a  newly-offcred  sacrifice,  and 
having  received  from  liim  a  little  of  the  flesh  for  his 
own  use'*,  he  made  the  best  of  his  way.  At  night, 
however,  he  found  it  necessary  to  take  a  little  rest, 
and  retired  to  sleep  in  a  wood  by  the  road-side.  A 
wolf,  allured  by  the  smell  of  the  flesh,  came  up  while  . 
he  was  asleep,  and  carried  it  off,  together  with  the  ' 
bag  of  letters  to  which  it  was  fastened.  When  the  i 
courier  awoke,  he  sought  a  long  time  to  no  purpose 
for  his  dispatches,  and  being  afraid  to  face  Dionysius 
without  them,  absconded.  'JTius  it  was  a  considerable  ' 
time  afterward,  and  from  other  sources,  that  Diony- 
sius  was  informed  of  Dion's  arrival  in  Sicily. 

Dion,  on  his  marcii,  was  joined  by  the  C'ama- 
rinieans,  and  many  revolters  from  the  territory  of 
Syracuse.      The   Leontines  and   Campanians,  who 


T  Agrieentum.' 
part  of  the  victur 


"     Wllich    ftUB    IICBI     Jlgl  •>•■»»•"■■  , 

^*  To  cnm-  home  part  of  the  victim,  and  to  give  part  of  it  to  anf 
fWnon  that  tne  bearer  met,  were  acti  of  rcligioa. 


DION.  27 

with  Timocrates  guarded  the  Epipols  ^\  being  mis- 
led by  a  report  (designedly  propagated  by  Dion)  that 
he  intended  to  attack  their  cities  first,  quitted  their 
present  station,  and  set  off  to  take  care  of  their  own 
concerns.  Dion,  being  informed  of  this  while  he  lay 
near  Acrae,  decamped  in  the  night,  and  came  to  the 
river  Anapus,  which  is  at  the  distance  of  ten  furlongs 
from  the  city.  There  he  halted,  and  sacrificed  by 
the  river,  addressing  his  prayers  to  the  rising  sun. 
The  soothsayers  informed  him  that  the  gods  gave  a 
promise  of  victory,  and  as  he  had  himself  assumed  a 
garland  at  the  sacrifice,  all  who  were  present  imme- 
diately did  the  same.  He  was  now  joined  by  about 
five  thousand,  who  were  ill-furnished  indeed  with  arms, 
but  their  courage  supplied  that  deficiency  ^^.  When 
he  gave  orders  to  march,  the  parole  was  ^  Liberty/ 
and  they  rushed  forward  with  the  loudest  acclama? 
tions  of  joy.  The  most  eminent  and  powerful  citi* 
zens  of  Syracuse,  dressed  in  white,  met  him  at  the 
gates.  The  populace,  in  the  mean  while,  fell  with 
great  fury  upon  Dionysius'  party ;  but  in  particular 
they  seized  his  spies,  a  set  of  wretches  hated  by  gods 
and  men,  who  went  prying  about  the  city  to  collect 
the  sentiments  and  expressions  of  the  inhabitants, 
in  order  to  report  them  to  the  tyrant  These  were 
the  first  that  suffered,  being  knocked  down  wherever 
they  were  met.  When  Timocrates  found  that  he 
could  not  join  the  garrison  in  the  citadel,  he  fled  on 
horseback  out  of  the  city,  and  spread  a  general  terror 
and  dismay  wherever  he  passed ;  magnifying  all  the 
while  the  forces  of  Dion,  that  it  might  not  appear  a 
slight  effort,  against  whipb  he  was  unable  to  defend 
the  place, 

3'  Sec  the  Life  of  Timoleon,  II.  253.,  not.  (31.)  Camarina  was  a 
city  on  the  southern,  and  Acne  (mentioned  below)  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Sicily.  Of  the  Campanians,  not  Catanians  (as  some  would 
read),  who  were  Italian  settlers  in  Sicily^  see  a  full  account  in  Dlod. 
§ic.xiv.  8.  15.58.  xvi.  82.* 

3^  Diodoruj  says,  he  was  sqoq  joined  by  20,000,  and  that  wheii 
^e  reached  Syracuse^  he  had  not  iewer  than  50,000  m^ 


Dion  now  made  his  public  entry  into  the  town, 

dressefl  in  a  magnificent  suit  of  armour,  his  brother 

Megacles  marching  on  the  right  hand,  and  Callip- 

pu3  the  Athenian  on   the  left,  with  garlands  upon 

their  heads.     He  was  followed  by  a  hundred  fbreiga; 

'Wldiers,  who  were  his  body-guard;   and  after  thes* 

f  marched  the  rest  of  the  army  in  proper  order,  undef 

r  the  conduct  of  their  respective  officers.     This  pro* 

*  cession  the  Syracusans  regarded  as  sacred.     The^ 

'  considered    it   as  the    triumphal  entry  of  Liberty, 

'  which  would  once  more  establish  the  popular  goveru- 

ment.  after  a  suppression  of  forty-eight  years. 

When  Dion  entered  at  the  Menitidiangate,  silence 
■was  commanded  by  sound  of  trumpet,  and  he  order- 
ed freedom  to  be  proclaimed  to  the  Syracusans  and 
the  rest  of  the  Sicilians,  in  the  name  of  Dion  and 
Megacles,  who  came  to  abolish  tyranny.  Being  de- 
sirous to  address  the  people  in  a  speech,  he  marched 
tip  to  the  Achradina.  As  he  passed  through  the 
streets,  the  people  prepared  their  victims  on  tables 

f laced   be/bie  their  doors,  scattered  flowers  on  his 
ead,  and  offered  up  their  prayers  to  him  as  their 
tutelar  deity.     At  the  foot  of  the  citadel,  under  the 
'  Pentapylae,  stoo<1  a  lofty  sun-dial  "^  which  had  been 

E laced  there  by  Dionysius.     From  the  top  of  this 
nilding  he  addressed  the  citizens,  and  exhorted 
I  them  earnestly  to  assert  their  freedom.     The  people 
rin  their  turn  nominated  Dion  and  his  brother  priB- 
"ors  of  the  city,  and  on  their  wish  and  request  ap- 
•ointed  them  twenty  coUegues,  half  of  whom  were 
'  Selected  from  Dion's  brother-exiles. 

At  first  it  was  considered  by  the  soothsayers  as  a 

food  omen  that  Dion,  when  he  addressed  tlie  people, 
ad  under  his  feet  the  stately  edifice  which  Diony- 
sius had  erected ;  but  upon  reflecting  that  this  edi- 

'♦  Pherecydes  wm  the  first,  who  invented  dials  to  mark  the  hour 
of  tile  day,  about  three  hundred  year*  after  Homer.     But  t 
^»  time  the  Phienicians  had  contrired  a  dial  in  the  iaic  of  S 
which  described  tbesolaticcB. 


But  betbrv      J 
!  of  ScyroS)     I 


DION.  S9 

fice^  on  which  he  had  been  declared  general,  was  a 
sun-dial,  they  became  apprehensive  that  his  present 
power  would  fall  into  speedy  decline^ 

Dion  in  the  next  place  took  the  castle  of  Epipolaei^ 
released  the  prisoners  who  were  confined  there,  and 
invested  it  with  a  strong  wall.     Seven  days  after  this 
event,  Dionysius  arrived  from   Italy,  and  entered 
the  citadel  from  the  sea.    Dion  at  the  same  time 
received  from   Synalus  the  arms  and  ammunition^ 
which  he  had  left  with  him.     These  he  distributed 
among  the  citizens,  as  £ir  as  they  would  go :  the  rest 
armed  themselves,  as  well  as  they  were  able ;  and 
all  expressed  the  utmost  alacrity  for  the  service* 
Dionysius,  at  first  sent  agents  in  a  private  manner 
to  Dion,  to  try  what  terms  might  be  made  with  him  : 
but  Dion  refused  to  receive  any  overtures  in  private* 
The  Syracuisans,  he  told  the  envoys,  were  now  a 
free  people ;  and  what  they  had  to  offer,  must  be 
addressed  to  them  in  public.    Upon  this,  they  made 
specious  proposals   to  the  citizens,   and  promised 
tnem  an  abatement  of  their  taxes,  and  an  exemption 
from  serving  in  the  wars,  even  though  those  wars 
should  be  undertaken  with  their  own  approbation. 
These  proposals  the  Syracusans  held  in  dension ;  and 
Dion  answered,  that  it  would  be  in  vain  for  Diony- 
sius to  propose  terms,  without  resigning  in  the  first 
place  the  regal  government ;  if  he  took  this  measure^ 
however,  he  added,  he  might  depend  upon  all  the 
good  offices  in  his  power,  at  least  with  regard  to 
every  thing  reasonable,  from  the  remembrance  of 
their  relationship.    Dionysius  seeming  to  consent 
to  these  terms,  sent  back  his  agents,  to  desire  that  a 
deputation  of  the  Syracusans  might  attend  him  in 
the  citadel,  in  order  to  settle  articles  by  mutual  con-« 
cessions  for  the  public  tranquillity.    Dion,  therefore^ 
selected  a  number  of  the  citizens  for  this  deputation; 
and  the  general  report  from  the  citadel  was,  that 
Dionysius  would  voluntarily  resign  his  authority. 

This,   however,  was  only  a  crafty  stratagem  to 
amuse  the  Syracusans.      The  deputies  no  soonet 


amved,  thm  they  were  imprisoned  ;  and  early  tM 
■cxt  mormog,  after  he  had  plied  the  mercenaries 
»-ith  viae,  he  ordered  them  tu  sally  out  and  attack' 
tbe  waU  which  had  been  built  by  Dion.  This  un- 
expected assault  was  carried  on  with  great  vigour* 
br  the  barbarians.  They  broke  through  the  works, 
and  fiUling  with  extreme  impetuosity  and  loud  shouts- 
vpon  the  Syracusans,  quickly  put  them  to  flight.' 
Dion's  foreign  troops  took  the  alarm,  and  hastened'- 
to  their  relief;  but  the  cries  and  blunders  of  the 
citizens  mixing  and  rushing  forward  with  them  dis» 
ordered  their  ranks,  and  rendered  it  difficult  for  them' 
to  hear  orders,  or  give  any  effectual  assistance. 
Dion,  perceiving  that  in  this  tumult  his  orders  could 
BOt  be  heard,  instructed  them  by  his  example,  and 
charged  the  thickest  of  the  enemy.  The  battle, 
where  he  fought  in  person,  was  tierce  and  bloody. 
He  was  known  to  the  enemy,  as  well  as  to  his  owa 
party  ;  and  they  rushed  toward  him  with  the  utmost 
liiry.  His  age,  indeed,  rendered  him  unfit  for  such 
an  engagement ;  but  he  maintuined  the  Aght  with 
great  vigt>ur,  and  cut  in  pieces  many  of  the  enemy 
(hat  attacked  him.  At  length,  he  wa?  wounded  in 
tbe  head  with  a  lance ;  his  shield  was  pierced  through 
ID  many  places  with  the  darts  and  spears,  levelled 
.-  against  him  ;  and  his  armour  no  longer  resisting 
'  tbe  blows  which  he  received  in  this  close  engage- 
^■nent,  befell  to  the  ground.  He  was  immediately 
[  carried  off  by  his  soldiers,  and  leaving  the  command 
f  to  Timonides,  rode  about  the  city  to  rally  the  fugi- 
tives. Soon  afterward  he  brought  a  detachment  of 
fcreign  soldiers,  which  he  had  lefl  to  guard  the 
Achradina.as  a  fresh  reser\'e  against  the  enemy.  This, 
however,  was  unnecessary :  they  had  placed  their 
vhole  hopes  of  retaking  tlie  city  in  their  first  sally, 
and  finding  so  powcrflil  a  resistance,  fatigued  with 
the  action  lliey  retreated  into  the  citadel.  As  sooa 
as  they  began  to  fall  back,  the  Greek  soldiers  bore 
hard  upon  them,  and  pursued  them  up  to  the  wall. 
Ip  this  action  Dion  loet  seventy-four  men,  -and  an 


DION.  ai 

iunnense  number  of  the  enemy  perished.  The  vie* 
tory  was  so  important,  that  the  Syracusans  rewarded 
each  of  the  foreign  soldiers  with  a  hundred  mine, 
and  Dion  was  presented  by  his  army  with  a  crown 
of  gold. 

Soon  after  this,  messengers  came  from  Dionysius; 
with  letters  to  Dion  from  the  women  of  his  fiimily. 
Beside  these,  there  was  one  inscribed,  *  Hipparinus 
(this  was  the  name  of  Dion's  son)  to  his  father  Dion/ 
Timseus  says,  indeed,  that  he  was  called  Aretseus 
from  his  mother  Arete ;  but  I  think  credit  is  rather 
to  be  given  to  Timonides,  who  was  bis  friend  and 
fellow-soldier.  The  rest  of  the  letters,  which  were 
read  openly  before  the  Syracusans,  contained  vari- 
ous solicitations  and  entreaties  from  the  women. 
That,  which  appeared  to  come  from  Hipparinus,  the 
people  out  of  respect  to  the  father  wished  not  to  be 
opened  in  public ;  but  Dion  insisted,  that  it  should. 
It  proved  to  be  a  letter  from  Dionysius  himself, 
directed  indeed  to  Dion^  but  in  reality  addressed  to 
the  people  of  Syracuse ;  for,  though  it  carried  the 
air  of  request  and  apology,  it  had  an  obvious  ten- 
dency to  render  Dion  obnoxious  to  the  citizens.  He 
reminded  him  of  the  zeal,  which  he  had  formerly 
shown  for  his  service ;  he  threatened  him  througn 
his  dearest  connexions,  his  sister,  his  son,  and  his 
wife ;  and  his  menaces  were  followed  by  the  most 
passionate  entreaties,  and  the  most  abject  lamenta- 
tions. But  the  most  tiring  part  of  his  address  was 
that,  where  he  besougnt  Dion  not  to  destroy  the 
government,  and  give  that  freedom  to  his  inveterate 
enemies^  by  means  of  which  they  would  prosecute 
him  to  death  ;  but  to  retain  the  regal  power  himself, 
for  the  protection  of  his  family  and  friends. 

This  letter  did  not  produce  those  sentiments  in 
the  people,  which  it  should  naturally  have  done. 
Instead  of  exciting  admiration  of  the  noble  firmness 
and  magnanimity,  which  could  prefer  the  public, 
utility  to  the  tenderest  private  connexions,  it  occa- 
sioned jealousies  and  fears.    The  people  saw^  or 


thought  they  saw,  tliat  Dion  was  under  an  absolute 
necessity  of  being  &vourablc  to  Dionysius.     The 
already  began  (o  wish  for  another  general,  and 
was  with  peculiar  satisfaction  they  heard  of  the  a 
rival  of  Heraclides.     This  Heraclides,  who  had  beedj 
banished  by  the  tyrant,  had  once  hehl  a  distinguisl^ 
ed  command  in  tije  army,  and  was  a  manof  conside^ 
able  raihtary  abilities  ;  but  he  was  an  irresolute  clt^ 
racter,  and  particularly   unsteady  when  he  had  . 
collegue  in  command.     He  had,  some  time  befori 
had  a  difference  with  Dion    in  Peloponnesui 
therefore  resolved  upon  his  own  strength  to  maki 
war  against  Dionysius.     On  reaching  Syracnse,  iyji^ 
found  the  tyrant  closely  besieged,  and  the  Syracusan% 
elated  with  their  success.    His  first  object,  therefor^* 
was  to  court  the  people,  and  for  this  purpose  he  haofl 
all  the  necessary  talents  ;  an  insinuating  address,  an^l 
that  kind  of  flattery,  which  is  so  acceptable  to  tho  f 
multitude.    This  business  was  the  more  easy  to  him,  1 
as  the  forbidding  gravity  of  Dion  was  thought  toal 
haughty  for  a  popular  state  :  besides,  the  Syracusana^T 
already  insolent   with   success,  claimed    the  court  1 
usually  paid  to  a  free  people,  though  they  had  not  ' 
in  reality  recovered  their  freedom.     Thus  they  con-  ' 
vened  themselves  without  any  summons,   and  ap-  1 
pointed  Heraclides  their  admiral.     When  Dion  ii>*  / 
deed    remonstrated   against  their    procedure,    and  I 
showed  them  that  by  thus  constituting  Heraclides  ' 
admiral  they  had  stiperseded  the  office  of  generali 
which  they  had  previously  conferred  upon  himself^ 
ihey  with  some  reluctance  annulled  the  commission. 
This  affair  settled,  Dion  invited   Heraclides  to  his 
house,  and  gently  expostulated  with  him  on  the  im- 
propriety of  insisting  upon  a  punctilio  of  honour,  at 
a  time  when  the  least  inattention  to  the  common 
cause  might  be  the  ruin  of  the  whole.     He  then 
called  an  assembly,  appointed  Heraclides  admiral, 
and  prevailed  upon  the  citizens  to  allow  him  such  a 
guard,  as   they  had  before  granted  lo  himself.     He-^ 
raclides  treated  Diou  with  the  utmost  appearance  of  J 


DION.  S5 

tesptcti  acknowledged  bis  obligations  to  him^  and 
seemed  attentive  to  his  comnbands ;  but  in  jirivate 
he  corrupted  the  people,  and  encouraged  a  spirit; of 
mutiny  and  dissatisfaction,  so  that  Dion  was  involved 
in-continual  disturbances  and .  disquiet  .  If  he  te- 
commended,  that  Dionysius  should  be  permitted  to 
make  his  retreat  in  safety,  he  was  censure^,  .as  de^ 
signing  to  favour  and  protect  him :  And.  if  in  ofdei 
to  avoid  those  suspicions,  he  advised  the  continiiance 
of  the  siege,  he  waa  accused  of  protracting  the  wan 
that  he  might  the  longer  retain  his  command,  and 
bold  the  citizens  in  subjection. 

There  was  in  the  city  one  Sosis,  a  fellow,  in&mous 
for  his  insolence  and  villainy,  who  thought  the  per-S 
fection  of  liberty  was  the  licentiousness  of  speech; 
This  wretch  openly  attacked  Dion^  and  told  the 
people  at  a  public  meeting,  that  they  had,  only 
changed  the  inattention  of  a  drunken  and  dissolute 
Urrant  for  the  crafty  vigilance  of  a  sober  master. 
Immediately  after  this  he  left  the  assembly,  and  was 
seen  the  next  day  running  naked  through  the  streets^ 
as  if  from  somebody  that  pursued  him^  with  his  bead 
and  face  covered  with  blood.  In  this  condition  he 
burst  into. the  market-place,  and  told  the  people 
that  he  had  been  assaulted  by  Dion's  foreign. ;  sdl-* 
diers ;  at  the  same  time  showing  them  a  wound  in 
his  head,  which  he  said  they  had  given  him.  Dion 
upon  this  was  generally  condemned,  and  accused  of 
silencing  the  people  by  sanguinary  methods.  H6 
came  however  before  this  irregular  and  tumultuous 
assembly  in  his  own  vindication,  and  made  it  appear 
that  this  Sosis  was  brother  to  one  of  Dionysius* 
guards,  and  had  been  engaged  by  him  to  raise  a 
tumult  in  the  city;  the  only  resource,  which  the 
tyrant  had  now  left,  being  that  of  exciting  factions 
and  dissensions  among  the  people.  The  surgeons 
also,  who  examined  the  wound,  found  that  it  was 
not  occasioned  by  any  violent  blow.  The  wounds 
made  by  weapons  are  generally  deepest  in  the 
middle;  whereas  this  was  entirely  superficial,  and 

VOL.  VI.  D 


I 


being  discontinuous  did  not  appear  to  have  bei 
the  effect  of  one  incision,  but  to  have  been  made  . 
different  uines  as  the  pain  gave  him  leave.  At  thi 
same  lime  others  deposed,  that  seeing  Sosis  running 
naked  and  wounded,  and  hearing  him  exclaim  that 
he  was  flying  from  the  pursuit  of  Dion's  foreign 
soldiers,  who  had  just  then  wounded  him,  the^ 
hastened  to  take  tlie  pursuers:  that  however  they 
could  meet  with  no  such  persons,  but  found  a  rasa# 
lying  under  a  hollow  stone  near  the  place,  whcncf 
they  had  observed  him  come.  All  these  circuni* 
stances  pressed  strongly  against  him :  but  when  bat 
own  servants  gave  evidence,  that  he  went  out  of  his 
house  alone  before  day-light  with  a  rasor  in  his  hand, 
Dion's  accusers  were  silenced.  The  people  unani* 
mously  condemned  Sosis  to  die,  and  were  once  more 
econciled  to  D  ion.  i 

Nevertheless,  their  jealousy  of  his  soldiers  r©« 
mained.  And  as  the  war  was  now  principally  caN 
lied  on  by  sea,  PhiUstus  being  come  to  Dionysiu»f 
support  with  a  considerable  fleet  from  Japygia,  thef 
did  not  see  the  necessity  of  retaining  in  tiicir  servic* 
those  Greeks  who  were  no  seamen,  and  who  must 
depend  for  protection  on  the  naval  force.  That 
confidence  in  their  own  strength  was  likewise  greatly 
increased  by  an  advantage  gained  at  sea  agaiosl 
Philistus,  whom  they  used  in  a  very  barbarous  man* 
ner.  Ephorus  states  that,  after  his  ship  was  takenj 
he  slew  himself.  But  Timonides,  who  attended 
Dion  from  the  beginning  of  the  war,  writing  to 
Speusippus  the  philosopher,  relates  the  story  a| 
follows :  Philistus'  galley  having  run  aground,  btf 
was  taken  prisoner  alive;  and  atler  being  disarmed 
and  stripped  was  exposed  naked,  though  an  old 
man,  to  every  kind  of  insult.  They  then  cut  off  hit 
head,  and  ordered  their  children  to  drag  his  body 
through  tlie  Achradina,  and  throw  it  into  the  quarry. 
Timffius  represents  the  indignity,  offered  to  his  re* 
mains,  as  having  been  slill  greater.  The  boys,  be 
Mys,  tied  a  rope  about  his  lame  leg,  and  so  dragged 


moK  $$ 


him  through  the  dty;  the  Syracusans  in  the 
while  insulting  over  his  carcase,  when  they  saw  fas* 
tened  by  the  leg  him,  who  liad  said ;  ^^  It  would  ill 
**  become  Diouysius  to  trust  to  his  horses*  heels  for 
^  his  escape  fh>m  a  throne,  which  he  ought  neve^ 
^  to  quit,  till  he  was  dragged  from  it  by  his  own  ^•** 
Philistus  however  informs  us^  that  this  was  not  said 
to  Dionysius  by  himself^  but  by  another.  It  is  plain 
at  the  same  timet  that  Timasus  seizes  every  occasion, 
from  Philistus'  zealous  adherence  to  arbitrary  power, 
of  loading  him  with  the  keenest  reproaches.  Those 
whom  he  injured  are  in  some  degree  excusable,  if 
in  their  resentment  they  treated  him  with  indignities 
after  death.  But  wherefore  should  bis  bii^aphers, 
whom  he  never  injured,  and  who  lutve  had  the 
benefit  of  his  works*  exhibit  him  Irith  all  iht  ex* 
aggeration  of  scurrility  iti  those  scenes  of  distress* 
to  which  fortune  sometimes  reduces  the  beat  of 
men?  Ephorus,  on  the  other  hand>  is  tio  less  ex- 
travagant in  his  encomiums  on  Philistus.  Be  knows 
well  how  to  throw  into  shades  the  foibles  of  the 
human  character,  and  to  give  an  Air  of  plausiU- 
lity  to  the  most  indefensible  conduct ;  but,  with  all 
his  eloquence  and  art,  he  cannot  rescue  Philistus 
from  the  imposition  of  having  been  the  most  strenu-^ 
ous  assertor  of  despotism^  and  the  fondest  folloY^er 
and  admirer  of  the  lu^tury,  the  power,  the  magni& 
cence,  and  the  alliance  of  tyrantSi  Upon  the  whole, 
he  who  neither  defends  the  principles  of  Philistus, 
nor  insults  over  his  misfortunes,  m^ill  best  dischai^ge 
the  duty  of  the  historian. 

After  the  death  of  Philistus,  Dionysius  ofered  to. 
snrrender  the  citadel  to  Dion,  together  with  the 
armst  provisions,  and  soldiers,  and  an  advance  of 
five  months'  pay,  on  condition  that  he  might  be  pet* 
mitted  to  retire  into  Italr^  and  there  enjoy  the  reve- 
nues of  Gyata,  a  ftuitxul  tract  of  country  in  thd 
territory  of*  Syracuse,  reaching  ftom  the  sea  to  the 

«•  DiodL  Sic  xiT.  a 
02 


36  I>ION. 

middle  of  the  country.  Dion,  still  refusing  to  ne^^ 
tiate  on  his  own  account,  referred  tiie  embassadors 
to  tlie  .S_yracusans-,  and  these,  as  they  expected 
that  Dionysius  would  shortly  come  alive  into  their 
hands,  dismissed  them  without  audience.  Upon 
this  the  tyrant,  leaving  his  eldest  son  Apollocrates 
to  defend  the  citadel,  embarked  with  his  most 
valuable  treasures  and  a  few  select  friends,  and 
setting  sail  with  a  fair  wind,  eluded  the  admiral's 
observation. 

The  tyrant's  escape  having  greatly  exasperated 
the  people  against  Iiciaclides,  in  order  to  appease 
Ihein,  he  proposed  by  Hippo,  one  of  the  orators, 
that  there  should  be  an  equal  division  of  lands ; 
alleging,  that  equality  was  the  lirst  foundation  of 
civil  liberty,  and  that  poverty  and  slavery  were  syno- 
nymous terms.  Thus,  while  he  supported  Hippo  in 
the  promotion  of  this  scheme,  he  encouraged  the 
faction  against  Dion,  who  opposed  it.  At  length  he 
prevailed  with  the  people  not  only  to  pass  this  law, 
but  also  to  direct  the  pay  of  the  foreign  soldiera  to 
be  stopped,  and  new  commanders  chosen,  that  they 
might  no  longer  be  subject  to  the  severe  discipline 
of  Dion.  Thus  like  the  patient,  who  after  a  linger- 
ing sickness  makes  too  rash  a  use  of  the  first  returns 
of  health,  and  rejects  the  gradual  and  sober  regimen 
of  his  physician,  the  citizens  from  their  long  slavery 
took  too  precipitate  steps  to  freedom,  and  refused 
the  salutary  counsels  of  their  deliverer. 

It  was  about  the  middle  of  summer,  when  the 
assembly  was  summoned  for  the  election  of  new 
officers  ;  and  for  the  space  of  fifteen  days  there  were 
the  most  dreadful  thunders,  and  the  most  alarming 
prodigies.  The  religious  fears,  which  these  prodi- 
gies excited,  made  the  people  decline  the  choosing 
of  officers.  When  the  weather  grew  more  serene, 
the  orators  again  exhorted  them  to  proceed  to  the 
business;  but  no  sooner  had  they  begun  than  a 
draught-ox,  whicti  could  not  have  been  terrified  by 
the  crowds  and  noise  to  which  he  had  been.  ( 


■ 


DION.  S7 

tomed,  suddenly  in  a  fit  of  irritation  against  his 
driver  broke  from  his  yoke,  and  running  furiously 
into  the  assembly,  scattered  the  people  in  great  dis- 
order before  him ;  thence,  throwing  down  all  that 
stood  in  his  way,  he  carried  confusion  throughout 
that  part  of  the  city,  which  afterward  fell  into  the 
enemy's  hands.  The  Syracusans  however,  regard*^ 
less  of  these  things,  elected  five-and-twenty  officers^ 
among  whom  was  Heraclides.  At  the  same  time, 
they  privately  endeavoured  to  draw  off  Dion's  men  ; 
promising,  if  they  would  desert  him,  to  make  them 
citizens  of  Syracuse.  But  the  soldiers  were  faithful 
to  their  general,  and  taking  and  placing  him  in  the 
middle  of  a  battalion,  marched  out  of  the  city. 
They  did  not  indeed^  upon  this  occasion,  offer  any 
violence  to  the  inhabitants;   but  they  severely  re- 

?roached  them  for  their  baseness  and  ingratitude. 
^he  comparative  smallness  of  their  number,  and 
their  declining  to  act  offensively,  induced  the  Syra- 
cusans to  attempt  cutting  them  off,  before  they 
escaped  out  of  the  city;  and,  with  this  design,  th^ 
fell  upon  their  rear.  Dion  was  now  in  a  great  diffi- 
culty and  dilemma ;  finding  himself  under  the  neces- 
sity either  of  fighting  against  his  countrymen,  or  of 
suffering  himself  and  his  faithful  soldiers  to  be  cut  in 
pieces.  He  entreated  the  Syracusans,  therefore,  to 
desist;    stretching  forth   his  hands   to  them,  and 

Eointing  to  the  citadel  full  of  soldiers,  who  were 
appy  in  being  spectators  of  these  dissensions  among 
their  enemies.  But  the  torrent  of  the  populace, 
impelled  by  the  seditious  breath  of  the  orators,  was 
not  to  be  stopped  by  persuasion.  He  therefore 
commanded  his  men  to  advance  with  shouts,  and 
clashing  of  arms,  but  not  to  attack  them.  The 
Syracusans  upon  this  fled  immediately  through  the 
streets,  though  no  one  pursued  them,  for  Dion 
retreated  with  his  men  into  the  territories  of  the 
Leontines. 
The  very  women  ridiculed  the  new  officers  for 


this  cowardly  Sight;  and  the  latter,  to  recover  their 
reputation,  ordered  Uie  citizens  to  arms,  pursued 
Dion,  and  came  up  with  him  as  he  was  crossing  s 
river.  A  skirmish  began  between  the  cavalry  ;  but 
when  they  found  Dion  no  longer  disposed  to  bear 
these  todignities  with  bis  usual  paternal  patieace, 
and  observed  liim  with  all  the  eagerness  of  resent- 
ment drawing  up  his  forces  for  battle,  they  once 
■  more  turned  their  backs,  and  with  the  loss  of  some 
few  men  fled  to  the  ciiy  in  a  more  cowardly  manner 
than  before. 

The  Leontines  received  Dion  most  honourably, 
jfave  money  to  his  soldiers,  and  made  them  free  of 
their  city.  They  also  despatched  messengers  to 
Syracuse  with  requisitions,  that  his  men  might  have 
justice  done  them,  and  receive  their  pay.  The 
Syracusans,  in  return,  despatched  messengers  with 
impeachments  against  Dion :  but,  when  the  matter 
was  debated  at  Leontimn  in  a  full  assembly  of 
the  allies,  they  evidently  appeared  to  be  in  faulti 
They  refused,  nevertheless,  to  stand  to  the  award 
of  this  assembly ;  for  the  recent  recovery  of  their 
liberties  had  rendered  them  insolent,  and  the  popu* 
|ar  power  was  without  control,  their  very  com- 
manders being  no  more  than  servUe  dependents 
upon  the  multitude. 

About  this  time,  Dlonysius  sent  a  fleet  under  N}'p» 
sius  the  Neapohtan,  with  provisions  and  pay  tor  the 
garrison  in  the  citadel.  The  Syracusans  overcame 
him,  and  took  four  of  his  ships  ^  but  they  made  an 
ill  use  of  their  success.  Destitute  of  all  discipline, 
they  celebrated  the  victory  witli  the  must  riotouf 
extravagance ;  and,  at  the  very  time  when  they 
thought  themselves  secure  of  taking  the  citadel,  they 
lost  the  city.  Nypsius  observing  their  disorder,  their 
night-revels  and  debauches,  in  which  their  com- 
manders (either  from  inclination,  or  through  fear  of 
giving  offence  by  issuing  orders  to  a  drunken  rabble) 
Here  as  deeply  engaged  as  themselves,  availed  hiaj- 


d 


DION.  SB 

tstlf  of  the  opportuDity,  broke  through  their  waUs^ 
and  subjected  the  city  to  the  violence  and  depreda* 
tion  of  his  soldiers. 

The  Syracusaos  at  once  perceived  their  folly,  and 
their  misfortune:  but  the  latter,  in  their  present 
confusion,  was  not  easy  to  be  redressed.  The  sol- 
diers made  dreadful  havock  in  the  city :  they  demo^ 
lished  the  fortifications,  put  the  men  to  the  sword, 
and  dragged  the  women  and  children  shrieking  to 
the  citadel.  The  Syracusan  officers  being  unable  to 
separate  the  citizens  from  the  enemy,  or  to  draw 
them  up  in  any  order,  gave  up  all  for  lost.  So  cir« 
cumstanced,  whUe  the  Achradina  itself  was  in  danger 
of  being  taken,  they  naturally  turned  their  thoughts 
upon  Dion ;  but  none  had  tne  courage  to  mention 
a  man,  whom  all  had  injured.  In  this  emergency 
a  voice  was  heard  from  the  cavalry  and  the  allies, 
crying,  '^  Send  for  Dion  and  his  Peloponnesians 
*^  from  Leontiura.''  His  name  was  no  sooner  once 
mentioned,  than  the  people  shouted  for  joy.  With 
tears  they  implored,  that  he  might  once  more  be 
placed  at  their  head :  they  remembered  his  promp- 
titude and  intrepidity  in  the  most  trying  dangers : 
the  courage  which  he  himself  had  always  displayed, 
and  the  confidence  which  he  inspired,  whenever  he 
led  them  against  the  enemy.  Archonides  and 
Telesides  from  the  auxiliaries,  and  Hellanicus  with 
four  more  from  the  cavalry,  were  immediately  de- 
spatched to  Leontium ;  where,  making  the  best  of 
their  way,  they  arrived  in  the  close  of  the  evening. 
There,  instantly  throwing  themselves  at  Dion's  feet, 
they  related  with  tears  the  deplorable  condition  of 
the  Syracusans.  The  Leontines  and  Peloponnesians 
soon  gathered  about  them,  conjecturing  from  their 
haste,  and  the  manner  of  their  address,  that  their 
business  had  something  extraordinary  in  it. 

Dion  immediately  summoned  an  assembly,  and  the 
people  being  soon  collected,  Archonides  and  Hella- 
nicus briefly  stated  the  distress  of  the  Syracusans, 


eatreated  the  /brdgn  soldiers  to  forget  the  injuries 
which  tber  had  odered  tbGm,and  once  more  to  assist 
that  unfortunate  people,  already  more  heavily  pu- 
nished for  their  ingratitude,  than  even  they  whom 
tbey  had  injured  would  have  wished.  When  they 
had  tiius  spoken,  a  protound  silence  ensued  j  upon 
which  Dion  arose,  and  attempted  to  address  them  ; 
but  he  was  prevented  by  his  tears.  His  soldiers, 
deeply  aflected  by  their  general's  sorrow,  besought 
faim  to  moderate  his  grief,  and  to  proceed.  After 
fce  bad  recovered  himself  a  little,  he  spake  to  the 
following  purpose :  "  Peloponnesians  and  confede- 
f*  rates,  J  have  called  you  together,  that  you  may 
"  consult  upon  your  respective  affairs.  My  mea- 
"  sures  are  taken :  I  cannot  hesitate  what  to  do, 
'*  when  Syracuse  is  perishing.  If  I  cannot  save  it, 
"  I  will  at  least  hasten  thither,  and  bury  myself 
"  beneath  the  ruins  of  my  country.  For  you,  if 
"  jou  can  yet  persuade  yourselve'5  to  assist  the  most 
'■*  unfortunate  and  inconsiderate  of  men,  it  may  be 
?  in  your  power   to  save  from  destruction  a  city, 

*  which  was  the  work  of  your  own  hands*'.  But, 
f  if  your  pity  for  the  Syracusans  be  sacrificed  to 
f  your  resentment,  may  the  gods  reward  your 
f  fidelity  and  kindness  to  Dion !  And  remember, 
F  that  as  he  would  not  desert  you  when  you  were 
!*  injured,  so  neither  could  he  abandon  his  filing 

*  country." 

He  had  scarcely  ended,  when  the  soldiers  signi- 
1  their  readiness  for  the  service  by  loud  acclama- 
mons,  and  called  upon  him  to  march  directly  to  the 
elief  of  Syracuse.  The  messenger  embraced  them. 
Ehud  entreated  the  gods  to  shower  down  their  bless- 
ngs  upon  Dion  and  the  Peloponnesians.  As  soon 
U  the  tumult  subsided,  Dion  gave  orders  that  the 
nen  should  repair  to  their  quarters,  and  at\er  taking 

>'  Straho  say*,  that  SyrncuRe  was  built  Ol.  ici.2.  by  Arcliiu,  on« 
•f  ihc  IIcraclidR,  who  uinte  troin  Corinth  to  jjjmcuac. 


DION.  41 

the  necessary  refreshments  assemble  in  the  same 
place  completely  armed ;  as  he  intended  to  march 
that  very  night. 

Dionysius'  soldiers,  after  having  ravaged  the  city 
during  the  whole  day,  retired  at  night  with  the  loss 
of  a  few  men  into  the  citadel.  This  small  respite 
once  more  encoliraged  the  demagogues  of  the  city> 
who  presuming  that  the  enemy  would  not  repeat 
their  hostilities,  dissuaded  the  people  from  admitting 
Dion  and  his  foreign  soldiers ;  advising  them  not  to 
resign  the  honour  of  saving  the  city  to  strangi^rs, 
but  to  defend  their  liberty  themselves.  Upon  this, 
the  generals  despatched  fresh  messengers  to  Dfon^ 
to  countermand  his  march ;  while  on  the  other  hand, 
the  cavahry,  and  many  of  the  principal  citizens,  sent 
to  request  that  he  would  hasten  it.  Thus  invited 
by  one  party  and  rejected  by  another,  he  advanced 
but  slowly ;  and,  at  night,  the  faction  which  op» 
posed  him  set  a  guard  upon  the  gates,  to  prevent 
his  entering. 

Nypsius  now  made  a  fresh  sally  from  the  citadel, 
with  still  more  fury,  and  greater  numbers  of  merce- 
naries than  before ;  and  after  having  totally  demo- 
lished the  remaining  part  of  the  fortifications,  began 
to  ravage  the  city.  The  slaughter  was  dreadral: 
men,  women,  and  children  fell  indiscriminately  by 
the  sword ;  for  the  object  of  the  enemy  was  not 
30  much  plunder,  as  destruction.  Dionysius  de- 
spared  of  regaining  his  lost  empire,  and  in  his  mortal 
hatred  of  the  Syracusans,  determined  to  bury  it  in 
the  ruins  of  their  city  **.  It  was  resolved  therefore 
that,  before  Dion's  succours  could  arrive,  they  should 
destroy  it  the  quickest  way,  by  laying  it  in  ashes. 
Accordingly,  they  set  fire  to  the  nearer  parts  by 
brands  and  iorches,  and  to  those  which  were  more 
remote,  by  shooting  flaming  arrows.  The  citizens, 
in  the  utmost  consternation,  fled  every  where  before 

^  Such  might  have  been  his  orders  to  Nypsius,  but  he  was  not 
BOW  at  Syracuse  himself^* 


I  ibem.    Those  who,  to  order  to  avoid  the  fire,  faa4  il 

I  deserted  their  houses,  were  put  to  the  sword  in  the  1 

I  streets;  and  they,  who  sought   for    refuge  in  their 

I   bouses, ''■ere  again  driven  out  by  tlie  flames:   many 

I   were  burned  to  death,  and  many  perished  beneath   i 

I   the  Jailing  habitations.  ' 

I      This  terrible  distress  by  universal  consent,  opened 

^  |he  gates  for  Dion.     Atter  learning  that  the  enemy    ' 

I  bad  retreated  into  the  citadel,  he  had  made  no  great   t 

I  haste.     But,  early  in  the  morning,  some  horsemen 

I  carried  him  the  news  of  this  fresii  assault.     These 

I   ipere  followed  by  others,  even  of  those  who   had 

recently  opposed  his  coming,  but  who  now  implored 

.  bim  to  Hy   to  their  relief.     As   the    calamity    in- 

I  creased,    Heraclides   despatched    his  brother,  and 

I  ftfter  him  his  uncle  Tbeodotes,   to  entreat  Dion's 

[  iwsistance ;    for    they    were    now   no    longer    in    a 

capacity  of  opposing  the  enemy ;    he  was  himself 

[  iKHiiided,  and  a  considerable  part  of  the  city  had 

[  been  destroyed  and  laid  in  ashes. 

I        ^\'hen  Dion    received    this    intelligence,  he  was 

■bout  sixty  fiirlongs  from  the  city.     After  he  had 

i  acquainted  his  soldiers  with  the  dreadful  exigency, 

I  und  exhorted  tliem  to  behave  with  resolution,  they 

r  pD  longer  marched,  but  ran ;  and  in  their  way  they 

[  vere  met  by  numbers  in  succession,  who  besought 

f  tbera  if  possible  to  go  still  faster.     By  the  eager  and 

vigorous  speed  of  the  soldiers  Dion  quickly  arrived 

I'  fet  the  city ;  and  entering  by  the  part  called  Hcca- 

I  lompedon,  he  ordered  his  light  troops  immediately 

I  to  charge  the  enemy,  that  the  Syracusans  might  take 

'  courage  at  the  sight  of  them.     In  the  mean  while  he 

drew  up  his  hcavy.arnied  men,  with  such    of  the 

citizens  as  had  joined  him,  and  divided  them  into 

Mveral  small  bodies  of  greater  depth  tlian  breadth, 

Ibat  he  might  intimidate  the  eoemv  by  attacking 

ihcm  in  several  quarters  at  once,      tie  himself  nd> 

I  vanced  to  the  engagement  at  the  head  of  his  men, 

I  fimidst  a  confused  noise  of  shouts,  plaudits,  prayers, 

\  and  vows,  which  the  Syracusans  otfered  up  for  their 


dion:  4» 

ddiverer,  their  tutelary  deity;  for  so  they  now 
termed  him,  and  his  foreign  soldiers  they  called 
^  their  brethren  and  fellow-citizens.**  At  this  time 
perhaps  there  was  not  a  single  wretch  so  selfishly 
fond  of  life,  as  not  to  hold  Dion's  safety  dearer 
than  his  own,  or  than  that  of  all  his  fellow-citizens; 
while  they  saw  him  advancing  first  in  the  front  of 
danger,  through  blood  and  fire^  and  over  heaps  of 
the  slain. 

There  was  indeed  something  terrible  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  enemvy  who  animated  by  rage  and 
de^air  had  posted  tnemselves  in  the  ruins  of  the 
ramparts,  so  that  it  was  extremely  dangerous  and 
difficult  to  approach  them.  But  the  apprehensions 
of  fire  discouraged  Dion's  men  the  most,  and  dis- 
tressed them  in  their  march.  They  were  surrounded 
by  flames,  raging  on  every  side;  and  while  thej 
walked  over  burning  fragments,  through  clouds  of 
ashes  and  smoke,  they  were  every  moment  in  danger 
of  being  overwhelmed  by  the  fall  of  half-consumed 
buildings.  In  all  these  difficulties  they  took  infinite 
pains  to  keep  close  together,  and  to  maintain  their 
ranks.  When  they  came  up  to  the  enemy,  a  few 
only  could  engage  at  a  time^  on  account  of  the  nar- 
rawness  and  inequality  of  the  ground.  They  fought 
however  with  the  utmost  bravery,  and  encouraged 
by  the  acclamations  of  the  citizens,  at  length  routed 
Nypsius,  most  of  whose  men  escaped  into  the  citadel 
near  at  hand.  Such  of  them  as  were  dispersed,  and 
could  not  efiect  an  entrance,  were  pursued  and  put 
to  the  sword.  The  present  deplorable  state  of  the 
city  affi^rded  neither  time  nor  propriety  for  the  joy- 
fill  congratulations,  which  usually  fi^llow  victory. 
All  were  busy  in  saving  the  remains  of  the  confla- 
gration ;  but,  though  they  laboured  hard  throughout 
the  whole  night,  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  the 
fire  was  extinguished. 

Not  one  orator  of  the  popular  faction  durst  any 
longer  remain  in  the  city.  By  their  flight  they  at 
once  confisssed  their  guilt,  and  avoided  punishment 


•  fc  DWK 

HeracUdes  however,  and  Theodotes,  surrendered 
themselves  to  Dion,  acknowledging  their  error,  and 
entreafing  tdat  lie  would  not  imitate  them  in  the 
cruel  ireatment  which  they  had  shown  him.  Thev 
Sorgot  not  to  add,  how  much  it  would  be  for  his 
booour,  unequalled  as  he  was  iu  other  virtues,  to 
restnuo  his  resentment;  and  by  forgiving  the  un- 
grsteful,  to  testily  that  superiority  of  spirit,  for 
which  they  had  contended  with  him.  His  friends, 
however,  advised  him  by  no  means  to  pardon  these 
&ctious  and  invidious  men,  but  to  give  them  up  to 
his  soldiers  aod  to  rid  the  commonwealth  of  the 
ambition  of  the  demagogues,  an  evil  not  less  destruct- 
ive  than  that  of  tyrants.  Dion,  on  the  other  hand, 
endeavoured  to  mitigate  their  resentment :  "  Other 
"generals,"  said  he,  "employ  themselves  chiefly 
**  in  military  studies;  but.  by  being  long  conver- 
"  sant  in  the  .'\cademy,  I  have  learned  to  subdue 
**  rav  pAs^ons,  and  to  restrain  the  impulses  of  all 
**  enw,  enmity,  and  anger.  To  prove  that  I  have 
**  reaftv  gained  such  a  victor^'  over  niyselfi  it  is  not 
^  sufficient  merely  to  be  kind  to  men  of  virtue,  but 
**  to  be  indulgent  and  reconcilcable  to  the  injurious. 
"  If  I  hive  excelled  Heraclides  in  military  and  po- 
**  litical  abilities,  1  am  resolvetl  not  to  be  inferior  to 
"  him  in  justice  and  clemency ;  since  to  have  the 
"  advantage  in  those,  is  the  first  degree  of  excel- 
"  lence.  The  honours  of  conquest  are  never  wholly 
**  our  own ;  for.  though  the  conqueror  may  stand 
"  unrivalled,  Ibrtunc  will  claim  her  share  in  his  suc- 
**  cess  '^.  Heraclides  may  be  treacherous,  invi- 
*' dious  iind  malicious;  but  must  Dion,  therclbrct 
"  sully  his  glories  by  the  indulgence  of  rescnt- 
"  ment**?  The  laws,  indeeil.  allow  the  revenge  of 
"  au  iiyury  to  be  more  justifiable  than  the  commis- 

lai  (Orui.  jiro 

e,Jortuitn  ti' 


*■  This  U  aearly  the  iiin^uage  of  Cicero  I 
MbtccH.  2.) :     MatioMm   vc'v  partem,  quasi  ti 

r  crediublo 


a,  thmieh  highly  crt 


pftiwcwiywlmatTcchBiqroftt 


JDION.  4i 

^^  sion  of  it ;  but  both  proceed  originally  from  the 
'^  infirmity  of  human  nature.  Besides,  there  is.  hardly 
^^  any  malignity  so  inveterate,  that  it  may  not  be 
^^  overcome  by  kindness,  and  softened  by  repeated 
<^  favours/'  Agreeably  to  these  sentiments,  Dion 
pardoned  Heraclides,  and! dismissed  him. 

His  first  object  was  to  repair  the  wall,  with  which 
he  had'formerly  enclosed  the  citadel;  and  for  this 
purpose,  he  ordered  each  of  the  citizens  to  furnish  a 

Ealisado,  and  to  bring  it  to  the  works.  When 'they 
ad  done  this,  he  sent  them  to  their  repose,  and  em- 
ployed his  own  men  the  whole  night  in  drawing  a 
line  of  circumvallation  round  the  citadel,  which 
both  the  enemy  and  the  citizens  were  aston£ihed  to 
find  completed  the  next  morning.  • 

Afler  the  dead  were  buried,  and  the  prisoners  to 
the  amount  of  two  thousand  ransomed,  he  sum- 
moned an  assembly.  Heradides  moved,  that  Dion 
should  be  declared  commander-in-chief  both  at  sea 
and  landk  This  motion  was  approved  by  the  nobi- 
lity, and  the  commons  were  desired  to  confirm  it ; 
but  the  sailors  and  artificers  tumultuously  opposed 
it«  They  were  unwilling,  that  Heradides  should 
lose  his  command  at  sea ;  for  though  they  had  no 
high  opinion  of  his  principles,  they  knew  that  he 
would  be  more  indulgent  than  Dion,  and  more  ready 
to  gratify  their  inclinations.  Dion  therefore  gave  up 
the  point,  and  agreed  that  Heradides  should  con- 
tinue admiral.  But  when  the  equal  distribution  of 
lands  was  moved  for,  he  opposed  it,  and  repealed 
all  the  decrees  formerly  passed  with  regard  to  that 
measure,  by  which  he  once  more  incurred  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  people.  Heradides  again  made  his 
advantage  of  this,  and  harangued  the  <^Idiers  and 
sailors  at  Messana,  accusing  Dion  of  a  design  to 
make  himself  absolute.     At  the  same  time,  he  pri- 

Ooipcl :  '  I  say  onto  you^  love  your  enemies,  bicat  them  thai 
curse  you,  do  good  to  them  that  hate  you,'  &c.  (Matth.  ▼.  44.) 

The  conclusion  of  the  speech  will  remind  the  ( 'hri>tian  reader  of 
Rom.  xii.  19.  (quoted  from  Prov.  xxv.  22.):  upon  which  see  Pol 
Synop«.  Crit.  V.  278.,  and  Wolf.  Cur.  PhiL  et  Crit.  IIL  25S.* 


■wlely  corresponded  with  Dionysius,  by  means  of 
Pharax  a  Spartan.  When  the  nobility  received' 
intelh'gence  of  this,  there  was  a  sedition  in  tfafr 
array,  and  the  city  was  greatly  distressed  by  waiA 
of  provisions.  Dion  was  now  at  a  loss  what  me*S 
sures  to  pursue;  and  all  his  friends  condeinne^f 
him,  for  having  strengthened  the  hands  of  so  per- 
verse and  invidious  a  wretch  as  Heraclides.  i' 
Pharax  was  encamped  at  Neapolis,  in  the  territory 
of  Agrigentum  ;  and  Dion  led  out  the  SyracusanH, 
but  not  with  a  view  of  engaging  him,  till  he  found  m- 
convenient  opportunity.  Tliis  gave  Heraclides  an^ 
his  seamen  an  occasion  of  exclaiming,  that  he  d^ 
layed  fighting  only  to  continue  the  longer  in  comL 
mand.  Thus  he  was  forced  to  action  contrary  to  hifc 
inclinations,  and  was  beaten.  His  loss  indeed  wa* 
small,  and  his  defeat  was  owing  rather  to  a  misutt^ 
derstanding  in  his  own  army, than  to  the  superior  cou* 
rage  of  the  enemy  :  he,  therefore,  resolved  to  renew 
the  engagement,  and  af\er  animating  and  encourage 
ing  his  men  to  redeem  their  lost  credit,  drew  theni 
up  in  form  of  battle.  In  the  evening  however  he 
was  informed  that  Heraclides  was  sailing  for  Syracuse* 
with  an  intent  to  possess  himself  of  the  city,  and  td 
shut  him  out.  Upon  this  he  selected  the  braveit 
and  most  active  of  the  cavaliy,  and  rode  with  such 
expedition,  that  he  reached  the  city  by  nine  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  after  a  march  of  seven  hundred  fur* 
longs'*^.  Heraclides,  though  he  had  made  all  thtt' 
sail  he  could,  was  too  late  ;  and  he  therefore  tacked 
about,  and  stood  out  to  sea.  While  he  was  unde- 
termined what  conrse  to  steer,  he  met  Gajsylus  th« 
Spartan,  who  told  him  that  he  was  sent  to  command' 
in  chief  in  Sicily,  as  Gylippus  had  done  bclbre. 
Heraclides  immediately  accepted  him,  and  boasted 
to  his  allies,  that  he  hud  found  in  this  Spartan  ao 
antidote  to  Dion's  power  :  at  the  same  time,  he  do« 


*'  Is  thi«  pouible?  askn  M.  Ricard ;  auil  leaves  it  to  militai|r 
men  to  detemune  the  quertion.*  .X* 


k 


DION.  47 

{patched  a  herald  to  Syracuse,  ordering  the  citizens 
to  receive  Gssyhis  Hot  their  general.  Bion  replied, 
that  the  Syracusuis  had  already  a  sufficient  number 
of  generals ;  and  that,  if  it  were  necessary  for  them 
to  have  a  Spartan,  he  was  himself  a  citizen  of 
Sparta. 

Gassy  1  us  having  now  no  hopes  of  the  command, 
waited  upon  Dion,  and  by  his  mediation  reconciled 
V  him  to  Heraelides.  This  reconciliation  was  con- 
firmed by  tiie  most  solemn  oaths,  und  Gsesylus  him- 
setf  was  guarantee  of  the  treaty^  and  undertook  to 
panish  Heradides,  on  the  event  of  any  future  breach 
of  fiuth.  The  Syracusans  upon  this  discharged  their 
navy,  deriving  no  advantages  from  it  equal  to  the 
expenses  of  keeping  it  on  foot,  and  to  those  inconve* 
niences  which  it  brought  upon  them,  as  a  continual 
source  of  seditions  among  their  chiefs.  At  the  same 
time,  they  continued  the  siege  of  the  citadel,  and  in- 
vested it  with  another  wail.  As  the  besieged  were 
cut  off  from  fiurther  supplic^  when  provisions  fidled, 
the  soldiers  begt^n  to  mutiny :  so  tnat  ApoUocrates 
was  obliged  to  come  to  terms  with  Dion ;  and  o& 
fiered  to  deliver  up  to  him  the  citadel  with  all  the 
arms  and  stores,  on  condition  that  he  might  have  five 
galleys,  and  be  permitted  to  retire  in  ssdfety  with  his 
mother  and  sisters.  Dion  granted  his  request,  and 
with  these  he  sailed  to  Dionysius. 

He  was  no  sooner  under  sail,  than  the  whole  city 
of  Syracuse  assembled  to  behold  the  joyful  sight. 
Their  hearts  were  so  full  of  this  interesting  event, 
that  they  even  expressed  their  anger  against  those 
who  were  absent,  and  could  not  be  witnesses  with 
what  glory  the  sun  that  day  rose  upon  Sjrracuse,  de- 
livered at  last  from  the  chains  of  slavery.  As  this 
fl^t  of  Dionvsius'  connexions^  was  one  of  the 
most  memorable  vicissitudes  of  fortune  recorded  in 
hsstory,  and  as  no  t3rranny  had  ever  been  more  e£ 
factually  established  than  his,  how  great  must  their 

<<^  B.  C.  Sff7. 


joy  and  their  self-complacency  have  been,  after  thai 
bad  destroyed  it  by  such  inconsiderable  means!      u 
When  Apollocrates  was  gone,  and  Dion  procecdei 
to  tdke  possession  of  the  citadel,  the  women  couli 
not  wait  till  he  entered,  but  ran  to  meet  him  at  thi 
gate.     Aiistomache  came  first,  leading  Dion's  s 
and  Arete  followed  her  in  tears,  apprehensive  i 
meeting  and  addressing  her  husband,  after  she  ha* 
been  so  long  in  the  possession  of  another.   Dion  fira 
embraced  his   sister,     then    his   son  :    after   whid 
Aristomache   presented    Arete   to   him,  and    said^^ 
"  Your  banishment,   Dion,     made    us   ail    equaUtt 
"  miserable.     Your  return,  and  your  success,  havo  I 
"  made  us  all  happy  -,  except  her,  whom  I  had  ttu^J 
"  misfortune  to  see  by  cruel  compulsion  given  tq 
"  another,  while  you  were  v**!t  alive.     We  are  non 
"  entirely  in  your  disposal.     But  how  will  you  de- 
"  terminc  concerning  this  unhappy  woman?     And>l 
"  bow  must  she  salute  you  ?  as  her  uncle,  or  as  ha 
"  husband  ?  "  Dion  was  affected  by  this  lender  intei 
cession,  and  wept.     He  embraced  Arete  willi  greafrv 
aHectiou,  put  his  son  into  her  hands,  and  desired  heo  f 
to  retire  tu  his  own  house,  where  he  purposed  tA  i 
reside  ;  for  the  city  he  immediately  delivered  up  ta  I 
the  Syracusans.  >  ( 

All  things  had  now  succeeded  to  his  wish  ;  but  fac-^ 
by  no  means  sought  to  reap  for  himself  the  first  ad 
vantages  of  his  good  fortune.  His  foremost  object  i 
was  to  gratify  his  friends,  to  reward  bis  allies,  aod.| 
to  give  his  fellow  citizens  and  his  foreign  soldiera'  j 
proper  marks  of  his  favour,  in  which  his  muiii^cence  i 
even  exceeded  his  abilities.  As  to  himself,  he  lived  ( 
in  a  plain  and  frugal  manner,  which  upon  this  occa^  ^ 
sion  in  particular  was  universally  admired.  For  i 
while  tiie  lame  of  his  actions  and  the  reputation  of  4 
his  valour  was  spread  throughout  Sicily  and  Greece  i 
he  seemed  rather  to  live  with  Plato  in  the  sparii^  ! 
simplicity  of  the  Academic  life,  than  among  soldiers^  J 
who  looked  upon  the  daily  indulgences  of  luxury  as  I 
a  compensation    fur  the  toils  and  dangers  of  > 


DION.  49 

Though  Plato  himself  wrote  to  him  *%  that  the  eyei* 
of  the  whole  world  were  upon  him,  he  seems  not  to 
have  carried  his  attentions  beyond  one  particnlar 
part  of  OUQ  city,  the  Academy.  His  judges  in  that 
society,  he  knew,  would  not  regard  so  much  the 
greatness  of  his  performances,  his  courage,  or  his 
victories,  as  the  temper  of  mind  with  which  he  bore  - 
prosperity,  and  the  moderation  with  which  he  sus- 
tained his  happier  fortunes.  ^  He  did  not,  therefore, 
in  the  least  relax  in  the  severity  of  his  manners  ;  but 
kept  the  same  reserve  toward  the  people,  though 
condescension  was  at  this  time  politically  necessary, 
and  though  Plato  (as  we  have  already  observed)  had 
expostulated  with  him  upon  this  account,  and  told 
him  that  austerity  was  the  companion  of  solitude  ^* 
He  had,  certainly,  a  natural  antipathy  to  complais-* 
ance ;  and  he  had  moreover  a  design,  by  his  own 
example,  to  reform  the  manners  of  the  Syracusans, 
which  were  become  dissolute  and  immodest. 

Heraclides  now  once  more  began  to  oppose  him. 
Dion  sent  for  him  to  attend  at  the  council ;  but  he 
replied,  that  he  would  not  attend  in  any  other  capa- 
city, than  as  a  private  citizen  at  a  public  assem-^ 
bly^^  Soon  after  this,  he  charged  Dion  with  having 
declined  to  demolish  the  citadel,  and  prevented  the 
people  from  opening  Dionysius'  tomb,  and  dragging 
out  the  body.  He  accused  him  likewise  of  having, 
in  contempt  of  his  fellow-citizens,  sent  for  counsel-' 
lors  and  ministers  to  Corinth.  And  it  is  true,  that 
he  had  engaged  some  Corinthians  to  assist  him  in 
settling  his  plan  of  government.  His  intention  was 
to  restrain  the  unlimited  power  of  the  popular  admi- 
nistration (which  cannot  indeed  properly  be  called  a 
government,  but  rather,  as  Plato  terms  it,  *  a  ware- 
nouse  of  governments^^'),  and  to  establish  the  con- 
stitution on  the   Lacedaemonian  and  Cretan   plan. 

^»  Epitt.  iv.  *«  See  p.  9. 

^'  Tnus  making  his  court  to  the  people,  bj  insinuating  that  the 
council  was  too  aristocratical  in  it's  nature.* 
*^  De  Rep.  viii. 

VOL.   VI.  E 


50  DION. 

This  was  a  mixture  of  tiie  regal  and  popular  govern- 
ments, or  rather  an  aristocracy.  Dion  knew,  that 
the  Corintliians  were  governed  chiefly  by  the  nobi- 
lity ;  and  that  the  influence  of  the  people  rarely  in- 
terfered. He  foresaw,  however,  that  Heraclides 
would  be  no  inconsiderable  impediment  to  his 
scheme  :  he  knew  him  to  be  iactious,  turbulent,  and 
inconstant;  and  he  therefore  gave  him  op  to  those, 
who  advised  to  kill  him,  though  he  had  before  saved 
him  out  of  their  hands.  Accordingly,  they  broke 
into  his  house,  and  murthered  him.  His  death  was, 
at  first,  deeply  resented  by  the  citizens ;  but  when 
Dion  bestowed  upon  him  a  magnificent  funeral,  at- 
tended the  dead  body  with  his  soldiers,  and  pro- 
nounced an  oration  to  the  people,  their  resentment 
went  off".  They  were  indeed  setisible  that,  so  long 
as  the  competition  of  Dion  and  Heraclides  subsisted, 
the  city  would  never  be  at  peace. 

Dion  had  a  friend  named  Callippus,  an  Athenian, 
with  whom  he  had  first  become  acquainted,  not  on 
account  of  his  literary  merit,  but  (according  to 
Plato  *  )  because  he  happened  to  be  introduced  by 
him  to  some  religious  Alysteries  j  who  had  always 
attended  him  in  the  army,  and  stood  high  in  his 
esteem.  He  was  the  first  of  his  friends,  who  marched 
along  with  him  into  Syracuse  with  a  garland  upon 
his  head,  and  he  had  subsequently  much  distin- 
guished himself  in  every  action.  This  man,  finding 
that  Dion's  chief  friends  had  fallen  in  the  war,  that 
since  the  death  of  Heraclides  )he  popular  party  was 
without  a  leader,  and  that  he  himself  stood  in  great 
fiivour  with  the  army,  tbrmed  an  execrable  design 
against  the  life  of  his  benefactor.  His  object  was 
certainly  the  supreme  command  in  Sicily,  though 
some  say  he  was  bribed  to  it  by  twenty  talents.  For 
this  purpose,  he  drew  several  of  the  soldiers  into  a 
conspiracy  agayist  Dion,  and  his  plot  was  conducted 
in  a  most  arti'iil  manner.     He  constantly  informed 


■  E^.  «ii. 


M 


DION.  51 

Dion  of  what  he  heard,  or  pretended  to  have  heard^ 
alleged  against  him  in  the  army.  By  these  means 
he  obtained  such  confidence,  that  he  was  allowed 
to  converse  privately  with  whomsoever  he  thought 
proper,  and  to  apeak  with  the  utmost  freedom  against 
Dion,  in  order  to  discover  his  secret  enemies.  Thus 
in  a  short  time  he  found  out,  and  drew  together,  all 
the  seditious  and  discontented  citizens;  and,  if  any 
one  of  difierent  principles  informed  Dion  that  his 
integrity  had  been  tried,  he  gave  himself  no  concern 
about  it,  as  that  point  had  already  been  settled  with 
Calh'ppus. 

While  this  conspiracy  was  on  foot,  Dion  had  a 
monstrous  and  dreadful  apparition.  As  he  was  me* 
ditating  one  evening  alone  in  the  portico  before  his 
house,  he  heard  a  sudden  noise,  and  turning  about 
perceived  (for  it  was  not  yet  dark)  a  woman  of  gi« 
gantic  size  at  the  end  of  the  portico,  in  the  form  of 
one  of  the  Furies,  aa  they  are  represented  on  the 
theatre,  sweeping  the  floor  with  a  broom.  In  his 
terror  and  amazement  he  sent  for  some  of  his  friends, 
and  informing  them  of  this  prodigy^  desired  they 
would  stay  with  him  during  tne  night ;  as  his  mind 
was  in  the  utmost  disorder,  and  he  was  apprehen- 
sive, if  they  left  him,  that  the  spectre  would  again 
make  it's  appearance :  but  he  saw  it  no  more.  Soon 
after  this  his  only  son,  who  was  now  almost  grown 
up  to  manhood,  upon  some  childish  displeasure  or 
frivolous  affront,  threw  himself  from  the  top  of  the 
house,  and  was  killed  upon  the  spot  ^\ 

While  Dion  was  in  this  distress,  Callippus  was  for- 
warding the  conspiracy;  and  for  this  purpose  he 
propagated  a  report  in  Syracuse  that  Dion,  being 
now  childless,  had  determined  to  adopt  Dionysius' 
son  ApoUocrates,  who  was  nephew  to  his  wife  and 

**  ThiB^  Plutarch  would  eeem  to  insinuate,  was  connected  wiA 
the  story  of  tlie  apparition,  whidi  was  now  beginning  to  <  sweep ' 
off  the  inhabitants  of  his  house.  But  Cornelius  Nepos  simply  re- 
presents the  dissipated  youne  mapy  as  having  leaped  out  or  the 
window  to  escape  from  his  fi&e/s  severity. 


DION. 

grandson  to  his  sister.  The  plot  hovevcr  was  now 
suspected  both  by  Dion,  his  wife,  and  his  sister, 
and  accounts  of  it  were  brought  to  him  from  all 
quarters.  Dion,  who  liad  stained  his  honour  and 
tarnished  his  glories  by  the  nmrther  of  Hera- 
chdes,  had  (as  we  may  suppose)  his  distresses  and 
anxieties  on  that  account;  and  frequently  declared, 
that  rather  than  hve  not  only  in  fear  of  his  enemies 
but  in  su^ipicion  of  his  friends,  he  would  die  a  thousand 
deaths,  and  freely  open  his  bosom  to  the  assassin. 

When  Callippus  found  the  women  inquisitive  and 
suspicious,  he  was  afraid  of  the  consequence,  and  as- 
serted with  tears  his  own  integrity,  offering  to  give 
them  any  pledge  of  his  fidelity  they  might  desire. 
They  required  that  he  would  take  the  Great  Oath, 
the  form  of  which  is  as  follows :  the  person  who 
takes  it  goes  down  into  the  temple  of  the  Thesmo- 
phori**,  where  after  the  performance  of  some  reli- 
gious ceremonies,  he  puts  on  the  purple  robe  of 
Proserpine,  and  holding  a  flaming  torch  in  his  hand, 

Eroceeds  to  the  oath.  All  this  Callippus  did  without 
csitation,  and  to  show  in  what  contempt  he  held 
the  goddess,  he  appointed  the  day  of  her  festival  for 
the  execution  of  his  conspiracy.  He  could  hardly 
think  indeed  that  even  this  would  enhance  his  guilt, 
or  render  him  more  obnoxious  to  the  goddess,  when 
he  was  the  very  person,  who  had  before  initiated 
Dion  in  iier  sacred  Mysteries. 

The  conspiracy  was  now  supported  by  numbers  ; 
and  as  Dion  was  surrounded  by  his  friends,  in  the 
apartment  where  he  usually  entertained  them,  the 
conspirators  invested  the  house,  some  securing  the 
doors  and  others  the  windows.  The  assassins,  who 
were  Zacyntliians,  entered  in  their  ordinary  dress 
unarmed.  Those,  who  remained  without,  fiistened 
the  doors.  The  Zacynthians  then  seized  Dion,  and 
endeavoured  to  strangle  him;  but,  not  succeeding 
in  this,  they  called  for  a  sword.     No  one  however 


'  Ceres  and  Prowrpinc* 


DION.  S9 

durst  open  the  door,  as  Dion  had  many  friends 
about  him ;  yet  they  had  in  effect  nothing  to  fear 
from  them,  each  of  them  concluding,  that  by  giving 
up  Dion  he  should  consult  his  own  safety.  When 
they  had  waited  some  time,   Lycon,  a  Syracusan, 

Eut  a  short  sword  through  the  window  into  the 
ands  of  a  Zacynthian ;  who  fell  upon  Dion,  al- 
ready stunned  and  senseless,  and  cut  his  throat  like 
a  victim  at  the  altar.  His  sister,  and  his  wife  who  was 
pregnant,  the^  imprisoned.  In  this  unhappy  situa- 
tion she  fell  in  labour,  and  was  delivered  of  a  son, 
whom  they  ventured  to  preserve ;  Callippus  being 
too  much  embroiled  by  his  own  aifairs  to  attend  to 
them,  and  the  keepers  of  the  prison  having  been 
prevailed  upon  to  connive  at  it. 

After  Dion  was  cut  off,  and  Callippus  had  the 
whole  government  of  Syracuse  in  his  hands,  he  had 
the  presumptiou  to  write  to  the  Athenians,  whom 
next  to  the  gods  he  ought  of  all  others  to  have 
dreaded,  polluted  as  he  was  with  the  murther  of 
his  benefactor.  But  it  has  been  observed  with  great 
truth  of  that  state>  that  it's  good  men  are  the  best, 
and  it*s  bad  men  the  worst  in  the  world  ;  as  it's  soil 
produces  the  finest  honey  ^,  and  the  most  fatal  poi- 
sons. Callippus'  success,  however,  did  not  long 
reproach  the  indulgence  of  the  gods :  he  soon  re- 
ceived the  punishment,  which  he  deserved.  For,  in* 
attempting  to  take  Catana,  he  lost  Syracuse ;  upon 
which  occasion  he  said,  that  he  had  lost  a  city,  and 
gained  a  cheese-grater^^.  Afterward,  at  the  siege 
of  Messana,  most  of  his  men  were  cut  off,  and 
among  the  rest  Dion's  murtherers.  As  he  was  re- 
fused admission  by  every  city  in  Sicily,  and  univer- 
sally hated  and  despised,  he  passed  into  Italy,  and 
made  himself  master  of  Rhegium  ;  where  being  no 
longer  able  to  maintain  his  soldiers,  he  was  slain  by 

^4  On  mount  Hymettut.* 

'*  But  the  Greek  word  tignifying    '  a  cheese-crater '  is  not 
CatanCf  but  PatanCy  which  might  however  be  vulgany  pronounced 
the  oUier. 


M  DION. 

Leptines  and  Polyperchon,  with  the  very  sword  with 
which  Dion  had  been  assassinated,  for  it  was  known 
by  it's  size  (being  short,  like  the  Spartan  swords)^ 
and  by  it's  cudous  workmanship.  Thus  Callippua 
received  the  punishment  due  to  his  crimes. 

When  Aristomache  and  Arete  were  released  out 
ofprison,  they  were  received  by  Icetes  a  Syracusan^ 
a  mend  of  Dion's,  who  for  some  time  entertained 
them  with  hospitality  and  good  faith.  Aflerward 
however,  being  prevailed  upon  by  Dion's  enemies^ 
be  put  Uiem  on  board  a  vessel,  under  pretence  of 
sending  them  to  Peloponnesus ;  but  giving  private 
orders  at  the  same  time  to  the  sailors  to  assassinate 
them  in  the  passage,  and  throw  their  bodies  over* 
lK>ard.  Others  say,  that  they  and  the  infant  were 
thrown  alive  into'  the  sea.  This  wretch,  likewise, 
paid  the  forfeit  of  his  villainy :  for  he  was  put  to 
oeath  by  Timoleon ;  and  the  Syracusans,  to  revenge 
Dion,  slew  his  two  daughters^  of  which  I  have  made 
more  particular  mention  in  the  Life  of  Timoleon. 


58  BRUTUS, 

in  despair,  lajireto  their  dty.  The  moderation  of  Brutui  gaiju 
him  teveml  olher  citie*.  He  puis  to  death  Theodotus,  who  had 
recoamended  the  murther  of  Pompey  in  E(;ifpi.  Quarrel*  with 
Castiut.  Adventure  of  Favoiiius.  Brutus'  rigour  in  leeing  the 
Ami  fulfiled.  He  offhiiU  Camus.  Apparition,  and  Casiiu^ 
speech  upon  it.  fke^/  march  againtt  Cceiar  and  Aatonif,  at  Phi' 
lippi-  Cassius,  rao^d  by  some  prodigies,  xuishes  to  defer  the  en- 
gagement,  but  Brutus  refutes.  Their  conversation  before  the 
battle.  The  right  ta'ng,  under  Brutus, gainsa  coiuiderabU advan- 
tage ;  but  the  leji,  under  Cassius,  is  entirety  defeated.  A  fatal 
mistake.  Cassius  surrounded:  his  troops  disperse.  He  arden 
hisjreedman  lo  kill  him.  Brutus*  lamentation  over  his  body.  He 
eeiUdt  his  scattered  forces  ;  but  is  distressed  by  the  disposition  of 
tbesoldiery:  deviates,  in  one  instance,  from  his  accustomed  jut- 
tiee,  Cietar  and  Antony  hatard  a  second  battle.  The  spectre  re- 
appears  to  Brutus  ;  xvho  is  defeated.  Luciiius  offers  Himself  to 
the  pursuers  as  Brutus,  and  it  carried  to  Antony.  Brutus  sends 
Slat  ilius  to  visit  his  camp:  tills  himself.  Honours  paid  by  Antony 
to  hit  remains.    Death  ofPorda. 


±  HE  great  progenitor  of  Marcus  Brutus  was  that 
Junius  Brutus,  to  wbom  the  ancient  Romans  erected 
a  statue  of  brass,  and  placed  it  in  the  Capitol 
among  their  kings.  He  was  represented  with  a 
drawn  sword  in  his  hand,  to  signify  the  spirit  and 
firmness,  with  which  he  vanquished  the  Tarquins : 
but  hard-tempered  like  the  steel  of  which  that  sword 
was  composed,  and  in  no  degree  humanised  by  edu- 
cation, the  same  obdurate  severity  which  impelled 
him  against  the  tyrant,  shut  up  his  natural  affection 
from  his  children,  when  he  found  them  conspiring 
for  the  support  of  tyranny.  On  the  contrary  that 
Brutus,  whose  Life  we  are  now  writing,  had  all  the 
advantages  arising  from  the  cultivation  of  philoso- 
phy. To  his  spirit,  which  was  naturally  sedate  and 
mild,  he  gave  activity  by  constant  application.  Upon 
the  whole,  he  seems  to  have  been  happily  formed  to 
virtu?,     flvcn  the  partisans  of  Ciesar  ascribed  to  hiw 


1 


BBUTOS.  57 

«very  thing,  which  had  the  appearance  of  honour  or 
generosity  in  the  conspiracy,  whereas  all  that  was 
of  a  contrary  complexion  was  laid  t6  the  charge  of 
Cassius ;  who  was  indeed  the  friend  and  relation  of 
Brutus,  but  by  no  means  resembled  him  in  the  pu- 
rity and  simplicity  of  his  manners.  It  is  universally 
allowed,  that  his  mother  Servilia  was  descended  from 
Servilius  Ahala,  who  when  Spurius  Mslius  sedi- 
tiously aspired  to  the  monarchy,  went  up  to  him  in 
the  Forum  under  a  pretence  of  business,  and  as 
Maelius  inclined  his  head  to  hear  what  he  would  say, 
stabbed  him  with  a  dagger  which  he  had  concealed 
for  that  purpose  \  But  those,  who  were  ill  affected 
toward  him  on  account  of  his  participation  in  Cae- 
sar's murther,  would  not  allow  that  he  was  descended 
from  Junius  Brutus,  whose  family  they  said  was  ex- 
tinct with  his  two  sons^.  Marcus  Brutus  (according 
to  them)  was  a  plebeian,  descended  from  one  Bm^ 
tus,  a  steward  of  mean  extraction ;  and  the  family 
had  but  lately  risen  to  any  dignity  in  the  state.  On 
the  contrary,  Posidonius  the  philosopher  agrees 
with  those  historians,  who  state  that  Junius  Brutus 
had  a  third  son,  an  infant  when  his  brothers  were 
put  to  death,  and  that  from  him  Marcus  Brutus  was 
descended.  He  &rther  informs  us,  that  there  were 
several  illustrious  persons  of  that  family  in  his  time, 
with  whom  he  was  well  acquainted,  and  who  very 


'  Livy  (iv.  14.)  and  other  historians  relate  this  affiur  in  a  diffierent 
pnanner.  Some  of  them  confidently  assert,  that  Servilius,  who  was 
then  general  of  the  horse,  put  Msiiqs  to  death  by  order  of  Cindn- 
natus  the  dictator. 

*  Of  this  number  is  Dio,  xliv.  14^  and  Dionj^iis  of  Halicar* 
nassus,  v.  3.  The  latter  adduces  the  plebeianship  of  M.  Brutus, 
here  mentioned,  as  a  satisfactory  proof.  But  from  Suet.  (Aug.  2.) 
It  appears  that  patrician  families,  e.  f;.  the  Octavian,  sometimes 
became  plebeian.  The  authority  of  Cicero  is  less  valuable  (Bmt. 
l^.,  and  Philipp.  i.  6.)f  as  his  reverence  for  Brutus  nearly  amount* 
ed  to  idolatry,  an/k  he  would  naturaDy  assign  him  the  most  iOas- 
^ous  extraction  he  could. 

Tunc  Ucet  d  Pico  numeru  genus.      (Juv.  viiL  ISl.)* 


BRUTUS. 

Linuch  resembled  the  statue  of  Junius  Brutus  \     But 
■(Wiough  upon  this  subject. 

Cato  the  philosopher  was  brother  to  Servilia,  the 

mother  of  Brutus,  who  greatly  admired  and  imitated 

'!  uncle's  virtues,  and  married  his  daughter  Porcia. 

Brutus  was  acquainted  with  ail  the  sects  of  the 

Breek  philosophers,  and  understood  their  doctrines ; 

'tit  the  Platonists  ranked  highest  in  his  esteem.     He 

Kid  no  fevourable  opinion  either  of  the  New,  or  of 

he  Middle  Academy  ;  but  applied  himself  wholly  to 

he  studies  of  the  Old  one*.     Antiochus  of  Ascalon 

|Aris  therefore  his  favourite,  and  he  entertained  his 

■other  Ariston    in  his   own  house ;    a   man  who, 

ibou^  inferior  to  some  of  the  philosophers  in  learn- 

iog,   was  equal    to  the  first  of  them    in   modesty, 

tadence,    and  gentleness  of  manners.      Empytus, 

frho  likewise  lived  with  Brutus  (as  we  tind  from  his 

«n  Epistles,  and  in  those  of  his  friends),  was  an 

prator,  and  left  a  short  but  well-written  narrative  of 

he  death  of  Desar,  entitled  '  Brutus.* 

Brutus  spoke  with  great  ability  in  Latin,  both  in 

^llhe  Held  and  at  the  bar.     In  Greek,  he  affected  the 

cntentious  and  laconic  way  :  of  this  there  are  several 

(Stances  in  his  Epistles.     Thus,  in  the  beginning  of 

;  war,  he  wrote   to  the  Pergamenians ;  "  I  hear 

llyou  have  given  money  to  Dolabella.     If  you  gave 

*it  willingly,  you  must  own  that  you  injured  me; 

e  were  several  dUtingubhed  persons  of  this  family,  A,U.  C. 
IS :  some  of  whom  opposed  ihe  abrogation  of  the  Oppimn  law, 
bd  were  besieged  by  the  Roman  women  in  their  hoiucs.     (Li». 
■■Ttiv,  (.,  Val.  Max.  ix.  I.  3.) 
•  The  Old  AcudcniVi  instituted  properly  by  Socr»te»,  was  suc- 
■  ^Cnively  governed  by  Plato,  his  nephew  Sipeusippus,  Xenocrues, 
"    '  pQleino.     Tie  Second,  or  Middle,  owed  it's  oriein  to  Arcesilas, 
was  trufceeded  by  l.acydcs,  Evander,  Hegesinus,  and  Car- 
.ides.     By  this  la£t  was  founded  that  called  the  New ;  and  he  h'oi 
llowed  by  Clilomitchus,  Philo,  nnd  Antiochus  of  Ascalon.     For 
"  e  acctiunt  of  the  Intler.  see  the  Life  of  Cicero,  Vol.  V.;  and  for 
brother,  Cic.  Acad.  i.  Ti.,  Brut.  97.     The  three  jointly  reach 
th«  time  of  Socrates  down  to  that  of  Augustus,  and  Gotnpr6< 
upward  of  three  hundred  ycart.' 


BRUTU&  59 

*^  if  unwillingly,  prove  it  by  giving  willingly  to  me/' 
And  again,  upon  another  occasion,  to  the  Samians; 
^  Your  deliberations  are  tedious,  your  actions  slow: 
^^  what,  think  you,  will  be  the  consequence?''  Of 
the  Patareans  ^  thus ;  ^^  The  Xanthians  rejected  my 
*^  kindness,  and  desperately  made  their  country  their 
*^  grave.  The  Patareans  confided  in  me,  and  re^ 
*^  tained  their  liberty.  It  is  in  your  own  choice  to 
*^  imitate  the  prudence  of  the  Patareans,  or  to  suffer 
**  the  fate  of  the  Xanthians."  And  such  is  the  stile 
of  his  most  remarkable  letters. 

While  he  was  yet  very  young,  he  accompanied 
Cato  to  Cyprus,  in  the  expedition  against  l^oIemy\ 
After  Ptolemy  had  killed  himself,  Cato,  being  de> 
tained  by  business  in  the  isle  of  Rhodes,  sent 
CaniniuB  to  secure  the  king's  treasure;  but  8n»> 
pecting  his  fidelity,  he  wrote  to  Brutus  to  sail  im>- 
mediately  to  Cyprus  from  Pamphylia,  where  after  a 
fit  of  sickness  he  was  then  staying  for  the  re-esta- 
blishment of  his  health.  This  order  he  obeyed  with 
reluctance,  both  out  of  respect  to  Caninius,  wh6 
was  thus  superseded  with  disgrace,  and  becauae  hi 
tliought  the  employment  servile  and  illiberal,  and 
by  no  means  proper  for  a  young  man  engaged  hi 
the  pursuit  of  philosophy.  Nevertheless,  he  executed 
the  commission  with  snch  diligence,  that  he  obtained 
Cato's  approbation ;  and,  having  converted  Ptolemy'^ 
effects  into  ready  money,  he  brought  the  greatest 
part  of  it  to  Rome. 

When  Home  was  divided  into  two  factions,  and 
Pompey  and  Csssar  were  in  arms  against  each  other^ 
it  was  generally  believed  that  Brutus  would  joiA 

^  Patarea  was  a  dty  of  Lvcia,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  afad  to  the  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Xanthus*  Ptolemr 
Philadelphits,  by  whom  it  was  cofisiderably  aug^mented,  caHed  ft 
*  Arsinoe  of  Lycia,'  after  the  niuue  <if  hb  wift ;  bat  the  dd  dettoi^ 
minatioii  was  soon  restored.  (Strabo,  xivi)  Xanthns,  the  ci^ 
mentioned  below,  stood  higher  up  on  the  other  side.* 

^  See  the  Life  of  Cato,  V.  85.  In  that  Life,  Caninius  is  always 
called  Canidiiis.* 


60  BRUTUS. 

Cffisar,  because  his  father  had  been  put  to  death  b^ 
Pompey'.  Brutus  however  thought  it  liis  duty  to 
sacrifice  his  resentments  to  the  interest  of  his  coun- 
try, and  judging  Porapey's  to  be  the  better  cause, 
joined  his  party;  though  before  he  would  not  even 
salute  that  general  when  he  met  him,  esteeming  it  a 
ci"ime  to  hold  any  conversation  with  the  raurtherer 
of  his  father.  But  he  now  regarded  him  as  the  head 
of  the  commonwealth;  and  therefore,  listing  under 
his  banner,  he  sailed  for  Sicily  as  lieutenant  to  Sestius, 
who  was  governor  of  the  island.  There,  however, 
he  found  no  opportunity  of  distinguishing  himself; 
and  being  informed  that  Pompey  and  Csesar  were 
encamped  near  each  other,  and  preparing  for  the 
battle  which  was  to  decide  the  fate  of  the  empire,  he 
hastened  into  Macedon  to  take  his  share  in  the  dan- 
ger. This  measure,  it  is  said,  so  much  surprised  and 
delighted  Pompey,  that  he  rose  to  embrace  hjm  in 
the  presence  of  his  guards,  and  treated  him  with  as 
much  respect  as  if  he  had  been  his  superior.  During 
the  time  that  he  was  in  camp,  those  hours  which 
he  did  not  spend  with  Pompey,  he  employed  io 
reading  and  study ;  and  thus  he  passed  the  day  be- 
fore the  battle  oi  Pharsalia.  It  was  the  middle  of 
summer,  the  heats  were  intense,  the  marshy  situation 
of  the  camp  disagreeable,  and  his  tent-bearers  were 
long  in  coming.  Nevertheless,  though  extremely 
harassed  and  fatigued,  he  did  not  anoint  himself  till 
noon ;  and  then  taking  a  morsel  of  bread,  while 
others  were  at  rest,  or  musing  on  the  event  of  the 
ensuing  day,  he  employed  himself  till  the  evening  in 
writing  an  epitome  of  Polybius. 

Csesar,  it  is  recorded,  had  so  high  an  esteem  for 
him,  that  he  ordered  his  officers  by  alt  means  to  spare 
him,  if  he  chose  to  surrender  himself;  and,  if  he 
refused,  to  let  him  escape  with  his  life.  Some  have 
placed  this  kindness  to  the  account  of  his  mother 


^  See  the  Ufe  of  Pompey,  IV.  1*3. 


i 


BRUTUS.  ei 

Servilia,  with  whom  Caesar  had  bad  connexions  of  a 
tender  nature  in  the  early  part  of  bis  life  \  Besides^ 
as  this  amour  was  at  its  acm^  about  the  time  when 
Brutus  was  born,  Cassar  had  some  reason  to  believe 
that  be  might  be  his  son.  The  intrigue  was  noto- 
rious. When  the  senate  was  debating  upon  thtf 
dangerous  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  Cato  and  Cassar^ 
who  took  different  sides  of  the  question,  happened 
to  sit  near  each  other.  In  the  midst  of  the  business, 
a  note  was  brought  to  Caesar  from  without,  which  he 
read  silently  to  himself:  upon  this,  Cato  loudly 
accused  Caesar  of  receiving  letters  from  the  enemies 
of  the  commonwealth ;  and  Cassar,  finding  that  it 
had  occasioned  a  disturbance  in  the  senate,  delivered 
the  note  to  Cato  as  he  had  received  it.  Cato,  wheo 
he  found  it  to  be  nothing  but  a  lewd  letter  from  his 
own  sister  Servilia,  threw  it  back  again  to  Caesar : 
**  Take  it,  you  sot,**  said  he,  and  went  on  with  the 
public  business. 

After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  when  Pompey  had 
fled  toward  the  sea  and  Caesar  was  storming  tbt 
camp,  Brutus  escaped  through  one  of  the  gates,  and 
fled  into  a  watery  marsh,  where  he  hid  himself  among 
the  reeds.  Thence  he  ventured  out  in  the  night, 
and  got  safe  to  Larissa  ^  From  Larissa  he  wrote  to 
Caesar,  who  expressed  the  greatest  pleasure  in  hear* 
ing  of  his  safety,  sent  for  him,  and  entertained  him 
among  the  first  of  his  friends.  When  no  one  could 
give  any  account  which  way  Pompey  was  fled,  Caesar 
walked  for  some  time  alone  with  Brutus,  to  explore 
his  opinion ;  and  finding  that  he  supposed  it  was  to 
Egypt,  he  disregarded  the  suggestions  of  the  rest, 
and  directed  his  march  for  that  country.    Pompey 

*  Th^e  coDnexions  were  well  known.  C«esar  made  her  a  pre- 
sent, upon  a  certain  occasion,  of  a  pearl  which  cost  him  neariy 
^,0001.  In  the  civil  wars,  he  assigned  to  her  a  confiscated  estate 
for  a  mere  trifle ;  and  when  the  people  expressed  their  surprise  al 
it*B  cheapness,  Cicero  said  hwnorously.  Quo  mdnU  empiam  scuUis, 
tertia  deduda  e$i.  Tertia  was  a  daughter  of  Serrilia'sy  and  deduOa 
was  a  term  in  the  procuring  business. 

•  A  citjr  in  Thessaly.* 


63  BRUTrS. 

bad  indeed  taken  the  route  of  Hgypti  as  Brutus  coat 
jectured,  bat  he  had  already  met  his  fate.  \ 

Brutus  had  so  much  iufluence  with  Csaar,  that  hit> 
reconciled  him  to  his  friend  Cassius ;  and  when  hi. 
spoke  in  behalf  of  the  king  of  Africa,  though  then* 
were  many  impeachments  against  him,  he  obtained 
for  him  a  considerable  part  of  his  kingdom  '".  Ob 
opening  his  speech  upon  this  occasion,  Caasarsaidf 
*'  I  know  not  what  this  young  man  intends,  bidl 
"  whatever  it  is,  he  intends  it  strongly."  His  minA 
was  steady,  and  not  easily  moved  by  cntrcalieg. 
principles  were  reason  and  honour,  and  the  ends 
which  these  directed  him  he  prosecuted  with  so  much 
vigour,  that  he  seldom  failed  uf  success.  No  flatterii 
(»uli)  induce  him  to  attend  to  unjust  petitions;  ana 
though  that  ductility  of  mind,  which  may  be  wroughi 
upon  by  the  impudence  of  importunity,  is  by  soms 
called  good-nature,  he  considered  it  us  the  greatest 
disgrace.  He  used  to  say,  that  he  suspected  thosOi 
who  could  refuse  no  favours,  had  not  very  honestl' 
employed  the  flower  of  theii' youth. 

Cffisar,  previously  to  his  expedition  into  Africa 
against  Cato  and  Scipio,  appointed  Brutus  to  the 
government  of  Cisalpine  Gaul :  and  this  was  vera 
Ibrtunste  for  that  particular  province.  For,  while 
the  inhabitants  of  other  provinces  were  oppressed 
and  treated  like  slaves  by  the  violence  and  rapacitj 
of  their  governors,  Brutus  behaved  with  so  much 
kindness  to  the  people  under  his  jurisdiction,  that 
they  were  in  some  measure  indemnified  for  their 
former  sufferings.  Yet  he  ascribed  every  thing  to  tha 
goodness  of  Cssar;  and  it  was  no  small  gratiticatioik 
to  the  latter  to  find,  upon  his  return  through  Italy, 
not  only  Brutus  himself,  but  all  tlie  cities  under  his 
command,  ready  to  attend  his  progress  and  industri- 
ous to  do  him  honour. 

As  there  were  several  proctorships  vacant,  it  wai 

'"  Pluurch  must  ticre  be  mistaken.  It  was  Deiotarus,  king  of 
Galatia,  and  not  the  king  ol'  .\tiica,  for  whom  Bnitm  pleaded.  Sat 
Cic.  Ep.  ad  Att  i».  (. 


■ 


BRUTU&  & 


the  general  opinion  that  the  chief  of  them^  the  pi 
torship  of  the  cUy,  would  be  conferred  upon  either 
Brutus  or  Casatos*  Some  say,  that  this  competition 
heightened  the  variancet  which  had  already  taken 
place  between  them ;  for  such  there  was,  thou^ 
Cassius  waa  allied  to  Brutus  by  having  married  his 
sister  Junia.  Others  however  affirm,  that  thi^  com- 
petition was  a  political  manoMivre  of  Ca»ar's,  who 
by  privately  favouring  both  their  hopes,  had  en* 
couraged  their  mutual  hostility.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
Brutus  had  little  more  than  the  reputation  of  ma 
virtue  to  set  against  the  gallant  actions,  which  had 
been  achieved  by  Cassius  in  the  Parthian  war.  Cassar 
weighed  the  merits  of  each ;  and  after  consulting 
with  his  friends,  *^  Cassius,^'  said  he,  ^^  has  the  better 
^^  title  to  the  first  praetorship ;  but  Brutus  must  have 
^^  it,  notwithstanding/'  Another  praetorship  was 
therefore  given  to  Cassius ;  but  he  was  less  obliged 
by  this,  than  offended  by  the  loss  of  the  first. 

Brutus  had,  or  at  least  might  have  had,  equal  in« 
fluence  with  Caesar  in  every  thing  else:  hemLgfat 
have  stood  the  first  in  interest  with  him,  if  he  had. 
not  been  drawn  off  and  turned  aside  by  Cassius* 
party.  Not  that  he  was  perfectly  reconciled  to 
Cassius,  since  their  competition  for  the  praetorial  ap» 
pointments ;  but  he  listened  to  his  friends,  who  were 
perpetually  advising  him,  instead  of  being  soothed 
or  cajoled  by  Cssar,  to  reject  the  civilities  of  a 
tyrant,  whose  object  was  not  to  reward  but  to  disarm 
his  virtue.  On  the  other  hand,  Caesar  had  his  sus- 
picions, and  Brutus  his  accusers;  yet  the  former 
thought  he  had  less  to  fear  from  his  spirit,  his  autho- 
rity, and  his  connexions,  than  he  had  to  hope  from 
his  honesty.  When  he  was  told,  that  Antony  and 
Dolabella  had  some  dangerous  conspiracy  on  footi 
*^  It  is  not,"  said  he,  ^*  the  sleek  and  fat  men  that  I 
^  fear,  but  the  pale  and  the  lean  *  ;**  meaning  Brotuf 
and  Cassius.     Afterward,  when  be  was  advised  t0 

•  Sm  tlM  Life  of  Antony,  Vol.  V.« 


(j+  BRUTUS.  1 

beware  of  Brutus,  he  laid  his  hand  upon  his  breasQF 
and  said ;  "  Don't  you  think,  then,  that  Brutus  will 
"  wait,  till  I  have  done  with  this  poor  body  i"'  as  if 
he  thought  Brutus  the  only  proper  person  to  succeed 
him  in  his  immense  power.  It  is  extremely  probable 
indeed  that  Brutus  would  have  been  the  first  man  in 
Rome,  could  he  have  had  patience  to  remain  awhile 
the  second,  and  have  stayed  till  time  had  wasted  the 
power  of  Caesar,  and  dimmed  the  lustre  of  his  great 
actions.  ButCassius,  a  man  of  violent  passions,  and 
an  enemy  to  Ctesar  rather  fi-om  personal  than  political 
hatred,  still  urged  him  against  the  dictator.  It  was 
universally  observed,  that  Brutus  hated  the  imperial 
power,  and  Cassius  the  emperor,  Cassius,  indeed, 
pretended  that  Ctesar  had  injured  him:  he  com- 
plained, that  the  lions  which  he  had  procured  when 
he  was  nominated  a;dile,  and  which  he  had  sent  to 
Megara,  CiEsar  had  converted  to  his  own  use,  having 
found  them  in  that  city  when  it  was  taken  by  Calanus. 
Those  lions,  it  is  stated,  were  very  fatal  to  the  in- 
habitants ;  for  as  soon  as  their  city  was  taken,  they 
opened  their  dens  and  unchained  them  in  the  streets, 
tq  stop  the  irruption  of  the  foe ;  instead  of  which, 
they  fell  upon  the  citizens,  and  tore  them  so  dread- 
fully, that  their  \evy  enemies  were  struck  with  pity. 
Some  affirm,  that  this  was  the  principal  motive  with 
Cassius  for  conspiring  against  Ciesar;  but  they  are 
strangely  mistaken.  Cassius  had  a  natural  hatred  of 
the  whole  race  of  tyrants,  which  he  showed  even 
when  he  was  at  school  with  Faustus  the  son  of  Sylla. 
As  Faustus  was  one  day  boasting  among  the  boys  of 
the  unlimited  power  of  his  father,  Cassius  rose  and 
struck  him  on  the  face.  The  friends  and  tutors  of 
Faustus  would  have  taken  upon  themselves  to  punish 
the  insult;  but  Pompey  prevented  it,  and  sending 
for  the  boys  examined  them  himself.  Upon  which 
Cassius  said,  "  Come  along,  Faustus!  and  repeat,  if 
*'  you  dare,  before  Pompey  the  expressions  wliick 
"  provoked  me,  that  I  may  again  strike  you  on  tlu 
•*  face."     Such  was  the  disposition  of  Cassius. 


BRUTU&  65 

But  Brutus  was  animated  to  this  undertaking  by 
the  persuasion  of  his  friends,  by  private  intimations^ 
and  by  anonymous  letters.  Under  the  statue  of  his 
ancestor,  who  destroyed  the  Tarquins,  was  placed  a 
paper  with  these  words :  '^  O  that  we  had  a  Brutus 
now ! ".  And  "  O  that  Brutus  were  now  alive !  '*  His 
own  tribunal,  upon  which  he  sat  as  praetor,  was 
continually  filled  with  such  inscriptions  as  these : 
^^  Brutus  thou  sleepest !  thou  art  not  a  true  Brutus !  '^ 
Caesar's  sycophants  were  the  occasion  of  this ;  for^ 
amon^  other  invidious  distinctions  which  they  paid 
him,  they  crowned  his  statues  by  night,  that  the 
people  might  salute  hira  king  instead  of  dictator^ 
This  however,  as  I  have  shown  more  at  large  in  the 
Life:  of  Caesar,  had  a  contrary  effect. 

When  Cassius  solicited  his  friends  to  engage  in 
the  conspiracy,  they  all  consented,  on  condition  that 
Brutus  would  take  the  lead;    concluding,  that  it 
was  not  strength  of  hands  or  resolution  which  they 
wanted,  but  the  countenance  of  a  maa  pf  reputation 
like  him  to  preside  at  this  sacrifice,  and,  <by  his  very 
participation  to  justify  the  deed.     They  were  sensi- 
ble, that  without  bim  they  should  neither  proceed 
with  spirit,   nor   escape  suspicion  when   they  had 
effected  their  purpose:  as  the  world,  they  knew^ 
would  infer  that  if  the  action  had  been  honourable* 
Brutus  would  not  have  refused  to  be  concerned  in  iu 
Cassius,  having  considered  these  things,  determined 
to  pay  Brutus  the  first  visit,  after  the  quarrel  that 
had  been  between  them  ;  and  when  the  coaipUmenta 
of  reconciliation  were  over,  he  asked  him,  whether 
he  intended  to  be  in  the  senate  on  the  calends  of 
March.;  as    **  it  was  reported,'*    he   said,   **  that 
^'  Caesar's  friends  designed  to  move,  that  he  should 
^'  be  declared  king.'*     Brutus  answered,  he  should 
not  be  there :  upon  which  Cassius  demanded,  "  But 
**  what,  if  they  should   send  for  us  ?  *'   "  It  woul4 
**  then,"  replied  Brutus,  "  be  my  duty,  not  only  to 
«'  speak  against  it,  but  to  sacrifice  my  life  for  the 
'*  liberties  of  Kome.".    Cassius,  encouraged  by  this, 

VOL.  VI.  F 


«C  BRUTUS. 

proceeded;  "  But  what  Roman  witt  twar  to  sec  ji 
"die?  Don't  you  know  yourself,  Brutus  f  Think 
**  you  that  those  inscriptions,  which  you  found  oo 
"  your  tril>uiial,  were  placed  there  by  weavers  and 
"  victuallers,  ami  not  by  the  first  and  greatest  men 
«  in  Rome  f  From  other  prsetors  they  look  for  prc- 
"  sents  and  shows,  and  gladiators;  but  from  you 
•*  they  claim  the  abolition  of  tyranny,  as  a  debt 
*  which  your  family  has  entailed  upon  you.  They 
"we  ri'ady  to  suffer  every  thing  on  your  account, 
**  if  you  are  really  what  you  ought  to  be,  and  what 
"  ihey  expect  you  to  be."  After  this  he  embraced 
him,  and  oeing  perfectly  reconciled,  they  retired  to 
their  lespeciive  friends. 

In  Pompey's  party  there  was  one  Quintus  Ligarius 
whom  Csesar  had  pardoned,  though  he  had  borne 
arms  against  him.  This  man,  less  grateful  for  the 
pardon  which  he  had  received,  than  offended  at  the 
power  which  had  made  htm  stand  in  need  of  it,  hated 
Cffisar,  but  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Brutus.  The 
latter  one  day  visited  him,  and  finding  liim  unwell, 
said,  "  O  Lig;ariu3  !  what  a  time  is  this  to  be  sick  ?  " 
Upon  which  he  raised  himself  on  his  elbow,  and 
taking  Brutus  by  the  hand,  answered ;  "  If  Brutus 
*'  has  any  design  worthy  of  himself,  Ligarius  is  well." 
They  now  sounded  the  inclinations  of  all  whom  they 
could  trust,  and  took  into  the  conspiracy  not  only 
their  ^miliai'  friends,  but  stich  as  they  knew  to  be 
brave  and  above  theftar  of  death.  For  thin  reason, 
though  they  had  the  highest  regard  for  Cicero,  and, 
the  utmost  confidence   in    his   principles   ss  a    re- 

Kablican,  they  concealed  ti>e  conspiracy  from  him.j 
tst  his  natnral  timidity,  increased  by  the  wariness  of 
age",  and  estimating  every  indKidutU  step  with  a 
vie*  to  the  gwatest  possibfe  security,  should  retard 
those  measures  which  required  the  most  resolute 
despatdi. 

Brutus  likewise  thoupht'propicr  toleanre  his  friendi 

"  He  wu  »ttw  «i*ty-tliree  jtan  of  *ge,  "B.  G.  44.* 


J 


BRUTUa  f7 

Statilins  and  Favonius,  the  follower  of  Cato,  out 
^of  the  coQtpiracy.  He  had  tried  their  senttineiits 
under  the  colour  of  a  philosophical  dispute,  m 
which  FaTonius  observed,  that  the  worst  absolute 
government  was  preferable  to  a  civil  war ;  and  Sta- 
tiiius  added,  that  it  did  not  become  a  wise  or  sensible 
man  to  expose  himself  to  fear  and  danf^,  on  account 
of  the  faults  and  follies  of  others.  But  L^beo,  who 
was  present,  contradicted  both :  and  Brutus,  though 
he  was  silent  at  that  time^  as  if  the  dispute  had  beea 
difficult  to  determine,  communicated  the  design 
subsequently  to  Labeo,  who  readily  concurred  in  it 
It  was  then  agreed  to  gain  over  the  other  Brtitus, 
surnamed  Albinus,  who  though  not  distinguished  by 
his  personal  courage  or  activity,  derived  considerable 
importance  firom  the  number  of  gladiators  whom  be 
bred  for  the  public  shows,  and  the  entire  confidence 
that  Csesar  reposed  in  him.  To  the  solicitations  of 
Cassius  and  Labeo,  however,  he  made  no  answer*; 
but  when  he  came  privately  to  Brutus,  and  firand 
that  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  conspiracy,  he  made 
no  scruple  of  joining  tliem.  The  name  of  Bmtos 
drew  in  many  more  of  the  moat  eminent  persons  of 
the  state;  and  though  they  had  entered  into  no  oath 
of  secrecy,  they  kept  the  conspiracy  so  close,  that 
notwithstanding  the  gods  themselves  denounced  the 
event  by  visions  and  a  variety  of  other  prodigies,  no 
one  would  give  any  credit  to  it. 

Brutus  now  felt  his  consequence  lie  heavy  upon 
him.  The  safety  of  some  of  the  principal  men  in 
Rome  depended  upon  his  conduct,  and  he  ooold  not 
think  of  the  danger,  which  they  were  about  to  en- 
eounter,  without  anxiety.  In  public,  indeed,  he 
suppressed  his  uneasiness ;  but  at  home,  and  espe- 
cially by  night,  be  was  not  the  same  num.  Some* 
times,  he  would  start  from  his  sleep ;  at  others,  he 
was  totally  immersed  in  thought.  From  these  and 
similar  circumstances  it  was  obvious  to  his  wife,  aa 
they  slept  together,  that  he  was  full  of  unusual  cares» 
and  was  xevoUiqg  in  his  mind  aome  difiealt  and 

v9 


68 


BRUTUS. 


dangerous  enteqirise.  Porcia,  as  we  before  observ 
was  the  daughter  of  Cato.  She  had  been  married  to 
her  cousin  Brutus  very  young,  though  she  was  then 
a  widow,  and  had  a  son  named  Bihulus  after  his 
father.  There  is  a  smali  tract  of  his  still  extant, 
called  '  Memoirs  of  Brutus.'  Porcia  to  the  aftection 
of  a  wife  added  the  prudence  of  a  woman,  wlio  was 
not  unacquainted  with  philosophy  ;  and  she  resolved 
to  forbear  inquiring  into  her  Iiusband's  secrets,  before 
she  had  made  the  following  trial  uf  her  own  firmness  : 
She  ordered  all  her  attendants  out  of  her  apartmeot, 
and  with  a  small  knite  gave  herself  a  deep  wound  in 
the  thigh.  This  occasioned  a  great  ctl'usion  of  blood, 
violent  pain,  and  a  lever  in  consequence.  While 
Brutus,  who  was  extremely  afflicted  ibr  her,  was 
attending  her  in  the  height  of  her  suffering,  she  thus 
spoke  to  him  :  *'  When  you  married  Cato's  daughter, 
"  Brutus,  you  did  not  1  presume  consider  bet  merely 
**  as  a  female  companion,  but  as  the  partner  of  alt 
*'  your  fortunes.  You,  indeed,  have  given  mc  no 
"  reason  to  repent  my  marriage :  but  what  proof, 
■•  eitlier  of  affection  or  fidelity,  can  you  receive  fiom 
*•  me,  if  I  am  to  share  neither  in  your  secret  griefs 
**  nor  in  your  private  counsels  i  1  am  sendble,  that 
'*  secrecy  is  not  the  characteristic  virtue  of  my  sex  : 
*'  but  surely  our  natural  weakness  may  be  streiigth- 
*'  encd  by  a  virtuous  education,  and  by  honourable 
"  connexions  ;  and  Porcia  can  boast  that  she  is  the 
**  daughter  of  Cato,  and  the  wife  of  Brutus.  Yet 
*•  even  in  these  distinctions  I  placed  no  absolute 
"  confidence,  till  I  had  made  an  e.\periment,  and 
"  found  that  I  was  proof  against  pain."  When  she 
had  said  this,  she  showed  him  her  wound,  and  in- 
formed him  of  her  motives :  upon  which  Brutus  was 
so  much  surprised,  that  with  lifted  hands  lie  entreated 
the  gods  to  favour  his  enterprise,  and  enable  him  to 
approve  himself  M'orthy  of  Porcia.  He  then  took 
cv(.'ry  means  to  cure  her  wound,  and  to  restore  her 
to  health. 
'  A  meeting  of  the  senate  being  appointed,  at  which 


J 


BRUTUS.  89 

Ceesar  was  expected  to  attend,  that  was  thought  a 
proper  time  for  the  execution  of  their  design.  For 
then  they  could  not  only  appear  together  without 
suspicion,  but  as  some  of  the  most  considerable 
persons  in  the  commonwealth  would  be  present, 
they  flattered  themselves  that  as  soon  as  the  deed 
was  done,  these  would  join  in  asserting  the  coromon 
liberty.  The  place  too,  where  the  senate  was  to 
meet,  seemed  providentially  favourable  for  their 
purpose.  It  was  a  portico  adjoining  to  the  theatre, 
and  in  the  midst  of  a  saloon  furnished  with  benches 
stood  a  statue  of  Pompey,  which  had  been  erected 
to  him  by  the  commonwealth,  when  he  adorned  that 
part  of  the  city  with  these  buildings.  Here  the 
senate  was  convened  on  the  ides  of  March ;  and  it 
seemed,  as  if  some  god  was  bringing  Cassar  to  this 
place,  in  order  to  avenge  upon  him  Pompey 's  death. 
When  the  day  came,  Brutus  went  out,  and  took 
with  him  a  dagger,  which  last  circumstance  was 
known  only  to  his  wife.  The  rest  met  at  Cassiua' 
house,  and  conducted  bis  son,  who  was  that  day  to 
put  on  the  Toga  Virilis,  to  the  Forum ;  whence  they 
proceeded  to  Pompey's  portico,  and  waited  ior 
Caesar.  Any  one,  who  had  been  privy  to  the  desigfki 
of  the  conspirators,  would  now  have  been  astonished 
at  their  tranquil  and  consistent  firmness.  Many  of 
them  were  praetors,  and  obliged  by  their  office  to 
hear  and  determine  causes.  These  they  heard  with 
so  much  calmness,  and  decided  with  so  much  ac* 
curacy,  that  no  one  could  have  supposed  there  had 
been  any  thing  else  upon  their  minds  :  and,  when  a 
certain  person  appealed  with  great  clamour  from  the 
judgement  of  Brutus  to  Cassar,  Brutus  looking  round 
upon  the  assembly  said ;  *'  Caesar  neither  does,  nor 
*^  shall,  hinder  me  from  acting  agreeably  to  the 
"  laws.**  Nevertheless,  they  were  disturbed  by  many 
accidents.  Though  the  day  was  far  spent,  still  Caesar 
did  not  arrive,  being  detained  by  his  wife  and  the 
soothsayers  on  account  of  defects  in  the  sacrifices, 
(n  the  mean  time  a  person  came  up  to  Casca,  one  of 


70  BRUTUS. 

the  conspirators,  and  taking  him  by  the  hand,  "  Yow 
*'  concealed    the    thing   frora    me,"    said    he,  "  bufrl 
"Brutus   has  told  me  all."     Casca    expressed   h»I 
surprise ;    upon    which    the    other   said,    laughing! 
"  How  came  you  to  be  so  rich  of  a  sudden,  as  I4 
*•  stand  for  the  aedileship?"  So  nearly  was  the  frreaitl 
Kcret  blown,  by  the  ambif;uity  of  this  man's  di^l 
course !    At  the  same  time  Popilius  Lena  a  senaloiv  | 
after  saluting  Brutus  and  Cassiiis  in  a  very  obliging  | 
manner,  said  in  a  whisper;  "  My  best  wishes  arc  « 
**  with  you  :   but  make  no  delay,  for  it  is  now  no 
•'  secret."     Upon  which,  he  immediately  went  away, 
and  left  (hem  in  the  utmost  consternation,  as  thej 
concluded  that  every  thing  was  discovered.     Soon 
after  this,    a  messenger  came  running  from  Brutus' 
house,  and  told  him  that  his  wife  was  dying.  Porcia 
had    been    under   extreme   anxiety,     and    in   great 
igitation  about  the  event.     At  every  little  noise  or 
voice  she  started  up  and  ran  to  (lie  door,  like  one  of 
the  frantic  priestesses  of  Bacchus,    demanding  of 
every  one  who  came  from  the  Forum,  what  Brutus 
was  doing.    She  despatclied  messenger  after  messen- 

f;er,  to  make  the  same  in(|niries;  and,  unable  any 
6nger  to  support  the  agony  of  her  mind,  at  length 
Bunk  and  fainted  away.  She  had  not  time  to  retire 
to  her  chamber.  As  she  sat  in  the  middle  of  thft 
house,  her  spirits  failed,  her  colour  changed,  and  she 
lost  her  senses  and  her  speech.  Her  women  siiricked,  ■ 
the  neighbours  ran  to  their  assistance,  and  a  report 
iras  soon  spread  through  the  city  that  Porcia  was 
dead.  By  the  care  of  those  about  her,  however,  in  a 
short  time  she  recovered.  Brutus  was  naturally  much 
distressed  on  the  intelligence,  but  his  private  grief 
gave  way  to  the  public  concern ;  for  it  was  now 
reported,  that  Cffisar  was  coming  on  a  litter.  The 
ill  omen  of  hts  sacrifices  had  deterred  him  from 
entering  upon  business  of  importance,  and  he  pro- 
posed to  defer  it  under  a  pretence  of  indisposition. 
As  soon  as  he  had  lefl  the  litter,  Popilius  La;na,  who 
j^Jittle  before  hac{  wished  Brutus  success,  went  up 


and  spoke,  to  bJm  for  g  considerable  t)mQ,  Gnsar  all 
the  while  standing  and  seeming  very  attentive,  ThQ 
conspirators  (for  so  let  them  be  stiled)  not  beiiigabto 
to  hear  what  he  said»  suspected  from  what  had  paM- 
ed  between  him  and  Brutus,  that  he  was  now  mak- 
ing a  disdosure  of  their  design.  This  disconcertedt 
them  extremely^  and  looking  upon  each  other  they 
agreed  by  the  silent  language  of  the  countenance* 
that  they  would  not  stay  to  be  taken,  but  despatch 
themselves.  With  this  intent,  Cassius  and  some 
others  were  just  about  to  draw  their  daggers  from 
under  their  robes;  when  Brutus  having  inferi'e4 
from  I/BBoa's  looks  and  gestures,  that  he  was  peti* 
tioning  and  not  accusing,  encouraged  Cassius  by  the 
cheerfulness  of  his  countenance.  This  was  the  only 
way,  in  which  he  could  communicate  his  sentiments, 
being  surrounded  by  many  that  were  strangers  to 
the  conspiracy.  Losna,  atler  a  little  while,  kissed 
Caesar's  hand  and  left  him ;  and  it  plainly  appearedt 
upon  the  whole,  that  he  had  been  speaking  about 
bis  own  private  affairs. 

The  senate  was  already  ieated,  and  the  conspira^ 
tors,  under  pretence  of  preferring  a  suit  to  him,  had 
crowded  round  Cassar's  chair.  Cassius  turned  his 
face  to  Pompey*3  statue,  and  invoked  it^  as  if  it  had 
been  sensible  of  his  prayers*  Trebonios  ^^  detained 
Antony  in  conversation  without  the  court.  An4 
now  Caesar  entered,  and  the  whole  senate  rose  to 
salute  him.  The  conspirators  clustered  al)out  him, 
and  set  Tullius  Cimber,  one  of  their  number,  to  solicit 
the  recal  of  his  brother  who  had  been  banished.  In 
this  solicitation  they  all  united,  clasping  Caesar's 
band,  and  kissing  his  head  and  his  breast.  He  re- 
jected their  applications,  however,  and  finding  that 
they  would  not  desist,  at  length  rose  from  his  seat 
in  anger.     Tullius  upon  this  laid  hold  of  his  robe, 

*^  Thifiy  though  different  from  Plutarch's  former  fuuuHint  in  the 
L4fe  of  Caesar,  TV.  ^S^.  (in  which  he  informs  us,  that  Antony  was 
detained  by  Brutus  Albinus),  is  the  more  accurate  statement.  See 
Cic  Philipp.  it.,  and  xiii.t 


72  BRUTUS, 

and  pulled  it  from  his  shoulders.  Casca,  who  stood 
beliind,  gave  him  the  first  (though  but  a  slight) 
wound  with  his  dagger,  near  the  shoulder.  C?esar 
caught  the  handle  of  the  dagger,  and  said  in  Latin, 
"Villain!  Casca!  What  dost  thou  mean  ?"  Casca, 
in  Greek,  called  his  brother  to  Ins  assistance-  Ccesar 
was  wounded  by  numbers  almost  at  the  same  instant, 
and  looked  round  him  for  some  way  to  escape ;  but 
when  he  saw  Brutus'  dagger  pointed  against  him, 
he  let  go  Casca's  hand,  and  covering  his  head  with 
his  robe,  resigned  himself  to  their  swords.  The  con- 
spirators pressed  so  eagerly  to  stab  him,  that  they 
even  wounded  each  other.  Brutus,  in  attempting  to 
have  his  share  in  the  sacrifice,  received  a  cut  in  his 
hand,  and  all  of  them  were  covered  with  blood. 

Cicsar  thus  slain,  Brutus  stepped  forward  into  the 
middle  of  the  senate-house,  and  proposing  to  make 
a  speech,  desired  the  senators  to  stay.  They  fled 
however  with  the  utmost  precipitation,  though  no 
one  pursued,  the  conspirators  having  no  design  upon 
any  life:,  but  that  of  Ctcsar :  that  taken  away,  they 
invited  the  rest  to  liberty.  All  but  Brutus  indeed 
were  of  opinion,  that  Antony  ought  to  fall  with 
CfBsar  i  as  an  insolent  man,  who  in  his  principles 
favoured  monarchy,  and  who  had  rendered  himself 
popular  in  the  army.  Moreover,  beside  his  natural 
disposition  to  despotism,  he  had  at  this  time  the  con- 
sular power,  and  was  Cicsar's  coUegue.  Brutus,  on 
the  other  hand,  alleged  the  injustice  of  such  a  mea- 
sure, and  suggested  the  possibility  of  Antony'a 
change  of  principle.  He  thought  it  far  from  impro- 
bable that,  after  the  destruction  of  Cte^ar,  a  man  so 
passionately  fond  of  glory  would  be  inspired  by  an 
emulation  to  join  in  restoring  the  commonwealth. 
Thus  Antony  was  saved ;  though,  in  the  general 
consternation,  he  had  fled  in  the  disguise  of  a  ple- 
beian. Brutus  and  his  party  betook  themselves  to 
the  Capitol,  and  showing  their  bloody  hands  and 
naked  swords,  proclaimed  liberty  to  the  people  as 
they  passed.     At  first  all  was  lamentation,  distrac< 


tliey  passed. 


BRtFtUa  7S 

tion,  and' anarchy :  but  as  no  farther  violence  was 
committed,  the  senators  and  people  recovered  their 
apprehensions,  and  went  in  a  body  to  the  conspira- 
tors in  the  Capitol.     Brutus  made  a  popular  speech 
adapted  to  the  occasion  ;    and,  this  being  well  re- 
ceived,  his  party  were  encouraged  to  come  down 
into  the  Forum.      The  rest  were  undistinguished; 
but  persons  of   the  first  quality    attended    Brutus, 
conducted  him  with  great  honour  from  the  Capitol, 
and  placed  him  in  the  Rostrum.      At  the  sight  of 
Brutus  the  populace,    though  disposed   to  tumult, 
were  struck  with  reverence ;  and,  when  he  began 
to  speak,  they  attended  with  silence.     It  soon  ap- 
peared however  that  it  was  not  the  action,  but  the 
man,  that  they  respected  ;  for  when  Cinna  spoke  and 
accused  Caesar,  they  loaded  him  with  the  most  oppro- 
brious language,    and  became  so  outrageous,    that 
the  conspirators  thought  proper  once  more  to  retire 
into  the  Capitol.     Brutus  now  expected  to  be  be- 
sieged, and  therefore  dismissed  the  principal  people 
that  attended  him  ;  as  he  thought  it  unreasonabl6 
that  they,  who  had  had  no  concern  in  the  action, 
should  be  exposed  to  the  danger  connected  with  it 
Next  day,    the  senate  assembled  in  the  temple  of 
Telliis ;  and  Antony,  Plancus,  and  Cicero,  in  their 
respective  speeches,  persuaded  and  prevailed  upon 
the  people  to  consent  to  an  amnesty.     Accordingly, 
not  only  the  conspirators  were  pardoned,  but  it  was 
decreed  that  the  consul  should  take  into  considera- 
tion what  honours  were  proper  to  be  conferred  upon 
them.   After  this,  the  senate  broke  up ;  and  Antony 
having  sent  his  son  as  a  hostage  to  the  Capitol,  Bru- 
tus and  his  party  came  down,  and  mutual  compli- 
ments passed  between  them.      Cassius  was  invited 
to  sup  with  Antony,  and  Brutus  with  Lepidus,  and 
the  rest  were  entertained  by  their  respective  friends. 
Early  the  following  morning  the  senate  re-assem- 
bled, and  voted  thanks  to  Antony  for  having  pre- 
vented a  civil  war,  as  well  as  to  Brutus  and  bis  party 
for  their  services  to  the  commonwealth*    The  mter 


tar 

m 

ire* 

K 


BRxrru& 

ti^id,  also,  provinces  distributed  among  them.  Cret* 
alloited  to  Brutus^  Africa  to  Cassius,  Asia  to 
'rcbooius,  Bithvola  to  Cimber,  and  tlie  other  Brii> 
bad  that  part  of  Gaul  which  borders  on  the  Po. 
Cesar's  will,  and  his  funeral,  came  next  in  ques- 
Antony  proposed,  that  the  will  should  be 
imd  in  public ;  and  that  the  funeral  shouM  not  be 
private,  or  without  proper  magnificence,  lest  such 
treatment  should  exasperate  the  people.  This,  Cas- 
cius  strongly  opposed  ;  but  Brutus  agreed  to  it*  and 
ire  he  fell  into  a  second  error.  His  preservation 
so  great  and  formidable  an  enemy  to  the  con- 
itracy  as  Antony  was  a  gross  mistake,  but  his  giv> 
up  the  management  of  the  funeral  to  him  was 
iparable.  The  publication  of  the  will  had  an 
itnediale  tendency  to  inspire  the  people  with  a 
passionate  regret  for  Cs^^ar's  death  ;  fur  he  had  left 
to  each  Konian  citizen  seventy-6ve  drachmas,  beside 
the  public  use  of  his  gardens  beyond  the  Tiber, 
where  now  the  temple  of  Fortune  stands.  When  the 
body  was  brought  into  the  Forum,  and  Antony  spoke 
the  usiFal  funeral  eulogJura,  as  he  perceived  the 
people  affected  by  his  speech,  he  endeavoured  still 
more  to  work  upon  ttieir  passions,  by  unfolding  the 
bIoo<ly  g^trmenl  of  Cssar;  showing  them  iu  how 
naay  places  it  had  been  pierced,  and  pointing  out 
the  nnmt>er  of  his  wounds.  This  threw  every  ttiinj; 
into  confusion.  Some  called  aloud  to  kill  the  mur- 
therers;  others,  as  had  formerly  been  done  in  the 
case  of  the  seditious  demagogue  Clodius'^  snatched 
the  benches  and  tables  from  the  neighbouring  shops, 
and  erected  a  pile  lor  the  body  in  the  midst  of  con- 
secrate<l  places,  and  surrounding  temples.  As  soon 
as  the  pile  was  in  flames,  the  people  crowding  from 
parts  suatched  the  hall-burnt  brands,    and  ran 

-      *•  S«t>  (be  Life  of  Cicwo,  Vol.  V.    To  ihU  Cicero  alludn.  in  hU 
Or«,  pro  Milone.  1  ^ ;  and  a  farther  account  of  it  is  giveo  by  Ai- 
«  Fcdi«nu»,  in  lii«  Argunicnl  to  that  ipeech.     iTie  whole  of 
nmy  unpUfied  by  our  own  Shakspeare,  la 


Antoo, 


>nv'«  aditrcM  is  ndmirabiy  unpUfied  by  our  o 
'•""«•  C««ar.  iiL  «  • 


BBUTU&  75 

round  tKe  city  to  set  on  fire  the  houses  of  the  coih 
spirators :  but  they  were  on  their  guard  against  such 
an  assault,  and  prevented  the  effects. 

There  was  a  poet  named  Cinna  ^^,  who  had  had  no 
concern  in  the  conspiracy,  but  was  rather  a  friend  of 
Caesar's.     This  inan  dreamed,    that  Cs^^ar    invited 
him  to  supper ;  and  that  on  his  declining  the  invita- 
tion, he  took  him  by  the  hand,  and  constrained  hioa 
to  follow  him  into  a  dark  and  deep  place,  which  be 
entered  with  the  utmost  horror.     The  agitation  of 
his  spirits  threw  him  into  a  fever,  which  lasted  the 
remaining  part  of  the  night.      In  the  morning  how* 
ever,  when  Cssar  was  to  be  interred,  he  was  asham- 
ed of  absenting  himself  from  the  solemnity :  he  there- 
fore mingled  with  the  multitude,  recently  inflamed 
as  it  was  by  Antony's  speech ;  and  being  unforta* 
nately  mistaken  for  that  Cinna,  who  bad  before  in«» 
veighed  against  Csesar,  he  was  torn  to  pieces.    This 
ipore  than  any  thing,    except  Antony's  change  of 
conduct,  alarmed  Brutus  and  his  party.     They  now 
thought  it  necessary  to  consult  their  safety,  and  re^ 
tired  to  Antium  ^\     Here  they  sat  down,  with  aa 
intent  to  return  as  soon  as  the  popular  fury  should 
have  subsided ;  and  for  this,  considering  the  caprice 
and  inconstancy  of  the  multitude,  they  concluded 
that  they  should  not  have  long  to  wait.   The  senate^ 
moreover,  was  in  their  interest ;  and  though  they 
did  not  punish  Cinna's  murtherers,  they  had  causea 
strict  inquiry  to  be  made  after  those,  who  had  at^ 
tempted  to  burn  the  houses  of  the  conspirators.  An^ 
tony,    likewise,    became  obnoxious  to  the  people; 
for  they  suspected  him  of  seeking  to  erect  another 
kind  of  monarchy.    The  return  of  Brutus  was,  coq? 
sequently,  much  desired ;  and,  as  he  was  Co  exhibil 
shows  and  games  in  his  capacity  of  praetor,  it  wai 

>«  Helvius  Cinna,  at  that  time  tribune  of  the  pecf  le  (Dip,  jjjgn 
50.),  and  mistaken  for  Cornelius  Cinna  the  praetor,  who  was  aa 
accomplice  in  the  plot.* 

*i  A  city  near  the  sea,  hod.  Anzo  Rovinato  in  the  Caapifna  di 
Roma.* 


76 


BRUTUS. 


expected.  Brutiis,  however,  had  received  infefff 
jjence  that  several  of  Ca?sar's  old  soldiers,  to  whom 
lie  had  distributed  lands  and  colonies,  had  stolen  by 
email  parties  into  Rome,  and  there  lay  in  wait  for 
him  :  he,  tlierefore,  did  not  think  proper  to  come 
himself.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  shows  exhibited 
on  his  account  were  extremely  magnificent ;  for  he 
had  bought  a  considerable  number  of  wild  beasts, 
and  ordered  tha(  they  should  all  be  reserved  without 
exception  tor  that  jiiirpose.  He  went  himself  as  far 
as  Naples,  to  collect  a  number  of  comedians  ;  and 
being  informed  of  one  Canutius,  who  was  mucli  ad- 
mired upon  the  stage,  he  requested  his  friends  to 
use  all  their  interest  to  bring  him  to  Rome.  (_anu- 
tias  was  a  Grecian,  and  Brutus  therefore  thought 
that  no  compulsion  ought  to  be  used.  He  wrote 
likewise  to  Cicero,  and  begged  that  he  would  by  all 
means  be  present  at  the  public  shows. 

.Such  was  the  situation  of  his  affairs,  when  upon 
Octavius'  arrival  at  Rome  things  took  a  different 
turn.  He  was  son  to  the  sister""  of  Caesar,  who  had 
adopted  and  appointed  him  his  heir;  and  was  pur- 
suing his  studies  at  Apollonio,  with  the  expectation 
of  meeting  his  uncle  there  on  his  intended  expedi- 
tion agttinst  the  Parthians,  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Upon  bearing  of  this  event,  he  immediately  came  to 
Rome,  and  in  order  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the 
people,  assumed  the  name  ol'Cffisnr.  Bv  punctually 
distributing  among  the  citizens  the  money,  which 
had  been  bequeathed  to  them,  he  soon  gained  the 
ascendency  over  Antony ;  and,  by  his  liberality  t(» 
the  soldiers,  he  attracted  to  his  party  the  greatest 
number  of  those,  who  had  served  under  Cffisar. 
Cicero  likewise,  who  hated  Antony,  joined  his  in- 
tercst :  and  this  was  so  much  resented  by  Brutus, 
thai  in  his  letters  he  reproached  him  in  the  severest 
terms.  "  He  perceivc<l,"  he  said,  "  that  Cicero 
was  tame  enough  to  bear  a  tyrant,    and   was  only 

■■  lluhn-    •  the   uiecv.'     See  Utc    Lae   of  Ciccto,   Vd.  V. 
tutu  (VJU.)* 


BRUTUS.  77 

afraid  of  the.  tyrant  who  hated  him ;  and  that  his 
compliments  to  Octavius  were  meant  to  purchase.an 
easy   slavery :    but  our    ancestors/*     said    Brutus, 
"  scorned  to  bear  even  a  gentle  master.      As  to  the 
measure  of  peace  or  war/*  he  added,  "  he  himself 
was   undetermined ;    but  upon  one  thing  he  had 
firmly  resolved,  which  was,  never  to  be  a  slaye/* 
He  then  expressed  his  surprise,  "  That  Cicero  shoyld 
prefer  an  infamous  accommodation  even  to  the  dan- 
gers of  civil  war ;  and  that  the  only  fruits,  which  hfe 
expected  from  destroying  the  tyranny  of  Antony, 
should  be  the  establishment  of  a  new  tyrant  in  Oc- 
tavius  ^^^    Such  was  the  spirit  of  his  first  letters.  .  • 
The  city  was  now  divided  into  two  factions :  som^ 
joined  Csesar,  others  remained  with  Antony,  and  the 
army  was  sold  to  the  best  bidder.    Brutus,  of  course^ 
despaired  of  any  desirable  event ;  and  resolving  to 
leave  Italy,  went  by  land  to  Lucania,  and  came  to  the 
maritime  town  of  Elea.  Porcia,  being  to  return  thence 
to  Rome,  endeavoured  as  well  as  possible  to  conceal 
the  sorrow  that  oppressed  her ;  but  notwithstanding 
her  magnanimity,  a  picture  which  she  found  there  be- 
trayed her  distress.     The  subject  was,  the  parting  of 
Hector  and  Andromache.     He  was  represented  de- 
livering his  son  Astyanax  into  her  arms,  and  the 
eyes  of  Andromache  were  fixed  upon  him.    The  re- 
semblance, which  this  picture  bore  to  her  own  disr 
tress,  made  her  bnrst  into  tears  the  moment  she  be- 
held it ;  and  frequently  every  day  she  visited  the 
melancholy  emblem,  to  weep  over  it      Upon  this 
occasion  Acilius,  one  of  Brutus'  friends,  repeated 
the  passage  in  Homer,  where  Andromache  says ; 

Yet  while  my  Hector  still  survives,  I  see 
My  father,  mother,  brethren,  all  in  thee  "• 

To  which   Brutus  replied   with   a  smile,   *^  But  I 

*'  See  Cic.  Ep.  ad  Brut.  16,  17.» 
'«  Pope.    Horn.  11.  vi.  429.,  &€.• 


**  must  not  answer  Porcia,    as  Hector  did  Aodi 
**  mache  j 

" Uuten  to  thy  taski  at  home, 

**  There  guide  the  spindie,  and  direct  ibe  loom  ". 

**  She  has  not  personal  strength,  indeed,  to  sustai 
"  the  toils  which  we  undergo;  but  her  spirit  Is  Da 
"  less  active  in  the  cause  of  her  country."  ''^" 
anecdote  we  have  from  Bibulus,  Porcia's  son. 

From  Elea  firutus  sailed  for  Athens,  where  he 
was  received  with  high  applause,  and  invested  with 
public  honours.  There  he  took  up  his  residence 
witfa  a  particular  friend,  and  attended  the  lectures  of 
Theomnestus  the  Academic,  and  Ciatippus  the  Pe- 
ripatetic'*, devoting  himself  wholly  to  literary  pur- 
suits. Yet,  in  this  unsuspected  state,  he  was  private^  ^1 
ly  preparing  for  war.  He  despatched  Herostratiu  H 
into  Slacedon,  to  gain  the  principal  officers  in  thu  " 
province  ;  and  by  his  kindness  lie  secured  all  the 
young  Romans  who  were  then  students  at  Athens. 
Among  these  was  the  son  of  Cicero,  upon  whom  he 
bestowed  the  highest  encomiums ;  declaring,  that 
he  could  never  cease  admiring  the  spirit  of  that 
young  man,  who  bore  such  a  mortal  hatred  to 
tyrants. 

At  length,  be  began  to  act  more  publicly ;  and 
hearing  that  some  of  the  Roman  ships  laden  with 
money  were  reluming  from  Asia,  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  man  uf  honour,  a  friend  of  liis,  he  met  bim 
at  Carystus  a  city  of  Euba;a.  There  he  had  u  con- 
ference with  him,  and  retincsled  that  he  would  sur- 
render to  him  the  Nhijis.  It  happened  to  be  his  own 
birth-day,  upon  which  occasion  he  gave  a  splendid 
entertain  meat,  and  while  they  were  drinking*  Vic- 
tory to  Brutus  and  Liberty  to  Rome,'  to  encourage 

'»  Pope.     Horn  11  vi. +!)!.• 

"  For  tomv  account  »f  ilii*  f>hilocoph«r  bm  Cic.  OS.  i.  1.,  Ep. 
■d  Fmj.  xvi.  21..  tuKi  De  Di».  i.  »■■ 


BKDTO&  7i 

the  cause)  be  called  for  a  larger  bowL  As  he  held 
it  in  his  hand,  without  any  visible  relation  to  the 
aubject  they  were  upon,  he  pronounced  this  verse : 

My  M  WW  doom'd  by  Phcebua  and  by  Fate  *'. 

Some  historians  affirm,   that  ^Apollo'   was  the. 

Earole  issued  to  his  soldiers  in  the  last  battle  at  Phi- 
ppi,  and  of  course  conclude^  that  this  exclamalion 
was  a  presage  of  his  defeat.  Antistius,  the  cotn- 
mander  of  the  ships,  gave  him  five  hundred  thousand 
drachmas  of  the  money,  which  he  was  carrying  to 
Italy.  The  remains  of  Pompey's  army,  that  were 
Scattered  about  Thessaly,  readily  joined  bis  standard ; 
and  be^de  these  he  took  five  hundred  horse,  whom 
Cinna  was  conducting  to  Dolabella  in  Asia.  He  then 
sailed  to  Demetrias  ^,  and  seized  a  large  quantity  of 
arms,  which  Julius  Caesar  had  provided  for  the  Par- 
thian war,,  and  which  were  now  to  be  sent  to  Antony. 
Macedon  was  delivered  up  to  him  by  Hortensius 
the  praHor,  and  idl  the  neighbouring  princes  readily 
aSbted  their  assistance.  When  inK>rroation  wais 
brought  that  Caius,  the  brother  of  Antony,  had  tra- 
versed Ii9ly  to  join  the  forces  under  Gafoinius  in 
Dyrrachiumand  ApoIIonia,  Brutus  determined  loseize 
them  before  he  arrived,  and  made  a  forced  mairii 
with  such  troops  as  were  at  hand.  The  road  was 
rugged,  aed  the  snow  deqp ;  but  he  moved  with  such 
expedition,  that  his  suttlers  were  left  a  long  way  be* 
hind.  When  he  had  almost  reached  Dyrrachium, 
lie  was  seised  with  a  disorder  called  ^  Bulimia '  (or 
violent  hunger),  occasioned  by  cold  and  fatigue. 
This  disorder  aflfects  both  men  and  cattle  after  fii- 
tigues  in  the  snow  ;  whether  it  be  that,  perspiration 
being  prevented  by  the  extreme  cold,  tlie  vital  heatia 
confined,  and  more  immediately  consumes  the  ali- 
ment ;  or  that  a  keen  and  subtile  vapour  rising  from 
the  melted  snow  penetrates  the  body,  and  destroys 


tt 


A  line  spoken  by  Patrodus  to  Hector,  Horn.  IL  xvL  S49.* 
A  town  m  Thnwaly^  withe  hand  of  the  baj  of  Fwffmt.^ 


the  heat  by  expelling  it  through  the  pores  :  for  the 
sweatings  seem  lo  arise  from  the  heat  contending 
with  the  cold,  which  being  repelled  by  the  latter, 
the  vapoury  steam  is  diffused  over  the  surface  of  the 
body.  But  of  this  I  have  treated  more  largely  in 
another  place.  Biutus  growing  very  faint,  and 
having  no  provisions,  his  servants  were  forced  to  go 
to  the  enemy's  gates,  and  beg  bread  from  the  sen- 
tinels. These,  on  learning  Brutus'  distress,  brought 
him  meat  and  drink  in  their  own  hands  ;  and  in  re- 
turn for  their  humanity,  when  he  had  taken  the  city, 
he  showed  kindness  both  to  them  and  to  the  rest  of 
the  inhabitants. 

When  Caius  arrived  in  Apollonta,  he  summoned 
the  soldiers  quartered  near  the  city  to  join  him ;  but 
finding  that  tliey  were  all  with  Brutus,  and  suspect- 
ing tliat  those  in  Apollonia  favoured  the  same  party, 
he  proceeded  to  Butlirotus'".  Brutus,  however, 
fbtmd  means  to  destroy  three  of  his  cohorts  in  their 
march.  Caius  after  this  attempted  to  seize  some 
posts  near  Byllis,  but  was  routed  in  a  set  battle  by 
young  Cicero,  to  whom  Brutus  had  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  upon  that  occasion,  and  to  whose 
generalship  he  was  frequently  indelitcd  for  success. 
Caius  was  soon  afterward  surprised  in  a  marsh, 
whence  he  had  no  means  to  escape ;  and  Brutus 
finding  him  in  his  power,  surrounded  him  witli  his 
cavalry,  and  gave  orders  that  none  of  his  men  should 
be  killed ;  expecting,  that  they  would  quickly  join 
him  of  their  own  accord.  His  expectation  was 
justified  by  the  event.  They  surrendered  both  them- 
selves  and  their  general ;  so  that  Brutus  had  now  a 
very  respectable  army.  He  treated  Caius  for  a  long 
time  with  all  possible  respect ;  not  divesting  him  ffl 
any  of  ihe  ensigns  of  dignity  wliich  be  bore,  though 
he  received  letters  (it  is  said)  fiom  several  persons  at 

'■  Butbrotus  (lind.  Butrinto)  was  a  city  of  £pini»,  icatcd  in  k 
pcniiiiuln  upposiiL-  Coriu,  anil  licld  tiy  n  Roman  colony.  Byllia, 
ini' lit  ion  111  bulow,  was  a  marilimc;  city  iulllyrta,  fuutulcd  by  tlic 
Myrmidona  under  Neoptuleniui.    (Stcph.  de  Utb.)* 


BRUTU&  Si 

tlonie,  and  particularly  from  Cicero,  advising  him 
to  put  him  to  death.  At  length  however,  when  he 
found  that  he  was  secretly  intriguing  with  his  officers 
and  exciting  seditions  among  the  troops,  he  put  him 
on  board  a  ship,  and  kept  him  close  prisoner.  The 
soldiers  whom  he  had  corrupted  retired  into  ApoU 
lonia^  whence  they  sent  to  Brutus,  that  if  he  would 
visit  them  there,  they  would  return  to  their  duty. 
Brutus  replied,  "  That  this  was  not  the  custom  of 
*^  the  Romans ;  but  that  those  who  had  offended^ 
^*  should  come  in  person  to  their  general,  and  solicit 
^*  his  forgiveness/'  They  did  so,  and  were  par- 
doned. 

He  was  now  preparing  to  pass  over  into  Asia, 
when  he  was  informed  of  a  change  in  affiiirs  at  Rome. 
Young  Ca^ar,  abetted  by  the  senate,  had  gained  the 
ascendency  over   Antony   and  driven  faim   out  of 
Italy,  but  at  the  same  time  he  began  to  be  not  less 
formidable  himself;  for  he  solicited  the  consulship 
contrary    to   law,  and  kept  in  pay  an  unnecessary 
army.     The  senate  consequently,  though  they  had 
at  first  supported,  were  now  dissatisfied  with  bis  mea* 
sures :  and  as  they  began  to  cast  their  eyes  on  Bra* 
tus,  and  decreed  or  confirmed  several  provinces  to 
him,   CflBsar    was  under  some  apprehensions.     He 
therefore  despatched  messengers  to  Antony,  and  de- 
sired that  a  reconciliation  might  take  place.    After 
this  he  drew  up  hb  army  round  the  city,  and  carried 
the  consulship  though  but  a  boy,  as  he  himself  in- 
forms us  in  his  Memoirs,  in  his  twentieth  year.     He 
was  no   sooner  consul,  than  he  ordered  a  judicial 
process  to  issue  against  Brutus  and  his  accoicplicef^ 
for  having  without  trial  or  condemnation  morthered 
the  first   magistrate  in  Rome.     Lucius  Comificius 
was  appointed  to  accuse  Brutus,  and  Marcus  Agrip. 
pa,  Cassius  ;  and  as  neither  of  them  appeared,  the 
judges  were  obliged  to  pass  sentence  against  botlu 
It  b  said  that  when  the  crier,  as  usual,  cit^  Brotus 
to  appear,  the  people  could  not  supprew  their  iigbs ; 
and  persons  of  the  first  distinction  heard  it  in  siiez^t 

VOL.  vr.  G 


82  BRUTUS. 

dejection.  Publius  Silicius'*  %vas  observed  to  burst 
into  tears  j  and  this  was  the  cause,  why  he  was  after- 
ward proscribed.  The  triumvirs,  Ctesar,  Antony, 
and  Lepidus,  being  now  reconciled,  divided  the  pro- 
vinces among  them  ;  and  settled  that  list  of  assassi- 
natJon,  in  which  two  hundred  citizens,  and  Cicero 
among  the  rest,  were  proscribed. 

Wlien  tlie  report  nf  these  proceedings  was  brought 
into  Macedon,  Brutus  found  himself  under  a  ne- 
cessity of  despatching  orders  to  Hortensius  to  kill 
Caius,  the  brother  of  Antony,  in  revenge  of  the 
deaths  of  Cicero  his  friend,  and  Brutus  Albinus  his 
kinsman.  This  was  the  reason  why  Antony,  when 
he  had  taken  Hortensius  at  the  battle  of  Philippic 
slew  him  upon  his  brother's  tomb.  Brutus  sayg, 
that  he  was  more  ashamed  of  the  cause  of  Cicero's 
death,  than  grieved  at  the  event ;  while  he  saw 
Rome  enslaved  rather  by  her  own  fault,  than  by 
that  of  her  tyranta,  and  continuing  a  tame  spectator 
of  scenes,  which  ought  not  to  have  been  heard  of 
icithout  horror. 

Brutus'  army  was  now  considerable,  and  he  or- 
dered it's  route  into  Asia,  while  a  fleet  was  prepar- 
ing in  Bithynia  and  at  Cyzicum.     As  he  marched  by 
land,  he  settled  the  affairs  of  the  cities,  and  gave 
audience  to  the  princes  of  the  couniiies  throu^ 
which   he  passed.     He  sent  directions  likewise  to 
Cassius,  who  was  in  Syria,  lo  abandon  his  intended 
journey  into  Egypt,  and  join  him.     Upon  this  occa- 
sion he  tells  him,  that  their  collecting  forces  to  de. 
stroy  the  tyrants  was  (or  the  purpose,  not  of  secur- 
ing an  empire  to  themselves,  but  of  delivering  their 
fellow-citizens;    that   they   should    theretbre  never 
forget  this  prime  object  of  their  undertaking,  but^ 
adhering  to   their  flrst   intentions,    keep   Italy   trs- 
their  eye,  and  hasten  to  rescue  their  country  froir^ 
oppression. 
'    Cassius   accordingly  sent  out   to  join   him,   uic3l 

** 8«« Dion, xtti.ta.,*hottiiwoHt him  SiliriuiCorwa>.«''    ■■ 


Brntos  at  the  same  xixne  z:i2Jdn2  ^ose  proerm  to 
meet  hiai,  tiieir  interrisTr  yxk  pLios  ^z  Sxjma. 
Till  this  ■Citing,  tiier  and  roc  i«;en  each  ov.^^  «.:r:ce 
they  parted  at  the  Hrstr?  oi  A:r.es;s  xhsr.  ri.«2rj* 
sent  out  ftr  Syria  and  Br-ri«  r.:r  Man^.n.  Tr.e 
IbrceSp  whacll  tbey  feari  rcsp^crse'y  i«.-rr:j"'-*.*fL  »¥« 
them  great  joy.  aod  sa^ie  ijuku  ir-rriderr,  or  v-.cest 
From  Italr 


k^ied 


*  5Ciitar7  ex:.*:*-  -■.-.r.ctn: 


town 
ther  fimnd 


Yet  saw.  vitir::  in  u:. j.-":  a  tJr.e, 
^r  .-•:!:%  izri  vjrt.  ir-rl  :a  a 

:^i  niA  'jut  fAtl'zr  zz^r..  xrA 

lit':::'!"':  :c    .1:51    ':m*   "via 
r»:  ia  ii.4   ".^j.-ij:*:.:.    i.^  xx*?  ir^   irjl 


1'-  — ' 


T.an  r  if*  :.i::  :.:'":*:  .it-n    1  af  jr. 
5»   Alii  lan   i.i.:pr.   -ir.iiir  .v::in  x 


thirst  of  power,  than  an  attachment  to  the  liberties 
of  Koine.  The  former  diaturbera  of  the  comtnon- 
wealtli,  Cinna,  and  Marius,  and  Carbo,  evidently  set 
iheir  country  as  a  stake  for  the  winner,  and  hardly 
scrupled  to  own  that  they  fought  for  empire.  But 
the  very  enemies  of  Brutus  never  charge  him  with 
this.  Even  Antony  bas  been  heard  to  say,  that 
Brutus  was  the  only  one  of  the  conspirators,  who 
had  the  sense  of  honour  and  justice  for  his  motive, 
and  that  the  rest  were  wholly  actuated  by  malice  or 
envy.  It  is  clear  likewise,  from  what  Brutus  him- 
self remarks,  that  he  finally  and  principally  relied 
upon  his  own  virtue.  Thus  he  writes  to  Atticus, 
immediately  before  the  engagement,  ''That  his 
affairs  were  in  the  most  desirable  situation  imagin- 
able ;  as  he  should  either  conquer  and  restore  liberty 
to  Home,  or  die  and  be  free  from  slavery  ;  that  every 
thing  else  was  reduced  to  certainty ;  and  that  ihis 
only  remained  a  question.  Whether  they  should  live 
or  die  freemen  T  He  adds,  that  '*  Mark  Antony  was 
properly  punished  for  his  tolly ;  who,  when  lie 
might  have  ranked  him  with  the  Bruti,  the  Cassii,  and 
the  Catos,  chose  rather  to  be  the  underling  of  Ocla- 
vius :  and  that,  if  he  did  not  fall  in  the  approach- 
ing battle,  tliey  would  very  soon  be  at  variance 
with  each  other."  In  which  he  seems  to  have  been 
a  true  prophet. 

While  Ihey  were  at  Smyrna,  Brutus  desired  Cas- 
tius  to  let  him  have  part  of  the  immense  treasure 
which  he  had  collected,  because  his  own  had  been 
chiefly  expended  in  equipping  a  Jleet,  to  jjain  the 
superiority  at  sea.  But  (i-om  this  the  (iiends  ot" 
Casslus  dissuaded  him,  alleging  that  it  would  be  ab> 
surd  to  give  Brutus  money  saved  with  so  much  fru- 
gality, and  acquired  with  so  much  envy,  merely  to 
enable  him  lo  increase  his  popularily,  by  distributing 
it  among  tl>e  soldiers.  Cassius,  however,  gave  him 
a  third  of  what  he  had,  and  they  then  separated  to 
their  respective  commands.  Cassius  behaved  with 
great  severity  on  the  taking  of  Kbodes :   thougjt 


BRUTU&  US 

when  he  first  entered  the  city,  and  was  saluted  with 
the  title  of  king  and  master,  he  answered  ;  ^^  That 
he  was  neither  their  king  nor  their  master,  but 
the  chastiser  and  destroyer  of  him  who  would 
^^  have  been  both."  Brutus  demanded  supplies  ci( 
men  and  money  from  the  Lycians;  but  Naucrates, 
a  demagogue,  persuaded  the  cities  to  rebel,  and 
some  of  the  inhabitants  posted  themselves  on  the 
hills  with  an  intention  of  opposing  his  passage.  Bru- 
tus at  first  despatched  a  party  of  horse,  which  sur* 
prised  them  at  dinner,  and  killed  six  hundred  of 
them.  But  afterward  when  he  had  taken  the  adja- 
cent towns  and  villages,  he  gave  up  the  prisoners 
without  ransom,  hoping  to  gain  them  to  his  party 
by  clemency.  Their  former  sufferings  however  made 
them  reject  his  humanity,  and  those  that  still  resisted, 
being  driven  into  the  city  of  Xanthus,  were  there 
besieged.  As  a  river  ran  close  by  the  town,  several 
attempted  to  escape  by  swimming  and  diving ;  but 
they  were  prevented  by  nets  let  down  for  that  pur- 
pose, which  had  little  bells  at  the  top,  to  give  notice 
when  any  one  was  taken.  After  this  the  Xanthians 
made  a  sally  in  the  night  and  set  fire  to  several  of 
the  battering-engines ;  but  they  were  perceived  and 
T-epulsed  by  the  Romans,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
violence  of  the  winds  drove  the  fiames  against  the 
city,  so  that  several  houses  near  the  battlements 
took  fire.  Brutus,  apprehensive  that  the  whole  city 
would  be  destroyed,  sent  his  own  soldiers  to  assist 
the  inhabitants  in  quenching  the  fire.  But  the  Ly- 
cians were  seized  with  an  incredible  despair,  a  kind 
of  phrensy,  which  can  no  otherwise  be  described 
than  by  calling  it  a  longing  for  death  !  Womej;i  and 
children,  freemen  and  slaves,  people  of  all  ages  and 
conditions,  strove  to  drive  back  the  soldiers  as  they 
came  to  their  assistance  from  the  walls.  With  their 
own  hands  they  collected  wood,  and  reeds,  and  all 
kinds  of  combustibles,  in  order  to  spread  the  fire 
throughout  the  city,  and  encouraged  it's  progress  by 
all  the  means  in  tlieir  power.    Thus  assisted,  the 

2 


80  BRUTUS. 

flames  flew  over  the  whole  with  dreadful  rapidity  | 
while  Brutus,  extremely  shocked  at  the  disaster,  rtide 
round  the  walls,  and  stretching  forth  hi»  hands  to 
the  inhabitants,  implored  them  to  spare  themselves 
and  their  city  ;  but,  regardless  of  his  entreaties,  th^ 
strenuously  persisted  in  putting  an  end  to  their  livesi 
Men,  women,  and  even  children,  with  hideous  cries 
leaped  into  the  flames.  Some  threw  themselves 
headlong  from  the  walls,  and  others  fell  upon  the 
swords  of  their  parents,  opening  their  breasts  and 
begging  to  be  slain. 

When  the  city  was  nearly  reduced  to  ashes  a 
woman  was  found,  who  had  hanged  liersclf  with 
her  young  cliild  fastened  to  her  neck,  and  the  torcb 
in  her  hand  with  which  she  had  set  fire  to  her  house. 
This  deplorable  object  so  much  afiected  Brutus, 
that  he  wept  when  he  was  told  of  it,  and  proclaimed 
a  reward  to  any  soldier  who  could  save  a  Xanthian, 
It  is  said,  however,  that  not  more  than  a  hundred 
and  fifty  were  preserved,  and  those  against  their 
"will.  Thus  the  Xanthians,  as  if  fate  had  appointed 
certain  periods  for  their  destruction,  after  a  long 
course  of  years  sunk  into  (he  same  deplorable  ruin, 
in  which  a  similar  impulse  of  rash  despair  had  involved 
their  ancestors  in  the  Persian  war  j  for  they  also 
burned  their  city,  and  destroyed  themselves. 

After  this,  when  the  Patareans  likewise  made 
resistance,  Brutus  was  under  great  anxiety  about 
besieging  them ;  for  he  was  afraid,  they  should  fol> 
low  the  desperate  measures  of  the  Xanthians.  Hav- 
ing some  of  their  women  however,  whom  he  had 
taken  prisoners,  he  dismissed  tiicm  without  ransom  ; 
and  those  returning  to  their  husbands  and  parents, 
who  happened  to  be  people  of  the  first  distinction, 
BO  much  extolled  his  justice  and  moderation,  that 
they  prevailed  upon  them  to  submit  and  surrender 
their  city  into  his  hands.  The  adjacent  cities  fol- 
lowed their  example,  and  found  that  his  humanity 
exceeded  their  hopes.  Cassius  had  compelled  every 
Rhodian  to  give  up  all  the  gold  aod  silver  in  hu 


I 


B&UTUSk  t| 

posdessioni  by  which  he  amassed  eight  thouwid 
talents,  and  yet  he  laid  the  public  under  a  fine  a^ 
five  hundred  talents  more;  but  Brutus  took  only 
a  hundred  and  fifty  talents  from  the  Lycians,  and 
without  offering  them  any  other  injury,  led  his 
army  into  Ionia. 

BrutuSi  in  the  course  of  this  expedition,  did  maaj 
acts  of  justice ;  and  was  vigilant  in  the  dispensatioa 
of  rewards  and  punishments.  An  instance  of  this.  I 
shall  relate,  because  both  he  himself,  and  tvetj 
honest  Roman,  w*as  particularly  pleased  with  it: 
When  Pompey  the  Great,  after  his  overthrow  at 
Fharsalia,  fled  into  £g3rpt,  and  landed  near  Feiusiuaib 
the  tutors  and  ministers  of  young  Ptolemy  consulted 
what  measures  tliey  should  take  upon  the  occaaoa. 
But  they  differed  in  their  opinions :  some  were  fiir 
receiving  him,  others  for  shutting  him  out  of  Egypt* 
Theodotus,  a  Chian  by  birth  and  a  teacher  of  rhe* 
toric  by  profession,  who  then  attended  tlie  king  m 
that  capacity,  was  for  want  oi  abler  mioiuers  ad- 
mitted to  the  council.  This  man  insisted,  that 
they  were  all  in  the  wrong ;  both  those  who  wcie 
for  admitting,  and  those  who  were  ibr  exdudio^ 
Pompey.  The  best  measure  which  they  couJd 
adopts  he  said,  would  be  to  put  him  to  death; 
and  he  closed  his  speech  with  the  pro%'erb,  '  Dead 
men  do  not  bite  */  To  this  the  council  agreed ; 
and  Pompey  the  Great,  an  example  of  the  incre^* 
dible  mutability  of  fortune,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
eloquent  arguments  of  a  sophist,  as  that  K>phist 
lived  subsequently  to  boast.  Not  long  aften^ard^ 
upon  Ca^ar's  arrival  in  Egypt,  some  of  the  mur* 
therers  received  their  proper  reward,  and  were  put 
to  death :  but  Theodotus  made  his  escape.  Yet, 
though  for  a  while  he  gained  from  fortune  the  poor 
privilege  of  a  wandering  and  de^'cable  existence; 
ne  fell  at  last  into  the  hands  of  Brutu^,  as  be  was 
passing  through  Asia;  and,  by  paying  the  forfeit €ff 

•  See  the  Life  of  Pompej,  IV.2a&* 


88  BRUTUS. 

his  baseness,  became  more  memorablo  from  Iiis  deathj 
than  from  any  thing  in  his  life. 

About  tiiis  time,  Brutus  sent  (or  Cassius  to  Sardis, 
and  went  with  his  friends  to  meet  him.  The  whole 
army,  being  drawn  up,  saluted  both  the  leaders  with 
the  title  ot'lmperaior.  But  as  it  usually  happens  in 
important  affairs,  where  many  Cricnds  and  many 
officers  are  engaged,  mutual  complaints  and  suspi- 
cions arose  between  the  two  chieflains.  To  settle 
these  more  properly,  they  retired  into  an  apartment 
by  themselves.  Expostulations,  debates,  and  accu- 
sations ensued  ;  and  that  to  so  high  a  degree,  that 
they  burst  into  tears.  Tlieir  friends  without  were 
Mirprised  at  the  loudness  and  asperity  of  the  con- 
ference ;  but  though  they  wei-e  apprehensive  of  the 
consequence,  they  durst  not  interfere,  because  they 
had  been  expressly  forbidden  to  enter.  Favonius 
however,  an  imitator  of  C;ito,  but  rather  enthusiastic 
than  rational  in  his  philosophy,  attempted  to  go  in. 
The  servants  in  waiting  endeavoured  to  prevent 
him,  but  it  was  not  easy  to  stop  his  impetuosity. 
He  was  headstrong  and  violent  in  his  whole  conduct, 
and  valued  himselfless  upon  his  dignity  as  a  senator, 
than  upon  a  kind  of  cynical  freedom  in  saying  what* 
ever  he  pleased ;  a  character  not  unentertaining  to 
those,  who  could  bear  with  his  impertinence.  This 
man  broke  through  the  door,  and  rushed  into  the 
apartment,  pronouncing  io  a  theatrical  tone  wbaf 
Nestor  says  ia  Hopier, 

Young  men,  be  ruled;  I'm  older  ihnn  you  both". 

Cassius  laughed :  But  Brutus  thrust  him  out,  telling 
him  that  he  pretended  to  be  a  cynic,  but  was  in 
reality  a  dog".  This  however  terminated  the  dift- 
pute,  and  for  that  time  they  parted.  Casstus  gave 
an  entertainment  in  the  evening,  to  which  Brutus 


*'  From  ■'Mir,  '  s  dog,'  is  derived  the  appcUuion  of  that  claw  of 
tnarliog  phitowphiiOi.* 


BRUTua  at 

invited  his  friends.  When  they  were  seated,  Favo- 
nius  came  in  from  bathing.  Brutus  called  aloud  to 
him,  telling  him  he  was  not  invited,  and  bade  him 
go  to  the  end  of  the  table.  Favonius  notwithstand* 
ing  thrust  himself  in,  and  sat  down  in  the  middle^. 
Upon  that  occasion,  there  was  much  learning  and 
good  humour  in  the  conversation. 

The  day  following  one  Lucius  Pella,  who  had 
been  praetor  and  employed  in  offices  of  trust,  being 
charged  by  the  Sardians  with  having  embezzled  tliue 
public  money,  was  disgraced  and  condemned  by 
Brutus.  This  was  extremely  mortifying  to  " 
as  a  little  while  before  he  had  acquitted  two  of 
own  friends  accused  of  the  same  crime,  and  contents 
ing  himself  with  giving  them  a  private  reproof,  con- 
tinued them  in  office.  Of  course,  he  charged  Brutht 
with  too  rigid  and  scrupulous  an  exertion  of  the  lawt^ 
at  ^  time  when  lenity  was  much  more  politic.  Bm* 
lus  on  the  other  hand  reminded  him  of  the  ides  of 
March,  the  day  when  they  had  killed  Caesar,  who 
was  not  (personally  speaking)  the  scourge  of  man* 
kind,  but  only  abetted  with  his  power  those  that 
were  so.  He  bade  him  consider,  that  if  the  neglect 
of  justice  were  in  any  case  to  be  connived  at,  it 
should  have  been  done  before ;  and  that  they  had 
better  have  borne  with  the  oppressions  of  Caesar's 
friends,  than  suffer  the  mal-practices  of  their  own  to 
pass  with  impunity :  ^^  For  then,"'  continued  he, 
^^  we  could  have  been  blamed  only  for  cowardice  ; 
"  but  now,  after  all  we  have  undergone,  we  shall  lie 
**  under  the  imputation  of  injustice."    Such  were 

the  principles  of  Brutus. 

• 

*^  The  Romans  had  three  couches,  holding  three  each,  at  the 
table,  upon  which  the  guesU  reclined.  Of  these  the  middle  one 
was  the  most  respectable,  and  the  middle  place  upon  it  the  place 
of  honour.  The  locus  consuiaru^  however,  where  ttic  consul  wbo^ 
present  was  placed,  was  the  lowest  on  the  middle  couch,  as  he 
could  there  most  coaveniently  receive  any  messages ;  and  next  to 
him  the  host  reclined,  at  the  top  of  the  lowest  couch.  The  imi 
conviva  lecti  (Hor.  Sat.  II.  viii.  io.)  were  often  his  parastes,  and 
fumble  friends** 


When  tUey  were  about  to  leave  Asia,  Brutus  (it  i#' 
said)  had  an  extraordinary  apparition.  Naturally 
watchful,  sparing  in  his  diet,  and  assiduous  in  busi- 
ness, he  allowed  himself  but  little  time  for  sleep.  In 
the  day,  he  never  slept  at  all ;  nor  in  the  niglit,  till 
all  business  was  over,  and  his  friends  had  retired, 
and  left  him  nobody  to  converse  with.  But  at  this 
time,  involved  as  he  was  in  the  operations  of  war, 
and  solicitous  for  the  event,  he  only  slumbered 
a  little  after  supper,  and  spent  the  rest  of  the 
right  in  ordering  his  most  urgent  afiairs.  When 
these  were  despatched,  he  employed  himself  in  read- 
ing till  the  third  watch  '',  at  which  time  the  tribunes 
and  centurions  came  to  him  for  orders.  In  (his 
manner,  a  little  before  he  left  Asia,  be  was  sitting 
alone  in  his  tent,  by  a  dim  light  and  at  a  late  hour. 
The  whole  army  lay  in  dead  silence,  when  the  gene- 
ral, wrapped  in  deep  meditation,  thought  he  per. 
ceived  something  enter  his  tent ;  and  turning  toward 
the  door,  saw  a  horrible  and  monstrous  spectre 
standing  stilly  by  his  side.  "  What  art  thou?"  said 
be  boldly  ;  "  Art  thou  god,  or  man  ?  And  what  is 
*'  thy  business  with  me  ?  "  The  spectre  answered, 
"  I  am  thy  evil  genius,  Brutus !  Thou  wilt  see  tne 
"  at  Philippi."  To  which  he  calmly  replied,  "  I'll 
*•  meet  thee  there."  As  soon  as  the  apparition  was 
gone,  he  called  his  servants,  who  told  him  they  had 
neither  heard  any  noise,  nor  seen  any  vision.  That 
night  he  did  not  lie  down  to  rest,  but  went  early  in 
the  morning  to  Cassius,  and  told  him  what  had  hap- 
pened. Cassius,  who  was  of  the  school  of  Epicurus, 
and  used  fiequentty  to  dispute  with  Brutus  upon 
these  subjects,  answered  him  thus:  "  It  is  the  opinion 
"  of  our  sect,  that  not  every  thing  which  we  see  is 
"  real ;  for  matter  is  evasive,  and  sense  deceitful. 
"  Besides,  the  visual  impressions  are  by  the  quick 
"  and  subtile  iofiuence  of  itnagiuation  tlirown  into  a 


"  Or  midnight.    There  were  four  waldiCB  of  throe  koura  cacW 
commcacing  at  6  P.  M.,  in  the  Koman  discipline.* 


] 


BRUTUS  M 

*^  variety  of  forms,  many  of  which  have  no  ardie^ 
types  in  nature ;  and  this  the  imagination  effecta^ 
as  easily  as  we  make  an  impression  on  wax.    The 
mind  of  man,  having  in  itself  the  plastic  poweis 
and  the  component  parts,  can  fashion  and  vary  it*t 
objects  at  pleasure.     This  is  clear  from  the  sud* 
den  transition  of  dreams,  in  which  the  imagimu 
^'  tion  can  educe  from  the  slightest  principles  such 
^'  an  amazing  variety  of  forms,  and  call  into  exei«- 
*^  cise  all  the  passions  of  the  souL     The  mind  h 
perpetually  in  motion,  and  that  motion  is  ima§^ 
nation  or  thought.     But  when  the  body,   as  IE 
your  case,  is  fatigued  with  labour,  it  naturally 
suspends  or  perverts  the  regular  functions  of  the 
mind.     Upon  the  whole,  it  is  highly  improbable^ 
^^  that  there  should  be  any  such  beings  as  dsemoM 
^'  or  spirits :  or  that,  if  there  were  such,  they  should 
'^  assume  a  human  shape  or  voice,  or  have  any  power 
<«  to  affect  us.     At  tne  same  time,  I  own  I  could 
^^  wish  there  were  such  beings,  that  we  might  not 
'^  rely  on  fleets  and  armies,  but  find  the  concurrence 
^^  of  the  gods  in  this  our  sacred  and  glorious  entefv 
^^  prise.'*    Such  were  the  arguments,  which  he  used 
to  tranquillise  Brutus. 

When  the  army  began  to  march,  two  eagles 
perched  upon  the  two  first  standards,  and  accompa- 
nied them  as  far  as  Philippi,  being  constantly  fed  by 
the  soldiers;  but,  the  day  before  the  battle,  they 
flew  away.  Brutus  had  already  reduced  most  of  the 
nations  in  these  parts;  nevertheless,  he  traversed 
the  sea-coast  opposite  to  Thasus,  that  if  any  hostile 
power  remained,  he  might  bring  it  into  subjection. 
Norbanus,  who  was  encamped  in  the  straits  near 
Symbolum^®,  they  surrounded  in  such  a  manner, 
that  they  obliged  him  to  quit  the  place.  He  nar- 
rowly escaped  losing  his  whole  army  indeed,  which 
would  certainly  have  been  the  case,  had  not  AntOQj 
come  to  his  relief  with  such  astonishing  expeditioOy 

»•  See  Dion,  xlviL  M.* 


K  BRUTUS. 

that  Brutus  could  not  believe  it  possible.  CssarJ 
■who  had  been  detained  by  sickness,  joined  liis  army 
about  ten  days  afterward.  Brutus  was  encamped 
over-against  him,  and  Cassius  was  opposite  to 
Antony.  The  space  between  the  two  armies,  the 
Romans  called  '  the  plains  of  Philippi.'  Two  armies 
of  Romans,  equal  in  numbers  to  these,  had  never 
before  met  to  engage  each  other.  Cassar's  was  some- 
what superior  in  numbers,  but  in  the  splendour  of 
arms  and  equipage  it  was  far  exceeded  by  that  of 
Brutus;  for  most  of  their  arms  were  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver,  whicli  their  general  had  liberally  bestowed  upon 
them.  In  other  things,  Brutus  had  accustomed  his 
officers  to  frugality ;  but  the  riches  which  his  soldiers 
carried  about  with  them  would  at  once,  he  thought, 
add  to  the  spirit  of  the  ambitious,  and  stimulate  the 
covetous  to  the  defence  of  their  arms,  the  principal 
part  of  their  wealth  ''K 

Cfesar  made  a  lustration  of  his  army  within  the 
camp,  and  gave  each  private  man  a  little  corn  and 
iive  drachmas  only  for  the  sacrifice.  But  Brutus, 
in  order  to  show  his  contempt  of  the  poverty  or  the 
avarice  of  CiBsar,  made  a  public  lustration  of  his 
army  in  the  field  ;  and  not  only  distributed  cattle  to 
each  cohort  for  the  sacrifice,  but  gave  fifty  drachmas 
upon  the  occasion  to  each  private  man.  Of  course 
he  was  more  beloved  by  his  soldiers,  and  they  were 
more  ready  to  fight  for  him.  It  is  reported  that, 
during  the  lustration,  an  unlucky  omen  happened 
to  Cassius.  The  garland,  which  he  was  to  wear  at 
the  sacrifice,  was  presented  to  him  the  wrong  side 
outward.      At  a  solemn  procession   likewise  some 

*9  This  irw  likewise  J.  CR«ar's  notion  (see  Suet.  Jul.  Isvii,); 
anil  Scrtorius,  as  we  leant  from  hin  Life,  acted  upon  Ute  same 
principle.  It  was  not  however  tlie  universal  creed,  as  appears  both 
from  what  is  related  of  Mithrldates,  io  the  Lire  of  LuciiDus,  III. 
298.,  and  from  a  fine  passage  in  Li»y,  ix.  40.  That  Acricola 
indeed  was  of  Hrutiu'  opinion,  may  be  inferred  from  Galgiicus' 
M>eech  to  his  Britons.  (Tac,  Vit.  Agr.  xxxii.)  But  the  epic  wrilert, 
llonier  and  Virgil,  Rcem  lo  deride  er 
"icnt  it  Bs  often  tutal  to  it 


1  eaudiness  of  arms,  and  rcprv' 
11.  ii.872.,  JEa.    '  ""      '    ' 


.  \i.  76S.,  4c* « 


BRUTUS  99 

time  before,  the  person  who  bore  the  golden  image 
of  Victory  before  Cassius,  it  was  said,  happened 
to  stumble  ^9  and  the  image  fell  to  the  ground. 
Several  birds  of  prey  hovered  daily  about  tlie  camp, 
and  swarms  of  bees ''^  were  seen  within  the  trenches; 
Upoh  which,  the  soothsayers  ordered  the  part 
where  they  appeared  to  be  shut  up;  for  Cassius^ 
with  all  his  Epicurean  philosophy,  began  to  be 
superstitious,  and  the  soldiers  were  extremely  dis* 
heartened. 

For  this  reason  Cassius  wa9  inclined  to  protract 
the  war,  arid  unwilling  to  hazard  the  whole  of.thd 
event  upon  the  ensuing  engagement.  What  farther 
recommended  this  measure  was,  that  they  were 
stronger  in  money  and  provisions,  but  inferior  in 
numbers.  Brutus,  on  the  other  hand,  was  as  usual 
for  an  instant  decision ;  that  he  might  either  give^ 
liberty  to  his  country,  or  rescue  his  fellow- citizens 
from  the  toils  and  expenses  and  dangers  of  war.  He 
was  encouraged  likewise  by  the  success,  which  his 
cavalry  had  met  with  in  several  skirmishes,  and  some 
instances  of  desertion  and  mutiny  in  the  camp 
brought  over  many  of  Cassius'  friends  to  his  opinion* 
There  was  one  Atellius  however,  a  friend  of  bis;; 
who  still  opposed  his  project,  and  advised  to  put  it 
off  till  the  next  winter.  When  Brutus  asked  him^ 
what  advantages  he  expected  thence,  he  replied; 
"  If  I  gain  nothing  else,  I  shall  at  least  live  so  much 

the  longer/'  Both  Cassius  and  the  rest  of  the 
officers  were  displeased  with  this  answer,  and  it  was 
determined  to  give  battle  the  day  following. 
.  Brutus,  that  night,  expressed  great  confidence  and 
cheerfulness ;  and  having  passed  the  hour  of  supper 
in  philosophical  conversation,  retired  to  rest.  Mes- 
sala  says,  that  Cassius  supped  in  private  with  some 
of  his  most  intimate  friends ;  and  that,  contrary  to 

s*  Dion  (xlviL  40.)  simply  mentions  the  fact,  without  statilig 
either  that  the  image  was  of  gold,  or  borne  before  Cassius.* 
'«  See  the  Life  of  Dion,  p.  23^  not.  29* 


Si  BRUTUS. 

his  usual  manner,  he  was  pensive  and  silent.  Aftd 
supper,  he  adds,  he  took  him  by  the  hand,  and  press, 
ing  it  close,  said  courteousi)'  in  Greek  (the  language, 
which  he  used  upon  such  occasions),  "  Bear  witness, 
"  Messala.  that  I  am  reduced  to  the  same  necessity 
"  with  Pompey  the  Great,  of  hazarding  the  hberty 
"  of  my  country  upon  one  battle.  Yet  I  have  con- 
*•  fidence  in  our  good-fortune,  upon  which  we  ought 
"  still  to  rely,  though  our  measures  be  indiscreet." 
These,  Mcssala  informs  us,  were  the  last  words  that 
Cassius  spoke,  before  he  bade  him  farewell ;  and  the 
following  day,  being  his  birtii-day'%  he  invited  Cas- 
sius to  sup  with  him. 

Next  morning  as  soon  as  it  was  light,  the  scarlet 
robe,  whicli  was  the  signal  for  battle,  was  hung  out 
in  the  tents  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  ;  and  they  them- 
selves met  on  the  plain  between  the  two  armies. 
Upon  tiiis  occasion,  Cassius  thus  addressed  himself 
to  Brutus  ;  *'  May  the  gods,  Brulus,  make  this  day 
"  successful,  that  we  may  pass  the  rest  of  our  days 
*' together  In  prosperity!  But  as  the  most  im- 
*'  portant  of  human  events  are  the  most  uncertain, 
**  and  as  we  may  never  see  each  other  more,  if 
*'  we  are  unfortunate  upon  this  occasion,  tell  me 
'*  what  is  your  resolution  concerning  flight  and 
"death?" 

To  this  Brutus  replied,  *'  In  the  younger  and 
"  less  experitmced  part  of  my  life  I  was  led,  upon 
*'  philosophical  prinriples,  to  condemn  the  conduct 
"  of  Cato  in  killing  himself.  I  thought  it  at  once 
*'  impious  and  unmanly  to  sink  beneath  the  stroke 
*'  of  fortune,  and  to  refuse  the  tot  that  had  befallen 
*'  us.    In  my  present  situation,  however,  1  am  of  a 


"  Mcs«ala'E,  as  M.  Iticaril  rightly  tupposca;  if  indeed  it  had 
beenCoMius'  (according  lo  our  Shutstifan.',  Jul.  Cirs.  ▼.  1.;  influ- 
enced undoubtedly  liy  Nortli's  trHnslation  I'rom  the  French  of 
Ainyot),  he  would'  havi*  supplied  on  addiiiunal  insUncc  of  a  i^c.-it 
Kmn'a  djing,  like  Fonipcy  Qiid  Atbtlua  and  Shakinoarc  himRrlf,  on 
hisbinh-day;  and,  h>'  e'ulIi,  ttould  hardly  have  ticcn  omitted  in 
Plutorch'i  Lit :  tve  the  Life  of  Camiltiis,  L  380. 


BRUTUa  M 

^  different  opinion.  So  that  if  heaven  should  now 
*^  be  unfitvourable  to  our  ^^ishes,  I  will  no  longer 
*^  solicit  my  hopes  or  my  fortune,  but  die  contented 
^^  with  it,  such  as  it  is.  On  the  ides  of  March,  I 
**  devoted  my  life  to  my  country ;  and  since  tha^ 
**  time,  I  have  lived  in  liberty  and  glory/*  At  these 
words  Cassius  smiled,  and  embracing  Brutus  said, 
^^  Let  us  march  then  against  the  enemy :  for  with 
^'  these  resolutions,  though  we  should  not  conquer, 
**  we  have  nothing  to  fear."  They  then  consulted 
with  their  friends  concerning  the  order  of  battle. 
Brutus  desired,  that  he  mi^ht  command  the  right 
wing,  though  that  post  was  thought  more  proper  fbv 
Cassius  on  account  of  his  experience  :  Cassius  how* 
ever  gave  it  up  to  him,  and  placed  Messala,  with 
the  best  of  his  legions,  in  the  same  wing.  Brutus 
immediately  drew  out  his  cavalry,  which  were  equips 
ped  with  great  magnificence,  and  the  foot  followed 
close  behind. 

Antony's  troops  were  at  this  time  employed  ia 
making  a  trench  from  the  marsh,  where  they  were 
encamped,  in  order  to  cut  off  Cassius'  communica* 
tion  with  the  sea.  Caesar,  confined  by  sickness^  laj^ 
still  in  his  tent.  His  soldiers  were  far  from  expect* 
ing,  that  the  enemy  would  hazard  a  pitched  battle* 
They  supposed,  that  they  were  only  making  excur* 
sions  to  harass  the  trench-diggers  with  their  light 
arms ;  and,  not  perceiving  that  they  were  pouring 
in  upon  them,  they  were  astonished  at  the  tumul* 
tuous  and  loud  outcry  which  they  heard  from  the 
trenches.  Brutus  in  the  mean  time  sent  tickets  ta 
the  several  officers  with  the  word  of  battle,  and  rode 
through  the  ranks  to  encourage  his  men.  But  ther^ 
were  few,  who  had  patience  to  wait  for  the  word« 
The  chief  part,  before  it  could  reach  them,  fell  with 
loud  shouts  upon  the  enemy.  This  precipitate  onset 
threw  the  army  into  confusion,  and  separated  tb^ 
legions.  Messala*s  legion  first  turned  the  left  wiog 
of  Cffisar,  and  was  followed  by  those  who  were  sta* 
tioned  near  him.    In  their  way,   they  disorder^ 


86 


BRUTUS. 


some  of  the  outmost  ranks,  and  killed  a  few  of  tlio 
enemy  :  but  their  chief  oliject  wa3  to  fall  upon  Caesar's 
camp,  and,  liiey  pushed  dirtctly  up  to  it.     t'Esar 
him.seJtj  as  he  informs  us  in  his  MccDoiis,  had  but 
just  before  been  conveyed  ont  of  his  tent ;  in  conse- 
quence  of  a   vision    of  his  friend  ArtoriuR,  which 
commanded  that  he  should   be  carried  out  of  the 
camp.     This  gave  currency  to  a  report,  that  he  was 
slain ;  for  the  soldiers  hud  pierced   his  empty  litter 
in  many  places  with  darts.    Tho<'e  that  were  taken  in 
the  camp  were  put  to  the  sword,  among  whom  were 
two  thousand  Lacedajmonian  "  auxiliaries.    The 
of  the  forces,  who  attacked  Caesar's  legions  in  front» 
easily  put  them  to  the  rout,  and  cut  three  legions  iQ 
pieces.     After  this,  borne  forward  with  the  impctu. 
osity  of  victory,  they  rushed  into  the  camp  along 
with  the  fugitives,  and  Brutus  was  in  the  midst  c^; 
them.     The  flank  of  Brutus'  army  «as  now  left  uiw 
guarded,  by  tlie  separation  of  the  right  wing,  which 
had  advanced  too  far  in  the  pursuit ;  and  the  enemv 
perceiving  this,  endeavoured  to  take  advantage  of 
it.     They  accordingly  attacked  it  with  great  fury, 
.   but  could  make  no  impre<^ston  upon  the  main  body, 
which  received  theui  with  the  utmost  firmness.    The 
left  wing,  however  [under  the  command  of  Cassius] 
was  soon  routed  ;  for  the  men  were  in  disorder,  and 
knew  nothing  of  what  had  passed  in  the  right.    The 
enemy  pursued   them   into  the  camp,    which  they 
plundered  and  destroyed,    though  neither  of  tlieir 
generals  were  present.     Antony,  it  is  said,  to  avoid 
the  fury  of  the  first  onset,  had  retired  into  the  ad- 
joining marsh  ;    and  C;L'sar,  who  had  been  carried 
lick  out  of  the  camp,  was  no  where  to  be  fiiund. 
Nay,  some  of  the    soldiers  would   have  persuaded 
Brutus   that  they  had  killed  Cccsar,  describing  his 

■  "  For  ■  LacedtcmonUn,*  M.  Dscier  pi auiiblj- suggests  '  Mac«- 
diHiiiui '  nuxltinrieK.  The  laltcr  were  certainly  nearer  llie  scene  of 
■ctiuii  than  the  fonncr,  and  hail  liki'»'i»e  more  conncxiun  with 
Sonic-.  Tile  '  LacedtciTion'  alui,  mentioned  below,  u  x  doubttu! 
f  ^rxKJ  Bpon  the  sune  ucoount.* 


m 


BRUTUS.  07 

age  and   person,  and  showing  him  their  bloodf 
swords. 

The  main  body  of  Brutus*  army  had  now  made 
prodigious  havock  of  the  enemy  ;  and  Brutus  in  hit 
quarter  was  no  less  absolutely  conqueror,  than  Cas* 
si  us  was  conquered.  The  want  of  knowing  this 
was  the  ruin  of  their  affiiirs.  Brutus  neglected  to 
relieve  Cassius,  thinking  that  he  as  well  as  himsdf 
was  victorious ;  and  Cassius  did  not  expect  relief 
from  Brutus^  thinking  that  he  as  well  as  himself  was 
overcome. 

When  Brutus  had  destroyed  Caesar's  camp,  and 
was  returning  from  the  pursuit,  he  was  surprised 
that  he  could  neither  perceive  Cassius'  tent  as  usual 
above  the  rest,  nor  any  of  those  that  were  about 
it ;  for  they  had  been  demolished  by  the  enemy,  on 
their  first  entering  the  camp.     Some,  that  were  of 
quicker  sight  than  the  rest,  told  him  they  could  per- 
ceive a  motion  of  shining  helmets  and  silver  targets 
in  Cassius'  camp;  and  supposed,  from  their  num- 
bers  and  their  armour,  that  they  could  not  be  those, 
who  had  been  left  to  guard  the  camp  :  though  at  the 
same  time  there  was  a  less  appearance  of  dead  bo* 
dies,  than  there  must  have  been  after  the  defeat  of 
so  many  legions.    This  gave  Brutus  the  first  duspi* 
cion  of  Cassius'  misfortune ;  and  leaving  a  sufficient 
guard  in  the  enemy's  camp,  he  called  off  the  re- 
mainder from  the  pursuit,  and  led  them  to  his  friend's 
relief. 

The  case  of  Cassius  was  as  follows :  Chagrined  at 
first  by  the  irregular  conduct  of  Brutus'  soldiers, 
who  had  begun  the  attack  without  waiting  for  their 
general's  orders,  and  afterward  by  their  alacrity  to 
plunder,  rather  than  to  surround  and  cut  off  the 
enemy ;  he  trifled,  instead  of  showing  vigour  and 
alacrity,  with  his  command,  and  through  want  of 
vigilance  suffered  himself  to  be  hemmed  in  by  the 
enemy^s  right  wing ;  upon  which  his  cavalnr  quitted 
their  post,  and  fled  toward  the  sea*  The  foot,  like- 
wise, began  to  give  way ;  and  though  he  exerted 

VOL.  vr.  H 


himself  to  tiie  utmost  to  stop  their  fliglit,  and  snatch- 
ing an  ensign  from  the  hand  of  one  of  the  fugitives 
fixed  it  at  his  feet,  he  was  scarcely  able  to  keep  even 
his  own  pr^torian  hand  together  :  so  that  he  was  at 
length  obliged  to  retire,  with  a  very  small  number, 
to  a  hill  which  overlooked  the  plain.  Yet  here  he 
could  discover  nothing;  for  he  was  short-sighted, 
and  it  was  with  some  difficulty  that  he  could  perceive 
his  own  camp  plundered.  His  companions  however 
saw  a  large  detachment  of  horse,  which  Brutus  had 
sent  to  their  rehef,  making  up  to  them.  These 
Cassius  concluded  to  be  the  enemy,  that  were  in 
pursuit  of  him  ;  notwithstanding  which,  he  detaclied 
Titinius  to  reconnoitre  them.  When  Brutus'  cavalry 
saw  this  faithful  friend  of  Cassius  approach,  they 
shouted  for  joy.  His  acquaintances  leaped  from 
their  horses  to  embrace  him,  and  the  rest  rode  round 
him  with  clashing  of  arms,  and  all  the  clamorous  ex- 
pressionsof  immoderate  gladness.  This  circumstance 
nad  a  fatal  effect.  Cassius  took  it  for  granted,  that 
Titinius  was  seized  by  the  enemy ;  and  regretted 
that  through  a  weak  desiic  of  life,  he  had  suffered 
his  friend  to  fall  into  their  hands.  When  he  had  ex- 
pressed himself  to  this  purport,  he  retired  into  an 
empty  tent,  accompanied  only  by  his  freedman  Pin- 
darus,  whom  ever  since  Crassus'  defeat  he  had  re- 
tained for  a  particular  object.  In  that  defeat,  he 
had  escaped  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Parthian  j ;  but 
now  wrapping  his  robe  about  his  fixce,  he  laid  bare 
his  neck,  and  comnnmded  Pindarus  to  cut  off  his 
head.  This  was  done  ;  for  his  head  was  found  se- 
vered from  his  body  :  but  whether  Pindarus  did  it 
by  his  master's  command  or  not,  has  been  suspected, 
because  he  never  afterward  appeared.  It  was  quickly 
discovered  who  the  cavalry  were  j  and  Titinius, 
crowned  with  garlands,  came  to  the  place  where  he 
had  left  Cassius.  The  lamentations  of  his  friends 
informing  him  of  his  general's  unhappy  fate,  he  se- 
verely reproached  himself  for  the  tardiness  which 
had  occasioned  it,  and  fell  upon  his  sword. 
3 


BRUTUS.  9» 

Brutus,  as  soon  as  he  was  assured  of  Cassius*  de- 
feat, made  all  possible  haste  to  his  relief;  but  he 
knew  nothing  of  his  death,  till  he  came  up  to  his 
camp.    There  he  wept  over  his  body,  and  called  him 
^  the  last  of  Romans ;'  intimating,  that  Rome  would 
never  produce  another  man  of  equal  spirit.     His 
funeral  he  ordered  to  be  celebrated  at  Thasus,  that  it 
might  not  occasion  any  disorder  in  the  camp.     His 
dispersed  and  dejected  soldiers  he  collected,   and 
encouraged ;  and  as  they  had  been  stripped  of  every 
thing  by  the  enemy,  he  promised  them  two  thou- 
sand drachmas  a  man.    This  munificence  at  once 
encouraged,  and  surprised  them  :  they  attended  him 
at  his  departure  with  loud  acclamations,  and  com- 
plimented him  as  the  only  general  of  the  four,  who 
had  not  been  beaten.     Brutus  was  confident  of  vic- 
tory, and  the  event  justified  his  hopes ;  for  with  a 
few  legions  he  overcame  all  that  opposed  him,  and 
if  most  of  his  soldiers  had  not  passed  the  enemy  in 
pursuit  of  plunder,  the  battle  must  have  been  deci* 
sive  in  his  favour.     He  lost  eight  thousand  men, 
including  the  servants,  whom  he  called  *  Briges/ 
The  enemy,  Messala  says  he  supposes,  lost  more 
than  twice  that  number.     They  were,  consequently, 
more  discouraged  than  Brutus ;   till  Demetrius,  a 
servant  of  Cassius,  went  over  to  Antony  in  the  even- 
ing,  and  carried  him  his  master's  robe  and  sword, 
which  he  had  taken  from  the  dead  body.    This  so 
effectually  encouraged  them,  that  they  were  drawn 
up  in  form  of  battle  by  break  of  day.    Both  camps 
in  the  occupation  of  Brutus  involved  him  in  difficul- 
ties.    His  own,  full  of  prisoners,  required  a  strong 
guard.     At  the  same  time,  many  of  Cassius'  soldiers 
murmured  at  their  change  of  master,  and  the  van- 
quished were  naturally  envious  and  jealous  of  the 
victors.     He  therefore  thought  proper  to  draw  up 
his  army,  but  not  to  fight. 

All  the  slaves,  whom  he  had  taken  prisoners, 
being  found  practising  with  his  soldiers,  were  put  to 
the  sword,  but  most  of  the  freemen  and  citizens  be 

H  2 


100  BRUTUS. 

diiimisged ;    telling    them   at   the   same    time,    that 
"  They  were  more  truly  prisoners  in  the  hands  of  tbi 
*'  enemy,  than  in  his :  with  them,"  he  said,  "  thevj 
*'  were  slaves  indeed,    but  with  him   freemen  an  _ 
**  citizens  of  Itome."    He  was  obliged,  however,  te""! 
dismiss   them   privately  ;    for    they   had    implacablft  I 
enemies  among  his  own  friends  and  officers.    Amongi  I 
the  prisoners  were  Volumnius  a  mimic,  and  Saculioi  I 
a  buffoon  ;  of  whom  Brutus  took  no  notice,  till  thef»j 
were  brought  before  him,  and  accused  of  continuing 
even  in  their  captivity,  their  scurrilous  language  and 
abusive  jests.     Yet  still,  engaged  in  more  important 
concerns,    he  paid   no  regard  to  the  accusation  ; 
Messala  Corvinus  however  was  of  opinion,  that  they 
ouglit  to  be  publicly  whipped  and  sent  naked  to  the 
enemy,  as  proper  associates  and  comrades  for  such 
generals.     Some  were  entertained  by  the  idea,  and 
laughed  ;  but  Publius  Casca,  the  first  who  wounded 
Ctesar,  observed  that  it  was  indecent  to  celebrate 
the  obsequies  of  Cassius  with  jesting  and  laughter: 
*'  As  for  you,  Brutus,"  said  he,  "  it  will    be  seen 
*'  what  esteem  you   have  for  the  memory  of  that 
"  general,  when  you  shall  have  either  punished  or 
"  pardoned   those,    who  ridicule  and    revile    him." 
Brutus,  resenting  this  expostulation,  replied  ;  "  Why 
"  do  you  apply  to  me,  Casca,  instead  of  acting  upon 
"  your  own  ideas  ?"     This  answer  was  considered  as 
an  assent  to  their  death  ;  so  the  poor  wretches  were 
led  away,  and  executed. 

He  now  distributed  the  proniisetl  rewards  to  hi.s 
Koldiers;  and,  atier  gently  rebuking  them  for  hav- 
ing begun  the  assault  without  waiting  for  the  word 
of  battle,  promised  that  if  tliey  acquitted  ihemselve-- 
to  his  satisfaction  in  the  next  engagement,  he  would 
give  them  up  the  cities  of  Lacedit>mon  and  Thessa- 
lonica  to  plumler.  This  is  the  only  circumstance  in 
his  life,  which  baffles  all  a[X>h>gy.  For  though  An- 
tony and  (.';eHar  Bubsecjucnlly  acted  with  more  un- 
bounded cruelty  in  rewarding  their  soldiers,  having 
driven  most  ot'  the  ancient  inhabiunts  ot'  Italy  from 


^ 


BRUTUB.  101 

their  lands,  and  bestowed  them  upon  those  vfho  had 
no  title  to  them ;  yet  they  acted  consistently  wiA 
their  first  object,  which  was  the  acquisition  of  em- 
pire and  arbitrary  power.  But  Brutus  maintained 
such  a  reputation  for  virtue,  that  he  was  neither 
allowed  to  conquer,  nor  even  to  save  himself,  ex« 
cept  upon  the  strictest  principles  of  honour  and 
justice :  more  particularly,  since  the  death  of  Caa- 
sius,  who  was  generally  supposed  to  have  influenced 
Brutus  in  any  unusual  act  of  violence.  As  sailors 
however,  when  their  rudder  is  broken  in  a  storm, 
substitute  some  other  piece  of  wood  in  it's  place, 
and  though  they  are  not  able  to  steer  so  well  as  be- 
fore, do  the  best  they  can  in  their  necessity;  sd 
Brutus,  at  the  head  of  such  an  immense  army  and 
such  important  affairs,  unassisted  by  any  officer 
equal  to  the  charge,  was  obliged  to  make  use  of  suck 
advisers  as  he  had :  and  he  generally  followed  the 
counsel  of  those,  who  proposed  any  thing  that  might 
bring  Cassius'  soldiers  to  order*  For  these  were  now 
become  extremely  untractable ;  insolent  in  the  camp 
from  their  want  of  a  commander,  though  cowardly 
in  the  field  from  the  remembrance  of  their  defeat. 

The  afiairs  of  Cassar  and  Antony  were  not  in  a 
much  better  condition.  Provisions  were  scarce,  and 
the  marshy  situation  of  their  camp  made  them  dread 
a  toilsome  winter.  The  autumnal  rains  indeed  had 
fallen  heavy  after  the  battle,  and  filled  their  tentd 
with  mire  and  water,  which  from  the  coldness  of  the 
weather  immediately  froze.  In  this  situation  they 
received  intelligence  of  their  loss  at  sea.  Their  fleet, 
on  it's  way  from  Italy  with  a  large  supply  of  soldiers, 
had  been  met  by  that  of  Brutus,  and  so  totally  de- 
feated, that  the  few  who  escaped  were  reduced  by 
famine  to  eat  the  sails  and  tackle  of  the  ships,  it 
was  now  determined  upon  Caesar's  side,  that  they 
should  come  to  battle  before  Brutus  was  apprised  or 
his  success.  The  fights,  it  appears,  by  sea  and  land 
had  taken  place  on  the  same  day ;  but  by  some  acci- 
dent, rather  than  the  fiiult  of  the  officers,'  Brutus 


102  BRUTUS, 

heard  nothing  of  his  victory  till  twenty  days  after-" 
ward.  Had  he  been  informed  of  it,  he  would  cer- 
tainly never  have  hasarded  a  second  battle ;  as  lie 
had  provisions  sufficient  tor  a  considerable  length  ot 
time,  and  his  army  was  so  advantageously  posted, 
that  it  was  safe  both  from  the  injuries  of  the  weather 
and  the  incursions  of  the  enemy.  Besides,  knowing 
that  he  was  wholly  master  at  sea  and  partly  victo- 
rious by  land,  he  would  have  had  every  thing  ima- 
ginable to  encourage  him,  and  could  not  have  been 
urged  to  any  dangerous  measures  by  despair. 

But  the  republican  form  of  government,  it  ^eems, 
was  no  longer  to  subsist  in  Rome:  it  nece-'^aiily  re- 
quired a  monarchy  ;  and  Providence  in  oidrr  to  re- 
move the  only  man,  who  could  oppose  it's  destined 
master,  kept  from  him  the  knowledge  of  his  victory 
till  it  was  too  late.  And  yet,  how  nearly  had  he 
received  the  intelligence  !  The  very  evening  before 
the  engagement  a  deserter  named  Clodius  came  over 
from  the  enemy  to  tell  him,  that  Caesar  had  learnt 
the  loss  of  his  fleet,  and  that  this  was  the  reason  of 
his  hastening  the  battle.  The  deserter,  however, 
was  considered  either  as  designing  or  ill-informed  : 
his  communication  was  disregarded,  and  he  was  not 
even  admitted  into  Brutus'  presence. 

That  night,  they  say,  the  spectre  re-appeared  to 
Brutus,  and  assumed  it's  former  figure,  but  vanished 
without  speaking.  Yet  Publius  Volumnius  a  philo- 
sophical man,  who  had  borne  arms  with  Brutua 
throughout  the  whole  war,  makes  no  mention  of  this 
prodigy  ;  though  he  says,  that  the  (irst  standard  was 
covered  with  a  swarm  of  bees  ",  and  that  the  arm  of 
one  of  the  officers  incessantly  perspired  oil  of  roses, 
though  often  wiped  and  rubbed  off".  He  adds  like- 
wise, that  immediately  before  the  battle,  two  eagles 
fought  in  the  space  between  the  two  armies ;  and 
that  an  incredible  silence  and  attention  prevailed  in 
tlic  licld,  till  that  on  the  side  of  Brutus  was  beaten 


*  8MKboye,.9,_SS,.nM.C^.) 


BRtJTU&  lot 

and  flew  away.  The  story  of  the  Ethiopian  is  well 
known,  who  meeting  the  standard-bearer  opening 
the  gate  of  the  camp,  was  cut  in  pieces  by  the  8(£ 
diers  ;  for  that  they  interpreted  as  an  ill  omen. 

When  Brutus  had  drawn  up  his  army  in  form  of 
battle,  he  paused  some  time  before  he  gave  the 
word.  While  he  was  visiting  the  ranks,  he  had  sus- 
picions of  some,  and  heard  accusations  of  others. 
The  cavalry  he  found  had  no  ardour  for  the  attack^ 
but  seemed  waiting  to  see  what  the  foot  would  do. 
Besides,  Camulatus  a  soldier  in  the  highest  estima- 
tion for  valour  rode  close  by  Brutus,  and  went  over 
to  the  enemy  in  his  sight.  This  hurt  him  inexpres- 
sibly ;  and  partly  from  anger,  partly  from  fear  of 
farther  desertion  and  treachery,  he  led  his  forces 
against  the  enemy  about  three  in  the  afternoon. 
Where  he  himself  fought  in  person,  he  was  still  suc- 
cessful. He  charged  the  enemy's  left  wing,  and  the 
cavalry  following  the  impression  which  the  foot  had 
made,  it  was  put  to  the  rout.  But  when  his  other 
wing  was  ordered  to  advance,  the  inferiority  of  their 
numbers  made  them  apprehensive  that  they  should 
be  surrounded.  For  this  reason  they  extended  their 
ranks,  in  order  to  cover  more  ground  j  by  which 
means  the  centre  of  the  wing  was  so  much  weak- 
ened ^%  that  it  could  not  sustain  the  shock  of  the 
enemy,  but  fled  at  the  first  onset.  After  their  dis* 
persion  the  enemy  surrounded  Brutus,  who  did 
every  thing  that  the  bravest  and  most  expert  general 
could  do  in  his  situation,  and  whose  conduct  at 
least  entitled  him  to  victory.  But  what  seemed 
an  advantage  in  the  first  engagement,  proved  a  dis- 
advantage in  the  second.  In  the  former  battle,  the 
conquered  wing  of  the  enemy  was  totally  cut  ofl^ 
while  most  of  the  men  in  the  conquered  wing  of 
Cassius  were  saved  ^^.     This,  at  the  time,  might  ap- 

3^  This  appears  to  have  determined  the  issue  of  the  fatal  dajr  oC 
Austerlitz.'*^ 

3^  There  is  no  defect  in  the  original,  as  the  former  translator 
imagines.    He  supposed  the  defeat  of  Casiius'  soldiers  to  be  k  die 


£Iei  zh&m  wilh 
rad  rinngbthe 

1  ictrnm  amidst 


^  armc  anevaRBilT  jcst  ao  accoont 
31  ■^-"■Miu-  vmr  wKaDitefT  picaseu 
me  JHC  9t  3IISSS  aaoL     Manv  others 
3wr  ^ocTi  sktt  Bratos  was  brought 
L  ar  see  ais ;  mne  pitjing  his  mis- 
;2caKB  accsaed  him  of  an  inglorious 
Tin^  ikK  Hifacd  the  love  of  life  to 
k  (^  hsads  of  barbarians.    On  his 
I  AnCOBT  vas  deliberating  in  what 
leieiic  him»  Lucilius  first  ad- 
aad  vith  the  utmost  intrepidity  said ; 
AatooT,  that  Brutus  neither  is,  nor 
he,  taken  bj  an  enemy.    F(»rbid  it,  heaven, 
Mtime  siioiild  have  such  a  triumph  over  vir- 
Whether  he  be  found  alive  or  dead,  he  will 
be  Biaad  in  a  state  becoming  Brutus.    I  have 


MC  k  die  foffiser  battle.    This  led  him  into  the  diffi^ 
',  whidi  he  iccraaed  bj  Utmslating  rAiw  irxf,  '  victory/  in* 


«  9ec  the  lift  ef  Aatoqri  Vd.  V.« 


BRUTUa  lot 

^^  imposed  upon  your  soldiers,  and  am  prepared  to 
*^  suffer  the  worst  which  you  can  inflict/'  Thus 
spoke  Lucilius,  to  the  astonishment  of  those  that 
were  present.  When  Antony,  addressing  himself 
to  those  who  brought  him,  said;  ^^  I  perceivOf 
^^  fellow-soldiers,  that  you  are  angry  at  this  imposi- 
^'  tion  of  Lucilius :  but  you  have  really  gotten  a 
<^  better  booty,  than  you  intended.  You  sought  an 
^^  enemy,  but  you  have  secured  me  a  friend.  I  know 
^^  not  how  I  should  have  treated  Brutus,  had  you 
^^  brought  him  alive ;  but  I  am  sure,  that  it  is  better 
^^  to  have  such  a  man  as  Lucilius  for  a  friend,  than 
^^  for  an  enemy/'  Upon  this,  he  embraced  Luciliui^ 
recommending  him  to  the  care  of  one  of  his  compa- 
nions :  and  he  ever  afterward  found  him  faSthful  to 
his  interests. 

Brutus,  attended  by  a  few  of  his  officers  and  friendtf 
having  passed  a  brook  overhung  with  cliffi  and 
shaded  with  trees,  and  being  overtaken  by  night, 
stopped  in  a  cavity  under  a  large  rock.  There  cast^ 
ing  his  eyes  upon  the  heavens,  which  were  covered 
with  stars,  he  repeated  two  verses,  one  of  whidi 
(Volumnius  informs  us)  was  this; 

Forgire  not,  Jore,  the  caufe  of  this  distress  '^« 

The  other,  he  says,  had  escaped  his  memory.  Upon 
enumerating  the  several  friends,  slain  before  his  eyea 
in  the  battle,  he  sighed  deeply  at  the  mention  of 
Flavins  and  Labeo ;  the  latter  of  whom  was  his  lteu« 
tenant,  and  the  former  the  master  of  his  band  oi 
artificers.  In  the  mean  while  one  of  his  attendanta 
beiog  thirsty,  and  observing  Brutus  in  the  same  con- 
dition, took  his  helmet,  and  went  (o  the  brook  for 
water.  At  the  same  time  a  noise  was  heard  on  tho 
opposite  bank,  and  Volumnius  and  Dardanus  the 
armour-bearer  went  to  see  what  it  was.  In  a  short 
time  they  returned,  and  asked  for  the  water ;  **  It  is 

)<  Eurip.  Med.  S3S.  The  oae  forgottea  was  to  the  pvport  of 
Non  in  re,  ted  in  verbo  tantikm^  €$$e  virtuiem.  (por.  i?.  7.)  8ef 
Dion.  xlTii.,«id  Hor.  Ep.  I.  xrn.  41.* 


106  BRUTUS. 

"  all  drunk  up,"  said  Brutus  with  a  emilc,  "  but 
"  anotliei'  liel met- full  shall  be  fetched."  The  man, 
who  had  brought  the  first,  was  therefore  sent  again  ; 
but  he  was  wounded  by  the  enemy,  and  with  diffi- 
culty made  his  escape. 

As  Brutus  supposed,  that  he  had  not  lost  many 
men  in  the  battle,  StaLilius  undertook  to  pass  through 
the  enemy  (for  there  was  no  other  way)  and  see  in 
what  condition  their  camp  was.  If  things  were  safe 
there,  he  was  to  hold  up  a  torch  as  a  signal,  and  re-' 
turn.  He  got  safe  to  tlie  camp,  for  the  torch  waff 
held  up;  but  a  long  time  elapsed,  and  he  did  not 
return.  "  If  Statihus  were  alive,"  said  Brutus,  "  he 
"  would  be  here."  On  his  return,  it  appears,  he 
fell  into  the  enemy's  hands,  and  was  slain. 

The  night  was  now  far  spent ;  when  Brutus, 
leaning  his  head  toward  his  servant  Clitus,  whispered 
something  in  his  ear.  Clitus  made  no  answer,  but 
burst  into  tears.  After  that  he  took  his  armour- 
bearer  Dardanus  aside,  and  said  something  to  him  in 
private.  At  last  addressing  himself  to  V'oluninius  in 
Greek,  he  entreated  him,  in  memory  of  their  com- 
mon studies  and  exercises,  to  put  his  hand  to  his 
sword,  and  help  him  to  give  the  thrust.  Volumnius, 
as  well  as  several  others,  refused  ;  and  one  of  them 
observing,  that  they  must  necessarily  fly,  "  We  must 
"  fly,  indeed,"  said  Brutus  rising  hastily,  *'  not 
*'  however  with  our  feet,  but  with  our  hands."  He 
then  took  each  of  them  by  the  hand,  and  spoke  with 
great  appearance  of  cheerfidness  to  the  following 
purpose  :  *'  It  is  an  infinite  satisfaction  to  me,  that 
"  all  my  friends  have  been  faithful.  If  I  am  angry 
"  with  Fortune,  it  is  for  the  sake  of  my  country. 
"  Myself  I  esteem  more  happy  than  the  conquerors, 
*'  not  only  in  respect  of  my  past,  but  also  my  pre- 
'*  sent  situation-  I  shall  leave  behind  me  that 
**  reputation  for  virtue,  which  they  with  ail  their 
"*  wealth  and  power  will  never  acquire.  For  pos- 
'  terity  will  not  scruple  to  believe,  that  they  were 
'  "  an  abandoned  and  worthless  set  of  men,  who 
'  destroyed  the  good  and  the  virtuous,  for  the  sake 


i 


BRUTU&  107 

^'  of  unjust  empire.**  After  this^  he  implored  them 
severally  to  provide  for  their  own  safety,  and  with- 
drew with  only  two  or  three  of  his  most  intimate 
friends.  One  of  these  was  Strato^  with  whom  he 
had  first  become  acquainted,  when  they  studied  rhe- 
toric. This  friend  he  placed  next  to  himself;  and 
laying  hold  of  the  hilt  of  his  sword  with  both  hi» 
hands,  he  fell  upon  the  point,  and  died.  Some  say 
that  Strato,  at  Brutus'  earnest  request,  turned  aside 
his  head,  and  held  the  sword ; .  upon  which  he  threw 
himself  with  such  violence,  that  entering  at  hi$ 
breast  it  passed  quite  through  his  body,  and  he  ioir 
mediately  expired. 

Messala  the  friend  of  Brutus,  after  he  was  recon* 
ciled  to  Caesar,  took  occasion  to  recommend  Strato 
to  his  favour :  "  This,"  said  he  with  tears,  "  is  the 
^^  man,  who  did  the  last  kind  ofiice  for  my  dear 
*'  Brutus/*  Caesar  received  him  with  kindness ; 
and  he  was  one  of  those  brave  Greeks,  who  after- 
ward attended  him  at  the  battle  of  Actium.  In  that 
engagement,  Caesar  observing,  that  he  had  been  not 
less  zealous  in  his  service,  than  he  had  been  against 
him  at  Philippi,  he  is  said  to  have  replied,  '^  I  have 
'^  always  taken  the  best  and  justest  side.''  When 
Antony  found  the  body  of  Brutus,  he  ordered  it  to 
be  covered  with  the  richest  robe  he  had  ;  and,  that 
being  stolen,  he  put  the  thief  to  death*.  His  ashes 
he  sent  to  his  mother  Servilia. 

With   regard  to  Porcia  his  wife,  Nicolaiis^   the 
philosopher  and  Valerius  Maximus  **®  inform  us,  that 

•  See  the  Life  of  Antony,  Vol.  V. 

)^  Damascenus,  a  friend  of  Augustus,  and  a  leader  of  the  Peripap 
tetic  school.  It  was  he,  who  used  to  send  the  emperor  those 
celebrated  dates,  mentioned  bj  PHn.  H.  N.  xiii.  4.,  and  Theopfar. 
Hist.  Plant,  ii.  8.  He  was  the  author  of  an  Universal  History  in 
one  hundred  and  fort^  books,  beside  tragedies,  comedies,  &c;  and  ' 
had  attempted,  as  Suidas  informs  us,  almost  every  species  of  cook 
position.     See  Fabr.  Bibl.  Gnec.* 

3*  Tuos  quoque  castissimos  ignes^  Porcia^  M.  Catonis  Jilia^  cunda 
secida  debiid  admiratione  prosequentur ;  qiuB  cum  apud  Phiiippo$ 
victum  et  inierempium  virum  tuum  Brutum  cognotcereSf  jfuiajerrum 
non  dabatur^  araenUi  ore  carhonet  haunre  iwn  duUUmi^  muliebri 


108  BRUTUS. 

being  preserved  by  the  constant  vigilance  of  her 
friends  from  the  death  she  courted,  she  snatched 
some  burning  coals  from  the  fire,  and  shut  them  close 
in  her  moutli  till  siie  was  suffocated.  There  is  a 
letter  however  from  Brutus  to  his  friends  still  ex- 
tant%  in  which  he  laments  the  loss  of  Foicia,  and 
complains  that  their  neglect  of  her  must  have  made 
her  prefer  death  to  tlie  continuance  of  her  illness. 
So  that  Nicolaiis  appears  to  have  been  mistaken,  in 
the  time  at  least,  if  this  epistle  be  authentic  ;  for  it 
describes  Porcia's  distemper,  her  conjugal  aflection, 
and  the  manner  of  her  decease. 


w 


DION  AND  BRUTUS 

COUPAUKD. 


VHAT  is  principally  to  be  admired  in  tlie  lives 
of  Dion  and  Brutus,  is  their  having  risen  to  such 
importance  from  inconsiderable  beginnings.  But 
here  Dion  has  the  advantage;  for,  in  the  career  of 
glory,  he  had  no  co-adjutor ;  whereas  Cassius  went 
hand  in  hand  with  Brutus,  and  though  in  the  repu< 
tation  of  virtue  and  honour  by  no  means  his  etjuat, 
in  mihtary  experience,  resolution,  and  activity,  he 
was  not  his  interior.  Some  have  ascribed  to  lilm  the 
origin  of  the  whole  enterprise,  and  have  asserted, 
that  Brutus  would  never  otherwise  have  engaged  in 
it.  But  Dion,  at  the  same  time  that  he  made  the 
whole  military  preparations  himself,  engaged  also 
the  friends  and  associates  of  his  design.  He  did 
not,  like  Brutus,  derive  power  and  riches  from  the 
war ;  but  be  employed  that  wealth,  upon  which  lie 
was  to  subsist  as  an  exile  in  a  foreign  country,  in 
restoring  the  liberties  of  his  own.  When  Brutus  and 
Cassius  fied  from  Home,  and  found  no  asyhim  from 

mrilu  virilem  palrii  fxitum  Mtata.     S«it  nemo  an  hoe  forihis,  q«oJ 
ule  ufitnto,  i»  nnw  gtnerc  "lortj'j  ahntmpta  ea  I     (Val.  Max.  iv.  6.) 
»  Not  al  prweiit.* 


110  DION  AND  BRUTUS  COMPARED, 
had  interceded.  He  had  been  treated  as  his  friend, 
and  distinguished  by  particular  marks  of  honour ; 
and  yet  he  embnied  his  hands  in  his  blood.  Dion 
stands  clear  of  any  charge  like  this.  As  a  relation 
of  Dionysius,  he  assisted  and  was  useful  to  him  in  the 
administration,  so  that  his  services  were  equal  to  his 
honours:  and  when  he  was  driven  into  exile,  and 
deprived  of  his  wife  and  fortune,  he  had  every  just 
and  legitimate  molive  to  take  up  arms  against  him, 

Yet,  if  this  circumstance  be  considered  in  another 
light,  Brutus  will  have  the  advantage.  The  greatest 
glory  of  both  consists  in  their  abhorrence  of  tyrants, 
and  tyrannical  measures.  This,  in  Brutus,  was  un- 
blended  with  any  other  motive.  He  had  no  quarrel 
■with  CVsar,  but  exposed  his  life  tor  the  liberty  of 
his  country.  But  Dion,  had  he  not  been  injured, 
would  never  have  fought.  This  is  obvious  from 
Plato's  lipistles^;  where  it  appears,  that  he  was 
banished  from  Dionysius'  court,  and  in  consequence 
of  that  banishment  made  war  upon  him.  For  the 
good  of  the  community  Brutus,  though  an  enemy  to 
Pompey,  became  his  friend  ;  and,  though  a  friend  to 
Cffisar,  became  his  enemy.  His  enmity  and  his 
friendship  in  both  instances  arose  fi-om  the  same 
principle,  justice.  But  Dion,  while  in  favour,  em- 
ployed his  services  for  Dionysius;  and  it  was  not  till 
he  was  disgraced,  that  he  armed  against  him.  His 
Iricnds,  of  course,  were  not  quite  satisfied  with  his 
enterprise.  They  were  apprehensive  that,  when  he 
had  destroyed  the  tyrant,  he  might  seize  the  govern- 
ment himself,  and  amuse  the  people  with  some  softer 
title  than  that  of  tyranny.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
very  enemies  of  Brutus  acknowledge  that  he  was  the 
onl  V  conspirator,  who  had  no  other  view  than  that  of 
restoring  the  ancient  form  of  government. 

Besides,  the  enterprise  against  Dionysius  cannot  be 
])ldced  in  competition  with  that  against  Cssar.  The 
loruQcr  had  rendered  himself  contemptible  by  his 


*  See  rpidt.  vii. 


KOK  AND  BRUTUd  COMPARED.        Ill 

low  manners,  his  drunkenness,  and  his  debaucheryi 
But  to  meditate  tlie  subversion  of  Coesar  without 
trembling  at  his  dignity,  fortune,  or  power,  or 
shrinking  at  that  name  which  disturbed  the  slumbers 
of  Parthian  and  Indian  kings ;  this  evinced  a  supe^ 
riority  of  soul,  upon  which  fear  could  have  no  in- 
fluence. Dion  was  no  sooner  seen  in  Sicily,  than  he 
was  joined  by  thousands :  whereas  the  authority  of 
Cassar  was  so  formidable  in  Rome,  that  it  supported 
liis  friends  even  after  his  death ;  and  a  simple  bo^ 
rose  to  the  highest  eminence  merely  by  adopting  bis 
name,  which  served  as  a  charm  against  the  envy  and 
the  power  of  Antony.  Should  it  be  objected,  that 
Dion  had  the  sharpest  conflicts  in  expelling  the 
tyrant,  but  that  Cassar  fell  naked  and  unguarded 
beneath  the  sword  of  Brutus  ;  it  will  argue  at  least 
a  consummate  management  and  prudence,  to  have 
been  able  to  come  at  a  man  of  his  power  naked  and 
unguarded.  Particularly,  when  it  is  considered  that 
the  blow  was  not  sudden,  nor  the  work  of  one  or  of 
a  few;  but  meditated,  and  communicated  to  many, 
not  one  of  whom  deceived  their  leader :  for  either 
he  had  the  power  of  distinguishing  honest  men  at 
the  first  view,  or  such  as  he  chose  he  made  honest 
by  the  confidence  which  he  reposed  in  them.  But, 
Dion  confided  in  men  of  bad  principles  ;  so  that  he 
must  either  have  been  injudicious  in  his  choice,  or 
if  his  people  grew  worse  after  their  appointments, 
unskilful  in  his  conduct.  Neither  of  these  can  be 
consistent  with  the  character  of  a  wise  man ;  and 
Plato  accordingly  blames  him  in  his  letters,  for 
having  made  choice  of  such  friends,  as  in  the  end 
proved  his  ruin. 

Dion  found  no  one  to  avenge  his  death,  whereas 
Brutus  received  an  honourable  interment  even  from 
his  enemy  Antony ;  and  Csesar,  as  it  appears  from 
the  following  circumstance,  tolerated  the  public  re* 
spect  which  was  paid  to  his  memory.  A  statue  of 
brass  had  been  erected  to  him  at  Milan,  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  which  was  a  fine  performance  and  a  striung 


113        DION  AMD  BRUTUS  COMPARED. 

likeness.  Caesar,  as  he  passed  through  the  town, 
took  notice  of  it ;  and  after  a  short  halt,  summoning 
the  magistrates,  told  them  in  the  presence  of  his 
attendants,  that  they  had  broken  the  league  by  hav* 
ing  harboured  one  of  his  enemies.  The  magistrates, 
IS  it  may  well  be  supposed,  denied  it ;  and  stared  at 
each  other,  profoundly  ignorant  what  enemy  he 
could  mean.  He  then  turned  toward  the  statue, 
tad  knitting  his  brows  said,  ''  Is  not  this  my  enemy, 
^  that  stands  here  ?  '*  The  poor  Milanese  were  struck 
dumb  with  astonishment ;  but  Caesar  added  with  a 
itnile,  that  he  was  pleased  to  find  them  faithful  to 
their  friends  in  adversity,  and  ordered  that  the  statue 
should  continue  where  they  had  placed  it. 


THE 


LIFE 


0» 


ARTAXERXES- 


SUMMARY. 


His  birth  and  character.  He  is  declared  Darius*  successor.  Hi$ 
coronation.  His  brother  Cyrus  prefects  a  revolt,  Artaxerxti 
liberality.  Cyrus  demands  assistance  of  the  Lacedcemonians ;  ami 
begins  his  march  against  the  Ung.  Ariaxerxes  marches  to  me^ 
him.  Surprise  of  the  rebels  on  his  appearance.  Clearchus  thi 
cause  of  Cyrw?  defeat.  Cyrus  kills  Artagerses.  Account  ef 
Cyrus*  death  given  by  Dinon  and  Ctesias.  His  right-hand  and 
his.  head  cut  qf.  Differences  bettoeen  the  story  ofXenophon,  and 
those  of  Dinon  and  Ctesias,  Artaxerxes*  presents  to  those^  toAo 
had  slain  or  V90unded  Cyrus.  Folly  of  the  Carian^  Hjoho  had 
tooundedhhn;  avenged  by  Parysatis,  Mithridates,  toho  boasted 
that  Cyrus  had  fallen  by  his  handy  condemned  to  the  punishment  cf 
*  the  boat.*  ■  Parysatis  circumvents  Artaxerxes^  and  gets  Presabaies 
Jlayed  alive.  Death  of  ClefirehuSf  and  some  other  Grecian  qffioert* 
Parysatis  poisons  Statira^  and  is  exiled  to  Babylon.  Agesilaus 
invades  Asia:  Ariaxerxes^  by  bribing  several  of  the  Grecian  states, 
procures  his  recall.  Peace  ofAntdlddas,  Ismenias  and  Pelopidat 
visit  his  court.  Magnificent  presents  made  by  that  prince  to  Tima* 
goras.  He  is  reeoncUed  to  Parysatis^  and  marries  Atossa  :  makes 
toar  upon  the  Egyptians  and  Cadusians  ;  and  is  extricated  from  H 
perilous  situation  by  the  address  of  Tiribazus  :  Shows  himself  proof 
against  luxury^  but  becomes  suspicious  and  cruel :  Declares  hsM 
eldest  son  Danus  his  successor.  Darius  demands  Aspasia  of  hU' 
father^  vsiho  necessarily  complies^  but  soon  takes  her  avoay^  and 
makes  her  a  priestes$  of  Diana  ofEcbatana.  Darius^  offended  by 
VOL.  VI.  I 


114  ARTAXERXES. 

thit  measure,  u  ttUlJartker  eiatperated  against    Artaierxes  hg 
Tiribaxui,  vAo  had  suffered  an  injury  of  nearly  the  tame  kind. 
They  enter  into  a  coittpiracif  ogMtist  him,  ivhieh  it  detected.     Tiri- 
baiue/alis;   Darius  is  beheaded.    Death  of  Arlatpes i    and  ^  J 
Arsames.     Death  i^ Artaxerxes. 


'  The  first  Artaxerxes  \  who  of  all  the  Persian  kings 

*  was  most  distinguished  for  his  moderation  and 
greatness  of  mind,   was   surnamed  '  Longimanus,' 

»  because  his  right  hand  was  longer  than  his  left'. 
He  was  the  son  of  Xerxes.  The  second,  surnamed 
'  Mnemon%'  whose  Life  we  are  now  going  to  write, 
was  son  to  the  daughter  of  the  first.  For  Darius, 
by  his  wife  Parysatis,  had  four  sons ;  Artaxerxes  the 
eldest,  Cyrus  the  second,  and  Ostanes  and  Oxathres 
the  two  younger.  Cyrus  was  denominated  after  the 
ancient  king  of  that  name,  as  he  is  said  to  have  been 
■ftfter  the  sun  ;  for  the  Persians  call  the  sun  '  Cyrus*.* 

,  Artaxerxes  at  first  was  named  Arsicas%  though 
Dinon  asserts  that  his  original  name  was  Oartes^ 

'  M.  Ricord  ^ves  a  uaefal  Ubie  of  the  Buccewioo  of  PeraLm 
I  Ungs  from  Cyrus  downward,  which  I  Gubjoin,  inierting  (afler  Blair) 
Anabaniu,  aud  makiog  ou  the  eamc  authority  a  alight  correction  or 
-  two  in  the  chronology. 

*  Cttus,  B.  C.  559.     XerxeB  11.  (a  month),  425. 
^  CambvBM,                              S29.     St^anus  (7  months),        4St. 

SmerdiK,  one  of  the  Magi,     5^2.     Dariut  II.  (Notltua), 


'  Darius,  sod  of  Hyataapcs,   521 
Xerxei  tht!  Great, 
ArtabanuB  (7  months), 
Anaxerxea  Longimanus, 
'  Strabo,  xv.,  refers  thi 


Artaxerxes  II.  (Mnemon),  Wi. 

■  III.  (Ochus),     358. 

Arses,  337. 


Darius  III.  (OodomaRntu),  335.* 
o  tht!  iengtii  of  hi*  arms,  which 
(be  snys)  when  he  ittHMl  upright,  reached  down  to  bii  knee*.* 
'  On  account  of  hia  extraordinary  memory. 
*  Tins  is  Hesychiua'  opinion.  And  from  Cynis.  M.  Dacier  thinki 
r  Ac  Oreeks,  who  borrowed  mnny  of  their  terms  fkim  the  oriental 
P  languDgcs,  dcriiFcd  their  wtwd  nf  x." 

'  Or  Arsoccs,  a  more  familiar  name  tn  the  Cnit.  (Epit.  Ctc«.  n\.) 
'  'XQv>««<    DinoDi  the  fttber  «f  diMrcbtu  uie  bitWriu-aM 


1 


1'   ^ov 


ARTAXERXE&  IIB 

But  though  Ctesias  has  filled  his  books  i)^ith  a  number 
of  incredible  and  extravagant  fables,  it  is  not  proba- 
ble that  he  should  be  ignorant  of  the  name  of  a  king, 
at  whose  court  he  lived  in  quality  of  physician  to 
him,  his  wife,  his  mother,  and  his  children. 

Cyrus,  from  his  infancy,  was  of  a  violent  and 
impetuous  temper;  but  Artaxerxes  had  a  native 
miidnesB,  an  innate  gentleness  in  his  whole  disposi* 
tion.  The  latter  married  a  beautiful  and  virtuous  lady, 
by  order  of  his  parents,  and  kept  her  even  after  thej 
had  commanded  him  to  send  her  away.  For  the  king, 
having  put  her  brother  to  death  \  designed  that  she 
should  share  his  fate.     But  Arsicas  applied  to  his 

ccntemporary  with  Alexander,  composed  a  History  of  Persia,  to 
whidi  frequent  reference  is  made  by  both  Greek  ^nd  Latin  writers* 
(  See  Voss.  de  Hi«t.  Gr.  iv.  8.  \  For  an  account  of  .Ctesias  see  Fabr. 
Bibl.  Gr.,  who  gives  a  list  of  nls  works.  Asa  writer,  he  is  decried 
also  by  Strabo ;  but  Demetrius  Phalereus,  ni^  Efp«i».,  speaks  well  of 
him,  as  does  also  Dion.  Halic.  vff«  Svr^sf.  Oy«f*.  The  fragments  of 
him,  still  extant  (Persica  et  Indica)  are  usually  printed  at  the  end 
of  the  editions  of  Herodotus.* 

'  Teriteuchmcfi,  son  of  the  satrap  Hydames  and  brother  of  Sta* 
tira,  had  been  guilty  of  the  complicated  crimes  of  adultery,  incesl, 
and  murther;  which  raised  great  disturbances  in  the  royal  fkmily^ 
and  ended  in  the  ruin  of  all  who  were  concerned  in  them.  Aite* 
xerxes,  then  called  Arsaoes,  was  channed  with  Statira's  beauty,  umI 
married  her.  At  the  same  time  Teriteuchmes  married  Hamesferii^ 
one  of  the  daughters  o^  Darius  and  sister  of  Arsaces ;  and  had 
thence  interest  enongh,  upon  his  father's  demise,  to  get  himsdf 
appointed  to  bis  goremment.  But  in  the  mean  time  he  conceivod 
a  passion  for  his  own  sister  Roxana,  who  was  in  no  respect  inferior 
in  beauty  to  Statira ;  and  that  he  might  enjoy  her  without  con- 
straint, resolved  to  despatch  his  wife  Hames^is,  and  light  up  the 
flames  of  rebellion  in  the  kingdom.  Darius,  apprised  othis  desigo^ 
engaged  Adriastes,  an  intimate  friend  of  Teriteuchmes,  to  kill  hmiy 
and  rewarded  him  with  the  government  of  his  province.  Upoa 
this,  some  commotions  were  raised  by  the  son  of  Teriteuchmep  s 
bat,  the  king's  forces  having  the  superiority,  all  the  fanuly  of  Hy* 
dtfoes  were  apprehended  and  delivered  to  Farysads,  that  she  mi«t 
execute  her  revenge  upon  them  for  the  injury  done  or  intended  to 
her  daughter.  That  cruel  princess  put  them  all  to  death,  except 
Statira,  whom  at  the  earnest  entreaties  of  Arsaces,  and  contrary  tp 
the  opinion  .of  Darius,  she  spared.  But  Arsaces  was  no  sooQif 
settled  upon  the  throne,  than  Statira  prevailed  upon  him  to  U^y# 
Adriastes  to  her  correction,  and  put  him  to  a  death  too  cruel  to  bt 
described.  Parysatis,  in  return,  poisoned  the  son  of  Teriteo^bySM^' 
and  not  long  afterward  Statira  hersel£     (Ctes*  in  Pcra.) 

152 


U6 


AHTAXERXES. 


k 


mother  -with  many  tears  and  entreatieSj  and  at  I&st 
with  much  difficulty  prevailed  upon  her,  not  only  to 
[  spare  her  life,  but  to  excuse  him  from  divorcing  her. 
[  Yet  his  mother  had  the  greater  affection  for  Cyrus, 
[■  And  was  desirous  of  raising  him  to  the  throne  :  so 
I  tiiat  when  he  was  called  from  his  residence  on  the 
I  coast,  in  his  father's  last  sickness,  he  returned  to 
!  court  full  of  hopes  that  the  queen's  interest  had 
^  established  him  successor.  Farysatis  had  indeed  a 
[  Specious  pretence,  of  which  the  ancient  Xerxes,  on 
f  tue  suggestion  of  Demaratus,  had  availed  himself, 
L  viz.  that  she  had  borne  him  his  son  Arsicas  when  he 
[  was  in  a  private  station,  but  Cyrus  after  he  was  king, 
[  She  could  not,  however,  prevail.  Darius  appointed 
feis  eldest  son*  his  successor,  upon  which  occasion 
his  name  was  changed  to  Artaxerxes.  Cyrus  had 
I,  the  government  of  Lydia,  and  was  to  be  comraander- 
\  JD-chief  on  the  coast. 

Soon  afler  Darius'  death  the  new  sovereign  went 
to  PasargadieS  in  order  to  be  consecrated  (according 
to  custom)  by  the  priests  of  Persia.  In  that  city 
jtands  the  temple  of  a  goddess,  who  has  the  affairs  of 
war  under  her  patronage,  and  may  therefore  be  sup- 
posed to  be  Minerva.  This  temple  the  prince,  about 
tobeconsccrated.mustenter,  and  putting  off  his  own 
robe,  take  that  which  was  worn  by  Cyrus  the  Great 
before  he  was  king.  He  must  eat  a  cake  of  figs, 
chew  some  turpentine,  and  drink  a  cup  of  acidulated 
milk.  Whether  there  are  any  olher  ceremonies  is 
unknown,  except  to  the  persons  concerned.  As 
Artaxerxes  was  on  the  point  of  going  to  be  conse- 
crated, Tisaphernes  brought  him  a  priest,  who  had 
been  chief  inspector  of  Cyrus'  education  in  his  in- 
&ncy,  and  had  instructed  him  in  the  learning  of  tho 

*  By  Ilia  second  wife:  but  Tor  an  account  of  hts  whole  lUmily  and 
gf  thill  traniuiction,  sec  Ilerud-  vii.  3.' 

V  PdMrgodK  wusacilv  of  Persia,  whicli  had  been  built  by  Cyrus 
t(e  Great,  on  thu  loot  wliire  he  had  dtfiatid  Aatyagra,  and  endow- 
cd  nith  tcvcrnl  valuabk-  privilt'gtx,  nnii  here  he  wai  lubiequeiitly 
iiu-nvO.    (Stiob.  xf.j  Hod.  UatalicgcrU.* 


ARTAXERXtS.  lit 

Magi}  and  might,  therefore,  be  deemed  as  much 
concerned  as  any  man  in  Persia,  that  his  pupil  had 
not  been  appointed  king.  Hence,  his  accusation 
against  Cyrus  could  not  but  gain  credit.  He  ac* 
cused  him  of  a  design  to  lie  in  wait  for  the  king  in 
the  temple,  and  after  he  had  put  off  his  garment,  to 
attack  and  kill  him.  Some  affirm,  that  Cyrus  on  this 
information  was  imnoediately  arrested :  others,  that 
he  slipped  into  the  temple  and  concealed  himself 
there,  but  was  pointed  out  by  the  priest,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  doomed  to  death  ;  but  that 
his  mother  at  that  moment  clasped  him  in  her  arms, 
bound  the  tresses  of  her  hair  about  him,  held  his  neck 
to  her  own,  and  by  her  tears  and  entreaties  got  him 
pardoned  and  remanded  to  the  sea-coast.  Never- 
theless, he  was  far  from  being  satisfied  with  his  go* 
vernment.  Instead  of  regarding  his  brother's  favour 
with  gratitude,  he  remembered  only  the  indignity  of 
his  chains;  and,  in  his  resentment,  aspired  more 
than  ever  after  the  sovereignty. 

Some  indeed  state,  that  he  thought  the  allowance 
for  his  table  insufficient,  and  therefore  revolted  from 
his  king.  But  this  is  a  foolish  pretext.  For  if  he 
had  had  no  other  resource,  his  mother  from  her  own 
revenues  would  have  readily  supplied  him  with  what- 
ever he  wanted.  Besides,  nis  riches  are  abundantly 
evinced  by  the  number  of  foreign  troops  in  his 
service,  wiich  were  entertained  for  him,  as  we  are 
informed  by  Xenophon  '^,  in  various  parts  by  his 
friends  and  retainers.  For  the  better  to  conceal  his 
preparations,  he  did  not  keep  his  forces  in  a  body, 
but  had  his  emissaries  in  dinerent  places,  Vbo  en- 
listed foreigners  on  various  pretences.  In  the  mean 
while  his  mother,  who  lived  at  court,  made  it  her 
business  to  remove  the  king's  suspicions :  and  Cyrus 
himself  always  wrote  in  a  lenient  stile  ;*  sometimes 
entreating  a  candid  interpretation,  and  sometimes 
recriminating  upon  Tisaphernes,  as  if  his  contention 


118  ARTAXERXES. 

had  been  solely  with  that  grandee.  Add  to  thi*,' 
that  the  king  had  naiurally  a  diUtury  turn  of  mind, 
which  many  took  for  moderation.  At  the  outset  in»^ 
deed  he  seemed  entirely  to  imitate  the  mildne-;a  ofthe 
first  Arlaxerxes,  whose  name  he  bore,  by  Ijeliaving 
with  great  affability  to  all  that  addressed  him,  and 
distributing  honours  and  rewards  to  jiersons  of  merit 
with  a  lavish  hand.  He  took  care,  that  punishment 
should  never  be  embittered  with  insult.  If  he  re« 
ceived  presents,  he  appeared  as  well  pleased  astlioso 
who  offered  them,  or  ralhej' as  those  who  received  pre- 
sents from  iiim;  and,  in  conferring  favours,  he  always 
maintained  a  countenance  of  benignity  and  pleasure. 
There  was  not  any  thing,  however  trifling,  sent  lo 
him  as  a  gift,  which  he  did  not  receive  with  the  ut- 
most graciousness.  Even  when  one  Omisus  brought 
him  a  pomegranate  of  uncommon  size,  he  exclaimed  ; 
"  By  the  light  of  Mithra,  this  man,  if  he  were  made 
**  governor  of  a  small  cily,  would  soon  make  it  a  large 
**  one'  ."  "When  he  was  once  upon  a  journey,  and 
people  presented  him  with  a  varii'ty  of  things  by  llie 
way,  a  lubouring  man  having  nothing  else  lo  bestow 
yan  to  the  river,  and  brought  him  aome  water  in  hia 
hands.  With  this  Artaxer\ps  was  so  much  delighted, 
that  he  sent  the  man  a  golden  cup,  and  a  thousand 
Darics.  Euclidas  the  I-acedsemonian  having  said 
many  insolent  things  to  him,  he  contented  himself 
with  ordering  the  captain  of  his  guard  to  give  him  this 
answer  ;  "  You  may  ^ay  what  you  please  to  the  king, 
•'  but  the  king  can  boih  say  and  do."  One  day,  an 
he  was  hunting,  Tiribaziis  showed  him  a  rent  in  bis 
royal  robe  ;  upon  wliieli  the  king  said,  "  What  shall 
*'  I  do  with  it  i"'  "  'lake  another,  and  give  that  to 
"  me,"  said  'I'iribaziis.  *'  It  shall  be  so,"  said  the 
king:  "  I  give  it  thte ;  but  I  charge  thee  not  to 
'  near  it."     Tiribazus,  ulio  though  not  a  bad  raaik 

"  Thaugh  ihere  is  na  neccuary  union  between  the  raanasemeat 
of  a  garden  and  a  governmtiit.  j'ct  Aristotle  (lu  the  first  hooli  (ifKia 
Poillici)  hail  nprt-si-nted  cKcdIence  in  domeMic  (xcononiy  aa  lb* 
basis  ul'goot!  Klalcmiuntliip ,• 


I 


k 


ARTAXEnXES. 
was^ddy  and  vain,  disregarding  the  restriction  soon 
put  on  the  robe,  and  at  the  same  time  tricked  him- 
self out  with  some  golden  ornaments,  fit  only  for 
queens.  At  this  the  court  expressed  great  indigna- 
tion, because  it  was  a  thing  contrary  to  their  laws 
and  customs  ;  but  the  king  only  laughed,  and  said  to 
him,  "  I  allow  thee  to  wear  the  trinkets  as  a  woman, 
"  and  the  robe  as  a  madman." 

No  one  had  been  admitted  in  former  reigns  to  the 
king  of  Persia's  table,  except  his  mother  and  his  wife ; 
the  former  sitting  above,  and  the  latter  below  him : 
Artaxerxes,  nevertheless,  extended  that  honour  to 
Ostanes  and  Oxathres,  his  younger  brothers.  But 
what  afforded  the  Persians  the  most  pleasing  spec- 
tacle, was  the  queen  Statira  always  riding  in  her 
chariot  with  the  curtains  open,  and  admitting  the 
women  of  the  country  to  approach  and  salute  Iier. 
These  things  made  his  administration  popular.  Some 
turbulent  and  factious  men  however  still  contended 
that  the  afiairs  of  Persia  required  a  king  of  the  mag- 
nificent spirit,  military  talents,  and  generous  soci- 
ability of  Cyrus ;  and  that  the  dignity  of  so  great  an 
empire  could  not  be  supported  without  a  prince  of 
high  thoughts  and  noble  ambition.  It  was  not  there- 
fore without  a  confidence  in  some  of  the  Persians, 
as  well  as  in  the  maritime  provinces,  that  Cyrus  un- 
dertook the  war. 

He  wrote  also  to  the  Lacedaemonians  for  assist- 
ance, promising  that  to  the  foot  he  would  give 
horses,  and  to  the  horsemen  chariots ;  that  upon 
those  who  had  farms  he  would  bestow  villages,  and 
upon  those  who  had  villages  cities.  As  for  their 
pay,  he  assured  them  it  should  be  not  counted,  but 
measured  out  to  them.  At  the  same  time  he 
spoke  in  very  high  terms  of  himself,  assuring  them 
that  he  had  a  loftier  and  more  princely  heart  than 
his  brother ;  that  he  was  the  better  philosopher, 
having  been  instructed  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Magi, 
and  that  be  could  drink  and  bear  more  wine  than 
his  brother.    Artaxerxes,  he  said,  was  so  timorous 


ISO 


ARTAXERXES. 


^nd  effeminate  a  man,  that  he  could  not  sit  a  horsa 
in  hunting,  nor  a  chariot  in  battle.  The  Lacedae- 
monians therefore  sent  tiie  Scytale  to  Clearchus,  with 
directions  to  obey  Cyrus*  orders". 

Cyrus  began  his  march  against  the  king,  with  a 
numerous  army  of  barbarians  ",  and  about  thirteen 
thousand  Greek  mercenaries'*.  He  found  one  pre- 
tence after  another,  for  having  such  an  armament  on 
foot ;  but  his  real  designs  did  not  remain  long  un- 
discovered. For  Tisaphernes  went  in  person  to  give 
information  about  them  to  the  king. 

This  communication  threw  the  court  into  extreme 
disorder.  Parysatis  was  censured  as  the  principal 
cause  of  the  war,  and  her  friends  were  suspected  of 
holding  a  private  intelligence  with  Cyrus.  Statira,  in 
the  greatest  trouble  about  the  war,  occasioned  her  the 
most  trouble  :  "  Where  Is  now,"  she  cried,  "  that 
"  faith,  which  you  pledged  ?  Where  are  your  inter- 
'*  cessions,  by  which  you  saved  the  man,  that  was  con- 
*'  spiring  against  his  brother  ?  Have  they  not  brought 
"  war,  and  all  its  calamities  upon  us  ?"  These  expos- 
tulations fixed  in  the  heart  of  Parysatis,  who  was  na- 
turally  vindictive  and  barbarous  in  her  resentment, 
such  a  hatred  of  Statira,  that  she  contrived  to  take  her 
off.  Dinon  writes,  that  this  cruel  purpose  was  carried 
into  execution  during  the  war ;  but  Ctesias  assures 
us,  it  was  afterward.     And  it  is  not  probable  that 

"  They  took  care  not  to  mention  Artaxerxes,  pretending  not  lo 
he  privy  to  the  designs,  which  were  carrying  on  against  him.  This 
precaution  tlicy  used,  that  iu  case  Artaxerxes  should  get  the  better 
of  hii  brother,  they  might  justify  themselves  to  him  in  what  they 
had  done.     But  see  Xenoph.  ib. 

')  A  hundred  thousand. 

'*  Clearchus,  the  Lacedsmonian,  commanded  all  the  Pelopon- 
ncsian  troops  except  the  Achxans,  who  were  led  bv  Socrates  of 
Achaia.  'Ihc  B<rotians  were  under  Proxenus,  a  Theban.  and  the 
IlieACftlians  under  Menon.  The  other  nations  were  commanded  by 
Persian  generals,  of  whom  Arieus  was  the  chief.  The  fleet  con- 
sisted of  tliirty-fivc  sliips  under  Pythagoras,  a  Lacedicm onion,  and 
tweniy-five  commanded  by  Tamos,  an  Egyptian,  who  was  admiral 
of  the  whole.  Upon  this  occaiion,  Proxenus  presented  Xenophgn 
to  Cyrus,  who  gave  him  a  commission  among  the  Greek 
naries. 


I 


I 


AkTAXERXE&  191 

he,  who  wad  an  eye-witness  of  the  transactions  of 
that  courts  could  either  be  ignorant  of  the  time 
when  the  assassination  took  place,  or  have  any  rea- 
son to  misrepresent  the  date  of  it :  though  he  often 
deviates  into  fictitious  tales,  and  loves  to  give  us  in- 
vention instead  of  truth.  We  shall  therefore  leave 
this  story  to  the  order  of  time,  in  which  he  has 
placed  it. 

While  Cyrus  was  upon  his  march,  he  had  accounts 
brought  him,  that  the  king  did  not  design  to  try  the 
fortune  of  the  field  by  giving  battle  immediately, 
but  intended  to  wait  in  Persia  till  his  forces  were 
assembled  thither  from  all  parts  of  his  kingdom. 
And  though  he  had  drawn  a  trench  across  the  plain 
ten  fathom  wide,  as  many  deep  '^,  and  four  hundred 
furlongs  in  length,  yet  he  suffered  Cyrus  to  pass  it, 
and  to  march  almost  to  Babylon  ^^  Tiribazus,  we 
are  told,  was  the  first  who  ventured  to  remonstrate 
to  the  king,  that  he  ought  not  any  longer  to  avoid 
an  action,  or  to  abandon  Media,  Babylon,  and  even 
Susa  to  the  enemy,  and  hide  himself  in  Persia ;  since 
he  had  an  army  infinitely  greater  than  theirs,  and 
ten  thousand  satraps  and  other  officers,  all  of  them 
superior  to  those  of  Cyrus  both  in  courage  and 
conduct. 

Upon  this,  he  took  a  resolution  to  come  to  action 
as  soon  as  possible.  His  sudden  appearance  with  an 
army  of  nine  hundred  thousand  men  ^%  well  prepared 
and  accoutred,  extremely  surprised  the  rebels ;  who, 
through  their  confidence  in  themselves  and  contempt 
of  their  enemy,  were  marching  in  great  confusion^ 

'^  Xenophon  says,  this  trench  was  only  five  fathom  wide,  and 
three  deep.  It  must  be  observed  that  the  word  •pyw*  sometiinas 
signifies  a  pace  only,  and  if  it  be  so  understood  here,  it  will  brutt- 
Plutarch's  account  more  within  the  bounds  of  probability. 

■^  There  was  a  passage  twenty  feet  wide  leu  between  the  trendi 
and  the  Euphrates,  and  Artaxerxes  neglected  to  defend  it. 

'7  He  had  four  armies  of  three  hundred  thousand  men  eadiy 
under  Tisaphemes,  Gobryas,  Arbaces,  and  Abrocomas;  bul  the 
last  did  not  arrive  till  five  days  after  the  battle,  die  had  also  tax 
thousand  chosen  cavalry  about  his  person,  and  two  hundred  limed 
chariots.* 

2 


IV2  ARTAXERXES. 

and  even  without  their  arms.  Hence  it  was  with  the 
utmost  difficulty,  that  Cyrus  reduced  them  to  any 
order,  and  he  could  not  at  last  effect  it  without  much 
noise  and  tumult.  As  the  king  advanced  in  silence 
and  at  a  slow  pace,  the  good  discipline  of  his  troops 
afforded  an  astonishing  spectacle  to  the  Greeks,  who 
expected  among  such  a  multitude  nothing  but  irre- 
gular shouts  and  motions,  and  every  other  instance 
of  distraction  and  disorder.  He  displayed  his  judge- 
ment, likewise,  in  placing  the  strongest  of  his  armed 
chariots  before  that  part  of  his  phsJanx,  which  was 
opposite  to  the  Greeks  ;  that  by  the  impetuosity  of 
their  motion,  they  might  break  the  enemy's  ranks 
before  they  came  to  close  combat. 

Many  historians  have  described  this  battle :  but 
Xenophon  has  done  it  with  such  life  and  energy", 
that  we  do  not  read  an  account  of  it ;  we  see  it,  and 
feel  all  the  danger.  It  would  be  the  height  of  ab- 
surdity therefore  to  attempt  any  thing  after  him,  ex- 
cept the  mentioning  of  some  material  circumstances, 
which  he  has  omitted. 

The  place  where  the  battle  was  fought  is  called 
Cunaxa,  and  is  tive  hundred  furlongs  from  Babylon. 
A  little  before  the  action,  Clearchus  advised  Cyrus 
to  post  himself  behind  the  Macedonians '%  and  not 
risk  his  person ;  upon  which  he  is  reported  to  have 
said,  "  What  advice  is  this,  Clearchus  ?  Would  you- 
"  have  me,  at  the  very  time  wlien  I  am  aiming  at  a 
"  crown,  show  myself  unworthy  of  one?"  Cyrus, 
indeed,  committed  an  error,  in  rushing  incautiously 
into  the  midst  of  difficulty  and  danger ;  but  Clearchus 
was  guilty  of  another  as  great,  if  not  greater,  in  re- 
fusing to  place  his  Greeks  opposite  to  the  king,  and 
in  getting  the  river  upon  his  right  in  order  to  pre- 
vent his  being  surrounded.      For  if  safety  was  his 

''  In  the  first  book  of  hjs  nioit  inturmling  work,  '  The  Retreat 
of  the  Ten  Thoiisand.'* 

'*  'lliis  ia  undoubtedly  the  error  of  Rome  trsnicriber ;  and  for 
*  Macedoniana '  we  Rhould  read  '  Lacedttnionitins.'     The  c< 
of  this  error  is  suggested  as  probable,  p.  %.,  not.  (33.)* 


I  neral 

L  dcDc 


ARTAXERXES.  123 

firincipal  object,  and  lie  was  by  ail  means  to  avoid 
osR,  he  ought  to  have  stayed  at  home'".  Btit  volun- 
tarily to  carry  his  arms  ten  thousand  furlongs  from 
the  sea,  solely  with  a  view  of  placing  Cyrus  upon 
the  throne  of  Persia ;  and  then  to  secure,  not  a  post 
where  he  might  best  defend  the  prince  whose  pay  he 
received,  but  one  in  which  he  might  act  most  at  ease 
and  with  the  least  hazard,  was  to  behave  like  a  man, 
who  at  the  sight  of  present  danger  abandons  the 
whole  enterprise,  and  forgets  the  entire  purpose  of 
his  expedition.  For  from  the  course  of  the  action 
it  appears,  that  if  the  Greeks  had  charged  those  who 
were  posted  about  the  king's  person,  they  would 
not  have  stood  the  shock  ;  and,  after  Artaxerxes  had 
been  slain  or  put  to  flight,  the  conqueror  must  have 
gained  the  crown  without  farther  interruption.  The 
overthrow,  therefore,  of  Cyrus*  aifairs  and  his  death 
is  much  rather  to  be  ascribed  to  the  caution  of 
Clearchus,  than  to  his  own  rashness.  For  had  the 
king  himself  assigned  a  post  for  the  Greeks,  where 
they  might  do  him  the  least  prejudice,  he  could  not 
have  selected  a  better  than  that,  which  was  most 
remote  from  himself  and  the  troops  about  him.  At 
the  distance  at  which  he  was  placed  from  Clearchus, 
he  knew  nothing  of  the  defeat  of  that  part  of  his 
army  near  the  river;  and  Cyrus  was  cut  off,  before 
he  could  avail  himself  of  the  advantages  gained  by 
the  Greeks.  Cyrus,  indeed,  was  sensible  what  dis- 
position  would  have  been  of  most  service  to  him, 
and  for  that  reason  ordered  Clearchus  to  charge  in 
the  centre ;  but  Clearchus,  notwithstanding  his 
assurances  of  doing  every  thing  for  the  best,  ruined 
all.  For  the  Greeks  beat  the  barbarians  with  ease, 
and  pursued  them  a  considerable  way. 

In  the  mean  time,  Cyrus  being  mounted  on  Pasa- 
cas,  a  horse  of  great  spirit  but  at  the  same  time 
headstrong  and  unruly,  fell  in  (as  Ctesias  informs  us) 

Xenoplion,  who  was  not  leia  iiliuirious  Id  the  capacity  of  ge- 
neral tlian  in  that  of  historian,  seema  to  commend  Clearchiu'  pru- 
dence upon  ihii  occosiuu.*  ,  .,,    ,.,,,. 


I 


12*  ARTAXEBXES. 

with  Artagerses,  general  of  the  Caduslans^',  who 
met  him  upon  the  gallop,  and  called  out  to  him  in 
these  terms:  "  Most  unjust  and  stupid  of  men,  who 
**  disgracest  the  name  of  Cyrus,  the  most  august  of 
*'  all  names  among  the  Persians ;  thou  leadest  those 
"  brave'*  Greeks  a  vile  way  to  plunder  thy  country, 
**  and  to  destroy  thy  brother  and  thy  king,  who  has 
"  many  millions  of  servants  better  men  than  thou. 
"  Try  if  he  has  not,  and  here  thou  shalt  lose  thy  head, 
"  before  thou  can'st  see  the  face  of  the  king."  So 
saying,  he  threw  his  javelin  at  him  with  all  his  force  ; 
but  bis  cuirass  was  of  such  excellent  temper,  that  he 
was  not  wounded,  though  the  violence  of  the  blow 
shook  him  in  his  seat.  After  which,  as  Artagerses 
was  turning  his  horse,  Cyrus  aimed  a  stroke  at  him 
with  his  spear,  and  the  point  of  it  entering  at  his 
collar-bone,  pierced  through  his  neck.  That  Arta- 
gerses fell  by  the  hand  of  Cyrus,  almost  all  historians 
agree.  With  regard  to  the  death  of  Cyrus  himself, 
since  Xenophon  has  given  a  very  short  account  of 
it,  as  he  was  not  on  the  spot  when  it  iiappencd,  per- 
haps  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  relate  the  manner  of  it 
(upon  the  authority  of  Dinon  and  Ctesias)in  greater 
detail. 

Dinon  informs  us,  that  Cyrus,  after  he  had  slain 
Artagerses,  charged  the  vanguard  of  Artaxerxes 
with  extreme  fury,  wounded  the  king's  horse,  and 
dismounted  him.  Tiribazus  immediately  mounted 
him  on  another  horse,  and  said,  "  Sir,  remember 
"  this  day ;  for  it  deserves  not  to  be  forgotten." 
At  the  second  attack,  Cyrus  spurred  his  horse 
against  the  king,  and  gave  him  a  wound";  at  the 
third,  Artaxerxes  in  the  utmost  indignation  said  to 
those  that  were  by,  "  it  is  better  to  die,  than  to 


"  A  people  neap  the  Caspian  sea.* 

"  KaAsi,  ihe  epithet  here  given  to  the  Greets,  has  (TobBbly  Keen 
a  miEtiike  of  the  irnnHcriberg  Tur  ■■■•(.  'ilien  it  will  be,  '  Tliaii 
leadest  thoce  vile  Greeks  ■  vile  way,'  &C. 

"  Or, '  with  the  violence  of  the  encounter  beat  the  king  from 
big  Iiorsc.'  In  the  original  it  il,  Hnirat  rm  ian>  HrtwtAt  to  A^*E<|^. 


ARTAXERZE&  126 

^  suffer  all  this/'  At  the  same  time  he  pushed  for- 
ward against  Cyrus,  who  was  rashly  advaucing  amidst 
a  shower  of  darts.  The  king  wounded  him  with  his 
javelin,  and  others  did  the  same.  Thus  fell  CyruSy 
as  some  say,  by  the  blow  which  the  king  gave  him  ; 
but  according  to  others  by  the  hand  of  a  Carian 
soldier,  who  afterward,  as  an  acknowledgement  of 
his  exploit,  had  the  honour  of  carrying  a  golden 
cock  at  the  head  of  the  army  on  the  point  of  his 
«pear.  For  the  Persians  called  the  Carians  ^  cocks/ 
on  account  of  the  crests,  with  which  they  adorned 
their  helmets^. 

Ctesias'  story  is  very  long,  but  the  purport  of  k 
is  as  follows :  When  Cyrus  had  ^lain  Artagerses,  he 
spurred  his  horse  up  toward  the  king,  and  the  king 
advanced  against  him,  both  in  silence.  Ariaeus,  one 
of  Cyrus*  friends,  first  aimed  a  blow  at  the  king, 
but  without  effect.  The  king  then  threw  his  javelio 
at  Cyrus,  but  missed  him;  the  weapon  however 
struck  and  killed  Tisaphernes  ^,  a  man  of  approved 
valour,  and  a  faithful  servant  to  Cyrus.  It  was  now 
Cyrus'  turn  to  try  his  javelin ;  which  pierced  the  . 
king's  cuirass,  and  going  two  fingers  deep  into  his 
breast,  brought  him  from  his  horse.  This  occasion- 
ed such  disorder  in  his  troops,  that  they  fled.  But 
the  king  recovering  himself  retired  with  a  few  of  his 
men,  among  whom  was  Ctesias,  to  an  eminence  not 
far  off,  and  there  reposed  himself.  In  the  mean 
time  Cyrus'  horse,  grown  more  furious  by  the  action^ 
carried  him  deep  among  the  enemy ;  and  as  night 
was  coming  on,  they  did  not  know  him,  and  his  own 
men  sought  for  him  in  vain.  Elated  however  with 
victory,  and  naturally  daring  and  impetuous,  he  con* 

*4  This  was  one  of  the  three  inventions  ascribed  to  them  by 
Herod,  i.  171.  And  of  this  Alcaeus  (Strab.  xit.)  speaks,  A^^rt 
rus0  KMfuu9.    Hence,  likewise,  is  the  Egyptian  oraele  explaini^ 

Herod,  ii.  152.*  '    I'.i^ 

*i  Tisaphernes  is,  profeably,  an  erroneous  reading.  Weknov 
of  no  Tisaphernes,  but  the  grandee  of  that  name,  who  witt  •'* 
feithful  servant'  to  ArUxerxes.  The  St.  Germaia  MS.  gives  us 
'  Satiphemes.' 


126  ARTAXERXES. 

tinned  advancing',  crying  out  in  the  Perfiian  language 
as  he  went;  "  Slaves,  make  way."  Upon  this  they 
humbled  themselves,  and  opened  their  ranks;  but 
his  tiara  happened  to  fall  from  his  head,  and  a  young 
Persian,  named  Mithridates,  in  passing  wounded 
him  with  his  lance  in  the  temple  near  his  eye,  with- 
out knowing  who  he  was.  From  this  wound  such  a 
quantity  of  blood  issued,  that  he  was  seized  with  a 
giddiness,  and  fell  senseless  from  his  horse.  The 
horse  having  lost  his  rider,  wandered  about  the  field  ; 
the  housing  likewise  iell  off,  and  the  servant  of 
Mithridates,  who  had  given  him  the  wound,  took  it 
up  all  stained  with  blood. 

At  last  Cyrus,  with  much  difficulty,  began  to  re- 
cover from  his  swoon  ;  and  a  few  eunuchs,  who  at- 
tended him,  endeavoured  to  mount  him  upon  an- 
other liorse,  and  ttms  carry  him  out  of  danger.  Birt 
as  he  was  too  weak  to  sit  on  horseback,  he  thought 
it  better  to  walk,  and  the  eunuchs  supported  him  as 
he  went.  His  head  was  still  heavy,  and  he  tottered 
at  every  step;  yet  he  continued  to  believe  himself 
victorious,  because  he  heard  the  fugitives  calling 
Cyrus  *  king,"  and  imploring  mercy. 

At  that  instant  some  Caunians^  of  mean  condi- 
tion, who  performed  the  most  servile  offices  for  the 
royal  army,  happened  to  mix  with  the  company  of 
Cyrus  as  friends.  They  perceived  however,  though 
not  without  difficulty,  that  the  clothing  of  his  people 
was  red,  whereas  that  given  by  the  king  their  master 
was  white.  One  of  these  then  ventured  to  give 
Cyrus  a  stroke  with  his  spear  behind,  but  without 
knowing  him  to  be  the  prince.  The  weapon  hit  his 
ham,  and  cut  the  sinew;  upon  which  he  fell,  and  in 
falling  dashed  his  wounded  temple  against  a  stone, 
and  died  upon  the  spot.  Such  is  Ctesias'  story  of 
the  death  of  Cyrus,  wliich  like  a  blunt  weapon  hacks 
and  hews  him  a  long  time,  and  can  hardly  kill  bim 
at  last. 

**  Caunui  waa  a  dty  of  Cvik.* 


I 


I 
I 

J 


ARTAXEKXE&  ISV 

Soon  after  Cyrus  expired,  an  officer,  who  was  caH- 
ed  '  the  King*s  Eye^/  passed  that  way.    Artasyras 
(for  that  was  his  real  name)  knowing  the  eunuchs, 
who  were  mourning  over  the  corpse,  addressed  the 
one  that  appeared  most  faithful  to  his  master,  isird 
said;    ^^  Pariscas,   whom    art    thou    lamenting  so 
"  much  ?*'    "  O  Artasyras!'*  answered  the  eunuch, 
"  don't  you   see  prince  Cyrus  dead  ?**    Artasyras 
was  astonished  at  the  event :  he  desired  the  eunuch 
however  to  compose  himself,  and  take  care  of  the 
corpse;    and  instantly  rode  at  full  speed  to  Ar* 
taxerxes,  who  had  given  up  all  for  lost,  and  was 
ready  to  fiunt,  both  with  thirst  and  with  the  anguirii 
of  his  wound,  when  the  officer  joyfully  hailed  him  in 
these  words,  "  I  have  seen  Cyrus  dead."    The  king, 
at  first,  was  impatient  to  view  the  dead  body  himsdi^ 
and  commanded  Artasyras  immediately  to  condtict 
him  to  it.     But  finding  the  whole  field  full  of  terror 
from  a  report  that  the  Greeks,  victorious  in  thehr 
quarter,  were  pursuing  the  fugitives  and  putting  aft 
to  the  sword,  he  thought  proper  to  send  out  a  greater 
number  to  reconnoitre  the  place.  Accordingly,  thifty 
men  went  with  flambeaux  in  their  hands.     Sttii  toe 
king  was  almost  dying  with  thirst,  and  the  eunadi 
Satibarzanes  sought  every  place  for  water;   as -the 
field  itself  afforded  none,  and  they  were  at  a  eon* 
siderable  distance  from  the  camp.      After  miieh 
search,  he  found  that  one  of  those  poor  Caunfains 
had  about  two  quarts  of  bad  water  in  a  mean  bottle, 
and  took  and  carried  it  to  the  king.     After  the  king 
had  drank  it  all  up,  the  eunuch  asked  him,  ^*  If  he 
^*  did  not  find  it  a  disagreeable  beverage?"    Upen 
which  he  swore  by  the  gods,  **  That  he  had  nevter 
**  drank  the  most  delicious  wine,  nor  the  lightest  nd 

*7  Of  these  there  were  many  in  Persia,  as  well  as  of  anodier 
class  called  *  the  King's  Ears,'  from  their  respective  empKqvMits 
in  denouncing  traitors.  See  Aristotle  De  Ren.  iii.  16.  Thsjr  ware' 
onginallj  established,  in  great  numbers,  by  Cyrus  the  Great 
(X^umh.  K.  n.  viii.)  Th^  did  npt,  however,  escape  the  ^(ricked 
wits  or  those  days,  Aristoph.  Acham.  L  2,  S.* 


1S8  ARTAXERXES. 

"  clearest  water,  with  so  much  pleasure.  I  wish 
"  only,"  continued  he,  '*  that  I  could  find  the  man 
"  who  gave  it  thee,  that  I  might  bestow  upon  him 
*'  a  recompence.  In  the  mean  time,  I  entreat  the 
*'  gods  to  make  him  happy  and  rich." 

While  he  was  speaking,  the  thirty  men,  whom  he 
bad  sent  out,  returned  in  great  exultation,  and  con- 
firmed the  news  of  his  unexpected  good  fortune. 
Now  likewise  numbers  of  his  troops  again  repaired 
to  him,  and  dismissing  his  fears  he  descended  from 
the  eminence,  with  many  torches  carried  before  him. 
When  he  came  to  the  dead  body,  according  to  the 
law  of  the  Persians,  the  right  hand  and  the  head  were 
cut  off;  and  having  ordered  the  head  to  be  brought 
to  him,  he  took  it  by  the  hair  which  was  long  and 
thick,  and  showed  it  to  the  fugitives,  and  to  such  as 
were  still  doubtful  of  the  fortune  of  the  day.  The 
sight  astonished  them,  and  they  prostrated  them- 
selves before  him.  Seventy  thousand  men  quickly 
gathered  round  him,  and  with  them  lie  returned  to 
his  camp.  Ctesias  informs  us,  he  had  led  Ibur  hun- 
dred thousand  men  that  day  into  the  field ;  but 
Dinon  and  Xenophon  make  the  number  much 
larger.  As  to  the  number  of  the  slain,  Ctesias  says, 
an  account  of  only  nine  thousand  was  brought  to 
Artaxerxes  j  whereas  there  appeared  to  himself  to 
have  been  not  fewer  than  twenty  thousand^".  That 
article,  therefore,  must  be  left  dubious.  But  nothing 
can  be  a  more  palpable  felsity  than  what  Ctesias 
subjoins,  that  he  was  sent  embassador  to  the  Greeks 
in  conjunction  with  Phayllus'^'  the  Zacynthian,  and 
some  others.  I'or  Xenophon  knew,  that  Ctesias 
was  at  the  Persian  court ;  he  mentions  him  in  his 
works,  and  it  is  plain  that  he  had  met  with  his  books. 


**  Diod.  Sic.  xiv.  34.  GfitiiHAtea  the  king's  lost  at  fiDvcn,  and  iliat 
ef  Cynu  at  only  three  thouMnd.    Of  the  Ureeks,  he  layt 
■ingle  iiian  woi  titaiD,  and  only  very  few  wounded.* 

'*  He  is  iiumed  by  Xenophat)    (Anitb.  ii.)   Phalious;    and 
Uiod.  Sic.  ib.  riialivuus.      ZacjiiUnu  is  Hx  iilanU  now 
Zantc.* 


I 

i 


If  he  Imd  been  joined  in  commission  therefor^  to* 
settle  such  important  affairs,  he  would  not  ha^e 
passed  him  by  unnoticed,  but  would  have  mentioned' 
him  with  Phayllus.  Ctestas  indeed  was  a  man  of 
unbounded  vanity,  as  well  as  strong  attachment  to 
Clearchus;  and  for  that  reason  always  leaves  a  place 
in  the  story  for  himself,  when  he  is  celebrating  the 
praises  of  Clearchus  and  the  Lacedaemonians. 

After  the  battle,  the  king  sent  great  and  valuable 
presents  to  the  son  of  Artagerses,  who  had  been  slain 
by  Cyrus.  He  rewarded  also  Ctesias,  and  others,  in' 
a  distinguished  manner;  and  having  found  the 
Caunian  who  gave  him  the  bottle  of  water,  he  raised 
him  from  indigence  and  obscurity  to  riches  and  ho- 
nours. There  was  something  likewise  of  an  appro^ 
priateness  in  his  punishments.  One  Arbaces^  a* 
Mede,  deserted  during  the  battle  to  Cyrus,  aud  after 
that  prince's  death  returned  to  his  colours.  As  he 
perceived  that  the  man  had  done  it  rather  from 
weakness  and  cowardice  than  with  any  treasonable' 
design,  he  only  sentenced  him  ^to  carry  about  a 
naked  courtesan  upon  his  shoulders  a  whole  day  in' 
the  market-place.  Another,  beside  deserting,  had 
bragged  that  he  had  killed  two  of  the  enemy ;  and, 
for  his  punishment,  he  ordered  his  tongue  to  be 
pierced  through  with  three  needles. 

He  himself  supposed,  and  he  was  desirous  of  hav- 
ing it  believed  by  the  world,  that  Cyrus  fell  bjr  his 
hand.  This  induced  him  to  send  rich  presents  to 
Mithridates,  who  gave  hinfi  the  first  wound,  and  to 
instruct  the  messengers  to  say ;  *^  The  king  does  you 
this  honour,  because  you  found  the  housing  of 
Cyrus'  horse,  and  brought  it  to  him."  And 
when  the  Carian,  who  gave  Cyrus  the  stroke  in  his 
ham,  applied  for  his  reward,  he  ordered  those  who 
gave  it  to  him  to  state :  "The  king  bestows  this 
'*  upon  you,  because  you  were  the  second  person 
"  that  announced  to  him  good  tidings.  For  Arta- 
*'  syras  was  the  first,  and  yon  the  next  who  brought 
"  him  an  account  of  Cyrus*  cJeatb.'*     Mithridates* 

VOL.  VI.  K 


^H  ten 


I»  ARTAXEHXER 

went  avay  in  silence,  though  not  withoat  concern-^ 
but  the  unhappy  Carian  could  not  surmount  Uie 
common  disease  of  vanity.  Elated  with  what  he 
thought  hU  good  fortune,  and  aspiring  to  thiag> 
above  his  station,  he  would  not  receive  his  reward 
for  tidings :  but  angrily  insisted,  and  called  the 
gods  to  witness,  that  he  and  no  other  had  killed 
iCyrus,  and  that  it  was  unjust  to  rob  him  of  the  gloiy. 

At  this  the  king  was  so  much  incensed,  tbat  he 
,  dered  the  man's  head  to  be  struck  off.  But  bi» 
mother  Parysatis  being  present,  exclaimed,  *'  Let 
"  not  this  villainous  Carian  get  off  so  easily :  leave 
*'  him  to  me,  and  he  shall  have  the  reward,  which 
"  his  audacious  tongue  deserves."  Accordingly, 
the  king  gave  him  up  to  her ;  and  she  delivere<l  him 
to  the  executioners  with  orders  to  torture  him  for 
ten  days,  and  then  to  tear  out  his  eyes,  and  pour 

olten  brass  into  his  ears  till  he  expired. 

Mithridates  also  soon  afterward,  through  his  own 
folly,  came  to  a  miserable  end.  Being  invited  one 
evening  to  supper,  where  both  the  king's  eunticba 
and  those  of  bis  mother  were  present,  he  went  in  a 
robe  embroidered  with  gold,  which  he  had  received 
ftora  the  king.  During  the  eritertaiDment,  Pary- 
satis' principal  eunuch  took  occasion  to  say  ;  "  What 
•<  a  beautiful  garment  is  that,  Mithridates,  which 
"  the  king  has  given  you !  How  handsome  are  those 
*^  bracelets,  and  that  ctiain !  How  valuable  your 
S*  cimitarl  He  has  certainly  made  you  not  only  a 
~  great,  but  a  happy  man."     Mithridates,  by  this 

me  flushed  with  wine,  replied,  "  What  are  these 

things,  Sparamixes  ?  I  deserved  much  higher  marks 
f  of  honour  tban  these  for  the  services,  which  1 
5*  rendered  the  king  on  that  day."  Upon  which 
Sparamixes,  with  a  smile,  observed,  "  I  speak  not 
**  in  the  least  out  of  envy;  but  since  (according  to 
V  the  Greek  proverb)  'there  is  truth  in  wine,*  let 
ne  ask  you  what  great  matter  it  is  to  find  a  horse's 
lousing  fallen  off,  and  bring  it  to  the  king?" 
lis  Ue  said,  not  that  be  vas  iguorant  of  U^e  leal 


u 


ARTAXEBJdCSi  *  IM ' 

state  xaf  Ae  ease;  but  wishing  to  lay  him  ot)eii,  and* 
observiae  that  the  'wine  had  made  him  talkative  ahd- 
thrown :  him  off  his  guard,  he  studied  to  pique  his' 
vanity*  MithridateSy.no  longer  master  of  himself' 
said,  ^^  You  may  talk  of  what  housing  and  trifles  yon 
please:  but  I  tell  you  plainly^  it  was  by  this  hand* 
that  Cyrus  was  sllnn.  I  did  not,  like  ArtagerseSt 
*^  throw  my  javelin  in  vain,  but  I  pierced  his  tem|de' 
<<  near  the  eye,  and  brought  him  from  his  horse  i 
"  and^  of  that  wound  he  died."  The  rest  of  the 
company  saw  the  dreadful  fate  that  would  befidt 
Mithridates,  and  cast  their  eyes  upon  the  ground  |^ 
but  he  who  gave  the  entertainment  said,  ^^  Comciil 
*^  come,  let  us  mind  our  eating  and  drinking ;  and 
*^  adoring  the  fortune^  of  the  king,  forego  sudi 
"  subjects  as  are  two  high  for  us/' 

Immediately  after  the  company  broke  up,  the 
eunuch  told  rary satis  what  had  been  said,  and  ahp 
informed  the  king.  Artaxerxes,  like  one  who  had 
been  detected,  or  lost  a  victory  out  of  his  hands. 
Was  enraged  at  the  discovery.  For  he  was  desirous 
of  making  all  the  barbarians  and  Greeks  believ^ 
that  in  the  several  encounters  he  had  both  given  and 
received  blows ;  and  that,  though  he  was  wounded 
himself^he  had  killed  his  adversary.  He,  therefore 
condemned  Mithridaties  to  the  punishment  of  '  the 
boat.'  The  manner  of  this  is  as  foUows :  they  take  two 
boats,  which  are  made  to  fit  each  other,  and  extend 
the  criminal  in  one  of  diem  in  a  supine  posture* 
They  then  invert  the  second  upon  it,  so  that  Uie  poor 
wretch's  body  is  covered,  the  head  and  hands  only 
being  left  out  at  one  end,  and  the  feet  at  the  other. 
He  is  supplied  daily  with  victuals,  and  if  he  refuses 
to  eat,  tney  compel  him  bv  pricking  him  in  the 
eyes.  After  he  has  eaten  they  make  him  drink  a 
mixture  of  honey  and  milk,  which  they  pour  into 
his  mouth.    They  spread  the  same  likewise  over  his 

s^"  Or,  as  an  English  heat  would  have  equivalenUy  projpoaed 
(perhaps  wi^h  three  times  three),  *  drinking  a  bumper  to  his  mar 
jest/she|dth;* 

x:2 


ARTAXERXEa  ISS 

her  skiUy  and  being  &voured  besides  by  the  AkSe^ 
won  the  eunuch,  and  pitched  upon  Mesabates,  .whd 
ivas  not  of  the  number  excepted.  He  was  of  coui^ 
delivered  to  her,  and  before  the  king  suspected  any 
thing  of  her  intentions,  she  put  him  into  the  hands  of 
the  executioners,  with  orders,  to  flay  him  alive,  to-fo 
his  body  upon  three  stakes,  and  to  stretch  out  hiB 
skin  by  itself.  Artaxerxes,  highly  incensed,  ex^ 
pressed  his  resentment  in  strong  terms ;  but  she  only 
said  in  a  laughing  ironical  way,  *^  This  is  pleasailt 
'*  indeed,  that  you  must  be  so  angry  about  an  old 
*^  useless  eunuch,  while  I  say  not  one  word  of  niV 
^^  loss  of  a  thousand  Danes/'  The  king,  tbopgjb 
much  concerned  at  the  trick,  held  his  peace*  But 
Statira,  who  upon  other  occasions  .openly  censut<sd 
the  queen-mottier,  complained  now  of  her  injustiite 
and  cruelty  in  sacrificing  to  Cyrus  the  eunuchs  a^d 
other  faithful  siervants  of  the  xin^.  . 

After  Tisaphernes^  had  gained  possession,  pi 
Clearchus  and  the  other  Grecian  officers  by  tretr 
chery^  and  contrary  to  the  treaty,  and  his  oaths  put 
them  in  chains,  Ctesias  informs  us,  that  Clearequs 
made  interest  with  himself  for  the  obtaining  ot*' a 
comb:  with  the  use  of  which  it  seems  he  was  ;9d 
much  pleased,  that  he  took  his  ring  from  his  fing^r^ 
and  gave  it  him  as  an  evidence  of  hjs  regard  .tpt^ 
shown  to  his  friends  and  relatione  in  Laced^oniop^ 
The  device  was  a  dance  of  the  Caryatides  "^^  .  Ha 

»  . .  ." 

^*  Tisapheraes,  bj  promises  which  he  did  not  mtend  to  keejfj^ 
drew  Clearchus  to  an  interview  in  his  tent.  He  went  with  iour 
principal  officers,  Proxenus  the  BcBotian,  Menon  the  Thessliliin; 
Agias  the  Arcadian,  and  Socrates  the  Achaean,  twenty  captakksi 
an4  aboMt  two  hundred  soldieiB,  to  wait  on  the  Persian  {  who 
Clearchus  and  the  four  officers  under  arrest,  and  ordered 
captains  to  be  cut  in  pieces.  Some  time  afterward  the  king'poi 
manded  Clearchus,  and  all  the  four  officers  except  Menon,  to  I 
beheaded.  (L.)  Him  he  reserved  for  a  whole  year  of  tortures,  at 
the  end  of  which  he  likewise  was  put  to  deatli.  (Xenoph.  Anab.ii. 
ad  fin.)* 

33  Carya  was  a  town,  in  Laconia,  where  there  was  a  temple  of 
Diana.  The  whole  town,  indeed,  was  dedicated  to  Diana  and  her 
nymphs.    In  the  court  before  die  temple  stood  a  statue  of  X^iaoii 

8 


p  \  ^rw. 


plotted 

off  bir  poi* 

torn  \ 

.  fon  the 

kHfid  wdA  danger* 

the  king^s 

and  in  \mt 

tm  ks  cTon :'  He  isbwwm^  idbia  this  ftbuknia 
tiie,  to  *>  hc»cc7  to  Cksckaar  BeBOnr.  For  the 
CM  cam  of  the  other  oficers,  br  Us  account,  were 
•om  wk  pteccs  b^  dogs  aod  fands;  bat  a  storm  of 
vind  brooght  a  great  heap  of  saod,  and  provided  a 
tOBib  Ibr  Clearciiii&  Arocxnd  this  heap  there  ^ning 
op  a  namber  of  palm-£rees,  which  soon  grew  into 
an  admicable  grore,  and  spread  their  protecting 
riiade  o^er  the  place ;  so  that  the  king  deeply  re^ 
pented  of  what  he  had  done,  believing  that  he  had 
destroyed  a  man  beloved  by  the  eods. 

It  was  therefore  only  from  the  hatred  and  jealousy, 

Caryatis,  and  the  Spartan  virgins  kept  a  yearly  festival,  upon  whidi 
wcy  danced  round  it,  (L.)  (Pausan.  iii.  10,)  The  peculiar 
ottm,   we    leani  fWmi  Ludan,  was  established  by  Castor  aa4 


ARTAXERXES.  IM 

which  Farysatis  had  from  the  first  entertained  of 
Statira,  that  she  embarked  in  so  cruel  a  design.  She 
perceived,  that  her  own ,  power  with  the  Icing  de- 
pended only  upon  his  reverence  for  her,  as  his  mo- 
ther ;  whereas  that  of  Statira  was  founded  on  love,  and 
confirmed  by  the  highest  confidence  in  her  fidelity. 
The  point  which  she  had  to  carry  was  great,  and 
she  resolved  to  make  a  desperate  efibrt  for  it.  She 
had  a  faithful  and  favourite  female  attendant,  named 
Gigis,  who  (as  Dinon  informs  us)  assisted  in  the 
afiair  of  the  poison ;  but,  according  to  Ctesias,  she 
was  only  privy  to  it,  and  that  against  her  will,  llie 
former  calls  the  person  who  provided  the  poison^ 
Melantas ;  the  latter,  Belitaras  ^. 

These  two  princesses  had  apparently  forgotten 
their  old  suspicions  and  animosities,  and  began  to 
visit  and  eat  at  each  other's  table.  But  they  did  it 
with  so  much  caution  and  distrust,  as  to  make  it  a 
rule  to  eat  at  the  same  dish,  and  even  of  the  same 
slices.  There  is  a  small  bird  in  Persia  which  has  po 
excrements,  the  intestines  being  completely  filled 
with  fiit,  whence  it  h  supposed  to  live  upon  air  and 
dew;  the  name  of  it  is  Rhyntaces.  One  of  these 
birds,  according  to  Ctesias,  rarysatis  divided  with  a 
small  knife  poisoned  upon  one  side ;  and,  taking  the 
wholesomer  part  herself,  ^ve  the  other  to  Statira. 
Dinon  however  affirms,  that  it  was  not  Parysatis, 
but  Melantas,  who  cut  the  bird  in  two,  and  pre* 
sented  the  poisoned  part  to  Statira,  Be  that  as  it 
may^  she  died  in  dreadful  agonies  and  convulsions^ 
and  was  not  only  herself  sensible  of  the  cause,  but 
intimated  her  suspicions  to  the  king,  who  knew  too 
well  his  mother^s  savage  and  implacable  temper,  and 
therefore  immediately  made  an  inquiry  into  th6 
afiair.  Her  officers  and  servants  who  attended  at 
her  table  were  arrested,  and  put  to  the  torture.  But 
Gigis  she  kept  in  her  own  apartment ;  and,  when 
the  king  demanded  her,  refused  to  give  her  up.    At 

i*  Both  these  names  Huet,  in  his  Dem  Evang.,  identifies  wtUi 
Baltasar.* 

2 


156  ARTAXERXES. 

last,  Gigis  entreated  the  queen-mother  to  let  her  _ 
in  the  night  to  her  own  Iiouse ;  and  the  king,  beinj 
informed  of  it,  ordered  some  of  liis  guards  to  intei 
cept  her.  Accordingly  she  was  seized  and  coi 
demned  to  die.  The  laws  of  Persia  have  orderei 
■  the  following  punishment  for  poisoners  :  their  hea< 
9re  placed  on  a  broad  stone,  and  then  brusied  am 
ftnished  with  another,  till  nothing  of  the  figure  re 
mains.  Thus  was  Gigis  executed-  As  for  Parysadi 
the  king  did   not  reproacli  her  with  her  crime,  non 

{lunish  lier  any  farther  than  by  sending  her  to  Etaby- 
on  (which  was  tlie  place  she  petitioned  to  retire  to), 
and  declaring  that  he  would  never  visit  that  city  so 
long  as  she  lived.  Such  was  the  state  of  his  domestic 
affairs. 

He  was  not  less  solicitous,  to  get  into  his  hand% 
'  the  Greeks,  who  had  Ibllowed  Cyrus  into  Asia,  tliai^ 
he  had  been  to  conquer  Cyrus  himself,  and  to  retaiij, 
possession  of  the  crown  :  but  in  this  he  could  not  suc^ 
ceed^'.  For  though  they  had  lost  Cyrus  their  gene^ 
ral  and  their  own  officers,  they  yet  forced  their  wajn 
I  as  it  were  out  of  the  very  palace  of  Artaxerxes,  anu 

proved  to  the  whole  world,  that  the  Persians  aud^ 
their  king  had  nolhing  to  value  themselves  upon, 
but  wealth,  luxury,  and  women ;  and  that  all  the 
rest  was  mere  parade,  and  ostentation.  This  gavQ 
fresh  spirits  to  the  Greeks,  and  taught  them  to  de^ 
spise  the  barbarians.  The  Lacedaemonians  in  part^ 
^uhr  bought  it  would  be  a  great  dishonour,  if  they 

1'   The  Greeks  were  at  a  ereut  distance  from  their  own  country. 

Eia  the  very  heart  of  the  Persian  empire,  surrounded  by  a  numeroitf 
army    flushed  with  victory ;  nnd   had   no  way  of  reluming  into 
s    ■  ■ '  ■  ■      
ft 
: 


Greece,  but  by  (iirclnff  their  retreat  through  an  immense  tract  of 
the  en<c:iiy'j  country.  But  Uicir  valour  and  resolution  surioomital 
^1  these  difficultiei :  and  in  spite  of  a  powerful  army  which  pursued 
and  harassed  them  all  the  way,  they  made  a  retreat  of  3,32.)  miles 
through  the  provinces  belon){ing  to  the  PeniiADs,  and  arrived  at  th« 
Crrek  cities  on  the  Kuxine  nva.  Ctearchus  had  the  conduct  of  ihit 
inarch  ^t  first,  but  he  bcinfi;  cut  off  by  llie  treachery  of  'ns^i 
phcmes,  Xenophon  vras  chosen  in  his  room  ;  and  to  hin  valour  and 
irisdoin  it  waa  chiefly  owing,  tliat  at  length  they  teached  Greece  ii^ 
»fety. 


I 


ARTAXBRXEa  107 

did  not  now  deliver  the  Asiatic  Greeks  from  servirt 
tude  and  put  an  end  to  the  insults  of  the  PersianSii 
Their  first  attempt  was  under  Thimbroi  and  their 
next  under  Dercyllidas^;  but,  as  those  generals 
effected  nothing  of  importance,  the  conduct  of  the 
war  was  given  to  their  king,  Agesiiaus.  That  prince 
immediately  passed  into  Asia  with  his  fleets  and 
speedily  distinguished  himself  by  his  vigorous  opera- 
tions; for  he  defeated  Tisaphernes  in  a  pitched 
battle,  and  brought  over  several  cities. 

By  these  losses  Artaxerxes  understood,  vbat 
would  be  his  best  method  of  making  war.  He  ther/er 
fore  sent  Hermocrates,  the  Rhodian,  into  Gre^cie 
with  a  large  quantity  of  gold,  instructing  him,  ..to 
corrupt  with  it  the  principal  men  among  the  s^iit^^ 
and  to  stir  up  a  Grecian  war  against  Lacedaemon.  la 
this  commission  Uermocrates  acquitted  himself  with 
so  much  success,  that  the  most  considerable  cities 
leagued  against  Sparta,  and  such  commotions  were 
excited  in  Peloponnesus,  that  the  magistratea  wefe 
forced  to  recall  Agesiiaus  from  Asia*  Upon  his  de- 
parture, he  is  reported  to  have  said  to  his  friendSf 
The  king  drives  me  out  of  Asia  with  thirty  thou- 
sand archers/*  The  Persian  money,  it  must  be 
recollected,  bore  the  impression  of  an  archer. 

Artaxerxes  deprived  the  Lacedaemonians  of  the 
dominion  of  the  sea,  by  means  of  Conon  the  Athe- 
nian, who  acted  in  conjunction  with  Pharnabazus. 
For  Conon,  after  he  had  lost  the  sea-fight  at  Mga^ 
Potamos  ^%  fixed  his  abode  in  Cyprus  ;  not  merely 
with  a  view  of  providing  for  his  own  safety,  but 
waiting  for  a  change  of  affairs,  as  mariners  wait  for 
the  turn  of  the  tide  :  and  finding  that  his  own  plan 
required  ^  respectable  power  to  carry  it  into  execu- 
tion, and  the  Persian  power  a  person  of  ability  to 
ponduct  it,  he  transmitted  to  the  king  an  account  oif 
the  measures,  which  he  had  concerted.     This  letter 


3^  Sec  Xepoph.  Helleo.  iii. 

37  See  the  Ufe  of  Ageulaus,  IV.  88.,  the  Life  of  Alcibiades,  I(. 
jl69.,  and  the  Life  of  ipysanderi  m.  199.« 


138"  AltfAXER^iES.  V 

the  messenger  was  ordered  to  get  delivered  into  MB 
hands  by  ZeDo  the  Cretan,  who  danced  m  the  reveti, 
or  by  Polycritus  the  Mendi^an,  who  was  his  phyn- 
cian,  or  (in  the  event  of  their  absence)  by  Ctesias 
another  physician.  It  was  given,  we  are  told,  to 
Ctesias,  who  added  to  it  this  paragraph ;  "  I  desire 
"  you.  Sir,  to  send  me  Ctesias,  for  he  will  be  very 
*'  serviceable  in  the  business  of  the  navy."  Ctesias 
however  affirms,  that  the  king  without  any  kind  of 
solicitation  employed  him  upon  that  service. 

After   Artaxerxes,  through    Conon  and  Phama- 
bazus,    had   gained    the    battle   off  Cnidus,    which 
stripped  the  Lacedemonians  of  the  empire  of  the 
sea,  he  drew  almost  the  whole  of  Greece  into  his 
interest ;  insomuch  that  the  celebrated  peace,  called  i 
*  the  Peace    of  Antalcidas  ■'%    was    entirely  of  hUJ 
modelling.     Antalcidas  was  a  Spartan,   the  son  on 
Leon,  and  so  strongly  attached  to  the  king,  tha^J 
he  persuaded    the   Lacedaemonians   to   give  up  Ut^J 
him  all  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia,  and  the  island' 
which  are  reckoned    among  it's    dependencies,    hi 
be  held  as  his  tributaries  in  virtue  of  the  peace  i. 
if  indeed  we  can  call  that  a  peace,  by  which  Greeceil 
was    dishonoured    and    betrayed,    and    which    wut|l 
indeed  so  vile  a  bargain,  that  the  most  unsuccess**" 
ful  war  could  not  have  terminated  in  any  thing  more 
inglorious. 

Hence  it  was  that  Artaxerxes,  though  (according 
to  Dinon's  account)  he  always  detested  the  other 
Spartans  as  the  most  impudent  of  men,  expressed  a 
great  regard  for  Antalcidas,  when  he  came  to  his 
court.     One  evening  he  took  a  chaplct  of  flowenj 
from  his  head,   dipped  it   in  tlic  richest  essenceay* 
and  sent  it  him  from   Ins  own  table.     The  wholo 
court  was    astonished    at  such  a    mark  of  favourll 
But  there  secras  to  have  been  a  propriety  in  making  , 
him  this  ridiculous  comphment*';    such  a  crowi^J 

1"  B,  C.  387.     See  l!ie  Life  of  Agesilaua,  IV.  99.,  ond  note."        ■ 

,)*  It  was  a  conipliinent  entirely  out  of  character  to  a  Sparum*^ 

who,  u  such,  wEu  ■uppost.-d  to  value  biiiuelf  upon  the  siniphcitv  t^A 

liJn  mauntra,  and  to  avoid  till  upproachcs  to  luxury ;  but  Alitalaibk  1 


ARTAXEAXlUk  l» 

inh^t,  bitfteft!the'bit)W8-0f  hin,  who  could  mimie 
heoniAnH  aM '^ISaHiftnttidM  in  a  dance  before  th« 
Persians.  'Somebody  ftdjlpening  to  say  in  Agen^ 
laus'  heariih^  ^  Aliis  Ibr  Greeeel  when  the  I^ce^ 
^^  AesrAohihtA  ftl<e  turning  Persians ;  "^  he  corrected 
hinn,  and  said,  ^'N^t- the  Medes^lire  rather  turnid^ 
*•  LacedfiBittomate'^/*  But  the  wit  of  the  txprw^ 
sioh  did  rkit  iNEiihove  the'  disgrace  of  the  toingt 
They  lost  their  *u|>efiority  ft*^  Greece  by  the  i& 
fought  battle  t)^  Leuctra  *S  asr  they  had  previously 
lost  their 'bbnodif'  by  the  vile  conditions  o#  this 
peace.  -"'''^ 

So  long  as  Sparta  inaintained  her  superibrityi 
the  kin^  Mttnittbd  Antalcidas  to  the  privileges  <lf 
hospitality,  and  calted  him  his  friend.  Butwhen, 
]up6n  their  defeat  at  Lenctra,  the  SpartaAs  sent 
Agesilaus  info  Egjppt  to  procure  li  supply  of  money] 
and  Antalcidas^  went  upon  the  same  errand  to  the 
Persian  court,  Artaxerxes  treated  him  with  so  much 
neglect  and  contempt,  that  between  the  ridicule 
which  he  suffered' front  his  enemies,  and  his  fear 
of  the  resentment  of  the  EphoH;'1ie  resolved  on  hit 
return  to  starve  himself  to  death.  Ismenias  the 
Theban,  -  and  Pelc^idas  who  had  lately  won  the 
battle  of  Leuctra,  went  also  to  the  court  of  Arta** 
xerxes.  IPdopidas  submitted  to  nothing  unworthy 
of  his  country^  or  his  character ;  but  Ismenia^ 
being  cbmnrtnded  to  adore  the  king,  purposely 
let  his  ring  fkll  from  his  finger,  that  by  stooping 
to  take  it  up'  he  might  appear  in  a  posture  of 
adoration. 

Timi^oras  the  Athenian  having  given  the  king 
some  secret  intelligence,  in  a  letter  which  he  de- 
spatched by  a  secretary  named  Beluris,  he  was  so 

had  shown,  by  his  servile  condescension,  how  little  he  was  allied  in 
feeling  to  Sparta. 

^  See  note  (38.) 

^'  B.  C*  371.;  where  the  Thebans,  led  by  Epaminondas  and 
Pelopidas,  defeated  the  Lacedsemonians  under  their  king  Cleom- 
brotus,  who  feU  in  the  action.* 


140  ARTAXERXES. 

niucli  ple4!;ec1  that  he  made  him  a  present  of  ten 
tliniisand  Darics.  The  same  Timagoras  wanted  a 
supply  of  cow's  milk  on  account  of  a  languishing 
riisorder;  upon  which  Artaxerxes  ordered  eighty 
cows  for  his  use  to  follow  him  wherever  he  went. 
He  likewise  sent  him  a  bed  with  the  necessary  cover- 
lets, and  Persian  sfrvants  to  make  it,  because  he 
thought  the  Greeks  not  skilled  in  tliat  art*' ;  and  lie 
or<lefe(l  him,  on  account  of  his  indisposition,  to  be 
carried  to  the  sea-side  in  a  jitter.  To  this  we  may 
add  the  allowance  for  his  table  while  he  was  at  court, 
which  was  so  magnificent,  that  Ostanes  the  king's 
brother  one  day  said  to  him;  "  Timagoras,  remem- 
"  ber  this  table,  for  it  is  not  so  sumptuously  main- 
"  tained  for  nothing."  This  was  rather  reproach- 
ing him  for  liis  treason,  than  calling  for  his  acknow- 
ledgements. And  indeed  Timagoras,  upon  his  re- 
turn, was  capitally  condemned  by  the  Athenians  for 
having  received  bribes. 

Artaxerxes  in  some  measure  atoned  for  the  causes 
of  sorrow,  which  he  had  given  the  Greeks,  by  doing 
one  thing  that  afforded  them  great  pleasure  :  lie  put 
Tisaphernes,  their  most  implacable  enemy,  to  death. 
This  he  did  partly  at  the  instigation  of  Parysatis, 
who  added  other  chaiges  to  those  alleged  against 
hira.  K>r  he  had  not  long  retained  bis  anger,  but 
was  reconciled  to  his  mother  and  sent  for  her  to 
court }  because  he  saw  that  she  had  understanding 
and  spirit  enough  to  assist  in  governing  the  kingdom, 
and  there  now  remained  no  farther  cause  of  suspi- 
cion between  them.  From  this  time  she  made  it  a 
rule  to  please  the  king  in  all  ber  measures,  and  not' 


former  annotalor,  Agamemnon  threaten! 
e  Chryscij,  when  advanced  in  years, 
To  deck  the  bed  she  once  enjoy'd  !      (Horn.  I: 
The  disiunco  from  tlie  Persian  cupitul  te  the  sea-side,  alluded 
above,  ivos  so  considerable,  that  the  chiurmen  for  their  disci 
of  lhi«  piece  of  royal  WJurtesy  (as  Plutarch  himself  informs  uj 
hisLifL-ofPelojii(liis,  11.379}  received  from  the  king 
lion  of  four  tAlentit.* 


cni  ^^H 
31.)  «H 

us,  m 

3 


to  oppose  any  of  his  inclioations,   by  ^hich  she 
gained  an  absolute  ascendency  over  Ittno.     He  had  a 
strong  passion,  she  perceivra,  for  one  of  his  owtji' 
daughters,  named  Atossa.     He  endeavoured,  indeedf; 
to  conceal  it  on  his  mother's  account,  and  restrained 
it  in  public ;  though,  according  to  some  authors,  he 
had  already  a  private  commerce  with  the  princess. 
Parysatis  no  sooner  suspected  the  intrigue,  than  she 
caressed  her  grand-daughter  more  than  ever ;  and* 
was  continually  praising  to  Artaxerxes  both  her, 
beauty  and  behaviour,    in  which   she  assured  hiii^ 
there  was  something  great  and  worthy  of  a  crowtiV 
At  last,  she  persuaded  him  to  make  her  his  wifi^' 
without    regarding   the   laws  and  opinions  of  the 
Greeks :  ^^  God,"  said  she,  ^V  has  made  yon  a  law 
**  to  the  Persians,  and  a  rule  of  right  and  wrong/* 
Some    historians    (among  whom  is  Heraclides  of 
Cumae**^)  affirm,  that  Artaxerxes  married  not  only 
Atossa,  but  another  of  his  daughters  named  Ames> 
tris,  of  whom  we  shall  speak  by  and  by.     His  affec- 
tion for  Atossa  was  so  strong,  that  though  she  had 
a  leprosy  which  spread  itself  over  her  whole  body» 
he  was  not  disgusted  by  it,  but  daily  implored  Juno 
for  her,  and  grasped  the  dust  of  her  temple  ;  for  he 
paid  his  homage  to  no  other  goddess.     At  the  same 
time  by  his  direction  his  state-officers  sent  so  many 
offerings  to  her  shrine,  that  the  whole  space  between 
the  palace  and  the  temple,  which  was  sixteen  fbf- 
longs,  was  filled  with  gold,  silver,  purple,  and  fine 
horses  **. 

Pharnabazus  and   Iphicrates^^   he  despatched  to 
make  war  upon  the  ^Egyptians ;  but  the  expedition 

♦'  Who  wrote  a  History  of  Persia  in  five  books.* 
^^  As  *  horses '  seem  a  strange  present  to  Juno,  and  are  as 
strangely  mixed  with  *  gold,  silver,  and  purple,'  Dacier  prc^xMca, 
instead  of  i^m^  *  horses/  to  read  Ai^M*,  *  prepous  stones.'  (L.) 
And  yet  Juno  was  very  partial  to  Argos,  which  the  Greek  poets 
call  iT%-<K«T«<,  /ttiiA«t<k,  iTff»a5,  &c.;  and  Horace  (Od.  I.  vii.  d.) 
aptum  equis.* 

^^  An  Athenian  general  of  high  reputation,  contemporary  wkh 
Fhociou.    His  Life  was  written  by  Cornelius  Nepos.^ 


1*2  ARTAXERXES. 

miscarried  tlirougli  a  quarrel,  which  took  plaod 
tween  the  generals  employed.  AftCF  this  he  man 
in  person  against  the  Cadusians,  with  three  Hum 
thousand  toot  and  ten  thousand  horse.  Their  a 
tr;  is  rough  and  uneven,  and  covered  with  pcrpf 
fogs.  As  it  produces  no  corn  or  fruits  bj  ctilj 
tion,  the  inhabitants,  a  fierce  and  warlike  raqi 
men,  live  upon  wild  pears,  apples,  and  other  tfaj 
of  that  kind.  He  was,  therefore,  insensibly  invt^ 
in  great  danger  and  distress;  lor  lits  troops  C4 
find  no  provisions  there,  neither  could  they  be  | 
plied  from  any  other  place.  They  were  cof 
quently  forced  to  kill  their  beasts  of  burthen,  >i 
cat  then] ;  and  even  those  became  so  scarce,  that 
ass'  head  was  sold  for  sixty  drachmas.  The  kit 
table  itself  was  ill  supplied ;  and  there  remaij 
only  a  few  horses,  all  the  rest  having  been  use4 
food.  '] 

In  this  extremity  Tiribazus,  who  was  oftei 
high  favour  on  account  of  his  courage,  and  o^ 
degraded  for  his  levity,  and  who  at  this  very  % 
was  in  the  deepest  disgrace,  saved  the  king  an(| 
whole  army  by  the  following  stratagem  :  The  Ci^ 
sians  having  two  kings,  each  had  his  separate  at 
Upon  tills  'I'iribazus  founded  his  scheme ;  and  tii 
he  had  communicated  it  to  Artaxerxes,  went  hicq 
to  one  of  those  princes,  and  sent  his  son  tOi< 
other.  Kacli  imposed  upon  the  king  to  wliom 
applied,  by  pretending  that  the  other  was  aboii^ 
despatch  u  private  embassy  to  Artaxerxes,  wttbj 
view  of  ncgociating  a  sei>3rate  alliance."  "  B^ 
"  you  are  wise,"  said  ihev.  "  you  will  be  bet| 
"  Iiand  with  vour  rival,  and  we  will  assist  you  in  ] 
'*  whole  affair."  This  argument  had  it's  efl^ 
and  each,  persuaded  that  the  otlier  was  undermiD 
him  out  of  envy,  sent  his  cmba-isadors,  the  one  1l 
Tiribazus,  and  the  other  with  his  son.  As  n 
lime  elapsed  before  they  returned,  Artaxerxes  bfl) 
to  entertain  suspicions,  and  there  were  not  want 
people  who  suggested  that  Tiribazus  had  aome  t 


ARTAXERXES.  H» 

totous  design.  Upon  this,  the  king  was  extremely 
dejected,  and  repenting  of  the  conBdencc  which  he 
bad  reposed  in  him,  gave  ear  to  all  the  calumnies  of 
his  enemies.  But  at  last  Tiribazus  arrived,  as  did 
also  his  son,  with  the  Cadusian  embassadors,  and 
peace  was  made  with  both  parties ;  in  consequence 
ofwhic!),  Tiribazus  stood  liigher  in  esteem  and  au- 
thority with  the  king  than  ever.  During  this  expe- 
dition, Artaxerxes  showed  that  weakness  and 
cowardice  ought  not  to  be  ascribed,  as  they  gene* 
rally  are,  to  the  pomp  and  luxuries  of  life  ^^  but  to 
a  native  meanness  and  depravity  of  judgement.  For 
neither  the  gold,  nor  the  purple,  or  the  jewels,  which 
the  king  always  wore,  and  which  were  worth  not 
less  than  twelve  thousand  talents,  prevented  him 
from  encountering  the  same  fatigues  and  hardships 
with  the  meanest  soldier  in  his  army.  He  took  his 
quiver  on  his  back,  and  his  buckler  upon  his  arm, 
and  quitting  his  horse  would  frequently  march  fore- 
most up  the  most  craggy  and  difficult  places;  so 
that  others  found  their  task  much  lighter,  when  they 
observed  the  strength  and  alacrity  with  which  he 
proceeded ;  for  he  marched  above  two  hundred  fur- 
longs a  day. 

At  last  he  reached  one  of  his  own  palaces,  where 
there  were  gardens  and  parks  of  great  extent  and 
beauty,  though  the  surrounding  country  was  naked 
and  barren.  As  the  weather  was  exceedingly  cold, 
he  permitted  his  men  to  cut  wood  out  of  the  parks, 
without  sparing  either  pine  or  cypress :  and,  when 
he  observed  them  loth  to  touch  trees  of  such  size 
and  beauty,  he  took  an  ax  in  his  own  hand,  and 
applied  it  to  the  largest  and  finest  tree  among  tliem. 
After  which  they  cut  them  down  without  scruple, 
and  having  made  a  number  of  fires,  passed  the  night 
in  comfort. 

He  found  however,  upon  his  arrival  at  his  capital. 


*'•  Yet  the  'iDstance  in  auestion  ought  rather  perhaps  to  be  coo- 
udcrtd  u  an  cxesptioa.  loaa  ut  «xunple.* 


I 

■ 
I 


J 


144  aIiYaxerXes. 

that  he  had  lost  many  brave  men,  and  almost  all  his' 
horses  j  and  imagining  that  he  was  despised  for  his 
disasters,  and  the  ill  success  of  the  expedition,  he 
became  suspicious  of  his  grandees.  Many  of  them 
he  put  to  death  in  anger,  and  more  out  of  apprehen- 
sion. For  fear  is  the  most  sanguinary  principle, 
upon  which  a  tyrant  can  act ;  whereas  courage,  on 
the  contrary,  is  mild  and  unsuspicious.  Thus  the 
shyest  and  most  timorous  animals  are  the  most  diffi- 
cult to  be  approached,  or  tamed  ;  whereas  the  more 
generous,  having  less  suspicion  because  they  have 
less  fear,  do  not  shun  the  caresses  of  man. 

Arfaxerxes,  being  now  far  advanced  in  years, 
observed  his  sons  making  parties  for  the  crown, 
among  his  friends  and  the  rest  of  the  nobility.  The 
more  equitable  were  for  his  leaving  it  to  his  eldest 
son  Darius,  as  he  had  himself  received  it  from  his 
father  in  right  of  primogeniture.  But  his  younger 
son  Ochus,  who  was  a  man  of  an  active  and  violent 
spirit,  had  also  a  considerable  interest  among  the 
grandees.  Besides,  he  hoped  to  gain  his  father 
through  Atossa ;  to  whom  he  assiduously  paid  his 
court,  promising  to  make  her  the  partner  of  his 
throne  upon  the  death  of  Artaxerxes.  Nay,  it  was 
even  said,  that  he  had  already  had  private  familiari- 
ties with  her.  Artaxerxes,  though  he  was  ignorant 
of  this  circumstance,  resolved  to  cutoff  Ochus'  hopes 
at  once  ;  lest,  following  the  daring  steps  of  his  uncle 
Cyrus,  he  should  again  involve  the  kingdom  in  civil 
wars.  He  therefore  declared  Darius  his  successor, 
who  was  now  twenty-five  "  years  old,  and  permitted 
him  to  wear  the  point  of  his  turban  *"  erect  as  a 
mark  of  royalty. 

As  it  is  customary  in  Persia  for  the  heir  to  ask  a 
ft  vour  of  him  that  has  declared  him  such,  which  if 
possible  is  always  granted,  Darius  demanded  Aspa-fia, 

•'  In  the  printed  text  it  U  '  fifty  :'  bul  t 

tu   •■.^i...    ^ =  .»  instead  of '■■■'*«- 

talh  hiiD  '  k  >'Ou.ig  man'  a  liule  ticlow. 


ARTAXERXE6.  lU 

%ho  kald  hwA  his  vocte  Cvi^os'  favourite  mistrest  | 
»nd  itai^  now  aire  of  Iht  king's  concubines.  This 
woman  was  a  native  of  Phocea  in  Ionia,  and  her 
parents,  who  were  above  the  condition  of  slaves^  had 
given  her  a  good  education.  One  evening,  she  was 
introduced  to  Cyras  at  supper  with  the  other  >taiiieD. 
While  they  all  approached  him  without  scruple,  and 
received  his  jokes  and  caresses  with  pleasure^  Astasia 
stood  by  in  silence ;  and,  upon  Cyrus',  calling  her 
to  htm,  she  refused  to  go.  Perceiving  thai  the 
chamberlains  were  about  to  compel  her,  she  said, 
*^  Whoever  lays  hands  upon  me,  shall  repent  it^** 
Upon  which,  the  company  considered  h^r  as  an  urr- 
polished  rustic ;  but  Cyrus  was  del^hted,  and  said 
with  a  smile  to  the  person  who  brought*  them,  ^  Db 
"  not  yoti  see  that  of  all  these,  whom  you  have 
^^  provkled,  this  young  woman  alone  has  generous 
^^  and  virtuous  sentiments  ? "  From  that  moment 
he  attached  himself  to  hert- loved  her  most  of  all 
his  concubines,  and  called  her  Aspasia  ^  the  Wise.' 
When  Cyrus  fell  in  battle,  she  was  taken  among  the 
plunder  of  his  camp. 

Arta>terxes  was  much  concerned  at  his  son^s  re- 
quest. For  the  barbarians  are  so  extremely  jealoUEt 
of  their  women,  that  capital  punishment  is  Inflicted, 
not  only  upon  the  man  who  speaks  to  or  touches 
one  of  the  king's  concubines,  but  upon  him  also  who 
approaches,  or  passes  their  chariots  on  the  road. 
And  though,  in  compliance  with  the  dictates  of  his 

{)assion,  he  had  made  Atossa  his  wife  contrary  to 
aw,  he  kept  three  hundred  and  sixty  concubines, 
all  of  them  women  of  the  greatest  beauty.  When 
Darius  howev^  demanded  Aspana,  he  declared  her 
free,  and  said ;  ^^  She  might  go  with  him,  if  she 
'^  pleased  :  but  he  would  not  compel  her  against 
^^  her  inclination."  Accordingly  Aspasia  was  sent 
for,  and  contrary  to  the  king's  expectation  made 
choice  of  Darius.  He  gave  her  up  to  him,  irtdeed^. 
because  he  was  obliged  to  it  by  the  law ;  but  he 
soon  took  her  away  from  him,  and  made  h^  a 

VOL.  VI.  L 


'    146 


ARTAXERXES. 


I  priestess  of  Diana  of  Ecbatana,  whom  they  cafl  ^ 
'Anitis*",'  that  she  might  pass  the  remainder  of 
'  ber  life  in  chastity.  This  he  thought  no  severe  re- 
I  venge  upon  his  son,  but  a  pleasant  way  of  chastis- 
I  ang  his  presumption.  Darius,  however,  highly  re- 
1  aented  the  affront;  whether  it  was,  that  the  charma 
r  lof  Aspasia  had  made  a  deep  impression  upon  him, 
cr  he  tliought  himself  insulted  and  ridiculed  by  the 
!  proceeding. 

Tiribazus,  seeing  how  mucli  he  was  offended, 
,  endeavoured  to  exasperate  him  still  farther.  This 
he  did  from  a  fellow-feeling ;  for  he  had  suffered 
an  injury  of  nearly  the  same  kind.  The  king,  hav- 
ing several  daughters,  promised  to  give  Apama  to 
Phamabazus,  Rhodogune  to  Orontes^",  and  Anies- 
tris  to  Tiribazus.  With  the  two  first  he  kept  his 
word,  but  he  deceived  Tiribazus :  ibr,  instead  of 
giving  Amestris  to  him,  he  married  her  himself; 
promising  at  the  same  time,  that  he  should  have  his 
youngest  daughter  Atossa.  But  of  her  likewise  he 
afterward  became  enamoured,  and  married  her  too, 
as  we  have  already  mentioned.  This  treatment  ex- 
tremely incensed  Tiribazus,  who  had  indeed  nothing 
steady  in  his  disposition,  but  was  wild  and  irregular. 
One  while  upon  a  level  with  the  greatest  men  in  the 
court,  another  while  unacceptable  to  the  king  and 
sinking  into  disgrace,  he  bore  no  change  of  fortune 
with  propriety.  If  he  was  in  favour,  his  vanity 
was  insupportable  ;  if  out  of  it,  instead  of  being 
humble  and  quiet,  he  had  recourse  to  violence  and 
ierocity. 

His  conversing  with  the  young  prince  w.«,  therft>| 
fore,  adding  fire  to  fire  :  "  What  avails  it,"  said  he," 
*'  to  Iiave  the  point  of  your  turban  advanced,  *"" 
"  you  do  not  seek  to  advance  your  authority  ?'l 
*' Nothing  con  be  more  absurd  than  your  thinking  I 

>*  Pautuinim  (iii.  19.)  ssp,  there  ivas  n  tniiplc  of  Diana  Aiuilit  J 
i  ^  Lydio.     lliil  Justin  (X.  i.)  iiifutms  us,  tliat  Artoxerxci  i 
Aspasiii  one  of  ilit  priuites»t»  of  tlie  Suu. 
'    )•  Who  tubicquL'Qily  tell  into  diaj^race.     Ste  Diod.  Sic.  i 


ARTAXEXRES.  147 

*'  yourself  secure  of  the  succession,  while  your 
**  brother  is  privately  forwarding  his  interest  by 
"  means  of  the  women,  and  your  father  is  so  very 
^'  foolish  and  unsteady.  He,  who  could  break  one 
"  of  the  most  sacred  laws  of  the  Persians,  for  the 
sake  of  an  insignificant  Greek  woman,  is  certainly 
not  to  be  depended  upon  in  more  important  en*- 
gagements.  Besides,  tne  case  is  quite  different 
between  you  and  Ochus,  as  to  the  event  of  the 
competition :  if  Ochus  fails  to  obtain  the  crown, 
no  body  will  hinder  him  from  living  happily  in  a 
private  station ;  but  you,  who  have  been  declared 
king,  must  either  reign  or  die."  Upon  this  occa- 
sion was  verified  the  observation  of  Sophocles, 


-Swift  in  it's  march 


Is  evil  counsel. 

The  road  which  leads  us  to  what  we  desire  is 
indeed  smooth,  and  of  an  easy  descent ;  and  the 
desires  of  most  men  are  vicious,  because  they  have 
never  known  or  tried  the  enjoyments  of  virtue. 
The  lustre  of  the  imperial  crown,  and  Darius'  fear 
of  his  brother,  furnished  Tiribazus  with  other  argu- 
ments ;  but  the  goddess  of  beauty  contributed  her 
share  toward  persuading  him,  by  putting  him  in 
mind  of  the  loss  of  Aspasia. 

He,  therefore,  entirely  resigned  himself  to  Tiri- 
bazus, and  many  others  soon  engaged  in  the  con- 
spiracy. But  before  it  could  be  carried  into  execu- 
tion, an  eunuch  gave  the  king  information  of  it,  and 
of  all  the  measures  that  were  to  be  taken  ;  for  he 
had  procured  perfect  intelligence,  that  they  designed 
to  enter  his  chamber  in  the  night,  and  to  murther  him 
in  his  bed. 

Artaxerxes  thought  it  would  be  great  imprudence 
either  to  slight  the  information,  and  expose  himself 
to  such  danger,  or  to  credit  it  without  farther  proof. 
The  method,  which  he  adopted,  was  as  follows :  he 
ordered  the  eunuch  to  join  Darius  and  his  adherents^ 
and  assist  at  all  their  councils  j  and  in  the  mean 

L  2 


cc 


ARTAXERXES.  149 

ttil  he  laid  him  dead  at  his  feet.  After  this^  the^ 
add,  he  returned  to  his  palace,  and  having  paid  hi^ 
devotions  to  the  sun,  said  to  those  who  assist^  at 
the  ceremony ;  **  My  Persians,  you  may  now  re* 
turn  in  triumph^  and  tell  your  fellow  subjects,  that 
the  great  Oromazes  ^^  has  taken  vengeance  upon 
those,  who  had  formed  the  most  impious  and  exa>- 
Crable  designs  against  their  sovereign/'  Such  wiU 
the  end  of  the  cohspiracy. 

Ochus  now  entertained  verjr  agreeable  hopes,  aod 
was  farther  encouraged  by  Atossa.     But  he  had  stiM 
some  fear  of  his  remaining  legitimate  brother  Ari^ 
aspes,  and  of  his  natural  brother  Arsames.    Not  that 
Ochus  had  so  much  to  apprehend  from  Ariaspes^ 
merely  because  he  was  older  ;  but  the  Persians  were 
desirous  of  having  him  succeed  to  the  throne  on  ac** 
count  of  his  mild,  sincere,  and  humane  dispositioiK 
As  for  Arsames,  he  had  the   character   or    a  wise 
prince,  and  was  the  particular  fkvourite  of  his  flither. 
This  was  no  secret  to  Ochus.     He,  thefefore,  plan- 
ned the  destruction  of  them  both  ;  and  being  of  ap 
artful  as  well  as  a  sanguinary  turn,  he  employed  his 
cruelty  against  Arsames,  and  his  craft  against  Ari- 
aspes.     To  the  latter  he  privately  sent  some  of  the 
king's  eunuchs  and  friends,  with  frequent  accounts 
of  severe  and  menacing  expressions  of  his  father's, 
as  if  he  had  resolved  to  put  him  to  a  cruel  and  igno- 
minious death.     As  these  persons  came  daily  to  tell 
him  in  confidence,  that  some  of  these  threats  were 
upon  the  point  of  being  carried  into  execution,  and 
the  others  would  not  long  be  delayed  ;  he  was  so 
terrified,  and  fell  into  such  a  melancholy  and  despond- 
ing way,  that  he  prepared  a  poisonous  draught,  and 
drank  it  off  to  deliver  himself  from  the  burthen  of  life. 
The  king  being  informed  of  the  manner  of  his 
death  sincerely  lamented   him,  and  had  some  suspi- 
cion of  the  cause,  but  could  not  thoroughly  examine 
into  it,  on  account  of  his  advanced  age.     Arsames 

^'  The  Persians  worshipped  Oromazes  as  the  author  of  Good, 
and  Arimanius  as  the  author  of  Evil. 


THE 


LIFE 


OF 


ARATUS. 


SUMMARY. 

JVhy  Plutarch  addresses  this  Life  to  Pdycrates.     Aratus  in  his  child- 
hood escapes  Jrom  the  hands  of  Abantidas.     Employments  of  his 
youth.    Nicodes  usurps  the  government  of  Sicyon,     Aratus*  plan 
to  destroy  the  tyrant.     He  determines  to  scale  the  wall.    His  pre- 
parations.   He  deceives  Nicocles*  spies:  Sets  off':  Is  disturbed 
by  the  dogs^  and  the  sentinels :  Gets  possession  qfSicyon.  Nicodes 
JUes,    He  persuades  that  city  to  enter  into  the  Achaan  league. 
His  character :  Moderation  and  generosity.  His  voyage  to  Egypt. 
History  of  the  portrait  of  Aristratus.     He  establishes  peace  and 
friendship  among  his  countrymen.     Antigonus  attempts  to  render 
him  obnoxious  to  Ptolemy.  Aratus  undertakes  to  recover  the  citadel 
of  Corinth.    Importance  of  thai  place  :  Havo  gained  by  Antigonus. 
Erginus  promises  to  give  it  up  to  Aratus  for  sixty  talents.     Aratus 
pledges  his  plate f  jewels,  Sfc.for  the  money.    The  enterprise  nearly 
fails.     Aratus  enters  Corinth :  attacks  the  citadel,  and  takes  it: 
Persuades  the  Corinthians  to  join  the  league.    Other  exploits.    He 
has  great  influence  in   the  confederacy :   Undertakes  to  deliver 
Argosfrom  the  tyrant  Aristomachus.     The  latter  is  slain^  and 
succeeded  by  Aristippus.     His  miserable  life.     Aratus  vainly  en- 
dcavours  to  surprise  Argos:   Receives  a  check  by  his  own  mis* 
management :  Defeats  and  destroys  the  tyrant,  which  re-establishes 
his  cliaracter.    Lysiades,  tyrant  of  Megalopolis,   lays  down  his 
usurped  authority,  and  unites  that  city  to  the   Achcean  league. 
Aratus  defeats  the  Mtolians  at  Pellene.     Singular  occurrence  in 
the  temple  of  Diana,    Aratus  endeavours  to  surprise  the  Piraus  : 


152 


ARATUS. 


CixuiU  U  to  it  given  up  to  the  Athenians :  Procures  ArUtotaacht 
adtniuion  into  the  league:  Is  defeated  by  Cleomenes,  and  tnkei 
Mantinea.  Death  "f  Lynades,  and  discredit  thence  allached  to 
Araltu.  Rejleiiom  on  his  conduct.  He  prevetds  the  reception  nf 
Cleomenes  into  the  confederacy.  Result  of  that  nffhir.  The  Co- 
rinthians endeavour  to  seize  him,  but  he  escnpes,  Reficses  Cieo- 
ntene^  offers,  and  summons  Antigonus  to  the  aid  nf  the  Achieam. 
He  is  treated  honourably  by  thitptince,  and  recovers  Argos  Jrom 
Cleomenes,  His  conduct,  with  regard  to  Mantinea,  inexcutabfe. 
He  u  beaten  by  the  Italians  at  Cophya.  His  reputation  wilA 
Philip  begins  to  dedine.  He  persuades  that  prince  to  restore 
Ilhome  to  the  Messeaians  :  Withdraws  Jrom  hit  court :  Is  poito»wm 
ed  by  that  prince.  Funeral  honours  paid  to  him  at  Sicyon,  Vengei- 
ance  of  heaven  upon  Philip. 


X  HE  pliilosopher  Chrysippus,  my  dear  Polycrates, 
seems  to  have  thought  the  ancient  proverb  not  quite'' 
justifiable ;  and  he  therefore  delivered  it,  not  as  it 
really  is,  but  aa  he  thought  it  ought  to  be : 

— Who  but  happj  bods  wOl  pnuie  their  sires  ? 

Dionysodorus  the  Troezenian  however  corrects  him, 
and  gives  it  right : 

Who  but  unhappy  sons  w'U  praise  their  sires  ? 

The  proverb  (he  says)  was  made  to  silence  those 
who,  having  no  merit  of  their  own,  dress  thcmselvea 
up  in  the  virtues  of  their  ancestors,  and  are  lavish  in 
their  praises.  And  those  in  whom,  to  make  use  of 
Pindar's  expression, 

-  the  virtges  of  their  sires 


Shine  with  congenial  beauty, 

who  like  you  form  their  conduct  afler  the  brightest 
patterns  in  their  familiea,  may  tiiink  it  a  great  hap- 


ARATUS. 

piness  to  remember  the  most  excellent  of  their  an- 
cestors, and  often  to  hear  or  speak  of  them.  For 
they  assume  not  the  honour  of  other  men's  virtues 
through  want  of  merit  in  themselves,  but  uniting 
their  own  exploits  with  those  of  their  progenitors, 
they  praise  them  as  the  authors  of  their  descent  and 
the  models  of  their  lives.  For  which  reason,  when 
I  have  written  the  Lite  of  Aratus,  your  countryman 
and  one  of  your  ancestors,  I  shall  send  it  to  you,  as 
reflecting  no  dishonour  upon  him  either  in  point  of 
reputation  or  power.  Not  that  1  doubt  your  having 
studied  his  actions,  from  the  first,  with  all  possible 
care  and  exactness;  but  I  do  it,  in  order  that  your 
sonsjPolycrates  and  Pythocles,  may  form  themselves 
upon  the  noble  exemplars  in  their  own  family,  some- 
times hearing  and  sometimes  reading  what  it  be- 
comes them  well  to  imitate.  For  it  is  the  admirer 
of  self,  not  the  admirer  of  virtue,  who  thinks  himself 
superior  to  others. 

After  the  harmony  of  the  pure  Doric '  (I  mean, 
the  aristocracy)  was  broken  in  Sicyon,  and  seditions 
through  the  ambition  of  the  demagogues  took  place, 
the  city  long  continued  in  a  distempered  state.  It 
only  exchanged  one  tyrant  for  another,  till  Cleon 
was  slain,  and  the  administration  devolved  upon 
Timoclidas  and  Clinias,  persons  of  the  highest  re- 
putation and  authority  amongst  the  citizens.  The 
commonwealth  seemed"  in  some  degree  re-established, 
when  Timoclidas  died.  Abantidas,  the  son  of  Pa- 
seas,  taking  that  opportunity  to  set  himself  up  tyrant, 
killed  Clinias,  and  either  banished  or  put  to  death 
his  friends  and  relations.  He  sought  also  tor  his 
son  Aratus,  who  was  only  seven  years  old,  with  the 
design  of  despatching  him.  But,  in  the  confusion 
that  filled  the  house  after  his  father's  assassination, 
the  boy  escaped  among  those  who  fled,  and  wander- 
ed about  the  city  trembling  and  unprotected,  till  he 
happened  to  enter  unobserved  the  house  of  a  woman 

*  There  wu  great  gravity,  but  at  the  same  time  great  perft^ction, 
in  the  Donna  imiaic.    Sicyon  was  a  city  of  Dorian  extraction. 


16*  ARATUS. 

named  Soao,  who  was  sister  to  Abantidas,  and  haj 

been  married  to  Prophantus  the  brother  of  Clinias. 
As  she  was  a  person  of  generous  sentiments,  and  was 
likewise  persuaded  that  the  chthl  had  taken  refuge 
with  her  by  the  direction  of  some  deity,  she  conceal- 
ed him  in  one  of  her  apartments  till  night,  and  then 
sent  him  priviitely  to  Argos. 

Aratus,  having  thus  escaped  so  imminent  a  dan- 
ger, immediately  conceived  a  violent  and  implacable 
hatred  for  tyrants,  which  increased  as  he  grew  up. 
He  was  educated  by  the  friends  of  his  family  at 
Argos,  in  a  liberal  manner;  and  as  he  was  vigorous 
and  robust,  he  gave  himself  up  to  gymnastic  exercises, 
and  succeeded  so  well  as  to  gain  the  prize  in  five; 
several  sorts''.  In  his  statues,  indeed,  there  is  afl 
athletic  look  ;  and,  amidst  the  strong  sense  and  ma; 
jesty  expressed  in  his  countenance,  we  discovei 
something  inconsistent  with  tlie  voracity '^  and  tb< 
mattock  of  wrestlers,  llcncc  perhaps  it  was,  thai 
he  cultivated  his  powers  of  eloquence  less  thai 
came  a  statesman.  He  might,  indeed,  be  a  bctte] 
speaker  than  some  suppose ;  and  there  arc  thossl 
who  infer  from  his  Commentaries,  tliat  he  certainlya 
was  so,  though  they  were  hastily  written,  and  at 
tempted  nothing  beyond  common  language. 

Some  time  after  the  escape  of  Aratus,  Dinias  aad 
Aristotle  the  logician  formed  a  design  against  tha 

'  The  five  exercises  of  tiie  Penlatlilum  (as  we  have  already  o 
•erred,  in  a  former  note)  were  running,  leaping,  ihrowJne  the  doi 
hexing,  and  wrestling.  See  M,  Duielio,  51cm.  de  1  Acad,  i 
Belles  Lettres,  iii.  S18. 

3  This  in  solids,  as  wc  learn  from  the  story  of  Milo  of  CrotonI 
was  not  limited  by  any  regimen.     Tlieir  vaunted  training  had  r 
rence  ctiietly  to  abstinence  from  wine,  the  vicissitudes  of  the 
thcr,  &c.  &c. 

Qui  ttudet  Dptatam  cursu  contiiioere  metnm, 
Mulla  luUt,  ^feciU}ut  putr  ,■  stulavit  et  alsil, 
Abitinuit  vntre  et  twno.  (Hor,  A-  P.  ♦1S.)| 

In  particular  tliey  used  to  break  up  the  ground  witli  the  mattoc 
by  way  of  exercise,  to  imnrovt  their  strenglii.     See  Fest.  voc.  P 
trum;  nndMcni.  derAcad-des  Belles  L<?llrcB,i.  sal.  2tl. 
KV^ir'  ixi»  nMTBiw  n,  hi  riiuiri  rm-idi  juiJia. 

(Theoc.GiA/'.lOal 


ARATUa  IBB 

life  of  Abantidas  ;  and  they  easily  found  an  Oppor- 
tunity of  carrying  it  into  effect,  as  he  attended  and 
occasionally  took  a  part  in  their  disputations  in  the 
public  halls,  to  which  they  had  insensibly  led  him 
for  that  very  purpose.  Upon  this  Paleas,  the  father 
of  Abantidas,  seized  the  supreme  power ;  but  he  was 
assassinated  by  Nicocles,  who  took  his  place,  and 
was  the  next  tyrant.  There  was  a  perfect  likeness^ 
it  is  said,  between  this  Nicocles  and  Periander,  the 
son  of  Cypselus  ;  as  Orontes  the  Persian  resembled 
Alcmason  the  son  of  Amphiaraus  and  a  Lacede- 
monian youth  the  great  Hector.  This  young  maiiy 
Myrsilus  informs  Us,  was  crushed  to  death  by  the 
multitude  who  came  to  see  him,  as  soon  astheito* 
semblance  became  public. 

Nicocles  reigned  four  months,  during  which  time 
he  offered  a  thousand  injuries  to  the  people,  and 
nearly  lost  the  city  to  the  ^tolians,  who  had  formed 
a  scheme  to  surprise  it.  Aratus  was  by  this  time 
approaching  to  manhood,  and  much  attention  was 
paid  to  hitM  on  account  of  his  high  birth  and 
spirit,  in  which  there  was  nothing  little  or  inactive^ 
although  it  was  under  the  correction  of  a  gravity 
and  solidity  of  judgement  far  beyond  his  years.  The 
exiles,  therefore,  considered  him  as  their  principal 
resource ;  and  Nicocles  was  not  inattentive  to  his 
motions,  but  by  his  private  agents  observed  all  his 
measures.  Not  that  he  expected  him  personally  to 
embark  in  so  bold  and  dangerous  an  enterprise  as  he 
did,  but  he  apprehended  his  applications  to  the 
princes,  who  had  been  connected  with  his  father  by 
the  ties  of  friendship  and  hospitality.  Aratus,  in- 
deed, began  in  that  channel ;  but  when  he  found 
that  Antigonus,  notwithstanding  his  promises,  con- 
tinually put  him  off,  and  that  his  hopes  from  Egypt 
and  Ptolemy  were  too  remote,  he  resolved  to  destroy 
the  tyrant  without  any  foreign  assistance. 

The  first  persons,  to  whom  he  imparted  his  inten- 
tions, were  Aristomachus  and  Ecdelus ;  both  of  them 
pxiles,  Aristomachus  from  Sicyon,  an4  Ecdelus  from 


ARATiry. 


I  philosopher,  wba4 


Mc^lopolb.     The  iatter  \ 

speculstioD  never  lost  sight  of  practice,  ("or  he  had 
studied  at  Athens  under  Arcesilaiis  the  Academi- 
cian '.  As  these  readily  accepted  his  proposal,  he 
applied  to  the  other  exiles,  a  few  of  whom  joined 
him,  because  they  were  ashamed  of  renouncing  their 
hopes ;  but  the  greater  part  believed  it  was  only 
Aratus'  inexperience*,  which  made  him  project  such 
a  bold  attempt,  and  endeavoured  to  prevent  his 
proceeding. 

While  he  was  considering  how  to  seize  some  [ 
in  the  lerritories  of  Sicyon,  whence  he  might 
secute  hostilities  against  the  tyrant,  a  man  of  Sicydl 
who  had  escaped  out  of  prison  arrived  at  Argi 
He  was  the  brother  of  Xenocles,  one  of  the  exila 
and  being  introduced  by  him  to  Arattis  informe< 
him,  that  the  part  of  the  wall  over  which  he  had 
scrambled  was  almost  level  with  the  ground  on  the 
inside,  as  it  was  contiguous  to  a  high  rocky  part  c  " 
the  city,  and  that  on  the  outside,  it  was  not  so  loA 
but  that  it  might  be  scaled.  On  this  inteiligend 
Aratus  sent  two  of  his  servants,  Sceuthas  and  Tecb 
non,  along  with  Xenocles  to  reconnoitre  the  wall  J 
for  he  was  resolved,  if  he  could  do  it  secretly,  t" 
hazard  all  upon  one  mighty  effort,  rather  than  pn 
tract  the  war,  and  publicly  with  his  private  resourd 
assail  the  tyrant. 

Xenocles  and  his  companions,  after  they  had  takO. 
the  height  of  the  waif,  reported  on  their  return  thij 
it  was  neither  impracticable  nor  difficult,  but  that  I" 
was  dangerous  to  attempt  it,  on  account  of  sooi 
dogs  kept  by  a  gardener,  which  were  small  indeo 
but  extremely  fierce  and  furious.     Aratus,  howevei 
immediately  set  about  the  work.    It  was  easy  to  proo  ' 
vide  arms  without  exciting  alarm  ;  for  almost  every 
body  went  armed,  on  account  of  the  frequent  rob- 
beries  and  incursions  of  one  people  into  l' 

•  Arcoilau*  was  the  disciple  of  Crantor,  and  had  est^lished  tl 
Middle  Academy. 
'  He  wM  not  tirent]-  yew*  old. 


ARATfJig.  Iff! 

torie^  of  another.  And  as  to  the  acaling-iadd^nf, 
Euphranor,  who  was  one  of  the  exiles  and  a  carpen^ 
ler  by  trade,  made  them  publicly;  his  business 
screening  him  from  suspicion.  Each  of  his  friends 
in  Argos,  who  had  no  great  number  of  men  that  he 
could  command,  furnished  him  with  ten;  he  bimacdf 
armed  thirty  of  bis  own  servants,  and  hired  some  few 
soldiers  of  Aenopbilus^  who  was  captain  of  a  baod 
of  robbers.  To  the  latter  it  was  announced,  that 
the  design  of  their,  march  to  Sicyon  was  to  carry  off 
the  king's  stud  ;  and  several  of  them  were  despatch- 
ed by  different  ways  to  the  tower  of  Polygnotua^ 
with  orders  to  wait  for  him  there.  Caphesias  was 
likewise  sent  off*,  with  four  others,  in  a  travelling 
dress.  These  were  to  go  in  the  evening  to  the 
gardener's  cottage,  and  under  the  pretence  of  being 
travellers  to  procure  a  lodging  there,  after  which  they 
were  to  confine  both  him  and  his  dogs ;  for  that  part 
of  the  wall  was  not  accessible  by  any  other  way. 
The  ladders  being  made  to  take  in  pieces,  wece 
packed  up  in  corn-chests,  and  sent  before  in  wagi?- 
gons  prepared  for  the  purpose. 

In  the  mean  time,  some  of  the  tyrant's  spies  ar> 
rived  at  Argos,  and  it  was  reported  that  they  were 
sculking  about  to  watch  Aratus'  motions.  Next 
morning  therefore,  Aratus  appeared  early  with  his 
friends  in  the  market-place,  and  conversed  with  them 
for  some  time.  He  then  went  to  the  Gymnasium^ 
and  after  he  had  anointed  himself,  took  with  him 
some  young  men  from  the  wrestling-ring,  who  used 
to  be  of  his  parties  of  pleasure,  and  returned  home. 
In  a  little  while  his  servants  were  seen  in  the  markets 
place,  some  carrying  chaplets  of  £k>wer8,  some  buying 
flambeaux,  and  some  in  discourse,  with  the  womes 
who  used  to  sing  and  play  at  entertainments.  These 
manoeuvres  completely  deceived  the  spies.  Thejr 
laughed,  and  said  to  each  other;  '^  Assuredly^  ao- 
''  thing  can  be  more  dastardly  than  a  tyrant ; 


*  Between  Argos  and  Nemea,  a  city  on  the  road  from  Ae  fimner 
ffkoe  to  SioyaoA.* 


ISS  AKATt'5.  V 

"  Nicocles,  master  of  so  strong  a  city  and  armaB 
"  with  80  much  power,  lives  in  dread  of  a  young 
"  man,  who  squanders  the  pittance  he  has  to  support 
•'  him  in  exile,  upon  drinking  and  revelling  even  in 
*'  the  day-time."  Under  these  false  views  of  the 
matter,  they  retired. 

Aratus,  immediately  after  he  had  finished  his  meal, 
set  out  for  the  tower  of  Polygnotus ;  and,  on  joining 
the  soldiers  there,  proceeded  to  Nemea,  where  he 
disclosed  his  real  intentions  to  his  whole  company. 
Having  exhorted  them  to  behave  like  brave  men, 
and  promised  them  great  rewards,  he  gave  *  Propi- 
tious Apollo'  for  the  word ;  and  then  led  them  on 
toward  .Sicyon,  governing  his  march  according  ti>J 
the  motions  of  the  moon,  sometimes  quickening  dJuT 
sometimes  slackening  his  pace,  so  as  to  have  th^ 
benefit  of  her  light  by  the  way,  and  to  reach   tb 
garden  near  the  wall  just  after  she  was  set.     Theral 
Caphesias  met  him,  and  informed  him  that  the  dog||1 
had  been  let  out  before  he  arrived,  but  tliat  he  ha' 
secured  the  gardener.     This  account  dispirited  most  1 
of  the  party,  and  they  entreated  Aratus  to  renounce  , 
his  enterprise  J  but  he  encouraged  them  by  promising  j 
to  desist,  if  the  dogs  should  prove  very  troublesome.' 
He  then  ordered  those  who  carried  the  ladders  to 
march  before,  under  the  conduct  of  Ecdelus  and  J 
Mnasitheus,  and  he  himself  softly  followed.     The  ] 
dogs  now  began  to  run  about,  and  bark  violently  at  i 
Ecdelus  and  his  men  ;  nevertheless,  they  approached  , 
the  wall,  and  planted  their  ladders  safe.     But  as  the  ] 
foremost  of  them  were  mounting,  the  officer  who  was  J 
to  be  relieved  by  the  morning-guard  passed  that  way, 
at  the  sound  of  a  bell,  witli  many  torches  and  much  J 
noise.     Upon  this,  the  men  clapped  themselves  close  1 
to  their  ladders,  and  escaped  the  notice  of  this  watch  1 
without  much  difiiculty  :  but  when  the  other  which  J 
was  to  relieve  it  came  up,  they  were  in  the  utmost  1 
danger.     That  too  passed,  however,  without  having  j 
observed  tliem  ;  after  which  Mnasitheus  and  KcdeluB  J 
mounted  the  wall  fir.st,  and  having  secured  tlie  way  J 


ARATUS.  15» 

both  to  the  right  and  left,  despatched  Technon  to 
Aratus  to  desire  him  to  advance  as  fast  as  possible. 

It  was  no  great  distance  from  the  garden  to  the 
wall,  and  to  a  tower  in  which  was  placed  a  large 
hunting-dog  to  alarm  the  guard.  But  whether  ne 
was  naturally  drowsy,  or  had  wearied  himself  the 
day  before,  he  did  not  perceive  their  entrance.  The 
gardener's  dogs,  however,  awaking  him  by  barking 
below,  he  began  to  growl ;  and  when  Aratus*  men 
passed  by  the  tower,  he  barked  so  loud,  that  the 
whole  place  resounded  with  the  noise.  Upon  this 
the  sentinel,  who  kept  watch  opposite  to  the  tower, 
called  aloud  to  the  huntsman,  and  asked  him; 
Whom  the  dog  barked  at  so  angrily,  or  whether 
any  thing  new  had  occurred  ? "  The  huntsman 
from  the  tower  answered,  "  No ;  he  was  only  di^ 
**  turbed  by  the  torches  of  the  guards,  and  the  noise 
**  of  the  bell.**  This,  more  than  any  thing  else^ 
encouraged  Aratus'  soldiers  -,  for  they  imagined  that 
the  huntsman  concealed  the  truth,  as  having  a  secret 
understanding  with  their  leader,  and  that  there  were 
many  others  in  the  town  who  would  promote  the 
design.  But,  when  the  rest  of  their  companions 
came  to  scale  the  wall,  the  danger  increased.  It 
appeared  to  be  a  tedious  business,  because  the 
ladders  shook  and  swung  extremely,  if  they  did  not 
mount  them  softly  and  one  by  one ;  and  the  time 
pressed,  for  the  cocks  began  to  crow.  The  country- 
people  likewise,  who  kept  the  market,  were  expected 
to  arrive  every  moment.  Aratus  therefore  hastened 
up  himself,  when  only  forty  of  his  company  had 
gained  the  wall ;  and  after  a  few  more  had  joined 
him  from  below,  putting  himself  at  the  head  of  hia 
men,  he  marched  immediately  to  the  tyrant*s  palace 
where  the  main-guard  was  kept,  and  where  the  mer- 
cenaries passed  the  night  under  arms.  Coming  sud- 
denly upon  them,  he  took  them  prisoners  without 
killing  a  single  man ;  and  then  sent  to  his  friends 
in  the  town,  to  invite  them  to  come  and  join  him. 
They  immediately  hastened  to  him  from  all  quarters. 


and  day  now  appearing,  the  theatre  was  filled  with 
a  crowd  of  people  who  stood  in  Gospense  :  for  they 
had  ouly  heard  a  rumour,  and  had  no  certaintjT  w 
what  was  doing,  till  a  herald  came  and  proclaimed 
^ond;  "  Aratus,  the  son  of  Clinias,  calls  the  citizeni 

to  liberty." 
3  Upon  this,  persuaded  that  the  long-expected  day 
was  at  last  arrived,  tltey  rushed  in  multitudes  to  the 
palace  of  the  tyrant,  and  set  fire  to  it.  The  flame 
was  so  siroDg,  that  it  was  seen  as  far  as  Corinth  j 
and  the  Corinthians,  wondering  what  might  be  the 
cause,  were  upon  the  point  of  going  to  their  assist- 
ance. Nicocles  himself  crept  away,  and  escaped 
out  of  the  city  by  some  subterranean  conduits  ;  and, 
the  soldiers,  having  helped  the  Sicyonians  to  extin- 
guish the  fire,  plundered  his  pdace.  Neither  did 
Aratus  prevent  them  from  taking  this  booty;  but 
the  rest  of  the  wealth,  which  the  several  tyrants  had 
amassed,  he  bestowed  upon  the  citizens. 

There  was  not  so  much  as  one  man  killed  or 
wounded  in  this  action,  either  of  Aratus'  party  or  of 
the  enemy ;  fortune  so  conducting  the  enterprise, 
as  not  to  sully  it  with  the  blood  of  a  single  citizen. 
Aratus  recalled  eighty  persons,  who  had  been  banish- 
ed by  Nicocles,  and  of  those  that  had  been  expelled 
by  the  former  tyrants  not  less  than  five  hundred. 
The  latter  had  long  been  forced  to  wander  from  place 
to  place,  some  of  them  full  fifty  years  :  most  of  them, 
of  course,  returned  in  a  destitute  condition.  They 
were  now,  indeed,  restored  to  their  ancient  posses- 
sions ;  but  their  going  into  houses  and  lands,  which 
had  found  new  masters,  laid  Aratus  under  consider- 
able difficulties.  Without,  he  saw  Antigonus'  envying 
the  liberty  which  the  city  had  recovered,  and  laying 
schemes  to  enslave  it  again ;  and  within,  he  found 
nothing  but  faction  and  disorder.  He  therefore 
judged  it  best,  in  this  critical  situation,  to  unite  it 
to  the  Achffian  league".     As  the  people  of  Sicyon 

)  Sunwiwd  OoBHu*,  the  father  of  DemetrhK     •  B.  C.  251.*. 


J 


ARATUa  161 

were  Dorians  ^  they  had  no  objection  to  being  called 
a  part  of  the  Achsean  community,  or  to  their  form  of 
government  ^^  It  must  be  acknowledged^  indeed^ 
that  the  Achaeans  at  that  time  were  no  very  great 
or  powerful  people.  Their  towns  were  generally 
small,  their  territory  neither  extensive  nor  fertile, 
and  they  had  no  harbours  on  their  coasts,  the  sea  for 
the  most  part  entering  the  land  in  rocky  and  imprac* 
ticable  creeks.  Yet  none  gave  a  better  proof  than 
this  people,  that  the  power  of  Greece  is  invincible^ 
so  long  as  good  order  and  harmony  prevail  among 
her  members,  and  she  has  an  able  general  to  lead 
her  armies.  In  fact  these  very  Achasans,  though 
next  to  nothing  when  compared  with  the  Greeks  ia 
their  flourishing  times,  or  (to  speak  more  properly) 
not  equalling  in  their  whole  community  the  strength 

9  See  Pausan.  ii.  6.* 

'^  The  Dutch  repubh'c,  before  Holland  was  revolutionised  by  it*s 
unfortunate  contiguity  to  France,  much  resembled  it.  The  Achseans. 
indeed  at  first  had  two  Praetors,  whose  office  it  was  both  to  preside 
in  the  diet,  and  to  command  the  array ;  but  it  was  soon  thoufffat 
advisable  to  reduce  them  to  one.  There  was  this  difTerencCi  lixe>> 
wise,  between  the  Dutch  Stadtholder  and  the  Achaean  Prsetor,  that 
the  latter  did  not  continue  two  years  successively  in  his  employ- 
ment. But,  in  other  respects,  the  similarity  between  the  states  of 
Holland  and  those  of  the  Achaean  league  was  striking ;  and,  if  the 
Achaeans  could  have  become  a  maritime  power  like  the  Dutch^ 
their  dominion  would  probably  have  been  much  more  extensive  and 
more  lastin?. 

All  the  cities  subject  to  the  Achaean  league  were  governed  by  the 
great  council  or  general  assembly  of  the  whole  nation,  which  was 
assembled  twice  a-vear,  in  spring  and  in  autumn.  To  this  assem- 
bly, or  diet,  each  of  the  confederate  cities  had  a  right  to  send  a 
number  of  deputies,  who  were  elected  in  their  respective  cities,  by 
a  plurality  or  voices.  In  these  meetings  they  enacted  laws,  di*> 
posed  of  Uie  vacant  employments,  declared  war,  made  peace,  con- 
cluded alliances,  and  in  short  provided  for  all  the  principal  occasions 
of  the  commonwealth. 

Beside  the  Praetor,  they  had  ten  great  officers  called  Demiurgic 
chosen  by  the  general  assembly  out  of  the  most  eminent  and  ex/^ 
perienced  persons  among  the  states.  It  was  their  office  to  assist 
the  Praetor  with  their  advice.  He  was  to  propose  nothing  to  tte 
general  assembly,  but  what  had  been  previously  approved  by  their 
body ;  and  upon  them,  in  his  absence,  devolved  the  whole  managep' 
ment  of  civil  affiiirs. 

VOL.  VI.  M 


cf  ^at  Ttspeeabie  err  &t  xhaz  period,  yet  bjr  good 
cic<iS9ei»  Etd  craaLiz^ftT.  and  by  hearkenioz  to  mnj 
99iw^  Qt  fcpcrior  vtrtDe  isf::^^!  cc  envying  hm  Bent* 
wet  cclj  kept  iTLessetrcs  rree  amicst  «o  maxnr  waa^blw 
fBtts  aad  tyrants,  bcrt  ared  2  ^ge  part  of  Greece, 
ot  rescc<ed  it  tnosi  chains 

As  to  bLi  c&aractery  Antus  had  soaietfaii^  ray 
popclar  in  his  beoaTsocr ;  he  had  a  natiTe  loftiueai 
ot  anod,  and  wm§  Kjore  atteDthr  to  the  poblic  interest 
than  to  fas  ovn.  He  was  an  implacable  enemj  to 
grants;  bur,  with  respect  to  others,  he  made  the 
good  of  his  cociotrT  the  sole  rale  of  his  friendship  or 
opposition.  So  that  be  seems  rather  to  have  been  a 
mild  and  moderate  enemv.  than  a  zealous  friend,  his 
regards  or  dislikes  to  individuals  varying  as  the  oc- 
casions of  the  commonwealth  dictated.  In  short; 
nations  and  great  commanitiei  with  ooe  voice  re- 
echoed the  declaration  of  the  assemblies  and  theatres, 
that,  ^  Aratns  loved  none  but  the  good.*  With 
r^ard  to  open  wars  and  pitched  battles,  he  was 
indeed  diflMent  and  dmoroas ;  bat  in  gaining  a  point 
by  stratagem,  in  surprising  cities  and  Qrrants^  there 
could  not  be  an  abler  man. 

To  this  cause  we  must  ascribe  it,  that  after  he  had 
exerted  eminent  courage,  and  succeeded  in  under- 
takings considered  as  desperate,  through  too  much 
fear  and  caution  he  gave  up  others,  that  were  more 
practicable  and  not  of  less  importance.  For  as  among 
animals  there  are  some  which  can  see  very  clearly  in 
the  night,  and  yet  are  almost  blind  in  the  day-time, 
the  dryness  of  the  eye  and  the  subtilty  of  it's 
humours  not  suffering  them  to  bear  the  light;  so 
there  is  in  man  a  kind  of  courage  and  understanding, 
which  is  easily  disconcerted  in  open  dangers  and 
encounters,  and  yet  resumes  a  happy  boldness  in 
secret  enterprises.  The  reason  of  this  inequality  in 
men,  of  parts  otherwise  excellent,  is  their  wanting 
the  advantages  of  philosophy.  Virtue  is  in  them  the 
product  of  nature  unassisted  by  science,  like  the 
tiuits  of  the  forest,  which  come  without  the  least 


ARATUa  IBS 

cultivation  "•     Of  this,  there  are  many  examples  to 
be  found. 

After  Aratus  had  engaged  himself  and  his  city 
in  the  Achaean  league,  he  served  in  the  cavalry, 
and  the  generals  highly  esteemed  him  for  his  rqady 
obedience.  For  though  he  had  contributed  so  much 
to  the  common  cause  by  his  name  and  by  the  forces 
of  Sicyon,  yet  the  Achasan  commander,  whether  of 
Dyna  or  Tritta  or  some  still  more  inconsiderable 
town,  always  found  him  as  tractably  as  the  meanest 
soldier. 

When  the  king  of  Egypt  ^^  made  him  a  present  of 
twenty-five  talents,  he  received  it  indeed,  but  he 
expended  the  whole  upon  his  feilow-citizcns ;  reliev- 
ing the  necessitous  with  part  of  it,  and  ransoming 
such  as  were  prisoners  with  the  rest. 

But  the  exiles,  whom  Aratus  had  recalled,  would 
not  be  satisfied  with  any  thing  less  than  the  restitu- 
tion of  their  estates,  and  gave  the  present  possessors 
so  much  trouble,  that  the  city  was  in  danger  of 
being  ruined  by  sedition.  In  this  extremity,  he  saw 
no  resource,  except  in  the  generosity  of  rtolemy ; 
and  he  therefore  deternjined  to  take  a  voyage  to 
Egypt,  and  apply  to  him  for  as  much  money  as 
would  reconcile  all  parties.  Accordingly,  he  set 
sail  from  Methone  ^*  above  the  promontory  of  Malea, 
in  hopes  of  taking  the  shortest  passage.  But  a  con- 
trary wind  arose ;  and  the  seas  ran  so  high  that  the 
pilot,  unable  to  bear  up  against  them,  changed  his 
course^  and  with  much  difficulty  got  into  Adria  *^,  a 

"  Tills  character  of  the  inconsistencies  of  Aratus  is  perfectly 
agreeable  to  what  Polybius  has  recorded  of  him  in  his  fourth  book. 
Two  great  masters,  though  their  manner  must  be  different,  will 
draw  with  equal  excellence. 

**  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who  was  succeeded  by  Eaergctes, 
B.  C.  246.* 

'^  In  Messenia,  anciently  called  Pedasus,  and  one  of  the  seven 
cities  promised  by  Agamemnon  to  Achilles.  (II.  iK.  204.)  See 
Strabo  viii.  Malea  was  a  promontory  of  Laconia,  Strab.  ib.,  Odyss. 
ix.  80 .• 

'5  Palmerius  conjectures  that  we  should  read  *  Andria/ which 
he  supposes  to  have  been  a  town  in  the  island  of  Andios ;  as  Ara* 

M  2 


J  to  the  enemy ;  for  Antigonus  had  a 
t  tbcfe-  To  avoid  this  immiDent  danger,  he 
ded  ;  and  with  ooljone  friend  named  TimanUies, 
makiDg  his  waj  as  &r  as  possible  from  the  sea, 
sought  shelter  in  a  place  well  covered  with  wood,  in 
which  he  and  his  companioo  spent  a  very  disagree- 
able uight  Soon  after  he  had  left  the  ship,  the 
governor  of  the  fort  came  and  inquired  for  him ; 
but  he  was  deceived  by  Aratus'  servants,  who  were 
instructed  to  say,  he  liad  instantly  sailed  in  another 
vessel  for  Eubtca.  The  ship  and  servants  he  detained, 
however,  as  lawful  prize.  Aratus  spent  some  days 
in  this  distressful  situation,  where  one  while  he 
looked  out  to  reconnoitre  the  coast,  and  another 
while  kept  himself  concealed ;  but  at  last,  by  good 
fortune,  a  Roman  ship  happened  to  put  in,  near  the 
place  of  his  retreat.  It  was  bound  for  Syria,  and 
Aratus  prevailed  upon  the  master  to  land  bim  in 
Caria.  But  he  had  as  great  dangers  to  combat  at 
sea  in  this,  as  in  his  former  passage.  And  when  he 
was  in  Caria,  he  had  a  voyage  to  take  to  Egypt, 
which  he  found  a  very  long  one.  Upon  his  arrival, 
however,  he  was  immediately  admitted  to  an  audience 
by  the  king,  who  had  long  been  inclined  to  serve 
him,  on  account  of  the  paintings  with  which  he  used 
to  compliment  him  from  Greece.  Aratus,  it  ap- 
pears, who  had  a  taste  for  these  things,  was  always 
collecting  (or  him  the  piece*)  of  the  best  masters, 

Iiarticularly  those  of  Pamphilus  and  Melanthus'*. 
■'or  Siryon  was  filmed  for  the  cultivation  of  the  arts, 
particularly  that  of  painting:  and  it  was  believed, 
that  there  only  the  ancient  elegance  was  preserved 

lui  u  Hvid  to  liavL'  pa&sed  tliuncc  to  Eubccn,  uliich  is  opposite  to 
thiit  Uland. 

'"  Two  of  the  mofit  celebrated  puinEcr!!  of  antiquity.  Pamphilus 
littd  been  brought  up  under  Uupompui,  and  was  the  master  of  A  peltes 
and  MelanthuK.  His  dt^f-d'ttuvre*  were,  a  Brotherliood,  a  Ikttle, 
tho  Victory  of  the  Athcmiam,  and  Ulysses  io  hU  vessel  taking  leave 
of  Calyptu :  nnd  Pliny  informs  U9,  lliut  ttic  whole  wealth  of  a  citr 
could  Dcarcoly  purchoM  one  of  the  pieces  of  Melaothus.  (H.  >^. 
wtw.  7.  IS.) 


ARAT06.  165 

without  the  least  corruption.  Hence  it  was  that  the 
great  Apelles,  at  a  time  when  he  was  much  admired^ 
went  to  Sicyon  and  gave  the  painters  a  talent,  not 
so  much  for  any  improvement  which  he  expected^ 
as  for  the  reputation  of  having  been  of  their  school. 
In  consequence  of  which  Aratus,  when  he  restored 
Sicyon  to  liberty,  and  destroyed  the  portraits  of  the 
grants,  hesitated  a  long  time  on  coming  to  that  of 
Aristratus,  who  had  been  contemporary  with  Philip : 
for  it  was  the  united  work  of  the  disciples  of  Melan- 
thus,  who  had  represented  him  standing  in  a  chariot 
with  the  (Joddess  of  Victory;  and  the  pencil  of 
Apelles  himself,  we  are  informed  by  Polemo  ^^  the 
geographer,  had  contributed  to  the  performance. 

This  piece  was  so  admirable,  that  Aratus  could 
not  avoid  feeling  the  art  which  was  displayed  in  it; 
but  his  hatred  of  tyrants  soon  over-ruled  that  feeling, 
and  he  ordered  it  to  be  defaced.  Nealces  the 
painter",  who  was  honoured  with  his  friendship, 
is  said  to  have  implored  him  with  tears  to  spare  it ; 
and  when  he  found  him  inflexible,  he  cried  out; 
Continue  your  war,  Aratus,  with  tyrants,  but  not 
with  every  thing  that  belongs  to  them.  Spare  at 
least  the  chariot  and  the  Victory,  and  I  will  soon 
**  make  Aristratus  vanish."  Upon  this  Aratus  gave 
his  consent,  and  Nealces  defaced  the  figure  of  Aris- 
tratus, but  did  not  venture  to  put  any  thing  in  it's 
place  except  a  palm-tree.  We  are  told,  however, 
that  there  still  remained  a  dim  appearance  of  the 
feet  of  Aristratus  at  the  bottom  of  the  chariot. 

This  taste  for  painting  had  already  recommended 
Aratus  to  Ptolemy,  and  his  conversation  gained  so 
much  farther  upon  him,  that  he  made  him  a  present 

'7  This  writer  had  composed  several  works  upon  painters  and 
painting.    See  Fabric.  Bibl.  Graec* 

i>  Nealces  was  a  painter  of  great  reputation.  The  subject  of  one 
of  his  pieces  was,  the  Naval  Fight  between  the  Egyptians  and  the 
Persians.  As  this  action  took  place  upon  the  Nile,  whose  colour 
resembles  that  of  the  sea,  he  distinguished  it  by  a  symbol :  he  drew 
an  ass  drinking  on  the  shore,  and  a  crocodile  in  the  act  of  springing 
upon  him.    (Plin.  ib.  11.) 


ARATUS. 

•  ^ 

1    >J:xn}  ^°^  ^^y  t^ilents  for  the  city  ;  forty  of 
,^  <•!;:  iKJck  with  him  on  his  return  to  Pelopon- 
„;J  renntted  the  rest  in  the  several  portions, 
.■  ;  le  times  that  he  had  appointed.     It  was  an 
V.K'*'''*^'^  circumstance   to  apply  such  a  sum  of 
.,,^»;a'v  to  the  use  of  his  fellow-citizens,  at  a   time 
uhcii  it  was  common   to  see   generals  and  dema- 
l^>gucs,    for    much   smaller   sums   which   they    had 
fcceived  of  kin^s,  oppressiiig,  enslaving,  and  betray*- 
ing  to  them  their  native  cities.    But  it  was  still  more 
honourable,  by  this  money  to  reconcile  the  poor  to 
the  rich,  to  secure  the  commonwealth,  and  to  intro- 
duce comfort  among  all  ranks  of  people. 

His  moderation  in  the  exercise  of  the  great  power^ 
vith  which  he  was  vested,  was  truly  admirable, 
for,  being  appointed  sole  arbitrator  of  the  claims  of 
the  exiles,  he  refused  to  act  alone,  and  joined  with 
himself  fifteen  of  the  citizens  in  the  commission ; 
with  whose  assistance,  after  much  labour  and  atten- 
tion, he  established  peace  and  friendship  among  his 
countrymen.  Beside  the  honours,  which  the  whole 
community  conferred  upon  him  for  these  services, 
the  exiles  in  particular  erected  his  statue  in  brass, 
and  put  upon  it  the  following  inscription : 

Far  as  the  pillars  which  Alcides  rear*d, 

Thy  toils,  thy  couusels,  and  thy  might  are  heard. 

But  we,  Aratus,  to  our  homes  restored 

By  thy  just  arms,  tliy  justice  to  record, 

'Mid  guardian  gods  thy  guardian  statue  place; 

For  thou,  like  them,  givest  hannony  and  peace. 

Aratus,  after  such  important  services,  was  placed 
above  envy  among  his  people,  liut  king  Antigonus, 
uneasy  at  his  popularity,  was  determined  either  to 
gain  him  over  to  his  party,  or  to  render  him  obnoxi- 
ous to  Ptolemy.  He  therefore  showed  him  extra- 
ordinary maiks  of  his  regard,  though  he  desired  no 
such  advances.  Among  others,  the  following  was 
one :  upon  occasion  of  a  sacrifice,  which  he  offered 
at  Corinth,  he  sent   portions  of  it  to  Aratus  at 


AllATUS.  16^ 

Sicyon :  and  at  the  feast  which  ensued  he  said,  ia 
full  assembly,  "  I  at  first  considered  this  young 
"  Sicyonian  only  as  a  man  of  a  liberal  and  patriotic 
^^  spirit,  but  now  I  find  that  he  is  also  a  good  judge 
*'  of  the  characters  and  affairs  of  princes.  At  first, 
*^  he  overlooked  us  for  the  sake  of  foreign  hopeai» 
*^  and  the  admiration  which  he  had  conceived  from 
"  hearsay  of  the  wealth,  and  elephants,  and  fleet;s, 
*^  and  splendid  court  of  Egypt ;  but  since  he  has 
*'  been  upon  the  spot,  and  seen  that  all  this  pomp  ia 

merely  theatricaJ,  he  has  entirely  come  over  to  us. 

I  Iiave  received  him  to  my  bosom,  and  am  deter^ 
^^  mined  to  employ  him  in  all  my  affairs.  I  desire^ 
"  tlierefore,  that  you  will  all  regard  him  as  a  friend.* 
From  this  speech,  the  envious  and  malevolent  took 
occasion  to  allege  heavy  charges  against  Aratus,  in 
their  letters  to  Ptolemy ;  insomuch,  that  the  king 
sent  one  of  his  agents  to  tax  him  with  his  infidelity^ 
Thus,  like  passionate  lovers,  the  candidates  for  thQ 
first  favours  of  kings  dispute  them  with  the  utmost 
envy  and  malignity.  ^ 

After  Aratus  was  first  chosen  general  of  tho 
Achaean  league,  he  ravaged  Locris,  which  lies  on  the 
other  side  of  the  gulf  of  Corinth,  and  committed  the 
same  spoil  in  the  territories  of  Calydon.  It  was  hia 
intention  to  have  assisted  the  Boeotians  with  tex| 
thousand  men,  but  he  came  too  late ;  they  had  beea 
already  defeated  by  the  ^tolians  in  an  action  near 
Cha:3ronea  ^%  in  which  Aboeocritus  their  general^  audi 
a  thousand  of  their  men,  were  slain. 

The  year  following  *^°,  Aratus  being  re-elected 
general  undertook  the  celebrated  enterprise  of  re- 
covering the  citadel  of  Corinth,  in  which  he  con^ 


'9  We  must  take  care  to  distinguish  this  battle  of  Chsronea,  from 
that  great  action  in  which  Philip  of  Macedon  beat  the  united  forcer 
of  the  Thebans  and  Athenians,  and  which  took  place  B.  C.  338^ 
above  sixty  years  before  Aratus  was  born. 

^^  Polybius,  who  wrote  from  Aratus'  Commentaries,  informs  us 
there  were  eight  years  between  his  first  prsetorship  and  his  second, 
in  which  he  took  the  citadel  of  Corinth. 


aratts. 

^_      p  bmcfit  of  Sicyonand  Achaia.i 
:  jceafrti;  fur  such  would  the  expulsMM 
. .  ^c«wn  garrison  prove,  which  was  nothing 
.,  J  iTTini's  Yoke.     As  Chares,  the  Athe- 
.    vi,  upon  a  Wttic  which  he  won  from  tbc 
,  -sis's  lieutenauts,  wrote  to  the  people  that 
,  t  ued  a  victory  sister  to  that  of  Marathon  ; 
.V    M.SV  justly  pronounce  this  exploit  ofAratus 
^»..  tv  those  of  Pelopidas  (he  Theban,  and  Thrasy- 
^.tip' 5*f  Athenian,  when  they  slew  the  tyrants    . 
►yv.rv  is  indeed  this  difference,  that  Aratus'  enter* 
tti«  wss  not  against  Greeks,  but  against  a  foreign 
«04v«f.  a  difference  much  to  his  honour.     For  the 
.^-bnuis  of  Corinth,  wliich  separates  the  two  seas, 
■jaiies  our  continent  to  that  of  Peloponnesus ;  and 
when    there  is  a    good    garnBon  in  the  citadel   of 
Corinth,  which  stands  on  a  high  hill  in  the  middle  at 
an  equal  distance  from  the  two  continents,  it  cuts  off 
alt  communication  with  those  within  the  isthmus,  so 
that  there  can  be  no  passage  for  troops,  nor  any  kind 
of  commerce  either  by  sea  or  land.     In  short,  be 
who  is  possessed  of  it,  is  master  of  the  whole  of 
Greece.     The  younger  Philip  of  Macedon  therefore 
was  not  jesting,  but  spoke  a  serious  truth,  when  he 
called  the  city  of  Corinth  '  the  Fetters  of  Greece.* 
Hence    the    place,    particularly    among    kings    and 
princes,  was  a  constant  subject  of  dispute. 

Antigonus'  passion  for  it  was  not  less  than  that  of 
love,  in  it's  greatest  extravagance ;  and  it  was  the 
chief  object  of  his  anxiety  to  tind  a  method  of  taking 
it  by  surprise,  after  his  hope  of  succeeding  by  open 
force  had  failed.  When  Alexander,  who  was  master 
of  the  citadel,  died  of  poison  {said  to  have  been  ad- 
ministered at  the  instigation  of  Antigonus)  his  wife 
Nicica,  into  whose  hands  it  then  lell,  guarded  it 
with  great  care.  But  Antigonus,  hoping  to  gain  it 
by  means  of  his  son  Demetrius,  sent  him  to  make 


11.) 


•*  Soc  tho  LifvufPclopida*,  11.356,,  &c;  imi]  Xenoph. (Hel 


ARATua  let 

her  an  ofier  of  his  hand.  It  was  a  flattering  prospect, 
to  a  woman  somewhat  advanced  in  years,  to  nave 
such  a  young  prince  for  her  husband.  Accordingly^ 
Antigonus  caught  her  by  this  bait.  She  did  not  how* 
ever  give  up  the  citadel,  but  guarded  it  with  tbe 
same  attention  as  before.  Antigonus  pretending 
to  take  no  notice,  celebrated  the  marriage  with  ss* 
crifices  and  shows,  and  spent  whole  days  in  feasting 
the  people,  as  if  his  mind  had  been  entirely  occu^ 
pied  with  mirth  and  pleasure.  One  day  when 
Amoebaeus  was  to  sing  in  the  theatre,  be  ooiklucted 
Nicaea  in  person,  on  her  way  to  the  entertainment^ 
in  a  litter  decked  with  royal  ornaments.  She  wai 
elated  with  the  honour,  and  had  not  the  least  appre* 
hension  of  what  was  to  ensue.  But  when  they  came 
to  the  road  turning  off  toward  the  citadel,  he  or- 
dered the  men  who  bore  the  litter  to  proee^  to  the 
theatre  ;  and  bidding  farewell  to  Amoebaeus  and  the 
wedding,  walked  up  to  the  ibrt,  much  faster  than 
could  have  been  expected  from  a  man  of  his  years. 
Finding  the  gate  barred,  he  knocked  with  his  stafl^ 
and  commanded  the  guard  to  open  it.  Surprised  at 
the  sight  of  him,  they  complied,  and  thus  he  became 
master  of  the  place.  Upon  this  occasion,  he  was 
not  able  to  contain  his  joy  :  he  drank  and  revelled 
in  the  open  streets,  and  in  the  market-place,  attend- 
ed by  female  musicians  and  crowned  with  flowers. 
When  we  see  a  man  of  his  age,  who  had  experienced 
such  changes  of  fortune,  in  the  indulgence  of  his 
transports  embracing  and  saluting  every  one  he 
meets,  we  must  acknowledge  that  unexpected  joy 
raises  greater  tumults  in  an  unbalanced  mind,  and 
oversets  it  sooner,  than  either  fear  or  sorrow. 

Antigonus,  having  thus  gained  possession  of  the 
citadel,  garrisoned  it  with  men  in  whom  he  placed 
the  utmost  confldence,  and  made  the  philosopher 
Persaeus"^^  governor.     While  Alexander  was  living, 

^^  Who  had  been  his  tutor,  JE\.  Var.  Hist.  iii.  17.  He  was  a 
stoic,  originally  the  slave  and  subsequently  the  pupil  of  Zeno,  Iho 
founder  of  that  sect*    See  Athen.  xuL  8.* 


Aratus  had  cast  iiis  eye  upon  it,  as  an  excellent  us* 
quisition  for  his  country  ;  but,  the  Ach»>ans  adroit' 
ting  that  prince  into  the  league,  heUid  not  prosecute 
his  design.  Afterward,  however,  a  new  occasion 
presented  itself.  There  were  in  Corintii  four  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Syria;  one  of  whom,  named  Diocles, 
served  as  a  soldier  in  tiie  garrison.  The  other  three 
having  stolen  some  of  the  king's  money  retired  to 
Sicyon,  where  they  applied  to  one  JEgias  a  banker, 
whom  Aratus  used  to  employ.  Part  of  this  gold 
they  immediately  disposed  of  to  him  ;  and  Erginus, 
one  of  the  three,  at  several  visits  privately  changed 
the  rest.  Thus  an  acquaintance  was  formed  between 
him  and  ^gias,  who  one  day  drew  him  into  dis- 
course about  the  garrison.  Krginus  told  him,  that 
as  he  often  went  up  to  visit  his  brother,  lie  had  ob- 
served on  the  steepest  side  a  small  winding  path  cut 
in  the  rock,  and  leading  to  a  part  of  the  wall  much 
lower  than  the  rest.  Upon  this,  -.-Egias  said  with  an 
air  of  raillery;  "  Why  will  you,  my  good  friend, 
"  purloin  the  king's  treasures  for  so  inconsiderable 
*'  a  sum,  when  you  might  raise  yourself  to  opulence 
*'  by  a  single  hour's  service  ?  Don't  you  know  that 
"  if  you  are  apprehended,  you  wil!  as  certainly  be 
"  put  to  death  for  this  trifling  theft,  as  if  you  had  be- 
"  trayed  the  citadel."  Erginus  laughed  at  the  hint, 
and  promised  to  sound  his  brother  Diocles  upon  the 
subject  i  for  he  could  not,  he  said,  place  much  con- 
6dence  in  the  other  two. 

A  few  days  after  this  he  returned,  and  had  an  in- 
terview witli  Aratus ;  at  which  it  was  agreerl,  that 
he  should  conduct  him  to  a  part  of  the  wall  not 
above  fifteen  feet  high,  and  that  both  he  and  hia 
brother  Diocles  simuld  assist  him  in  the  sctjuel  of 
the  enterprise.  Aratus,  on  his  part,  promised  to 
give  them  sixty  talents,  if  he  succeeded ;  and  if 
they  failed,  and  yet  returned  all  safe  to  Sicyon,  he 
engaged  that  each  of  them  shoultl  have  a  house  and 
one  talent.  As  it  was  necessary,  for  the  satisfaction 
of  £rginus,  that  the  sixty  talents  should  bcdeyosited 
7 


M 


ARATUS-  171 

in  ^gtas*  hands,  and  Aratus  neither  had  such  a  sum 
nor  chose  to  borrow  it,  lest  he  should  create  some 
suspicion  of  his  intentions,  he  took  the  greatest  part 
of  his  plate  and  his  wife's  jewels,  and  pledged  them 
with  wSgias  for  the  money.  Such  was  the  loftiness 
of  his  soul,  and  such  his  passion  for  noble  achieve- 
ments, that  knowing  Piiocion  and  Epaminondas  had 
been  accounted  the  justest  and  most  excellent  of  all 
the  Greeks  for  refusing  considerable  presents,  and 
not  sacrificing  virtue  to  money,  he  ascended  a  step 
higher.  He  privately  gave  money,  and  embarked 
his  estate  in  an  enterprise,  where  he  alone  was  to 
expose  himself  for  the  many,  who  were  not  even 
apprised  of  his  intentions  in  their  favour.  Who, 
then,  can  sufficiently  admire  his  magnanimity? 
Who,  even  in  our  days,  is  not  fired  with  ambition  to 
imitate  the  man  that  purchased  so  much  danger  at 
such  an  immense  price,  and  pledged  the  most  valu* 
able  of  his  goods  for  the  sake  of  being  introduced 
by  night  among  enemies,  where  he  was  to  fight  for 
his  life,  without  any  other  equivalent  than  the  hope 
of  performing  an  heroic  action  ? 

This  undertaking,  in  itself  sufficiently  dangerous, 
became  still  more  so  by  a  mistake  which  they  com- 
mitted in  the  beginning.  Technon,  one  of  Aratus* 
servants,  of  whom  we  have  already  spoken,  was  sent 
before  to  Diodes,  that  they  might  reconnoitre  the 
wall  together.  He  had  never  seen  Diodes,  but  he 
thought  he  should  easily  know  him  by  the  marks 
which  Erginus  had  given,  viz.  his  curled  hair,  swarthy 
complexion,  and  total  want  of  beard.  He  went 
therefore  to  the  place  appointed,  and  sat  down  be- 
fore the  city  at  a  point  called  Ornis,  to  wait  for  Ergi- 
nus and  his  brother  Diodes.  In  the  mean  time  Diony. 
sius  their  eldest  brother,  who  knew  nothing  of  the 
affair,  happened  to  come  up.  As  he  greatly  resem?- 
bled  Diocles,  Technon,  struck  with  his  appearance, 
which  exactly  answered  the  description,  inquired  if 
he  had  any  connexion  with  Erginus.  On  his  reply- 
ing, that  he  was  bis  brother,  Technon^  thoroughly 


persuaded  that  he  was  speaking  to  Diodes,  without 
demanding  his  name  or  waiting  for  any  token,  gave 
him  his  hand,  mentioned  to  him  the  circumstances 
of  the  appointment  with  Erginus,  and  asked  him 
many  questions  about  it.  Dionysius  availed  himself 
very  artfully  of  the  mistake,  agreed  to  every  point, 
and  returning  towards  the  city  held  him  in  discourse, 
without  giving  him  the  least  cause  of  suspicion. 
They  were  now  near  the  town,  and  he  was  on  the 
point  of  seizing  Tcchnon  ;  when  fortunately  Erginus 
met  them,  and  perceiving  how  much  his  friend  was 
imposed  upon,  and  the  extreme  danger  he  was  in, 
beckoned  to  him  to  make  his  escape.  Accordingly, 
they  both  fled,  and  got  safe  to  Aratus.  Aratus  how. 
ever  did  not  renounce  his  hopes,  but  immediately 
sent  Erginus  to  Dionysius,  to  offer  him  money  and 
entreat  him  to  be  silent :  in  which  he  succeeded  so 
well,  that  he  brought  Dionysius  back  with  him. 
When  they  had  him  in  their  hands,  they  thought  it 
not  judicious  to  part  with  him  ;  but  bound  and 
guarded  him  in  a  small  apartment,  and  then  pre- 
pared lor  their  principal  design. 

When  every  thing  was  ready,  Aratus  ordered  his 
troops  to  pass  the  night  under  arms ;  and  taking 
with  him  four  liundred  picked  men,  who  knew  no- 
thing of  what  they  were  setting  about,  he  led  them 
to  the  gates  of  the  city  near  the  temple  of  Juno.  It 
was  then  about  the  middle  of  summer,  the  moon  at 
the  full,  and  the  night  without  the  least  cloud.  As 
their  arms  glittered  by  the  moon-light,  they  were 
afraid  that  circumstance  would  betray  them  to  the 
■watch.  The  foremost  of  them  were  now  near  the 
walls,  when  clouds  arose  from  the  sea,  and  covered 
the  city  and  it's  environs.  The  men  sat  down,  and 
look  off  their  shoes,  that  they  might  make  the  Jess 
noise,  and  mount  the  ladders  without  danger  of 
slipping.  Erginus,  in  the  mean  while,  with  seven 
young  men  in  the  habit  of  travellers,  reached  the  gate 
unobser\'cd,  killed  the  keeper  and  the  guard  who 
were  with  him.    At  the  same  time  the  ladders  ' 


rs  va^^ 


ARATUfi.  ITS 

applied  to  the  walls,  and  Aratus  with  a  hundred  men 
instantly  mounted.  The  rest  he  commanded  to  fol- 
low in  the  best  manner  they  could ;  and  having  im- 
mediately drawn  up  his  ladders,  he  marched  at  the 
head  of  bis  party  tnrough  the  town  toward  the  cita- 
del, confident  of  success,  because  he  had  not  been 
discovered. 

As  they  advanced,  they  met  four  of  the  watch 
with  a  light,  which  gave  Aratus  a  full  view  of  them» 
while  he  and  his  company  remained  unseen,  be- 
cause the  moon  was  still  overclouded.  He,  there- 
fore, retired  under  some  ruined  walls,  and  lay  in 
ambush  for  them.  Three  out  of  the  four  were  killed; 
but  the  other,  after  he  had  received  a  cut  upon  his 
head,  made  his  escape  crying,  "  That  the  enemy 
"  was  in  the  city.*'  In  a  little  time  the  trumpets 
sounded,  and  the  whole  town  was  in  motion  on  the 
alarm.  The  streets  were  filled  with  people  running 
up  and  down ;  and  so  many  lights  were  brought  out, 
both  in  the  lower  town  and  in  the  citadel,  that  the 
whole  was  illuminated,  and  a  confused  noise  was 
heard  from  every  quarter.  Aratus  went  forward 
notwithstanding,  and  attempted  the  way  up  the  rock. 
Slowly  and  difficultly  he  proceeded  at  first,  because 
he  had  lost  the  path  wnich  lay  deep  beneath  it's 
craggiest  parts,  and  led  to  the  wall  by  a  variety  of 
windings  and  turnings.  But  at  that  very  moment 
the  moon,  as  it  were  by  miracle  '^^,  is  said  to  have 
dispersed  the  clouds,  and  thrown  a  light  upon  the 
obscurest  portion  of  the  path,  which  continued  till 
he  reached  the  wall  at  the  'place  he  sought.  The 
clouds  then  gathered  afresh,  and  she  again  hid  her 

&ce. 

In  the  mean  while,  the  three  hundred  men,  whom 
Aratus  had  left  by  the  temple  of  Juno,  had  entered 
the  city,  which  they  found  all  in  lalarm  and  full  of 
lights.    As  they  could  not  discover  the  path  whick 

»3  The  extreme  courtesy  of  the  moon,  duriDg  the  whole  ot  thU 
adventure,  gives  too  great  an  air  of  romance  for  the  narrative  of 
sober  history,* 


i 


AHATCS. 

Aratus  had  taken,  nor  trace  hira  in  the  least,  they 
screened  themselves  under  the  shady  side  of  a  high 
rock,  and  tvaited  there  in  great  perplexity  and  di* 
Iress.  By  this  time  he  was  engaged  with  the  enemy 
on  the  ramparts  of  the  citadel,  and  they  could  dis- 
tinguish the  cries  of  combatants:  but,  as  the  noise 
was  echoed  by  the  neighbouring  mountains,  it  waS' 
uncertain  whence  it  originally  proceeded.  While 
they  were  in  doubt  what  way  to  turn,  Archelaiis, 
who  commanded  the  king's  forces,  took  a  consU 
derable  corps,  and  ascending  the  Jiill  ivith  loud 
shouts  and  trumpets  sounding,  in  order  to  attack' 
Aratus'  rear,  passed  the  party  of  the  three  hundred 
without  perceiving  them ;  but  he  was  no  sooner 
gone  by,  than  they  rose  up  as  from  an  ambuscade, 
fell  upon  him,  and  killing  the  first  so  terrified  the  rest, 
including  Archelaiis  himself,  that  they  turned  their 
backs,  and  were  pursued  till  they  entirely  dispersed. 

When  the  party  was  thus  victorious,  Erginus  came 
down  from  their  friends  above,  to  inform  them  that 
Aratus  was  engaged  with  the  enemy,  who  made  a 
Tigorous  defence,  that  the  wall  itself  was  disputed, 
and  that  their  general  wanted  immediate  assistance. 
They  bade  him  lead  them  to  the  place  that  moment  ; 
and,  as  they  ascended,  they  announced  themselves 
"by  their  shouts.  Thus  their  friends  were  encouraged, 
and  the  reflexion  of  the  full  moon  upon  their  arms 
caused  them  to  appear  more  numerous  to  their  ene- 
mies, on  account  of  the  length  of  the  path,  liy  the 
echoes  of  the  night,  likewise,  the  shouts  seemed  to 
come  from  a  much  larger  party.  At  last  they  joined 
Aratus,  and  with  an  united  effort  beat  off  the  enemy, 
and  took  post  upon  the  wall.  At  break  of  day  tlie 
citadel  was  their  own,  and  the  6rst  rays  of  the  sim 
dawned  upon  their  success.  At  the  same  time,  the 
rest  of  Aratus'  forces  arrived  from  Sicyon :  the 
Corinthians  readily  opened  tiieir  gates  to  them,  and 
assisted  in  taking  the  king's  soldiers  prisoners*'. 


ARATUS.  17* 

When  he  thought  his  victory  complete,  he  went 
down  from  the  citadel  to  the  theatre  ;  an  innumer* 
able  multitude  crowding  to  see  him,  and  to  hear  the 
speech,  which  he  was  about  to  make  to  the  Corin- 
thians. After  he  had  ranged  the  AchsBfins  on  each 
side  of  the  avenues  to  the  theatre,  he  came  from  be^ 
hind  the  scenes,  and  made  his  appearance  .in  his  ar- 
mour. But  he  was  so  much  changed  by  labour  and 
watching,  that  the  joy  and  elevation,  which  his  suc- 
cess might  have  inspired,  was  weighed  down  by  the 
extreme  fatigue  of  his  spirits.  On  his  appearance 
the  people  immediately  began  to  express  their  high 
sense  of  his  services  ;  upon  which  he  took  his  spear 
in  his  right  hand,  and  leaning  his  body  and  one  knee 
a  little  against  it,  remained  a  long  time  in  that  pos- 
ture silent,  to  receive  their  plaudits  and  acclamations, 
their  praises  of  his  virtue,  and  compliments  on  his 
good  fortune. 

After  their  first  transports  were  over,  and  he  per- 
ceived that  he  could  be  heard,  he  summoned  all  the 
strength  that  be  had  left,  and  made  a  speech  in  the 
name  of  the  Achseans  suitable  to  the  great  event, 
persuaded  the  Corinthians  to  join  the  league,  and 
delivered  to  them  the  keys  of  their  city,  of  which 
they  had  never  been  masters  since  the  times  of  Phi- 
lip. As  to  the  generals  of  Antigonus,  he  set  Arche- 
laiis,  who  was  his  prisoner,  free  ;  but  Theophrastus 
he  put  to  death,  because  he  refused  to  leave  Corinth. 
Persaeus,  on  the  taking  of  the  citadel,  made  bis  es- 
cape to  Cenchreae^*.  A  while  afterward,  when  he 
was  amusing  himself  with  disputations  in  philosophy; 
and  some  person  advanced  the  position  that, '  None 
but  the  wise  man  was  fit  to  be  a  general;'  "As- 
suredly,"* said  he,  "  this  maxim  of  Zeno's  once 
pleased  me  more  than  all  the  rest ;  but  I  have 
changed  my  opinion,  since  I  was  better  taught  bjr* 
the  young  Sicyonian."  This  circumstance  coif- 
cerning  Persaeus  we  have  from  many  historians**  *  -^ 

*^  Pauganias,  ii.  8.,  says  Aratus  put  him  to  deatli.* 


Aratus  immediately  seized  the  Herffium  (or  tempH_ 
of  Juno)  and  the  harbour  of  Lechaium,  in  which  he 
took  twenty-five  of  the  king's  ships.  He  took  also 
five  hundred  liorses.  and  four  hundred  Syrians  whom 
he  sold.  The  Acha^ans  placed  a  garrison  of  four 
hundred  men  in  the  citadel  of  Corinth,  which  was 
strengthened  with  fifty  dogs,  aud  as  many  men  to 
take  care  of  them. 

The  Romans  were  great  admirers  of  PhiIopcemen» 
and  called  him  *  the  last  of  the  Greeks;'  not  allow- 
;  ing,  that  there  was  any  great  man  among  that  peo- 
ple after  him.  But,  in  my  opinion,  this  exploit  of 
Aratus  is  the  last,  wlilcli  the  Greeks  have  to  boast. 
Whether  we  consider  indeed  the  boldness  of  the  en- 
terprise, or  the  good  fortune  which  attended  it,  it 
equals  the  most  ilhistrious  upon  record.  This  ap- 
peai:3,  likewise,  from  it's  immediate  consequences  : 
the  Megarensians  revolted  from  Antigonus,  and  join. 
ed  Aratus  j  Uie  Trcezenians  and  Epidaurians,  also, 
ranged  themselves  on  the  side  of  the  Achaaiis. 

In  his  tirst  expedition  beyond  the  bounds  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, Aratus  over-ran  Attica,  and  passing  into 
halamis  ravaged  that  island ;  so  that  the  Acheean 
forces  thought  themselves  escaped  as  it  were  out  of 
prison,  and  followed  him  wherever  he  pleased.  Upon 
this  occasion  he  set  the  Athenian  prisoners  free 
without  ransom,  by  which  he  sowed  among  them 
the  first  seeds  of  defection  from  the  Macedonians, 
He  brought  Ptolemy*,  likewise,  into  the  Achiean 
league,  by  procuring  him  the  direction  of  the  war 
both  by  sea  and  land.  Such  was  his  influence  over 
the  Achaeaiis  that,  as  the  laws  did  not  allow  him  to 
be  general  ibr  two  successive  years,  they  appointed 
bim  every  other  year;  and  in  action,  as  well  as  in 
council,  he  had  always  in  eflect  the  chief  command. 
For  they  saw  it  was  not  wealth,  or  glory,  or  the 
friendship  of  kings,  or  the  advantage  of  his  own 
country,  or  any  thing  else,  that  he  preferred  to  the 


"'  Kuergoici  L" 


ARATUa  177 

promotion  of  the  Achaean  power.  He  thought  that 
cities  in  their  single  capacity  were  weak,  and  that 
they  could  not  provide  for  their  defence  without,  as 
it  were,  binding  themselves  together  for  the  com- 
mon good.  As  the  members  of  the  body  cannot  be 
nourished  or  live,  except  by  their  connexion  with 
each  other,  and  when  separated,  pine  and  decay ;  so 
cities  perish,  when  they  break  off  from  the  com** 
munity  to  which  they  belong,  and  on  the  contrary 
gather  strength  and  power,  by  becoming  parts  of 
some  great  body,  and  enjoying  the  fruits  of  th« 
wisdom  of  the  whole  ^^ 

Observing  therefore  that  all  the  bravest  people 
in  his  neighbourhood  lived  according  to  their  own 
laws,  it  gave  him  pain  to  see  the  Argives  in  slavery, 
and  he  took  measures  for  destroying  their  tyrant 
Aristomachus  ^®.  Besides,  he  was  ambitious  to 
restore  Argos  to  it's  liberty,  as  a  reward  for  the  edu- 
cation which  it  had  afforded  him,  and  to  unite  it  to 
the  Achaean  league.  Without  much  difficulty  he 
found  some  of  them  hardy  enough  to  undertake  the 
enterprise,  with  ^schylus  and  Charimenes  the 
soothsayer  at  their  head :  but  they  had  no  swords ; 
for  they  had  been  forbidden  to  keep  arms,  and  the 
tyrant  had  laid  heavy  penalties  on  such  as  should  be 


^7  We  shall  here  give  the  reader  an  account  of  some  laws,  by 
which  the  Aehsean  states  were  governed : 

1.  An  extraordinary  assembly  was  not  to  be  summoned  at  the 
request  of  foreign  embassadors,  unless  thev  first  notified  in  writing, 
to  the  Praetor  and  Demiurgi,  the  subject  of  their  embassy ; 

2.  No  city,  subject  to  the  league,  was  to  send  any  embassy  to  a 
foreign  prince  or  state,  without  the  consent  and  approbation  of  a 
general  uiet; 

3.  No  member  of  the  assembly  was  to  accept  presents  from 
foreign  princes,  under  any  pretence  whatsoever  ; 

4.  No  prince,  state,  or  city  was  to  be  admitted  into  the  league, 
without  the  consent  of  the  whole  alliance ; 

5.  The  general  assembly  was  not  to  sit  above  three  days. 

^  This  Aristomachus  must  not  be  confounded  with  him,  who 
was  thrown  into  the  sea  at  Cenchreae.  Between  them  reigned 
Aristippus  (of  whom,  however,  Polybius  has  made  no  xneDtion), 
and  surpassed  all  his  brother  tyrants  in  cruelty. 

VOL,  VI.  N 


lotber  ^^^1 


fomad  to  Iwve  any  id  their  possesiton.  To  soppij 
iIm  delect,  AratDf  pronded  several  daggers  for  t' 
■t  Coiioth,  and  ha^-ii^  tewed  tbem  up  to  the  [ 
Mddio  of  bones  ihat  were  to  carry  scune  ore' 
vxKs,  ii>c7  were  tbus  conveyed  to  Argos. 
■wan  lime  ChaHmenes,  having  admitted  another  i 
bis  frieods  88  an  accomplice,  j£schviu3  and  his  a 
ctfltes  were  so  much  provoked,  tliat  they  cast  him" 
06^  aad  determiiied  to  effect  the  business  by  them- 
selves. But  Charimenea  perceiving  their  intention, 
in  re^entmeat  of  the  slight,  iDforined  the  tyrant  of 
their  purpose,  when  they  were  set  out  to  carry  it  into 
execution.  Upon  which  they  Bed  with  precipitation, 
and  moit  of  tbem  escaped  to  Corinth. 

It  was  not  long,  however,  before  Aristomaclms 
was  slain  by  one  of  his  ovlh  servants  j  but,  before 
any  measures  could  be  adopted  to  guard  against 
tyranny,  Ari&iippus  seized  the  reins,  and  proved  a 
worse  tyrant  than  the  former.  Aratus,  indeed, 
marched  immediately  to  Argos""  with  ull  the 
Acbieans  able  to  bear  arms,  in  order  to  support 
the  citizens,  whom  he  doubted  not  to  lirid  ready 
to  assert  their  liberty.  But  they  had  been  Jong 
accustomed  to  tlie  yoke,  and  were  willing  to  be 
slaves;  insomuch  tliat  not  one  of  them  joined  him, 
and  he  returned  with  the  disadvantage  of  having 
subjected  the  Acha?ans  to  the  imputation  of  com- 
mitting acts  of  hostility  in  time  ol  full  peace.  For 
this  injustice  they  were  summoned  to  answer  before 
the  Mantineans. 

Aratus  did  not  make  his  appearance  at  the  trial, 
and  Aristippus  being  the  prosecutor  got  a  fine  of 
thirty  mina;  iaid  upon  the  Acha;ans.  As  that  tyrant 
both  hated  and  feared  Aralus,  he  meditated  his  death, 
and  Antigoniis  entered  into  the  scheme.  They  had 
their  emissaries  in  almost  every  quarter,  watching 
their  opportunity.     But  the  surest  guard  for  a  prince, 

'"  Polybius  (ii.)  places  this  MU^mpt  lor  the  relief  of  Argos  u 
lliu  M>i;und  Ariitunmchus. 


ARATnS«  119 

or  other  chief,  is  the  sincere  affection  of  his  people. 
For  when  the  commons  and  the  nobility,  instead  of 
fearing  their  chief  magistrate,  fear  for  him,  he  sees 
with  many  eyes  and  hears  with  many  ears,  afid 
has  a  prescience  of  whatever  is  going  forward. 
And  here  I  cannot  but  leave  a  little  the  thread  of 
my  story,  to  describe  the  manner  of  life  which 
Aristippus  was  under  a  necessity  of  leading,  in  ordet 
to  retain  in  his  hands  that  despotism,  that  state  erf 
an  arbitrary  suvei'eign,  which  is  commonly  so  mucll 
envied  and  admired  as  the  highest  pitch  of  hap- 
piness. 

This  tyrant,  who  had  Antigonus  for  his  ally,  whu 
kept  so  large  a  body-guard,  and  had  not  left  one  of 
his  enemies  alive  in  the  city,  would  not  suffer  hii 
guards  to  do  duty  in  the  palace,  but  only  in  thtt 
vestibule  and  porticoes  about  it.  When  supper  was 
finished,  he  sent  away  all  his  servants,  barred  the 
door  of  the  hall  himself,  and  with  his  mistresA 
mounted  through  a  trap-door  into  a  small  chamber 
above.  Upon  that  door  he  placed  his  bed^  and 
slept  there  as  a  person,  in  his  anxious  state  of  mind^ 
may  be  supposed  to  sleep.  The  ladder  by  which 
he  ascended,  his  mistress'  mother  took  away  imd 
secured  in  another  room  till  morning,  when  dhe 
brought  it  back  and  called  up  this  wonderful  pritice 
who  crept  like  a  reptile  out  of  his  hole.  Whereas 
Aratus,  who  acquired  a  lasting  command  not  by 
force  of  arms,  but,  by  virtue  and  in  a  wav  agreeable 
to  the  laws,  who  made  his  appearance  without  fear 
in  a  plain  vest  and  cloke,  and  always  showed  him- 
self an  enemy  to  tyrants,  left  an  illustrious  posterity 
among  the  Greeks  which  flourishes  at  this  day^* 
But  of  those  who  have  seized  castles,  who  have 
maintained  guards,  who  have  fenced  themselreti 
with  arms  and  gates  and  barricadoes,  how  few  catl . 

3^  A  corapliment  to  Polycrates,  whom  Plutarch  characterises,  in 
the  beginning  of  this  Life  as  one  of  his  hero's  decendents.  The 
interval  between  Aratus  and  Plutarch  was  not  less  than  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years.* 

N  2 


180  ARATUS. 

we  enumerate,  that  liave  not  like  timorous  hara| 
died  a  violent  death  ^' ;  and  not  one  of  them  hoi 
left  a  house,  a  family,  or  even  a  monument,  to  prd^ 
serve  his  memory  with  honour. 

Aralus  made  many  attempts,  both  private  anJ 
public,  to  pnll  down  Aristippus  and  rescue  Ar^ 
out  of  his  hands,  but  he  always  miscarried.  One 
he  had  applied  his  scaling-ladders,  and  ascended  the 
wall  with  a  small  party,  in  spite  of  the  extreme  dan- 
ger which  threatened  him.  He  had  even  succeeded 
so  far  as  to  kill  the  guards,  who  came  to  oppose  him: 
but  when  day  appeared,  and  the  tyrant  attacked  him 
on  all  sides,  the  people  of  Argos  (as  if  he  had  not 
been  fighting  for  their  liberty,  and  they  were  only 
presiding  at  the  Ncmcau  games)  sat  cool  and  im- 
partial spectators  of  the  action,  without  making  the 
least  motion  to  assist  him.  Aratus  defended  himself  i 
with  the  utmost  courage,  and  though  he  had  hij 
thigh  run  through  with  a  spear,  maintained  his  p 
alt  day  against  the  superior  numbers  of  the  enemjl 
Would  his  strength  have  permitted  him  to  continui 
the  combat  in  the  niglit  too,  he  must  have  carria 
his  point:  for  the  tyrant  was  meditating  his  escap 
and  had  already  sent  most  of  his  treasure  on  boait 
his  ships.  As  no  one,  howevci-,  gave  Aratus  intelli 
gence  of  this  circumstance,  his  water  iiiiling,  and  hUJ 
■wound  disqualifying  him  from  any  farther  personi* 
efforts,  he  called  off  lu's  men  and  retired. 

He  now  despaired  of  succeeding  by  way  of  surl 
prise,  and  therefore  openly  entered  the  territories  of  ■ 
Argos  with  his  army,  and  committed  great  devasta  ' 
tions.  He  fought  a  pitched  battle  witli  Aristippui 
near  the  river  Chares,  and  upon  that  occasion  in^ 
curred  the  imputation  of  having  deserted  the  actioi^ 
and  let  the  victory  slip  out  of  his  hands.  For  ontf 
part  of  his  army  had  clearly  the  advantage,  and  was 
advancing   last   in  the  pursuit;  when  he,    without 


"  Adgtitrum  Certrii  *i 


'  vade  el  iangtune  paaci 

a  morU  If/ranni.     (Juv.  x.  JIS!.)*  ' 


ARATUS.  181 

being  overpowered  where  he  acted  in  person,  merely 
out  of  fear  and  diffidence,  retired  in  disorder  to  his 
camp.  His  men,  on  their  return  from  the  pursuit^ 
expressed  their  indignation  at  being  prevented  from 
erecting  the  trophy,  after  they  had  put  the  enemy 
to  flight,  and  killed  many  more  men  than  they  had 
lost.  Aratus,  wounded  by  these  reproaches,  deter- 
mined to  risk  a  second  battle  for  the  trophy.  Accord- 
ingly, after  his  men  had  rested  one  day,  he  drew 
them  out  the  next.  But  finding  that  the  enemy's 
numbers  had  increased,  and  that  their  troops  were  in 
much  higher  spirits  than  before,  he  durst  not  hasard 
an  action,  but  retreated,  after  having  obtained  a 
truce  to  carry  off  the  dead.  By  his  engaging  man- 
ners, however,  and  his  abilities  in  the  administration, 
he  obviated  the  consequences  of  this  error,  and 
added  the  city  of  Cleonse  ^^  to  the  Achaean  league* 
In  Cleonae  he  caused  the  Nemean  games  to  be  cele- 
brated, for  he  thought  that  city  had  the  best  and 
most  natural  claim  to  them.  The  people  of  Argos, 
likewise,  exhibited  ^.hem  ;  and  upon  this  occasion  tho 
freedom  and  security,  which  had  been  the  privilege 
of  the  champions,  were  first  violated.  The  Achseans 
considered  as  enemies  all  who  had  repaired  to  the 
games  at  Argos,  and  having  seized  them  as  they 
passed  through  their  territories,  sold  them  for  slaves. 
So  violent  and  implacable  was  their  generaPs  hatred 
of  tyrants. 

Not  long  afterward,  Aratus  received  intelh'gence 
that  Aristippus  had  a  design  against  Cleonae,  but 
that  he  was  afraid  of  him,  because  he  then  resided 
at  Corinth  :  upon  which  he  assembled  his  forces  by 
proclamation,  and  having  ordered  them  to  take  pro- 
visions for  several  days,  marched  to  Cenchreae.  By 
this  manoeuvre  he  hoped  to  bring  Aristippus  against 
Cleonse,  as  supposing  him  at  a  distance  :  and  it  had 
it's  effect.  The  tyrant  immediately  set  out  from' 
Argos  with  his  army.     But  it  was  no  sooner  dark^ 

i*  A  city  in  Argolis,  between  Corinth  and  Argoe.* 


18S  ARATtJ.S. 

than  Aratus  returned  from  Chenchrefc  to  Corinth  ; 
and  having  placed  guards  in  all  the  roads,  led  on  the 
Aclueans,  who  followed  him  in  such  good  order  and 
with  so  much  celerity-  and  pleasure,  that  tlicy  not 
only  made  their  march,  but  entered  Cleonae  that 
night,  and  marshalled  themselves  in  order  of  battle  j 
neither  did  Aristippus  gain  the  least  knowledge  of 
this  movement. 

Next  morning  at  break  of  day  the  gates  were 
opened,  the  trumpet  sounded,  and  Aratus  advanc- 
ing at  full  speed  and  with  all  the  alarm  of  war  fell 
upon  the  enemy,  and  soon  routed  them.  He  then 
went  upon  the  pursuit,  particularly  that  way  which 
be  imagined  Aristippus  would  take  i  for  the  country 
had  several  outlets.  The  pursuit  was  continued  aa 
fer  as  Myccna;,  and  the  tyrant  (as  Dinias  inJorms  us) 
vas  overtaken  and  killed  by  a  Cretan,  named  Tra- 
giacusj  and  of  hi-*  army  there  were  above  fifteen 
hundred  slain.  Aratus,  though  he  had  gained  this 
important  victory  without  the  loss  of  a  single  man, 
could  not  make  himsetf  master  of  Argoa,  or  deliver 
k  from  slavery  :  for  Agias  and  voung  Aristomachus 
entered  it  with  the  king  of  Macedon's  troops,  and 
continued  to  hold  it  in  subjection. 

This  action  silenced  in  a  great  measure  the  ca- 
lumny of  the  enemy,  and  put  a  stop  to  the  indolent 
scoffs  of  those,  who  to  flatter  the  tyrants  had  not 
scrupled  to  say,  that  whenever  the  Achican  general 
prepared  for  battle,  his  bowels  lost  their  retentive 
faculty ;  that  when  the  trumpet  sounded,  his  eyea 
grew  dim,  and  his  Iiead  giddy ;  and  that  when  he 
had  given  the  word,  he  used  to  ask  his  lieutenants 
and  other  officers,  '  what  farther  need  there  could  be 
of  him,  since  the  die  was  east,  and  whether  he  might 
not  retire,  and  wait  the  event  of  the  day  at  some 
distance.'  These  reports  had  prevailed  so  much, 
that  the  philosophers  in  their  inquiries  in  the  schools, 
'  Whetlier  the  palpitation  of  the  heart  and  change  of 
colour  on  the  appearance  of  danger  were  arguments 
of  cowardice,  or  only  of  some  oatural  delect,  some 


* 


M 


ARATUa  IM 

coldness  in  the  constitution  ? '  used  always  to  quote 
Aratus  as  an  excellent  general,  who  yet  was  con* 
stantly  subject  to  these  emotions  on  occasion  of  k 
battle. 

After  he  had  destroyed  Aristippus,  he  sought 
means  to  depose  Lysiades  the  Megalopolitan^  who 
had  assujned  the  supreme  power  in  his  native  city. 
This  man  had  something  generous  in  his  nature,  and 
was  not  insensible  to  true  honour.  He  had  not^ 
like  most  other  tyrants,  committed  this  injustice 
out  of  a  love  of  licentious  pleasure^  or  from  a  motive 
of  avarice :  but  incited,  when  very  young,  by  a  pas- 
sion for  glory,  and  unadvisedly  believing,  in  his  high- 
minded  view  of  things,  the  false  and  vain  accou&ti 
of  the  wondrous  happiness  of  arbitrary  power^  he 
had  made  it  his  business  to  usurp  it.  He  soon,  how- 
ever, felt  it  a  heavy  burthen  :  and  being  at  once  de- 
sirous to  gain  the  happiness  which  Aratus  enjoyed, 
add  to  deliver  himself  from  the  fear  of  his  intriguing 
spirit,  he  formed  the  noblest  resolution  imaginable ; 
first  to  get  rid  of  the  hatred,  the  fears,  and  the  guards 
which  encompassed  him,  and  then  to  bestow  the 
greatest  blessing  on  his  country.  In  consequence  c^ 
this,  he  sent  for  Aratus,  laid  down  the  authority 
which  he  had  assumed,  and  united  the  city  to  the 
Achaean  league.  The  Achseans,  charmed  with  his 
lofly  spirit,  thought  it  not  too  high  a  compliment 
to  elect  him  general.  He  was  no  sooner  appointed, 
than  he  discovered  an  ambition  to  raise  his  name 
above  that  of  Aratus,  and  was  by  this  project  led  to 
several  unnecessary  attempts,  particularly  to  declare 
war  against  the  Lacedaemonians.  This,  Aratus  en*> 
deavoured  to  prevent,  but  his  opposition  was  thought 
to  proceed  from  envy.  Lysiades  was  chosen  general 
a  second  time,  though  Aratus  exerted  all  his  interest 
to  procure  that  appointment  for  another  ;  for,  as  we 
have  already  observed,  he  had  the  command  himself 
only  every  other  year.  Lysiades  was  fortunate 
enough  to  gain  that  commission  a  third  time,  enjoy- 
ing it  alternately  with  Aratus.     But  at  last  avowing 


m 


ARATUS. 


himself  his  enemy,  and  often  accusing  liimtotbci 
Achieans  in  full  council,  that  people  cast  him  off 
I'or  he  appeared,  with  only  an  assumed  character,  to  J 
contend  against  real  and  sincere  virtue,     .^sop  teUs'J 
us,  "  that  the  cuckoo  one  day  asked  the  little  birds, 
"  '  why  they  avoided  her;'  and  tliey  answered,  '  it  I 
*'  was  because  they  feared,  she  would  at  last  prove  1 
*'  a  hawk  ^^'  "     In  like  manner  it  happened  to  Ly- 
siades.     It  was  suspected  that,  as  he  had  been  once 
B  tyrant,  his  laying  down  his  power  was  not  quite  a 
voluntary  thing,  and  that  he  would  be  glad  to  seize  J 
the  first  opportunity  of  resuming  it.  •■ 

Aratus  acquired  new  glory  in  the  war  with  the  | 
^tolians.     The    Achfeans   pressed   him    to  engage 
them  on  the  confines  of  Megara,  and  Agis  king  of 
the  Lacedaemonians,  who  attended  with  an  army, 
joined  his   instances  to  theirs;  but   he   would   not 
consent.     They  reproached  him  with  want  of  spirit^  I 
with  cowardice  ;  they  tried  what  scoffing,  what  ridU 
cule  could  do :  but  he  bore  all  their  attacks  witb  I 
patience,  and  would  not  sacrifice  the  real  good  of  th6  I 
community  to  the  fear  of  seeming  disgrace.     Upoir  J 
this    principle,  he  suffered    the    ^^tolians    to    pass  J 
mount  Gerania^',  and  to  enter  Peloponnesus  with- 
out  the  least  resistance.     But  when  he  found  that  i 
in  their  march  they  had  seized  Pellene,  he  was  no  £ 
longer   the    same    man.     Without  the  least  delajr^l 
without  waiting  lill  all  his  forces  were  assembled,  w\ 
advanced  with  those  he  had  at  hand  against  the  ene-'  T 
my,  now  much  weakened  by  their  late  acquisition,' 
which  had  occasioned  the  utmost  disorder  and  mis-  j 
rule.     For  they  had  no  sooner  entered  the  city,  than 
the  private  men  dispersed  themselves  in  the  house%'i 
and  began  to  scramble  and  fight  tor  the  booty ;  wliil»  | 
the  generals  and  other  officers  seized  the  wives  and 

"  No  such  fuble  of  JEsop'e  is  now  extant ;  but  there  is  one  oft  I 
'  the  Hawk  &ncl  other  Birds,'  to  which  ihia  passage  alludes.* 

**  A  inouritain  in  Atiicn,  so  calli-d  hy  Mcgarus,  who  iiiidrr  th^ 
guidnncr  ur  snme  craiieB  »avcd  hiniBcir  upon  Jt'&  summil  from  Deq 
ckliDn's  Hood.* 


ARATU&  185 

daughters  of  the  inhabitants,  and  each  placed  his 
helmet  upon  the  head  of  his  prize,  as  a  mark  to 
whom  she  belonged,  and  to  prevent  her  falHng  into 
the  hands  of  another. 

While  they  were  thus  employed,  intelligence  ar- 
rived that  Aratus  was  on  the  point  of  attacking 
them.  The  consternation  was  such,  as  might  be 
expected  among  men  in  extreme  disorder.  Before 
they  were  all  apprised  of  their  danger,  those  who 
were  about  the  gates  and  in  the  suburbs  had  skir- 
mished a  few  moments  with  the  Achseans,  and  were 
pyt  to  flight,  with  a  precipitation,  excessively  alarm- 
ing to  those  who  had  assembled  to  support  them. 
During  this  confusion  one  of  the  captives,  daughter 
to  £pige'thes  a  person  of  considerable  eminence  in 
Pellene,  who  was  remarkable  for  her  beauty  and 
majestic  mien,  was  seated  in  the  temple  of  Diana, 
where  her  captor  had  placed  her,  after  having  put 
his  helmet  adorned  with  three  plumes  of  feathers  on 
her  head.  This  lady,  hearing  the  noise  and  tumult^ 
ran  out  suddenly  to  see  what  was  the  cause.  As 
she  stood  at  the  door  of  the  temple,  and  looked 
down  upon  the  combatants  with  the  helmet  still  upon 
her  head,  she  appeared  to  the  citizens  a  figure  more 
than  human,  and  the  enemy  took  her  foradeiQ^tj 
which  struck  the  latter  with  such  terror  and  astonish? 
ment,  that  they  were  no  longer  able  to  use  their 
arms. 

The  Pellenians  inform  us,  that  the  statue  of  the 
goddess  stands  commonly  untouched,  and  that  when 
the  priestess  moves  it  out  of  the  temple  in  order  to 
carry  it  in  procession,  none  dare  look  it  in  the  fece, 
but  on  the  contrary  all  turn  away  their  eyes  with  the 
utmost  care ;  for  it  is  not  only  a  terrible  and  dan- 
gerous sight  to  mankind,  but  it's  look  renders  the 
trees  barren,  and  blasts  the  fruits  where  it  passes. 
The  priestess,  they  add,  carried  it  out  upon  this 
occasion,  and  always  turning  the  face  directly  to- 
ward the  jEtolians  filled  them  with  horror,  and  de- 
prived them  of  their  senses.     But  Aratus,  in  his 


186  ARATUS. 

Commentaries,  makes  no  mention  of  any  such  i  .  _ 
cumstance :  lie  only  says,  that  he  put  the  j^Etoiians 
to  flight,  and  entering  the  town  with  the  fugitives, 
dislodged  ihem  by  dint  of  sword,  and  killed  seven 
hundred.  This  action  was  one  of  the  most  celebra- 
ted in  history,  and  Tiinantlies''*  the  painter  gave  a 
very  lively  and  excellent  representation  of  it. 

As  many  powerful  states  however  were  combining 
against  the  AchEeans,  Aratus  hastened  to  make  peace 
with  the  •Etolians,  which  he  not  only  effected  by 
the  assistance  of  Pantaleon,  one  of  the  most  powerful 
men  among  them,  but  likewise  entered  into  an  alli- 
ance offensive  and  defensive.  He  had  a  great  de- 
sire to  restore  Athens  to  it's  liberty,  and  exposed 
himself  to  the  severest  censures  of  the  Acfia^ans  by 
attempting  to  surprise  the  Piraus,  while  there  waa 
a  truce  subsisting  between  them  and  the  Macedo*.  _ 
nians.  Aratus  indeed,  in  his  Commentaries,  denie»  1 
the  fact,  and  lays  the  blame  upon  Erginus,  in  con- 
cert with  whom  he  had  taken  the  citadel  of  Corinth. 
It  was  the  exclusive  scheme  of  Erginus,  he  informs 
us,  to  attempt  that  port:  his  ladder  however  break- 
ing, he  miscarried,  and  was  pursued;  and  in  order 
to  save  himself,  he  often  called  upon  Aratus,  as  if 
present,  by  which  artifice  he  deceived  the  enemy  and 
escaped.  But  this  defence  of  his  wants  probability 
to  support  it.  It  is  not  likely  that  Erginus  a  private 
man,  a  Syrian,  would  have  formed  a  design  of  such 
consequence  without  having  Aratus  at  the  head  of 
h,  to  supply  him  with  troops,  and  to  point  out  the 
opportunity  for  the  attack.  Nay,  Aratus  proved 
the  same  against  himself,  by  making  not  only  two  or 
three,  but  many  more  attempts  upon  the  Pirteua. 


"  Of  Timanihes  Pliny  gives  us  a  cliaraclcr,  H.  N.  nxxv.  10  j 
where  however,  in  his  enumeration  of  hin  works,  he  inalce*  no  men- 
Uon  of  thia  panicular  piece.  One  of  his  moat  celebrated  work*  wag 
'  the  iiactifice  of  I|>higen)a,'  in  which  fie  threw  a  veil  over  the  iac*. 
of  Agaiiieninon ;  and  another  a  Cyclops,  of  whose  si«e  (as  he  *ai 
lunhod  to  a  smull  picture)  he  conveyen  a  strong  idea,  by  repmcnt'' 
g  utyra  Dt«uuring  his  thumb  with  a  thyniis,* 


ARATU&  1ST 

Xike  a  person  violently  in  love,  his  miscarriages  did 
not  induce  him  to  desist ;  for  as  his  hopes  were  dis* 
appointed  only  by  the  failure  of  perhaps  a  single 
circumstance,  and  he  was  always  within  a  little  of 
succeeding,  he  still  encouraged  himself  to  proceed« 
In  one  repulse,  as  he  fled  over  the  fields  of  Thri- 
asium  ^,  he  broke  his  leg,  and  the  cure  could  not  be 
effected  without  several  incisions ;  so  that  for  some 
time  afterward,  whenever  he  was  called  to  action,  he 
was  carried  into  the  field  in  a  litter. 

After  the  death  of  Antigonus,  and  Demetrius^ 
accession  to  the  throne,  Aratus  was  more  intent  than 
ever  upon  delivering  Athens  from  the  yoke,  and 
conceived  an  utter  contempt  for  the  Macedonians. 
He  was,  however,  defeated  in  a  battle  near  Phylacia 
by  Bithys  the  new  king's  general ;  and  a  strong  re- 
port being  spread  on  one  side  that  he  was  taken  pri<^ 
soner,  and  on  another  that  he  was  dead,  Diogenes 
who  commanded  in  the  Pirseus  wrote  a  letter  to  Co^ 
rinth,  insisting,  '^  That  the  Achaeans  should  evacuate 
the  place,  since  Aratus  was  no  more.**  Aratus  hap« 
pened  to  be  at  Corinth,  when  the  letter  arrived; 
and  the  messengers,  finding  that  their  business  occa- 
sioned much  laughter  and  satirical  discourse,  retired 
in  great  confusion.  The  king  of  Macedon  himself 
likewise  sent  a  ship  with  orders,  "  That  Aratus 
should  be  brought  to  him  in  chains/' 

The  Athenians,  outdoing  themselves  in  flattery 
to  the  Macedonians,  wore  chaplets  of  flowers  upon 
the  first  rumour  of  Aratus'  death.  Incensed  at  this 
treatment,  he  immediately  marched  out  against  them, 
and  proceeded  as  far  as  the  Academy :  but  they 
implored  him  to  spare  them,  and  he  returned  witb^ 
out  having  done  them  the  least  injury.  The  Athe- 
nians now  became  sensible  of  his  virtue,  and  as  upon 
the  death  of  Demetrius  they  were  determined  to 
make  an  attempt  for  liberty,  they  called  him  in  to 
their  assistance.     Though  he  was  not  general  of  the- 

1^  In  Attica.* 


188  ARATUS. 

Achffians  that  year,  and  was  beside  so  much  indn 
posed  by  long  sickness  as  to  be  forced  to  keep  his  bed, 
he  yet  caused  himself  to  be  carried  in  a  Htter,  to  ren- 
der them  his  best  services.  Accordingly  lie  prevailed 
upon  Diogenes,  who  commanded  the  garrison,  to 
give  up  the  Piraeus.  Munychia,  Salamis,  and  Sunium 
to  the  Athenians,  for  the  consideration  of  a  hundred 
and  fifty  talents,  twenty  of  which  were  advanced  by 
Aratus  himself.  Upon  this,  the  yEginetffi  and  Her- 
mionians  joined  the  Achicans,  and  a  considerable 
part  of  Arcadia  paid  contributions  to  the  league. 
The  Macedonians  now  found  employment  enough 
for  their  arms  nearer  home  ;  and  the  Achaians,  num- 
bering the  j^^tolians  among  their  allies,  acquired  a 
great  addition  to  their  power. 

Aratus  still  proceeded  upon  his  old  principles, 
and  concerned  to  see  tyranny  established  in  a  city 
so  near  him  as  that  of  Argos,  despatched  his  agents 
to  Aristomachus,  to  persuade  him  '  to  restore  that 
city  to  liberty,  and  unite  it  to  the  Achjean  league ; 
in  noble  emulation  of  the  example  of  Lysiades,  who 
chose  to  command  so  illustrious  a  people  with  repu- 
tation and  honour  as  the  general  of  their  choice,  ra- 
ther than  a  single  city  as  a  tyrant  exposed  to  per- 
petual danger  and  hatred.'  Aristomachus  listened 
to  their  suggestions,  and  desired  Aratus  to  send  him 
fifty  talents  to  pay  off  liis  troops.  The  money  was 
granted  agreeably  to  his  request;  but  Lysiades 
whose  commission  as  general  was  not  expired,  and 
who  was  ambitious  to  have  this  negociation  pass 
with  the  AchKans  for  his  work,  took  an  opportunity, 
while  the  sum  was  providing,  of  accusing  Aratus  to 
Aristomachus  as  a  person  implacably  hostile  to 
tyrants,  and  advised  him  rather  to  put  the  business 
into  his  hands.  To  these  suggestions  Aristomachus 
gave  car,  and  Lysiades  had  the  honour  of  introduc- 
ing him  to  the  league.  Bnt,  upon  this  occasion  more 
especially,  the  Achaean  council  showed  their  affec- 
tion and  fidelity  to  .\r;ilni;  for,  upon  his  speaking 
[ainst  Aristomachus  *^^y  rejected  him  wi.th_the__ 


ARATUS.  180 

utmost  resentment.  Afterward,  when  Aratus  was 
prevailed  upon  to  undertake  the  management  of  the 
affair,  they  readily  and  cheerfully  accepted  him,  and 
made  a  decree  by  which  the  Argives  and  Phliasians 
were  admitted  into  the  league.  The  year  following, 
likewise,  Aristomachus  was  appointed  general. 

Aristomachus,  finding  himself  esteemed  by  the 
Achasans,  was  desirous  of  carrying  his  arms  into  La- 
conia,  for  which  purpose  he  sent  for  Aratus  froni 
Athens.  Aratus  replied,  that  he  utterly  disapproved 
the  expedition,  not  choosing  that  the  Achasans 
should  engage  with  Cleomenes^^,  whose  spirit  and 
power  increased  with  his  difficulties.  Aristomachufli 
however,  was  bent  upon  the  enterprise ;  and  Aratus; 
yielding  to  his  solicitations,  returned  to  assist  him  in 
the  war.  Cleomenes  offered  him  battle  at  Palan« 
tium,  but  Aratus  prevented  him  from  accepting  the 
challenge.  Upon  this,  Lysiades  accused  Aratus  to 
the  Achffians,  and  the  year  following  declared  him^ 
self  his  competitor  for  the  command:  but  Aratus; 
had  the  majority  of  votes,  and  was  for  the  twelflh 
time  declared  general. 

This  year,  he  was  defeated  by  Cleomenes  at 
mount  Lycaeum ;  and,  in  his  flight  being  forced  to 
wander  about  in  the  night,  he  was  supposed  to  have 
been  killed.  This  was  the  second  time,  that  a  re- 
port of  his  death  had  spread  over  Greece.  He  saved 
himself,  however,  and  having  collected  the  scattered 
remains  of  his  forces,  was  not  satisfied  with  retiring 
unmolested ;  but  availing  himself  in  the  best  man- 
ner of  his  opportunity,  when  no  one  expected  or 
even  thought  of  such  a  manoeuvre,  fell  suddenly 
upon  the  Mantineans  who  were  allies  to  Cleomenes^ 
took  their  city,  secured  it  with  a  garrison,  and  de- 

37  Some  authors  write  that  Cleomenes,  at  the  instigation  €/£tbi& 
JEtoiianBf  had  built  a  fortress  in  the  territory  of  the  Megalopolitaii%- 
called  Athensum,  which  the  Achseans  considering  as  an  ofmk 
rupture,  declared  in  a  general  assembly,  that  the  Lacedseinoiiiaiit 
should  be  coosidefed  as  enemies. 


clared  all  the  strangers  lie  found  tliere  free  of  the 
city.  In  short,  he  obtained  that  for  the  Ach^ana 
when  beaten,  which  they  could  not  easily  have  gain- 
ed if  victorious. 

The  Laced  IE  monlans  having  again  entered  the  ter- 
ritories of  Megalopolis,  he  marched  to  relieve  that 
city.  Cleomenes  endeavoured  to  bring  him  to  an 
action,  but  he  dechned  it,  though  the  Mcgalopoli- 
tans  strongly  pressed  him  to  leave  the  matter  to  the 
decision  of  tne  sword.  I'or,  beside  that  he  was 
never  very  tit  for  disputes  in  the  open  field,  he  was 
now  interior  in  numbers;  and  at  a  time  of  life  when 
his  spirits  began  to  fail,  and  his  ambition  was  sub- 
dued, he  would  have  had  to  engage  with  a  young 
man  of  the  most  adventurous  courage.  He  thought 
likewise  that,  if  Cleomenes  by  his  boldness  sought  to 
acquire  glory,  it  became  him  by  his  caution  to  keep 
that,  which  lie  had  acquired. 

One  day  the  light  infiintry  skirmished  with  the 
Spartans,  and  having  driven  them  to  their  camp, 
entered  it  along  with  them  and  began  to  plunder. 
Aratus  even  then  would  not  lead  on  the  main  body, 
but  kept  his  men  on  the  other  side  of  a  defile  that 
lay  between,  and  would  not  suffer  them  to  pass. 
Lysiades,  incensed  at  this  order  and  reproaching 
him  with  cowardice,  called  upon  the  cavalry  to  sup- 
port the  party  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  and  not  to 
betray  the  victory,  nor  to  desert  one  who  was  about 
to  hazard  all  for  his  country.  On  tliis,  many  of  the 
best  men  in  the  army  followed  him  to  the  charge, 
which  was  so  vigorous,  that  lie  put  llie  right  wing  of 
the  Lacedicmonians  to  flight.  liut  in  the  ardour  of 
his  courage  and  his  ambition  for  iionour,  he  advanced 
inconsiderately  upon  the  pursuit,  till  he  fell  into  an 
intricate  way,  obstructed  with  trees  and  intersected 
with  large  ditches,  in  this  ground  Cleomenes  at- 
tacked and  slew  him,  after  lie  had  maintained  tlie 
most  glorious  of  all  combats,  the  combat  for  his 
people,  almost  at  their  own  doors.     The  rest  of  the 


ARATUS,  191 

cavalry  fled,  and  turning  back  upon  the  main  body 
threw  the  infantry  into  disorder,  so  that  the  rout 
became  general. 

This  loss  was  principally  imputed  to  Aratus,  for 
he  was  rthought  to  have  abandoned  Lysiades  to  his 
fate.  The  Ach&eans,  therefore,  retired  in  great  anger^ 
and  obliged  him  to  follow  them  to  iEgium.  There 
it  was  decreed  in  full  council,  that  he  should  not  be 
supplied  with  any  more  money,  or  have  any  merce* 
naries ;  and  that,  if  he  was  determined  to  go  to  war, 
he  must  And  resources  for  it  himself.  Thus  igno^ 
miniously  treated,  he  was  inclined  to  deliver  up  the 
seal,  and  immediately  resign  his  command ;  but,  upon 
more  mature  consideration,  he  thought  it  better  to 
bear  the  affront  with  patience.  Soon  after  this,  he  led 
the  Achaeans  to  Orchomenus,  where  he  gave  battle  to 
Megistonoiis  the  father-in-law  of  Cleomenes,  killed 
three  hundred  of  his  men,  and  took  him  prisoner. 

It  had  been  customary  with  him  to  take  the  com- 
mand every  other  year ;  but  when  his  turn  came, 
and  he  was  called  upon  to  resume  it,  he  absolutely 
refused,  and  Timoxenus  was  appointed  general.  The 
reason  commonly  assigned  for  his  rejecting  the  com* 
mission  was  his  resentment  against  the  people  for 
the  late  dishonour,  which  they  had  done  him ;  but 
the  real  cause  was,  the  bad  posture  of  the  Achaean 
affairs.  Cleomenes  no  longer  advanced  by  insensible 
steps:  he  had  no  measures  now  to  keep  with  the 
magistrates  at  home,  nor  any  thing  to  fear  from  their 
opposition ;  for  he  had  put  the  Ephori  to  death, 
distributed  the  lands  in  equal  portions,  and  admitted 
many  strangers  citizens  of  Sparta.  After  he  had 
thus  made  himself  absolute  master  at  home,  he 
marched  into  Achaia,  and  insisted  upon  being  ap- 

Eointed  general  of  the  league.  Aratus  therefore  id 
ighly  blamed,  when  affairs  were  in  such  a  tempes- 
tuous state,  for  having  given  up  the  helm  to  another 
pilot  "^^j  when  he  ought  rather  to  have  taken  it  by 
force  to  save  the  community  from  sinking.     Or,  if 

3*  See  the  Life  of  Cleomenei,  V.  169.,  not  (•) 


19?  AnATtJS. 

he  thought  the  Achaean  power  gone  beyond  the 
possibility  of  retrieval,  he  should  have  yielded  to 
Cleomenes,  and  not  have  reduced  Peloponnesus  into 
a  state  of  fresh  barbarism  by  Macedonian  garrisons, 
or  filled  the  citadel  of  Corinth  wilh  Illyrian  and 
Gaulish"'  arms.  Por  this  was  making  those  men,  to 
whom  he  had  shown  himself  superior  both  in  his 
military  and  political  capacity,  and  whom  he  had 
vilified  so  much  in  his  Commentaries,  lords  of  his 
cities,  under  the  softer  but  false  name  of  allies.  It 
may  be  said,  perhaps,  that  Cleomenes  was  unjust 
and  tyrannical.  Let  us  grant  it  ior  a  moment :  yet 
he  was  a  descendcnt  of  the  Heraclidae.  and  his  coun- 
try was  Sparta,  the  meanest  citizen  of  which  should 
have  been  preferred  as  general  of  the  league  to  the 
first  of  the  Macedonians,  at  least  by  those  who  set 
any  value  upon  the  dignity  of  Greece.  Besides, 
Cleomenes  solicited  the  command  among  the  Achffi- 
ans*",  only  with  a  view  of  making  their  cities  happy 
in  his  services,  in  return  for  the  honour  of  the  title  : 
whereas  Antigoniis,  though  declared  commander-in- 
chief  both  by  sea  and  land,  would  not  accept  the 
commission  till  he  was  paid  with  the  citadel  of 
Corinth,  in  wiiich  he  perfectly  resembled  jl^lsop's 
hunter";  for  he  would  not  ride  the  Acha'ans, though 
they  offered  their  backs,  and  though  by  embassies 
and  decrees  they  courted  him  to  do  it,  till  he  had 
first  bridled  them  by  his  garrison,  aud  by  the  hostages 
which  they  were  obliged  to  deliver  to  him. 


"  This  appears  bo  unaccounlablL-  a  circumstance,  tkat  M.  du 
Soul  for  '  GaulUli,'  woiitd  read  ■  j^lolJan*  amis.* 

*•  Arutua  was,  rwrliops,  appretieiisive  that  Cleoroenes  would  en- 
deavour [o  render  nimstif  abtK>lute  among  ihc  AchKuns,  as  he  was 
already  jn  Laocdicmun.  There  ivus  a.  possibility  however  of  his 
bpliaving  with  honour,  as  general  of  iW  Achccam,  nhereas  from 
Antigonua  notliing  could  he  expected  but  chains.  This  Aotigonus 
was  sumunied  Doson. 

*'  Horace  gives  us  this  fable  of  JBsop'i,  Ep.  I.  x. 

Cerviit  eqnum,  ptigni  mel'tor,  communiliui  kerbit 

Pellebat,  &c. 

but,  before  /Esop,  the  poet  SteEichorus  is  said  to  have  applied  !t  to 
the  HiiuerioiUi,  when  tlicy  were  going  to  raise  a  guard  for  Phalaria. 


ARATU&  19» 

Aratus,  it  is  true,  labours  to  justify  himself  by  the 
necessity  of  affairs.  But  Polybius  assures  us  that, 
long  before  that  necessity  existed,  he  had  been  afraid 
of  the  daring  spirit  of  Cleomenes,  and  had  not  only 
treated  with  Antigonus  in  private,  but  induced  the 
Megalopolitans  to  propose  to  the  general  assembly 
of  the  Achaeans,  that  Antigonus  should  be  invited  to 
their  assistance.  For,  whenever  Cleomenes  renewed 
his  depredations,  the  Megalopolitans  were  the  first 
that  suffered  by  them.  Phylarchus^^  gives  the  same 
account,  but  we  should  not  have  afforded  him  much 
credit,  if  he  had  not  been  supported  by  the  testi- 
mony of  Polybius :  for  such  is  his  fondness  for  Cleo- 
menes, that  he  cannot  speak  of  him  without  enthu- 
siasm ;  and,  as  if  he  was  pleading  a  cause  rather  than 
writing  a  history,  he  perpetually  disparages  the  one, 
and  vindicates  the  other. 

The  Achaeans  having  lost  Mantinea,  which  Cleo- 
menes now  took  a  second  time,  and  being  moreover 
defeated  in  a  great  battle  at  Hecatomboeum,  were 
so  terrified  that  they  immediately  invited  Cleomenes 
to  Argos,  with"  a  promise  of  making  him  general. 
But  Aratus  no  sooner  perceived  that  he  was  on  his 
march,  and  had  brought  his  army  as  far  as  Lerma, 
than  his  fears  gained  the  ascendency,  and  he  sent 
embassadors  to  desire  him  to  come  to  the  Achaeans 
as  to  friends  and  allies,  with  only  three  hundred  men. 
They  were  to  add  that,  if  he  had  any  distrust  of  the 
Achaeans,  they  would  give  him  hostages.  Cler 
menes  told  them,  they  did  but  insult  and  mock  him 
with  such  a  message,  and  returning  immediately 
wrote  a  letter  to  the  Achaean  council,  full  of  com- 
plaints and  invectives  against  Aratus.  Aratus  wrote 
another  against  Cleomenes  in  the  same  stile,  and 
they  proceeded  to  such  gross  abuse,  as  not  to  spare 
the  characters  even  of  their  wives  and  families. 

Upon  this,  Cleomenes  sent  a  herald  to  declare 

4>  For  an  account  of  this  historian,  see  a  former  note.  In  hif 
partiality  for  Cleomenes,  mentioned  below,  he  was  followed  to  some 
extent  by  Plutarch.* 

VOL.  VI.  O 


194 


ARATUS. 


war  against  the  Acha>ans ;  and,  in  tlic  mean  time^ 
the  city  of  Sicyon  narrowly  escaped  being  betrayed 
to  him.     Disappointctl  of  iiis  cxp>cctation  there,  he 
turned  against  Pellene,  dislodged  the  Achiean  gar- 
rison, and  secured  the  town  for  himself.     A  little 
while  afterward,  he  took  Pheneum  and  Penteleum  ; 
and  it  was  not  long  before'  the  people  of  Argos 
adopted  his  interest,  and  the  Phhasians  received  his 
garrison.     So  that  scarcely  any  thing  remained  firm 
to  the  Acha;ans,  of  the  dominions  which  they  had 
acquired ;  Aratus  saw  nothing  but  confusion  about 
him;  all  Peloponnesus  was  in  a  tottering  condition, 
and  the  cities  were  every  where  excited  by  innova- 
tors to  revolt.     None,  indeed,  were  quiet,  or  satisfied.  J 
with  their  present  circumstances.     Even  among  thtr 
Sicyonians   and   Corinthians    many   were   found 
entertain  a  correspondence  with  Cleomenes,  haviog^l 
been  long  disaffected  to  the  administration  and  the'  f 
public  utility,  because  they  wished  to  get  the  power 
into  their  own  hands.     Aratus  was  invested  with  ful 
authority  to  punish  the  delinquents.     The  corrupt  j 
members  of  Sicyon  he  cut  off;   but  by  seeking  for'l 
Buch  in  Corinth,  in  order  to  put  them  to  death,  he 
exasperated  the  people,  already  sick  of  the  same  dia* 
temper  and  weary  of  the   Achiean  government**! 
Upon  this  occasion  they  assembled  in  the  temple  of  J 
Apollo,  and  sent  for  Aratus,  being  determined  eitha  " 
to  kill  him  or  talte  him  prisoner,  before  they  pro- I 
ceeded  to  an  open  revolt.      He  came  leading  hli  | 
horse,  as  if  he  had  not  the  least  mistrust  or  snspi*  J 
cion.     When  tlicy  saw  him  at  the  gate,  a  number  rf j 
them    rose    up,   and   loaded   him   with    reproacheK^ 
But    he  with    a   composed    countenance    and    milal 
address  bade  them  sit  down  again,  and  not  by  stand*  T 
ing  in  the  way,  and  making  such  a  disorderly  noise^  I 
prevent  other  citizens  who  were  at  the  door  from  | 
entering.   At  the  same  time  that  he  said  this,  he  drew 

"  What  wonder,  when  tliey  saw  Aratitg  unfaithful  to  hii  ftret 
priiicii)lcf,  and  about  (o  reduce  Uieni  bSksIi  uudtir  the  Macedoniui 
yoVo  ? 


back  step  by  step,  as  if  he  were  seeking  somebody 
to  take  his  horse.  Thus  he  got  out  of  the  crowd, 
and  continued  to  talk  without  the  least  appearance 
of  confusion  to  such  of  the  Coiinthians  as  he  met, 
desiring  them  to  go  to  the  temple,  till  he  insensibly 
approached  the  citadel.  He  then  vaulted  upon  his 
horse,  and  having  ordered  Cleopater  the  governor  to 
keep  a  strict  guard  upon  it,  rode  off  to  Sicyon,  fol- 
lowed by  only  thirty  soldiers,  for  the  rest  had  left 
him  and  dispersed. 

The  Corinthians,  quickly  apprised  of  his  flight, 
went  in  pursuit  of  him ;  but  tailing  in  their  design, 
they  sent  for  Cleomenes,  and  put  the  city  into  his 
hands.  He  did  not,  however,  think  this  advantage 
equal  to  his  loss  in  their  having  suffered  Aratus  to 
escape.  As  soon  as  the  inhabitants  of  [that  district 
on  the  coast  called]  Acte  had  surrendered  their 
towns,  he  shut  up  the  citadel  with  a  wall  of  circum- 
vallation,  and  a  palisadoed  entrenchment. 

In  the  mean  time  many  of  the  Achieans  repaired 
to  Aratus  at  Sicyon,  and  a  general  assembly  was 
held,  in  which  he  was  chosen  com m an der-in -chief 
with  an  unlimited  commission.  He  now  first  took 
a  guard,  and  it  was  composed  of  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  had  conducted  the  Achaean  administration  three 
and  thirty  years,  and  had  been  the  greatest  man  in 
Greece,  both  in  power  and  reputation  :  but  he  found 
himself  at  this  time  abandoned,  indigent,  and  perse- 
cuted ;  without  any  thing  but  a  single  plank  to  trust 
to,  in  the  perilous  storm  that  had  shipwrecked  hia 
country.  For  the  jEtolians  had  refused  him  the  as- 
sistance, which  he  requested ;  and  the  city  of  Atiiens, 
though  well  inclined  to  serve  him,  was  prevented  by 
Kuclides  and  Micion. 

Aratus  had  a  house  and  valuable  effects  at  Corinth. 
Cleomenes  would  not  touch  any  thing  that  belonged 
to  him,  but  sent  for  his  friends  and  agents,  and 
charged  them  to  take  the  utmost  care  of  his  pro- 
perty, as  remembering  that  they  must  give  an  ac- 
count to  it's  owner.    To  Aratus  himself  he  privately 


I 

I 


198  ABATUS. 

when  the  war  went  on  successfully,  AntJgonus  gav«tl 
an   entertainment  at   Corinth;    at  which,   tbougfa  r 
there  was  a  numerous  company,  he  placed  Aratua 
next  above  him.     They  had  not  sat  long,  before  J 
Antigonus  called  for  a  cloke.     At  the  same  time  b«  1 
asked  Aratua,  "  Whether  he  did  not  think  it  very] 
"cold?"  and  upon  his  replying  that   "  He  quit« 
^*  shivered,"  he  desired  him  to  sit  nearer,  so  that  the 
servants  who  brought   the  cloke  put  it  over  the 
shoulders  of  both.     This  reminding  Aratus  of  the 
victim,  he  laughingly  informed  the  king  both  of  the 
aign  and  the  prediction.     But  all  this  occurred  long 
afler  the  time,  that  we  are  now  writing  about. 

While  they  were  at  Pegs,  they  took  oaths  of 
mutual  fidelity,  and  then  marched  against  the  enemy. 
Several  actions  ensued  under  the  walU  of  Corinth, 
in  which  Cleomenes  had  strongly  fortified  himself 
and  the  Corinthians  defended  the  place  with  great 
vigour. 

In  the  mean  lime  ArtistotJe,  a  citizen  of  Argos  and 
a  friend  of  Aratus,  despatched  an  agent  to  him  in 
privale,  with  an  offer  of  inducing  that  city  to  declare 
ibr  him,  if  he  would  go  thither  in  person  with  a  few 
troops,  Aratus  having  apprised  .'\ntigonus  of  this 
acheme,  embarked  fifteen  iiundred  men,  and  im- 
mediately sailed  with  them  from  the  Isthmus  to 
Epidaurus.  But  the  people  of  Argos,  without  wait- 
ing for  his  arrival,  had  attacked  the  troops  of  Cleo- 
menes,  and  shut  them  up  in  the  citadel.  Cleomenea 
having  notice  of  this,  and  fearing  that  the  enemy, 
if  they  were  in  possession  of  Argos,  might  intercept 
his  retreat  to  Lacedoimon,  left  his  post  before  the 
[  citadel  of  Corinth  the  same  night,  and  marched  to 
I  their  succour.  He  reached  Argos  before  Aratus, 
[  and  gained  some  advantage  over  the  enemy ;  but 
I  Aratus  arriving  soon  aflerward,  and  the  king  appear-  ' 
ling  with  his  army,  Cleomenes  retired  to  Mantinea. 
I  Upon  this,  all  the  cities  again  joined  the  Acha^ans. 
I  Antigonus  made  himself  master  of  the  citadel  of 
LCorinth,  and  the  Argives  having  appointed  Aratus 


•*. 


ARATU&  199 

their  geoerai,  he  persuaded  them  to  bestow  upon 
Antigonus  the  estates  of  the  late  tyrants  and  m  all 
the  traitors.  That  people  put  Aristomachus  to  the 
torture  at  Cenchrese^,  and  aflerward  drowned  him 
in  the  sea.  Aratus  was  much  censured  upon  this 
occasion,  for  having  permitted  a  man  to  suffer  xtm^ 
justljy  who  was  not  of  a  bad  character,  with  wbofli 
be  had  formerly  been  connected »  and  who  at  his 
persuasion  had  abdicated  the  supreme  power,  and 
brought  Argos  to  unite  itself  to  the  Achaean  league* 
There  were  other  charges  against  Aratus,  viz.  tbttt 
at  his  instigation  the  Achasans  had  surrendered  the 
city  of  Corinth  to  Antigonus,  as  if  it  had  been  bo 
more  than  an  ordinary  village  ;  that  they  had  sui^ 
fered  him  to  pillage  Orchomenus,  and  place  in  it  a 
Macedonian  garrison ;  that  they  had  decreed  their 
community  should  not  send  a  letter  or  an  embassy 
to  any  other  king,  without  the  consent  of  Anti- 
gonus ;  that  they  were  forced  to  maintain,  and  pay, 
the  Macedonians ;  and  that  they  had  instituted  sa*- 
criBces,  libations,  and  games  in  honour  of  that 
prince  :  the  fellow-citizens  of  Aratus  having  set  the 
example,  and  received  him  into  their  city,  upon 
which  occasion  Aratus  entertained  him  in  his  own 
house.  For  all  these  things  they  blamed  AratnSy 
not  considering  that  when  he  had  once  put  the  reins 
into  that  prince's  hands,  he  was  necessarily  carried 
along  with  the  career  of  regal  power ;  no  longer 
master  of  any  thing  but  his  tongue,  and  finding  it 
dangerous  to  use  even  that  with  freedom.  For  he 
was  visibly  hurt  by  many  cicumstances  of  the  king's 
conduct,  particularly  with  respect  to  the  statues* 
Antigonus  erected  anew  those  of  the  tyrants,  which 
Aratus  had  pulled  down,  and  demolished  those 
which  he  had  set  up  in  memory  of  the  bfave  men^ 

4^  Plutarch  seems  here  to  have  followed  Phylarchus.  But  Poly* 
bius  ^ii.)  says,  that  Aristomachus  deserved  greater  punishmenta 
than  ne  suffered,  not  only  for  his  extreme  cruelty  when  tyrant  of 
A  rgos,  but  also  for  his  having  forsaken  the  Acliasans  in  their 
tress,  and  declared  for  their  enemies. 

5 


ARATCa 
urprised  tbe  cttadd  of  Corinth.  That  of  Aralus 
«a«  spared,  notwitUstanding  bis  intercession 
for  the  rest,  la  the  affair  of  Mantinea'',  likewise, 
the  behaviour  of  tbe  Ach^ans  was  not  suitable  to 
the  Grecian  hiunanitv  :  foi  bav-ing  conquered  it  hf 
means  of  Antigonus,  they  put  the  principal  and  most 
iUuBtrious  inhabitants  to  the  swnrd,  some  of  tlie  rest 
they  sold  or  sent  in  fetters  to  Macedon,  and  of  the 
women  and  children  they  made  slaves.  Of  the 
money  thus  raised  they  divided  a  third  part  among 
themselves,  and  gave  the  rest  to  the  Macedonians. 
But  this  had  it's  excuse  in  the  law  of  reprisals.  For, 
however  shocking  it  may  appear  that  men  should 
sacrifice  to  their  anger  those  of  their  own  nation  and 
kindred,  yet  in  necessity  (as  Simonides  observes)  it 
seems  rather  a  proper  alleviation,  than  a  hardship, 
to  give  relief  to  a  mind  inflamed  and  aching  with 
resentment ".  But,  as  to  uliat  Aratus  did  afterward 
with  respect  to  Mantinea,  it  is  impossible  to  justify 
him  upon  a  plea  either  of  propriety  or  necessity. 
For  Antigonus  having  made  a  present  of  that  city 
to  the  Argivcs,  (hey  resolved  to  repeople  it,  and 
appointed  Aratus  to  see  it  done;  by  virtue  of  wJiich 
commission,  as  well  as  that  of  general,  lie  decreed 
that  it  should  no  more  be  called  Mantinea  but  Anti- 

fonea,  the  name  it  stiil  bears.     Thus  by  his  means 
lantinea    ("the    lovely    Mantinea,"    as    Homer*' 
pronounces  it)  was  no  more;  and,  in  it's  place,  we 

'!  The  Mantincans  bad  applied  to  the  AdiKaoi  for  a  garrison, 
to  defund  tliem  against  Uic  LaccdGemoniang.  Id  compliance  nith 
iheir  request,  the  Achieans  sent  them  three  hundred  of  their  own 
citizens,  and  two  hundred  inercenaries.  But  the  Mantincans,  soon 
afterword  ctiangmg  their  niinds,  in  the  most  perfidioiu  manner 
niafiaacred  the  garriion.  Tiiey  merited  thererore,  all  that  they 
are  here  said  to  have  suffered;  Polybius  (ii.),  however,  makes  na 
mention  of  \ht:  principal  inhabitants  n a ving  been  put  tn  diiath;  he 
only  BayB,  their  goods  were  plundered,  and  some  of  the  people  sold 
fur  Blavcs ;  though,  for  their  treacherous  conduct,  they  had  de* 
lurv^d  B  much  leGS  moderate  treatment. 

'■  This  is  a  sentiment,  surely,  unworthy  of  the  mild  and  gentle 
riuurch.  How  differently  would  a  Cfiristiun  apostle  have  com, 
mi'nt«Kl  upon  such  on  '      ■  - 

"■  II-  ii.  GOT.* 


ARATUS.  «ai 

have  a  city  named  from  the  man  Vfho  destroyed  and 
ruined  it's  inhabitants. 

Some  time  after  this,  Cleomenes  being  over- 
thrown in  a  great  battle  near  Sellasia^°  quitted  Spartl^ 
and  sailed  to  Egypt.  As  for  Antigonus,  afler  the 
kindest  and  most  honourable  behaviour  to  Aratus> 
he  returned  to  Macedon.  In  his  sickness  there^ 
which  happened  soon  afler  his  arrival,  he  sent  PhiUk) 
(at  that  time  very  young,  but  already  declared  fais 
successor)  into  Peloponnesus ;  having  first  instruct- 
ed him  above  all  things  to  pay  the  utmost  attention 
to  Aratus,  and  through  him  to  treat  with  the  cities^ 
and  make  himself  known  to  the  Achceans.  Aratus 
received  him  with  great  honour,  and  managed  him 
so  well,  that  he  returned  to  Macedon  full  of  senti- 
ments of  respect  for  his  friend,  and  in  the  most  fii- 
vourable  and  zealous  disposition  for  the  interests  of 
Greece. 

After  the  death  of  Antigonus,  the  ^Etolians  de* 
spised  the  inactivity  of  the  Achaeans ;  for  accustomed 
to  the  protection  of  foreign  arms,  and  sheltering 
themselves  under  the  Macedonian  power,  they  sunk 
into  a  state  of  idleness  and  disorder  ^^  This  gave 
the  ^tolians  room  to  attempt  a  footing  in  Felopon- 

5®  Cleomenes  had  entrenched  himself  so  strongly  near  Sellasia, 
in  a  narrow  pass  between  the  mountains  Eva  and  Ol3rmpu8,  that' 
Antigonus  did  not  think  proper  to  attack  him  there.  It  is  not  easy 
to  comprehend,  what  could  mduce  Cleomenes  to  come  out  of  theie 
entrenchments,  and  risk  a  pitched  battle,  f  lis  troops  were  not  80 
numerous  as  the  enemy's  by  one-third,  and  he  was  supplied  with 
all  kinds  of  provisions  from  Sparta :  What  then  could  make  hin: 
hasard  an  action,  the  event  of  which  was  to  decide  the  fate  of  L»- 
cedaemon  ?  Poly  bins,  indeed,  seems  to  insinuate  the  cause  of  ^litf 
proceeding.  According  to  him,  Ptolemy  king  of  Eg}'pt,  who  had 
promised  to  assist  him  in  this  war,  had  sent  him  word  that  he  was 
not  in  a  condition  to  make  good  his  engagements.  And  as  Cleo- 
menes did  not  choose  to  try  the  other  part  of  the  alternative,  that 
of  suing  to  Antigonus  for  a  peace,  he  ventured  all  upon  the  issuo 
of  that  day. 

^*  See  Folyb.  iv.  Patrae,  mentioned  below,  was  a  considendble 
city  in  the  north-west,  and  Dyme  in  the  west  of  Achaia,  whence. 
indeed  (as  Strabo,  viii.,  informs  us)  it  had  it*s  appellation ;  thoush 
Pausanias,  viL  17*)  derives  it  from  a  man  or  a  woman  of  a  simiiaf 
name.* 


«»  ARATU& 

kiesua.  By  the  way  tfiey  made  some  booty  in  the 
country  about  Patra?  and  Dyme,  and  then  proceeded 
I  to  Messene.  and  laid  waste  it's  territories.  Aratus 
I  ;iiraa  increased  at  this  insolence;  but  he  perceived 
tbat  Tinioxenus,  who  was  then  general,  took  slow 
I  f  od  dilatory  measures,  because  his  year  was  almost 
Bipired ".  As  he  was  to  succeed  therefore  to  the 
command,  he  anticipated  iiis  commission  by  five 
days,  for  the  sake  of  assisting  the  Messenians.  He 
assembled  the  Ach^ans,  but  they  had  now  neither 
exercise  no  courage  to  enable  them  to  maintain  the 
combat,  and  consequently  he  was  beaten  in  a  battle 
which  he  fought  at  Caphjfe.  Being  accused  of  hav- 
ing ventured  too  much  upon  this  occasion  %  he  be- 
came afterward  so  cold,  and  so  far  abandoned  his 
hopes  for  the  public,  as  to  neglect  the  opportunities 
which  the  iEtolians  gave  him,  and  suffer  them  to 
roam  about  Peloponnesus  in  a  kind  of  bacchanalian 
manner,  committing  all  the  excesses  that  insolence 
could  suggest. 

The  Achffians  were,  in  consequence,  again  obliged 
to  stretch  out  their  hands  toward  Maccdon,  and 
brought  Phillip  to  interfere  in  the  affairs  of  Greece. 

"  See  Polyb.  iv." 

>)  Aratoa  wu  accused  in  the  maembly,  tint,  of  hiiving  token  the 
command  upon  him  before  hia  time;  next,  of  having  dismisaed  the 
Achfcun  troops,  while  the  AltoUang  were  still  in  the  heart  of  Pelo- 
ponnesua ;  thirdly,  of  having  risked  an  action  with  so  few  troops, 
when  he  might  easily  have  made  a  safe  retreat  to  the  neighbouring 
towns  and  there  reinforced  his  army.  But  the  last  and  heavieM 
charge  against  him  was,  that  after  he  had  resolved  to  give  tho 
enemy  battle,  he  did  not  in  the  wliolc  action  take  a  einj ' 
worthy  of  an  experienced  general.  For  he  sent  the  cava 
light-armed  foot  to  attack  the  enemy's  rear,  after  their  front  had 
sained  the  advantage ;  whereas  he  ought  to  have  encountered  the 
front  at  first  with  the  advantage  of  having  them  on  the  declivity, 
in  which  case  his  heavy-armed  infantry  would  have  done  him  great 
service.  He  endeavoured,  however,  to  prove  tliat  the  loss  of  the 
battle  was  not  his  fault;  adding,  that  if  he  had  been  wanting  in  any 
of  the  duties  of  an  able  general,  he  oaked  pardon,  and  hoped  in 
regard  of  his  past  services  they  would  not  censure  him  with  rigour. 
This  submisition  of  his  changed  the  minds  of  the  whole  assembly, 
and  the  people  began  to  vent  their  rage  upon  his  accusers.  (Polyb. 
ib.) 


I 

I 


ARATUS.  203 

They  knew  the  regard  which  he  had  for  Aratus, 
and  the  confidence  he  placed  in  him,  and  trusted 
upon  that  account  to  find  him  tractable  and  easy  in 
all  their  affairs.  But  the  king  now  first  began  to 
listen  to  Apelles,  Megalfeus,  and  other  courtiers, 
who  endeavoured  to  darken  the  character  of  Aratus, 
and  prevailed  upon  him  to  support  the  contrary 
party,  by  which  means  Eperatus  was  elected  general 
of  the  Achajans.  Eperatus,  however,  soon  fell  into 
the  greatest  contempt  among  them  ;  and,  as  Aratus 
would  not  give  any  attention  to  their  concerns,  no- 
thing went  on  well.  Pliillip,  finding  that  he  had 
committed  a  capital  error,  turned  again  to  Aratus, 
and  surrendered  himself  entirely  to  his  direction. 
As  his  affairs  now  prospered,  and  his  power  and  re- 
putation grew  under  the  culture  of  that  chieftain, 
he  depended  entirely  upon  him  for  the  farther  in- 
crease  of  both.  It  was  evident,  indeed,  to  all  the 
world  that  Aratus  had  excellent  talents,  not  only 
for  guiding  a  commonwealth,  but  a  kingdom  too. 
For  there  appeared  a  tincture  of  his  principles  and 
manners  in  the  whole  conduct  of  this  young  prince. 
Thus  the  moderation  with  which  he  treated  the 
Spartans*'  after  they  had  offended  him,  his  engaging 
behaviour  to  the  Cretans  by  which  he  conciliated 
the  whole  island  in  a  few  days,  and  the  glorious 
success  of  his  expedition  against  the  JEtoViam, 
gained  Philip  the  honour  of  knowing  how  to  follow 
good  counsel,  and  Aratus  that  of  being  able  to 
give  it. 

Upon   this  account,  the  courtiers  envied  him  still 

I*  The  SparUnB  had  killed  Adimas,  one  of  the  Ephori,  and  other* 
of  their  citizens  who  were  in  the  interest  of  Philip,  and  soue  of  hi) 
counsellors  advised  him  to  revenge  the  affront  with  rigour.  But  he 
said  that,  as  the  Spartans  now  belonged  to  the  Achecan  league, 
thev  were  accountable  to  it;  and  that  it  ill  became  him  to  treat 
with  severity  hig  allies,  when  his  predecessor  had  extended  his 
cLeinencj'  to  them,  though  eaenue£.  (L.)  See  Folyb.  ii.  This 
historian,  though  he  saj's  nothing  of  his  behaviour  to  the  Cretans 
here  alluded  to,  gives  ihe  particulars  of  his  expedition  against  the 
Italians  in  detail,  in  his  fourth  and  fifth  books. 


e;   and  as  they  found  thai  their  private  engine^  «j 
of  calumoj  avtiled  nothing,  they  began  to  try  opeit  •' 
battery,  revih'ng  and  insulting  him  at  table  with  the 
utmost  effrontery,  and  the  lowest  abuse.     Nay,  once  I 
they  threw  stones  at   him,  as  he  was  retiring  {rom 
«upper  (o  his  tent.     Philip,  incensed  at  this  outrage, 
fined  them  twenty  talents,  and  upon  their  proceed-  j 
log  to  disturb  and  embroil  his  afl'airs,  put  them  tO:  ( 
death. 

But  afterward  he  was  carried  so  high  by  the  flow 
of  prosperity,  as  to  discover  many  disorderly  pas- 
sions. The  native  badness  of  his  disposition  broke 
through  the  veil,  which  he  had  thrown  over  it,  and 
by  degrees  liis  real  character  appeared.  In  the  first 
place,  he  deeply  injured  young  Aratus  by  corrupt- 
ing his  wife;  and  this  commerce  was  a  long  time 
kept  secret,  because  he  lived  beneath  his  roof,  where 
he  had  been  received  under  the  sanction  of  hospita- 
lity^'. He  next  discovered  a  strong  dislike  to  com- 
monwealths, and  to  the  cities  that  were  under  that 
form  of  government.  It  was  easy  to  be  seen,  like- 
wise, that  he  sought  to  shake  off  Aratus.  The  tir?t 
suspicion  of  his  intentions  arose  from  his  beha- 
viour with  respect  to  the  Wessenians,  There  were 
two  tactions  among  them,  which  had  raised  a  sedi- 
tion in  the  city.  Aratus  went  to  reconcile  them ; 
but  Phillip,  getting  to  the  place  a  day  belore  him, 
added  stings  to  their  mutual  hostility.  On  the  one 
hand,  he  assembled  the  magistrates  in  private,  and 
asked  them,  "  Whether  they  had  not  laws  to  restrain 
**  the  rabble?"  and  on  the  other,  he  asked  the  de- 
magogues, "  Whether  they  had  not  hands  to  defend 
*•  them  against  tyrants?"  The  magistrates,  thus 
encouraged,  attacked  the  popular  leaders;  and  they 
in  their  turn  availing  themselves  of  the  advantage'of 
superior  numbers  murthercd  the  magistrates,  witli 
■early  two  hundred  more  of  their  party. 

After   Philip   had    engaged   in   these  detestable 

.       "  For  the  nartJculan  of  this  tran^nction.  and  Philip's  gcncrol 
^i^huge  pf  conduct,  tee  Livy,  xxiH.  31.,  and  Polvb.  iv.»  « 

a 


ARATUS.  «>5 

practices^  '\^hich  exasperated  the  Messenians  still 
more  against  each  other,  Aratus  upon  his  anivil 
made  no  secret  of  his  resentment,  neither  did  be 
check  his  son  in  the  severe  and  disparaging  things 
which  he  said  to  Philip.  The  young  man  had 
once  had  a  particular  attachment  to  Philip,  which 
in  those  days  they  distinguished  by  the  name  cff 
love ;  but  upon  this  occasion  he  scrupled  not^  to 
tell  him,  *^  That  after  such  a  base  action,  instead 
^^  of  appearing  agreeable,  he  was  the  ugliest  of 
"  mankind.'^ 

Philip  made  no  answer,  though  anger  was  evi- 
dently working  in  his  bosom,  and  he  often  muttered 
to  himself  while  the  other  was  speaking.  He  pre- 
tended, however,  to  bear  it  with  the  utmost  calm*- 
ness,  and  affecting  to  appear  the  man  of  subdaed 
temper  and  refined  manners  gave  the  elder  Aratus 
his  hand,  and  took  him  from  the  theatre  to  the  cas- 
tile  of  Ithome^,  under  pretence  of  sacrificing .  to 
Jupiter  and  visiting  the  place.  This  fort  (which  is 
as  strong  as  the  citadel  of  Corinth),  were  it  garri- 
soned, would  extremely  annoy  the  neighbouring 
country,  and  be  almost  impregnable.  After  Philip 
had  oflered  his  sacrifice  there,  and  the  soothsayer 
had  brought  him  the  entrails  of  the  ox,  he  took  them 
in  both  hands,  and  showed  them  to  Aratus  and  De- 
metrius of  Pharise,  turning  them  sometimes  to  one 
and  sometime^  to  the  other,  and  asking  them^ 
*•  What  they  saw  in  the  entrails  of  the  victim  j  whe- 
**  ther  they  warned  him  to  retain  this  citadel,  or  to 
"restore  it  to  the  Messenians?''  Demetrius  smiled 
and  said,  "  If  you  have  the  soul  of  a  soothsayer,  you 
"  will  restore  it^^ ;  but,  if  that  of  a  king,  you  will 

^*  In  the  printed  text  it  is  *  Ithomata,*  which  agrees  with  the 
appellation  given  to  this  fort  by  Polybius ;  but  one  of  the  M8& 
has  *  Ithome,'  which  is  it*s  name  m  Strabo.  It  was  a  dlgrie 
Messenia.  For  an  account  of  the  subjoined  coavenaxioaf  §m 
Polyb.riL 

^7  Meaning  perhaps,  *  be  determined,  whether  to  Vcstore  It  or 
BOt,  by  the  principles  of  divination.* 


206  ARATUS. 

**  bold  the  buH  by  both  his  horns."  By  which  he 
fainted,  that  he  would  keep  Peloponnesus  in  entire 
subjection,  if  he  added  Ithome  to  the  citadel  of 
Corinth.  Aratus  remained  for  a  long  time  silent; 
but  upon  Philip's  pressing  him  to  declare  his  opinion, 
he  said,  "  There  are  many  mountains  of  great 
"  strength  in  Crete,  many  castles  in  lofty  situations 
"  ID  Baiotia  and  Phocis,  and  many  impregnable 
*'  places  in  Acarnania,  both  on  the  coast  and  within 
**  land.  You  have  seized  none  of  these,  and  yet 
*'  they  all  pay  you  a  voluntary  obedience.  Kobbers, 
*'  indeed,  cling  to  rocks  and  precipices  for  security; 
"  but  for  a  king,  there  is  no  stich  fortress  as  honour 
"  and  humanity.  These  are  the  things  which  have 
"  opened  to  you  the  Cretan  sea,  these  have  unbarred 
*'  to  you  the  gates  of  Peloponnesus.  By  these,  in 
"  short,  it  is  that  at  so  early  a  period  in  life  you 
"  are  become  general  of  the  one,  and  sovereign  of 
"  the  other."  While  he  was  yet  speaking,  Philip 
returned  the  entrails  to  the  soothsayer;  and  taking 
Aratus  by  the  hand  drew  him  along  and  said,  "  Come 
*' on  then,  let  us  go  as  we  came  :"  intimating  that 
he  had  over-ruled  him,  and  deprived  him  of  such  an 
acquisition  as  that  city  would  have  proved. 

After  this  Aratus  began  to  withdraw  from  court, 
and  gradually  to  give  up  all  correspondence  with 
Philip.  He  refused  also  to  accompany  him  in  his 
expedition  into  Epirus,  though  applied  to  for  that 
purpose ;  choosing  to  stay  at  home,  lest  he  should 
share  in  the  disrepute  of  his  actions.  But  when 
Philip  had  lost  his  fleet  with  the  utmost  disgrace 
in  the  Roman  war,  and  nothing  succeeded  to  his 
wish,  he  returned  to  Peloponnesus,  and  tried  once 
more  what  art  could  effect  to  impose  upon  the 
Messenians.  Finding  however  that  his  designs  were 
discovered,  he  had  recourse  to  open  hostilities,  and 
nvaged  their  country.  Aratus  then  saw  all  his 
meanness,  and  broke  with  him  entirely.'  By  this 
time,  likewise,  he  had  learned  that  he  had  disho* 
noured  his  son's  bed;  but  though  the  injury  lay 


ARATUS.  mr 

heavy  an  him,  be  concealed  it  from  his  son,  because 
he  could  only  inform  him  that  he  had  been  ilUused^ 
without  being  able  to  help  him  to  the  means  of 
revenge.  There  seemed  to  be  a  great  and  unna<*- 
tural  change  in  Philip,  who  from  a  mild  and  sober 
young  Prince  had  become  a  libidinous  and  cmel 
tyrant :  but  in  fact,  it  was  not  a  change  of  dispost* 
tion  ;  it  was  only  discovering  in  a  time  of  full  secu* 
rity  the  vices,  which  his  fears  had  long  concealed* 
That  his  regard  for  Aratus  had  originally  a  consider- 
able mixture  of  fear  and  reverence,  appeared  even 
from  the  method,  which  he  took  to  destroy  him. 
For  though  he  was  very  desirous  of  effecting  that 
cruel  purpose,  because  he  neither  looked  upon  him- 
self as  an  absolute  prince,  or  a  king,  or  even  a  free- 
man, so  long  as  Aratus  lived ;  yet  he  would  not 
attempt  any  thing  against  him  in  the  way  of  open 
force,  but  desired  Taurion,  one  of  his  friends  and 
generals,  to  take  him  off  in  a  private  manner  in  his 
absence.  At  the  same  time,  he  recommended 
poison.  That  officer  accordingly,  having  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  him  gave  him  a  dose  not  of  a 
sharp  or  violent  kind,  but  such  a  one  as  causes  lin^ 
gering  heats  and  a  deep  cough,  and  gradually  brings 
the  body  to  decay.  Aratus  was  not  ignorant  of  the 
cause  of  his  disorder  ;  but,  knowing  that  it  availed 
nothing  to  discover  it  to  the  world,  he  bore  it  quietly 
and  in  silence,  as  if  it  had  been  an  ordinary  distemper^ 
When  one  of  his  friends,  indeed,  came  to  visit  him 
in  his  chamber,  and  expressed  his  surprise  at  seeing 
him  spit  blood,  he  said  ;  ^^  Such,  Cephalon,  are  the 
"  fruits  of  royal  friendship  *^." 

Thus  died  Aratus  at  ^gium  ^,  after  he  had  been 
seventeen  times  general  of  the  Achaeans.  That 
people  were  desirous  of  having  him  buried  there, 

^^  Juvenal  knew  the  misene  magiueque  pallor  amicUiigt  iv*  75» 
And  David  aj^peara  to  have  formed  nearly  a  similar  estimate  of  the 
stability  of  pnncely  regard.  Ps,  cxlvi.  2.* 

39  B.  C.  213,  and,  according  to  Blair,  JEu  62.;  but  Ricard 
says,  only  58.* 


208 


ARATUS. 


aod  would  have  deemed  it  an  honom-  to  give  hi 
magnificent  fiineral,  and  a  monument  worthy  of  his 
life  and  character.  But  the  Sicyonians  considered 
it  as  a  Diistortuiie  to  have  him  interred  any  where 
but  among  themselves,  and  therefore  persuaded  the 
Acha?ans  to  indulge  them  with  the  disposal  of  the 
body.  As  there  was  an  ancient  law  that  had  been 
observed  with  rehgious  care,  against  burying  any 
person  within  their  walls,  and  they  were  afraid  to 
transgress  it  upon  this  occasion,  they  sent  to  Delphi 
to  inquire  of  ibe  priestess  of  Apollo,  and  receivsdJ 
from  her  this  answer; 


What  holy  rites  for  liberty  restored 
SicyoD  sliall  pay  to  her  deported  lord. 
She  asks  ;  who  grudges  him  a  restinc-place, 
Of  earth,  and  skies,  and  seas  is  the  £sgr&ce. 

This  oracle  gave  great  joy  to  all  the  Ach»ans,  pal 
ticularly  to  the  people  of  Sicyon.  They  changed  i 
the  day  of  mourning  into  a  festival,  and  adorning 
themselves  with  garlands  and  white  robes,  brought 
the  corpse  with  songs  and  dances  tiom  w^gium  to 
Sicyon.  There  they  selected  the  most  conspicuous 
ground,  and  interred  him  as  the  founder  and  deli- 
verer of  their  city.  The  place  is  still  called  Aratium, 
and  there  they  offer  two  yearly  sacrifices ;  one  on 
the  fifth  of  the  month  Daesius  (which  the  Athenians 
called  Anthesterion),  the  day  upon  which  he  deli- 
vered the  city  from  the  yoke  of  tyrants,  whence  they 
denominate  the  festival  Soteria,  and  the  other  on  his 
birth-day.  The  first  sacrifice  was  offered  by  the 
priest  of  Jupiter  the  Preserver,  and  the  second  by 
the  son  of  Aratus,  who  upon  that  occasion  wore  a 
girdle*",  not  entirely  white,  but  with  a  stripe  of 
lurple  in  the  midst.  The  music  was  sung  to  the 
larp  by  the  choir,  belonging  to  the  theatre.  The 
procession  was  led  up  by  the  master  of  the  Gymna- 
sium,  at  the  head  of  the  boys  and  young  men 


t. 


"  Zifs^Ki  signifies  olio  'a fillet.' 


ARATUS*  «C» 

senate  followed  crowned  with  flowers,  and  such  other 
of  the  citizens  as  chose  to  attend.  Some  small 
markd  of  the  ceremonies  observed  upon  those  days 
still  remain,  but  the  chief  part  is  worn  out  by  time 
and  other  circumstances. 

Such  was  the  life  and  character,  that  history  has 
given  us  of  the  elder  Aratus.  And  as  to  the 
younger,  Philip,  who  was  naturally  wicked  and 
delighted  to  add  insolence  to  cruelty,  gave  him 
potions,  not  of  thcdeadly  kind,  but  such  as  deprived 
him  of  reason ;  insomuch  that  he  was  led  to  feel 
inclinations  shocking  and  monstrous,  and  to  delight 
in  things  which  not  only  dishonoured  but  destroyed 
him.  Death  therefore,  which  took  him  off  in  the 
flower  of  his  age,  was  considered  not  as  a  misfortune, 
but  a  deliverance.  The  vengeance  however  of 
Jupiter,  the  patron  of  hospitality  and  friendship, 
visited  Philip  for  his  breach  of  both,  and  pursued 
him  throughout  life.  For  he  was  beaten  by  the 
Romans,  and  forced  to  yield  himself  to  their  dis- 
cretion. In  consequence  of  which  he  was  stripped' 
of  all  his  acquisitions,  surrendered  the  whole  of  his 
ships  except  Ave,  obliged  himself  to  pay  a  thousand 
talents,  and  delivered  his  son  as  a  hostage.  He  even 
held  Macedon,  and  it's  dependencies,  at  the  mercy 
of  the  conquerors.  Amidst  all  these  misfortunes  he 
possessed  only  one  blessing,  a  son  of  superior  virtue, 
and  him  he  put  to  death,  from  his  envy  and  jealousy 
of  the  honours  which  the  Romans  paid  him.  His 
crown  he  left  to  his  other  son  Perseus,  who  was 
believed  not  to  be  his,  but  a  supposititious  child 
bom  of  a  sempstress  named  Gnathsenium.  It  was 
over  him,  that  Paulus  ^milius  triumphed,  and  in 
him  ended  the  royal  race  of  Antigonus®' ;  whereas 
the  posterity  of  Aratus  remained  to  our  days,  and 
still  continues  in  Sicyon  and  Pellene. 

*«  See  the  Life  of  Demetrius,  V.  note  (67.)  • 
VOL.  VI,  P 


LIFE 


G   A   L   B   A. 


I  Olll 


SUMMARY. 

Danger  of  undudptined  troops.  Changes  among  the  Rornani  afitr 
ike  death  of  Nero.  Birik  and  outset  of  Galba  :  hit  ifhavtour  in 
the  government  of  Spain.  He  places  himself  at  the  head  of  Vin- 
dex's  recoiled  troops  ;  how  Nero  receives  the  news.  Galba  repents 
of  the  measure:  learns  that  the  people  and  senate  have  declared 
him  emperor.  Great  infiueace  of  Nymphidius  Sahinus  at  Rome. 
He  aspires  secretly  to  the  supreme  power,  Ftrginius  Hiifus  tic- 
humledges  Galba,  tcho  receives  an  embassy Jrom  the  senate.  Cha- 
racter of  TUus  Vinius.  Nymphidiiu  jealoiu  of  his  interest  with 
Galba  i  attempts  to  supplant  the  finn  emperor.  Anlonius  Mono- 
ratu*  secures  the  prietorian  cohort  to  Galia.  Nymphidius  is  slain. 
TjfTttnnical  acts  of  Galba.  Insolence  of  the  legion  of  seamen  ,- 
Galba  orders  the  ctmlry  to  /all  upon  them  ;  compels  the  stage- 
players,  S[c.  to  refund  Nero's  bounties.  Vinius  leads  him  int« 
this  sordid  conduct.  General  hatred  of  Gallia.  He  resolves  (• 
adopt  a  successor.  Otho.  Horn  he  insinuates  himsrlfinlo  Galba't 
good  graces,  Vinius  recomnUHtU  his  adoption.  The  German 
army  proclaim  Vitellius  emperor.  Galba  goes  to  the  camp  to  de' 
elare  Plso  his  successor.  Otho  intrigues  with  the  army  at  Rot 
and  is  proclnimed  emperor.  A  report  of  his  death.  Galba  is  s 
Otho  declared  emperor  by  the  snale.     Character  of  Galba. 


I 


OALBA.  til 

IpHICRATES,  the  Athenian  general,  thought 
that  a  soldier  of  fortune  should  have  an  attachment 
both  to  money '  and  pleasure,  that  his  passions  might 
induce  him  to  fight  with  more  boldness  for  a  supply. 
But  most  others  are  of  opinion  that  the  main  body 
of  an  army,  like  the  healthy  natural  body,  should 
have  no  motion  of  it's  own,  but  be  entirely  guided 
by  the  head.  Hence  Paulus  ^Emilius,  when  he 
found  his  army  in  Macedon  talkative,  busy,  and 
ready  to  direct  their  general,  is  said  to  have  issued 
orders ;  "  That  each  should  keep  his  hand  fit  fb? 
"  action,  and  his  sword  sharp,  and  leave  the  rest  to 
*'  him.*'  And  Plato  perceiving  that  the  best  gene- 
ral cannot  undertake  any  thing  with  success,  unless 
his  troops  be  sober  and  perfectly  united  to  support 
him,  concluded  that  to  know  how  to  obey  required 
as  generous  a  disposition,  and  as  rational  an  educa- 
tion, as  to  know  now  to  command  :  as  these  advan- 
tages would  correct  the  violence  and  impetuosity  of 
the  soldier  by  the  mildness  and  humanity  of  the 
philosopher.  Among  other  fatal  examples,  what 
happened  among  the  Romans  afler  the  death  of  Nero 
is  sufficient  to  prove,  that  nothing  is  more  dreadful 
than  an  undisciplined  army  actuated  only  by  the 
impulse  of  their  own  ferocity.  Demades,  observing 
the  wild  and  violent  motions  of  the  Macedonian  army 
after  the  death  of  Alexander,  compared  it  to  the  Cy- 
clops \  after  his  eye  was  put  out.  But  the  Roman 
empire  more  resembled  the  extravagant  passions 
and  ravings  of  the  Titans,  as  related  by  the  poets, 
when  it  was  torn  in  pieces  by  rebellion,  and  turned 
ifs  arms  against  itself;  not  so  much  through  the 
ambition  of  the  emperors,  as  the  avarice  and  licen- 
tiousness of  the  soldiers,  who  drove  out  emperors 
like  nails  one  by  another. 

'  This  is  illustrated  by  Lucullus*  soldier,  in  Horace; 

ibii  ^,  qui  wonam  perdiditf  inquit.    (Ep.  II.  ii,  40.)  ^ 
*  Poljrphemus. 

p2 


212  GALEA. 

Dionysius  tlie  Sicilian  speaking  of  a  tyrant  of 
Phera;,  who  reigned  in  Tnessaly  only  ten  months, 
and  was  then  slam,  in  derision  of  the  sudden  change 
called  him  a  '  theatrical  tyrant.'  But  the  palace  of 
the  CiEsars  received  fouf  emperors  in  a  less  space  of 
time,  one  entering  and  another  making  his  exit,  as 
if  they  had  only  been  acting  a  part  upon  a  stage. 
The  Romans  indeed  had  one  consolation  amidst 
their  misfortunes,  that  they  needed  no  other  revenge 
upon  the  authors  of  them,  than  to  see  them  destroy 
each  other:  and  with  the  greatest  justice  those  fell 
the  tirst,  who  had  corrupted  the  army,  and  taught 
them  to  expect  so  much  upon  the  change  of  em- 
peror; thus  dishonouring  a  glorious  action  by  mer- 
cenary considerations,  and  turning  the  revolt  from 
Nero  into  treason.  For  Nymphidins  Sabinus  (who, 
as  we  observed  before^,  was  joined  in  commissioa 
with  TigcIIinus,  as  captain  of  the  prEetorian  cohorts) 
afier  Nero's  affairs  had  become  desperate,  and  it  was 
plain  that  he  intended  to  retire  into  Egypt,  per- 
suaded the  army,  as  if  Nero  had  already  abdicated, 
to  declare  Galba  emperor;  promising  every  soldier 
of  the  praitorian  cohorts  seven  thousand  five  hundred 
drachmas,  and  the  troops  quartered  in  the  provinces 
twelve  hundred  and  fifiy  drachmas  a  man  ;  a  sum, 
■which  it  was  impossible  to  collect,  without  doing 
infinitely  more  mischief  to  the  empire  than  Nero  had 
done  in  his  whole  reign. 

This  proved  the  immediate  ruin  of  Nero,  and 
soon  afterward  destroyed  Galba  himself.  The  sol- 
diers deserted  Nero  in  hopes  of  receiving  the  money, 
and  despatched  (jalba  because  ihey  did  not  receive 
it.  They  subsequently  sought  for  another,  who 
might  pay  them  that  sum  ;  but  they  ruined  them- 
selves by  their  rebellions  and  treasons,  without  gain- 
ing what  they  had  been  taught  to  expect.  To  give 
a  complete  and  exact  account  of  the  affairs  of  those 

'  In  the  Lilb  of  Nero,  which  b  lost.  It  ii  supposed,  that  PI*- 
torch  hatl  writtea  ihc  Lives  ot'thu  Twelve  Cs«ar»,* 


GALBA.  «1S 

times,  belongs  to  the  professed  historian.  It  fiills, 
however,  within  my  province  to  lay  before  the 
reader  the  most  remarkable  circumstances  in  the 
lives  of  the  Caesars. 

It  is  an  acknowledged  truth,  that  Sulpitius  Galba 
was  the  richest  private  man,  who  ever  rose  to  the 
imperial  dignity.  But  though  his  extraction  was  of 
the  noblest,  from  the  family  of  the  Servii,  he  yet 
thought  it  a  greater  honour  to  be  related  *  to  Quin- 
tus  Catulus  Capitolinus,  who  was  the  first  man  in 
his  time  for  virtue  and  reputation,  though  he  volun- 
tarily ceded  to  others  the  pre-eminence  in  powen 
He  was  also  related  to  Livia  *  the  wife  of  Augustus, 
and  by  her  interest  had  been  raised  from  the  office 
which  he  held  in  the  palace,  to  the  dignity  of  consul. 
It  is  said,  that  he  acquitted  himself  of  his  commission 
in  Germany  with  honour  ;  and  that  he  gained  more 
credit  than  most  commanders,  during  his  procoh* 
sulate  in  Africa  ^  But  his  simple  parsimonious  way 
of  living  passed  for  avarice  in  an  emperor  ;  and  th^ 
pride,  which  he  then  took  in  economy  and  strict  tern- 
pcrance,  was  afterward  out  of  character. 

He  was  sent  governor  into  Spain  by  Nero,  before 
that  emperor  had  learned  to  fear  such  of  the  citizens, 
as  had  great  authority  in  Rome.  Besides,  the  mild- 
ness of  his  temper  and  his  advanced  time  of  life 
promised  a  cautious  and  prudent  conduct.  The 
emperor's  receivers-generaH,  an  abandoned  set  of 
men,  harassed  the  provinces  in  the  most  cruel  man« 
ner.  Galba  could  not  assist  them  against  their  per- 
secutors }    but  his  concern  for  their  misfortunes. 


*  See  Suet.  Galb.  2.* 

'  In  consequence  of  his  attention  to  her,  she  bequeathed  him 
an  immense  legacy,  which  however  Tiberius  very  considerably 
reduced,  and,  so  reduced,  never  paid.     (Id.  ib.  5.)  * 

^  This  lasted  two  years,  and  that  amidst  domestic  and  foreign 
tumults,  which  he  happily  composed.  (Id.  ib.  7.)  * 

7  ETirptfTct,  procuratores ;  These  men  had  full  powers  to  coOect 
the  revenues,  and  stuck  at  no  acts  of  oppression  in  the  course  of 
their  proceedings.  They  were  originally  appointed  by  Augutlus. 
(Dion.  Cass.  liiL  15.) 


SI* 


GALEA. 


which  appeared  not  less  than  if  he  had  been  a  si 
ferer  himself,  afforded  them  some  consolation,  evei 
while  they   were   condemned  and   sold  i'ov   slavi 
Many  songs  were  made  upon  Nero,  and  sung  everyi 
where  ;  and  as  Gaiba  did  not  endeavour  to  suppress 
them,  or  join  the  receivers-general  in  their  resent- 
ment, this  circumstance  endearetl  him  still  more  tQ 
the  natives.     For  he  iiad  now  cfmtracled  a  friem 
ship  with  them,  having  long  been  their  goverm 
He  had  borne  that  commission  eight  years,  whi 
Junius  VindeJi,  who  commanded  in  Gaul,  revolt* 
against  Nero.     Galba,  it  is  said,  before  thi»  rebelli 
broke  out,  had  intimations  of  it  in  letters  from  Vin- 
dex ;  but  he  neither  countenanced  nor  discovered 
it,  as  the  governors  of  other  provinces  did,  who  seofe< 
the  letters  they  had  received  to  Nero,  and  thus  dH 
all  they  could  to  ruin  the  project.     Yet  those  same 
governors,  by  subsequently  joining  in  the  conspiracy 
against  their  prince,  evinced  that  they  could  betray, 
not  only  Vtndex  but  themselves. 

After  Vindex  however  had  openly  commenced: 
hostilities,  he  wrote  to  Galba,  desiring  him  "  T» 
accept  the  imperial  dignity,  and  give  a  head  to 
the  strong  Gallic  body  which  so  much  wanted 
one  ;  which  had  not  fewer  than  a  hundred  thousnnd 
men  in  arms,  and  was  able  to  raise  a  btill  greater 
oumber." 

Galba  then  called  a  council  of  his  friends.  Sonid 
of  them  advised  him  to  wait,  and  observe  what  mo> 
ttons,  or  inclinations  tor  a  change,  there  might  be  in 
Kome.  But  Titus  Vinius,  captain  of  one  of  the 
prretorian  cohorts,  said ;  "  What  room  is  there, 
"  Galba,  for  deliberation  ?  To  inquire,  whether  wo 
"  shall  continue  faithful  to  Nero,  is  to  have  already 
"  revolted  *.  There  is  no  medium.  We  must  either 
"  accept  tiie  friendship  of  Vindex,  as  if  Nero  was 
•*  our  declared  enemy  ;  or  accuse  and  fight  Vindcx, 
"  because  he  desires  that  the  Romaas  should  bavfl. 

•  Qm  dtUberaat,  deicivnmt.     (Tic.  Hi«l,ii.77.)* 


GALBA.  nt 


Galba  for  their  emperor,   rather  than  Nero  fer 

their  tyrant."  Upon  this  Galba,  by  an  edict,  fixed 
a  day  for  enfranchising  all  that  should  present  them 
selves.  The  report  of  this  quickly  drew  together  a 
multitude  of  people,  who  were  desirous  of  a  change  ; 
and  he  had  no  sooner  mounted  the  tribunal,  than 
with  one  voice  they  declared  him  emperor.  Withoirt 
immediately  accepting  the  title,  he  accused  Nero  of 
^reat  crimes,  and  lamented  the  fate  of  many  Romans 
of  distinction  whom  he  had  barbarously  slain  :  aftw 
which  he  declared,  ^'  That  he  would  serve  his 
^'  country  with  his  best  abilities,  not  as  Csesar  or 
^'  emperor,  but  as  lieutenant  to  the  senate  and  peo- 
"  pie  of  Rome  ^" 

That  it  was  a  just  and  rational  scheme,  whidi 
Vindex  adopted  in  calling  Galba  to  the  empire^ 
requires  no  better  proof  3ian  Nero  himself.  For 
though  he  pretended  to  look  upon  the  commotions 
in  Gaul  as  nothing,  yet  when  he  received  the  news 
of  Galba's  revolt,  which  he  happened  to  do  just 
after  be  had  bathed  and  sat  down  to  supper,  in  his 
madness  he  overturned  the  table.  When  the  senate, 
however,  had  declared  Galba  an  enemy  to  his  coun- 
try, he  affected  to  despise  the  danger,  and  attempt- 
ing to  be  merry  upon  it  said  to  his  friends ;  '^  I  have 
"  long  wanted  a  pretence  to  raise  money,  and  this 
"  will  furnish  me  with  an  excellent  one.  The  Gauls, 
^^  when  I  have  conquered  them,  will  be  a  fine  booty, 
'^  and  in  the  mean  time  I  will  take  possession  of 
^^  Galba's  estate,  since  he  is  a  declared  enemy,  and 
'^  dispose  of  it  as  I  think  fit.''  « Accordingly,  he 
issued  directions  that  it  should  be  sold;  which 
Galba  no  sooner  heard,  than  he  exposed  to  sale 
all  that  belonged  to  Nero  in  Spain,  and  more  readily 
found  purchasers. 

The  revolt  from  Nero  soon  became  general,  and 

*  Dion  Cassius  infomif  ui ,  that  this  declaration  was  made  nine 
months  and  thirteen  days  before  Galba's  death,  and  consequently 
on  the  third  of  April,  A.  D.  68 :  for  he  was  assassinated  on  tfaie 
fifteenth  of  Janoary  in  the  fiollowing  year. 


216  GALBA. 

the  governors  of  provinces  declared  for  Galba  ;  only  I 
|i  Clociius  JMacer  in   Africa,  and  Virginiiis  liufus  in  I 
Germany,  stood  out  and  acted  for  themselves,  but  J 
upon  diflerent  motives.     Clodiiis  being  conscious  to  J 
,  Jijniself  of  much  rapitie  and  many  murthers,  towhich  J 
uliis  avarice  and  cruelty  had  prompted  him,  was  in  m  f 
^  ductuating  state,    and  cuuhi    not  rei^nlve  either  to  J 
i'iassuiiie  or  reject  the  purple ;    and  Virginiiis,  who 
,  icommantled  some  of  the  best  legions  in  the  empire, 
,  and  had  been  oHen  urged  by  them  to  take  the  title 
of  emperor,  declared;  "  That  he  would  neither  take 
■*'  it  himself,  nor  suffer  it  to  be  taken  by  any  other, 
*'  but  the  person  whom  the  senate  should  name." 

At  this  Galba  was,  at  first,  not  a  little  alarmed. 
iBut  after  the  forces  of  Viiginius  and  Vindex  had 
I  ,  overpowered  their  generals,  like  charioteers  no 
longer  able  to  guide  the  reins,  and  forced  them  to 
fight,  Vindex  lost  twenty  thousand  Gauls  in  the 
battle,  and  despatched  himself.  A  report  was  then 
current  that  tiie  victorious  army,  in  consequence  of 
so  signal  an  advantage,  would  insist  upon  Virginius' 
acceptance  of  the  imperial  dignity,  and  that  if  he 
refused  it,  they  would  turn  again  to  Nero.  This 
threw  Galba  into  great  consternation,  and  he  wrote 
letters  to  Virginius,  exhorting  him  to  act  in  concert 
with  him  for  preserving  tlie  empire  and  liberty  of 
tlie  Romans.  After  which  he  retired  with  liis  friends 
to  Colonia  '",  a  city  in  Spain,  and  there  spent  some 
time  i  rather  in  repenting  of  what  he  had  done,  and 
wishing  for  the  lite  of  ease  and  leisure  to  which  he 
bad  so  long  been  accustomed,  than  taking  any  of 
the  necessary  steps  for  his  success. 

It  was  now  the  beginning  of  summer,  when  one 
evening  a  Htllc  before  night  one  of  Galba's  treed- 
men,  a  native  of  Sicily  ",  arrived  in  seven  days  from 
.Rome.     Being  told  that  Galba  was  retired  to  rest> 


"'  fiume  read  Clunii 
Plin.  H.  N.  iii.  3.* 

"  Insieml  nf  Si-.'k 
Ner.49.  andGalb.H., 


a  city  of  llispania  Taimcoi 


See 


Bhoiild  be  read  ixiin,,  Iceius,  after  Suel. 
»  well  w  from  it's  recurrence  below.* 


d 


GALBA.  S17 

he  ran  up  to  his  chamber,  and  having  opened  it  ia 
spite  of  the  resistance  of  the  chamberlains,  informed 
him ;  "  That  as  Nero  did  not  appear,  though  he  was 
"  at  that  time  living,  the  army  first  and  subsequently 
**  the  people  and  senate  of  Rome  had  declared  Galba 
"  emperor,  and  that  intelligence  was  quickly  brought 
"  of  Nero's  death/'  To  this  he  added,  *'  That  not 
satisfied  with  the  report,  he  went  and  saw  the 
dead  body  of  the  tyrant,  before  he  set  out."  Galbay 
highly  elevated  by  this  intelligence,  encouraged  the 
multitudes  who  quickly  gathered  round  the  door  by 
communicating  it  to  them,  though  the  expedition 
with  which  it  had  been  conveyed  appeared  incredif- 
ble.  But  two  days  afterward  Titus  Vinius,  with 
many  others,  arrived  from  the  camp,  and  brought 
a  confirmation  of  the  account.  Vinius  ^^  was  pro- 
moted to  an  honourable  employment ;  while  the 
freedman  had  his  name  changed  from  Icelus  to  Mar« 
tianus,  was  honoured  with  the  privilege  of  wearing 
the  gold  ring,  and  had  more  attention  paid  to  him 
than  any  of  the  rest  of  the  freedmen. 

In  the  mean  time,  at  Rome  Nymphidius  Sabinui 
got  the  administration  into  his  hands,  not  by  slow 
and  insensible  steps,  but  with  the  utmost  celerity* 
He  knew  that  Galba  from  his  advanced  age,  being 
now  seventy-three,  was  scarcely  able  to  support  the 
journey  thither,  though  carried  in  a  litter,  JBesides^ 
the  forces  there  had  long  been  inclined  to  serve  him  ; 
and  now  they  depended  upon  him  alone,  considering 
him  as  their  benefactor  on  account  of  the  large 
gratuity  which  he  had  promised  them,  and  Galba  as 
their  debtor.  He,  therefore,  immediately  command- 
ed his  collegue  Tigellinus  ^^  to  surrender  his  sword  ; 
and  gave  great  entertainments,  at  which  he  received 

'*  Vinius  was  of  a  prstorian  family,  and  had  behaved  with  hoQCKir 
as  governor  of  Gallia  Narbonensis ;  but  when  he  became  the  fil- 
vourite  and  first  minister  of  the  emperor  of  Rome,  he  Boon  made 
his  master  obnoxious  to  the  people,  and  ruined  himself.  The  troth 
is,  he  was  naturally  of  a  bad  disposition,  and  a  man  of  no  prindplet. 
He  fell  soon  afler  his  master.  (Tac.  Hist.  i.  28.  31.) 

'3  For  an  account  of  the  ignominioua  death  of  thia  infamous  feU 
low,  see  Tac.  (Hist.  i.  72.)  • 


filS  OALBA. 

persons  of  consular  dignity,  and   sucii  as  had  coi 
mantled  armies  and  provinces,  issuing  liis  invitatioi 
however  in  tlie  name  of  Galba.     He  likeiviae  ii 
«tructed  many  of  the  soldiers  to  suggest  it  to  thi 
priBtorian  cohorts,  that  they  should  send  a  messagsi 
to  Gaiba,  demanding  that  N'ymphidiui  should  con- 
tinue their  captain  and  without  a  collegue.     The 
jeadiness,  which  the  senate  displayed  to  add  to  his 
I  honour  and  authority  by  caih'ng  him  their  '  bene- 
I  iactor,*  by  going  daily  to  pay  their  respects  at   his 
•  gate,  and  desiring  that  he  would  take  upon  him  to 
propose  and  confirm  every  decree,  raised  him   to  s 
much  higher  pitch  of  insolence ;  so  that  in  a  little 
time  he  became  not  only  obnoxious,  but  formidable, 
'  io  the  very  persons  who  paid   their  court  to  hinu 
I  When  the  consuls  had  charged  the  public  messengers 
i  viith  the  decrees  to  be  carried  to  the  emperor,  and 
)  had  sealed  the  instruments  nith  their  seal,  in  order 
ihat  the  magistrates  of  the  towns  through  which  they 
were  to  pass,  seeing  their  authority,  might  furnish 
them  at  eacli  stage  with  carriages  tor  the   greatei- 
expedition,  he  was  offended  that  ihey  had  not  made 
use  of  his  seal,  and  employed  his  men  to  carry  the 
despatches.     He  even  had  it  under  consideration,  it 
is  said,  whether  he  should  not  punish  the  consuls; 
but,  upon  their  apologising  and  begging  pardon  for 
the  affront,  he  was  appeased.     To  ingratiate  himself 
■with  the  people,  he  did  not  prevent  them  from  dcs- 
patching  by  torture  such  of  Nero's  creatures  as  fell 
into  their  hands.     A  gladiator,  named  Spicillus,  was 
put  under  the  statues  of  Nero,  and  dragged  about 
with  them  in  the  I'orum  till  he  died.    Auonius,  one 
of  the  informers,  was  extended  upon  the  ground, 
and  waggons  loaded  with  stones  were  driven  over 
,  him :  many  others  they  tore  in  pieces,  and  among 
I  "these   some  that  were  entirely  innocent.     So  that 
f^auriscus,  who  not  only  had  the  character  of  one 
of  the  best  men  in  Rome,  but  really  deserved  it, 
eaid  one  day  to  the  senate,  "  He  was  afraid  they 
"  would  soon  regret  the  loss  of  Nero." 

Nymphidius,  thus  advancing  lu  his  hopes,  was  not 


1 


GALBA.  ^10 

at  all  displeased  at  beine  called  the  son  of  Caius 
Caesar  **,  who  reigned  after  Tiberius,  That  prince 
in  his  youth,  it  seems,  had  had  some  commerce  with 
his  mother,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Calistus  one  of 
CaBsar's  freedmen  by  a  sempstress,  and  who  was  not 
deficient  in  personal  charms.  The  connexion,  how- 
ever, which  Caius  had  with  her,  was  undoubtedly 
after  the  birth  of  Nymphidius  ;  and  it  was  believed 
that  he  was  the  son  of  Martianus  the  gladiator^ 
whom  Nymphidia  fell  in  love  with  on  account  of  bk 
professional  reputation  :  besides,  his  resemblance  to 
the  gladiator  gave  a  sanction  to  that  opinion.  Be 
that  as  it  may,  he  acknowledged  himself  the  son  of 
Nymphidia,  and  yet  insisted  that  he  was  the  only 

Eerson  who  deposed  Nero.  Not  content  with  the 
onours  and  emoluments  which  he  enjoyed  upon 
that  account,  and  with  Sporus,  whom  he  took  from 
the  funeral  pile  while  Nero's  corpse  was  still  bum* 
ing,  and  called  ^  Poppaea  ^^ ; '  he  aspired  to  the  im- 
perial seat,  and  had  his  engines  privately  at  work  in 
Kome,  in  which  he  employed  his  friends,  with  some 
intriguing  women  and  some  men  of  consular  rank. 
He  sent  also  Gellianus,  one  of  his  friends,  into 
Spain,  to  act  as  a  spy  upon  Galba. 

After  the  death  of  Nero,  all  things  went  for  Galba 
according  to  his  wish  ;  the  uncertainty  alone,  as  to 
what  part  Virginius  Rufus  would  act,  gave  him  a  little 
uneasiness.  Virginius  commanded  a  powerful  army, 
which  had  already  conquered  Vindex,  and  he  beid 
in  subjection  a  very  considerable  part  of  the  Roman 
empire ;  for  he  was  master  not  only  of  Germany, 
but  of  Gaul,  which  was  in  great  agitation  and  ripe 
for  a  revolt.  Galba,  therefore,  was  apprehensive 
that  he  would  listen  to  those  who  offered  him  the 
imperial  purple.  There  was  not  indeed  an  officer  of 
higher  name  or  reputation  than  Virginius,  nor  one 
who  had  more  weight  in  the  affairs  of  those  timet; 

**  Caligula,  who  succeeded  Tiberius,  B.  C.  37»  and  was  slain 
p.  C.  41  .♦ 
*i  See  Suet,  Nero,  2&,  and  Dioo.  Cass,  lzii.27, 28  * 


520  GALEA, 

for  he  had  tlelivered  the  empire  both  from  tyrannjlj 
and  from  a  Gallic  war.     He  remained  true,  howeveri^t 
to  his  first  resolution,  and  reserved  the  appointmenlJ 
of  emperor  for  the  senate.     After  Nero's  death  waJ 
certainly  known,  the  troops  again  pressed  hard  upoal 
Virginias,  and  one  of  the  tribunes  drew  his  sword  i&l 
the  pavilion,  and  bade  him  receive  cither  sovcreigM 
power  or  the  steel ;  but  the  menace  produced  nol 
effect.    At  last  after  Fabius  Valens,  whocommandefil 
one  legion,  had  taken  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  Galba,'' 
and  letters  arrived  from   Rome  with    an  account  dt% 
the  senate's  decree,  he  persuaded  his  army,  though  j 
with  extreme  difficulty,  to  acknowledge  him.     The 
new  emperor  having  sent  Flaccus  Hordeonius  as  his  | 
successor,  he  admitted  him  in  that  quality,  and  deli-  i 
■vered  up  to  him  his  forces.     He  then  went  to  meet  | 
Galba,  who  was  on  his  journey  to  Rome,  and  at-  I 
tended  him  thither,    without   receiving  any  marks  \ 
either  of  his  kindness  or  of  his   resentment.     The  ' 
reason  of  this  was  that  Galba,  on  the  one  hand,  re- 
garded him    in  too  respectable  a  light  to  offer  him 
any  injury;  and,  on  the  other,  the  emperor's  friends 
(particularly  Titus  ^'inius)  were  jealous  of  the  pro- 
gress, which  he  might  make  in  his  favour.     But  that 
officer  was  not  aware  that,  while  he  was  ihns  pre- 
venting his  promotion,  he  was  co-operating  with  his 
good  genius,  in  withdrawing  him  from  the  wars  and 
calamities  in  which  other  generals  were  engaged,  and 
procuring  him  a  life  of  tranquillity  fUll  of  days  and 
peace. 

The  embassadors,  whom  the  senate  sent  to  Galba, 
met  him  at  Narbon,  a  city  of  Gaul.  There  they 
paid  their  compliments,  and  advised  him  to  show 
himself  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  people  of  Rome, 
who  were  very  desirous  to  see  him.  He  gave  them 
a  kind  reception,  and  entertained  them  in  an  agree- 
able manner.  But  though  Nyniphirlius  had  sent  him 
ricli  vessels,  and  other  furniture  suitable  to  a  great 
prince,  which  he  had  taken  out  of  Nero's  palace,  lie 
_inade  no  uso  of  any  part  of  it ;  every  thing  was  served 


I 


GALBA.  Ml 

up  in  dishes  of  his  own.  This  was  a  circumstance^ 
which  did  him  considerable  honour,  as  it  proved  him 
to  be  a  man  of  superior  sentiments,  and  entirely 
above  vanity.  Titus  Vinius,  however,  soon  endea- 
voured to  convince  him  that  these  lofty  sentiments, 
this  modesty  and  simplicity  of  manners,  betrayed  an 
ambition  for  popular  applause,  which  real  greatness 
of  mind  disdains  '^.  By  this  argument  he  prevailed 
upon  him  to  use  Nero's  riches,  and  display  all  the 
imperial  magnificence  at  his  entertainments;  and 
thus  the  old  man  allowed  it  to  appear,  that  in  time 
he  would  be  entirely  governed  by  Vinius. 

No  one  had  a  stronger  passion  for  money  than 
Vinius,  neither  was  any  man  more  addicted  to 
women.  While  he  was  yet  very  young,  and  mak- 
ing his  first  campaign  under  Calvisius  Sabinus,  he 
brought  his  general's  wife  (an  abandoned  prostitute) 
one  night  into  the  camp  in  a  soldier's  habit,  and  lay 
with  her  in  that  part  of  it  which  the  Romans  call  the 
Principia  '^  For  this,  Caius  Caesar  put  him  in  prison  ; 
but,  upon  that  prince's  death,  he  was  released. 
Afterward,  happening  to  sup  with  Claudius  Cassar, 
he  stole  a  silver  cup.  The  emperor,  being  informed 
of  it,  invited  him  the  following  evening,  but  ordered 
the  attendants  to  serve  him  with  only  earthen  ves- 
sels. This  moderation  of  the  emperor  seemed  to 
show  that  the  theft  was  deserving  of  ridicule,  rather 
than  of  serious  resentment:  but  his  subsequent 
conduct,  when  he  bad  Galba  and  his  revenues  at 
command,  served  partly  as  the  cause,  and  partly  as 
the  pretence  for  many  events  of  the  most  tragical 
kind. 

'^  In  the  text  ««i  »«/*\}/ori>r«  /Lbr/ftAnr,  tura^na-uf  uvrtp.     As  it  IS 

difficult  to  make  sense  of  this,  Du  Soul  ingeniously  proposes  to  read 
Ml  AKOMi'OTHTA  MEFAAUN  uxuli^rxt  «t;rv, « and  a  ru^icity,  whicit 
thinks  itself  unworthy  of  any  thing  great/  The  text,  throughout 
this  Life,  is  extremely  corrupt. 

'7  A  consecrated  place,  where  the  principal  standards  were  fixed^ 
the  altars  of  the  gods  and  the  images  of  the  emperors  stood,  and  all 
military  business  was  transacted.  Tacitus,  in  relating  this  story 
(Hist  i.  4r8.)»  does  not  mention  Vinius'  name.* 


u 


222  GALBA. 

Nymphidius  on  the  return  of  Gellianiis,  whom  he 
had  sent  as  a  spy  upon  Galba,  was  informed  tliat 
Corneliris  Laco  was  appointed  to  the  command  cf 
the  guards  and  of  the  palace,  and  that  the  whole 
power  would  be  placed  in  Vinius'  hands.     This  dis-" 
tressed  him  exceedingly,  as  he  had  no  opportunity  of 
attending  the  emperor,  or  of  speaking  to  him   in 
private ;  for  Iiis  intentions  were  suspected,  and  all 
were  upon  their  guard.     In  this  perplexity  he  as- 
sembled tlie  oflicers  of  the  praetorian  coliorts,  and 
told  them  that,  "  Galba  was  indeed  an  old  man  of 
*'  mild  and  moderate  sentiments;  but  that,  instead 
*•  of  using  his  own  judgement,  lie  was  directed  en- 
*'  tiiely  by  Vinius  and  Laco,  who  made  a  bad  use 
"  of  their  influence.     It  is  our  business  therefore," 
continued    he,    "  before  they  insensibly  establish 
*'  themselves,  and  become  sole  masters  as  Tigellinus 
*'  was,  to  send  embassadors  to  the  emperor  in   the 
"  name  of  all  the  troops,  and  represent  to  him,  that 
•'  if  he  removes  those  two  counsellors  from  bis  per- 
*'  son,  he  will  find  a  much  more  agreeable  reception 
"  among  the  Romans."     Perceiving  however  that 
Ills  officers  did  not  relish  the  proposal,  but  thought 
it  absurd  and  preposterous  to  dictate  the  choice  of 
friends  to  an  emperor  of  his  age,  as  they  might  have 
done  to  a  boy  on  his  first  accession  to  power,  he 
adopted  another  scheme.     With  the  hope  of  Intimi- 
dating Galba,  he  pretended  sometimes  in  his  letters, 
tliat  there  were  discontents  and  dangers  of  an  insur- 
rection  in  Rome,  sometimes  that  Clodius  Macer  had 
laid  an  embargo  in  Africa  upon  the  corn-ships.     At 
one  moment  he  said,  the  German  legions  were  in 
niotion  ;    and  at  another,  that  the  same  rebellious 
disposition  existed  among  those  in  Syria  and  Judfea. 
hilt  as  Galba  did  not  give  much  attention  or  credit 
to  his  advices,  he  resolved  to  usurp  the  imperial  title 
himself,  before  he  arrived  :  though  Clodius  Celsua 
the  Antiociiian,  a  sensible  man  and  one  of  his  best 
iricnds,  did  all  he  could  to  dissuade  him  from  it ;  and 
told  him  plainly,   he  did  not  believe  there  was  a 


I 


GALfiA:  2S8. 

single  family  in  Rome,  which  would  honour  him* 
with  the  title  of  Ceesar.  Many  others,  however^  ^ 
ridiculed  Galba :  and  Mithridates  of  Pontus  in  iMur*'. 
ticular,  making  merry  with  his  bald  head  and  wnnk-* 
*^  led  face,  said  ;  ^^  The  Romans  think  him  something 
*^  extraordinary,  while  he  is  at  a  distance :  but^  as 
^^  soon  as  he  arrives,  they  will  consider  it  a  disgrace « 
"  to  the  times  to  have  ever  called  him  *  Caesar.'  " 

It  was  resolved  therefore,  that  Nymphidius  should 
be  conducted  to  the,  camp  at  midnight,  and  pro- 
claimed emperor.  But  Antonius  Honoratus,  the 
first  tribune,  assembled  in  the  evening  the  troops 
under  his  command ;  and  after  blaming  both  himself 
and  them,  for  having  changed  so  often  in  so  short  a 
time,  not  in  pursuance  of  the  dictates  of  reason  or 
the  exercise  of  a  better  choice,  but  because  some 
daemon  pushed  them  on  from  one  treason  to  another, 
continued ;  '^  The  crimes  of  Nero  indeed  may  jus- 
^^  tify  our  first  measures.  But  has  Galba  murthered 
**  his  mother,  or  his  wife  ?  Or  has  he  made  yoo 
ashamed  of  your  emperor,  by  appearing  as  a  fiddler 
or  an  actor  upon  a  stage  ?  Yet  not  even  these 
things  induced  us  to  abandon  Nero ;  but  Nym- 
phidius first  persuaded  us,  that  he  had  abandoned 
us  and  fied  into  Eg3rpt.  Shall  we  then  sacrifice 
**  Galba  after  Nero,  and  when  we  have  destroyed 
**  the  relation  of  Livia,  as  well  as  the  son  of  Agrip^ 
"  pina,  place  the  sou  of  Nymphidia  upon  the  im* 
"  perial  throne  ?  Or  rather,  after  having  taken 
**  vengeance  on  a  detestable  tyrant  in  Nero,  shall 
**  we  not  show  ourselves  good  and  faithful  guards  to 
«*  Galba  ? " 

Upon  this  speech  of  the  tribune,  all  his  men  ac- 
ceded to  the  proposal.  They  applied  also  to  their 
fellow-soldiers,  and  prevailed  upon  most  of  them  to. 
return  to  their  allegiance.  At  the  same  time,  a  loud 
shout  was  heard  in  the  camp;  and  Nvmphidiaiy 
either  believing  (as  some  writers  state)  that  tfacr 
troops  were  calling  him  in  order  to  proclaim  hin 

3 


CC 


emperor,  nr  else  hastening  to  appease  the  insurrecJ 

I  tion  and  fix  such  as  he  found  wavering,   ran   witlL/t 

Mights  to  tlie  camp;  having  in  his  hand  a    speech-f 

■■composed  for  iiim  by  Cingonius  Varro,  which  her 

I  had  committed  to  memory,  in  order  to  pronounce  ifc«j 

Ito  the  army.     But  seeing   tlie  gates  shut,  and  »-< 

,  number  of  men  in  arms  upon  the  wall,  his  confijence  ■ 

abated.      Advancing    nearer,     however,    he    asked 

them  ;  "  A\  hat  ihcy  intended  to  do,  and  by  whose 

*•  command  they  were  underarms?"  They  answered 

unanimously >   *'  that  they  acknowledged   no  other 

*'  emperor  but    Galba."      Upon  which,  pretending 

to  adopt  their  opinion,  he  applauded  then'  tidch'ty, 

and  ordered   his  attendants  to  follow  his  example. 

The  guard  opening   the  gate,  and  snftcring  him   to 

enter  with  a  few  of  his  people,  a  javelin  was  thrown 

at  him,  which  Septimius,  who  went  before,  received 

upon    his  shield.     But  others  drawing  their  swords 

lie  fled,  and  was  pursued   into  a  soldier's  hut,  where 

they  despatched  him.     His  body  was  dragged  into 

the  middle  of  the  camp,  where  they  enclosed  it  with 

pales,  and  exposed  it  to  public  view  the  next  day. 

Nyniphidius  being  thus  cut  off,  Galba  was  no 
sooner  intbrraed  of  it,  than  he  ordered  such  of  his 
accomplices,  as  had  not  already  despiitcliL-d  them- 
selves, to  be  put  to  death.  Among  ihese  was  Cin- 
gonius, who  composed  the  oration,  and  Mithridates 
of  Pontus.  In  this,  the  emperor  did  not  piocced 
according  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  the  Romans  j 
neither  was  it  indeed  a  popular  measure,  to  inflict 
capital  punishment  upon  persons  of  eminence  with, 
out  any  form  of  trial,  though  they  had  deserved 
death.  For  the  Romans,  deceived  (as  is  usually  tlie 
case)  by  first  re)>or[s,  now  expected  another  kind  of 
government.  But  what  afflicted  thetn  most  was, 
the  order  which  be  sent  for  the  execution  of  Pctro- 
nius  Turpiiianus,  a  man  of  consular  dignity,  merely 
because  he  had  been  faithful  to  Nero.  For  taking 
ofl'  Macer  in  Africa  by  Trebonianus,  and  Fontcius  ia 


L 


3 


Germany  by  Valens  there  was  aome  pretCDce,  be- 
cause they  were  in  arms,  and  had  forces  which  he 
might  justly  fear.  But  there  was  no  reason  why 
Turpih'anus,  a  defenceless  old  man,  should  not  have 
bad  a  hearing,  at  least  under  a  prince  who  ought  to 
have  preserved  in  his  actions  the  moderation  he  so 
much  affected.  Such  were  the  complaints  against 
Galba  upon  this  subject. 

When  he  was  about  five-and-twenty  furlongs 
from  the  city,  he  found  the  way  obstructed  by  a 
disorderly  crew  of  seamen,  who  gathered  about  him 
on  all  sides.  These  had  been  formed  by  Nero  into 
a  legion,  that  they  might  act  as  soldiers;  and  they 
now  met  Galba  on  the  road  to  have  their  establish- 
ment confirmed,  and  pressed  upon  him  so  much^ 
that  he  could  neither  be  seen  nor  heard  by  those 
who  came  to  wait  upon  him,  clamorously  insisting 
on  having  legionary  colours  and  quarters  assigned 
them.  Galba  would  have  put  them  off  to  another 
time  ;  but  this  they  considered  as  a  denial,  and  some 
of  them  even  drew  their  swords  ;  on  which,  he  or- 
dered  the  cavalry  to  fall  upon  them.  They  made  no 
resistance,  but  fled  with  the  utmost  precipitation, 
and  many  of  them  were  killed  in  their  flight '".  It 
was  considered  as  an  inauspicious  circumstance  for 
Gaiba,  to  have  entered  the  city  amidst  so  much 
blood  and  slaughter.  And  those,  who  before  de- 
spised him  as  weak  and  inactive  through  age,  now 
looked  upon  him  as  an  object  of  fear  and  horror. 

Besides,  while  he  endeavoured  to  reform  the  ex- 
travagance and  profusion,  with  which  money  had 
been  squandered  by  Nero,  he  fell  short  of  the  mark 
of  propriety.  When  Canus,  a  celebrated  performer 
on  the  Sate,  played  to  him  one  evening  at  court, 
after  expressing  the  highest  satisfaction  at  the  ex- 
cellence of  his  music,  he  ordered  his  purse  to  be 

'*  Dio  CaMiua  iafonns  ui  (Ixi^)  that  Kvea  thousand  of  the 
disarmed  multitude  were  cut  to  pieceg  upon  the  spot,  and  other* 
committed  to  prisou,  where  they  lay  till  Galba's  death.  Many, 
however,  were  still  left.     See  Suet.  Gaib.  12.,  and  Tac.  Hisu  i-  6. 

VOL,  Vi.  Q 


k 


p 


brougiit ;  and  faking'  out  a  few  pieces  of  gold  '*, 
gave  them  to  liiin,  telling  him  at  the  same  time,  that 
*  this  was  a  gratuity  out  of  his  own,  not  the  public 
moncv."  Ah  for  the  money,  which  >Jero  had  lavished 
upon  persons  who  plea8c<l  him  on  the  stage  or  in  thd  ' 
paL-Bstra,  he  rigorously  insisted  that  it  should  allj) 
with  the  exception  of  a  tenth  part,  be  returne 
And  as  persons  of  such  dissolute  lives  who  raatcdj 
only  a  provision  Jbr  the  day,  could  produce  verir 
little,  he  caused  inquiry  to  be  made  for  all  that  bai 
bouglit  any  thing  of  ihem,  or  received  presents,  and 
obliged  them  (o  refund.  This  afl^ir  extended  to 
great  numbers  of  people,  and  seeming  to  have  no 
end,  involveil  the  emperor  in  disgrace,  and  brought 
ihc  public  envy  and  hatred  on  Vinius  ;  as  exhibiting 
his  master  sordid  and  mean  to  others,  wliile  he  him- 
self pillaged  the  treasury  in  the  most  insatiable  man- 
ner,  and  seized  and  sold  whatever  he  thought  proper. 
In  short,  as  Hesiod  says. 

Spare  not  the  full  cask,  nor  thougli  Jesseii'd  flow 
Di'dare ilie  botttuu  near,  your liand  tiittidraw '"• 

So  Vinius  seeing  Galba  old  and  infirm  drank  freely 
■qf  the  favours  of  fortune,  as  only  beginning,  ^nd  yet 
at  the  same  time  drawing  toward  an  end'-'.  , 

But    tlie    aged    emperor    was  deeply  injured  by 
yinius,  not  only  through  bis  neglect  or  misapplica- 


■  ^s  Sueionius  (ib.)  «i3'a,  Gnlbn  gnve  liim  five  denarii.  But  at  ihat 
tj^e,  ttii  some  autlior^  contend^  tliere  were  denurii  of  guld-  'l'lii» 
liowever  Gronoviuii,  in  liie  Trcutisc  on  ibo  Money  of  ilie  AncienU, 
denies.  Thai  writer  odds  (ib.),  that,  when  hit  tabic  upon  any  ex- 
traordinary occEuion  wu  nwre  s^endidly  sicrvi'd  than  usual,  lie 
could  not  forbear  e^hing,  and  expreB^ing  hia  disaatisfaction  in  a 
manner  inconsistent  with  coniniou  decency. 

"-  Efv.  »<  ■Hfi.if.  S66. 

"  Thus,  in  the  court  of  Galba,  were  mbe  found  all  the  extor- 
tions of  Nero's  reign.  Thoy  were  equallj'  grievous,  soyo  Tacitus 
(tiist,  i  ?.),  but  not  c-quuUy  excused,  iu  a  priucu  of  Galba't  year* 
■•d  experience.  He  Itod  the  greaieU  integrity  of  heart :  but.  as 
tfic  rapncity  and  other  c\ees»es  of  hia  ministers  were  imputed  to 
nut  Jess  hated,  than  if  he  had  committed  tlieni  hinuttUl 
<■  1 


iL^ 


GALEA*  .  227 

tion  of  things  committed  to  his  trust,  but  by  his. 
condemning  or  defeating  the  most  salutary  intentions 
of  his  master.  This  was  the  case,  with  respect  to 
the  punishing  of  Nero's  ministers.  Some  bad  ones, 
it  is  true,  were  put  to  death,  among  whom  were 
Elius,  Polycletus,  Petinus,  and  Patrobius.  When 
these  were  led  through  the  Forum  to  the  place  of 
execution,  the  people  expressed  their  joy  by  loud 
plaudits,  and  called  it  *  a  glorious  and  holy  proces- 
sion': but  both  gods  and  men,  they  said,  demanded 
the  punishment  of  Tigellinus  who  had  suggested 
the  very  worst  measures,  and  taught  Nero  all  bik 
tyranny.  That  worthy  gentleman,  however,  had 
secured  himself  by  great  presents  to  Vinius,  whicK 
were  only  earnests  of  still  greater.  Turpilianiii^ 
though  obnoxious  only  because  he  had  not  betrayed 
or  hated  his  master  on  account  of  his  bad  qualities^ 
and  though  guilty  of  no  remarkable  crime,  was  not- 
withstanding put  to  death ;  while  the  man  who  had 
made  Nero  unfit  to  live,  and  after  he  had  made  him 
such,  deserted  and  betrayed  him,  lived  and  flourished: 
a  proof,  that  there  was  nothing  which  Vinius  would 
not  sell,  and  that  no  monied  man  had  reason  to 
despair.  For  there  was  no  sight,  which  the  people 
of  Rome  so  passionately  coveted,  as  that  of  Tigel- 
linus carried  to  execution ;  and  in  the  theatre,  and 
the  circus,  they  continually  demanded  it ;  till  at  last 
the  emperor  checked  them  by  an  edict,  importing 
that  Tigellinus  was  in  a  deep  consumption,  whicnr 
would  destroy  him  ere  long,  and  that  their  sovereign 
entreated  them  not  to  convert  his  government  intq 
a  tyranny  by  needless  acts  of  severity. 

At  this  the  people  were  highly  displeased,  but  the 
miscreants  only  laughed  at  them..  Tigellinus  offered 
sacrifice  in  acknowledgement  to  the  gods  for  his 
recovery,  and  provided  a  grand  entertainment;  and 
Vinius  rose  from  the  emperor's  table  to  go  and 
carouse  with  him,  accompanied  by  his  daughter, 
who  was  a  widow.  Tigellinus  drank  to  her,  and 
said,  ^'  I  will  make  this  cup  worth  two  hundred  and 

q2 


GALBA.  2S$ 

cus  in  Germany,  thinking  that  they  had  deserved 
great  rewards  for  the  battle  which  they  had  fought 
with  Vindex,  and  finding  that  they  received  nothing, 
began  to  behave  in  an  extremely  refractory  manncfy 
and  could  not  be  appeased  by  their  officers.  Their 
general  himself  they  utterly  despised,  on  account  as 
well  of  his  inactivity  (for  he  had  the  gout  in  a  violent 
manner),  as  of  his  want  of  experience  in  military 
affairs.  One  day  at  some  public  games,  when  the 
tribunes  and  centurions  according  to  custom  made 
vows  for  the  happiness  of  the  emperor,  the  common 
soldiers  murmured  ;  and  when  the  officers  repeated 
their  good  wishes  they  answered,  "  If  he  is  worthy.* 
The  legions  under  Tigellinus'  command  behaved 
with  equal  insolence,  of  which  Galba's  agents  wrotje 
him  an  account.  He  was  now  apprehensive  that  it 
was  not  only  his  age,  but  his  want  of  children  ^9 
which  brought  him  into  contempt ;  and  he  therefore 
resolved  to  adopt  some  young  man  of  noble  births 
and  declare  him  his  successor. 

Marcus  Otho  was  of  a  family  by  no  means  ob- 
scure ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  he  had  been  from  his 
infancy  more  notorious  for  luxury  and  love  of  plea* 
sure,  than  most  of  the  Roman  youth.  And,  as  Ho- 
mer often  calls  Paris  '  the  husband  of  the  beauteous 
Helen,'  because  he  had  nothing  else  to  distinguish 
him,  so  Otho  was  noted  in  Rome  as  '  the  husband  of 
Poppaea.*  This  was  the  lady,  whom  Nero  fell  in 
love  with,  while  she  was  wife  to  Crispinus*^;  but 
retaining  as  yet  some  respect  for  his  own  wife,  and 
some  reverence  for  his  mother,  he  privately  employ* 
ed  Otho  to  solicit  her.  For  Otho's  debauchery  had 
recommended  him  to  Nero  as  a  friend  and  com- 
panion, and  he  had  an  agreeable  way  of  rallying 
him  upon  what  he  called,  his  '  avarice  and  sordid 
manner  of  living.' 

*^  Suet.  ib.  17.* 

'^  This  Roman  knight  was  at  first  banished  by  Nero,  on  accomt 
of  his  wife,  and  subsequently  put  to  death.  (Tac  Ann.  xv.  ?!•» 
xvi.  17.)» 


Wc  are  told,  that  one  day  wlien  Nero  was 
fumiitg  himself  with  a  very  rich  essence,  lie  sprinkld 
a  little  of  it  upon  Otho.  Otho  invited  the  empeit" 
the  day  following,  when  suddenly  gold  and  silver^ 
pipes  opened  on  all  sides  of  the  apartment,  and 
poured  out  essences  for  them  as  plentifully  as  if  it 
had  been  water.  He  applied  to  Poppiea-"  accord- 
ing to  Nero's  desire,  and  first  seduced  her  for  him 
by  the  flattering  idea  of  having  an  emperor  for  her 
lover;  after  which,  he  persuaded  her  to  leave  her 
husband.  But  when  he  look  her  home  as  his  own 
wife,  lie  was  less  happy  in  possessing  her,  than  miser- 
able in  the  thought  of  sharing  her  with  another. 
And  Poppaea  is  said  not  to  have  been  displeased  with 
this  jealousy  ;  for  it  aeems,  she  refused  to  admit  Nero 
when  Otho  was  absent:  whether  it  was  that  she 
studied  to  keep  Nero's  appetite  from  cloying,  or 
(according  to  some)  did  not  choose  to  receive  the 
emperor  as  a  husband,  but  in  her  wanton  way  took 
more  pleasure  in  seeing  him  approach  her  as  a  gal- 
lant. Olho's  life,  therefore,  was  in  great  danger  on 
account  of  that  marriage;  and  it  is  astonishing  thut 
the  man,  who  could  sacrifice  his  wife  and  sister  for 
the  sake  of  I*oppa;a,  should  have  afterward  spared 
Otho. 

But  Otho  had  a  friend  in  Seneca  j  and  it  was  he, 
who  persuaded  Nero  to  send  liim  out  governor  of 
Lusitania,  upon  the  borders  of  the  ocean.  Here 
Otho  rendered  himself  agreeable  to  the  inhabitants 
■by  his  lenity;  for  he  knew  that  this  command  was 
given  him  only  as  a  more  honourable  exile''.  Upon 
Galba's  revolt,  he  was  the  first  governor  of  a  pro- 
vince who  came  over  to  him  ;  and  he  carried  with 

'*  Tacilua  saj«  (Ann.  xiii.  +5,  W.)  thnt  he  wooi'd  anil  won  her 
for  hiniscif,  und  ttficrward  hy  liU  tinprudL-iit  or  aritVi]  praises  of  Iicr 
excited  liU  roval  inaMcr't  passion.* 

"  And  perhaps  to  prevent  llie  publicity  of  Nero'g  intrigue  with 
his  wife,  wliich  would  Inive  been  ciiused  by  liis  death.  UiHto  this 
ff ccaiiou.  ttie  foilouinj;  distich  v/iu  made ; 

Ctir  Otho  nienlUo  lil,  quanlU,  end  httnore  i 

VtQrit  maehm  caperal  eue  mx,  (Suet.  0th.  5.) 


OALBA.  951 

him  all  his  gold  and  silver  vessels  to  be  melted  down 
and  coined  for  his  use.  He  likewise  presented  him 
with  such  of  his  servants,  as  knew  best  how  to  wait 
upon  an  emperor.  He  behaved  to  him,  indeed,  in 
every  respect  with  the  utmost  fidelity :  and  it  ap- 
peared, from  the  tpecimen  which  he  gave,  that  there 
was  no  department  in  the  government  for  which  he 
had  not  talents.  He  accompanied  him  through  his 
whole  journey,  and  was  many  days  in  the  same  car- 
riage with  him ;  during  all  which  time  he  lost  no 
opportunity  of  paying  his  court  to  Vinius,  either  by 
assiduities  or  presents:  and,  as  he  always  took  cure 
to  leave  him  the  tirst  place,  he  was  secure  by  faiB 
means  of  having  the  second.  Beside  that  there  was 
nothing  invidious  in  this  station,  he  recommendtfd 
himself  by  granting  his  favours  and  services  withodt 
reward,  and  by  his  general  politeness  and  affability. 
He  took  most  pleasure  in  serving  the  oflficers  of  the 
army,  and  obtained  governments  for  many  of  them, 
by  application  partly  to  the  emperor  and  partly  to 
Vinius  and  his  freedmen  Icelus  and  Asiaticus,  who 
had  the  chief  influence  at  court. 

Whenever  Galba  visited  him,  he  complimented 
the  company  of  guards  upon  duty  with  a  piece  of 
gold  for  each  man  ;  thus  practising  upon  and  gaining 
the  soldiers,  while  he  seemed  only  to  be  doing  ho- 
nour to  their  master.  When  Galba  was  deliberating 
upon  the  choice  of  a  successor,  Vinius  proposed 
Otho.  This  was  not  a  disinterested  overture,  for 
Otho  had  promised  to  marry  Vinius'  daughter,  after 
Galba  had  adopted  him,  and  appointed  him  his  suc$- 
cessor.  But  Galba  always  showed,  that  he  preferred 
the  good  of  the  public  to  any  private  consideration^ 
and  in  his  case  he  sought,  not  one  who  might  bt 
most  agreeable  to  himself,  but  one  who  promised  t6 
be  the  greatest  blessing  to  the  Romans.  It  cafft 
scarcely  indeed  be  supposed,  that  he  would  haVe 
appointed  Otho  heir  even  to  his  private  patrinfichj*, 
when  he  knew  how  expensive  and  profuse  he  was, 
and  that  he  was  loaded  with  a  debt*  of  five  millions 


*'  Germany,  wliose  father  was  censor,  and  thrice 
*'  consul,  and  as  it  were  collegue  to  the  emperor 
"  Claudius :  and  though  his  poverty  be  a  circum- 
**  stance,  for  which  some  people  may  despise  him, 
"  it  is  a  strong  proof  both  of  his  probity  and  his 
"  magnanimity.  Let  us  go  and  declare  him  em- 
*'  peror;  and  show  the  world  that  we  know  how  to 
"  choose  a  person  for  that  high  dignity,  better  than 
**  the  Spaniards  and  Lusitanians." 

Some  approving,  and  others  rejecting  this  motion, 
one  of  the  standard-bearers  marched  off  privately, 
and  carried  the  news  to  Vitellius  that  night.  He 
found  him  at  table,  giving  an  entertainment  to  his 
officers.  The  intelligence  quickly  spread  through- 
out the  army  ;  and  Fabius  V'alens,  who  commanded 
one  of  the  legions,  went  next  day  at  the  head  of  a 
considerable  party  of  horse,  and  saluted  Vitellius 
emperor.  For  some  days  before,  he  had  seemed  to 
dread  the  weight  of  sovereign  power,  and  totally  to 
decline  it;  but  now  being  fortified  with  the  indul- 
gences of  the  table '^,  to  which  he  had  sat  down  at 
mid-day,  he  went  out  and  accepted  the  title  of 
*  Germanicus,'  which  the  army  conferred  upon  him, 
though  he  refused  that  of'  CEesar.'  Soon  afterward, 
Flaccus'  troops  forgot  the  republican  oaths,  which 
they  had  taken  to  the  senate  and  people,  and  swore 
allegiance  to  Vitellius.  Thus  Vitellius  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  in  Germany. 

As  soon  as  Galbawas  informed  of  the  insurrection 
there,  he  resolved  without  farther  delay  to  proceed 
to  the  adoption.  Some  of  his  friends,  he  knew,  were 
for  Dolabella,  and  a  still  larger  number  for  Otlio; 
but  without  being  guided  by  the  judgement  of  either 
party,  or  making  the  least  mention  of  his  design,  he 
sent  suddenly  for  Piso,  the  son  of  Crassus  and  Scri- 
booia  who  had  been  put  to  death  by  Nero,  a  young 


^  For  instances  of  die  various  indulgences  of  this  imperial  gour- 
mand. Bee  SueU  Vitell.  13.,  Tac.  Hisl.  ii.  62.* 


I 


GALEA.  235 

or  abandon  his  design.     In  particular  he  relied  upon 
Ptolemy  ^^  because  he  had  formerly  predicted,  that 
he  should  not  fall  bv  the  hand  of  Nero,  but  survive 
him  and  live  to  ascend  the  imperial  throne.     For, 
as  the  former  part  of  the  prophecy  had  proved  true, 
he  thought  he  had  no  reason  to  despair  of  the  latter. 
None  however  exasperated  him  more  against  Galba, 
than  those  who  condoled  with  him  in  private,  and 
pretended  that  he  had  been  treated  with  great  in- 
gratitude.     Besides,  there  were  many  people  that 
had  flourished   under  Tigellinus  and   Nymphidius, 
and  now  lived  in  poverty  and  disgrace,  who  in  order 
to  recommend  themselves  to  Otho,  expressed  the 
utmost  indignation  at  his  treatment,  and  urged  him 
to  revenge  it.      Among  these  were  Veturius,  who 
was  Optio  or  centurion's  deputy,  and  Barbius  who 
was  Tesserarius,  or  one  of  those  that  carry  the  word 
from  the  tribunes  to  the  centurions  ^^     Onomastiis 
one  of  Otho's  freedmen  joined  them,  and  went  from 
troop  to  troop,  corrupting  some  with  money  and 
others  with  promises.     They  were,  indeed,  corrupt 
enough  already,  and  wanted  only  an  opportunity  of 
putting  their  designs  in  execution.     If  they  had  not 
been  extremely  disaffected,  they  could  not  have  been 
prepared  for  a  revolt  in  so  short  a  space  of  time  as 

3*  See  Tac.  Hist.  i.  22.  Called  by  Suetonius  (0th.  4.)  *  Seleuca§.'* 

33  The  way  of  setting  the  nightly  guard  was  by  a  tessera  (or 
tally)  with  a  particular  inscription,  given  from  one  centurion  to 
another  throughout  the  army,  till  it  came  round  to  the  tribune,  by 
whom  it  had  nrst  been  delivered. 

The  text,  in  this  place,  is  corrupL  Lipsius  rightly  obienret 
that,  instead  of  ^»'  «vv'>^  and  ^/  oxm^an,  we  should  read  ^Myy*^it'» 
and  ^oTTjjp^w,  It  will  then  run  thus :  9xnu  y«p  Kx>H9Ttci  ol  ^ttyytXm 
xtu  ii9XTr,fejf  vKr,^ia-iui  rf A»>Tt^.  But,  even  then,  Plutarch  will  not 
have  given  a  description  of  the  principal  offices  of  the  Optio  and  the 
Tesserarius,  Messengers,  it  is  true,  they  were ;  but  spies  only  oo 
casionally.  It  is  necessary  however  to  translate  the  text  thus 
amended,  at  least  in  a  note ;  *  So  they  are  called,  who  perform  tbe 
ofHces  of  messengers  and  spies/    (L.) 

The  two  soldiers  in  question  were  introduced  by  Onomastus  to 
Otho,  whence  Tacitus  (ib.  25.)  observes,  SuscepSre  duo  mampulam 
imperium  poptdi  Romani  trans/erendum,  et  transtuhrunL* 


236  GALBA. 

that  of  four  days,  which  was  the  whole  interval 
tween  the  adoption  and  the  assassination ;  for  Piso 
and  Galba  were  both  stain  on  the  sixtli  day  follow- 
ing, which  was  the  fifteenth  of  January.  Early  in 
the  morning  Galba,  in  tiie  presence  of  his  friends, 
sacrificed  in  the  palace.  Umbricius  the  soothsayer 
no  sooner  took  the  entrails  in  his  hands,  than  he 
declared,  not  in  enigmatical  expressions  but  plainly, 
that  there  were  signs  of  considerable  troubles,  and 
of  treason  threatening  immediate  danger  to  the  em- 
peror^'. Thus  Otho  was  delivered  up  to  Galba 
almost,  as  it  were,  by  the  hand  of  the  gods;  for  he 
stood  behind  the  emperor,  listening  with  the  utmost 
attention  to  Umbricius'  observations.  These  threw 
him  into  great  confusion,  and  his  fears  were  evinced 
by  his  change  of  colour;  when  his  freedman  Ono- 
mastus  came,  and  told  him  that  the  architects  were 
arrived,  and  waited  for  him  at  his  house.  This  was 
the  signal  for  Otho's  meeting  the  soldiers.  He  pre- 
tended therefore  that  he  had  bought  an  old  house, 
which  these  architects  were  to  examine,  and  passing 
by  what  is  called  '  Tiberius'  palace'  proceeded  to 
that  part  of  the  Forum,  where  stands  the  gilded  pillar 
terminating  all  the  great  roads  in  Italy  ^^. 

The  soldiers  who  received  him,  and  saluted  him 
emperor,  are  said  to  have  been  not  more  than  twenty, 
three.  So  that,  though  he  had  nothing  of  the  das- 
tardly spirit  which  the  delicacy  of  his  constitution 
and  the  effeminacy  of  his  life  seemed  to  declare,  but 
on  the  contrary  was  firm  and  resolute  in  time  of 
danger,  yet  upon  this  occasion  he  was  intimidated 
and  wished  to  retire;  but  they  would  not  suffer  it. 

"  Adding,  aecordinc  to  Suet.  (Galb.  19.),  Non  longe  percuisores 
abesse,  '  That  his  murlTierers  were  at  no  great  diBtajice.'* 

"  This  pillar  was  set  up  by  Augustus,  when  he  took  the  high- 
ways under  his  iniipectioa,  ai)d  had  the  dittancea  of  places  from 
Rome  marked  upon  it.  (L.)  See  I'liu.  H.  N.  iii.  5-,  and  Dion.  Cass, 
liv.  8.  See  also  Brotier  in  Tac.  Hist.  i.  27-  Csius  Gracchus,  about 
a  hundred  rears  before,  had  erected  mile^stonM.  See  his  Life,  V. 
230.* 


m^ 


3 


GALBAi  «97 

They  surrounded  the  chair  ^  with  drawn  swords^ 
and  insisted  on  it's  proceeding  to  the  camp.  In  the 
meanwhile  Otho  desired  the  bearers  to  make  haste; 
often  declaring  that  he  was  a  lost  man.  There  were 
some,  who  overheard  him ;  and  they  rather  won* 
dered  at  the  hardiness  of  the  attempt  with  so  sndall 
a  party,  than  disturbed  themselves  about  the  conse- 
quences. As  he  was  carried  through  the  Forum, 
about  the  same  number  as  the  first  joined  him,  and 
others  subsequently  by  three  or  four  at  a  time.  The 
whole  party  then  saluted  him  '  Caesar,'  and  con- 
ducted him  to  the  camp^  fiourishing  their  swords 
before  him.  Martialis,  the  tribune  who  kept  guard 
that  day,  knowing  nothing  (as  we  are  told)  of  the 
conspiracy,  was  surprised  and  terrified  at  so  unex* 
pected  a  sight,  and  suffered  them  to  enter.  When 
Otho  was  within  the  camp,  he  met  with  no  resist- 
ance, for  the  conspirators  gathered  about  such  as 
were  strangers  to  the  design,  and  made  it  their  bu- 
siness to  explain  it  to  them ;  upon  which,  first  from 
fear,  and  afterward  out  of  choice,  they  joined  them 
by  one  or  two  at  a  time. 

The  intelligence  was  immediately  carried  to  Galba, 
while  the  soothsayer  was  yet  in  attendance,  and  had 
the  entrails  in  his  hands;  so  that  they,  who  had 
previously  been  most  incredulous  in  matters  of  divi- 
nation, and  even  held  them  in  contempt,  were 
astonished  at  the  divine  interposition  in  the  accom-* 
plishment  of  this  presage.  People  of  all  sorts  now 
crowding  from  the  Forum  to  the  palace,  Vinius  and 
Laco,  with  some  of  the  emperor's  freedmen,  stood 
before  him  withldrawn  swords  to  defend  him.  Piso 
went  out  to  speak  to  the  life-guards;  and  Marius 
Celsus,  a  man  of  great  courage  and  honour,  was  sent 
to  secure  the  Illyrian  legion,  which  lay  in  Vipsa- 
nius'  portico. 

Galba  wishing  to  go  out  to  the  people,  Vinius 


3^  SuetcniuB  says,  he  got  into  a  woman's  sedan,  which  was  of  a 
closer  kind,  in  order  to  be  the  better  concealed.     (Oti^.  6*) 

4 


288  GALBA. 

endeavoured  to  dissuade  him  from  it;  but  CelsH 
and  Laco  encouraged  him  to  go,  and  expressed 
themselves  with  some  sharpness  against  Vinius.  In 
the  mean  time,  a  strong  report  prevailed,  that  Olho 
had  been  slain  in  the  camp  ;  soon  alter  wliich  Julius 
Atticus,  a  soldier  of  some  note  among  the  guards, 
came  up,  and  crying  "  He  was  the  man  that  had 
*'  killed  Caesar's  enemy,"  made  his  way  through 
the  crowd,  and  displayed  his  bloody  sword  to  (.ialba. 
The  emperor  fixing  his  eye  upon  him,  and  asking, 
"Who  gave  you  orders?"  he  replied,  "  My  alle- 
*' giance,  and  the  oath  which  I  had  taken;"  upon 
which  the  people  expressed  their  approbation  in  loud 
plaudits.  Galba  then  went  out  in  a  sedan-chair, 
with  a  design  to  sacrifice  to  Jupiter,  and  sliow  him- 
self to  tlic  people.  But  he  had  no  sooner  reached 
the  Forum,  tlian  the  rumour  changed  like  the  wind, 
and  news  met  him  that  Otho  wan  master  of  the 
camp.  Upon  this  occasion,  as  it  waf  natural  among 
a  multitude  of  people,  some  called  out  to  him  to 
advance  and  some  to  retire,  some  to  take  courage 
and  some  to  be  cautious.  His  chair  was  tossed 
backward  and  forward,  as  in  a  tempest,  and  ready  to 
be  overset;  when  there  appeared  first  a  party  of 
horse,  and  then  another  of  ibot,  issuing  from  the 
Basilica  of  Paulua  and  crying  out,  "  Away  with  this 
"  private  man  !"  Numbers  were  at  this  time  running 
about,  not  to  separate  by  flight,  but  to  possess 
themselves  of  the  porticos  and  eminences  about  the 
Forum,  as  it  were  to  enjoy  some  public  spectacle. 
Atilius  Vergllio  beat  down  one  of  Galba's  statues, 
which  served  as  a  signal  for  hostilities,  and  they  at- 
tacked the  chair  on  all  sides  with  javelins.  As  those 
did  not  despatch  him,  they  advanced  sword  in  hand. 
In  this  time  of  trial  none  rose  up  in  his  defence  but 
one  man,  who  indeed,  among  so  many  millions,  was 
the  only  one  that  did  honour  to  the  Koman  empire. 
This  was   Semproutus   Densus*'  a  centurion,   who 

>T  In  the  (ireek  text,  it  ie  '  \niihtrm  i   but  that  text  (as  wc  ob> 
ttrvcd  before},  in  tlie  Life  of  Galba,  U  cxueinely  corrupt.    Vie, 


.kL 


I 


6ALBA.  259 

without  any  particular  obligations  to  Galba,  and 
only  from  a  regard  to  honour  and  the  law,  stood 
forth  to  defend  the  chair.  First  of  all,  he  lifted  up 
the  vine-branch,  with  which  the  centurions  chastise 
such  as  deserve  stripes ;  and  then  calling  out  to  the 
soldiers  who  were  pressing  forward,  commanded 
them  to  spare  the  emperor.  They  fell  upon  him 
notwithstanding,  upon  which  he  drew  his  sword  and 
fought  a  long  time,  till  he  received  a  stroke  in  the 
ham,  which  brought  him  to  the  ground. 

The  chair  was  overturned  at  what  is  called  the 
'  Curtian  lake,*  and  Galba  tumbling  out  of  it,  they 
ran  to  kill  him.  At  the  same  time,  he  presented  his 
throat,  and  said ;  "  Strike,  if  it  be  for  the  good  ot 
"  Rome^.*'  He  received  many  strokes  upon  the 
arms  and  legs,  for  he  had  a  coat  of  mail  upon  hts 
body.  According  to  most  accounts  it  was  Camurius, 
a  soldier  of  the  fifteenth  legion,  who  despatched 
him ;  though  some  say  it  was  Terentius,  some  Ar- 
cadius®^  and  others  Fabius  Fabulus.  They  add, 
that  when  Fabius  had  cut  off  his  head,  he  wrapped 
it  up  in  the  skirt  of  his  garment,  because  it  was  so 
bald  that  he  could  take  no  hold  of  it.  His  associates 
however  would  not  suffer  him  to  conceal  it,  but  in- 
sisted that  he  should  let  the  world  see,  what  an  ex- 
ploit he  had  performed ;  he  fixed  it  therefore  upoa 
the  point  of  his  spear,  and  swinging  about  the  head 
of  a  venerable  old  man  and  a  mild  prince,  wlio  was 
both  Pontifex  Maximus  and  consul,  he  ran  on  (like! 
the  Bacchanals  with  that  of  Pentheus)  brandishing 
his  spear,  dyed  with  the  blood  trickling  from  it. 

When  the  head  was  presented  to  Otho,  he  cried 
out,  "  This  is  nothing,  my  fellow-soldiers  j  show 
"  me  the  head  of  Piso/'  This  was  brought  not  long 
afterward ;  for  that  young  prince  being  woundeOt 

have  therefore  given  *  Densus'  from  Tacitus;  as  *  Vergilio*  kistead 
of  *  Sercello,'  above. 

3«  Suet.  Galb.  20.,  Tac.  Hist.  i.  41  * 

39  In  Tacitus,  *  Lecanius.'     That  historian  makes  no  mention  «f 

Fabius. 


and  pursued  by  one  Murcus.  was  killed  by  him  at 
the  gates  of  the  temple  of  Vesta.  Vinius  also  was 
put  to  the  sword,  though  he  declared  himself  an 
accomplice  in  the  conspiracy,  and  protested  that  he 
sutlered  against  Otho's  orders.  They  cut  oft'  his 
head  however,  and  that  of  Laco,  and  carrying  them 
to  Otho  demanded  their  reward ;  For,  as  Archilo- 
chua  saya. 


So  in  this  case  many,  who  had  no  share  in  the  ac- 
tion, bathed  their  hands  and  swords  in  the  blood, 
and  exhibiting  them  to  Otho  claimed  their  recom- 
pence.  It  appeared  afterward,  from  the  petitions 
given  in,  that  the  number  of  them  was  a  hundred 
and  twenty :  all  of  whom  Vitellius  subsequently 
sought  out,  and  put  to  death.  Marios  Celsus  also 
coming  to  the  camp,  many  accused  him  of  having 
exhorted  the  soldiers  to  stand  by  Galba,  and  the  bulk 
of  the  army  insisted  that  he  should  suffer.  But  Otho 
anxious  to  save  him,  and  yet  afraid  of  contradicting 
them,  told  them ;  "  He  did  not  choose  to  have  him 
"  executed  so  soon,  because  he  had  several  import- 
*•  ant  questions  to  put  to  him."  He  ordered  him 
therefore  to  be  kept  in  chains,  and  delivered  him  to 
persons,  in  whom  he  could  best  place  his  con- 
fidence *°. 

The  senate  was  immediately  assembled ;  and  as  if 
they  were  become  different  men,  or  had  other  gods 
to  swear  by,  they  took  the  oath  to  Otho,  which  he 
had  before  taken  to  Galba,  and  violated ;  and  gave 
him  the  titles  of  '  Cffisar'  and  '  Augustus,'  while  the 
bodies  of  those  that  had  been  beheaded  lay  in  their 
consular  robes  in  the  Forum.     As  for  the  heads,  the 


*°  He  had  been  most  faithful  to  Galbs;  and  Otho  jiidicioufilv,  as 
it  appeared  in  the  issue,  lioped  he  would  prore  as  faltliful  to  niin- 
self.  (Tat.  Hist.  i.  71.)  His  integrity  indeed  gained  the  admira- 
tion, and  his  preservation  the  applause,  even  of  those  who  had 
urged  hia  execution.* 


i 


soMiers,  whtn  they  had  no  farther  use  fbi*  them;  sold 
that  of  VmitH  to  his  daughter  fw  jbwo  thousand  fivtf. 
hundred  drachmas.  Pisb's  was  ^ven  to  bis  wiftr. 
Verania^  at  her  request  ^^;  and  Galba's  to'thesi^r^) 
vants  of  Patrobius  and  yitelUus^%  who  after  th^r^ 
had  treated  it  with  the  utcaost  insolence  and  oatni|^ 
threw  it  into  a  plaoe  called  Sestertium^^  where  llMI' 
bodies  of  those  are  cist  that  are  put  to  death  by  tbbf 
emperors.  His  body  was  carried  away,  with  Otho's- 
permission,  by  Helvidius  Priscus,  and  buried  in  the 
night  by  his  freedman  Argius. 

Such  is  the  history  of  Galba ;  a  man  who,  in  the 
points  of  family  and  fortune  distinctly  considered, 
was  exceeded  by  few  of  the  Romans,  and  who  in  the 
union  of  both  was  superior  to  all :  he  had  lived  like- 
wise in  great  honour,  and  with  the  best  reputation, 
under  five  emperors ;  and  it  was  rather  by  his  cha- 
racter, than  by  force  of  arms,  that  he  deposed  Nero. 
As  to  the  rest  who  conspired  against  the  tyrant, 
some  of  them  were  thought  unworthy  of  the  impe- 
rial diadem  by  the  people,  and  others  by  themselves : 
but  Galba  was  invited  to  accept  it,  and  only  followed 
the  sense  of  those,  who  called  him  to  that  high  dig- 
nity. Nay,  when  he  gave  the  sanction  of  his  name 
to  Vindex,  that  which  before  was  termed  rebellion 
was  considered  only  as  a  civil  war,  because  a  man 
of  princely  talents  was  then  at  the  head  of  it.  So 
that  he  did  not  so  much  want  the  empire,  as  the 
empire  wanted  him :  and  with  these  principles  he 
attempted  to  govern  a  people  corrupted  by  Tigellinus 
and  Nymphidius,  as  Scipio,  Fabricius,  and  CamiUus 
governed  the  Romans  of  their  times.     Notwithstand- 

4'  Tacitus  (Hist.  i.  47.)  says,  she  purchased  it. 

^*  Galba  had  put  Patrobius  to  death,  but  we  know  not  why  the 
servants  of  Vitellius  should  have  desired  to  treat  his  remains  with 
indignity. 

4'  Lipsius  says,  it  was  so  called  qu.  semitertium,  as  being  two 
miles  and  a  half  from  the  city ;  (L.)  but  it  appears  from  TacituSt 
that  Galba*s  head  was  only  carried  to  Patrobius'  tomb.  Of  HelTi- 
dius  Priscus,  neither  Tacitus  (ib.  49.)  nor  Suetonius  (ib«  20.)  nuike 
any  mention,  upon  this  occasion.* 

VOL.  VI.  R 


M«  OALBA. 

ing  his  advanced  age,  throughout  the  military 
department  he  showed  himself  a  chief  worthy  of 
ancient  Rome.  But  in  the  civil  administration  he 
delivered  himself  up  to  Vinius,  to  Laco,  and  to  his 
enfranchised  slaves  who  sold  every  thing,  in  the  same 
manner  as  Nero  had  left  all  to  his  insatiable  vermin. 
The  consequence  of  this  was,  that  no  man  regretted 
him  as  an  emperor,  though  almost  every  one  was 
moved  with  pity  at  his  miserable  &te. 


r  . 


T 


THE 


LIFE 


OF 


O   T    H    O. 


SUMMARY. 

Oiho  takes  possession  of  his  new  dignify^  and  enters  upon  the  du» 

charge  of  iCs  duties;  puts   Tigellinus  to  death;  and  suffers  ike 

populace  to  give  him  the  name  of  *  Nero*     Turbulent  behaciomr 

of  the  seventeenth  preetorian  cohort ;  appeased  by  Otho.     He  voriies 

to   Vitellius:  the  anstver.     Various  omens.     He  marches  to  meet 

Vitellius*    lieutenants.     Insolence  qf    Vitellius*  troops,      (Hho*s 

forces  gain  some  advantage  over  thenu     OthOf  in  opposition  to  the 

counsels  of  his  officers^  determines  to  give  battle.     Skirmishes  fe« 

tween  the  parties.    Otho  orders  his  officers  to  proceed  iotheat^ 

tack ;   and  is  beaten :    Causes  of  his  defeat.    His  army  send 

deputies f  and  take  the  oath  to  Vitellius.     Horrible  carnage  in  the 

tattle.     Attachment  of  Otho*s  attendant  soldiers  to  their  genends 

he  addresses  them;  sends  away  such  of  his  friends  andsenatorSf  es 

are  present ;  and  kills  himself.    His  troops  give  his  body  a  nuigm* 

ficent  interment ;  and  take  the  oath  to  Vilnius, 


The  new  emperor  wdiit  early  in  the  morning  to 
the  Capitol,  and  sacrificed  ;  after  which  he  ordered 
Marius  Celsus  to  be  brought  before  him,  received 
him  with  great  marks  of  his  regard,  and  desired  him 

&2 


rather  to  forget  the  cause  of  his  confinement,  than 
to  remember  his  releaae.  Celsus  neither  showed  any 
meanness  ill  his  acknowledgements,  nor  any  want  of 
gratitude.  He  said,  "  The  very  charge  brought 
"against  him  bore  witness  to  his  character ;  since 
*'  he  was  accused  only  of  having  been  faithful  to 
"  Galba,  from  whom  he  had  never  received  any  per- 
"  sonal  obligations."  All  who  were  present  at  the 
audience  admired  both  the  emperor  and  Celsus,  and 
the  soldiers  in  particidar  testified  their  approbation  '. 

Otlio  made  a  mild  and  gracious  speech  to  the  se- 
nate. The  remaining  part  of  his  consulship  he  di- 
vided with  Virginius  llufus,  leaving  those,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  that  dignity  by  Nero  and  Galba, 
to  enjoy  it  in  their  course.  The  respectable  for  age 
and  character,  he  promoted  to  the  priesthood  ;  and 
to  such  senators,  as  had  been  banished  by  Nero  and 
recalled  by  Galba,  he  restored  all  their  goods  and 
estates  which  he  found  unsold.  So  that  the  Srfit  and 
best  of  the  citizens,  who  had  befisre  not  considered 
him  as  a  man,  but  dreaded  him  as  a  fury  or  destroy- 
ing diemon  that  had  suddenly  seized  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment, now  entertained  more  agreeable  expec- 
tations from  so  hopeful  a  beginning. 

But  nothing  gave  the  people  in  general  so  high  a 
pleasure*,  or  contributed  so  much  to  gain  him  their 
affections,  as  his  punishing  TIgellinus.  This  man, 
it  is  true,  had  long  suffered  under  the  fear  of  pu- 
nishment, which  the  Romans  demanded  as  a  public 
debt,  and  under  a  complication  of  incurable  dis- 
tempers. These,  and  his  infamous  connexions  with 
the  worst  of  prostitutes,  into  which  his  passions 
drew  him  (though  almost  in  the  arms  of  death)  were 

■  See  p.  240.,  not  (4-0.)  Otlio  cxcniptcd  the  soldien  from  the 
fees,  which  thcv  hud  paid  the  centurions  for  Turloughs  anil  other 
immuniliea ;  anu  at  thi:  aame  time  promised  to  Bfltisty  those  officers. 
Upon  all  reasonable  occuions,  out  of  his  own  revenue.  In  coiue- 
quencc  of  these  furloughi,  the  fourth  part  of  a  legion  was  oIK-q  ab- 
tent,  and  the  troops  became  daily  more  itnd  more  corrupted. 

*  In  the  close  of  the  day,  upon  which  he  was  inauguriuod,  he  pw 
laca  and  Iculus  to  death.  -.  )c^ii.>     .. 


1 


OTHO.  im 

considered  by  the  thinking  part  of  mankind  as  tlie' 
greatest  of  punishments,  and  worse  than  many 
deaths.  Yet  it  was  a  pain  to  the  common  people, 
that  he  should  see  the  light  of  the  sun,  after  so  many 
excellent  men  through  his  means  had  been  deprivra 
of  it.  He  was  then  at  his  country-house  near  Sinn-' 
essa  ^,  and  had  vessels  at  anchor,  ready  to  carry  him- 
on  occasion  to  some  distant  country.  Otho  sent  to 
him  there ;  upon  which,  he  first  attempted  to  bribe 
the  messenger  with  large  sums  to  sufier  him  to 
escape.  Finding  that  this  had  no  effect,  he  gave 
him  the  money  notwithstanding ;  and  desiring  only 
to  be  indulged  with  a  few  moments  till  he  had 
shaved  himself,  he  took  the  rasor  and  cut  his  own 
throat. 

Reside  this  just  satisfaction  which  Otho  gave  the 
people,  it  was  a  most  agreeable  circumstance  that 
he  remembered  none  of  his  private  quarrels.  To 
gratify  the  populace,  he  suffered  them  also  at  first  to 
bestow  upon  him  in  the  theatres  the  name  of  ^  Nero/ 
and  he  made  no  opposition  to  those  who  erected 
publicly  the  statues  of  that  emperor.  Nay,  Clau^ 
dius^  Rufus  informs  us  that,  in  the  letters  witfi 
which  the  couriers  were  despatched  to  Spain,  he 
joined  the  name  of  Nero  to  that  of  Otho.  But, 
perceiving  that  the  nobility  were  ofiended,  he  dis* 
continued  the  use  of  it. 

Afler  his  government  was  thus  established,  the 

Eraetorian  cohorts  gave  him  no  small  trouble,  by  ex- 
orting  him  to  beware  of  many  persons  of  rank,  and 
to  forbid  them  the  court ;  whether  their  afiection 
made  them  really  apprehensive  for  him,  or  it  was 
only  a  colour  for  raising  commotions  and  wars.  One 
day  the  emperor  himself  had  sent  Crispinus  orders 


3  A  maritime  city  in  Campania  near  the  mouth  of  the  Lirisi  and 
celebrated  for  it's  warm  Bprings.     See  Plin.  H.  N.  iii.  5.,  xxi.  2.* 

'*  This  writer,  who  was  a  man  of  consular  dignity  and  succeeded 
Galba  in  the  government  of  Spain,  was  called  not  ^  Claudiiis/  but 
*  Cluvius'  Rmus.  (L.)  Otbo's  assumption  of  the  name  of  *  Ner«^ 
is  confirmed  by  Suetonius.    (Otb.  7*  See  Tac  Hist.  L  8.)* 

6 


to  bring  the  seventeenth  cohort  from  Ostia',  and  i 
order  to  do  it  withoutiiiterruption,  that  oflBcer  be^ 
to  prepare  for  it  as  soon  as  it  grew  dark,  and  t 
pack  up  the  arms  in  waggons.  Upon  wliich  someM 
the  most  turbulent  cried  out,  that  Crispinus  wa 
come  with  no  good  intention,  that  the  senate  hal 
some  design  against  the  government,  and  that  tin 
arms  he  was  going  to  carry  were  to  be  made  use  fl 
against  Csesar,  not  in  his  service.  Tliis  notion  s 
spread,  and  exasperated  numbers;  some  iaid  hold 
on  the  waggons,  while  olliers  killed  two  centurions 
who  endeavoured  to  ijuell  the  mutiny,  and  witii 
them  Crispinus  himself  Tlie  whole  party  then 
armed  themselves,  and  exhorting  each  other  to  go 
to  tlic  emperor's  assistance,  marched  straight  to 
Rome.  Being  informed  there  that  eighty  senators 
were  supping  with  him  that  evening,  they  hastened 
to  the  palace,  exclaiming,  "  Now  is  the  time  to 
*'  crush  all  Ca'sar's  enemies  at  once."  The  city  was 
greatly  alarmed,  expecting  to  be  immediately  plun- 
dered. The  palace  likewise  was  thrown  into  the 
utmost  confusion,  and  Otho  himself  was  in  unspeak- 
able distress  ;  for  he  was  under  fear  and  concern  for 
the  senator.?,  while  they  were  afraid  of  him,  and  he 
eaw  thc)'  kept  their  eyes  fixed  upon  him  in  silence 
and  extreme  consternation ;  some  of  them  having 
even  brought  their  wives  with  them  to  supper.  He 
therefore  ordered  the  principal  officers  of  the  guards 
to  go  and  speak  to  the  soldiers,  and  endeavour  to 
appease  them,  and  at  the  same  time  sent  out  his 
guests  at  another  door.  They  had  scarcely  made 
their  escape,  when  the  soldiers  rushed  into  thc 
room,  and  demanded,  "  What  was  become  of  the 
"enemiesof  Ctpsar  ?  "  The  emperor  then,  rising  from 
his  couch,  used  many  arguments  to  satisfy  tliecn,, 
and  by  entreaties  and  tears  at  last  prevailed  upoiil 
them  with  much  difficulty  to  desist. 

'  This  we  lean)  likewise  from  Tacitus  (lliat.  i.  80.)  Ostia.attl 
mgulh  of  ilie  Tiber,  was  a  military  station,  estabUahed  by  thcC 
pcror  Claiidii)8.  (Suet.  Claud.  5xv.)*  ' 


OTHO. 

Next  day,  having  presented  the  soldiers  with 
twelve  hundred  and  fifty  drachmas  a  man,  he  entered 
the  camp.  Upon  this  occasion  he  commended  the 
troops  as  in  general  we)l-afiected  to  his  government, 
but  at  the  same  time  told  them,  "  There  were  some 
"  designing  men  among  them,  who  by  their  cabals 
*'  brought  his  moderation  and  their  fidelity  both  into 
"  question  :  these  (he  said)  deserved  their  resent- 
"  ment,  and  he  hoped  they  would  assist  him  in 
*'  punishing  them."  They  applauded  his  speech, 
and  desired  him  to  chastise  whatever  persons  he 
thought  proper  ;  but  he  pitched  upon  two  only  for 
capital  punishment,  whom  no  man  could  possibly 
regret,  and  then  returned  to  his  palace. 

Those,  who  had  conceived  an  affection  for  Otho, 
and  placed  confidence  in  liim,  admired  this  change 
in  his  conduct.  But  others  thought  it  was  only  a 
piece  of  policy,  which  the  times  necessarily  required, 
and  that  he  affected  a  popular  behaviour  on  account 
of  the  impending  war.  For  now  he  had  undoubted 
intelligeuce  that  Vitellius  had  assumed  the  title  of 
emperor  and  all  the  ensigns  of  supreme  power,  and 
couriers  daily  arrived  with  news  of  continual  addi- 
tions to  his  party.  Other  messengers  also  brought 
information,  that  the  forces  in  Pannonia,  Dalmatia, 
and  Mysia  with  their  generals  had  declared  for  Otho. 
And  a  few  days  afterward,  he  received  obliging 
letters  from  Mucianus  and  Vespasian,  who  both 
commanded  numerous  armies,  the  first  in  Syria  and 
the  other  in  Judtea. 

Elated  by  this  intelligence,  he  wrote  to  Vitellius, 
advising  him  not  to  aspire  to  things  above  his  rank  ; 
and  promising,  if  he  desisted,  to  supply  him  liberally 
with  money,  and  give  him  a  city  where  he  might 
spend  his  days  in  pleasure  and  repose.  Vitellius  at 
first  returned  an  answer,  in  which  ridicule  was  tem- 
pered with  civility.  But  afterward,  being  both 
thoroughly  exasperated,  they  addressed  each  other 
in  a  stile  of  the  bitterest  invective.  Not  that  their 
mutual  reproaches  were  groundless,  but  it  was  ab- 
7 


I 
I 


I 

LJ 


OTHO,  249 

of  the  mother  and  wife  pf  Vitellius,  and  endeavoured 
to  place  them  in  a  situation,  where  they  had  nothing 
to  fear.  The  government  of  Rome  he  bestowed 
upon  Vespasian's  brother  Flavius  Sabinus,  either 
with  an  intention  of  doing  honour  to  Nero,  who  had 
formerly  given  him  that  appointment  (as  Galba  had 
deprived  him  of  it)  or  else  of  showing  his  regard  for 
Vespasian  by  promoting  his  brother. 

Otho  himself  stopped  at  Brixellum  \  a  town  in 
Italy  near  the  Po,  and  ordered  the  army  to  march 
forward  under  the  conduct  of  his  lieutenants  Mariufl 
Celsus,  Suetonius  Paulinus,  Gallus,  and  Spurina, 
officers  of  great  reputation.  But  they  could  not 
pursue  their  concerted  plan  of  operations,  on  ac- 
count of  the  obstinacy  and  disorderly  behaviour  of 
the  soldiers,  who  declared  that  they  had  made  the 
emperor,  and  would  be  commanded  by  him  alone. 
The  enemy's  troops  were  not  under  much  betted 
discipline :  they  two  were  refractory  and  disobedient 
to  their  officers,  and  on  the  same  account.  But 
they  had  seen  service,  and  were  accustomed  to 
fatigue  ;  whereas  Otho's  men  had  been  used  to  idle* 
ness,  and  their  mode  of  life  was  quite  different  from 
that  in  the  field.  They  had  spent  most  of  their 
time  indeed  at  public  spectacles  and  the  entertain* 
ments  of  the  theatre,  and  had  reached  such  a  degree 
of  insolence,  that  they  did  not  pretend  to  be  unable 
to  perform  their  appointed  services,  but  affected  to 
be  above  them*  Spurina,  who  attempted  to  use 
compulsion,  incurred  the  danger  of  assassination. 
They  spared  no  kind  of  abuse,  calUng  him  traitor, 
and  telling  him  that  it  was  he  who  had  ruined  Cssar'i 
affairs,  and  purposely  missed  the  most  favourable 
opportunities.  Some  of  them  came  in  the  night 
intoxicated  with  liouor  to  his  tent,  and  demanded 
their  discharge ;  '*  For  they  had  to  go,"  they  saidi 
*<  to  Cesar,  to  accuse  him/' 

The  cause  however,  and  Spurina  with  it,  received 

§ 

'  Hud.  Benello^  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Po. 


250  OTHO. 

some  benefit  from  the  insult  which  these  troops  en- 
countered at  Placentia*.  Those  of  Vitellius  came 
lip  to  tlie  walls,  and  ridiculed  Otho'a  men  who  were 
appointed  to  defend  them,  calling  them  *  players  and 
dancers,  fit  only  to  attend  the  Pythian  and  Olympic 
games ;  fellows  who  knew  nothing  of  war,  wlio  had 
never  made  a  single  campaign,  who  were  puffed 
up  with  pride,  merely  because  they  had  cut  off*  the 
head  of  a  poor  unarmed  old  man  (meaning  Galba)  ; 
wretches,  that  durst  not  look  men  in  the  face,  or 
stand  any  thing  like  a  lair  and  open  battle."  With 
these  reproaches  they  were  so  mortified,  and  so 
desirous  of  revenge,  that  they  threw  themselves 
at  Spurjna's  feet,  and  implored  him  to  command  ■ 
aiid  employ  them  on  whatever  service  he  thought 

firoper,  assuring  him  that  there  was  no  danger  or 
abour,  which  they  would  decline.  Ai'ter  thia, 
the  enemy  made  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the  town, 
and  plied  their  battering  engines  with  their  whole 
force  ;  but  Spurina's  men  repulsed  them  with  great 
slaughter,  and  thus  kept  possession  of  one  of"  the 
richest  and  most  respectable  (owns  in  Italy- 

Of  Otlio's  officers  in  general,  it  must  be  ob- 
served, that  they  were  more  obliging  in  their  beha- 
viour, both  to  cities  and  private  persons,  than 
those  of  Vitellius.  Cecina,  one  of  the  latter,  had 
nothing  popular  either  in  his  address,  or  in  his 
figure.  He  was  of  a  gigantic  size,  and  most  un- 
couth appearance;  for  he  wore  breeches  and  long 
sleeves  in  the  manner  of  the  Gauls,  even  while  his 
standard'was  Roman,  and  he  gave  his  instructions 
to  Itoman  officers.  His  wife  followed  him  on 
horseback,  in  a  rich  dress,  and  was  attended  by  a 
select  party  of  cavalry.  Fabius  Valens,  the  other 
general,  had  such  a  passion  for  money,  as 
not  to  be  satisfied  either  by  plunder  from 
enemy,    or   by   exactions  and   cootributions    froai 

'  Not  fur  from    Brixellum.     Cremona,   luentloned  below, 
■Imost  ojipONtu  to  it.  ttn  the  oUier  nUt  of  Ae  Po.» 


OTHO.'  251 

the  allies ;  insomuch,  that  he  was  believed  to  pro- 
ceed more  slowly  for  the  sake  of  collecting  gold  aa 
he  advanced,  and  was  therefore  not  up  at  the  first 
action.  Some  indeed  accuse  Cecina  of  having  has- 
tened to  give  battle  before  the  arrival  of  Valens,  ia 
order  that  the  victory  might  be  all  his  own,  and 
(beside  some  smaller  faults)  charge  him  not  only 
with  having  attacked  at  an  unseasonable  time,  but 
also  with  not  having  maintained  the  combat  so  gal- 
lantly as  he  ought  to  have  done :  all  which  errors 
nearly  ruined  the  affairs  of  his  party. 

Cecina,  after  his  repulse  at  Placentia,  marched 
against  Cremona,  another  rich  and  great  city.    In 
the  mean  time  Annius  Gallus,  who  was  going  to 
join  Spurina  at  Placentia,  received  intelligence  by 
the  way  that  he  had  been  victorious,  and  that,  the 
siege  was  raised :  but  being  informed  at  the  same 
time  that  Cremona  was  in  danger,  he  led  his  forces 
thither,  and  encamped  very  near  the  enemy.    Sub- 
sequently, other  officers  brought  in  reinforcementf* 
Cecina  posted  a  strong  body  of  infantry  under  cover 
of  some  trees  and  thickets,  afler  which  he  order- 
ed his  cavalry  to  advance,   and  if  the  enemy  at* 
tacked  them,  gradually  to  give  way  and  retire,  tiJl 
they  had  drawn  them   into  the  ambuscade.     But 
Celsus,   being  informed  of  his  intention  by  some 
deserters,   advanced  with  his  best  cavalry  against 
Cecina's    troops,    and    upon  their  retreating  pur* 
sued  them  with  so  much    caution,   that  he  ser- 
rounded  the  corps,  which  lay  in  ambush.     Having 
thus  thrown   them  into  confusion,   he  called  the 
legions  from   the  camp;    and   it  appears,  that  if 
they  had  come  up  in  time  to  support  the  horse^ 
Cecina's  whole  army  would  have  been  cut  in  pieces. 
But,  as  Paulinus  advanced  very  slowly  ^   he  was 

9  Tficitus  (ii.  25»  26.)  informs  us,  that  Paulinus  was  natmally 
slow  and  irresolute.  On  this  occasion,  he  charges  him  with  two 
errors:  the  first,  that  instead  of  advancing  immediately  to  the 
charge,  and  supporting  his  cavalry,  he  had  trifled  away  the  time 
in  filling  up  the  trenches ;  the  other,  that  he  did  not  a;? ail  hkoielf 
cf  tlic  disorder  of  the  enemy,  but  sounded,  much  too  early  ariDtrcat. 


252  OTHO. 

censured  for  having  used  more  precaution  than 
became  a  general  of  his  character.  Nay,  the  sol- 
diers accused  him  of  treachery,  and  endeavoured 
to  incense  Otho  against  him ;  insisting  that  the 
victory  had  been  in  their  hands,  and  that  if  it  was 
incomplete,  it  was  owing  entirely  to  the  misma- 
nagement of  their  generals.  Olho  did  not  so  much 
believe  these  representations,  as  he  was  willing  to 
appear  not  to  disbelieve  them.  He  thereiiire  sent 
his  brother  Titianus  lo  the  army,  wiih  Proculus 
the  caplnin  of  his  guard  ;  Titianus  to  command  in 
appearance,  and  Proculus  in  reality.  Celsus  and 
PaidinuB  had  the  title  of  friends  ami  counsellors,  but 
not  the  least  authority  in  the  direction  of  aflairs. 

The  enemy  too,  particularly  the  foi-ccs  of  Valens, 
were  not  without  their  dissatisfaction  and  disorder: 
for  when  they  learned  what  had  happened  at  the 
ambuscade,  they  expressed  their  indignation  that 
their  general  had  not  put  it  in  their  power  to  be 
there,  that  they  might  have  used  their  endeavours  to 
rescue  the  brave  men,  who  perished  in  that  action. 
They  were  even  inclined  to  despatch  him  ;  but, 
having  pacified  them  with  much  difficulty,  he  de- 
camped and  joined  Cecina. 

In  the    mean    lime  Otho  came  to  the  camp  at 
Bedriacum,  a  small  town   near  Cremona,  and  there 
held  a  council  of  war.     Proculus  and  Titianus  were 
of  opinion,  "  That  he  ought  to  give  battle,  while 
*'  the  army  retained  those   high  spirits,  with  which 
*'  the  late  victory  had  inspired  them  ;  and  not  suffer 
"  their  ardour  lo  cool,  or  wait  till  VJtellius  arrived 
"  in  person  from  Gaul."     But  this  was  opposed  bfd 
Paulinus:  *'  The  enemy,"  said  he,  "  have  receiv^tfJ 
"  all  their  troops,  and  have  no  farther  preparation^'! 
"  to  make  for  the  combat ;    whereas  Otho  will  haT#-| 
*'  from  Mysia  and  Pannonia  forces  as  numerous  as-J 
"those  which  he   has  already,  if  he  will   wait  hiti 
"  own  opportunity,  instead   of  giving  one    to  th(f 
**  enemy.     And  certainly  the  army  he  now  has,  '" 
*•  with    their  small    numbers  they    have   so    mucK 
"  ardour,  will  not  fight  with  less   but  greater  spirit,'  1 


"  when  they  see  their  numbers  so  much  increased. 
*'  Besides,  the  gaining  of  time  is  in  our  favour,  be- 
"  cause  we  have  every  thing  in  abundance  ;  whereas 
"  delays  must  greatly  distress  Cecina  and  his  coi- 
"  legue  for  necessaries,  because  they  lie  in  aa 
"  enemy's  country." 

This  opinion  was  supported  by  Marius  Celsus. 
Annius  Gallus  coutd  not  attend,  because  he  had 
received  some  hurt  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  and  was 
under  cure.  Otho  therefore  wrote  to  him,  and 
Gallus  advised  him  not  to  precipitate  matters,  but 
to  wait  for  the  army  from  Mysia,  which  was  already 
on  it's  way.  Otho  however  would  not  be  guided  by 
these  counsels,  and  the  opinion  of  those  who  were 
for  immediately  hazarding  a  battle  prevailed.  Dif- 
ferent reasons  are,  indeed,  alleged  for  this  resolution. 
The  most  probable  is,  that  the  prsetorian  cohorts 
(which  composed  the  emperor's  guards)  now  coming 
to  taste  what  real  war  wa-s,  longed  to  be  once  more 
at  a  distance  from  it,  and  to  return  to  the  ease,  the 
company,  and  the  public  diversions  of  Home  ;  and 
therefore  they  could  not  be  restrained  in  their  eager- 
ness for  a  battle,  for  they  imagined  that  they  could 
overpower  the  enemy  at  the  first  charge.  Besides, 
Otho  seems  to  have  been  no  longer  able  to  support 
himself  in  a  state  of  suspense;  such  a  horror  of  the 
thoughts  of  danger  had  his  dissipation  and  effeminacy 
created!  Overburthened  then  by  his  cares,  he  has- 
tened to  free  himself  from  their  weight :  he  covered 
his  eyes,  and  leaped  down  the  precipice :  he  com- 
mitted all  at  once  to  fortune.  Such  is  the  account 
given  of  the  matter  by  the  orator  Secundus,  who 
was  his  secretary. 

Others  say,  ttiat  the  two  parties  were  much  in- 
clined to  lay  down  their  arms,  and  unite  in  choosing 
an  emperor  out  of  tiie  best  generals  they  had  ;  or, 
if  tliey  could  not  agree  in  their  choice,  to  leave  the 
election  to  the  senate.  Neither  is  it  improbable,  as 
the  two  who  were  called  emperors  were  neither  of 
them  men  of  reputation,  that  the  experienced  and 


p 


25*  OTHO. 

prudent  part  of  the  soldiers  should  form  such  a  de- 
sign. For  they  could  not  but  retlect,  how  unhappy 
and  dreadful  a  thing  it  would  be  to  plunge  them- 
selves afrt'sh  into  those  calamities,  which  the  Romans 
conld  not  bring  upon  each  othei'  without  aching 
hearts  in  the  quarrels  of  Sylla  and  Marius,  of  Cssar 
and  Pompey :  and  for  what — but  to  provide  an 
empire  to  minister  to  the  insatiable  appetite  and 
drunkenness  of  Vjteliius,  or  to  the  luxury  and 
debaucheries  of  Otho'"!  These  considerations  are 
supposed  to  have  induced  Celsus  to  endeavour  to 
gain  time,  in  the  hope  that  matters  might  he  com- 
promised without  the  sword  ;  while  Otho,  from  his 
fears  of  such  an  agreement,  hastened  the  battle. 

In  the  mean  time  he  returned  to  Brixellum  ", 
which  was  certainly  an  additional  error  ;  as  by  that 
step  he  deprived  the  combatants  of  the  reverence 
and  emulation,  which  his  presence  might  have  in> 
spired,  and  took  a  considerable  limb  from  the  body 
of  the  army  (I  mean  some  of  the  best  and  moat 
active  men,  both  horse  and  foot)  for  his  body-guard. 
There  happened  about  that  time  a  rencontre  upon 
the  Po,  Cecina's  troops  endeavouring  to  lay  a  bridge 
across  that  river,  and  those  of  Otho  to  prevent  it. 
The  latter,  finding  their  other  e0brt3  ineffectual, 
placed  a  quantity  of  torches  well  covered  with  brin> 
stone  and  pitch  in  some  boats,  wliich  were  carried 
by  the  wind  and  current  against  the  enemy's  work. 
First  smoke,  and  afterward  a  bright  flame,  arose  ; 
upon  which  Cecina's  men  were  so  terrified  that  they 
leaped  into  the  river,  overset  their  boats,  and  were 
completely  exposed  to  their  enemies,  who  laughed  at 
their  awkward  distress. 

The  German   troops,  however,  beat  Otho's  gU- 

">  Upon  ihc  improbability  of  this  being  a  ecDcritl  refiexion,  n» 
Tac.  IlU.  ii   37, • 

"  It  WHS  dtboted  in  council,  wbetb^r  the  emppror  should  be  prib 
sent  ill  the  action,  or  not.  Marius  Celsus  aud  I'auliniu  durat  Dot 
vote  for  it,  lest  they  should  seem  inclined  to  expose  hid  [lerson,  Hm 
Uiererori!  Tctrei  to  Unxelluni,  a  circumstance  which  coiOribuMd 
not  ■  liiiie  to  hit  ruin.     (Tac.  ib.  31.) 


OTHO.  «5S 

diators  in  a  little  island  of  the  Po,  and  killed  a  coa-* 
siderable  number  of  them.  Otho's  army  in  Bedrift- 
cum,  resenting  this  affront,  insisted  on  being  led  out 
to  battle.  Accordingly  Proculus  marched,  and 
pitched  his  camp  at  the  distance  of  fifty  furlongs 
from  Bedriacum.  But  he  chose  his  ground  in  a 
most  unskilful  manner.  For  though  it  was  in  the 
spring-season,  and  the  country  afforded  many  foun- 
tains and  rivulets,  his  army  was  distressed  for  water* 
Next  day,  Proculus  wished  to  march  against  the 
enemy,  who  lay  not  less  than  a  hundred  furlongs  off; 
but  Paulinus  would  not  agree  to  it  He  said  they 
ought  to  keep  the  post  which  they  had  taken,  rather 
than  after  incurring  much  fatigue  immediately  en«* 
gage  an  enemy,  who  could  arm  and  array  themselves 
at  their  leisure^  while  they  were  making  such  a 
inarch  with  all  the  incumbrance  of  baggage  and  ser^ 
vants.  The  generals  disputed  the  point,  till  a  Nu- 
xnidian  horseman  came  with  letters  from  Otho,  or* 
dering  them  to  make  no  longer  delay,  but  proceed 
to  the  attack  without  losing  a  moment's  time^'« 
Upon  this  they  decamped  of  course,  and  went  to 
seek  the  enemy.  -  The  news  of  their  approach  threw 
Cecina  into  great  confusion  ;  and  immediately  quit* 
ting  his  works  and  his  post  upon  the  river,  he  re» 
paired  to  the  camp,  where  he  found  most  of  the 
soldiers  armed,  and  the  word  already  given  by 
Valens. 

During  the  time  that  the  infantry  were  fonniogy 
the  best  of  the  cavalry  were  directed  to  skirmish. 
At  that  moment  a  report  was  spread,  from  whiat 
cause  we  cannot  tell,  among  Otho's  van,  that  ViteU 
lius*  officers  were  coming  over  to  their  party.  As 
soon  therefore  as  they  approached,  they  saluted  them 
in  a  friendly  manner,  calling  them  '  Fellow-soldiers:' 
but,  instead  of  receiving  the  appellation,  they  answer- 
ed with  a  fbrious  and  hostile  shout.  The  conse* 
quence  was,  that  the  authors  of  the  compliment  wete 

«»  See  Tac.  ib.  iO.* 


dispirited,  and  tiie  rest  suspected  them  of  treason. 
This  was  the  first  thing,  %vhich  disconcerted  Otho's- 
troops,  for  by  this  time  the  enemy  had  charged.' 
Besides,  they  could  preserve  no  order ;  the  iDter«t 
iDixtureof  the  baggage,  and  the  nature  of  the  ground, 
preventing  any  regular  movement.  For  the  ground] 
was  so  full  of  ditches  and  other  inequalities,  that: 
they  were  forced  to  break  their  ranks,  and  wheel 
about  to  avoid  them,  and  couid  only  6ght  in  sniaU 
parties.  There  were  but  two  legions,  one  of  Vitel- 
lius'  called  '  the  Devourer,'  and  one  of  Otho's  calU, 
ed  '  the  Succourer,'  which  could  disentangle  them-i 
selves  from  the  defiles,  and  gain  the  open  plain.. 
These  engaged  in  a  regular  Iwttle,  and  fought  a  lony 
time.  OtIio's  men  were  vigorous  and  brave,  but 
they  had  not  previously  seen  so  much  as  a  single 
action :  on  the  other  hand,  those  of  Vitelliiis  had 
much  experience  in  the  field ;  but  they  were  old, 
and  their  strength  decaying. 

Otho's  legion  coming  on  with  great  fury  mowed, 
down  the  first  ranks,  and  took  the  eagle.  The  ene- 
my filled  with  shame  and  resentment  advanced  to 
chastise  them,  slew  Orphidius  their  commander,  and 
took  several  standards.  Against  the  gladiators'^  who 
had  the  reputation  of  being  brave  fellows  and  excel- 
lent at  close  fighting,  Alphenus  Varus  brought  up 
the  Batavians,  who  come  from  an  island  formed  by 
the  Rhine,  and  are  the  best  cavalry  in  Germany. 
Against  these  a  few  of  the  gladiators  made  bead 
but  the  chief  part  fled  to  the  river,  and  falling  it 
with  some  of  the  enemy's  infantry  whicii  was  postc 
there,  were  all  cut  in  pieces.  None,  however,  bi 
haved  so  ill  that  day  as  the  pra3torian  bands.  Thi 
did  not  even  wait  to  receive  the  enemy's  chaq 
but  in  their  flight  broke  through  the  troops  which 


'*  Glsdiarorn, 
■idcn  the  circum. 
high  estiniaiion  fii 
Sparta<:u«,  however,  i 
M  thii  rsmark.* 


appears  froin  a  dinlocue  of  Plato's,  i*ho 
a>  perfectly  providential,  wore  seldoiu  in 
litary  pTon-osH.  Tliose  that  fought  unilc* 
tt  be  fulniiilcd  to  (oim  a  splendid  exception 


J 


OTHO.  257 

yet  stood  their  ground,  and  threw  them  into  dis* 
order.  Nevertheless,  many  of  Otho's  men  were  ir- 
resistible in  the  quarter  where  they  fought,  and 
opened  a  way  through  the  victorious  enemy  to  their 
camp.  But  Proculus  and  Paulinus  took  another  di- 
rection ;  for  they  dreaded  the  soldiers,  who  already 
blamed  their  generals  for  the  loss  of  the  day. 

Annius  Gallus  received  into  the  city  all  the  scat- 
tered parties,  and  endeavoured  to  encourage  them 
by  assurances  that  the  advantage  upon  the  whole 
was  equal,  and  that  their  troops  had  the  superiority 
in  many  parts  of  the  field.  But  Marius  Celsus  as- 
sembled the  principal  officers,  and  desired  them  to 
consider  of  measures  to. save  their  country :  "  After 
"  such  an  expense  of  Roman  blood,"  said  he,  **  Otho 
*'  himself,  if  he  has  any  patriotism,  will  not  tempt 
"  fortune  any  more;  since  Cato  and  Scipio,  in  re- 
fusing to  submit  to  Csesar  after  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia,  are  accused  of  having  unnecessarily  sacri- 
*^  ficed  the  lives  of  many  brave  men  in  Africa,  not- 
^*  withstanding  that  they  fought  for  the  liberties  of 
^^  their  country.  Fortune  indeed  is  capricious,  and 
^'  all  men  are  liable  to  suffer  her  inconstancy :  yet 
good  men  have  one  advantage,  of  which  she  can 
never  deprive  them,  and  that  is,  in  every  contin- 
gency to  avail  themselves  of  their  reason."  These 
arguments  prevailed  upon  the  officers,  and  on  sound- 
ing the  private  men,  they  found  them  desirous  of 
peace.  Titianus  himself  was  of  opinion,  that  they 
ought  to  send  embassadors  to  treat  for  a  coalition* 
In  pursuance  of  which,  Celsus  and  Gallus  were 
charged  with  a  commission  to  Cecina  and  Valens. 
As  they  were  upon  the  road,  they  met  some  centu- 
rions, who  informed  them  that  Vitellius'  army  was 
advancing  to  Bedriacum,  and  that  they  were  de- 
spatched before  by  their  generals  with  proposals  for 
an  accommodation.  Celsus  and  Gallus  commended 
their  design,  and  desired  them  to  go  back  with  them 
to  meet  Cecina. 

When  they  approached  that  general*s  army.  Gel* 

VOL.   VI.  S 


BUS  was  in  great  danger.  For  the  cavalry,  whldi 
had  been  beaten  in  the  affair  of  the  ambuscade,  iiap> 
pening  to  be  in  the  van,  no  sooner  saw  him,  than 
they  advanced  with  loud  shouts  against  hitn.  The 
centurions  however  threw  themselves  before  htni, 
and  the  other  officers  called  out  to  them  to  do  him 
no  violence.  Cecina  himself,  when  informed  of  the 
tumult,  rode  up  and  quelled  it,  and  after  he  had 
made  his  compliments  to  Celsus  in  a  very  obliging 
manner,  accompanied  him  to  Bedriacum. 

In  the  mean  time  Titianus,  repenting  that  he  bad 
sent  the  embassadors,  placed  the  most  resolute  of  the 
soldiers  again  upon  the  walls,  and  exhorted  the  rest 
to  assist.  But  when  Cecina  rode  up  and  offered  his 
hand,  not  a  man  of  them  would  oppose  hira.  Some 
saluted  his  men  from  the  walls,  and  others  opened 
the  gates ;  after  which  they  went  out,  and  mixed 
with  the  troops  that  were  coming  up.  Instead  of 
acts  of  hostility,  there  was  nothing  but  mutual 
caresses  and  other  demonstrations  of  friendship  ;  in 
consequence  of  which  they  all  took  the  oath  to  Vitel- 
lius,  and  ranged  themselves  under  his  banner. 

This  is  the  account,  which  most  of  those  that 
were  in  the  battle  give  of  it :  at  the  same  time  how- 
ever  they  confess  that  they  did  not  know  all  the  par- 
ticulars, because  of  the  confused  manner  in  which 
they  fought,  and  the  inequality  of  the  ground.  Long 
afterward,  when  T  was  passing  over  the  field  of  battle, 
Mestrius  Fiorus  a  person  of  consular  dignity  pointed 
out  to  me  an  old  man,  who  in  his  youth  had  served 
under  Otho  with  others  his  coevals,  not  from  in- 
clination but    by  constraint ".       He  told  me  also, 

''  From  thJB  passage  Dacier  would  infer,  that  tbe  Life  of  OUio 
nas  nut  written  by  Plutarch.  A  pereon,  he  contetids,  who  liad 
■crved  m  a  young  man  under  Otho.  could  not  be  old  nt  the  time, 
when  PJutarch  can  be  supposed  to  have  visitfd  tlie  field  of  battle. 
Hig  argument  is  this.  That  battle  was  fought  A.  D.  69.  Platorch 
returned  from  Italy  to  Chieronea  about  the  end  of  Domitian's  ttagn, 
A.  D,  93  or  9*.  and  never  again  left  his  native  city.  As  tbii  re- 
treai  of  Plutarch's  was  only  four  or  6 vc -and- twenty  years  after  llic 
battle  of  Be<lriacum.  he  conriudes  that  a  person  v  ...... 


nty  years  after  llic 
vho  fought  in  liw^^H 


OTHa  259 

that  on  visiting  the  field  after  the  battle,  hei  saw  a 
huge  pile  of  dead  bodies  as  high  as  the  head  of  -a 
man ;  and  upon  inquiring  the  reason,  he  could  nei- 
ther discover  it  himself,  nor  gain  any  information 
about  it  It  was  no  wonder  that  there  was  a  grut 
carnage  in  the  event  of  a  general  rout,  because  m>a 
civil  war  they  make  no  prisoners,  as  such  captives 
would  be  no  advantage  to  the  conquerors ;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  assign  a  reason^  why  the  carcases  should 
be  piled  up  in  that  manner. 

An  uncertain  rumour  (as  it  commonly  happens) 
was  first  brought  to  Otho,  and  afterward  some  of 
the  wounded  came  and  assured  him,  that  the  battle 
was  lost.  That  his  friends  upon  this  occasion  strove 
to  encourage  him,  and  keep  him  from  desponding, 
was  nothing  extraordinary;  but  the  attachment  of 
the  soldiers  to  him  exceeds  all  belief  None  of  them 
left  him,  or  went  over  to  the  enemy,  or  consulted 
his  own  safety,  even  when  their  chief  despaired  of 
his.  On  the  contrary  they  thronged  his  gates  ;  they 
called  him  emperor ;  they  left  no  form  of  applica- 
tion untried ;  they  kissed  his  hands  ;  they  fell  at  his 
feet,  and  with  groans  and  tears  they  entreated  him 
not  to  forsake  them  or  give  them  up  to  their  ene- 
mies, but  to  employ  their  hearts  and  hands  to  the 
last  moment  of  their  lives.  In  this  request  they  all 
concurred  ;  and  one  of  the  private  men  drawing  his 

battle  as  a  young  man  could  not  possibly  be  old,  when  Plutarch 
made  the  tour  of  Italy  ;  and  therefore  conjectures  that  this,  as  well 
as  the  life  of  Galba,  must  have  been  written  by  a  son  of  Plutarch* 
But  we  think  no  argument,  in  a  matter  of  such  importance,  ought 
to  be  adduced  from  a  passage  manifestly  corrupt.  Besides  Lam- 
prias  in  the  catalogue  ascribes  these  two  Lives  to  his  father.  Nei- 
ther do  we  discover  such  a  dissimilarity  to  Plutarch's  other  writings, 
either  in  the  stile  or  manner,  as  warrants  us  to  conclude  that  they 
are  not  from  his  hand.  Henri  L'Etienne  did  not,  indeed,  admit 
them  into  his  edition,  because  he  found  them  among  the  Opuicula; 
some  of  which  being  supposed  to  be  spurious,  he  too  hastily  con- 
cluded that  these  were  of  the  number.  The  loss  of  Plutarch's 
Lives  of  the  other  Emperors,  we  regard  as  a  real  loss  to  the  world; 
and  we  should  have  been  ^lad  if  they  had  come  down  to  us,  even  in 
the  same  imperfect  condition  of  text  as  those  of  Galba,  and  Otiio. 

S  '2 


OTHO. 

d,  thus  addressed  him :  "  Learn,  Caesar,  what 

*  your  soldiers  are  ready  to  do  for  you,"  and 
liately  plunged  the  steel  into  his  heart. 

Unmoved  at  this  affecting  scene,  and  with  a  chei 
!bl  and  steady  countenance  looking  round  upon  thfl 
Dmpaoy,  Otho  harangued  them  as  follows  :  "  Thi 
1^  day,  my  fellow-soldiers,  1  consider  as  a  mott 
'  happy  one  than  that  upon  which  you  made 
'.  emperor,  when  I  see  you  thus  disposed,  and  staiul 
'  so  high  in  your  opinion.     But  deprive  me  not  o 

*  a  still  greater  happiness,  that  of  laying  down  mi 
'  life  with  honour  for  so  many  generous    Romani 

*  If  I  am  worthy  of  the  Roman  empire,  I  ought  U 
f  shed  my  blood  for  ray  country.  I  know  the  victor^ 
f  which  my  adversary  has  gained,  is  by  no  means 
'  decisive.  X  have  intelligence,  that  my  army  froa 
'  Mysia  is  at  the  distance  of  but  a  few  days'  march'i 
f  Asia,  Syria,  and  Bgypt  are  pouring  their  legioiM 
^  upon  the  Adriatic;  the  forces  in  Judffia  declare 

*  for  lis  ;  the  senate  is  with  us  ;  and  the  very  wiv 

*  and  children  of  our  enemies  are  so  many  pledgi 

*  in  our  hands.     But  we  are  not  fighting  for  Italy 

*  with  Annibal,  or  Pyrrhus,  or  the  Cimbri :  our  dis- 
'  pute  is  with  the  Romans ;    and  whatever  party 

*  prevails,  whether  we  conquer  or  are  conquered,  our 
'  country  must  suffer.     Under  the  victor's  joy  she 

*  bleeds.  Believe  me  then,  my  friends,  that  1  can 
'  die  with  greater  glory,  than  reign.  For  I  know 
'  no  benefit  which  Kome  can  reap  from  my  victory, 
'  equal  to  what  I  shall  confer  upon  her  by  sacri* 
'  ficing  myself  for  peace  and  unanimity,  and  thus 
•preventing  Italy  from  beholding  such  another  day 

*  as  this  '^!" 

After  he  had  made  this  speech,  and  showed  him* 

lelf  immoveable  to  those  who  attempted  to  alter  his 

ilution,  he  desired  his  fjiciuls,  and  such  senators 

i  were  present,  to  leave  liira  and  provide  for  their 

*'  Cnropore  with  tliis  the  different  speech  put  into  Otho's  mouth 
f  Tacitus,  Hist.  ii.+7.  In  hii  subsequent  address  to  Cocceiuf, 
jr  mote  MArljr  agnm.  (ib.iO.)  *  '  i 


OTHO.  261 

own  safety.  To  those  who  were  absent  he  sent  the 
same  commands,  and  signified  his  pleasure  to  the 
cities  by  letters,  that  they  should  receive  them  ho- 
nourably, and  supply  them  with  good  convoys. 

He  then  called  his  nephew  Cocceius  '^  who  wasi 
yet  very  young,  and  bade  hiin  compose  himself,  and 
not  fear  Vitellius  :  "  I  have  taken  the  same  care," 
aaid  he,  "  of  his  mother,  his  wife,  and  his  children, 
"  as  if  they  had  been  my  own.  And  for  the  same 
"  reason,  I  mean  for  your  sake,  I  deferred  the  adop- 
**  tion  wiiich  I  intended  you.  For  I  thought  proper 
"  to  wait  the  issue  of  this  war,  that  you  might  reiga 
**  with  me  if  I  conquered,  and  not  fall  with  me  if  I 
•*  was  overcome.  The  last  thing,  my  son,  which  I 
•'  have  to  recommend  to  you  is,  neither  entirely  to 
"  forget,  nor  yet  to  remember  too  well,  that  yoa 
"  had  an  emperor  for  your  uncle."  i 

A  moment  afterward,  he  heard  a  loud  noise  and»  ' 
tamult  at  his  gate.  The  soldiers,  seeing  the  senators 
retiring,  threatened  to  kill  them  if  they  moved  a  step 
fiirther,  or  abandoned  the  emperor.  Otho  in  the 
utmost  concern  for  them,  again  showed  himself  at 
the  door,  but  no  longer  with  a  mild  and  supplicating^^ 
air ;  on  the  contrary,  he  cast  such  a  stern  and  angry; 
look  upon  the  most  turbulent  of  them,  that  theyi 

t    withdrew  in  great  fear  and  confusion. 
In  the  evening  he  was  thirsty,  and  drank  a  little'  J 
water.     He  then  had  two  swords  brought  to  him,- 
and  having  examined  the  points  of  both  a  long  time,:  i 
he  sent  one  away,  and  put  the  other  under  his  arm. 
After  this,  he  called  his  servants,  and   with   many  ' 
expressions  of  kindness  gave  them  money:  not  that^ 
be  chose  to  be  lavish  of  what  would  soon  be  ano*' 
ther's,  for  he  gave  to  some  more,  and  to  others  Ies8,> 
proportioning  his  bounty  to  their  merit,  and  paying'  ' 
a  strict  regard  to  propriety. 

Od  dismissing  them,  he  dedicated  the  remainder  ' 

'*  Tocitiu  and  Suetoniiu  call  liim  '  Cocccianui.' 


of  the  night  to  repose,  and  slept  so  soundly,  that  bis 
chamberlains  heard  him  at  t!ic  door.  Early  in  the 
morning  he  called  his  freedman,  who  assisted  him  in 
the  care  of  the  senators,  and  ordered  him  to  make 
the  proper  inquiries  about  them.  The  answer  which 
he  brought  was,  that  they  were  departed,  and  bad 
been  provided  with  every  thing  they  desired.  Upon 
which  he  said,  "  Go  you  then,  and  show  yourself  to 
**  the  soldiers,  that  they  may  not  imagine  you  have 
"  assisted  me  in  despatching  myself,  and  put  you  to 
"  some  cruel  death  for  it." 

As  soon  as  the  freedman  was  gone  out,  he  fixed 
the  hilt  of  his  sword  upon  the  ground,  and  holding 
it  with  both  hands  fell  upon  it  with  so  much  force, 
that  he  expired  with  only  a  single  groan.  The  ser- 
vants in  waiting  without  heard  the  groan,  and  burst 
ioto  a  loud  lamentation,  which  was  echoed  through- 
out the  camp  and  the  city.  The  soldiers  ran  to  the 
gates  with  the  most  pitiable  waitings  and  the  most 
unfeigned  grief,  reproaching  themselves  for  not  hav- 
ing guarded  their  emperor,  and  prevented  his  dying 
for  them.  Not  one  of  them  would  leave  him,  in 
order  to  provide  for  himself,  though  the  enemy  was 
at  hand-  They  attired  the  body  in  a  magnificent 
manner,  and  prepared  a  funeral-pile ;  after  which 
they  attended  the  procession  in  their  armour,  and 
happy  was  the  man,  that  could  come  to  support  his 
bier.  Some  kneeled  and  kissed  his  wound,  some 
grasped  his  hand,  and  others  prostrated  themselves 
upon  the  ground  and  adored  him  at  a  distance. 
Nay,  there  were  some  who  threw  their  torches  upon 
the  pile,  and  then  slew  themselves :  not  that  they 
had  received  any  extraordinary  fiivours  from  the 
deceased,  or  were  afraid  of  suffering  under  the  hands 
of  the  conqueror  ;  but  no  king  or  tyrant,  it  appears, 
was  ever  so  passionately  fond  of  governing,  as  they 
were  of  being  governed  by  Otho.  Neither  did  their 
affection  cease  with  his  death  :  it  survived  the  grave, 
and  terminated  in   the  hatred  and  destruction   of 


J 


OTHO.  2fiS 

Viteliius.    Of  that  we  shall  give  an  account  in  it's 
proper  place  ^^ 

After  they  had  interred  the  remains  of  Otho,  they 
erected  a  monument  over  them,  which  neither  by 
it's  size  nor  by  any  pomp  of  epitaph  could  excite  the 
smallest  degree  of  envy.  I  have  seen  it  at  Brixdi* 
lum :  it  was  extremely  modest,  and  the  inscription 
only  this ; 

TO   THE    MEMORY   OF 

MARCUS    O  T  H  O. 


Otho  died  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven,  having  reign- 
ed but  three  months.  Those,  who  find  fault  with  his 
life,  are  not  more  respectable  for  either  their  numbers 
or  their  rank,  than  those  who  applaud  his  death. 
For,  though  his  life  was  not  much  more  correct  than 
that  of  Nero,  his  death  was  certainly  much  more 
honourable. 

The  soldiers  were  extremely  incensed  against 
Pollio  ^',  one  of  the  principal  omcers  of  the  guards, 
for  persuading  them  to  take  the  oath  immediately  to 
Vitellius ;  and  being  informed  that  there  were  still 
some  senators  upon  the  spot,  they  let  the.  others 
pass,  but  solicited  Verginius  Rufus  m  a  troublesome 
manner.  They  even  went  in  arms  to  his  house,  and 
insisted  that  he  should  accept  the  imperial  title,  or 
at  least  be  their  mediator  with  the  conqueror.  But 
he,  who  had  refused  to  receive  that  title  from  them 
when  they  were  victorious,  thought  it  would  be  the 
height  of  madness  to  do  so  after  they  had  been  beat- 
en :  and  he  was  afraid  of  applying  to  the  Germans 

'7  Viz.  in  the  Life  of  that  Emperor,  which  is  now  lost  See 
p.  258.,  not-  14.» 

*'  Of  this  officer  neither  Suetonius  nor  Tacitus  make  any  men* 
tion ;  unless  indeed,  as  Lipsius  conjectures,  he  be  the  same  with 
Plotius  Firmus  the  praefect,  spoken  of  by  the  latter  writer.  Hist, 
ii.  46.» 


2M  OTHO. 

in  their  behalf,  because  he  had  obliged  that  people 
to  do  many  things  contrary  to  their  inclinadoos. 
He,  therefore,  went  out  privately  at  another  door. 
When  the  soldiers  found  that  he  had  lefb  them, 
they  took  the  oath  to  Vitellius,  and  having  ob* 
tained  their  pardon,  were  enrolled  among  the  troops 
of  Cecina. 


ENJ)   pF  TH£  LIVES   OF   PLUTARCH. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


The  Numeral  Lettkrs  refer  to  the  Vdume^  the  Figures  to  the 

page^  and  tne  letter  n.  to  the  notes. 

Whatever  relates  to  Geography^  is  marked  xvith  f  • 


ABANTES,  iohabitants  of  Euboea,  their  tonsurei  and  manner 

of  lighting,  i.  6. 
Abantidas  kills  Clinias,  and  sets  himself  up  tjrrant  m  Sicyoni  vi. 

153. 
iAbaSf  river,  iv.  170. 

AbUliusy  otherwise  Aollius,  son  of  Romulus  and  Hersilia,  i.  71* 
AhcsocrituSf  vi.  167- 
fAbolus,  river,  ii.  270. 
Abra  or  Aura^  iv.  S68.  v.  327. 
Abrotonon^  the  mother  of  Themistocles,  i.  311. 
AbuUtes  imprisoned  by  Alexander,  iv.  342. 
•\Abydos^  ii.  154. 
Acaaemus  discovers  to  Castor  and  Pollux,  that  Helen  was  kept  pri* 

vately  at  Aphidnse,  i.  41. 
Academy^  so  called  from  Academus^  and  spared  for  his  sake,  i.  41. 

Adorned  by  Cimon,  iii.  313.     The  opinions  of  the  Old  and  New 

Academy,  iii*  388.    Middle  Academy,  vi.  156,  »•    New  Aca- 

demy,  y.  296.    Academy  equally  favourable  to  the  Grreeks  and 

Romans,  vi.  2.    The  groves  of  the  Academy  at  Athens  cut  dowa 

by  Sylla,  iiJ.  247. 
AcamaniiSf  tribe  of,  ii.  5. 
-fAcanthianSf  iii.  188. 
Acarnania^  ii.  32.  iii.  72. 
-fAcamanians  defeated  by  Agesilaus,  iv.  98. 
Acamanian  year,  i.  200. 

Acastus,  the  son  of  Pelias,  dies  of  the  Lousy  Disease,  iii.  282. 
Acca  Lareniia^  wife  of  Faustulus,  and  nurse  of  R4wnMlos 

rous,  i.  54. 
\AcerrcBy  ii.  395. 
\Achceans^  Philopoemen   changes  their  arms,   iii*  11 

statue  of  brass  at  Delphi,  to  Philop<emePf  1^ 


INDEX.  267 

Ad9j»tion^  required  for  a  stranger,  previous  to  the  ceremonies  of 

initiation^  i.  4^,  n. 
-fAdranum,  and  the  god,  ii.  244,  245. 

Adranus^  II.  24f5.    It's  inhabitants  join  Timoleony  246. 
-fAdrastia^  Mount,  iii.  338. 

Adrastus  assisted  by  Theseus  in  recovering  the  bodies  of  those  that 

were  slain  at  the  siege  of  Thebes,  i.  37. 
-fAdrJay  a  Tuscan  city,  whence  the  Adriatic  sea  took  its  name, 
i.  380.' 

Adrian,  one  of  Lucullus'  lieutenants,  iii.  349. 
•fAdn/metuniy  v.  110. 

Adversity f  iii.  328.  iv.  50.  v.  S. 

Adtdtery  not  known  in  Sparta,  i.  136*     Solon's  law  concerning 
adultery,  251. 

JEaddes,  king  of  the  Molossians,  deposed,  iii.  66. 

Macida,  the  Grecian  confederates  sacriGce  to  them,  i.  385. 

Macus,  son-in-law  of  Sciron,  i.  11.    Alexander  descended  from 
him  by  the  mother's  side,  iv.  329.    His  temple  in  £gina,  v.  286* 

\Mdepm$j  iii.  267. 

^diieSf  two  orders  of  them,  iii.  124. 

AEdui,    See  Hedui. 

i/Ega,  i.  348.  iii.  104. 

\jEgean  Sea,  iii.  304. 

jEgetSy  an  Athenian  tribe,  ii.  142. 

\Aigeiteans,  iii.  417. 

Mgetu,  the  father  of  Theseus,  i.  5.  Discovers  his  son,  13.  His 
death,  24. 

-f^gialia,  island  of,  v.  187. 

fJEgianSf  retained  in  their  duty  by  Cato,  ii.  509. 

JEgias,  a  banker  at  Sicyon,  the  service  he  did  Aratus,  vi.  170, 171. 

-f.^gicoresy  an  Athenian  tribe,  i.  253. 

^/Egina^  the  eye-sore  of  the  Piraeus,  ii.  14.  v.  250. 

^ginetiEt  signalize  themselves  in  the  battle  of  Salamis,  i.  337.  Join 
tne  Achflcan  league,  vi.  188. 

Mgitf  or  shield  of  Minerva,  ii.  25>  n* 

fMeium,  v.  172.  vi.  196. 

JEgtCy  Theseus  leaves  Ariadne  for  her,  i.  22,  37. 

'f.£goS'Potamo$,  ii.  168.  iii.  197. 

fjEgi/pt,  it's  soil,  iii.  410.    Subdued  by  Alexander,  iv.  279. 

jEgypiianSf  Lycurgus  supposed  to  have  taken  from  them  his  distinc- 
tion between  soldiers  and  mechanics,  i.  115.  Their  opinion 
concerning  the  gods,  171.  Their  wheels,  and  mystical  meaning 
of  them,  193.  Laugh  at  the  mean  appearance  of  Agesilaus, 
iv.ll8. 

JElia,  one  of  the  wives  of  Sylla,  iii.  240. 

JElii,  the  poverty  and  content  in  which  they  lived,  ii.  286,  321. 

^lius  Tubero,  ii.  286. 

SextuSf  consul  with  Flaminius,  iii.  32. 

MmaihioYiy  i.  50. 

jEmiUan  famil^r,  whence  they  sprung,  i.  180,  ii.  281. 

jEtniliay  the  wife  of  Scipio  Airicanus,  ii.  282. 


wliich  he  works,  ii.  22,  The  answer  of  Zeuxis  upon  it,  ib.  Kept 
■T  by  Alcibiades,  till  lie  liad  tinislicd  the  painting  of  hk 
1 34-. 

•nthoclm,  tlie  mistress  of  Ptoleitiy  Pliilopater,  v,  lfi9, 
\athfKles,  the  Syracuian,  marries  hia  daugliter  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  "8. 
Igave,  iii.  4&7. 

us,  the  brother  of  Agia,  iv.  TO.  Ills  person,  education^ 
onil  character,  71-  Some  would  have  set  him  aside  on  account 
ofhislameness,  but  he  reigns  notwithslanditig,  72,73.  Command* 
in  the  war  between  the  Greeks  and  Persians,  75.  Humbiei 
Lysander,  78.  Defeats  TiraphemeB,  81.  Indulgent  to  hi* 
friends,  85,  86.  Intends  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of  Peniah 
but  is  recalled  from  Asia  by  the  Ephori,  87.  Paeses  through 
Macedoo,  89.  Defeats  (he  Pliarsaltans  90.  Fights  the  Con&< 
derates  at  Cronen,  91,  9'i.  Ra*agea  the  lerritoriet  of  Corinth, 
96,  98.  Defeats  the  Acarnanians,  96.  Obliges  the  Greeks  to  ■ 
pence  with  the  king  of  Pt-rsia,  99.  JusiJIiea  Phatbidas  in  faia 
seizing;  the  Cadmea,  id.  Uoea  lo  war  with  the  Thebans,  lOOi 
Teaches  them  the  art  of  war,  104.  His  implacable  hatred  to  the 
Tbebans  proves  at  last  almost  the  ruin  of  Sparta,  lA.  Taken  ill 
at  Megara,  ib.  105.  The  Spartans  defeated  by  Epaniinondas  at 
Leuctrn,  105,  n.  Ageailaus  marches  against  the  Mantineana, 
100.  Quells  a  sedition  in  Lacedtemon,  \\i.  Agesilaus  goes 
into  Enypt,  117.     Deserts  Tachos,  and  enters  into  the  service  of 

'    Nectunabis,  1^.      Sets  out  on  his  retnrn  to  Sparta,  122. 

:  driiren  by  a  storm  into  the  haven  of  Menelausii 
dies,  ib.  Hie  corpse  embalmed  and  brought  U 
The  crown  remains  in  his  faiuily  to  .4gis  III. 
ration,  ib. 

'Agtsilam,  one  of  (he  Ephori,  v.  145. 

Agesipolis,  king  of  Sparta,  his  character,  iv.  95.  and  death,  100,  IOI> 

Ageiulrata,  the  mother  of  Agis,  v.  136,  139.     Murtbered  by  An- 
pharer,  153. 

Agidie,iii.Ql9.v.\SS. 

Asins  and  young  Aiistotnachus  enter  Argoswith  the  king  of  Mace> 
'don's  troops,  vi.  |8'i. 

Jvialh,    tiie  nidow  of  Agis,  marries  Cleomenes,   v.  154^     H«r 

•   deaih,  177. 

jigii,  killed  in  battle,  v.  280. 

f ,8on  of  Archidamus.kingof  Spans,  {.128.  iv.  70.    Hii  answer 

lo  an  Athenian,  i.  142.     Another  saying  of  his,  143.     Mo*ejr 

'    first  found  it's  way  into  Sparta  in  his  reign,  158.     His  hatred  « 
Akibiades  for  debauching  his  wife,  iii.-2I6.  iv.  72.  ' 

Agis,  son  of  Eudamidss,  *.  135.  His  character,  1.16,  137.  At> 
tempts  to  restore  Ilie  ancient  laws  and  discipline  of  Sparta,  138.  i 
Offers  to  distribute  liit  patrimony,  and  retain  only  what  Lyenrgus 
had  originally  appointed,  142.  Deceived  by  Agcsilsus,  one  of 
the  Ephori,  146.  Goes  to  assist  the  Acliceans  againM  the  Mtrt- 
Rndi  ^  pwpte  mutioyipg  t  to  ratuw,  becmi* 


1  Africa,  and  there 
oLacedsmoo,  123. 
'  1  the  fifth  gen^ 


INDEX.  m 

firdm  Ajax  by  the  fkther^s  tide,  and  bjr  hk  mother,  DioehiaiBhe, 
Irom  AlcnuBon,  ii.  112.    His  fother  Cliniat  gains  honour  in  the 
aea-ifight  of  Artemiaiuniy  and  falls  in  the  battle  of  CQronea,  iL 
The  attachment  of  Socrates  to  him  contributes  to  his  fame,  IIS. 
His  beauty  long  retains  it*s  charm,  t6«    He  has  a  lisping  which 
is  graceful,  1 14.    Particulars  of  his  childhood,  t6.  His  reasons  for 
not  learning  to  pky  upon  the  flute,  1 15.  In  spite  of  the  blandish- 
ments of  fortune  and  pleasure,  he  cleaves  to  Socrates,  116.     Ffo- 
lics,  in  one  of  whioi  he  serves  a  poor  man,  1 17-— 119.    His 
behaviour  to  two  school-masters  with  respect  to  Homer,  190. 
What  he  said  of  Pericles,  as  to  giving  In  his  aocoantsi  ib,    So- 
crates saves  him  in  the  battle  of  Potidoa,  and  he  returns  the 
fiivour  in  that  of  Ddiom,  121.     Gives  Hipponicus,  a  man  re- 
spectable both  for  his  birth  and  fortune,  a  box  on  the  ear,  ib. 
Humbles  himself  for  his  rude  frolic,  and  afterward  mairies  his 
daughter  Hipparete,  who  brings  him  a  portion  of  ten  talents,  id, 
122.     Demands  of  his  brother-in-Taw  Callias  ten  talents  more  on 
the  birth  of  his  first  child,  ib,    Callias  declares  the  people  his 
heir  in  case  of  his  djring  without'  children,  ib,    Hipparete,  of- 
fended at  his  dissolute  life,  leaves  him :  but  being  obliged  to  pre- 
sent in  public  court  a  bill  of  divorce,  he  seizes  and  carries  her 
off  in  his  arms,  ib.    She  dies,  while  Alcibiades  is  on  his  voyage  to 
Ephesus,  t^.    The  affieiir  of  his  dog,  123,  and  of  his  quail,  t^.    A 
popular  act  of  his,  ib.    Chooses  to  recommend  himself  princi- 
pally by  his  eloquence,  124.    Famed  for  his  horses  and  chariots, 
tb.    His  victories  at  the  Olympic  games,  ib.    Several  cities  con- 
tribute to  his  eirpenses,  125»    He  imposes  upon  one  Diomedes 
with  regard  to  a  chariot,  ib.     Phnax  and  Nicies   his   chief 
competitors  for  the  public  favour,  126.    He  joins  with  them, 
to  turn  the  ban  of  Ostracism  upon  Hyperbolus,  127.      Out  of 
envy  to  Nicias,  contrives  to  break  the  peace  which  that  general 
had  made  with  the  Lacedemonians,  129.    Engages  the  Manti- 
neans  and  Eleans,  as  well  as  the  Argivesin  alliance  with  Athens, 
181.    After  the  battle  of  Man  tinea,  an  attempt  is  made  toward 
aristocracy  in  Argos ;  but  Alcibiades  supports  the  popular  party, 
ib.     He  persuades  the  people  of  Areos,  and  those  or  Patrse  too, 
to  join  their  cities  by  Jong  walls  to  the  sea,  1S2.     His  luxui^, 
profusion,  and  effeminacy  of  dress  tarnish  his  grear  dualities,  tb. 
His  device  upon  his  shield,  133.     Sallies  of  his,  which  the  Athe- 
nians called  good-natured,  134.     He  makes  a  dreadful  slaughter 
among  the  Melians,  ib.     What  Timon  the  Misanthropbt  said  to 
him,  135.     He  puts  the  Athenians  upon  the  Sicilian  expedition, 
and  encourages  the   young  men  to  hope  for  the  conquest  of 
Carthage  itself,  135,  136.      The  Sicilian   war  disapproved  by 
Socrates  and  Meton,  136.     Nicias,  Alcibiades,  ana  Lamachus 
appointed  generals,  ib.  137.     They  are  invested  with  discre- 
tionary powers,  137.     Bad  omens  intervene,  t^  138.  -Alcibiades 
IS  accused  of  defacing  the  statues,  and  of  a  mock  celebration  of 
the  Mysteries  of  Ceres,  138.     His  enemies  get  hia  trial  put  off, 
till  after  hu  departure  to  Sicily,  139.    The  forces  he  went  out 
with,  141.    He  takes  Catana;  sher  whidi  he  is  soon  recalled  to 


V 


I.VDEX. 

t*iz  i<  i«s:iL"is  —  1  Teasel  os'h^  'zmn.  :5.  -:.     Ki5Ccpirt-"trf- 
T*2C»  iTii  liiJic  re  ?'Iess.^tA-   14.'.      Ke    arrrTss   i:  Tbu-..  ri 

£>«:.£»  rsr  s<"irr^  ihii  wi>  siii---  afier  r.:.-3,  1*4.     KL*.'it^ 

-  -  •  •  •        % 

▼TTicSk^ac  ii'r  A--:i:--aQiw  1-- i:  :c rt.   .  Dec     ......   ^r^rt-Ta 

2»i  acis-  •:      Hf  r-rrizc*  T^i-a  r.~-e  »-iie  --:  . .  _  s,  i  .  •- -uii 
r":e  ?t:ar  m*  in    z±  :*2i    '  i-4  z'.ry.  ^z i  ..e  -.ur^*  •  •  :-c  ^  'art 

• .  '  • 

:    r..:^  ;»!:»*  *i:u:-ii  irr  _^  is  »cr=  w.i:i  t  - .  ir-^\      ^  ..o«, 

.:-^-.-..:-  s  rrcrr*r*i:sc  ii  Ai^ijec*.  15i.  I  5;^.  :";-  %rz-  >  **•.  r«, 
.:  -i^.'iL-r.r^:  •  ue  •a^^^anTr*  jc^  ::i:r  Fc«r  H-r  .-  .  a  .  :--, 
;:::i.>.i    *. -i: .-ce*  ^c-s^tl.   '5-      H.*    r-j.-- rt  br.  ...     ■  .-     i 

;.rra^.;»?i  :?  .' .  :  .j-r-s*  15*  -•..  — r  ^-o  aO-fis  :.  wi.:  'r»on 
T  j»l:!«:  -:e?w  X.: :  ^  r  -i  -.i»i^  !"-"•=«:.  1 5 .'.  F^r.c*  zscir*  •  "^  nuke 
:  i  ->:.:»:.  x,:^i  :  rra  12-  .A-^-X-s  i^T^r.  .  «.  DrTri:*  Phirna- 
:-:-..  .  .r  ::  :.:jj-*iw  i:i:iAs*  t.ii  :-:r.  :  =>>-  I--rr.ttt«  the 
.;:::•  :  :  j:  — r.  - .  •-::iT  :c  .xx.is.^z  ^:  :nr.r  Jc^s*,  t:  En- 
---*-:■-*  -  -  -i*-^  -?.  *:•:  :j-i  r<~-  ^^xus  •>?:  re  Epaou*.  ind 
-•-*■•-  ■    -  ^:.:>:  r-^-irA^LT^,   I:'.      P.--irr>  the  crov.ace 

■»•       •  •  •  ■         ■       ».  ^"^  ^  • 

.     >.     .   ^ ft--i-.^-.     *  *  rerum  :ji  i.*:e:r  j;.r- 

=- ^ -J.   ..  ..c  t^rs  r  T.^-..  ^.^  ^•j^^,^       ilef^rc* 

;.*.   :---•-  ■  --•  V:  "    -.'•:.-   -  •*  •«?c...i-eji  by  t^e 

--'--'.  =  --«-'^  *  "•'  '■'"'■  '    .   '•  -"••  -"-•     -■-•-  i"ircss«->  :he  firorie 


I 


INDEX.  278 

h  ward  offers  Lysander  batUe,  but  he  declines  it,  ib*    Thrasybulus 

4  goes  to  Athens,  to  accuse  Alcibiades,  167*     The  Athenians  ap- 

B  point  new  commanders,  ib.  Alcibiades  retires  into  Thrace^  where 

0  ne  had  previously  built  a  castle  near  Bisanthe,  ib.  He  collects  some 
g  foreign  troops,  makes  war  upon  some  provinces  of  Thrace,  and 

1  defends  the  Grecian  frontier,  168.  Finds  the  new  Athenian 
I  generals  ill-stationed  at  ^gos-Potamos,  and  unmindful  of  dis-* 
I  cipline,  ib.  Goes  to  inform  them  of  their  danger,  and  is  treated 
^  ill,  ib.  Lysander  destroys  the  Athenian  fleet,  takes  Athens  itself, 
I  and  sets  up  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  169.     Alcibiades  retires  mto 

Bithynia,  and  thence  to  the  court  of  Pharnabazus,  of  whom  he 
desires  a  safe  conduct  to  Artazerxes,  170.  The  Athenians  la- 
ment their  ill  treatment  of  Alcibiades,  ib.  Critias,  one  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants,  exhorts  Lysander  to  procure  the  death  of  Alci- 
biades, 171.  Lysander  desires  Pharnabazus  to  take  him  off,  ib. 
His  dream  preceding  his  death,  ib.  The  manner  of  his  death,  ib. 
His  mistress  Timandra  gives  him  a  decent  interment,  ib.  172. 

AlddamnSy  v .  257. 

AlcimeneSf  the  Achsean,  his  friendship  to  Dion,  vi.  22. 

Aldmus  the  Epirot,  a  brave  officer  in  Demetrius'  army,  v.  383* 
Killed  in  the  siege  of  Rhodes,  ib. 

Alcmauy  a  celebrated  lyric  poet,  i.  156. 

Akmaon^  father  of  Megacles,  i.26S. 

— ,  general  of  the  Athenians  against  the  Cirrhawms,  i,  231  • 

'■      '     '    ,  son  of  Amphiaraiis,  vi.  155. 

,  the  last  of  the  Archons  for  life,  at  Athens,  i.  45,  n, 

Alcmena^  i.  9*  Her  body  disappears  as  they  are  carrying  it  to  the 
grave,  98.  Married  to  Rhad^amanthus  af^er  the  death  of  Am- 
phytrion,  iii.  224. 

Aki/aneuSf  carries  Pyrrhus'  bead  to  his  father  Antigonus,  and  is 
reproved  for  it,  iii.  117..  Behaves  with  some  propriety  to  He- 
lenus  the  son  of  Pyrrhus,  118. 

Alea,  the  sepulchre  of  Rhadaroanthos,  iii.  224. 

fAlesioy  iv.  390. 

Alexander  VI.  Pope,  saying  of  his,  i.  26,  n. 

Alexander^  or  Paris,  i.  43. 

f  son  of  Amyntas,  killed  by  his  brother  Ptolemy,  ii. 
373,  n. 

V  the  son  of  Pyrrhus,  by  Lanassa,  iii.  76. 
the  son  of  Cassander,  expelled  by  his  brother  Antipater^ 


iii.  72.    Calls  in  Pyrrhus  and  Demetrius,  ib.    Is  killed,  73. 
'     '    of  Antioch,  v.  489. 

of  Myndos,  iii.  140. 

the  philosopher,  entertained  by  Crassus,  and  ill  supplied 


with  necessaries,  iii.  450. 

the  tyrant  of  Pherse,    beaten  by   Pelopidas,  ii.  372. 


Seizes  Pelopidas  and  Ismenias,  374.    Dereated  by  the  Thebans 
and  Thessaiians,  382.    Killed  by  the  contrivance  of  his  wife, 
386,  887. 
Alexander  the  Great,  orders  the  Macedonian  troops  to  shave 
their  beards,  and  why,  i.  7.    A  descendent  of  Hercules  by  C«- 

VOL.  VI.  T 


27*  IXDEX. 

ranus,  aa(\  ol'  jltacus  by  Neopuileinus,  iv.  2M).  Son  of  Ph^ 
and  Olympia*,  i6.  Pre&ignificil  by  a  dreain  of  his  fatlierX  l» 
be  posfetead  of  a  bold  and  lion-like  courage,  340.  Some  &ccoal 
otbUpreteDiled  divine  extraction,  241.  Bom  the  same  d«y  that 
the  temple  of  Diana  nus  burnt  nt  Ephesus,  242.  Philip  tAa 
the  city  of  I'otiOica,  lias  an  account  of  a  victory  won  for  Un, 
another  at  the  Olympic  gamet,  and  of  the  birth  of  his  too,  US. 
LysippuB,  the  only  statuary,  whom  Alexander  nlloircd  to  rcprMCDl 
him,  tb.  His  person  described,  i6.  244.  He  is  continent,  aod 
sublime  in  his  ambition,  ilt.  A  remarltable  sayinj?  of  bis,  9i5. 
Gives  no  encouragement  tu  ihe  Athletse,  ib.  His  father  hap- 
pening to  be  absent,  he  receives  wlien  verv  young  the  Peisan 
embassadors,  ib.  They  are  astonished  at  nis  lofty  and  enter- 
prising geniiu,  lA.  On  each  new  victory  of  Philip's,  saji,  •  hb 
lather  will  leave  him  nothing  to  conquer,'  246.  Leonida*,  a  re- 
lation of  the  queen's,  is  his  governor,  and  Lyeimachus,  tJte  Acar- 
uanian,  his  preceptor,  ib.  Bucephalus  is  ofiered  in  aaJe  to  Philip, 
and  Alexander  manages  him,  nhen  none  of  the  groonu  were 
able  to  do  it,  ib.  247.  Philip  sends  for  Aristotle  to  iostnjct  his 
son  in  philosophy,  248.  Alexander's  letter  to  Aristotle,  on  hia 
publishing  treatises  upon  the  profounder  pnrls  of  scienc;e,  S49. 
That  philosopher's  answer,  ib.  Alevandcr  has  a  practical  know- 
ledge of  physic,  ib.  Loves  polite  literature,  250.  His  freai 
esteem  for  the  Iliad,  ib.  What  books  Harpalus  sent  to  him  in 
Asia,  ib.  His  saying  concerning  Aristotle,  ib.  Philip,  upon 
his  expedition  to  Byzantium,  leaves  him  regent,  251.  He  re- 
duces Ihe  Medari,  a  barbarous  nation  that  rebelled  durii^  his 
regency,  ib.  Fights  against  the  Greeks  in  the  battle  of  Chse- 
ronea,  and  is  the  first  who  breaks  the  Sacred  Band,  ib.  Philip's 
marriage  with  Cleopatra  brings  on  a  quarrel  between  himwlf  and 
Alexander,  252.  Alexander  places  Olympias  in  ^Inu,  and 
retires  himself  into  lilyricum,  ii.  Demaratus,  the  Corinthian, 
procures  a  reconciliation  between  Philip  and  Alexander,  tb.  '25'.i. 
Alexander  imagines  that  his  father  designs  the  crown  for  Arrhi- 
dttus,  and  therefore  endeavours  to  supplant  his  natural  brother 
in  a  match  negotiating  for  him,  253.  Philip  banishes  his  mm's 
counsellors,  t^o4.  Fausonias  being  abused  by  order  of  Attalui 
and  Cleopatra,  applies  to  Philip  for  justice,  is  denied  it,  aud  kilts 
him,  ib.  Olympias  and  Alexander,  suppobed  accomplices  in  bw 
murther,  ib.  He  endeavours  to  wipe  oif  that  aspersion,  ih.  The 
state  of  Macedon,  and  it's  dependencies,  at  the  death  of  Philip, 
255.  Alexander's  council  advise  him  to  give  up  Greece,  and  In 
treat  the  revolting  barbarians  with  mildness,  i6.  But,  thou^ 
only  twenty  years  old,  he  resolves  to  proceed  with  vigour,  ti. 
Marches  to  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  and  defeats  Syrmgs  king 
of  the  Triballi,  ii.  Marches  tu  chastise  the  Thebons  and  Athe- 
nians, ib.  Makes  equitable  proposals  to  the  Thebnns  at  fint ; 
and,  these  being  rejected,  he  begins  the  war  with  great  fury, 
2A6.  Takes  Thebes,  and  levels  it  with  the  ground,  ib.  Sella  the 
inhabitants  for  slaves,  a  few  excepted,  ib.  2S7.  The  injuries 
donii  ta  Timodea,  ber  revenge  and  intrepid  belutviour,  S57>    He 


INDEX.  215 

forgives  the  Athenians^  ib.    Long  remembers,  with  regret,  his 
cruelty  to  the  Thebans^  258.      Is  elected  captain-general  of 
Greece  against  the  Persians,  id.    What  passed  between  him  and 
Diogenes,  i6,  259.     He  consults  the  oracle  at  Delphi,  259. 
Omen  of  his  success,  tb.    The  number  of  troops  with  which  he 
passes  into  Asia,  ib.    The  trifling  sum  he  had  provided  for  their 
pay,  260.     He  gives  away  almost  all  the  revenues  of  Macedon, 
ib>    Visits  Ilium,  sacrifices  to  Minerva,  and  does  homage  at  the 
tomb  of  Achilles,  ib.    Fights  the  battle  with  the  Persians  on  the 
banks  of  the  Granicus,  261.     Is  in  great  danger  of  being  slain^ 
262.     Saved  by  Clitus,  26S.     Erects  statues  to  his  friends  who 
fell  in  the  battle,  264.    Sends  presents  to  the  Greeks,  ib.  Sardis, 
and  other  cities,  make  their  sunmission,  ib.    He  takes  Halicar- 
nassus  and  Miletus  by  storm,  ib,     A  brass  plate,  with  a  prophecy 
inscribed,  is  thrown  up  by  a  spring  in  Lyda,  ib.    He  hastens  to 
reduce  all  the  coast,  265.    Marches  by  Climax  along  the  shore 
of  the  Pamphylian  sea,  ib.    He  unties  the  Gordian  knot,  266. 
Darius  advances  from  Susa,  with  six  hundred  thousand  raen« 
267.    Darius'  dream,  ib.    He  is  encouraged  by  Alexander's  long 
stay  in  Cilicia,  ib.    That  stay  owing  to  sickness,  contracted  by 
his  bathing  in  the  river  Cydnus,  ib.     None  but  Philip  the  Acar- 
nanian  ventures  to  attempt  his  cure,  268.    Parmenio  accuses 
Philip  of  a  design  to  poison  him,  ib.      The    striking   scene 
while  Alexander  takes  Philip's  medicine,  ib.    He  recovers  in 
three  days,  269,  n.    Darius  neglects  the  advice  of  Amyntas, 
and  enters  the  straits  of  Cilicia,  269.    Inconveniences  of  this 
situation,   ib.     Alexander    is   wounded,   but    kills  a  hundred 
and  ten  thousand  of  the  enemy,  270.     The  mother  and  wife  of 
Darius,  and  his  two  daughters,  are  among  the  prisoners,  271. 
Alexander  behaves  to  them  with  great  honour  and  humanity,  ib. 
Knows  no  woman  before  marriage^  except  Barsine  the  widow  of 
Memnon,  272.     Severely  reproves  Philoxenus  for  an*  infamous 
proposal,  ib.  27S.    Gives  orders  for  the  punishment  of  two  Mace- 
donians, who  had  corrupted  the  wives  of  some  of  the  mercenaries^ 
273.     Is  temperate  in  eating  and  drinking,  ib.    Restores  Ada  to 
the  throne  of  Caria,  ib.     How  he  spent  his  days  of  leisure,  274. 
In  what  manner  his  entertainments  were  conducted,  275.    Vain, 
and  very   capable  of  being  flattered,  ib.    Seizes  the   Persian 
money  and  equipages  at  Damascus,  U.    The  kings  of  Cyprus  and 
Phoenicia  make  their  submission ;  only  Tyre  holds   out,  276. 
He  besieges  that  city  seven  months,  ib.     Presages  of  his  success, 
ib.    Makes  an  excursion  against  the  Arabians  of  Antilibanus, 
and  is  brought  into  great  danger  through  the  indiscretion  of  his 
preceptor  Lysimachus,  277.    Tyre  taken,  278.    Gaza  taken,  ib. 
He  sends  part  of  the  spoils  to  Olympias  and   Cleopatra,  ib. 
Sends  Bve  nundred  talents'  weight  of  frankincense  to  his  late 
governor  Leonidas,  ib.    PuU  Homer's  Iliad  in  a  valuable  casket, 
which  had  belonged  to  Darius,  279.     Fixes  upon  the  happy 
situation  of  Alexandria,  in  consequence  of  an  intimation  from 
Homer  in  a  dream,  ib.  280.   It's  figure,  280.    Omen  of  it's  being 
a  commercial  place,  ib.    He  visits  the  temple  of  Jupiter  AmaiOD, 

t8 


> 


•276  INDEX. 

a.  2S1.  The  dangers  atteDtling  tliat  journey,  overconM  by 
Alexander'B  superior  good  fortune,  2SI.  A  flock  of  crowi  con- 
ducts him  on  his  way,  282.  Ammon  salutea  him  as  biaioo; 
infonni  him,  that  '  the  death  of  Philip  is  sufficiently  avenged;' 
iind  promises  hjoi  ihe  conqui^Bt  of  the  world,  ili.  Goes  to  htu 
Ptammo,  un  Egyptian  Philosopher,  2S3.  His  nretension*  to 
divioity,  how  conducted,  ib.  At  his  return  Trom  Egygic  to  Pha- 
nicin,  lie  celebrates  games  in  honour  of  the  gods,  284.  Dariui 
proposeAConditioDsof  peace  to  Aleuindcn  but  Alexander  iiuisu 
on  his  absolute  subniissioD,  2S5.  The  wife  of  Darius  diva  ;  and 
Ale%^nder,  though  on  his  march,  returns  and  buries  her  with 
great  magnificence,  286.  Tireiis,  one  of  D.irius'  eunuchs,  fiiw 
to  his  master  with  the  news,  ib.  The  important  aotl  afTecting 
discourse  that  pasjted  belireen  them,  ib.  287.  Darius  prays,  that 
'  if  the  period  of  ibe  Persian  glory  was  arrived,  none  but  Alex- 
ander mightfiit  on  the  throne  of  Cyrus,'  288.  Alevandct  having 
subdued  all  on  this  side  the  Euphrates  begins  his  march  agaipu 
Durius,  who  had  taki.'n  the  tield  with  n  million  of  men,  ib.  The 
servants  of  Alexander'ii  army  make  parties,  and  choose  two  ^te^ 
one  of  whom  they  called  Alexander,  and  the  other  Oarius,  ib, 
Alexander  orders  the  two  chiefs  to  Gght  in  single  combat;  and 
the  issue  is  considered  as  an  omen  of  the  event  of  tlie  war,  i6. 
Sacrifices  to  Fbar  before  the  battle  of  Arhela,  SSi).  Parmeoto 
and  others  advise  Alexander  to  attack  the  Persians  in  the  night, 
'i90.  His  answer,  ib.  Sleeps  long  the  morning  of  the  battle,  i6. 
The  batUc  described,  291— 293.  Darius  fiies,  and  Parmenio's 
demand  of  assistance  prevents  Alexander  from  going  on  die 
pursuit,  '29i.  Alexander  is  acknowledged  king  of  all  Asia,  S95. 
Declares  against  all  tyrannies  in  Greece,  ib.  Gives  orders  for 
rebuilding  the  city  of  Platieo,  and  why,  ib.  Sends  presents  to 
tlic  Crotonians  in  Italy,  tb.  Finds  immense  treasures  in  Sum, 
298.  Water  from  the  Nile  nnd  the  Danube,  found  in  the  repo- 
sitories of  tlie  kines  of  Persia,  ib.  He  enters  Persia,  througn  a 
country  difBcuIt  of  access,  and  well  guarded,  and  makes  great 
slaughter  at  first  jVi  ffrrorem,  li.  299.  Finds  as  much  treasure 
there  as  at  Susa,  299.  Enters  Persepolis,  it.  ConeiJers  whe- 
ther he  shall  rear  again  a  statue  of  Xerxes,  which  was  thrown 
down,  ib.  What  Demnratus  baid,  when  lie  saw  him  first  seated 
on  the  Persian  throne,  300-  He  burns  the  palace  of  Xerxes  at 
the  instigation  of  a  courtesan,  301.  His  rounlBccnce  increase 
with  his  acquisitions,  ib.  Instances  of  that  munificence,  ii.  902. 
His  mother  Olympios  endeavours  to  lessen  it,  but  in  vain,  S02> 
Her  attempts  to  direct  tlie  government  during  his  absence. 
prove  fruitless,  303.  His  great  officers  (,'ive  into  luxury  and 
cfTeiiiioacy,  and  he  reproves  them  with  all  the  temper  of  a  phito- 
Bopher,  ib.  304.  Sets  them  an  example  of  love  of  toil,  in  the 
exercise  ofhunting,  30t.  His  olBcers  begin  to  speak  ill  of  him, 
ii.  His  noble  saying  thereupon,  805.  IIis  attention  to  his 
friends,  and  the  obliging  letters  he  wrote  to  them,  ib.  He  paid 
the  stricttist  rcffard  to  justice  in  the  first  years  of  his  reign,  and 
executed  it  with  great  moderation ;  but  afterward  becomes  in- 


i 


INDEX.  277 

flexibly  severe,  and  listens  too  much  to  informers,  306,  307.    On 
intelligence  that  Bessus  had  seized  the  person  of  Darius,  he 
dismisses  the  Thessalians  with  rich  presents,  307.     Makes  an 
expeditious  march,  to  get  that  prince  into  his  hands,  f^.     Dis- 
tressed with  thirst,  but  refuses  to  drink,  while  so  many  others 
wanted  water,  id.     Darius  is  found  extended  on  his  chariot,  and 
pierced  with  many  darts,  308.     A  Macedonian  gives  him  some 
water,  to  quench  his  thirst,  309.     That  noble-minded,  but  on- 
fortunate  prince's  last  words,  ib.     Alexander  covers  the  body 
with  his  own  robe,  id.   Puts  the  traitor  Bessus  to  a  dreadful  death, 
ib.     Orders  the  body  of  Darius  all  the  honours  of  a  royal  funeral, 
ib*    Sends  it  embalmed  to  his  mother,  ib.    Takes  nis  brother 
Oxathres,  into  the  number  of  his  friends,  ib.    Marches  into 
Hyrcania,  and  takes  a  view  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  ib.     His  horse 
Bucephalus  is  taken  by  the  Barbarians,  but  soon  brought  to  him 
a^ain,  310.     In  Parthia  he  first  puts  on  the  robe  of  the  eastern 
kmgs,  ib.     Passes  the  Orexartes,  and  defeats  the  Scythians,  31 1 . 
There,  said  by  some  historians,  to  have  been  visited  by  the  queen 
of  the  Amazons,  2^.     His  speech  to  the  army  on  entering  Hyr- 
cania, 312.     He  endeavours  to  unite  the  Asiatics  to  the  Mace- 
donians by  a  mixture  of  fashions,  ib.     Selects  thirty  thousand 
boys,  to  be  educated  in  tlie  Grecian  literature,  and  trained  to 
arms  in  the  Macedonian  manner,  ib.     Marries  Roxana,  313. 
His  two  favourites,  Ilephaistion  and  Craterus,  quarrel,  ib.  They 
are  eftectually  reconciled  by  him,  ib.    Philotas,  the  son  of  Par- 
menio,  has  great  authority  among  the  Macedonians,  ib,  314. 
But  takes  too  much  state  upon  him  for  a  subject,  314.     Par- 
menio  says  to  him,  *  My  son,  be  less,*  ib.    By  way  of  recom- 
mending himself  to  his  mistress,  ascribes  all  the  great  actions  of  the 
war  to  himself  and  his  father,  ib.    This  opens  the  way  to  his  ruin, 
ib.    He  refuses  to  introduce  persons  to  the  king  who  came  to 
inform  him  of  a  conspiracy,  315.     The  conspirator  is  slain;  and 
Alexander  wanting  farther  proofs  against  Philotas,  has  him  put 
to  the  torture,  316.    Not  only  Philotas,  but  his  father  Parmenio^ 
the  king's  oldest  and  best  counsellor  and  general,  is  put  to  deaths 
ib.     This  makes  Alexander  terrible  to  his  friends,  tb.     The  sad 
storvof  Clytus,  317 — 319.    Alexander's  inexpressible  grief  for 
his  loss,  320.     The  efforts  of  Aristander,  Callisthenes,  and  Anax- 
archus,  to  console  him,  ib.    Circumstances,  which  brought  on 
the  ruin  of  Callisthenes,  321^—323.    His  severity ;  his  refusing 
to  worship  Alexander,  323.     Unjustly  accused  of  being  cod« 
cemed  in  Hermolaiis'  plot,  324.    Various  accounts  of  Callis. 
thenes'  death,  ib,    Alexander,  previously  to  his  Indian  expedi- 
tion, burns  the  baggage,  325.     Alarmed  by  a  prodigy,  and  soon 
refreshed  by  a  better  omen,  326.    On  breaking  the  ground  by 
the  river  Oxus,  he  finds  a  spring  of  oily  liquor^  ib.    Dislodges 
Sisimethres  from  a  rock  apparently  impregnable,  327.    Besieges 
Nysa,  328.     Acuphis  comes  with  proposals  of  peace,  from  the 
citizens,  and  is  appointed  governor  of  the  place,  ib,    Taxiles^ 
a  powerful  Indian  icing,  meets  him  in  a  friendly  manner,  ib,  329» 
Alexander  makes  him  a  present  of  a  thousand  talents,  829. 
After  the  cepitolatien  of  a  certain  cityi  he  destroys  a  body  of 


Tti  INDEX 

Indian  Inetcollarit^s,  tb.  Hang*  many  ladian  pliilosophen,  ii. 
330.  Hi«  war  witli  Porus,  who  takes  post  on  the  eaAem  bank 
of  the  Hydaspea,  3S0.  Passes  the  river  wiih  great  danger,  it. 
His  saying  thereupon,  ill.  The  battle  with  Porus  described, 
891.  The  uncommon  size  of  Poriie,  and  tlie  care  his  i-lephaiil 
took  or  him  when  wounded,  id.  SS2.  Alexander  aaks  Porus,  do' 
his  prisoner,  how  he  desires  lo  be  treated ;  and  he  says,  '  Like 
,  »  king,'  332.  The  conqueror  restores  him  his  kin^dntii,  which 
he  was  to  govern  as  his  lieutenant,  and  addf  a  large  countrj  lo  ii, 
H.  Appoints  Philip,  one  of  his  own  friends,  to  the  govemenent 
irf  another  large  country,  ij.  Bucephalus  dies,  li.  Alexander 
builds  a  city  In  memory  of  him,  ii.  Resolves  to  pass  the  (ian|[«j, 
but  his  troops  absolutely  refuse  to  do  it,  333.  His  grief  there- 
upon, i&.  He  builds  great  altars,  and  leaves  arms  and  aaogtn 
much  bigger  than  those  in  use,  SSi.  Forms  a  design  to  visit  the 
ocean,  and  falls  don-n  the  rivers  for  thnt  purpose,  ii,  Maket 
several  descents,  and  attacks  cities  by  the  way,  ill.  Is  in  extrene 
,  danger  from  the  Malli,  ib.  Takes  ten  Gyninosupliists,  who  had 
Uirred  up  Sabbas  and  others  to  revolt,  336.  Puts  abstruse  ques- 
tions to  them,  and  commanils  them,  on  pain  of  death,  to  give 
right  tolutioDs,  336,  337.  What  passed  between  hini  and  the 
philosopher  Calanus,  339.  Arrives  at  the  ocean,  and  sails  to  the 
lele  of  ^cillouEtis,  ib.  CoDEiders  the  nature  of  the  sea  and  the 
coast,  ib.  Orders  his  admiral  Nearchus  to  sail  round,  keepiog 
India  on  the  right,  ib.  Marches  himself  through  the  counti^  of 
the  Oritcs,  ii.  Loses  in  his  Indian  eitpcdition  one  fnuith  part 
of  his  numerous  army,  ifi.  Reaches  Gedrosia,  which  is  a  fertOe 
country,  340.  Marches  through  Carmania  in  a  Onccbanatian 
procession,  ib.  The  procession  described,  ib.  Is  delighted  with 
the  account  of  Nearchus'  expedition,  and  meditates  himself  a 
great  expedition  by  sea,  341.  On  the  report  of  that  deaign,  his 
new  subjects  revolt,  and  other  great  disorders  arise,  ib.  Olyni- 
pias  and  Cleopatra  league  against  Aotipater,  and  drive  hun  out 
of  Macedon,  ib.  He  chastises  his  own  lieutenants,  342.  KJIb 
Oxyaries  with  his  own  hand,  ib.  Gives  every  womau  in  Peraa 
a  piece  of  gold,  ib.  Finds  the  tomb  of  Cyrus  broken  open,  and 
puts  the  culprit  lo  death,  ib.  The  inscription  on  the  tomb,  ii. 
Calanus  burns  himself,  343.  His  prophecy  previous  to  that 
action,  ib.  Several  of  Alexander's  friends  killed  by  drinking  in 
a  great  carousal,  ib.  S14.  lie  takes  Statira,  the  daughter  of 
Darius,  to  wife,  and  marries  hi:i  friends  to  Persian  ladies,  344. 
Pays  ofl'  the  debts  of  all,  who  had  married  Persian  women,  ii, 
Antignnu.t,  though  not  in  debt,  puts  hiraseir  upon  the  list :  but  is 
detected  and  punished,  ib.  Alexander  finds  the  thirty  thousand 
ji^ersian  boys  perfect  in  their  Grecian  exercises,  and  is  greaiiy 
delighted,  Si.'i.  Rut  it  is  matter  of  uneasiness  to  the  Macedo- 
juaiiK,  ib.  lie  takes  Persians  for  his  guards,  and  rejects  the 
■bfscedonifine  for  their  mutinous  behaviour,  ib.'  They  humble 
themselves  and  are  pardoned,  ib.  3W-  His  generous  behaviour 
to  the  invalids,  who  return  to  MaceUon,  ib.  He  celebrates  games 
St  Lrhatana,  ib,  HephtestJon  sickens,  and  dies  there,  ib.  His 
nnttvr'x  grief  on  that  occasion,  ib.     The  mourning  and  mootii 


J 


INDEX.  279 

ment  fur  him^  ib*  347.  Alexander  sacriRces  the  Cussaeans  to  the 
fna7ies  of  HephsestioD,  34'7.  Procures  orders  from  Amnion  to  te* 
vere  him  as  a  demi-god,  346,  34>7.  Nearchus  returns  from  a  second 
expeditiooy  347.  The  Chaldeans  warn  Alexander  not  to  enter 
Babylon,  ib.  348.  Omens  of  his  approaching  end,  348.  He 
orders  a  madman  to  be  executed  for  putting  on  his  robe  and 
diadem,  ib.  349.  Is  jealous  of  the  designs  of  Antipater  and  his 
sons,  349.  Falls  into  a  fever,  in  consequence  of  continued  hard 
drinking,  350.  An  account  of  the  progress  of  that  fever,  from 
liis  own  journals,  351,  352.  Dies,  352.  No  suspicion  of  poison 
till  some  years  after  his  death,  ib.  Koxaoa,  now  pregnant  by 
Alexander,  gets  Statira  into  her  power,  and  puts  her  to  death, 
353.  Perdiccas  is  her  accomplice,  and  uses  Arrhidssus  only  as  a 
screen,  ib. 

Alexander ,  the  son  of  Demetrius^  by  De'idamia,  ▼•421. 

-^— —  and  Cleopatra,  twins  of  Cleoptitra  by  Antony,  sumamed 
the  Sun  and  the  Moon,  v.  460. 

of  Corinth,  vi,  168. 

,  the  son  of  Perseus,  ii.  332. 

■,  the  son  of  Polyperchon,  v.  39,  371. 


,  —  —  —  _  __^__-— — y  .-  ■^■^■f  _,  __ 
-[Alexandria  founded  by  Alexander,  iv.  279.     Token  of  its  being 

a  commercial  place,  280.     It's  figure,  ib.    The  great  library 

burnt,  414. 
Alexandrian  war,  iv.  414. 
Alexandrides  the  historian,  iii.  209. 

Alexis  of  Laodicea,  punished  for  his  infidelity  to  Antony,  v.  495. 
f  Alexia,  hod,  Alise,  besieged  by  Cotsar,  iv.  S90.     Surrenders,  391. 
AlexicrateSy  chief  cup-bearer  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  71* 
AlexippuSf  the  physician,  Alexander's  letter  to  him,  iv.  305. 
Alimusj  one  of  the  wards  of  Athens,  iii.  279.  Thucydides  belonged 

to  it,  ib. 
\Alliaf  river,  i.  383.    Battle  of,  in  which  the  Gauls  overthrow 

the  Romans,  ib. 
fAllobroges^  their  embassadors  concerned  in  Cataline's  conspiracy, 

v.  313,314. 
Alopeccy  one  of  the  wards  of  Athens,  Aristides  belonging  to  it,  ii. 

444,  and  Thucydides,  ib. 
t  Alopecusy  or  Fox-hill,  iii.  227. 
^Alpsy  mountains  of,  iii.  148. 
fAcsiPap  V.  161. 

AUur,  ballots  taken  from  it,  ii.  49  and  n. 
Aljfcusp  son  of  Sciron,  slain  by  Theseus  in  the  cause  of  Hele«, 

1.  42. 
iAltfcuSp  a  place  near  M^ara,  i.  41. 
\AmantiSp  mount,  iv.  174.  v.  SS7f  416. 
AmarsyaSp  i.  18. 
iAmathiman^  Pseon,  the,  i.  22. 
X  Amazons^  their  history  and  wars,  i.  32.    Their  history  as  con 

nected  with  Hercules  allegorical,  32,  it.    Sacrifice  ofered  to 

them  at  Athens,  35.    Their  s^uldires  at  Megara  and  ScotonM, 

56.    Said  to  assist  the  Albanians  against  Pompey,  ir.  170.    The 


280 


INDEX. 


oountry  they  inhabheil,  i6.     Their  wars  represented  by  Fbidcu, 
ii.  48.     Their  queen's  visit  to  Alexander  a  6ctiori,  iv.  311. 

Ammonium,  i.  S4,  35. 

AmbiorU,  king  or  the  Gauls,  beats  Cotta  and  Titurius,  bttt  is  de- 
feated by  Cmsat,  iv.  387,  388. 

Ambilioa  censured,  iii.  23*.  iv.  79.  v.  340. 

Amiuscadr,  at  Sparta,  what,  i.  155. 

fAmbracia,  iii.  72. 

^Amhrvnei,  march  against  Marius,  iii.  143.  Defeated  by  Ma- 
rius,  144. 

Ambtutus.     See  Fabiiu. 

■\^Ameria,  iii.  141. 

AmeHrh,  married  to  her  father  Arlaxerses,  vi,  1*1, 

Aminiot,  the  Decelean,  i.  334. 

Aminiun,  the  Phocean,  one  of  Antigonus'  officerG,  marches  to  the 
relief  of  Sparta  against  Pyrrhus,  iii.  iOO. 

Amintias,  a  friend  of  Cxear's,  iv.  415. 

■fAmuus,  an  Athenian  colony,  iii.  353.  Besieged  by  Lucnlhi^ 
352.  Defended  by  Callimachiu,  id.  At  kngth  taken,  and 
burnt,  i6. 

Aminon,  the  son  oFPasiphae,  iv.  142. 

• ,  Jupiter,  his  oracle  consulted  by  Lysander,  iii.  21*.    By 

Cimon,  321.     By  the  Athenian?,  418.     By  Alexander,  it.  881. 

Ammoniwij  the  philosopher,  Plutarch's  master,  I.  xxix,  xxx. 

Amnteui  the  senator,  his  saying,  v.  63. 

A'tcebaus,  the  niusician,  vi.  169. 

Amompharetus,  tjie  Spartan,  i,  230.  il.  471. 

fAmorgos,  v.  373. 

Amphares  betrays  and  murthers  Agis,  v.  lol,  152. 

Amphiaraiit,  his  oracle,  ii.  i75. 

Amphicrates,  an  Athenian  orator,  dies  at  the  court  of  Tieranes. 
iii.  358.  '^ 

Ampliktyones,  or  ceneral  assembly  of  the  states  of  Greece,  iii.  2*5, 
246.  Undertake  the  war  against  the  Cirrhsans,  i.  231.  The 
remonstrance  made  to  them  by  Themistoclcs,  i.  3*2.  Their  de- 
cree against  the  people  of  Scyros,  iii,  304. 

^Amphilochia,  iii.  72. 

\AmpkipdU,  an  .Ithenian  colonvi  iii.  303. 

fAmphtsa,  v  272. 

Amphitheuc,  iii.  222. 

Amphitryon,  iii.  224, 

Amakl,  li.  58. 

Amutius  dispOBseseeth  his  brother  Numitor,  i.  52.  Orders  Romulus 
and  Remus  to  be  destroyed,  53.  Is  billed  by  these  two  princes,  60. 

Amycla,  the  nurse  of  Alcibiades,  i.  IS7.  ii.  IIS, 

Am^iilas,  his  advice  to  Dariua,  iv.  269. 

' -,  liing  of  Lycaonia,  sends  forces  to  Antony,  v.  +84.    Goes 

over  to  Augustus,  486. 

A«iynius,  sent  by  Pliiiip  to  Thebes,  v.  272. 

Anacliartu,  the  Scythian,  his  conversation  and  friendship  frith 
Solon,  i.  224, 


INDEX.  281 

AnakeSf  Castor  and  Pollux  why  so  called,  i.  42,  191. 

Annalha^  Lucius,  a  senator,  struck  by  Crassus,  iii.  500. 

fAnaptu^  river,  ii.  257.  vi.  27. 

Atiarchy^  dreadfiil  to  a  state,  iy.  194,  195. 

AnaxagoraSf  of  Clazomens,  said  to  have  taught  Themistocles,  u 
313.  Pericles  indebted  to  him  for  most  of  his  philosophy,  ii.  8. 
Denies  the  world  to  be  the  effect  of  chance,  id.  Resolves  to 
starve  himself,  29.  His  explication  of  the  lunar  eclipses,  iii. 
435.  A  prosecution  intended  against  him  at  Athens,  and  why, 
ii.  49.     Pericles  conducts  him  out  of  Athens,  id, 

Anaxarchus  of  Abdera,  iv.  320.  His  impious  advice  to  Alexan- 
der, ib. 

AnaxidamuSy  iii.  256. 

Anaxilaiis,  governor  of  Byzantium,  treats  privately  with  Alcibiades, 
ii.  159.     Accused  for  it  at  Sparta,  and  is  acquitted,  160,  161. 

AnaximeneSy  an  orator,  v.  286. 

Anaxoy  the  Trcezonian,  the  rape  of  her  by  Theseus,  i.  37. 

Ancharioy  mother  to  Octavia,  v.  454. 

Anchariusy  despatched  by  Marius*  guards,  iii.  176. 

AncUiay  i.  190. 

Anais  Mara'uSf  son  of  Marcius  and  Poropilia,  and  grandson  of 
Numa,  i.  182. 

Andocidesy  the  Athenian  orator,  imprisoned,  ii.  142.  Hermes  of, 
ib^  iii.  419. 

Andrioy  public  repasts  among  the  Cretans,  copied  by  Lycurgus, 
i.  127. 

AndrocleSy  the  orator,  ii.  138,  139. 

Androcleon,  one  of  those  that  saved  Pyrrhus  in  his  infancy,  iii.  66. 

Androclides  the  historian,  iii.  196. 

— — —  opposes  the  Spartan  interest  in  Thebes,  ii.  346.  Is  as- 
sassinated at  Athens,  347. 

— — -,  a  faithful  servant  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  66. 

—  accused  of  being  corrupted  by  the  king  of  Persia,  iii. 


222. 
AndrocottuSy  king  of  India,  presents  Seleucus  with  five  hundred 

elephants,  iv.  333.  Sees  Alexander  in  India,  334. 
Androcydesy  a  painter  who  worked  at  Thebes,  ii.  371. 
Androgeus,  murthered  on  the  confines  of  Attica,  i.  15.     On  which 

account  the  Athenians  pay  tribute,  ib.    Games  instituted  in  ho- 
nour of  him  by  Minos,  16. 
Andromache^  picture  of  her  parting  with  Hector,  vi.  78. 
Andromachusy  father  of  Timseus  the  historian,  governs  Taurome- 

nium  with  great  equity,  ii.  243. 

betrays  Crassus,  iii.  491. 
Andron  of  Halicarnassus,  his  account  of  the  Isthmian  games,  i.  32. 
Androfiicus,  the  Rhodian,  makes  tables  to  the  writings  of  Aristotle 

and  Theophrastus,  iii.  267. 
^Andros,  ii.  342.     The  answer  of  it»8  inhabiunto  to  Themistodes, 

i.  343.     Colonized  by  Pericles,  iu  19. 
AndroHany  i.  238.  v.  269. 
4ngeluSf  one  of  Pyrrhus*  senrants,  iii.  66. 


B  INDEX. 

iViiM,  Lucius,  the  prxEor,  seizes  Gentius,  kiDgoflUjiimiLflll 

Animnh,  how  mercirutt;  they  ought  to  be  used*  li.  409.  Iltgrti 
feiirful,  the  Imrdett  to  be  tamed,  vi.  IM.  Wbjr  soiiWMedli^Y 
in  the  nigbl,  and  arc  almoU  blind  in  tbe  doy^MM,  tSjL  ' 

■^Anio,  river,  i.  301. 

Aiitct,     See  Diana. 

fAitiiu  or  Aoiu,  river,  iv.  402. 

Ai"<iiMtl  cnten  Italy,  gnini  the  grent  battle  of  Trebis,  and  vm  I 
runs  all  Etruri^  ii.  65.      Bents  Flaminius  the  consul  n 
Thrasymenian  lake,  67.     Sensible  of  I'abius'  prudence  ii 
iug  a  battle,  while  others  coDdemnetl  thai  conduct,  71,  73,   be  1 
by  his  {guides  to  Casalinum,    instead   of    Casitiuiu,    73.     Ss-  I 
rounded,  and  the  rear  of  his  army  attacked  by  Fabius,  74.    Hi  1 
stratagem  to  extricate  himself  from  that  difficulty,  ib.  75,  Oi^a  I 
the  lands  of  Fabius  to  be  spared,  while  the  rest  of  the  comi 
if.  ravaged,  76.     Defeats  Minuciue,  81.      Says  of    Fabioi,  4. 
'  the  cloud  which  had  long    hovered  upon  the   oiountaiu  * 
come  down  in  a  storm  at  last,'  82.     The  good  e&ects  of  a  jMH 
his  upon  Cisco,  87.     Chooses  his  ground,  and  draviK  up  h' 
in  a  most  excellent  manner  at  Cannae,  ib.      Says  of  the 
cavalry,  when  he  saw  them  dismount,  thai  '  tltey  were  delin 
to  him  bound,'    SS.      Kills  fifty  thousand,    and  takes  ibuitcB^ 
thousand  prisoners,  89-     His  error  in  not  pursuing  his  victaty, 
fiO.      Attempts  in  vain  to  ensnare  Fabius,    94-,       Fights    Mn- 
eeltiks,  427,  429.      His  observations  upon  Marcellus'  retumiif 
to  the  charge  nest  day,  ii.  430.     He  ravages  Italy,  +31 .     Dnm 
Marcellus  into  a  enarc,  93,  435.     His   generous    behsriour  N 
Marcellus'  remains,   436.     He  acknowledges,    that  the  diviot 

counsels  ore  irresistible,  ib.     Plutarch's  observation  c 

being  wouuded  in  battle,  440.      Goes  to  the  court  of  AtU 

iii.  42.     Thence  to  that  of  Prusios,  king  of  Bythj-nia,  57, 
death  and  speech   immediately  preceding  il,    58.        Whom 
judged  the  greatest  generals,  59.  iii.  75.     His  advice  to  the  kj 
of  Armenia  to  build  the  city  of  Artaxata,  372. 

Anniiu  murthers  Marc  Antony  the  orator,  iii.  178. 
'     ,  Caius,  sent  by  Sylla  agaiost  Sertorius,  iv.  10. 

Galliis,  one  o'f  Otho'a  generals,  vi.  251.     MarcbeB  to  d 

relief  of  Cremona,  ib.     His  advice  to  Otho,  253. 

,  Titus,  his  question  which  puzzles  Tiberius  Gruccbus.  t 
215. 

Anlaus  killed  in  vrrestling,  by  Hercules,  i.  12.  His  iiicr«dible 
size,  I*.  12.    Where  said  to  be  buried,  ib. 

Aniagoras  of  Chios,  his  behaviour  to  Pausanias,  ii.  483. 

AnttScidas,  his  saying  to  Ageailaua,  i.  131.  iv.  103,  104.  Another 
saying  of  bis.  111.  Sent  by  the  Lacedaemonians  to  negotiate  a 
peace,  .08.  By  the  peace  which  bears  his  name,  the  Asiatic 
Greeks  are  betrayed,  ib.  90.  In  great  favuur  with  Artaxarxes, 
vi.  138.    His  death,  139. 

■fAntanna,  i,  76.  iii.  275. 

fAnCrmnaUs  defeated  by  Romulus,  i.  76. 

Antenor,  i.  180. 


A 


INDEX.  MS 

fAnthedottf  iii.  268. 

Antkemion^  ii.  191. 

^nthemocritwi^  the  Athenian  herald,  sent  to  Lacedsemon  and  the 
Megarensians,  ii.  46.  The  Megarensians  suspected  to  be  guilty 
of  his  death,  ibm 

Anthcsterion^  month  of,  iii.  251.  v.  389. 

AuthOf  the  daughter  of  Amulius,  i.  53. 

Antias* snd  Vatinius  made  praetors  through  Pompey's  interest, 
iv.  191. 

^AntiateSy  and  other  Volscians,  defeated  by  Cominius,  ii.  184,  185. 
Their  other  wars  with  the  Romans,  197. 

Anti'CaiOf  CsBsar's  answer  to  Cicero's  Cato,  iv.  420.  v.  341. 

AniicriUeSf  the  Spartan,  kills  Epaminondas  in  battle,  iT.  116.  He 
and  his  posterity  exempted  from  taxes,  t^. 

Anticyra^  one  of  Demetrius'  mistresses,  v.  386. 

t ,  vL  93. 

Antrirenes,  one  of  the  principal  officers  of  the  Argyraspides,  Ir.  61. 
Conspires  against  Eumenes,  ib.  Is  put  to  death  by  Antigoaus, 
iv.  66,  n. 

■   ,  banished  from  court  by  Alexander,  and  why,  iv.  344. 
Pardoned,  345. 

ArUifenidaSy  v.  363. 

Anttgoney  daughter  of  Berenice,  married  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  70. 

,  of  Pydna,  mistress  to  Philotas,  betrays  him,  iv.  314. 

j-AnHgonia.    See  Mantinea, 

AntigoniSf  a  new  tribe  added  by  tlie  Athenians,  ▼.  373. 

AntigonuSy  the  most  powerful  of  Alexander's  successors,  v.  M5. 
A  saying  of  his  before  the  sea-fight  near  Andros,  ii.  342.  Said 
'  Pyrrhus  would  be  the  greatest  general  in  the  world,  if  he  lived 
to  be  old,'  iii.  75.  Refuses  to  establish  Eumenes  in  Cappadocia, 
iv.  41.  Conunissioned  by  the  Macedonians,  alone  with  Anti- 
pater,  to  manage  the  war  against  Eun^enes,  48.  Disperses  par 
pers  in  the  camp^of  Eumenes,  setting  a  price  upon  his  head,  49. 
His  saying  on  Eumenes*  forbearing  to  seize  his  ba^^age,  51. 
Besieges  that  general  in  the  castle  of  Nora,  52.  v/ffers  him 
peace,  54.  Defeated  by  Eumenes  near  the  Pasitigris,  57.  His 
saying  9n  Eumenes*  being  carried  in  a  litter  through  the  ranks, 
59.  Is  deceived  by  a  stratagem  of  Eumenes,  60,  61.  Takes  thft 
baggage  of  the  Argyraspides,  who  acted  under  Eumenes,  6S» 
O&rs  to  restore  it,  if  they  will  deliver  him  up,  63.  Puts  Eu- 
menes to  death,  65.  Punishes  the  Argyraspides  for  their  trea- 
chery, 66.  Desires  certain  embassadors  to  tell  their  masters 
how  happily  he  and  hb  son  Demetrius  lived  together,  ▼•  365* 
Suspects  Mithridates  one  of  his  own  courtiers  on  account  of 
a  dream,  366.  His  wars  with  Ptolemy,  367.  His  raillery  upon 
his  son,  379.  Reproves  his  son  for  enquiring  into  his  councils^ 
S92,  393.  Killed  in  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  393.  What  a  peasant  of 
Phrygia  said  with  regard  to  him,  34,  35. 

Gonatasy  son  of  Demetrius,  reigns  in  Macedon,  iii.  103. 

Defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  ib.    Called  to  Argos  by  Aristippus,  110* 
The  answer  he  sent  I^rrhus  upon  his  chiulenge,  112.    Reprovea 

6 


INDEX.  985 

l|  .jftttipkanei,  y.  S68. 

%  jUfUphaUi^  i.  S38. 

i|  tfiiiiiphUuSf  an  Athenian  genera],  v.  28,  SO. 

^  Jbdnpho^  the  Rhamnusiany  iii.  405.    Accused  by  Demosthenes, 

^       and  condemnedy  v.  268. 

I  ,  his  invective  against  Alcibiades,  ii.  115. 

K   Antiquity^  fabulous,  i.  2. 

Anti'Senatorian  band,  an  abandoned  set  of  men,  a  kind  of  guards 

*  to  Sulpitius,  iii.  164>. 

I    AntistheneSf  a  saying  of  his  concerning  the  Thebans,  1. 161.     Ano- 

•  ther  concerning  kmenias,  ii.  3. 
Awtutia^  married  to  Pompev,  iv.  ISO.    Divorced,  134. 

'    ,  wife  of  Appius  Claudius,  and  mother  of  Claudia,  v.  203 
AntUHuSf  the  prsetor,  iv.  129.    Gives  his  daughter  to  Pompey,  ISO. 

Loses  his  lire  in  espousing  his  interest,  135« 
■  Vetm^  praetor  in  Spain,  iv.  362. 

,  an  officer  of  the  navy,  his  services  to  Brutus,  vi.  79. 
AntoniOf  daughter  of  Mark  Antony  by  Octavia,  married  to  Drusus, 

V.508. 
Antonias^  Cleopatra's  royal  galley  so  called,  v.  5^^, 
AntoniuSf  Lucius,  rebels  against  Doraitian,  ii.  314>. 
f  Caius,  consul  with  Cicero,  v.  305.    Marches  against  Ca- 
tiline, 311.    Defeats  and  kills  him,  319.    Father  of  Mark  An- 
tony's first  wife,  434. 

,  Publius,  Caesar  accuses  him,  iv.  360. 

Caius,  brother  of  Mark  Antony,  defeated  by  Cicero's 


r 


son,  vi.  81.  Surrendered  to  Brutus,  and  kept  close  prisoner, 
id.  Put  to  death  after  the^  proscription  of  Cicero  ana  Brutus 
Albinus,  82. 

■      CreticuSy  father  to  Mark  Antony,  his  character,  v.  425. 
HonoraiuSf  vi.  223. 


Aniony^  Mark,  the  orator,  discovered  by  the  simplicity  of  a  ser- 
vant, iii.  177.  Marius  sends  a  party  to  despatch  him^  178.  His 
eloquence  disarms  the  soldiers,  ih.    Killed  by  Annius,  i^. 

Antony,  Mark,  grandson  of  Mark  Antony  the  orator,  and  son  of 
Antonius  Creticus,  v.  425.      His  mother  Julia  has  Cornelius 
Lentulus  for  her  second  husband,  and  Antony  his  education 
under  her  auspices,  426.    He  conceives  a  strone  resentment; 
against  Cicero,  for  his  putting  Lentulus  to  death,  ut.     Engaging 
in  his  person,  but  unfortunate  in  his  connexions,  26.     Forms  a 
friendsnip  first  with  Curio,  and  subsequently  with  Clodius,  per- 
sons of  the  most  profiigatc  character,  ih.  Huns  deeply  in  debt,  ib. 
During  the  troubles  which  Clodius  had  brought  upon  the  state, 
retires  into  Greece,  427.     Employs  himself  there  in  military 
exercises  and  the  study  of  eloquence,  16.     Adopts  the  Asiatic 
stile,  ib.    Goes  with  Gabinius  into  Syria,  with  a  command  of 
cavsdry,  ib.     In  besieging  Aristobulus,  he  is  the  first  to  scale  die 
wall,  t^.    Takes  Aristobulus  and  his  son  prisoners,  }6.     Gabinius 
and  he  restore  Ptolemy  to  his  kingdom,  ib.     Antony  prevents 
Ptolemy  from  putting  the  citizens  of  Pelusium  to  death,  428. 
His  humane  care  of  the  bodv  of  Archelalis,  ib.    His  person  de- 


596  INDEX. 

scribed,  ib.  429.     Hi's  free  manner  engaging  to  the  eol<li«r«,  tSK  I 
His  great  liberaJity,  i6.     Tlirougli  Curio's  means  is  eleclei]  lA  I 
bune  of  the  people,  and  is  very  serviceable  U>    CteMT  agatm  | 
Pompey,  430.    After  some  equitable  proposnle  in  behalf  oflrsi 
to  the  senate,  lie  is  commanded  by  Leniulus  the  consul  to  leivc   i 
the  house,  ib.^'Sl.     Disfjutsea  himself  lilie  a  servant,  sn<t  |m<  ' 
immediately  to  Cie^ar,  ISl.     Upon  this,  Cttssr  enters  Italy,  i#.    '. 
Leaves  the  command  of  the  army  nf  Italy  to  Antony,  during  ha 
expedition  to  Spain,  and  on  his  return  connives  at    his  jnrgui^    i 
rities,  tS'i.    Antony  beats  offLibo,  and  carries  a  considerab^ rr-    ' 
inForcement  to  Ciesar,  i6.  433.     Distirguislies  himsetf  in  ewrr    , 
engagement,  43S.     Has  the  cnramand  ofCiesar's  left  u^n°  in  the    ' 
bftttle  of  Pharsaliu,  ib.    Cassac  going  in  pursuit  of  Pompey,  teaii 
Antony  to  Itome  in  character  of  general  of  the  horse,  tb.     Dob- 
bella,  one  of  the  tribunes,  proposes  a  decree  for  abolishing  d ebb, 
ill.     Antony,  who  suspects  him  of  a  criminal  commerce  irith  hil 
wife,  opposes  him,  434.     He  dismisses  his  wife,   n-ho  was  the 
daughter  of  Caius  Antonius,  ib.     Ail  sober  people  are  offended 
at  hie  excessive  irregularities,  ib.     Ciesar,  to  show  his  dislike  of 
these  proceedings,  takes  Lepidus,  and  not  Antony,  For  his  ad- 
legue  in  the  consulship,  435.     Casar  orders  him  to  pay  for  Pow 
pey's  house,  which  he  had,  ib.     He  marries  Fulvia,  the  widow  tf 
Clodius,  a  woman  of  a  most  ambitious  spirit,  ib.  Ciesar  on  his  f^ 
turn  from  Spain,  takes  Antony  for  his  collegue,  ^36,      Anioitf, 
in  the  feast  of  the  Lupercolia,  attempts  to  put  a  diadem  on  tl^ 
head  of  Cxsar,  4S7.     Some  of  the  conspirators  against  Cce> 
propose,  that  Antony  should  be  taken  off  with  him,  but  Bru 
objects,  438.     Antony  is  amused  without,  while   Corsar    is  or 
snatched  in  the  senate  house,  ii.     He  absconds  in  the  habit  ot  ■ 
slave,  ib.     Sends  his  son  to  the  conspirators  in  the  Capitol,  as  fl 
hostage,  ib.    Proposes  an  act  of  amnesty  to  the  senate,  ii.     AtiK 
bilion  draws  him  from  these  moderate  councils,  H.     In  makinc 
Caesar's  tiineral  oration,  he  exasperates  the  people  against  tlH 
conspirators,  ib.  439.     Brutus  and  his  party  leave  the   city,  and 
Cxsar's  friends  join  Antony,    439.     Calpurnia,   Cxsar*B  relief 
entrusts  him  with  her  treasure,  i{i.   The  advantage  Antony  niak« 
of  Ctesar's  papers,  ib.     Octavius,  the  relation  and  heir  of  Cksv, 
arrives  at  Kome  from   Apollonia,  i6.     As  CsesaHs  executor  ho 
applies  to  Antony  for  the  effects,  and  is  refused,  440.     An  ac 
comniodalion  between  Octavius  and  Antony  takes  place,  but  is 
soon  destroyed,   ib.     They  both  prepare  for  war,  ib.     Cicero 
persuades  the  senate  to  dcclsxe  Antony  a  public  enemy,  utd  to 
commission  Hirtius  and  Pansa  to  drive  liim  out  of  Italy,  i6.  441 . 
Theconsuls  are  slain  near  Mutina,  but  Antony  is  defeated,  441. 
Antony  and  his  troops  are  distressed  by  famine,  ib.     He  is  a 
pattern  of  fortitude,  ib.     Passes  the  Alps,  and  draws  over  the 
troops  of  Lepidus,  but  attempts  nothing  against  his  life  or  honour, 
ib-  442.     Munatius  Plancus  joins  him,  U%     He  leaves  a  suffi- 
cient force   in  Gaul,  and   returns  to  Italy  with  a  great  annj,  ii. 
Octavius,  finding  Cicero  resolved  to  restore  the  commonwealth, 
•monies  to  an  accommodation  with  Antony,  ib.    llicy  and  Lcpidui 


1 


INDEX.  £87 

nMet  in  a  iittia  river-iilandy  aod  divide  the  empire  of  the  world 
among  theaiy  ib.  They  proscribe  no  fewer  than  three  hundred 
Romans,  443.  Octavius  asrees  to  marry  Claudia,  the  daughter 
of  Fulvia,  ib.  Antony  orders  Cicero's  hemi,  and  the  hand  with 
which  he  had  written  the  Philippics,  to  be  placed  on  the  Rostra, 
t^.  The  mother  of  Antony  saves  Lucius  Cesar,  iS.  444w  The 
triumvirate  is  extremely  oppressive,  444.  Antony  disgraces 
Pompey's  house  with  the  vilest  excesses,  ib.  Octavius  insists  on 
a  division  of  the  treasure  and  the  army,  ib.  They  eo  against 
Brutus  and  Cassius,  and  leave  Lepidus  governor  of  Rome,  ib. 
Cassius  is  defeated  by  Antony,  and  puis  an  end  to  his  life,  445. 
Brutus  is  beaten  in  a  second  battle,  and  slays  himself,  ib.  The 
honour  of  this  victory,  too^  fiUk  to  Antony,  ib,  Antony  skys 
Hortensius  on  the  tomb  of  his  brother  Caius,  ib,  Throwa  his 
purple  robe  over  the  body  of  Brutus,  and  orders  him  an  honour- 
able funeral,  t^.  Csesar  »  conveyed  to  Rome  sick,  ib,  Antony 
raises  contributions  in  Asia,  having  promised  five  thousand 
drachmas  to  each  private  man,  ib.  Uetuma  to  Greece*  where 
his  behaviour  at  first  is  very  acceptable,  ib.  Passes  again  into 
Asia,  where  he  lives  in  the  most  luxurious  manner,  446.  Is  cele- 
brated at  Ephesus  in  the  character  of  Bacchus,  ib.  Disgraces 
his  jollity  and  freedom  with  the  most  savage  cruehy  and  extor- 
tion, 447.  His  real  character  more  develbped,  ib,  Cleopatra 
comes  into  Cicilia,  to  answer  a  charge  laid  against  her,  and 
Antony  falls  into  her  snares,  448.  She  sails  along  the  Cydnus 
in  the  character  of  Venus,  449.  Their  mutual  invitations,  450. 
Her  address  and  versatility,  t^.  She  sings  admirably,  and  speaks 
most  languages,  ib.  While  Fulvia  is  supporting  the  interests  of 
Antony  at  Rome,  he  is  revelling  with  Cleopatra  at  Alexandfia, 
451.  Antony's  son  nmkes  a  magnificent  present  lo  Philotaathe 
physician,  45S.  Cleopatra  attends  him  in  his  night-rambles  in 
the  habit  of  a  slave,  t^.  His  fishmg  story,  453.  He  receives 
disagreeable  news  from  di£R?rent  quarters,  tb.  He  awakes  from 
his  intoxication,  marches  to  Phoenicia,  and  thence  saik  to  Italy,  i6. 
454.  Fulvia  dies  at  Sicyon,  ib.  This  event  opens  a  way  for  recon- 
ciliation between  him  and  Csesar,  ib.  The  triumvirate  settle  their 
respective  claims  and  powers,  t^.  Csesar  gives  his  sister  Octavia 
to  Antony,  in  marriage,  ib.  Sextus  the  son  of  Pompey,  having 
gained  a  considerable  maritime  power,  is  allowed  to  keep  Sicily 
and  Sardinia,  455.  Sextus  has  an  opportunity  to  destroy  Antony 
and  Csesar  at  an  entertainment  on  board  his  galley,  but  forbears 
it,  t^.  456.  Antony  sends  Ventidius  into  Asia  against  the  Par- 
thians,  456.  Takes  upon  himself  the  office  of  high  priest  to 
Csesar  the  dictator,  ib.  The  star  of  Octavius'  fortune  superior 
to  that  of  Antony,  ib.  Antony  leaves  Italy,  and  takes  Octavia 
with  him  into  Greece,  ib.  Celebrates  Gymnastic  games  at 
Athens,  on  news  that  Ventidius  was  successful  against  tlie 
Parthians,  457.  Ventidius  engages  Pacorus,  son  of  the  king  of 
Parthia,  in  Syria,  and  kills  him,  ib.  He  brings  Antiochus,  the 
son  of  Commageue,  to  terms,  458.  Antony,  as  well  as  Octavius, 
more  successfid  by  their  lieutenants,  than  where  they  acted  in 


Z88  INDEX. 

person,  id.     Upon  eonie  dissgreeable  news  concernii, 

designs,    Antony  sails  with  three  hundred    ships  foe 

Octavia  interposes,  and  reconciles  them,  i&.  459.      CssargMlH 

If^'War  witli  Pompey  tor  the  recovery  of  Sicily ;  and  Antony,  teinn; 

^.  bis  wife  and  children  in  the  care  of  CKsar,  sets  out  for  /Uaa,  iSi. 

t  On  his  arrival  there,  he  sends  for  Cleopatra,    i6.      He  prettu 

»  her  with  several  considerable  provinces,   460.       Gives  tbe  is- 

Ki  names  of  the  Sun  and  Moon  to  the  twins  he  Iiad  by  hfr,  it, 

f  PhroBtes  slays  his  fattier  Orodes ;  upon  which  many  of  the  Pr- 

Kthian  chiets  fly  to  Antony,  i&.     He  gives  Moneses  three  cibs 

,>461 .     Reviiyvs  Ins  army  in  Armenii,  which  consists  of  a  huadni 

bithousand  men,  tb.     His  attachment  to  Cleopatra  precipitate*  hi 

r-measures,  id.     He  lays  siege  to  Fhraata  without  his  batleriw 

k  engines,  462.    Fhraales  lalls  upon  Tatianus,  who  was  conductii^ 

•',  the  engines,  kills  ten  thousand  of  his  men,  aud  destroys  theco- 

bi^nes,  ii.     Artavasdcs,  king  of  Armenia,  witlidrans  in  despair, ii. 

E'lAntooy  attempts  to  bring  the  Parthians  to  a  pitched    battle  but 

ir>(loes  not  succeed,  46^.     The  Parthians  gall  the  Romans  in  (his 

IfttRlurn  to  their  camp,  ili.     Antony  finds  that  his  troops  bad  fled 

bain  his  absence  from  before  Phraata,  and  punishes  thcni  with  ito- 

^ruation,  ib.iGi.     Phroates  pretends  to  come  to  terms  with  Ao- 

,  but  intends  all  the  time  to  harass  him  in  his   retreat,  i6*, 

Antony  designs  to  take  his  route  through  an  open  counttj, 

^tbut  is  advised,  by  a  certain  Mardian,  to  take  the  safer  road^ 

t  the  mountains,  465.     Tiie  Parthians  make  their  apiteorance  the 

third  day,  and  attack  the  Romans,  4G6>      Antony,    after  thit, 

marches  in  so  judicious  a  form,  that  the  enemy  can    make  UtUs 

impression,  and  think  of  retiring,  ib.    Flavins  Gallus  propoae*  U 

perform  some  considerable  exploit  with  a  select  party  ;  but  6nw 

mg  too  far  from  the  main  body,  is  surrounded,  ib.  467.     Aoiony 

himself,  at  last,  beats  the  enemy  off.  467.    The  great  afTectkm  of 

the  troops  for  him,  ib.     His  address  to  the  army  on  that  occoHOt^ 

46S.     The  Uonians,  when  attacked  again,  assume  the  form  of  ■ 

pent-house,  469.     I'amine  prevails  among  tliem,  ib.      Tbey  eat 

on  herb,  which  brings  on  madness  and  death,  ib.     Antotiy  ofteo 

cries  out,  '  O  the  ten  thousand  I '  4~0.     Mitbridates,  couau  to 

Moneses,  comes  in  the  nighl,  and  warns  Antony  not  to  descend 

into  the  plain,  ib,     471.     Tlie  Parthians,  contrary  to  custom, 

'    pursue  him  in  the  night,  471.     The  Romans  have  to  contend 

'    with  thirst,  and  with  the  Parthians,  at  the  sume  time,  id.     ThcT 

come  np  to  a  river,  whose  water  is  sharp,  and  drink  of  it  too 

freely,  H.     The  fVIardian  acquaints  them,  tlmt  there  is  aoother 

at  no  great  distance,  sweeter  and  more  salubrious,  ib.     Mithri* 

dates  comes  again,   and  odvi^a  the  Romans  to  hasten  to  that 

river;    because  it  would  terminate  the  puisuic,  472.     Antony, 

accordingly,  moves  on ;  but  a  strange  disorder  happens  ia  his 

army,  and  his  tent  is  plundered,  tb.     The  Romans  pou  the  lost* 

mentioned  river  in  peace,  473.     Six  days  after  this,  ihey  reach 

the  Araxes,  nnd  when  they  have  passed  it,  kiM  the  grouod  iit 

Armenia  with  great  avidity,  ib.     The  new  plenty  throws  Uicm 

into  the  dropsy  and  the  cholic,  47t.     Antony  docs  not  cl 


IJJDEX.  28^ 

Arbvdsdes,  wfio  had  deserted  hiniy  at  present,  biit  seizes  him 
afterward,  and  leads  him  in  triumph  into  Alexandria^  ib,  An- 
tony, who  had  lost  twenty  four-thousand  men  already  in  his 
retreat,  loses  eight  thousand  more  through  the  severity  of  the 
weather,  ib,  4eJ5.  Waits  for  Cleopatra  at  a  fort  between  Berytus 
and  Sidon,  475.  The  Parthians  and  the  M^des  quarrel  about 
the  Roman  spoils,  and  the  Mede  offers  his  assistance  to  Antony, 
475.  Octavia  expresses  her  desire  to  visit  Antony,  and  Caesar 
l^ves  her  leave,  in  hopes  that  some  event  would  lead  to  a  quarrel, 
tb.  Commanded  by  Antony  to  stop  at  Athens,  she  sends  Niger 
to  him,  with  an  account  of  the  na^uny  valuable  nresents  she  had 
brought  him,  t^.  476.  Cleopatra  affects  to  be  aying  for  the  love 
of  Antony,  476.  He  returns  to  Egypt,  and  puts  off  the  Mede 
till  summer,  t^.  Betroths  one  of  Cleopatra's  sons  to  a  daughter 
of  the  Mede,  477.  Csesar  appears  to  be,  and  indeed  the  Romans 
in  general  are,  offended  at  his  neglect  of  Octavia,  and  his  dis- 
posing of  kingdoms  in  favour  of  the  children  of  Cleopatra,  ib. 
Caesar  accuses  him  in  the  senate,  478.  Antony  recrimmates,  ib. 
Csesar  replies,  ib.  Antony  sends  Canidius  to  the  sea-coast  with 
sixteen  legions,  479.  Goes  to  Ephesus,  attended  by  Cleopatra, 
ib.  Assembles  a  fleet  of  eight  hundred  ships,  two  hundred  of 
which  were  supplied  by  Cleopatra,  ib.  Cleopatra,  jealous  of  the 
mediation  of  Octavia,  bribes  Canidius  to  persuade  Antony  to 
permit  her  to  attend  him  in  the  war,  ib.  They  spend  their  time 
in  all  kinds  of  revelry  at  Samos,  ib.  Visits  Athens,  where  Cleo- 
patra endeavours  to  surpass  Octavia  in  her  favours  to  the  people, 
480.  He  sends  some  of  his  people  to  turn  Octavia  out  of  his 
house  at  Rome,  t^.  Antony,  instead  of  attacking  Csesar  imme- 
diately, gives  hini  time  to  prepare  himself,  481 .  Titius  and 
Plancus  are  ill  used  by  Cleopatra,  for  opposing  her  stay  in  the 
army,  and  they  go  over  to  Csesar,  ib.  Cssar  takes  Antony's 
will  from  the  Vestals,  and  reads  it  to  the  senate,  ib,  Antony's 
friends,  and  Geminius  In  particular,  point  out  to  him  his  true 
interest,  but  they  are  driven  away  by  the  creatures  of  Cleopatra, 
482,  489.  Csesar  declares  war  against  Cleopatra,  483.  Pro- 
digies announcing  the  event  of  the  war,  ib.  484.  An  account  of 
their  respective  forces^  484.  Antony,  notwithstanding  his 
strength  at  land,  is  persuaded  by  Cleopatra  to  decide  the  dis- 
pute at  sea,  ib.  Circumstances  previous  to  the  battle  of 
Actium,  485.  Domitius^  Amyntas,  and  Delotarus,  go  over 
to  Csesar,  ib.  486.  Canidius  gives  Antony  salutary  oounsdl; 
but  the  fascinations  of  Cleopatra  prevent  his  listening  to  it, 
486.  An  old  soldier  remonstrates  against  a  sea*fight,  487. 
Caesar  has  omens  of  victory,  488.      The  battle  described,  t&. 

489.  Cleopatra  flies,  before  the  battle  is  lost,  and  Antony  is 
infatuated  enough  to  follow  her,  489.  He  enters  Cleopatra's 
galley,  and  sits  three  days  ib  sombrous  silence,  ib.  490.  Has- 
intelligence  that  his  army  is  safe  in  Macedon,  but  instead  of^ 
going  to  it,  sends  orders  to  Canidius  to  conduct  it  into  Asia, 

490.  '  Divides  a  ship-load  of  treasure  among  his  friends, 
and  dismisses  them,  ib.    The  gallant  resistance,  which  his  flaet 

VOL.  VI.  U 


J90  INDEX. 

made  nfkerhe  hid  (brtaken  it,  491.     His  Und-lbrce*  re(Bamt» 
bodied  seven  days  and  do  not  surrender  to  CRur,  till  their  offittn 

<  desert  them,  ib.  CsEar  relieves  ihe  ciiies  of  Gr»«ce,  whjck  W 
been  murh  oppressed,  i&.  Aatony  landa  in  Lybia,  and  ieiA 
Cleopatra  into  Egrpi,  492.  Uetiroi  into  a  deaert,  with  allium 
altendanU,  it.  The  comniBiider  of  hia  Iroops  in  L^bia  revoht; 
he  altennpta  to  kill  himself,  ii.  It  prevented  by  hia  frieMb,aid 
conveyed  to  Alexandria,  ii.      Finds  Cleopatra  eocaged  b  U 

.  attempt  In  draw  her  ^hips  over  the  hihrniu  into  the  Red-sea, ud 

-  with  all  her  wealth  and  forces  to  seek  aomo  remote  country,  ii 
But  the  first  gallieg  that  are  carried  over  are  burnt  by  the' An- 
bianaof  PeUKii.i'i-  Antony  betakes  himaelfto  a  kind  of  Timoaiu 
retirement  near  Pharos,  493.  After  he  is  infarmed  that  hia  anw 
and  all  his  allies  had  deserted  him,  he  obandoru  hia  bofiM  ui 
his  cares  together,  and  returns  to  Alexundriq,  l-IH.  Cleopatn 
aiid  he  furiji  the  Eociety  of  '  the  CniDpaniona  in  Ocath,'  ai  ilwr 
had  befnre  instituted  that  of  '  the  Inimitable  in  Life,*  ib,  Thq 
p3<^  their  time  in  mutu^  treats  and  diversions,  iit.     CltcmMU 

»nakes  experiment  of  several  paisons,  and  gives  the  ^ 

to  the  asp,  495.     They  send  Euphroniu?,  their  children**  tii 
on  an  embassy  to  Cn-sar,  ib.     Cssar  encourages    CleoMtn 

•  hope  every  thing,  provided  that  ehe  gave  up  Antony,  vid  am 
her  with  a  pretence  of  love,  4(J6.  Antony  causes  Thyrei^ 
Cssar's  frecdman,  to  be  whipped,  ib.  Cloopatra  redouble*  ^ 
attentions  to  Antony,  ib.  Cmsar  renews  the  war,  take*  Peluains, 
and  advaaces  to  Alexandria,  497.  Antony  makes  «  brisk  sail;, 
and  repulses  the  enemy,  ib.  Send*  a  cltallesge  to  C^aar,  wludi 
ia  as  much  disregarded  as  one  that  he  had  sent  formuly,  «£.  A 
noise  at  departing  Bacchanals  presage  the  fate  of  Antony,  MS. 
Antony  ileiigns  to  attack  Csiar  both  by  lea  nad  land  ;  bm  tbe 
fleet  and  cavalry  desert  him,  ii.  His  infantry  are  .vootM^  nd 
he  exclaims,  that  Cleopatra  has  betrayed  him,  I'i.  Tbe  quso 
retires  to  her  monument,  and  orders  that  Antony  ahouVd  be  >>• 
formed  she  is  dead,  ib.  He  conimaods  his  servant  Ere*  to 
despatch  him,  but  Bros  despatches  himself,  499.  Plunge*  hii 
sword  into  his  bowels,  but  the  stroke  does  not  prove  mortal,  it, 
Clepatra  sends  for  hini,  and  she  and  ber  women  draw  hiia  op 
Into  the  monument,  ib.  Their  affecting  meeting,  ib.  AtOamy 
dies.  5(X).  Antillus,  son  of  Antony  by  Fulvia,  is  put  to  dotth, 
502.  Theodorus,  who  betrayed  him.  is  crucified  for  theft,  ii. 
Clenpaira  is  permitted  to  bury  Antony,  which  she  doei  in  a  tnw- 
nificent  manner,  .lyOS.  Her  last  oblations  and  speech  at  Antonjrt 
tomb,  50,5.  Antony's  children,  508.  His  detcemlents  corae  to 
be  emperors,  U.     Antony  and  Demetriu!  coropart'd,  509. 

jtnhniui,  Ludis,  brother  of  Antony,  crented  tribune,  v.  439^ 

»■'  ■  '     ■!,  toa  of  Antony  by  I'ulvia,  v.  .^OH. 

-  '■      ■  ,  the  first  who  Isya  violent  bands  on  S«rtorius,  i«.  35. 
Ant^liias,  Ihe  Hctor  kilk^'  in  the  Capitol,  ».  8fi7. 

Aah/lhia,  sod  of  Antony  by  Fulvia.  v.  4t4.    Is  piM  to  dealh»  5QS. 
Anytui,  son  of  ADthemiua,  Alcibiades'  IVolic  nt  his  lutuie,  ii.  118. 
The  first  vbo  bribed  the  jud^jes  at  Alliens,  191. 


i 


INDEX.  f91 

Aobiui.    SeeAbUUus. 

A]^maf  cbnighter  of  Artaxcrxet,  mnrriod  to  PhinHlMBn%  ▼!.  146. 
-9  wife  of  Seieucus,  ▼•  395. 


AftlUe^  4nm%  Alesaider't  picture^  iv.  244.  Does  not  ni^ceed  at 
to  his  complexioDy  ib.  Surprised  at  Protogenes'  paintings  v»  S^i 
Enters  himself  of  the  school  of  Sicyon,  vk  ld5. 

,  in  the  coorl  of  the  younger  Riilip  of  Maoedon,  vii  909. 

ApeUiamf  the  Teiaa,  faia  library  carried  by  Sylki  to  Roney  iii.  9&7. 

Ap$mamtm$^  iHMi  he  Mud  to  TimoB,  and  Timou'sJoiswery.  v.  4M. 

fAverantians^  iii.  50. 

AjmnmimBf  Aiohaa  at  Atfaena^  m,  M$4 

\ApnidfUBt  a  city  near  Athens.  Theseus  sends  Helen  thilKer, 
i.  40.    Taken  by  Ctttor  and  PoUox,  41. 

Aphidmmf  a  Irimid  of  Theseas,  i.  40. 

TAphysiBans^  a  people  of  Thraoe,  iii.  314i 

Ajns,  the  ox  worshipped  by  the  iEgyptians,  t.  190. 

Apoliay  daoghter  of  Agesihns,  by  Cleora»  tr.  M^ 

ApoUo  DelphiniuSy  Theseus  consecrates  his  hair  to  hiin^  i'6*  Sft* 
crifices  the  Marathonian  bull  to  him,  15.  Makes  ao  ofiemg  tcr 
him  on  his  departvsefor  GfetOt  l».  The  Ltfunlied,  8951  lfl» 
meniusy  iii.  226.  Lyceus,  113.  Pythius,  256.  TegVv«ii%  n, 
360.    ThuriuSy  iiL  256.    His  temples  plundered  by  piitti%  k^ 

AfoUof  the  name  of  one  of  Lucullus'  dining^rooiMy  iii.  ISY^ 
jfyoUoeraim,  the  eUestioo  of  DiooytiuB^  vi.  86.     SofMndMlM 

castle  of  Syracuse  to  Dion,  and  goes  off  Co  his  firtheiv  47r 
ApoUstknUf  the  Aiiloticn,  i.  110. 

— .,  governor  of  Babylon,  iv.  348. 

-,  Uie  Phalerian,  an  extravagant  adolirvr  «ff 


T-gi5v 

"" y  tkm  SicUiaot  carriee  Cltopfllni  to  Casttr^  iv.  4d4» 


r^mmtm 


f  thm  AtAmmm,  h^  orations  irrittea  Ssi  kans  by  Dt* 

mosthenes,  v.  268. 
iApoUonia,  ii.  SMU  in.  266.  vi.  76^  ?9l 
ApoUanitki^  seat  by  Seleucw  t»  Demettiul^  t.  41(k 
,  the  stoic,  is  with  Cato  at  Utica,  v.  116^ 
Apolionius  MolOf  teaches  rhetoric  at  Rhodes,  v.  297*    Cibnr  aiil 

Cicero  his  scholars,  iv.  359.  v.  297.    His  speecJi  to  Cioeso^  vw 

297. 
Ap&Bcpkumm  of  Gviicaiii  proonrai  •  ca«(bMido  beliieou  PInvMM 

bMuo  and  AgiiilauSy  iv.  64. 
ApMdkemUf  the  historian,  u  i6S^ 
ApmiM»,  a  ootodi  nfonner^  kew  pnt  to  dealK  ft.  218* 
.^^MgaAtfti^fisf.    See&i^ni^j^ 
Apvlheimf  m  deep*  pit  into  vrkich  tbey  threw  childseli^  at  6pMa 

wlww  they  deemed  not  fit  to  be  reared,  k  186^  and  a^ 
i4oeori(ioa  seen  by  Brutus,  vi.  96^  lOli^'i-Seen  by  Dion^  vi  %  5h4^ 

Of  Theseus  at  the  battle  of  MbratiMHi^  1 45». 
AfpariHous  at  Chitroneav  in  ceascyince  o^  awwlhir,  iiL  264.** 

Opinion  of  the  Bpacofeaaa  concctaiog  thei%  m.  90^  9^' 
Afpt/tmUf  if  s  diffiieiit  elects^  ii.  176. 

u2 


292 


ITTDEX; 


jippiaii  Road.     See  Wai/s. 

Jppim,  coinpetitor  for  the  cenKtrship  with  Scipio  Africanm,  ii. 
332. 

— — ^ —  pcreuades  Pompey  that  Cesar's  army  would  revolt  U>  lum, 
iv.  199- 

Marau,  v.  325,  i 

C/auditu,  prffiior  of  Sicily,  ii.  404,  and  «. 

Claudius,  his  remonstrance  to  the  senate  ia  the  case  of  Cs* 

riolanue,  ii.  l^.     Hib  ^eech  against  maldng  peace    with  Pjr- 
rhus,  iii.  91. 

C^iujrus  betroths, his  daughter  Claudia  to  Tiberius  Giac- 

cbus,  V.  2(W. 

Clavdiiu,  killed  by  Telesinus,  iii.  273. 

Claiisus,  a  Suhine,  migrates  wiih  live  thousand  fnmjliw  t" 

Rome,  and  is  made  a  senator,  i.  300.  301. 

Clodius,  sent  hy  Lucuilus  to  Tigranes,  iii.  355. 

Varus,  left  governor  in  Africa  by  Porupev,  v.  105. 

\Apsust  river,  iii.  34. 

\ApteTB,  a  city  of  Crete,  iii.  111. 

Apuleitis,  LuciuB,  bia  accusation  against  Camilliu,  i.  376. 

\Apjdia,  it.  427- 

\Aqita  Sextice,  iii.  U2. 

tAquUii  conspire  in  behalf  of  Tarquin  against  the  comnionwe^. 
i.275.     Their  fate,  279. 

Afniliut,  Marcus,  v,  86.  A  sharp  saying  of  Cicero's  about  him.  SS6- 

,  ManiiM,  iii.  137. 

,  one  of  Melelius'  lieutenants,  beaten  bv   Sertoriua,    it. 

18,  19. 

\Aqmnum,  *i.  34«. 

Arabs,  draw  Demetrius  into  the  deserts,  v.  3G8.  He  defeats  Ibem. 
and  carries  off  seven  hundred  camels,  ib,  Alexander's  esipedi- 
tion  against  them,  iv.  277.     Burn  Cleopatra's  gallles,  v.  492. 

\ Arabia  Petra-a,  iv.  176. 

t  Arabians,  Nabathican,  v.  368. Scenite,  iii.  3 

Aracus,  titular  admiral  of  the  Lacedrtnoniau  fleet,  iii.  195.  • 

^Arachtma,  iv.  66. 

fAnr,  river,  iv.  389. 

■fAraterion,  i.  H. 

fAratium,  vi.  208. 

AaAToa,  the  bod  of  Clinias,  in  danger  of  being  slain,  when  Aban- 
tidaa  aet  himself  up  tyrant  in  Sicyon,  vi.  153.  Preserved  by  Soso, 
the  sister  of  Abantidas,  till  she  can  send  him  to  Argos,  lai.  He 
i:i  educated  at  Argos  in  a  liberal  manner,  but  distinguishes  him- 
iic\f  most  in  the  Palcestra,  ib.  He  undertakes  the  deliverance  of 
Sicvon,  155-  Though  he  is  not  yet  quite  twenty  years  old,  Ni^ 
codes,  the  reigning  tyrant,  is  afraid  of  bim,  ii.  Aristamachus 
and  EcdeluB  join  in  the  enterprise,  ib.  156.  Aratus  gets  intel- 
ligence of  a  part  of  tlie  wall  that  may  be  scaled,  ii.  Xenocirs 
and  others  reconnoitre  the  wall,  and  confirm  the  intelligence,  H. 
n  which  he  provided  men,  arms,  a:]d  scoling-ladders. 
Deceives  the  cpiei  ¥fbom  Nicocles  sent  to  Argus,  ii. 


J 


INDEX.  993 

'  Finds  some  dogs  kept  near  the  wall  let  loose,  but  plants  his  lad- 
'  dcrs  notirithstandingy  158.  His  company  is  much  uarmed  at  the 
watch,  which  pass  by,  Uf.  But  not  discovered  either  by  these, 
or  by  the  person  who  kept  guard  in  the  tower,  ib.  He  comes 
■  suddenly,  with  a  small  party,  upon  the  tyrant's  guards  at  the 
palace,  and  takes  them  all  prisoners,  159.  Calls  together  his 
Iriends  in  the  town,  ib,  A  herald,  by  his  order,  proclaims  liberty 
to  the  citizens,  160.  They  set  fire  to  the  tyrant's  palace,  to. 
Not  a  man  lost  on  either  side,  ib.  The  tyrant  escapes  by  a  sub- 
terranean passage,  ib.  Aratus  recalls  all,  who  had  been  banish- 
ed by  the  tyrants,  i^.  Is  laid  under  difficulties,  on  account  of 
dthers  being  possessed  of  the  property  of  the  exiles,  ib.    Unites 

*  Sicyon  to  the  Achcan  league,  ib.  In  what  manner  the  Achasan 
league  became  so  respectable  and  important,  162.  The  character 
of  Aratus,  ib.  He  serves  in  the  Achsesn  cavalry,  and  distinguishes 

*  himself  by  ready  obedience  to  his  general,  whoever  be  might  hap- 
pen to  be,  163.  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  makes  him  a  present  of 
twenty-five  talents,  and  he  lays  out  the  whole  for  the  advantage  of 
bis  fellow-citizens,  ib.  The  exiles  being  clamorous  for  their  pro- 
perty, he  takes  a  voyage  to  ^gypt  to  get  money  to  satisfy  all  parties, 
f^  Encounters  with  great  dangers  in  his  passage,  ib.  164.  Is  well 
received  by  I\olemy,  on  account  of  his  supplying  him  with  paint- 
ings, for  which  Si<^on  was  celebrated,  164.  Aratus  hated  ty- 
rants to  such  a  degree,  that  he  could  not  be  persuaded  to  spare 
the  picture  of  one,  165.  Ptolemy  gives  him  a  hundred  and  fifty 
talents,  payable  at  several  times,  166.  By  this  money  he  re- 
condles  the  poor  to  the  rich,  and  secures  the  commonwealth,  ib. 
The  exiles  erect  his  statue  in  brass,  ib.  The  inscription  upon 
it,  ib.  Antigonus  endeavours  to  gain  Aratus,  or  make  Ptolemy 
suspect  him,  ib.  Aratus  is  chosen  general  of  the  league,  and 
ravages  the  territories  of  Locris  and  Calydon,  167.  Marches  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Boeotians,  against  the  ^tolians,  but  comes 
too  late,  ib.  Is  general  again,  and  undertakes  to  recover  the 
citadel  of  Corinth  from  the  Macedonians,  ib.  For  this  purpose 
lie  foms  a  connexion  with  certain  Syrians,  who  had  a  brother  a 
soldier  in  the  garrison,  and  having  purloined  the  king  of  Maoe- 
don's  treasures,  thereupon  retired  to  Sicyon,  170.  Erginus,  one 
of  the  brothers,  undertakes  to  conduct  him  to  a  part  of  the  wall 
not  above  fifteen  feet  high,  ib.  The  plot  near  being  discovered, 
171 9  172.  Aratus  gets  into  Corinth  by  night,  and  advances  to- 
ward the  citadel,  178.  The  town  is  alarmed,  and  he  proceeds 
up  the  rock  notwithstanding,  ib.  Archelaiis,  who  commanded 
for  Antigonus  in  the  town,  marches  to  attack  Aratus'  rear;  but 
the  three  hundred,  whom  Aratus  luid  left  behind,  fall  upon 
Archelaiis,  and  put  him  to  flight,  174>.  Erginus  comes  to  the 
three  hundred,  and  conducts  them  up  the  rock,  ib.  The  citadel 
is  gained  by  Aratus,  ib.  The  rest  of  Aratus'  forces  arrive  from 
Sicyon,  and  the  Corinthians  open  their  gates  to  them,  ib.  He 
persuades  the  Corinthians  to  join  the  league,  and  delivers  to  them 

'  the  k^  of  their  city,  175.  How  he  disposes  of  the  prisoners, 
Mb.  He  seizes  the  Hercum,  and  the  harbour  of  Lecheeum,  17(». 
^er-runs  Attica,  and  ravages  the  isle  of  Salamis,  H.    Sets  U19 


r  991,  INDEX.  1 

Wt  Athenian  prisoners  free  without  ransom,  and  t hereby  60W  wB 

^^^^  seeds  of  a  defeciion  from  the  Macedopiana,  i£.     Brings  Ptoii^^ 

^^^^L  into  the  Achaan  league,  by  declaring  him  ita  protector,  ii.    h 

^^^^H  choien  general  every  otiier  year,  iit.     Attempts  to  rescue  Anoi 

^^^^1  from  the  yoke  of  tyranny ;  but  one  of  his  OMociatcis  discoven  wt 

^^^^K  design  to  the  tyrant  AristomachuE,  177>  ITS.     AristomachoiB 

^^^^1  ile^atched  soon  al\er  by  one  of  bis  own  terr&nts,  )  78.      AriMip- 

^^^^H  pus  succeeds  to  the  tyranny,   and  gets  a  fine    laid    apoD  lat 

^^^^1  Achican*  for  the  lata  breach  of  the  peace,  ili.     The  tnisnaUt 

^^^^1  life  of  B  tyraut  described  in  that  of  Arisiippui,    179.      AratM 

^^^^H  makes  several  fruitless  aliempts  upon  ArgMt  ISO.     The  Argfw^ 

^^^^1  for  whose  liberties  lie  fights,  give  him  no  ossistsDCtf,   ii.    Ha 

^^^^V  fights  a  pitched  battle  with  Aristippiu,  and  lets  the  riclorr  ibl 

■^^^  out  of  his  hands,  id.     Adds  Cleonee  to  tlia  Achaean  leagucj  Itl. 

F  Celebrates  the  Nemean  games  at  Cleanse,  i6.     lakes  thtmt  who       I 

W  were  going  to  Argos  far  the  same  purposei  and  sella   ihain  for       1 

m  slaves,  il>.     Draws   Arislippus  against  Cleoiis  by  a    siratagnn, 

■  puUhim  to  the  rout,  and  kills  him  in  the  purKuil,  (i^.  182.  This  in 
K  good  measure  removes  the  imputation  of  cowardice,  which  MMoe 
W  endeavoured  to  fasten  upon  him,  Ift^.  Agias  and  young  Aristo- 
m  raachuB  enter  Argos  with  ihe  ting  of  Macedon's  troops,  U. 
I'  Aratus  endeavours  to  depose  Lyaiades,  tyrant  of  Megalopolis, 

■  183.  SiilEiirb  the  j^lolians  Lo  enter  Peloponnesus,  but  falls  upon 
P.  them  while  they  are  plundering  Pellene.  dialodges  ihenn,  and 
I  kills  a  considerable    number,   184,    18^.      Makes   peace    nhh 

them,  186.  Makes  several  aiiempta  upon  the  Pirous,  and  in  one 
of  them  breaks  hii  leg,  iJ,.  187.  Is  defeated  by  Bithya.  Deme. 
(rius'  general,  187.  On  the  deatb  of  i>emetrius,  the  Atb«tii«n« 
call  in  Aratus  to  their  assistance,  and  he  prevails  upoo  I3ioK«Des, 
llie  Macedonian  governor,  to  deliver  up  to  them  die  Pirvws, 
Munychia,  $qlamis,andSunium,  forn  hundred  and  fiiYy  taleots.or 
whicli  he  furnishes  twenty,  ti.  186.  The  Aclitcan  league  receives 
several  very  considerable  states  into  it's  community,  J  SR.  Among 
theeo  ii  Argos  i  Aratus  having  persuaded  it's  tyrant  Artatomacfaus 
to  quit  the  vovereignly  and  join  the  Achxans,  i6.  ATiatoiiinchus 
is  ciiosen  general  of  the  league,  and  proposes  to  carry  his  arms 
into  Laconia,  t8j).  Aratui  opposes  a  war  with  Cleomon«H  as 
impolitic,  but  at  last  consents,  ib.  Clenmenes  offers  battle  at 
Pulantium,  but  Aratus  prevents  the  ofiec  from  being  accepted,  i6. 
Lyitadca  accuses  Aratus  to  the  AchiBaDa,  ib.  He  is  cliosen 
pnelor  the  ne\t  year  notwithstanding,  ii.  Beater  by  Cleo- 
menes,  ib.  Collects  his  army,  and  sui-prises  Mantinea,  fi.  Ly- 
sindef,  in  another  action,  puts  the  right  wing  of  the  Lacedcetiio- 
niani  (o  flight ;  but  going  too  far  upon  the  pursuit,  is  entaiifHed 
in  an  intricate  piece  of  grnund,  nnil  slain  by  Cleumenes,  IM). 
The  loss  of  that  brave  man,  and  the  defeat  of  the  army,  is  in- 
pulcd  t«  Aratus'  neglecting  id  siipnort  bim,  U)l.  Aratus  is 
some  lime  considered  in  adisgrocelui  bf^t  by  the  Acliasons.  id. 
He  redeems  his  cndjt  a  little,  by  beating  Megistonous,  iathor* 
in-law  to  Cieomenes,  and  taking  bim  prisoner,  ti.  Wbe«  it 
n  comes  to  bis  turn  a^ain,  he  declines  the  command,  on  accooDt 

I  of  the  gruwirig  power  of  Cleoniencs,  ill.      The  liad  policy  of  ^_ 


INDEX*  fiM 

Aratus,  in  caliittg  in  the  Macedonians,  inatead  of  mlferhlg 
Cleomenei  to  be  appointad  general  of  the  league,  19S«  Cleo* 
menes  is  exasperatea  by  frUiUeas  negotiations,  and  makes  a  still 
greater  progress  with  his  arms,  193,  IM.  Aratus  attempts  to 
cut  off  tlie  innovators  in  Corinth ;  and  with  difficulty  escapes  with 
his  own  life,  ib.  195*  The  Corinthians  put  their  city  mto  the 
bands  of  Cleomenes,  and  he  shuts  up  the  citadel  with  a  wall  of 
drcumvallation,  198.  Aratus  applies  to  the  Atelians  and  Athe» 
niani  for  asststaooe,  but  without  dfeot,  t^  Cleomenes  oftit 
him  a  yearly  pension  of  twelve  talents,  on  certain  conditions* 
196.  Aratus*  insincere  answer,  ib*  Cleomenes  blocks  up  8i^ 
cyon,  ib,  Aratus  escapes  with  much  difficulty,  to  iSgium,  and 
by  a  decree  of  council  calla  in  Antigonus,  and  sttrrendetB  to  him 
Aerocorinthus,  ib.  Goea  with  the  AcliMn  magistrates  to  meet 
Antigonus,  197.  Antigonua*  friendship  for  him,  ib.  Several 
actions  under  the  walls  of  Corinth,  198.  Argos  revolts  to  the 
Macedonians,  and  Cleomenes  retires  to  Mantinea,  ib,  Ariitill 
submits  to  many  mortifying  things,  after  Antigonus  was  beoocno 
master  of  Aerocorinthus,  199»  Has  the  meanness  to  oall 
Mantinea  (after  it  was  retaken)  *  Antigonia,'  200.  After  the 
death  of  Antigonus,  the  ^tolians  attack  Aratus^  and  defeat  bim, 
201,  202.  He  calls  Philip  to  his  assistance,  202.  The  iAeon* 
sistency  of  Philip's  behaviour  to  him,  203.  Aratus  advisee 
Philip  not  to  seise  the  castle  of  Ithome,  906.  Philip  orders  a 
dose  of  skiw  poison  to  be  ^ven  him,  207.  Aratas  diei  at 
iEgium,  ib.  Is  buried  at  Sicyon,  208.  The  tcatimony  which 
the  orado  of  IMphi  paid  to  his  virtue^  ib.  Divine  honours  pud 
him,  ib. 

Aratus  the  Younger,  his  bed  dishonoured  by  Philip,  vi.  20^  Has 
a-poison  given  bim  by  Philip,  which  deprives  him  of  his  intidleeill,> 
207. 

fAraxeSf  river,  iv.  167.  v.  478. 

ArbaceSf  how  punished  by  Artaxerxes  fbr  desertion,  vi.  129. 

Artela^  battle  of,  iv.  288,  289. 

fArbeliiii,  district,  iv^  289. 

f  Arcadians f  called  acorn-eaten,  ii.  177.  Come  into  Italv  wkh 
Evander,  i.  86.  Defeated  by  Arohidamus,  without  the  loss  of 
one  Spartan,  iv.  114. 

Arcadian  year,  i.  200. 

Arcadius^  said  to  be  the  person  that  killed  Oalba,  vi.  239, 

ArcesHauSf  and  Amphares  betray  Agis,  v.  151, 
',  the  Acaoemician,  iii.  2.  vi«  156. 

ArchedamuSf  the  ^tolian,  ii.  311. 

Archelausy  king  of  Sparta,  i.  118. 

,  one  of  Mithndates*  generals,  iii.  246^  252,  26d.    AU 

terward  in  the  service  of  the  Roasaos,  265. 

— — — ,  a  merchant  of  Delium,  iii.  263. 
■    '  ,  a  pbysioian,  iii.  299. 

— — — ,  the  poet,  iii.  297. 

-,  an  oliicer  of  Antigonus,  vi.  I74w 


-^  Antony's  care  of  his  dead  body,  ?.  428. 


t 


■296  INDEX. 

Archeptolis,  ooe  of  tlie  sons  of  ThemistocleE,  i.  3>57>  ,^ 

Archestrattts,  at  what  time  this  poet  lived,  ii.  146*  ana  i 
saying  concerning  AlcibJadcs,  iii.  212. 

. ,  propoEca  a  decree  apoinst  Pliocion,  v.  40- 

Archias,  one  of  the  Tlicban  tyrants,  Ji.  347.  (lis  saying,  352,  35J.  I 
1b  killed,  3.5-t..  I 

■ ,  the  Athenian  high-priest,  ii.  353. 

,  the  Athenian  captain,  surnanied  '  Phugadothcras,'  ▼.  SSG. 

Arcftibiades,  an  Athenian,  affects  the  Spartan  gravity,  v,  IS.  Re- 
proved for  inconsistency  by  I'hocion,  ib. 

Archibius,  his  generous  behaviour  with  respect  to  Cleopatrs,  afte 
her  death,  v.  508. 

Arc/iidamia,  what  she  said  to  the  Lacedfemonian  senate,  iii.  106. 

,  the  grandmother  of  Agis,  v.    13G.       Gives  up  liR 

estate  to  the  public,  IV2.     Is  niiiriliered  by  order  of  Alllml■te^ 
153. 

Archidamidoi,  sayings  of  his,  i.  143,  144. 

Archidamui,  king  of  Sparta,  son  of  Zeuxidamua,  and  fnfhnr  of 
Agis  and  Agesilaus,  iv.  70.  Fined  for  marrying  a  little  wqdmd, 
72.  Endeavours  to  reconcile  the  Greeks  to  each  other,  a.  45. 
Marches  into  the  territories  of  the  Athenians,  .50.  Oclier  psni- 
culars,  iii.316,  317. 

,  son  of  Agesilaus,  iv.  102.     Cleonyraua  is  his  favoat- 

ite,  ib.     Intercedes  for  Sphodrias,  ib.     Defeats  the    Arcadian!, 
114.     His  valour,  115,     Slain  by  the  Messapians,  v.  135. 

,  son  of  Euilamidas,  v.  IS.*!. 

-: ,  brother  of  Agis,  save*  himself  from  Lconidas  by  s 

timely  retreat,  v.  13  k     Is  recoiled  by  Cleomcnesand  murthercd, 
159,  160. 

Arcliidemuf,  i 

ArehilotJiui  _ 

172,     Veraea  of  his,"  i 

Archimedes,  ii.  408.  Invents  several  military  machines  at  the  le- 
quest  of  Hiero,  409.  The  power  of  his  machines,  ih.  -V  lo.  De- 
feats Marcellus,  who  calls  him  *  a  Briareus,'  413.  Commits  no 
account  of  his  machines  to  wrltinc,  ib.  So  intent  upou  bis 
studies,  that  he  hears  not  the  tumult  when  the  town  is  taken, 
418.  How  killed,  ih.  Regretted  by  Marcellus,  419.  The  de- 
vice on  his  tomb-stone,  414. 

Arckippe,  wife  of  Themtdtocles,  i.  357- 

Archtppiu,  the  poet,  ii,  114. 

Archom,  the  chief  magistrates  in  Athens,  i.  45,  n. 
their  office,  i.  344,  n.  ii.  444. 

Archottides,  sent  by  the  Syracusans  to  Dion,  vi.  39. 

Arcii/tas,  one  of  the  first  inventors  of  mechanic 

,  the  Pythagorean,  security  for  Plato's  safely  in  Sicily,  »i, 

17.     Demands  him  of  Dionysius,  19. 

Ardsaus,  a  Spartan  officer,  executed  for  surrendering  the  Codmea, 
ii.  356. 

Aretunu,  his  rising  attended  with  tempeatuoiis  weather,  vi.  24. 

ATdtttm,  a  place  at  Atheni,  i.  " 


it  to  persuade  Plato  to  return  to  Sicily,  vi,  17, 
a  Greek  poet,  the  gods  do  iionour  to  nis  memorT>  ' 


a  accotu  tcf 


t.  408. 


INDEX.  397 

AreopagiteSf  i.  245. 

Areopagus^  court  of»  established  by  Soloa,  on  a  better  footing,  i* 

2-^^f  n.    Examines  whether  every  man  has  a  visible  livelihood, 

251.    It's  power  lessened,  ii.  12,  16. 
AreicBtis^  vi.  81. 
AretCy  daughter  of  Dionysius  the  Elder,  by  Aristomache,  and  wife 

of  Dion,  vi.  7.     Compelled  to  marry  Timocratcs,  20. 
'\Arethusa,  u  162.  v.  461. 
AreuSf  king  of  Sparta,  iii.  105.    Arrives  seasonably  from  Crete  to 

Uie  relief  of  Sparta  against  Pyrrhus,  110.    Cuts  off  a  number 

of  Pyrrhus*  men  in  their  march  to  Argos,  111.    Assists  the  Ar- 

gives,  lis. 
Ar^f  the  name  of  a  poet,  and  of  a  species  of  serpents,  v*  254. 

Demosthenes  so  called,  f^. 
ArgUeoniSf  mother  of  Brasidas,  a  saying  of  hers,  i.  151. 
iArpnusap  iii.  194. 

ArgtveSf  their  kings,  i.  122.    Invited  by  Alcibiades  to  join  the 
.  Athenians,  ii.  128, 131.    Celebrate  the  Nemean  games,  vi.  181. 
Argius^  Galba's  freedman,  buries  his  master,  vL  241. 
ArgOf  the  name  of  Jason's  ship,  i.  21. 
fArgoSf  and  Messene ;  the  cause  of  their  ruin,  i.  122. 
■■      ■     ,  Aratus  delivers  it  from  it's  tyrants,  vi.  188.     Cleomenes 
'•makes  himself  master  of  it,  v.  173.    Loses  it  again,  176,  177. 

Pyrrhus  makes  an  attempt  upon  it,  iii.  112, 113. 
Argyraspidei^  or  silver  shields,  commanded  by  Antigenes  and  Teu- 

tamus,  iv.  61 .    Never  defeated,  62.   Their  treachery  to  Eumenes, 

63.     Punished  by  Antigonus,  66. 
Ariadne  falls  in  love  with  Theseus,  and  gives  him  a  clue  to  tiie 

Labyrinth,  i.  20.    Government  of  Crete  devolves  on  her,  21. 

Different  accounts  of  her,  ib*    Has  two  sons  by  Tbeseu^  2SL    Is 

cast  upon  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  ih.    Divine  honours  paid  her  there, 

23.    Two  Ariadnes,  ib. 
AruBus^  a  friend  of  Cyrus,  vi.  125. 
AriameneSf  Xerxes'  brother  and  admiral,  a  very  brave  man,  i.  334. 

Killed  in  the  battle  of  Salamis,  ib. 
Ariamnes,  an  Arabian,  sent  by  the  Parthians  to  mislead  Crassus, 

iii.  476.    Cassius  reproaches  him  with  perfidy,  478. 
AriartUheSy  king  of  Cappadocia  and  Paphlagonia,  iv.  41.    Taken 

prisoner  by  Perdiccas,  42. 

,  one  of  the  sons  of  Mithridates,  iii.  246.    Poisoned  by 

his  father,  iv.  172. 
AriaspeSf  one  of  the  sons  of  Artaxerxes,  his  mildness  and  timidi^, 

vi.  149.     Poisons  himself,  ib, 
ArimaniuSf  a  Persian  deity,  i,  352.     Supposed  the  author  of  evil, 

t^.  It.  vi.  149,  n, 
^Ariminum^  taken  by  Caesar,  iv.  202. 
Arimnestusy  general  of  the  Plataeans,  his  dream,  ii.  464. 

,  a  Spartan,  kills  Mardonius,  ii.  475. 

Ariobarzanesy  king  of  Cappadocia,  expelled  by  Mithridates,  re-es- 
tablished by  Sylla,  iii.  264.    Sylla  reconciles  those  two  princes, 
.  266. 


SM  INDEX. 

JHolarssaru-s,  re-established  by  Cicero,  v.  336, 

Ariomandes,  son  orGobi^as,  e  Penian  general,  iii,  310. 

Ariowitiis,  king  of  the  GerTnans,  Cteiar's  war  with  him,  iv.  S7fl. 

Ariphron,  guardian  to  Akibiadei,  ii.  113. 

^ni/(ene(«.t,  general  oC  the  Acheans,  iii.  17,23. 

Aristtigm-ai,  of  Cyzicuin,  his  dreHDi,  iii.  S+0. 

Aristander,  of  Telniesus,  interprets  Philip'e  dream,  iv.  240.  Hit 
obserTation  to  Alexander  concerning  tne  sneating  of  Orphen' 
statue,  259.  foretells  the  taking  of  Tyre,  277, 278.  SftcriAcca 
to  Fear,  289.  What  he  does  to  encourage  Alexander's  meo, 
292.  Forewarns  Alexander  of  an  impending  evil,  317.  En- 
deavours  to  comfort  him  after  he  had  killed  CliluB,  320. 

ArUteai,  the  Proconne^iaRi  the  stor^  of  his  vanishing,  i.  97. 

— ,  a  citi/en  of  Argos,   invites    Pyrrhus  thitier,    iii.    III. 

Opens  ODO  of  the  gutes  for  him,  113. 

Aristides,  son  of  L^simachus,  of  the  tribe  of  Antiochis,  and  t])« 
ward  of  Alnpece,  ii.  444.  Different  accounts  of  his  estate,  iA. 
445.  On  what  account  appointed  Archon,  447.  A  favourer 
of  aristocracy,  rt.  For  that,  and  other  reasons,  always  opposed 
by  The  mist  oclcF,  ib.  Their  dijferent  dispositions,  and  characterv, 
ib.  The  iDlegrity,  patriotism,  and  steadiness  of  Aristide*,  448. 
His  speech  to  the  Athenians  with  respect  to  their  wanting  to  be 
ftittereU  in  their  degeneracy,  451.  Datis  arrives  with  Daring 
fleet  at  Marathon,  and  ravages  the  neighbouring  countrj,  i$. 
Of  the  generals  Bjipoinfed  to  act  a^ingt  him,  Miltiades  wsa  fint 
in  dignity,  and  Aristides  next  to  him,  id.  The  latter  sivea  op 
his  turn  in  the  command,  nntl  greatly  strengthens  the  bands  of 
Ihe  former,  452.  The  battle  of  Marathon  described,  ib.  While 
the  Greeks  march  to  defend  Athens,  Aristides  is  left  at  I^emtboo 
to  guard  Ihe  prisoners  and  spoils,  ii.  455.  He  acquits  hinaeelf  of 
that  charge  in  the  most  upright  manner,  iBS.  But  Calliaa  and 
others  enrich  themselves  unknown  to  him,  ib.  Chosen  Archoo, 
and  fiurnaroed  '  the  Just,'  454.  Banished  by  the  Ostracism,  iSS, 
ExttaortUnary  instance  of  his  moderation,  456,457.  Hii  prayer 
for  the  Athenians  in  going  into  exile.  457.  Recalled,  ii.  Tor 
the  good  of  the  public,  scruples  not  to  join  his  enemy  ThemlMo> 
cles,  ib.  Takes  the  nephews  of  Xerxes  prisoners,  459.  Oppoaea 
the  proposal  of  Themistocles,  WO.  What  he  commanded  tb« 
Spartan  embassadors  to  tell  their  mastevs,  44il.  His  ordera  to 
Ihe  priest?,  4€2.  Has  the  chief  command  of  the  Athenians  in 
the  war  with  Mardonius,  463.  Marches  to  Plntteie,  ib.  Conaulls 
the  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  receives  a  perplexing  answer,  irln'^ 
IS  at  last  unriddled,  ib.  464.  Puts  an  end  to  the  dispute  betvreen 
the  Tcgenta  and  the  Athenians,  about  Iheir  post  in  the  battle, 
by  referring  it  to  the  allies,  465.  His  prudent  behaviour  oo 
dis<overiiig  a  conspiracy  in  the  .\thenian  camp,  466.  The  Me- 
garensinns  bebg  diftresEtd  by  the  Persian  cavalry,  Arfrtlde* 
^onds  a  party  of  Athenians  to  their  assistance,  4fi7.  Alexaiidw, 
king  of  Macedon,  comes  in  the  night,  and  informs  Aristides  rf 
the  design  of  Mardonius  to  attack  the  Greeks  the  next  day,  409^ 
Ariiiides  immediately  acquaints  PausanJas,  the  connnas '  ~  * 


I 


INDEX*  t»d 

chief,  with  his  intelligence^  t^.  Reprores  tht  Atfaesiiat  for  find- 
ing Auilt  with  their  bting  romorgd  tothe  ri^ht  wingi  fiieinff  the 
Persians,  470.  MardoniiiB  alters  his  disposition  to  «¥oid  fighting 
with  the  Athenians,  47  !•  The  day  passes  without  a  hatUe,  to. 
The  Greeks  make  a  movement,  to  gain  a  camp  mora  adnmta- 
geous  for  water,  ib.  Dangers  frorli  the  sepamtion  of  the  troops, 
and  from  waiting  long  for  auspicious  tokens  in  the  sacrifices, 
471—474.  The  Lacedsemonians  make  great  havock  among  the 
Persians,  who  behsre  with  great  gallantry,  474.  Aristides  balteDs 
to  join  the  former,  but  is  attadced  by  the  way  by  the  Thebans 
and  other  Greeks,  allies  to  the  Persians,  ib.  He  defeats  them^ 
475.  The  Persian  camp  is  taken,  and  prodigious  slaughter 
m»de,  476.  What  the  loss  on  both  sides  was,  tk  The  Greeks 
rear  an  altar  to  Liberty,  477.  The  Athenians  and  Laoedwno- 
nians  dispute  about  the  chief  honour  of  the  day,  but  compromise 
the  matter  by  adjudging  it  to  the  Pktseans,  478.  The  decree, 
which  Aristides  proposed  in  their  favour  to  the  general  assembly 
of  the  Greeks,  480.  Their  annual  procession  in  memory  of  those, 
who  died  fi»r  liberty,  ib,  Aristides  permits  Archons  to  be  chosen 
out  of  the  whole  body  of  citizens,  481.  The  high  testimony 
which  the  Athenians  gave  to  his  virtue,  in  ordering  Tbemwtoclea 
to  communicate  a  certain  project  to  him  only,  ib.  482.  Joined 
in  commission  with  Cimon  in  an  expedition  at  sea,  482.  The 
justice  and  candour  of  these  two  generals  draw  the  chief  coiik 
roand  of  the  allies  from  the  Lacednnonians  to  the  Athenians,  ib. 
The  Laoedaemooiana  desire,  that  Aristides  may  r^nlate  the 
quotas  of  all  the  states  of  Greece,  for  the  war  with  the  barbarians, 
484.  He  executes  that  commisston  with  his  usual  integrity  imd 
ability,  ib.  What  he  said  to  Themistodes  on  the  qoafifiestiono  of 
a  general,  485.  Makes  a  diffiereoce  between  private  and  political 
justice,  which  has  no  foundation  in  foc^  ib*  486^  Allows  it  to 
be  unjust  to  bring  the  public  treasure  of  Greece  from  Delos  to 
Athens,  but  at  the  same  time  says  it  was  expedient,  486. 
Though  he  made  the  public  rich,  himself  continues  poor,  t^; 
Reckoned  by  Plato  the  greatest  and  most  illustrious  uMt  ti€  his 
time,  487.  His  candid  behaviour  to  Themistocles,  ib.  Varioua 
accounts  of  his  death,  ib,  488.  His  monumeDt  at  Phalerium, 
erected  at  the  public  charge,  488.  His  son  and  daughters  pro- 
vided for  by  the  public,  ib. 
Aristides  the  Locrian,  ii.  238. 

,  son  of  Xenophilus,  ii.  227. 

'  '■,  author  of  the  Milesiacs,  iii.  495. 


AristioHy  tyrant  of  Athens,  compels  the  ci^  to  oppose  SySe,  tit. 

24>7.    His  vile  character,  249.    Surrenders  the  citadel  for  want 

of  water,  251.     Poisoned  by  Sylla's  order,  264. 
Aristippms  of  Argos  set  himself  up  tj'rant  there,  vi.  178.     The  mi» 

serable  life  of  a  tyrant,  179,  180.    Killed  in  hia  Bight,  182. 

■  the  Crrcntan,  what  he  said  of  Dionyaius,  vi,  18.    A 

jocuhir  prediction  of  his,  ib, 
Aristo  the  Chian,  v.  263. 
Aristobule.    See  Diana, 


IMDBXi  sot 

-'Afid§ile  of  Ai^gM ' pemuklei  the  Argh«l  to  quit  <3aoiMnei^ 
r^    interett,  ▼•  176. 

^'  the  logidaii  aiiistB  in  killiii|^  the  tjiwitof  Scjob,  vi.  155. 

Aritiaxenus  the  musician,  his  question  to  DioDysrai  concerning 
Plato,  ii.  249. 

■   ,  his  commentaries^  iv.  244. 
^  Aristratusy  tyrant  of  Sicyon,  his  picture   excellently  drawn  by 
Melanthesy  vi.  165.     Aratus  desired  to  spare  it  on  that  ac- 
^       county  ib. 

Arithmiadet  assists  Lycurgus  in  forming  the  Lacedsemonian  com- 
monwealth, i.  117. 
Ariui  the  philosopher  honoured  by  Octavius  Caesar,  v.  501,  502. 
-f  Armenia,  ▼.  473. 
Armenians,  thdr  cavalry,  v.  474. 
Armilustrium,  i.  89. 

Amaces,  a  Persian,  sent  by  Themistodes  to  Xerxes,  i.  SS6, 337. 
-fArpinum,  and  it's  district,  iii.  122. 
Arrenides,  ▼.  282. 

ArrhitUnu,  natural  son  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  iv.  258.    By  Phi- 

linna  a  courtesan,  353.    Promising  in  his  childhood,  but  hurt 

both  in  health  and    understanding  by  Olympias'  potions,   ib. 

His  commission  to  Eumenes,  55. 

Arrius,  Quintus,  informs  the  senate  of  some  particulars  of  Catiline's 

conspiracy,  v.  310. 
Arron.    See  Aruns, 
Arruntius  commands  the  main  body  of  Augustus'  fleet  at  Actium, 

V.489. 
Arsaces,  a  common  name  of  the  kings  of  Parthia,  iii.  473>  n. 
■  Orodes,  the  first  who  sends  an  embassy  t6  the  Romans,  iii. 

235,  472.  Understands  the  Greek  language,  496.  Makes 
peace  with  Artavasdes,  king  of  Armenia,  and  marries  his  son  to 
that  princess  sister,  iL  His  second  son  Phraates  gives  him 
aconite,  and  afterward  strangles  him,  498. 

Harpates,  son  of  Tirilmzus,  murthers  Arsames,  vi.  150. 


Arsametf  natural  son  of  Artaxerxes,  his  character,  vL  149*    Slain, 

150. 
^-Arsanias,  river,  iii.  373. 
Arsenal  of  Athens,  iii.  251. 

fArsian  grove,  where  the  Tuscan  army  was  brought  up,  i.  282. 
Arsicas,  at  first  the  name  of  Artaxerxes  Mncmon,  vi.  114. 
f  Arsis,  river,  iv.  133. 
Artabaxus,  a  Persian  officer,  ii.  476. 

,  father  of  Barsine,  iv.  39,  272. 

Artofrerses,  general  of  the  Caducians,  vi.  124.    Slain  by  Cyrus,  ib. 
Artasuras,  called  « the  King's  Eye,'  brings  ArUxerxes  an  acooont 

of  Cyrus'  death,  vi.  127. 
Artavasdes,  king  of  Armenia,  goes  with  six  thousand  hone  m  aid 

to  Crassus,  iu.  474.     His  excellent  advice  to  Cimsos  in  pcffson. 

ib.    Makes  peace  with  Orodes,  496.    Writes  tragediea  and  eibcr 

pieces  in  Greek,  ib. 


ArtavMieit  anally  loAnt(uir,T.461.    Wbjr  ha  wiAdfew 
RomBD  camp,  463. 

Artasat  king  of  Annmia,  iii.  373. 

^Artasata,  buUtbj  the  advice  of  Annibal,  iii.  378.  373. 

Artaxerxes,  Bon  of  Xerxes,  suroamed  '  Longiraanus,'  vL  11*.     His 
character,  \15. 

Aetaxexxbs  II.  BurnQmed  'Mnemoo,'  vi.  114.     Sob  of  Dviui 
and  ParyKitii  the  daughter  of  Arlaxerxes  Longiinamia,  U>.     Hu 
(hree  brolherB,  Cyrus,  Ostanes,  and  Oxathres,  ib.      Of  a  nnW 
diapoeition,  the  very  reverie  of  his  brother  Cyrus,  115.     Utfna 
Statira,  and  with  much  difficulty  keeps  her,  whea   tbe  kinf  M 
put  her  brother  to  deatli,  and  designed  that  she  ihouJd  ahara  hk 
fate,  ib.     His  molher  has  the  greater  affection  for  CyrtM,  avdil 
desirous  of  raiiting  him  to  the  throne,  116.     Tl>a  j>reMao*  iIm 
makes  use  of  for  that  purpose,   ib.     Darius  appnint*  taia  cUaB 
son  liis  successor  notwithitanding,  and  changes  hU  imhm  ftvoi 
Areaces  to  Artaxerxes,  ib.     Cyrus  reeoives  to  ataaastnat*  Aita- 
xerxes,  when  that  prince  goes  to  Fasargadx,  to  be  conwcnlcd 
king.ii.  117.     The  ceremonies  of  tile  consecration,   I1&,     Tlw 
conspiracy  is  discovered  to  the  king  by  Tisaphernes ;  but  Cynii 
escapes  vrith  impunity,  through  the  intercesGioa  of  tb«  qoMn- 
mother,  and  continues  to  aspire  to  the  sovereignty,  117.     CjfRU 
enlists  foreign  troops  under  various  pretence*,  117.     Vuya^th 
always  endeavours  to  exculpate  him,  ib.     Artaxerxaa  pf  k  dila* 
tory  turn  of  mind,   1 18.     Other  particulars  of  his  cluiractar,  ilL 
Some  i)i  his  sayings,  A.  11^.     He  admits  his  broibers  ftniaaii 
and  Oxathres  to  his  table,  contrary  to  the  custom  of  Peraa,  II9. 
The   queen  Slatini  bebavcs  in  a  popuW   Dtanner,  ib,     Cyim 
marches  against  tbe  king  his  brother,  with  a  bundred  thMsaaDi 
barharians,   and  nearly  thirteen  thousantl  Greeks,  19CX     Tin- 
pfaernes  informs  tbe  king  of  the  real  designs  of  Cyrus,  sA,  1 
reproaches  Parysatia  with  patronizing  a  rebel;    EU>d  Pbj 
resolves  to  destroy  Sialira,  ii.     Artaxcncs  draws  a  vast  liawili 
along  the  plains,  out  Cyras  is  sai&red  to  pass  it,  and  lo  aaanb 
almost  to  Babylon,  121.    Tiribazus  rouses  the  king  to  acti«S,  A 
The  king  brings  nine  hundred  thousand  men  into  the  field  tmd 
draws  them  up  judiciously,  ib.  122.     The  battle  tS  Cuaaxa,  tb. 
Engagement  of  Cyrus  with  Artaxerxes,  124,  13o.     The  ha  ha 
viourof  Artaxerxes  on  the  death  of  Cyrus,  137.12a    HodrMt 
some  bad  water  with  avidity,  127.     'Ine  right-hand  and  tbe  htad 
of  Cyrus  ore  cut  otT,  128.    The  king  collects  a  coniderahle  bvd^ 
of  men,  and  returns  to  his  camp,  ib,    Sontetbing  of  a»  analogy 
between  tbe  punishments  which  the  king  infficttd,  and  ihacruaa, 
129.     He  is  antbilious  of  hating  it  belietod,  that  Cyrua  i«U  by 
hia  band,  ik.     The  poor  Carian  and  .Milhridutes  the  Panian. 
who  are  his  competitors  for  that  honour,  come  to  a  niaerable 
and,  130.     Psrysads  indulges  her  vengeance  upon  tbetn,  and  oa 
ibeeuDucIswhocut  ofi'Cyru*' head  and  ri^ht-hHiid,  ili.    Hitbri- 
diles  sufiers  the  cruel  paniihment  of 'the  boat,'    ISf.     Arta- 
xervcp,  contrary  to  his  promise,  puts  Clcarclius,  and  the  other 


INDEX.  SOS 

Qi^ciaii  olBken  to  death,  1S4.  Paryvatis  poitons  the  queen 
Statira,  135.  Artaxerxes  puniihes  Gigis,  woo  was  an  accessary 
to  the  iniirthar»  after  the  manner  that  prisoners  were  punished 
in  Persia;  but  only  confines  his  mother  to  the  city  of  mbylon, 
1S6.  The  Ten  thousand  Greeks  make  good  their  retreat  out  of 
the  heart  of  the  enemy's  country,  t&  The  Lacedsemonkms 
attempt  to  deliver  the  Asiatic  Greeks  from  servitude^  and  fisil  in 
the  first  tf^  expaditiens  s  but  eucceed  under  Agisilaus,  ib.  137. 
Artaxerxes,  by  his  money,  stirs  up  a  Grecian  war  against  Lace- 
daemon,  137.  Agesilaus  is  called  to  the  defimce  of  his  own 
country,  H^  Artaxerxea  guns  the  sea*figbt  near  Cnidus,  by 
Conon  and  Fhamabazus,  138,  The  peace  of  Antalcidas  follows, 
which  makes  the  Asiatic  Greeks,  andf  the  islands  reckoned  among 

.  their  dependencies,  tributary  to  the  Persian,  ii.  The  king  pays 
great  attention  to  Antalcidas ;  but  after  the  Spartans  had  lest  the 
battle  of  Leuctra,  treats  him  with  contempt,  ii«  )99.  Felopidaa 
keeps  up  his  dignity  at  the  Persian  court,  while  Ismeoias  dis- 
honours his  Qommisaioot  1S9.  The  king  makes  rich  presents  to 
Timagoras  the  Athenian,  who  is  aftarwavd  capitally  condemned 
by  his  countrymen  for  having  received  them,  140*  Parysatis  is 
recalled  by  the  king,  ib..  At  her  instigation  he  puts  Tisaphemes 
%o  deatb»  H^  She  cherishes  his  passion  for  his  own  daughter 
Atossa,  141.  He  marries  Atossa,  and  also  another  of  his  own 
daughters  named  Amestris,  ib.    Sends  Phamahazua  and  Iphi- 

.  crifdes  agami  the  Egyptians;  but  the  expedition  miscarries  l^ 
the  difierence  between  tne  generals,  ib.  142.    Marches  in  person 

.  afatnsi  the  Cadusians,  H2*  His  numerous  army  is  greatly 
distressed  for  want  of  provisions,  ib.  Tiribazus  extricates  them 
from  the  di£Bculty  by  a  stratagem,  H.    Artaxerxea  shomrs  himself 

.  very  patient  of  fatigue,  143.  On  his  arrival  in  his  own  dominions, 
he  permits  his  troops  to  fell  the  trees  of  his  parka  for  fuel|  ib. 
Thinks  himself  despised  by  his  graadees  for  his  ill  success  in  the 
expedition,  and  becomes  cruel  and  sanguinary,  144*  His  sons 
make  parties  for  the  crown,  ib.  The  eouitable  part  of  his  subjects 
favour  Dariusy  the  eM«it  soa^  hut  Ochus  hopes  to  gain  the 
crown,  through  the  interest  of  Atossa,  ib.  Artaxerxea  declares 
Dariaa  his  successor,  ik  The  heir  apparent^  according  to  cus- 
tom, being  to  bo  granted  his  first  request*  he  asks  for  Aspasia, 
late  the  concubine  of  Cyrus,  i^  145.  The  king  gives  her>  but 
soon  afterward  takes  her  away,  and  consecrates  her  to  Diana 
Anitis»  ib.  146.  Darius  is  highly  offended  at  the  affront,  146. 
Ticibaaoa*  whom  the  king  had  disappointed  of  one  of  tlie  prin- 
<:es3es,  WMales  Darius  to  conspire  against  his  &ther,  ii.  147. 
Afftaxerxet  receives  inteiUganoe^  that  tbe  conspirators  design  to 
enter  hia  chamber  in  the  night,  and  kill  him  in  Us  had,  147. 
Tho  pnideot  sseihod  wUeb  he  adopted  to  he  convinced  of  the 
truth,  and  for  his  own  safety,  ib.  148.    Tirihazus  falls  fighting 

•  in  hia  own  defesiee.  148.  Darius  is  tried  for  tlie  oonspiracy^ 
oendemoed,  and  put  t»  death,  ib.  Artaxerxes  dies,  at  the  age 
of  ninety-four^  havinff  reigned  sixty  years,  150. 

ArtemidoruSy  a  Greek,  his  services  to  LucuUus,  iii.  347* 


II  tvritlng  of  A 


30t  INDEX. 

Ariemidorvs,  the  Cnidian,  gives  Cfesar  a 
conspifBcy  against  him,  iv,  433. 

Artcmuia,  queen  o)' Hall  cam  assus,  takes  up  the  body  of  Ariaibtifli 
brother  of  Xerxes,  i.  334.. 

-\  Artemisium,  sea-fight  of,  ii.  112. 

Artemiiim,  mouth  of,  iv.  261. 

Ariemim,  of  Colophon,  Alexander's  speech  to  him,  iv.  318. 

Ariemon,  engineer  to  Pericles,  why  called  '  Periphorettis,'  ii.  41, 

Arthmias,  the  Zelite,  declared  infamous  for  attempting  to  coAut 
the  Greeks  with  Persian  gold,  i.  330. 

Arloriut  in  a  vision  advises  Octavianus  to  quit  the  camp,  vi.  96. 

Arts,  compared  to  the  senses,  v.  3C2, 

\Ar\'erni,  a  people  of  Gaul,  iv.  389,     Defeated  by  Cicsar,  390. 

Antns,  son  of  Tarquin,  flghts  Brutus,  and  both  fall  id  tbe  eonbtt 
i.  282. 

— ,  son  of  Porsenno,  i.  297. 

,  a  Tuscan,  persuades  the  GauU  to  invade  Italy,  i.  379. 

Arybas,  son  of  Alcetas,  and  father  of  ^aeides,  iii.  66. 

Ari/mbas,  brother  of  Olympias,  iv.  210. 

As,  a  small  coin,  i.  377. 

Asiolomeni,  who,  iii.  29.5. 

Asadis,  kjn^  of  Mauritania,  expelled,   iv.  12.     Assisted  by 
Cilician  pirates,  ii. 

Ascatiiiu,  son  of  ^ueas,  j.  50. 

Asdepiades,  brings    the    first  account   of    Alexander's    death 
Athens,  v.  26. 

Aidvukal,  and  Hamilcar,   Carthaginian  generals,  sent  into  Sicily, 
ii.  261. 

Arymim,  Tstanda,  a  Persian  word,  iv.  267,  n. 

\Asia,  opprCBBed   by  Sylia,  iii.  266.      Mithridates'    massacrw' 
Romans  there,  ib, 

Asia,  youngest  daughter  of  Theuiistocles,  i.  358. 

Asialicits,  one  of  Galba's  freedoien,  vi.  231. 

/fiiafiV  style,  V. +27. 

Asinaria,  a  feast  of  the  Syraciuana,  iii.  443. 

•f  Asirtanu,  river,  iii.  441. 

Aiinius  Pollio,  his  account  of  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  iv.  319, 
tends  Cffisar  in  Africa,  418.     A  friend  of  Cssar's,  v.  lOS. 

,  a  friend  of  Antonj,  v.  434. 

Asopiis,  father  of  Sinope,  iii.  360. 

Asp,  its  bite  occasions  an  easy  death,  v.  49.?. 

Amtsia,  Pericles  accused  of  making  war  on  the  Samians  at  her 
mstigation,  ii.  36.  A  native  of  Miletus,  ib.  Skilled  in  rhe- 
loric,  ib.  Socrates  one  of  her  visitors,  37.  Periclen  marries 
her,  and  has  a  son  by  her,  ib.  She  is  accused  of  impiety,  and 
of  being  procuress  to  Pericles,  and  with  difficulty  soved  by  tliat 
great  man,  48,  49. 
— ,  of  Phoctea,  concubine  to  Cyrus,  ii.  38.  Her  name  ori- 
ginally Milto,  ib.     Made  priestess  to  Diana  Anitts,  vi.  145,  146' 

Aspetoc,  Achilles  so  called  lu  Epirus,  iii  66. 

Asphaliut.     See  Neptune. 


.cily, 

I 


INDEX.  305 

/Ispis,  the  citadel  of  Argos,  v.  173.    Why  so  called,  iii.  113,  «. 

AsSy  kicks  a  lion  to  death,  iv.  348. 

t  Assus,  river,  iii.  254. 

Asteria^  of  Salamis,  one  of  Cimon's  mistresses,  iii.  299. 

Aster opusy  the  first  that  raised  the  power  of  Ephori,  v.  164. 

Asiyanaxy  vi.  77. 

Asti/ochusy  the  double  part  he  acts  between  Phrynichus  and  Alcl- 
biades,  ii.  150. 

Astyphilasy  the  Posidonian,  interprets  Cimon's  dream,  iii.  320. 

Assi/rianSy  iii.  363. 

Ast/lceiiSy  his  temple  made  a  place  of  refuge  by  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus, i.  61. 

Atargatasy  a  Syrian  goddess,  treasures  of  her  temple,  iii.  472,  n. 

AteitiSy  his  imprecations,  as  tribune,  against  Crassus,  iii.  470. 

f  AlhamanianSy  iii.  50.  iv.  210. 

Aiheisty  Theodorus  called  one,  v.  44. 

AthencBay  feast  so  called,  enlarged  by  Theseus,  and  made  common 
to  all  Attica,  i.  29,  n.    See  Panathenaa. 

Athcnceumy  a  temple  of  Minerva  near  Belbina,  v.  158. 

f  Atheniansy  pay  tribute  to  Minos,  i.  15.  Apply  themselves  at  a 
late  period  to  navigation,  19,  n.  Celebrate  the  Oschophoria  in 
Plutarch's  time,  25.  Divided  into  three  classes  by  Th^eus,  SO. 
War  between  them  and  the  Amazons,  i.  32.  Rebel  against 
Theseus,  41 .  Commanded  by  the  oracle  to  bring  his  bones  to 
Athens,  45.  I'ay  divine  honours  to  Theseus  after  his  death, 
46.  Make  a  law  against  mentioning  the  recovery  of  Salamis, 
227.  Solon  gets  that  law  repealed  by  stratagem,  ib.  Allow 
Pisistratus  a  guard,  265.  Their  victory  at  Salamis,  334,  335. 
They  reject  a  very  advantageous  proposal  (the  burning  of  the 
fleet  of  the  allies)  because  it  is  unjust,  341.  Six  hundred  of 
them  colonize  Sinope,  ii.  33.  Under  Pericles  they  beat  the  La- 
cedaemonians, 34.  Their  war  with  Samos,  39.  Some  of  thena 
branded  in  the  forehead  by  the  Samians,  40.  Forbid  the  Mega* 
rensians  their  territories,  46.  Their  small  number  afler  the 
plague,  57.  Beaten  by  Lysander,  iii.  199.  Under  Thirty  Ty- 
rants,  206.  Delivered  from  their  yoke,  214.  Recover  the  Cad- 
mea  for  the  Thebans,  iv.  99, 100.  The  care  they  took  of  their 
poor,  ii.  489.  Their  humanity,  490.  The  three  things  they 
taught  men  the  use  of,  iii.  307.  Jealous  of  men  of  parts,  405. 
Their  eagerness  for  the  Sicilian  expedition,  and  great  designs  in 
consequence  of  it,  ii.  136.  Their  armies  and  generals  ruined  in 
Sicily,  iii.  438,  441.  Some  of  their  men  saved  for  repeating  a 
few  verses  from  Euripides,  444.  They  declare  war  against  Philip 
of  Macedon,  v.  19.  Receive  a  Macedonian  garrison  into  Mu- 
nychia,  33.  Their  servility  to  Antigonus  and  Demetrius,  372. 
Their  ingratitude  to  Demetrius,  394,  413. 

f  Athcnsy  rebuilt  by  Themistocles,  afler  it  was  burnt  by  Xerxes, 
i.  340.  Beautified  by  Pericles,  ii.  22.  The  plague  there,  53. 
The  famine,  iii.  249.  v.  39S.  Beseiged  and  taken  by  Sylla,  iii. 
247,  250.  It's  good  men  the  best,  and  it*sbad  men  the  worst  in 
the  world,  vi.  53. 

VOL  VI,  X 


306  INDEX. 

Athenian  connnonfrealth,  sra  of  its  establiibment,  i.  2,  n. 
Alhenodfi-auhe  acior,  iv.  285.     Victorious  in  Alexand.      , 
lion,  fined  for  being  absent  on  the  fe^tivd  of  Bacchus,  i6. 

-  the  Imbrian,  released  by  Alexander,  at  tlie  teqimtai 


I'huc 


,  V.  23. 

-  the  Etoic  philosopher,  brought  by  Caio  to  Etofne^H 


1 


Alhtiiophaaes,  one  of  Alexander's  servants,  iv.  296. 

t  Atkesit,  river,  iii,  143. 

Athtettta,  their  discipline  inconsistent  n-jth  iliat   of  •eldiers  fl 

Their  five  exerciaei  and  voracious  appetite,  vi.  1 54,  ft.  . 

Aihletic  exercises,  not  admired  by  Philopcemen,  iii.  5.    Nor  b^i^ 

auder  the  Great,  iv.  2*j. 
Atlantic  Islnnd,  a  work  of  Solon's  led  unSniahed,  i.  258.     Ptalilfr 

tempts  the  eatne,  but  does  not  finish  it,  26S. 

f islands,  tv.  1 1. 

I  ■  —  —  ocean,  iv.  11, 

Alosia,  daughter,   and   wife    to    Artaxerxes,    vL    HI,       Vuon 

Ochus,  IW. 
Atrcus,\.298. 
f  Attali/i,  iv.  223. 
Attalui,  king,  assisU  Plaraioins  in  his  operations  in  Greece,  w,  Kk. 

Dies,  ib. 

,  uncle  10  Cleopatra,  wife  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  iv,  25& 

— < Philomeior,  leaves  his  kingdom  to  the  people  of  Boot^  t. 

21S,  Sli,  and  n.     Amuses  himself  »' it b  piaiitiog  poisononi  be^ 

sei. 

Attia,  mother  of  Augustus,  v.  348. 

Attic  boroughs,  incorporation  of,  a:rn  of,  i.  2,  n. 

Attica,  llie  people  of  it  coUecled  into  one  city  by  Tlieseuf,  i.  21 

Oil  the  principal  commodity,  2,54'. 
AHellim,  advises  Brutus  not  to  give  battle  to  Augustus,  vi.  93. 
Atlilio,  daughter  of  Soranus,  and  wife  of  Cato  the  Youamer^ 

Is  divorced,  73.  *^ 

Alliliat  Vcrgiiio,  gives  the  signal  for  tilling  Galba,  vi.  238. 
Atlis,  two  of  that  name,  iv.  2. 
Altim  ruUui,v.2X. 

Ati/i,  i.  no. 

Avarice,  it's  effects,  r.  \Hi. 

f  Avantine,  Mount,  i,  62,  M.  v.  238. 

Aufidita,  aflauerer  of  Sylla,  iii.  277. 

'  ,  conspires  against  Sertorius,  iv.  34. 

Augurs,  their  ceremonies,  i.  176-     Their  power,  ii.  28S^fl 

Aiiguriet'     See  Oment.  ■ 

Auguttut  Canar,  Antooy  at  first  despises  his  youth,  v.  4tQ.  He 
collects  Ca»ar's  veterans,  :34'7.  Associates  with  Cicero,  MO. 
vi.77.  i'orms  the  triumvirate  wiih  Antony  and  Lepidus,  T.MS. 
vi.  83.  Agrees  to  a  list  of  two  hundred  proscriptions,  v,  443. 
vi.  82.  Marries  Claudia,  the  daughter  of  Fulvia,  v.  443.  De- 
feated bv  Brutus  at  I'hilippi,  4-44.  The  western  proriacec  ■•- 
signed   fiim,   454.      ilis  ansner  to   .'Antony's  coDiplniiit^  ^fS. 


lUeseUf,  1.2S. 
^s,  vi.  93. 

J 


Index.  so? 

DBclares  war  against  Cleopatra,  483.  Commands  tlie  right 
squadron  against  Antony  at  Actium,  487.  In  consequence  of 
an  omen,  erects  the  statues  of  a  man  and  his  ass,  488«  Enters 
Alexandria,  501*  Endeavours  to  save  Cleopatra  for  his  triumph, 
503.  But  is  at  last  obliged  to  carry  only  her  effigy^  507*  Buries 
her  magnificently  with  Antony^  tb,  Iiis  arrival  at  Rome  upoB 
the  death  of  Julius  Caesar*  vi.  76.  Is  chosen  consid  at  the  9fS^ 
of  twenty,  81.  Prosecutes  Brutus  and  Cassius  for  the  murder 
of  Caesar,  ib.  Musters  his  army,  92.  Is  conveyed  out  of  the 
camp,  96.    His  fleet  beaten  by  that  of  Brutus,  101. 

Augitst,  month  of,  so  called  from  Augustus  Csesar,  i.  201. 

fAuliSf  iv.  76. 

Allium  Gabiniusy  a  friend  of  Pompey*s,  v.  83. 

Pompeius,  the  tribune,  his  sudden  death,  iii.  HI. 

Aura^  or  Abra,  servant  maid  to  Pompeia  Csesar's  wife^  iv,  369* 
V.  327. 

Aurelia^  Caesar's  mother,  iv.  364,  366. 

AureUuSy  Caius,  a  Roman  Knight,  reconciles  Pompey  and  Crassus, 
iv.  151. 

,  Quintus,  proscribed  by  Sylla  for  the  sake  of  his  Alban 
villa,  iii.  277. 

AuiarctuSy  brother-in-law  to  Xerxes,  his  three  children  sacrificed 
in  a  barbarous  and  superstitious  manner  by  the  Greeks,  i.  332^ 
333. 

AutocthoneSf  why  the  first  inhabitants  of  Attica  called  themselves 
sOy  i.  4.  n. 

Autoleon^  king  of  Pseonia,  gives  his  daughter  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  76. 

Autolj^cus  the  wrestler,  afironts  Callibus,  iiL  206.  For  which  the 
Thirty  Tvrants  destroyed  him,  207. 

,  founder  of  Smope,  iii.  859. 

f  Auximumy  iv.  132. 

AxiochtiSf  father  of  Aspasia,  ii.  36. 

Axitis,  or  rather  Accius^  supposed  to  have  had  a  criminal  commerce 
with  the  wife  of  Crassus,  v.  323. 

t ,  river,  v.  408. 

AxoneSf  tables  on  which  Solon  wrote  hb  laws,  i.  Q55* 


B. 

'  BABYCE,  i.  120.  ii.  362. 

- '  Babylon^  the  soil  about  it  bituminous  and  hot,  the  climate  also 

very  hot,  iv.  297. 
f  Babylonian  sea,  iii.  364. 
Bacchiadce^  who  had  long  governed  in  Corinth,  when  they  retired 

to  Lacedsemon  seemed  despicable  to  the  Spartans  on  account  of 

their  being  shaved,  iii.  188. 
Bacchides  the  eunuch,  employed  by  Mithridates  to  kill  his  wives 

and  sisters,  iii.  851 . 
Bacchusy  washed  when  an  infant  in  the  fountain  of  Ciss^sa,  or  Til- 

physa,  iii.  224.    Marries  Ariadne,  u  23.    Sumamed  Omestes, 

X  2 


308  INDEX. 

or  *  the  Demurer/  i.  332.    Statue  of  Bacchus  carriecT  in  procef^ 

sion  to  Eleusis,  ii.  164.      Called   Evius  and  Thriamboi,  48(. 

Avenger  of  Thebes,  the  place  of  his  nativity,  iv.    258,  and  i» 

Son  of  the  Bona  Dea,  366,  367.     Antony  imitates  him,  v.4H 

447.     Nicias  manumits  a  slave  for  personating  him,  in,  Ml. 
BacchylideSy  i.  172.     Verses  of  hi6  on  peace,  203. 
Bachetorsy  law  against  them,  i.  133^    Perfectly   ridiculoni  bek|» 

in  Sparta,  ih, 
Bdctrian  cavalry,  iv.  291. 
BabitiSy  Marcus,  i.  207. 
t  BcBtisy  river,  ii.  506. 

Bagoas,  his  house  given  to  Parmenio,  iv.  803. 
■  wins  the  prize  in  a  public  exhibition,  iv.  34- !. 

Balbus  Cornelius,     See  Cornelius, 
Balinusy  iv.  215. 
-fBalissus,  river,  iii.  480. 
Balloty  the  Spartans  chose  members  into  their  societies  of  rcpat 

by  it,  i.  129. 
Ballots  on  some  occasions  taken  from  the  altar,  ii.  49,  n. 
BallCy  the  nymph,  said  to  be  mother  of  Epimenidfes,  i.  233. 
Band,  sacred  band  of  the  Thcbans,  iL  359,  362,  iv.  251, 
Bandiusy  Lucius,  ii.  400,  401'. 
fBantiay  city  of,  ii.  433. 
Barathrum,  ii.  449. 
Barbery  Caesar's,  discovers  a  plot  against  him  at  Alexandria,  iv. 

414. 
Barber*s  shop  at  Athens,  the  first  news  of  the  defeat  in  Sicily  told 

there,  and  near  being  fatal  to  the  poor  barber,  iii.  445. 
Barca  the  Carthagenian,  tells  Annibal  *  he  knew  not  how  to  use  a 

victory,*  ii.  90. 
Barcas,  Ilamilcar  so  surnamed,  ii.  503. 
Bardiccansy  a  band  of  ruffians  kept  by  Marius  as  his  guards,  iii. 

T78.     By  whom  destroyed,  ib. 
BardtjUisy  king  of  lllyriu,  iii.  76. 
Barlej/y  given  to  the  Roman  soldiers  who  misbehaved,  instead  of 

wheat,  ii.  430: 
Barrelsy  in  which  the  vestal  virgins  kept  their  most  sacred  utensils, 

i.  388. 
Barsine,  daughter  of  Artabazus,  widow  of  Memnon,  and  mistress 

to   Alexander,  has  a  son  by  Alexander,  named   Hercules    iv 

39,  272. 
BafsinCy  sister  to  the  former,  given  to  Eumenes,  iv.  39. 
Basilica  Porcioy  or  the  Porcian  hall,  built  by  Cato  the  elder,  iu 

518. 
Bacilica  built  by  Paulus  near  the  Forum,  iv.  393.  vi.  238. 
BasilluSy  Lucius,  an  officer  of  Sylla's,  iii.  244. 
Basiardsy  not  obliged  to  maintain  their  fathers,  i.  251.     They,  and 

persons  of  the  half  blood,  could  not  perform  their  exercises  in 

the  Gymnasium  at  Athens  with  the  true-born  Athenians,  i.  311. 

Law  against  them  at  Athens,  ii.  57. 
Bastard  son  of  Pericles  registered  by  bis  fathcr*s  name  as  legtti- 


INDEX.  80» 

inaTe,  l)ecau6e  he  had  lost  his  other  chHdren,  ii.  ^7-    That  son 
aRerwards  condemned  to  die^  ib. 
t  Bastarnce^  a  warlike   nation,    auxiliaries   to    Perseus,   ii.  292. 
Every  horseman  had  a  foot  soldier  by  him,  295.     Perseusi,  by 
his  avarice,  loses  their  assistance,  ib. 
BatabaceSy  priest 'Of  Cybele,  what  he  foretells  the  Romans,  iii.  14L 
BataiuSf  Demosthenes  so  called,  v.  254. 

I  ,  a  poet  and  musician  of  that  name,  v.  254. 
+  BatavianSf  their  cavalry  the  best  in  Germany,  vi.  256. 
Bathing  how  practised  among  the  Romans.     See  Decency, 
BathydeSj  a  sculptor,  i.  223. 
Bato  of  Sinope,  v.  147. 

Battle^  of  the  Romans  and  Sabines,  i.  76,  79,  80.    Of  the  Ama- 
zons and  Athenians,  34.     Of  Marathon,  ii.  452.     Of  Leuctra, 
.368, 369,  iv.  105.     Of  Piatcae,  ii.  473—478.     Of  Mantinea,  iii. 
13, 14.  iv.  116.     Oflpsus,  iii.  69,  v.  393.     OfSalamis,  i.  333, 
el  seq.     Of  Allia,  i.  383.     Of  Chacronea,  iii.  256,  iv.  91.  v.  273. 
Of  Coronea,  ii.  32.     Of  Pharsalia,  iv.  214—219.     Of  Granicus, 
261—263.     Of  Issus,  270.     Of  Arbela,  293,  294.     Of  Alexan- 
-der  with  Porus,  33Q,  331.     Of  Philippi,  vi.  95—98.     Of  Ac 
tlum,  V.  488,  489.     Of  Bedriacum,   vi.  255.    Of  Qrimesus,  ii. 
263—265.      Of  Cunaxa,  v*.   122.     of  Cannffi,  ii.  .86—88.     Of 
Artemisium,    113.     Of  Orchomenus,   iii.  261.     Of  Sucro,   iv. 
26,  146.     Of  Selasia,  iii.  7,  8.  v.  184.     Of  Trebia,  ii.  65.    Of 
Tegyrae,  361.     Of  Thrasymenus,  67.     Of  Tanagra,  iii.  318.    Of 
Jimoleon  with  the   Carthaginians,  see  Crimesus,     Of  Pyrrhus 
with  the  Romans,  iii.  88,  95,  102.— With  the  Carthaginians,  98. 
— Mamextines,  99,  101. — Pantauchus,  74.    In  Argos,  115.     Of 
Philopoemen  with  Machanidas,   iii.  13,  14. — With  DiDOcrates, 
25. — With   Nabis,    19.     Of  Archidamus  with   the   Arcadians, 
commonly  called  ^  the  tearless  bat tbt,'  iv.  114;     Of  PorseDaa 
with  the  Romans,  i.  295.    Of  Quintius  with  the  Macedonians, 
near  the  Apsus,   iii.  35,  36.     Of  the  Romans  with  Philip  at 
Cynosccphalae,  39,  40.    Of  Sertorius  with  Memroius,  Pompe/s 
lieutenant,  iv.  28.    Of  Sylla  with  Telesinus  and  Lamponius,  iii. 
273. — With  Marius  the  younger,    272.     Of  Marius  with  the 
Ambrones,  144. — With  the  Teutones,  146.— With  the  Cimbri, 
152.     Of  Crassus  with  the   Parthians,  481 — 4^.     Of  Antony 
with  the  Parthians,  v.  463 — 473.    Of  Lucullus  with  Tigrase^, 
iii.  367.     Of  Nicias  with  the  Syracusans,  iiu  437. 
Beards,  why  Alexander  .ordered  those  of  the  Macedonians  to  be 

shaved,  i.  7. 
Beasts^  .three  most  qiischievous  ones,  y.  28^ 
Bcckmann^  i.  18,  Ji. 
Bedriacum^  vi.  252,  255. 

Bees^  stocks  of  them,  by  Solon's  law  at  what  distance  to  be  placed 
by  the  Athenians  from  their  neighbours',  i.  254.     Bred  from 
^ead  oxen,  v.  197*    Omens  from  swarms  of  bees.    See  Omcnt 
and  Prodigies, 
Beetles  bred  from  dead  asses,  iv.  197. 
^Ulceus  provides  a  ship  for  Marius  in  his  distress,  iii.  171a 
t  Belbina,  ?.  158. 


310  INDEX, 

t  Bclgee  conquered  by  Casar,  iv.  381. 
Belitaroi,  said  to  have  provided  the   poison  for   Stattm, 

Artaxerxes,  fi.  135. 
BelUnus,  the  prator  seized  by  pirates,  iv.  154. 
Jiellona,  ill  243,  270. 

Belurit,  secretary  to  ArUxerxea  Mnemon,  vJ.  199. 
Behis,  his  temple,  iv,  26". 
Bi.-renicc,  wife  of  Ptolemy,  gives  Antigone,  her  daughter  by  a  fiv> 

raer  husband,  to  Pyirhus,  iii.  70- 
-one  of  the  wives  of  MilhtidatPS,  iii-  351.     Takes  fKriM^ 

but  not  enough  to  dispatch  her,  and  is  strangled,  352. 
t  Bfrenicis,  a  city  built  by  Pyrrhua,  iii.  ''■i. 
t  Bfraa,  iv,  206. 
t  Bcrytas,  v.  4-75. 

lietsus,  his  treason  Bgainst  Darius,  iv,  ^07.  nnd  punislimeiitt  309, 
Beslia,  an  officer  of  good  family,  but  without  capacity  for  war.B. 

129. 

,  the  tribune,  v,  317, 
Bias,  the  wise  man,  i.  223. 
Bibtiltts,  Calpumius,  Cssar's  collegue  in  the  consulship,  tv,  Uk 

185,  372,  373.  ■ 

— -,  Cato's  Boo-in-law.  v.  73,  74. 

— ■■     ,  son  of  Bibulus  and  Porcia,  vi.  68. 

Bum,  i.  S3. 

Billiiii,  Caius,  v.  220. 

Bircenna,  daughter  of  Bardyllis,  king  of  Illyria,  and  wife  of 

iii,  76. 
+  BisalUr  in  Thraeo,  colonised  by  the  AtlieDiaos, 
+  Biianlkc,  ii.  167. 

t  Bithynia,  \.  3».  ii-  157.  iii.  246.  vi.  74. 
BHki/t,  Demetrius'  general,  beats  Aratus,  vi-  18 
Biton  and  Gleobis,  preferred  in  point  of  happiness,  bv 

Crasus,  i-  261.  i  rr  j 

Blood,  that  of  a  bull  accounted  poisonous,  i.  357- 
Biotfiw,  the  philosopher,  v.  207,  218.    Resolutely  (leclares  to  the 

patricians,  that  he  would  have  done  whatever  Tiberius  Gracchui 

ordered  him,  221-     Kills  himself,  ib. 
Boat,  a  dreadful  kind  of  punishment  among  the  Persiutid,  vi,  ij]. 
BocchorU,  his  verdict  called  in  question  by  l.amia,  v.  391. 
Bacchus,  king  of  Upper  Numidia,  or  Mauritania,  Jugurtha's  father- 
',  betrays  him  to  Sylla,  iii.  130,  131,  233.     Presents  Sylla 


in-law, 
irithr 


lagoificent  figures,  representing  that  peace  of  history,  igl, 
Revives  the  quarrel  between  Marius  and  Sylla,  161.  SSS 


e  quarrel  between  Marius  and  Sylla, 
— ,  king  of  Lybin,  in  Antony's  army,  v.  481, 
Doedromia,  an  Athenian  feast,  i,  34. 
Biedi-omion,  month  of,  i.  34,  v.  33. 
Beentarehts,  or  annual  governors  of  Bccotio,  ii.  268. 
t  Baotia,  Lysander'a  expedition  against  it,  iii.  223.     EpsmraooX 

calls  its  fields  the  orchestra  of  Mars,  ii.  421,  422. 
Dcetiaut  have  the  sole  right  of  sacri&ung  at  Aulie,  and  therefore 

insult  AgcsilBus  for  attempting  il,  iv.  77. 
Boiorix,  king  of  the  Cimbri,  iii.  151. 


i 

lODOM 

rtfore 

J 


INDEX.  Sll 

t  Bola,  11.  209. 

f  Bombj^ce,  v.  461. 

JBona  Dea^  the  goddess  so  called,  iv.  366. 

f  Bononia^  v.  850. 

f  Bosporus^  Cimmerian,  i.  34.  iii.  246* 

^  Bottueans^  a  people  of  Thrace,  i.  16. 

Bottomrt/y  ii.  52:5. 

Boucation^  one  of  the  Theban  months,  ii.  370. 

BrachyUelis^  a  Theban,  friend  to  Ph  lip  of  MacedoD,  ill.  38. 

Brnsidas  opposed  the  peace  o^  Greece  for  the  sake  of  displaying 

his  own  braverv,  iii.  410.  Slain  in  the  battle  near  Amphipolis,  ib, 
f  Brauron^  a  borough  of  Attica,  i.  230. 

Brasen  shield  falls  from  heaven  into  the  hands  of  Nuraa,  i.  189. 
Brennuf^  king  of  the  Gauls,  his  bold  answer  to  the  Roman  embas* 

sadors,  i.  380.    He  marches  to  Rome,  381.   Defeats  the  Romans^ 

383.     This  event  little  known  in  Greece,  389.    He  besieges  the 

Capitol,  390.     Agrees  to  march  off  for  a  stipulated  sura,  but  adds 

his  sword  to  the  weights,  397.    He  withdraws  his  troops  on  the 

approach  of  Caniillus,  398. 
BriareuSy  Archimedes  compared  to  him,  ii.  413* 
Bribery,  at  Rome,  ii.  190,  191.  iv.  180,  194,  «•    Wlien  it  began 

at  Athens,  ii.  191. 
Bridge  over  the  Rhine  built  by  Csesar  in  ten  days,  iv.  385. 
Stibliciany  or  wooden  bridge  at  Rome  esteemed  sacred,  i. 

182.     When  built,  ib. 
Bribes,  servants  and  sutlers  to  Brutus'  army,  vi.  99. 
f  Britain,  Cxsar's  two  expeditions  into  it,  iv.  386.    It's  existence 

doubted  amongst  the  Romans,  ib. 
f  Brixdlum,  vL  249. 
Broth,  black,  of  the  Lacedsomonians,  i.  129.    What  gave  it  it*$ 

chief  relish,  ib. 
Brothers,  union,  a  rare  thing  among  them,  ii.  286. 
f  Brundusium,  iv.  206u 
t  Brutii,  ii.  96,  251. 
Bruiius  Sura,  deputy  governor  of  Macedon,  drives  Arcbdaus  out 

of  Greece,  iii.  246. 
Bruiiis,  Lucius  Junius,  puts  on  the  appearance  of  an  idiot,  i.  272,  n. 

Expels  the  Tarquins,    vi.  56,     Condemns  his  own  sons,  and 

attends  the  execution,  i.  278.    How  represented  in  bis  statue, 

vi.  56. 

,  Junius,  the  first  tribune  of  the  people,  ii.  181. 
— — ,  the  praetor,  sent  by  the  senate  to  Sylla,  iii.  243. 

-,  one  of  Carbo's  generals,  iv.  132. 
1 ,   the  father  of  Marcus  Brutus,  defends  Mutina  against 

Pompey,  iv.  143.     Surrenders  it,  and  Pompey,  by  a  breach  of 

faith  puts  him  to  death,  ib. 
,  Albinus,  in  the  conspiracy  against  Caesar,  iv.  432.  Laughs 

at  augury,  and  draws  Cxsar  out  on  the  ides  of  March,  ib.  433. 

Is  put  to  death,  vi.  82. 
Brutus,  Marcus,  his  great  ancestor  was  Junius  Brutus,  who  ex- 
pelled the  Tarquins,  vi.  56.  Happily  formed  to  virtue  by  nature. 


112  INDEX, 

and  hns  all  the  advantages  nl'  cultivation,  tb.  His  mother  S» 
vilia,  57-  He  roarries  Porcia  the  daughter  of  C«to,  58.  At- 
quainled  with  the  doctrines  of  all  tlic  pbilo; opben ;  but  tbt 
I'latonisti  and  the  Old  Academy  stood  highest  in  his  etleem,  li. 
SpeaWs  with  f^ieat  ability  both  in  the  field,  aod  at  the  bat,  is, 
In  Greek,  affects  the  bconic  stite,  ib.  Accompanies  C*U  M 
Cyprus,  in  hie  expedition  against  Ptulemy,  59.  Di&poeea  of  Uw 
prince's  cHects,  and  curries  the  treasure  to  Rome,  it.  Oottt 
principle,  joins  Pompey  against  Csnar,  though  Pompcy  liadntf 
his  father  to  death.  60.  Acts  some  tinie  as  lieutcnuot  to  Seam, 
in  Sicily,  but  goes  volunteer  to  Macedon,  before  the  battle  o( 
Pharaalla,  ib.  Employs  tlie  hours  thai  he  could  spare  from  At 
duties  »f  the  camp,  in  study,  ib.  Cicsar  bad  a  bif;li  esteeai  bt 
hiiQ,  having  some  reason  to  believe  tliat  he  was  liis  son,  ii.H, 
Atter  the  battle  of  Pharsaiia,  13rutui^  escapes  to  Larasa,  tai 
thence  writes  lo  C»sar,  who  tends  lor  him,  and  cnteruina  bin 
amongst  his  friends,  61,  He  reconciles  Ca-sar  to  his  TrieadCaMUi^ 
63.     ijamc  account  of  the  character  of  Brutus,  it.     CtBUilf- 

Saints  him  governor  of  Cisnlpnc  Gaul.  ji.  Dissension  betvKO 
rutus  and  L'u£siuE,  though  Cossius  had  married  his  sister  Judm, 
6S.  Brutus  gains  a  more  honourBblc  prietorship  than  Casuut,4 
Casslus  is  ulTended,  and  represents  Ctesar  lo  Drutus  as  a  tynnt, 
ib.  Ctcsar  has  his  suspicions,  yet  trusts  lo  the  honour  of  BrutSi 
ib.  tijayingsof  CiCEar  concerning  him,  ili.  64.  Uruius  hated  ttie 
imperial  power,  and  Cnssius  hated  the  emperor,  64'.  Brutus  il 
animated  to  take  oiF  Cssar,  by  private  intimalioas  and  taot^ 
mous  letters,  65.  Cassius  informs  Brutus,  that  the  frieitd*  tt 
Cesar  intended  to  move  that  he  should  be  declared  iiiag,  (&. 
What  Brutus  said  upon  it,  ib.  He  visits  Q.  Ligarius,  who  offen 
to  join  in  the  design  against  Ctcsar,  66.  They  take  ii>  others  o{ 
their  friends,  but  except  Cicero,  on  account  of  bis  timidity,  li. 
The  great  secrecy,  with  which  the  design  was  conducted,  67- 
Brutus  becomes  Dens ive  and  full  uf  anviety,  ib.  The  greatn^ 
of  Porcia's  conduct  upon  thai  occasion,  68.  Her  addreat  t» 
Brutus,  ib.  The  senate  assemble  on  the  ides  of  March  in  Pom- 
pcy's  basilica,  the  day  that  Brutus  and  liis  associates  had  pitched 
upon  for  the  execution  of  their  purpose,  ib.  69.  He  lakes  a 
dagger  with  him ;  a  circumstance  knowu  only  lo  his  wife^  ib. 
"Yhe  great  firmness  of  tlie  contpiratorv  OD  that  occosioo,  ii. 
Cffisar  delays  his  coming,  ib.  Ambiguous  expressions  to  sooie 
of  the  friends  of  liberty,  which  make  them  think  iheir  secret  is 
discovered,  70.  The  agonies  of  Porcia,  ib.  Pupiliua  Lirm* 
addresses  Cesar,  and  the  conspirators  are  afraid  that  he  is  open- 
ing their  design,  li.  71-  The  conspirators  get  close  about  CiEsar's 
chair,  under  pretence  of  presenting  a  suit  to  him,  71.  The  pro* 
cess  of  their  great  undertaking,  ib.  Casar  is  slain,  72.  Brutus, 
in  altempting  to  have  his  share  in  the  sacrilice,  it  nounded  tu  the 
hand,  ib.  Proposes  to  make  a  speech,  but  the  senators  fly,  it. 
Prevents  the  taking  off  Mark  Antony,  Cintrary  to  the  opiniOD  of 
hi*  associates,  ib.  He  and  bis  party  betake  themselves  to  tbc 
Capitol,  ib.    They  proclaim  liberty  Co  the  peo^e  as  ifa^  pwiS  H' 


1 


INDEX.  SIS 

Afler  the  first  alarm  is  over,  the  senators  and  the  people  go 
in   a  body  to  the  conspirators  in  the   Capitol,  73.      Brutus* 
speech  it  well  received,  and  he  and  his  party  come  down  into  the 
Forum,  f^.     Brutus  is  heard  there  with  reverence  ;  but  Cinna, 
attempting  to  accuse  Cssar,  is  loaded  with  the  most  opprobrious 
language,  t^.    The  conspirators  retire  once  more  into  the  Ca- 
pitol, to.    The  senate  assemble  the  day  following,  and  an  aro« 
nesty  is  decreed,  ib,      Antony  sends  his  son  to  tlic  Capitol  as  a 
hostage,  ib,     Brutus  and  his  associates  come  down,  and  there  is 
an  appearance  of  a  general  reconciliation,  ib.     Antony  has  the 
thanks  of  the  senate  fur  preventing  a  civil  war,  and  the  principal 
of  the  conspirators  have  provinces  assigned  them,  ib.  74.     Brutus 
tommits  a  second  and  greater  error,  in  permitting  Antony  to 
publish  Caesar's  will,  and  to  give  him  a  public  funeral,  74.     The 
people  snatch  brands  from  the  pile,  and  run  to  fire  the  houses  of 
the  conspirators,  ib,  75.     Cinna  the  poet  is  mistaken  for  Cinna 
the  conspirator,  and  torn  in  pieces  by  the  mob,  75.     Brutus  and 
his  party  retire  to  Antium ;  but  the  shows  with  which  he  was  to 
entertain  the  people,  as  prsetor,  are  exhibited  with  great  roagni« 
ficence,  ib.  76.      Octavius  comes  to  Rome,  assumes  the  name  of 
Csesar,  and  greatly  ingratiates  himself  with  the  people,  76.     Ci« 
cero  joins  him,  ib,     Brutus'  spirited  letters  to  Cicero  on  that 
junction,  ib,  77.     Brutus  resolves  to  leave  Italy,  77.     The  affect- 
ing circumstances  of  Porcia's  parting  with  him  at  Elea,  ib.  78. 
He  sails  from  Elea  to  Athens,  78.     He  attends  the  lectures  of 
the  philosophers  there ;  but  privately  prepares  for  war,  f^.  Sends 
Herostratus  into  Macedon,  while  he  secures  the  young  Romans 
that  were  in  Athens,  and  among  the  rest  the  son  of  Cicero,  ib. 
Goes  to  Carystus,  a  city  of  Euboca,  were  a  friend  of  bis  was 
arrived  from  Asia  with  some  ships  laden  with  money,  ib*    Lets 
fall  an  ominous  expression  at  an  entertainment  on   his  birth-day, 
ib,  79.     Antistius  gives  him  five  hundred  thousand  drachmas  of 
the  money  he  was  carrying  to  Italy,  79.    He  collects  forces,  ib. 
At  Demetrias,  seizes  the  arms  which  Julius  Cossar  intended  for 
the  Parthian  war,  ib.     Macedon  is  delivered  up  to  him  by  Hor- 
tensius  the  Praetor,  ib.     He  makes  a  forced  march  to  Dyrra- 
chium,  in  order  to  reach  it  before  Caius,  the  brother  of  Mark 
Antony,  and  is  seized  with  the  disorder  called  *  Bulimia,'  ib. 
Makes  himself  master  of  Dyrrachium,  Apollonia,  and  Buthrotus, 
and  the  troops  that  held  those  cities,  80.     Takes  Caius,  the  bro- 
ther of  Anthony,  prisoner,  81.    Youn|;  Csesar  finding  the  senate 
inclined  to  favour  Brutus,  reconciles  himself  to  Anthony,  and  ob- 
tains the  consulship  by  force,  ib.  He  is  no  sooner  consul  than  he 
orders  a  process  against  Brutus  and  his  accomplices  for  having 
murthered  the  first  magistrate  of  Rome,  ib.    The  triumvirate  di- 
vide the  provinces  amongst  them,  and  settle  a  list  of  two  hundred 
proscriptions,  Q2.     Brutus  and  Cassius  meet  at  Smyrna,  ib.  83. 
Their  forces  very  respectable,  83.     Their  different  dispositions 
and  views,    ib.       Brutus  desires  Cassius  to  let  him  have  part 
pf  his  trcasurei  and  obtains  a  third,  81.    Cassius  behaves  with 


great  severity  on  il 
Brutus,  and  he  lay: 
rations  againRl  the  a 
people  had  of  death, 
itances,  in  which  a  X. 
I  reivaril 


INDEX. 
fitting  or  Rhodes,  ib.  The  Lye&aii  C^pm 
lege  to  the  city  of  Xsnlbus,  85.  Bit  gofr 
nthians,  and  ihe  paBsJonnte  dean^mt 
b.  Brutus  weeps  at  the  afTecting  circnh 
nhian  woman  was  found,  86.  Prod^n 
who  could  save  a  Xanthinn,  id.      Btinp 


the  Patareans  and  other*  to  surrender,  by  diKrutesing  Mm 
Romea  without  ransom,  and  other  instances  of  justioe  and  nwAt- 
ration,  i6.  Raises  only  a  hundred  and  fifty  tolitnts  in  Lydi, 
while  Cassiu^  amasses  eight  thousand  at  Rhodes,  87.  Theodgtiii, 
who  nd'istd  the  muriher  of  Potnpey  the  Grear,  f&lls  into  the 
hands  of  Brutus,  and  is  put  to  dealh,  ib.  SB,  Drutus  and  Cmhm 
meet  at  Sardis,  and  fall  into  debates  and  mutual  accusations,  "fiS. 
Favonius  puts  an  end  to  those  disputes  by  an  act  of  cyaksl 
freedom,  ib.  Cassius  blames  Brutus  for  disgracing  Luciui 
Pella,  on  account  of  his  embezzling  the  public  mooey,  and 
Brutus  puts  him  in  mind  of  '  the  ides  of  March,'  69.  A  little 
before  they  Icfl  Asia,  Brutus  has  an  extraordinary  apparition,  90L 
('ossius,  who  was  oa  Epicurean,  disputes  the  reality  of  apparilbiis, 
ib.  91.  Omen  of  their  defeat  at  I'hilippi,  91.  Brutiu  cones 
tipon  Norbanes  near  Symbotum.  and  must  have  destroyed  his 
whole  army  bad  not  Antony  with  incredible  celerity  marched  to 
his  relief,  ib.  Circumstances  previous  to  the  battle  of  Philippi, 
H2.  Cassius  inclined  lo  protract  ilie  war,  but  over-ruled  by 
Brutus,  9'1.  Cassius  asks  Brutus,  what  his  resolution  is  con- 
cerning flight  and  death,  94-.  Brutus' anstrer.iA.  The  hirille 
■escribed,  95,96.     Brutus  is  victorious  in  the  right  wing,  and 


CussiuH  defeated  io  the  left, ! 


The  V 


knowing  ir 


lime  the  circumstances  of  each  other  proves  the  ruin  of  l>otfa,  97. 
Cassius,  in  consequence  of  an  unfortunate  mistake,  orders  liis 
freednan  Pindarus  to  despatch  him,  98.  Brutus  laments  over 
Cassius,  and  calls  him  the  last  of  the  Romans,  99.  Encuurwct 
('assius'  troops,  ii.  The  enemy's  lots  greatly  exceeds  his,  ib. 
Demetrius,  a  servant  of  Cassius,  goes  over  to  Antony,  with  his 
Master's  robe  and  sword,  iti.  The  reason  why  Brutus  resolves  to 
avoid  another  battle,  ib.  A  bicraiab  in  the  character  of  Brutus, 
that  he  promises  his  troops,  in  case  of  victory,  the  plunder  of  the 
cities  of  Lacedsmon  and  "Thessalonica,  100.  The  aifairs  of  Cic- 
sar  and  Antony  in  an  indifferent  posture,  101.  An  unfortunate 
circumstance  to  Cruius,  that  he  does  not  gel  intelligence  of  the 
victory  gained  by  his  fleet,  102.  The  spectre  appears  to  him 
again,  ib.  Omens  announce  his  fall,  ib.  105.  Brutus  routs  the 
enemy's  left  wing  :  but  his  own  left  wing,  at  (he  same  time,  is 
defeated  and  he  is  surrounded,  103.  The  valour  ami  glorious 
death  of  Marcus  the  son  of  Cuto,  l(H.  Luctiius  passes  iiimsc If 
for  Brutus,  and  is  taken  prisoner,  ii.  Brutus,  attended  by  n  few 
of  his  officers  and  hts  friends,  stops  under  thu  cavity  of  a  large 
rock,  1U5.  Appeals  to  Heaven,  r'A,  Si^hs  deeply  at  the  mention 
of  llavius  and  Labeo,  ib.  Statiliiis  iindcTtiikes  to  make  his  way 
tlirough  the  enemy,  to  see  whether  the  tamp  of  Brutus  was  safe. 


i. 


1 


INDEX.  815 

106.  Holds  up  A  torcfay  being  the  signal  he  had  promrsed,  but 
was  slain  in  his  return,  ib.  Brutus  desires  several  of  his  friends 
to  assist  in  despatching  him,  and  is  refused,  ib.  His  last  address 
to  his  friends,  ib.  He  falls  upon  his  sword,  107.  His  friends 
behave  with  great  honour,  ib.  His  wife  Porcia,  being  prevent 
from  any  olher  kind  of.  death,  puts  burning  coals  into  her  mouth, 
and  dies,  ib.  108,  He  receives  an  honourable  interment  from  his 
enemy  Antony,  111.  What  passed  between  Octavius  and  the  MU 
lanese,  with  regard  to  the  statue  of  Brutus,  f6. 112. 

Bnbulci,  numbered  by  Plutarch  among  the  Roman  surnames,  t. 
287. 

f  Bucenphalia^  iv,  332. 

Bucephalus^  Alexander's  celebrated  horse,  how  managed  by  him  and 
obtained,  iv.  246,  247.     His  age,  332. 

Bulimia^  a  distemper  in  which  persons  are  extremely  hungry,  vl« 
79. 

BuU^  of  Marathon,  overcome  by  Theseus,  and  sacrificed  to  Apollo 
Delphinius,  i.  14,  15. 

Bull  and  wolf  in  brass  at  Argos,  emblematical,  iii.  114.  Of  brass, 
upon  which  the  Cimbri  laid  their  hands  in  the  solenmity  of  ati 
oath,  149. 

■         sacrificed  to  the  Euphrates,  by  Lucullus,  iii.  861* 

Bulia^  a  Roman  ornament  for  children,  i.  83. 

Burials^m  what  manner  regulated  by  Lycurgus,  i.  153. 

Buried  alive,  two  Greeks  and  two  Gauls,  by  the  Romans,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  Sybilline  prophecies,  ii.  392. 

BunriSf  king  of  -/Egypt,  sacrificed  by  Hercules,  i.  12. 

Buskin^  Theramenes  so  called  for  his  versatility,  iii.  399. 

Butasy  Gate's  freedman,  v.  120. 
■   ,  the  poet,  i.  86. 

BtUesj  general  of  the  Persians,  being  beseiged  by  Cimon,  bums 
himself,  iii.  302. 

t  ButhrottUy  vi.  80. 

■f  Byzantium^  recovered  by  Alcibiades,  li.  160.  Saved  by  Pho- 
cion,  V.  18. 


C. 

CABIRI,  country  of  the  Cabin,  iii.  345,  846. 

Cabirif  the  c/rt  magni^  or  Samothracian  ^ods,  iii.  343, «.  345,  n,  ii. 

316,  ft.    Their  temple  plundered  by  pirates,  iv.  153. 
Caddo&y  what,  L  129. 
t  Cadmeoy  the  citadel  of  Thebes  so  called,  iv.  99.    Most  unjustly 

surprised  by  Phoebidas  the  Lacediemonian,  ib. 
Cadmia^  sister  of  Neoptolemus,  iii.  71. 
Cadmus  J  iii.  256. 

Caduceusy  ^Icrcury's  rod,  carried  by  a  herald,  v.  239,  ft. 
f  Cadudans^  vi,  124,  142. 
CteciaSy  the  wind  so  caliled,  iv.  23. 
CaciliOf  mother  of  LucuUus,  iii.  325. 


3i«  INDEX. 

Cecilia  MeUUa,  daughter  of  MetelluB,  the   chief  pontiff,  wrft  rf  | 
Sylla,  lii.  239i  and  mother  la  Emilia  by  Scaurus  her  roroierhc 
baiid,  2711.  iv- 134.     Dies,  ill.  '^Vy. 

Caciliiis  Metelltu,  son  of  Metellua  Numidicus,  iii.  123.  Deilkl 
the  picture  of  Flora  in  the  temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux,  iv.  U 
Desired  by  tlie  array  to  take  the  conimand  in  Rome  against  U 
riusand  Ciona,  but  refuses,  iiL  175. 

Cxcilius,  Ihe  rhetorician,  v.  252. 

. ,  aa  emancipated  slave,  v.  300. 

,  or  rather  Ccclius,   the  jEdile,  applies   to    Cicero,  ■    . 

governor  of  Cilicia,  for  panthers,  v.  337.     Cicero's  anstrer,  (L 

CiElia.     See  Cselia. 

-J-Cenon.iT.  172. 

C>/jAwiai,  a  musician,  iii.  75. 

iUepio,  defeated  by  the  Teutooes  and  Ciinbri,iv.  4.  iiL  366. 

,  marries  Pumpey'a  daughter,  who  had  been    contr*cUdk    | 
Faustus  the  son  of  Sylla,  iv.  ]»-l'. 

,  half  brother  to  Cato  the  younger,  much  beloved  by  h 
51,52.     His  deatli,  56. 

C^SAR,  CaiuB  Julius,  Sylla  endeavours  to  bring  him  to  rcpudiiU 
Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Sylla,  and  being  unable  to  eflectiit 
confiscates  her  dovvry,  iv,  S56,  857.  Marius,  by  marrying  JdUi; 
CfiEsar's  aunt,  had  a  family  couaexion  with  hini,  357.  Cw 
loses  the  priesthood  through  Sylla's  means,  li.  Sylla  *ay%,  'tbtt 
iu  Ctesar  were  many  Mariuses,'  ih.  Cxsar  conceals  himsdf,  tt. 
Svlla's  hlood-hounds  tall  in  with  him,  ib.  He  bribes  one  Cone- 
lius  to  let  him  go,  ib,  35S.  Repairs  to  Nicoroedes  in  Bitbynii, 
358.  Re.ea]barus,  and  is  taken  by  pirates,  ib.  In  wh^t  maaaec 
he  lived,  while  among  the  pirates,  iL  Pays  his  ransoin,  tam 
some  vessels,  takes  tnose  pirates,  and  cruciiies  them,  it.  359> 
Studies  under  Apollonius  Molo  at  Kliodes,  359.  Has  gratt 
powers  as  an  orator,  ib.  Accuses  Dolabella  and  Publiua  Anto* 
nius,  3()0.  Gains  a  considerable  interest  by  defending  perwm 
impeached,  and  a  still  greater  by  his  condescension.  Mid  tlie 
generous  manner  in  which  he  livus,  ib.  Persons  in  power  dis- 
regard him  at  lirst,  imagining  he  must  soon  exhaust  his  estate,  (^ 
Cicero  seems  to  have  been  the  first,  who  discovered  in  him  deep 
and  dangerous  designs,  ib.  361.  He  obtains  a  tribuneship  in  the 
army  before  his  competitor  Popilius,  361.  Pronounces  (he 
funeral  oration  of  hii  aunt  Julia,  ib.,  and  has  the  hardrnesa  ta 
bring  forth  the  images  of  Marius,  ib.  Pronounces  a  funeral  pa- 
negyric for  his  own  wife,  which  (as  she  was  a  young  woman)  was 
contrary  to  custom,  362.  Goes  out  questor  to  S|)uin  with  Aaiis- 
tiuB  Veter,  ib.  Takes  Pompcia  \a  bis  third  wife,  ib.  A  thousand 
three  hundred  talents  in  debt  before  he  got  any  public  employ- 
ment, ib.  Exhibits  three  hundred  and  twenty  pair  of  gladiators, 
when  »dilG,  ib.  Revives  the  faction  of  Marius,  and  reKiores  bis 
images,  363.  Catulus  impeaches  him  for  this,  ib.  The  teiuiLe 
acquit  him,  ib.  Metellus,  the  chicf-pontiS*,  dies,  and  Cscsar  stands 
for  that  high  office  against  Isauricus  and  Catulus,  36*.  Catului 
o&ra  him  large  sums,  on  condition  that  be  will  c~ 


he  will  dnm  liia  ni*> 

Jl 


INDEX.  517 

tensions,  but  he  rejects  them,  i6.  His  saying  to  hit  mother  on 
that  occasion,  t5.  Piso  and  Catulus  blame  Cicero  for  sparing 
Caesar  in  the  time  of  Catiline's  conspiracy,  ib.  The  speech,  which 
Cttsar  made  in  the  senate  at  that  tmie,  for  a  lighter  panishment 
than  death,  365.  In  danger  of  bein^  killed  on  that  occasion,  as 
he  goes  out  of  the  senate-house,  ib.  During  his  prsctorship, 
while  the  women  are  celebrating  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Uea 
in  his  house,  Clodius  concerts  an  intrigue  with  Poropeia,  ^6^  S67. 
Claudius  is  detected,  368.  Ceesar  divorces  Pompeia,  ib.  His 
celebrated  saymg  thereupon,  ib.  Csesar  has  the  government  of 
the  Farther  Spam  after  his  prsetorship,  369.  Crassus  engage* 
for  him  for  debts  of  eight  hundred  and  thirty  talents,  beforehe 
can  leave  Rome,  ib.  Another  saying  of  his,  on  passing  through 
a  village  on  the  Alps,  370.  His  concern  on  reading  the  history 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  ib.  He  reduces  some  of  the  nations  of 
Spain,  and  penetrates  to  the  ocean,  ib.  His  civil  government 
satisfactory  to  the  Spaniards,  though  he  fills  his  own  coffers,  ib* 
At  his  return  he  drops  his  triumph,  because  his  application  for 
that  and  the  consulate  at  the  same  time  was  not  consistent,  371. 
Reconciles  Pompey  and  Crassus,  ib,  Cato  alone  foresees  the 
bad  consequence  of  that  union,  ib*  Caesar  is  appointed  consul 
with  Calpumius  Bibulus,  872.  Procures  decrees  for  a  division 
of  lands  and  distribution  of  com,  ib.  Gives  his  daughter  Julia  to 
Pompey,  ib.  Marries  Calpurnia  the  daughter  of  Piso,  and  pro- 
cures the  consulship  for  Piso  for  the  year  ensuing,  ib.  Bibulus, 
finding  his  opposition  fruitless,  and  his  life  otten  in  danger, 
attenos  the  public  assemblies  no  more,  373.  Pompey  fills  the 
Forum  with  armed  men,  and  Caesar  has  the  government  of  Gaul 
decreed  him  for  ^^e  ycairs,  ib.  Caesar  sends  Cato  toward  prison, 
but  does  not  commit  him,  ih.  His  question  to  Considius,  and 
that  senator's  answer,  ib.  He  gets  Clodius  elected  tribune  of  the 
people,  374.  Js  the  greatest  general  and  conqueror  the  Romans 
ever  had,  ib.  Instances  of  the  valour  of  his  soldiers,  375,  376. 
The  great  example  he  set  them  in  that  respect,  376.  Has  the 
falling  sickness  first  at  Corduba,  ib.  His  indefatigable  powers, 
ib.  377.  An  excellent  horseman,  377.  Not  difficult  in  his  diet, 
ib.  Defeats  the  Hclvetii  and  Tigurini,  who  burned  their  own 
towns,  and  designed  to  penetrate  into  Italy,  378.  Obliges 
them  to  settle  again  in  the  countries  they  hsKi  quitted,  379.  His 
war  in  defence  of  the  ^dui,  against  Anovistus  kine  of  the  Ger- 
mans, ib.  He  puts  his  army  in  winter  quarters  m  the  coun- 
try of  the  Scquani,  and  repairs  to  Gaul  on  this  side  the  Po, 

381.  Great  numbers  come  to  him  from  Rome,  and  he  carries 
on  a  variety  of  state-intrigues,  ib.  The  Belgae  revolt,  and 
he  soon  reduces  them,  ib.  Marches  against  the  Nervii,  who 
attack  him  suddenly,  and  at  first  gain  considerable  advantage^ 

382.  His  own  valour,  and  that  of  the  tenth  legion,  restore  the 
action,  and  he  destroys  almost  all  their  troops,  t^.  383.  The 
senate  order  a  thanksgiving  for  fifteen  days,  on  account  of  this 
victory,  383.  He  crosses  the  Alps  again,  and  strengthens  his 
interest  by  bribery,  ib.    Pompey  and  Crassus,  with  a  midtittide 


318  INDEX, 
of  other  seaatore,  wait  od  iiim  at  Lucca,  i6.  It  is  Ogree^d 
they  Bhall  be  consuls  the  year  ensuing,  and  l^^get  CasMc's^ 
verotneot  prolonged  Tor  five  years  more,  i^.  Toe  Ueipetea  u 
the  Tenchteri,  two  German  nations,  renewtlie  war,  384.  C« 
kills  four  hundred  thousand  of  them,  38^.  The  Sicaiitbri  W 
bourthe  few  who  escaped,  aud  this  afTordi!  Itiin  a  pretence  u 
enter  Germany,  lA.  He  throws  a.  bridge  over  tlie  lUiine,  ij 
The  Suevi  and  the  Sicambrl  retire  into  their  forests,  ii.  Oav, 
after  having  laid  waste  the  country  with  fire,  relnrns  to  Gaul,  ii  I 
386.  His  two  expeditions  into  Britain,  386.  He  receive*  nen 
of  Julia's  donth,  ii.  The  people  bury  her  in  the  Campus  Mti-  I 
tiuB,  387-  He  separates  his  legions  for  the  convenience  of 
winter-quarters,  I'l/.  The  Gaub,  under  the  conduct  of  Ambioiix, 
fall  upon  them,  and  cut  ofl'some  of  his  lieutenants,  iS.  He^ 
intelligence  of  thb,  on  the  road  to  Italy,  aud  hastens  badi  to& 
relief  of  Quintus  Cicero,  i£.  Tlie  Gauls  march  against  him,  id 
he  defeats  them  by  Mratugem,  i6.  S83.  Pompey  lends  liita  tn 
legions,  in  the  room  of  those  he  had  lost,  SSS.  The  Gftlbfe 
volt  again,  and,  under  the  conduct  of  Vereingetorix,  begin  baMt 
lilies,  ID  tbe  midst  of  a  severe  winter,  ii.  3S0.  He  defttt 
them  with  his  usual  good  fortune,  390-  Tlic  remainder  t^  ityir 
army  retires  into  Alesia,  i&.  He  besieges  them  there,  ii,  A 
prodigious  army  comes  to  raise  the  siege,  but  lie  pucs  it  10  tbt 
rout,  390.  The  besieged  surrender,  and  Vercingeiorix  psB 
himself  in  tbe  hands  of  the  conqueror,  391.  The  dealo  oT 
Crassus  opens  the  way  to  the  civil  war  between  Caesar  and  Rw^ 
pey,  ib.  The  corrupt  state  of  Rome  at  that  time  makes  tt  n^ 
to  subsist  any  longer  as  a  commonwealth,  392.  Pompey  b  4e* 
clured  sole  consul,  uid  has  his  governments  of  Spain  and  Afrlct 
continued  to  him,  ili.  Cxsai  applies  for  another  consulship,  and 
tor  the  continuation  of  his  commission  in  Gaul,  ib.  The  cotuuli 
behave  to  his  agents  with  rancour,  and  even  disfranchise  the 
colony  of  Novocomum  which  he  had  lately  planted,  393.  After 
tbe  considship  of  Alareellus,  Cassor  gains  the  new  consul  Pauloc, 
and  the  tribune  Curio,  by  money,  ib.  fiends  back  the  two  le- 
gions, which  Pompey  had  lent  him,  i&.  These  troops  gire  it 
out,  that  Ciesar's  whole  army  was  ready  to  come  over  to  Pom- 
pey, i6.  Pompey  opposes  his  enemy  only  with  speeches  sod 
decrees,  391-  Cssar's  requisitions  have  a  great  appearance  of 
Justice ;  but  Scipio  and  Leniulus  carry  it  against  him  in  the  se* 
note,  ib.  395.  Cicero  almost  brings  matters  to  a  compromue, 
395.  But  Lenlulus,  in  the  rage  of  party,  drives  out  the  tri- 
bunes Antoiw  and  Curio,  and  tiiey  fly  to  Ctesav  in  the  habit  of 
slaves,  ii.  Ciesar  b  perplesed  in  his  deliberations  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rubicon,  39G.  He  passes  it,  3<)T.  Takes  Ariminum, 
ib.  Komc,  and  the  rest  of  Italy,  arc  in  a  great  consicrnalinn, 
ib.  Favoniua  bids  Pompey  ■  stamp  with  his  foot  and  bring  his 
legions  out  of  the  earth,'  ib.  Pompey  leaves  Rome,  and  orders 
the  senate  and  every  friend  to  liberty  to  follow  him,  398.  La- 
bienuB  goes  over  to  Pompey,  ib.  Ctesar  lakes  Domitius  in 
CorfiDJura,  who,  though  pardoned  by  his  captor, ' 


INDEX.  819 

again  to  Poropey,  i^.  399.    Pompey  retires  to  Brundusiom,  and 
thence  to  Dyrrochium,  399.     Caesar,   having  reduced  all  Italy 
io  sixty  days,  repairs  to  Rome,  ib.    Takes  money  out  o£  the  pub- 
lic treasury,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  from  Mctellus,  400. 
Marches  into  Spain,  reduces  Pompey 's  army  there,  and  incor- 
porates it  with  his  own,  ib.    lleturns  to  Rome,  and  is  declared 
dictator  by  the  senate  there,  id.    His  acts  while  be  holds  Uiat 
office,  which  is  only  for  eleven  days,  ib,  401.    Declares  himself 
consul  with   Serviiius  Isauricuf,  401.    Marches  to  Brunduslucn, 
$b.    Crosses  the  Ionian  Sea  with  part  of  his  troops,  ib.    Takes 
Oricum  and  ApoUonia,  ib.    Sends  back  his  ships,  to  bring  over 
the  rest  of  his  forces,  but  those  ships  are  taken  by  the  enemy,  ib. 
Resolves  to  cross  the  sea  in  a  twelve-oared  boat,  to  fetch  the  rest 
of  his  forces,  but  the  winter  storms  prevent  it,  402,  4r03.     An- 
tony arrives  from  Brundusium  with  the  troops,  403*     Ciesar  is 
distressed  for  provisions,    ib.      Has  the  advantage  in   several 
skirmishes ;  but  in  one  is  driven  back  to  his  camp,  and  in  danger 
of  having  it  taken,  404.     Cscsar's  saying  on  that  occasion,  405. 
He  marches  against  Scipio,  who  lay  in   Macedon,  ib.     Pom- 
pey for  good  reasons  is  for  waitiog  the  advantages  of  time,  but 
not  a  man,  except  Cato,  is  of  his  opinion,  ib.  406.    Ceesar  takes 
Gomphi  in  Thessaly,  ib.    Asks  his  troops  whether  they  chose 
immediately  to  risque  an  action,  or  to  wait  for  reinforcements, 
407.     Omens  of   victory   to  Caesar,  408.    Circumstances  pre* 
vious  to  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  ib.  409.    The  battle,  409,  410. 
Pompey  flies,  41 1 .     What  Caesar  said,  on  viewing  tlie  enemy's 
camp^  tb.    He  incorporates  with  his  own  troops  most  of  the  pri- 
soners, and  pardons  many  persons  of  distinction ;  Brutus  among 
the  rest,  ib,     Caesar  bestows  liberty  on  the  whole  country  of 
Thessaly,  412.    Grants  the  same  privilege  to  the  Cnidians,  at 
the  request  of  Tbeopompus,   ib.    Discharges  the  inhabitants  of 
Asia  from  a  third  port  of  their  imposts,  ib.     His  behaviour, 
when  Theodotus  presented  to  him  the  head  of  Pompey,  i^.    He 
has  the  satisfaction  of  saving  every  day  one  or  other  of  his  fel- 
low-citizens, 413.    Is  ill-treated    by  Phodnus,    and  sends  Air 
Cleopatra,  tb.      Demands  the  sums  due  to  him  from  Ptolemy, 
ib.     The  stratagem  by  which  Cleopatra  was  conveyed  into  his 
palace*  414.    He  insists  that  she  shall  reign  along  with  her  bro- 
ther, ib.    Achillas  and  Photinus  plot  against  Caesar's  life,  ib. 
Caesar  kills  Photinus ;    but  Achillas  escapes  to  the  army,  and 
involves  Caesar  in  a  very  dangerous  war,  ib.    The  Egyptians 
stop  up  the  aqueducts,  that  supplied  his  quarter,  ib.    He  is 
forced  to  burn  his  ships  in  harbour,  i^.    The  flan?es  destroy  the 
great  Alexandrian  library,  ib.    Caesar's  extreme  danger  in   the 
naval  fight  near  Pharos,  415.     Ptolemy  is  never  heard  of  af^er  it, 
ib.    Cleopatra  brings  Caesar  a  son,  who  is  named  Caesario,  il: 
On  intelligence  that  Phamaces,  son  of  Mithridates,  had  defeated 
his  lieutenant   Domitius,  he  marches  against  him,  and  defeats 
him  near  Zela,  ib.      His  laconic  account  of  that  action,  41^. 
lleturns  to  Rome  near  the  end  of  the  year  of  his  second  dicta- 
torship, 1^.    Is  declared  consul  for  the  year  ensuing,  it.    Does 


320  INDEX. 

either  hii  lieutenants  or  his  soldiers 
Begins  the  war  ia  Africa  against  Ctt^ 
Scipio,  and  Juba,  417.  Gives  one  Scipio  Sallution  the  nomiml 
cnnimanil,  on  account  of  an  oracle  which  declared  *  the  Scipiat 
would  be  always  victorious  in  Africa,'  id.  Is  much  annoyed  bj 
(he  Numidian  cavalry,  418.  Falls  upon  Scipio,  as  he  ktoti- 
^ing  tlie  camp  of  Tliapsus,  and  gives  hini  an  entire  defeBt,  tk 
Tates  the  camp  of  Afraniue,  and  destroys  that  of  Jnba,  nik 
the  tame  tide  of  success,  ii.  Hastens  to  Uttca,  in  hopei  tf 
Mking  Cato  alive,  419.  His  saying  on  linding  that  hebsdd^ 
upatched  himself,  ib.  He  writes  the  'Anti-Cato,'  420.  Letdi 
»ip  his  triumphs,  ii.  Entertains  the  people  at  twenl_v-iw» 
thousand  tables,  f'i.  Exhibits  games  in  honour  of  liis  daugbtv 
Julia,  ib.  Marches  into  Spain,  and  fights  the  battle  of  Mmuta, 
in  whiuli  he  defeats  the  sons  of  Pompey  with  great  difficult. 
421,  422.  The  elder  of  the  sons  is  taken,  and  put  to  deU^ 
425.  His  triumph  for  this  victory  displeases  the  Itomant,  ik 
He  is  created  perpetual  dictalor,  423.  Other  extravagant  bih 
nours  are  conferred  upon  hira,  ib.  A  temple  is  built  to  Cfe> 
meocy,  tb.  He  rears  again  the  statues  of  Pompey,  which  hii 
been  thrown  down,  ib.  Cicero's  sj^iiig  on  that  occasiooi  A 
Refuses  to  have  a  guard,  and  why,  ib.  ColoniTies  Carthage  nd 
Corinth,  i6.  Studious  to  gain  all  ranks  of  people,  424'.  De- 
signs lo  conquer  I'arlhia,  and  from  thence  to  march  northward^ 
extending  the  Itoniun  empire  to  the  ocean  on  tver^  side,  4K 
Attemps  to  dig  through  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  medittfa 
other  i^reat  things,  tb.  Corrects  the  calendar,  426.  His  paniOl 
for  the  title  of  kin^  proves  his  ruin,  4?7,  He  does  tiot  rise  ts 
the  senate,  when  they  wait  on  him  in  a  body,  ib.  Antony  ofal 
him  a  diadem,  at  the  festival  of  the  Lupercalia,  4SB.  He  findl 
the  people  against  his  receiving  it,  429.  Two  of  the  tribuiMi 
lake  the  persons  into  custody,  who  first  saluted  him  king,  and 
the  diadems  from  his  statues,  t&.  He  deposes  the  tribuoea^l 
Brutus  is  desired  to  lake  off  the  tyrant,  ib.  He  hesitates  on  ' 
count  of  the  obligations  he  had  to  Cassar,  ib,  Cfcsar  has 
intimation  of  (he  conspiracy,  and  suspects  Cassius,  but  Kill 
lieve  nothing  ill  of  BrutU)-,  430.  Presages  of  CtEsar'g  death, 
431.  He  prefers  u  sudden  death  to  any  other,  ib,  Calpurnia's 
dream,  432.  He  sends  Antony  to  adjourn  ihe  senate,  iA.  Bru- 
tus Alhinua  laughs  him  out  of  his  tears,  and  conducts  hint  to 
the  senate  hou&e,  ib.  43S.  Artemidorus  puts  a  paper  into  his 
hand,  containing  an  account  of  the  conspiracy  ;  but  he  has  aot 
opportunity  to  read  it,  43!^.  Cassius addrexscs  the  statue  of  Pom- 
pey, 434.  Antony  is  held  in  discourse  without  the  house,  ib. 
fhe  conspirators  appi-oach  htni  under  pretence  of  petitioning  for 
the  brother  of  Cimber,  ib.  Casca  gives  hira  the  first  hlov,  ib. 
CKsar  makes  some  resistonce,  but  on  perceiving  the  sword  of 
BtuIus,  yields  to  his  fate,  435.  He  dyes  the  pedestal  of  Pom- 
pey's  statue  with  his  bloud,  ib.  The  body  of  Ctcsar  is  burnt  in 
the  Fotum,  436.  He  died  at  the  age  of  filly-six,  and  survived 
Pompey  only  four  years,  437.    Those  who  dipt  their  bandtj 


buiMi 

1 


0  nipt  uicir  bandtji^^— 


INDEX.  821 

his  blood;  come  t'o  an  untimely  end,  ib.    A  comet  appears  after 
his  death,  438.     Reflexions  on  Plutarch's  Life  ofhim,  4S9,  n. 

Casar,  Octavianus.     See  Aiigtislus. 

-,  Lucius,  sent  by  the  council  of  Utica  to  intercede  with 
Caesar,  iv.  1 16.  GiVen  Op  by  Antony  in  the  proscription,  through 
his  uncle,  v.  443. 

— -,  Sextus  Julius,  iii.  235,  n. 

Ctesario^  son  of  Julius  Cssar,  by  Cleopatra,  iv.  415.  v.  494. 
Murdered  by  Octavianus,  v.  503. 

CaitiSf  foster-brother  to  Mithridates,  steals  his  diadem  after  hh 
death,  aiid  gives  it  to  Faustus  the  son  of  Sylla,  iv.  178. 

I— ^—  Cornelius,  Of  Padua,  foretells  Caesar^s  victory,  iv.  412.  See 
the  other  Caii  under  their  family  names. 

Cdanusy  the  Indian  philosopher,  iv.  838,  339.  His  symbol  of  the 
ox's  hide,  339.    Burns  himself,  343. 

^Calauria,  ii.  268.  iv.  153.  v.  34,  287^ 

Valerius,  iv.  407. 

CallcecianSj  iv.  370. 

CalUeschrus,  ii.  162. 

Callippus,  an  acquaintance  of  Dion^s,  with  whom  he  lodged  at 
Athens,  vi.  15.  Goes  with  Dion  to  Syracuse,  50.  Murthen 
him,  52.     Killed,  53. 

CalliadfSy  an  Athenian  officer,  defeated  in  Thrace,  iii.  406. 

Callias  the  Athenian,  makes  a  declaration  in  form,  that  if  he  died 
without  children,  the  people  should  be  his  heirs,  ii.  122.  Takes 
the  Persian  gold,  and  kills  the  person  that  directed  him  to  it, 
453.  First  cousin  to  Aristides,  and  accused  of  suffering  him  to 
want  necessaries,  486.  Vindicates  himself  against  that  charge, 
487.  Marries  Elpinice,  iii.  299.  Negotiates  a  good  treaty  with 
the  king  of  Persia,  312. 

— ,  the  Syracusan,  v.  257. 

Callibius  appointed  governor  of  the  citadel  of  Athens  by  Lysander, 
iii.  206. 

Callicles  the  usurer,  v.  1 1. 

— ,  the  son  of  Arrenides,  v.  282. 

Callicrates,  a  Spartan  officer,  wounded  at  the  approach  of  the 
battle  of  Platss,  ii.  473.  What  he  said,  just  before  he  ex- 
pired, ib. 

■  ,  the  Syracusan  eencral,  challenges  Lamachus,  and  they 
die  by  each  other's  hano,  iii.  426. 

■,    and  Ictinus,   the  architects,  rebuild  the  Parthenon, 

ii.  23. 
Callicratidas,  the   Spartan  general,  succeeds  Lysander,   iii.  193. 

Not  a  popular  or  courtly  man,  but  brave  and  virtuous,  ib.    Fails 

in  his  application  to  Cyrus  for  money,  194.     Defeated  and  slain 

at  the  battle  of  Arginusae,  ibn 
Caltidromus,  Mount,  ii.  510. 
Callimachus,  the  poet,  i.  26,  n. 

■  » an  excellent  engineer  in  the  service  of  Mithridates,  iii« 
352.    Sets  fire  to  the  city  of  Amisius,  when  he  can  no  longer 

VOL.  VI.  Y 


»Sfl  INDEX. 

defend  it,  ib.     Taken  prisoner  by  LucuUua  at    KisibU,  and  hqc  I 
ia  chains,  S75.  f 

ColUmaioi,  surnatned  Carabus,  v.  3^,  284'.      Flics  froto  AUieia 
V.  S9.     Seoteace  of  deorh  pasted  ngainst  him,  42,  43. 

CaiUphon,  an  Atheniao  exile,  interceileB  wiili   S^Ua  for  Atbcos, 
iii.  251. 

CaUipedes,  the  Tragedian,  iv,  96.     His  vanity,  ai.  97. 

Calbxtltenec,  one  of  Lucullus'  freedmen,  gives  him  apotioa  iriicL 
afiectE  his  brain,  iii.  S90. 

-  ,   the  .philosopher,   endcavoun   to   console     AlfxanJffi 

when  he  had  killed  Clitue,  iv.  320.  His  Garcasin  on  Am- 
archus,  321.  His  character,  i'^.  His  oiatiau  in  praiteoftk 
Macedopians,  322,  and  another  in  their  diEprttise,  i&.  Aricutli'i 
observation  on  him,  S20,  n.  323.  Nephew  to  Aristotkw  3Si 
■      VlW       ■  ^  ■  ■ 


Kefuses  to  worship  Alexander,  S23.     U  hat  lie  was 
saying  to  Hermolaiis,  324.     His  death,  325. 
■     I  —  —     ,  one  of  the  orators,  whom  Alexandt;r  detnaitdedj 
Athenians,  v.  279. 
,  the  hi) 


CaUktratui,  eeaetary  to  Mithridates,  i 
-,  the  orator,  v.  255,  266. 


.  SSO. 


1 


CallUim,  the  father  of  Nymphidius,  vi,  219. 

Catpurnii,  from  Calpue,  the  son  of  Numa,  i.  2M. 

Cafpumia,  daughter  of  Piso,  and  wife  of  Cesar,  ir,  37S.     He 

dream,  441,432.    Puta  herself  under  the  protection  (^Aaun'i 

V.  439. 
Calpumitu  Bibulus.     See  Bibulus. 
-    •  Lenarius,  assassinaiee  Julius  Salinator,  iv.  10. 

Piso.     See  Piso.  ^H 

Calpus,  said  to  be  the  son  of  Numa,  i.  201-.  ^^M 

Calvinat,  Domitius,  iv.  214.  '^H 

Colvisius,  a  retainer  ofAuguetuj,  eccuies  Antony,  v.  4S].  ^^| 

■ Sabinus,  a  Roman  general,  vi.  221. 

^Calt/don,  vi.  167. 

Ca/yi/onian  boar,  kilted  by  Melea^r  with  the  auutanoe  oflW 

aeni,  i.  37. 
^Camarinaaits,  vi,  26. 
Cambgseit  fifly  thousand  of  his  men  buried  in  the  sanda  of  Aftkn 

iv.  231. 
Camels,  when  first  said  to  be  seen  by  the  RomaoB,  iii,  S44. 
\Cameria,  taken  bv  Romulus,  i.  91. 
Camerians  admitted  citizens  of  Rome  by  Marius,  contnur  to  IVt 

iii.  ISS. 
Camillus,  or  CasmiUut,  a  name  given  to  the  youth  who  sanM  B 

the  temple  of  Jupiter,  i.  177. 
Camillus  never  consul,  because  in  his  time  military  tribunes «n« 

appointed  instead  of  consuls,  i.  361.     The  fir^t  who  rsMed  lh» 

family  of  the  Furii  lo  distinction,  362.     A  great  action  of  Ml 

in  the  wan  with  the  JEqui  and  VoJsci,  ib.  Sti3.     Itaiaed  to  iha 

ceoionhip,  363.    Obliges  the  men  who  lived  tingle  to  marry  tht 


INDEX.  8B8 

Widows  of  those  who  fell  in  the  wars,  ib.  Makes  orphans,  as 
well  as  others,  contribute  to  the  supplies,  tb,  A  second  time 
military  tribune,  864.  Defeato  the  Faiisci  and  Capenates^  w4iile 
his  collegues  carry  on  the  siege  of  Veii,  ib.  In  the  tenth  year 
of  the  siege  appointed  dictator,  S67.  He  takes  Cornelius  $dpio 
for  his  general  of  horse,  ib.  His  vows,  ib.  He  takes  Veii  by 
mining,  S68.  Weeps  over  the  miseries  of  that  great  city^  to. 
His  generous  prayer,  369.  Falls  in  turning  after  his  praver,  ib. 
Removes  the  statue  of  Juno  to  Rome,  to.  Leads  up  his  tri- 
umph in  a  chariot,  drawn  by  four  White  horses,  whidn  sort  of 
carriage  had  been  appropriated  to  the  service  of  the  gods,  870, 
871 .  Opposes  the  removing  of  half  the  people  of  Rome  to  Veil, 
871.  His  vow  of  the  tenth  of  the  spoils  to  Apollo,  and  absurd 
proceeding  thereupon,  t^.  In  these  three  last  articles  he  hiehly 
offended  the  people,  872.  The  matrons  contribute  their  goklen 
ornaments,  and  a  large  vase  is  sent  to  Delphi,  ib.  Chosen  a 
military  tribune  a  third  time,  873.  Besieges  Falerii,  ib.  The 
treachery  of  the  school-master,  and  his  chastisement,  874,  875. 
The  Falerians,  struck  with  the  generous  behaviour  of  CamiHus, 
surrender  their  city,  875.  He  loses  his  son,  876.  is  accused 
of  fraud  with  respect  to  the  Tuscan  spoils,  f^.  -Quits  Rome,  a 
voluntary  «xile,  877.  Imprecates  vengeance  on  the  Romans,  ib. 
Is  fined  fifleen  thousand  ases^  ib.  Tokens  of  the  approaching 
calamities,  ib,  878.  Irruption  of  ilie  Gauk  into  Italy,  88$. 
Camillus,  who  had  taken  up  his  residence  near  Ardea,  cuts  in 
pieces  a  considerable  corps  of  them  near  that  place,  891,  892. 
The  Romans  in  Veii  desire  -Camillus  to  take  the  command  .<if 
them,  which  he  refuses  till  commissioned  by  the  senate,  892. 
Declared  dictator  the  second  time,  998.  Finds  twenty  thousand 
men  in  arms  at  Veii,  and  adds  then  to  his  army,  894%  Tl\e 
Gauls  climb  the  rock  by  the  way^  which  one  of  the  Romans  h^ 
ascended,  but  are  discovered  l!^  some  geese  kept  near  Juno^ 
temple,  and  repulsed  by  Manlius,  ib,  395.  Provisions  grow 
scarce  in  the  Gaulish  camp,  and  sickness  prevails  in  it,  896. 
The  besieged  treat  with  Brennus,  and  ofier  him  a  thousand 
pounds  weight  of  gold,  897.  While  that  is  weighing,  CamttloB 
comes  to  Rome,  ib.  His  discourse  with  Brennus,  ib.  898.  They 
come  to  blows  among  the  ruins,  898.  Brennus  marches  in  the 
night,  and  encamps  on  the  road  to  Gabii,  ib.  Camillus  attacks 
and  defeats  him,  and  makes  himself  master  of  his  camp,  ib.  En- 
ters Rome  in  triumph,  899.  Restores  the  temples,  and  builds 
one  to  a  new  deity,  Aius  Loquutius,  or  *  the  Speaker,'  ib.  Pre* 
pares  to  rebuild  the  city,  but  the  people  hanker  after  Veii,  it. 
The  city  is  rebuilt  in  the  compass  of  a  year,  but  in  an  irregular 
manner,  402.  The  Lituus,  or  <  augural  staff*'  of  Romulus,  is 
found  under  the  rubbish,  ib.  The  Romans  are  attacked  by  seve- 
ral of  the  neighbouring  states— the  military  tribunes  surrounded 
on  mount  Marcius  by  the  Latins,  408.  The  senate  appoints 
him  dictator  the  third  time,  Camillus  burns  the  enem3r's  worka^ 
and  gives  them  an  entire  defeat,  406.  Finds  the  citv  oif  Sutrimii 
taken,  and  retakes  it  the  same  day,  406.    TritRBphs  fst  thesi 

T  2 


INDEX, 
great  actions,  ^O?.  Envied  by  Manliiu  Capltolintis,  who,  cwi' 
ing  tbe  populace,  endeavours  to  mise  bimself  to  utMoIute  poK, 
i&.  Manlius  is  coodenined  and  executed,  408.  Caniillui  (d 
difficulty  prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  military  trJbunetiilp  ^ 
sixth  time,  409.  Marches  against  the  Prienestines  and  tht  VV 
scians,  i6.     Succours  his  collegues,  who    had  rashly  venturd 

rn  an  action,  and  touts  the  enemy  the  dny   tVtIJowing,  111 
akes  .Satricum,  a  Roman  colony,  and  puts    the  Tu»capi  b 
found  there  to  tlie  sword,  i/i.     How  he  dealt  with  the  p«op)*« 
7'uBculum,  411,  ilQ.     A  Eedition  prevuils  in  Rome;  the  pMf4i 
insisting  that  one  of  the  consuls  should  be  a  plebeiao,  412.    Ii 
appointed  dictator  tbe  fourth  time,  but  «ooi)  resig-ns  that  oficE 
under  pretence  of  sickness,  413.     Another  dicttttor,    and  it 
Agrarian  law,  414.     Tbe  tiauls  march  agaiit  toward   Hone,  tt^ 
Camillus  being  appointed  dictator  the  fifth  limc,  defeats  thn 
the  river  Anio,  though  now  very  old,  U>.  4-15,  4IC.    Be 
les  the  senate  aod  people,  by  allowing  one   of  tlic  cou^ 
to  be  chosen  out  of  the  plebeians,  417.      Builds  a  tempW  ■ 
Concord,  418.     Dies  of  the  plague,  extremely  regretted,  >i. 
■f  Campania,  y,  82. 
Campanians,  vi.  27. 
Campus  Martius  bad  been  most  of  it  tbe  property  of  tbe  TarqaiM, 

1.28a 
Cnmulatui,    a  soldier,   goes  over    from    Brutua    to  Auguatnt,  *•■ 


Canathntm,  a  Lnccdsmoniao  chariot,  described,  !v.  Qi, 
Candidates,  loosely  clad,    that   tliey  might  more  easily  sbow  At 

wounds  they  had  received,  ii.  190.    An  agreement  made  ■mOMS 

them  to  prevent  bribery,  ili. 
Canet,  javelins  made  of  Cretan  canes,  iii.  224. 
Canet/iiu,  Sciron  his  son  by  Hentochc  the  daughter  of  FHAoh 

i.S2.  ^^ 

Canidius,  tribune  of  the  people,  proposes  to  send  Potnpey  mJ^ 

sador  to  Ptolemy,  iv.  1B8. 

^ — ■ ,  or  Cantnius,  employed  in  Cyprus,  i 

>  Antony's  lieutenant,  bribed  '      " 


Cyprus,  V.  85,  86.  vi.  5 
)ed  by  Cleopatra  to  | 


Antony  to  a  thing  that  proves  hig  ruin,  v.  479;    AdvisW  AdIott 
to  fight  at  the  head  of  his  land-forces,  and  not  of  the  fleet,  486, 
Quits   his   camp  af^er  Antony's    flight,    491.       Brings     Aimi 
word  that  bis  army  is  dispersed,  494.  ^^ 

Caniniiu  Bebiliut,  consul  fur  part  of  a  day,  iv.  424. 

\Canopus,  V.  193,  453. 

f  CoR/i^,  ii.86. 

Cannictus,  (Caius)  and  Castus  revolt  from  Spartacut,  ui. 

CanthantSt  v.  34. 

Canuleia,  a  vestal  virgin,  consecrated  by  Numa,  i,  184, 

Cantu,  a  musician,  Galha's  present  10  him,  vi.  225,  226. 

'iCanusium,  ii.  399,  429. 

Canutiiu,  a  celebrated  actor,  vi.  76- 

fkpotMu,  ii.  343. 


I 
r 


^  INDEX.  S55. 

J     fCapenateSy  conquered  by  Camillus,  i.  364-,  368. 
I    CapnesiaSy  a  friend  of  Aratus*,  vi.  158. 

n    Caphis,  sent  by  Sylla  to  seize  the  treasures  of  Delphi,  iii.  247. 
Conducts  Hortensius  with  his  reinforcement,  252. 
\CaphycE,  vi.  202. 
Capita.     See  Fonteius. 
Z    Capitol f  taken  by  the  Sabines,  i.  76.    Besieged  by  the  Gauls,  390. 
^        Manlius'  judges  could  not  condemn  him  while  they  had  that  in 
'^       sight,  408, 

CapitolinuSf  Q.  Catulus,  vi.  213. 

^  X.  Quintius,  i.  407. 

•fCappadocta^  iii.  246.  iv.  41,  266. 
^    -j-  Cappadocians,  their  goddess,  iii.  243. 

Caprariif  i.  287. 
'    Captives,  sacrificed  to  Bacchus  Omestes.    See  Bacchus. 
^    -f  Capua  surrenders  to  Annibal,  ii.  90. 
*    Carabus,     See  Callimedon, 

'    Caranus,  Alexander  descended  from  him,  iv.  239. 
'     Carbo  defeated  by  the  Teutones  and  Arobrones,  iii.  139. 

—  flics  into  Africa,  iii.  272.     On  the  death  of  Cinna  he  usurps 
the  government,  and  commits  great  outrages,  iv.  131.    Put  to 
I         death  by  Pompey,  135. 
fCardia,  iv.  38. 
iCaria,  i.  10.  ii.  166.  iv.  79. 

Carian  soldier  kills  Cyrus;    but,    as   Artaxerxes   claimed   tha^ 
honour  to  hio^self,  the  soldier  suffers  for  his  unadvised  ambition, 
vi.  126,  130. 
\Carians,  by  the  Persians  called  ^  Cocks,'  vi.  125. 
Carinna,  one  of  Carbo's  officers,  iv.  132^ 
•\Carmania,  iv.  340. 
Carmenta,  the  goddess,  i.  85. 
Carmentalia^  feast  of,  i.  85. 
Carmental  Gate,  i.  393. 

Carneades,  founder  of  the  New  Academy,  iii.  388.  v«  296.    Sent 
embassador  by  the  Athenians  to  Rome,  ii.  524.    Much  admired 
there  for  his  eloquence,  ib. 
Carneus,  a  Syracusan  month,  called  by  the  Athenians  *  Metagttnion,* 

iii.  442. 
\Carnutes,  a  warlike  people  among  the  Gauls,  iv.  389.      Vercinge* 

torix  their  general,  defeated  by  Caesar,  391 . 
f  Carrcp,  iii.  490. 

f  Carthage  colonized  by  Caesar,  iv.  423.  Called  Junonta  by  Caius 
Graccus,  when  he  rebuilt  it,  v.  234. 

f — ,  New,  iv.  10. 

Carthaginians  appear  before  Sicily  with  a  numerous  fleet,  ii.  233» 
Join  Icetes  against  Timoleon,  239.  Send  twenty  gailies  to  Rhe* 
gium  to  oppose  Timolcon's  passage  to  Sicily,  241.  He  dis- 
appoints them  by  his  superior  policy,  243.  They  send  a  great 
army  into  Sicily  under  Asdrubal  and  Hamilcar,  261.  Pass  the 
river  Crimesus,  2G3.    Defeated  by  Timoleon,  265.     Enter  into 


senjUO-IiMR  I 


326  INDEX. 

league  with  Mamercusand  Icetes,  266.  Send  Gisco  wicha 
araiy  into  Sicily,  in  wliich,  for  ihe  first  time,  they  eniplojrd 
merbeaarieB,  ii.     Make  pe&ce  with  Timaleon,  270. 

CarvUius,  Spurius,  the  first  Roman,  who  divorced  bis  wife,  i.  \vr.,1l\. 

Carjalidei,  their  dance,  vi.  133. 

^aryslns,  a  city  of  Eubcea,  vi.  78. 

Caua,  Publius,  the  first  who  gavu  CecKsr  a  blow  ii 
IT.  *S*.  vi.  100. 

+  Ca«7inam,  ii.  73. 

fCasinum,  ii.7S, 

\Caipiaji  sea,  it's  water  sweet,  iv.  309. 

Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  v.  142. 

Catsander  takes  care  of  the  educatioD  of  Philopoemen,  UL  £< 

,  the  enemy  of  j^acides,  demands  Pyrrhuii,  wheo  an  tilik 

frvni  Glauciat,  iii.  68. 

. ,  son  of  Antipnter,  laughs  at  the  baibariaos  who  ate 

Alexander,  iv.  319.  Causes  Demadcs  to  be  put  to  dealhfa 
calling  his  father  Arttipater  '  an  old  rottea  stalk,'  and  deBfuMla 
hi8  son  at  the  same  time,  v.  290.  Hia  army  defeated  by  Dm» 
Uitis,  385. 

fCassandria,  v.  411. 

Catcius  Sabaco,  a  friend  to  Marius,  expelled  the  senate,  uL  I9k 

,  defeated  by  Spartacus,  iii.  *S9. 

,  qutestor  to  Crassus,  advises  his  general  to  keep  (alhl 
heighta  beyond  the  Euphrates,  iii.  475.  Expostulates  «ritb  ihs 
traitor  Aiiamnes,  478,  Marries  Juiiia,  the  sister  of  BruM^  n 
63.  His  enmity  to  Cffisar,  ib.  His  conversation  with  Brmut,6Gt 
66.  Addresses  the  statue  of  Pompey  (though  of  EpicwMft 
principles)  before  he  gave  Cssar  the  blow,  71.  Africa  allotted 
as  hiE  province,  74.  Delivers  a  third  part  of  his  treasure  U 
Brutus,  84.  Behaves  cruelly  at  Rhodes,  ih.  Discoorsvs  with 
Brutus  upon  apparitions,  90.  An  unlucky  omen  happens  to  bin, 
!>2.  Gives  his  opinion  against  a  battle,  93.  His  discourse  wub 
Meseals,  94.  And  with  BrutuB,  ib.  The  wing  which  he 
inanded  routed,  aad  his  camp  plundered,  96.  A  niiMaka  is 
reconnoitering  maLes  him  resolve  upoo  death,  98.  The 
of  his  death,  i£.  iv.438. 

—  ScrBva,  his  valour,  iv.  375. 

,  Guintus,  V.  431. 

Castor  and  Pollux  makt  war  Upon  Athens  for  their  si«t«r 
whom  Theseus  had  carried  off,  i.  3!},  40,  41.  Rcceivejt' 
Athens,  and  adopted  by  Aphidnus,  in  order  to  their  beiM.^ 
tiated  in  the  Mysteries  of  Ceres,  43.  Appear  in  the  battl«  In  J 
lake  Itegillus,  and  immediiiiely  aticr  are  seen  at  Home  gmh^ 
notice  of  the  victory,  ii.  177,  314.  Their  temple  in  Samothracis, 
312.  At  Hoon;,  iii.  342.  iv.  1 28.  Thooglit  to  assist  Lysander, 
in  a  sea-fight,  iii.  200.  Stars  of  gold  dedicatod  to  them  \n  I 
sander,  209.     Their  dirtreni  pursuits,  v.  WO.  ^M 

^Ciutulc,  acity  ofthe  Celiiberians,  iv.  5. 

Caiivi,  one  ol  the  officers  of  ^ip4^tIlClU,  iti.  46! 


niiMaka  is 
rhcMMM^ 


Catahrteit  Demttrius  so-  entitled  by  the  Atheniani  m  one  of  tMr 
acts  of  worship^  v.  S73^ 

fCatana,  a  dtj  in  Sicily,  ii.  140,  246.  ti.  5S; 

Cataliney  Lucius,  murthers  his  own  brother,  and  persuades^  Sylla  to 
put  him  among  the  proecribed,.  ▼.  305.  iii.  27^.  Attempts  to 
subvert  the  government,  and  is  near  executing  it,  ▼.  71 .  Ac- 
count of  his  conspiracy,  1^4  His  accomplices^  ib*  H^s  eheoracter^ 
305.  Stands  for  the  consulship,  and  loses  h,  ib:  His  resolution 
to  kill  Cicero,  308*  His  insolent  saying  in  the  senate,  309. 
Fails  in  his-  application  for  the  consulslKp  i^ain,  ib.  Is  com- 
manded to  quit  Rome,  and  assembles  an  army,  311.  Debates 
in  the  senate  concerning  the  manner  in  which  his  accomplices 
should  be  punished,  71,  72,  31^,  31T«  He*  and  hu  array 
destroyed  by  Caius  Antonius,  319. 

Cato,  the  Censor,  said  to  be  bom  atTusculum^  ii.  ^92,  Lives  in 
his  youth  on  a  paternal  estate  near  the  country  of  the  Sabines, 
ib.  His  third  name  originally  Priscus,  ib.  Why  changed  to 
Cato,  ib.  His  hair  red,  and  eyes  grey,  496.  Healthy  and 
strong,  as  he  was  inured  to  labour  and  temperance^  i^.  His 
esteem  of  eloquence,  ib.  Pleads  causes  in  the  viNages  and 
boroughs,  without  f^e  or  reward,  ib.  Military  glory  still  a 
greater  object  with  him,  ib*  Makes  his  first  campaign  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  when  Annibal  was  at  theheisrht  of  hi»  prosperity 
in  Italy,  ib.  His  behaviour  in  battle,  ib.  Marches  on  foot,  and 
carries  his  own  arms,  ib.  4>94*.  Never  angry  with  his  servant 
for  the  manner  o^  dressing  his  victuals,  494.  Water  his'  com- 
mon drink,  ib.  In  this  respect  he  followed  the  example  of 
Manius  Curios,  ib.  Serves  under  Fabius  Maximus  at  the  si^e 
of  Tarentom,  and  forms  a  connexion  there  with  Nearchus  tSe 
Pythagorean,  495.  Learns  Greek  at  a  late  period,  ib.  Valerias 
Flaccus,  who  had  w  country-house  in  his  neighbourhood,  takes 
him  into  his  protection,  and  advises  him  to  go  to  Rome,  ib, 
496.  His  pleadings,  and  the  interest  of  Valerius,  procure  him 
friends  there,  496»  He  is  appointed  a  legionary  tribune,  and 
afterward  qusestot,  ib.  The  collegue  of  Valerius  both  in  the 
consalate  and  censorship,  ib.  Takes  Fabius  Maximus  for  his 
model,  ib.  When  quaestor  to  Scipio  in  the  African  expedition, 
comes  home  to  accuse  him  of  lavishing  the  public  money,  ib,  497* 
Called  *  the  Reman  Demosthenes,'  497.  The  Romans  conapa- 
ratively  corrupt  in  his  time,  498.  Hk  extreme  temperance  and 
frugality,  499.  Plutarch's  reflexions  on  his  selling  his  old 
slaves,  499.  When  governor  of  Sardinia,  he  puts  the  people  of 
that  country  to  no  manner  of  charge,  500,  501.  Inexorable  in 
whatever  relates  to  public  justice,  ^1 .  The  nature  of  his  stife, 
ib.  His  remarkable  sayings,  502—505.  Sent  into  the  Hither 
Spain,  1505.  Hires  troops  of  the  Celtiberians,  506.  Gains  a 
preat  battle,  506^.  Gets  the  walls  of  four  hundred  towns  raised 
m  one  day,  ib.  Gives  every  soldier  a  pound  weight  of  silver, 
oyer  and  above  his  booty,  ib.  Keeps  not  dnly  himself,  boS  all 
his  dependents,  from  extortion,  507.     Scipio  ^  gets  triinself  ap- 


328  INDEX. 

pointed  Ilia  succe&sor,  near  ihe  conclusion  of  the  war  ;  3  mMtun 
which  reflects  dishonour  on  himself  rather  than  on  Cato,  507, 508. 
Cato  is  honoured  with  a  triumph,  50S.  He  is  equally  iDdustcioiu 
in  the  public  service  afterward,  16.  Goes  a  volunteer  with  Tibe* 
rius  Sempronius  into  Thrace,  and  with  Acilius  Glabiio  inio 
Greece,  ii.  Several  Grecian  cities  revolt,  but  Cato  retain* 
Corinth.  PatriE,  and  i'Egium,  in  their  duty,  509.  The  pufpo^ 
of  his  speech  to  the  Athenians,  t&.  Antiochus  thinks  hiiwclf 
secure  in  defending  the  {>bss  of  Thennopylc,  but  Cato  lata  1 
circuit,  and  falls  upon  his  rear,  ib.  510.  Cato  carrice  the  fim 
news  of  the  victory  to  Rome,  512,  Considers  it  as  n  gnsi 
political  duly  to  prosecute  offenders,  ib.  Impeaches  Scipv 
Africanus  and  his  brother  Lucius,  ib.  513.  Oflen  impeacbed 
himself,  and  once  when  he  was  very  old,  513.  What  henil 
I  hereupon,  I  A.  Is  candidate  for  the  censorship,  514.  ChoM^ 
notwithstanding  his  declarations  that  he  will  be  a  severe  ceoMT, 
515.  Valerius  Fl  ace  us  is  appointed  his  col  legue,  at  bis  (cqugMi 
ib.  He  enrob  Valerius  Flaccus  chief  of  the  senate,  ii,  E^qiek 
Lucius  Quintius,  ib.  and  Maniliue,  517.  Degrades  Lucim  the 
brother  of  Scipio,  tb.  What  be  did  with  respect  to  artidea  ti 
luxury,  ii.  He  demolishes  the  buildings,  that  jutted  out  into 
(he  street,  51 S.  Is  fined  two  talents,  ib.  Censured  for  buildiif 
the  Porcian  hall  at  the  public  charge,  ib.  The  people  er«ct  hit 
statue  in  the  temple  of  Health,  il>.  The  inscription  on  that 
statue,  519.  What  he  had  said  befDi-e  concerning  siatues,  ii.  Of 
all  men  the  most  forward  to  commend  himself,  i&.  Chooses  a  irife 
rather  for  family  than  fortune,  520.  Prefers  the  character  of  a 
good  husband  to  that  of  n  great  senator,  ib.  Takes  upon  bimwlf 
the  education  of  his  son,  16.  His  son's  constitutioa  and  qua- 
lities, 521.  That  son  marries  Tertin,  the  daugl^er  of  PatUvt 
.^milius,  522.  Cato's  management  of  his  slaves,  i&.  ft  (ry. 
Turns  his  thoughts  from  agriculture  to  more  certain  dupendcncie*. 
533.  Practises  usury  upon  ships  in  the  most  blameablc  manner, 
ib.  Lends  money  to  his  slaves,  ib.  In  what  manner  repaid,  ii. 
The  extravagant  praise  he  gave  to  economy,  ib.  Displeased  at 
the  influence,  which  the  eloquence  of  Carneades  had  on  the 
Roman  youth,  524,  et  tt^.  His  unjust  rtHcxion  on  Socntef, 
S'iS.  His  prediction,  ib.  526.  An  enemy  to  the  Grecian  phy- 
sicians, 52lj,  A  quack  himself,  ib.  Marries  a  young  wile  tn 
his  old  age,  527.  Has  a  son  by  that  wile,  to  whom  he  givea 
the  surname  of  Salonius,  526.  Bears  the  death  of  bis  son  with 
the  moderation  of  a  philosopher,  ib.  Writes  histories  and  boolu 
on  country  allitirs,  529.  Keeps  a  better  table  in  the  country 
than  in  town,  ib.  His  conversation,  what,  ib.  Goes  emboasador 
lo  Carthage,  529,  530.  Causes  the  third  Punic  War,  531.  Di«« 
in  the  beginning  of  it,  ib.  A  verse  of  Homer's,  which  he  applied 
to  Scipio,  aflerward  the  second  AfriCiinus,  532. 
Calo,  Marcus,  son  of  Cato  tlie  Ccneor,  loses  his  sword  in  battle,  ii. 
309,  521.  What  he  does  tu  recover  it,  ib.  Marries  the  daugh- 
ter of  Paulus  J^miliuB,  522. 


J 


INDEX.  329 

Cato,  the  grandfather  of  Cato  the  Censor,  had  five  horses  killed 
under  him  in  battle,  ii.  492. 

-^—  Sdonius,  ii.  528,  532. 

Cato  of  Utica,  great  grandson  of  Cato  the  Censor,  v.  iS.  Left 
an  orphan,  together  with  his  brother  Csepio  and  his  sister  Por- 
cia,  ib.  Brought  ap  in  the  house  of  Livius  Drusus,  his  mother's 
brother,  t^.  Had  great  firmness  and  solidity  when  a  child,  ib. 
Extraordinary  instances  of  his  intrepidity,  and  love  of  justice, 
in  that  period,  50.     He  asks  his  preceptor  for  a  sword  to  kill 


Forms  a  connexion  with  Antipater  of  Tyre,  for  the  sake  of  stu- 
dying the  Stoic  philosophy,  ib.     Cultivates  the  eloquence,  which 
was  fit  for  popular  assemblies,  ib,  53.     The  first  occasion  of  his 
speaking  in  public,  53.     The  nature  of  his  eloquence  described, 
ib.    He  strengthens  his  constitution  by  exercise,  ib.     Travels 
always  on  foot,  ib,  -  Is  remarkably  patient  and  abstemious  in 
sickness,  54.     Drinks,  at  first,  only  one  glass  after  his   me»ls, 
but  in  time  loves  to  sit  over  a  bottle,  for  the  sake  of  philosophi- 
cal conversation,  ib.     Very  inattentive  to  his  dress,  even  when 
he  appeared  in  public,  ib.     Lends  his  money  to  his  friends  with- 
out interest,  55,    Knows  no  woman  before  his  marriage,  ib.  Pays 
his  first  addresses  to  Lepida,  and.  is  disappointed,  ib.     Writes 
iambics  against  his  rival,   whose  proceedings  were   unfair,  ib. 
Marries  Attilia,  the  daughter  of  Soranus,  ib.    Serves  as  a  volun- 
teer under  Giellius,  in  the  war  with  Spartacus,  ib.     A  law  being 
made  against  the  use  of  nomenclators,  he  commits  the  names  of 
the  citizenS'to  memory,  56.     Goes  with  a  tribune's  commission 
under  Rubrius  into  Macedonia,  ib.     Rubrius  gives  him  the  com- 
mand of  a  legion,  which  he  forms  in  the  most  excellent  manner 
to  military  virtue,  67.     He  goes  to  Fergamus,  and  prevails  upon 
Athenodorus  the  stoic,  to  return  with  him,  56,     His  brother 
Csepio  dies  at  ^nus  in  Thrace,  ib.     On  this  occasion  he  shows 
rather  the  sensibility  of  a  brother,  than  the  fortitude  of  a  philo- 
sopher, ib.     Is  left' coheir  with  Caspio's  daughter,  59.     Caesar^s 
calumny  against  him,  ib.     Great  expressions  of  afiect ion  from  his 
troops  at  his  departure,  ib.     He  visits  Asia,  and  Deiotarus  in- 
vites him  to  court,  ib.     His   manner  of   travelling,   and  care 
not  to  be  troublesome,  60.     Meets  with  a  pleasant  adventure,  on 
entering  Antioch,  ib.     Pompey  gives  him  an  honourable  recep- 
tion at  Ephesus,  61.     What  Curie  said  to  Cato,  with  respect  to 
his  travelling,  62.     Deiotarus  strongly  importunes  him  to  receive 
his  presents,  and  he  makes  a  very  short  stay  in  his  court,  on  ac* 
count  of  that  importunity,  i^.     He  sails  from   Brundu^iium  to 
Rome  in  the  ship  that  carried   Csepio's  remains,  and  has  a  bad 
passage,  63.     When  qusestor,  he  makes  a  ^reat  reformation  in 
that  department,  ib.    Calls  the  assai^sins,  employed  by  Sylla,  to 
account,  65.     Prevents  his  collegue  Mur((41us  from  making  ah 
unjust  grant,  66.    Always  attends  the  meetings  (»f  the  senate,  67. 
Watches  over  the  conduct  of  Pompey,  ib.     Opposes  the  peroi- 


•c.^ 


S30  INDEX. 

cioat  practices  of  Clodiuc,  ib.  Mis  veracity  becomes  proverbo^ 
GS.  Not  inclined  to  offer  himseirfor  triliune  of  the  peaplct  bw 
puts  a  fotce  upon  hiraseir,  when  he  finde  that  Metelitu  Nepo» 
stands  for  that  office,  i6,  69.  Being  appointed  tribuBe,  he  gim 
the  people  a  severe  charge  with  respect  to  corruption  in  the  cob- 
Eular  elections,  69.  ProiiecuieB  Miirsna  for  olTertding  Id  tbit 
«aj,  70.  Mursna,  notwitlisCandrng,  conEults  hira  during  Im 
consulship,  71'  Cato  supports  the  supreme  magistrate  by  amj 
e^celtellt  roeasuies  during  the  turbulent  times  of  CatiBne^  ii. 
He  prevails  with  the  senate  to  decree  that  the  conspiraiAn 
should  be  capitally  punished,  72.  A  billet  is  brought  to  C«mi 
ill  the  senate-house,  and  Cato  iosists  oa  hsving  it  read  pubUdj, 
ii.lS.  The  billM  is  from  Calo's  sister  Servilia,  73.  Unbrtn- 
nate  amoog  tJie  wotoeii,  ili.  The  conduct  of  his  oivn  wife  Atlilii 
not  uaexceptionable,  id.  He  divorces  her,  ib.  Marries  Mwcn. 
tlie  daughter  of  PhUip,  ib.  Hortensius  desires  to  have  her,  vd 
Cjto  gives  her  up  to  him,  7^.  He  persuades  the  senate  la  gram 
the  people  a  free  gift  of  corn,  in  order  to  counterwork  the  popu- 
larity ot  Ctesar,  t6.  The  ill  poKcy  of  that  proceedJag,  75,  i. 
MeteliuE  proposes  an  edict  to  call  Fompcy  and  his  troopa  iMo 
Italy,  intending  to  give  up  the  slate  into  his  hands,  75.  CHo 
opposes  him  at  the  hazard  of  his  life,  and  succeeds,  i&.— 7i. 
Prevents  the  senate  from  voting  Metellus  '  infamous,*  76.  Pre* 
cures  LucuUus  his  triumph,  which  Meinmlus  had  attempted  U 
deprive  him  of,  ib-  Prevents  the  senute  from  granting  Poonn^s 
requisition  to  defer  the  election  of  consuls  cil]  hta  arriveC  *• 
Punipey  demands  two  ofCato'a  nieces  in  marriage,  the  elder  far 
himself,  and  the  younger  for  his  son  ;  and  Cato  refuaes  bin,  79. 
Pompey  is  soon  afterward  guilty  of  open  bribery,  i6.  Whrt 
Cato  said  tu  the  women  upon  it,  ih,  Calo's  bad  policy,  in  t«iect- 
ing  the  alliance  of  Pompey,  tbruurs  him  into  the  arms  of  Ccear, 
*6.  Cato  supports  Lucutlu^  against  Pompey,  80.  Oppoaee  ibe 
Agrarian  law  proposed  by  Ponpcy  and  Carsar,  ii.  81.  They 
carry  it  agaiiksi  him  by  violence,  HI.  The  senate  is  commao^d 
to  swear  to  the  observance  of  the  bw,  ib.  Cato  is  prevailed  upon 
by  Cicero  to  take  the  oath,  ii.  He  opposes  Cesar  with  respect 
to  the  di^liibulion  of  lands  in  Campania,  and  Ccesar  leads  bins  to 
pri&nn,  82.  CMsar  perceives  the  bad  policy  of  that  tneaaure,  end 
engages  one  of  the  tribunes  to  rescue  him,  ii.  The  people  vole 
Cffi«ar  the  provinces  of  Ilfyricum  and  the  Gauls,  for  tive  years  i 
upon  which  Cato  tells  them,  '  (hey  were  voting  a  tyrant  Jnio 
the  citiidel  of  Home,'  ib.  Cato  is  sent  to  Cyprus,  thai  Clodius 
might  be  able  to  banish  Cicero,  t).1.  Cato,  before  his  departure, 
exhorts  Cicero  to  yield  to  the  necessity  ufthe  times,  ii.  Brings 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Cyprus,  to  submit  by  negotiation,  S>.  Piolenty 
king  of  Egypt,  who  was  on  his  way  to  Kome  to  solicit  his  re-ee- 
lahlishmem  in  ilwl  kingdom,  waits  on  Cato  at  Khodes,  i6.  The 
goocl«<tvice  which  Cato  gave  him,  tb.  8.3.  Ptolemy  of  Cyprus 
poisons  hioiselti  K?.  Caio  restores  the  Byzantine  exiles,  and 
reconciles  them  to  their  fellow- citizens,  ti.  Offends  Munaliua 
l)y  his  rainutu  aitentioii  to  the  sale  of  Ptolemy's  gooda,  ib.    Mu- 


d 


INMX  sn 

7  MtkiB  it  reepttciled  to  him  through  the  necUalioB  of  Mareia,  87. 
Cato hna^sliear  aeveii  Umusand  tatenta  of  allver  to  Rome,  ik, 
Hia  hononrable  reception  there ;  wnd  great  privilegea  decreed 
kiiDy  wUch  he  decline*,  ft6.  88.  Cicero,  on  hia  return  from  ba- 
nishment, puMs  down  the  tribunitial  acta  of  Clodtus,  88.  CalD 
defeada  them,  i3.  89;  Thia  occasiona  a  coldneaa  between  Cieero 
and  Cato,  but  t^ej  ate  subsequently  raconealed^  89.  Csesar, 
FoDipey,  and  CrBS8us>  erect  dKmaelves  into  ft  trtumTivate,  and 
aa  it  were,  divide  the  empire  among  them ;  upon  which  Cato 
adviaes  hia  brother-in-kw  Luctua  Domitius  to  oppose  them  with 
respect  to  the  consulship,  ib.  Pompey  and  Crassus  drive  Do- 
mitiua  out  of  the  Campus  Martiua  br  violence,  and  they  are 
dected  conaula^  90.  Cato  is  wounded  in  the  fhiy,  ib.  Cato 
alands  for  the  praetorsfaip,  but  Poropey  defeats  him  by  very  uafiyr 
means^  ib»  91.  Cato»  in  »  speech  to  the  people,  predicta  all  the 
evils  which  aAeiward  befe)  the  common wealtl^  91 .  He  preventa 
tlie  people  frona  pulling  down  Pompdy's  statues^  9^.  Tells 
Pompey,  that  he  was  raising  Caesar  to  the  ruin  of  himself  and  the 
commonwealth  too,  ib.  Is  elected  prsetor,.  but  disgraces  that 
office  by  the  meanness  of  his  dress,  tb.  Moves  for  a  law^  thai 
every  candidate  afaould  declare  upon  oath  that  he  had  not  been 
guilty  of  bribery,  9S.  Clodins  accnses  Cato  of  embezzling  a 
quantity  of  the  Cyprian  treasure,  94.  Marcus  Favonius,  a  friend 
of  Cato's«  elected  erdile  through  his  assistance,  95.  Cato  coa- 
dncts  the  public  entertainments  for  Favonius  with  remaikable 
parannooy,  ib.  96.  Scipio,  Hypsseua^  and  Milo,  being  candidates 
for  the  consulate,  and  nothing,  but  violence  and  anarchy  prevaiL^ 
ing,  Cato  supports  BibuhB*  motion,  that  Pompey  should  be  de«* 
clared  aole  consul,  ib,  97.  Reproves  Poropey  for  some  partial 
proceedings,  97.  Cato,  jealous  of  the  progress  which  Caesar 
was  making  toward  supreme  power,  staada  for  the  consulslnp,  9S. 
Loses  his  election  by  his  zeal  againat  bribery,  99.  Opposes  a 
thanksgiving  for  Caosar's  victoriea  in  Germany,  ib,  A  proposal 
being  made  in  the  senate  to  appoint  a  successor  to  Cxsar,  and 
Caesar's  friends  opposing  it,  except  on  certain  conditions,  Cato 
declares  that  Cassar  haii  now  thrown  off  the  mask,  100.  On 
Caesar's  taking  Ariminum,  Cato  advises  the  senate  to  put  every 
thing  into  the  hands  of  Pompey,  ib.  101.  Sends  his  younger 
son  to  Munatius  in  the  country  of  the  Brutii,  101.  Takes 
Marcia  again,  on  the  death  of  Hortensius,  ib.  Follows  Pompey^ 
102.  Is  appointed  to  the  government  of  Sicily,  but  finds  the 
isbnd  already  seized  by  the  adverse  party,  ib.  Goes  to  Pompey 
ait  Dyrrachium,  ib.  Advises  to  procrastinate  the  war,  and  that 
no  Komam  should  he  killed,  except  in  the  field  of  battle,  102. 
Passes  into  Asia,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  men  and  ships,  t^. 
Pompey,  jealous  of  Cato's  love  of  liberty,  gives  the  command 
of  the  fleet  to  Bibulus,  103.  Pompey's  address  to  the  army 
little  regarded  in  comparison  of  that  of  Cato,  i  A.  Pompey,  after 
his  success  at  Dyrrachium,  leaves  his  magazines  there,  together 
with  fifteen  cohorts,  under  the  command  of  Cato,  104<.      AfVer 

1 


331K  INDEX. 

the  overthrow  at  Pbarsalia,  Cato  proceeds  to  Corcyra,  and 
the  command  of  the  fleet,  ib.  105.  Pompey  the  Younger  would 
'have  killed  Cicero^  but  Cato  saves  him,  104.  He  is  informed, 
on  the  African  coast,  of  the  death  of  Pompey,  105.  His  mardi 
through  the  deserts  of  Libya,  to  join  Scipio,  ib.  106.  Corrects 
the  pride  of  Juba,  106,  107.  Refuses  to  take  the  command  of 
the  army  upon  him,  107.  But  repents  of  it  afterward,  lOB. 
Saves  the  Uticans  from  being  put  to  the  sword,  1 07.  Fortifits 
Utica,  and  fills  it  with  provisions,  ib.  Advises  Scipio  to  proceed 
slowly  in  the  war,  but  is  not  attended  to,  108.  Scipio  is  de- 
feated, and  ruiiied  in  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  ib,  109.  Cato'i 
speech  to  the  three  hundred,  109,  110.  They  give  up  the 
thoughts  of  standing  a  siege,  112.  What  passed  between  Calo 
and  a  body  of  cavalry,  ib,  113.  Circumstances  previous  to  the 
death  of  Cato,  116.  Circumstances  of  his  death,  119 — 121. 
CatOy  Marcus,  son  of  Cato  of  Utica,  v.  122.  His  intrigue  with  the 
wife  of  a  Cappadocian  prince,  ib.  Falls  gloriously  in  battle, 
f^. 

Caiile^  the  wealth  of  the  primitive  times,  i.  287. 

CatuluSj  Lutatius,  consul  with  Marius,  iii.  137.     Guards  the  coon- 
try  of  the  Norici,  138.     Quits  the  passes  of  the  Alps,  148.    Puts 
himself  at  the  head  of  his  flying  forces,  that  they  might  seem  to 
be  only  retreating,  149.      Fights  a  battle  in  conjunction  with 
Marius,  and  the  victory  is  chiefly  owing  to  Catulus,  152,  153. 
Vows  a  temple  to  *  the  Fortune  of  that  Day,'  152.      His  name 
cut  on  the  weapons  of  his  men,  154.     Gives  Sylla  occasion  to 
distinguish  himself  to  the  great  vexation  of  Marius,  234>.     Ca- 
tulus, censor  with  Crassus,  165.     Opposes  Crassus*  attempt  to 
make  Egypt  tributary,  i^.     Accuses   Csesar  to  the  senate  for 
having  set  up  Marius'  images  in  the  Capitol,  iv.  363.     Is  Caesar's 
competitor  for  the  pontificate,  and  offers  him  money  to   decline, 
364.      His  excellent  character,  v.  64.     Catulus  consul  with  Le- 
pidus,  iv.  142.      His  address  to  the  people  concerning  Pompe}', 
1 56.     Endeavours  to  save  an  obnoxious  secretary  in  the  quaes toi^s 
office,  V.  64.     Blames  Cicero  for  suffering  Caesar  to  escape  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy,   iv.  36*4.     Suffocated  himself  by  the  steam 
of  a  coal  fire,  iii.  178. 

•f Caucasus,  Mount,iv.  170. 

\Caidonia,  ii.97.  v.  382. 

\CaunianSy  v.  492. 

\CaunuSy  iii.  444.  v.  384,  417. 

Cebalinus  offers  to  discover  a  conspiracy  to  Alexander,  iv.  305,  «. 

Cecinoy  one  of  Vitellius*  generals,  vi.  248.     His  gigantic  size,  and 
foreign  dress,  250.  • 

Cecropsy  first  sovereign  of  Athens,  built  the  Citadel,  i.  29,  ;i. 

CediUu§y  Marcus,  informed   by  a   supernatural  voice  of  the  ap^ 
proach  of  the  Gauls,  i.  378. 

Celery  one  of  the  friends  of  Romulus,  said  to  be  the  person  that 
killed  Remus,  i.  63. 

,  Metellus,  why  so  called,  i.  64. 


INDEX.  3S3 

fCelana^  in  upper  Phrygia,  !▼.  49.  ▼.  368. 

Celercs,  light  troops  which  Romulus  used  as  a  life-guard,  i.  9S. 

Dismissed  by  Numa,  176. 
Celibacy^  argument  agiainst  it,  i.  225,  226. 
CelsuSf  Marius,  a  friend  of  Galba's,  vi.  237.     Saved  by  Otho,  2W. 

Their  first  intenriew  after  Otho's  accession,  243. 
•fCeUce^  made  themselves  masters  of  the  best  part  of  Italy,  iii.  132. 

The  limits  of  their  country,  id.  133. 
fCeltiberianSf  iii.  122.  iv.  5.     Demand  two  hundred  talents  of  Cato 

for  their  assistance  in  his  wars,  and  he  agrees  to  the  demand, 

ii.  506. 
\Celt(hScythas9  the  nations  which  bore  that  name,  iii.  133. 
f  Celtonians  and  Senones,  i.  378. 
^Cenchreee^  v.  385. 

\Cminensiam^  beaten  by  Romulus,  i.  74. 

Censor^  office  of,  i.  363,  n.  ii.  514,  one  dying  in  his  office,  an  in- 
auspicious circumstance,  i.  378,  n.      None  to  bear  that  office 

twice,  ii.  174.    The  respect  the  censors  paid  to  Pompey,  iv.  151. 
CensorinuSf  of  the  family  of  the  Marcii,  ii.  174.    Accuses  Sylla  of 

extortion  in  Cappadocia,  but  does  not  bring  him  to  his  trial,  iii. 

236. 

,  a  companion  of  young  Crassus^  iii.  483.      Orders  hn 

armour-bearer  to  kill  him,  485. 
CentaurSf  their  battle  with  the  Lapithe,  i.  37,  38.    Their  original^ 

V.  132. 
Centuries,  in  Rome,  ii.  199,  n. 
iCeoi,  i.  818.  ii.  271. 
CephaluSj  sent  from  Corinth  to  assist  Timoleon  in  compiling  a  bodj 

of  laws  for  the  Syracusans,  ii.  260. 
Cephalon^  a  friend  of  Aratus',  vi.  207. 
Cephisodorus^  one  of  Pelopidas'  assistants  in  delivering  Thebes, 

falls  in  the  attack  upon  Leontidas,  ii.  354. 
Cephisodotusy  the  statuary,  Pliocion  marries  his  sister,  v.  23. 
fCephisuSy  river,  i.  12.  iv.  251.    Sylla  turns  its  course,  iii.  254. 
Ceramicusy  part  of  Athens  so  called,  iii.  250.  v.  41.     Thesagoifi- 

cation  of  the  word,  iii.  207,  w. 
Ceratonian  altar.     See  Keraton. 
•\Ceraunian  mountains,  v.  35. 
Cerdunus*     See  Ptolemy, 

Cerberusy  the  name  of  Aidoneus',  or  Pluto's  dog,  i.  40.  iii.  898. 
-fCercina,  isle  of,  iii.  173.  vi.  24. 
Cercyouy  the  Arcadian,  killed  by*  Theseus  in  wrestling,  i.  12,  and 

the  first  who  used  art  in  that  exercise,  ib,  n.     Ravishes  his 

daughter,  37. 
CcreSy  i.  88.    The  Spartans  sacrificed  to  her  on  their  leaving  off 

mourning,  153.     Her  mysteries  celebrated   at  Eleusis,  ii.  163, 

164.    Her  temple  at  Hermiona  plundered  by  the  pirates,  iv.  153. 

Hercules  initiated  in  her  Mysteries,  i.  39. 
Celhegus  flies  with  young  Marius,  iii.  172. 
the  tribune,  his  flagitioui  life,  333.    An  enemy  to  Lu- 


SM  INDEX. 

culliUy  ib.     An  accomplice  in  Catiline^s  eootptivcy,  ▼•  7I9  Sl9t 

S13.    Put  to  death  by  order  of  the  jsenate,  S18. 
^Cermanum^  i.  53. 
Chabrias  the  Athenian,  goes  to  Egypt,  and  Taoiioa  makes  Im  iui 

admiral,  iv.  118.    When  general  of  the  Atfaenianay    niadon 

serves  under  him^  ▼.  8.    His  character,  ib.  9.     Hia  great  acgaid 

for  Phocian,  9.    Loses  his  life  by  his  heat  in  attempting  Wiaol 

in  the  isle  of  Chios,  8. 
CkitroHf  founder  of  ClisBronea^  zii.  256* 
GuBrBndaSf  archon  at  Athens,  ▼.  280. 
'^Chieronea^  u  36.      The  place  of  Plutarch's  nativity,  iiL  S93,  a. 

History  o^  its  inhabitants,  iL  v.  491.     Battles  near  it^  m.  M^ 

257.  iv.  91,  92. 
fChalastra^  iv.  316. 
ChalcaspideSf  ii.  305.  iii.  254. 
fChaloedotiy  besieged  by  Alcibiades,  ii.  158.    By  UTifliiiilalOi^it 

S36. 
fChalcidtan,  foretells  the  greatness  of  Sylla,  iii.  296. 
Chalcurcos^  the  ^temple  of  Miaerva«t  Sparta,  i.  117y  118.  v.  14S» 
fChalds,  L  55.  iii.  23,  43,  51.  v.  409. 
Chalcodonj  u  34,  44. 
fChaUUeans^  iv.  347. 
Chaldaan  scheme,  Octavius  is  killed  with  one  in  iua  k^fnirm,  vL 

175. 
Chameleon  never  changes  to  white,  ii.  146. 
fChaonianSy  iii.  107. 
fCharacitani,  a  people  beyond  the  Tagus,  subdued  by  a  atvMmem 

^  iSertorius,  iv.  22. 
Chares,   the   Athenian   general,   Timotheus'    obaervaticm  «b  bit 

showing  his  wounds,  ii.  342.    Sent  to  the  assistance  of  the  JHy- 

zantines,  but  does  not  maintain  his  character  there,  v.  17.     ]}t. 

feats  the  king  of  Persia's  lieutenants,  vi.  168. 
,  the  historian,  iv.  270. 
-,  the  orator,   reflects  on   Phocion,   v.  7.     PhoclonV 


swer,  ib. 
+— — ,  river,  vi.  180. 
Charicles,  Phocion's  son-in-law,  executes  his  scandalous 

for  Hnrpalus,  v.  26.    Is  summoned  to  answer  for  it,  and  PbocaoD 

refuses  to  defend  him,  ib. 
Chariclof  wife  of  Sciron,  i.  1 1 . 
CharidemuSy  takes  Troy,  iv.  2. 

,  the  orator,  v.  19, 279. 
CharilauSf  king  of  Sparta,  i.  113.    Suspects  Lycurgus  of  comnir* 

ing  against  him,  and  takes  refuge  in  tne  Chalcioecos,  II7. 
Charimenes  the  diviner,  a  friend  of  Aratus*,  vi.  177, 178. 
Chariots^  when  first  used  in  triumphs,  i.  76.    Drawn  by  four  white 

horses,  appro(>riated  to  Jupiter,  i.  370,  371.      Camillua  oolr 

presumes  to  ride  in  such  a  one,   370.     Armed  with  acvthes. 

Iii.  257. 
Charm.    See  Amulet. 


INDEX.  886 

Charmion^  one  of  Cleopatra^s  women^  v.  488.     The  defence  she 

;  makes  for  her  mktrefis,  506. 

Charon  lends  his  house  to  Pelopidas  and  the  exiles,  on  their  under- 
taking to  deliver  Thebes  from  it's  tyrants,  ii.  S47y  346.  On 
suspicion  of  a  conspiracy,  is  cited  to  appear  before  Arcbias, 
351'.  Behaves  with  such  firmness  that  the  tyrant  dismisaeB  his 
fears,  352. 

CharoniteSt  who  so  called,  v.  439. 

Charops,  son  of  Machatas,  prince  of  Efiirus,  a  friend  to  the  Ro* 
mans,  iii.  35. 

fCheUdonian  isUmds,  Hi.  810,  812. 

CheUdonist  daughter  of  Leotychidas,  and  wife  of  Cleonjnnus,  iii. 
105.  A  criminal  commerce  between  her  and  Acrotatus  the  son 
of  Areus,  in  which  the  Spartans  encouraged  them,  ib,  107. 

CheloniSf  daughter  of  Leonidas,  and  wife  of  Cleombrotiis,  a  pat- 
tern of  love  and  duty  to  her  father  and  her  husbano,  v.  149. 

•f  Chersonese  of  £pirus,  iii.  72.  Of  Thrace,  colonised  by  Perides, 
ii.  19,  32.  Totally  subdued  by  Cimon,  iii.  818.  Of  Syria,  v. 
418. 

Chickens f  used  by  the  Romans  in  aueury,  v.  217. 

Child^  born  with  an  i^ephant's  head.     See  Prodigies, 

ChUdren,  the  weakly  destroyed  at  Sparta,  L  186.  The  rest  1k)w 
educated  there,  187,  et  seq. 

Chileus,  the  Arcadian,  assists  Themistocles  in  adjusting  the  dif- 
ferences between  the  Greeks  during  the  Persian  war,  i.  320. 

Chilo^  one  of  Caito's  slaves,  a  Graronaarian,  ii.  520. 

fChioSf  a  city  in  the  island  of  that  name,  furnishes  Alcibiades 
with  provender  for  his  horses,  ii.  127.  Lucullus  expels  Mtth- 
ridates'  forces  from  Chios,  iii.  329. 

ChUdotty  a  messenger  intended  to  be  sent  to  Hipposthenidas  to 
Pelopidas,  but  fortunately  does  not  go,  ii.  350. 

Chceac^  an  Egyptian  month,  i.  66. 

Chceriltu^  a  varnishing  poet,  retained  by  Lysander,  iii.  210. 

CholargiOf  Pericles  of  that  ward,  ii.  5. 

Chants  of  music,  sent  annually  tp  Delos  by  the  Athenians,  iii. 
401,  n. 

Chreocopidaf  white-washed  men  at  Athens,  L  239. 

fChrysa,  i.  34. 

Chrysantes^  an  officer  in  the  armj  of  C3rrus,  ii.  440. 

Chrysertnusy  his  son  Ptolemy  killed  by  Cleomenes'  party  in  Alex- 
andria, V.  194. 

ChrysippuSf  vi.  152.  '  ^ 

Chrifsisy  a  courtesan,  one  of  Demetrius'  mistresses,  v.  886. 

Chrysogonus^  the  iinusician,  ii.  161. 

^  one  of  ^lla's  freedmen,  v.  295. 

CiCERis  Marcus  Tulliils,  his  mother  Helvia  of  a  noble  family  and 
excellent  character,  v.  292.  Various  accounts  of  the  family  oi 
his  father,  ib.  Whence  the  name  of  Cicero,  293.  What  he 
said  on  his  friends  advising  him  to  change  his  name,  ib.  Instead 
of  his  third  name,  engraves  a  vetch  njpoo  a  vase  which  he  dedi- 
cated wben  qufl»tar  in  Sicily,  ii.    6f  distinguished  reputaitioa 


836  INDEX. 

among  his  'scliool-fellows,  S^H*.     His  poetry,   i6.     Attencb  tk 
lectures  of  Philo  the  Academician,  and  studies  law  under  Maew 
Scncvoln,  '295.    Gets  a  taste  of  military  knowledge  under  SjlU 
in  the  Marsian  war,  ?6.    Withdraws  to  a   philosophic  life,  m 
account  of  the  disorders  of  the  state,  iL     Defends  Rosciiu  whci 
accused,  by  Sylla's  order,  of  the  murther  of  his  father,  r'6.   Id  fnr 
of  Sylla's  resentment,  retires  to  Greece,  under  pretence  ofdiM^ 
it  for  his  health,  ^296.     His  habit  of  body  slender,  nnd  his  voice 
harsh,  t6.     Attends  the  lectures  of  Antiochus  at  Athens,  ind  ad* 
mires  his  elocution,  26.  Loves  the  New  Academy,  id.  Receireitiie 
news  of  Sylla's  death,/^.  His  health  and  manner  of  speakingmstlf 
improved,  i3.  His  friends  at  Rome  solicit  his  return ;  but  neiint 
sails  to  Asia,  and  attends  the  philosophers  and  rhetoricians tbeiv, 
297.     How  Apollonius  Molo  was  affected  at  Hhodes,  on  Ciceto^ 
declaiming  in  Greek,  ib.     Cicero  consults  the  oracle  at  IMpK 
which  bids  him  *  follow  nature,  and  not  the  opinion  of  the  nol- 
titude/  iA,29S.     This  makes  him  cautious  of  any   attempts  l» 
ward  popularity,   ib.     At  last  he  betakes  himself  to  the  bar,  tni 
is  immediately  distinguished  above  all  the  orators  in   Home,  ii. 
Finds  advantage,    in  point  of   action,  from  the  instructions  of 
Koscius  nnd   i^sop,  ib.    What  he  said  of  bawling  orators,  ik 
JHis  t>ce  use  of  his  talent  at  repartee  gets  him  the  character  of 
a  malevolent  man,  299.   When  quaestor  in  Sicily,  supplies  Roae 
with  corn,  ib.     Notwithstanding  this  burthen,    his  justice  and 
moderation  recommend  him  to  the  Sicilians,  ib.      From  an  ad- 
venture on  his  return  perceives  the  slow  progress  of  fame,  tft. 
Acquaints  himself  with  the  nutnes  and  connexions  of  the  Ro- 
mans, 1)00.     Will  take  no  fee  or  reward  for  his  services  at  the 
bar,  ib.      In  what  manner  he  gained  the  Sicilians  their  cause 
against  Verres,  ib.     His  answer  to  Ilortensius,  when  he  said, 
'  he  could  not  solve  riddles,'  301 .  The  presents  the  Sicilians  made 
him,  v.hen  -^^dile,  ib.      His  country-seats,  302.      The  fortune 
his  wife  Terentia  brought  him,   ib.     Has  a  number  of  men  of 
letters  about  him,  ib.     Very  abstemious  in  his  diet,  and  attentive 
to  exercise,  ib.     Gives  up  his  town-house  to  his   brother    and 
takes  up  iiis  residence  on  the  Palatine  hill,  ib.      Has  a  levee  as 
great  as  Crassus  or  Pompey,  ib.     Keturned  first,  when  candidate 
for  the  proctorship,   ib.      Condemns   Licinius  Macer,    td.     His 
behaviour  to  Vatinius,  203.     And  to  Manilius,  ib.  304..     Out  of 
fear  of  Catiline  and  his  associates,  the  patricians  join  the  ple- 
beians, in  raising  Cicero  to  the  consulship,  30.3.     The  detestable 
character  and  designs  of  ("atiline,    30().      Catiline  solicits  the 
consulship,  and  loses  it ;  Cicero  nnd  Caius  Antonius  being  ap- 
pointed to  that  office,  ib.     The   tribunes  of  the  people  propose 
to  set  up  a  decemvirate,   but  Cicero  quashes  the  bill,   id.     807. 
Instance  of  the  force  of  his  clo(]uence,  in  bringing  the  people  to 
lelish  a  theatrical  regulation   in  favour  of  the  equestrian  order, 
307,  308.      Catiline  hastens  his  entrrprise  before  the  return  of 
Pompey,  308.      Privately  engages  Sylla's  veterans,  at  the  head 
of  wiiom  was  Manlius,  f^     Cicero  brings  a  charge  against  him 
in  tlie  senate,  but  has  not  suilicient  proofs,  i^.     CatUine  offers 


INDEX.  887 

himseif  again  for  the  contahhip,  but  loses  it  through  the  vi^- 
lance  and  interest  of  Cicero>  809.  Crassus,  Marcellus,  and  Me- 
tellus  ScipiOy  come  to  Cicero^s  house  at  midnight,  and  bring  a 
packet  of  letters  which  give  light  into  the  intended  massacre, 
tb.  810.  Cicero  assembles  the  senate,  and  produces  the  packet, 
SIO.  Q.  Arritts  informs  the  senate  of  the  designs  of  Sylla's 
veterans,  ib.  The  consuls  are  impowered  to  act  in  the  manner 
they  think  best  fbr  the  preservation  of  the  commonwealth,  ib, 
Cicero  takes  the  care  of  the  city  upon  himself,  ib,  Catiline  sends 
Marcius  and  Cethegus  to-  assassinate  him ;  but  hh  is  apprised  of 
his  danger  by  Fulvia,  ib,  SI  1 .  Cicero  assembles  the  senate,  and 
Catiline  appears,  and  attempts  to  speak,  but  is  prevented,  311. 
Cicero  commands  him  to  auit  Rome ;  and  he  marches  out  with 
ensigns  of  authority,  ana  soon  assembles  an  army  of  twenty 
thousand  men,  ib.  Antony,  Cicero^s  colle^ue,  is  sent  against 
him,  ib.  Lentulus  heads  the  conspirators  m  Rome,  t^.  The 
conspirators  take  the  embassadors    of  the  Allobroges  into  the 

filot,  and  charge  them  with  letters  to  their  nation  and  to  Cati- 
ine,  SIS.  They  send  one  Titus  of  Crotona  with  the  embas- 
sadors, ib.  Cicero,  by  his  great  vigilance  and  address,  dis- 
covers this  alEur,  ib.  814.  Lavs  an  ambush  for  the  Crotonian, 
and  seizes  him ;  the  embassadors  privately  assisting  the  state, 
SH.  Cicero  assembles  the  senate,  and  lays  the  letters  before 
it,  7^.  Other  informations,  ib,  Lentulus  puts  off  his  prsetorian 
robe  in  the  house,  and  with  his  accomplices  is  taken  into  custody, 
ib,  Cicero  gives  the  people  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  day,  ib.  Spends  the  night  following  in  considering,  what 
punishment  he  should  inflict  on  the  criminals,  S15.  Opinions 
of  different  senators  thereupon,  S16,  Si 7.  The  senate  decree 
fbr  capital  punishment,  S17.  Cicero  leads  the  convicts  severally 
through  the  Forum  to  prison,  where  they  are  executed,  SIS. 
The  people  call  him  the  preserver  and  second  Founder  of  Rome, 
ib,  Catiline  gives  Caius  Antonius  battle,  and  Is  destroyed  with 
his  whole  army,  S19.  Csesar,  now  praetor,  and  two  or  the  tri- 
bunes, prevent  Cicero  from  addressing  the  people,  and  allow  him 
only  to  take  the  oath  on  laying  down  his  office,  ib.  S20.  He 
takes  it  in  a  form  of  his  own,  S^.  The  attempts  against  him 
defeated  by  Cato,  ib.  He  gains  the  glorious  title  of  *  Father  of 
his  Country,'  ib.  His  vanity  disgusting ;  yet  not  unwilling  that 
others  should  have  their  share  of  honour,  S21.  His  testimonies 
to  the  merit  of  Aristotle,  Plato,  and  Demosthenes,  ib.  Favours 
he  did  Cratippus,  ib.  His  son  studies  under  that  philosopher, 
S22.  Gorgias  accused  of  accostominff  young  Cicero  to  a  life 
of  pleasure  and  intemperance,  ib,  Cicero's  superior  keenness 
of  expression  leads  him  into  violations  of  decorum,  ib.  Instances 
of  that  keenness,  ib.  S2S.  Clodius  becomes  Cicero^s  enemy  fbr 
giving  evidence  against  his  plea  of  an  alibi^  at  the  time  when  he 
entered  Ccesar's  house  in  disguise,  S26,  S27.  Clodius  is  elected 
tribune  of  the  people,  and  attacks  Cicero,  829.  How  the  tri- 
umvirate then  stood  afiected  toward  Cicero,  ib.  Cicero  applies 
to  CsBsar  for  a  lieutenancy  under  him  in  Gaul,  but  relinquishes 

VOL.  VI.  Z 


«■  .*,-«-•■—■ 


it  after  it  was  granted,  ib.  330.  Tliis  offends  Cssar,  330.  Cio- 
dius  aummons  him  to  anstrer  for  putting  Lentulus  and  Celhegm 
to  death,  ib.  Cicero  puts  on  muurDing,  and  twenty  thoiuaod 
young  men  of  Uie  best  families  supplicate  the  people  with  him, 
ib.  He  appEies  to  Pompey,  wlio  ungratefully  aeserts  liiin,S3I. 
Dedicates  a  etatiie  of  Minerva  in  tiie  Capitol,  ib.  332.  Flicf  ' 
from  Rome  at  midnight,  332.  Is  treated  in  genera)  with  greii 
kindness,  notwithstanding  his  banishment  ana  interdictiori  trcoi 
fire  and  water  by  Clodius,  ib.  What  happened  on  his  Mibf  , 
from  Brundusiura  Id  Dyrrachiuni,  ib.  He  bears  his  exile  \a  t 
manner  unbecoming  a  philosopher,  333.  Clodius  burm  hii 
villas  1  and  on  the  place  where  his  house  ftood  in  Rome,  creels  i 
temple  to  Libertv,  ib.  And  affronts  Pompey,  who  now  repewi 
of  his  having  sulfered  Cicero  to  be  banished,  ib.  Tlie  senate  t^ 
solves  lodci^patch  no  public  business,  till  Cicero  is  recalled,  6- 
A  great  tumult  ensues,  in  which  Quintus,  the  brother  of  Cicero, 
i»  lefl  for  dead.i'i.  SSf.  Milo  Eutnmons  Clodius  to  answer  forhi; 
violation  of  the  public  peace,  334-.  Pompey  drives  Cludiui  oj' 
of  the  Forum,  and  the  people  vote  for  Cicero's  return  with  greii 
unanimity,  ib.  The  senate  vies  with  the  commons  in  zeu  fix 
Cicern,  id.  The  cities,  through  which  he  passes,  do  the  umr. 
ih.  He  returns  sixteen  months  afler  his  bamshraent,  ib.  Erasn 
Clodius'  acts  from  the  tribuoitial  tables,  and  endeavours  to  annul 
thetn,  but  is  prevented  by  Cato,  ib.  335.  Milo  kills  Clodiut: 
and  being  arraigned  for  the  fact,  chooses  Cicero  for  lu's  advocate, 
335.  Cicero,  though  so  able  an  orator,  had  a  timidity  in  ^Mak- 
ing, ib.  Milo  loses  his  cause,  336.  Cicero  is  appointed  one  of 
the  augurs,  ib.  Is  sent  proconsul  into  CUicia,  where  he  be- 
haves wirh  great  integrity,  prudence,  and  moderation,  ib.  337. 
Brings  the  Cappaducians  to  submit  to  ArJobarzanea  vltbout 
bloodshed,  336.  Routs  the  robbers  ivho  had  possessed  thcv 
■elves  of  mount  Araaous,  und  is  saluted  <  Imperator '  by  d* 
army,  337.  His  answer  to  the  Kdite  Ccelius,  who  applied  U 
Iiim  for  panthers,  ib.  Visits  Rhodes  and  Athens  in  his  retttre, 
33S.  nnds  the  flame  of  civil  war  ready  to  break  out  at  Rome, 
ib.  His  saying  on  the  senate's  decreeing  him  a  triutnpb,  i^ 
In  great  doubt  and  perplexity,  a.1  to  the  party  he  should  take,  ii. 
Cssar  would  have  been  satisfied  with  his  standing  neuter,  but  >t 
last  he  Joins  Pompey,339.  Cato  blames  him  fur  not  remainiog  at 
Rome,  ib.  He  repents  of  the  step  he  had  taken,  ib.  Dispangn 
Porapej's  preparations,  counsel*,  and  allies,  ii.  Some  strokei  of 
wit  and  rciiitrtee,  in  which  he  indulged  him!Lcir  in  the  camp,  340. 
^^er  the  Uttic  of  Pharsali.i  nos  lost,  Cato  desires  Cicero,  a*  a 
person  of  consular  dignity,  to  take  the  coiomand  of  the  fleet ; 
and  on  his  refusal,  young  Pompey  threatens  to  kill  him,  ib.  341. 
He  waits  at  Drundueium  for  Caesar's  return  from  Egypt,  341. 
T«  treated  by  the  con<iueror  with  great  humanity  and  rceonl,  i^. 
The  compliment  Cnsar  paid  hint  in  liis  '  Anli-Calo,*  »6.  His 
eloquence  prevails  upon  Cicsar  to  acijuit  LigarJus,  conlrsrj  to 
'^'  '  "  He  spends  his  lime  in  philosophic  retire- 

ling  the  young  nobility,  ii.     Invc   '    '   "' 


INDEX.  839 

terms  in  logic  and  natural  philosophy,  answerable  to  the  Greek, 
ib.     Rarely  goes  to  Rome,  and  then  only  to  vote  Csesar  new- 
honours,  343.     What  he  said  of  Ceesar's  setting  up  Pompey's 
statues,  ib.     Forms  a  design  to  write  the  history  of  his  own 
country,  but  is  prevented,  tb^    Divorces  Terentia,  and  marries 
a  young  lady  of  great  fortune,  to  whom  he  was  guardian,  ib.  344.* 
Loses  his  daughter  Tullia,  S44.     Puts  away  his  new  wife,  because 
she  seemed  to  rejoice  at  the  death  of  Tullia,  ib.  Afler  the  death  of 
Caesar,  Cicero  recommends  a  general  amnesty,  and  that  provinces 
should  be  decreed  to  Brutus  and  Cassius,  iff.  345.     Cicero  sets 
out  for  Athens,  but  the  news  of  Antony's  reformation  invites  him 
to  return  to  Rome,  346.    Lives  there  in  fear  of  assassination,  t^. 
Octavius  comes  to  Rome  to  demand  Csroar's  inheritance,  and 
forms  a  connexion   with  Cicero,  ib.  347.     The  dream  which 
Cicero  had  some  years  before,  concerning  Octavius,  347.     The 
reflexion,  which  Brutus  made  upon  that  new  connexion  of  Cicero's, 
348.     Cicero  expels  Antony,  ib.    Hirtius  and  Pansa  are  sent  to 
give  Antony  battle,  ib.     The  rank  of  prsetor  and  the  fasces  are 
granted  to  Octavius  through  Cicero's  means,  349.     The  consuls 
rail  in  the  action,  and  their  troops  incorporated  with  Csesar's,  ib. 
Antony  being  beaten,  the  senate  endeavours  to  draw  young 
Caesar's  troops  from  him,  ib.     Caesar  persuades  Cicero  to  give 
him  his  interest  for  the  consulship,  and  aflerwards  casts  him  off 
and  takes  another  collegue,  ib.    The  triumvirate  is  formed  be- 
tween  Antony,  Lepidus,  and  Octavius,  350.     They   proscribe 
two  hundred  persons,  ib,     Caesar  contends  for  Cicero  a  while ; 
but  upon   Antony  giving  up  his  uncle  L.  Csesar,  and  Lepidus 
agreeing  to  put  his  brother  Paulus  in  the  list,  Cicero  is  sacri- 
ficed, ib.    The  distressful  movements  of  Cicero  and  his  brother 
Quintus,  under  the  terrors  of  proscription,  ib.     They  part,  351. 
Quintus  and  his  son  are  betrayed  by  his  servants  to  tlie  assassins, 
ib,    Cicero  is  carried  to  his  country-house  at  Astyra,  where  he 
goes  on  board  a  vessel,  and  coasts  along  to  Circseum,  ib.   Though 
he  has  a  favourable  wind  he  puts  to  shore,  and  after  various  per- 
plexing movements,  seeks  the  sea  again,  ib.    Omens  ofhiadeath, 
'252.  The  assassins  come  up,  amongst  whom  was  Ponipilius,  whom 
he  had  defended,  when  under  pro5ecution  for  parricide,  ib.     He 
stretches  his  neck  out  of  the  litter,  and  Herennius  gives  him  the 
fatal  blow,  253.     Dies  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age,  ib. 
His  head  and  hands  are  fastened  up  over  the  Rostra  by  Antony, 
ib.     What  Augustus  said  of  Cicero,  to  one  of  his  own  grandsons, 
ib.     Augustus  takes  the  son  of  Cicero  for  his  collegue,  in  the 
consulship,  and  under  his  auspices  public  dishonour  is  done  to  the 
memory  of  Antony,  ib.  254. 

Cicero,  Quintus,  v.  316,  33t,  351.     Besieged  by  Apabiorix,  iv.  387. 
Ciesar  relieves  him,  ib. 

the  son,  v.  322,  353.  vi.  78,  80. 

Cic/ireus,  i.  228. 

-fCilicia,  Cicero's  behaviour  there,  as  proconsul,  v.  336,  337« 

Cilician  pirates,  their  strength  and  audacity,  iv.  162—155.     Rt- 
duced  by  Pompcy,  157. 


3*0  iNbtx. 

CiUes,  Pluiemy 'a  general,  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  Dew- 
trim,  V.  368. 

Cimber,  McliJtius,  or  M.  Tullius  Cimber  lays  hold  on  Coar'inilH, 
which  is  a  f rgnal  for  all  the  rest  to  strike,  iv.  434. 

Cimbri  and  Teulones  invade  Italy  with  an  army  of  tliree  bundled 
thoiuand  men,  lii.  13^. 

Cimbri,  whence  their  name,  iii.  133.  In»ade  ihe  country  of  iK: 
Norici,  138.  Defeat  Cepio,  iv.  4.  Their  order  of  bailtc,  r- 
151,  153.  Their  iim  ranks  fastened  to  each  other  with  «k^ 
15S.  The  desperate  behaTiour  of  their  women  upon  ddcB. 
U.  154. 

\Cimmerinn  Bosporus,  passed  by  the  Amaions,  i.  34. 

f  Cimmerifln,!,  pass  from  the  hordera  of  the  northern  ocean  by  & 
Palus  Msrotts,  int'i  Asia  Minor,  iii,  133.  Their  original  coo- 
try  so  dark  and  dismal,  that  Huiner  thence  took  the  imKe*' 
hell,  ib. 

Cimott,  discovers  the  grave  of  Tlieseus  in  Scyros,  i.  46,  and  re«ow 
his  body  to  Athens,  ib. 

CiMoN,  the  son  of  Miltiades  and  Hegesipyla,  daughter  to  kir^ 
Olorus,  iii.  297.     in  hie  youth  not  unlike  his  grBridfather.  •t^ 

fot  the  title  of  '  Coalemos  '  for  his  stupidity  and  indiscntion,!.' 
et  has  something  generous  and  sincere  in  hi«  hehsvioar,  li- 
Accused  of  a  criuiinai  commerce  with  his  sister  ElpirUce,  896 
Cimon  has  his  mistresses,  Aristeria  and  Mnestra^  299.  Mtrrio 
Isodice,  the  daughter  of  Euryptolemus,  ib.  Hi*  CTcat  oUacIi- 
ment  to  her  while  she  lives,  and  sorrow  for  her  deatli,  £6.  Eaoii 
in  courage  to  Miitiades,  and  in  prudence  to  The  mist  odea ;  nd 
an  honester  man  than  either  of  them,  id.  One  of  tb«  intto 
try  the  fortune  of  Athens  at  sea  upon  the  invasion  of  Xentet,  »J. 
Distinguishes  himself  in  the  battle  of  Salamis.  30O.  The  ptOf^ 
begin  to  be  iveary  of  Themistocles,  and  niDi  pleasure  noon 
Cimon  into  the  administration,  tb.  Commands  at  sea  for  ibe 
Athenians,  and  draws  the  allies  from  Pausanias,  not  br  ibrtc. 
but  by  bis  obliging  manners,  ib.  301.  Defeats  the  Persiatu,  in 
Three?,  and  reduces  their  general  Butes  to  such  cxtrentitr,  thtt 
he  bums  the  city  of  Eton,  and  perishes  in  the  flaniea,  302- 
Plants  there  a  colony  of  Athenians,  and  erects  three  nwrtile 
Heraia;,  in  memory  of  his  victory,  i6.  The  inscrrptiens  UM 
those  HermtE,  H.  303.  Colonises  Amphipolis,  303.  "nm 
Scyros,  and  clears  the  Aegean  sea  of  pirates,  30t.  Diacoven  tb* 
remains  of  Theseus  in  Scyros,  and  carries  them  trith  anu 
solemnity  to  Athens,  id.  Games  instituted  at  Athens  on  tbtf 
occasion,  305.  Cimon's  talent  for  sinking,  ib.  His  division  of 
the  booty  taken  at  Sescos  and  Uyzantnim,  ib,  306.  His  Imkh- 
lality  and  bounty  to  the  poor  citiKcos  of  Athens,  ib.  S07.  He- 
vives  the  memory  of  tlic  golden  age,  30S.  Thougli  so  kind  to 
the  people,  in  yet  of  ai'istocratic  principlii,  ib.  Upposes  Epbt- 
altes  in  nis  alteoipt  to  abolish  the  court  uf  Anupwus,  H,  H^ 
noble  answer  to  Ithocsnces  the  Persinn,  who  oifered  him  money, 
ib.  He  takes  money  and  vbipi  unmanned  of  the  allies,  iuteail 
ut'  obliging  them  to  servj  in  person,  :109.     This  natural];  gww 


INDEX.  S41 

the  Athenians  the  superiority,  ib.    He  reduces  the  king  of  Persia 
so  effectually,  that  from  Ionia  to  Pamphylia  there  wfts  not  a 
Persian  standard  to  be  seen,  t^.    Reduces  the  PhaseliteSy  310. 
Defeats  the  Persian  fleet  in  the  Eurymedon,  and  takes  two  hun- 
dred ships,  311.    Beats  the  Persian  land-forces  the  same  day,  ib. 
Meets  the  Phcenician  reinforcement,  and  takes  all  their  ships, 
312.    Obliges  the  king  of  Persia,  by  trea^,  not  to  come  within 
the  Chelidonian  islands  with  his  ships,  nor  within  a  day's  joyraey 
of  the  Grecian  sea  with  his  land-forces,  ib.    With  the  treasure 
he  brings  home,  builds  the  wall  on  the  south  side  of  the  citadel, 
and  performs  oUier  public  works,  313.  Reduces  all  the  Thraciau 
Chersonese,  ib.     Defeats  the  Thracians,  and  secures  the  ffoldr 
mines  to  the  Athenians,  ib.    Is  accused  for  not  invading  Mace*- 
don,  when  he  had  so  fiur  an  opportunity,  ib.  314.    Acquitted^ 
314.     Durinjg  the  absence  of  Cimon,  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Areqpagites  is  narrowed,  ib.     Cimon,  on  his  return,  attempts  to 
restore  that  jurisdiction,  but  in  vain,  315.    The  friendship  which 
subsisted  between  Cimon  and  the  Lacedaemonians,  ib.  The  names 
he  save  his  sons,  ib.   The  Lacedaemonians,  af^er  the  earthquake, 
apply  to  the  Athenians  for  succours  agains(  the  Helots  and 
Messenians,  316,  317.     Cimon  marches  to   their  relief,  317. 
His  adventure  on  his  return,  at  Corinth,  ib.  318.     The  Lacedss* 
monians  call  in  the  Athenians  a  second  time,  and  afterward 
dismiss  their  troops  without  employing  them,  318.    The  Athe* 
nians  banish  Cimon,  and  declare  war  against  the  Lacedaemonians, 
SI 8.     Cimon*s  friends  distinguish  themselves  in  the  battle  of 
Tanagra,  and  he  is  recalled,  ib.  319.    He  makes  pe|u:e  between 
the  Athenians  and  Lacedaemonians,  319.    Fits  out  a  fleet  of  twp 
hundred  sail,  to  carry  the  war  a  second  time  into  Bgypt  and 
Cyprus,  ib.    Presages  ^  of  his  death,  3%.    Defeats  the  Persian 
fleet  on  the  Asiatic  coast.  321.    Conceivea  n  design  to  over^ru^ 
that  whole  empire,  ib.    Casts  anchor  before  Cyprus,  ib.    Sends 
persons  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  ib.    The  god 
declares  that  Cimon  is  already  with  him,  ib.    He  dies  during  th( 
siege  of  Citium,  322.    Had  given  orders,  that  the  officers  should 
sail  home  with  the  fleet,  and  in  the  mean  time  conceal  his  deaths 
ib.    The  last  of  the  Grecian  generals  tliat  did  any  thing  coneir 
derable  against  the  barbarians,  ib.   HLs  monument,  where,  323. 

CimoniOf  what,  iii.  323. 

Cineas^  his  conversation  with  Pyrrhus  concerning  happiness,  iiL 
83,  84,  Sent  by  Pyrrhus  to  Rome  with  proposals  of  peaoe^ 
which  are  reiected,  90,  92.  Calls  the  senate  of  Rome  *  ao 
assembly  of  kings,'  93.  Gives  Fabricius  an  account  of  the 
Epicurean  philosophy,  ib.  Sent  with  other  offers  to  Rome»  95. 
Sent  into  Sicily,  98. 

CineaSf  father  of  Thallua,  v.  16. 

Cif^ottiut  VarrOf  a  friend  of  Nymphidius,  vi.  224.  Put  to  death  by 
Galba,  ib. 

Cinna,  Lucius, 
upon  a  promise 


uus,  thouffh  of  the  opposite  party,  named  consul  by  Syllv 
Tomise  of  being  true  to  his  interest,  iii,  245.    Forfeits 


S42  INDEX. 

« 

his  oath,  246^    Driven  out  of  Boroe  by  Octavius,  ITS. 

person  to  assassinate  Pompey,  and  his  father^  iv.  128.    EQledbf 

one  of  his  own  officers,  130,  131. 
CinnQf  one  of  the  conspirators  against  Csesar,  iv.  437.  vi.  73. 
,  Helvius,  a  poet  and  friend  of  Caesar's,  dreams  that  Car, 

after  his  deaths  invites  him  to  supper,  vi.  75,  n.     Goes  to  idnd 

his  obsequies,  and  being  taken  by  the  rabble  for  the  oither  Gbm^ 

is  torn  in  pieces,  ib. 
fCios,  V.  23. 

\Ciraeum^  iii.  166.  v.  351. 
CiVce,  i.  50. 

-fCirceiu  ii.  209.  iv.  425. 

Circensian  Games^  i.  70. 

Circus  Flaxninius,  iii.  381.  Maximus,  i.70. 

f  Cirrcptium,  a  village  in   the  territory  of  Arpinuoiy  where  Mm 

originally  lived,  iii.  122. 
fCSrrha,  i.  171,  231. 

CissuSt  and  Ephialtes,  imprisoned  by  Alexander,  iv.  306. 
Cisstua^  a  fountain  whose  water  was  like  wine ;  Bacchus  aid  tt 

have  been  washed  in  it  immediately  after  his  birth,  iii.  234. 
•fCithceronf  Mount,  v.  279. 
fCUiufjiy  iii.  322. 

Civic  Crown,  the  Roman  reward  for  saving  the  life  of  a  citizen,  ii.]n. 
Clalia  swims  the  Tiber  on  horseback,  i.  297*     An  equestrian  statoi 

of  her  in  the  Via  Sacra,  298. 
••C/anw?  river,  i.  259. 

fClaro^f  temple  there  plundered  by  the  pirates,  iv.  153. 
\Clastidium,  ii.  395. 
Claudia,    daughter  of  Appius  Claudius,    betrothed    to'  'Tiberiiii 

Gracchus,  v.  203. 
Claudii^  account  of  that  family,  i.  301. 
CiaudiuSf  the  emperor,  sets  earthen  vessels  before  Vinius  after  h^ 

had  stolen  one  of  plate,  vi.  221. 
— — .     See  Appiiis, 
Ciausus.     See  Appitis. 
fClazomencp,  iii.  419. 
Clement tti\\  son  of  Cleomedon,  v.  387. 
Cleandrides,  Pericles  bribes  him  to  withdraw  the  lvaced«™*""*° 

forces,  ii.  35.     Is  ?enlenced  to  death,  and  flies  from  Laced*"^» 

ib.     Father  of  Gylippus,  ib. 
Ckanthes,  his  observaiion  upon  Socrates  and  Alcibiades,  ii.  119. 
»  ,  freedman  aud  physician  of  Cato  the  Younger,  v,  120- 

Clearchus  <!ent  embassador  by  Philip  to  Thebes,  v.  272. 
■  the  Lacedjrmonian  general,  ordered  to  obey  Cynif,  vi. 

120.     His  over-cautious  advice  to  Cyrus,  122.     Ruins  the  whole 

a0air  by  a  bad  disposition  of  the  Greeks,  123. 
Clemenci/,  a  temple  dedicated  to  that  virtue,  in  honour  of  Cesar, 

iv.  423. 
Cleobis,  and  Biton,  preferred  in  point  of  happiness^  by  SoloD,  to 

Crcesusj  L  261. 


INDEX.  348 

Cleocritus  comprotnises  the  dispute  between  the  Athenians  and 
Spartans,  as  to  erecting  a  trophy,  ii.  478. 

CleodeSf  son  of  Hyllus,  iii.  66. 

deomantes  the  Spartan,  one  of  Alexander's  diviners,  iv.  317. 

Cleombrotus  sncceeds  Agesipoln,  and  is  sent  with  an  army  into 
Boeotia,  ii.  356,  364.  iv.  100, 101.  Killed  in  the  battle  of  Leuc- 
tra,  iv.  107.  v.  154. 

,  king  of  Sparta,  in  the  room  of  his  father-in-law  Leo- 
nidas,  who  is  deposed,  v.  145.  Takes  refuge  in  the  temple  of 
Neptune,  149.  His  wife  Chelonis,  who  had  before  attended  her 
father  in  his  banishment,  now  goes  into  exile  with  him,  149. 

Cleomedes  the  Astypalensian,  account  of  his  gigantic  strength,  L 
97.  Of  his  body's  vanishing  after  his  death,  98.  The  priestess 
of  Apollo  calls  him  the  last  of  the  heroes,  Ui, 

Cleomedon,  fined  by  the  Athenians,  v.  387. 

Cleomenes,  the  Athenian,  iii.  205. 

— ,  the  Spartan,  one  of  the  arbitrators  between  the  Athe- 
nians and  Megarensians,  i.  230. 

Cleombnbs,  son  of  Leonidas,  marries  Agiatis  the  widow  of 
Agis,  V.  154.  His  character,  155.  Dissatisfied  at  the  prevailing 
manners  of  Sparta,  ib.  Instructed  in  the  Stoic  philosophy  by 
Sphserus,  156.  Sounds  Xenares  about  bringiifg'back  the  Spartan 
constitution  to  its  first  principles,  157.  Thinks  war  would  fur- 
nish the  best  opportunity  for  the  execution  of  his  designs,  f6. 
Seizes  Athenaeum,  158.  Watches  the  motions  of  Aratus,  ib. 
He  is  recalled  from  Arcadia  by  the  Ephori,  ib.  Sent  out  agam, 
ib.  Takes  Methydrium  in  the  territories  of  Argos,  id.  Tke 
Achasans  marcli  against  him  with  an  army  greatly  superior  to 
his,  under  the  command  of  Aristomachus,  ib.  Yet  AraCQS 
prevents  their  fighting,  i^.  Cleomenes  goes  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Eieans  agains$t  the  Achseans,  and  detelits  the  latter  at  La- 
caeum,  ib.  Aratus  makes  a  sudden  movement  to  Mantinea,  and 
takes  it,  ib.  Cleomenes  recalls  Archidamus  from  exile,  who  is 
soon  aflerward  treacherously  slain,  159, 160.  Bribes  the  EplKki 
to  permit  him  to  renew  the  war,  160.  Defeats  the  Achfl^ns 
near  Leuctra,  and  kills  Lysiades,  161.  Persuades  his  fiither-in-' 
law,  Megistonoiis,  to  join  him  in  endeavouring  to  break  the 
yoke  of  the  Ephori,  and  to  procure  an  equal  division  of  lands, 
ib.  Remarkable  dream  of  one  of  the  Ephori  in  the  temple  of 
Pasiphaa,  ib.  Cleomenes  takes  flersea  and  Aisaea,  two  cities 
belonging  to  the  Acharan  league,  ib.  Returns  suddenly  with  a  * 
small  party^  and  kills  all  the  Ephori,  except  one,  162.  Agevi- 
laus,  who  was  the  surviving  one,  makes  his  appearance  the  next 
day,  and  is  spared,  ib.  Cleomenes  banishes  eighty  of  the  most ' 
obnoxious  citizens,  164.  His  speech  to  the  people  in  juBtific»i<'> 
tion  of  his  proceedings,  ib.  165.  He  surrenders  bis  own  estate 
into  the  puolic  stock,  165.  Divides  the  lands,  166.  Fills  up 
the  number  of  citizens,  ib.  Forms  the  youth  according  to  the 
discipline  of  Lycurgus,  ib.  Takes  his  brother  Euclidas  for  his 
partner  in  the  throne,  ib.  Ravages  the  territories  of  Megalo- ' 
polisj  without  any  opposition  fir<Mn  tba  AcbsBans^  166.     It  a 


t 


54*  INDKX. 

pattern  of  sobriety,  167.  Whftt  kind  of  table  ha  left  4 
strangers,  168,  The  Maotineans  put  themselves  under  hit 
protection,  id.  He  defeats  the  Achsans  at  Dimesc,  169.  In- 
sUts  on  being  appointed  to  the  comniaad  of  the  league,  ii.  Hit 
sickoeu  breaks  hiE  measures,  170.  Aratus  out  of  envy  t«  Cb»- 
menes,  invites  Antigoaus  into  Peloponnesus,  i6.  Cleomeati 
declares  vrar  against  the  Achceans,  172.  Takes  Pellene,  Ftie- 
neum,  and  Peiiteleuni,  ib.  ITS.  Comes  upon  Argoa  at  the  tamt 
of  tlie  Nemean  games,  and  takes  it,  173.  Makes  himaelf  nut- 
Ur  of  CleansD  and  PhHuc,  174.  The  Corinthians  invite  hitn  inU 
their  city,  (d.  HeinvesUtbe  citadel,  which  was  in  the  hnif 
of  the  Achfcans,  H.  Forti ties  the  Onean  mountains,  175.  An- 
tigonus,  after  eeieral  vain  attempts,  gets  into  Peloponnesus,  bt 
means  of  a  defection  of  the  Argives,  176,  177.  Cleomenc»  re- 
tires to  defend  Laconia,  1 77.  His  wife  Agiatis  dies,  i&.  Piolcmj 
Et-omises  him  succours,  178.  HU  mother  and  children  are  iccl 
oatages  into  Egypt)  iJt.  He  enfranchises  a  number  of  tiu 
Heluts,  I79<  Makes  a  diversion  against  the  progresa  of  litt 
Macedonian  arms,  by  surprising  Megalopolis,  180.  Makes  im 
excursions  into  the  territories  of  Argos,  181,  182.  la  forced  la 
action  for  want  of  money,  IBS.  Defeated  and  ruined  in  the  bai- 
lie uf  Setlasia,  134^  Takes  ship  at  (iythium,  186.  Antigoatu 
behaves  to  the  Spartans  with  great  humanity,  ib.  Therycioo 
exhorts  Cleomcnes  to  kill  himself,  and  soon  aAer  sets  the  exMS- 
pie,  167.  Cleomenes'  answer,  188.  He  sails  to  Egjrpt,  mtmt 
Ptolemy  Euergetes  treats  him  with  some  degree  of  gennoriht, 
(A.  Ptolemy's  sticceisor,  being  a  weak  prince,  sood  begins  U 
look  upon  him  with  an  evil  eye,  I90>  He  desires  only  a  shnlo 
carry  him  to  Peloponnesus,  and  b  refused  it,  i/>.  The  greM  ■• 
jury  done  him  by  Nicagoras  the  Messenian,  191,  193.  Ha  it 
confined  tu  his  apartment,  192.  He  geie  out  of  coniiijeiDrat  far 
Bsli'utagem,  I^S.  Al^er  great  exertions  of  valour  in  the  Kr««k, 
he  finds  it  impossible  lo  escape  and  therefore  kills  bimaelfi  tM. 
Hb  friends  despatch  themselves  with  bim,  ib.  Ptoletny  puts  Im 
mother  and  children  to  death,  196. 

Clean,  the  Atlienian,  accusei  Pericles,  ii.  51.  His  extrsv^apt 
action  in  speaking,  iii.  410.  «.  201.  His  character,  iii.  4ffl^ 
409.  liedecis  on  NJcias,  and  having  the  command  given  his, 
rctur[is  victorious,  409.  I'roublesome  lu  the  administration,  MO. 
U  killed  in  battle,  H. 

'•  of  Ualicarnassus,  composes  an  oration  for  Lysander;  cmtlain- 
iog  arguments  for  making  the  kin^  of  Sparta  elective,  iii.  S90, 

• ,  the  Byzantine,  his  esteem  for  Phocion,  v.  18. 

— ^,  one  of  the  tyrants  of  iiicyon,  vi.  153. 

\CleoHa,  iL  235.  iii.  333.  *.  S4,  17*.  vi.  181. 

Citoiuce,  of  Byzantium,  comes  with  great  reluctance  towards  tbe 
bed  of  Pausanias  king  of  Sparta,  and  is  inadvertently  killed  by 
him,  iii.  SOI.  He  seeks  means  of  expiation,  and  invokes  her 
ghost,  ib.     The  answer  she  made  him,  ib. 

Cuoa^MUf,  of  Sparta,  stirs  up  the  Thebans  against  DeinetriM, 
hut  on  thai  prince's  approach  withdraws,  v.  404,   405. 


wife  unfaithful  to  him,  iii.  105*  Calls  in  Pyrrhue,  aod  adviaes 
him  to  attack  Sparta  immediately ;  but  that  advice  is  not  listened 
to,  and  Pyrrhus  fails,  105 — 110. 

Ckonymus,  son  of   Sphodrias   favourite  of  Archidamus,  soa  o| 
Agesilaus,  iv.  102.    His  valour  and  death,  107. 

-^ :-,~,  father  of  Leonidas,  v.  ISS. 

Cleopater  commands  for  Aratus  in  Acrocorinthus^  vi.  195. 

CUopatra^  daughter  of  Mithridates,  and  wife  of  Tigranes,  iii.  S58. 

'  ■'  ■  ,  Cossar  undertakes  the  iBgyptian  war  for  her  rake,  w. 
413.  Cssar  sends  for  her,  and  she  contrives  to  be  conveyed  to^ 
him  10  a  carpet,  ib,  414.  Cesar  reconciles  her  to  her  bro* 
ther,  414.  Her  brother  is  lost  in  an  action  upon  the  Nile,  415. 
Caesar  declares  her  queen  of  Egypt,  and  has  a  son  by  her  aaraed- 
Caesario,  fi.  Commanded  to  appear  before  Antony,  v.  448.  Her 
magnificent  spirit,  and  the  charms  of  her  conversation,  449, 
450.  On  a  party  of  fishing,  puts  a  salt-fish  on  Antony's  hook, 
and  tells  him  that  *  kings,  not  fish,  were  his  game,*  453. 
Dresses  in  the  habit  of  the  goddess  Isis,  478.  SuppHes  An- 
tony with  ships,  money,  and  provisions,  475,  479.  Jealous  of 
the  honours  paid  Octavit  at  Athens,  480,  483.  Antony  loses 
many  friends  on  her  account,  481.  Persuades  Antony  to  fight 
"Octavius  by  sea*  466.  Ruins  Antony  by  her  flight,  for  she 
draws  him  after  her,  489.  Forms  a  scheme  to  retire  into  the 
farthest  part  of  the  east*  493.  Makes  an  experiment  of  several 
poisonous  drugs,  4959  ftod  venomous  animals,  ib.  Builds  seve- 
ral  monuments,  as  repositories  of  her  wealth,  497.  Draws  up 
Antony,  half*dead,  into  one  of  them,  499.  Seized  by  Proculeiua, 
501.  Her  intentions  to  starve  herself  to  death,  503.  Augustua 
visits  her,  i^.  Her  address  to  the  gods  at  Antony's  tomb,  5€6)>- 
Writes  a  letter  to  Augustus,  506.    Dies,  ib, 

and  Alexander,  twins  of  Antony  by  Cleopatra,  y.  4M«' 


Cleopatra  marries  prince  Juba  the  historian,  508. 

,  wife  Of  Philip,  iv.  252. 

-,  sister  to  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  43,  48. 


CUopkuneif  the  Athenian,   distinguishes  himself  by  his  bravery, 
V.  17. 

CleophaniuSf  one  of  the  sons  of  Themistocles,  i.  357. 

Cieophi^uSf  Homer's  poems  preserved  by  hb  posterity,  i«  1 15. 

Cleopt olenitis,  Antiochus  marries  his  daughter  m  Euboea,  iiL  51* 

Cleora,  wife  of  Agesilaus,  iv.  94. 

Clepsydra^  a  fountain  in  the  citadel  of  Athens,  v.  457»  and  n. 

Clidemus  the  historian,  i.  31,  34. 

ClienUf  the  people  distingujshed  into  patrons  and  clients  by  Ro- 
mulus, i.  68. 

-[Climaxt  clifb  of,  under  which  Alexander  marchei  by  the  Pamphy^ 
lian  sea,  iv.  365. 

CUnias^  a  friend  of  Solon,  i.  389. 

1  &ther  of  Alcibiades,  gains  honoor  in  the  sea-figbt  near 

Artemisium,  ii.  113.     Falls  in  the  battle  of  Coronea,  ib. 

-,  fiuher  of  Aratus,  one  of  the  two  duef  magistrates  of  Si« 


cyon,  vL  153.    Kfllod  ^  Ab«itidn%  sfw 


S46  INDEX, 

CUsthenesy  son  of  Alcmson^    expels  the  PisistratidiSy   aaid  esti- 

blishes  the  democracy  at  Athens,  ii.  5. 
Cliiomachu^  v.  295. 
fCliicrianSf  how  Soils  acquits  himself  of  his  promise  to  them, 

i.  111. 
C/i/uf  saves  the  life  of  Alexander,  fv.  263.     Ill  omen,  while  he  ii 

sacrificiDgyS17.     Behaves  rudely  to  Alexander,   and  is  killed  bf 

him,  S18,  319.    The  king  inconsolable  for  his  death,  320. 
-  ■       carries  Phocion  and  his  friends  as  prisoners  to  Athens,  wAl. 

■  ■■    ■  ,  servant  to  Brutus,  vi.  106. 

Clodia^  sister  of  Clodius,  and  wife  of  Lucullus,  divorced  for  iopir* 
ing  her  husband's  bed,  iii.  382. 

■  ■    ■      ,  called  *'  Quadrantaria/  and  why,  ▼.  328. 

CiodiuSy  Publius,  raises  a  mutiny  in  the  army  against  LtUCidliiSy  iub 
S76,  377.  His  infamous  character,  v.  328.  Insults  Ponpej, 
iv.  186.  Intrigues  with  Pompeia,  Caesar's  wife,  or  atteropti  tt 
least  to  do  it,  v.  326,  327.  iv.  366.  Accused  of  impiety  tsd 
incest,  but  acquitted,  v.  328.  Elected  tribune  of  the  peo^ 
329.  Causes  great  disturbance  in  Rome,  v.  80,  82,  83.  rot 
the  sake  of  being  made  tribune,  descends  from  a  patrician  into 
a  plebeian  family,  82,  89.  Sends  Cato  to  Cyprus^  88.  Prose- 
cutes and  banishes  Cicero,  v.  332.  Bums  Cicero's  houses,  33S. 
Killed  by  Milo,  335. 

Clodms  Glaber,  the  prsetor,  sent  against  Spartacus,  iii.  4*58. 

,  the  husband  of  Fulvia,  who  was  subsequently  married  to 
Antony,  v.  435. 

■  goes  in  disguise  from  Lepidus'  camp  to  Antony,  v.  448. 
■■      I   ' '  CelsuSf  the  Antiochian,  nis  advice  to  Nymphidius,  vi.  222. 

Macer  commands  in  Africa,  vi.  222.    Slain  by  Trebonianos, 


224. 

ClodoneSf  a  name  of  the  Bacchanals,  iv.  240. 

Cloelva,    See  Clalia. 

Clokes  and  hats  of  purple,  the  most  honourable  marks  of  the  prince*! 
regard  among  the  Macedonians,  iv.  50. 

\CltuianSj  besieged  by  the  Gauls,  i.  S80.  The  Roman  embas- 
sador, on  that  occasion,  unjustly  commits  hostilities  against  the 
Gauls,  381. 

'\Cnaciony  a  river  in  Sparta,  near  which  the  senate  used  to  meet 
called  also  Oenus,  i.  120. 

Cneius.     See  all  the  Cneii  under  their  family  names. 

^Cnidu&^  ii.  154.  iii.  310. 

•{Cnidians,  iv.  412. 

CoalemoSj  a  name  given  to  Cimon  the  grandfUther  of  Cimon  the 
Atlienian  general,  iii.  2^>7. 

Cocceiu&y  Otho's  brother's  son,  vi.  261. 

Coccus  Ilicisy  i.  18,  7i.     See  Kermcs. 

Cocky  on  what  occasion  the  Luced;cmonians  offered  one  in  sacri- 
fice, iv.  114.  A  golden  cock  carried  on  the  point  of  a  spear  vt. 
125. 

Codes.    See  Horatius. 

Codrus,  L  31,  It.  45,  it.    Sdon  descended  from  him,  218. 


INDEX,  S47 

f  Ccelosyria^  given  by  Antony  to  Cleopatra,  v.  460. 

Ccdia^  wife  of  Sylla,  divorced  because  she  was  barren,  iii.  240. 

Cceliusy  one  of  Carbo's  officers,  iv.  132. 

■      ■       the  orator,  v.  337,  n. 

Coffins^  two  of  stone  made  for  Numa,  one  for  his  body,  and  the 
other  for  his  books,  i.  206. 

Cohorts.     See  Pmetorian. 

Coirty  that  of  Persia  stamped  with  the  figure  of  an  archer ;  hence 
Agesilaus  says,  '  he  was  driven  out  of  Asia  by  ten  thousand 
archers,*  iv.  89.  ^ 

fCoichos,  i  S7.  iv.  167. 

iColias,  I  22H. 

CoUatinuSy  Tarquinius,  the  husband  of  Lucretia,  chosen  consul, 
i.  272,  273.  Accused  of  favouring  Tarquin,  279.  Lays  down 
the  consulate,  and  retires  from  Rome,  280. 

ColMne  Gate,  iii.  273. 

Colonies,  the  advantage  of  those  sent  out  by  Pericles,  ii.  19. 

•fColonisy  a  town  so  called,  iii.  24.  Probably  should  be  written 
*  Coronis,'  ib.  n. 

fColophonianSf  restored  to  liberty  by  Lucullus,  iii.  330.  ' 

Colossus  of  Hercules,  ii.  99. 

Colt,  sacrificed  by  the  Thebans,  ii.  367* 

Coljttus,  one  of  the  Attic  boroughs,  v.  265. 

ComagenCy  iv.  167,  n. 

Comedy^  the  ancient,  iii.  383,  n.  v.  375. 

Comet,  a  large  one  appeared  for  seven  nights  afler  the  death  of 
Cssar,  iv.  438. 

Comias,  archon  when  Pisistratus  erected  his  tyranny,  i.  269. 

Cominiusy  the  consul,  besieges  Corioli,  ii.  182.  Beats  the  Vol- 
scians,  184,  185.  Speaks  in  praise  of  Caius  Marcius,  185, 186. 
Gives  him  the  surname  of  Coriolanus,  186. 

Comitiumj  a  place  in  Rome  where  elections  were  held,  and  other 
public  business  transacted,  i.  64.     Why  so  called,  82. 

Community  of  goods  in  Saturn's  time  3  Cimon's  liberality  resem- 
bled it,  iii.  308. 

Companies^  the  people  of  Rome  distributed  into  companies  by 
K^uma,  according  to  their  trades,  i.  197. 

Comparisons  and  Similies ;  Of  the  forming  of  a  commonwealth  to 
the  stopping  and  uniting  of  small  bodies  in  the  water,  iii.  10. 
The  spirit  of  contention  in  states  compared  to  the  force  of  dit« 
tempers  in  the  human  body,  24.  Of  Pyrrhus  to  a  gamester,  iii* 
103.  Of  ambitious  men  to  Ixiom,  v.  132.  Subjects  to  be  cho- 
sen for  the  mind  as  colours  are  for  the  eye,  ii.  3.  'i'he  €9pera- 
tions  of  a  statesman  compared  to  those  of  a  physician,  27.  The 
passions  of  the  soul  to  the  strings  of  a  musical  instrument,  27, 
28.  Tlie  rage  of  tyranny  dissolved  in  the  ardour  of  youthfbl 
indulgences,  as  iron  is  softened  in  the  fire,  vi.  8.  The  precipi* 
tate  steps  of  returning  freedom,  compared  to  the  rash  use  of  re» 
turning  health,  36.  The  severe,  though  necessary,  measures 
of  adminibtration,  compared  to  the  bandages  of  surgeons,  iii^ 
394.  Alcibiades  compared  to  the  land  of  Egypt,  410.  Of  bio- 
7 


S4S 


INDEX. 


graphy  to  port roh-piin ting,  ir.  239.  Of  the  Macedonian  mey, 
after  the  doatJi  ofAlexaader,  to  Fulyphemus  af^er  hia  «ve  w 
put  cut,  vi.  211>  The  great  councils  of  a  state  compared  to  tu- 
chbrs,  i.  2i5.  The  constituent  purts  of  an  army  to  tboee  of  the 
human  bodvi  ■■■  341.  vi.  211.  Over  cautious  generals  to  timo- 
'  rous  physicians,  ii.  427.  The  Spartan  Fbalanx,  to  a  fierce  ani- 
mol  erecting  his  bristles,  -tT't. 

Concave  uiirrorB,  the  vestal  virgins  recovered  fire  by  itiem  «hca 
theirs  happened  to  be  extinguished,  1. 183. 

Coacqjtion  and  delivery  supposed  to  be  assisted  by  being  Etntct 
with  thongs  in  the  feast  of  the  Lupercalia  ;  aee  Lupercalia  and 

Concord,  a  temple  built  to  her,  i.  118.  v.  241. 

Conmdas,    tutor   to   Tlieseus,  i.  6.     The  Athenians    aaci 

Conon  takes  an  unfair  advantage,  with  respect   to  the 

Solon's  friendship  for  bim,  i.  'i39. 

.  the  Athenian  general,  defeated  by  Lyiander,  at  ./Egos  Pot*- 

mos,  iii.  109.     Defeats  the  Spartans  near  Cnidiu,  vi.  138.     Killi 

their  admiral  Pisander,  iv.91.     Rebuilds  the  Jong  walle  of  AtheM 

with  the  Persian  money,  98. 
Conopion  burns  the  body  of  Pbocion,  v.  44. 
Conscience,  terrors  of  conscience,  upon  Marius,  iii.  179.      On  I 


aecure  in  the  armour  of  old  ag^'l 
66,67.    Of  Catiline,  iv. 36*. ».7i^., 


I,  30i . 
Considius  tells  Casar  he  is 

373. 
Conspiracif  against  Cxsar,  i 

308,  309. 

Contualia,  a  feast  among  the  Romans,  i.  73. 
Consuls,  when  one  of  them  mat  first  chosen  out  of  the  plaKnl^M 

i.  286,  «. 
Consiii,    the  god  of  counsel,    whoso  altar  Itomulus  pretended  in 

find  under  ground,  i.  69.     Kept  covered,   except  duriiM  the 

equestrian  games,  70. 
^Coos,  ii.  1 54.. 

CopiUuSf  chief  of  the  Tectosagse,  taken  prisoner  by  Sylla,  iii.  233. 
Coponiwi,  governor  for  the  Komana  in  Corra,  iii,  489.     ReCBtTca 

CraasuB  into  the  town  after  his  defeat,  ib, 
Corci/ne,  Ariadne's  nurse,  i.  23. 
\Corctfra,   an   island  of  considerable  strength,   ii.  43.       Pyrrlhia 

gains  it  by  marriage,  iii.  76.     The  dispute  between  it's  inhabit 

tants  and  the  city  of  Corinth,  determined  by  Tbentiatocle*,  i. 

iCoTiIuha,  iv.  376.  h 

CordyUo.  V.  57.  U 

Conr,  daughter  of  Aidoneus  king  of  the  Molossians,  i.  40.  '  ^| 

^Corfinium,  iv.  398.  ^ 
\Cori„th.  it's  regard  for  libertyr  ii.  233,  269.     Why  called  the 

'  tetters  of  Greece,*  iii.  43.  vi.  16S.     Colonised  by  Ctesor    It 

423. 


CanniAMnf,  allow  the  Atheniana  to  hold  the  place  of  hoi 


INDEX.  $49 

•  •         •         • 

the  Isthmtto  games,  L  SI.  Colonise  Syracuse,  ii.  iSSt'n.  Assist 
the  Syracusans,  294.  For  which  purpose  they  choose  Timoleon 
general)  and  send  supplies  after  him,  ib.  Their  war  with  the 
Corcyreans,  ii.  48,  44. 
CoRioLANTTSy  Caius  Marcius,  of  an  illustrious  fkmihry  ii.  174. 
Brought  up  by  his  mother  in  her  widowhood,  ib.  His  excellent 
genius  not  siraiciently  cultiyated,  175.    His  heroic  strengtii  im- 

?'oved  by  exercise,  176.  Makes  his  first  campaign,  when 
arquin  wa$  endeavouring  to  re-establish  himself,  ib.  Gains  a 
civic  crown  in  the  decisive  battle,  177.  His  affectionate  atten- 
tion to  his  mother  Volumnia,  179.  He  lives  in  the  same  house 
with  her  after  he  is  married,  ib.  The  commons  apply  to  the 
senate  for  relief  against  the  usurera,  tft.  Relief  is  pronused  them 
before  the  Sabine  war,  biit  denied  after  it,  ib,  180.  Coriola- 
nus,  in  particular,  is  severe  against  them,  180.  The  people  se- 
cede to  the  Sacred  Mount,  ib.  The  senate  send  to  them  the 
most  venerable  men  of  their  body,  and  at  the  head  of  them 
Menenius  Agrippa  who  addresses  them  with  a  fid>le  that  brings 
them  to  temper,  f 6. 181.  Before  they  are  reconciled  to  the  senate, 
they  obtain  tribunes  to  defend  their  rights,  181.  The  plebeians 
now  readily  give  in  their  names  for  the  war,  182.  Corioli  is 
taken  chiefly  by  the  valour  of  Marcius,  183.  He  hastens  to  a^ist 
the  consul  Cominius  in  the  battle  with  the  Volscians,  184,  185. 
The  Volscians  are  entirely  defeated,  185.  Cominius  offers 
Marcius  the  tenth  of  the  spoils,  ib.  Marcius  refuses  the  offer, 
and  only  desires  to  have  a  Volscian  released,  to  whom  he  was 
bound  by  Uie  ties  of  hospitality,  ib.  186.  Cominius  gives  him 
the  surname  of  *  Coriolanus,'  186.  Some  observations  upon 
the  Grecian  and  Roman  names,  187, 188.  Provisions  are  ex- 
tremely scarce  in  Rome,  and  the  tribunes  lay  hold  of  that  op- 
portunity to  incense  the  people  against  the  senate,  188.  The 
people  of  Velitrse  having  suffered  by  a  pestilential  dborder, 
desire  a  colony  from  Rome;  and  the  tribunes  inveigh  against 
the  nobility  for  sending  one,  ib.  189.  Coriolanus  makes  an 
inroad  into  the  territories  of  Antium,  with  a  body  of  volun- 
teers, and  brmss  off  plenty  of  provisions,  190.  Stands  for  the 
consulship,  and  the  people,  on  the  sight  of  his  scars,  are  in- 
clined to  serve  him;  but  the  great  appearance  of  senators  in 
his  interest  awakes  their  jealousy,  ib.  191.  His  resentment 
thereupon,  192.  A  great  quantity  of  bread-corn  is  brought 
to  Rome,  and  Coriolanus  proposes  holding  up  it's  price,  and 
advises  the  senate  not  to  distribute  that  gratis^  which  was  a 
present  from  Gelon,  193.    His  speech  upon  that  occasion,  ib. 

194.  The  tribunes  stir  up  the  people,  and  summon  Coriolanus 
to  answer  for  the  advice  he  had  given,  194.     A  tumult  ensues, 

195.  The  consuls  and  senate  endeavour  to  appease  the  people, 
t^.  The  tribunes  insist,  that  Coriolanus  shall  answer  to  certain 
articles,  ib.  Instead  of  the  submissive  language  which  the  peo- 
ple expected,  he  makes  a  haughty  speech,  196.  Sicinius  pro- 
nounces sentence  of  death  against  Coriolanus,  ib.  The  patri- 
cians prevent  the  execution  of  that  sentence,  ib.    The  patri- 


.«■ 


350  INDEX. 

■ 

dans  demand  a  lend  trial  for  Coriolanus  before  the  people^  and 
Siciniu8  agrees  to  it,  197.  The  expedition  against  tne  Antiatet 
intervenes,  ti.  Appias  Claudius  opposes  the  senate*8  aUowing 
the  people  a  right  of  suffrage  against  them,  198.  Neverthelc«v 
Coriolanus  appears  to  take  his  trial,  ib.  The  tribunes  bretk 
their  word,  ana  bring  new  charges  against  him,  199.  They  alio 
make  the  people  vote  by  tribes,  and  not  by  centuries,  id.  He  ii 
condemned  to  esule  by  a  majority  of  three  tribea,  200.  RemaiDi 
unhumbled,  ib.  M^itates  revenge,  and  for  that  purpose  ap- 
plies to  the  Volsciaos,  201.  His  address  to  Tullus  Aufidius,  the 
principal  man  among  them,  and  hitherto  his  greatest  enemy,  208; 
203.  He  meets  wiUi  the  kindest  reception,  203.  A  remarkable 
prodigy  happens  at  Rome,  ib.  The  Romans  order  all  the  Vol- 
scians  to  quit  their  c*ity,  on  occasion  of  some  public  shows,  206. 
The  Volscians  demand  restitution  of  the  lands  and  cities  they  had 
lost,  and  are  answered  with  a  defiance,  207-  Coriolanus  if 
joined  in  commission  with  Tullus,  ib.  He  makes  an  inroad  into 
the  Roman  territories,  but  spares  the  lands  of  the  patricians,  ti. 
208.  Hie  Volscians  repair  to  the  standard  in  great  numbecii 
208.  Tullus  takes  part  of  them  to  garrison  the  towns,  and  Co- 
riolanus with  the  other  part  marches  into  Latium,  ib,  209.  Co- 
riolanus takes  several  towns,  subject  to,  or  in  alliance  with,  the 
Romans,  209.  Upon  his  march  against  Lavinium,  the  plebeians 
propose  to  recall  him ;  but  from  an  ill-timed  resentment,  or  spirit 
of  opposition,  the  patricians  refuse  their  consent,  210.  He 
marciies  immediately  toward  Rome,  and  encamps  only  five  miles 
from  it,  211.  Both  senate  and  people  send  a  deputation,  de> 
airing  him  to  be  reconciled,  and  to  return  to  his  native  country, 
f&  He  receives  them  witii  ereat  pomp,  and  insists  on  coniu> 
tions  very  favourable  to  the  Volscians,  tb.  212.  Gives  tlie  Ro- 
mans thirty  days  to  consider  of  them,  and  retreats,  212.  Tullus 
and  other  Volscians,  who  envied  his  renown,  cabal  against  Iiim, 
ib»  Coriolanus  spends  the  interval  in  harassing  the  allies  of 
Rome,  213.  The  Romans  send  a  second  embassy,  to  demand 
more  favourable  conditions,  and  a  third  consisting  of  the  minis- 
ters of  religion  ;  but  Coriolanus  bids  them  either  accept  the 
former  propositions,  or  prepare  for  war,  213.  The  divine  as- 
sistance explained  by  Plutarch  to  be  a  moral  influence,  215. 
An  expedient  is  suggested  to  Valeria,  as  she  was  praying  in  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  216.  She  goes  with  a  number  of 
matrons  to  Volumnia,  the  mother  o(  Coriolanus,  and  intreats  her 
and  his  wife  Vergilia,  to  apply  to  him  in  behalf  of  their  falling 
country,  ib.  The  affecting  meeting  between  Coriolanus  and  his 
family,  218.  Volumnia*s  speech  to  him,  ib.  219.  He  stands  a 
long  time  silent,  219.  Volumnia  throus  herself  at  his  feet,  and 
prevails,  2-0.  The  effect  his  departure  from  before  Rome  had 
upon  the  Romans,  221.  A  temple  is  built  to  the  Fortune  of 
Women,  ib.  Tullus  meditates  the  death  of  Coriolanus,  223.  He 
is  summoned  to  give  an  account  of  his  conduct  before  the  people 
of  Antium  ;  but  his  enemies,  not  permitting  him  to  be  ucard, 
^  upon  him,  and  despatch  him  ou  the  spot,  ib.  22^      The 


INDEX.  351 

Volscians  give  him  an  honourable  burial  ib.    The  Roman  wo- 
men are  permitted  to  go  into  mourning  for  him,  225. 

^Corioli  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Romans,  ii.  182, 184. 

CorneUtrcey  one  considered  as  holy,  being  supposed  to  grow  from 
the  stafi'of  Romulus'  javelin,  i.  84. 

Cornelia^  daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio,  and  widow  of  Publius 
Crassus,  married  to  Pompey,  iv.  195, 196.  Her  great  accom* 
plishments,  196.  Her  sad  meeting  with  Pompey  at  Mitylene, 
221.  Charges  Pompey's  defeat  on  hi?  connexions  with  her  ill 
fortune,  ib,  222.  Is  an  eye-witness  of  his  tragical  death,  227* 
,  daughter  of  Cinna,  and  Caesar's  first  wife,  iv.  357-. 
,  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus,  and  motlier  of  the  Gracchi, 
V.  119.  Her  character,  200.  Has  opportunity  to  marry  a.  king* 
and  declines  it,  ibp  Her  care  in  the  eaucaCion  of  her  sons  Tibe- 
rius and  Caius,  whom  their  father  led  very  young,  ib.  Reproaches 
them  with  her  being  called  *  the  mother-in-law  of  Scipio/  rather 
than  <  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi,'  207*  Statue  erected  to  her, 
and  it's  inscription,  228.  The  magnanimity  of  her  behaviour  on 
the  untimely  death  of  her  sons,  242.  The  honours  paid  her  in 
her  old  age,  ib, 

Corneliusy   one  of  Sylla's  officers,  bribed  by  Cssar,  during  tho 
proscriptions,  to  let  him  escape,  iv.  357,  358. 

>  Cneius,  chosen  by  ftfarcellus  for  his  collegue,  ii.  294?. 
'        CetheguSf  degraded  from  the  priest's  office,  for  deficiency 
in  point  of  ceremony,  ii.  394. 

CossuSf  commands  as  a  military  tribune,  at  a  time  when 


there  were  not  consuls,  and  has  the  honour  of  offering  up  tho 
spoils  called  *  Opima,*  i.  75.    Appointed  dictator,  407. 

,  Publius,  i.  207. 

BalbuSf  hinders  Csesar  from  rising  up  to  the  senate^  ir. 


428. 

*,  Caius,  a  diviner  at  Padua,  announces  there  the  begin- 


ning and  issue  of  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  iv.  412. 

-,  Dolabella,  an  admirer  of  Cleopatra,  acquaints  her  with 


^  s  '  a 

Augustus'  design  to  remove  her  from  the  monument,  v.  505. 

ScipiOj  appointed  general  of  horse  by  Camillus,   when 


dictator,  i.  367. 

— —  LentuluSf  his  generous  offer  to  Paulus  ^milius,  ii.8d. 

Merula^  made  consul  by  Octavius  in  the  room  of  Cinna, 


iii.  173. 

SyUa.    See  Si/lla. 

NepoSf  iii.  390. 

Loco,  appointed  captain  of  the  praetorian  bands,  vi.  222. 


Cornificius,  Lucius,  employed  bv  Augustus  to  impeach   Brutus, 

vi.  81. 

one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants,  iv.407,  416. 

ComutuSy  saved  in  the  time  of  the  proscriptions  by  the  fidelity  of 

his  slaves,  iii.  177. 
Corcehm  the  architect,  ii.  23. 
iCaronra,  ii.  32.  iii.226. 
CorrauSf  father  of  Stratonice,  the  wife  of  Antigonus,  ▼.  364. 


SM 


INDEX. 


Carrkabus,  son  of  Demetrius  by  Eurydice,  t.  MI. 

Corvinus,  ValeriiUi  «I\  limeB  codsuI,  iii.  156. 

Caryneles,  oT  '  the  club-bearer,'  i.  9. 

tO»,  isle  dT,  iii.  3!29. 

Cosconius,  a  man  of  prKloriaa  digniiy,  killed  by  Cxsar'a  soldim :: 
B  mutiny,  iv.  416. 

Com,  general  of  the  Albaaians,  killed  by  Pompey,  iv.  I  TO. 

fCosia  and  Narnia,  colonJBed  by  the  Homans,  iii.  St. 

Coisiniu^,  collegue  of  Varinus,  hie  camp  forced  by  Spartactw,  kJ  I 
himself  alain,  iii.  45S. 

Cotsus,  Liciniiu,  sent  to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi,  i.  S66. 

Cathon,  what,  i,  125. 

Cotta,  Marcus  Aurelios,  opposes  Marius'  bw  with  ree|>e<:t  (ovatitf  I 
but  in  vain,  iii.  18S.     Is  conaui  with  Lucutlus,  S32.      Sent  I7 1^  I 
senate  to  guard  the  Propontis  and  Bithynia,  S34.      Hts  ofuHilin 
to  light  Mithridates,  ends  in  being  defeated  both  by  se«  aodlud. 
336.     Defeated  in  a  sea-fight  by  Sertorius,  iv.  16. 

—  and  Titurius,  cut  oft' by  Ambiorix  in  their  quarter*,  iv,  38T. 

.— ,  Publius,  what  Cicero  said  to  him,  t.  321-. 

,  Lucius.  V.  32G. 

Catylan,  a  name  given  to  Varius,  v.  4+2. 

Cotys,  king  of  Paphlagonia,  joins  Agesilaus  against  tbe  Ff  lliini    I 
iv.  82.     Marries  the  daughter  of  .Spithridates,  83.  I 

CoHTage,  a  mild  and  unsuspicious  (]uality,  vi.  H^.  I 

Com  with  calf,  a  barbarous  sacrifice  necessary  tor  the  widov,  «k  1 
married  before  her  time  of  mourning  was  expired,  i.  187.  I 

Cotnardice,  how  punished  at  Sparta,  iv.  109.  | 

Crane,  tlie  name  of  a  dance  instituted  by  TheseuB,  i.  24.  I 

Cranium,  a  suburb  nf  Corinth,  iv.  258.  I 

fCrano,  city  of,  v.  286,  S72. 

Crassus,  the  father  of  Piso.  vi.  233. 

Chasbus,  Marcus,  his  fatJier  bad  been  honoured  with  the  censor- 
ship and  a  triumph,  iti.  447.  He  is  brought  up  in  a  small  booK 
with  two  brothers,  ib.  Takes  care  of  a  sister-in-law  and  hcf 
children,  i6.  Temperate  and  chaste,  yet  accused  of  a  critniBsl 
commerce  with  a  vestal  virgin,  i6.  That  accusation  a  false  OM, 
448.  His  principal  vice  covctousness,  ib.  He  improves  aa  t^ 
tate  of  three  hundred  talents  to  seven  thousand  one  hundred,  A 

•  Makes  great  advantage  of  Sylla's  proscriptions,  and  of  ibe  Am 
likewise  which  happened  in  liume,  tb.  Keeps  a  number  oTainm 
who  were  builders,  but  builds  only  one  house  for  himself,  i$,  44ft 
Breeds  up  slaves  for  every  service  in  life,  in  order  for  sale,  449. 
These  bring  liim  a  greater  revenue  than  his  lands  and  sOtct 
mines,  ib.  llis  house  is  open  to  strangers,  ib.  4.'iO.  He  lemb 
money  to  his  friends,  without  interest,  but  is  strict  in  ili^maiidin)! 
it  ai  the  day,  450.  His  invitations  were  chiefly  to  the  cocnmoa 
people,  ib.  He  cullivates  the  eloquence  of  the  bar.  defead* 
every  citizen  that  applies  to  him,  and  in  all  cases  comes  prepjirtd, 
ib.  Kelurns  the  salutation  of  every  RoiTran  by  name,  ib.  Hi) 
knowltuW'  of  history  extensive,  and  lie  is  not  without  a  taste  of 
Ari8t«ile*s  philosophy  i   jet  keeps  the  philosopher,  who  is  Ut 


INDEX.  989 

guide  and  companion^  in  a  condition  just  above  atanringy  ib. 
Cinna  and  Marius  put  the  father  and  brother  of  Crassus  to  death, 
451.  Cras9U8  flies  into  Spain,  and  takes  refuse  in  a  cave  by  the 
sea-side,  in  the  lands  of  Vibius  Pacianus,  ib,  Vibius  supports  him 
there  for  a  considerable  time,  ib.  On  the  death  of  Cinna,  he  raises 
forces  in  Spain,  453.  Passes  thence  into  Africa,  to  Metellus  Pius, 
oud  afterward  into  Italy,  where  he  serves  under  Sylla,  ib.  Sent  by 
Sylla  to  levy  troops  amongst  the  Marsi,  ib.  What  Sylla  said  to  him, 
on  his  asking  for  a  guard,  ib.  He  executes  that,  and  other  com- 
missions, in  an  able  manner,  ib.  The  rise  of  his  competition  with 
Pompey,  454.  Supposed  to  have  converted  much  or  the  plunder 
of  Tuder  to  his  own  use,  ib.  Very  serviceable  to  Sylla  in  the  de- 
cisive battle  fought  near  Rome,  tb.  Makes  the  most  unjust  and 
rapacious  use  of  Sylla's  proscriptions,  ib.  Sylla  gives  him  up,  ib. 
A  flatterer,  and  very  capable  of  being  flattered ;  covetous,  and 
bates  covetous  men,  ib*  455.  Envies  Pompey's  rapid  progress 
in  glory,  455.  By  the  pains  he  takes  in  the  administration  and 
good  offices  to  his  fellow-citizens,  acquires  an  interest  not  inferior 
to  that  of  Pompey,  ib.  Becomes  security  for  Csesar  in  the  sum 
of  eiffht  hundred  and  thirty  talents,  456.  Sacrifices  both  his 
attachmeDts  and  resentments  to  his  interest,  ib.  The  gladiators* 
war  breaks  oat,  457.  Spartiicus  has  the  chief  conduct  of  it,  ib. 
Crassus  is  sent  against  him  by  the  senate,  459.  His  lieutenant 
Mummios  fights,  contrary  to  orders,  and  is  beaten  by  Spartacus, 
460.  He  punishes  that  corps  with  decimation,  ib,  Spartacus 
retires  through  Lucania  to  the  sea,  f^.  Hires  some  Cilician 
pirates  to  transport  him  and  his  troops  into  Sicily ;  but  they  take 
nis  money,  ana  deceive  htm,  ib.  Entrenches  himself  m  the 
peninsula  of  Rhegium,  ib.  Crassus  builds  a  wall  across  the 
Isthmus,  461.  Spartacus  gets  over  it  in  a  snowy  tempestuous 
night,  ib.  Crassus  repents  of  his  having  written  to  the  senate 
fbr  fiirther  assistance,  ib.  Comes  to  nn  action  with  the  enemy, 
in  which  he  kills  twelve  thousand  of  them,  462.  Sends  two  of 
his  officers  against  Spartacus,  who  bad  retired  toward  the  moun- 
tains of  Petelia,  ib.  Those  officers  are  put  to  flight,  ib.  This 
advantage  proves  the  ruin  of  Spartacus ;  for  his  troops  insist 
upon  coming  to  a  decisive  battle,  ^,  Crassus,  being  informed 
that  Pompey  was  approachha^,  hastens  to  meet  the  enemy,  ib. 
469.  A  battle  ensues,  in  which  Spartacus  after  great  exertions 
of  valour  is  slain,  468.  Pompey  meets  a  number  of  the  enemy 
who  had  escaped  out  of  the  field,  and  puts  them  to  the  sword ; 
after  which  he  takes  to  hhnself  the  honour  of  finishing  the  war, 
ib.  Crassus  has  an  ovation  granted  him,  464.  Crassus  solicits 
Pompey's  interest  in  his  appNcation  for  the  consulship,  and 
obtains  it,  ib.  They  are  aopointed  consuls  together,  t^  Tbev 
disagree  in  every  thing,  to.  Nothing  of  note  is  performea, 
except  Crassus'  consecrating^ the  tenths  of  his  estate  to  Her- 
cules, and  his  entertaining  the  people  at  ten  thousand  tables,  ib. 
They  are  reconciled  by  Aurelius,  a  Roman  knight,  who  alleges  a 
command  for  it  firom  Jupiter,  ib.  Crassus  makes  the  first 
advances,  465.  In  bis  censorship  attempts  to  make  Egypt  tribu- 
VOL.  yi.  2  A 


36*  INDEX. 

tary  to  the  Ramans,  but  ia  prevcntcrl  by  liis  collegac  Cotulot,  tl. 
Suspected  of  having  some  coiitem  in  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline, 
ii.  That  suspicion,  jimbablv,  groundless,  i&.  n.  Crassiu  it  ti 
tnaihy  with  Cicero,  but  at  length  reconciled  to  him  Uiniu^ 
the  mediation  of  his  Bon  Publius,  who  was  a  great  admirtr  d 
that  elofjucnc  man,  46S.  Ctcsar  comes  to  Rome  to  solicit  ik 
coHKuttihip,  and  forms  the  famous  triumvirate,  ib.  In  onlau' 
the  prnlonging  Cresar'sgnvernmenlof  Gaul,  Poaipey  and  Crura 
Wk-re  to  be  consuls  again,  ib.  i'Cil.  Tliey  are  interrogated  in  fiul 
lenate  as  to  thtir  intenliniis,  and  Cras^ius  answers  with  nan 
moderation  than  Pompey,  i^'.iGS.  Uomitius  is  encouraged  bf 
Cato  to  oppofie  them  in  the  election ;  hut  they  carry  it  bj  »io- 
lence,  46S.  Diive  the  opposite  party  out  of  the  Forum,  wUc 
CfEsor  is  continued  live  years  mare  in  his  government,  and  fk 
Spains  and  Syria  ;ire  decreed  to  Ponipcy  and  Crassus,  ii.  40. 
Crassus  indulges  a  sanguine  and  vain  arnbilioo  of  conquest,  U9. 
The  triliuQC  Ateius  threatens  to  oppose  him  in  his  designs  ug^ 
the  Piirthians,  il>.  He  prevails  with  Pompey  lo  conduct  be 
out  of  Rome,  li.  Ateius  meets  him  at  the  gate,  by  virtue  cf 
his  office  commands  him  to  stop,  and  utters  the  most  bornJ 
execrations  against  him,  470.  Crassus,  taking  his  voyage 
winter,  loses  a  number  of  ships,  tb.  Pays  his  respects  ~ 
tarus  in  Gaiatis,  iL  Throws  a  bridge  over  the  Ku|ihi 
ease,  4:71.  Reduces  ^enodocia  and  all  Mesopotamia,  ' 
himself  to  be  saluted  '  Imperator,'  for  the  taking  of 
Garrisons  the  towns,  and  returns  into  Syria,  to  winter, 
son  arrives  with  a  thousand  horse  sent  by  Cesar,  i&.  His  env 
in  not  strengthening  himself  by  the  acquisition  of  Babylon  ttiii 
Seleucia,  (6.  BeTinves  in  Syria  more  like  a  trader  ihM  i 
general,  ib.  Calculates  the  revenues  of  the  cities,  and  wdjcb 
the  treasures  in  the  temple  of  Aturgatis  at  Hierapolis,  4TS. 
Omen  of  his  ruin,  ti.  ^VhBt  passed  between  him  and  the  Uk- 
bassadors  of  Orodes  king  of  Parthia,  ib.  i'JS.  Alarming  sccouoti 
are  brought  of  the  Parthian  manner  of  6gliting,  and  Cusia 
and  others  desire  Crassus  to  deliberate,  473.  Artavasdcc,  kia; 
of  Armenia,  arrives  at  the  Roman  camp,  niters  hint  large  tut- 
cours,  and  advises  liim  to  inarcli  into  Parthia  by  the  way  nf 
Armenia,  474.  Crassus  rejects  his  advice,  and  tlio  Armenitn 
departs,  ib.  Other  ill  omens,  ib.  475.  The  forces,  with  whidi 
he  passed  the  Euphrates,  475.  Cas^^ius  advises  him  to  seeun 
his  troops  in  some  fortified  tOivD,  L'll  he  had  nn  account  of  ita 
enemy  whiob  might  be  depended  upon ;  or  else  to  timrch  slow 
the  river  till  he  reached  Setcncia,  tA.  47(i-  Ariainneti,  an  mtM 
Arabian,  draws  Crnssus  into  an  tmuiense  plain,  47ti.  Survu 
tnarches  against  him,  while  OroJes  lays  waste  Armenia,  VJl. 
Surena's  opulence  and  great  aothority,  ib.  Ariumnca  leads 
Crassus  into  a  vast  ten  of  tond,  i7&.  Arlavasdiu,  by  his  envoys, 
desires  Crassus  to  go  and  drive  Orodes  out  of  Armenia  first; 
vt  at  least  la  keep  to  the  hills,  where  he  iniuht  not  he  exposed 
to  the  Parthian  cavalry,  ili.  The  iiifutuatcd  Roiniin  gives  an 
HiisWer  hili  of  resenuneut,  i6.    Casiius  reproocties  Arioan^  ^ 


INDEX.  S53 

private,  with  his  perfidy,  id.  The  Arabian  answers  him  in  an 
feutful  manner,  and  soon  after  withdraws,  with  the  consent  of 
Crassus,  479.  Crassus  has  intelligence  of  the  approach  of  the 
Partliians,  and  is  greatly  disconcerted,  ib.  4B0.  The  disposition 
of  his  forces,  480.  Comes  to  the  river  Balissus,  and  is  desired 
by  mhny  of  his  officers  to  pass  the  niglit  there ;  but  he  marches 
forward  with  precipitation,  ib.  Surena  conceals  his  wain  force, 
behind  the  advanced  guard,  ib.  The  horrid  noise,  by  which  the 
Parthians  excite  their  men  to  action,  and  inspire  the  enerby  with 
terror,  4^1,  They  attack  the  Romans  on  all  sides,  and  with 
their  arrows  drive  the  cavalry  and  light  armed  back  upon  the 
legions,  ib.  The  arrows  do  great  execution  on  the  legions, 
which  \^ere  drawn  up  in  a  close  square,  482.  Crassus  orders 
his  son,  with  a  select  party,  to  get  up  with  the  enemy,  ib»  They 
fly,  and  young  Crassus  putvues  with  ^eat  ardour,  48S.  They 
face  about,  and  make  dreadful  havock  of  the  Romans,  ib,  484. 
Youn^  Crassus  fails  in  his  attempt  upon  the  heavy-armed  Par- 
thian horse,  with  his  light-armed  Gauls,  ib.  Has  an  opportunity 
to  retire,  but  scorns  to  leave  so  many  brave  men  dying  for  his 
sake,  485.  Desires  his  armour-bearer  to  despatch  him,  ib.  The 
principal  officers  follow  his  example,  ib.  The  Parthians  bring 
nis  head,  and  show  it  in  an  insultmg  manner  to  his  father,  486. 
The  Romans  are  struck  with  astonishment  at  the  sight,  ib,  Cras« 
BUS  behaves  with  uncommon  magnanimity,  ib.  His  speech  oa 
that  occasion,  487.  The  Parthians  make  a  ffreat  slaughter  amongst 
the  remaining  troops,  ib.    Crassus  gives  himself  up  to  despair^ 

488.  The  Romans  decamp  in  the  night,  under  ttie  conduct  of 
Octavius  and  Cassius,  ib.  Ignatius  calls  at  Carrae,  and  then 
makes  the  best  of  his  way  to  Zeugma,  with  three  hundred  horse» 

489.  Coponius,  Governor  of  Carrds,  goes  to  meet.  Crassus,  and 
conducts  his  army  into  the  town,  ib.  The  Parthians  in  the 
morning  despatch  the  wounded  Romans  and  the  stragglers,  ib* 
Surena  sends  persons  to  Carrse  with  insidious  proposals  of  a  peace, 

490.  but  soon  advances  to  besiege  the  place,  io.  The  Romans 
resolve  upon  flight,  and  Crassus  takes  Andromachus,  another 
traitor,  for  his  guide,  ib.  491 .  Crassus  discovers  the  treachery 
of  Andromachus,  returns  to  Carrse,  and  thence  escapes  into 
Syria,  491.  At  day-light  Crassus  regains  the  road,  and  gets 
possession  of  a  hill  connected  with  Uie  mountains  of  Sinnaca,  ib. 
492.  Surena  has  recourse  to  art,  and  the  Romans  force  Crassus 
to  treat,  492,  493.  He  protests  against  that  violence,  493. 
Surena  tells  him,  *  he  must  sign  the  treaty  on  the  banks  of  the 
Euphrates,'  494.  Crassus  is  mounted  upon  a  Parthian  horse, 
ana  the  grooms  drive  him  on,  ib.  The  Romans  make  resistance, 
and  Crassus  is  slain  in  the  scuffle,  by  a  Parthian  named  Pomaxs- 
thres,  ib.  The  number  of  Romans  killed  in  this  war  is  twenty 
thouKaod,  and  ten  thousand  are  made  prisoners,  495.  Surena 
sends  the  head  and  hand  of  Crassus  to  Orodes  in  Armenia,  ib. 
He  pretends,  notwithstanding,  to  bring  Crassus  alive  into  Seleucia, 
ib.  His  farcical  processions,  ib.  His  observations,  before  the 
senate  of  Seleucia,  on  the  obscene  books  found  in  the  baggage 

2  a2 


$£6  INDEX. 

cf  the  RouaUi  ib,  Orodes  and  Artavasdes 
T^e  BaccbK  of  Euripides  acted  berore  lb 
iDcident  on  the  presenting  of  Crassus'  head,  4-97. 

Crasius,  Fublius,  eon  of  Marcus  Craiaus,  goes  into  mourning  ic 
Cicero's  banishment,  iii.  466-  Reconciles  Cicero  and  his  liuc. 
ii.  His  spirit  and  valour  in  the  Parthian  war,  iSi.  Hit  htb 
viour  wheii  surrounded,  i85.  CommandB  his  armour-beam  a 
kill  him,  ill.  The  Parthianfi  cut  0?  hU  head,  put  it  on  the  w 
of  a  Epear,  and  insultingly  ask  Crassus, '  who  could  be  the  Ufa 
of  Eo  gallant  a  young  man,'  ib.  486. 

,  Publius  Licinius,  father  to  the  wife  of  Caitis  tincd* 

V.221,  222. 

— ,  the  application  of  Fabius  Maximus  to  him,  iu  102,  ICB. 

Crattinus,  or  Crassinut,  Caius  saluted  by  Cfeaar  id  ibe  cnorain;  i  ' 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  iv.  216,217.  Begins  the  action,  SI'  , 
Falls,  afler  prodigioua  efforts  of  valour,  ib. 

Craterus,  his  collection  of  Athenian  decrees,  iii.  312.  i 

■  ■  ,  and  AntipaCer,  two  of  Alexander's  succeason,  ifc  ■ 
having  reduced  Greece,  pass  into  Asia,  iv.  4-3.  He  is  grMt< 
beloved  by  the  Macedonians,  ib.  He  and  Neoptolemus  mrtf 
against  Eumenes,  45.  Both  killed  in  the  ensuing  action,  i' 
Disputes  which  Iiad  happened  long  before  between  Ctilaa  I 
and  HepbKStion,  313.  Account  of  his  going  froiD  Ar>  itt 
Greece,  v.  30. 

Crates,  the  philosopher,  persuades  Demetrius  to  raise  the  ttwc« 
Athens,  v.  413. 

Cratesidea,  mother  of  Cleomenes,  v,  160.  Goes  into  £gTBt,i: 
hopes  of  serving  her  country,  17S.  Her  sorrow  for  ber  «■'' 
death,  196.     Her  intrepid  behaviour  and  death,  ib, 

Cralesipolis,  ivife  of  Alexander  the  son  of  Polyperchon,  hcrwnf* 
with  Demetrius,  v.  371. 

Cratinits,  verses  of  his,  ii.  6.  iii.  307. 

Cralippiu,  the  philosopher,  docs  not  exert  himself  in  delflMCt' 
providence  against  Pompey  aiier  his  fall,  iv.  223.  A  I'griprtcfri 
v,  321.    The  favours  Cicero  did  him,  ib, 

Crausii,  the  father  of  Philopoemen,  iii.  2. 

f  Crwiona,  vi,  2S1. 

CreoH,  Demosthenes  bicb  '  Archiai  act  the  part  of  Cieonhlb 
tragedy,'  v.  288. 

f  Cretans,  send  a  number  of  their  first-born  to  Delphi,  i.  I^  "Xiir 
simpte  and  temperate  way  of  living,  128.  From  tbem  Lyattgv 
drew  his  modeC  ii.  Their  deceit,  iii.  213.  Their  archec^  it- 
160. 

\Crele,  the  tribute  the  ancient  Athenians  paid  to  it,  i.  16. 

Creticui,  the  euroame  of  Mark  Antony's  father,  v.  i2o. 

^Crimesiu,  river,  ii.  2C>1. 

Crispittus,  collcgue  of  Morcellus,  ii.  iSS.     Wounded  bj  a  pMtotf 
mimidians,  iS.    Dies  of  his  wounds,  ib, 
,  husband  of  Poppn;a,  vi.  229. 
-,  an  officer  in  Olho's  army,  vi.  245,  246. 


Gritias,  son  of  CalltcBchnifi,  inatnunentat  in  recalling  AJ* 


in  recalling  AJd^y»J 


INDEX.  m 

^       &om  exfle,  ii.  162.    Afterward  one  of  ibe  Thirty  Tyrnits,  and 
^       advises  Lysander  to  procure  the  death  of  Alciblades,  id.  n.  171. 

Siain  by  Thrasybalus^  162,  n. 
\  Critolaidas,  one  of  the  Spartan  arbitrators,  between  the  Athenians 
'       and  Meearensians,  i.  230. 

^    Crobylas  Uie  orator,  says,  *  war  cannot  be  kept  to  any  s(et  £et/ 
•       ▼-271. 

'  ^oesusy  his  conversation  with  Solon,  i.  261,  262. 
(    ^Crommyon^  a  wild  sow  killed  there  by  Theseus,  i.  10* 

CroniuSf  the  same  with  the  month  *  Hecatombeon,'  L  IS. 
'    -fCiroiomanSf  part  of  the  spoils  taken  at  Arbela,  sent  them  by 

Alexander,  iv«  295. 
Cr&tv  stunned  and  struck  down  by  tbe  exclamatMns  of  the  people, 

111.  44.  IV.  156. 
-fCnutumeritm^  i.  76.  ^ 

Cryptia^  or  ambuscade  of  the  Spartans,  a  cruel  manner  of  destroy- 

mg  the  Helots  when  thought  too  numerous,  i.  154, 155. 
Ctesiusy  physician  to  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  a  fidmlous  writer,  tL 

115,  128, 129. 
Ctesibius,  v.  256. 

Ctesippus,  the  son  of  Chabrias,  y«  9,  269. 
fCiesium,  iii.  304. 
CuUeo  advises  Pompey  to  divorce  Julia,  and  exchange  Cesar's 

friendship  for  that  of  the  senate,  iv.  187. 
fCuma  in  Asia  Minor,  i.  348. 
\Cunueans^  iv.  429,  and  n. 
^Cunaxa,  battle  of.    See  Battle. 
Cup,  Laconian,  the  fashion  of  it.    See  Ccihon. 
iCuresy  the  capital  of  the  Sabines,  i.  82.     Thence  the  RoBOMi 

called  Quirites,  81,  82. 
Curctes,  i.  233. 

Curice,  or  wards,  ten  in  each  tribe  at  Rome,  L  67>  n.  88. 
Curio,  one  of  the  officers  in  Sylla's  army,  takes  the  citadel  of 

Athens,  to  which  the  tyrant  Aristion  had  retired,  ill.  251. 
— -,  the  tribune,  gained  by  Cesar  who  pays  his  inmiense  debtsjr 

iv.  199,  200.    Demands  that  either  Pompey  should  dismiss  his 

forces,  or  Csesar  be  suffered  to  keep  his,  200.    Makes  equitable 

proposals  in  Cssar's  name,  ib.  2D1.    Screens  and  saves  Csesar 

when  in  danger  of  bein^  killed  going  fhmi  the  senale-hoose  after 

the  debates  about  Catiline,  965.  The  advice  he  gives  Cato,  y.62. 

His  exhibitions  when  »dile,  96.    The  min  of  Antony,  426. 
Curius^  Manius,  Cato  admires  his  frugal  manner  of  living,  ii.  494. 

P3rrrhuB  defeated  by  him,  iii.  102, 103. 
Curses,     See  Imprecations. 
Curtian  Lake^  i.  79. 
Curtius,  an  illustrious  Sabine,  i.  78,  79. 
'\Cussceansy  almost  the  whole   nation  sacrificed   to  the  nmnei  of 

Hephaestion,  iv.  347. 
Cutlass,  used  by  the  Heroes  of  the  early  ages  to  oai^e  wUbr  L 

13,    71. 


S5«  INDEX. 

fCuaneottfQT  Chal^donian  islands,  iii.  3i2« 

Cybde  the  mother  of  the  gods,  warns  Themistocles  of  an  attaal 
against  liis  life,  i.  355.  On  which  account  he  dedicates  a  teoBfie 
to  her,  ib. 

Cyhemma^  or  festival  of  pilots,  i.  19. 

A^huSf  adopted  son  of  Thales,  i.  226. 

dydireuSf  of  Salamis,  worshipped  by  the  AthenianSy  i,  11.  Mm* 
in-law  of  Sciron,  i^. 

^Cydadts^  iii.  246. 

Cticnw^  killed  in  single  combat  bj  Hercules,  i.  13, 

^Ciydnuif  it's  water  extremely  cold :  Alexander's  sicknca  di 
consequence  of  bathing  in  it,  iy.  267.  v.  449. 

Cylarabis,  a  place  of  exercise  near  the  gates  of  Argosi  iiL  111 
*v.  172. 

Cylinder^  within  a  sphere,  ordered  by  Archimedes  to  be  pQtifii 
his  monument,  ii.  414. 

Cylon^  the  history  of  him  and  his  accomplices,  i.  2319  233. 

Cynagirut,  ii.  534. 

Cynisca,  sister  to  Agesilaus,  he  persuades  her  to  contend  forik 
prize  of  the  chariot-race  at  the  Olympic  games,  to  shov  ihi 
Greeks  how  trifling  all  ambition  of  that  kind  was,  iy.  94. 

Cynosarges,  the  place  of  exercise  without  the  city  of  AthcM^  I 
311. 

'fCynoscephala,  u  36.  iii.  39. 

\Cvprus,  submits  to  Alexander,  iv.  276.  The  money  CatorMl 
there,  v.  87. 

CypseluSf  vi.  155. 

Cyrbes,  the  tables  on  which  Solon  wrote  his  laws,  i«  255. 

iCyrenianSf  iii.  2,  v.  105,  187. 

fCyrrhesticay  v.  416. 

fCymuSy  river,  iv,  168. 

Cyrus^  whence  the  name,  vi.  114. 

,  the  Great,  why  he  releases  Croesus,  i.  262,  263.     His  epi- 
taph, iv.  3^2,  343. 

■■I  ,  son  of  Darius,  and  brother  of  Artaxerxes  M nemon,  vi.  114. 
His  attention  to  his  concubine  Aspasia,  145.  Supplies  Lysander 
with  money,  iii.  191.  Conspires  against  the  king  his  brother, 
vi.  116, 117.  His  vaunting  ofiers  to  the  Lacedaemonians,  119. 
Levies  war  against  Artaierxes,  120.  Entertains  Clearchus  aad 
other  Greeks  in  his  service,  ib.     Is  killed  in  battle,  125. 

•fCytherOf  isle  of,  iii.  406.  iv.  HI.  v.  187. 

CytheriSi  an  actress,  Antony's  mistress,  v.  434. 

fCyziainip  besieged  by  Mithridutes,  iii.  338.  Taken  by  Alcibiades, 
ii.  156. 


D. 


DACTYLI  Idaiy  or  of  mount  Ida,  i.  196. 
Dadalus,  his  flight,  i.21. 


INDEX.  359 

jy^dalus  of  Sic^on,  a  great  sculptor,  i.  23,  «. 

Damon^  or  Genius  of  Socrates,  gives  him  instructions  and  warnings, 
ii.  1S6-  iii.  419. 

DiSBmonSy  beings  of  a  middle  nature,  between  the  divine  and  the 
human,  i.  99. 

Dasius^  or  Dtesius^  one  of  the  Macedonian  months,  iv.  261 . 

DamachtiSf  what  he  said  of  a  phenomenon  in  the  air,  iii.  201,  202. 

•f  Damascus^  surrendered  to  Alexander,  iv.  275. 

Damastes,  otherwise  called  ProcntsteSf  the  cruelties  he  exercised, 
t.  12.    Killed  by  Theseus,  iS. 

DamodideSy  assbts  Pelopidas  in  restoring  liberty  to  Thebes,  ii.  S49. 

Damon^  remarkable  for  his  skill  in  music  and  politics,  ii.  7.  Sup- 
posed to  advise  Perides  in  the  administration,  t3.  Banished  on 
that  account,  ib.  iii.  405. 

— — ,  surnamed  Peripoltas,  iii.  293. 

•= ,  the  Paeanean,  v.  285. 

DamoteleSy  corrupted  by  Antigonus,  contributes  to  the  defeat  of 
Cleomenes,  v.  185. 

Damj/riasy  river,  ii.  268. 

Da7iausy  iii.  114. 

Dance  of  the  Caryatides,  why  so  called,  vi.  133,  and  n.  Was  the 
impression  of  Clearchus*  ring,  133.  Of  the  Delians  in  imitatioa 
of  the  mazes  of  the  Labyrinth,  i.  23,  24.  Still  exists  in  Greece, 
24,  w. 

Dances,  part  of  Nuraa's  religious  ceremonies,  i.  178. 

Dandamts,  the  Indian  philosopher,  what  hie  said  of  the  Grecian 
philosophers,  iv.  338. 

-fDanude,  ii.  292.  Water  brought  thence  to  the  repositories  of  the 
king  of  Persia,  to  show  the  extent  of  his  dominions,  iv.  298. 

DaocnuSy  v.  272. 

Daphne^  daughter  of  Amyclas,  transformed  into  a  laurel,  v.  142. 

-f  Darda?iiansy  ii.  292. 

Dardanus,  carries  the  Samothracian  gods  to  Troy,  i.  386. 

,  armour-bearer  to  Brutus,  vi.  105,  106, 

I ,  in  Troas,  iii.  265. 

f  DardarianSf  iii.  348. 

Darius,  Codomannus,  marches  from  Susa  against  Alexander,  iv. 
267.  The  number  of  his  forces,  and  his  dream  on  that  occasion, 
iff.  The  office  which  he  bore  under  the  former  king,  ib.  Ne- 
glects the  salutary  advice  of  Amyntas,  and  perceives  bis  error 
when  it  is  too  late,  2j69.  Is  defeated  by  Alexander  in  Cilicia, 
270.  The  magnificence  of  his  tent,  ib.  The  letter  he  wrote  to. 
Alexander,  285.  His  affliction  on  the  news  of  his  wifb*s  deaths 
^^86.  Tyreus  assures  him,  that  Alexander  had  behaved  to  her 
with  great  honour.  287.  Darius*  prayer  to  the  gods  thereupon, 
fd  288.  Defeated  near  Arbela,  293.  His  flight,  29l<.  Taken 
by  Bessus,  307.  Found  wounded  with  many  darts,  308.  What 
he  said  to  Polystratus,  who  gave  him  some  water  in  his  last  mo- 
ments, 309. 

— —  Nothus,  his  children  by  Parysatu5,  vi.  114.  Was  inclined 
to  destroy  Statira  with  her  brotheri  115. 


S60  INDEX. 

Darius,  tfte  eldest  ton  of  ArCaxerxes,  vi.  144.     Declared  ■ 
to  the  throne,  and  perinitled  to  wear  the  point  of  his  h 
right,  ib.     According  to  the  ckistom   of  the    PeniaiM,  tap 
request  to  be  granted,  aod  he  asks  AFpaciA,  ib.     Hia  fi 
her  to  him,  but  afterward  consecrates  her  to  DiaoK  Aojni ,_ 
H6.     He  conspires  agaioM  his  tathcr  at  tbe  msttgaticM  ef  ^ 
baaui,  14€,  \¥J.     Is  taken  and  cap itull^  punished,  IW. 

\DmeylilU,  lake  of.  iii.  339. 

\Dasserelii,  their  country,  iii.  34. 

Dalu,  the  king  of  Persia's  general,  arrives  at  ManUbon,  vdBl 
vages  the  country,  ii.  4^1. 

Dny,  11  white  day,  why  so  called,  ii.  4). 

Dai/s,  auspicious  and  inauspicious,  i,  385.  iii.  366* 

Dead,  a  law  against  s|]eaking  i!l  of  them,  L  248. 

Death,  JEioD  thought  it  most  unfortunate  \a  time  of  prosaerily,  ha  I 
Plutarch  IB  of  n  difierent  opinion,  ii.  384',  385.  A  sutMi-n  dM  I 
preferred  to  any  other  by  Ca:iiar,  iv,  4^1,  A  cowardly  tbiif  u  1 
run  into  the  arms  of  it,  v,  188. 

DeUs,  public,  a  security  to  the  prince,  iv.  57- 

Decas,  a  place  of  execution  in  the  prison  at  Sparta,  v.  1 

^DeceUa,  ii.  145.  iii.  197,222. 

Decency,  ii.  521, 

Decimation,  an  ancient  military  punishment  revived  by  \ 
460.     Put  in  practice  by  Antony,  v.  463,  464'. 

Dtcius  Brutu$,  leads  Cesar  to  the  senate  tbe  day  be  wM  i^  I 
dpalched,  iv.  432,  433.  ' 

Deidamin,  married  to  Pirithoi 

,  sister  of  Pyrrhus,  iii.  G6.    Married  to  Demetrlua  tbaMl 

of  Antigonua,  69.  v.  388.     Her  death,  iii.  73.  v.  396. 

Deimaclius,  father  of  Aucolycus,  iii.  359. 

Dewaeus,  i.  10.     Marries  Perigune,  the  daughter  of  Sinoia,  ik. 

Dnatarut,  king  nf  Galatia,  his  aosner  to  Crassus,  n  ho  told  bin  be 
began  lo  build  late  in  the  day,  iii.  470,  471.  Taken  in  Pt-ticio' 
ship  alter  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  iv.  220.  Cato's  visit  to  hio, 
V,  62.     He  goes  over  from  Antony  to  Augustus,  v.  486. 

DeifmnophoTa,  i.  27. 

tOcfiuiB.  ii.l21.  iii.  226, +06. 

DeUitu,  the  historian,  v.  483.     Qui 
lo  Cleopatra,  v.  44S. 

iDehi,  i.  23.  ii.  20.  iii.  401. 

■j-DalpAi,  i.  16,  etpaiiim. 

Delphic,  tables,  v.  201. 

DeLhiiiium,  i.  14. 

Deluge,    ceremonies    performed    b 
Ogjgesi  iit.251. 

Demades,  the  Athenian  orator,  v.  2.  Ituins  his  country  bj  «•- 
pousing  the  Macedonian  interesl,  ib.  illnmes  Phocioii  for  tend- 
ins  his  son  to  Sparta,  2.^.  His  observation  on  the  news  of 
Alexunder's  death,  26.  Proposes  to  treat  with  Aottpater,  30, 
Gels  his  money  ill,  and  spends  it  profusely,  S6.  His  saying  b 
Hi*  letter  to  Antijoniw,  in  which  he  teibji *- 


s  Antony,  ib.    Sent  by  Antanj 


'  the  Athenians  after  tbat  I 


he  telkliiniiW 

1 


INDEX.  361 

.  *  Macedon  hung  only  on  an  old  rotten  stalk/  S7.  That  letter 
intercepted  causea  his  and  hia  son's  death,  ib.  290.  He  used  to 
assist  Demosthenes  in  his  pleadings ;  as  he  spoke  better  extem- 
pore than  that  orator,  260.  Goes  embaasador  to  Alexander  the 
Great,  280*  The  divine  vengeance  hunts  him  down  for  tne 
death  o^  Demosthenes,  290.  Cassander,  the  son  of  Antipater, 
kills  him,  id.  To  what  he  compared  the  army  after  Alexander's 
deatli,  vi.  211. 

DemaneiuSf  ii.  274.  "  •: 

Demagoras^  master  of  a  Rhodian  galley,  ilL  SSI . 

Demaratus  of  Corinth,  a  sayine  of  his,  and  Plutarch's  reflexion 
upon  it,  iv.  88,  299,  SOO.  Reconciles  Philip  and  Alexander, 
25S.  Sees  Alexander  seated  on  the  throne  of  Persia;  his  beha- 
viour thereupon,  299,  SOO.  His  death  and  magnificent  funeral, 
S25. 

of  Rhodes,  released  by  Alexander  at  the  intercession  of 

Phocion,  V.  2S. 

the  Spartan,  incenses  the    king  of   Persia,    but  that 


prince  is  reconciled  to  him  at  the  request  of  Themiatocles,  i. 
35S. 
Demarehu^  a  Corinthian  officer  under  Timoleon,  iL  257*  261,  262. 
DemarUie^  the  mother  of  Timoleon,  ii.  2S5.     Detests  him  ibr 

killing  his  brother,  237. 
Demeas^  son  of  Demadea,  killed  in  his  father's  presence,  v.  37, 

290. 
fDemetrias,  liL  43.  v.  318,  421.  vi.  2l6. 

JDemetrkUf  son  of  Philip. of  Macedon,  sent  as  an  hostage  to  Rook, 
.  iii.  42.     His  brother  Perseus  unjustly  accuses  him  of  treason, 
and  be  is  nut  to  death,  iL  291. 

,  tne  Magnesian,  v.  268. 

,  Pompey's  freedman,  the  preparations  made  fer  his 
reception  at  Antioch,  v.  60,  61.  His  house  and  gardens,  iv.  176. 
His  insolence,  175.  v.  61. 

9  a  servant  of  Cassius,  vi.  100. 

>  son  of  Demetrius,  surnamed  *  the  Slender,'  v.  421. 
,  son  of  Demetrius,  prince  of  Cyrene,  v.  421. 
Pheidon  accuses  Callisthenes  to  Alexander,  iv.  82S* 


,  the  Peripatetic,  a  friend  of  Cato's,  v.  116. 

Pkalereui^  governor  of  Athens  for  Cassander,  v.  370. 

Statues  erected  to  his  honour,  i.  26,  n.  Generously  treated  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  v.  370,  371.  The  character  he  gaive  of 
Demosthenes'  orations,  262. 

■  of  Pharise,  his  advice  to  Philip,  vL  205*  206. 

,  son  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,  ii.  289. 


Demetrius  PoUorceteSj  son  of  Antigonus  and  Stratonice,  v.  364s, 
Inimitably  beautiful  in  his  person,  and  a  most  agreeable  compa^ 
nion,  ib.  365.  Attentive  to  his  pleasures  and  yet  very  diligent 
and  expeditious  when  business  called,  365.  Remarkably  anee- 
tionate  to  his  father,  ib.  Instance  of  the  happy  terms  on  whidi 
they  lived,  ib.  Antigonus  intending  to  destroy  one  of  his  cour- 
tiers named  Mitliridates,  on  account  of  a  dre«B»  Demetriua  ad- 


^^^^  bolb 


SR2  INDKX. 

vcrti^ieB  liim  of  iliat  intention,  StV^.  Aniigonus,  while  I 
sides  in  I'lirygia,  u  intbrmed  of  i'toi.'iiiy's  invauion  of  Sjrr 
Bends  his  son  Demetrius  a^ain^t  liim,  though  only  twcn 
vcareofage,  967.  Demetrius  is  defeated  near  Ciasa;  ' 
letny  eendi  him  back  his  military  chest  nnd  equipage, 
havea  with  spirit  under  his  loss,  3m.  Defeats  Cillc*.  Plol 
general,  and  requites  the  generosity  of  Ptolemy,  by  r 
the  Epulis,  ib.  Dcinelriua  u  sent  against  the  Nabatfatean  J 
and  though  he  does  nni  subdue  tbeiii,  brin^  oiF  consiilfn 
booty,  ii.  Passes  tlie  Eu|>hrate«i  whiie  Seleucu»  is  upon  lntl»> 
dian  expedition,  takes  one  of  the  castles  of  Babjlon,  and  kjt 
waste  the  country,  SG9.  Obliges  Ptolemy  to  retire  from  tM 
siege  of  H alien massus,  ib.  Aniigonus  and  Demetrius  fom  Ac 
tleatgn  of  setting  Alliens  free  from  tlie  yoke  ofCBssander  nd 
Ptolemy,  i6.  Demetrius  sails  thither  with  6ve  Uiouaand  taleoli 
uf  silver,  and  two  hundred  and  tiAy  ships,  and,  upon  procur- 
ing liberty,  is  received  with  joy,  370,  He  gives  Demetriu  tbe 
Pbalerean,  who  cotnmanded  there  fur  Cassandcr,  a  safe  conduct 
to  Thebes,  ib.  371,  Surrounds  the  fort  of  Munychia  widl  K 
ditch  and  rampart,  and  sails  to  Me|;ara,  where  Cassander  bai 
another  garrison,  S71.  His  adventure  with  Cratcsipoli*  oeK 
Palr«e,  ib.  He  dislodges  the  garri»!on  of  Megara,  and  declsir* 
the  city  free,  ii.  His  silention  to  Stilpo  the  philosoplier,  i&.an. 
Returns  to  tlie  siege  of  Miinychin,  tases  and  demolishes  it,  372. 
Enters  Athens  at  the  request  of  the  citizens,  rc-CEtablishealbt 
commonwealth,  promises  them  a  large  supply  of  wheat,  and 
timber  enough  to  build  a  hundred  gallies,  i3.  Their  extreme 
servility  and  adulation  to  Demetrius  and  Antij^nus,  i&,  Htn- 
locles  the  principle  instrument  of  that  profene  adulation,  37$. 
The  gods  announce  their  displeasure  at  this  profaneness,  S74. 
Dromoclides  finishes  all  by  a  decree  that  the  Athenians  atiould 
consult  the  oracte  of  Demetrius,  375.  Demetrius  marries  Eury' 
dice,  a  descendent  of  the  ancient  Miltiadcs,  fiTd.  An  account 
of  his  marrying  Phila,  the  daughter  of  Ant ipater,  ib.  Has  tnofe 
wives  and  mistressc-s  than  any  Grecian  prince  of  his  time,  ri. 
Defeats  Menelaiis,  the  brother  of  Ptolemy,  at  CypriiB,  S77. 
Fights  a  great  battle  at  sea  with  Ptolemy  himself,  ont!  beat 
it.  Ptolemy  flies  with  el^ht  ships  only,  tb.  On  tlii: 
the  celebrated  Lamin  falls  into  the  handr  nf  Demetrius,  iA.  The 
city  of  S^ilomis,  and  the  land-forces  of  Piulemy,  are  surrendered 
to  Dim,  978-  He  sets  the  prisoners  free,  *b.  Sends  twelve 
hundred  suits  of  armour  to  the  Athenians,  ib.  Sends  Ariatod^ 
inus  to  hisfntber,  with  the  news  of  his  victory,  ih,  ArJstadcintN 
trifles  vilely  with  Aniigonus'  impatience;  but  being  the  first  to 
salute  him  ting,  the  people  accept  the  title,  ii.  379.  AniigoBm 
sends  the  diadem  also  to  Demetrius,  S19.  Antigonus  nii^rAtriM 
in  an  enpedition  npainst  Ptolemy,  SSO.  Being  now  little  short 
of  eighty,  leaves  ihe  military  depattroent  l>i  his  son,  tA.  Tahra 
no  oH'enee  at  his  sun's  debaucheries,  ib.  Demetrius  has  a  fi>riile 
invention  in  mechanics,  and  there  is  somelhing  peciiliarlv  Kreitt 
both  ID  the  conMruction  of  hit  ships  and  engines,  381, 


K-ats  faint. 


peculiarly  rrewt 
381,.^^^^^ 


INDEX.  565 

war  with  the  Rhodians,  on  account  of  their  allianoe  with  Pto- 
lemy, 382.  In  the  course  of  it,  brings  the  largest  of  his  helepoles 
up  to  the  walls,  ib.  The  *  helepoles '  described,  ib,  383.  The 
Athenians  negotiate  a  peace  between  him  and  the  Rhodians,  385. 
Call  him  to  the  defence  of  Athens  against  Cassander,  ib.  He 
drives  Cassander  out  of  Attica,  and  defeats  him  at  Thermopylae, 
ib.  Heraclea  voluntarily  submits,  and  he  receives  into  his  army 
six  thousand  Macedonians,  who  revolt  from  Cassander,  ib.  Pro- 
claims liberty  to  the  Greeks  within  the  straits  of  Therraopylas,  and 
receives  the  Boeotians  into  his  alliance,  ib.  Makes  himself  master 
of  Cenchrese,  Phyle,  and  Panactus,  ib.  Puts  the  two  latter  into 
the  hands  of  the  Athenians  again,  ib.  The  Athenians,  very 
improperly,  lodge  him  in  the  Parthenon,  386.  His  debaucheries 
there,  ib.  One  instance  of  virtue  is  found  in  Athens,  ib.  He 
reduces  that  part  of  the  country  called  Acte  in  Peloponnesus, 
and  all  Arcadia,  except  Man  tinea,  387.  Sets  Argos,  Sicyon« 
and  Corinth,  free,  ib.    Marries  Deidamia,  the  sister  of  Pyrrhus, 

388.  Is  proclaimed  general  of  all  Greece,  ib.  Assumes  the  title 
of  King  of  Kings,  t^.  Demetrius  insists  on  being  admitted  im- 
mediately, at  his  return,  both  to  the  Less  and  the  Greater  Mys- 
teries; and  the  Athenians,  contrary  to  all  the  rules,  comply, 

389.  He  commands  them  to  raise  two  hundred  and  fif^y  talents, 
and  then  gives  his  money  to  his  mistresses  to  buy.  soap,  390. 
The  extravagant  expenses  of  Lamia,  ib.  She  is  called  oue  of 
his  *  helepoles,'  ib.  Demo,  another  of  his  mistresses,  is  called 
*  Mania,'  39L  Demetrius  is  called  home  to  the  assistance  of  hie 
father,  against  whom  the  other  successors  of  Alexander  had 
united,  ib.  392.  The  great  preparations  of  their  enemies,  392. 
Antigonus  recommends  Demetrius  to  the  army,  as  his  successor, 
ib.  Omens  of  their  defeat,  393.  Demetrius  puts  Antiochus, 
the  son  of  Seleucus,  to  flight ;  but  by  going  unseasonably  upon 
the  pursuit^  loses  the  victory,  ib.  Antigonus'  troops  desert  to 
Seleucus,  and  Antigonus  is  slain,  ib.  Demetrius  tiies  to  Ephe- 
sus,  and,  although  in  want  of  money,  spares  the  temple  of 
Diana,  391*.  £mbarks  for  Greece,  where  his  principal  depen- 
dence is  upon  the  Athenians,  ib»  Their  embassadors  meet  him 
near  the  Cyclades,  and  tell  him,  *  they  will  receive  no  king  into 
their  city,'  t^.  This  ingratitude  of  theirs  cuts  him  to  the  heart, 
f^.  Gets  his  gallies  from  their  ports,  and  steers  for  the  isthmus, 
where  he  finds  the  cities  of  Greece  all  inclined  to  revolt,  395. 
Sails  to  the  Chersonese,  whence  he  ravages  the  dominions  of  Lysi* 
machus,  ib.  Seleucus  makes  proposals  of  marriage  to  Stratonice 
the  daughter  of  Demetrius,  ib.  Demetrius  sails  with  his  daughter, 
and  by  the  way  makes  a  descent  on  Cilicia,4S96.  Brings  off  twelve 
hundred  talents  from  Quinda,  which  had  been  the  property  of  his 
father,  ib.  Meets  Seleucus  at  Orossus^  and  they  enteitain  each 
other  in  a  princely  manner,  ib.  Demetrius  seizes  the  province  of 
Cilicia,  ib.  Is  contracted  to  Ptolemais,  the  daughter  of  Pto- 
lemy. Seleucus  demands  Cilicia  of  him ;  and  on  his  refusing 
that,  insists  on  having  the  cities  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  ib.  397. 
Demetrius  puts  stronger  garrisons  into  those  cities^  ib.     His 

1 


3C2  INDEX, 

vertices  him  of  that  intention,  9i>f>~  Antigontis,  trliile  be  re. 
Giiles  in  Phrygia,  U  inlbrmed  of  Plolt-my's  iavasion  of  Sjrii,  md 
sends  his  son  Demetrius  ngainst.  Iiim,  thougli   only  twi-ntr-tiia 

J 'cars  of  age,  S67.  Demetrius  is  defeated  near  Gazs;  but  Pto- 
eitiy  fiends  him  back  bin  milittiry  chest  sml  equipage,  16.  Bt- 
bavei  with  Bpirit  uniler  his  losn  368.  Defeats  Cillc«,  Piolemv*! 
genent),  nnd  retguites  the  generosity  of  Piolpiny,  by  rrtuniuij 
tlic  sjiiiile,  (6.  Demetrius  is  seiil  against  the  Ncibmhican  Arats, 
aiid  though  he  does  not  subdue  them,  brings  off  consiJeraUe 
bouty,  a.  Passes  the  EujihrateSi  white  Seleucu^  is  upon  his  In- 
dian expedition,  takes  one  of  the  castles  of  Babylon,  and  fan 
waste  the  country,  SS9.  Obliges  Ptolemy  to  retire  from  llw 
siege  of  Halicamassus,  ib.  Antigonus  and  Demetrius  form  iV 
design  of  setting  Athens  free  froui  the  yoke  of  Ca«sand«r  nd 
Ptolemy,  ib.  Demetrius  sails  thither  with  five  thousand  talecii 
of  silTsr,  and  two  hundred  and  filYy  ships,  and.  upon  proclaim- 
ing liberty,  is  received  with  joy,  370,  He  gives  Demetrius  th* 
Pbalerean,  who  commanded  there  for  Cassandcr.  a  safe  conduci 
to  Thebes,  ih.  Sli.  Surronnds  the  fort  of  Munycliia  uiih  1 
dilch  and  rampart,  and  sails  to  Megara,  where  Cassander  had 
another  garrison,  a~l-  His  adventure  with  Cratcsipolb  new 
Patrse,  r6.  He  dislodges  t!>e  garrison  of  Megara,  and  declam 
the  city  free,  it.  His  attention  to  Stiino  the  philosopher,  i4.37t 
Returns  to  the  siege  of  Munychia,  takes  and  denioluhes  it,  S7t 
Enters  Athens  at  the  request  of  the  cili^tens,  fe-estnblishM  tlw 
commonwealth,  premises  them  a  large  supply  of  wheat,  toil 
timber  enough  to  build  a  hundred  galiies,  ii.  Their  extrenit 
servility  and  adulation  to  Demetrius  and  Antigonus,  16.  ijm* 
tocles  the  principle  instrument  of  that  profane  adulation,  S73. 
The  gods  announce  their  displeasure  at  this  prnlaneness,  S7». 
Dromoclides  finishes  all  by  a  decree  that  the  Athenianc  shaitid 
consult  the  oracle  of  Demetrius,  375.  Demelrius  marries  Eury- 
dice,  a  descend ent  of  the  ancient  Miltiailes,  !)T6.  An  acc«aat 
of  hit  marrying  Phila,  the  daughter  of  Antipater,  ii.  Has  aior« 
wives  and  mistresses  than  any  Grecian  prince  of  his  time,  ii. 
Defeats  Menclaits,  the  brother  of  Ptolemy,  at  Cyprus,  377, 
Fights  B  ^rcat  battle  at  sen  with  Ptolemy  himself,  an<I  beats  him, 
ib.  Picileniy  flies  with  ei^ht  ships  only,  16.  On  this  occasion 
the  celebrated  Lamia  falls  into  the  hands  of  Demelrius,  i^.  The 
city  ot'  Kulamis,  and  the  land-forces  of  Ptolemy,  are  surrendered 
to  him,  S7t*.  He  sets  the  prisoners  free,  ili.  Sends  t«relvc 
hundred  suits  of  armour  to  the  Athenians,  ib.  Sends  Ariatodfl- 
mus  to  his  father,  with  the  news  of  his  victory,  t6.  Aristodcmus 
trifles  vilely  with  Antigonus'  impatience;  hut  being  the  first  to 
aalule  him  king,  the  people  accept  the  title,  ili  519.  Antigonus 
tends  the  diadem  also  to  Demelrius,  37P.  Antigonus  n>iscarrie« 
in  an  expedition  n ^-u in st  Ptolemy,  5S0.  Being  now  liltle  short 
ef  cijihly,  leaves  the  military  department  lo  his  ton,  i6.  lakcM 
no  ottence  at  his  son's  debaucheries,  16,  Demetrius  has  a  Icrtilo 
invention  in  mechnnics,  and  there  is  something  peciiliarl< 
both  Jd  the  consiruction  of  bir  ships  and  engines,  381 


INDEX.  S6S 

war  with  the  Rhodians,  on  account  of  their  allianoe  with  Pto- 
lemy, 382.  In  the  course  of  it,  brings  the  largest  of  his  helepoles 
up  to  the  walls,  ib.  The  *  helepoles '  described,  ib.  383.  The 
Athenians  negotiate  a  peace  between  him  and  the  Rhodians,  385. 
Call  him  to  the  defence  of  Athens  against  Cassander,  ib.  He 
drives  Cassander  out  of  Attica,  and  defeats  him  at  Thermopylae, 
ib,  Heraclea  voluntarily  submits,  and  he  receives  into  his  army 
six  thousand  Macedonians,  who  revolt  from  Cassander,  ib.  Pro- 
claims liberty  to  the  Greeks  within  the  straits  of  Thermopylas,  and 
receives  the  Boeotians  into  his  alliance,  ib.  Makes  himself  master 
of  Cenchrese,  Phyle,  and  Panactus,  ib.  Puts  the  two  latter  into 
the  hands  of  the  Athenians  again,  ib.  The  Athenians,  very 
improperly,  lodge  him  in  the  Parthenon,  386.  His  debaucheries 
there,  ib.  One  instance  of  virtue  is  found  in  Athens,  ib.  He 
reduces  that  part  of  the  country  called  Acte  in  Peloponnesus^ 
and  all  Arcadia,  except  Man  tinea,  387.  Sets  Argos,  Sicyon^ 
and  Corinth,  firee,  ib.    Marries  Deidamia,  the  sister  of  PVrrhus, 

388.  Is  proclaimed  general  of  all  Greece,  t^.  Assumes  the  title 
of  King  of  Kings,  ib.  Demetrius  insists  on  being  admitted  im- 
mediately, at  his  return,  both  to  the  Less  and  the  Greater  Mys^ 
teries;  and  the  Athenians,  contrary  to  all  the  rules,  comply, 

389.  He  commands  them  to  raise  two  hundred  and  fifty  talents, 
and  then  gives  his  money  to  his  mistresses  to  buy.  soap,  390. 
The  extravagant  expenses  of  Lamia,  ib.  She  is  called  oue  of 
his  *  helepoles,'  ib.  Demo,  another  of  his  mistresses,  is  called 
*  Mania,'  391.  Demetrius  is  called  home  to  the  assistance  of  hie 
father,  against  whom  the  other  successors  of  Alexander  had 
united,  ib.  392.  The  great  preparations  of  their  enemies,  392. 
Antigonus  recommends  Demetrius  to  the  army,  as  his  successor, 
ib.  Omens  of  their  defeat,  393.  Demetrius  puts  Antiochus, 
the  son  of  Seleucus,  to  flight ;  but  by  going  unseasonably  upon 
the  pursuit^  loses  the  victory,  ib.  Antigonus'  troops  desert  to 
Seleucus,  and  Antigonus  is  slain,  ib.  Demetrius  tiies  to  Ephe- 
6US,  and,  although  in  want  of  money,  spares  the  temple  of 
Plana,  391*.  £mbarks  for  Greece,  where  his  principal  depen- 
dence is  upon  the  Athenians,  ib.  Their  embassadors  meet  him 
near  the  Cyclades,  and  tell  him,  *  they  will  receive  no  king  into 
their  city,'  ib.  This  ingratitude  of  theirs  cuts  him  to  the  heart, 
ib.  Gets  his  gallies  from  their  ports,  and  steers  for  the  isthmus, 
where  he  finds  the  cities  of  Greece  all  inclined  to  revolt,  395. 
Sails  to  the  Chersonese,  whence  he  ravages  the  dominions  of  Lyai* 
machus,  ib,  Seleucus  makes  proposals  of  marriage  to  Stratonico 
the  daughter  of  Demetrius,  ib.  Demetrius  sails  with  his  daughter, 
and  by  the  way  makes  a  descent  on  Cilicia,4396.  Brings  off  twelve 
hundred  talents  from  Quinda,  which  had  been  the  property  of  his 
father,  ib.  Meets  Seleucus  at  Orossus,  and  they  entertain  each 
other  in  a  princely  manner,  ib.  Demetrius  seizes  the  province  of 
Cilicia,  ib.  Is  contracted  to  Ptolemai's,  the  daughter  of  Pto- 
lemy. Seleucus  demands  Cilicia  of  him ;  and  on  his  refusing 
that,  insists  on  having  the  cities  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  t*.  397. 
Demetrius  puts  stronger  garrisons  into  those  cities,  ib.     His 


M\ 


ISDEX. 


operations  before  Athens,  which  nas  now  in  tl 
the  tyrant  Ladiares,  ji.  X'fi.  He  reduces  it  by  "faminf. 
Pardons  the  Athenians,  and  gives  them  a  large  supply  of  bm^ 
corn,  S^.  In  the  joy  ol'their  hcaits,  they  deliver  up  to  hint  tltt 
Pirffiug  and  Munychia,  ib.  He  puts  agarrieoD,  likewue,  tale 
the  Museum,  ib.  Forms  a  design  upon  LacedKinon,  and  de- 
feats Archidamus;  but  is  called  froni  that  scheme  bv  newt  of 
the  loss  of  his  cities  in  Asia,  and  of  all  Cyprus  ext^ept  Salaraii, 
ii.  400.  The  troubles  in  Macedon  call  him  thtther,  400.  He 
establishes  himself  in  that  country,  ailer  having  killed  Alexander, 
the  son  of  Cassander,  401.  Ptolemy  releases  the  wife  and  chil- 
dren of  Demetrius,  403.  Erasictratus,  physician  to  Seleucui,  dit- 
covers  that  Antiochus  is  desperately  in  love  with  Stratouicw,  and 
Selucus  gives  her  up  to  him,  and  declares  them  king  and  qneen 
of  the  Upper  Provinces,  403,  404.  Detnetrius,  who^e  dominions 
were  now  very  extensive,  takes  Thebes,  and  reduces  the  retl  of 
Bceotia,  404,  40.6.  Makes  a  moderate  use  of  his  victory,  Vta. 
During  an  expedition  of  his  into  Thrace,  the  Bceotians  mok 
again,  ib.  He  leaves  his  son  Aniigonus  to  besiege  Thebes,  wbA 
marches  against  Pyrrhui^,  who  had  over-run  all  Theamlf,  U. 
PyrrbuB  retires,  Oi.  DemeiriuB  returns  to  the  siege  of  Thcto, 
ib.  He  lak^  it,  and  puts  only  thirteen  of  the  citizens  to  itflh^ 
406.  Tlie  Altolians,  being  in  possession  of  the  passes  to  Delalli, 
be  celebrates  the  Pythian  games  at  Athens,  ib.  Marc;hea  amuoit 
the  .£tolian«,  ib.  Leaves  Pantauchus  in  ^tulia,  and  movM 
against  Pyrrbus,  ib.  Pyrrhui  tails  upon  Pantauchua,  and  defcau 
him,  407.  The  Macedonians  admire  the  valour  of  PyrriiUi 
and  despise  Demetrius  for  his  vanity  of  dress,  ii.  Extraordioaiy 
iiifiance  of  thqt  vanity,  ib.  They  are  offended  also  at  hb  dis* 
sniutc  lil'e,  and  difficulty  of  access,  ib.  He  throws  the  petition* 
of  the  people  into  the  river,  403.  During  his  sickness  at  Pdla, 
Pyrrhus  enters  Macedon,  and  advances  as  far  as  Edesaa,  409. 
He  cnnies  to  terms  with  Pyrrbus,  ib.  Makes  great  preparatioiu 
for  recovering  all  his  father's  dominions,  ib.  The  vast  stseof 
hts  gallies,  ii.  The  kings  attack  him  in  several  quarters,  4|0i, 
Pyrrbus  takes  Beroca,  and  the  Macedonians  revolt  to  hiin,  H. 
a  1.  Demetrius  quits  his  royal  robe,  and  flies,  after  having  held 
Macedonia  seven  years,  411.  Goes  lirtl  to  Cassandria,  where 
his  wife  Phila,  in  her  despair,  takes  poison,  411,  412.  Repairs 
to  Greece,  and  collects  an  army,  412.  The  Athenians  revolt 
from  him  again,  413.  He  la3ni  siege  to  Athens,  but  is  persuaded 
by  Crates  the  philosopher  to  raise  it,  ib.  Sails  to  Asia  witb  his 
forces,  lb.  Eurydice  brings  him  Ptolemais,  who  had  been  con- 
tracted to  him  some  time,  ib.  He  takes  Sardis  and  other  places 
in  Ionia,  ib.  Agathocles,  the  son  of  Lysimachus,  comes  agtJM 
him,  and  he  moves  into  Phrygia,  ib,  Demetrius  has  the  BettK 
in  skirmishes,  but  Agathocles  cuts  off  his  convoys,  ib.  He  de- 
signs to  march  toward  Armenia,  hut  is  prevented  by  famine  and 
|)esiilcncc  amongst  his  troops,  414.  Marches  down  to  Tarsus, 
and  applies  to  his  son-in-law  Seleucus  for  relief,  ib.  Seleucus  at 
first  rclievM  him,  but  soon  afterword   cotnmeo< 


INBE)L  9en 

against  him,  ib.  415.  Demetrius  ravages  the  country,  and  gaina 
several  advantages  over  Seleucus,  415.  Long  sickness  proves 
a  great  hindrance  to  his  affiiirs,  416.  He  passes  momit  Aroanus, 
and  Seleucus  fdlows,  ib.  Is  near  taking  Seleucus  by  surprise, 
ib.    Seleucus  offers  him  battle,  and  his  troops  revolt  to  that 

Srince,  ib*  417*  He  hides  himself  a  while  in  a  wood  upon 
lount  Amanus,  in  hopes  of  making  his  way  to  Caunuf,  41  ?• 
Finds  that  impracticable,  and  surrenders  to  Seleucus,  ib,  Be^ 
leucus  at  first  is  very  favourably  inclined  to  him,  but  fearing  his 
practices  upon  the  army,  keeps  him  a  prisoner  at  large  in  th« 
Syrian  Chersonese,  418.  Allows  him,  however,  a  princely  table, 
and  other  comforts  in  his  confinement,  419.  Demetrius  orders 
his  friends  in  Greece  not  to  trust  his  letters,  or  hb  seal,  ib.  His 
son  Antigonus  makes  Seleucus  an  offer  of  all  his  estates,  and 
promises  to  deliver  up  himself  an  hostage,  to  procure  his  father's 
liberty,  ib.  Demetrius  attends  for  a  time  to  the  exercises  of 
hunting  and  running,  but  leaves  them  by  degrees,  and  sinks  into 
indolence  and  inactivity,  ib.  Drinking  and  play  succeed,  t^. 
420.  After  three  years'  confinement,  he  dies  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
four,  420,  Antigonus  receives  his  remains  at  sea,  and  conducts 
them  with  great  funeral  pomp  to  Corinth,  t^.  'fhence  they  are 
carried  to  JDemetrias,  and  deposited  in  that  citv,  421.  An  ac- 
count of  the  issue  he  left,  ^  His  posterity  fill  the  throne  of 
Macedon  down  to  Perseus,  who  was  conquered  by  the*  Ro- 
mans, ib. 

Demo,  one  of  Demetrius'  mistresses,  t.  886.  Sumamed  Mania, 
391- 

DentockarcSf  the  Leuconian,  his  reflexion  upon  a  decree  of  Stra- 
tocles,  V.  S87.    Banished  for  that  reflexion,  »6. 

,  of  Soli,  the  name  he  gave  Demetrius,  v.  390. 
,  the  LacedsHDonian,  a  pretended  friend  to  Agis^  be- 
trays him,  V.  151. 

Demockariit  his  account  of  the  death  of  Demosthenes,  v.  288,  289. 

Democle^t  his  virtue  and  death,  v.  386.' 

Democroics^  the  Athenian,  ii.  1 16. 

,  the  Spartan  exBe,  v.  158. 

Democritu$t  one  of  the  principles  of  his  philosophy,  ii.  281. 

Dampnetus,  an  enemy  to  Timoleon,  ii.  274. 

Detnoleon^  iii.  359. 

Demon^  the  historian,  i.  20,  28. 

DemomUt  sent  by  Archelaiis  to  inform  the  people  oi  Cyiicum  of 
the  arrival  of  Lncullus,  iiL  339. 

Demonides^  of  los,  his  advice  to  Pericles^  iL  16« 

DemophaneSf  one  of  the  tutors  of  Fhilopcsmen,  iii.  2.  Delivers  his 
country  from  slavery,  by  employing  persons  to-  kill  ArislodaoMis, 
tyrant  of  Megalopolis,  ib.  Assists  Aratus  in,  expelling  Nicodet, 
tyrant  of  Sicyop,  ib. 

DemaphofUuSf  commander  of  the  Elean  horae^  iii.  10t» 

Dtm^Uuif  V.  44. 

Demophoan^  i.  43,  259. 

Dcmopolis^  u  358. 


afi6  INDEX. 

Demosthftiei,  the  Athenian  genern!,  rfpulsod  in  j^tolio.  m,m 
Forlifics  himself  in  Pylos,  W7.  Sent  with  a.  numerous  fl 
auist  Niciu  in  Sicily,  4:)0.  The  magniltcenct!  ut*  liis  mmm, 
4S1.  Determined  to  atlut-k  the  ^1y^jlgusa^s  innneiliiitdjF,  A. 
Assaults  Epipols,  433.  !>■  surrounded  in  the  tinul  retreat  of 
the  Alheniani,  and  subs  himiidr,  440.  Difl'erent  accoontt  «f 
his  dedth,  443. 

■     '     ■  ■       ,  father  of  the  orator,  was  called  '  the  Sword-cotbr,' 
T.253. 

DemO'sTMenes,  the  orator,  the  great  recctnblance  betire«n  his 
and  Ciucro,  v.  253.  Hia  father  Deinoslhenes,  kept  many  alara 
at  work  on  the  business  of  a  sworil-tutler,  ifi.  Hig  mother  an 
Cleobule,  tlie  daughter  of  Gylon,  ti.  At  the  »ge  of  seven  ba 
loses  his  fatht-r,  who  loii-i-s  Inro  a  conxiderahlc  fortune,  S5(- 
Greaily  wrongeci  by  his  gunrdians,  ih.  Of  a  sickly  habtl,  ud 
irets  the  conteiiiptiiOuB  uanie  of  *  Batulua,'  amongst  the  hojt,  ik 
Has  also  the  name  of  ■  Ar^as.'  ib.  His  aiubitiun  to  apeak  k 
public  from  tlie  success  of  Callifiratn^,  ami  (lie  admiraiiflB  ■ 
which  that  orator  was  holden,  235.  Take*  l^ivits  for  bi«  m 
ceptor  in  eloquence,  in  preference  to  Isocraten,  2.56.  SniMWt 
also,  under  Plato,  ib.  Goes  to  law  with  his  guard], ins,  and  plodl 
g^g^  his  own  cause,  257.     Attempt*  to  ^pcak  in  the  public  dmttasi 

^**--  but  fails  through  the  violence  nf  hib  manner,  and  the  ■  t  al  nf M 

and  Etamniering  of  his  voice,  2.S8.  Encournged  by  an  old  min, 
named  Eiinomus,  ib.  Instructed  in  |ironundatioii  and  actios  br 
Satyrus  the  player,  259.  liuilds  himself  a  subterraneoua  atodr, 
and  shnves  one  side  of  his  head  that  he  may  not  quit  hi»  stu^^ 
his  hair  is  grown,  ib,  Pytheas  tells  him,  *  his  ni^umenta  amdl 
of  the  lamp,'  2G0.  Demosthenes*  answer,  ib.  lie  seldomspe^ 
extempore,  ib.  Yet  without  prcniedilntion  answers  Pjthon  the 
Byzautian,  and  Lumachus  the  ^lyrrhenean,  on  two  very  signal 
occasions.  261.  In  what  respect  he  look  Pericles  for  his  model, 
~  •  ij.    He  is  called  by  the   comic  writers   ■  Khopopt'rperethras,' 

262.  Theophrastus'  judgement  concerning  Demosthenes  and 
Deroades,  2(>S.  What  Dcntosthenes  said  of  Ptiocion,  li.  Cor* 
recti  his  stammering  by  speaking  with  pebbles  in  his  mouth,  and 
strengthens  his  voice  by  speaking  as  be  ran  up  hil),  ib.  ^Gi.  Hit 
repartees,  m\.  Embarks  in  the  od  min  is  (ration  in  the  time  of 
Pbocion,  26,i.  Implacable  in  his  resentments;  yet  drops  hit 
prosecution  Rj^ainst  Midias,  tb.  Has  a  glorious  subject  for  his 
Dolilical  ambition,  the  defence  of  Greece  against  I'hilip,  2St>. 
Most  of  his  orations  written  upon  the  principle  of  honour  mmI 
virtue  being  preferable  to  all  other  considerations,  267.  Nei- 
ther has  courage  to  be  trusted  in  the  field,  nor  is  sntBcicmly  for- 
tified against  the  impressions  of  money,  (A.  268.  Vti  t-x  eels  all 
the  orators  of  bis  time,  except  I'bociun,  in  his  life  and  conver- 
sation, 268.  Has  the  spirit  to  aeciiKe  Aniipho  beliire  the  Areo- 
pagus, after  he  had  been  acquitted  by  the  people,  ib.  Prepare* 
orations  for  two  adversaries  on  each  side  of  iho  question,  ib.  Ac- 
count of  some  other  orations  of  hit,  260.  Goes  with  nine  other 
depntica  t»  tlie  court  of  Philip,  and  thnt  pritm  i 


,t  pntm  mwaj^tta^^ 


INDEX.  S67 

speech  of  Deroo^tlienes  witii  the  greatest  care,  270.    His  reply 
to  his  collegues,  who  praised  Philip,  ib.      He  persuades  the 
Athenians  to  drive  the  Macedonians  out  of  Eubcea,  and  to  send 
succours  to  the  Byzantines  and  Perinthians,  *21\*    Goes  embas- 
sador to  the  states  of  Greece,  and  persuades  mo^  of  them  to  join 
in  the  league  against  Philip,  t^.    Philip  surprises  Elatea,  and 
possesses  himself  of  Pbocis,  tf72.     Notwithstandidg  these  advan- 
tages, Demosthenes,  bj  his  eloquence,  brings  the  Thebans  to 
declare  aeainst  him,  ib.  27S*  Philip  sends  embassadors  to  Athens 
to  apply  tor  peace,  but  by  some  mtality  he  is  not  listened  to,  ib. 
Oracles  announce  the  downfall  of  Greece,  ib.    Demosthenes  has 
great  confidence  in  the  Grecian  arms,  274 ;  yet,  in  the  battle  of 
Chaeronea,  throws  away  his  arms,  iind  flies,  tb.     Philip  commits 
many  excesses,  in  contempt  of  Demosthenes,  ib.  275.    Demos- 
thenes received  large  remittances  from  the  king  of  Persia,  275. 
lyiany  accusations  are  lodged  against  him  at  Athens,  but  the 
people  continue  him  at  the  helm  notwithstanding,  ib,  276.    He 
pronounces  the  funeral  oration  of  those  who  fell  in  the  late  battle^ 
ib.    Philip  dies  soon  afterward,  and  the  Athenians  vote  a  croHii 
for  Pausanias  his  assassin,  ib.    Demosthenes  appearf  with  a  gar- 
land on  his  head,  though  it  was  only  the  seventh  day  after  his 
daughter's  death,  i6. 277.    The  conrederates  unite  again,  and  the 
Thebans  attack  the  Macedonian  garrison  in  their  citadel,  278. 
Demosthenes  represents  Alexander  as  a  mere  boy,  ib,  Alexander  > 
takes  the  city  of  Thebes,  ib.     He  commands  the  Athenians  to 
deliver  up  their  orators,  279«    Demosthenes  tells  the  people  the 
fable  of  the  sheep  delivering  up  their  dogs  to  the  wolves,  ib. 
Demades  procures  a  pardon  for  the  orators  and  the  city,  280. 
The  walls  of  Athens  rebuilt  by  Demosthenes  at  his  own  expense, 
ib,  n.    The  great  cause  concerning  *  the  Crown '  is  determined 
in  favour  of  Demosthenes,  280, 281.  ^schines  retires  to  Rhodes, 
281.    Harpalus  carries  off  Alexander's  treasures  front  Babylon, 
and  brings  them  to  Athens,  ib.    Demosthenes  advises  the  people 
not  to  receive  him ;  but  afterwards  suffers  himself  to  be '  bribed 
by  Harpalus,  ib.  282.     Sentenced  by  the  court  of  Areopagus,  to 
imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  fifty  talents,  for  takmg  the  bribe,  285. 
Flies  from  Athens,  ib.    The  generosity  of  some  of  his  adver- 
saries on  his  quitting  the  city,  i6.     Bears  his  exile  in  a  very  effe- 
minate manner,  ib.    Resides,  for  the  most  part,  in  /Egrna  or 
Troezene,  ib.     Advises  the  young  men,  who  resorted  to  him  for 
ipstruction,  not  to  meddle  with  affairs  of  state,  284.    Alexander 
dies,  ib.    The  Greek  cities  once  more  combine,  and  Antipater 
is  besieged  by  Leosthenes  in  L4unia,  ib.    Demosthenes  joins  the 
Athenian  deputies  in  their  applications  to  the  Greeks  to  renew 
the  war,  ib.    He  Ls  recalled,  and  a  galley  sent  to  fetch  him  from 
yEgina,  285.     All  the  citizens  go  to  meet  him  in  the  Pir«eu%  ib. 
His  saying  upon  it,  ib.  They  find  means  for  his  evading  his  fine,  tb. 
He  has  but  short  enjoyment  of  Ihk  return,  ib.     Antip^iter  and 
Craterus  approaching  Athen%  Dcnionhencs  ami  his  party  fly, 
and  a  capital  sentence  is  pa«sed  upon  them,  at  the  motion  of 
Demades,  ib,  286*    Archias  *  the  exile-hunter '  is  sent  out  irfker 


368  INDEX. 

thetn  by  AntipAtcr,  ii.     He  finds  Demottfacnes  in  the  tefn|rfe  o[ 

Keptune  in  Calauria,  and  eodeavours  to  persuade  him  to  qiul  it, 

287.     Demosthenes  takee  puison,  which  he  carried  id  a  pen,  i^. 

Diea  on  the  most  mournful  day  of  the  Thesmophoria,  289.    Tie 

Athenians  erect  his  statue  in  brass,  ib.    The  iiiscripiioD  upoa  it, 

ib.     The  divine  vengeance  pur.-ues  Demadee  for  the  death  li 

Demosthenes,  'J90.     What  Cicero  said  of  hie  orations,  3S1. 
Demoilratm,  the  Pharacion,  a  saying  of  his,  iv.  88. 
,  &a  Athenian  oratnr,  proposes  that  the  genersla  sbodd 

have  absolute  power  in  the  Sicilian  expedition,  ii.  137.  tii.ill. 
Derceltsus,  one  of  Antony's  guards,  carries  the   first   news  ef  In 

death  lo  Augustus,  v.  500. 
Dercijl/idns,  an  old  bachelor,  what  was  said  to  him  bv  a  yvat 

Spartan,  i.  J33.  ^ 

^ ,  one  of  the  Spartan  generals,  employed   ■pimtf  it 

Persians,  vi.  137. 
Derci/Uus,  undertakes  to  sieze  Nicanor  ia  the  Pineus,  v.  jg. 
Oeuealttm,  the  son  and  successor  of  Miooa,  i.  *2l,   killed   by  IV- 

seuB,  ib. 
and  Pyrrha  build  a  temple  at  Dodona,  and  settle  anun 

the  Molossians,  iii.  65. 
Dexiiiua,  a  daughter  of  Pborbosi  some  suppose  Homuliu  tohpt 

been  her  son  by  j£ncas,  i.  50. 
Dexoiis,  kills  Megacles,  Uking  him  for  Pyrrhus  by  reason  of  h« 

disguise,  iii.  89. 
Diacrii,  mountaineers  so  called  in  Attica,  their  political  inftins- 

tions,  i.  263,  n. 
Piagoras,  and  his  sons  and  grandsons,  are  all  vtctorioua  ]a  iht 

Oiynipic  games,  ii.  385.      What  a  Spartan   said    to  faim  Dpae 

it,  ii.  ^^ 

Diamperit,  the  name  of  one  of  the  gales  of  Argos,  iii.  us. 
Ihanm,  her  feast  at   Syracuse,  il.  415.      Sertorius   pretended  b« 

had  his  white  hind  from  her,  iv.  IS.     Her  temple  at  iwjaria,  112. 

Her  temple  at  Ephesus  hurnt    tiie    Jay   that    Alexander  w« 

born,  21'2. 


,  vrorshipped  at  Ecbatana,  vi.  146. 

-  Aristfihule,  a  temple  huilt  to  her  by  Thcraistoclea.  i 

-  ^■■"'"■~    -i.  +79. 


9M. 

-  Orthia,  i.  39,  140.  On  the  allsr  of  this  temple  the  Soar- 
taos  used  to  whip  their  children,  ii.  n.  ^^ 

■  Orihobule,  (he  prudent,  r.  4-20. 

■— —  Persica,  heifers  consecru ted  to  her,  iii.  361. 

-■' '  ■  of  Priapus,  supposed  to  have  raised  a  storm  againM  Mithri- 
dates'  fleet  for  a  sacrilegious  oSence,  iii.  344. 

'  '  -■  ■■  of  Pellene,  the  elTects  of  carrying  her  image  in  nrnrrwioin 
vi.  185. 


f  Lycurgus,  i,  ; 
■y  recited  to  thi 


DioHaua,  wife  of  Eunomua,  and  mother  of  I 

Xticaarcliui  the  historian,  i.  24.     His  history  recited  to  therouihof 

Sparta,  ii.  iv.  94. 
jD^r,  Parysatit  plays  at  with  Artsxerxes,  and  wins  the  eonnch 

Metabatea,  whom  she  puts  to  a  cruel  daatb,  vi.  132,  13S. 


INDEX.  a69 

DicomeSf  kuagof  the  GeUi,  t.  46ft 

Dictator^  fooffht  akrays  on  foot,  and  why,  ii.  69.    The  absolate 

power  of  the  dictator,  78.    Two  dictators  at  the  same  ^me,  ib. 

The  dictator  by  whom  naaed,  428*    Whence  the  title,  ib. 
Dictators^   Caesar,  iw.  4^.     Can^oB,   L  8679  9^*     Comelrat 

Cossus,  i.  407.     Fabios  MaxioNu,  iL  68.     Fabiua  Boteo,  78. 

Marcus  Junius,  7d.     Minuciiis,  78.     Q.  FuWius,  488.    SyBa^ 

iii.  278. 
Didius  ;  Sertorins  serving  in  the  oa{iacity  of  tribune  mnder  him 

in  Spain,  rescues  the  city  of  Castulo,  and  takes  that  of  the 

Gyrisienians,  iv.  5. 

— ; ,  brings  to  C«sar  the  bead  of  Ponpey's  eldest  son,  W.  4^ 

DimnuSf  f^ts  against  Alexander  the  Great.    See  Lmmu$. 
Dinarchus^  a  Corintiaan  officer  under  Tfanoleon,  iL  257,  260* 

■   ,  accuses  DeoMdes,  t.  290.    Flies  Urom  Athens,  40.    Is 

tortured  and  put  to  death  by  order  of  Poijfperdion,  ib. 
Dind^wienCf  a  name  of  Cybde,  i.  355. 
Dinka^  and  Arktotle  the  logician,  despatch  Abantidas  the  tyrant, 

vi.  155« 
DinocraUSf  of  Messene,  an  enemy  to  Fhilopcemen,  draws  Messene 

off  from  the  Achsan  leame,  iiL  24.    Fhilopcemen  fi^ts  and 

defeats  him;   but,  some  uesh  troops  comine  on,  he  is  taken 

prisoner,   25.     Dtnocrates  compds  him  to  orink  noison,   27* 

The   Achaeans  take   up  arms  to  revenge  the  deatn  of.  Ffailo- 

pcemen,  and  Dinocrates,  to  escape  thehr  vengeance,  despatches 

himself,  ib. 
Dtnomache^  daughter  of  Megades,  and  mother  of  Alcibiades,  ii. 

112. 
Dinon^  vi.  120. 
Diocks  the  Peparethian,  i.  52. 

,  chief  magistrate  of  Eleusis,  expelled  by  Theseos  who  takes 

the  place  by  stratasem,  L  12. 

-,  son  of  Themistocles,  adopted  by  his  grandfiuher  Lysander, 


i;  357,  358. 

,  one  of  Antigonus*  soldiers,  assists  Aratus  in  taking  Aero* 


corinth,  vi.  170. 
DiocUdei  one  of  the  accusers  of  Akibiades,  ii.  141. 
Diodorus  the  geographer,  i.  46. 

-,  son  of  Sophax,  subdues  a  great  part  of  AfUca,  iv.  Id. 


Dioftenes^  of  Sinope,  a  sajring  of  his,  iL  79.    His  conversation  with 
Dionysius  at  Corinth,  250.    Alexander's  visit  to  him,  iv,  258. 

,  the  Stoic,  embassador  from  die  Athenians  to  the  Ro« 
mans,  ii.524. 

-,  son-in-law  to  Archelaus,  iiL  362.  Falls  honourably  in  die 


battle  of  Orchomenus,  ib. 

-,  governor  of  the  Piranis,  what  he  wrote  to  the  Adueans 


vi.  187.    Gives  up  that,  and  other  forts,  for  a  sum  of  money, 
188. 

DiogiUm  and  Malcites,  Theban   generals,  sent  into  Thessaly  to 

revenge  the  death  of  Pelopidas,  ii.  385. 
Diamedes,  i.  50. 

VOL.  VI.  2  B 


avo  INDEX. 

Diomedci,  the  Aiheniaii,  employs  Alcibiades  to  boy  a  cIiitmI  ur 
liiiu  of  the  people  of  Argot.,  to  be  uaetl  at  tbe  Olympic  gama. 
but  Alcibiadei  buys  it  for  hioiself,  ii.  125. 

,  secreUry  to  Cleopatra,  v.  499. 

Dion  and  Qrutue,  botti  educated  in  the  principles  of  Plato,  tL& 
3.     One  of  Plato's  niaj-iow  verified  in  them,    3.      Tbtf  w»- 
iariiy  of  their  lives  aiid  deatit,  ib.     Dion  tlie   brother  of  Aiit> 
mache,  one  of  iha  wives  of  Dionygius  the  Elder,  .'i.     E«Ua>J 
bv  that  prioce,  not  only  on  account  of  hia  alliance,  but  hit  vat, 
ii.     The  improvement  he  gained  under  the  auspicea  of  Pl»^ 
who  providentially  came  to  Sicily  at  that  time,  /A.     This  prtpra 
the  way  for  the  subversion  of  tyranny,  in  Siracuae,  ii.     lU^- 
Euadea  the  tyrant  to  hear  Plato,  ili.     Dionyaius   is   Uuog  rA 
his  discourse  agaiost  tyranny,  and  on  the  happiness  which  atlni 
fortitude  and  justice ;  and  prevails  witli  Pollis  the   Lactii>v 
niao  to  take  him  aboard  his  galley,  and  sell   him    Tor  a  line,  i 
Dion  retains  his  interest  with  Dionysius,  and  ia  sent  embanv 
to  Carthage,    id.      His  noble  answer  tp   OioDysius,    whs  W 
attempted  to  ridicule  Gel o,  7,    Marries  his  niece  Arete,  tA.  lU 
free  and  spirited  advice  to  Dionysius,  ib.     He  oficra  t-itherttp 
in  person  to  Carthage  to  negociate  a  peace,  or    to  6l  «ilt  w 
maintain  fit\y  galleys  at  his  own  expense,  ilt.      His  adiwwia 
represent  that  he  wants  lo  make  himself  maater  by  sea,  8.    IWr  I 
lead  the  ill-educated  king  through  every  species  of  dcbeudis;.  I 
i6.     With  all  Dion's  virtues,  his  manners  were   forbidtSi^  f^  I 
He  endeavours  lo  engage  Dionysius  in  a  course  of  liberal  audio,  1 
and  for  that  purpose  to  send  for  Plato,  9,  10.      Dion^  coenMi  I 
persuade  Diunysius  to  recall  Philistus,  a  friend  to  tjraaD;,  tlUl  I 
lie  might  counteract  the  intentions  of  Plato,  11.     Dion  ia  aecHrf 
to  Dionysius  of  an  intention  to  subvert  the  monarchy,  IS.    !6 
rtal  intentions  in  that  respect,  i6.     By  an  intercepted  UlUa,  mi 
other  means,  Philistus  and  his  party  prevail  upon    Dionjrnu  a 
entrap  Dion,  and  send  him  oft;  13.    Vet  he  allows  bis  frica^ 
two  vessels,  to  carrj'hie  effects  to  him  in  Peloponnesus,  If.  Dwa 
lives  with  great  splendour  in  Greece,  ib.     Dionysius  promiMs  I* 
recall  Dion  the  ensuing  summer,  15.    He  does  not  keep  hi)  wari. 
but  remits  to  him  the  produce  of  his  estate,  ib.     Meantime  Vtt 
keeps  Dion  in  the  Academy,  ib.     Dion's  connexions  with  Spw- 
sippus  polish  his  manners  not  a  little,  Iti-     He    lodges  ia  ih* 
house  of  Calippus,  15.    Plato  exhibits  a  chorus  of  boys  at  Atbn 
and  Dion  defrays  the  expense,  and  takes  upon  him  the  naaigf 
mentofit,  16.      The  Lacedemonians  make  him   Tree  ol'  tWit 
city,  ib.     His  ohservntion  on  the  difficulty  of  acce&s  to   Pto^ 
dorus  the   iVIe^iarensian,    ib.      Dionysius  is  jealous    of  Dioa'i 
popularity  in  Greece,  and  stops  his  remittances,  id,  17,    XV 
tyrant  confiscates  Dion's  estate,  18.     Dionysiua  compels  Aralfc 
tlie  wife  of  Dion,    to  marry  Timocrates,    20.      Dion   rvtolM 
upon  war,  ib.     Is  assisted  in  his  purpose  by  the   philosoplicrt. 
'il.     Musters  no  more  than  eight  hundred  men  in   the  blc  rf 
ZacynthuE,   ib.      SacriSccs  lo   Apollo,  'J'i.      Prodigies,    wkdi 
happened   to   Dion   auil  Diunyaius    23.      Dion    toktw  ■  Jmi 


J 


INDEX-  371 

quantity  of  arms  with  hiuiy   24.     Approaches  Pachynus ;   but 
not  clioosing  to  land  there,  is  blown  off  to  Cercina,    ih.     In 
danger  of  perishing  on  the  great  Syrtis,  25.    Arrives  at  Minoa 
in  Sicily,  lands  there,  and  is  supplied  with  necessaries  by  Syna- 
)us,  governor  of  the  place,  ih.     Encouraged  by  the  absence  of 
Dionysius,  who  is  upon  an  expedition  to  Italy,  he  marches  for 
Syracuse,   ih,  26.      Two  hundred  of  the  Agrigentine  cavalry 
join  hiro,  26.    The  inhabitants  of  Gela  do  the  same,  ib.    Timo- 
crates,    who  was  left  regent,    sends  despatches  to  Dionysius, 
which  are  lost  by  a  very  extraordinary  accident,   ih.     Dion  is 
joined  by  the  Camarinseans  and  many  revolters  from  Syracuse, 
ih.    He  draws  the  Leontines  and  Campanians  out  of  Epipolse, 
by  a  stratagem,  tb.  27*    He  marches  to  Syracuse,  and  the  citi- 
zens open  the  gates  to  him,  27*    Timocrates,  finding  himself 
unable  to  gain  the  citadel,  flies,  ih.    The  Syracusans  consider 
the  entry  of  Dion  as  a  new  epoch  of  liberty,  ^.    They  nominate 
Dion  and  his  brother  Megacles  praetors,  to.    He  takes  the  castle 
of  Epipolse,  and  invests  it  wito  a  strong  wall,  29.     Dionysius 
arrives  from  Italy,   and  enters  the  citadel,  ih.    He  desires  to 
treat,  but  Dion  refuses  to  hear  his  embassadors  unless  in  public, 
or  without  the  preliminary  of  his  resigning  the  crown,  ih.     Di- 
onysius* perfidy  to  the  Syracusan  deputies,  30.    His  mercenaries 
break  through  Dion's  wall,  and  put  the  Syracusans  to  flight ; 
but  Dion's  valour  regains  the  day,  ih*     He  is  presented  by  his 
army  with  a  crown  of  gold,  31 .    Dionysius  has  art  enough  to 
convey  a  letter  to  Dion,  and  to  get  it  publicly  read  ;  by  which 
the  confidence  of  the  Syracusans  in  Dion  is  diminished,  ih.    They 
cast  their  eyes  upon  Heraclidea,  32.     The  character  of  Hera- 
clides,  ib.    He  is  appointed  admiral,  and  is  a  private  enemy  to 
Dion,  t^.  33.     Sosis,   an  affent  of  Dionysius,  comes  into  the 
assembly  naked  and  wounded,  33.     Pretends  to  have  received 
his  wound  from  Dion's  foreign  soldiers,  but  his  artifice  is  de- 
tected, ib.  34.     The  Syracusans,  however,  remain  jealous  of 
Dion's  foreign  soldiers,  34.     They  defeat  Philistus,   who  was 
coming  with  a  fleet  to  the  assistance  of  Dionysius,  and  treat 
the  dead  body  of  Philistus  with  great  indignity,  ih.    The  t3rrant 
leaves  his  eldest  son  Apollocrates  to  defend  the  citadel,  puts  his 
treasures  on  board  ship,  and  sailing  with  a  favourable  wmd,  es- 
capes Heraclidea  the  Admiral,  36.    Heraclides,  to  appease  the 
people,  proposes  an  equal  division  of  lands,  and  to  stop  the  pay 
of  the  foreign  soldiers,  ib.      He  carries  these  points  against 
Dion,  ib.    The  Syracusans,  in  spite  of  alarming  prodigies,  elect 
new  officers,  among  whom  is  Heraclides,  ih.  37*     Dion's  mer- 
cenaries place  him  in  the  middle  of  a  battalion,  and  march  out 
of  the  city,  37.     The  Syracusans  attack  their  rear,  ih.     Dion 
orders  the  troops  to  advance  with  shouts  and  clashing  of  arms, 
and  the  Syracusans  fly,  ih.    He  retires  into  the  territories  of  the 
Leontines,  ib.     They  pursue  him,  and  once  more  are  put  to 
flight,  38.     The  Leontines  receive  him  in  an  honourable  manner, 
and  make  his  soldiers  free  of  the  city,  ih.    Their  requisitions  to 
the  Syracusans  prove  fruitless,  ih.    Dionysius  sends  Nypslus  the 

2  B  2 


372  INDEX. 

Neapolitan  with  pTorisions  and  money  ftw  the  cllddel,  ij. 


Htt 


defeated,  and  the  Syracusana  give  into  the   most  dhorieriy  tt 
joicingB,  ib-     Njroius  takes  thai  opportunity  to  enter  the  dly, 
and  fills  it  with  all  the  violence  of  war,  iS.  39.      The  citizeuip 
ply  to  Dion  foe  assialaiice,  39,     His  speech  on  that  occasion,  « 
LeoDtium,  40.     He  marches  to  the  relief  of  Syracase.  41,    Tl-  [ 
demagogues  prevent  his  entrance,  ib.     Nypsius  makes  a  fnA 
sally  from  the  citadel,  ami  destroys  the  city  with  fire  nud  r»^  I 
ib.     The  gates  are  open  for  Dion,  and   Heraclides,  his  wm  . 
enemy,  entreata  him  to  enter,  43.      He   advances  sgatnil  tti  I 
enemy  through  blood  and  fire,  43>     Nypsius  is  routed,  and  :f.(  | 
flames  are  extinguished,  ib.     The  orators  of  the    popular  fsOiK 
lesTe  the  city ;  but  Heraclides  and  Thcodotes  put  themselra  la: 
the  hands  of  Dion,  (J.  44.     His  friends  advise   himtoputliei   | 
to  death,  44.     His  observations  on  that  occasion,  ii.     He  (w- 
dons  Heraciides,  45.     Repairs  the  wall  nhich    he    had  erwfi    1 
'  about  the  citadel,  ib.     Dion  is  declared  commander-in-chief,  w!    I 
Heraclides,    through  his  indulgence,  is  continued   admiral,  li 
Dion  still  apposes  the  equal  distribution  of  lands,  ib.     Henc^iiln    , 
reneiFs  his  practices  against  Dion,    and  privately   correspona    i 
with  Dionysius,  ib.  46.     Dion  fights  Pharax,    the  enemy's  ««•    i 
ral,  and  has  the  disadvantage,  46.    On  intelligence  that  B(n> 
elides  was  going  once  more  to  «eize  Syracuse,  he  huleat  totbi 
city,  ib.     GsesyluB  the  Spartan  reconciles  Dion  and   Heradidei, 
47.     Apollocrates  surrenders  the  citadel  to  Dion,  and  saili  to 
Dionysius  with  five   gallies,  ib.     Tlie  joy  of  the    Syracusani  « 
that  event,    t6.      The  aHecting  meeting  of  Dion    and  his  wi& 
Arete,  48.     Dion  puts  the  citadel  in  the  hands  of  the  Syrtc* 
sans,  ib.     The  simplicity  of  his  life  after  liis   great  aucMM,  A- 
His  manners  austere  and  unpopular,  49.     Strongly  indhMS  t» 
the  aristocratic  form  of  government,    ib.      Heraclides  accva 
him  of  refusing  to  demolish  the  citadel,  and  to    break  open  tbi 
tomb  of  Dionysius,    ib.      Dion  permits  the  enemies   of  Hm> 
elides  to  kill  him.  50.     Catippus,  who  was  bound   to  Dian  bf 
the  strongest  ties  of  friendship  aud  hospitality,  conspires  miiai 
him,    ib.     Conducts  the  plot  with  great  art,  i6.       a  dreadH 
spectre  appears  to  Dion,  51.     His  only  son  throws  binuefffiva 
the  top  of  the  house,  and  Is  killed,  tb.     The  conspiracy  ripeM, 
and  Calippus  is  suspected,  ib.  52.  He  takes  the  Great  Oath  wtcb- 
out  hesitation,  52.     The  form  of  that  oath,  ib.     Dion  jfi  imiin' 
nated  in  his  own  house,  53.     Dion's  wife  is  delivered  of  a  m 
in  priBon,  ib.     At  the  siege  of  Meesana,  most  of  the  mnrderefl 
of  Dion  are  cut  olf,  ib.     Calippus  is  slain  with  the  same  sword, 
with  which  Dion  had  been  assasinated,  54.      Aristotn&cbe  ud 
Arete  are  released  out  of  prison,  and  received  by  Icetes,  a  frJctid 
of  Dion's,  who,  afler  he  had  entertained  them  some  time,  pre- 
tends to  send  lliem  to  Peloponnesus ;  but  orders  them    and  Ae 
infant  to  be  despatched  by  the  nay,  £4.     Icetes  put  to  death 
by  Timoleon,  ib. 
Dionysia,  the  I'eiists  of  Bacchus,  iheir  name  changed  by  the  lUt- 
tering  Atheoians  to  •  Demetria,'  v.  S74. 


INDEX.  37S 

Dionysodortu,  vi.  152. 

Dionynus  the  Elder,  tyrant  of  Sicily^  when  his  mother  desired  to 
be  married  to  a  young  Syracusan,  what  he  said  upon  it»  i.  2^7* 
243..  He  asks  the  daughter  of  Aristides,  the  Sicilian,  in  mar? 
riage,  and  is  refused,  h.  238.  His  cruel  behaviour  on  that  re- 
fusal, ib.  Sets  himself  up  as  tyrant  of  Sicily,  vi.  4.  Marries 
the  daughter  of  flermocrates,  to.  She  kills  herself,  ih.  Mar- 
ries Doris  and  Aristomache,  ib.  Puts  the  mother  of  Doris  to 
death,  on  suspicion  of  her  having  injured  his  other  wife  by  po- 
tions, ib.  The  high  value  he  set  on  Dion,  5.  His  behaviour  to 
PlatOy  6.  His  rewess  fears  and  anxieties,  10,  11.  His  death, 
12. 

'— -— ^—  the  Younger,  Dion  endeavours  to  inspire  him  with  vir- 
tuous sentiments,  vi.  10.  His  education  neglected  by  his  fa- 
ther, 9.  His  debauchery,  la  He  invites  rlato  to  Syracuse, 
11.  His  proficiency  under  him,  12,  13.  The  duplicity  of  hjoi 
behaviour  to  Dion,  29*  He  finds  out  a  plausible  pretence  to  res 
move  Plato  to  the  castle,  18, 19.  Envies  Dion,  seizes  his  reve- 
nues, and  converts  Dion's  estate  into  money  for  his  own  use, 
18,  What  he  said  to  Plato  on  his  departure,  19.  Is  e^qpelfed 
by  Dion,  75.  After  ten  years  recovers  Syracuse  from  Nyssecos, 
it's  then  master,  ii.  232.  Defeated  by  Icetes,  241.  Surrenders 
to  Timoleon,  246*  The  mean  and  dissolute  life  he  led  at  Co* 
rinth,  247—250. 

■   ,  of  Colophon,  the  painter,  ii.  272. 

Chalcus^  father  of  Hiero,  built  the  city  of  Thurii,  iii.  404. 


■  the  Messenian,  a  madman,  puts  on  Alexander's  robe 
and  diadem,  iv.  348.    Alexander,  by  direction  of  his  diviners, 
condemns  the  poor  wretch  to  death,  349- 
of  Magnesia,  the  rhetorician,  v.  297. 

-,  brother  of  Diodes  and  Erginus,  assists  Aratus  in  taking 


Acrocorinthus,  vi.  171,  172. 
DiophaneSf   general   of  the    Achsans,   joins    Flaminus  against 

Sparta,  iii.  22. 
— — ,  the  rhetorician,  a  friend  to  Tiberius  Gracchus,  v.  807. 

Killed  on  account  of  that  connexion,  220. 
DiophaniuSf  Craterus'  fabulous  account  that  Aristides,  upon  his 

accusation,  was  fined  fifty  minse  for  bribery,  ii.  488. 
Diopithes  cites  an  oracle  against  Agesilaus'  advancement  to  the 

crown  of  Sparta,  frQm  the  objection  of  bis  lamene^  iv.  7%  iii* 

216. 

",  his  decree  against  Anaxagoras  and  Pericles,  ii.  48f  49* 
t>ioscorides,  the  historian,  i.  127. 

DiphUuSf  priest  of  the  Gods-Protectors  at  Athens,  v.  413. 
DiphridaSf  one  of  the  Ephori,  meets  Agesilaus  in  his  return  from 

Asia,  and  orders  him  to  make  an  inroad  in  Bceotia,  iv.  90. 
DwjfbUf  iii.  251 .    Anthemocritus  buried  near  that  gate,  iL  46* 
DiradeSf  ward  of,  ii.  150. 
Dissensions^  in  a  state,  their  good  efiect,  iv.  74,  75.    Their  ill 

effisct,  when  violent,  7^    Between  Ulysses  and  Achiljes,  ib. 
Divination^  I  88.  vi.  287. 


^t 


37*  INDEX. 

Divorce,  ii.  122,  283. 

Divorcet,  Romulus*  law  concerning   tlieio, 
stance  of  one  among  the  Romans,  107. 

Dodntut,  disputes  the  command  with  Eumenes,  iv.  49.     Evncm' 
■ayJDg  upon  it,  ib. 

fDmiona,  the  antitjuity  of  it's  temple,   iii.  65.     Oracles  fran  c, 
i,  S51.  V.  33. 

Do^  sacriHced  in  the  feast  of  Lupercslia,  i.  86.  That  bites imir, 
to  be  delivered  up,  according  to  Solon's  laws,  chatned  to  a  l« 
of  timber  four  cubits  long,  i.  354.  Of  Xaothippus  swinu  sra 
to  the  isle  of  Salnmis,  ii.  500.  His  prnve,  id.  Of  Ab- 
biades,  ii.  123.  Statue  of,  at  Duucombe-park  in  York»hire.  i 
Of  Alexander  the  Great,  named  '  Peritas,*  AlexaDder  builibi 
city  in  memorial  of  him.  See  Periias. 
"         why  not  suffered  to  enter  the  citadel  of  Athens,  v.  511. 

!la,  accused  hy  Cxsar  of  misdemeanours  ta  his  gaTeramte 
in  Greece,  iv.  360.  But  acquitted,  ib.  H  is  profusen^t,  4I£ 
Said  to  be  in  the  conspiracy  against  Cssar,  430.  Cx^ar't  opi- 
nion of  him,  ill.  When  tribune  of  the  people,  atlemptt  at 
cancelling  of  debts,  v.  533.  Cicero  inclined  to  go  witii  him  'uif 
Syria,  345.  Entertains  n  passion  for  Cleopatra,  and  infbmtbcc 
of  the  design  of  OctavianuG  to  remove  her,  505. 

— ,  suspected  by  Otho  of  designs  againat  his 

and  sent  to  Aquinum,  vi.  248. 


Dngs, 
nXbc 


a  the  isle  of  Scyros, 
is  palace. 


nd  excercise  pi- 
i.  292.     Luciu 


\Doliola. 

iDolopiani,  iii.  50.     Settle 

racy,  903,  304. 
Tiomitian,  the  profusion  of  ornament  in 

Antonius  rebels  against  him,  ii.  314. 
Domiliiu  stands  for  the  consulship  in  onposition  to    Crassnt  wd 

Ponipey,  iv.  190.     Their  party  drive  him  out  of  the   Foninbf 

violence,  191.     Beaten  by  Sertorius'  lieutenant,  iv.    16,     Hc^ 

a  party  in  Africa,  137.     Is   defeated  by  Pompey,   and  killed  h 

battle,  138. 
. Lucius,  why  called  '  jEnobarbus,'  ii.  314-.      By  thefbm 

of  ridicule,  brings  Pompey  to  fight  rhe  battle  of  PharuUa,  h. 

211,  312.  Employed  by  Antony  to  harangue  the  army  oD  hi* 
return  from  the  Parthian  expedition,  v,  465.  Adrises  him  U 
seed  Cleopatra  back  to  Egypt,  479.  Goes  over  to  Augustus,  48& 
497.  Antony  aends  his  money  and  goods  after  him,  and  thi 
thought  of  his  desertion  breaks  his  heart,  4^6. 

,  besieged  by  Cccsor  in  Corfiniiun,  takes  poison    iv  3filL 

399.  .      ■  — . 

and  others  in  Pompey's  army,  dispute,  before  the  battle 

nf  Pharsalia,  ivho  should  succeed  Ciesar  in  the  pontiiiCBte    iv 

212.  '     ■ 
commands  the  left  wing  of  Pompey's  army,  at  Phafsalou 

iv.  214. 

Oilvns  commands  the  centre  of  Ciesar's  army  at  Ptur* 


Lh/vh*  commands  the  centre  oi  Ciesar's  army  at  Ptur* 

aalia,  iv.  2)4,  and  n.     Appointed  governor  of  Asia  AUnor  bj 
L'xsar,  and  defeated  by  Pharnaces,  415.  ■  y^^^m^ 


index;  &75 

Domitius  NerOf  or  Nero  Germanicus,  v.  508. 

2}oors  of  houses  in  Greece  open  outward,  K'299. 

Dorians^  u  31  >  n.    How  long  they  had  possessed  the  country  of 

Laconia,  iv.  100.    The  Heracliose  mix  with  them,  iii*  219. 
DorUaiisy  eeneral  for  MithridateSy  suspects  his  collegue  Archelaiis 

of  trefu£eryy  iii.  260.    Killed  for  the  sake  of  hb  purple  robe^ 

350. 
Dorisy  wife  of  Dionysius  the  Elder,  vi.  ^^ 
Dorycnion^  a  plant,  t.  382. 
Doson^  AntigonuB  so  called.    See  AtUigpntu^ 
Domriesy  Solon,  to  promote  population,  ordered  that  they  shoidd 

not  be  given,  i.  247. 
Drachma^  what,  iii.  208. 
Draco*$  laws  extremely  severe,  and  therefore  repealed  by  Soloo,  u 

241.    Said  to  be  written  with  blood,  242.    What  Draco  said  in 

defence  of  them,  ih. 
DracontideSf  his  decree  against  Pericles,  ii.  49.     • 
Dragon  of  Minerva,  v.  284.    That  lay  by  Oljnnpias.    See  Ofytn' 

ptas. 
Dramatic  eubitions,  the  effisets  which  Solon  supposed  they  might 

have  upon  the  principles  of  the  people.    See  Tkeairieal  Enter' 

tainmenis* 
Dreams.     Sylla  advises  Lucullus  to  attend  to  them,  iii.  238. 
Dromedarift  house,  a  place  so  called,  iv.  289. 
DromchtBtts  the  Thracian,  takes  Lysimachus  prisoner,  but  soon 

releases  him,  v.  505. 
Dromoclides  the  Sphettian,  in  the  rage  of  flattery,  proposes  that 

Demetrius  should  be  consulted  as  an  oracle,  v.  376. 
Dnisus,     See  Livius, 

Durisy  of  Samos,  the  historian,  his  character,  ii.  42^  161. 
fDt/mie£C,  V.  169. 
iDi/na^  vi.  163. 

[Di/rrachiuM,  v.  102,  332.  vi.  79. 
D^saoridaSt  ii.  S56. 


E. 

EAGLEy  Pyrrhus  so  called  by  the  Epirots,  iii.  76. 

Eagles^  have  but  two  young  ones  at  a  time,  iii.  167*  Yet  Nfarimi 
is  said  to  have  seen  an  aene  of  seven,  which  premged  his  seveii 
consulships,  ib,  » 

Earth.  Pythagoras  and  Plato  did  not  think  it  the  centre  of  the 
world,  i.  186. 

Earthquake  in  Laconia,  i.  156.  iiL  316.  At  Athens,  414.  Otf 
Cicero's  passing  from  Brundusium,  v.  332.  During  the  battla 
near  the  Thrasymenian  lake,  not  perceived  by  the  comhatartttn 
ii.  67.    At  Pisaurum,  v.  483. 

fEcbatana,  iv.87,  346.     Gulf  of  fire  in,  295. 

EcdfluSf  a  friend  of  Aratus,  vi.  155.  -.     ■  , 


376  INDEX. 

Ecdemw!  and  Demophanes,  the  tutors  of  PIiilop<enieii,  destror  A^i^ 
todemus,  tyrant  of  Me^opolis,  and  asuat  Aratua  in  etpcUbj 
NicDcles  rrom  Sicj^oD,  iii.  2. 

Echecratides  the  sophist,  released  by  Alexander  at  the  reques  :- 
Phocion,  V.  23. 

Echedemui,  tlte  Academy  at  Athens  said  to  be  named  after  te, 
i.  4.1. 

Echecrates,  priest  of  Apollo  Tegyrnsiu,  ii.  360. 

Eclipse  of  the  sun,  one  happened  the  day  thai  Romalus  laid  lb 
foundation  of  Rome,  i.  65,  66.  Another  at  tbe  tiaoe  of  kit  dsrit, 
96,  n.  Another,  while  Pericles  nas  embarking  to  go  a^^iaaii' 
Peloponnesians,  it.  Si.  The  Thebans  gteftti;  discouraged  b;  h 
eclipeeof  thesun,  S80. 

Eciipift  of  the  sun  understood  in  tbe  time  of  Nicias,  but  not  due 
of  the  moon,  iii.  *3*. 

EeUpte  of  the  moon,  its  different  effects  on  tbe  anny  of  Pads  i 
.^ilius  and  that  of  Perseus,  ii.  303,  3(4.  That  which  bapr**' 
before  Dion's  expedition,  vi.  23.  Supposed  a  Porenmoer  d 
calamities,  iii.  434,  435.  Explained  as  a  fortunate  omen  to  iIkk 
who  are  flying,  43G.  \iho.t  was  done  by  way  oi*  relief  to  tlic 
eclipsed  luminaries  in  times  of  the  greatest  iguoraoce  and  wafo- 
stition,  ii.304.  I 

t-EcnomiM,  vi.  26. 

Ecprepes,  one  of  the  Ephorl,  reduced  the  instrumenta  of  PtuyiM     I 
Itro  Btringt,  t.  143. 

iEdessa,  iii.  77,  81.  *.  409. 

Edonian  women,  their  ceremonies  in  the  feasts  of  Bacchus,  ii.  ^1. 

Education,  its  force,  iL  95, 176.  ».  20a  vi.  3. 

\Edi/lian>,  Mount,  iii.  254. 

Egeria,  a  nyroph,  with  whom  Nutna  pretended  to  hold  liuiuimmI 
cation  in  bis  retirements,  i.  170. 

Eight,  some  observations  on  that  number,  i.  46. 

iEion,  city  of,  iii.  302.     Colonised  by  the  Athenians,  H. 

Eireisone,  what,  and  why  carried  in  a  festival  procession,  i.  9S> 

fElaa,  one  of  the  cities  oOercd  to  Phocion  by  Alexander,  t.  St. 

Elavhebdion,  the  month  so  called,  i.  65. 

^Ehta,  iii.  253.  v.  40, 

Elaiui,  the  first  of  the  Ephori  at  .Sparta,  i.  121. 

-f £/ea,  a  maritime  tonn  in  Italy,  vi.  77. 

iEitans,  or  people  of  Elis,  iii.  10,  414.  v.  169. 

EletJianU,  description  of  the  one  rodu  by  Porus,  i».  SSI, 333.  Tla 
disorder  they  caused  in  Annibal's  army,  ii.  430,  431. 

Elmheiior,  son  of  Chalcedon,  took  care  of  Theseus*  children,. 
Carried  ihem  uith  him  to  the  siege  of  Troy,  45. 

Elmis,  one  of  the  sons  of  Cimoo,  iii.  315 

+i^— ,  dty  of,  iii.  197. 

iElauit,  taken  by  Theseus,  i,  IS,  38.    The  Create 
S9,  n.     The  temple,  ii.  23.  iv.  103, 

.  i,  12. 

■iEteuthcrat  a  city  of  Attica,  i,  37, 38. 


INDEX.  sn 

EUuSf  one  of  the  vile  mioisteKs  of  NerOt  pot  to  death  by  GaBift» 
vi.  227. 

Eloquence^  the  power  of  it,  iii.  83*  Does  not  thrive  under  an  aibi* 
trary  government,  i.  271 9  fu 

Eipinice^  sister  of  Cimon,  applies  to  Pericles  in  behalf  of  her  brother, 
ii.  IS.  Suspected  of  an  intrigue  with  her  brother,  and  with 
Polygnotus  tne  painter,  iii.  298.    Married  to  Calhas,  299. 

•¥Eli/nugans^  iv.  171* 

Efysian  fields,  where  placed,  iv.  12. 

^mbalmingf  iv.  123. 

Embassadors,  Roman,  violate  the  laws  of  nations  at  Clusium,  L  881. 
Condemned  by  the  Fedales,  882.  Screened  by  the  peo|^^ 
id. 

Empedockit  his  doctrine  of  the  elements,  v.  867. 

Emjnfku  the  orator,  a  friend  of  Brutus,  vi.  58. 

Enarsphonup  son  of  Hippocoon,  i.  89. 

EndetSf  daughter  of  Sciron  and  mother  of  Peleus  and  Tdamon, 
i.  11. 

Endemusthe  Cyprian,  vi«  21.  ^ 

Endymioji,  the  favourite  of  Diana,  i.  170,  n* 

iEnguium,  a  town  in  Sicily,  ii.  419. 

f  JSnmZ)  ii.  419. 

Emnf,  i.  844.  ii.  870. 

EpammondaSf  his  povertv  and  content,  iL  848.  More  attentive  to 
the  improvements  of  the  mind  than  those  of  the  body,  344.  Res- 
cues his  friend  Pelopidas  in  the  battle  of  the  Arcadians  near 
Mantinea,  345.  Sent  into  Thessaly  to  recover  Pelopidas  from 
the  tjrrant  of  Phers,  877.  Succeeds  in  that  service,  ih.  878. 
Reckons  it  the  greatest  happiness  of  his  life  that  his  fhther  and 
mother  lived  to  see  him  victorious  at  Leuctra,  iL  179*  Sent 
embassador  to  Sparta,  iv.  105.  His  behaviour  on  that  occasioOt 
ib»  His  debate  with  Agesilans  in  a  full  council  of  the  Greeks, 
in  consequence  of  which  Agesilaus  declares  war  against  the  The- 
bans,  ib.  106.  He  gains  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  iL  868.  iv.  105. 
Invades  Laconia  ai^  ravages  the  country,  110.  Marches  to 
Sparta,  111.  Is  killed  in  tne  bet^  of  the  Lacedsemonians  near 
Mantinea,  116.  Buried  by  the  Thebans  at  the  public  cbar^^, 
on  account  of  his  poverQr,  iL  105. 

EpapkrodihUf  a  name  assumed  by  Sylb,  iii.  280. 

,  an  enfranchised  slave  of  Csesar  Octavianus,  sent  to 
be  a  spy  upon  Cleopatra,  v.  501. 

EpenUuSf  general  of  tiie  Achseans,  vL  90S* 

\EphetuS9  called  the  arsenal  of  war,  ii.  422.  Lysander's  services 
to  that  city,  iii.  190.  The  temple  burnt  on  the  day  Alexander 
was  bom,  iv.  242. 

EphettE^  judges  in  criminal  causes  at  Athens,  i.  245. 

EpkiaUes,  breaks  the  fM>wer  of  the  court  of  Areopagiis  at  Athens, 
ii.  12,    He  is  assassinated,  18. 

■  and  Cissus,  imprisoned  by  Alexander,  iv.  806. 

Ephorif  when  esubiished,  i.  121.    Intended  to  restrain  the  powi^ 


378 

of  the  Spar 


INDEX. 

,  120,  121.     The  firEt  act,  a^er  theii 


r  Helots, 
f)  of  gold  and  Kilvet,  iU. 
3a  account  of  bis  popo- 


spartan  : 

o  declare  war  agaiaet  tlie 
tlie}'  did  with  respect  (o  the  itnporlatii 
308.     Fine  Agesilaiu  as  a  monopoliser, 

laritj-,  iv.  7i.  Recall  him  from  his  wars  in  Asia,  S7.  Ui«e 
Isadus  a  garland  for  his  bravery,  but  fine  him  a  ihnminf 
drachma:  for  going  out  to  battle  unarmed,  116.  Engrou  all  ihe 
power,  and  leave  the  Spartan  kiugs  only  the  name,  i.  121,  a. 
Singular  customs  observed  by  them,  v.  114.  IJepoenl  hr 
the  joint  consent  of  both  the  kings  of  Sparta,  145.  SiupiKd 
by  Cleomcnes  and  killed,  162. 

Ephorui,  the  historian,  censured  by  Plutarch,  vi.  35. 

£.picharnms,  sophism  of  his  invention,  i.  26,  n.  180. 

Epicraies,  tlie  Acarnanian,  conveys  Theoiistncles'  wife  and  chil- 
dren out  of  Athens,  and  is  put  lo  death  for  it  by  Cimon,  i.  347. 

,  the  Athenian,  proposes  that,  instead  of  chooaiag  nine 

arclioDs  every  year,  twelve  poor  citizens  should  be  sent  embas- 
sadors to  Persia  id  order  to  their  returning  rich,  ii.  380. 

Epicurean  philosophy,  some  account  of  it,  lii,  93,  94-. 

hpUurus,  gives  his  disciples  a  daiJy  supply  of  beaas  during  the 
famine,  v.  398. 

-,  punished  by  Phocus  for  being  instrumental  in  tl>e  death 

of  his  father  Phocion,  v.  M. 

Epici/des,  the  orator,  a  man  unfit  for  conducting  an  army.  The- 
mistodes  bribes  him  to  drop  his  pretensions  to  it,  i.  319. 

Epki/didae,  iv.  90. 

\EpidauTtu,  ii.  54.  iii.  247.  iv.  153.  vi.  196. 

\Epidauria,  a  district  of  Peloponnesus,  i.  9.  vi,  176. 

Epi^etAes,  of  Pellene,  his  daughter  remarkably  beautiful  and  ii»- 
jestic,  vi.  185. 

Epigonui,  tyrant  of  Colophoo,  seized  by  Lucuilus,  iii.  390. 

Epilifcus,  ii.  55' 

Epimenides,  the  Phaestiau,  one  of  the  Seven  Wise  Men,  j.  JsS. 
itkilkd  in  expiations,  ib.  Supposed  to  be  of  more  than  nuxul 
extraction,  to.  A  prophecy  or  his,  234.  Refuses  the  prcsenU 
offered  him  by  the  city  of  Athens  for  expiating  the  citv,  is, 

Epipola,  a  fortress  in  Syracuse,  iii.  432.  Taken  by  Timoleon,  ii 
257.     Taken  by  Dion,  »L  29. 

\Epiriii,  i.  40.     The  origin  of  that  kingdom,  iii.  65. 

Epttadeus,  one  of  the  Cphori,  what  he  did  with  respect  to  iha 
Agrarian  laws,  v.  137. 

Epiiaph,  of  Sylla,  ill.  284. 

Epitaphs.     Only  men  who  died  in  war,  and  women  who  had  I 
employed  in  sacred  offices,  allowed  to  have  them  at    . 


had  b^^^ 


Epitimim,  ii.  55- 

hpitragia,  a  name  of  Venus,  i.  20. 

Epi*yci,  the  governor  of  upper  Phrygia,  forms  a  design    to  ki9 

Themistocles,  i.  354. 
■\  Epizephi/riani,  ii.  43*. 
£)>o^i<;  mysteries,  ii.  14i,  M.     . 


INDEX.  379 

EpapiicSf  and  acroamatics,  a  part  of  philosophy  not  communicated 

to  common  scholars,  iv.  249. 
Erasistratus^  the  Athenian,  father  to  Pbasax,  ii.  126. 
— — — ,  physician  to  Seleucus,  discovers  the  distemper  of 

prince  Antiochus  to  be  love,  v.  408. 
Eratosthenes  the  historian,  v.  2SS.  u  110,  351. 

,  the  character  he  save  Demosthenes*  orations,  ▼.  262. 

ErectheuSf  Theseu»  descended  from  him,  i.  3,  30,  n. 

ErectkicUPf  i.  14, 40. 

Eretriatty  i.  329. 

Ergades,  who  so  called,  i.  253. 

Erginus  assists  Aratus  in  taking  Acrocorinthus,  vi.  170.    Attempts 

to  seize  the  Pirseus,  186. 
Ergoteles  lies  in  wait  for  Themistocles,  for  the  sake  of  the  reward 

promised  for  taking  him,  i.  348. 
ErianthuSf  the  Theban,  advises  the  Spartans  to  rase  the  city  of 

Athens,  iii.  206. 
EriduSy  iii.  255. 
YErotne,  i.  12,  n, 

Eros^  servant  to  Antony,  kills  himself  instead  of  his  master,  v.  499. 
ErsiHof  the  only  married  woman  taken  from  the  Sabhies  by  the 

Romans,  i.  70«  71.    Said  to  have  been  afterward  the  wife  of  Ro« 

mulus,  71. 
fEryXf  town  of,  iii.  98. 
Eryxiasy  the  last  decennial  Archon  at  Athens,  i.  45,  n.    And  the 

last  descendent  of  Codrus,  ib, 
Eteoclesy  the  Spartan,  i.  37,  n.    A  saying  of  his  concerning  Ly- 

sander,  iii.  212. 
Etesian  winds,  v.  351.  vi.  22. 
EtymodeSf  a  friend  of  Agesilaus,  iv.  103. 
EvagoraSf  king  of  Cyprus,  iii.  199. 

EvalcuSf  a  Spartan  officer,  killcMl  in  battle  by  Pyrrhus,  iii.  112. 
Evan^  a  triumphal  expression,  which  the  (ireeks  supposed  equiva- 
lent to  the  Roman  ovation,  ii.  423,  424. 
Evandevy  i.  68,  85. 

,  the  Cretan,  remains  with  Perseus,  after  his  defeat,  iL 

311. 
EvangeluSf  master  of  Pericles*  household,  ii.  29. 

,  his  treatise  on  tactics,  iiu  6. 
^Euhtea^  i.  7,  44.  ii.  35.  v.  271. 
Eubuiusy  the  orator,  v.  10. 
EuchidaSf  the  Platsean,  the  expeditioD  with  which  he  fetched  fira 

from  Delphi,  iL  479.    Drops  down  dead  as  soon  as  ha  has  de- 
livered it,  and  has  the  honour  of  being  buried  in  the  temple  of 

Diana,  ib, 
Eudeia^  a  name  of  Diana,  ii.  479. 
EuclidaSf  made  by  his  brother  Cleomenes  partner  of  the  throaet 

V.  166.    Commands  one  wing  of  the  Spartan  army  against  An- 

tigonus,  iii.  8.    D^eated  and  killed  m  the  batUe«of  Sellasia, 

V.  185. 


p 


3S0  INDEX. 

Eudidas,  the  Lacediemoaian,  ArLaxerxcs'  aoiiwer  to  hia  it 

vi.  US. 
£uclides,  the  AtheoiaD,  oppOBei*  Avatus,  vi.  195. 

,  one  of  the  Coriuthiau  officers  sent  by  Xintoleon,  to-ql 

possession  of  Che  casttc  of  Syracuse,  ii.  216. 
Euclus,  oneaf  Perseus' trenfiurera,  Btabbedbybim  for  rcmonstntiic 

Offaiast  his  cooduct,  ti.  311. 
Euekcus,  one  of  Perseus'  treasurers,  stabbed  with  Euctus,  it.  31 1. 
Eudamidast  king  of  Sparta,  failier  of  Agis,  v.  I3S. 
Eudamut,  master  of  the  elephants,  in romis  Eumenes  of  a  conmittcT 

acainst  his  life,  because  he  waa  in  his  debt,  iv.  Gl. 
£«&ntu,  the  Fergamenian,  brings  Attalus*  will  to  Itome,  v.  21!. 
Eudoius,  the  first  who  applied  geometry  to  mechanical  punxMCi, 

Eiiergetrs,     See  Ptolrmy  Euergelts. 

Evius,  one  of  the  names  of  Bacchus,  ii.  421. 

■  the  musician,  iv.  39. 

EununeSf  king  of  Pergamus,  honours  paid  him  at  Rome  by  aU  but 
Cato  the  Censor,  ii.  503. 

£vuuKES,  a  native  of  Cardia  in  the  Thraciim  Chersonese,  w'd 
by  some  to  be  ^e  son  of  a  poor  waggoner  ;  but  more  probably 
toe  son  of  a  person  with  whom  Philip,  liing  of  MacedcD,  bad 
connexions  of  hospitality,  iv.  38.  Philip  is  pleased  with  bia  per- 
fnrniances  in  the  public  exercises,  and  takes  him  into  hia  Uw, 
a.  Secretory  to  Alexander  the  Great,  ii.  Upon  the  deaik  t( 
Hepha^tinn,  and  the  promotion  of  Perdiccas,  succeed*  Fedi^ 
i:aG  in  hie  conimaad  of  cavalry,  ili,  Alexander  honours  htni  ^idi 
his  alliance,  by  giving  him  Barstne,  39.  Hephsstiou  takoa  n 
quarters  from  him,  and  gives  them  to  a  musician,  i6.  EiUDMW 
reports  it  to  Alexander,  but  only  does  himself  harm  by  CH^ 
plaining  of  a  favourite,  i6,  Alexander  wanting  to  lit  out  %  Hat, 
a^ks  Bumenes  for  three  hundred  talents  ;  Eumeneit  excuses  hvtf 
kU",  and  Alexander  bums  his  tent;  upon  which  great  treasure 
are  found  melted  down,  t£.  40,  He  continues  Eumenes  as  hM 
secretary  notwithstanding,  WX.  Another  dispute  betweea  Eu- 
meaes  and  Uepbssiian,  i6.  HcphaesLion  dies,  nnit  Fnmrnrt 
exerts  all  his  art  to  celebrate  his  memory,  ti.  Upon  the  d««th 
of  Alexander,  a  dispute  arises  between  the  Into  king*a  friends 
and  the  phalaii'c,  i&.  Eumenes  pretends  to  stand  neuter, 
privately  takes  part  with  the  phalanx,  iii.  H.  On  the  Uivisioi 
Alexander's  dominions,  Cappadoeia  and  Paplilag 
Hgned  to  Eumenes,  41.  Leonatusand  Autigonusare  aui 
to  put  bim  in  poseession,  H.  Antigonus  despises  the  i 
sion,  ib'  Eumenes*  gets  Lconatus'  secret  from  him  oa  to.  J 
designs  on  Macedon,  and  flies  wiih  it  to  Perdiccas,  H 
Perdiccas  establishes  him  in  Cappadocia,  i6.  Perdiccas  is  i^ 
•irous  that  Eumene*  sbould  secure  llie  adjoining  province  C* 
AtmcBJa  agaiasi  the  practices  of  Neuptolemiu,  *&.  iS,  ^utncncs 
raises,  and  trains,  a  body  of  cavalry  to  be  a  couqtcrpoisu  against 
the  Macedonian  infantry,  i'i,     Cratcius  and  Antipatcr  g 


INDEX.  S81 

Asia,  to  humble  Perdiccas,  ib.    Their  first  design  is  npoD  Eu- 
nienes  and  Cappadocia,  ib*    Meantime  Neontolemus  falls  oboa 
him  with  the  Macedonian  phalanx,  but  is  defeated,  ib.  44.    Cra- 
terus  and  Neoptolemus  advance  against  Euraenes,  45.    Edmenes 
fights  them,  and  yet  finds  means  to  conceal  from  his  troops  that 
they  had  to  act  against  Craterus,  ib.    His  dream  previous  to  the 
battle,  ib.     He  kills  both  Craterus  and  Neoptolemus,  the  latter 
with  his  own  hand,  ^T*  48.     Weeps  over  Craterus,  48.    The 
Macedonians,  upon  the  death  of  Crtiterus,  who  was  their  parti- 
cular favourite,  resolve  upon  the  death  of  Eumenes,  and  desire 
Antigonus  and  Antipater  to  take  the  direction  of  the'wae,  ib. 
Eumenes  takes  some  of  the  king's  horses  from  Mount  Ida,  and 
gives  a  receipt  for  them,  ib.    Intends  to  make  Lydia  the  seat  of 
war,  but  at  the  request  of  Cleopatra,  winters  in  the  Upper 
Phrygia,  ib.  49.     Alcetas  and  others  contend  with  him  for  4he 
command,  49.    His  saying  upon  it,  ib.    Not  having  money  to 
pay  his  troops,  he  appoints  the  officers  castles  and  lands,  out  of 
which  they  were  to  pay  their  men,  iL    By  this  he  gains  the 
hearts  of  the  Macedonians,  so  that  they  disconrage  an  treason- 
able  attempts  against  him,  and  appoint  him  a  strong  guard,  ib. 
He  distributes  among  them  the  badges  of  honour,  which  they 
used  to  receive  from  their  kings,  50.    Loses  «  baltle  to  Antigo- 
nus, by  the  treachery  of  one  of  his  officers;  but  hangs  the 
traitor,  and  by  an  artful  movement  returns  to  the  field  of  battle, 
ib,    Pittses  by  an  opportunity  to  take  Antigonus*  baggi^e,  t6. 51. 
Retires  to  the  castle  of  Nora,  with  only  five  hondred  horse  and 
two  hundred  foot,  52.    His  answer  to  Antigonus,  who  prapaaca 
a  conference,  ib.    The  castle  affords  only  corn,  water,  and  salt; 
yet  Eumenes  furnishes  out  an  agreeable  entertahimeAt  to  his 
friends,  58*    His  person  and  manners  described,  ib.    Hn  in- 
vention for  exercismg  the  horses  as  well  as  men,  ib,  54.    Anti- 
gonus proposes  terms  of  peace  to  Eumenes  on  eondiUon  of  bis 
taking  an  oath  he  proposed,  54.    Enmenes  makes  am  alteitlion 
in  the  oath,  but  obtains  his  liberty,  by  the  seige  of  Nora  being 
raised,  ib,    Olympias  invites  him  nito  Macedon,  in  order  to 
his  taking  the  tuition  of  Alexander's  son,  S5.    Philip  ArrhMsBoa, 
and  Polyperchon,  impower  htm  to  take  what  sums  he  pleased 'Out 
of  the  royal  treasures  at  Quinda,  to  enable  him  to  carry  on 
the  war  against  Antigonus,  ib,     Thqr,  likewise,  order  Anti- 
genes  and  Teutarous  to  support  him  with  the  Argjrraspidea,  siu 
These  officers  being  Unwilling  to  submit  to  Eumenes,  he  pre- 
tends that  Alexaiuier  had  appeared  to  him  in  a  dream,  wU, 
ordered  them  to  erect  a  royal  pavilion,  and  place  in  it  a  tbvone 
of  gold  which  was  to  be  honoured  with  their  obedience,  •&. '56. 
He  is  joined  by  Peucestas  and  other  governors  of  provinibes^  56. 
The  inconveniences  he  experiences  from  those  governors,  ib. 
He  borrows  money  of  the  heads  of  the  array,  to  prevent  their 
conspiring  against  his  life,  57.    On  the  approach  of  an  ene- 
my, all  the  grandees  and  officers  give  him  the  first  plaee,  ib.  '  He 
defeats  Antigonus,  on  his  attempt  to  pass  the  Paaitigris,  ib. 
Peucestas  feasts  the  army,  and  hopes  to  be  indulged  with- 1^ 


Lycurgus,  i.  HI.     Killed  by  »  | 


aged  by  hi 

V.  2.58. 
Euntu,  a  fugitive  slave,  slirs  up  the  servile  war  in  Sicijy,   itiL  9& 

Dies  of  the  Lousy  Disease,  i&. 
Euphorion,  said  by  some  writers  to  be  tlie  father  of  Solon    i,  Slfi, 
EuphranOT,  prepares  the  scaling-laiiJers  for  Aratus,  vi.  157 
Euphranlidei,   the  diviner,  advises  tht  sacrificinf;    oT  the    tim 

children  of  Xerxes'  sister    Sandace,    to  Bacchus    OmestML  i 

■fEuphratei  river,  iii.  361. 

Euphromus,  lotor  to  Antony's  childrea  by  Cleopatra,    sent   riiillM 

■ador  to  Augustus,  v.  495. 
Eupolcmus,  son  of  the  tyrant  IceLes,  taken  and  put  to  daub,  ii. 

Eupolia,  second  wife  of  Arcbidataus,   aud  mother  of   Aj 


382  INDEX. 

command;  but  on  the  appearance  of  Antigonus  and  hu  tfoM, 
the;  call  for  Eumenes,  though  he  was  sick  and  canied  »  n 
litter,  £8.     Anligonus  no  souner  spies  the   Jitter   moving  fnnn    ' 
rank   to  raub,  than   he  sounds  a  retreat,    16,    59.     The  Ma-    | 
cedoDians  again  grow   mutinous,    and  spread     thenuelre*  iD 
over  the  province  of  Gabene,    ib.    60.       Antrgonua   morchct 
against  them;  but  the  cold  is  ko  intense,    titat    he   is  tbmd    ' 
tn  light  many  fires,  which  discover  his  motions,   60>     Euin^ 
nes  undertakes  to  retard  his  march,   till  the    truops  could  bt 
osserabled,  and  effects  it  by  a  stratagem,  ib.  61 .      The  chieft  of 
the  Argyraspides  agree  nith  other  officers  to  make  use  of  £u- 
menes  in  the  ensuing  battle,  and  afterward  to   assasatoate  him, 
61.     This  plot  is  discovered  to  him,  by  persons    to  whom  be 
owed  money,  ib.     He  makes  his  will,  and  destroys   bis  olhe 
papers,  62.     The  veterans  beat   Antigonus'    infantry:  but  hu 
cavalry  in   the  mean  time  take  their  baggage,    i6.     Antigwrni 
offers  to  restore  the  Argyraspides  their  baggage,    on   condition 
that  they  would  put  Eumcnes  in  his  hands,  63.      Hia  speech 
the  Macedonians  before  he  is  delivered  up,  if,.  6+.     Hi 
venation  with  his  keeper  during  his  impri&oatnent,     65 
death,  ib. 

Ewmenides.     See  Furies. 

Eumolpidis,  hod  the  direction  of  the  mysleries  of  Ceres,  ii 
and  «.     Ordered  to  absolve  Alcibiadt's,  163. 

Eutteos,  one  of  Theseus'  companions  in  his  cipeditioo   afairiH 

Eunomus,  the  father  1 
knife,  112. 

■ — ' ,  the  Thriasian,  advises  Demosthenes  not  to  be  !_„. 

success  in  his  lirst  attempts  to   fpeak  in  pdbhc. 


'.70. 

EupoUs,  iii.  315,403,1 

Euripides,  i.  5,  26,  n.  37.  His  odo  in  praise  of  Alcibiades,  ij.  ]^ 
125.  His  epitaph  on  the  Athenians,  iii,  426.  One  of  hig  »nL 
saves  Athens  from  being  destroyed  by  Lysaode r  and  ihc  eon- 
federate  Greeks,  206.  His  vereea  save  ihc  lives  of  many  Athe- 
Diant  Id  Sicily,  444.     Mariners  of  Ceunus  admitted  into  borc  Is 


INDEX.  S6S 

Sicily,  because  they  could  repeat  some  of  his  verses,  ib.  Hk 
tomb  struck  by  lightning,  ana  by  that  supposed  to  be  rendered 
sacred,  i.  162. 

\Eurotas  river,  i,129.  iv.93,  115. 

EufybiadeSf  admiral  of  the  confederate  fleet  against  the  Persians, 
charged  with  want  of  courage,  i.  328.  O&n  to  strike  The* 
mistocles^  329. 

EurycUs^  the  Syracusan  orator,  proposes  to  send  the  Athenians 
to  the  quarries,  and  to  put  their  two  generals  to  death,  iii.  442, 
448. 

,  the  Lacedaemonian,  commands  a  ship  for  Augustus  against 
Antony,  v.  490.    What  he  said  to  Antonyj  ib. 

EurycUdaSf  sent  by  Cleomenes  to  the  Ephon,  v.  1G2. 

Eurud^^  descended  from  M ilttades,  v.  376.     Married  to  Deme- 
trius, tb.    Has  a  son  by  him  named  Corrhaebeus,  4'21. 
,  sister  of  Phila,  and  wife  of  Ptolemy,  v.  413. 

Eurylochus  the  ^gean,  Alexander  assists  him  in  his  passion  for 
Telesippa,  iv.  306. 

Eurymeaon  the  Athenian  general,  sent  to  Sicily  with  reinforce- 
ments for  Nicias,  iii.  429.    Killed  in  battle,  436. 

t river,  iii.  310. 

EuryptolemuSf  son  of  Pericles'  sister,  ii.  12. 

,  son  of  Megacles,  Cimon  marries  his  daughter  bo- 
dice, iii.  299. 

EurysaceSf  son  of  Ajax,  ii.  112.  i.  230. 

Eurydon^  son  of  Sous  king  of  Sparta,  i.  1 11.  From  him  the  Eury- 
tionidte,  ib.  iii.  219.  Slackens  the  reins  of  government,  and  finds 
the  ill  consequences  of  it,  i.  112. 

EurytuSf  i.  10. 

Euterpe,  according  to  some  writers,  the  name  of  Thomistodes* 
mother,  i.  311. 

EuthippuSf  the  Anaphlystian,  exerts  himself  greatly  to  recover  the 
reputation  of  Cimon,  and  is  killed  in  battle,  together  with  Ci- 
mon*s  other  friends,  iii.  318,  319. 

EtUhydemuSf  an  officer  who  served  under  Nicias,  joined  in  com- 
mission with  him,  iii.  430.  Ambitious  to  fight,  w.  Defeated  ia 
an  action  at  sea,  ib, 

EuihymuSf  the  Leueadian,  an  ambush  laid  for  him  at  Hierse  in 
Sicily,  by  which  his  men  are  cut  oS^  ii.  267. 

,  general  of  horse  for  Icetes,  brought  in  chains  to  Timo« 
leon  and  put  to  death,  ii.  269. 

EuthynuSf  the  Thespian,  iv.  115. 

EutychidaSf  i.  111. 

Eutychus^  V.  488. 

Euxine  sea,  i.  32. 

Example,  the  force  of  it,  i.  203.  ii.  4. 

Execestides^  father  of  Solon,  i.  218. 

Execrable,  Athenian  magistrates  so  called,  who  violated  the  pri- 
vilege of  sanctuary,  i.  232. 

Execrations,    See  Imprecations, 

Exile.    Lycurgus  a  voluntary  one  from  Sparta*    See  L^curgus. 


Exilei  from  Thebes 
«t  teq. 

-  of  Achaia,  disputes  about  them 


(he  senate  of  I 


Exottiutn,  among  the  Greeks,  means  the  concluaon  of  a  tTRgt^, 
among  the  Romans,  a  fuice,  iii.  497,  n. 


FABER,  Rev.  G.  S.  on  the 

Fabia,  a  vestal  virgin,  sister  to  Terentia,  Cicero's  vriTe, 

Fabii,  whence  the  name,  ii.  62.  Their  descent  from  Hercdla, 
ii.     Three  hundred  of  them  cut  off  by  the  Tui 

Fabiiu  Amlttutvt,  Quintus,  lakes  up  arms  tor  the    Clusians,  i.  IH 
Sent  (o  Delphi,  3t>6.     Sent  embassador  to  the  Gauls  Wfai     | 
Clusium,  and  violates  the  Ian'  of  nations,  381.  i 

,  chief  PoDtiffivhcD  Brcnnus,  Ling  of  the  Gauls,  took  Eob^ 

i.  S88.  I 

— — ,  Lucullus'  lieutenant,  defeated  by  Mitbridates,  iti.  377, 

,  proprietor  of  Spain,  his  government  renders  the  Raamt 
obnoxious  to  the  provinces,  v.  229. 

— -  Bulea,  chosen  dictator  at  Rome,  for  the  purpose  of  orttt- 
ing  new  senators  only,  while  Marcus  Junius  was  dictauv  «^ 
ttiearmy,  ii,  79. 

-  Fabulut,  said  to  be  the  person  nho  despatched  Gafc^  n. 
3. 

^— —  GargFS,  defeated  by  the  Samnites,  ii.  101,  n. 

Fabius  Maximus,  the  origin  of  his  family  from  Herculei,  iktt 
He  was  the  fourth  in  descent  from  Fabius  Rullus,  who  first  m> 
quired  the  surname  of  Maximus,  G3.  Has  the  aamatamil 
'  VerrocDBai  *  and  '  Ovicuta,'  ib.  Appears  slow  of  apprebcaiiHh 
andatnpid  when  a  boy;  but  his  poirers  unfold  Ihenttchw bf 
degrees,  i6,  6i.  He  prepares  his  body  by  exercise  for  tba  Jir 
vice  of  the  state,  and  his  mind  by  improving  his  powen  of  fiK' 
suation,  64.  An  oration,  which'  be  pronounced  at  the  fimsnlaf 
his  son,  extant  in  Plutarch's  time,  ib.  Five  times  coaaai,  65. 
Honoured  with  a  triumph  for  his  victory  over  tlic  Ligurim^  S. 
Aller  Annibal  had  gained  the  battle  of  Trebia,  Fabius  ad^Md 
the  Romans  to  stand  upon  the  defensive  in  their  walled  -lomi, 
66, 67.  Is  chosen  dictator,  fid,  Appoints  Miiiucius  his  g«oera) 
of  (he  horse,  i6.  Is  preceded  by  twenly-four  hc[ors,j&.  Begtnt 
Jiis  office  with  acts  of  religion,  70.  Amongst  other  things,  rows 
a  ver  sacrum,  ib.  Takes  slow  aiid  cautious  measures  agaiiMt 
Annibal,  71-  None  but  Annibal  sensible  of  hi;  prudence  in  that 
respect,  72.  His  general  of  ihc  cavalry  gives  him  much  iroiibte, 
and  brings  the  soldiers  to  consider  him  in  a  contemptible  light, 
ib.  He  keeps  to  his  Grat  scheme  notwithstanding,  73.  Aimi* 
bal,  by  a  mistake  of  his  guides,  being  led  into  the  defiles  of  C«a- 
linum,  instead  of  the  plains  of  Cosinum,  Fabius  surrouRds  hin, 
ih.  74.    Discovers  Anitibal's  stratagem  to  disengage  turasfiU^  7S. 


1KD£X.  siS 

Hob  the  disadvantage  in  •ome  (ubcequent  Bkirmishes,  iii.  Tbe  tri- 
bane  Metilius  incensea  the  people  against  him,  and  the  senate  is 
displeased  with  tbe  terms  he  had  settled  for  the  ransom  of  pri- 
soners, 76,  He  sells  his  lands  to  pay  the  ransom  of  the  Bo- 
nians  whom  he  had  received  from  Annibal,  77.  Fabiua  bei»g 
called  to  Rome  on  account  of  some  religious  solemnities,  Minu- 
cius  fights  coQirary  to  orders,  and  defeats  part  of  the  enemj's 
forces,  ib.  Though  this  success  makes  a  great  noise  in  Rome, 
Fabius  declares  he  will  hasteu  back  to  chastise  his  general  of 
Iiorse,  78.  Metilius  stirs  up  the  people,  and  they  appoint  Minu- 
crus  collegue  to  Fabius  in  the  dictniotship,  10.  Fabius  doe* 
nut  consent  to  his  collegue's  requisition  to  have  the  command  of 
all  the  forces  every  other  day,  but,  instead  of  that,  divided  them 
equally  with  him,  80.  Annibal's  stratagem  to  draw  Minucius  to 
an  engagement  succeeds,  and  that  general  is  entirely  defeated, 
ill.  81.  Fabius  inarches  to  his  relief,  and  Annibal  retires  intohia 
camp,  82.  The  gratitude  of  Minucius,  83.  His  address  to  hia 
troops,  and  to  Fabius,  ib.  Fabius  lays  down  the  dictalorship, 
and  the  consuls  that  succeed  for  some  time,  follow  his  plan  of 
action,  84.  Fabius  exhons  Paulus  ^milius,  the  coUegue  of 
Varro,  to  guard  against  his  temerity,  85.  The  greatness  of 
Fabius'  behaviour  on  the  terrors  occasioned  in  Bome  by  the 
successes  of  Annibal,  91.  His  relation,  Fabius  Piclor,  is  sent 
to  consult  the  Oracle  of  Delphi,  92.  Fabius  appointed  general 
with  Claudius  Marcellus,  93.  Their  opposite  character,  and 
operations,  16.  Each  of  them  vas  five  times  consul,  ib.  Anni- 
bal forges  a  letter,  as  from  the  inhabitants  of  Metapuntum,  to 
Fabius,  who  is  nearly  caught  in  the  snare,  91.  In  what  manner 
Fabius  brought  back  one  of  the  allies  to  bis  duty,  ib.  93,  and  cured 
a  Lucanian  of  stealing  out  of  camp,  95,  96.  He  recovers  Taren- 
tum  by  means  of  a  love-affair,  96,  97.  Has  art  enough  to  amuse 
Annibal  in  the  mean  time,  97.  Behaves  to  the  Bruttians  with 
a  cruelty  not  to  be  expected  in  his  character,  98.  Dids  his 
men  '  leave  to  the  Tarentines  their  angry  gods,'  ib.  Is  honoured 
with  a  second  triumph,  99,  and  his  son  with  the  consubhip, 
100.  A  Uoman  scene  between  the  father  and  the  son,  ib.  He 
loses  his  son,  and  bears  that  loss  with  great  moderation,  101. 
Publishes  the  funeral  oration,  which  he  had  delivered  himself, 
i&.  Opposes  the  plans  of  Scipio,  102,  t03.  Does  not  live  to 
see  the  reduction  of  the  Carthaginians,  105.  The  citizens  of 
Rome  express  their  regard  to  him  by  deliaying  the  expcnces  of 
his  funeral,  i&. 

Fabius  Maximus,  son  of  Paulus  £niilius,  adopted  into  the  family 
of  the  Fabii,  ii.  300, 

■ Pidor,  i,  52.   Sent  to  consult  the  Oracle  at  Delphi,  ii.  92. 

■  Rtillui,  or  Rtttilianus  Quintus,   acquired  the  name  of  Max- 

imus, iv.  140.  ii.63.  He  was  great-grandtkther  ofFabius  Maximus 
the  dictator,  63,  101. 

■  ■  yntttu,  commander  of  a  legio 

the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Galba,  vi 

vol.  vt.  2  C 


586  INDEX. 

pcror,  933.    EmpToj-(^  tut  one  of  his  generals,  24S.    Wf 
trtme  avarice,  250. 

Fable  of  Picus  aiid  Fatmus,  i.  I!t4.  Of  Minerva  and  Ntptnne 
contendine  for  the  patronage  of  Athens,  340.  Of  the  ii»etiibcrs 
and  the  belly,  ii.  181.  Of  the  feast-day  and  the  day  after  llic 
feast,  i.  339.  Of  the  serpent,  whose  tail  rebelled  agoinn  Hm 
head,  V.  133.  Of  the  cuctoo  and  tittle  birda,  ri.  184.  Of  it; 
wallet,  iii.  496.  Of  the  huntsman  and  horse,  vi.  193.  Of  ik 
sheep  deliTering  up  their  dogB  to  the  wotvea,  r.  279. 

Fabriaut,  Caius,  said  the  lumani  were  not  overcome  by  Ok  I 
Eplrots,  but  Ltcvinius  by  Pyrrlius,  iii.  90.  Sent  lo  trot  miii 
Pyrrhus  about  the  prisoners,  93.  Refuses  to  accept  FVtta' 
presenti,  and  say)^,  '  'Flic  Itomans  hud  rather  comninno  tbo* 
who  are  masters  of  gold,  than  have  it  themselves,'  t6.  Cwa 
gives  him  an  account  of  the  E[iicuiean  philosopliy,  and  he  wile 
that  the  enemies  of  Rome  may  embrace  it,  t&.  9+.  iiitm> 
I^rrhus  of  his  physician's  olTer  to  poison  him,  95. 

Factions  and  parties  how  serviceable  to  a  cammonivealth.  $r 
Disietmoas. 

Faith,  a  temple  erected  to  her  by  Nutna,  i.  195.  The  oaih  1" 
her,  the  most  solemn  among  the  Romans,  il>,  106,  K'^ 
knowledge  of  things  divine  lost  for  want  of  faith,  ii.  222, 

^Faterii,  besieged  by  the  Homans,  i.  373.  The  schoohnMtr^ 
treachery,  and  how  he  was  punished  by  Camillus,  374,  37.^. 

iFalisci,  i.  S6i,  S73.  v.  227.  [ 

'ame.     See  G/wy.  I 

Famine  at  Athene,  under  the  tyt-ant  Aristion,  iii.  249.     In  Ar  U 
army  of  Mithridaies,  HI.  337,  340.     Another  famine  in  Atlwt.   , 
v.  398.     Famine  in  the  army  of  Antony,  469.     An    hei*  «« 
which  brings  on  madness  and  death,  ib.     Famine  in  tite  amp^ 
Artaxerxes,  v.  142. 

Fannia,  screens  MariuB  in  her  house,  iii.  169, 170.     Her  history,^ 

Fannitu,  one  of  the  friends  of  Tiberius  Graccliiu,  v.  203. 

,  Caius,  attains  the  consulate  through  the  interest  of  Wa 

Gracchus,  v.  231.    Opposes  Caius  (iraccnus,  ib. 

Fathers,  the  law  whicll  empowered  tliem  to  sell  their  ch3fa>, 
corrected  in  some  respect  liy  Nurtia,  i.  193. 

rafter  of  Ills  counlr}-,  Cicero  the  first  that  was  honoured  wMi  Unt 
title,  V.  320. 

Faumis,  i.  87. 

,  the  denii-god,  fable  of  his  being  taken,     together  wtk 

Picus,  by  Numa,  and  of  Nuiiia's  learning  charms  and  oilw 
secrets  of  them,  i.  194.  Supposed  to  have  married  tlic  Ben 
Dea,  iv.  366,  367. 

Fawnius,  Marcus,  his  witticisms  on  Pompey,  iv.  311.  VltH  lAb 
Poropey,  and  treats  biin  with  greol  respect,  320,  281.  lis 
friend  and  zealous  imitator  of  Cato,  v.  95.  Is  chos<m  n^flc.  i^ 
Brutus  sounds  him  as  to  the  conspiracy  against  Carsar  A,  SI- 
His  adventnrc  with  Brutxis  and  Cassius,  8!l. 

Faiista,  daughter  of  iVtrtclla,  iii.  280. 


Faustulus,  the  foster-fiitkei  of  KoiDiMua  aod  Beoiuiif  L  S^ 
Fauslus,  son  of  Sylh,  uL  28a    Gels  ^ithrid^^'  crOvip;^  iMP  ^ 

hands,  iv.  178L    Cassiua  stcikcB  him  when  a  boy,  and  vky^  ▼>• 

65.    Puts  hiteirtate  un  to  safe,  326.    WhatCibei»tSfi»dof  the 

bills  he  put  up,  a. 
Fear.    Theseus  sacriices  to  it  as  a  god,  i.  34.    Ale^Mndm  4p9 

the  same,  iv.  289.    The  temple  of  Fear,  and  it's  wo»h^f  162, 

KiS.^  A  sangiunaiy  passkm  in  tynints,  yi.  144. 
Feast^  in  honour  of  toe  two  Ariadne^,  L  f9U 

of  boughs  at  Athens  called  Qschonbona*    Stfti  ^hchopkofM' 
of  slaves  among  the  Romans,  oalled  Saturnalia*    See  <Sa|ar- 

nalia* 

of  the  Latins,  1366. 

of  Proserpine  oeldwated  near  Oyiicum.    Sea  Froterpim. 

of  the  Nonas  CaprodnsB,  cdebrated  by  the  iroaien  in  the 

Goats'-March,  i.  100, 101. 

of  Ceres,  ii.  91.    See  also  ^T^emicyiiorMr. 

of  Adonis,  accounted  ominous  to  th^  Athenians^  on  aocount 

of  it's  happening  at  their  embarkation  for  Siciljm  ii;  137. 

—  of  PfllUia,  i.  65,  a.    Of  the  Lupercalia,  i.  80.    Of  the  Pa- 

nathenaea.    See  PonaiA^fuea.    Of  toe  Metctcia.    See  Mtim^a. 

Of  Boedromia.    See  Boedromia. 
FebrtuUa^  the  least  of  Lupercalm  anciently  so  caUed,  i.  86. 
Feciaks^  an  order  of  priests  instituted  by  Numa,  u  188,  382.  Their 

office  to  act  as  heralds,  to  declare  if  ilr  and  peace,  ik 
-^Fertntum^  iii.89. 

FeretriuSf  Jupiter,  whence  the  term,  ii.  398. 
fFidena^  i.  76.    In  what  manner  taken  by  £omuius,  90. 
Fifirs  forbidden  to  be  exported  out  of  Attica,  i.  254.    Of  Aftica, 

ii.  531 .    Of  Tusculum,  iv.  21 1. 
Fimbria,  besieges  Blithridates  in  Pitana,  iii.  310.    Invites  Lueullus 

to  his  assistance,  ib.     Assassinates  Placcus,  265.     His  men 

desert  him,  and  he  kills  himself,  266. 
Fimbrianst  the  untractable  bands  which  mutinied  against  Fimbria, 

iii.  334. 
Fire.    The  sacred  fire,  attended  by  the  Vestals  at  Rome,  i.  87. 

The  holy  fire  at  Athens  and  Ddphi,  guarded  Iqr  widows,  183. 

To  be  lighted  by  the  sun-besms  at  Rome,  in  cue  of  it's  biippen- 

ing  to  be  eiOinguished,  ib.    Called  *  Vo^ '  and .'  Uni^ '  by  the 

Pythagoreans,  186.     Worshipped  as  the  first  priocipie  if  all 

things,  387.    An  emblem  of  purity,  182. 
FiVf-hearth,  sacred  to  the  domestic  ^>ds,  hr.  323. 
fFirmiansy  a  company  of  brave  men  who  attended  Cato  the  Censor 

in  his  operations  against  Antiochus,  ii.  511. 
Flaccusy  Valerius.    See  Valerius* 
the  consul  marches  against  Sylla,  iii.  260.  Assaasinfitad  by 

Fimbria,  265,  384. 

Hordeonius,  sent  by  Galba  to  succeed  Virginius,  vi.  220. 


The  army  refuse  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Galba,  which 
Flaccus  proposes,  232. 
FlameUf  whence  so  called,  i.  176, 177. 

2  c  2 


S8»  INDEX. 

Flamen  QfarinaUt  instituted  by  Nuroai  u  176. 
Fhtimiius,  Caius  Quintins,  during  his  consulate  defeat!  theGanb, 
ii.  66,  S92.     Named  general  of  hor»e  to  M  inucius  tlie  dictitor, 
and  disqualilied  because  a  tat  was  heard   to  crv  while  lie  >3> 
naming  him,  S94.     Rashly  fighu  Annibal,  and  is'  iiilled,  G7. 
Flamikius,  Titus  Quintius,  or  QuinciiuE,  jealous  of  the  glair  (^ 
PhiloptEmen,  iii.  20.     Quick  both  to  resent  an  injury,  and  u  dj 
a  service,  31.     A  legionary  tribune  under   Marcellus  in  ibe  t*- 
with  Annibal,  32.     Appointed  governor  of  Tarentum,  and  cbiti 
director  of  the  coJonies  sent  to  Namia  and    Coasa,  ik.    0^«    , 
himself  a  candidate  for  the  consulship  without    ascending  b;  thr 
previous  steps,  and  is  elected  though  not  yet  thirty  yeanali,  u. 
Macedon  and  the  war  with  Philip  falls  to  bis  lot,  33.     Fiodttlm 
liii  predecessors  had  entered  Macedonia  too  late  in  the  ifmm 
and  remedies  that  defect,  ib.     On  his  arrival    in    Enirus,  U 
Publiua  Vniius  encamped  over  agains*  Philip,  who  had  longbtt: 
defending  the  fords  of  the  Apaus,  34.      As   a   passage  tha* 
deemed  impracticable,  he  is  advised  to  go  through   Dosinia 
along  the  Lycus,  ib.     But  he  does  not  choose   to  remove  too  ff 
from  the  sea,  lest  he  should  be  in  want  of  provisioss,  ib.    ^^ 
solves  to  force  his  way  up  the  mountains,  35.      Some  ahephfri 
discovering  to  him  a  winding  way  neglected  by  the  enettij,  i< 
sends  a  tribune  with  four  thousand  men  up    that  wav,  il.    .At- 
tacks the  Macedonians,  when  he  believed  the  tribune^iad  gainol 
the  top,  ib.     Traverses  Epirus  with  good  order  and  dt«cip)iM< 
36-    As  soon  as  he  enters  Thessaly,  it  declares  for  Iiim,  0.    He 
and  Philip  come  to  an  interview,  in  which  he  insists  thu  Philip 
should  withdraw  his  garrisons  from  the  Grecian  cities,  5T.    Ttit 
magistrates  of  Thebes  come  to  meet  him,  and   he  enten  the 
city  with  ibem,  ib.  38.    He  sends  agents  to  Rome  to  procure  the 
continuation  of  his  commission,  US.    Meets  Philip  near  Sc«ti». 
and  defeats  him  entirely  in  a  pitcheil  battle  at  Cynoscephal^i 
39,  40.     Hurt  at  the  j'Etolians  claiming  the  honour  of  the  'i^ 
tory,  and  at  the  verses  of  Alcaus,  suit^le  to  their   pretensiosi. 
il.     Philip  goes  in  person,  and  makes  his  submission  to  Flami 
nius  and  the  Romans,  42.     The  conditions  on   which  peace  ii 
granted  him  by  Flaminius,  ib.    The  prudence  of  Flaminiu*,  ia 
making  that  peace  before  Antiochua  declared  himself  it.    The 
ten  commissioners  sent  by  the  senate  to  assbt  Flaminius,  adiBt 
him  to  keep  garrisons  in  three  of  the  principal  cities  of  Greece; 
but  he  prevails  with  them  to  set  Greece  entirely  free    43.    Ih 
proclaims  liberty  to  the  Greeks  at  the  Isthmian  games,  and  the 
shouts  of  joy  and  applause  bring  down  the  crows  from  the  air,  4* 
Despatches  Lentulus  to  the  Bargyllians  in  Asia,  Stertinius  intn 
Thrace,  P.  Villius  to  Antiothus,  and  goes  himself  to  Clialcii  tn4 
Magnesia,  for  thepurpose  of  extending  liberty,  +5,  4<}.     Appoint- 
ed director  of  the   Nemean  gnmes,  46.      Recommends  locid 
virtues  to  the  Greeks,  ib.     Dedicates  shields  to  Castor  and  Pol- 
Ju-t,  and  a  crown  of  gold  to  Apollo,  at  Delphi,  id.  47,     Con- 
mences  hostilities  again»t  Nabis,  the  tyrant  of  Laceda»noD    but 
■OOQ  conpromiAes  the  matter  with  hJm,  i7.    Hoiioun    '  ' 


INDEX.  3fUk 

to  him  by  the  AchaeanSy  48.     Account  of  hi«  trtumph,  .49* 
Antiochus  invading  Greece,    the    Romans  appoint   Fuuniniua 
the  consul's  lieutenant,  ib.  50.    Flaminius  secures  the  Greeks  in^ 
the  Roman  interest,  and  Antiochus  is  defeated  at  Thermopylae^ * 
50.    Prevails  with  Manius  the  consul  to  spare  the  iEtolians  and 
Cbalcideans,  51.    The  Chalcideans  pay  divine  honours  to  him, 
td.    Part  of  a  hvmn  in  his  praise^  5%.    Some  strong  features^pf 
his  soul  described, .  ib.    Sayings,  of  his,  id.  5S.  Is  created  censor, 
53.    His  acts  while  he  bore  that  office,  54.    His ,  rc^^tqijent 
against  Cato'  for  expelling  bis  brother  LuciUs  from  the  senate,  55^^ 
He  i^oes  embassador  to  the  court  of  Prusias,  and  demands  tha^ 
Annibal  should  be  put  to  death*  57.    He  dies  in  his  bed,  €0. 
Flaminius  and  Philopoemen  compared,  ib, — 6S. 

Flaminius^  Lucius,  brother  of  Titus,  expelled  the  senate,  iu«  55*. 
Admiral  under  his  brother,  iii.  S4. 

Flavins^  a  tribune,  wounds  one  of  Annibal's  elephants  with-  |]ie( 
point  of  an  ensisn  staff,  ii.  4S0^  431. 

■  and  Manulus,  tribunes  of  the  people,  deposed  by  Caesar, 

iv.  429. 

GalluSf  rashly  undertakes  an  exploit  agaipst  the  ParthianiSy 


▼.466. 

-,  or  Fulvius  FlaceuSf   informs  Tiberius  Gracchus  of  the 


senate's  design  against  him,  v.  218,  and  n» 

SabinuSf  brother  of  Vespasian,  lefV  governor  of  Rome  by 


Otho,  vi.  249. 

Flora,  the  celebrated  courtesan,  her  amour  with  Pompev,  iv.  127. 
So  great  a  beauty  that  Caecilius  Metellus,  when  he  adorned  the 
temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux  with  paintings,  put  her  p^ture 
among  the  rest,  128. 

Flute,  an  instrument  sacred  to  peace,  iL  424w 

Fontdus  CapUo  sent  by  Mark  Antoqy  to  pon4upt  Qleopatra  into^ 
Syria,  v.  459. 

— « — ,  killed  by  Valens,  vL  224,  225. 

Fortunate  islands.    See  Atlantic. 

Fortune,  bow  distinguished  from  chance,  ii.  273,  ^4>  i*:,  H^ 
images  said  to  have  spoken  to  the  Roman  matrons,  ii.  821  • 
Loves  to  make  affiurs  turn  upon  a  minute  circumstance',  ▼•  184. 
Her  inconsistency,  ii.  B18,  329,  330.  Her  greatest  favours  un- 
able to  fill  the  capacities  of  the  human  mind,  {v.  1^.  UnaUft 
to  conquer  virtue,  v.  3. 

Fountains,  whence  their  origin,  ii.  398,  399# 

■■  of  fire  near  Apoluinia,  iii.  268. 

Fox,  stolen  by  a  3partan  boy,  and  he  f  uSsxa  it  {o  eil  PQl  his  boweBi' 
ratlier  than  be  discovered,  i.  140. 

iFregella,  y.  226. 

^FregellanianSf  ii.  43j. 

Friendship,  instances  of  it,  ii«  345*  vi.  338. 

Fugitives^  those  who  fly  in  battle,  their  punishment,  iU.  348| 

Fuldnia,  mother  of  Marius,  iii.  122. 

Fulvia,  widow  of  Clodius,  marries  AQtony,  t.  435.    Maintains liis 


390  I>JDEX.  I 

quarrels  in  ItDmc  against  Augustus,  451 .     But  CBtiscs  Af  <nlr 
♦5S,  *54.     Her  deatli,  454.  I 

Fidiih  intbmiB  Cicero  of  Catiline's  ilesign  to  kill  him,  v.  910,311. 

Ftihiiis,  Cneius,  the  proconsul,  slain  by  Annibol,  ii.  427. 

,  Qnintas,  appointed  dictator,  ii.  428. 

~ — '—,  a  friend  of  Caiua  Gracclius,  v,  233.  Sends  his  ton  to  itr 
consul  Opimius,  S39.  He  and  hb  eldest  sod  killed,  240.  Hi- 
bo^'thrown  into  the  river,  and  his  widow  forbidden  to  put  hn- 
self  into  mourning,  2+1.    His  youngestson  also  put  to  desib,  A 

FUheral  oiutioas,  their  origin,  i.  283,  2S4-.  Allowed  to  wounUi; 
CobtHbutiog  their  golden  oraaments  to  make  up  an  o%nn|t<' 
Apollo,  i.  372.  Not  made  for  young  women  till  Caesar*atnnt,ti. 
361,  362. 

Turcifh,  the  original  of  that  name  of  reproach,  n.  905. 

Furies,  the  temple  of,  i.  35.     A  grove  sacred  to  them,  ».  S*I. 

Furii,  CanlillUs  first  miacs  thnt  faniily  to  distinction,  i.  563. 

Furius,  Lucius,  coUegue  to  Camilins,  when  military  trtbunnwnF 
'af^jKtint^d  instcnd  uf  consuU,  i.  4<X>.  Sent  by  ComiUm  npna 
the  Tuscans,  \\l. 

—  "--,  COllegae  to  Flaminius,  i(.  392. 

-—~-, — ,  lieutenant  to  Publius  Varinus,  defeated  by  Sparbictu,  i>. 
*58.  * 

Furnius,  an  able  orator,  t.  482. 


4 


GJtBliNE.     EUmenes'  troaps  sjircad  themselves  over  thM 
for  winter  (juarterB,  tv.  60. 

•^GnSii,  Romulus  and  Itemns  sent  thither  for  education,  i  5C. 

GAtinim,  Autus,' a  tribune,  marches  to  the  relief  nV  CharAnn. 
ill.  254.  Proposes  a  law  for  investing  Pompcy  with  thi:  f«i>- 
inand  at  sea,  and  at  land  for  four  hundred  furlongs  fmm  the  to. 
iff  155.  Is  elected  consul,  v.  83.  Has  the  province  of  Synt, 
,329.    His  rudeness  to  Citero,  331. 

-'"'     -,  Antony's  lieutenant,  vr.  79. 

fCorfw,  iv.  II. 

GatHiis,  a  Spartan,  reconciles  Dion  and  Heraclidcs,  *|.  47. 

Galtochus,  a  name  of  Neptune.     See  Svptune. 

fOalate,  Mount,  v.  10. 

iOahlia,  iii.  160.  v.  62. 

Galba,  Sulpitius,  the  richest  private  man  who  ever  rose  ID  the 
imperial  dignity,  vi.  21 3.  Of  the  noble  family  ol'the  Servit.  vM 
thinks  it  a  greater  honour  to  be  related  to  Q.  Catoltu  Caprto- 
linui,  one  of  the  most  virtuous  men  of  his  time,  jA.  Reined 
also  to  Livia,  the  wife  of  Augustus,  i6.  Rises  by  her  interot, 
to  the  dignity  of  consul,  16,  Behaves  with  honour  in  GcmunT. 
and  during  his  proconsulate  tn  Africa,  il>.  Hie  simple  parMine- 
aious  way  of  living,  out  of  character  for  an  emperor,  ifi.  Stn 
governor  into  Spaiu  by  Neto.  i&.    Unable  to  relieve  the  pro- 


INP^X.  391 

vinces  under  the  oppressions  of  the  procurators^  but  givQs  ^hem 
the  consolation  of  nis  pity,  i6.  214'.  Does  not  cndeavpur  to  sup* 
press  the  songs  made  upon  Nero,  214>.  Or  jxiifonii  him  of  Vm- 
dex's  motions  towards  a  revolt  in  Ga\i)>  ib.  Is  offered  by  Vindex 
the  imperial  dignity,  ib.  His  deUberation,  and  the  speech  of 
Titus  ViniuB  to  him  on  that  occasion,  ih.  He  enfranchises  all 
that  present  themselves,  215.  Is  declared  emperor,  but  chooses 
to  act  with  the  title  of  lieutenant  to  the  senate  and  peo|pIe  of 
Home,  ib.  The  senfite  declare  h^in  an  cnepny  to  jhis  country, 
and  confiscate  bis  estate,  ib*  Upon  tlie  revolt  from  Kerb,  all 
acknowledge  Galba,  except  CJodius  Maccr  in  Africa,  and  Vir- 
ginius  Rufus  in  Germany,  ,(i.  Sis.  Galba  is  much  afraid  of  Vir- 
cinius ;  particularly  after  .be  had  defeated  Vindex,  216.  Wishes 
for  his  former  life  of  ease  ax^d  leisure,  ib.  Receives  intelligence 
.from  Rome  of  Nero's  deatli,  t^d  that  the  prfletorian  guarcb  and 
the  senate  and  people  of  Rome  had  declared  him  emperor,  217. 
.Conduct  of  Nymphidius  Sahinqs  toward  him,  ib.  218.  Gelli- 
anus  sent  into  Spain  to  act  as  a  spy  upon  him,  219.  Is  appre- 
hensive of  the  power  and  designs  of  Virginius  Rufus,  id.  But 
Virginius  persuades  his  army  to  acknowledge  Galba,  220.  Gal- 
ba's  behaviour  to  Virginius,  ib.  His  reception  of  the  embassa- 
.dors  $ent  to  invite  him  0  Rome^  ib.  Is  betrayed  into  the  prac- 
tice of  ostentation  by  Vlnius,  ^1.  Is  made  a  jest  of  by  .Mithri- 
dates  and  others,  223.  Orders  Cingonius  Varro  and  Mithridates, 
(wo  of  Nyntpbidius*  accomplices,  to  bq  put  to  death  without  any 
form  of  trial,  824.  Sends  an  qrdcr  for  the  execution  of  Petro- 
nius  Turpilianus,  a.m^  of  consular  dignity,  ib.  .Causes  iVIgccr 
to  be  taken  of  in  A^ca,  and  .tfpnteius  in  Germany,  ib.  P^Is 
upon  a  bod^  of  marines  at  no  great  distance  from  Rome,  who 
came  to  solicit  the  continuance  of  their  establishment,  and  kills 
great  numbers,  225.  Misend)ly  parsimonious  himself,  but  supers 
his  minister  to  plunder  the  treasury  in  the  most  insatiable  paw- 
ner, *2S6.  Punishes  some  of  l^ero's  evil  mifiiaters,  but  spares 
TigeHinus,  the  greatest  delinquent,  who  had  .bribed  Viniuis  to 
j^parc  hiro,  227-  All  Galba's  proceedjp^  j^c  now  misrepre- 
sented, 228.  His  great  error  in  not  giving  a  gratuity  to  .the 
army,  jb.  Yet  he  expresses  hiipself  nobly  upon  it,  ib.  Tlie 
troops  in  Germany  are  almost  ready  to  mutiny  against, him,  ib.  229. 
He  supposes,  that  not  only  his  great  affe  (for  he  w^  seventy- 
three  when  he  came  to  the  emphre)  but.bis  wfiit  of  children  ex- 
poses him  to  contempt;  and  therefore  deUmninea  to  adopt  some 
young  nobleman,  and  declare. him  his  succesaor,  229.  Viqlus 
proposes  Otho,  and  the  soldi^ra  wish  that  he  may  be  the  man« 
231,  232.  Galba  gives  no  an^ffer  to  Vlnius*  application,  23j?. 
Has  the.  public  good  really  at  l^ean  in  his  iotendlea  appointment, 
231 .  ^  The  army  in  Germany  mutinies  against  htm,  and  appoints 
Vitellius  emperor,  232,  23S.  Galba  proceeds  to  the  adoption^ 
and  declares  Piso,  Csesar,  233, 234.  He  sives  no  donation  even 
on  this  occasion,  and  the  countenances  of  the  soldiers  are  black 
and  lowering,  234.  Galba  sacrifices,  and  the  diviner  announces 
to  him  immeidiate  danger  from  (reason,  236»    OtbOf  being  sa- 


392  INDEX. 

luted  emperor  by  a  very  ■mall  party  of  soldiers,  and  c  .^^^ 
the  prastorian  camp,  a  mob  of  people  crowd  to  Galba's  pibeeM  | 
the  news,  tb.  237.  Some  of  his  friends  Ktsnd  vits  in  hit  isiata, 

237.  Galba  goes  out  into  the  Forum,  to  Bpeak  to  ibe  pta^t, 

238,  A  body  of  liorse  and  foot  appears,  and  declares  GiJbii 
private  man,  ib.  He  is  attacked  in  his  sedan  chair,  ii.  Sec- 
proniua  OenBus,  a  centurion,  is  the  only  man  faithful  to  I* 
on  this  occasion,  ib.  He  is  tumbled  out  of  bis  chair.  »  «k 
was  called  the  Curtian  lake,  239.  Says  to  the  compitiun, 
*  Strike,  if  it  be  for  the  good  of  Borne,'  H.  Is  despatched  witi 
many  strokes,  and  his  head  carried  to  Otho,  iS.  Hi*  cnpw 
carried  aivay,  with  Otho's  permis«ion,  and  buried  by  hit  ^h^  , 
man,  241.     Character  of  Galba,  H.  2*2.  ' 

Galba,  Ser/ius,  accuses  Paulu8,£milius,  ii.  S22. 

1  of  pr^torian  dignity,  killed  by  Csesar's 


1  and  ivory  presented  by 


Gallei/.     A  small  one  of 
Lysander,  iii.  209. 

\GaUia  Narboneruis,  iv.  16. 

Gdltts,  Sylla's  lieutenant,  iii.  256. 

,  one  of  Otho"s  generals,  vi.  253,  257. 

,  Flavius,  one   of  Aolony's  officers,  dies    of  his   woundi, 
466,467. 

,  sent  by  Augustus  to  Cleopatra,  v.  501. 

Garnet  instituted  by  Theseus  in  Delos,  i.  24.  Isthmian,  bv  Tbeteui, 
in  honour  of  Neplune,  i.  29,  n.  SI.  ii.  262.  The  mott  btnour- 
able  place  at  the  Isthmian  reserved  for  the  Athenitm,  i.  Ki- 
iv.  96.  Olympic,  in  honour  of  Jupiter,  i.  31,  109,  and  ».  IW. 
ryAiVin,  iv- 93,  V.  406.  Amean.  ii.  262.  iii.  J*,  vi.  180.  Age- 
neral  armistice  in  Greece  during  the  celebration  of  the  gnu 
games,  i.  109,  n.  Circensian  games,  i.  367.  In  honour  of  libciw 
at  Fiatsea;,  ii.  478.480. 

\Gandarilie  and  Pntiii,  their  kings  make  preparations  asuDK 
Alexander,  iv.  333. 

Ganges.  The  breadth  and  depth  of  that  river,  iv.  333.  Alucn- 
der's  troops  refuse  to  pass  it,  ib. 

Gardens  of  Tisaphernes,  ii.  149.  Of  Lucullue,  iii.  38+.  Of  ArU- 
xerxes,  v.  143. 

\Gargelt"i,  i,  44. 

iSates,  of  Home  not  accounted  sacred  as  the  ivall  was,   i.  65. 

^Gaugemda  or  *  Camel's  house,'  a  place  near  Arbela,  where  tlie 
great  battle  between  Alexander  and  Darius  was  fought,  iv,  $89. 

fGau/j,  their  origin,  i.  378.  Their  first  inducement  lo  enttf 
Italy,  S79,  380.  They  besiege  Clusium,  380,  An  iniVingemeDt 
of  the  law  of  nattoni,  by  a  Roman  embassador,  draws  them  in- 
ward Rome,  381.  Defeat  the  Romans  in  the  battle  of  Alii*. 
38'J.  Enter  Rome  and  kill  the  senators  in  the  Forum,  ,190. 
Lay  siepe  to  the  Capitol,  ib.  Propositions  for  peace,  S97,  The 
fraud  and  fnsi.lence  of  the  Gauls,  ib.  Defeated  by  Camillm  _ 
the  road  to  Gubii,  as  one  division  of  them  had  been  before,  nest 
Ardei,  398.    Tbeir  mauier  of  fighting,  414,  416.     Obaem  n 


INDEX.  a9S 

fixact  neutrality  during  the  Panic  war,  if.  991.  '  Defisnd  MiIcq* 
with  great  resolution,  397.  Defeated  by  Marcellus,  ib.  Beaten 
t>y  Flamioiui,  892.  Qm^v^s  wars  with  them,  iv.  378,  etseq.  Their 
avarice  and  rapacity,  iir.  IM.  Break  open  Ae  tombs  of  the* 
kings  at  Mges^  id.  The  Gaulish  cavalry  the  chief  dependence 
of  young  Crassus,  iii,  4M»  Their  v^our^  ib.  Two  buried  altte^ 
by  the  Romans,  ii.  392. 

fGaza  besieged,  iv.  278. 

fGedrosia^  country  of,  iv*  340. 

Geese  consecrated  to  Juno,  and  )cept  'm  the  Capitol.  By  their 
cackling  discover  the  approach  of  the  G^uls,  i.  395. 

Cegania,  one  of  the  two  festivab  consecrated  by  Numay  i.  184. 

1  -I  her  daughter-in-law,  Thalsea,  the  first  female  knowfi  in 

Rome  that  quarelled,  L  ^14? 

Ge^,  ii,271.  vi.26. 

fGeke^  iv.  170. 

Gelanor^  king  of  Argos,  deposed  by  a  fkction,  iii.  114. 

GeUianus  s^nt  into  Spain  by  Nymphidiqs,  to  be  a  spy  upon  Galba, 
vi.219. 

Gellius^  Lucius,  what  Cicero  said  pf  him,  v.  324. 

t  the  consul  defeate  a  straggling  party  of  GKermans  that  be«' 

longed  to  Spartacus,  b\it  Spartac)fs  spon  recovers  that  loss,  iii, 
459,460. 

,  Lucius^  V.  324.  ' 

,  one  of  the  censors,  to  whom  Pompey,  as  a  Roman  knight, 
eives  an  accpunt  pf  his  having  i^erved  the  campaigns  required  bj 
WW,  iv.  150, 151. 

Cdojty  sovereign  of  S3rracuse,  makes  the  Romans  a  present  of  com, 
ii.  193.  His  statue  pre^enred  by  the  ^yn^cusans,  when  they  der 
stroy  those  of  the  tyrants,  260.  His  just  and  mild  government 
vi.  7. 

• ,  a  friend  to  Ne9ptolemus,  forms  a  design  to  poison  Pyrrhui;, 

iii.  71. 

,  one  of  the  governors  of  Bccotia,  iv.  101. 

Geminii^f  au  enemy  to  Marius,  iii.  166.  Seizes  Marias,  and  car- 
ries him  to  Mintums,  169* 

,  a  fnehd  of  Pompey's ;  Pompey  gives  his  mistress^* 
Flora,  up  to  him^^  iv.  127.  He  kills  Brutus  Creticus  by  Pompcr^*s 
order,  143. 


— ,  sent  to  acqui^int  Antpnv  wjth  the  state  of'  hia  affairs  ia 

Rome,  V.  482.    Suspected  by  Cleopatra  as  a  fHend  to  Octavi%* 

ib.  • 

Genealogy.    Sqme  great  families  in  Rome  tracing  up  their  pedi« 

gree  to  Nuroa,  a  suspicious  business,  i.  164. 
Genethlion,  near  Troezene,  the'place  of  Theseus*  birth,  i.  5,  ft 
Gemi^  i.  99.  vi.  3. 
Gentius^  king  of  Illyria,  joins  Perseus  against  the  Romans,-  \m 

is  deceived  iy  him,  and  withdraws,  ii.  397.    Defieated  by  lAi- 

cius  Anicius,  tb. 
Genuciut,  v.  227* 


39* 
(.ico^rapkc 


INDEX. 

s  aod  Historians,  similar  ternut  auiung    tlu 


I 


Geometry,  it.  408. 

Geradas,  die  Spartan,  a  saying  of  his,  i.  135. 

^Gerroitui,  tr.  "6.  ^^ 

Gerandiu,  killed  with  foily  more  SparUns  by  Charon  the  Hidlt 

Menedidas  compiires  that  action  with  tbo&e   of  Pelopida*  id 

Epaminondas,  ii.  371. 
f  Ceroiwa,  V.  175.  vi.  184. 
tCcrgdAiu,  V.  2S. 

Germani,  Indian  philoaophere.     See  Gi/mnosopliisli, 
Germankus,  the  ton  of  Drusus,  v.  508- 
tGnroaw,  iv.  379,  380. 
^Gaata,  ii.391,397. 
iGeta:,  v,  486. 
Gigis,  one  of  Parysatis'  women,  privy  to  the  poisooing  or, 

vi.  135.    HerpunisUnieni,  136. 
Gisco  the  Carthaginian,    .4.nnibal  turns  his  observstiots  on  ftr 

enemy's  numbers  into  ridicule,  ii.  86,  S7.     Sent  by  the  Cvlb- 

ginians  into  Sicily,  266. 
Guiiw,  the  command  in  Bilhynia  taken  from  |iim,  and  given  u 

Pompcy,  iv.  161. 
Gladiators,  their  war  with  the  Romans.     Sec  SpartactMS. 
Ciaucins,  a  king  of  Illyrin,  preserves  Tyrrhua  when   an  infiuil,  ni. 

67,  68.     Restores  him  at  an  early  period   to    tlic  tbiooe  of 

Epirua,  68. 
,  a  seditious  tribune,  employed  by  Mariua^  iii.  156.    Ucul 

to  pieces,  160. 
Glaucippui,  V.  7. 
Glaueus,  physician  to  Hephaestiun,  iv.  346. 

,  son  of  I'olymeiles,  hie  valour,  v.  16. 

,  ally  to  the  Trojans,  vi.  2. 

— ,  physician  to  Cleopatra,  v.  483. 

Glorif,     That  which  is  derived  from  virtue,  more  cxccllenl  tlui 

that  from  power,  i.  174.     It's  stow  progress,  v.  290.      A  £m- 

gard  for  it  the  mark  of  a  worthicsa  or  insensate  mind,  ii.  J?7. 
— — ,  of  one's  ancestors.     The  wortliless  more  ready  to  pnlvjr 

mjionittlian  tnen  of  ueri(,  vi.  152,  153.     FoUatvs  iu  Hie  ltain»f 

virtue,  i.  20-^.     Great  desire  of  it  dangerous  to  tliosc  vrlio  ate  « 

the  head  of  an  administration,  v.  290. 
Giiathamia,  Perseus  believed  to  bo  her  child,  and  mtJy  suopoHli- 

lious  to  Philip,  ii.  291.  vi.  209.  ■"* 

iG/uuau,  in  Crete,  J.  t21. 

Gonf'i- Marsh,  the  place  where  Romulus  disappcarotl,  i.  95, 
■  ■     -  Horns,  the  crest  of  the  king  of  Maccuon,  iii.  79. 
Gobryas,  iii.  310. 
(ion.     No  representation  to  be  made  of  him  by  images,  I.  179.    X* 

be  worshipped  with  the  mind,  t£.     Moves  llic  will,  butdottwl 

over-rule  it,  ii.  205.     Psam in o's  sentiments  conceriUQtf  hi^BM* 

videncc,  iv.  283.    Who  beloved  by  him,  i.  171,  I7fi.     K^jpSj- 


INDEX*  5M 

dinary  ummoe  of  Che  dmne  inie«p06ilioo,  u.  25U  252.  The 
author  of  good  and  nol  of  evil,  ii.  329,  n. 

Oods,  of  the  earth,  i.  8a. 

Goddess  of -the  women,  by  the  Greeks  oalled  Gyncceaf  y^  the 
^Romans  Bona  Dea.  Manner  of  worshipping  •her,  ¥•  SIS.  Mer 
history,  iv.  866,  967. 

OM  aind  silyer  prohibited  in  Sparta,  i.  •1S4'.  The  great  eorrupter 
(if  Mankind,  tb. 

GMU^ipiUar.  atwhieh  tenninatedall  the  great  roads  in  Italy,  and 
fon  which  wey  were  inacribed,  vi*  286,  and  n. 

JiGtmph^  a  dty  of  Thessaty  taken  by  Csesac,  i¥.  406. 

G^mdkUy  one  of  the  Antigoni,    See  Aniigomts. 

Qm^^hu  the  Corinthian,  eomas  to  the  SyraousaaS)  iiL  i?27. 

GMtfgoddess.    See  Goddtss  of  the  women. 

Gurrfaui  knot,  Iv.  ^66. 

fOordmmi  iv.  266. 

Gordku  driven  oat  of  Cappadocia  by  6yUa,  iii.  285* 

f  GordEyiM,  uL  856. 

Gargiiu  thoLeontine,  the  character  which  he  gave  of  Cimon,  iiL  807. 
*"-■■  i  one  Of  Ettmenes'  officers,  iv.  47. 

Qmmdasp  assfats  Peh)pldas  in  restoring  liberty  to  Thebes,  iL  355. 
£nibnMis<the  Spartans  with  the  Athenians,  by  drawing  in  Spho- 
drias  to  attempt  the  Piraeus,  857*  Said  to  liave  first  formed  the 
Sacred  Band,  .862. 

GorgOf  wife  of  kii^  Leonidas,  her  answer  to  a  lady  who  told  her 
none  but  the  Spartan  women  bore  rule  over  the  meq,  i.  18^,  133. 

fl^gofeOM,  a  Spartan  general,  killed  in  the  battle  of  Tsgyree,  ii.  861. 

Qorgui  re-peo^es  the  city  of  Gda,  ii.  271. 

GorpuBUSf  the  month  so  called,  i.  24>. 

-fOorii^manSf  iii.  18. 

Goanu,  iiL  874,  875. 

Gooemmtnt^  Spartan  balance  of  it  like  the  Brftish,L  119. 

Gracchus^  Tibernis,  the  father  of  Tiberius  and  Csmis,  v.  199. 
Marries  Comelb,  the  daivhter  of  that  Scipio  who  oonauered 
Annibal,  46.  A  prodigy  of  serpents,  which  happened  in  his  fit- 
mily,  ib.    Leaves  at  hu  death  twelve  chikiren,  200. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  and  Caius,  the  difference  in  their  dispositions, 
oratory,  and  behaviour,  v.  200.  Alike  in  valour,  justice,  and 
self-f^emment,  S02.  Tiberius  Gracchus,  nine  years  older 
than  his  brother,  ik  Admitted  at  an  oariy  period  into  the  col- 
lege of  Augurs,  ib.  His  character  so  excellent,  that  Appius 
Cmudius  o£rs  him  his  daughter,  ik  Serves  in  Africa  under  the 
younger  Scipio,  208.  Is  the  first  to  scale  the  wall  in  the  siege 
ofoneoftheenemv'stowiis,ti.  Appointed  qusestor,  i6.  -Serves 
under  the  consul  Mancinus  in  the  Numantian  War,  H.  Through 
hb  interest  with  the  Numantians,  procures  a  peace,  and  saves  toe 
lives  of  twenty  thousand  Romans,  9M.  The  peace  is  annulled 
at  Rome,  and  Scipio  sent  against  the  Numantians,  205.  Tibe- 
rius  resohres  to  procure  a  new  Agrarian  law,  207.  Considts 
some  of  the  principal  Romans  upon  it,  208.  Opposed  by  the 
rich,  ib.    The  irresistible  eloquence  with  which  be  pleaded  fi>r 


396  INDEX. 

that  law,  ib.  Specimen  of  his  eloquence,  ib.  209-  His  adrera- 
Ties  engage  M.  OcUvius,  oneof  (he  tribunes,  to  oppose  him, 909. 
Tiberius  orders  all  the  courts  to  be  shut  up  til)  lh«  law  ihwild 
be  passed,  210.  Put  his  own  seal  upon  the  treasury,  i&.  "nie 
people  aueinble  to  give  their  sufii-ages,  but  the  baltoiing  nneii 
are  curried  off,  ib.  Manlius  and  Fulviua  prevail  upon  Tibemi 
to  refer  the  matter  to  the  senate,  i6.  211.  The  appliotiooU 
the  senate  ends  in  noihing,  211.    To  get  his  law  pas»ed,  bt  if- 

?isea  bis  fellow-tribune  Octavius,  by  a  decree  of  the  people,  Sli 
he  Agrarian  law  is  coo6rme(i,  and  three  commissionen  tp- 
pointed  to  see  the  lands  properly  distributed,  ib.  Ilie  ncul 
tribune's  seat  given  to  one  of  Tiberius'  clients,  91 S.  Nwca'i 
enmity  to  Tiberius,  ib.  He  is  treated  with  great  maligaily,  by  iht 
senate,  ib.  A  friend  of  his  supposed  to  be  poisoned,  tt.  He 
pills  himself  in  mourning,  and  recommends  his  wife  and  childro 
to  the  protection  of  thepeople,  213.  Attalus,  liing  of  Pcrgwnui, 
dying  and  leaving  the  Roman  people  his  heirs,  Tiberius  propoici 
that  the  people,  and  not  the  seniite,  should  have  the  disposal  ofiliit 
inheritance,  ib.  214.  A  senator  of  the  name  of  Fompey,  accatt 
him  of  a  design  to  make  himself  king  of  Rome,  21'i.  Anciv 
opposes  him  by  an  unexpected  question,  ib.  215.  Hisai^uaieni 
in  defence  of  his  deposing  Octavius,i^  216.  He  propOMa4ltar 
popular  laws  in  hopes  of  gaining  the  tribuneship  the  yeat  fll> 
lowing,  21G.  Doubts  his  majority  in  the  assembly  of  ihe  pMpK 
and  has  recourse  to  intrealicr,  217.  Meets  with  several  II 
omens,  ib.  S18.  Is  received  with  joy  by  the  people,  oowmtem- 
bled  in  the  Capitol,  21S.  Fulvius  I-laccus  informs  him,  that  Aft 
landed  interest  designed  to  assassinate  him,  i&.  219.  Tibeiwa 
touches  his  head,  signi^ing  the  danger  he  was  in  ;  and  hi>cs*> 
mies  interpret  that  motion,  as  the  requisition  of  a  crown,  919. 
Naaica  excites  a  party  against  him,  iL  Manoer  of  bis  deidl. 
220.  His  dead  body  treated  in  an  inhuman  manner,  ib.  Hil 
friends  experience  the  same  treiiCment,  i6.— — CAitis,  after  the 
death  of  his  brother,  lives  for  some  time  retired  ;  but,  dariBg  bis 
retreat,  improves  his  power  of  oratory,  v.  225.  Tbe  peoale 
delighted,  and  the  patricians  alarmed  by  the  specimen  of  ut 
eloquence  imthe  defence  of  Vettiue,  ib.  He  goes  qiuBiar  U 
the  consul  Orestes  in  Sanlinin,  224.  His  dream,  i^.  Diida- 
goislies  himself  greatly  in  Sardinia,  i&.  Prevails  with  tbe  Sudt- 
nians  to  grant  the  Romans  a  supplv  of  clothing,  225.  Tbe  ceaatc 
puis  an  affront  upon  Micipsa's  embassadors,  in  order  to  maitify 
Caius,  ib.  They  endeavour  to  keep  him  in  Sardinia,  sA.  He 
returns  in  spite  of  ihem,  and  is  impeached,  il».  Defend*  hiuelf, 
and  is  acquitted,  ib.  Clears  himself  of  all  concern  io  tbe  ooa> 
spiracy  of  Fregellar,  22G.  Is  elected  tribune  of  the  peoplr, 
notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  patricians,  ib.  Hia  spcecA 
previous  to  pnssing  two  laws,  227.  What  those  laws  were,  H, 
Other  popular  laws  passed  by  him,  22S.  Returns  money  to  iha 
Spaniih  states,  for  the  com  which  Pitbiits  had  extorted  ffon 
tl'em,  22y.  Procures  decrees  for  semling  out  colonies, 
rosds,  and  building  public  granaries,  t6.    The  method 


olonies,  —MiHifg 

1 


XNIKEX.  387 

with  the  public  roadf  9  2S0.    He  makes  Fannios  consul,  and  k 
himself  appointed  tribune  the  second  time,  2S1 .     He  colonises 
Tarentum,  and  Capua,  i&.     The  nobility  incite  his  collegue 
Livius  Drusus  to  outdo  him  in  popular  acts,  ib.    He  goes  to 
plant  a  colony  in  Carthage,  23S.    Meantime  Drusus  ui,ya  an 
mformation  against  Fulvius,  who  was  a  friend  of  Caius,  i6m    Scipio 
dies,  and  it  is  suspected  that  he  was  poisoned  by  Fulvius^  with 
the  coaninmce  of  Caius ;  at  least  it  was  so  giTen  out,  ib,    Caius 
^ves  CartlMge  the  name  of  Junonia,  2S4<w    Sleets  with  ill  omens, 
c^.      Retwrns  to  Rome,  and  proposes  other  laws,  2i54>,  il35. 
Fannius  ordering  all  that  were  not  Romans  by  birth  to  depart 
from  the  city,  Caius  promised  to  support  the  allies,  but  does  not 
perform  his  promise,  235.     He  pulls  down  certain  scaffiilds 
erected  hf  his  collogues,  ib.    Miscarries  in  his  application  for 
a  third  tribuneship,  236.    The  consul  Opimiua  prepslres  to  repeal 
his  laws,  and  annul  his  acts,  ib.    And  Caius  to  defend  them,  ii. 
The  two  parties  meet  in  the  Capitol,  and  one  of  tiie  consul's 
lictors,  using  scurrilous  language,  is  killed,  ib.  2S7«    The  senate, 
ordering  the  consul  to  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  comnum- 
wealth,  Fulvitts,  a  partisan  of  Caius',  prepares  to  repel  force 
with  force,  and  marches  out  to  seize  the  Aventine  hill,  838. 
Caius  goes  in  his  usual  habit,  with  no  other  weapon  but  a  ilagger, 
ib.    Licinia's  speech  to  him,  ib.  239.    Fulvius,  bv  the  advice  of 
Caius,  semis  hb  younger  sons  to  the  consul  with  proposals  of 
peace,  239.     An  affiray  taking  place,  Caius  retires  to  the  temple 
of  Diana,  240.     His  prayer  to  the  goddess,  ib.     Is  prevented  by 
his  friends  from  killing  himself  and  takes  to  flight,  ib.    Finishes 
his  days  in  the  Grove  of  the  Furies,  241 .    His  body  is  thrown  into 
the  river,  ib.    His  goods  confiscated,  and  his  wife  jforbiddea  to 
go  into  mourning,  to. 
Graces.    Hato  desired  Xenocrates  the  philosopher,  who  was  morose 

and  unpolite,  to  sacrifice  to  the  Graces,  iii.  122. 
+  Grarucus,  river,  iii.  342.  iv,  261,  262. 

GraniuSf  son  to  Marius'  wife  by  a  former  husband,  iii.  165.  Dunne 
Marius*  flight,  geU  to  the  isle  of  JEnaria,  171.     Passes  with 
Marius  into  Africa,  ib. 
— — ,  the  quaestor.    Sylla,  one  day  only  before  he  died,  ordered 
him  to  be  strangled,  iii.  ^3. 

PetroniuSf  Ciesar's  quaestor,  taken  by  Scipio^  iv.  376.    Has 


his  life  given  him  but  kills  himself,  ib. 

Gratitude^  ii.  220. 

fGreece^  the  magnificence  of  her  public  buildings,  ii.  20.  The 
most  glorious  theiitre  for  the  display  of  great  actions,  iii.  89. 
Liberty  proclaimed  to  all  Greece  by  order  of  Flaminius  at  the 
Isthmian  games,  42. 

Greeks.  The  wisdom  of  their  attention  to  liberty,  to  popular  govern- 
ment, and  to  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  i.  261 .  When  first  listed 
in  the  Carthaginian  service,  ii.  266.  Invincible  when  unitedi  vi. 
161 .    Philopoemen  called  the  last  of  them,  iii.  3. 

Guras,  brother  to  Tigranes,  surrenders  himself  to  LucuUus.  See 
Gouras. 


98S  INDEX. 

tiytippus,  Bon  of  Cleandridas,  extremely  avaricions,  ii.  S5.  [j- 
Irustcd  by  Lyjiuidcr  to  <srry  money  for  the  public  use  V>  SfKU, 
lie  rips  the  botlcim  of  the  bags,  anil  takes  out  paK  of  it,  uL  807. 
Is  detected,  and  witlidraws  from  Sparta,  208.  Goes  to  the  hosI- 
ance  or  the  S^racusans,  4'27.  Arrives  at  the  very  instant  vba 
Ihey  were  goinp  to  capitulate,  ib.  428.  Oefeals  Niciai,  IS 
Takes  Plemmyrium  by  storm,  430.  Refuses  the  Atlieiiiaiu  i 
truce,  4W.  Touclieil  with  pity  for  the  miefbrtuiies  of  Niois 
ib.  Demands  him  of  the  Syracusana  aa  his  prisoner,  aDd  >  ' 
refused,  44.S.  ObDoxioos  to  tlie  Syraciuans  for  liia  taoroaHi  I 
and  avarice,  ih.  I 

,  the  father  of  Agiates,  iv.  1,55.  I 

Gylan,  from  wbom  Demosthenes  descended,  v.  253.  I 

Gt/nnasium St  Athens,  the  place  iihere  Theseus  was  interred, iK-   ' 

liecomes  in  consequence  the  refuge  of  the  oppreKa«tl,  i&. 
Gt/mnosopAistx,  Indian    philosophers,    Lycurgus    supposed  10  httt 
consulted  them,  J.  llfi.     Why  so  called,  ib.  u.  iv,  336,  n.    Ur\- 
ander's  converaatioa  with  tliem,  337,  -S.Sa. 
Gyiutcen,  said  to  have  been  tlic  mother  of  Midits  am]  BacdiA 
and  the  wife  of  Faunu«,  ir.   336,  337.      See    Goddeu  at  ife 

■]Gi/riKriiian>,  iv.  S. 
^dglhium,  iii.  19.  V.  186. 


s  a  monument  between  old    and  new  Albmv 


HADRIAN,  ( 

i.  31,>i. 

Hair,  why  worn  long  by  the  Spartans,  i.  I4'7.  iii.  ISS,  189.  HM 
fruits  of  it  sacrificed  to  Apollo,  i.  6.  The  Abontes  lati  to 
ahave  the  fore-part  of  the  head,  ii.  The  directions  wbid  Mn- 
andcr  gave  his  aoldiers  with  respect  (o  it,  7.  Shaving  it  {way*- 
ine  to  Herodotus)  a  mark  of  sorrow,  iii.  lUB,  h.  "  * 
Alfred  the  very  horses  and  mules  to  be  aiiorn  in  tlio 
for  Hephieation,  ii.  38*. 

ifJicmon,  a  small  Hver,  anciently  called  Tliermodon,  i  3^ 

+//*mnt,  Mount,  iv.  2+1. 

■\HatiaTtus  attacked  by  Lysander,  iii. £21. 

^  HatieamaMut,  iv.  26*.  v.  S69. 

iHahnesHs,  v.  262. 

Hamihar,  ii.  261. 

Hanno,  his  trifling  artifices  before  Sv-racusc,  ii,  2.'H,  2S5 

HappineM,i.  161,361,262.  v.  ISO.' 

Harmons,  iii.  20S. 

Hnrpalns,  governor  of  Babylon,  deserts  the  service  of  > 
and  carries  off  his  treasures,  iv.  S(J6.  v.  25,  281 ,  262. 

Harpates,  son  of  Tiribazus,  employed  by  Ochus,  to    kill  Aismcs. 
vi.  U9,  1,50.  ^^ 

fJatf,  puriile  ones,  royal  marks  of  favour,  iv.  ,50. 

Head,  n  bloody  one  found  ia  laying  the  Ibuiiduli         ~   ' 


Hearing.    A  shock  upon  that  disturbs  the  mind  mdre  ihtn  any 

other  of  the  senses  doesy  iii.  481 . 
Hecate^  an  ancient  woman  entertains  TheseuSi  i.  15.    His  grathade 

to  her,  ib» 
Hecalesium^  a  sacrifice  offered  by  Theseus  to  Jupiter  Heeilas» 
i.  \5. 

Hecataus  the  rhetorician,  i.  143. 

,  tyrant  of  the  Cardiahs,  ir.  41 . 

Hecatombaon^  the  month  so  cdled,  i.  IS*  29,  46.  ir.  242. 

•\  Hecatomhaum^  the  Argtres  defeated  there  by  Cleonienea,  v.  166. 

Hecatompedon^  the  temple  of  Minenra  at  Atliens  ^  ealledy  ii.  2ft, 
11.499. 

Hectemonit  the  Athenian  poor  why  so  called,  1. 285. 

Hedar^  vi.  77,  78,  155. 

-fHeduif  or  i£</«f,  a  people  of  Ghnil,  revolt  from  the  Romans^  W. 
S89. 

HegemoHf  the  Athenian,  appeals  to  Polyperchon,  ▼•  41.  b  con- 
demned to  die,  40. 

Hegesias  the  Maenesian,  it.  242. 

Hegesipyla^  dau^ter  of  Olorus  king  of  Thrace,  wife  of  Mlltiades, 
and  mother  of  Cimou,  iii.  297* 

HegistraiuSf  Archon  the  year  in  which  Solon  died,  i.  269. 

Heien^  stolen  by  Theseus,  i.  87.  Rape  of,  39.  The  reputed 
daughter  of  Jupiter  by  Leda  the  wife  of  Tyndarus,  i.  39,  40,  n. 
Carried  to  Troy,  48. 

Hdemtsson  of  Pyrrhus,  by  Bircenna,  iii.  76. 

HdepoUsf  Dettletrius*  machines  for  taking  cities^  ▼•  882. 

Heluea^  court  of,  v.  19. 

Helicon  the  Cyziceiiian,  vi.  18. 

— — ,  the  artisan,  iv.  292. 

t ,  Mount,  iii,  227. 

HellanicMs^  the  hbtorian,  i*  18,  82,  84,  89. 
■  ■  ■ ',  the  Syracusan,  vi.  39. 

-^Hellespont.  Pnocion  dislodges  Philip  fVom  the  places  upon  it, 
V.  18. 

Helots^  account  of  them,  i.  Ill,  156.  iii.  817. 

^Helvetians  come  suddenly  upon  Cfesar,  but  are  defeated,  and 
forced  to  return  to  their  own  barren  hills,  iv.  378. 

Hdvia^  mother  of  Cicero,  v.  292. 

HeUjidius  Prisons  conveys  away  Galba*s  body,  vi.  241 . 

Henhaslionf  the  fiivourite  of  Alexander,  iv.  38.  His  quarrel  wHli 
Eumenes,  39.  With  Crateras,  313.  His  death,  346.  AfAong 
other  extravagant  expressions  of  ^ef,  Alexander  pulls  do#n 
tlie  battlemenU  of  the  cities,  ib.    His  funeral,  347. 

Henioche,  daughter  of  Pittheus,  and  mother  of  Sciron,  i,  82. 

HeptachaloSf  iii.  250. 

Heraclea^  places  in  Athens  consecrated  to  Hercules,  i.  44. 

t — in  Pontus,  iii.  844. 

t in  Greece,    taken   by  Desnetrius   from    Cassander,   v. 

385. 

t in  Italy,  tit.  7. 


1  place  of  some  strength  doi  Co- 


fHeracleum,  ii.  SOO. 

Herocfitte  demolisb  the  pillar  set  up  by  Theseus, 

in  Peloponnesus,  iii.  219.     The  kings  of  Sparta   of  dm  Csbil/, 
i.  110. 

HeracUiiet  of  PoatM,  the  historian,).  268,  389.   ii.  55. 

— .—  ■  — ,  a  Syracusan  ynuth,  brings  on  the  battle  in  vhicti  St- 
ciaa  is  defeated,  iii-  436. 

,  the  Syracusan  admiralf  *■.  12.     His  bebavioiu  to  Da 
32,  33.     His  death,  50. 

Heradiius,  his  opinion  concerning  the  soul,  i.  98. 

ff/crira,  a  city  of  Arcadia,  iii 

^Heratan,   or  lemple  of  Juni 
rinth,  i».97.  »i.  172,  17G. 

H(rrca/«,  desiroys  robbers,  i.  8.  Kills  I  pi  lit  us,  ib.  Is  tfcalcd  ti( 
Omphale  aa  a  slave,  ib.  Inflicts  the  same  puoishmenu  vps 
those  he  conquers  which  they  had  done  "pon  others,  12.  Juiii 
with  Theseus  into  the  Euxine  sea,  32.  The  first  who  grans  Qit 
bodies  of  the  slain  to  the  enemy,  37-  Initiated  in  ibe  Gem 
Mj-sterics  by  means  of  Theseus,  39.  Intercedes  w  ith  A'lioM^ 
for  the  release  of  Theseus,  43.  The  firat  of  the  Fabii  defccodri 
from  him  by  a  nymph  of  Italy,  ii.  62.  As  a  god,  accepts  i»i  s 
coward's  offering,  306.  A  verse  of  Euripides  descripticr  e\ 
him,  iii.  298.  He  never  was  the  aggressor,  and  Theseus  imi-  , 
tated  him  in  that  respect,  i.  9.  iii.  437.  His  temples,  J  *+.  Jii  ) 
♦97.  V.  483.  He  takes  Troy,  iv.  2.  Kills  Ant«u*,  «n<i  fta.  a 
son  by  his  widow,  named  Sopha.\,  13.  Sylla  dedicates  tiie  tenth 
of  his  Eubstance  to  him,  iii.  281.  Crassus  doG*  the  MaiB,  iii 
448. 

,  son  of  Alexander  by  Barsine,  iv.  39. 

Hereas,  the  Megarensian,  1.  22.  42,  230. 

Herennitts,  Caius,  cited  as  an  evidence  agaiost    Mario*,  but  t\- 
cusea  himself  as  being  patron  to  the  family  of  Marius   iii,  I2S. 
,  one  of  Sertorius*  officers  defeated  by  Pompey  is,  Jis, 
■,  the  centurion,  despatches  Cicero,  v,  353. 

Herippidas,  the  Spartan,  by  too  severe  an  inquiry  after  tlie  pH- 
def,  disobliges  Spithridales,  iv,  83.  ^^ 

HervKe,  or  statues  of  Mercury, 
418. 

Hermann,  the  priest,  trodden  to  death,  when  Mithridates  fiedfrnB 
LucuUus,  iii.  350. 

Herminius  Joins  Honitius  Codes  ii 
Porsenna,  i.  294. 

^Hermione,  i.  12,  and  n.  iv.  153. 

f ,  purple  of,  iv.  298. 

Hermippidas  the  Spartan  officer  put  to  death  for  surreodei 
Cadmea,  ii.  356. 

Hermippus,  V.  256.     Accuses  Aspasia  of  impiety,  ii.  48. 

the  historian,  i.  1 17.  148.  v.  286. 

Hermocrates,  general  of  the  Syracusans,  a  saying  of  his,  jii.  45*. 
His  stratagem  against  Nicias,  438,  439.  IncfiDed  to  treat  llw 
Athenians  witli  mercy,  but  wts  aver-mled,  443. 


mutilated  at  Athens,  iL  15flL  m. 


1  defending  the  bridge  1 


INDEX.  401 

HermotrateSf  father-in-law  to  Dionysius  the  Elder,  vi.  4* 

— r-  of  Rhodes,  employed  by  Artaxerxes  to  corrupt  the 

states  of  Greece,  vi.  1S7. 
HermolaiU,  his  plot  against  Alexander,  iv.  S24« 
Hermon  stabs  Phrynichus  for  his  design  to  betray  the  Athenian 

fleet,  ii.  151. 
-fHermuSy  v,  26. 

Hermotimusy  the  father  of  Milto,  Cyrus'  concubine,  ii.  38. 
Hermuss  left  governor  by  Theseus  of  the  city  of  F^hopolis,  which 

he  built  in  the  country  of  the  Amazons,  i.  S3. 
HerOf  niece  of  Aristotle,  and  mother  of  Callisthenes,  iv.  324. 
Herodes,  v.  322. 
Herod  of  Judsea  sends  forces  to  Antony,  v.  484.     Revolts  to  Octa* 

vius  Caesar,  494. 
Herodorusy  i.  32,  37,  38,  62. 
Herodotus,  the  historian,  i.  389,  n.  ii.  477. 
— — —  of  Bithynia,  beloved  by  the  gods,  i.  170. 
Heroes :  serpents,  why  consecrated  to  them,  v.  197*    One  link  in 

the  chain  between  divine  and  human  nature,  i.  99. 
Herophytus,  the  Samian,  advises  the  allies  to  take  the  spoils  for 

their  share,  and  leave  the  slaves  to  the  Athenians,  iii.  306. 
Herostratusy  one  of  the  friends  of  Brutus,  sent  by  him  into  Mace- 
donia, vi.  78. 
Hesiody  honoured  after  his  death  by  one  of  the  gods,  for  the  sake 

of  his  poetry,  i.  172. 
Hesychiay  the  priestess  of  Minerva,  removed  from  Clazoroenae  to 

Athens,  iii.  419. 
Hetruria,  i.  64. 
Hexapylunty  ii.  416. 
Hiemvsaly  king  of  Numidia,  endeavours  to  detain  young  Maritts 

ana  Cethegus,  who  had  taiken  refuge  at  his  court,  iii.  172. 

— ,  Pompey  gives  him  the  kingdom  of  Sarbas,  iv.  138. 

'\Hier(Ey  city  of,  u.  267. 

\HierapoiiSy  given  b^  Antony  to  Moneses,  v.  461.    The  goddess 

worshipped  there,  iii.  472. 
Hieroy  king  of  Syracuse,  ii.  407.    Desires  Archimedes  to  apply  his 

mathematical  knowledge  to  practice,  409. 

,  the  pretended  son  of  Dionysius  Chalcus,  represents  to  the 

Athenians  the  cares  and  toils  of  his  master  Nicias  for  their  be- 
nefit, iii.  404. 
Hieronymusy  a  descendent  of  Hiero,  assassinated  by  his  own  sub* 

jects  at  Leontium,  ii.  40(),  n. 

y  a  Greek,  settled  at  Carrae,  desires  young  Crassus,  in 

time  of  extremity,  to  retire  to  Ichns,  iii.  485. 

,  the  historian,  commissioned  by   Antigonus  to  oibr 

Eumenes  terms  of  peace,  iv.   54.     Appointed  by  Demetrius 

governor  of  Bceotia,  v.  405. 

,  the  philosopher,  iv.  86. 


-fHimeroy  ii.  260.  iv.  136. 
'fHimer€BansyW,  186. 

Himerauiy  brother  of  Demetrius  Phalereus,  v*  886. 
▼OL.  ▼!•  8  D 


f/tW,  a  white  one  presented  to  Serlorius,  iv.  11,  15.  He  h«> 
tends  that  it  was  a  present  from  Diana,  and  that  it  pnaigai&ai 
his  future  eventfi,  13. 

Hipparchus,  Antony's  freedman,  v.  496. 

—  of  the  ward  of  Cholarga,  the  fiist  person  banished  bf 
the  Ostracism,  Jii.  416. 

—  '         ,  father  of  ABclepiades,  v.26- 

Hipparete,  daughter  of  Hipponicus,  and  wife  of  Alcibiade^L 
122.  Oftended  at  his  dissolute  life,  she  leaves  him  aodRiafK 
a  divorce,  but  he  carries  her  out  of  court  in  his  arms,  i^. 

Hipparinus,  father  of  Aristomachc,   ttie   wife    of    I>iooniai  tbc 


Elder,  1 


Hippias 


ofDio: 


31. 


.  i.  14-8,  166. 
a  faithful  servant  to  Pyrrhus,  carriea  bim    m  tua  jafaiq 

to  a  place  of  refuge,  iii.  C6,G7. 

,  the  comedian,  one  of  the  favourites  of  Aatony,  v,  tS4- 
Hippo,  tyrant  of  Messana,  besieged  by  Timoleon,   eadeafoon  I* 

make  his  escape  ;  but  the  inhabitants  seize  him,  sad  put  hia  to 

an  ignominious  death,  ii.  271. 
■  the  Syracusan  orator,  vi.  36. 

Hippodvs,  father  of  Pelopidas,  ii.  S4:i. 
Hi^pocom^  i.  39. 
Hippoerates,  commanding  officer  in  Cbalcedon,    billed  by  41dbi- 

ades,  ii.  158. 
•  ■— ■— ,  the  Syracusan  general,  defeated   by    MaTceUui,  iL 

415. 

,  the  Athenian  general,  defeated  at  Delium  in  Bceotia, 

iii.  406. 

,  the  physician,  ii.  526. 

,  tlie  mathematician,  availed  himself  of  mercantHa  ad- 
vantages, i.  221. 
Hippoda-telovnUs,  i.  242. 
Hippadamia,  wife  of  Pelops,  and  mother  of  Pittheus  and  T  iiMiri 

i.9,38,n.  '^^ 

Hippodrome,  or  Circus  Maximal,  i,  55.  iii.  257. 
Htppodrcymius,  the  month,  i.  384. 
Htppolj^te,  the  Amazon,  i.  32,  n.     Peace  concluded  by  her  mmnt 

between  the  Amazons  and  Athenians,  35.     A   pillar  erected  H 

her  honour,  i.  ii.  and  n. 
Hij)poit/tus,  said  by  Euripides  to  have  been  educated  by  Fiubeo^ 

'     -  ,  the  son  of  Theseus,  the  great  misfortunes  which  bwftt 
him.  i.  36. 

,  the  Sicyonian,  the  favourite  of  Apollo,  i.  I7i, 
Hippomachus,  the  wrestler,  vi.  3. 

Htppomedo'if  sun  of  Agesilaus,  one  of  the  Ephori,  and  cousin  to 
Agis  king  of  the  Spartans,  v.  1^8.     Saves  his  father  on  a  critical 
occaiion,  149. 
Hipponicus  makes  an  unfair  advantage  of  Solon's  infonoation  witfa 
respect  to  the  abolishing  of  debts,  i.  $39. 


INDint.  Mi 

Hippomcus^  father  of  Callias,  ii.  121.     Alcibiadet  behaves  wilh 
'  wanton  rudeness  to  him,  yet  afterveard  marries  his  daughter^ 
ib.  122. 

fHipponium  a  city  of  Lucania,  subsequently  called  *  Vibo/  r.  Sd2. 

HipposthenidasyyiM  Pelopidas  in  his  enterprise  in  delivering  Th^bei» 
but  afterward  draws  off  out  of  fear,  ii.  349,  350. 

Hippetas^  one  of  Cleomenes'  friends,  latnei  but  a  man  of  great 
courage,  v.  194. 

Hirtius  and  Pansa  defeat  Antony  near  Mutina,  but  are  both  billed 
in  battle,  v.  348,  34^. 

Historian,  the  duty  of  a  good  one,  vi.  35.  Proper  for  him  to  btf 
situated  in  a  great  city,  v.  251. 

History,  the  very  ancient,  fabulous,  or  at  the  best  uncertain^  i.  d; 
Truth  hard  to  be  discovered  from  it,  ii.  26. 

■ ,  and  Biography,  their  use,  ii.  280.    The  difference  between 
history  and  lives,  iv.  239. 

Hobby-horse,  Agesilaus  rides  on  one  aoiong  his  children,  iv.  108; 

Holy  Cornel-tree.     See  Cornel-tree. 

■         Fire,  how  to  be  lighted.     See  Fire. 

— —  Island  in  the  Tiber,  how  first  formed,  i.  280,  281. 

Horner^  says  that  Minos  converses  with  Jove,  i.  17,  30.  His  worba^ 
bv  whom  preserved,  115.  Collected  into  one  body  by  Lyourgus, 
ib.  His  opinion  of  the  divine  influence  on  the  mind  of  man, 
explained  and  supported,  ii.  214,  215.  His  verses  have  this 
peculiar  excellence,  that  they  seem  to  be  produced  with  isaseii 
278.  A  passage  of  his  explamed  to  mean,  that  the  person,  who 
loves  not  labour,  will  be  inclined  to  support  himself  by  vioJeBce 
and  rapine,  536.  Said  to  have  been  born  at  los,  and  to  hlivii 
died  at  Smyrna,  iv.  3.  His  Elysian  fields  situated  in  the  Atla|i|ic 
Islands,  \4.  The  high  value  which  Alexander  set  upon  b» 
poems,  250.  Alexander's  copy  of  the  Iliad  corrected  by  Aris- 
totle, and  called  the  <  copy  or  the  Casket,*  ib.  and  279. 

HomoUnchus,  and  Anaxidamas,  inhabitants  of  Cheronssa,  their  valour 
and  services  to  Sylla,  iii.  256. 

Honour,  the  temple  of,  ii.  432. 

— — ,  only  the  image  of  virtue,  v.  132.  Whether  honours 
change  men's  manners,  iii.  276,  277. 

Honoratus,  Antonius,  his  speech  to  the  prstorian  bands,  vi.  223. 

HoplOa,  one  division  of  the  people  of  Athens,  i.  253. 

\HopUtes,  the  river  near  which  Lysander  was  slaio,  iii4  225# 
226. 

Horace,  iii.  385. 

Horatius,  Marcus,  dedicates  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  i. 
291. 

Codes,  why  so  called,  i.  294.     Defends  the  bridge  while 

the  Romans  break  it  down  behind,  ib, 

Horcomosium,  a  place  near  the  temple  of  Thceeus  so  caUed,  and 
why,  i.  85. 

Horses,  the  flesh  of  dead  ones  breed  wasps,  v.  197. 

Horienthis  marches  with  a  reinforcement  for  Sylla  flrom  Thesaaly 
into  Boeotia,  iTi.  259.    Acts  as  one  ef  0ylla*«  lieuleBaDts,  S^ 

2i>2 


,  ir.  330. 


n  Thebes,  ii,  334, 


♦Ot  INDEX. 

Hortensm,  the  oratnr,  iii.  S81. 

■     ,  QuintuB,  desires  Cato  to  give  up  his  wife  to  fain,  w.  71 

,  the  proelor,  delivers  up  Macedon  to  BrutuG,  »i.  79. 

■  '  ■        ■-■,  slain  by  Antooy  on  his  brother's  tomb,  v.  iiS,  ti.81 
Hatpitaliti/.    Jupiter  avenges  the  breach  of  it,  vi.  209. 
Hottilim,  marries  Ersilia  the  Sabine,  i.  71.     Killed   in  the  btfti 

between  RomuluB  and  TatiuB,  79. 

the  consul  defeated  by  Perseus,  ii.  292. 

Human  sacrificeB  sometimes  offered  before  a  battle,  ii. , 

stances  of  them,  ih.     Not  acceptable  to  the  gods,  367. 
Hiubandrif.     See  Agriculture. 
Hyacinthtu,  the  favourite  of  Apollo,  1. 171. 
^Hybla  besieged  by  Nicias,  iii.  423. 
Ht/briat,  employed  by  the  cities  of  Asia  on  a  conimis«ioia  U 

V.  447.     Behaves  with  great  boldness,  i^. 
iHuccara,  raised  by  Nicias,  iii,  423. 
iHydaspti.     Alexander  pawes  that  rive 
Hudrieiu,  the  Carian,  iv.  86. 
If/Um,  father  of  Cleodes,  iii.  66. 
If/menaus,  i.  71. 
liupales,  n  friend  to  I,.eonidas'  party 

by  Pelopidas,  i6. 
Hyperbalut.     The  Ostracism  disgraced  by  his  hani&hmeDt, 

127.     He  the  last  whom  it  fell  upon,  iii.  415,  416. 
\ Hyperboreans.     Some  account  of  them,  i.  389,  w. 
Hyperides,    the  orator,  v.  10,   266.     Put  to  death 

84,  286. 
Hypstrus,  iv.  197.  v.  ^. 
Hjfpsechidas,  \.  330. 
fii/jKicratia,  Mithridates'  mistress,  her  courage    and  attentiou  ^ 

that  prince  in  his  distress,  iv.  166.  /[ 

tHj/rcflnw,  iv.  169,  309. 
iHi/rcanean  sea,  iv.  170. 
Hyrodet.    See  Orodes. 


lACCVS,  or  Bacehui,  his  image  carried  in  procession,  *.  35. 
^Jalysm,  an  ancient  city  of  Rhodes,  v.  S84,  n. 

—_ ,  hia  history  painted  by  Protogenes,  v,  S84-. 

Janiculum,  i.  206. 

Jantu,  why  represented  with  one  face  before  and  another  behiod, 

i.  202.     His  temple  when  to  be  shut  and  when  open,  t&     HoV 

often  shut  at  Rome,  ii.  203. 
ili^gia,  a  country  of  ftaly,  i.  16. 

,  cape  of,  iii.  85. 
Tiirbai  or  Hiarbas,  taken  prisoner  by  Pompey,  who  gave  his  kaK" 

dom  to  Hiemp«3l,  iv.  138.  ' 

Jaion,  and  his  ship  Argo,  i,  21.     Appointed  to  clear  the  aea  of  •! 

piraiea,  ib.  S7.    His  espedition  to  Colchoi,  iii.  £96, 


INDEX.  405 

Jamm  the  tragedian,  iiL  497.    Appositely  introduces  the  head  of 

.  Craffttty  ih. 

Javelin.    Marius  contriTes  a  new  form  for  it,  iii.  150. 

flberiOf  the  king  of  Iberia  presentB  Pompey  with  a  bedstead,  table, 

.  and  chair  of  state,  all  of  gold,  It.  172. 

f  Iberians.  A  warlike  people  aeated  about  mount  Caucasus,  defeated 
by  Pompey,  iv.  168, 169. 

-iiberian  mountains,  iv.  168. 

Iberus,  river,  iv.  21. 

Ibifrtiusy  governor  of  Arachosia,  Antigonus  puts  the  Argyraspides 

•  m  his  hands,  to  be  harrassed  and  destroyed,  iv.  66. 

IceltiSf  vi.  217. 

JceteSf  prince  of  the  Leontines,  chosen  general  by  the  Syracunni 
against  Dionysius,  iL  283.  Designs  to  sieze  Syracuse  for  hiro« 
self,  254.  His  letters  to  the  Corinthians  excite  their  indignation^ 
289.  He  defeaU  Dioaysitts,  241 .  His  proposals  to  Timoleon  at 
Rheginm,  ib.  Is  defeated  by  Timoleon,  245.  Sends  two  assassins 
to  Adranum  to  destroy  Timoleon,  251.  Is  reduced  to  a  private 
station,  260.  Leagues  again  with  the  Carthaginians,  268.  Is 
defeated  and  nut  to  death,  269.  His  wife  and  children  also 
suffer  death,  for  the  cruelties  of  the  family  to  that  of  Dion, 
ii.  270. 

Ichneumon^  an  .^gjrptian  animal,  it's  history,  iv.  305,  n. 

Jctinus  and  Cailicrates  build  tlie  Parthenon  at  Athens,  ii.  23. 

•flda^  Mount,  iv.  48.    See  Daetyli  IcUti. 

Idas.    Helen  said  to  be  carried  off  by  Idas  and  Lynceus,  i.  39. 

Idleness  punished  at  Athens,  by  a  law  of  Solon,  i.  251. 

Idomeneus  the  historian :  his  calumnies  against  Pericles,  iL  18. 

Jealousy,  in  what  manner  provided  against  by  Lycurgus,  i.  134,  135. 
The  Persians  extremely  guilty  of  that  passion,  3&. 

-f  Jerusalem  taken  by  Pompey  the  Great,  iv.  174,  n. 

IgnaiiuSf  one  of  Crassus'  officers,  escapes  with  three  hundred  men 
to  Carrae,  informs  the  governor  of  the  battle  that  had  been  fought, 
and  then  hastens  to  the  bridge  over  the  Euphrates,  iii.  489. 

Ilia,  Rhea,  or  Sylvia,  daughter  of  l^umitor,  and  mother  of  Romulus 
and  Remus«  i,  52. 

— — ,  one  of  the  wives  of  Sylla,  iii.  239. 

Ilicium,  accordins  to  Plutarch,  a  place  so  called  from  Jupiter's 
showing  himself  propitious  there,  i.  195. 

-Allium,  iv«  260. 

lUyria,  iii.  67.  v.  184. 

Ilhfricum,  v.  82. 

Images  forbidden  in  divine  worship  by  Pythagoras  and  Numa,  i. 
179.  No  images  permitted  in  the  temples  at  Rome  for  170  years 
after  it  was  built,  ib, 

'  or  forms  of  visible  objects,  according  to  Democritus,  float- 
ing in  the  air,  ii.  281. 

Immortality  of  the  soul  strongly  asserted,  L  98,  99. 

Imprecations.  The  opinion  the  ancients  had  of  their  force  and 
reflect,  L  8T7«  iiL  470.  An  Athenian  priestess  said,  *  she  thought 
her  office  was  for  blessing,  not  for  cursing,'  iL  145. 


toe  INDEX. 

Imprec-ntiom  againit  Crassus  at  hia  departure  from  Roia»,  iii.  tHO, 

t/nrfio>i)[,  some  of  them  acted  OS  mercenaries  for  their  neighlioiiri, 
iv,  329.     Alexander's  Indian  war,  ib. 

/nt/fan  pbiloophers,  iv.  3^.  Alexander  hangs  some  of  thniv 
sedirioui  persons,  wlio  were  only  advocates  tor  liberty.  iA.  SH> 
Tfaej  persuaded  Sabhaa  to  revolt,  S36.  Their  philosopher*,  vhj' 
called  Gymnosophisle,  336,  n.  Tlieir  eonTer^ation  irith  Alex- 
ander, 337,  SS8.  One  of  them,  named  Colanus,  boms  hinri^ 
3+3.     Another  burnt'd  himself  long  after  at  Alheos,  lA. 

Jngratitvde  punished  by  the  gods,  i.  377,  378. 

Inimitable  in  Lifi,  a  lociely  so  deDomiaated  by  Antony  vAOko- 
palra,  v.  ig*. 

Jno.     Her  sufferings  from  the  jealousy  of  Jufao  rl 
process  of  a  sacrifice  by  the  itomans,  J.  367. 

■\lnora.  caslle  of,  iv.  166. 

flasiUirianr,  part  of  the  Gnuls  so  called,  ii.  39C 

JnUrcalart/ month,  i.  19!). 

Irtterrfgntan  amongst  the  Romans  afler  the  death  of  RomoJus,  h» 
settled,  i.  168. 

Jolaiis,  son  of  Antipater,  chief  cup-bearer  to  Alexander,  ir  JtS. 

ilbieos,  v. +21. 

Ion  of  Chios,  the  tragic  poet,  some  account  of  him,  i,  23.  ii.  9, 
iii.  305.  V.12S2. 

-■'  ,  the  favourite  of  Persetis.  Persem  puts  his  chihlreii  in  hit 
hands,  and  he  betrays  them,  if.  316. 

f/oHta,  what  in  ancient  timei,  i.  31. 

in  Asia,  v.  281. 

iloman  sea,  iii.  85. 

Joniant,  i,31,n. 

J'ope,  daughter  of  Iphiclcs,  and  irife  of  Theaeus,  i.  37. 

lopkon,  son  of  Pisistratus  by  Timonnssa,  it.  528. 

Id),  a  city  where  Homer  was  said  to  he  buried,  ii.  j 
nifies,  also,  a  violet,  iv.  S. 

T'liides,  a  colony  in  Barta,  founded  by  loxus,  i.  lo. 

loxux,  son  of  Melanippus,  and  grandson  of  Theseus, 

Jony  into  Caria,  i.  10.     A  custom  observed  by   the    Itixidci  lb 
deEci;ndents,  in  memory  of  an  incident  in  Theseus'  life,  ih 

Ivhickt,  i.37. 

Ipkicrales  the  Athenian  general,  to  what  he  compares  the  nMJt- 
tuent  parts  of  an  army,  ii.  341.  vt.  211.  Defeats  a  ptiCV  tf 
Lacedsenionians    iv.  97.  ■      ' 

"      ■        ,  lieutenant  to  Arla\erxes  agaiott  the  .^gSTitiftos^  »i,  |4J. 

Iphigenia,  iv.  76. 

Ip/iilut  slnin  by  Hercules,  i.  8. 

,  con  tern  poniry  with   Lycurgus,  i.  109.      Lycui^vw  aniNl 

him   in  ordering  the   ceremonies  of   the  Olympic  g«in«i^  A 

Iphtha,  king  of  Mauritania,  and  father  of  Aacalis,  ir.  12. 

ilpsM,  iii.  69.     Battle  of,  v.  395. 

iriu,  one  of  Cleopatra's  VToraen,  v.  183.     FouDd  dead  •thcrfttt, 


IX  if 


INDEX.  Wl 

Irens  and  Mellirent  ftt  Sparta,  what  they  were  in'  Ae  claisea  pf 
young  men  and  boys,  and  what  their  offices,  i.  IS^  140. 

Iron  Money.  No  other  current  in  Sparta,  i.  124.  rreparedso  as 
not  to  be  malleable,  ib, 

Isadtts^  son  of  Phobidas,  goes  out  naked  from  the  bath  to  battle, 
iv«  115)  116.  His  Talour  and  the  effect  his  appearance  had  on 
the  enemy,  116.    How  rewarded,  and  why  fined,  tb. 

Is€Bu$j  instructs  Demosthenes  in  eloquence,  v.  ^56.  His  charac- 
ter, ib, 

Isander.    His  family  alliance  with  Pericles,  ii.  55. 

Isauricus,  Serrilius,  Csttar's  competitor  for  the  ponti6cate,  ir. 
864.  He  speaks  against  sending  deputies  from  Caesar  to  Pomney 
with  proposals  of  peace,  400.  Caesar  declares  him  his  collegue  in 
the  consulate,  401  • 

flschna^  iii.  485. 

Ischomache,  i.  38^  n. 

Isu.  Cleopatra  dressed  in  the  habit  of  that  goddess,  and  affiscted 
to  be  called  *  a  second  Isis,'  v.  478. 

Island.    A  part  of  Syracttse  so  called,  il.  241 . 

■  ,  AtUmiie^  Sofon  begins  a  work  under  that  title.    See  Jtlan* 

tic  Island. 

in  the  Tiber,  how  formed,  i.  280,  281.    Called  the  *  Holy 


Island,'  or  the  island  between  the  two  bridges,  281. 
Islands f  Fortunate,  Homer  places  his  Elysium  there.  See  AtlanHc. 
Ismenian  Apollo.     See  Apollo, 
IsmeniaSf  a  firiend  to  popular  government  m  Thebes,  carried  to 

Sparta  after  the  taking  of  the  Cadmea,  and  put  to  death,  ii.  S46. 
^  a  Theban  officer,    taken  prisoner  by  Alexander,    cf 

Pher»,  ii.  374.    Released  by  Eparainondas,  578. 

the  musician,  made  his  scholars  hear  bad  practiiionera 


as  well  as  good,  v.  S63. 

the  Theban  embassador,  lets  his  ring  fall  before  Ait^^ 


xerxes,  that  in  taking  it  up  he  might  seem  to  adore  him,  vi.  139. 
IsocrateSf  i.  37,  «.  ii.  126.  v.  257. 

Isodice,  daughter  of  Eurjrptolemus,  and  wife  of  Cimon,  iii.  299. 
flsomantuSf  river,  iii.  226.     Formerly  called  Hoplios,  ib. 
Isorium^  a  place  of  strength  in  Sparta,  iv.  112. 
\Issus^  battle  of,  iv.  270. 
hter  the  historian,  i.  43# 

t .     See  Danube. 

Isthmian  games.     See  Oames. 

f  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  iv.  258.  vL  168.    Between  the  Red  sea  and 

the  Mediterranean,  v.  492. 
Ilalioy  one  of  the  daughters  of  Tliemistocles,  married  to  Pan* 

thrides  of  the  isle  of  Chios,  i.  358. 
Italtis,  1.50. 

Itafi/,  i.  16. 
Ithagenesy  ii.  40. 
^Jthome,  ii.  869.  iii.  318. 

f/Moma/ff,  or  Ithome,  a  fortress  belonging  to  the  MessenianS|  said 
to  be  at  strong  as  Aerocorinlhus,  vi.  205|  n.  206. 


Jlonis,  an  appellation  of  Minerva.     See  Minerva. 

Juba,  klag  of  MBuritanta,  his  pride,  v.  106.     Corrected  by  0 
Utica,  ib.  107. 

. the  historian,  son  of  the  king  of  Mauritania,  i.  70.  i».  VXi. 

Led  captive  to  Rome,  which  turns  (o  his  benefit,  i^.  Hebe- 
comes  a  learned  and  elegant  writer,  i6.  Alarries  CleoMn, 
Antony's  daughter,  v.  503, 

fjadma  subdued  by  Ponipey,  iv.  174. 

Judges,  when  chosen  out  of  the  ctiueslrion  order,  v.  228. 

Jugurtha  delivered  up  to  Sylla  by  Bocchue,  iii.  ISO,  131.  flit 
character,  135.  Thrown  into  a  dungeon  at  Itotne,  andhiiMy- 
ing  upon  it,  ib.  His  history  delineated  by  twenty  golden tutno 
presented  to  Sylla  by  Bocclius,  and  erected  in  the  Cauiitol,  ISli 
2S6.  ^ 

Julia,  aunt  to  .Julius  Cssar,  and  wife  of  Marios,  iii.  \26.  ^MU 
pronounces  her  funeral  oralion,   iv,  3G2. 

-— ,  daughter  of  Cte»ar,  and  wife  of  Pompey,  her  great  iiftf'"' 
for  her  husband,  iv.  192.  Removes  the  jealousies  belireentte 
two  great  men  for  a  time,  216.  liut  she  dies  iq  cbiklbed^  nk 
they  break  out  again,  iv.  192,  193.  Is  buried  in  the  Camogi 
Martius.  192.  ^^^     i 

t  Antony's  mother,  married  to  Cornelius  Lentulua,  t.  4SG. 

,  daughter  of  Augustus,  ii,  437,  and  wife  of  Agrippa,  y.  5Q8. 

\Jvih,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Ceos,  t.  250. 

Julius  the  Censor,  i.  37fl. 

■■  Proculus,  by   his  declaration  that  Romuius    was  t«Miwd 

amongst  the  gods,  appeases  the  tumults  at  Rome,  i.  9Q,  9T, 

Halinalo,  iv.  10. 

• Atiicus,  a  soldier  in  the  guards,  falsely  asserts  that  iw  bad 

killed  Otho,  vi.238. 

■■  Martialas,  the  officer  upon  command,  admits  Otho  iato  ll* 

prffltoriuu  camp,  vi.  237. 

Junia,  wife  of  Cassius,  vi,  6S. 

Junius  Bnilas  deposes  Tarquin.     See  Bnitus. 

—~  Brutus,  one  of  the  first  tribunes  of  the  people,  U.  |8I. 

' -^-i  Marcus,  dictator  with  the  army,  while  another  ia  ttjffn** 

at  Rome,  ii.  79. 

■ ,  prtetor  in  Asia,  his  avarice  and  extortion,  iv.  359. 

'  Vindex,    governor  of  Gaul,  revolts  against  Nero    «■  911. 

Kills  himself.  216. 

Juno  ^uiritis,  why  so  called,  i.  100.  Her  statue  eent  from  VeiiU 
Rome  by  Camillus,  369. 

,  her  temples  at  Samos,  Argos,  and  Lacinium,  plundered  br 
the  pirates,  iv.  153,  J54-.     Her  statue  at  Argos,  ii.  4. 
,  Aspasia  why  so  called,  ii.  37,  38. 
fJunonia,  the  name  given   to  Carthage,  when  rebuilt    by  Caiui 
Gracchus,  v.  234. 

JuoitfT,  Capitolinus,  ii.  216.  iv.  17t,  n.  Feretrius,  i.  75  Heca- 
lus,  i.  15.     Inferus,  i.  Ib7,  n.     Ilcos,  i.  195.     Liberator,  U  479. 

■  Mariius,  iii.  7a  Olympjus,  iii.260.  Servotor,  v.  285.  Stator 
'.80.     SylJanui,  I.  119.     OfPia.ii.t.     PolicuiandF"     ■      ' 


11  and  Pp*'Bftf . 


INDEX.  409 

V.  409.    Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinua,  i.  288--290.    Sihenius, 

i.  89  n. 
JusteiuSf  Marcus,  v.  487. 
Justice^  iv.  99.  v.  94. 
Justin^  i.  32,  ji. 
Ixion.    Ambitious  men  well  reproved  by  his  story,  ▼.  lS/2. 


K. 

KALENDAR  reformed  by  Numa,  u  198.    More  perfectly  by 

Cssar,  iv.426. 
Keraia,  i.  332, 
Keraton,  an  altar  no  called,  i.  24.    Ascribed  to  the  workmanship 

of  Apollo,  i6*  n. 
KermeSf  a  scarlet  dye  procured  from  them»  i.  18,  n.    History  of,  ib. 
King.    The  duty  of  a  king,  i.  104.     Wherein  distinguished  irom  a 

tyrant,  ib.     The  afiection  of  his  people  his  best  guards  vi.  I789 

179. 
n  The  title  when  assumed  by  the  successors  of  Alexander,  ▼. 

379.     The  effect  that  title  had  upon  their  behaviour,  ib/   Cato's 

opinion  of  a  king,  ii.  503. 
Kings  of  Athens,  a  maxim  of  theirs,  i.  340.    Of  Rome  expelled 

and  a  commonwealth  set  up,  i.  272.    How  ready  they  should  be 
.   to  receive  petitions,  and  redress  grievances,  v.  408.    Of  Sparta, 

descendents  of  Hercules,  iv.  73.    Their  power  limited  by  the 

institution  of  a  senate,  and  still  more  by  that  of  the  Ephori.    See 

Senate  and  Ephori,    Of  Persia.    Customary  for  them  to  give 

every  woman  a  piece  of  gold  when  they  visited  Persia,  iv.  842* 

Therefore  few  of  them  made  that  visit,  i^. 
King^s  Euty  an  officer  belonging  to  the  kin^  of  Persia,  vi.  127. 
^i^^  of  KingSy  a  title  assumed  by  Demetnus  Poliorcetes,  v.  388* 
Knights^  or  equestrian  order,  v.  307. 
Knot.    Gordian  knot  cut  by  Alexander.    See  Gordian. 
Know  thyself,  v.  252. 


L. 

LABEO  joins  in  the  conspiracy  i^;ainst  Caesar,  vi.  67.  Lieutenant 
to  Brutus,  105. 

\Labici,  ii.209. 

Labienus^  while  Cesar'js  lieutenant  defeats  the  Tigurini,  iv.  378. 
He  goes  over  from  Caesar  to  Pompey,  207.  Eager  for  a  battle, 
212.  Takes  a  voluntary  oath  not  to  quit  the  field  till  he  shall 
have  routed  the  enemy,  ib. 

Labyrinth  of  Crete,  i.  16.    Theseus  confined  in  it,  20. 

Lac^  i.  18,  n. 

Laceaplutiy  a  name  given  to  Callias'  family,  ii.  454. 

^Lacedamm^  the  Athenians  accused  there,  ii.  44.  Attacked  by 
Pyrrhus,  iii.  106, 107*  Epaminondas  goes  thither  as  embassador, 
iv.  105.    A  conspiracy  there  suppressed  with  great  art  by  Age- 


no  INDEX. 

Bilau*,  IIS.      Debts  remitted, 


gthe 


145.     Cleomenei  attempti  » 
ion  back  to  it's  first  principles,  and  dftcu  ii 


e  Sparta. 

Lacfi^inoniaR/invite  Lycurgus  to  return,  i.  116.  He  D«woaAt)* 
their  government,  r6.  Tbey  are  of  a  aiiiBical,  as  wett  a*  oMnid  I 
turn,  144.  Tlieir  sharp  and  pithy  Bayings,  14-1 — 144.  TWr 
method  of  education,  131.  Tne  only  people  to  whom  war  wi  ' 
remigaion  of  laborious  exercises,  147.  Their  form  of  govemiDai, 
119-  Before  a  battle  the  king  sacrificed  a  goat,  and  the  muu 
played  the  hymn  to  Castor,  147.  The  king  had  an  Olvmpic 
champion  to  fight  by  his  Mde,  t£.  A  Lacedasmonian  sajis,'' iJm 
Athenians  punish  a  man  for  being  a  gentleman,'  149.  Tbey 
maintain  the  first  rank  among  the  states  of  Greece  for  fift  biDK 
dred  years,  158.  The  Sabmes  a  colony  of  them,  and  some  eF 
ihcir  laws  introduced  by  Numa,  165,  166.  Propose  to  escludc 
i'rom  the  general  council  of  Greece,  such  cities  as  had  not  joiMd 
m  the  war  against  Xerves,  342.  This  would  have  given  lbs 
Lnoedfemonians  too  much  veight  in  the  tcale,  ih.  Traverse  the 
designs  of  Pericles.  ii.31.  They  fine  Plistonax  their  king  fet 
withdrawing  out  of  Attica,  and  pass  sentence  of  death  on  Cit- 
andrides  for  taking  money  to  advise  him  to  it,  85.  Invade  At- 
tica again  under  the  conduct  of  king  Archidamiis,  and  advisee 
ai  far  ns  Acharns,  50.  Make  pence  with  the  Bcvotians,  uA 
deliver  up  Fanactue  to  the  Athenians,  but  dismantled,  ItS. 
Their  etnbassadors  imposed  upon  by  Alcibiades,  and  f  heir  pro- 
posals rejected,  130.  Esteem  any  thing  just  and  honovnole, 
which  is  advantageous  to  their  country,  iv.  99,  120.  Deprive 
nicebidiifi  of  his  command,  and  fme  him  for  siezing  the  otaAd 
of  Thebes,  but  at  the  same  time  keep  possession  of  the  citadel, 
ii.  S46,  347.  The  great  error  of  the  Lacedannonian  officen  ia 
the  Cadniea  in  not  supporting  the  party  of  the  tyrants  the  nigfil 
lliey  Were  attacked,  35tj.  Those  officers  surrender  the  Cadmea, 
and  are  punished  for  it,  ib.  Their  wars  with  the  Persians  under 
Agesilaus,  tv.  87.  The  LacedaimoDians  enter  Bceotia  with  t 
puwerful  army,  103.  Are  defeated  by  Petopidas  in  the  battleaf 
Tegync ;  which  is  the  first  time  they  were  beaten  by  an  inferior 
or  an  e(]ual  number,  ii.  359.  Defeated  by  Epaminondas  and 
PelopidaH  at  Leuctra,  iv.  105,  and  ii.  Their  magnanimity  on 
that  defeat,  ib.  Not  expert  in  sieges,  ii.  476.  Their  decree 
ngflinsi  the  AtheniaiiB,  and  in  favour  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  iii. 
205.  Their  regard  for  Cimon,  the  Athenian  general,  315.  I>e- 
rire  succours  of  the  Athenians  against  the  Helots  and  Mease- 
nians,  but  send  their  forces  back  without  employing  them,  ill. 
318.  Their  scruple  about  the  oracle  concerning  a  lame  king, 
iv.  72.  No  enemy  had  been  seen  in  their  country  for  the  spare 
of  six  hundred  years,  1 10  They  lose  the  moderation  usual  to 
them  in  time  of  success,  npon  an  advantage  gained  by  Archi* 
damus,  son  of  Agesilaus,  1 14.  Their  answer  to  tlie  embassadors 
of  Taiihos  and  Necianabis,  and  privute  instructions  to  Agesilaus, 
119,  120.  Whence  the  corruptions  that  led  to  their  ruin,  v. 
J37.  Their  great  deference  to  their  wives,  1 10.  Philopofm 
behaviour  to  the  Lat-cdw  men  inns,  iii.  22,  24.     See  Spartan: 


INDEX.  41Y 

Lmsfda^miauwoiaeni  i.  lUl.  iti.  107. 

LacecUemoniuSy  one  of  the  sons  of  Cimon,  iii.  315. 

-fLaceianiarUf  defeated  by  Cato  the  Elder,  ii.  507. 

Lachares,  usurps  the  soTereignty  of  Athens,  v.  397.  He  quits  the 
place,  398. 

m  .,  father  of  Euricles,  t.  490. 

LachartuSf  blames  Cimon  for  entering  the  territories  of  iht  Co- 
rinthians without  their  leave,  iii.  317- 

Ladaij  ward  of,  ii.  144. 

-^Ladnium^  promontory  of,  iv.  154. 

Lacoy  a  fHend  and  minister  of  Galba's,  Vi.  237|  238.  D^^tehttd 
by  the  conspirators  against  that  prince^  940. 

•fLaconia  divided  by  Lyciirgus  into  thirty  Uiousand  lotili  i*  128. 

Laconian  cop.     See  Cothon. 

Laconic  maimer  of  speaking.    See  Sa^ngs» 

Lacratidas  advises  Agesilaus  to  let  Lysander's  papers  rest  with 
him  in  the  grave,  iii.  227. 

Lacratides,  According  to  some  accounts,  it  was  upon  his  accuto- 
tion  that  Pericles  was  fined,  ii.  54»  65. 

LacritttSf  the  orator,  v.  286. 

Laliuty  happy  in  having  no  connexion  with  more  than  one  wo^ 
man,  v.  55' 

,  Caius,  whence  his  appellation  of  the  *  Wise,'  v.  207. 

■  goes  in  disguise  from  Lepidus'  camp  to  advise  Antony  lo 
attack  it,  ▼.  442. 

Litnoy   Popilitts,  the  conspirators   alarmed  at   his  talking  tHtll 

Csesar,  vi.  70,  71. 
Laertes,    Cicero  says,  *  he  lived  his  lifb,'  v.  343. 
Lavinusy  the  consul,  answers  Pyrrhus,  that  the  Romans  neitlier 

accepted  him  as  an  arbitrator,  nor  flared  him  as  an  enetoy,  iii. 

87.    Is  defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  89,  90. 
Laisy  the  Corinthian  courtesan,  said  to  be  the  daughter  of  Ti- 

roandria,  Alcibiades*  mistress,  ii.  172.   Taken,  when  v^  yoang, 

by  Nicias,  at  Hyccara,  and  sold  among  the  other  captives,  i6» 
Lake  Alban.     See  Alban,     Curtian.      See   Car^fi.     Lticanian. 

It's  waters  sometimes  sweet,  and  sometimes  salt,  iii.  461.  Thmj* 

mcnian,  the  battle  fought  near  it,  ii.  67. 
Lamachus  joined  in  commission  with  Nicias  and  Alcibiades  for  the 

Sicilian  war,  ii.  137.     Brought  into  disrepute  by  his  poverty, 

143.     A  more   spirited  seneral  than   Nicias,  tb,  iii.  418,  n. 

Takes  the  opportunity  of  Nicias'  sickness  to  engage  the  Symeu-^ 

sans,  426.    He  and  Callicrates,  the  Syracusan  general,  engage 

in  combat,  and  fall  by  each  other's  hand,  ih, 

■  of  Myrrhene,  the  sophist,  his  panegyric  upon  Philip  an4 
Alexander,  v.  261. 

Lamb,  yeaned  with  the  figure  of  a  tiara  upon  it's  head,  and  in 
another  respect  a  monster,  iv,  326.  Considered  as  a  bad  omen 
by  Alexander,  ib. 

Lamia,  the  courtesan,  becomes  the  favourite  mistresi  of  Deme- 
trius, though  much  older  than  he,  v.  377>  378.  An  enter* 
tainment  of  bar  providiogi,  S9a    Called  *  Detnetrius'  Helepolii,' 


412  INDEX. 

ib.    Objects  to  the  Eentence  of  Bocchoru  io  an  aSmit  in  ha  on  | 

way,  391. 
^Lamia,  the  trac  thence  called 'I^mlan,'  iii.  66.  n.  ir.  41.  <■ 


.  Athens  extiogiiiGhed    in  the  tine  of 
I.     Lighted  again   by  fire  gained  ina 


I  L  Camillue 

J  Latona  Tri^ 


372. 
Lamp.     The  sacred  lamp  i 

the  tyrant  Aristion,  i.  1) 

the  auD-beanu,  ib, 
Lampito,  trife  of  ArchidamuB,  and  mother  of  Agis,   iv.  70. 
Lanipo,  the  diviner,  predicts  Train  the  horn  of  a  ram,  that  Ferida* 

party  would  soon  be  greatly  superior  to  the  opposite  one,  it.  10. 
Lamponius  the  Lucanian,  lieutenant  to  Teleainus,  iii.  273. 
Lampra,  an  Athenian  borough,  v.  39. 
Lampriaa,  grandfather  to  Piiitarcli,  v.  451. 
fLampsacas  taken  by  Lysander,  iii.   197.     A  city  given  to  Tfcfr 

mistocles  by  the  king  of  Persia,  to  supply    bim  with  wine,  i. 

35+. 
Lami/rus  or  the  '  Buffoon,'  a  surname  of  one  of  the  Ptolemici,  i. 

187. 
Lanatsa,  daughter  of  Cleodee,  and  wife  of  the  elder   Pyirhn,  iii 

66. 
,  daughter  of    Agathocles,    married  to    Pyrrbus,    liL  7S- 

Leaves  him,  and  marries  Demetrius,  78. 
iLango,  V.  leS. 
■\ Langobriia,  n.  18. 

Language,  the  Latin,  anciently  much  mixed  with  Greek,  i.  177. 
Laodke  of  Troy,  said  to  have  had  Clymene,  by  Dcmopboon,  i.  4S. 

On  painting  her  story  in  the  portico,  called  I'cecile,   Polnaotai 

puts  the  figure  of  Elpiuice  in  her  room,  iti.  298. 
LaotnedoH   refuses  Hercules  the  horses  he  had  promised  bin,  wL 

Hercules  lakes  Troy  the  first  time,  iv.  2. 
■  the  Orchomenian,  his  cure  for  the  spleen,  t.  fiS7. 

the  Athenian,  iii.  305. 

LaphyHiiis  the  orator,  accuses  Timoleon,  ii.  274. 

fLapitha.     Theseus  assists  them  against  the  Centaurs,  i.  S7,  38. 

Laroi  or  Lam,  a  common  name  of  the  Tuscan  kings,  i.  S^. 

Larentia.     The  story  of  Larentia  and  Hercules,  i.  54'. 

Larenlialia,  a  festival  kept  in  honour  of  Acca  Larentia,   i 

tLariisa,  city  of,  iv.  89,  220. 

iLarUius,  river,  iii.  la 

Lartiui.     iiee  Spuriut  Lartiut,  and  TitM  Larliut. 

iLari/trtna,  a  city  of  Bteoiia,  iii.  268. 

Latin  feasts.     See  Feasts. 

^Latins  demand  a  number  of  free>bom  virgins  of  tbe  Romam^ 

'""      Invade  the  Roman  territories,   403.      Are  defc    "    '  ' 


1 


■m 

mtma*,  i. 


Latinut,  son  of  Tdemachus,  i.  51. 

Titus,  his  vision,  ii,  204. 

Latona  frighted  by  a  wild-boar  near  mount  Ptoiim,  ii.  360. 
Lalarnj/as  and  the  Tliessalians  defeated  at  Gere^slus,  i.  584. 
Laughter,  a  liule  statue  dedicated  to  the  God  of  laughter  by  Ly- 
curgus,  in  the  public  hall  where  they  used  to  eat,  i.  IsOm 


<«• 


INDEX.  41 S 

miaf  i.5L 

fLaviniufny  L  89* 

fLaureniunij  i.  89. 

Laurentia.    See  LarenHa. 

\Laurium^  a  silTer  mioe  belonging  to  the  Athenians,  i.  SlSy  and  it. 
Themistocles  propoaes  that  it's  revenuea,  which  used  to  be  divided 
among  the  people,  should  be  applied  to  the  building  of  ships,  ih. 
816. 

fZaicroiiy  a  citj  in  Spain,  taken  by  Sertorius  in  sight  of  Pompey, 
iv,  24«. 

Lflxn  of  Romulus  relating  to  husband  and  wife,  i.  88.  Of  Peridaa 
against  bastards.  See  Bastards.  Of  the  Spartans  never  to  mslce 
one  man  twice  admiral,  iii.  195.  Easily  evaded,-  ib.  Agrarian, 
against  bribery,  &c.     See  Agrarian^  Bribert/f  &c. 

Lawgivers f  i.  172. 

Laws  of  Lycurgus  not  reduced  to  writing,  because  the  practice  of 
what  they  enjoined  was  to  be  interwoven  with  the  whole  course 
of  the  Spartan  education,  i.  ISO.  For  the  particular  laws  of  Ly- 
curgus, see  Lycurgtu.  Of  Draco,  Gracchus,  Solon,  &c*,  see 
DracOf  &c. 

.  To  men  of  few  words  few  laws  sufficient,  i.  143.  Com- 
pared to  spiders'  webs,  224*.  Should  be  so  contrived,  that  the 
observance  may  be  more  advantageous  than  the  breach  of  them. 
Purposely  left  ambiguous,  to  increase  the  power  of  the  popular 
judges,  243. 

Lamsukt  ceased  in  Sparta,  on  the  prohibition  of  gold  and  silver, 
i.  149. 

League^  Achsean.    See  Acfueansm 

-fLekuUa^  iii.  253.  Sylla's  victory  foretold  by  prophecies  thence, 
255.    Taken  by  Lysander,  22S. 

-  'Ledueum^  v.  175.  vi.  176. 

-  'Lectum^  a  promontory  in  the  country  of  Troas,  iii.  SSI. 
•  LegeSf  iv.  170. 

LegtoHf  formed  by  Romulus,  i.  67^  Doubled,  82.   How  many  men 

it  contained  at  different  periods  of  the  commonwealth,  82,  n. 
Lentiles  ofiered  on  the  tombs  of  the  dead,  iii.  475. 
Leniuius  BatiatuSf  trains  up  gladiators  in  Capua,  who  break  fiom 

him  and  raise  war,  iiL  457. 
— —  Spinther,  iv.  436. 
— ——  sent  into  Asia  by  Flaminius,  iii.  45. 

■  ,  the  consul,  marches  against  Spartacus,  and  is  defeated, 
iii.  459. 

■■   the  censor,  iv.  150. 

the  consul,  averse  to  a  reconciliation  between  Pompey 


and  Csesar,  refuses  to  assemble  the  senate,  iv.  201, 202.  Opposes 
Csesar's  demands,  v.  431.  Calls  Csesar  a  robber,  and  sajs  there 
was  need  of  arms,  not  voices,  against  him,  iv.  395.  Drives  An* 
tony  and  Curio  out  of  the  senate-house,  ib,  v.  430,  431. 

",  Lucius,   coming  to  Mgypt^  and  wandering  about  Ig- 
norant of  Pompey's  fate,  is  put  to  death,  iv.  229. 


♦tt  INDEX, 

Lentutut,  Coraeljus,  his  cliaracter. 


y- 


Sura,  312.     Join: 


n  Catilin 


s  conspiracr, 
■     ed,  : 


Whence  hia  i 
71,  Sll.    Ii£ 


t  afterward  reston 
ing  of  hta,  Sl'i.  Infatuated  by  vain  predictions,  i^  Dnmibe 
eiuiasaadora  of  the  Allobrogcs  into  the  conspiracy,  313.  k 
convicted  in  full  senate,  and laken  into  close  custody,  314.  kai 
executed,  318. 

Leo  of  Byzantium,  s  saying  of  his,  iii.  434. 

—~  the  Corinthian,  salJies  frnm  the  citadel  of   Syracu>e,  and  i& 
lodges  the  enemy  from  Achradina,  ii.  253. 

Leabotes,  the  Athenian,  accuses  Fausanias  of  a  treasonable  dc^gi 
against  Greeee,  i.  S15. 

LeocAares  the  statuary,  iv.  .SO*. 

Leocrates,  an  Athenian  of  considerable  note,  ii.  478. 

Leonalm   the  Macedonian,  warns  Pvrrhus  of  the   design  vJudiu 
Italian  had  upon  him  in  battle,  iii.'flS. 

-,  one  of  Alexander's  generals,  directed,  after  the  toili  of  i 
that  prince,  by  Perdiccas,  to  establish  Eumenes  in  the  gnen- 
ment  of  Cappadocia,  iv.  41.  Conceives  a  project  to  Kiie  tbe 
kingdom  of  Macedon,  which  he  mentions  in  confidence  lo  E»- 
menes,  43.  Sent  by  Alexander  to  the  ladies  uf  JDariut'  famili. 
S71.  Employs  a  number  of  camels,  to  bring  him  earth  out  cl 
Egypt,  to  be  used  only  in  wrestling,  SOS.  Joins  Aniiuntci,  •. 
30.     is  killed  in  battle,  i6. 

Leonidas,  uncle  to  Charilaus,  king  of  Sparta,  >.  1 13.  | 

,  king  of  Sparta,  tells  one  who  talked  well,  but  UUBS- 

seasonable  time,  that  *  he  should  not  talk  sn   much  to  the  BUi- 
pose,  of  what  it  was  not  to  the  purpose  to  talk  about,*  i.  t4A. 

—  --  —,  (lain  at  Thennopylse,  i  324. 

-— ,  Alexander's   tutor,  iv.  246,     Bids  him  '  be  sparing  at 

frankincense,  till  he  had  conquered  tlie  several  couatnes  «Ikr 
it  grew,"  278.  279. 

— ,  king  of  Sparta,  sou  of  Cleonjinus,  v.   136.       Htt  A»- 

ntcter,  140.  He  opposes  Agia  in  his  reformations,  i&.  Ad- 
heres to  the  party  of  the  rich,  who  were  against  the  reminiao 
of  debts  and  division  of  lands,  ib.  U  accused  by  Lysante, 
and  flies  to  the  temple  of  Minerva,  for  refuge,  1-44',  145,  h 
deposed,  145.  Is  restored,  and  Clcombrotuv,  who  had  beenaet 
up  in  his  stead,  is  banished,  148,  149.  The  great  virtue  of  Iw 
daughter,  who  was  wife  to  Cleombrotus,  i£.  150.  U* 
the  widow  of  Agis  to  marry  hit  son  Cleomenes,  1 55. 

I.eontidas  espouses  the  Spartan  interest  at  Thebes,  and 
one  of  the  tyrants  there,  ii.  347.     Sends  assassins  agiiinM 
Tbeban  exiles  at  Athens,  who  kill  Andruclides,  ib.     Is  tctlli   ' 
Pelopidas,  354. 

iUontinu,  ii.  260.  iii.  97,  417.  vi.  26,  37. 

Leontit,  tribe  of,  i.  Sll.  ii.  46S. 
^Lrontoc^halus,  i.  354. 

Leos  the  herald,    discovers  to  Theseus  the  conspiracy  of  tbft  i 
lantide,  '  ' ' 


INDEX.  415 

LeottheneSf  the  Athenian  generaly  author  of  the  Lamian  war,  lii. 
66.  V.  27.  What  passes  between  him  and  Phodon,  ii«  2S8.  iv. 
27.     His  victories,  28.    His  death,  ib, 

Ltotychidas^  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Sparta,  asks  his  friends 
at  Corinth,  *  whether  trees  grew  square  there,'  L  130,  ISl. 

,  bom  in  marriage  to  Agis  by  Timsea,  but  believed  to 
be  the  son  of  Alcibiades,  ii.  147.  iv.  72.  Acknowledged  as  bii 
son  by  Agis  upon  his  death-bed,  ib.  Set  aside  as  spuriou!, 
through  the  management.of  Lysander,  t6.   See  also  iiL  216,  217* 

Lfpida,  contracted  to  Cato,  marries  Scipio,  v.  55. 

LepiduSf  Marcus  ^milius,  chief  of  the  senate,  ii.  883. 

■■■  ,  Marcus,  against  the  inclination  of  Sylla,  chosen  consul 

through  the  interest  of  Pompey,  iv.  H2.  Attempts  after  the 
death  of  Sylla  to  make  himself  absolute  sovereign  of  Rome,-  ib, 
148.  Flies  into  Sardinia,  and  dies  of  grief  for  his  wife's  infi- 
delity, 144W 

Csesar  chooses  him  for  his  collegue  in  the  consulship. 


V.  435.    Forms  the  triumvirate  with  Antony  and  Octavianus,  849, 

850.    Has  Africa  for  his  share,  454. 
Leptines  and  Polyperchon  kill  CaJlippus,  vi.  53,  54. 
,  tyrant  of  Apollonia,  surrenders  it  to  Timoleon,  and  is 

sent  to  Corinth,  ii.  260, 

•,  brother  of  Dionysius  the  Elder,  vi.  10. 


f  Lesbos,  ii.  125,  148. 

Lesche^  a  place  at  Sparta  where  the  old  men  meet  for  conversa^ 

tion,  to  which  the  new-born  children  were  carried  to  be  exa- 
mined, i.  136. 
Letters^  Laconic,  i.  142.  ii.  156.  iv.  86. 
-fLeucadiattSy  v.  271. 
Leucaria,    Roma  supposed  by  some  writers  her  daughter  by  Italus, 

i.  50. 
\LeucaSt   a  Cormthian  colony,  ii.  248.     Apollo's  temple  there, 

iv.  158. 
Leucothea^  the  goddess,  i.  367. 
^Leuctra,  battle  of,  ii.  367,  368.  iv.  105,  and  n.    Another  baUle, 

V.  160. 
Leudrida^  daughters  of  Scedasus,  their  rape,  and  the  sacrifice  to 

be  made  to  their  manes,  ii.  365,  366. 
Leuctrum,  ii.  365. 
fLeucuSf  river,  ii.  302,  309. 
Liber  Pater.     See  Bacchus. 
LiberaUat  iv.  422. 
Liberty  of  man  not  inconsistent  with  the  co-operation  of  God, 

ii.  215. 

,  games  of,  observed  at  Platsae  in  honour  of  the  brave 

Greeks  who  fell  in  battle  there,  ii.  478,  480. 

proclaimed  to  all  Greece  by  Flaminius,  at  the  Isthmian 


games.    See  Games. 

,  an  altar  reared  to  her  by  the  Greeks,  ii.  477. 


\Libethray  iv.  259. 

Libitina^  the  goddess  of  funerals,  i.  187. 


♦16  INDEX. 

£(&>  had  the  commaiid  Tor  Foinpey  of  the  fleet   ttiat  wttchellb 

mouth  of  the  harbour  of  BrundusiiiiD,  r.  4-32. 
L^rary.     That  of  Alexandria  burnt,  iv,  41+.      That  of  Ptifinui 

given  by  Aotoiiyto  Cleopatra,  v.  481.    That  of  Luculluit^lt 

all  the  Grecian  literati,  lii,  387. 
+/,%fl,  ii.  136.  iii.  8*. 
Liln/s,  V.  133. 

■fLybitsa,  in  Bithynia,  iii.  5'i. 
Lice,     See  Lousy  Diseate, 

Licho!,  the  Lacedemonian,  celebrated  for  his  hospitality,  iri.Jir. 
Lidnin,  daughter  of  Licinius  CrassuE,  and  wife  of  Caiui  Giiixkn 

1.  222.     Her  discourse  to  her  husband,  «38,  '2S9.     Depradflf 

her  dowry  after  his  death,  241 . 
—  ,  the  vestal  virgin,  M.  Crassus  pays    Iiis    court   to  hK,  3 

order  to  buy  her  estate,  iii.  4-*7. 
Licinius  StcJc  raises  a  great  commotion  in  Rome,  by  inButiog  tl* 

one  of  the  cdheuIs  should  he  chosen  out  of  the  Plebeiuni,  L  411 

Appointed  general  of  horse,  414.     Procures  a  law  tliat  doom 

should  possess  above  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  is  (be  Gtt 

that  breaks  it,  ib. 
I  Crassus.     See  Cramut. 
,  servant  to  Caius  Gracchus,  v,  201.     Killed  in  stteiiipli<i( 

to  defend  his  master,  240. 

,  Publius,  defeated  by  Perseus,  king  of  MacedoD,  ii.  S9I. 
Macer,  when  accused  by  Cicero,  goes  home  and  dresMi 

himself  in  a  white  gown,    as  secure  of   being  acqiultad:  but 

finding  that  he  wad  cast,  kills  himself,  v.  302,  303. 

Cossus,  i,  366. 

Liclort,  persons  who  attended  on  the  great  ofEcers  of  lUte  UMM 

the  Komans,  why  so  called,  i.  94. 
Lieymnius,  hi*  monument,  Pyrrhus  fulls  ihere,  iii.  Hfi. 
Li/i.     A  general  should  not  be  prodigal  of  hit,  life,  ii.  S41,  SH 
Ligarius,  Quintu«,  defended  with  great  eloquence  by  Cicero  befi... 

Ca;sar,  v.  342,      Is  acquilteil,  ii.     ^'et  anervrarU   in  the  con- 
spiracy against  Caesar,  vi.  66. 
Light.     A  great  one  appeared  over  Ca.'sar'a  camp    the   night  pft- 

ceding  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  iv.  213, 40S. 
Lightning,  a  ridiculous  story  of  a  charni  for  it,   i.  I9S.     FIks 

struck  with  lightning  accounted  sacred,  i.  162. 
Ligurians.     The  expedition  of  Paulus  ^milius  against  theOr  ^■ 

287.     And  of  Faoius   Ma>iiDus.  65.     Exercise  piracy  as  far  « 

the  pillars  of  Hercules,  287-     Poim  a  barrier  against  the  Gaoll, 

ib.     Under  Marios  engage  with  the  Amhrones,  iii.  ]  44. 
\Lilybieum,  promontory  of,  ii.  261. 
Limnaus,  killed  in  defending   Alexander,  in  a  city  of  the  Mriln 

iv.  235. 
Limmtt,  a  Macedonian,  conspires  against  Alexander,  and  is  killal 

in  the  resistance  he  made  to  those  who  were  sent  to  apprehcDd 

him,  iv.  315. 
\Lindtu,  ii.  437, 
^Luigonet,  B  people  of  Gaul,  iv.  389. 


INDEX.  417 

Lions  let  looie  in  the  city  of  Megara,  yi.  64. 

fLipareanSy  attack  die  Roman  ships,  charged  with  an  offering  for 

Delphi,  i.  373. 
j-Lirisy  river,  iii.  168. 

Lisping.    That  defect  ^aceful  in  Alcibiades,  ii.  114. 
-  ■   ■       of  the  gout,  pain  in  the  feet  so  called  by  Strabo,  iii,  267. 
Lituus,  the  crooked  staff  of  Romulus  used  by  the  augurs,  i.  88. 

Lost  when  the  Gauls  burnt  Rome,  and  recovered  by  miracle,  H. 
Livia^  the  wife  of  Augustus,  v.  508.  vi.  218. 
Uvius  DrusuSf  uncle  to  Cato  the  younger  by  the  mother's  side, 

▼.48. 
■  ■■         Drusust  tribune  with  Caius  Gracchus,  ▼.  281.    The  senate 

put  him  upon  opposing  that  popular  man,  by  acts  of  greater 

popularity,  f^. 

■         Posihumius^  general  of  the  Latins,  i.  100. 
■■  MarcuSf  what  he  said  concerning  Tarentum,  ii.  99. 

-fLocri  EpizephyrH^  ii.  4S4. 
^Locris,  ii.  359.  vi.  4,  167. 

•^LoUiust  Marcus,  Gate's  coUegue  in  the  qusestorship,  y.  64. 
— ■-,  Lucius,  iv.  16. 

Longimanus,  a  surname  of  Artaxerxes,  yi.  1 14. 
Love,  how  defined  by  the  philosophers,  i.  108.    What  the  loye  of 

the  god^  toward  men,  171. 
LoiiSf  the  month  so  called,  iy.  242. 
Lousy  Disease,  Sylla  and  others  die  of  it,  iii.  282, 283. 
-fLuccOf  iii.  467. 
-fLucaninn  lake,  iii.  461. 
■fLucanianSf  iii.  83. 

Luceretises^  one  of  the  Roman  tribes  so  called,  i.  83. 
Lucilius  the  tribune  proposes  the  choosing  of  Pompey  dictator, 

but  is  opposed  by  Cato,  and  nearly  turned  out  of  office,  iy.  194. 
-*-  suffers  himself  to  be  taken,  to  save  Bmtus,  yi.  104^ 


speech  to  Antony,  ib.    He  attends  Antony  in  his  retirement  into 

the  desert,  v.  492. 
Lucius^  son  of  Camillus,  i.  406. 
'  Antanius,  his  rebellion  against  Domitian  in  Germany,  fi. 

314.    The  news  of  his  being  cut  to  pieces  with  his  whole  amy 

suddenly  spread  in  Rome,  and  the  author  not  to  be  found ;  yet 

confirmed  afterward,  t^.  315.    See  all  the  other  LucU  under  tlieir 

family^names. 
LucretiOf  the  wife  of  Numa,  i.  205. 

,  her  rape  the  cause  of  the  abolition  of  kingly  goyemment 

in  Rome,  i.  271,272. 
Lucretius^  the  father  of  Lucretia,  elected  consul,  i.  288.    Diet,  H. 
■  Ofella  besides  young  Marius  in  Prseneste,  iii.  275.    He 

applies  for  the  consulship  against  the  inclinations  of  Sylla,  and  it 

killed  by  his  order,  279. 

,  Lucius,  chief  senator,  i.  401. 


Lucullian  coin,  iii.  327.    Games,  iii.  358. 
LucuLLUs,  Lucius,  his  grandfather  a  man  of  consular  diffni^,  iiL 
325.    Metelltts  Nunudicus  was  his  oncle,  ib.    His  ftthtr  found 
VOL.  VI.  2  E 


♦18  INDEX. 

guilty  of  embezzling  the  public  moDey,  and  his  mothar  a  wtm 

,  fif  iiidiSerent  npiUation,    ib.      DeiecU    Senrilhn.   ht>  Mvrt 

KCCuaer,  in  some  miBdemeanor,  and  prosecutes  hira  fur  iL  iff. 

Bbs  great  command  botli  of  the  Greet  and  Lalin  tortus.  li 


Svlla  <iedicatei  his  Commentaries  to  him.  ib.  Vcncd  a 
liberel  Bciencee,  ib.  Writes  a  short  hislAry  of  ilie  Mani  in(i'w 
verse,  327.  His  great  all'ection  for  lii«  brother  Mbtcim,  U  m 
are  created  cedilee  tof^cther,  ii.  Distinguishes  liiniaelf  n  » 
Maraian  war,  though  then  very  young,  ib.  HJaconUaiciK 
-loildneas  recotntnend  him  to  Sylla,  who  make*  use  of  bit  temrs 
from  first  to  lust,  ib.  SylJo  gives  him  the  4.lirection  of  tlr  »»'. 
,.ib.  Syha  seeds  him  out  during  the  eiege  of  Alliens,  wbiW* 
-  ibips  in  search  of  provisions,  ib.  He  brin^  Crete  ovcruiu 
eenerai's  interest,  328,  Puts  an  end  lo  the  civil  won  in  Cwtt 
tb.  Sails  to  Egypt,  and  finds  a  magiiificeat  recepttoB  then.* 
Ptolemy  refuses  tP  enter  into  alliance  witli  SvUa,  but  ^ 
Luciillus  presenU  lo  the  value  of  eighty  taleDls.'  S'.iS.  LuoJs 
touches  at  Cyprus,  ib.  The  stratagem  he  made  use  of  to  oof 
the  enemy's  ship^ii.  Cetsafreth  supply  of  ehip»  at  )UW« 
and  reduces  sc-vernl  islands  in  tlic  j^gciin  sea,  I'A.  Im  deBtrit' 
Fimbria  to  shut  up  Mitliridalcs  in  I'itAtia  by  sea,  while  he  »»*'*> 
hira  by  Uqd,  330.  He  fcjecu  the  proposal,  ami  sulfere  iMii!"> 
dates  to  escape,  ib.  Detlais  the  king's  fleet  twice,  »4.  ISl 
Conveys  Sylla  and  his  army  from  the  Chersonese  to  ibe  Auttit 
coast,  531.  Being  comnrisstoned  lo  levy  the  fine,  laid  bv  Silk 
upon  Asia,  and  to  coin  the  money,  he  performs  the  odivut  juri 
of  it  in  as  lenient  a  manner  as  possible,  ii,  Puni^ilta  iht  Mit; 
leans  f<ir  having  joined  Marius'  party,  ib.  332.  Hm  ou  band  ii 
the  troubles  of  Itiily,  S-S2.  Is  constituted  by  Svlln  guardiw  to 
his  son,  ib.  This  the  foundation  uf  tiie  jealoiuia  briween 
Pompey  and  I.ucuHus,  i6.  Af\er  the  death  of  Sylla.  LucuUl 
is  chosen  consul  with  M.  Cottn,  ii.  A  new  war  with  Mithi<d*t*» 
being  proposed,  Lucullus  readily  lupplies  Pompey  with  nonry  i 
Spain,  lest  he  should  come  home,  and  be  appoiated  lo  the  cm 
mand  against  Milhridatcs,  ii.  333.  Preventa  L.  Quintiu*  d 
tribune  fVom  rescinding  the  acts  of  Sylla,  »3S.  The  tnethodt 
Ukeft  to  get  the  government  of  Cilicia,  334.  Gains  the  commv 
in  the  Mithridatic  war,  ib.  His  collegue  Gotta  is  sent  with 
fleet  to  guard  the  Propontis  and  Bithynia,  i6.  Lucullus  pwM 
into  Asia,  with  a  legion  raised  in  Italy  on  this  occasion,  ii.  Fis^ 
the  Roman  troops  in  Asia,  particularly  those  called  •  Fintbran.' 
intractable  and  entirely  corrupted,  hut  brings  tbem  uoder  ^ 
cipline,  ib.  335.  Miihridaies  netT-modeh  his  nrmy,  und  brings 
from  show  to  use,  SS5.  The  people  of  Asia  extremely  oppreM^ 
by  the  Roman  tax-gatherera  and  usurers  ;  Lucullus  redresaeslbc 
grievances,  ib.  Colta  fights  Mithridates,  and  being^  defeatnl  W 
shut  up  in  Chalcedon,  Lucullus  marches  to  his  relief,  Sd6.  Nah 
sayings  of  Lucullu«,  ib.  He  goes  to  meet  Marius,  whom  Gei*' 
riu«  had  sent  to  Mithridates,  hut  the  two  armies  are  partMl  b«» 
prodigy,  337.     Uesolves  to  reduce  Mithridates    by   fntnina^  iL 


ditbridMea  decampa  in  the  oight,  and 


iiitiirmatcs    by   fnmJM^ 
UysiiegetoCjnricmn,* 


UL 


INDEX.  li* 

• 

LucnIIus  fonowgy  and  takes  measures  for  ciitting  off  his  bcfdVcors, 
ib.  Mithridates*  sien  have  the  art  to  persuade  the  Cy2iceni^s, 
that  the  Romans  who  lay  upon  the  neights,  were  Armeofttis, 
339.  But  Lucullus  finds  means  to  send  Demonax  into  the  iawn 
to  acquaint  them  with  his  arrival,  ib,  Lucullus  cpmes  up  \^th 
part  of  the  forces  of  Mithridates  at  the  river  Rhyndacus,  destroys 
great  numbers,  and  makes  many  prisoners,  341.  Lucullus  Mrikes 
another  great  blow  near  the  Granicus,  342.  Gives  chas^  Cd^  a 
squadron  of  the  enemy's  ships,  takes  them  and  kills  their  addifiral 
Isidorus,  342.  Destroys  more  of  the  king's  ships  n^ar  Lepii)6s, 
and  takes  Marius,  the  general  sent  by  SertoriuS,  prisoner,  ibJSis. 
The  senate  offer  Lucullus  three  thousand  talents,  to  enable  him 
to  fit  out  a  fleet;  but  he  tells  them  he  shall  drive  Mithridates  out 
of  the  sea  with  the  ships  which  the  allies  would  give  him,  344. 
He  resolves  to  penetrate  into  Pontus,  by  way  of  Bithynia  and 
Galatia,  ib.  Finds  provisions  very  scarce  at  first,  but  afterward 
meets  with  them  in  extreme  plenty,  ib.  His  troops  complain  of 
his  taking  the  enemy's  towns  by  capitulation,  instead  of  storm, 
345.  His  answer  to  those  who  complained  of  his  proceeding 
slowly,  ib.  He  leaves  the  siege  of  Amisus  to  Mursena,  and 
marches  against  Mithridates,  wno  waits  for  him  on  the  plains 
of  the  Cabiri,  346.  In  the  first  engagement  the  Roman  cavalry 
are  put  to  the  rout,  ib.  Artemidorus  conducts  Lucullus  to  a 
strong. post  which  commands  the  plains  of  the  Cabiri,  347.  A 
second  rencounter  between  the  two  armies,  ib.  A  Dardarian 
grandee  pretends  to  desert  to  Lucullus,  with  a  view  to  assassi- 
nate him;  but  is  providentially  disappointed,  348.  Lucullus 
takes  Cabiri,  and  many  other  places,  where  he  finds  much  trea- 
sure and  releases  many  prisoners ;  amongst  the  rest,  one  of  the 
king's  sisters,  named  Nyss»,  351.  Subdues  Tibarene  and  Ar- 
menia the  Less,  352.  Demands  Mithridates  of  Tigranes,  ib. 
Returns  to  the  siege  of  Amisus,  and  takes  it,  ib.  Weeps  for  the 
fate  of  that  city,  which  is  burnt  and  plundered,  353.  Rebuilds 
and  peoples  it,  ib.  The  miserable  state  of  Asia  Minor,  relieved 
by  his  regulations,  354.  The  farmers  of  the  revenues  raise  a 
clamour  against  him  in  Rome,  but  he  is  adored  in  Asia,  355* 
The  Grecian  cities  in  Asia  institute  a  feast  in  honour  of  him,  358. 
He  lays  siege  to  Sinope  and  takes  it,  359.  Destroys  the  Ciliciaos 
who  had  thrown  themselves  into  the  town,  ib.  Endeavours  to 
save  the  town  on  account  of  a  dream  concerning  the  hero  Auto- 
lycus,  ib.  Machares,  son  of  Mithridates,  sen£  him  a  crown  pf 
gold,  and  desires  to  be  admitted  among  the  friends  and  allies  of 
Kome,  360.  Lucullus  leaves  Sornatius,  with  six  thousand  men 
in  Pontus,  and  with  little  more  than  double  that  number  marches 
against  Tigranes  and  Mithridates,  ib.  His  troops  murmur,  and 
the  popular  orators  at  Rome  declaim  against  him,  ib.  361.  He 
passes  the  Euphrates  without  difficulty,  and  has  presages  of 
success,  ib.  Passes  through  Sophene,  and  pushes  hip  march  to 
mount  Taurus,  ib.  362.  Enters  Armenia,  ib.  Mithrobarji'ancs 
is  sent  with  a  body  of  men  to  take  the  Roman  general  alive,  302. 
Lucullus  sends  Sextilios  against  hlili,  ib.    Tigranes  leaves  Tigra- 

2e2 


Tigran 
of  Luc 


R 


429  INDEX. 

nocerta,  and  retire*  to  mount  Tauru«,  latendiag  to  I 
his  Forces  there  ;  but  Lucullus  cuts  og'  tlie   partius  wH 
up,  363.     LuculluB  invests  Tigranoccrta,  il>.     He  ]eaie> 
to    coniiniie  the  siege,    and  goes   with  a    small    paiXj  i 
S5.     Tigranes*  saying  on  the  diminutive  appa 
'  army.  Hi.     He  imagines  Lucullus  is  flviog,  ooll 
making  a  motion  to  pasE  the  riier,  366.  Somebody  observef.'tVfl 
day  had  been  a  black  one  to  the  liomans,*  and  lJucul[us*a}ii'ii:T 
will  make  it  a  white  one,'  (A.    He  gains  the  advantage  of  the  i»  | 
mit  of  a  hill,  and  bears  down  upon  the  enemy,    who  Sy  <riliM 
atriking  a  stroke,  367.     He  takes  Tigianocerla,  369.     Finiii 
tnense  treasures  tliere,  am!  makes  a  proper  use  of  them,  ii.  i* 
commendfi  himself  to  the  eastern  nations  by  his  justice  and  ln»- 
nily,  370.     Docs  great  honour  to  the  remains  of  Zarbicnus,  l«{ 
nfOordyene,  who  had  been  put  to  death  by  Tigranes,  li.  flecex 
embassadors  from  Parthia,  371.     Finds  the  Partliians  i 
and  meditates  an  expedition  against  them,  i6.  His  troops  proTe* 
fractory  and  mutinous,  li.  He  ascends  mount  Taurus,  and  marde 
against  Ai-taxaia,  the  capital  of  Tigranes,  372.    Defeats  Tign** 
inanotheTbattle,373.  Hiiarmyrcfusc«  toroUowhim  to  ArtaxiS. 
;174'.     He  crosses  mount  Taurus  again,  goes  tigainst  Nisibii,iDd 
cakes  it,  ii.  375.     His  good  fortune  forsakes  him,  partly  thmi^ 
his  own  fault,  375.     Murmurings  against  hira    at    Rome,  u^    i 
practices  for  appointing  another  general,  376.     His  brotheMn-    | 
law  Clodius  excites  the  Fimbnans  against  him,  li.  377 
refuse  to  march  for  some  time,  but  on  news    that  Fabiitf  i 
beaten  by  Slithridates,  tliey  put  themselves  in  motion,  577, 3. 
Trinrius  hastens  to  tight  before  the  arrival  of  Lucullus,  aiidtidl 
feattd,  378.     Lucullus  proposes  once  more  to  march  mat  T 
grnnea,   but  his  mutinous  troops  show  their  empty  panel,  t. 
Ail  that  they  will  agree  lo,  ia,  to  keen  the  Reld,    and  to  figbtji 
they  should  happen  to  be  attacked,  io.     Poraucy  succeeili  'm 
in  the  command,  379.     Their  common  friends  bring  them  ta  J 
interview,  «4-     They  meet  upon  polite  terms  at    first,  but  { 
greater  enemies  thao  ever,  :i80.     Tlie  circumstance  of  tbelj 
veU  which  the  lictors  of  Lucullus  gave  to  those  of  Pomm 
Pompey  allows  Lucullus  to  take  no  more  than  sixteen  mi 
men  home  with  him  to  attend  his  triumph,  iA.     With  diiEi~, 
he  obtains  his  triumph,  through  the  interest  of  the  pUridM 
381.     The  triumph  described,  tJ,  382.     He  divorces  Clod^i^ 
her  infamous  life,  and  is  not  more  fortunalu  in 
vilia,  Cat0*8  sister,  382.     Soon  quits  the  affairs  ol 
tires  to  luxurious  indulgences,  ib,  383.     His  villas,  gardens,  fiL 
pondg,  purple  robes,  furniture  for  his  house,  and  nrciTtsinn*] 
his  table,  ii.  384,  38^.     He  entertains  the  Grecian  literati  in  t 
house,  3tf6.     Cicero  and  Pompuy  sup  with  him,  nnd  onlv  a' 
him  to  say  to  his  servanls,  '  We  sop  in  the  Apollo,*  387. 
collects  books  at  an  immense  expense,  and  his  libraries  are  01 
to  all  the  world,  it.     The  Greeks  in  particular  have  Wm  coui 
nance,  and  he  often  confers  with  them  on  matters  of  learning, 
""*"     H«  gJTei  the  preference  to  the  Old  Academy,  ,-^_     Qi 


INDEX.  421 

Bionally  attends  both  the  senate  and  the  Foniro,  only  quitting  his 
pretensions  to  the  lead,  ib,  Pompey's  party  suborn  a  person  to 
accuse  Lucullus  of  a  design  against  Pompey's  life,  389.  Lucul- 
lus*  intellects  fail,  and  his  brother  has  the  care  of  his  estate  dur- 
ing the  last  years  of  his  life,  390.  The  people  insist  on  burying 
him  in  the  Carouus  Martins,  but  his  brother  begs  leave  to  nave 
it  done  in  the  1  usculan  estate,  id. 

LuculitUf  Marcus,  his  brother  Lucius'  particular  attention  to  him, 

iiu  327*     Appointed  sedile  along  with  his  brother,  ib.    Acts  as 

'  one  of  Sylla's  lieutenants,  and  gains  a  considerable  victory,  lii. 

270.     Accused  by  Memmius  for  some  of  his  acts  when  quiestor, 

but  acquitted,  381. 

,  Marcus,  prsetor  of  Macedonia,  iv.  360. 

Lucumo^  his  intrigue  with  Arron's  or  Aruu's  wife,  i.  379.  Rather 
a  title  than  a  name,  ib.  it. 

LupercaUa^  a  feast  of  purification,  i.  86.    A  dog  then  sacrificed,  ib. 

Luperci  run  about  naked,  and  beat  the  women  with  thongs  to  cure 
them  of  barrenness,  i.  86.  iv.  428. 

'fLusitantOy  iv.  370.  vi.  230. 

fLusitanianst  send  embassadors  to  Sertorius,  iv.  13.  Defeated  by 
Csesar,  370. 

Lustration^  vi.  92. 

Lutatius  Cattdus.     See  Catulus. 

Luxury  flies  from  Sparta  on  the  introduction  of  iron  money,  i.  124* 
Increases  amazindy  at  Rome  in  a  short  period,  iii.  163. 

Lybi$,  the  father  ofLysandcr,  v.  138* 

^Lycaoniay  v.  484. 

Lyceum^  i.  35.  iii.  24-7. 

fZycfa,  the  actions  of  Brutus  in  that  country,  vi.  85,  S6, 

LycimniuSf  his  tomb  in  Argos,  iii.  116. 

Lycomedes  the  Athenian,  the  first  who  takes  a  Persian  ship  in  the 
battle  of  Salamis,  i.  335. 

,  king  of  Scyros,  receives  Theseus  when  banished  from 
Athens,  i.  44.  But  afterward  pushes  him  from  a  rock  and  kills 
him,  t^.  iii.  304. 

Lycon  the  player,  inserts  a  verse  in  his  part,  by  which  he  begs  ten 
talents  of  Alexander,  and  that  prince  gives  toem,  iv.  285*       t 

—  of  Syracuse,  an  accomplice  in  the  murther  of  Dion,  vi.  53. 

Lycophronj  brother  of  Thebe,  assists  her  in  killing  her  husband, 
Alexander,  the  tyrant  of  Pherae,  ii.  386,  387. 

-^—  the  Corinthian  general,  killed  in  battle  by  Nicias,  iii. 
406. 

LycortaSy  the  father  of  Pdybius,  chosen  general  by  the  Achseant, 
revenges  the  death  of  Philopoemen,  iii.  27. 

Lycurg^cUtf  days  observed  in  memory  of  Lycurgus,  i.  163. 

Lycukgus,  the  Spartan  lawgiver,  the  times  in  which  he  flourished, 
i.  109,  110.  His  gencalogy,  110.  He  succeeds  his  brother 
Polydectes  in  the  Spartan  throne,  but  relinquishes  it,  when  it 
appears  that  his  brother's  widow  is  pregnant,  112.  Preserves 
the  child,  and  keeps  the  administration  only  as  his  guardian,  f^. 
To  get  dear  of  unjust  suspicions,  travels  inte  foreign  coODtriety 


tuCiMff 


422  INDEX. 

till  his  nephew  Charilaus  6houl<l  be  grown  up,  1 13.  VwuCMv 
and  treasures  up  some  of  tlie  Cretan  laws,  ih.  114. 
Thales,  the  lyric  poet,  to  go  and  settle  at  Sparta.  1 H. 
B  copy  of  Homer's  poems  in  Ionia,  115.  SelDcts  one 
UBag<;s  of  Egypti  '(••  Said  by  one  historian  to  have  vititaliii 
GymnoMphists,  116.  Uctuins  to  Sparta,  at  thtf  requed  afli 
countrymen,  and  resolves  to  alter  tile  wliale  frame  of  the  gm6 
tutton,  i&.  Gains  the  Banction  of  the  Delphic  oracle,  1 17.  ht 
pares  the  principal  citizens,  and  enters  the  market  pU«  rt^ 
thirty  persons  well-armed,  i6.  Institutes  a  senate,  cotuiatft 
iweniy-eieht  persons,  who  were  to  preserve  a  just  eqoiiikB 
between  the  kings  and  the  people,  119.  Makes  aa  equaldiiaa 
of  lands,  1^23.  Banishes  gold  and  silver,  naJ  inlroduca  b«< 
iron-money,  124.  Obliges  all  the  citizens  lo  eat  at  pidilicaUi 
125,  Has  one  of  his  eyes  struck  out  by  Alcander,  tnaniMnR- 
tion,  on  account  of  this  institution,  127.  A  descriptioaifllar 
public  repasts,  1?7— 129.  Chooses  not  to  commit  tlie  pna^d 
his  polity  to  writing,  but  to  interweave  them  with  Uie  tdittt* 
of  youth,  130.  Commands  the  Spaitans  to  have  plain  aadBafl' 
dwellings,  ib.  Not  to  fight  oiieu  wilb  the  aante  cnetu*,  tl- ' 
His  regulations  concerning  the  virgins,  132.  He  ftxeeanaiti 
infamy  upon  old  bachelors,  133.  The  Spartan  marrioga,  kx 
conducted,  1  A.  ISi.  All  jealousy  removed,  and  adultemp 
vented,  by  the  husband's  occasionally  consenting  to  the  cou* 
nication  of  his  wife's  favours,  ib,  No  weaklj-  children  taiti  >  , 
Sparia,  136.  Ttie  nurses  excellent,  ib.  The  education  <rf4 
boys  undertaken  by  the  public,  when  they  reached  the  i|ti' 
seven  years,  137.  The  whole  an  exercise  of  otiedieatx,  • 
Their  attention  to  literature  very  small,  ib.  They  are  prabp^ ' 
taught  to  be  valiant  and  hard^,  138.  Hncourajjed  in  onm  , 
things  off  by  surprise,  but  punished,  if  discovered,  139.  IVi  < 
spare  diet  contributes  to  make  them  tall,  ib.  They  are  10*1 
tomifd  from  their  childhood  to  think,  HI,  If  a  fuvnuritttel 
offend?,  the  person  who  had  taken  him  into  his  protection  ii  y ' 
nisljed,  ih.  They  are  taught  to  be  concise  in  their  languanV  I 
to  excel  inaharp  repartee,  H.  Instances  of  that  kind,  1^%  l&'. 
\Jii.  Their  riiverence  for  old  age,  133, 114.  The  .Spananp' 
try  and  mueic,  IH.  The  king  sacrifices  to  the  Muses  beftft' 
batde,  14G.  Tlieir  discipline  less  severe  in  war  tban  in  pcM 
ib.  H7.  A  saying  of  Lycurgus'  concernine  a  large  head  of  I»« 
li?.  Other  rcguTalions  when  they  had  taken  the  field,  ii.  If 
curgus  assists  Iphitus,  in  regulating  the  Olympic  games 
dera  a  general  armistice  during  those  games,  148.  The  discioiai 
of  the  Lacedaemonians  continues  after  they  arrive  at  yearew^ 
iurity;  and  the  whole  city,  in  point  of  good  ordu-r,  U  like  iti 
great  camp,  149.  Their  citizens  exercise  no  mechanic  uV 
and  the  Helots  till  the  ground  for  Ihem,  ib.  Law-suiiB  areW 
nished  with  money,  ii.  Lycurgus  encourages  faceiinusncM.si 
seasoning  of  their  bard  exercise  and  diet,  150.  lustructsllOT 
to  live  not  for  themselves,  hut  for  their  country,  |£.  -t 
thod  of  choosing  a  new  aenator,  in  case  of  a  vacancy,  jgl 


INDEX.  4» 

regulatioiis  widi  respect  to  burials  aiid  maumingy  15S.  He  fl4r- 
tDits  only  some  fuirticttlar  persons  ainoDg  the  Spartans  to  travel ; 
and  suffers  few  strangers  to  Tisit  Sparta,  ib,  ISi*  He  provides 
for  the  perpetuity  of  his  laws,  by  making  the  people  swear  to  db- 
serve  them  till  his  return  from  Delphi,  157.  With  the  seme  vkv 
he  voluntarily  puts  a  period  to  hi«  life,  158.  His  establishment 
and  the  glory  of  Sparta  continue  for  the  space  of  five  hundred 
yenrs,  ib.  His  laws  broken  through  by  the  introduction  of  gOld 
and  silver,  159.  Eulogium  of  Lycurgus,  161,  162.  Leaves  a 
son  named  Antiorus,  who  dies  without  issue,  162.  A  feast  called 
Lycurgidae,  is  observed  in  memory  of  him  at  Sparta,  ib,  16S. 

Lycurgus^  bead  of  the  Pedisi,  i.  268,  n. 

,  the  orator,  v.  10.    What  he  said  to  Phocion,  IS. 
■w    The  conditions  upon  which  he  proposes  to  deliver  Up 
Byzantium  to  Alcibiades,  ii.  159. 

\Lyctu^  river,  ii.  270.  iii.  34,  S46.  v.  414. 

\Lydia,  i.  50.  iv.  48.  vi.  116. 

Lydian  March^  one  of  the  Spartan  festivals  concludes  with  it,  ii. 
473. 

LygdamiSf  liL  133. 

Lynceus.    See  Idas, 

wrote  a  description  of  the  entertainment  which  Lataiia  pro- 
vided for  Demetrius,  v.  390. 

Lyra^  iv.  426.  ' 

Ly Sander^  of  Alopece,  i.  357,  358. 

Ltsamder,  his  statue,  or  that  of  Brasidas,  in  the  oratory  of  the 
Acanthians  at  Delphi,  iii.  188.  His  father  not  of  the  royal 
line,  but  descended  from  the  Heraclidse  by  another  family,  189. 
His  education  and  character,  ib.  Does  not  love  money,  yet 
fills  Sparta  with  it,  and  with  the  love  of  it  too^  ib.  190.  Is  pitcned . 
upon  to  at!t  against  the  Lacedemonians,  ib*  He  proves  a  gt^t 
benefactor  to  the  city  of  Ephesus,  ib*  191.  Goes  to  Sardis  to  Ac- 
quaint Cyrus  with  the  treachery  of  Tisaphemes,  who,  contrary  to 
the  king's  orders,  favoured  Alcibiades  and  the  Athenians,  191. 
Ingratiates  himself  greatly  with  Cyrus,  who  gives  him  ten  thou- 
sand pieces  of  gold,  t6.  Increases  the  seamen's  pay,  and,  by  that 
means,  almost  empties  the  enemy's  ships,  ib.  Afraid  to  engage 
with  Alcibiades,  ib.  Beats'  Antiochus,  to  whom  Alcibiades  had 
imprudently  lefl  the  command  of  the  fleet  during  his  absence, 
192.  Lays  the  foundation  of  aristocratical  government  in  the 
cities  of  Asia,  ib.  Greatly  lamented  by  the  principal  persons  in 
those  parts  when  he  leaves  them,  193.  Distresses  his  sue* 
cesser  Callicratidas,  ib.  The  command  is  restored  to  him, 
195.  He  and  Callicratidas  compared,  ib*  An  instance  of 
his  duplicity  and  cruelty  too,  with  respect  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Miletus,  ib.  Large  sums  given  him  by  Cyras,  196.  PiUn^;^ 
£gina  and  Salamis,  197.  Visits  the  coast  of  Attica,  where 
A^is  was  with  his  land-forces,  ib.  Takes  Lampsacus,  fi.  D^ 
ceives  the  Athenian  fleet  by  his  artful  manoeuvres,  198.  Falls 
upon  it  when  the  men  were  gone  ashore  to  divert  themselves,  and 
takes  or  dasti^s  the  whole  except  the  sacred  galley  tdled^  Fsi^ 


I 


INDEX. 

]U9,'  and  eight  shipSi  ivrth  which    Conon   escapf 
kinKof  Cypru«,  life.  200.     Visits  the  mariiime 
and  every  where  seU  up  on   oligarchy,  compo 
friends  and  creatures,  203.     Evpels  the  Shihiiii 
204..     Restores  the    /Egineta,  Teliana,  and  Sci< 
possessions  ii-     Obliges   Athens,  distressed    by  ramine,  to  pj- 
render  at  discretion,  i&.     Condilions  on  nhich  he  agrees  to  mi: 
peace  with  the    Athenians,  205.     Findii  a  pretence  lo  chr? 
their  form  of  government,  iB.     Burns  all   their  ships  but  !■*'", 
and  pulb  down  their  walls,  with  every  iaetooce  oC  fesiiritv,  2)^ 
Sets  up  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  il.     Puts  a  garrison  in  thccui^ 
ib.     Sends  the  treasures  he  had  taken  to  Lacedienion,  by  GrJy- 
pus,  who  open^  the  bottom  of  the  bags,  and    takes  out  l*t^ 
lums,  207-     Sciraphidas  proposes  to  exclude  all  gold  inleltr 
money  Troin  Sparta,  but  Lysander  has  interest  enou^hiafttii 
retained  as  the  public  treasure,  208,     He  erects  his  dihiuEm, 
and  those  of  his  officers  in  brass  at  Delphi,   and   dedicua  t*° 
golden  stars  to  Castor  and  Pollux,  209.     He,   likewise,  t^xn 
there  the  galley  made  of  gold  and  ivorj-,  which  Cyrus  luw  fKr 
senced  hini  with,  ib.      Has  altars  erected   to    him,  sod  birmts 
sung,  210.     His  favours  to  the  poets  who  flattered  him,  ik.m. 
Flattery  makes  him  extremely  arrogant  and  cruel,  i6.     Instico 
of  his  cruelty,  ib.     On  the   complaint   of  PharnabaEua  tf;t^ 
him,  the  Ephori  send  the  Syctale,  and  recall  him,  2I'i.     ThuM- 
bazus  outwits  him,  and  makes  him  his  own    accuser,  213.    Ly 
■ander  pretends  an  obligation  to  visit  the  tetnple  of  Jupiter  A> 
men,  ib.    Keturns,  upon  hcariii);  that  the  oligarchies  were  fan 
to  be  dissolved,  214,     Is  appointed  general,  ib.      Is  preieolH 
from  taking  Athens  again,  by  the  jealousy  of  Pausauiat,  Sli< 
The  Athenians  soon  revolt ;  and  that  circumstance   redeemilbi 
reputation  of  Lysander,  ib.     Several  saying  of  hie,  a.     Oath 
demise  of  Aeis  he  finds  means  to  get  Agesilaus  appointed  kiogi 
notwithstanding  the  preteosions  of  Leotychidas,  and   the  Uar 
nesg  of  Agesilaus,  21G.     Advises  Agcsikus  to    carr^  the  <nr 
into  Asia,  and  goes  with  biro  as  one  of  liift  counsellors,  317.   Tit 
king,  finding  that  Lvsander  is  treated  with  superior  dibtinctiofi. 
humbles  him  more  than  he  ought  to  have  done  such  a  tVtend,  ti- 
S18.     Lysander  comes  tu  an  explanalion  with    Agcsilaiu,  ud 
has  the  lieutenancy  of  the  Hellespont  given  him,  il.  21  <j,     Dnm 
off  Spittiridat«s  from   the  Persian   interest,  219.      Iteturru  to 
Sparta,  and  forms  a  design  to  open  n  way  to  the  throne  to  all  tlw 
citizens  of  Sparta,  or,  at  least,  to  all  the  lleracliil^,  i&.      HofMS, 
if  he   can  effect  tl.is,  to  have  tbe  best  pretensions  himself.  990^ 
Gets  Cleon  of  Halicarnassus  to  compose  him  an  oruttun  suitabk 
tu  the  occasion,  lb.     Endeavours  to  support  his  sclieme   with 
divine   [sanctions,  ib.     The  priests  of  Ammon  accuse    him,  bst 
the  Spartans  regard  them  not,  ib.     .'\vails  hiiuseir  of  a  pretended 
•on  of  Apollo,  2V1.     Gives  it  out  that  there  were  certain  oradet 
at    Delphi,  which   none  but  a  son   of  Apollo  was  to  open,  il, 
JIns  the  mistbriune   to  see  his  scheme  miscarry  tbroiiuli   tbe 
^viyarslipe  of  op?  of  the  a^entS)  ib.    Charged  with  «ngi^uig  hit 


INDEX.  4M 

t  country  in  the  Boeotian  war,  922.  Sent  against  the  Thehaoa 
I  with  one  array,  and  Pausanias  with  another,  223.  Takes  Orcho* 
menus  and  Lebadin,  ib.  Sends  letters  to  Pausanias,  that  he  will 
meet  him  at  HaUartus,  whicli  the  Thebans  intercept,  ib.  Is  at- 
tacked by  surprise  and  killed,  SS^.  Pausanias  recovers  his  body 
by  treaty,  225.  It  is  buried  in  the  territories  of  the  Panopaeans^ 
to*  An  ancient  oracle  fulfilled  by  Lysander*s  being  killed  near 
the  river  Hoplites,  226.  His  poverty,  which  was  discovered 
aflcr  his  death,  proves  ^n  advantage  to  his  character,  287* 
Among  his  papers  is  found  that  political  one,  which  discovered 
his  design  to  make  the  crown  elective,  ib.  Agesilaus  is  inclined 
to  publish  it,  but  is  restrained  by  Lacratidas,  $b.  The  Spartam 
fine  the  persons,  who  desert  their  engagements  with  his  dai^htei% 
228. 

Ly Sander^  son  of  Lybis,  v.  138.     Chosen  one  of  the  Ephori  throagh 
^        the  interest  of  Agis,  140.    Proposes  a  decree  for  cancellii^ 
'        of  debts,  ib.     Accuses  king  Leonidas,  144.     Is  prosecuted  by 
the  Ephori  for  his  decree  relating  to  debts,  145.    Deceived  by 
the  artful  Agesilaus,  146. 

Lysandridast  the  Megalopolitan,  his  advice  to  Cleoroenes,  v.  180* 

Lysiades  of  Me^lopolis,  sets  himself  up  tjrrant  there,  in  hopes  of 
finding  supenor  happiness  in  power,  vi.  183.  Quits  the  sove- 
reignty, ib.  Joins  the  city  to  the  Achasan  league,  t^.  Is  chosen 
general  of  that  league,  and  declares  war  against  the  Spartans^ 
f^.  Quarfels  with  Aratus,  and  loses  his  interest,  184.  Forms  n 
•cheme  to  have  all  the  honour  of  bringing  Aristomachus,  tyrant 
of  Argos,  into  the  league,  but  is  disappointed,  188.  Aratus  ne- 
glects to  support  him  with  the  infantry,  and  he  is  killed  by  Cleo- 
menes,  v.  160. 

LysiaSf  i.  37,  n, 

Lysicles^  a  man  in  a  low  sphere  of  life,  by  the  instructions  of 
Aspasia  becomes  one  of  tiie  principal  and  most  polite  men  in 
Athens,  ii.  37. 

Lysidicff  daughter  of  Pel<^s  and  mother  of  Alcmena,  i.  9. 

LysimachiUf  father  of  Aristides,  ii.  444. 

,    grandson  of  Aristides,   experiences  the  bounty  ^ 


the  Athenians,  ii.  489*      Turns  interpreter  of  dreams  for 
bread,  ib, 

king,  forges  a  letter  to  Pyrrhus,  as  from  Ptolemy« 


iii.  72.  Ravages  Upper  Macedon,  78.  Divides  the  kingdom 
of  Macedon  with  Pyrrhus,  80.  Marches  against  him  as  far  as 
Edessa,  upon  which  Pyrrhus  retires,  and  loses  his  share  of  Ma^ 
ccdon,  81.  Says  to  Onesicritus  the  historian,  who  read  to  him 
an  account  of  the  Amazon's  visit  to  Alexander,  •  Where  was  I  at 
that  time  ?  '  iv.  312.  Suspected  by  his  allies  on  account  of  his 
great  power,  v.  895.     Taken  prisoner  by  Dromichsetes,  405. 

-  the  Acarnanian,    preceptor  to   Alexander,   jy.  2^i 


Desires  to  go  with  his  master  against  the  Arabians  on  Antilibanuff 
by  which  Alexander  runs  no  small  risk  of  his  life,  277* 

Lysippusy  the  Achaean  general,  iii.  16« 

^■.  w    Alexander  toffers  no  other  artist  to  make  his  statue, 


INDEX. 

'.  243.     Itepreients,  in  figuTes  of  b 


MACARIA,  daughter  of  Hercules,  iL  366. 

^MaeedoR  subdued  bv  the  Komans  ia  (be  time  of  Perseui,  n.Sll,  I 

S20.  \ 

Macedonian  troofa,  ordered  by  Alexander  to    Biwve  their  Imt^  ' 

i.  7. 
Macedonians,  great  loversof  iheir  kinge,  li.  312, 
Maeedonicus,  a  name  given  lo  Metellos,  iti.  120. 
Machanidas,  the  Lacedfemoakn  tyrant,   killed    in  battle  hAi-  j 

lopcemen,  iii.  14.  ] 

Machares,  son  of  Mitbridates,  sends  Lucultus  a  crown  rfpi^Hd  I 

deeires  to  be  adoiilied  iuto  the  friendship    and    aUtann  of  & 

Romans,  iii.  360.  j 

MachterioTtes,  the  posterity  of  Anticrates  bo  called,  i».  116. 
Maeenas,  v.  357. 
MaUtu,  Spurius,  etabhed  by  SerriliuB  Ahala  for    aspiring  a  ib 

monarchy,  vi,  57. 
iMaiatU,  Palus,  iii.  IS3,  246. 


Magni,  brothtif  to  Rolemy  king  of  Egypt,  his  life  saved  bn  Ok- 

Rienes,  v.  189. 
Magi,  the  Persian,  iv.  243.  vi.  117-  I 

f  Magnesia,  a  city  given  to  Thcmistocles  by  the  king  of  PerM."  I 

supply  hirn  with  bread,  i.  354-  I 

Magnman  citizen.     Antony  gives  the  estate  of  oae  to  a  cod^ 

dressing  a  supper,  v.  447- 
^Magttfsiant,  Iii.  43,  50. 
Mago,  the  Carthaginian  admiral,  joins  Icetes  in  his  attempt  ■* 

Syracuse,  it.  252.     Miscarries  and  returns  to  Africa,  SS6. 
Maia.  i.a01. 
Maimacleriott,  ii.  480. 
Malchus,  king  of  Arabia,  sends  forces  to  the  assistance  of  AoMt, 

V.  4*4. 
MaUUesani  Diogiton,  sent  by  the  Thebaos  ioto    Thessalrio^ 

venge  ihe  death  of  Pelopidax,  ii.  385. 
^Molea,  promontory  of,  ».  140.  \i.  163. 
Maliac  Ray,  ii.Sl. 

fMttUi.     Alexander's  danger  in  the  attack  of  their  city.  iv.  3S4> 
Mallius,  or  Manlius,  Lucius,  an  assistant  to  Cato   the  gJ^ff.  k 

attempting  the  heights  near  Thermopyls,  ii.  510. 
Mamercii,  pretend  to   be  descendenis  of  Matuercus,  tba  MS  W 

Numa,  i.  '.«)4. 
Mamtrcus,  the  son  of  Numa,  i.  180. 

,  the  son  of  Pythagoras,  ii.  282. 

tyrant  of  CMana,  forms  an  alliance  "'■th_  Tjmalani  & 


INDEX.  4fV 

246.  Envief  his  aduevements,  and  esters  into  a  leagte  vtA 
the  Carthaginians,  266.  Is  beaten  by  Timoleon,  and  flies  to 
Hippo,  tyrant  of  Messana,  270,  271.  Surrenders  to  Timdeoft, 
and  is  sent  to  Syracuse^  where,  upon  his  trial  for  breach  of  Mthy 
and  other  crimes,  he  attempts  to  kill  himself  but  is  prevented 
and  put  to  a  severer  death,  271. 

\Mamertines^  a  warlike  people,  inhabitants  of  Messina,  iii.  99. 

Mamurius  Veturitu.     See  Veturius. 

Mandnus^  Caius,  the  consul,  is  beaten  by  the  Numsntioes,  and 
makes  peace;  for  which  he  is  disgraced  and  inprisoned,  and 
the  peace  annulled,  v.  203— -205. 

\Mand(miumt  v.  135. 

Mandriddas^  the  Spartan,  tells  PVrrhus,  *  if  he  is  a  god,  he  will  de 
them  no  injustice ;  if  a  man,  there  will  be  found  as  good  a  one 
as  he,'  iii.  106. 

MandrodidaSf  the  son  of  Ecphanes,  assists  Agb  in  his  schefnes 
for  restoring  the  Spartan  constitution  to  it's  original  purity,  t. 
138.    Called  to  account  for  it  by  the  Ephori,  14i5. 

Manilius  expelled  the  senate  by  Cato,  ii.  517. 

the  tribune,  his  law  in  favour  of  Pompey,  iv.  161 .     Ac- 


cused of  having  robbed  the  public,  and  defieiided  by  Cicero^  t. 

803,  304. 
Monipulif  what  so  called,  i.  60. 
MarupulareSf  u  60. 
Mantus  Acilius  Glabrio^  sent  against  Antiochus,  whom  he  defeats  at 

Tbermopylfle^  iii.  23,  50. 
■  ■  AqniliuSf  iii.  137. 
Curius  Dent&tus  triumphs  thrice,  ii.  494r.    Cato  the  EMer 

often  visits  his  little  iaxm,  ib.    He  defeats  Pyrrhus,  f^.    His 

answer  to  the  Saomite  embassadors  who  ofibrf^l  him  gold,  ib* 

495. 
ManHuSf  Titus,  the  temple  of  Janus  shut  in  his  consulship,  u  200. 
,  with  Sylla's  veterans,  engaged  in  Catiline's  conspiracy, 

V.  308. 

',  Torquatus,  causes  his  own  son  to  be  beheaded  for  figfatiog 


without  orders,  though  he  gained  the  victory,  ii*  78. 

who  saved  the  Capitol,  put  to  death  for  aspiring  to  tbe 


supreme  power  in  Rome,  i.  408. 

the  tribune,  opposes  Flaminius  in  his  solicitation  for  the 


consulship,  iii.  32. 

—  defeated  by  the  Ambrones,  iii.  143. 

I  .  ■■,  Lucius,  defeated  by  Sertorius'  lieutenant,  iv.  16. 
— — -,  Lucius.    See  MalUtu. 

conspires  against  Sertorius,  iv.  34. 

his  application  to  Tiberius  Gracchus,  v.  210.  211. 


\Mantinea^  iii.  2, 13.  Besieged  by  Cleomenes,  v.  161.  Taken  by 
Aratus,  v.  161.  vi.  190.  lu  name  changed  to  Antigonia,  Ti.fiOO. 
Battle  of  Mantinea,  ii.  131. 

\Marathon^  a  city  of  Tetrapolis,  i.  15,  n.    Battle  of,  ii.  452. 

Maraikoman  bull,  conquered  by  Theseus,  i.  14, 15,  and  ». 


♦2«  INDEX. 

Marathus,  to  fulfil  an  oracle,  offers  btmwlf  up   at  the  bem 

army,  i.  41. 
MareeUinui  and  Dotnilius,  deiiiand  of  Pompey,  whether  he  mi 

gland  for  the  consulship  or  not,  iii.  +67.  iv.  190. 
Marcelius,  brother- in -law  to  Caesar  Octavitmus.  v.  347, 

,  Marcus,  goes  with  Crsssus  to  Cicero's  hoti»e  at  midaijk, 

with  letters  relating  to  Catiline's  coospiracj^.  r.  S09. 

,  the  tribune,  son  of  (he  conqueror  of  Sj-racuse,  ii  \&- 
,  son  of  Caius,  liis  roorfier  Octovia  Jediculea  a  librarr.a' 
Augustus  a  theatre,  to  his  memory,  I'i.  437. 

. the  consul,  calls  Ctesar  a  public  robber,  \v,  200,  Coo- 

mands  Pompey  lo  prepare  for  the  defence  of  his  couoirj,  3)1. 

the  qutcstor,  v.  66.     Collegue  with  Cato,  ib. 

Marcbli-us,  Marcus  Claudius,  consecrates  the  8po!ia  Opinn  w 
Jupiter  Feretrius,  i.  76.  The  original  of  his  famil;,  ii.  SR; 
Whence  the  surname  of  IMarccllus,  ib.  His  great  skill  in  "r, 
particularly  in  single  combat,  390.  He  rescues  his  brother  O 
ciliue,  i(t.  Appointed  tcdile  and  augur,  ib.  Appointed  reraii, 
and  takes  Cneius  Cornelius  for  his  collegue,  S94.  Viritionurft 
king  of  the  Gesatie,  laying  waste  the  couotry  about  tiic  Po,  Mp- 
celtus  defeats  and  kills  him,  395,  S96.  Consecrates  the  Spola 
Opima  to  Jupiter  Feretrius,  396.  Is  honoured  with  a  trionpi. 
397.  Is  sent  with  a  fleet  to  Sicily  to  oppose  Annibal,  399.  Ann 
the  great  blow  at  Csnne,  sends  fifteen  hunitred  men  to  ikbi  i) 
the  defence  of  Rome,  ili.  Is  ordered  to  head  the  remiiorfa  ^^ 
the  Roman  army,  whicli  had  retired  to  CaDusium,  ij.  VVhat 
Annibal  said  of  him,  400.  Marches  to  the  relief  of  Napln  v^ 
Nola,  fi.  Recovers  Bandius  to  the  Roman  interest,  40I.  DrfeiU 
Annibal,  ib.  40S.  Is  colled  to  the  consulate,  but  )ay-s  it  down. 
upon  the  omens  being  declared  inauspicious,  402.  Attacb  An- 
nibal when  he  had  sent  out  large  detachments  for  plunder,  n' 
defeats  him  again,  403.  Three  hundred  of  Aunibal's  cxTiln 
come  over  to  Tiim,  ib.  Od  the  death  of  Hieronymus,  the  Cv- 
thaginians  assert  their  claim  lo  Sicily  again,  and  Marcellu*,  iO» 
consul  the  third  time,  is  sent  ioto  that  island,  404.  With  niKi 
difficulty  he  procures  leave  from  the  senate  lo  einploj  the  (a^ 
tives  from  Canna:,  405.  Takes  Leontium,  ib.  Attacla  SyiMW 
both  by  sea  and  land,  406.  Prepares  a  prodigious  machineaM 
eight  gallics  fastened  together,  ib.  This  machine  culled  *&» 
buca,'  broken  in  pieces  by  Archimedes,  410 — 412.  Tttfniiil 
8  blockade  the  siege  of  Syracuse,  413.  Takes  Megara  In  Siehi 
414.  Attacks  Hippocrates  at  Acritlte,  and  kills  ei^ht  '  — ' 
of  his  men,  ib.  In  the  conferences  held  with  Ibe  S 
about  the  ransom  of  Damippus,  he  takes  notice  ofa  loi.„ 
might,  be  gained,  ib.  In  the  night  of  Uiana's  fesUvat  1m 
into  the  city,  and  forcibly  enters  the  He^apyluin,  415,  416, 
ofBcers  compliment  him  on  his  taking  the  ciiy,  but  he  * 
the  thought  of  what  it  was  to  sutler,  41 G.  He  is  much 
at  the  unhnppy  fate  of  Archimedes.  <11(!.  His  mercy  to  iha 
people  of  Eoguium,  421.    He  i*  called  home  to  cnrry  oo  tic 


INDEX.  48ft 

I       W9T  against  Anoibal,  ik    Carries  with  him  the  most  valuable  of 
the  statues  and  paintings  from  Syracuse,  ib.    Is  satisfied  wilh«D 

I       Ovation,  423.    Accused  by  the  Syracusans  before  the  senate, 
but  honourably  acquitted,  424—426.    Continues  his  protection 

.  to  them  notwithstanding ;  and  their  liberty  and  laws  by  bis  means 
are  confirmed  to  them,  426.  Marches  against  Annibal,  and  acta, 
with  more  vigour  than  the  ofiicers  before  nim,  i6,  Eecovers  the 
best  towns  of  the  Samnites,  and  makes  three  thousand  of  Awi-. 
bal's  men  prisoners,  427.  Cneius  Fulvius,  the  proconsul,  with 
eleven  tribunes,  afid  great  part  of  his  army  being  slain  in  ApuViv 
Marcellus  revenges  his  death,  id,  Annibal  lays  many  snares  ftr 
him,  but  he  escapes  them,  428.  Confirms  Quintus  rulvius  dio- 
tator,  his  coUegue  having  refused  to  nominate  him,  428,  4S9» 
Watches  the  motions  of  Annibal,  while  Fabius  Maximus  besic^g^ 
Tarentum,  429.  Is  beaten  at  Canusium,  429.  Renews  t)ie 
charge  the  next  day,  and  amply  redeems  the  Ropian  honour, 
430,  431.  Retires  to  Sinuessa,  for  the  refreshment  of  hk 
wounded  soldiers,  431.  Is  accused  by  Bibulus  of  neglect  of 
duty,  ib.  Is  honourably  acquitted  and  chosen  consul  a  fifth 
time,  432.  Allays  a  dangerous  commotion  in  Tuscany,  ft.  Poet 
not  succeed  in  his  desire  to  dedicate  his  temple  to  Honour  and 
Virtue,  t^.  Is  extremely  desirous  to  fight  a  decisive  battle  with 
Annibal,  433.  Fixes  his  camp  between  Bantia  and  Veausia, 
433.  Going  with  a  few  horse  to  reconnoitre  a  hill,  in  order  to 
encamp  upon  it,  is  killed  by  a  stratagem  of  Annibal's,  435.  An- 
nibal, after  having  taken  Marcellus'  signet,  gives  the  body  a 
magnificent  funeral,  and  sends  the  ashes  in  a  silver  urn  to  btB 
son,  436.  Marcellus*  public  donations,  437.  The  inscription 
on  the  pedestal  of  his  statue  in  the  temple  of  Minerva  at  Linduf, 
ib.  His  posterity  continues  in  great  splendour  down  to  Mar* 
cellus,  nephew  and  son-in-law  of  Augustus,  ib. 
Marcia^  daughter  of  Philip,  and  wife  to  Cato  die  philosopher,  ▼.  7S* 
She  is  married  to  Hortensius,  with  the  consent  of  Cato,  and  vhaa 
a  rich  widow  Cato  takes  her  agam,  74,  101. 
MarciuSf  or  Martins,  Numa's  lunsman,  persuades  him  to  accept 
the  crown  which  the  Romans  offered  him,  i.  174.  Starves  him- 
self to  death,  205. 

,  son  of  Marcius,  marries  Pompilia,  the  dau^^hter  of  Numa, 

i.  205.  Is  the  father  of  Ancus  Marcius,  ib,    Publius  and  Quintos 
Marcius  supply  Rome  with  water,  ii.  174. 
,  Caius  Marcius.    See  Coriolanut* 

Philippus,  ii.  333. 

employed  by  Catiline  to  kill  Cicero,  v«  310. 


t ,  Mount,  i.  403. 

Marcus  Crassus.     See  Crassus, 

jEmiiius  Lepidus^  declared  chief  of  the  senate  by  Ptokii 

iEmilius,  ii.  333.     See  all  the  other  Marci  under  their  fmflj* 

names. 
Mardian^  conducts  the  Romans  out  of  Parthia,  v.  465,  et  spgm 
Mardion^  the  eunuch,  v.  483. 
Mardonius,   Xerxes'  general,    ii.  460.     Pausaniaa  acts  as  com- 


INDEX. 
chief  against  him,  470.      And    Aristidtt  at  tb' 


I  killed  in   the  banl«  of 


4S0 
niaoder 

of  the  Athenisiu,  469, 
475. 

Maren,  the  graves  of  those  ofCimon  near  his  own,  i 

Mnrgian  fitee\,  iii.481. 

Margilei,  why  Deniosthenei  called  Alexander   bjr 
878,  and  n. 

Marica,  a  comedy  of  Eupolis  bo  celled,  tii.  403. 

Marician  gro»e,  dedicated  to  the  nymph  of  Marica,  iil,  171. 

Marios,  Cains,  had  no  third  name,  iii  120.  Uta  stattieat  III 
17^1.  Stern  in  hl»  countenance,  and  intractable  in  hit 
tion,  ih.  The  diBadTanla^e  of  his  having  no  knowledge 
Greek  literature,  l?S.  His  parents  obscure  and  indigent! 
ib.  His  father's  name  the  same  with  his,  and  hisntotluj 
cinfs,  ib.  Born  ot  a  village  in  the  territory-  of  Atpii 
Makes  his  first  campaign  under  Scipio  at  the  siege  of  Kb 
H.  Scijiio  Ibreiels  that  he  would  one  day  be  a  great  i 
IM.  When  tribune  of  the  people,  he  proposes  a  la*' 
lessened  the  authority  or  the  patricians  in  matters  of  judil 
will  carries  it  against  the  consul,  ib.  Qppo5<^5  the  pleben 
respect  lo  a  distribution  of  corn,  124.  Applies  for  the  a 
sdile,  and  loses  it,  ib.     Is  accused  of  bribery  in   his  ft 

for  the  prffitorship,  and  gains  the  olfiee  with  great   dift 

Goes  proprtetor  to  the  Farther  Spain,  and  clears  it  ofrt 
12,').  Marries  Julia,  of  the  family  of  theCwsars,  1S6, 
of  his  fortitude  hi  bearing  an  operation  in  sui^ery,  ib, 
takes  him  as  one  of  his  lieutenants  in  the  war  against  In 
ib.  He  practises  against  Mctellus,  and  take?  every  nu 
recomntcnd  himself  to  the  common  soldiers,  ib,  iji?, 
upon  Metellus  to  pass  sentence  of  death  on  bis  rrieodTtt 
wfio  had  lost  the  toim  ofVecca,  and  iln.n  insults  him  for 
Applies  to  Metellus  for  leave  to  go  and  stand  for  the  cM 
which  he  gains  only  twelve  days  before  the  election  14 
his  arrival  at  Rome,  by  false  charges  against  MeteUi 
great  promises  to  the  people,  he  prevails  on  thenj  loeh 
ft.  His  insolent  speeches  against  the  nobiliij-,  ISO. 
Mariua'  quteslor,  endeavours  to  rob  Marius  of  the  honouf 
exph>itB  rn  AfHca,  as  Marius  had  done  Metellas,  ih. 
is  elected  consul  again,  though  absent,  in  order  la  hia 
general  against  the  Teutones  and  Cimhrt,  who  n-cre  im 
toward  Italy  with  an  army  of  three  hundred  thou!>and  raei 
134.  He  triumphs  for  the  coniiuest  of  Jugurtba,  who 
captive,  135.  He  enters  the  senate  iti  his  triumphal  n» 
He  trains  his  soldiers  to  labour,  and  disciplines  then 
excellent  manner,  ib.  He  obtains  ft  third  and  fourth 
■ulship,  because  the  Romans  did  not  choose  to  meet  t) 
barians  under  any  ether  general,  1 36,  1 87.  Ho  ei 
by  the  river  Rhone,  and  makes  u  cut  in  the  moi 
that  river,  i»  order  to  the  supplying  of  liis  camp  the 
with  provisions,  137.  Tlie  Teutones  and  Ambroues  chwH 
him  to  battle,  138.    He  accustoms  his  men  to  the  uqcou^ 


^ 


INDEX.  4S1 

terrible  looks  oif  the  Miemyy  ib.     The  troope  complain  of  his 
restraining  them  from  aetioa,  1S9.    He  makes  greBi  use  of  the 
pretended  prophecies  of  a  Syrian  woman  named  Martha,  ib.  140. 
The  Teutones  attempt  his  entrenchments,  and  lose  a  number  of 
men,  141.    They  march  by,  and  ask  the  RoiiHins,  whether  they 
have  any  commands  to  Rome,  142.    Marius  follows,  and  pre- 
pares for  battle  near  Aquae  Sextiie,  ib.     Pitches  up<m  a  camp 
that  afforded  little  water,  f^.    Defeats  the  Ambrones,  145.    De- 
spatches Claudius  Marcellus,  to  lie  in  ambush  behind  the  enemy 
with  three  thousand  men,  ib.    Defeats  them  in  another  battle, 
it.  146.    The  troops  vote  Marius  such  of  the  tents  as  were  not 
plundered,  146.    As  he  is  preparing  to  set  fire  to  piles  of  the 
enemy's  arms,  news  is  brought  him  of  his  being  elected  consul  a 
fifth  time,  147.     His  joy  damped  by  the  defeat  of  Catullus,  by 
the  Cimbri,  148.     He  goes  to  Rome,  but  refuses  the  triumph 
that  was  ofiered  him,  149.    Joins  Catullus,  150.    What  passed 
between  Marius  and  the  embassadors  of  the  Cimbri,  ib.     He 
contrives  a  new  form  for  the  javelin,  ib.    His  answer  to  Boiorix, 
king  of  the  Cimbri,  who  challenges  him  to  battle,  151.     The 
battle  described,    151,  152.     The  desperate  behaviour  of  the 
Cimbri  and  their  women,  on  the  defeat,  153, 154.     Marius  gains 
the  honour  of  the  day,  though  Catullus  did  the  most  service,  154. 
He  is  called  the  third  fDunder  of  Rome,  ib.     He  courts  the 
people  for  a  sixth  consulship,  155.     Timid  in  popular  assem- 
blies, ib.     Obtains  the  consulship  by  the  assistance  of  Glauciiis 
and  Saturninus,  throws  out  Metellus,  and  gets  Valerius  Flaccus 
elected  his  colle^ue,  156.     Abets  Saturninus  in  his  Agrarian 
law  ;  in  the  murther  of  Nonius ;  and  in  a  clause  obliging  the  se- 
nate to  confiim  whatever  the  people  should  enact,  157.     By 
means  of  the  snare  which  lurked  in  that  clause,  and  Marius'  pre- 
varication, Metellus  is  banished,  158,  159.    Marius  acts  a  double 
part  between  the  nobility  and  the  seditious  tribunes,  159.     Sa- 
turninus and  the  rest  of  the  cabal  fly  into  the  Capitol,  but  are 
forced  to  submit  for  want  of  water,  160.     Marius  tries  to  save 
them,  but  they  are  despatched  by  the  people,  on  their  coming 
down  into  the  Forum,  to.     He  declines  ofiering  himself  for  the 
censorship,  through  fear  of  a  repulse,  ib.    On  the  recall  of  Me- 
tellus, he  takes  a  voyage  into  Asia,  and  endeavours  to  stir  op 
Mithridates  to  war,  m  hopes  of  being  appointed  general  against 
him,  ib.  161.     Bocchus,  king  of  Nomiaia,  erects  in  the  Capitol 
a  set  of  figures,  comprising  the  history  of  his  deliveriog  up  Ju- 
gurtha  to  Sylla,  which  inflames  the  jealousy  of  Marius,  ib,    A 
civil  war  is  prevented,  for  the  present,  by  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Marsian  war,  or  the  war  of  the  allies,  162.     Marius  does  not 
distinguish  himself  in  that  war,  like  Sylla,  ib.    Yet  he  kilb  six 
thousand  of  the  enemy  in  one  battle,  and  suffers  not  Pompedius 
Silo,  one  of  their  best  generals,  to  take  any  advantage  of  him,  ib. 
He  lays  down  his  command  under  pretence  of  inability,  16S. 
Yet  he  solicits  the  chief  command  against  Mithridates,  through 
the  tribune  Sulpitius,  f^.    Takes  his  exercises  in  the  Campos 
Martius,  like  a  yowig  man,  t^.    Sulpitius  having  killed  the  son 


432 


I\DKX. 


of  one  of  ihe  consuls,  and  |iiit  ilie  other  consul  lo  fiigfat,  ia 
the  comaianil  to  Marius,  Itii,  165.     Martus  sends  twoeCcr 
Sylla,   with  ortlcrs  that  he  F^hould  deliver   up  Ihe  arm,  IS^ 
SyUa  put8  those  officers  to  death,  and  marcbes  ii»ni«(iiiicii  Is-  ' 
ward  Ilome,  i6.     Marius,  after  some  cruellies,  and  a  •»  ■-  | 
tempt  10  raise  forces,  flies,  ib.     His  rriends  desert  him,  ti  Ifc  i 
retires  to  Salooiuni,  a  little  villa  of  liis;    and    fioat  thcnni: 
Ostia,  where  he  cDibarks,  attended  anl/  by  (iranius,  ii.    Yov;  . 
Marius  ia  in  dung et,  but  is  saved  by  a   baililf  of  hts  CuhtM^ 
law  MutiuE,  and  carried  toward  Itoiue  in  a  cart-load  ofbeai^d 
Young  Marius  sails  for  Africa,  166-     The  elder  Marimne  i 
Italy.  il>.     Distressed  by  fear  of  hie  old  encmieii,  his  infiroM,  ' 
and  bad  weather,  he  goes  an  slioro  at    Circocum,  i6.    In  fi« 
want  of  provisions,  and  hunted  by  Sylta'e    soldiers;  vtttMR' 
rages  his  little  company  by  u  prophecy,  that    he  should  pa  I  , 
feventh  consulship,  ib.  167.     He  copies  a  troop  of  horvsMb*;  | 
toward  him,  and  with  much  difficulty  gets  on    board  u  itad,  m. 
168.     The  mariners,  after  having  refused  to  surrender  bints'Jic  ' 
horsemen,  set  him  ashore  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ijta,  a* 
there  desert  him,  168.     He  applies  to  a  cottager  to  bidrhim,it- 
On  the  noise  of  persons  sent  by  Geminius   to   search  for  im.  ' 
he  leiivee  the  cave  nhere  he  was  lurking,    and     pluneus  vf  ' 
one  of  Ihe  marshes,  169.      He  is  discovered,  and  cwiird  ^ 
Minturnte,  i&.     The  nioeistrntes  place  lum  at  the  hoiue  of  ft- 
nia,  who  had  an  inveterate  aversion  to  him,  iii.      She  foricO  ha 
resentment,  and  entertains  Marius  in  the  best  manner.  ITO.    Be    , 
is  encouraged  by  an  omen,  ib.     The  magistrates  of  Mintanw    < 
pass  sentence  of  death   upon  him,  ib.     The   execulioaer,  wW    ' 
was  either  a  Gaul  or  a  Cimbrian,  trembles  at  his  voice,  tai  u  i 
]i(;ht  which  darted  from  his  eyes,  i6.     The  soldier  report*  lia  u 
the  peoole,  and  they  resolve  to  conduct  him  n-herever  he  tieaKi. 
171.     They  lead  him  even  through  the  Marcian  grove,  rt,    H(    1 
goes  on  board  a  vessel  provided  by  one  Uelffius,  id.    'findtta 
son-in-law,  Graniiis,  in  the  idle  of  j^naria,  iii.      Touches  sL  Si- 
cily, from  whence  he  escapes  with  difficulty,  a,      js  inforiMda 
the  inland  of  Meninx,  tliat  his  son  Marius  had  escaped  to  Aftio. 
and  was  gone  to  implore  succour  of  Hiempsal,  172.     LsMbn 
Jlfrica,  and  receives  a  message  from  the  prictor  Sextilius,  cn» 
mandirg  him  to  depart,  ib      His  noble  answer,  I'fi.      "1^,^  iiuti 
Numiilia  detains  young  Marius  at  his  court :  but  a  Idvc  adt«- 
ture  sets  him  free,  and  he  returns  to  his  father,  li.  ]73.    Tb* 
omen  of  two  scorpions  fighting,  puts  Marius  upon  escunina  (o  i 
neighbouring  island,  and  soon  after  he  sees  a  party  of  Nuniibii 
horse   in  pursuit  of  him,  173.     Being  informed  of  the  qusmt 
between  the  consula  Cinnu  and  Octaviue,  he  sails  to  join  Cinu 
with  only  one  thousand  men,  173.     He  arrives  at   TeUmon,  » 
port  of  Tuscany,  and  proclaims  liberty  to  the  slaves    id      C^ 
lects  a  considerable  force,  and  tills  forty  ships,  ii.  1 7^      Mslo 
Cinas  an  offer  of  his  assistance,  which  is  accepted,  ilt      Cian 
declares  him  proconsul,  and  sends  him  the  fasces,   winch  hen- 
jecls,  ib.    He  cuts  off  the  enemy's  convoys  at  sea,    nqd  m^hw 


INDIX  43$ 

^  himwlf  master  of  the  maritioie  towns,  ib.    Ostia  is  betrayed  to 

^  him,  ib.     He  enters  Rooae»  after  having  demurred,  under  pre* 

h  tence  of  beinff  an  exile,  176.    He  selects  a  guard  from  the 

^  riaves,  and  caUs  them  .hb  Bardicans,  ii.     These  put  all  to 

P  death,  whose  salutation  Marius  does  not  return,  id.    Account  of 

if  the  dreadful  massacres,  ib.  177, 178.    Marius  is  elected  consul 

I  the  seventh  time,  and  the  very  day  he  enters  on  his  office» 

.  -  orders  Sextus  lacinus  to  be  thrown  down  tl^  Tarpeian  rock,  iL 

I  179.     Finds  his  faculties  fail,  ib.    Has  recourse  to  the  bottle^  ib* 

^  Becomes  deUrious,  180.    Dies  at  the  i^  of  seventy,  with  the 

t  nbegrin  .^f  an  unfortunate  wretch,  who  had  not  obtained  what  he 

L  waited,  ib.    His  death  productive  of  the  greatest  joy  in  Rome, 

•  181.    His  son  treads  in  the  steps  of  his  cruelty,  ma  comes  to 

an  untimely  end,  ib» 
^  Marius^  son  of  Caius  Marius,  iii.  165.    Goes  to  beg  succours  of 

f  Hiempsal,  king  of  Numidia,  17^    Is  detained  at  his  court,  but 

^  makes  his  escape  by  the  assistance  of  a  young  woman  that  fell 

I  in  love  with  him,  ib.  173.    Is  beaten  by  Sylla,  270.    Flies  to 


IVseneste,  9^2.    Kills  himself,  278. 
Cdsxts,     See  Celsus. 


J 


,  Marcus,  proscribed  by  Sylla,  and  killed  by  Catiline,  iii. 
278. 

-s  Marcus,  a  Roman  officer,  sent  by  Sertorius  to  act  as  ge- 


nana  far  Mithridates,  iii.  887,  S43.  iv.  32. 
-'  mules,  who  so  called,  iii.  1S6. 


k  MarphadateSf  a  Cappadocian  prince,  husband  to  Psyche,   with 

■      whom  young  Cato  had  aaiatrigae,  v«  122. 

4  Marriage.    Customs  and  ceremonies  relating  to  it  at  Rome,  i.  71* 

s      Romulus'  laws  coneecning  it,  88.    Regulations  of  Lycurgos, 

i       1 33, 1 34*.    And  of  Solon,  about  it,  247,  2/bS. 

I  fMarrudnianif  ii.  307. 

It  Affirm,  given  out  as  father  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  L  51. 

9  fMara.    Sylla  persuades  them  to  declare  for  the  Romans,  iii.  2SS. 

,i  Marsvas^  put  to  death  by  Dionysiusibe  Elder,  for  a  dream,  vi.  10. 

i  Mariaaf  a  Syrian  prophetess,  dressed  np  by  Marius  with  great 

i       pomp.     She  attends  him  in  his  expeditions,^  and  he  makes  great 

f       use  of  Jier  predictions,  iii.  1399 1^» 

I    Martuu    See  Marcia. 

\    Martial^  epigram  of,  iii.  23^  n. 

!    Mariia&Sy  a  tribune,  vi.  237« 

Martianrntf  a  gladiator,  vi.  217. 

Mariiiu  Mes^  marries  Tertia,  sister  of  Clodius,  v.  828. 

,  V.  340. 

MarvUuMj  a  tribune  of  the  people  deposed  hf  Cosar,  it.  429. 

Masinissa^  king  of  Numidia,  nis  wars  with  the  .Carthaginians,  ii. 
529.    A  steady  friend  to  the  Romans,  530. 

Masistius^  a  Persian  officer,  behaves  witli  great  courage,  ii.  4€7* 
Is  killed  in  baUle  bv  the  Athenians,  468. 

fMasakm^  or  MarseiUes,  dty  of,  founded  by  Frotus,  a  merdiant, 
i.  221,  and  it. 

vox..  VI.  2  F 


434  INDEX. 

Massilians  inclose  their  vineyards  with  the  bones  of  Uii 

in  die  battle  between  tliii  Romans  and  the  Teutones, 
Malronalia,  a  feast  in  honour  of  the    KoniBn  tnatroci, 

having  put  an  enil  to  the  war  between  tbe    Sabmet 

mans,  i,  bS. 
Matutn,  Mater,  the  temple  of  a  goddess  so  called  br  Uaf 

i.  367.  ^ 

Mauritcus,  what  he  aoid  to  the  senate  of  Rome,  vi.  SI8. 
^Mauritania,  i».  12. 
MaziTut,  upon  the  impression  inade  on  Parmenio  by  tlM 

horse,  sends  a  party  round  to  tall  on   those  «rbo  gvi 

ander's  baggage,  iv.  291 .     Alexander's    munificence 

ofMazsuB,  303. 
Mea!,  no  sacrifice  lo  be  made  without  it,  i.  192. 
Mrcenas,  v.  458. 
Mechanics  first  cultivated  as  a  branch  of  pbilosaohvtf 

and  Archyta?,  ii.  408.  *^  ^^ 

Media,  wife  of  ^geus,  i.  13.     Supposed    to   have  «mI 

naphtha  the  crown  and  veil  which   she   gave   Creo&V 

+M«/m,  their  habits,  iv.  310.  * 

\Medica,  ii.  295. 

Medimnus.     A  sheep  and  a  medimnus  of  corn,  earii  it 

drachma  in  Solon's  time,  i.  252.     Of  wheat,    sold  IbrI 

drachmas  in  time  of  famine,  iii.  249.  i 

■fMediolanum.     See  Milan.  t 

Medius,  a  friend  of  Antigonus,  his  dream,  v.  380.  ' 

Medon,  son  of  Codrus,  the  first  Archon  at  Athens.  Ltf,* 
Megabacchus,  famed  for  his  strength  and  courace    alhtai 

CrassuE,  iii.  483.     Kills  hiroself,  4S5.  '  . 

Megabales,  son  of  Snithridates,  a  favourite  of  Aee^tmot,  i 
MegahzHs,  Alexander's  letter  to  him,  iv,  306. 
Megacics,  Archon  of  Athens,  involves  the  city  in  tlie  bu 

lege,  in  the  affair  of  Cylon,  i.  232.  ^ 

,   father  of  Dinoraache,  and  Krandfather  of 

ii.  112. 


thei 


'  Alcmaion,  heads  a  party  of  tbe  AtlH 
reaking  into  factions  after  the  departure  of  St~  ~ 
ituE  obtains  a  guard,  and  -Megacles  tlies,  266. 

,  a  friend  to  Pyrrhua.     Pyrrhus tells  him,  that* 

of  the  Roman  army  has  nothinp  of  the  burbarian  in 

Pyrrhus  changes  his  dress  with  him;  upon    which    he 

and  killed,  89. 

i ' — ,  hrothei 


SyracuMDi,  vi.  28 
Megaltstu  belonged 

vi.  203. 
Megalopolis,  taken  by  Cleomenet,  iii.  6. 


Dion,  joined  in  commiasion  with  I 
)  the  court  of  Philip,  the  son  of 


-     .  inhabitai 

and  restored  by  Philopccroen,  t6.    Hard  pressed  by  Ni 

ef  Lacediemoo,  17. 


INDEX.  ^35 

'^M€gara  in  Macedonia^  i.  11»  31, 36.  iii*  66. 

• '  — in  Sicily,  ii.  415. 

-« ■■ ,  restored  to  liberty  by  Demetrius,  v.  371 . 

Megarensians  take  Nissa,  and  recover  Salamis  iVom  the  Atlieniaiis, 

1.232.     Their  manner  of  sepulture,  230.    The  Athenians  forbid 

them  to  set  foot  on  their  territories,  ii.  44«    They  are  united  to 

the  Athenians  by  Phocion,  v.  18. 
Megellus  migrates  from  £lea  to  Agrigentum,  which  had  been 

ruined  by  the  Carthaginians  during  the  Athenian  war,  ii*  271. 
Megistonous  marries  the  mother  of  Cleomenes,  v.  160.    Taken 

prisoner  by  Aratus,  vi.  191. 
rMdanckoly.     Aristotle  observes  that  persons  of  genius  have  some- 
thing of  it,  iii.  189. 
Melamppusy  son  of  Theseus  by  Perigune,  i«  10.    Has  a  son  named 

loxus,  ib. 
Melanopus  the  orator,  v.  266. 
MelaniaSf  vi,  135. 
Melanihius  the  elegiac  poet,  iii.  297. 

,  what  he  said  in  praise  of  Phocion's  wile  to  a  player, 

V.  23,  24. 
MelatUkus  of  Sicyon,  the  celebrated  painter^  vi.  164. 
fMelaSt  river,  navigable  from  it's  source,  iii.  261.     Swells  about 
'  the  summer  solstice  like  the  Nile,  and  produces  the  same  plants, 

ib. 
Meleager^  Theseus  assists  him  in  killing  the  boar,  i.  37. 
iMelians^  Inhabitants  of  Melos,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  Alcibiades  the 

chief  cause  of  the  slaughter  among  them  ;  yet  he  thinks  he  does 
■  the  island  great  honour  by  cohabiting  with  one  of  it's  women,  ii. 
: !  134.    Lysander  re-establishes  them,  iii.  204. 

iMeUbad^  a  city  in  Magnesia,  ii.  377. 
feliceries.    Ceremonies  in  the  worship  of  him,  i.  31. 

MelisippidaSj  iv.  70. 

Mdissusj  the  philosophef,  Themistocles  studies  under  him^  i.  313^ 

— — -,  admiral  of  Samos,  beats  the  AthenianS|  ii.  40.     But  is  af- 
terward defeated  by  Pericles,  ib. 

^MeUt€f  an  Athenian  borough,  L  230*  v.  244 

fMelitea,  dty  ot\  iu.  260. 

MelituSf  a  torch-bearer,  iv.  1 91  • 

'\MeUariay  iv.  16. 

MeUirens.    See  Irens. 

MelvUU^  Lord  Viscount,  i.  414',  it. 

Melotij  one  of  the  assoQiiEites  of  Pelopidas  in  delivering  Thebes, 
ii.  349.  )         f 

Memmus,  Caius,  accuses  the  tiro  Lucolli,  iii.  881.  ▼•  78. 

,  Pompey's  sister's  hnsband.    Pompey,  after  he  had  re- 
duced Sicfly  for  Sylla,  left  him  governor  there,  iv.  137. 

— ,  Pompey's  lieutenant,    killed  in  battle    by  Sertorius, 


iv*  28. 
Memnon^  the  most  able  of  Darius'  generals,  iv.  266.    His  dtath^ 

ib.    He  was  husbnnd  of  Barnne,  272. 
-f  Memphis^  one  of  the^iroaden  of  Egypt,  ill  329* 

its* 


f- 


INDEX. 

i  of  the  Athenian  gcnerale,  defeated  b;  Ij 


1S6 

Menatider, 

at  ^go»  Polamos,  ii.  168,  169. 

officer  Bent  by  Mithridates  to  intercept  one  i 


lui 


I  cotnmiseioD  with  l^iciaa,  iii.  4S9. 


;,  iSO. 


e  of  Antigonus'  baggage,  n.  Si. 


,  tlie  poei,  alludtis  i 
Pamphylian  wa,  iv.  """ 
Menas,  a  Eea-officer  u 


Atexander's 


r  Septus  PompeiuF,   pr(^>05es  Ii 

method  to  make  the  whole  Roman  empire  his  ovo,  *.  tSI 
fMende,  castle  of,  iii.  SOi. 
\Mendes  in  Egypt,  the  prince  of  it  solicits  the  &vour 

latu.  iv.  121. 
Meneclidaf.  from  a  principle  of  envy,  endeavours  to  set « 

against  Epaminondas  and  Peloptdas,  JL  371,     Is  tut 

Thebans,  572.  " 

Mcnecratcs,  llie  historian,  i.  33. 

■ ,  an  officer  in  the  nary  of  Seztus  Pompetw;  t 

,  the  physician,  W.  97. 

Menedemm,  au  officer  of  the  bed-chamber  to  I,ucuUm,  i__ 

master  from  an  attempt  of  Oltiiacus  upon  his  life,  iii,  S*9 
\MeTidaus'  haven  in  Africa,  Agesilaus  dies  there,  iv,  ICS. 
Mendaiii,    brother  to  Ptolemy  kin^  of  Egypt,  it  Mt 

suncndera  to  Demetrius,  v.  377. 
Menfmncfitii  and  Mtron,  sent  by  Mitbridites  to  intncnti  I 

convoy ;  but  ihclr  troops  are  fdatost  totally  cut  otTbvAwn,! 
Meuenius  Agrippa,  appeases  a  aedition,  by  reciting  s  Wt^ 

people,  ii,  181. 
Menes,     See  Mcnas, 
Mencslhes,  one  of  the  young  men  sent  nith  Theseus  bv  wl 

bute  to  Crete,  i.  19. 
Meneitheus,  stirs  up  the  Athenians  against  Theseas,  and  B 

reins  of  government,  i.  40,41.     The  first,  who  underioi 

a  demagogue,  40.     Quietly  possesses  the  kingdom  of 

45.     Hrs  death,  ii. 


iii,  172. 


,  the  o 


island,  at  which  Marius  touches  in  his  flight  M 

r,  hfls  R  principal  command  under  PericJes,  ii.  fi5. 
■■  ,  the  Cariiin,  a  rhetorician,  visited  by  Cicero    t.  ! 

Menaxini,  son  o<'  Creon,  derDies  himself  t«  death  for  his 

■  'if.  see,  71. 

Menoii,  Phidias*  scfrelar,  accuses  him,  and  Phidias  dies  ta 

'-'^R:'47,  4ft.  . 

— T — ,  coinmaiids  the  Tliesaalonian  horse  in  the  Persiaa 

fion;  v.SO.vi.  120,  ».  134.    Tlie  father  of  Phthia,  iii.  66. 
Mc'ilor,  brother  of  Mi^mnun,  gffs  with  Eumitnes  to   Ala) 

K'hcn  he  has  a  certain  MtupUiint  lo  make,  iv.  S9. 


a^ 


INDEX  4ST 

^ienylhi  commands  the  gtirisoii  which  Antipater  put  iti  Athens, 
.  ▼•  33.  Offers  Phodcm  a  sum  of  money,  which  he  refuses,  35»  36. 
)fircedintiS9  or  MercedoniuSf  the    Roman  intercalary  month   §o 

called,  i.  199.  iv.  426. 
kXrrcAan/,  the  profession  of,  honourable,  i.  221.    Solon  follows  it 

some  time,  220. 
Ilinrcury,  i.  33.    His  statues,  ii.  138.  iii«  302,  n.    Many  of  them 

defaced  in  one  night  at  Athens,  il.  138.  iii.  418. 
9  ■  '■      of  .^Bgeus'  gate,  i.  14. 

}ferope9  daughter  of  Erectheus,  and  mother  of  Dsedalus,  i.  21. 
UiniifAi.     See  Cornelius. 
Vesabate^  the  eunuch,  won  of  Artaxerxes  at  dice,  by  Parysatis, 

and  ordered  to  be  flayed  alive,  for  having  cut  off  the  head  and 

hand  of  Cyrus,  v.  133. 
)tesolabesy  mathematical  instruments,  ii.  408* 
'Mesopotamia,     See  the  Life  of  Crassus. 
Vtessalay  father  of  Valeria,  the  wife  of  Sylla,  iii,  281. 
-**-- Corvinus,  a  friend  of  Cassius  and  Brutus,  fights  in  the  right 

wing  of  their  army  at  Philippi,  vi.  95.    His  generous  answer  to 

Augustus,  J  07. 

-,  consul  with  Domitius,  iv.  194. 


'Mcssana^  or  Messenay  in  Sicily,  ii.  255.  iii.  99.  v.  102.  vi.  53. 

Messapiatis,  iii.  83.  ▼.  135. 

Messene  in  Peloponnesus,  the  fertility  of  the  lands  about  it,  i.  122, 
«•  Re-established  by  Epaminondas,  iv.  114.  Freed  from  the 
tyrant  Nabis  by  Philopccmen,  iiu  16. 

)IessengerSf  of  Harpalus  find  a  disagreeable  reception  from  Pho* 
cion,  V.  25. 

VdageneSf  continues  building  the  Parthenon,  which  was  begua 
by  Coroebus,  ii*  23. 

Hetageitnionf  the  month  so  called,  i.  290.  v.  286. 

'Metapontum^  ii.  94. 

MeteUOi     See  CcecUia  Metella. 

\IeUlluS9  Quintus,  his  invidious  observation  upon  Tiberius  Grac- 
chus, V.  214. 

«  ,  Quintus,  why  called  *  Cder,*  i.  64.    Married  a  sister 

of  Clodius,  ▼.  328. 

,  the  chief  pontiff,  marries  his  daughter  to  Sylla,  iii.  239. 


His  death,  iv.  364. 

-,  Caius,  calls  upon  Sylla  to  declare  whom  he  will  save. 


and  whom  destroy,  iii.  276. 

,  or,  as  Plutarch  calls  him,  Metilius  Cimber,  gives  the 


signal  for  the  attack  upon  Csesar  in  the  senate-house,  iv.  434. 

,  Quintus  Csecilius,  called  *  Numidicus,'  is  general  in  the 

war  against  Jugurtha,  iii.  126.  Takes  Marius  for  his  lieutenant, 
by  whom  he  is  supplanted,  ib.  127.  His  firmness  and  dignity  of 
mind,  155.  A  saying  of  his,  158.  Banished,  159.  Recalled, 
160. 

,  son  of  the  former,  iii.  175. 

PiuSf  invites  Pompey  to  his  assistance,  iv.  134.    Refuses 


the  challenge  of  Sertorius,  iv.  18.     Lays  siege  to  the  city  ot 


oMinuiius,  ii.  76.     SetaopMi»| 


488  INDEX. 

LangobriUe,  but  is  Torced  to  raise  it,  i6.     la  wouBded  am  !»  f 
guntum,  iv.  SS.     Promises  a  hundred    treats  and  twoc;  liMc  > 
•and  acres  of  land  to  the  man  that  should  kill  Sertoriiu.S.  B 
vanity  upon  an  advaatage  gained  or  Sertorius,  i6.     Gtgm  Is 
urioug  as  he  advances  in  years,  iv.  17. 

MeleUus  Crdiaa,  a  rehitioo  or  the  former,  17.  160.  Beoc^s 
pirates  in  one  of  the  towns  of  Crete,  i6.  Pompejr  cmoom 
faini  to  desist,  and  he  refuses,  ib.  161. 

■  Sepos,  tribune  of  the  people,  *.  69.     Oppoiet  C** 

opening  the  treasury  at  Rome,  399,  4O0.  A  decree  bem«pi« 
and  the  means  he  used  to  get  it  passed,  v.  75 — 77.  Dihf[A 
cd  by  Cato,  76.  77.     His  behaviour  to  Cicero,  v.  319,  SSO 

Scipio,  V,  S09.     Father-in-law  to  Pompey,  it.  19fi.  i 

MeUoroUtehte,  iii.  432. 
iMethone,  n.  163. 
fMclhydrium,  v.  158. 
Metitittt,  the  tribune,  kinsman 

tius  against  Fabius  Maxiraus. 
Mctacia,  a  festival  instituted  by  Theseus,  in   rememtnwmf  A 

people  of  Attica  removing  to  Athens,  i.  29.     ' 
Melon,  the  astrologer,  lo  prevent  his  soo'it    goioe  npon  ibt  Sc- 

lian  expedition,  burns  his  own  house,  ii.  136.  iii.  419. 

,  the  Tarentine,  feigns  himself  drunk,  to   exdte  llwatM- 

tion  of  the  Tarentines,  i^ea  he  wanted   to   dissuade  tkfl  fivn 

calling  in  Pyrrhus,  iii.  82. 
Melrol/iui,  a  player,  and  favourite  of  Sylla,  iii,  282. 

,  the  Athenian,  iii.  307- 

Metrodorus,  counsellor  to  Mithridates,  and  lionouredviOiilbe  tiia 

of  his  father,  iii.  S57.     Put  to  death  by  him  for  wontot  fiieto? 

in  an  embassy  to  Tigranes,  35S. 
Metron,  iv.  315. 
Micion  commands  a  parly  of  Macedoniaus,  v. 

killed  by  Phocion,  30. 

•  ',  the  Athenian,  opposes  Aratus,  vi.  195, 
Micipsa,  sends  the  Romans  a  supply  of  corn,  by  way  of  co^ 

ment  to  Caiua  Gracchus,  and  his  embassadors  are  turned  e«'' 

the  senate,  v.  225. 
Midas,  iv.  266,  366. 

Midias,  an  Athenian  exile,  begs  Sylla  to  spare  the  city,  itj.  35!. 
■  Demosthenes  drojis  his  accusation  against  tiim  for  a  10 

of  money,  ¥.  265. 
\Mieza,  a  lawn.     Aristotle   erects  a  school  of  Philostmhy  tbrt 

for  the  people  of  Stagira,  iv,  248. 
iMilan  taken  by  the  Romans  '■-  397.     What  passed  becwMB  di 

people  and  Augustus  Ctrsar,  vi.  1 12. 
MtUsiacs,  obscene  compositions  of  Aristidcs,  iii.  495. 
fAWrtw,  iii.  211.  iv.  26t,  358.     The  people  at  war  with 

Samos,  ii.  3(i. 
Uiiilari/  tribunes,  ctccrcd  for  a  time  by  the   Rmuaas   inrtprt  J 

cpnsuls,  L  S61,    Thgir  number,  ib- 


Udettiuiwi 


INDEX.  4S9 

J\IUot  detached  by  Perseus  to  oppose  Scipio  Nasica  in  his  attempt* 

*  ing  an  entrance  by  the  mountains^  ii.  SOI. 
J*  »  a  candidate  for  the  consulship,,  v.  96. 

*  ■        9  Annius,  the  tribune,  seizes  and  kilb  Clodius,  v.  SS4.     De- 
i       fended  by  Cicero,  ib,  335. 

Mibasoi  Thessaly,  a  diviner  and  friend  of  Dion,  vi.21. 
C  MikiadeSf  the  first  in  dignity  and  authority  of  the  ten  Athenian 
I  generals  at  Marathon,  ii.  461.  The  olive  crown  denied  him 
after  his  victonr»  iii.  303.  The  father  of  Cimon,  299.  His 
\  trophy  excites  the  emulation  of  Themistocles,  i.  9.  Is  fined  and 
I       dies  in  prison,  iii.  297. 

ilftAo,  the  fiivourite  concubine  of  Cyrus  the  Younger.    See  As* 
I       pasia. 

^  MmaOoneSf  the  Bacchanals  so  called,  iv.  240>  24>1. 
Mina^  the  value  of  it  increased  by  Solon,  i.  238. 
MindaruSf  the  Spartan  admiral,  ii.  154.    Defeated  by  AlcibiadBa> 

and  slain,  156. 
Minds.    Great  minds  productive  of  great  vices  as  well  as  great  fir* 
I       tues,  ii.  175. 
Minerva  the  Syllanian,  L  119.    Ootiletb,    i.  127*    The  Itonian^ 
av.  92.    She  communicates  to  rericles  a  remedy  in  a  dream, 
ii.  24.    Her  peplum  or  veil,  v.  372,  and  n.    The  golden  statue 
of  her  made  by  Phidias^  ii.  25.    Her  image  brought  from  Troy, 
i.  387*    Her  temple  at  Athens  called  *  Parthenon,'  ii.  23.    Her 
temple  at  Sparta  called  *  Chalcicecus,'  v.  145. 
Mines.    Gold-mines  beloDging  to  the  Thrasians,  iii.  31 3.    Silver 
mines  at  Laurium.    See  Laurium . 

iMinoa^  island  of,  iii.  406.  vL  25. 
finoSf  demands  tribute  of  the  Athenians  on  account  of  his  soa 
Androgeus  havine  been  killed  in  Attica^  1. 15.    Institutes  games 
in  honour  of  An^oseus,  16.     Pursues  Daedalus,  is  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Sicily  and  dies,  21.    Two  of  that  name  kings  of 
Crete,  23.    Why  abused  by  the  dramatick  poets  at  Athens,  17. 
Minotaur 9  the  Cretan  monster,  slain  by  Theseus,  i.  20. 
fMintunutf  Marius  lurks  in  the  marshes  near  it,  but  is  taken  and 

brought  before  the  magistrates  of  that  place,  iii.  169. 
Minudus^  or  Minutius^  chosen  dictator,  but  obliged  to  quit  his 

office  for  the  crying  of  a  rat,  ii.  394. 
— — ,  Marcus,  one  of  the  first  quaestors,  i.  288. 

■    '  ■>  Thermus,  tribune  of  the  people,  v.  76* 

f  Caius,  i.  274. 
Lucius,  appointed  by  Fabius  Maximus  his  general,  of 


horse,  ii.  69.  His  vanity  and  presumption,  72.  Gains  som# 
advantage  of  Anoibal  i«  the  absence  of  Fabius,  77.  Persuade* 
the  people  to  give  him  equal  authority  with  the  dictator,  78.  Is 
worsted  by  Annibal,  and  seasonably  relieved  by  Fabius,  81 »  8^ 
His  submission  and  speech  to  Fabius,  83,  84. 

Mirades,    Plutarch's  opinion  of  them,  i.  370.     See  Prodigies. 

Mirrors^  concave  ones,  by  which  the  fire  of  Vesta  was  to  be  re* 
kindled,  L  183. 

fMisenum.    Marius*  villa  there,  iii.  163. 


440  INDEX. 

MUfirlunes,  la  what  cases  a  trial,  ii.  90,  91. 

Mithra,  it's  Mysteries,  W.  154. 

Mit/iras,  or  Mithra,  the  sun  worsliijipod  ander    that 
Persians,  tv.287.  vi.  118. 

Mithridates,  king  of  Pontiis,  galliers  strength  after  hli 
becomes  a  formidable  enemy  to  the  Romans,  it.  5%  • 
endeBvours  to  provoke  him  to  declare  war,  iii.  161.  iA 
ensues,  and  Sylla  is  appointed  to  the  connnand  oF  it,  9t6.  Ki 
intemew  and  peace  with  Sylla,  265,  266.  Before  thi*  b>  U 
caused  a  hundred  and  fitly  thousand  Romans  to  be  ttaatenii 
Asia  in  one  day,  266.  He  leaves  Pergamus,  and  ahoU  iHEl 
up  in  Fitane,  330.  Taught  by  experience  rather  to  prapwiti 
troops  by  exercise,  than  to  fumieh  Lheni  with  spleodid  armK 
— "  Marches  to  surprise  Cyei cum,  338,     Account  of  hi 

I  there  till  provisions  e • '•■ ■-' 


:tremely  scarce  iii  bis  own  cup,  ai 
Takes  tbe  opponesiii 
.    .  Jld  have  beeMAnbj 

had  not  the  avarice  of  the  Roman  soldiers  preiatti 
Orders  his  wives  and  sisters  to  be  put  to  dwdi,  HI 
lis  son.in-law  Tigranes,  352.  Encouraged  that  jna 
defeat,  369.  Offers  to  supply  Serlonus  with  mm^ 
and  ships,  which  that  general,  though  an  exile,  trill  not  iccrfi 
but  upon  certain  conditions,  iv,  31,  33.  His  saying  upon  ii,  i'~ 
ax....  ...,  :„  |,.;g  p^^p  j,y  pompey,  165.     His  dream,  )i.    Ifift- 


obliged  to  relinquish  it,  340,  341 
^  •f  a  siorm  to  make  his  escape,  341 .     V 

it,  350. 
.  Flies  tc 


The  6<itk 
Deliven  poiwn  tn 


feated,  and  flies  with  only  three  friends,  I< 

services  of  his  concubine  Hypsicratia,  (A. 

each  of  his  friends,  ib.  J67.     Hia  memoirs  and    letwu  between 

him  and  Monime,  172.     His  de.ith,  177. 
—  ■  ,  the  ton  of  AriobarzaneE 

and  Demclrius,  v.  366. 

,  the  Parthian,  hisadvice  to  Antony,  v.  470,471. 

,  rewarded    by   AriaiierxeS  for    wounding  Cyrw,  r. 

129.     Put  to  death  for  claiming  the  honour  of  what  bo  had  ^ott< 

131. 


laiive  of  Pontus,  laughs  at  Galba's  trithnTid  fc 
and  bald  head,  vi.  22S.     Is  put  to  death  by  Galba,  S24. 

,  king  of  Commagene,  v.  484. 

Mitkrobarzanes,  sent  by  Ti^ranes  against  Lacullug,  Jji,  fg^  |i 
killed  in  buttle,  rs63. 

Miil'ropaustea,  nephew  to  Xerxes,  his  saying  to  I>eBiarallW,  ^M 
his  ambition  to  wear  a  diadem,  and  to  be  carried  in  pomp  iJmMl 
Sardis,  i.  S53.  r    "r      -v 

\Mitytene,  i.  237,  ».  iv.  221. 

\MityUMar.i,  punished  by  Lucullue  for  having  joined  Mariitf  Mtr, 
iii.  831,  932.    Set  up  Pittacus  as  prince,  i.  296.  ' 

Mnatithewt,  a  friend  of  Aratus,  *L  158. 

Mnemon.     See  ArlaierxBS. 

Mneiklet,  the  Athenian  architect,  fivo  years  tn  finiahine  ihepoi' 
lico  of  the  citadel,  ii.  24.  »  r" 

M'letiphilui,  Tliemistocles'  preceptor  in  political  koowkdnk  ^ 


INDE3L:  4*1 

Mnesiptolema^  Themistocles*  daughter,  devoted  to  Cybele  by  the 

direction  of  that  goddess,  i.  355. 
MnesthetiSf  the  notice  taken  of  him  by  Homer,  iii.  803« 
Mnestra^  one  of  Cimon'g  mistresses,  iii.  299. 

Mo£fe<(/y,  the  ornament  of  the  fair  sex,  i.  212.  - 

Molo^  Apollonius,  Cicero  and  Caesar  attend  his  lectures  at  Bbodes. 

See  AfoUonitu. 
fMolosstanSf  i.  40.  iii.  65,  et  tej. 
Molus,  river,  iii.  259. 
Mohadia^  an  Amazon,  i.  35. 
Mciossusj  an  Athenian  general,  v.  17* 
Monarchy^  Scion's  dislike  and  reiiisal  of  that  authority,  i«  235,  29T* 

An  enemy  to  eloquence,  which  is  befriendedbydempcracy,  371>ii« 

Cast  off,  and  detested  by  the  Romans,  iv.  392. 
MoneseSf  a  Parthian  nobleman,  revolts  to  Antony,  but  soon  deserti 

him,  V.  460,  461. 
Moneta,  her  temple,  i.  84,  408. 
Money^  of  the  ancient  Romans,  had  the  impression  of  an  ox^ 

sheep,  &c  i.  287. 
,  i^  ■ '    ■*    See  Lucullian.    Athenian,  why  stamped  with  the  figure 

of  an  ox,  i.  30,  287. 

Gold  and  silver  money  prohibited  by  Lycurgus,  and 


heavy  iron  money  introduced,  i.  124.    Gold  and  silver,  when 

brought  in  again,  proves  the  ruin  of  Sparta,  159.    The  scarci^ 

of  it  at  Athens  in  the  time  of  Solon,  252.    See  Bribery. 
Monime,  refuses  all  the  offers  of  Mithridates,  except  that  of  nar« 

riage,  iii.  351.    Lives  unhappy,  id.    Attempts  to  hang  hendf 

in  her  diadem,  and  it  breaks,  35  L 
Month,  intercalary.    See  Merddinus* 
Months,  the  Roman,  whence  named,  i.  199.    Do  not  answer  to  Ibe 

Grecian  months,  65.  Numa  adds  two  to  the  calendar,  200.    The 

irregularity  of  the  Grecian,  ii.  262,  fi. 
Monuments,  the  custom  of  pouring  oil  upon  them  very  ancient, 

iv.  26(^  261. 
Moon.    See  Edipse. 

t  considered  as  a  goddess,  iiL  243. 
Moons,  three  seen  at  Ariminum  at  one  time,  before  the  defeat  of 

the  Gauls  by  Flaminius,  ii.  392. 
\Mar%us,  river,  iii*  256. 
Mother  Earth.     See  Vesta. 
Mothers,  what  goddesses  so  called,  ii.  420,  ». 
Mountains,  what  the  height  of  the  highest,  ii.  301. 
Mourning,  the  time  allowed  for  it  at  Romey  !•  187.     And  at  Sparta, 

153. 
Mucianus,  general  of  the  army  in  Syria  when  Galba  is  dedaieA. 

emperor,  vi,  247. 
Mulberry,  Sylla's  face  compared  to  one  strewed  over  with  meal, 

iii.  281. 
Mules.     See  Marha^  mules. 
MunmiuSf  Luchis,  who  destroyed  Corinth,  preveBts  the  defiicbg 


of  Philopamen's  monutnent,   iii.  89.      GtUD»   the   cnraUK  rf 
Achaiiu,  120. 
Mummiiu,  the  lieuteaant  of  Crauus,    defeatctl   by  Spatt>CH,n. 


er  to  Antony,  v.  +33. 
.  56,  79.    The  difiereace  betwaco  U 
and  Cato,  85.     Ttiey  are  reconciled,  87. 
•fMunda,  acity  of  Spain,  iv,  421. 

Mundui,  the  name  of  the  ditch  drawn  about  the  place  trhereRM 
was  erected,  i.  €4. 


MunicMrm,  the  month  to  called,  i.  19.  iii.  205.  v.  43,  389. 

Munycktu,  i.  43. 

Murtsna,  comniaDds  the  left  wing  of  Sjlla's  army  in  the  baBfefUl 

ArchelauG  near  Cheereneo,  iii.  256. 

,  LacuUua*  lieutenant,  blocks  up  the    city  of  Amiis,  2. 

346.     Pursues  and  defeats  Tigtanes.  S63. 
-,  Lucius,  chosen  consul  with  SilanuB,  v.  309.    Acaaeidt 

bribery  by  Cato,  v,  70.     Is  acquitted,  71.      Behaves  to  «  i<7 


respeclfut  manner  to  Cato,  70,  71,  77. 
Marcuf,  vi.  240. 
Muiieus,  the  poet,  buried  in,  and  gives  name    to,  the  MiMMBlt 

Athens,  i.  S4,  n. 
Mtue,  of  silence,  celled  Tacita,  i.  179. 
Muses,  their  temple,  iii.  256. 
Museum,  at  Athens,  i.  3 K 

Musk  allied  to  war,  i.  liS,  J46.     The  Lacedaemonian  rouuc,  1(6- 
Mathos.     See  Mylhoii. 
MtUia,  wife  of  Pumpey,  false  to  his  bed  while  he  is  upoo  hi&  Atia- 

tic  expedition,  iv.  J79.     He  divorces  her,  ib. 
\Mviina,  or  Modeno,  Antony  beaten  there,  v.  +4| . 
Mulius,  or  Mttciui,  why  called  •  SacA'oIa,'  i.  S95,  296.     Attempt! 

to  kill  Porsena,  395.     Mistakes  and  burns  off  bis  richt  bmti 

ib.  296. 
,  father-in-law  of  Marius,  iii.  165.     His  bailifl*  saves  youM 

Marius  by  sending  him  off  in  a  toad  of  beans,  ib. 

,  a  retainer  to  Tiberius  Gracchus,  made  tribune  ibroagh  bti 

interest,  v.  213. 

Scarvola  the  lawyer,  iii,  982.  v.  20S,  295. 

iMvcalf,  Mount,  11.  5,  »■     Battle  of,  ii.  31*. 

f  Aiycenitans,  colony  in  Africa,  settled  by  Hercules,  iv.  13, 

fAfygdonia,  iii.  374. 

\Mylassa,  v.  23. 

MjfTo  and  Menemoehus.     See  Menemachm'. 

MyrocUs  the  orator,  ».  267. 

Myron,  the  person  who   managed  the  charge  agairiM    ilie  per«oiH 

called  •  eifecrable,"  in  the  (--lue  of  Cylon,  i.  232. 
Myronides,  the  Athenian  orntiir  und  statesman,  ii.  478. 


INDEX.  4i» 

iMtfrrhimu  a  borOugh  of  Attica,  ▼•  261,  n. 

MyrtiluSf  cup-bearer  to  Pyrrbus.    GreloD  attempts  lo  bring  bint 

into  a  plot  to  poison  his  master,  but  he  discovers  the  plot  to. 

Pyrrbus,  iii.  71. 
Mursilus  the  historian,  vi.  155. 
An/rtle  sacred  to  Venus,  ii.  424. 
MyrtOj  grand-daughter  of  AHstides,  ii.  489.    Socrates  is  said  to 

have  married  her  out  of  charity,  ib. 
-^Mysia,  vi.  247. 
Mysteries  of  Ceres,  v.  S3.    Mimicked  by  Alcibiades,  ii.  188.  L 

39,  It.    Demetrius  admitted  to  them,  contrary  to  all  the  nileSy 

V.  389. 
Muthosy  or  MuthoSf  a  name  given  to  Demetrius,  because  he  bad 

his  Lamia^  v.  390. 
\MuHlene,  declared  by  Pompe^  a  free  city,  iv.  178. 
\myus^  a  city  given  to  TbenoistQcliM,  to  supply  him  with  meatt 

i.  354. 


N. 

NAB  AT  HE  AN  Arabs.     Demetrius  marches  against  th^m,  and 

brings  off  considerable  booty,  v.  368. 
NabiSf  tyrant  of  Lacedsemon,  surprises  Messene,  iii.  16.     But  fliea 

on  the  approach  of  Philoposmeti,  i6.    At  war  with  the  Romans 

and  Achaeans,  18.    Slain  by  the  ^tolians,  20. 
NaiUy  Agnon  the  Teian  wears  silver  ones  in  his  shoes,  iv.  303. 
Names  of  distinction  among  the  Greeks,  iii.  121.     Roman,  iii.  120. 

Grecian  and  Roman,  iL  187. 
Naphtha^  a  kind  of  bitumen  found  in  the  provinces  of  BabyloUi  tv, 

296.    Easily  catches  fire,  t&    See  Medea* 
f  Naples,  ii.  400. 
fiVarma,  iii.  32. 
Naska^   Publius,   why  an  enemy  to  Tiberius  Gracchus,  v.  213. 

Insists  that  the  consul  shall  proceed  against  him  as  a  tyrant,  219, 

Leads  a  party  to  the  Capitol,  which  kills  him,  220.    Thesenate» 

after  this,  send  him  embassador  into  Asia,  because  he  is  become 

extremely  obnoxious  to  the  people,  ib.    He  dies  near  Pergamus, 

ib.    See  Sdpio  Nasica. 
Naucrates,   the  orator,   persuades  the  cities  of  Lycia  to  oppose 

Brutus,  vi.  85. 
\Nauplia,  iii.  112. 
NausUheuSf  Theseus'  pilot,  i.  18* 
iNaxos,  i.  22,  23.     The  victory  of  Chabrias  and  Phocion  there,  r, 

9.     Colonised  by  Pericles,  ii.  19. 
Nealces  the  painter,  vi.  165.    Endeavours  to  dissuade  Aratus  fiom 

destroying  a  capital  painting  of  a  tyrant,  ib. 
Neandery  a  jroung  man  who  assisted  in  carrying  off  Pyrrbus  i|i  )u9 

infancy,  id.  66. 
NeapoUsy  part  of  Syracuse,  ii.  416. 
Nearchusy  the  Pythagorean,  ii.  495. 

7 


INDEX, 

Nearchiis,   tb«  Crelan,  uses  hit  intereat  wilb  Antigoiiai  M  Mt  i 

Eumenes,  but  tails  in  ihe  atleaint,  iv.  65.  | 

,  banished  Macedon  by  Philip,  but  Mibeequently  trfiM  ; 

by  Alexander,  iv.  254-.      Alexander's   admiral,  n.  39.     Cto  , 

Alexander  an  account  of  his  voyage,  iv.  S51 . 

AgesilMu  tleurtiTidn  | 


Necromancy, 

JfeOanaHs,  revolis  rrcim  Tachoi,  iv.  I 

"jctanabiB.   120. 
Neleni,  the  Scepsian.   Theoplirasius  bequeatlis  to 

Ni?. 
Sfinm,  the  courtesan, 

Netnean  games.     See  Games. 

Neoclioruf  of  Haliartus.  kills  Lysandcr,  iii.  226. 

Neades,  father  of  Theniistocles,  1.  Sll. 

,  Bon  DfTheoitslocles,  i.  357- 

Neon,  theBccotian,  ii.  311, 

^'eoptoleniiis,  son  of  Achillea,  settles  in  Epin 

-"u  of  kings,  iii.  65. 

,  raised  to  the  tlirone  by  the  Molouianx,  wheo  itiCT 

I  Pyrrhug,  iii.  69.     Pyrrhita  returns,  and  assocuM 

He  agrees,  or  it  is  pretended  thit 

nmgof  Pyrrhus,  71.     U  killed  by  !>- 


I  to  htBi^k^JI^^^ 

F  and  leares  i  In; 


revolted  fro 

him  in  the  government,  7 
he  agrees,  to  the  poi 
rhus,  ib. 

:  of  Mithrldates'  officers,  beaten   by  Laaiflw  « 


i.  331. 


,  captain  of  Alexander's  life-guard,  after  iWletth  aT 

that  prinre,  endeavours  to  lessen  the  reputation  of  EnmeM,  i*. 
3ft,  39.     Is  defeated  and  killed  by  Eumenes,  47. 

,  father  of  Olympias,  iv.  239,  n. 

Scplune,  worshipped  by  the  Troeaeniatis  a*  their  tutelar  ddty  i". 
His  temple  in  Calauria,  v.  2S7.  His  titles  of  '  A«phaliu»,*'L«T. 
'.Gaieochus,'  ib.  •  The  Equestrian,'  70.  His  temple  at  Sptiu, 
V,  149.    Theseus  repMted  to  be  his  son,  J.  7- 

Nero.  In  him  Antony's  oSspring  gain  the  iinpcrinl  power,  for  be 
wa»  the  fifth  in  descent  from  Antony,  v.  .TO8.  ProfUims  libem 
to  Greece  at  Corinth,  iii.  47.  His  great  enormities,  »i,  S23.  R( 
kills  his  mother,  and  almost  ruins  the  Roman  empire,  itt.  '  Hit 
rage  upon  being  informed  tliat  Ualba  was  declared  emocror  S15- 
Hii  death,  217.  ' 

fNervii,  the  most  warlike  of  the  Belgs,  defeated  bv  Cwmt  i* 
382,383.  '    v.«>«,    • 

Xeutvrs,  in  lime  of  sedition,  infamous  by  Scion's  law,   ;.  34^ 

Nieita,  widov  of  Alexander  of  Corinth,  is  married  to  DemMiMt. 
and  Antigonus  gets  the  citadel  ul'(\irinLh  from  her,  vi    IBs   i£9. 

Sicagorai  of  Trcezene,  makes  a  decree  very  favourable  to  the 
wives  and  children  of  the  Athcni:iDS,  who  retired  tlutjicr  unoa 
Ihe  invasion  of  Xerxei,  i.  S26,  327-  ^^ 

— ; the  Messenian,  a  secret  enemy  to  Clcomenos,  r.  |9l. 

Nicanor,  sent  to  receive  £umene«j  who  wm  delivernl  tut  bv4k 
Argyraspides,  iv,  63.  ^^  "V^ 


INDEX.  «M 

iMocMTy  the  oooMBiiMioii  of  Menyllut  in  MKnychia  given  hmi  by 
OaflMnder,  y.  S7.  His  inn  dependence  on  Fhocion,  38«  <  He 
makes  an  attempt  apoo  tlw  Piraaus,  S9» 

NiearckMif  great»grandiatlwr  to  Plutarch ,  t.  491. 

^Nice  in  Bidiytiia,  it's  historjr  by  Menecnites»  i.  83. 

Jifkeraimt,  father  of  Niciaa^  lii.  S99. 

■ »  tiie  poet,  the  contest  between  him  and  AntimacbuSt 

wbioh^oiild  write  the  best  poem  in  pause  of  Lyatoderfiii. 
^10,211. 

MMfof  Engwoo^  ii.  4®0.  - 

NioiAs,  son  ef  Miceratos,  ili.  S99.     Yaunger  than  Pericie8»  yet 
often  his  coHegoe  in  tbewafa,  H*    The  nobility  hope  be  will 
profo  a  barrier  against  the  insolenoe  jof  Cieon,  4flO«     Ho  is 
oqnaily  favoored  by  the  people,  i&.    l^ahirally  timid  and  cold* 
beavted,  iL    Applies  bis  weakb  to  the  purposes  of  popobuntyy 
paitioaUriy  ia   pabbc  OKbibitions,  iL     £nfraaehises  a  abmst 
*who  bad  appeared  with  apfdause  in  the  character  of  Baeebosb 
401.     His   regulations  with   respect  to  the  cboras  that  was 
sent  to  the  isle  of  Ddos  in  honour  ef  Apollo,  s6«    He  coase- 
crates  a  palan-tree  of  brass,  and  a  piece  of  ground  to  AnoUo,  402. 
Is  pious  to  a  degree  df  superstittoo,    i6.      Has  auven-minea 
in  the  borough  of  Laurioai,  io.  40S.    Gives  money,  not  only  to 
those  who  dMenred  his  bounty,  but  to  such  as  might  be  abio  to 
do  him  harm,  403.    Goes  seldom  into  company,  and  pretends  to 
he  for  ever  intent  upon  the  business  of  the  state,  404.    Uir.re* 
tainer  Hiero  holds  oat  (these  pretences  to  the  people,  ih.    His 
life  is,  in  fact,  a  life  of  great  fear  and  care,  405.    When  be 
takes  the  command,  bo  makes  it  his  business  to  proceed  Jipan  a 
sure  pUm,  ik    Talcas  Cythera,  406.    Eacovers  many  places  in 
Thrace,  t^.    Makea  himself  master  of  Ihe  isle  of  Minoa,  land 
the  port  of  Nissea,  t&    Defeats  the  Megarenaians  and  Corin* 
tbians,  iL    Chooses  to  lose  his  trophy,  rather  than  leave  two  of 
his  men  unburied,  id.  407.    Takes  die  tetress  of  Thyna^  407. 
His  enemy  Cieon,  who  had  prerental  a  peace  with  the  Lace- 
idftmonians,  now  raises  a  clamour  .against  him  about  the  aie|^  of 
Pylos,  406.    Nicies  gires  up  to  him  tlw  command,  ib.    Ho  is  no 
sooner  dear  of  Cleon,  than  Alcibiadijs  begioB  to  oppose  km  in 
the  admmistratiosi,  410.     I4cvevtheless,  he  efGratuatesa'peaco 
with  the  Lacedasmonians,  411.     Alcibiades  endeairoura  to  em- 
broil the  two  powers  again,  and  draws  the  Lacedssmonian  em- 
bassadom  from  Nicias  br-felse  promilea,  4iS*    Nidas  desiras  to 
be  sent  to  Sparta,  to  aiQust  the  matters  in  dispute,  but  does  not 
succMd  in  that  comBsission,  >4i4.    The  quarrel  rises  so  liigh 
between  Nicias  and  Alcibiades,  that  the  people  propoee  io;mi- 
nish  one  of  them  by  the  Ostraoism,  415.    Nicias  and  Alcibiades 
join  interests,  and  oarn  the  Ostracism  upon  Hyberbdus,  416* 
The  .A^gesteans  and  Leontines  desiring  the  Athenians  to  under- 
take the  Sicilian  .expedition,  Nicias  o«>oses  it,  but  is  over-raled 
by  the  arts  of  Alcibiades,   4i7.      Though  appointed  general 
along  with  Aldhmdes  and  Lamachus,  he  still  protesu  againit 
the  war,  i6.  i/2Kk    His  timid  pfoceedmgs  io  the  conduct. df  it. 


+t6  INDEX.  i 

4^  Alcibiades  being  called  home,  to  tmke  bia  trial  Tor  itbd^  i 
the  Uenne  and  profaniDg  the  Mvfiterie*,  Nicias  hat  ihnhkf  ' 
suihorily,  4'21>  He  lays  siege  to  the  little  town  of  HTbU,tni< 
<loeB  not  take  it,  4S3.  Rases  Hyccara,  ii.  Draws  the  frm- 
cusan  forces  to  Catana  by  stratagem,  and  in  the  mean  bK 
seaex  the  ports  of  Syracuse,  and  encamps  in  on  advkou^ 
eitaation,  i6.  42<t.  Attacks,  with  soiiie  success,  the  &ji*a^ 
OR  their  return,  424.  Prevents  his  troops  from  takiog  tk 
temple  of  Jupiter  Olympius,  i6.  Winters  in  Naxo*,  adnk- 
Iween  Syracuse  and  Catatin,  il/.  The  Syracusans  tnakeniMff 
excursion  as  for  as  Cataiia,  425.  Nicias,  who  is  as  TigMovi 
executing  as  he  is  slow  in  resolving,  reluros  lo  Syractue,  pat 
the  peninsula  of  Thapsos,  and  geU  possession  of  Epip^,  i  , 
Beats  not  only  the  Syracusan  infantry,  but  ilieir  cataln.  >: 
Encloses  Syracuse  almost  entirely  with  a  wall,  ili.  litataiiil,  I 
and  during'his  illness  Lainaclius  is  defeated  tty  the  SyiaoMiih 
436.  Saves  his  camp  by  setting  iire  to  the  machines  btAn  the 
entrenchments,  ill.  The  cities  declare  for  him,  and  suncWW 
with  provisions  in  great  abundance,  4S7.  Treaia  Gylippw  ^ 
contempt,  who  comes  to  Syracuse  with  a  large  army,  anil  oSm 
him  a  safe  conduct,  provided  he  will  quit  iiiciiy,  491.  Pciao 
that  general  in  the  first  en^ngeinent,  ib.  Is  beaten  in  the  k- 
cond,  439.  Falls  into  his  old  despondence,  and  applies  to  the  Atb- 
nians,  either  for  another  army,  or  else  lo  bu  n-called,  0-  Thty 
send  him  a  reinforcement  and  money  by  Kuryrocdan,  ti.  He 
gains  some  advantage  by  sea,  ib.  Loses  the  fart  of  Pktnmj- 
rium,  in  which  were  lodged  the  Athenian  stores  and  toaaeif, 
430.  Is  forced  by  his  collegues,  Menandur  and  Euthjdcmtis,  t^ 
give  battle  at  sea,  and  is  beaten,  ib.  DeniostheDetaitivnoilli 
a  tbrmidable  fleet,  4S1.  He,  too,  is  ambitious  to  cobio  nnme- 
diately  to  a  decisive  action,  ib.  Nicias  represents  to  bim  tbc 
SyracuBuns'  want  of  money,  and  their  being  tired  of  Gyli|^ 
but  cannot  prevail  upon  him  to  wait,  ib.  ^^2.  DenuMthsna  »■ 
tacks  Epipolffl  in  the  night,  and  has  tiome  ndvantage  at  ficM,  tM 
proceeds  ton  far,  and  is  entirely  defeated,  ii.  433.     "^ 

gives  hia  opinion  for  returning  to  Athena  ;  but  N,  ____  

itnpcachraenis  there,  opposes  it,  433,  434.     Fresh  forcw  o 

in  to  the  Syracusans,  and  sickness  prevailing  in    the  Atl 

ramp,  Niciaii  ngrees  to  return,  434.  Loses  his  opportunily  I* 
his  superstitious  fears  of  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  H,  ItUK 
upon  his  sacrifices,  till  he  is  surrounded  bolli  by  sea  and  hod, 
436.  His  fleet  is  defeated,  and  Eurimcdon  sToiD,  i6.  Tit 
Athenians  insist  on  his  leading  them  off  by  land,  but  bt  n- 
solves  to  risque  another  naval  action,  437-  Abandons  his  gctU 
camp  and  his  walls,  ib.  The  sea-fight  described,  ib.  AfUrdx 
defeat  of  Nicias,  Hermocrates  by  a  stratagem  prevents  liioi 
from  retiring  in  the  night,  when  he  might  have  done  it  aaftiy, 
*SH.  The  Athenians  beginning  their  march,  with  every  ctrcn*- 
stance  of  misery  before  ihem,  Nicias  behaves  with    spirit  ani 

Sropriety,  439.  Through  a  march  of  eijjht  dn)-«.  keeps  bn  on 
ivision    tolerably  estire,    440.      In  vain   oflers    conditioiM  flf 


INDEX.  447 

-  peace^  ib.  Marches  on  to  the  riyer  Athitnn,  where  8  bloody 
scene  takes  place,  441.  Throws  himself  at  the  feet  of  Gylippos^ 
and  implores  his  humanity  to  the  Athenians,  ib.  Nicias  and 
Demosthenes  suffer  death,  44S. 

Ntcoriy  a  slave  belonging  to  Cratems,  iy.  S06. 

,  or  NicOy  the  name  of  an  ass  which  Octavius  met,  and  which 
he  considers  as  a  favourable  omen,  v.  488.    The  name  of  an 

r    elephant ;  his  fideli^  to  Pyrrhus,  iii.  115. 

Nicocles^  kills  Paleas,  and  sets  himself  ap  tyrant  of  Sicyon,  vL  155. 
Expelled  by  Aratus,  iii.  2.  vi.  160. 

I  ,  a  friend  of  Phocion,  ▼•  21.    la  condemned  to  die,  42. 

yicocreanf  king  of  Salamis  in  CypvsMf  one  of  the  prendents  in 
Uie  theatrical  entertainments  of  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  284. 

NicodemuSf  a  Theban,  both  blind  and  lame ;  Epaminondas*  obser- 
vation upon  him,  ii,  344. 

— -,  the  Messenian,  his  excuse  for  changina:  sides,  ▼.  266. 

NicogeneSf  entertains  Themistodes  at  .£g8e  in  Moii^  L  348:  Gets 
him  conveyed  to  the  Persian  court  in  a  woman's  carriage^  S49. 

NicolikUt  the  philosopher,  vi.  107,  108. 

■Nicomachef  daughter  of  Themistocles,  L  858. 

J^icomackuSf  his  paintings,  though  excellent,  appeared  to  be 
wrought  off  with  ease,  ii.  273. 

■  ■-■,  a  Greek  settled  at  Can»,  attends  young  Crassus  in 
his  Parthian  expedition,  iiL  485. 

,  informs  his  brother  Cebaliniis  of  a  conspiracy  agamst 


Alexander,  iv.  315. 
NicomedeSi  the  Athenian,  i.  358. 

>     »  king  of  Bithynia,  reoondled  to  Mithridates  by  Sylla, 

iii.  264,  266.    Visited  by  Csesar,  it.  358. 
'fNicomediay  iii.  343. 

Ntconidesf  the  Thessalian,  an  engineer  in  the  service  of  Mithri- 
dates, iii.  34a 
fNicopolis,  city  of,  formerly  Actium,  y.  485. 

,  the  courtesan,  leaves  Sylla  her  heir,  iii.  232. 
Nicostrata^  the  same  with  Carmenta.    See  Carmenia. 
Ni^eTf  a  friend  of  Antony's,  sent  to  him  by  Octavia,  t.  476. 
NtgidwSf  Publius,  a  friend  of  Cicero,  v.  316. 
fNile.    Water  of  the  Nile,  as  well  as  of  the  Danube,  kept  among 

the  treasures  of  the  kings  of  Persis,  iv.  296. 
•fNui^i  iii*  78,  fi.  T.  18. 
fiVtist^,  a  city  in  Mygdonia,  by  the  Greeks  called  Antiocb,  taken 

by  LucuUus,  iii.  374u 
fNola,  ii.  400.  iii.  243*. 
fNomades,  Thracians  so  caUed,  iii.  457« 
fNomentum,  marshes  about  it  Csesar  intended  to  drain,  iv.  425. 
Nones  of  the  GoaUj  Nonee  CanroHfue^  a  feast  kept  by  the  Romans, 

in  memory  of  Philotis  and  ttie  other  servant-maids,  who  imposed 

upon  the  Latins,  i.  100,  166. 
fNonacritf  rocks  of,  iv.  352. 

Nfmhu^  killed  by  Saturninus,  his  competitor  for  the  tribooeship, 
.    iii.  157. 


448 

lioniui,  Tie)»bew  to  SyJIa, 
Ute.  iii.S45. 

tA'oiw,  Msileof,  iv.  52. 

Norbaniu,  the  consul,  der^ated  by  Sylla,  iit.  S70. 

,  escapee  »ilh  ditHculty  from  Brutus^  vi.  91. 

f  A'oriou",  ill.  I3S. 

fA^woosmufff,  iv.  393. 

NuMA  Po.MPiLics,  several  Homan  families  trace 
tp  I>iro,  but  not  with  eufficieot  certiiiaty,  L  IGi. 
temporary  with  Pythagoras  the  Spartan,   tliaa   with  Fjtktm* 
the  Kantian,  16.^     Od  the  demise  of  RomuIuK,  varioutimm  , 
etituing  «biiut  the  clkoice  of  tt  king,  Numa  is  liie  person ^idri 
upon.  168.    He  vra«  «  citizen  of  Cures,  the  son    of  fawfma, 
and  liad  married  Tatia,  the  daughter  of  Tatius,   Komoloi'  » 
icgup,  169.     His  character,  i/i.     Believed   to  converse  ailbe 
goddess  K^eria,  ITO.    la  his  fortieth  year,  when  invitedtaiit 
throne,  113.     Uis  answer  to  the  embassadors  on    ihsc  ocoMi  ' 
i£,     Ui»  father  and  bis  friend  Marcius  prevail  with  hini  uaeeqt  \ 
the  crown,  174.  Vettius  the  interred  receives  him  in  the  P«»   i 
and  his  election  is  cooGrnied,  ITo,  176.     He  baa  bsppy  preMfB   , 
ia  the  flight  of  birds,  176.     Immediately  dtsmiues   the  gavds 
wliich  had  been  kept  on  foot  by  RomiOus,  i£.      To  ibe  fvioM    '■ 
adds  one  for  Aonuiltis,    ib.      Moulds  tlie    people  to  a  idki 
temper,  by  the  force  of  superstition,  178.      His  jiMt 
of  Ihe  firit  cause  of  all  things,  179.     Allows   no  i 
bloody  sacrifices,  ib.  180.     Said  to  have  a  son  named 
to  whom  he  gives  the  surname  of  JCmilius,    ISO. 
order  of  priests  called  Pontifices,  and  is  hiaisetT    PwtiCn  Max- 
imuB,  161.     Consecrates  the  veslalt,  IM.      Ruilda  tlKUa<plc«( 
Vesta  in  on  orbicular  form,  186-     Teaches  ttie  ItoBM»  U  bcik 
upon  the  touching  uf  a  dead  body  as  no  pollutioD,   JUT.   Tm^h 
them  to  venerate  the  goddess  Libitina,  ilt.      Fixes  ihciancdf 
mourning,  ib.     Hie  reguhtions  conc^nine  widows,  ii.     Ucla- 
stitutes  the  saored  orders  af  tlie  Saiii  mid  recialcs,   188.     BuUi 
a  palace  near  the  temple  of   Vesta,    and  spends   mo«t  of  tit 
time  in  religious  exercises,    191.      I^Iakes  tite  people  rcvttmt 
and  Bltentive,    191.      Many  of  Ids  precepts  re«einale  timat  i' 
Pj^thagoras,  19'J.     He  brings  the  people  lo  believe  the  moat  iv- 
probable  tales  coDCcrning  his  connexion  with  the  g«ids,  19^— 
195.     The  ridiculouE  clinrm  s;[id  to  be  caramuAicatcd  lo  bimbi 
thunder  and  l^htniag,  191.19.1.    He  builds  tcnplos  to  Fidoi 
or  Faiih,  and  to  Terminus,  0)3.     Druws  the  peopfe  to  ^ticul. 
ture,  B9  anotiier  great  means  of  peace,  196.     Uisuibutct  llv 
citizens  into  companies,  ocrardiug  to  titdr  aits  and  tradca,  iST. 
Corrects  the  aeverity  of  tlie  law,  ivhicb  empnirered  latbais  M 
sell  their  chUdren,  lil8.     Attempts  the  rofoimatjon  of  the  e*- 
hmdar.  tb. — SOi     The  teiBple  of  Janus  stmt  for   the  apMeof 
forty -three  yean  in  his  reign,  20:1.     I'be  happy  influence  of  bit 
exampli:,  to.     Various  accounts  of  his  wives  und  ctijltlrcn  ;  no- 
thing c«rt«in,  but  that  he  had  a  wife  ninoe  Taija,  and  a  d«i^|faitf 
called  Pompilia,  £04'.     Wastes  away  by  a  gentle  dccUne,  8D5. 


INDEX.  449 

Buried  with  {preat  honour,  and  sincerely  lamented  by  his  sub* 
jectSy  ib.  His  books  buried  with  him,  and  found  some,  ages 
afterward ;  but  the  senate  thinks  proper  to  burn  them,  206,  207. 
The  misfortunes  of  the  succeeding  kings  add  lustre  to  his  cha- 
racter, 206. 

fNumanUa,    Scipio's  expedition  against  it,  iii.  122. 

fNumantineSf  beat  the  consul  Mancinus,  seize  his  camp,  and  take 
the  Romans  prisoners,  v.  203,  204.  Out  of  respect  to  Tiberius 
Gracchus,  they  grant  the  consul  terms  of  peace,  and  let  the  Ro- 
mans eo,  204.    This  peace  annulled  at  Rome,  205. 

NumberEight,  why  sacred  to  Ijfeptune,  i.  46.  Twenty-eight,  i.  119. 
Three,  the  perfection  of  it,  ii.  71. 

Numbers f  the  doctrine  of,  a  great  favourite  with  Plutarch,  i.  47,  n. 

Numemuy  a  friend  of  Marius,  provides  him  a  ship  for  his  escape  to 
Africa,  iii.  165. 

',  a  partisan  of  Pompey's  taken  prisoner  by  Caesar,  and 
sent  to  Pompey  with  oflfers  of  peace,  iv.  206. 

Numidian  cavalry,  iv.  418. 

iNumistro,  ii.  427. 
fumitar,  ejected  from  the  throne  of  Alba  by  his  brother  Amulius, 
i.  52.    His  equity  and  prudence,  59.    Restored  by  Romulus  and 
Remus,  61. 
NundifUEf  the  Roman  market-days,  why  so  called,  \u  197. 
Nurses^  Spartan,  in  great  esteem,  i.  136.    Their  method  with  chil- 
dren, 137. 
<  'Nursia^  a  citjr  of  the  Sabines,  iv.  4. 

-  'Nvmphaa^  iii.  72. 

-  'Kymphigwm^  a  place  near  ApoUonia,  where  are  constant  springs 

of  fire,  iii.  268. 

Nymphs  Sphragitides.     See  Sphragilides. 

Nymphidia^  natural  daughter  of  Callistus,  Csesar's  freedroan,  vi. 
219. 

Nymphidius  Sabinus^  promises  the  soldiers  of  the  praetorian  co- 
horts, and  those  quartered  in  the  provinces,  much  larger  sums 
than  could  ever  bejpaid,  for  declaring  Galba  emperor,  vi.  212. 
Attempts  to  set  up  for  himself,  217.  The  measures  he  pursues, 
ih.  218.    His  death,  224. 

NypsiuSf  the  Neapolitan,  gets  provisions  ,and  money  to  pay  the 
troops  in  the  castle  of  Syracuse  for  Dionysius,  vi.  38.  He  is. 
defeated  by  the  Syracusans,  but  they  make  an  ill  use  of  their 
victory,  ib.  Sallies  out,  and  sets  fire  to  the  city^  41.  Driven 
back  by  Dion,  43. 

iNysCf  a  city  in  India,  besieged  by  Alexander,  iv.  328. 

Nyssa^  sister  to  Mithridatet,  released  by  Lucullus,  iii.  351. 


O. 

QjiK^  every  Roman  who  saved  the  life  of  a  fellow-citizen,  waa 
presented  with  an  oaken  crown,  ii.  177.     Sacred  to  Jupiter,  ib. 
VOL.  VI.  2  G 


4S0  INDEX. 

On/;,  under  which  Alexander  pitched  his  tent  before  the  hiBit'  I 
ChtcFonea,  shown  in  Piutardi's  time,  iv,  851.  ' 

Oarles,  laid  to  have  been  the  original  nnme  of  Artaxeno  Xk  : 
mon.vi.  Hi.  ' 

Oath,  the  method  of  taking  the  (ireat  Oath  among  the  Synem^  \ 
vi.  52.  The  oath  taken  by  ibe  young  Atheniane  in  thr  Mflii:  i 
Agrauloa,  li.  1S2.  Ked-hot  ii-on,  by  way  orayinbol,  tb«<nV| 
the  Eea  by  Arbtides,  upon  taking  ao  oatb,  486.  Betvtd  6 
luDgB  of  Epirus  and  their  eubjects,  iit.  70.  Taken  trilh  rfli«  [ 
to  the  judges  at  public  cxhibiLions,  iit.  30.^  By  ibe  emm. . 
V.320. 

ObelUci,  iii.208. 

Obdi,  iii.  208. 

Ochus,  Darius  would  not  visit  Ihe  kingdom  of  Persia,  (ima^  ■ ' 
native  country,  for  fear  of  the  expense  in  giving  every  wmib!  1 
piece  of  money,  iv.  S4-2.  | 

. ,  one  of  thu  sons  of  ArUxerxes  Mneraon,    6tKl«  meanitsp! 

two  of  his  brothers  destroyed,  succeeds  to  the  crown,  nd  »■  • 
does  all  his  predecessors  in  cruelty,  vi.  149,  150. 

Octaoia,  half-sister  of  Augustus,  and  widow  of  Caiiu  VisK^ ' 
is  married  to  Antony,  v.  454.  Reconciles  her  brodiM'  *^ 
husband,  4'59-  Goes  to  Athens,  and  carries  AntoDV  nv^  ' 
able  supplies,  475,  476.  Returns  to  Rome,  477.  b  «•  ' 
manded  by  Antony  to  (juit  his  Iiouse,  which  she  do»  wr'ift  ptw 
reluctance,  480.  Lomentii  that  she  should  be  numbered  aaipripi 
the  causes  of  the  civil  war,  ib.  Takes  the  rest  nf  .4nK>/iji 
children  after  his  death,  508. 

Octavivx,  Cneiui,  permits  Perseus  to  enjoy  the  protediBn  of  l^t 
temple  in  Sumothrace,  but  guards  against  his  eecaiNDS  If  *<*> 
ii.SI5.     Perseus  surrenders  himself  to  him,  316. 

,  the  conEul,  drives  Cinna  out  of  Rome,  iii,  173,  Iit^ 
of  great  probity,  but  adheres  too  scrupulously  to  the  lam  in  tw 
of  civil  war,  and  superstition  has  too  much  hold  of  hhn  it.  IT* 
Declares  he  will  not  make  slaves  free  of  that  city;  fVota  wkitfc.' 
maintenance  of  the  laws,  he  excludes  Mnrius,  175.  SeiitdW 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Marius  and  Cinna,  ib. 

,  governor  of  Ciiicia,  dies,  and  Lucullus  anplits  fvrAc 

province,  iii.  S38. 

—  ,  lieutenant  to  Crassus,  in  vain  endeavoun  to  coiuofalw 

after  his  deteat  in  Parthia,  iii.  488.     Insists  on  accoraMTCf 
CrasEus  to  Surena,  495.    Is  killed  in  endeavouring  to  prevcslil'  I    1 
Parthians  from  carrying  Crossus  08',  494. 

— ,  Lucius,  sent  by  Pompey  to  supersede  Meielliis  tn  CW*  | 

iv.  160.     Is  treated  by  him  with  contempt,  161. 

,  Marcus,   his  message  to   Cato  aWjt  the    comxaaA  A 

Ulica,  V.  115. 

,  Caius,    assumes  the  merit  nf  hejng    in    the  connin 

against  Cffisiir,  when  he  was  not,  and  suffers  for  his  vanity,  iv.  I 

,  Marcus,  tribune  with  Tiberius  Graeehuo,   ».  spg     |W  | 

berius  deposes  him,  '21 1,  212. 


INDEX.  «1 

OcUniui^    Marcus,    commands    the    centre    of  Antony's   forces 

against  Augustus,  ▼.  407. 
■  See  Augustus. 

Odeum^  or  Music  Theatre,  built  by  Pericles,  in  imitation  of  the 

king  of  Persia's  pavilion,  ii.  23, 24. 
Odours^  sweet  ones,  how  produced,  iv.  244. 
CEconomicSf  a  constituent  part  of  politics,  lii.  449. 
(Edipusy  his  tragical  legacy  to  his  son,  iii.  76. 
CEnantheSy  an  infamous  minister  to  young  Ptolemy's  pleasures,  is 

also  a  minister  of  state,  v.  1 89. 
f{Eneadafy  their  territories  ravaged  by  Pericles,  ii.  82.    Forced  to 

take  refuge  within  their  walls,  id. 
CEneis,  tribe  of,  iii.  306,  n.  318. 
-fCEniades.    Alexander  undertakes  to  revenge  their  cause  against 

the  iEtolians,  iv.  317. 
CEnopioTij  son  of  Theseus  by  Ariadne,  i.  22.  The  founder  of  Chios,  t^. 
(Enus.     See  Cnacion. 
(Eta^  Mount,  i.  39,  ra. 
Ofella^  Lucretius.     See  Lucretius  Ofelfa, 
OUf  the  opinion  of  the  ancient  physicians,  that  it  is  salutary  when 

applied  outwardly,  and  pernicious  if  taken  inwardly,  ii.  5ii6> 
Oiltf  springs,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Oxus,  and  the  water  of 

tnat  river  itself  oily,  iv.  326. 
•\OlbianSy  iv.  13. 
Olbiusy  tutor  to  Nicogenes*  children,  breaks  out  into  a  prophetic 

verse,  i.  348. 
Oldnge^  much  honoured  at  Sparta,  i.  133,  144. 
Oligarchy^  at  Samos,  abolished  by   Pericles,  ii.  38.    Alciblades 

makes  a  feint  of  proposing  one  at  Athens,  ii.  151,  152. 
Olivcy  one  sacred  at  Athens,  i.  234.     Bough  of  it  bound  with  wool, 

and  oflfered  to  Apollo.     See  Eiresioni. 
— -— ,  a  spring  called  so,  ii.  360. 
-Olizony  i.  323. 
fOlocruSy  Mount,  ii.  308. 
'OloguntuSf  V.  183. 
Olthacusy  prince  of  the  Dardarians,  pretends  to  desert  from  MU 

thridates  to  Lucullus,  iii.  348.     Attempts  to  kill  Lucullus,  but 

miscarries,  349. 
fOlympiay  oracle  of,  v.  144. 
Olympian  Games.    See  Games,    Ph>ved  by  Strabo  to  have  been 

unknown  in  the  time  of  Homer,  i.  31,  it.     Several  Olympic 

games  before  the  common  lera  of  Olympiads,  i.  109,  n, 

Earth,  Temple  of,  i.  35. 

Olympiasy  the  fidelity  of  Eumenes  to  that  princess,  iv.  54.     She 

invites  him  into  Macedon,  55,     Early  initiated  in  the  Mysteries 

of  Orpheus  and  Bacchus,  and  greatly  addicted  to  euthusiasni 

and  superstition,  iv.  239, 240.     Her  dreams  the  night  before  the 

consummation  of  her  marriage  with  Philip,  240.     A  saying  of 

her*s  upon  Alexander's  pretending  to  be  the  son  of  Jupiter,  2^1 . 

Jealous  and  implacable  in  her  temper,  252.    Her  inhoQanity  to 

aeopaetra,  Philip's  other  wife,  254.    Ae  adviMt  Alexander 

Sla2 


i3'2  INDEX. 

not  Id  be  so  proruse  to  the  objects  of  his  bounty,  303, 

her  daughter  Cleopatra  raise  a  party  against  Antipater,  ■!  i>  I 
vide  the  government  during  Alexander's  absence,  341. 
iM,  the  height  of  tlie  mouatain  so  called. 


^Olymput,  I 


ciW  ID  Pamphylia,  ceremooies  of  Mithis  t 


mysteries  periormed  there,  iv.  154. 

'  '  n  to  Cleopatra,  v.  503. 


^Olifnlhians, 

Omeni,  that  happened  to  Romulus  and    Remus,  i.  62. 

mislocles,  33t.  To  Antigomis,  v.  392.  To  Camilluk^  TU 
To  Agesilaus,  iv.  76.  To  Atcibiades,  ii.  137,  163.  ToTiw- 
leon,  239,  246,  262.  To  Paulus  i^milius,  29S.  To  Mintki 
♦32,  *33.  To  Pyrrlius,  iit.  108,  109.  To  Marios,  167,  H 
To  Sylla,  238,  269.  To  Mithridates,  iv.  165.  To  the  Riw» 
i.  378.  ii.  65.  iii.  240,  2'H.  To  Cimon,  320.  To  the  kP- 
Dtans,  i.  335.  ii.  137.  iii.  419.  v.  374.  To  Crassus,  iii  t-J,'?.. 
475.  To  Alexander,  iv.  259,  276,  279,  280,  292,  326  St 
To  Casar,  408,  431.  To  Galba,  vi.  234..  To  Tiberiiu  Gn- 
chua,  V.  217.  To  Caius  Gracchus,  v.  234.  To  Dion  andDM<- 
sius,  vi.  23,  24.  To  Mark  Antony,  v.  4S3,  ^m  496  t> 
Pompey,  iv.  163,  212,  213.  To  Octayius,  v.  488  '  To  Ofc 
vi.  248.  To  Cicero,  v.  315,  332,  347.  To  Caseius,  »l  9S.  Ti  ' 
Brutus,  vi.  79,  90,  102.     To  Aratus,  vi.  198.      See  P/mfinM.      ' 

Omcsles.     See  Bacchiu  Omestrs. 

Omaus,  presents  Artaxerxes  with  a  large  pomegraneite   ti  116. 

Omp/ialv.     See  Hercules. 

Oiiarus,  a  priest  of  Bacchus,  said  to  have  married  Ariadfte,»fterihc 
was  deserted  by  Theseus,  i,  22. 

Oaalius  Aui-elius,  relates  his  vision,  in  consequence  of  vhicb  Pom- 
pey and  Crassus  are  reconciled.     See  Caius  AureliuA. 

Oneskritus,  attends  Alexander  in  his  eastern    cxpeditioD,  i»,  SSO, 
332.     Sent  by  Alexander  to  the  Indian  philosophefs,  338.  Pi«  (■ 
to  the  fleet,  of  which  Nearchus  was  admirni,    tn    the  ww 
round  the  southern  point  of  India,  339.  ^ 

tOnwn  mountains,  v.  175. 

OtumarcJiui,  commits  sacrilege  at  Delphi,  and  falls  in  ihe  Sicfa 
wars.  ii.  2r,7. 

,  who  had  the  custody  of  Eumenes  for  Anluromif.  i» 

conversation  wiih  Eumenes  concerning  the  fear  ofdealn  i»  fri 

Onomasliis,  one  of  Otho's  freedmen,  vi.  235.  ' 

Ophelttu,  the  king  of  tliat  name,  and  such  as  be  could  inflocKt. 
conducted  by  Peripoltns  the  diviner  from  Theseuly  into  Rttit* 
iii.  293, 

,  king  of  Cyrene,  v.  376. 

Opima  Spolta,  what,  and  by  whom  won,  i.  75.  ii.  396. 

Opimiiis,  Lucius,  of  the  patrician  party,  loses  hts  electioa  for  a*- 
sul  through  the  opposition  of  Cuius  Graccliug,  y.  234,  |g  ^i^f. 
ward  chosen,  and  endeavours  to  annul  llie  acts  oPCaju*.  S)S. 
Upon  the  ruin  and  death  of  that  tribnno,  builds  a  icmpic  I* 
Concord,  241.  Uses  a  diclatorial  po»er  in  liie  consulate  in  o*- 
deinning  so  many  citizens  of  Rome  unheard,  242.  1»  convicK^ 
of  taking  bribes  of  Jugurtha,  and  grnnsold  in  di^jionoor  ttf. 


M 


INDEX.  i5»  I 

■  Opiacus  the  Italian,  fixes  bU  aim  on  Pjrrhus  in  particular,  ia  an 
engagement,  iii.  B8,  R9. 

Oppim,  Cftius,  a  friend  of  Ciesar,  some  account  of  liis  writings, 
IV.  136. 

OptiteHs.     See  Minerva  Optiletis. 

Optio,  a  centurion's  deputv,  so  called,  vi.  235. 

Omcfe  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  i.  29.  ".297.  Of  Apollo  Tegyraeua^ 
ii.  360.  or  Trophonius,  li.  4-75.  iii.  255.  Of  Amphinraus,  ii. 
475.  Of  Jupiter  Ammon,  iii.  321.  Of  Dodona,  i.  351.  Of 
Pasiphaa,  v.  1+1,  161,  By  Necromancy,  iii.  301.  Of  Tethyr 
or  'Ihemis,  i.  51. 

Oracles,  and  prophecies,  concerning  .^geus,  i.5.  Concerning 
the  future  greatness  of  the  Itomans,  97.  Concerning  the  waters 
of  liie  Alban  lake,'36fi.  The  coming  of  the  Gauls  into  Italy,  ii, 
392.  The  death  of  Cimon,  ii>.  320.  To  Marius,  that  he  should 
be  a  seventh  time  consul,  167.  Concerning  a  lame  king  of  I 
Sparta,  iv.  72,  73.  Concerning  the  succession  of  the  Spartan 
tings,  to  be  opened  only  by  a  son  of  Apollo,  iii,  221.  Tb»  ] 
death  of  Lysander,  226.  To  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  259,  964, 
266,  2«l— 2R3,  299.  Concerning  Catar  in  the  battle  of  Pliar- 
salia,  412.  To  Cicero,  v.  298.  Concerning  the  battle  ofChs- 
ronea,  iii.  255.  ».  273.  Three  Comelii  to  reign  at  Rome,  v.  312. 
Conternijig  the  untying  of  the  Gordian  Knnt,  iv.  266.  That  the* 
Scipios  should  always  be  victorious  in  Africa,  417-  Concerning 
the  burial  of  Aratus,vi.  208.     ToOtho,  vi.  23*. 

Oraniies,  a  Cretan,  deceives  Perseus,  ii.  316. 

Orations,  Funeral.  See  Funeral  Orations.  Orations  and  ^eeche* 
of  Aletander,iv.30t,312.  Of  AfraniuatoPompey,  210.  OfAnni- 
bal  befoie  jiis  death,  iii.  58.  Of  Appiua  Claudius  to  the  senate,' 
lit.  91,92.  Of  Aratus  to  Philip,  vi.  206.  Of  Brennus,  i.  380. 
Of  Cleopatra  at  the  tomb  of  Antony,  v.  505.  Of  Cato  to  the 
Three  Hundred,  v.  109,  110.     Of  Chelonis  the  daughter  of  Le- 

■  onidas,  T.  149,  150.  Of  Cornelia  to  Pompey,  iv.  221,  229; 
Of  Cleomenes  concerning  the  institution  of  the  Ephori,  v.  164, 
1G5.  Of  the  tame  conceniing  death,  188.  OfCnriolanus  tv  i 
Tulius,  it.  202.  Of  the  same  against  the  insolence  of  the  people, 
193.  Of  Crassus  to  the  army  after  the  death  of  his  son,  ni.  487. 
Of  the  some,  in  going  to  meet  his  own  death,  497.  Of  Dion, 
vi,  7,  10,  II,  40,  4*,  45.  Of  Euinenes  to  the  Argyraspidea, 
iv.  63.  Of  FabiuB  Maximus  to  his  army,  ii.  82.  To  Faului 
.^milius,  85.  Of  Caiua  Gracchus,  ».  227.  Of  Tiberiua 
Gracchus,  208,  209,  215.  Of  EniVia.,  and  the  Sabine  women, 
i.  80.  Of  Licinia,  the  wife  of  Caius  Gracchus,  V.  238,  2S9.  Of  , 
Lucullus  to  the  army,  iii.  345-  Of  Marius  Celsus,  vi.  257.  Of 
Minucius  to  his  troops,  ii.  83.  Of  Numa  refusing  the  oflered 
crown,  i.  173.  Of  the  father  of  Numa,  in  answer,  174,  175. 
Of  Otho  to  his  troops,  vi.  260.  Of  Paulus  i^milius  to  Perseua, 
ii.  317.  Of  the  same,  to  the  young  officers,  on  the  taking  of 
Perseus,  318.  Of  the  same,  to  the  people  of  Rome,  330.  Of 
Perpenna  against  Scrtorius,  iv.  S3.  Of  Pompey  to  Cornelia,  iv, 
222,    Of  Remus  to  Nunutor,  i.  58.    Of  Sertorius,  on  the  force  of 


u 


INDEX. 

perEeverance,  iv,22.  Or  Sylla  to  liJs  mea,ui.S61.  OfTlwrycn 
to  Cleoinencs,  on  the  contempt  of  death,  v.  187.  Of  Tiriicui 
to  Oariiui,  Ti.  14«,  147.  Of  Valerius,  sister  to  Publirota.  U 
Volumnia  the  mother  of  Coriobous,  ii.  216.  Of  VoIuidd^  in 
the  Roman  matrooG,  217.  Of  the  same  U>  Iter  ioa,  21S— SSn 
OrViniusto  Galba,  vi, -214. 

Oralnr,  prevails  mare  ircm  the  goodness  of  his  heart  tlutn  thed^ 
quence  of  his  tongue,  v,  7. 

Onsiory,  the  conciaene^  of  that  of  Phocioo,  v.  7,  8. 

\Oreldaia.n  hills,  iii.  2'27. 

iOrehomenus,  ii.  359.  iii.  223,  261.  v.  161. 

Orcytiani,,  in  Cappadocia,  iv.  £0. 

Orettei,  the  consul  of  that  name,  v.  224^ 

\Ort 

^Orexartei,  river,  iv.  311. 

tOnCKW,  ii.  322.  iv, 

iOriies,  Alexander  marches  through  their  countrj-,  iv.  339,  $tl. 

Omcus,  of  the  family  of  Erechthcus,  i.40. 

|Onty/f«,  plants  a  colony  in  Caria,  i.  10. 

Orobaziti,  comes  from  Arsaces  to  wait  on  Sylla,  the  first  cbImm 
dor  the  Parthians  sent  to  the  Romans,  iii.  235.  Put  u  dtalbin 
Arsaces  for  suffering  Sjllo  to  take  the  place  of  honour,  £36. 

Grades,  or  HuroJei,  king  of  Parthia,  sends  on  crabaaiw  to  Ct^t—, 
iii.  479.  and  n.  Restored  to  his  throne  by  Surcua,  477.  Cw 
quera  Crassus,  494.     Ib  murdered  by  his  son  Phraates,  49(L 

Orams,  the  Cretan,  kills  Ptolemy  the  ^on  of  Pyrrhua    iii.  |j). 

OratnatiUs,  or  Oroma%c!i,  the  God  who  is  the  author  of  Mil  ■ 
called  by  the  Persians,  i«.  286.  si.  149.  ^^ 

Oroates,  the  Persian,  vi.  llfi,  155. 

fOropians,  their  cause,  ii.  524.  v.  255. 

^Oropuf,  V.  255. 

■j-OroMBu,  V.  396. 

Orphans,  and  widows,  excused  from  taxes  by  the  Romaiu,  at  ihn 
first  appointment  of  quKstors,  i.  286,  and  n. 

Orphetti,  IV.  240.     His  statue  of  cypress  at  Libethra,  259, 

OrphidtM,  vi,  256. 

Ortkogorai,  the  diviner,  a  friend  of  Timoieon's,  ii.  236 

Qrlhitt,     See  Diaiui  Orthla. 

Orthopagut,  iii.  256. 

fOwtl,  IV.  19. 

Osekophoria,  or  *  the  Feast  of  Douchs,'  instituted  bv  Th^ua.  L 
35,  87.    Deecriplioo  of  this  feast,  27,  n.  ''  ^ 

Omdafea,  It.  326. 

(klanesi,  brother  to  Artaxerxes  Mncmon,  vi.  110.      His 
TiflMjforRS,  140. 

■\.Oslia,  til.  165,  174. 

Ottiui,  Lucius,  the  first  parricide  In  Rome,  i.  S9. 

fhlrvciim,  against  tvhom  employed,  1.  319,  344.  ii.  127.  On  what 
account  abolished,  iii.  416. 

OincUiut,  brother  to  Marecllus,  ii.  390. 

Otlio,  the  prtctor,  hts  law  in  favour  of  the  equestriao  order,  y,  a07. 


•   Myiag  i 


INDEX.  MS 

Otbo,  M«re\i09  hii  luxury  and  love  of  pleasure^  ▼!•  229.  Hit  con- 
nexions with  NerOy  229.  Nero  is  inclined  to  put  him  to  death, 
in  order  to  have  Poppaea  entirely  to  himself,  230.  But  through 
the  intercetsioii  of  Seneca,  he  is  sent  out  governor  of  Lusitania, 
ih.  One  of  the  first  who  declares  for  Galba,  ib.  Pays  his  court 
in  an  agreeable  manner  both  to  Galba  and  his  minister  Viniua,  2S1. 
Takes  measures  for  bein^  appointed  successor  to  Galba,  ib* 
Contracts  immense  debts,  i^  Bribes  the  prsetorian  cohorts,  ib* 
Rebels  against  Galba  upon  being  disappointed  of  the  adoption, 
234.  Is  the  means  of  Galba's  death,  238,  239.  Goes  to  the 
Capitol,  as  emperor,  and  sacrifices,  243.  Pardons  Marius  Cel- 
8U8,  ib.  Makes  a  gracious  speech  to  the  senate,  244.  Divides 
the  remaining  part  of  his  consulship  with  Verginius  Rufiis,  ib. 
Begins  his  administration  with  several  prudent  and  popular  acta, 
ib.  Resolves  to  punish  Tigellinus,  and  that  wretch  cuts  his  own 
throat,  244, 24«5.  Remembers  none  of  his  private  quarrels,  245. 
Assumes  the  name  of  Nero,  to  gratify  the*  populace,  ib.  The 
praetorian  cohorts,  in  their  concern,  or  pretence  of  concern,  for 
the  emperor's  safety,  behave  in  a  very  turbulent  manner,  and  go 
near  to  despatch  a  great  number  of  senators,  ib.  246.  He 
punishes  two  soldiers  by  way  of  example,  247.  Has  intelligence 
that  Vitellius  had  taken  the  title  of  emperor  upon  him,  ib* 
Receives  accounts  from  other  countries,  favourable  to  himself,  ib. 
Letters  pass  between  him  and  Vitellius,  which  end  in  mutual 
reproaches,  ib.  Does  not  deprive  Lucius,  the  brother  of  Vitel- 
lius, of  his  command  in  the  army,  but  orders  him  to  attend  him 
on  his  march,  248.  Takes  particular  care  of  the  mother  and 
wife  of  Vitellius,  ib.  249.  Appoints  Flavins  Savinus,  brother  to 
Vespasian,  governor  of  Rome,  249.  Stops  at  Brixellum,  and 
orders  his  army  to  march  on  under  his  lieutenants,  which  they 
refuse,  ib.  Character  of  his  officers,  ib.  Sends  his  brother  Titia- 
nus  to  take  the  command  of  the  army,  and  gives  him  Proculua 
for  his  assistant,  252.  Holds  a  council  of  war,  in  which  his  most 
experienced  generals  advise  him  to  wait  for  his  troops  from  Mysia 
and  Pannonia,  ib.  But  impatient  to  have  the  affair  decided,  he 
ffives  orders  for  a  general  action,  254.  Retires  to  Brixellum,  ib^ 
His  great  error  in  that  step,  t^.  Some  skirmishes  upon  the  Po 
make  his  troops  at  Bedriacum  insist  on  being  led  out,  ib.  255« 
Bravery  of  his  legion  called  '  the  Succourer,'  256.  When  intel* 
ligence  is  brought  to  him  that  the  battle  was  lost,  the  troopi 
about  him  give  every  possible  assurance  of  their  fidelity,  259. 
His  speech,  in  which  he  assures  them,  that  though  he  knows  the 
late  battle  to  be  by  no  means  decisive,  he  will  lay  down  his  life 
to  procure  them  peace,  260.  Takes  leave  of  the  senators, 
and  others  of  his  friends,  ib.  Appeases  his  soldiers,  who 
thought  the  senators  were  forsaking  him,  261.  Sleeps  sound 
the  night  following,  262.  Falls  upon  his  sword,  and  expires  with 
one  groan,  ib.  The  army  lament  his  death  in  the  sinoerest. 
manner,  and  give  him  the  most  honourable  burial,  ib.  A  plain 
monument  is  put  upon  his  grave  at  Brixellum,  263.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  thuty-seven,  having  reigned  only  three  months,  ib. 


1. 


By  his  death,  in  some  meesure,  he  compensated  for  the  dii 

of  his  life,  (A. 
^Otrva,  Hi.  337. 
Ovation,  the  smaller  triumph,  ii.  423.       Not  tbe  uine  vi 

Greek  Evan,  m.     But  derived  from  tbe  Laltn  word,  Oo^i 
Ovicula,  a  name  given  to  Fabius  Maximus  in  hi«  youth  od  M 

of  his  seeming  tatneness  and  stupiditVi  ii-  63. 
(hvl,  Athenian  money  impressed  with  the  figure  of  one,  tii. 
Ox,  eaid  to  have  spoken.     See  Prodigieg. 
— ,  valued  at  five  draclims  at  Athens,  i.  352.      At  > 

in  the  time  of  PubJicola,  286. 
Oxathres,  the  brother  of  Darius,    Alexander   takes  him 

friendship,   iv.  309. 

,  brother  to  Artaterxes  Mnemoo,  vi.  119. 
tOjtM.  river,  iv.  326. 
Oxyartts,  asked   by  Alexander  •  whether   Sisimethres,  wkt 

taken  [lost  on  an  inaccessible  rock,  was  a  man  of  couitfl 

S27.  ^ 

,  son  of  Abulytes,  stabbed  by  Alexander,  iv.  343. 

Oxydraea.    See  Mtdlt. 

P. 

PACCIANUS,  defeated  and  killed  by  Sertoriua,  iv.  12. 
Paches,  who  had  taken  Lesbos,   being  called    to  Recount  it 

Athenians  for  some  misdemeanor,  kills  himself  ' 

iii.405. 
fPac/ii/mis,  promontory  of,  vi.  2*. 
Pacianui,  Caius,  a  Roman  who  resembled  Crassus,   ol^ni^ 

Parthians  to  personate  him,  iii.  49£. 

I  Vibius,  Crassus  takes  refuge  with  tiim  . 

cruelty  of  Marius,  iii,  4.^1. 
Paconu,  prince  of  Parthia,  marries  the  king    of 

iii.  496,     Killed  in  battle  by  the  liomans,  ^OS.  i 
Pieanca,  Demosthenes  of  tliat  ward,  v,  275. 
Padarctaa  the  Spartan,  a  saying  of  his,  i.  150. 
PtEon,  the  historian,  i.  22. 
Pteonia,  iii.  70.  iv.  177. 
PainUrt,  excellent  ones  at  Sicyon,  vi.  164. 
Painting*,  Aratus  collects  them  for  Ptolemy,  vi.  165. 
Palatine  hill,  i.  SO,  79. 
\  Palteicepsis,  a  city  given  to  Themistoclet  by  the  kine  of 

i.  354.  * 

PnlHia,  a  pastoral  feast,  i.  65,  85. 
Pnlindium,  i.  35.     Imase  of  Pallas,  387- 
PiiUantidie,  the  sons  of  Pallas,  and  next  heirs  to  ^geua,  if  XI 

had  nni  been  acknowledged  ])is  eon,  have  recourse  to 

are  defeated,  i.  5,  14. 
iPaliantium,  vi.  1S9. 
Pallas,  brother  ofi^geus,  and  father  of  the  PallantiUte,  i.  5^ 


I  Spain  £ 


.  *S7. 


See  Minerva. 


J 


INDtrX.  457 

PaUen€f  an  Athenian  tribe,  do  not  intermarry  with  that  of  AgmM, 

1.  I4f, 
Paltn^  a  spring  so  called,  ii.  S60. 
Po/m-tree  shooting  up  near  the  statue  of  Csesar  in  a  temple  at 

Tralles,  considered  as  prefigurative  of  his  victory  at  Phanalia. 

See  Prodigies. 
PammeneSf  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  brought  up  in  his  house  at 

Thebes,  ii.  S75. 
PamphiUu^  of  Slcyon,  a  celebrated  painter,  vi.  164. 
fPampAy/ta,  iv.  223. 
Pan,  i.  172. 

fPaiMicha,  ii.  128.  v.  S85. 
Paruetiui  commands  a  galley  of  Tenos  in  the  service  of  Xerxes,  and 

revolts  from  him,  i.  SS1« 

,  the  philosopher,  what  he  said  of  Demosthenes,  v.  267. 
Panatkeruea,  tne  fesuval  of  the  united  Athenians,  instituted  by 

Theseus,  i.  29.  v.  24. 
Pancratium^  what,  iv.  245,  and  ii. 
-fPandosia,  iii.  87- 
Pandion^  i.  14. 
PanemtUy  the  month  of  Metageitnion,  so  called  by  the  Bceotians, 

i.  385. 
Panic  fears,  iv.  213. 
fPannofifa,  vi.  247. 
\Fanop(Bam^  iii.  225,  253. 
Panopeiu,  i.  37. 

Pama  and  Hiriiiu^  consuls,  ii.  332.    See  Hirtiui, 
PanUdeon^  a  man  of  great  power  and  interest  among  the  /Btoliani, 

vi.  186. 
PantauchuSf  challenges  Pyrrhus  to  single  combat,  and  is  overcome, 

iii  74.  V.  406. 
PanUw^  sent  by  Cleomenes  to   seize  on  Megalopolis,  v.  179. 

Kills  himself  m  Egypt  on  the  body  of  Cleomenes,  195.    His 

wife  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  courage,  and  digni^  of  sentiment, 

196. 
Panthers^  v.  337. 
Panthoides^  the  Spartan  general,  Pelopidas  kills  him  in  the  battle  of 

Tanagra,  ii.  359. 
PantkiaeSi  marries  Italia,  the  daughter  of  Themistodes,  L  358. 
Paphian  Venus.    See  Venus. 
iPaphlagonia,  in.  264.  iv.  41,  82, 266. 
Papiria,  wife  of  Paulus  ^milius,  divorced  by  him,  ii.  285. 
Papirius  MasOf  ii.  285. 
— ^-*  Carbo^  the  consul,  defeated  by  Sylla's  lieutenants,  makes 

his  escape  in  the  night,  and  gets  into  Lybia,  iii.  272. 
Pappus^  V.  288. 
•fParaioniunif  v.  492. 
Paralit  one  division  of  the  people  of  Attica  so  called ;  they  lived 

on  the  sea-coast,  i.  263,  n. 
ParaluSf  one  of  the  sons  of  Pericles,  his  Cither's  affiction  for  bis 

death,  u.  56. 


458  INDEX. 

Paraliu,  a  ship  so  called,  tJi,  20a 

\Parapotamiaiu,  iii.  254. 

Farii'liBTp  preserved  at  Troj-,  Alexander  refUees  to  ••«  it,  k1 

Paritcas,  an  eunuch  belonging  to  the  younger  Cjras,  n.  I«7. 

'tPanKO,  embassadors  from  thai  plHce,  iir.  154^ 

Parmcnio,  father  of  Pliilotas,  warns  Alexander  of  *  aDBpOMJ' 
sign  of  poison  from  his  pliysician,  rv.  S68.  Telia  hm, 
would  accept  the  otfers  of  DBrius,  if  he  was  AIeKUi^,4 
Advises  him  to  attsck  the  eaetsty  in  the  night,  to  which  Al 
andcT  replies,  '  I  will  not  steal  a  victorj-,'  289,  390.  Hit  M 
in  the  great  battle  of  Arbela,  disordered  by  the  Bactrian  M 
291.  Sends  to  Alexander  for  succours,  994.  Censumlftr' 
ib.  Alexander  gives  hini  Bagoat'  house,  SOS.  Parmenio  >mi 
Philotas,  '  My  son,  be  less,'  31 4.  He  is  put  to  death  br 
Alexander,  316. 

\Parniuiu*,  iii.  25S. 

Parrhagiiu,  a  celebrated  painter  at  Athens,  i,  6.      Honoarad  bji 
Athenians  for  his  pictures  of  Theseus,  ii. 

Parricide.     See  Oslius. 

Parsteif,  used  in  adorning  the  sepulchres  of  the  dead, 
Cronos  of  it  bestowed  on  the  victors  in  the  Isthmian  ■ 
mcnn  games,  ib. 

Parlkeaon,  the  temple  of  Minerva,  at  Athens,  ti.  23   v  33$ 

Parthians,  defeat  Crassus,  iii.  483,  484.  Their  manner  rf  U 
ing,  [6,  4S2.  Their  habits,  4S1.  Defeated  by  AnwoT,»i 
Attack  him  in  his  return,  and  harass  him  extretaely,  ^SS,*I> 

Paris.     Great  parts  produce  great  vices,  aa  well  as  virtual f.ml 

Pan/satii,  wife  of  Dariut,  and  mother  of  Artaxerxe*  MMn 
vi,  114.  Her  attachment  to  her  younger  son  Cyms,  IIS.  1 
courages  hi«  ambitious  designs,  and  contributes  creMlyn 
war  between  the  two  brothers,  120.  Her  character,  a- 
extreme  cruelty  to  all  who  were  concerned  in  tbe  de 
CyruD,  or  in  cutting  off  his  head  and  hand,  131  135. 
poisons  Stntira,  the  wife  of  Artaxerxes,  135.  Is  conGaed' 
some  time  to  the  city  of  Babylon,  136,  Artaxerxea  'art 
ciledto  her,  140. 

Pasacas,  Cyrus'  horse,  vi.  123. 

■\Pasargadie,  vi.  116. 

Poseas,  the  ^ther  of  Abantidas,  vi.  153.     Kilted  by  Nicoctes, 

Pasicrales,  king  of  Soli  in  Cyprus,  iv,  284. 

Pasiiikae,  the  wife  of  Minos,  supposed  to  have  had  a  oriniinal  < 
mercc  with  bis  general  Taurus,  L  30. 

Padphaa,  her  oracle,  iv.  141,  142,  161. 

Patt^on,  m  author,  iii  402. 

Pamigris,  river,  iv,  57. 

^Pasiaron,  in  the  country  of  the  Molossians,  iii.  70. 

passions,  diseases,   and  tempests,  considered  by  the 
divinities,  i.  9^  n. 

Patacui,  i.  225. 

■fPalnra,  vi,  86. 

\Pataream,  Grutu«'  Ietti:r  concerning  them,  vi,  59. 


INDEX.  459 

fPairWt  S.  192.  t.  371,  489. 

Pairkians,  wbeoce  the  term,  i.  67*    A  handred  of  the  most  emi- 

.  oenl  Romans  seleded  by  Romulus  for  a  coancil  or  senate,  »6. 

Their  number  mcrtased,  82.    He  leaves  them  only  the  name 

..\0t  a  senate  without  the  pover,  91.     They  conspire  against 

.  him^  95. 

PMrieHsnif  i.  148.    It's  emblem^  iv.  74,  ii. 

PtUrMuSj  one  of  Nero's  senranta,  pot  to  death  by  Galba,  ▼!•  387« 
Patrocki,  father  ef  Soils,  i.  lia 
Potrofif  u  68* 

PahnoHs  and  clients  among  the  Romans,  an  account  of  their  r^ap 
tioo,  i.  68.  iii.  125. 

iPo^nmM,  iii.252. 
^aulus  MmiUui^  Lucius,  consul  with  Terentius  Varro,  ii.  85. 
Fabius  Maximus  admes  him  to  avoid  an  engagement  wi^h  An- 
.  mbal,  ib.  His  answer,  86*  Killed  in  the  battle  of  Csnnse, 
89,  282. 
Paulus  ^milius,  his  &mily  supposed  to  be  descendants  of  a  son 
of  Numa,  ii.  281.  Is  the  son  of  Lucius  Paulus  i£milius,  who 
fell  at  Cannae,  282»  >  Sets  out  in  a  difierent  track  from  the  rest 
of  the  young  nobility,  ib.  Carries  the  office  of  aedile  against 
twelve  competitors^  2825.  When  taken  into  the  college  of  augurs, 
studies  their  rules  and  ceremonies  with  great  attention,  ib. 
Strict  in  military  discipline,  284.  Is  sent  prsetor  into  Spain,  with 
double  the  usual  number  of  lictors,  and  reduces  the  barbarians 
who  had  revolted,  i&.  Betums  to  Rome  not  a  drachma  the 
richer,  285.  Divorces  his  first  wife  P^im,  after  he  had  lived 
long  with  her,  and  she  had  brought  him  fine  children,  ib.  Mar- 
ries a  second  wife,  by  whom  he  has  two  sons,  286.  His  sons  bj 
tbe  first  wife  are  adopted,  the  one  by  Fabius  Maximus,  the  othor 
by  the  son  of  Scipio  Africanus,  ib.  One  of  his  daughters  is 
married  to  the  son  of  CatO,  and  the  other  to  ^lius  Tubero,  ib. 
In  his  first  consulship  reduces  the  Ligurians,  and  takes  from 
them  the  ships  which  they  had  employed  in  piracy,  287.  Is 
candidate  again  for  the  consulship,  and  loses  it,  ib.  288.  In« 
spects  the  education  of  his  children,  and  procures  them  not  only 
Roman,  but  Grecian  masters,  288.  Perseus  defeau  several 
Roman  generals,  ib,  Paulus  .Smilius  is  called  to  the  consulship, 
292.  Omens  of  success  to  him,  293.  His  speech  to  the  people, 
on  being  appointed  to  the  command  in  Macedon,  294.  After  a 
safe  and  speedy  passage,  he  finds  Perseus  strongly  fortified  by 
the  sea-side  at  the  foot  of  mount  Olympus,  297*  Discovers 
water  for  his  troops,  by  digging  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  298, 
Finds  out  a  way  of  coming  at  the  enemy,  through  Perrhsebia, 
SOO.  Is  astonished  at  the  numbers  and  good  order  of  the  enemy, 
SOS.  Has  the  art  to  encamp  without  being  disturbed  by  tto 
Macedonians,  ib.  Takes  advantage  of  an  eclinse  of  the  moon, 
and  announces  victorv  to  the  Romans,  provided  they  stood  upon 
the  defensive,  303,  3M.  Makes  use  of  an  artifice  to  noake  the 
Macedonians  begin  to  attack,  305.  His  conduct  in  the  battle, 
306.     Marcus,  his  son-in-law,  loses  his  sword,  and  finds  it  again 


t 


with  much  ilifliculty  under  a  lieap  of  the  Blab,  309.  Scipio,  hk 
younger  son,  is  miuiing,  but  ruturns  to  the  camp  late  in  the  night, 
310,311.  i^milius  in  two  days'  time  becomes  master  of  all 
Macedon,  S13.  Hia  rebuke  to  the  vanquished  Perseus,  when  he 
n  brouglit  before  him,  317.  His  speech  to  the  officers  of  liii 
army  on  the  insiability  of  fortune,  318.  Visits  Greece,  refimni 
abuses,  and  gives  specimens  of  hii  bounty,  319.  Erects  his  om 
statue  at  Delphi,  on  a  pedestal  designed  for  tbat  of  Perseus,  ii. 
With  ten  commissioners  from  Uome,  settles  the  goTernmeiit  of 
Macedon,  tb.  320.  Exhibits  games,  320.  Has  a  happy  lalent 
for  making  entertainments,  ib.  Takes  nothing  of  Perseus'  trea- 
sures for  himself,  ib.  Sacks  seventy  cities  of  Epiru&,  and  yet 
the  soldiers  to  whom  the  plunder  was  given,  have  no  more  ihsn 
eleven  drachms  a  man,  322,  Keturns  to  Italy,  and  sails  in  great 
pomp  up  the  Tiber,  i&.  The  snidiers  endeavour  to  prevent  hit 
trumpb,  323.  Servilius'  speech  on  that  occasion,  j&.  SS4-  The 
triumph  described,  325 — 328.  .^milius  loses  his  twornuii^ 
sons,  who  were  not  adopted  into  other  fomilies,  :i29.  The  mtt- 
nanimily  discovered  in  his  speech  on  that  occasion,  330.  He 
brings  so  much  money  into  the  treasury,  that  the  people  have  no 
occasion  to  pay  any  ta\es  till  the  times  of  Hirlius  and  Pants, 
332.  Is  acceptable  to  the  people,  though  in  the  iotervst  of  ihc 
nobility,  ib.  is  elected  censor  with  Murcius  Fhilippus,  3S3,  ud 
n.  His  moderation  in  tbat  office,  333.  Sickens  during  Ui 
censorship,  ib.  The  cordial  regard  expressed  for  him  at  Ui 
funeral,  not  only  by  the  Komans,  but  persons  of  tbe  countries  ho 
had  conquered,  334,  335.  Leaves  a  very  small  ertstc  bthindl 
him,  ib. 

Pauliu,  the  consul,  bribed  by  Cnaar,  iv.  13!),  393. 

— .  given  up  to  the  proscription  by  his  brother  X.eMdaL  ». 

350,  44.3.  ' 

Pausanias,  commander  in  chief  of  the  Greeks,  at  the  baldl  <lf 
PlatiEfl?,  ii.  4«7,  rt  «j. 

,  king  of  Sparta,  marches  into  Attica,  under  rnvtCDCtof 

supporting  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  but  really  with  another  view,  S. 
S15.  Obtains  a  truce,  and  carries  off  the  dead  body  of  Lysandtf 
from  beiore  the  walls  of  Haliartus,  225.  Retires  to  Tege«,  SJT. 
Deserted  by  the  allies,  who  put  themselves  under  the  cotmnand 
of  Cimon,  301.  Unfortunately  kills  Oeonice  at  Byzantium,  ii- 
His  unhappy  end,  i.  302,  n.  344,  .3*5,  n. 

— ---■—,  kills  Philip  of  Macedon  for  denying  him  redrew  unde; 
an  ineupportablc  injury,  iv.  '25^. 

,  the  physician,  Alexander's  letter  to  him   on  the  ok  of 

hellebore,  iv.  305. 

.  sent  by  Seleucus  to  seize  Demetrius,  v.  4-18. 

Peace,  of  Nicias,  iii.  412*  Between  the  Athenians  and  the  kiM<f 
Persia,  312.  Of  Antalcidas,  iv.  98.  vi.  138.  Between  SvHiiwI 
Mithridales,  iii.  266,  2fi6. 

■  an  altar  erected  to  her,  iii.  312.     Verses  descrjntivo  af  bb 
i.  203.  I     •«  OS  ■«» 

Peaiiiia,  i.  30,  u 


INDEX. 


461 


\Pfdalion,  a  rock  lo  called,  iii.  359. 

Pediiei,  an  Athenian  class,  i.  %3,  n. 

^Pedum,  city  of,  ii.  209. 

iPegie,  ii.  32.  vi.  198. 

iP^sgi,  i.  49.     The  oldest  inhabitants  orGreece,  ib.  ». 

Pelaigui,  iii.  65. 

Peleus,  the  grand»)a  of  ScifOQ,  i.  11. 

■fPelig»ia»i,  ii.  307- 

^Pella,  ii.  311.  v.  409, 

—  ,  Lucius,  disgraced  by  Brutus,  vi.  89. 

fPellenc.  recovered  from  the  jEtoliana  by  Aratus,  vi.  |8+.  Taken 
by  Cleonienes,  v.  172. 

Felopioas,  the  son  of  Hippoclus,  nobly  descended,  ii.343.  Makes 
a  generous  use  of  his  wealth,  i6.  Cannot  prevail  on  his  friend 
Epaminondas  to  partake  of  his  riches,  and  therefore  partakes  of 
his  poverty,  ib.  Marries  into  a  noble  family,  yet  anenvard  by 
his  munilicerice  lessens  his  fortune,  344.  Delights  in  the  exer- 
cises of  the  Palfestra  and  the  tield,  ib.  The  happy  consequences 
to  the  public  from  the  perpetual  friendship  and  harmony  subsist- 
ing between  him  and  Epaniinaudas,  iO.  Rescued  in  battle  by 
Epaniinondas,  345.  Is  sentenced  to  banishment,  346.  frevails 
upon  tlie  exiles  to  attempt  the  deliverance  of  their  country,  343> 
Is  one  of  the  twelve  exiles,  who  hnvin);  left  the  rest  of  their 
party  at  Thriasium,  set  out  in  disguist  with  dogs  and  hunting 
jioles,  349.  He  and  his  company  enter  the  city  in  different  quar- 
ters,  under  favour  of  their  disguise  and  the  snowy  weather,  and 
get  eafe  lo  Charon's  house,  350.  He  goes  against  Leontidos,  who 
was  at  home  in  his  own  chamber,  and  despatches  him  with  much 
difficulty,  353,  354.  Kills,  also,  Hypates,  354.  Is  elected 
by  the  people  one  of  the  governors  of  BtEotla,  355.  Takes  the 
Cadmea  a  little  before  succours  arrived  from  Sparta,  356.  This 
action  of  Felopidas  justly  called  sister  to  that  of  Throsybutus,  i6. 
The  Athenians,  alarmed  at  the  arrival  of  a  Spartan  army  on  the 
borders  of  llteatia,  draw  off  from  the  Theban  league,  but  Pelo- 
pidas  finds  means  to  embroil  them  a^in  with  the  Spartans,  357> 
His  agents  persuade  Sphodrias,  the  Spartan,  to  m;ikc  an  attempt 
upon  the  I'irieus,  i6.  He  defeats  the  Spartans  in  several  ren- 
counters, 358,  359.  His  concern  in  the  battle  of  Tegync,  35ft 
The  Sacred  Band,  first  formed  by  Gorgides,  improved  by  Pelcv 
pidas,  362,  364.  His  answer  to  his  wife,  who  desires  him  lo  take 
care  of  his  person,  365.  Kfarches  with  Epaminondas  against 
Cleombrotus,  367.  His  dream  before  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  865^ 
366.  As  captain  only  of  the  Sacred  Band,  has  a  considerable 
share  in  the  honour  of  the  victory,  366.  He  and  Epaminondas 
are  appointed  joint-governors  of  Bceotia,  and  make  very  conu> 
derable  progress  in  Peloponnesus,  ii.  369.  1'hey  venture  ta 
keep  their  commission  beyond  the  expiration  of  their  year* 
though  the  penalty  was  capital.  369.  Lay  waste  Laconia  with 
an  army  of  seventy  thousand  men,  i&.  Drive  the  Spartans  out 
of  Messenia,  and  re-establish  the  ancient  inhabitants,  ib.  In 
their  returtt  defeat  the  Athenians,  ii.  370.    Are  capitally  tried 


462 


INDEX. 


for  keeping  the  command  beyond  the  time  allotred  by  Unr,  S?(L 
Acquitted,  ib.  Meneciidee  forms  a  p>>^  ^Mnat  them,  A.  S7I- 
Endeavours  to  nut  Cliaron  upon  a  footfBft  with  them,  S71.  A 
heavy  fine  is  laid  upon  that  envious  man,  372.  The  Theam^mt 
applying  to  the  Tfaebaos  for  asHstance  against  Alexander  tbt 
tyrant  of  Pherffi,  Pelopidaa  lakes  tlie  command  of  the  Ktcemit, 
and  , recovers  Lari^sa,  372.  Attempt*  to  humanise  the  lymt, 
but  in  vain,  i6.  The  tmnt  escapes  nut  of  bU  handa,  ii.  Pel» 
pidos  goes  iuto  Maceaon,  as  arbitrator  betwern  Alexander  and 
Ptolemy,  37^-  Briogs  Philip  and  thirty  oltier  hoetagn  to 
Tbcbet,  |6.  Ptfdemy  haviftg  iiiHcii  thckit^af  Macodon,  and 
assumed  the  Kovcreignty,  PeJofidas  permits  him  to  k«epitoTi 
certain  conditions,  for  the  perforniaace  of  nhich  be  give*  his  mm 
Philoxenuf,  as  an  hostage,  37^-  Besiege*  Pharsalus,  i&.  Akx- 
ander,  the  tyrant  of  Phene,  approaches  it  with  his  armr,  aod 
Pelopiilas  is  imprudent  enough  to  go  to  him  without  irtiards,  t^ 
The  tyrant  seizes  hiiu  and  Ismcnias,  and  makes  himself  masttr  of 
Pharsatus,  ib.  Thebe,  the  tj-rant's  wife,  visits  Pelopidas  in  the 
prison,  S^5•  Epaminondas  recovers  him  and  Isxncnias  out  ofthc 
tyrant'B  liand>,  37S.  Pelopidas  goes  embassador  to  (he  PersiiQ 
court,  and  is  highly  honoured  by  Artaxerxes,  id.  Obtains  all  be 
desires,  379.  Accepts  none  of  the  king's  presents,  iL  Tbt 
tyrant  of  Pherie  extends  his  conqaesis  and  oppresatons,  380. 
An  eclipse  of  the  sun  happens,  wlicn  Pelopidas  is  tnarcbing  out 
■gainst  him,  Uk  He  has  the  advantage  in  the  battle,  patwkb- 
standing  his  inferior  numbers:  but  falls  a  sucritice  lu  hii  HOOlil 
meot  against  the  tyrant,  382.  The  sorrow  of  the  alliea  as  well 
as  Theb.ins,  for  bis  death,  ih.  363.  His  funeral  aolenMcd  by 
the  Tbessalians,  SSi.  The  Thebans  send  an  nrmy  u>  menH 
hii  death  upon  Alexander,  385.  The  tyrnut  is  slain  by  hi*  wifa 
and  her  ihree  brotherH,  3bG,  S87. 

Peloponnesiait  war,  ii.  43.     Lasts  twenty-scvco  years,  iU.  402,  m, 

fFdoponium,  i.  31,  40.  v.  170. 

Pelops,  after  he  was  settled  in  Peloponnesus,  formed  alliancM  ia 
hb  family  with  the  ncighbourtng  princes,  and  became  the  omt 
powerful  king  in  those  parts,  i.  4,  n.  Father  of  Pittheoi  lai 
Ly&idice,  ib. 

,  of  Bvzantium,  Cicero  expostulotes  with  htm    by  letter  Ar 

not  procuiingfor  him  certain  honours  thence,  v. 522, 

fFetusiam,  v.  i27,  497.  w.  87. 

f/'enew,  river,  iii.  34. 

Pentaaaiomedimm,  an  order  of  men  in  Athens  accordine  to  the 
constitution  of  Solon,  L  242.  ii.  445. 

Pmilathlum,  what,  *i.  154,  n. 

■\PenielB,  a  borough  of  Attica,  famed  for  it's  marble,  i,  293. 

'\Penleleum.v.  173. 

Pentheiu,  iii.  496,  497.  vi.  23a. 

Pep<'rathut,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  i.  52,  n. 

Pep/um,  or  sacred  veil  of  Minerva,  i.  29,  h.  v.  37S,  », 

f  Percale,  a  city  given  to  Themistodcs  by  the  kJng  of  Persia,   l» 
supply  hit  wardrobe,  ■  ""^ 
7 


to  the 


i.  354^ 


INDEX.  46S 

FerdioemSf  on  the  de«tli  of  Hephcestioa  supplies  bis  place,  !▼.  S8. 
He  establidies  Eumenes  in  Cappadoeid,  42.  Marches  aj^nst 
Ptolemy,  43.  Is  killed  in  a  mutiny  in  iCgypt,  48.  Had  assisted 
Roxana  in  taking  off  Statira  and  her  sister,  iv.  355. 

\PergamuSy  iii.  246.    The  library  there,  t.  481 . 

Per^amenians^  Brutus'  tetter  to  them,  vi.  58,  59- 

Ptriander^  entertains  the  seven  Wise  Men,  i.  222,  228. 
,  the  son  of  Cypselus,  vi.  155. 

PeribcBOj  the  mother  of  Ajax,  married  to  Theseus,  i.  37. 

Pericles,  of  the  tribe  of  Acamantis,  and  the  ward  of  Cholargia, 
ii.  5.     Son  of  Xanthippus  and  Agariste,  both  illustrious  person- 
ages, t&.    His  person  described,  6.     Rallied  by  the  comic  poets, 
on  Uie  largeness  of  his  head,  ih,    Damon,  under  preteitee  of 
teaching  him  music,  instructs  him  in  politics,  7.    He  attends  the 
lectwes  of  Zeno  the  Elean,  ib.    Most  indebted  for  his  sublime 
oratory  and  great  knowledge  of  nature,  to  Anaxagoras,  8.  Cured 
by  him  of  superstition,  9.    Patient  under  injuries,  yet  tsxed 
with  pride,  ib.    The  ram  with  one  horn  found  in  his  grounds, 
10.     Resembles  Pisistratus  in  his  person  and  manner,  11.     En- 
gages in  the  administration,  and  takes  the  popular  party,  be- 
cause Cimon  was  at  the  head  of  the  nobiKty,  ib.    Lives  extreme- 
ly retired,  for  the  sake  of  preserving  his  dignity,  12.     Over- 
throws the  power  of  the  Areopagus,  by  means  of  EphiaRes,  12« 
13.    Improves  his  eloquence  by  his  philosophy,  and  from  the 
force  of  it  eains  the  surname  of  Olympias,  ]3.    Compared  to 
thunder  and  lightning  as  he  spoke,  13,  14.    Thucydides^  obser- 
vation on  his  eloquence,  14, 15.     Seven^  sayings  of  Pericles,  ib. 
He  first  endeavours  to  bring  himself  to  some  sort  of  equality  with 
Cimon,  and  for  that  purpose  corrupts  the  people  with  the  public 
money,  f^.  16.    Causes  Cimon  to  be  bammed  by  the  Ostracism, 
16.    Cimon  is  recalled,  and  Pericles  and  he  take  difierent  de- 
partments in  the  state,  17.    Pericles  is  unjustly  charged  with  the 
assassination  of  Ephialtes,  18.    Upon  the  death  of  Cimon,  the 
nobility  set  up  Thucydides  against  Pericles,  ib.  19.    Pericles  in- 
dulges the  people  more  and  more,  19.    He  employs  sixty  gaReya 
for  eight  months  every  year,  ib.    His  policy  in  sending  out 
colonies,  ib.    He  removes  the  public  treasures  of  Greece  fixmi 
Delos,  and  takes  them  into  his  own  custody,  20.    Constructs 
noble  edifices  at  Athens,  21,  22.     Rebuilds  the  Parthenon,  23. 
Builds  the  Odeum,  or  music-theatre,  t^.    Begins  the  long  walls, 
ib.    A  good  workman  falls  from  the  vestibule  of  the  citadel,-  tod 
his  life  being  despaired  of,  a  remedy  for  him  is  communicated  to 
Pericles  in  a  dream,  24.    Pericles  is  accused  of  a  varie^  of*  in- 
trigues, 25.    He  offers  the  people  to  be  at  the  whole  charge  of 
the  public  buildings  himself,  if  they  would  sufier  them  to  be  in- 
scribed with   his  name,  instead  of  tlieirs,   26.     Procuiw  the 
banishment  of  Thucydides,  and  becomes  sole  master  of  Athens, 
ib.  27.    Treats  the  people  with  less  ceremony,  but  is  strictly  just, 
and  does  not  add  one  drachma  to  his  paternal  estate,  27,  28. 
Holds  the  reins  for  fifteen  years  after  the  banbhment  of  Thucy- 
dides,  and  for  forty  years  in  all,  28.    Attenthre  to'  his  own 


IT 


46+  INDEX. 

finances  tb.  A  servatil,  Damed  Evangelus,  is  very  naefd  to 
him  in  his  private  cEconotny,  29.  Is  inrormed  that  Anaxigonj 
intends  to  sLerre  himBelf,  and  hastens  to  diasuadc  hrm,  ii-  30. 
Sends  deputies  to  all  the  states  of  Greece,  to  euminoD  thnn  la 
Athens,  to  consult  about  rebuilding  the  Grecian  temple*,  and 
the  best  measures  for  preserving  the  peace  of  (ireece,  30.  The 
.safely  of  his  measures  in  war,  31.  A  t>aying  of  hie  thereuixm, 
ib.  Endeavours  to  dissuade  Tolmides  from  his  expedition  iiuo 
Baotia,  ib.  Pericles'  expedition  to  the  Chersonese,  32,  That 
by  sea  around  Vdoponaesus,  ib.  He  sails  n-ith  a  strong  fleet, 
and  secures  the  Grecian  cities  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Euxine  sea,  S3.  Sends  a  colony  of  six  hundred  Athenians  to 
Sinope,  ib.  Restrains  the  wild  desires  of  the  Atbeniaii*,  <rl>o 
were  possessed  with  a  passion  for  conquering  Sicily  and  other 
countries,  ib.  Opposes  the  Lacediemonians  in  the  bwrtd  War, 
and  puts  the  temple  of  Delphi  in  the  hands  of  the  Phodaaa 
again,  34.  Inscribes  the  Athenian  privilege  of  consulting  the 
oracle  first,  on  the  side  of  the  brazen  wolf,  ib.  The  Luedc- 
monians  under  their  king  I'listonax  invading  Attica,  Petida 
bribes  Cleandrides,  the  guardian  of  Plistonax,  to  retire,  A.  So. 
Puts  down  ten  talents  for  necessary  use,  and  the  Athenians 
lllow  it  without  examining  the  purpose,  35.  Chastises  the  Eu- 
bcaans,  ib.  Agrees  upon  a  truce  for  thirty  years  with  the  Laci'- 
dsBRionians,  36.  MaLes  war  upon  the  Samians,  at  the  insligi- 
tion  of  Aspasia,  ib.  Though  Pericles  had  two  sons  by  his  »rft. 
named  Xantliippus  and  Poralus,  they  part  by  conaent,  and  he 
marries  Aspasia,  37.  Has  a  son  by  her,  38.  His  operaiioiu 
against  the  Samians,  who  are  at  last  entirely  reduced,  ib. — li 
Me  celebrates  the  obsequies  of  his  countrymen  who  had  falltn 
in  the  Samiau   war,  and  pronounces  their   funeral   oration  U 


Athens,  42.  Upon  a  rupture  between  the  CoriDtliians  and  Coc 
cvreans,  lie  sends  Lacedtemonius,  the  son  of  Cimon,  with  lea 
flftips  only,  to  the  assistance  of  the  latter,  43,  44.      Afterrari 


: 

w 


be  sends  a  larger  fleet,  41'.  Is  the  sole  author  of  the  l^aaaa- 
oesian  war,  4o-  Phidias  is  condemned  (or  putting  fait  gm 
figure,  and  that  of  Pericles,  on  the  agis  of  Minerva,  47,  4& 
Aspasia  is  prosecuted  for  impiety,  and  n  charge  of  peculatioa  it 
brought  against  Pericles,  ib.  49.  He  begs  Aspasia  off,  and  ooa- 
ducts  Ana^ngoras  nut  of  Athens,  49.  He  hastens  on  the  wv, 
ih.  The  Lacedtenionians  desire  the  Athenians  to  baniah  aU 
execrable  persons,  hoping  that  Pericles  would  be  included  io 
the  number,  50.  This  attaches  the  Athenians  to  Peridea  atfl 
more,  ib.  He  warns  the  Athenians  of  the  enemy's  deawn  tt 
■pare  his  lands,  when  they  ravaged  the  rest,  ib.  ArciludaiMi 
invades  Attica,  and  proceeds  as  far  as  Acharns:  but  Periclct 
keeps  the  Athenians  close  in  the  city,  ib.  31.  He  cUvidea  die 
lands  in  j^Ggina  among  the  poor  citiEens  of  Athens,  5S.  R^ 
vages  the  Peloponnesian  coasts  with  his  fleets,  and  lays  wwU 
the  territories  of  Megara,  ib.  The  plague  breaking  out  it 
Athene,  he  mans  a  hundred  and  GUy  ships,  53.  An  ecltpae  of 
the  sun  happens,  when  he  is  about  to  set  sail,  ib.  51.      I^ex- 


index;  465 

plains  that  phenomenob,  to  as  to  remove  the  saperstitious  fears 
of  his  men,  54.  Lays  siege  to  Epidaurus;  but  the  sickness 
among  his  troops  breaks  his  measures,  i^.  The  Athenians  de- 
prive him  of  the  command,  and  lay  a  fine  upon  him,  ib.  His 
elder  son  Xanthippus  behaves  in  a  very  undutiful  manner,  55» 
He  loses  that  son,  and  several  other  persons  of  his  family  in  the 
plague,  56.  Retains  his  dignity  of  sentiment  till  the  death  of  his 
last  legitimate  son  Paralus,  to.  The  Athenians,  disappomted 
in  their  other  statesmen,  call  him  again  to  the  administration, 
ib.  He  repeals  the  law  which  he  had  made  against  bastards, 
having  now  himself  only  natural  children  left,  ib.  Is  permitted 
to  enrol  a  natural  son  by  his  own  name,  57.  That  son  is  put  to 
death  by  the  Athenians,  after  the  sea-fight  at  Arginusse,  ib. 
Pericles  takes  the  plague,  but  has  it  in  a  lingering  manner,  58* 
His  friends,  when  they  think  him  insensible,  and  at  the  point  of 
death,  discourse  about  his  bed,  ib.  The  remarkable  observation 
which  he  made  upon  that  occasion,  ib.  His  character,  i^.  59. 
Much  wanted  in  the  administration,  and  regretted  by  the  Athe- 
nians, 59,  GO. 

Perididas^  sent  by  the  Spartans  to  Athens  to  request  succours 
against  the  Helots,  iii.  317* 

Perigune^  daughter  of  Sinnis,  her  history,  i.  l(U 

\  PerinthianSf  iv.  344.  v.  17,271. 

\PeriphemuSf  a  hero  to  whom  the  oracle  directs  Solon  to  sacrifice 
in  Salamis,  i.  228. 

PeripheUSy  surnamed  Corynetes^  or  the  Club^earer^  slain  by  Theseui 
in  the  territories  of  Epidaurus,  i.  9. 

Periphoretus,  Artemon,  why  so  called,  il«  41 . 

PenpoliaSf  the  diviner,  conducts  king  Opheltas  into  Bceotia,  ilL 
293. 

Periskidakismoif  ceremonies,  L  87. 

Peritas,  Alexander's  dog.  That  prince  builds  a  city  of  the  same 
name  in  memory  of  him,  iv.  332. 

Perithoisy  one  of  the  wards  of  Athens,  ii.  126.  iii.  415. 

Perpenna^  joins  Sertorius,  iv.  21.  Jealous  of  the  glory  of  that 
general,  and  conspires  against  him,  34.  Kills  Sertorius,  in  spite 
of  the  sanction  of  nospittdity,  35.  Is  taken  prisoner,  and  put  to 
death  by  Pompey,  t^.  147,  148. 

fPerrkabianSy  n,  300.  iii.  43. 

JPersceuSf  the  philosopher,  commands  in  Acrocorinth  for  Antigonus, 
vi.  169.  Aratus  takes  that  citadel  from  him,  174.  A  saying  of 
his,  175. 

fPersepoUs.  Alexander  enters  that  city,  iv.  299.  Bums  the  palace 
of  Xerxes  there,  300,  301. 

Perseverance^  the  effects  of  it,  iv.  22. 

PerseiUf  of  the  heroic  times,  iii.  296. 

-^ ,  kin^  of  MacedoD,  the  son  of  Philip,  goes  to  war  with  the 

Romans,  ii.  291.  Said  to  be  a  supposititious  child,  and  really  thq. 
•on  of  a  sempstress,  H.  Defeats  some  of  the  Roman  generals, 
ib.  292.  Makes  great  preparations  finr  future  hostilities,  292. 
VOL.  VI.  2H 


♦86  INDEX. 

His  sordid  ararico.  295,  296.     And  timidity,  306- 
couraged  by  his  officers  to  venture  Upon  a  decisive 
Said  byBome  to  have  withdrawn  to  Pydos  as  soon  as 
began,  306.     Defeated  by  the  Romans,   309.     His  m 
behaviour,  311.     Octaviiu  apareti  the  saiictimry  of  the 
which  be  had  taken  refuge,  315.     Surrenders  himself  1 
taviiu,  316.     Behaves  meanly  on  being  introduced  lo 
iEmilius.  317.     Led  in  triumph,  328.     Put  toa  cruel  deatli,3SI, 
S32.     Is  the  last  of  the  kings  of  Macedon.  v.  421 . 

t-PuMwni,  their  wars  with  the  Greeks  under  Darium,  ii.  45J.  l'"- 
der  Xerxea,  i.  321,  et  seq.  With  the  Lacediemoaians  id  th 
time  of  Agesilaus,  vi.  137.  With  Alexaader  tbe  Great,  i*. 
266.  et  passim.  The  entrance  into  their  couotrv  difficult,  » 
Their  jealousy  of  tlieir  women,  i.  349. 

iPeaaniu,  iii.  141.  v.&2. 

Peitilmce  at  Rome,  i.  90,  *I8.  Throughout  Italy,  189.  At  Aliwt. 
ii.  53.  In  the  army  of  Demetrius,  the  consequence  ofunnbiJr- 
■ome  diet,  «.  414. 

^Petdia,  ii.  +34. 

fPeteiian  hiUs,  iii.  462. 

Peteus,  i.  40. 

Peticius,  a  Roman,  receives  Pompey  into  his  ship,  in lamujiri 

of  a  dream  he  had  upon  his  voyage,  iv.  220. 

Pelilius,  the  pnetor,  advises  the  senate  lo  bum  the  books  of  Nmk 
which  were  found  about  four  hundred  years  after  bisdMtli, 
i.207. 

Pctinut,  one  of  the  evil  mioUters  of  Nero,  put  to  i^AbjG^bt, 
vi.  227. 

iPetra,  tn  Arabia,  iv.  177. 

t ,  near  Mount  Olympus,  ii.  300. 

fPetroau,  iii.  356. 

Petrotmu,  one  of  Craasui'  officers  in  the  Partbiim  expedttioa.  ^ 
great  fidelity  to  his  general,  iii.  49t'. 

Turpilianus,  a  person  of  consular  dignity,  pot  to  JtWhfr' 

Galbtt,  vi.  224. 

Pfucestat,  joins  Eumene«,  iv.  56.  Endeavours  to  gain  the  fe» 
cipal  authority  in  the  army,  58,  59.  Is  surprised  at  tbe  aaai  ^^ 
Aniigonus*  approach,  60.  The  cavalry  defeated,  and  the  tat 
eage  taken  through  his  cowardice,  62.  AlexaQ(Ier*a  letttr  u 
him,  on  his  being  bitten  by  a  bear,  iv.  305. 

pexodoTUt,  govetouT  of  Caria,  treats  of  marriagv  betweea  ^ 
daughter  and  Arrhidieus,  the  son  of  Philip,  iv.  253. 

Phiea,  the  wild  sow  of  Crommyon,  killed  by  Theseus,  L  10.  S0 
to  be,  not  a  saw,  but  a  female  robber,  1 1 . 

Phiriu,  the  name  of  one  of  the  mariners  who  aailed  with  TtaW 
to  Crete,  i.  16. 

I  ,  and  Nit'tas,  the  only  persons  able  to 

Alcibiades  in  the  administration,  ii.  126. 

Phadimus,   informs  Eumenes  of  a  conspiracy 
Eumenes  had  botrowcd  money  of  him,  iv. 


INDEX.  WT 

Phtedoriy  archon  of  Athens,  when  the  oracle  directed  the  Athenians 
to  carry  the  bones  of  Theseus  from  Scyros  to  Athens,  i.  45. 

Phitdraj  Theseus  marries  her,  i.  36.  The  calamities  said  to  ensue 
upon  her  unlawful  passion  for  Hippolytus,  supposed  not  to  be 
fictitious,  ib, 

Phctranetey  the  wife  of  Samos,  discovers  Neoptolemus'  cotispiracj 
against  Pyrrhus,  iii.  71. 

Phaetoriy  some  writers  reckon  him  the  first  king  of  the  Molossians* 
afler  the  deluge,  iii.  65. 

PhalanXy  the  Macedonian,  described,  ii.  S06.  iii.  40.  iT.  41,42. 

Phalerum^  the  monuments  of  Natisitheus  and  Pbseax  erected  there, 
by  Theseus,  i.  19.    Temple  of  Sciron,  ib, 

Pharax^  a  Lacedsmonian  olBcer,  under  pretence  of  introducing 
liberty  into  Sicily,  wanted  to  set  himself  up  tyrant^  vi.  46. 

■fPharuFf  vi.  205. 

-fPharmaciisaf  iv.  359. 

Pharmuthif  u  67. 

Pkamabazus,  endeavours  to  cov<er  the  Lacedemonian  ships  with 
his  land  forces,  ii.  155.  Is  defeated  by  Alcibiades  three  several 
times,  15G,  157,  158.  Complains  to  the  Spartans  of  Lysander^ 
having  plundered  his  province,  iii.  212.  Lysander  desires  him  to 
send  a  letter  by  him,  retracting  what  he  had  asserted,  which  hi 
promises  to  do,  but  palms  a  different  letter  upon  him,  213. 
Much  respected  by  the  Lacedaemonians  for  the  services  he  had 
done  them,  ib.  Is  defeated  by  Spithridates  and  Herippidaa, 
iv.  83.  His  conference  with  Agesilaus,  84,  85.  Sent  by  Ar- 
taxerxes,  as  his  general,  against  the  Csyptians,  vi.  141. 

-,  son  of  Artabazus,  commands  a  corps  of  horse  under 


Eumenes,  iv.  46. 
Phamaces^  son  of  Mithridates,  revolts  from  him  to  the  Romans, 

upon  which  Mithridates  kills  himself,  iv.  177.    Sends  presents  to 

Pompey,  ib.    Defeats  Domitius  Calvinus,  Csesar's  lieutenant,  415* 

Defeated  by  Csesar,  ib. 
fPhamaciaf  iii.  351. 
PhamapateSf  the  most  experienced  general  that  Orodes  had,  killed 

in  battle  by  Ventidius,  v.  457. 
-fPharoSf  the  isle  so  called,  it's  situation,  iv.  279. 
iPharsalia^  battle  of,  described,  iv.  216—219. 
iPharuges,  v.  40. 
fPhaseUs,  iii.  310.  iv.  265. 
fPhasiSy  river,  iii.  376.  iv.  169. 
PkauUut^  the  Crotonian,  fits  out  a  vessel  at  his  own  charge,  and 

joins  the  Greeks  at  Salamis,  iv.  295.    In  memory  of  his  zeal  for 

the  cause  of  Greece,  Alexander  sends  part  of  the  spoils  of  Asia 

to  the  Crotonians,  ib, 

'     ",  the  Zacynthian,  vi.  128. 
\Pheneumt  v.  172. 
•fPAerrtr,  in  Achaia,  v.  168. 

t ,  w  Thessaly,  ii.  872,  875.  ^ 

Pherebcta^  one  of  Theseus'  wives,  i.  37.  ,,, 

Phertdes,  sent  to  corrupt  the  oracle  of  Dodona,  in.  2W). 

2  u  2 


Phtrecydes,  the  li 


if  AmarByas,  L  18, 

1.  20,  3'i. 


■,  ihe  pliilosopher,  hU  skin 


rved   by  j 


oracle,  ii.  366. 

.  llie  diviner,  dies  of  the  Lousy  Disease,  iii.  282. 

Pheremiates,  cummandB  thu  PersJao  land-tbrces,  tmd  is  defe«ud  bj 
Cicnon,  iii.  282, 

PAeremait,  ii,  346,  3t8. 

/*Aerw(w,  ii,  271. 

Phidiait  the  statuary,  hia  Jupiter,  ii,  46,  n.  His  Minern,  ih. 
Surveyor  of  the  public  buildings  for  Pericles,  23.  L'njtucl; 
accused  by  IVIcnoa  of  embezzling  the  gold,  V7,  48.  Impt'iMwd 
for  putting  his  own  tigure  and  that  of  Pericles  upon  Minerri^ 
shield,  48.     Dies  io  prison,  ib. 

Phidiiia,  the  public  repasts  at  Sparta,  i.  127. 

Pkidiui,  defeated  by  Sertoriua,  iv,  16. 

PAiTa,  daughter  of  Antipatcr,  and  widow  of  Craterue,  mMTtrf  " 
Demetrius,  v.  376.  Poisons  herself  upon  the  Io«b  of  the  kiogd* 
uf  Macedon,  412, 

Philadelphut,  king  of  Paplilagonia,  takes  part  with  Aatony,  v-W 

■  See  Ptuhniy. 

PhUteus,  one  of  the  sons  of  Ajax,  i.  230. 

PhilagTus,  preceptor  to  Mctellus  Nepos,  poiiipously  buried  b>  hm. 
V.  325. 

Philaide,  an  Athenian  tribe,  i.  230. 

Philargyrui,  Cato's  freeiiman,  v.  87. 

Philemon,  the  poet,  ii.  4. 

Philidas,  a  friend  of  Pelopidas,  api>ointed  secretary  U  Aidiit 
and  Philip  in  Thebes,  ii.  348.  Invites  the  tyrants  to  hit  tnuK> 
and  promises  to  provide  them  some  fine  women,  350. 

PkUides,  the  allair  o etwee n  him  and  Tbemistocles,  L  517. 

Philinna,  a  courtesan ;  Philip  has  his  son  Arrhidsus  by  ber.  iv.  ^ 

Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  pretends  to  wonder  hour  tiie  elder  D"»- 
nysius  could  find  lime  tor  his  poeticiil  performances,  ii.  249,  Iff 
A  maxim  of  hit,,  '296.  Brought  up  at  Thebes,  and  mma 
Epamiuoudas  in  his  military  couduct.  373.  Servdd  penowt* 
ArgoB  to  assassinate  Philoposmen,  iii.  16.  Initiated  iu  the  Mj* 
teriesof  the  Cabiri,  iv.  239.  Dreams  that  his  wife's  Komb*" 
scaled  up  with  a  seal,  the  impression  of  which  was  a  Iion,9tO. 
Comnianded  by  the  oracle  of  Delphi  to  sacri6ce  to  ii»sa 
Amraon,  241.  Receives  tliree  important  pieces  of  Dew*ii>«M 
day,  243.  Affects  to  show  his  eloquence  like  a  eophiii,  Stt, 
245.  His  sajjing  to  his  son,  upon  his  managing  l)uix.)>balu^ 
248.  Sends  for  Aristotle  to  instruct  bis  son  in  phiJtuoph;, », 
Causes  great  disonler  in  hia  family,  by  oiarryiog  CleopOr^ 
while  Olympias  was  living,  252,  Orden  the  Corinthiaos  lo  •a' 
him  ThessaluB,  one  of  Alexander's  confidants, 
banishes  four  others,  254.  Assassinated  by  Pausanias,  for  l^ 
fusing  him  justice,  under  a  great  injury  he  had  received,  A.  A* 
state  wf  Macedon  at  his  deiith,  2^5.  An  account  of  ibe  MC 
afh.s  arms,  ib.     ili«  extravagant  joy  upon  tbe  victory  of  C 


INDEX.  469 

*  ronea,  ▼.  274*9  275.  He  reflects,  with  great  emotion,  after  that 
battle,  on  the  danger  which  he  had  incurred,  through  the  oppo- 
sition of  Demosthenes,  ib. 

Philipy  the  son  of  Demetrius  IL,  goes  to  war  with  the  Romans,  iii. 
S3.  Sulpitius,  and  another  Roman  general,  only  trifle  with' 
him,  iL  He  comes  to  an  interview  with  Flaminius,  who  is  ap- 
pointed to  act  against  him,  37.  Addresses  his  army  from  an 
eminence  that  happens  to  be  a  burying  p:round,  39.  Beaten  by 
Flaminius,  at  Cynoscephalse,  40.  Submits  to  the  discretion  of 
the  Romans,  42.  Prepares  again  in  the  interior  parts  of  his 
kingdom  for  war,  ii.  290.  Puts  his  son  Demetrius  to  death,  y/'u 
209.  Came  to  the  crown  of  Macedon  on  the  demise  of  his  kins- 
man Antigonus  Dosoo,  ii.  290.  vi.  201.  Aratus,  and  the  other 
Achsans,  call  him  in  to  their  assistance,  202.  He  gains  the 
Cretans  by  his  moderation,  and  prospers  by  following  the  coun- 
sels of  Aratus,  208.  Puts  some  of  his  courtiers  to  death  for 
insulting  Aratus,  ib.  His  vices,  which  were  only  masked,  make 
their  appearance,  204.  He  corrupts  the  wife  of  Aratus'  son,  f^ 
Takes  Aratus  up  into  Ithome,  and  asks  his  opinion  as  to  seizing 
that  strong  hold,  205.  Is  defeated  at  sea  by  the  Romans,  206. 
Causes  Aratus  and  the  son  of  Aratus  to  be  poisoned,  207^  209. 
Is  obliged  to  receive  hard  conditions  of  peace  from  the  Romans, 
209.  Suffers  in  his  own  peace,  in  the  manner  that  his  crimes 
deserved,  i^. 

,  Archias,  and  Leontidas,  incite  Phoebidas,  the  Lacedae- 
monian, to  seize  the  Cadmes,  and  become  tyrants  in  Thebes, 
ii.346. 

>  ArrhicUeus.     See  Arrhtdaus, 

•,  Pompey's  freedman,  buries  his  master  with  the  assistance 


of  an  old  Roman,  who  had  long  lived  in  E^ypt,  iv.  228. 
,  Alexander  gives  him  a  government  m  India,  iv.  332. 
-,  Alexander's  physician,  accused  of  an  intention  to  poison 


him,  clears  himself  of  the  imputation  with  great  honour,  iv.  268, 
269. 

-,  the  father  of  IVf  arcia,  v.  73. 


PhilippiUf  Marcius,  his  moderation  in  the  office  of  censor,  ii.  333. 
,  Lucius,  father-in-law  to  Augustus,  a  saying  of  his  con- 
cerning his  affection  for  Pompey,  iv.  127.  v.  347.    Proposes  to 
send  Pompey  into  Spain,  against  Sertorius,  iv.  144. 

fPhiliffh  battle  of,  vi.  a?-^. 

PhiUmnCj  a  gold  coin,  iii.  49. 

PhiitppideSy  the  comio  poet,  an  enemy  to  Stratocles,  v.  375.  A 
favourite  of  Lysimachus,  ib.  Desires  to  be  excused  from  hear- 
ing the  secrets  of  princes,  ib. 

Pkiiutus,  the  Syracusan,  commended  as  an  historian,  iii.  397. 
Marries  one  of  the  daughters  of  Leptines,  vi.  11,  J  2.  Comet 
with  a  fleet  from  Apulia,  to  assist  Dionysius  the  Youneer  in 
Sicily,  34.  Is  beaten  by  the  Syracusans,  •ift.  His  saymgto 
Dionysius,  35.  His  accosations  against  Dion,  vi.  12.  The 
barbarous  treatment  he  suffered,  34.  His  death,  ib.  Cha- 
raccer,  S5» 


PAilo,  the  Academician,  scholar  to  Clilomachus,  v.  295.     TlM  M 

Cic      ,     ■ 
— ^,  built  the  arsenal  in  t}ie  Firffius,  which  wa&  burnt  b*  Srik, 

iii.  251,252. 
.    I    ,  walks  in  the  steps  of  Caraeades,  and    defends    the  Kr« 

Academy,  iii.  3!j8. 

iPhihbtxolus,  a  hill  so  called,  iii.  253. 
%il(xhoru3,  an  Alhenian  historian,  i.  15,  18,  20,  32^  37. 
Philoctes,  one  of  the  Athenian  comtnandtrre,  defeated  by  l^ijuwfc' 

at  yEgoB-Potamos,  iii.  197.     Advised  the  Athenians  to  cot  of  (he 

light  thumbs  of  all  their  prisoners  of  war,  ib.     LvmimIm'*  qvat- 

tion  to  him  thereupon,  and  his  answer,  202.      Hisinuepiditj  and 

death,  203. 
P/iiluiTales,  the  senrant  of  Caius  Gracchus,  v.  240, 

,  the  orator,  v.  270. 

PhUoet/pn",  one  of  the  princes  of  Cypnie,  Solon  adTbea  Iiih  » 

remove  his  city  from  a  barren  hill  to  a  fruitful  plain  below  il,  i. 

£59.     In  grAlitude  he  calls  his  city  '  Soli,'   ib. 
Pkilodcmas,  or  rather  Philomflus,  of  Phocis,  robs  the  temple  "f 

Apollo  at  Delphi,  ii.  2ti7.     Punished  by  the  Goda  for  bia  MOi- 


broiher    Quiutui,  hemp 
what  tnapaer,  aadb; 


1.236. 


Icec,  iB.  2(59. 

Philologus,  the  fccedinon   of  Cicero's 
Cicero  to  Aiitooy'a  ruffians, 
whom  put  to  dcnth,  353. 

P/tHombniliu,  Solon  chosen  archon  next  afler 

PkVomedes,  of  Lampra,  v.  89. 

Phihnictu,  the  Thessalian,  offers  the  celebrated  horse  Bucnluiiit 
in  sole  to  Philip,  iv.  246. 

PiiiLOPCEMFH,  the  son  of  Crausia,  of  Megalopolis,  iii.  9.  E^ 
cated  by  Cawander  in  hia  younger  years,  ib,  Aftcnrank  wio 
the  tuition  of  Ecdetnus  and  Demophaucs,  who  deliiei  d»i 
country  from  lyraimy,  ib.  Excellently  formed  to  rirtut,  li- 
Called  the  last  of  the  Greulcs,  3.  His  visage  not  very  htmi'. 
ib.  Simple  in  his  manner  and  dress,  ib.  The  noty  of  his  bont" 
at  Megara,  ib.  What  Titus  tlaminius  said  oi  bini,  4v  £f» 
minondas  taken  by  him  as  his  pattern,  tb.  Despises  the  exen*' 
of  wrestling,  5.  Makes  incursions  inlo  Laconia,  i&.  Spc^ 
hiH  leisure  either  in  the  chase  or  agriculture,  i^.  Beads  £^ 
baoks  relative  to  war,  6.  Considers  military  excellence  at  Ik 
highest  of  human  ininroveroenls,  ib.  Thirty  yesra  (^  wko 
Cleomenes  surprised  Megalopolis,  ib.  Stands  upon  hu  defcan 
till  the  inhabitants  had  made  their  escape,  7.  Penuadea  iJkb 
not  to  return  till  Cleomoncs  had  left  the  place,  ib,  DietingitaMi 
himself,  under  .'Vnligonus,  in  a  buttle  with  Cleonienca  fi.  A 
saying  of  Aniigonus  concerning  him,  9.  AniigODU*  is  ituna 
of  retaining  him  in  hit  service ;  but  conscious  thai  h«  osaaO 
bear  a  superior,  he  goes  into  Crete,  whetti  he  gains  a  thri»^ 
knowledge  of  the  stratagems  of  war,  ib.  At  ^«  («tuni,  l« 
makes  a  great  reform  ia  the  Achaou  cavalry,  i$,  XVfratt  tkt 
^toliaog  and  Eluans  near  the  river  Larissua,  and  kiUi  DmW- 
phantus,  commander  of  the   Elean  horse,    10.      The    AcImiM 


'Ml 


INDEX.  47X 

called  in  fymga  {Nriaoet  in  the  time  of  Arattis,  but  stand  upon 
their  own  bottom  io  that  of  Phiiopcemen,  11.    Ue  corrects  ^e 
errors  of  the  AchcaBs,  in  drawing  up  their  forces^  and  in  the 
make  of  their  arms,  ib.     Turns  their  passion  for  show,  from 
dresSy  and  household  furniture,  to  arms,   12.    Takes  the  fidd 
against  Machanidas,  the  tyrant  of  Lacedsgmon,  13.    And  kills 
him  in  the  battle  of  Mantinea,  14.    The  Achssans,  on  that  ac* 
county  erect  a  statue  to  him  at  Delphi,  ib.    Passes  his  phalanx  in 
review  at  the  Nemean  games,  and  is  received  with  gveat  appiaase 
in  the  theatre,  15.    Philip  of  Macedon  sends  some  persona  to 
Argos,  to  assassinate  him,  16.     He  goes  to  rescue  the  Mesae* 
nians  from  Nabis,  the  tytaat  of  LacecUemon,  and  succeeds,  t^. 
Is  blamed  for  passing  a  second  time  into  Crete,  when  his  fellow- 
citizens  were  distrttsed  by  Nabis,  ib.    His  saying  concerning 
Ptolemy,  17.    The  Megalopolitans  inclined  to  pass  an  outlawry 
against  him,  ib.    While  in  Crete  he  outdoes  the  Cretans  them- 
selves in  art  and  stratagem,  18.    At  his  return,  he  finds  Philip 
beaten  by  Flaminius,  and  Nabis  engaged  in  war  both  with  tha 
Romans  and  Achseans,  ib*  He  is  chosen  eeneral  of  the  Achsans, 
ib.    Ventures  to  act  at  sea,  and  is  shamefullv  beaten,  ib.     Puts 
to  sea  again  to  relieve  Gythium,  and  succeeds,  19.   Nabis  comet 
upon  him,  as  he  was  marching  throygh  a  difficult  pass,  ib.    He 
puts  Nabis  and  the  Lacedemonians  to  the  rout,  and  kills  many  aa 
they  endeavour  to  regain  their  city  in  the  night,  ib.  20*     Senea 
Sparta,  and  joins  it  to  the  Achsean  laaffue,  20.    The  Laceds^* 
monians  sell  the  house  and  goods  of  Nabis,  and  by  a  public  order 
give  the  money  to  Philop<smen,  ib.    Philopcemen  refuses  the 
money,  21.    What  he  saia  upon  that  occasion,  iL    Philoposman 
enters  Sparta,  and  shuts  its  sates  upon  Diophanes  and  Flami^ 
nius,  22.    On  a  fresh  complamt  against  the  Spartans,  he  pott 
eighty  of  their  citiaena  to  death,  demolishes  their  walls,  and  adda 
great  part  of  their  territory  to  that  of  Meealopolis,  ib.    Compels 
them  to  give  their  children  an  Achaean  education,  ib.    Lamenta 
that  be  had  not  the  command  of  the  Achsans,  when  Antiochus 
and  the  Syrians  behaved  with  so  little  regard  to  discipline  in 
Greece,  23*    Contends  with  the  Romans,  afUr  they  had  eaU- 
blished  tbemaelves  in  Greece,  ib*    A  saying  of  hia  on  that  ocea« 
sioD,  ib.    Elected  general  of  the  Achseans  the  eighth  time,  when 
seventy  years  of  age,  24.    Says,  *  there  was  no  great  account 
to  be  made  of  a  man,  who  suffered  himsdf  to  be  taken  alive^'  ib* 
Though  sick,  marches  against  Dinocratea  with  a  small  corps 
of  Megalopolitan  volunteers,  ib.  25.    RepulseaDinocrates;  but 
some  fresh  troopa  coming  up,  he  ia  pushed  upon  the  rocks,  and 
his  horse  throws  him,  ib*    Is  taken  alive,  carried  off  in  an  igno- 
minious manner,  and  put  in  prison,  ib*  26.      The  Measenians 
tbemaelves  lament  hia  mil,  26.    The  AchaBsna  demand  him,  ii* 
Dinocratea  opens  the  dungeon  in  the  night,  and  sends  in  his 
servant  with  a  dose  of  poison,  ib*  27.      PhikipcBmen  inqnirea, 
whether  the  Megalopolitan  cavalry  had  escaped,  27.    Being  an- 
swered in  the  affirmative,  he  drinka  off  the  ,poison  with  great 
aatis&ction,  ib*    His  death  ills  ail  Achaia  wiA  grief  and  hun«i- 


«7S 

tntioc,  ib. 


INDEX. 


The  AcbEcans  march  against  the  MesBenUiu, 
venge  it,  is.     The  procesAion  of  the  AchieanB  to  Meigi 
with  his  recnninB,  28.     A   Roman  endeavours  long  aftervirdM 
get  hie  statues  pulled  down,  but.  Mummius  forbids  it.  ib.  39. 

Philosophers,  the  honour  done  thtm  by  Pottipey,  i».  179.  TTi^dir. 
ference  between  a  speculative  and  a  practical  philosopher,  ii.  29. 

PhiloiUphanKi,  \.  liS. 

Philattraltis,  the  philasopher.  Cato  psys  him  p^reat  respect,  t.  106. 
Octavius  dislikes  him,  and  why,  v.  502.  In  wliat  maBBcr  tie 
obtain*  his  pardon,  ib. 

Pbilotns,  the  son  of  Parmenio,  provokes  Alexander  b;  hii  pridf 
and  arrogance,  \i.  3H.  Has  hunting-nets,  tlial  reach  4n hunzted 
furlongs  in  lengtli,  S03.  Suppresses  an  iofortnation  of  Oewo 
against  the  king,  S15.     Is  seized  and  puttodeatli,  316. 

,  ofAmphissa,  t lie  physician,  v,  451.     Silencei  Bn  imptr- 

tinent  felloH' by  a  sophism,  i&.  Itewarded  for  ii,  bj  tbcsvaf 
Antony,  with  a  whole  service  of  plate,  \S2. 

Pkilotit,  or  Tvloia,  a  servant-maid   in   Itome,  her  Btraiuw  » 

E reserve  the  honour  of  tlie  Konian  virgins,  and  to  imwiiii  it" 
,Btins  in  their  camp,  i.  100,  403. 

PUiloxenus,  Alexander's  lieutenant  on  the  eea-cosst,  severdr  R- 
proved  hy  him  for  an  infamous  proposal,  iv.  272. 

■ — ,  son  of  Ptolemy,  sent  by  Pelopidas  Trom  Macedoa  ii  i 

hostage,  ii.  37*. 

,  the  poet,  hia  dithyrambicE,  iv,  250. 

,  marries  Thestc  the  sister  of  Dionysius  the  EWo',»i-flJ 

^Phlianu,  river,  iii.  226. 

iPhliasians,  iv.  101.  vj.  189. 

^Pilius,  V.  17*. 

{Phocaa,  iii.  192. 

Phogion,  came  to  the  administration  when  the  camtnonwealtti  >f 
Athens  was  no  more  than  a  wreck,  v.  2.  Probably  not  the  )» 
of  a  turner,  6.  Educated  by  Plato  and  Xenocrates  in  theici- 
demic  philosophy,  7.  Particularities  in  his  character,  ii.  Ha 
saying,  upon  Chares'  reflecting  on  his  couDtenance.  ii.  H* 
speeches  concise,  but  weighty  and  persuasive,  ii.  He  wen» 
under  Chabrias  in  his  youth,  and  helps  to  correct  the  iaipr- 
tuosity  of  that  general,  S.  His  gallant  behaviour  in  the  !a- 
fight  off  the  isle  of  N'axos,  9.  Goes  to  the  islands  with  a  nop 
ship,  and  prevails  with  them  to  send  their  quotas  of  ehme  r^ 
moiiey,  iS.  Endeavours  to  excel,  both  in  the  civil  nnd  tnilitin 
department,  which  was  not  the  custom  in  his  tiaie,  10.  Elecf^ 
general  iive-and-forty  times,  ib.  Popular,  though  he  oppomi 
the  inclinations  of  the  citizens,  11.  Several  aayion  <i 
his,  ib.  12 — H.  He  had  a  deal  of  goodness  and  hiuMnity 
notwithstanding  the  severity  of  his  expressionii,  14.  fJe  msic^ 
against  Philip  of  Macedon's  forces,  which  were  endeavouring  t> 
f^tablisii  themselves  in  Eubcco,  and  defeats  them,  15-:1T> 
Drives  Plutarch  out  of  Eretria,  17.  Makes  himaetr  naHrif 
the  fort  of  Zuretra,  ib.  ^uves  Byzantium  from  Philip,  m,  i^^ 
several  of  his  sliips,  and  recovers  cities  wliich  he  bctd  ) 


INDEX.  473 

ff^.  s  wounded,  and  returns  to  Athens,  ib.  Upon  an  applica- 
tion from  the  people  of  Megara^  he  fortifies  their  town,  ib.  De- 
mosthenes carries  it  against  him  for  war  with  Philip,  but  advised 
it*s  being  conducted  at  the  greatest  distance  from  Attica^  19. 
His  saying  upon  it,  ih*  The  people  are  with  much  difficulty 
prevailed  on  by  the  court  of  Areopagus,  to  put  their  concerns  in 
bis  hands,  ib.  He  gives  his  opinion  for  a  peace;  but  for  a 
peace,  the  conditions  of  which  should  be  previously  known,  20. 
The  error  of  the  Athenians  in  not  abiding  by  his  counsel,  ib* 
He  will  not  permit  any  rejoicings  at  Athens  on  the  death  of 
Philip,  ib.  Jkeproves  Demosthenes  for  his  invectives  against 
Alexander,  ib.  21.  Advises  the  giving  up  of  the  orators,  which 
Alexander  demanded,  21 .  Is  in  great  esteem  with  that  prince, 
who  will  not  receive  the  submission  of  tlie  Athenians  from  any 
other  hands,  ib.  Refuses  Alexander's  present,  22.  But  applies 
for  the  liberty  of  his  friends,  ib.  23.  Alexander  offers  him  his 
choice  of  four  cities  in  Asia,  but  he  rejects  the  offer,  ib.  His 
house  shown  in  the  time  of  Plutarch,  id.  The  excellent  charac* 
ter  of  his  wives,  ib,  24'.  His  son  Phocus  wins  the  prize  in  a  foot- 
race in  the  PanathenflM^  24.  Phocus  being  of  a  disorderly  turn, 
and  addicted  to  drinking,  his  father  carries  him  to  Laceda^mon, 
to  try  what  effect  the  discipline  of  Lycurgus  would  have  upon 
him,  ib.  25.  Alexander  applies  to  the  Athenians  for  ships,  and 
the  orators  advise  them  to  refuse  him,  25.  Phocion's  saying 
upon  it,  ib.  Harpalus  attempts  to  corrupt  him,  but  without 
effect,  ib.  Charicles,  being  called  to  account  by  the  people  for  the 
money  which  he  had  taken  of  Harpalus,  desires  in  vain  the  pro* 
tecdon  of  Phocion,  26.  Phocion's  advice  to  the  people  upon  the 
death  of  Alexander,  27.  He  opposes  the  Lamian  war,  Uf.  Still 
disapproves  it,  notwithstanding  the  success  of  Leosthenes,  28. 
At  the  age  of  fourscore,  takes  the  command,  beats  the  Macedo- 
nians, and  kills  their  general  Micion,  29,  30.  Is  sent  to  treat 
with  Antipater  of  peace,  31.  An  account  of  the  conditiof^s,  ib. 
The  Athenians  arc  forced  to  receive  a  Macedonian  garrison  into 
Munychia,  33.  McnvUus,  a  friend  of  Phocion,  who  commands 
the  garrison,  offers  rhocion  money,  35.  What  Pbociou  said 
upon  it,  ib.  36.  The  confidence  which  Nicanor  placed  in  Pho- 
cion, 38.  Nicanor  makes  an  attempt  upon  the  Piraeus,  and 
Phocion,  who  relied  too  much  upon  his  honour,  does  not  guard 
against  him  in  due  time,  39.  Aenonides  accuses  Phocion  of  trea« 
son,  f^.  Phocion  retires  to  Polyperchon,  40.  Deputies  are  sent 
to  the  camp  of  that  general  to  accuse  Phocion,  ib.  Phocion 
attempts  to  make  his  defence  before  Philip  Arrhidseus;  but  beine 
often  interrupted  by  Polyperchon,  holds  his  peace,  f^.  He  and 
others  are  declared  guilty  of  treason,  and  sent  back  to  Athena  to 
have  sentence  passed  upon  them  by  the  people,  41.  An  assem- 
bly of  slaves,  ibreigners,  infamous  persons,  and  citizens,  decree 
the  death  of  Phocion,  ib.  He  labours  to  save  his  friends,  but  is 
not  able,  42.  The  dignity  of  his  behaviour  in  the  last  scene  of 
bis  life,  43.  What  he  said  to  Thudippui,  on  bis  bewailing  li|(n- 
self,  id*    Other  excellent  sayings  of  his  on  that  occasion,  i6«^  A 


decree  |>a»e«l,  that  his  body  should  not  remain  nithia  thetwniidi 
ol' Attica;  aud  that  no  Athenian  shuuld  furnisli  fire  for  lUefuMb 
ral  pile,  44.  The  last  officee  are  perlumied  in  tbe  teniuc;  of 
Megsra,  ii.  The  Athenians  soon  repeetinp  of  what  ibej  hid 
done  erect  the  btatue  cf  Phocion  in  bras&,  bury  bis  reoiusi  M 
the  public  expense,  and  put  to  death  hie  principal  accuicf.  «L 
HiB  son  Phocus  destroys  two  more  of  his  accuBeii,  ih,  Ol 
proceedings  against  him  put  the  Greeks  in  miatl  of  those  aglMM 
Socrates,  4^. 

PA(«:««ttar,  ii.  St.  iiL222,  223,  318. 

iPkocU,  taken  by  Philip  of  Macedon,  *.  272. 

Phocus,  a  friend  of  Solon's,  i.  237. 

— ,  (on  of  Phocion,  is  victorious  in  the  foot-race,  t.  24.  Ollm 

particularii  concerning  him,  441. 

Phiebidas,  the  Lacedauuonian,  incited  by  Arcliias,  Leontidoc,  od 
Philip,  to  seize  the  citadel  of  Tbcbcs,  ii.  340.  iv.  99.  In  raw^ 
he  assists  them  against  the  deraocraiic  party  in  Thebes,  anck  ikcy 
become  tyrants,  ii.  347.  Deprived  of  his  comniaiul  by  theLH(> 
dtEmonians,  for  seizing  the  Cadraea,  yet  they  keep  tbe  fiirt,  316| 
3*7.     Killed  ai  Thespiie,  S.59. 

^Phoenicia,  given  by  Antony  to  Cleopatra,  v.  460. 

iPhcenicians,  their  Beet  beaten  b^  Cimon,  iii.  312. 

Phtrnix,  preceptor  to  Achilles,  iii.  3. 

,  of  Teuc<los,  one  of  Eumenes'  lieutenants,  iv,  46. 
,  the  Theban,  Alexander  insists  on  liis  being  eiven  m-U 
him,  with  Prothytcs,  iv.  256. 

Pkorbas,  favourite  of  Apollo,  i.  171. 

Phoriits,  father  of  Dexitliea,  i.  50. 

Piormio,  Demosthenes  composes  an  oration  for  him  ag^tA  Aflk 
lodorus,  and  anotlier  for  Apollodorus  against  FLoraiio,  v.  3G&>. 

Photiniis,  the  eunuch,  minister  to  Ptolemy  king  of  K^vpU  i^nM 
bim  to  put  Pompey  to  death,  iv.  225.  roims  a  scli'euw  uhmI 
Csesar  and  Cleopatra,  414.     Is  capitally  punished  by  CKsar,SSSl 

\Phruattt  besieged  by  Antony,  v.  462. 

Pkraales,  gives  his  fatlier  Oroties  poison,  and,  that  proving  iii«i^ 
tual,  despatches  him  another  way,  iii.  498.  His  meHag«,  w  ha( 
of  ParlUia,  to  Pompey,  and  Pompey' s  answer,  iv.  168.  BMW 
by  Afraniua,  Pompey's  lieutenant,  171-  Forms  a  strilMH 
against  Antony,  v.  464. 

PkrasUltn,  uephew  to  Themistoctes,  marries  his  (laughter  Kin^ 
cha,  i.  35S. 

Phrearians,  the  people  of  Phrear,  one  of  the  waids  at  \tbciM^  l 
811. 

PhrixHs,  8  Spartan,  iv.  113. 

iPhyr^ia,  iv.  49,  84,  266. 

Phr^giui,  one  of  Alexander's  companions,  expelled  from  Ma» 
doD  bv  Philip,  iv.  254'. 

Phrfftu'chus,  an  Athenian  general  opposes  the  couiuek  of  AlcitHad* 
St  SanioB,  and  discovers  them  to  tne  enemy,  ii.  151.  Is  MabM 
b^  one  of  Herraos's  men,  Uid  lubsequentiy  declared  «  tnuMr  M 
hk  country,  ri. 


INDEX.  ft* 

PtryiMm,  the  Mmio  pMt,  i.  S18.  ii.  141 . 
Phrynisy  a  musiciaDy  v,  HS. 
Phruxus,     See  Phrixus. 

Phihia^  wife  of  Admetus,  king  of  the  Molossians,  i.  S47. 
■  ..'  -"ii-,  tha  mother  of  P3nnrlMi8,  iii.  66. 
fPhthiota,  ii.  385.  iii.  43. 

PkmgadoikeraSf  or  ^  Exiie-hiiiiter/  who  so  called,  v.  286. 
P&jftndaaSf  Ihe  people  of  one  of  the  wards  of  Athens,  i.  232. 
Pk^gea^  oae  of  the  ward*  of  Athens,  ii.  144. 
Fh^^adam^  the  concubine  of  StraU>cles,  t.  S7S. 
PAy&iircAiM,  the  historian^  iiu  107. 
inuhf  castle  of,  iii.  ^14.  ▼.  885. 
PikifiHui,  ighta  gallaBtfy  in  deflmoe  of  Sparta,  iii.  108. 
PhytaUd€B.    ThMeus  meets  with  the  first  instance  of  hoqpitalii^ 

from  them  in  Attica,  i.  12.    Were  the  descendents  of  PhytakiSy 

ib,  n,    Phytalus,  entrusted  by  Ceres  with  the  secret  of  ^thrat^ 

ing  the  fig-tree,  ib. 
\Picenumy  or  the  Picene^  ii.  392.  iy.  131. 
•fPfcin^,  or  rather  PtcUe^  iii.  244. 
Piau  and  JVnimcc,  two  demi*god%  the  story  of  their  being  tdieis 

by  Numa,  and  obliged  to  instruct  him  in  certain  charms  and 

expiations,  i.  194. 
Pierio^  a  poet,  iv.  318. 
jPtf^,  iv.  45. 

Puldr^  set  up  in  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  by  Theseus,  i.  31. 
PiMst  feast  of.    See  Cybemesia, 

Pinarii,  said  to.  be  descended  firom  Pinus,  the  son  of  Noma,  L  20ii» ' 
PinaritUf  i.  214. 
Pindarf  verses  of  his,  L  146.    The  fiivourite  of  Pan,  172.    Alex^ 

ander  spares  his  iamihr  in  Thebes,  iv.  256,  257.     Pindar  and 

Epamiaondas  redeem  the  credit  of  Bosotio,  I.  xxviii. 
PindaruSf  despatches  Cassius  at  his  request,  vi.  96. 
Piraica^  one  of  the  gates  of  Athens,  i.  34. 
piritus,  the  Athenian  harbour,  Sphodrias  makes  an  attempt  qpea 

it,  iv.  101.     Erginns,  a  friend  m  Aratus,  and  Aratus  himMif,  dd 

the  same,  vi.  186.     Sylla  takes  it,  iii.  251. 
PiraieSy  those  of  Cilicia  masters  of  the  seas,  iv.  15%  153*    TImIp 

extreme  insolence,  153.    Conquered  by  Pompey,  157. 
Piritkous.    His  friendship  with  Theseus,  >.  38.      He  marries  IM«k 

damia,  f&.    Assists  Theseus  in  the  rape  ef  Helen,  40.    Attempta 

to  carry  off  Core,  the  daughter  of  Aldoneus,  and  is  torn  to  piaacs 

by  his  dogs,  t^. 
PisandcTy  sent  from  Samos  to  Athens,  to  change  the  government 

from  a  democracy  to  an  anstocratical  form,  ii.  151. 
■     ■  ,  brother-in-law  to  Agesilaus,  appointed  by  him  admiral» 

iv.  82.    Is  defeated  and  slain,  91. 
fPisaunmy  v.  483. 
PUmnacHoHy  or  PlesianacHaUj  iii.  298. 
fPutdianiy  iv.  266. 
JPu»,  the  Thespian,  his  authority  in  Thebes,  v.  404.    Denletvfais 


§78  INDEX, 

lakes  him  prisoner,    but   afterward   makea     him    gorenmr  i 
Thespin,  ii. 
Pisutraiidit,  i.2M,n. 
PmitralidaA,i.l51. 
Pisistralides,  sent  ambassador  from  Sparta  to  the  Peraua  jiirif^ 

a  saj'ing  of  his  to  them,  i.  151. 
Pmslratu.',  strikes  a  line  out  of  Hesiod  to  (fratify  the 
II  i.SS.     The  kineman  of  Solon,  218.     His    character,  «ka.m 

I    I  Causet  himself  to  be  wounded  in  severs!  places,  and  prrceodil 

"  have  received  those  wounds  from  the  nobility,  265.     ObO" 

piaril  from  the  puople,  and  by  means  of  that  ^uard  ceubi 
up  tyrant,  i6.  266.     Is  accused  of  murder,  and  though  p 
flf  supreme  power,  submiu  to  a  trial  before  the  court  of  ArsM 
gas,  967.     Makes  a  law  in  favour  of  such  as  were  maimed  in  a 
wait,  ill- 
Pwn,  Calpurnius,  V.83.     Cssar  niEUTies  his  daughter,  and 
tijin  the  consul  the  next  year,  tb. 

,  Caius,  the  historian,  iii.  179. 

,  Cicero's8on-in-law,T.33I. 

■  '  ,  the  consul,  Cbdius  assigns  bim  the  province  of  MaodMl 
V.S29. 

,  adopted  by  Oalba,  vi.  233,  234.    His  excellent  qiialiti(>,2)i 

He  is  killed  by  Otho's  party,  near  the  temple  of  Voto.  SW     k 
Pifsuthnes,  the  son  ofHystaspes,  a  iTieod  to  the    people  iif  liam 

^Pitana,  Mithridates  shut  himself  up  in  that  cttv,  iii.  330l 

Pklaeus,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men,  the  Mityleneona^ 
for  their  sovereign,  i.  236. 

PiHheus,  grandfather  of  Theseus  by  the  mother's  side,  ftwirff  M 
city  of  Troezene,  i.4.  Teaches  rhetoric  there,  ih.  m.  M<rf 
sentence  ascribed  to  him,  ib.     Theseus  brought  up  br  hia 

iPityusa,  isle  of,  n.  10. 

\Ptnctntia,  vi.  250. 

Plague.     See  PtstUenci. 

Planeus,  accused  and  cast,  though  Pompey  appeared  in  hia 
iv.  197.     Goes  over  from  Antony  to  Augustus,  v.  481. 

Planting,  Solon's  law  concerning  it,  i,  £59. 

*Plalaat,  battle  of,  ii.  474 — *76. 

Ptatamui,  Alexander's  compliment  to  them  upon  it  lone  after,  lA 
^5.  They  build  a  temble  to  Minerva,  ii.  47H.  The  Gndr 
yield  them  the  prime  honour  of  the  day,  in  the  battle  ngMBtf  ^ 
Pereians,  478.  Games  of  liberty  celebrated  aiuongst  thain.  4A 
480,481. 

Plato,  i.40,n.  a  passage  in  his  writing*  concerning  the  happy  ____- 
royal  authority,  and  a  philosophical  mind  united,  804^  v,  364^  fW- 
«idesl"nr  the  expenses  of  his  voyage  into  Egypt,"iy  the  merdMnte 
aroil,i.22l.  Fmds fault  with  Kiidovus  aitd  .'\ruliytaa, fornnMtf 
the  mathematics  to  mechanic  purposes,  ti.408.  T1ir»e  UcSm^ 
for  whieh  he  thanked  his  good  genius,  iii.  180.  AdmilM^ 
poetry  of  Antimacliui,  and  comfnrta  him  wlno  the  """ 


^ 


INDEX.  4ns 

was  given  byL^saqder  to  NiceraluB,  211.  What  Cicenriaid 
of  him»  ▼•  S21 .  The  Cyrenians  apply  to  him  for  a  body  of  laws, 
and  he  tells  them,  it  is  hard  to  give  laws  to  wealthy  people,  iii. 
328.  His  doctrines  derive  their  authority  from  his  exemplary 
life,  and  from  his  asserting  a  divine  principle  superior  to  neoes- 
sity  and  fate,  435.  A  maxim  of  his,  v.  397.  Another,  vu  3. 
Directed  by  the  gods  into  Sicily,  5.  Sent  away  by  Dionysius 
the  Elder,  and  sold  at  ^gina  for  a  slave,  6.  Dion,  his  disciple, 
5.  Returns  to  Sicily,  10.  The  great  effect  which  his  instnic- 
tions  had  at  first  upon  Dionysius  the  Younger,  12,  13.  Enters 
tains  the  Athenians  with  games,  at  Dion's  expense,  16.  Ke« 
turns  a  third  time  to  Sicily,  17.  Archytas  defnands  him  of  Diony« 
sius  the  Younger,  in  the  name  of  Uie  philosophers,  19.  De- 
mosthenes, his  disciple,  v.  256, 

PlatOf  the  comic  poet,  ii.  7,  127. 

Plebeian  consul.  When  first  created,  Plebeians  gain  the  privfltge 
of  having  tribunes  to  protect  their  rights,  i.  286,  n. 

•fPlemm^unif  iii.  430. 

Pliny ^  i.  18,  m 

Plisiarchus,  the  brother  of  Cassander,  v.  396. 

PUstintu^  brother  to  Faustulus,  killed  in  the  dispute  between  Ro* 
mulus  and  Remus,  i.  64. 

PUstonaXf  king  of  the  Lacedsemonians  retires  from  Attica,  by 
the  advice  of  Cleandrides,  and  is  fined  for  it  so  high,  that  he  is 
obliged  to  quit  his  country,  ii.  35.  His  answer  to  an  Athenian, 
who  said  that  the  Lacedaemonians  were  not  learned,  i.  143. 

Plutarch,  author  of  these  Lives,  confirms  the  reputation  which 
Bceotia  had  recovered,  I.  xxviii.  Chteronea,  the  place  of  his 
birth,  ib.  He  acknowledges  the  stupidity  of  the  Bceotians  m 
general,  but  imputes  it  rather  to  their  diet,  than  their  air,  ib. 
The  year,  in  which  he  was  born,  not  easy  to  be  ascertained,  ib. 
He  studied  philosophy  under  Ammonius,-  at  Delphi,  when  Nero 
made  his  progress  into  Greece,  xxix.  Plutarch,  when  he  learn- 
ed the  Roman  language,  which  was  not  till  he  was  some* 
what  advanced  in  life,  got  the  knowledge  of  words  from  bis 
knowledge  of  things,  xxxL  An  instance  of  his  early  skill  in 
criticism,  in  his  dissertation  on  the  word  f«,  engraved  on  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  ib.  The  works  of  their  poets  were  almoet 
universally  committed  to  memorv  by  the  Greeks,  xxxiiL  The 
advantage  Plutarch  made  of  tnat  mode  of  education,  xxxiv. 
Yet  sometimes  he  made  mistakes  by  trusting  too  much  to  his 
memory,  ib.  He  was  probably  of  the  Latter  Academy,  but 
borrowed  notwithstanding  what  he  found  excellent  in  every 
sect.  ib.  XXXV.  His  benevolent  regards  to  the  animal  creatioiip 
xxxYi.  He  pays  great  attention  to  dreams,  xxxix.  His  read- 
ing prodigiously  extensive,  xl.  His  family  not  without  weakh, 
ib.  He  had  the  happiness  to  know  his  great  grandfather  Niciiw 
chus,  ib.  His  grandfather  Lamprias,  a  man  of  great  eloquence, 
and  an  excellent  companion,  ib.  His  father,  a  learned  and  viiv 
tuous  man,  but  his  name  not  delivered  down  to  us,  ib.  Aii  in- 
stance of  his  father's  discretion,  xli.     Plutarch's  affection  to  his 

6 


«T8  IH^X. 

takes  him  prisoner,  but  afterwarcl  taafces  him  goremor  a 
ThespiiE,  ib. 

Pisiftrotida,  i.  244,  n. 

Pisistralida/,  i.  151. 

Pisislrnlidei,  sent  ambassador  from  Sparta  to  the  PersiaB  Sarn^. 
a  saying  of  liis  to  thcin,  i.  151. 

Pisistratu!,  ctrikcs  a  line  out  of  Heiiod  to  gratify  the  Alhenuu, 
).  33>  The  kinEfnan  of  SoIod,  218.  His  character,  i^.  a.-m, 
Causes  himself  to  be  wounded  in  several  places,  and  precendi  K 
haTe  received  those  nounds  from  the  nobility,  265.  Oixaiw  a 
{Tuard  from  the  people,  and  hv  meana  of  that  guard  sett  binaelf 

up  tyrant,  ib.  266.     Is  accused  of  murder,  and  though  | laij 

of  supreme  power,  submits  to  a  trial  before  the  court  of  Areopt- 
gus,  987.  Makes  a  law  in  favour  of  such  aa  were  maimed  ia  tto 
wart,  i&. 

Piso,  CalpurniuB,  v.  83.  Cwsar  marries  his  dQugbter,  and  ^t* 
hira  the  consul  the  next  year,  ib. 

,  Caius.  the  historian,  lii.  179. 

Cicero's  son-in-law  v.  331. 

-•—,  the  consul,  Ck>d)UB  assigns  him  the   proviocc  of  Mm 

,  adopted  by  Galba,  vi.  233,  234.    His  excellent  qualiti-,- 

He  is  killed  by  Otho'a  party,  near  the  temple  of  Vesta,  Wi. 

Pissttthnes,  the  son  of  Hystaspes,  a  friend  to  the  people  of  ShM), 
ii.  39. 

^Pilana,  MithridateB  shut  himself  Up  in  that  cttv,  iii.  330. 

PUtaeiis,  one  of  tlic  seven  wise  men,  the  Mityleneans  cbeow  bin 
for  their  sovereign,  i.  236. 

Piltheus,  grandfother  of  Theseus  by  the  motlier's  aide,  foondi  (1» 
city  of  Trcezene,  i.4.  Teaches  rhetoric  there,  i^  ■.  Moni 
sentence  ascribed  to  him,  ii,     Theseus  brought  up  bv  him,6. 

iPityu$a,  isle  of,  W.  10.  ' 

iPlacentia,  vi.  250.  

Plague.     See  Ptstilence. 

Plancus,  accused  and  cast,  though  Pompey  appeared  in  I 
iv.  197-     Goes  over  from  Antony  lo  Augustus,  v.  48i. 

Planting,  Solon's  Uw  concerning  it,  i.  253. 

^Plalaa,  battle  of,  ii.47+ — 476. 

JYofiraBj,  Alexander's  compliment  to  them  upon  it  long  after,  it. 
295.  They  build  a  temble  to  Minerva,  ii.  4'78.  The  Gtnb 
yield  them  the  prime  honour  of  the  d>^,  in  the  bottle  againat  liw 
Persians,  478.  Games  of  liberty  celebrated  amoogat  tltent,  478 
480,481. 

P^fo,  i.40,n.  a  passage  in  his  u-ritings  concerning  the  happy  efleettif 
^ul  authority,  and  a  philosophical  mind  united,  S04.  v.  364.  P(«- 
les  for  the  expenses  of  his  voyage  into  Egypt,  Sy  the  nierchandMC 
cfoil.i.Sai.  Fmds  fault  with  P:udo\usand  .\rchyta»,  foeapplrinf 
the  mathematics  to  mechanic  purposes,  ii.408.  lliree  blenuue*. 
for  which  he  thanked  his  good  genius,  iii,  180.  AdmirM  ilw 
poetry  of  Antimachus,  and  comforts  him  when  the  prefer^iKP 


;£ 


INDEX.  477 

waa  given  byLysaqder  to  Niceratui^  911.  What  Cicero  said 
of  hiiDy  V.  S21.  The  Cyrenians  apply  lo  hiui  for  a  body  of  laws, 
and  he  tells  theniy  it  is  hard  to  give  laws  to  wealthy  people,  iii. 
328.  His  doctrines  derive  their  authority  from  his  exemplary 
life,  and  from  his  asserting  a  divine  principle  superior  to  neces- 
sity and  fate,  435.  A  maxim  of  his,  v.  397.  Another,  vL  S. 
Directed  by  the  gods  into  Sicily,  5.  Sent  away  by  Diooysius 
the  Elder,  and  sold  at  ^gina  for  a  slave,  6.  Dion,  nis  disciple, 
5.  Returns  to  Sicily,  10.  The  great  effect  which  his  instruc- 
tions had  at  first  upon  Diooysius  the  Younger,  12,  IS.  Enter- 
tains the  Athenians  with  games,  at  Dion's  expense,  16.  Re- 
turns a  third  time  to  Sicily,  17.  Archytas  demands  him  of  Diony- 
sius  the  Younger,  in  the  name  of  the  philosophers,  19.  De- 
mosthenes, his  disciple,  v.  256. 

Plato,  the  comic  poet,  ii.  7,  127. 

Plebeian  consul.  When  first  created.  Plebeians  gain  the  privilege 
of  having  tribunes  to  protect  their  rights,  i.  286,  ». 

f  P/mmynum,  iii.  430. 

Pliny ^  i.  18,  n. 

Plistarchutf  the  brother  of  Cassander,  v.  396. 

PUstinuSf  brother  to  Faustulus,  killed  in  the  dispute  between  Ro* 
mulus  and  Remus,  i.  64. 

PlistonaXf  king  of  the  Lacedsemonians  retires  from  Attica,  br 
the  advice  of  Cleandrides,  and  is  fined  for  it  so  high,  that  he  is 
obliged  to  quit  his  country,  ii.  35.  His  answer  to  an  Athenian, 
who  said  that  the  Lacedaemonians  were  not  learned,  i.  143. 

Plutarch,  author  of  tliese  Lives,  confirms  the  reputation  which 
Boeotia  had  recovered,  I.  xxviii.  Chaeronea,  the  place  of  his 
birth,  i6.  He  acknowledges  the  stupidity  of  the  bceotians  in 
general,  but  imputes  it  rather  to  their  diet,  than  their  air,  ib. 
The  year,  in  which  he  was  born,  not  easy  to  be  ascertained,  ih. 
He  studied  philosophy  under  Ammonius,-  at  Delphi,  when  Nero 
made  his  progress  into  Greece,  xxix.  Plutarch,  when  he  learn- 
ed the  Roman  language,  which  was  not  till  he  was  some- 
what advanced  in  life,  got  the  knowledge  of  words  from  hit 
knowledge  of  things,  xxxL  An  instance  of  his  early  skill  in 
criticism,  in  his  dissertation  on  the  word  k,  engraved  on  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  ib.  The  works  of  their  poets  were  almost 
universally  committed  to  memory  by  the  Greeks,  xxxiiL  The 
advantage  Plutarch  made  of  that  mode  of  education,  xxxiv. 
Yet  sometimes  he  made  mistakes  by  trusting  too  much  to  his 
memory,  id.  He  was  probably  of  the  Latter  Academy,  but 
borrowed  notwithstanding  what  he  found  excellent  in  every 
sect.  ib.  XXXV.  His  benevolent  regards  to  the  animal  creatioiip 
XXX vi.  He  pays  great  attention  to  dreams,  xxxix.  His  read- 
ing prodigiously  extensive,  xl.  His  family  not  without  wealth, 
ib.  He  had  the  happiness  to  know  his  great  grandfiither  Nioar» 
chus,  ib.  His  grandfather  Lamprias,  a  man  ^  great  eloquence^ 
and  an  excellent  companion,  ib.  His  father,  a  learned  and  viiw 
tuous  man,  but  his  name  not  delivered  down  to  us,  ii*  An  in- 
stance of  his  father's  discretion,  xli.     PluUrch*s  afl^on  to  his 

6 


L 


two  brothers,  Timon  and  Lamprias,  ift.  H«  in  t»\i  to  tmn 
passed  into  Egypt,  it.  Undoubtedly  visited  lulj-,  iDd  pro- 
bably on  tame  business  of  the  Chteroneaas,  xlii.  PrtiMbb 
wrote  his  Morols  at  Rome,  and  his  Lives  at  Chsenmo^  iliil 
CorstantJy  kept  a  common-place  book,  xHv.  \Vm»  at  RMoeiod 
otlipr  pnrts  of  Italy,  almost  forty  years.  H.  Colleited  atnj 
mnierials  from  conversation,  it.  He  made  no  great  pr«^T^kft 
the  Latin  tongue,  xlv.  Tells  us  himsetf  that  he  wrote  the  Lntt 
of  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  at  Chsronea,  slvi.  Did  aot  retire 
lo  Chironed  till  after  the  death  of  Trajan,  ib.  The  heok  oi 
Apophthegms,  Mipposed  10  be  wrillen  by  another  hand,  li-  fV* 
ccptor  lo  Trajan,  by  nhom  he  was  raised  to  the  consular  htpii\\ , 
and  appointed  governor  of  lllyria.  ih.  His  letter  to  Traiao.  sic 
the  genuineness  of  it  defended,  16.  nlvii.  n.  The  allemlon  p^J 
by  tlic  Roman  nobility  to  hij  lectures,  xlvii.  An  iiiMancti  tin 
in  Arulenus  Husticus,  iS,  Hia  iriendBbip  witli  Soaaiut  Sencci^ 
jjviii.  His  being  preceptor  to  Trajan  defertded,  xli\.  Emw 
as  to  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  bi»  rcputAticm  in  Root, 
refuted,  and  the  real  time  asserted,  1 .  The  Roman  writen^  >^ 
were  his  contemporaries,  probably  jealous  of  his  fame,  ii.  T» 
timonies  of  other  writers  to  hia  merit,  li.  lii.  He  retim  in  ib 
decline  of  life  to  Chieronefl,  and  there  writes  his  Li»e»,  li". 
Criti<]ue  upon  those  Lives,  ib,  liv.  Plutarch's  sentimrat*  vf  i^i 
duty  of  a  biographer,  Iv.  He  was  conaiitntionally  rcti^oit->. 
and  therefore  too  indulgent  to  superstition,  Ivi.  \et,  upon  t^r 
uhole,  had  honourable  notions  of  the  Supreme  Bein^  d  Hii 
opinion  of  Genii  or  Dsmons,  ib.  Ivii,  I  le  is  conaecniad  prwM 
of  Apotio,  Ivii.  Elected  archon  of  Chacrnnea,  hfii,  Jurtly 
amcrts,  thut  the  most  dangerous  public  I'acliong  are  oAtnU  6nt 
kindled  by  private  misunderstandings,  lix.  He  BSaero  aba  the 
necessity  of  obedience  and  detcrence  to  maciatrataa,  iWry* 
they  happen  lo  be  our  iDferiors,  Ix.  A  republican  at  bcvt,  »i 
a  friend  to  liber^r,  ii.  His  domestic  connexions,  Ui.  lb 
name  of  his  wife  Timoiena,  Kii.  Her  character,  £k  He  W 
at  least  five  children  by  her,  four  sons,  and  a  daughter,  ii.  T«» 
of  his  sons  and  his  daughter  (lie  young,  16.  Ixiii.  He  left  (» 
sons,  Plutarch  and  Lamprias :  The  latter  lina  given  ua  a  Oti- 
Icgue  of  his  father's  writings,  ti.  I\iv.  A  list  of  those  wliicltvi 
lost,  Ixiv.  Ixv.  His  nephew  Sestua  teaches  the  Gre^^k  ISDMft 
and  learning  to  Marcus  Antoninus,  Ikv.  The  characi»r  pt* 
by  that  emperor,  of  Sextu?,  applicable  to  Plutarch,  rt.  Owv 
thor  enjoyed  that  reward  of  philosophy,  long  life;  but  of  lk 
time  of  his  death  we  have  no  satisfactory  account,    ib. 

Plutarch  of  Ereiria,  asks  assistance  of  the  Athenians,  v.  15,  B* 
is  defeated  by  the  Macedonians,  16.  Driven  out  a(  Eratfit  tf 
Phocion,  17. 

Pliitu),  the  god  of  riches,  not  only  blind,  but  without  aenae  mi 
motion  at  Sparia,  i.  ISS. 

Pli/nteria,  the  time  during  which  the  ornamenls  of  the 

or  image  of  Mtocrva,  are  purified,  and  the  image  hatlf  !■ 
up,  ii.  163. 


INDEX.  4?f 

Pnux^  u  S4*  The  Rostnun  from  which  the  Athenian  orators  9fakk 

there^  turned  toward  the  sea  by  Themlstocles.  i.  341. 
-^Po^  river,  iii.  150.   vi.  254,  255. 
P€ecile,  iii.  298. 
Poisoners^    Their  heads  crushed  flat  between  two  broad  stones  in 

Persia,  vi.  1S6. 
Polemarchs^  among  the  Spartans,  i.  128.    The  annual  govemorg  iof 

Boeotia,  so  called,  ii.  348.     Who  so  called  amongst  the  Athe* 

nians,  i.  244,  n. 
Pokmon^  Alcestas  and  Docimus  dispute  the  command  with  En- 

menes,  iv.  49. 
Polemo  the  geographer,  vi.  165. 

,  king  of  Pontus,  Antony's  ally  taken  prisoner  by  the  Pto« 

thians    v.  462. 
Politics,  'ii.  192.  v.  4, 133,  246,  277,  300,  305,  357. 
PoUichiuf  the  Syracusan,  uncle  to  Heraclides,  goes  with  ten  gallies 

against  Nicias,  to  assist  his  nephew  who  was  in  danger  of  being 

tiucen,  iii.  436. 
Pollio,  the  troops  of  Otlio  find  fault  with  him,  vi.  263. 
PoUis  the  Spartan,  takes  Plato  on  board  his  ship  by  desire  of 

Dionysius  the  Elder,  and  sells  him  for  a  slave,  vi.  6. 
Pollux.    See  Casior  and  Pollux. 
PoluSf  of  ^Bgina,  a  celebrated  actor,  v.  286. 
Polycenusy  a  friend  of  Philopoemen,  iiL  14. 
Po^arces,  the  Lacedaemonian  embassador,  ii.  46.    His  sajring  ta 

Pericles,  ib. 
Polybius,  son  of  Lycortas,  carries  Philopoemen*s  urn,   which  is 

attended  with  a  mixture  of  triumphal  and  funeral  pomp,  iii.  28. 

Solicits  Cato  in  favour  of  the  Achaean  exiles,  ii.  4(H. 
Polycldiis,  one  of  Nero's  ministers,  put  to  death  by  Galba,  tL 

227. 
— —  the  statuary,  ii.  4. 
Polycrates  the  Sicyonian,  a  descendent  of  Aratus,  vi.  153.    Fhi- 

tarch  addresses  the  life  of  Aratus  to  him,  152. 
tyrant  of  Samos,  ii.  40.    Lysander  follows  his  example. 

iii.  196. 
Pdycrite,  daughter  of  Lysimachus  the  son  of  Aristides,  ii.  489. 

The  Athenians  assign  her  a  public  allowance^  out  of  regard  to 

her  grandfather,  ib. 
Polycritus  the  Mendssan,  physician  to  Artaxerxes,  vi.  138. 
PofydecteSf  son  of  Eunomus,  and  half-brother  to  LycurguSt  i. 

111. 
Pol^dorut  and  Theopompus>  kings  of  Sparta,  insert  a  clause  in  di« 

Rhetra,  i.  120. 
PolueucieSf  one  of  the  sons  of  Themistocles,  i.  357. 
Polyeuctus  the  Sphettian,  exhorts  the  Athenians  to  war,  and  it 

proves  a  laborious  piece  of  work  to  him  to  speak  about  it,  t. 

12,  13.    Fhocion's  observation  thereupon,  13.    He  calls  De- 
mosthenes the  greatest  oratori  but  Phocion  thie  best 
.    r- 7,  8, 263. 


1  have    had   an    iatrigoe  vM 


I 


Poi'/gnotus  the  painter,  supposci)  I 
£lpinice,  iii.  298. 

I ,  [ower  of,  vi,  liR. 

Poli/machus,  a  Maciidonmu,  pul  to  tleatli  by  AIeumdi;r  fit  pre- 
sumiog  to  rifle  the  tomb  of  Cyrui,  iv.  M2. 

Polifmedrs,  father  of  Glaucus,  v.  16. 

PoiyperchMi,  or  Po/ysperchon,  declarec!  general  of  tlie  biiit  h 
Antipater  a  little  before  his  death,  v.  37. 

■ and  Lep[inL':>  kill  Callippua,  vi,  53,  54. 

Poit/phron  killed  by  his  nephew  Alexander,  tyrant  of  Phcn;  ■*» 
consecrntes  the  aitear  vith  which  he  despatched  hun,  ii.ST7. 

Polution,  joioB  Alcibiadea  id  prophaoing  the  sacred  myMenct,  u. 
188. 

fPoli/selium,  iii,  4-K). 

Polyalu-u  the  Rhodian,   i.  2S9. 

Pomascelhres  tlic  Parthian  kUlfi  Crassus,  iii.  494^  Obtauicthe<» 
tomary  reward,  407- 

Pomerium,  what,  and  why  bo  called,  i.  65, 

Poinpeia,  the  third  wife  of  Caaari  suspected  of  an  intrin*  mA 
Clodius,  V.  326,  327.     Cassar  divorces  her,  32!). 

•\Pomptii,  V.  302. 

Povipeitu,  a  senator,  accuses  Tiberius  Gracchus  of  aspinDs  10  it 
aovereigmy.  v.  211.  * 

,  AuIuB.     See  Aulta  Pomptiut. 

■ . ^l/"«.  consul  with  Sylln,  iii.   164,   «.   239.    HifMia 

killed  by  the  tribune  Sulpitius,  iii,  It)4. 

FoMPEY,  soil  of  Slrabo,  as  much  beloved  by  the  Bm^umUi 
father  nas  hated,  iv.  126.  His  excellent  quaiidv,  A.  Tie 
beauty  and  dignity  of  his  person,  127.  Like  Atei«^  ^ 
Great,  ib.  Flora's  passion  for  him,  ib.  Simple  in  hii  diMi  V^- 
His  saying  upon  his  physician's  ordering  him  a  thrush,  A.  S«nfi 
under  his  father  against  Ciona,  ib.  Save*  hiaiself  sad  bisb^ff 
from  being  asaawinated,  and  prevents  the  troops  frtxn  ;j|rrihy, 

129.  Defends  himself,  and  his  deceased  father,  u  the  bar  ntt 
applause,  ib.     The  prietor  Anlistius  Hives  him  his  daaehter,^ 

130.  He  repair*  to  Cinna's  camp,  but  soon  after  dieappeanf* 
(0 me  time,  130.  Kaises  forces  in  the  Picene,  131.  Marehff" 
join  Sylla,  ]:J2.     On  the  way  defeats  three  genentle  of  tb*  of- 

Eosite  party,  ib.  Scipio  the  consul  advances  aeaioit  htm,  tal 
is  men  desert  to  Pompey,  ib.  Pompey  defeuta  Carho's  ca*alrf. 
183<  Sylla  marclie«  to  Pompey,  and  salutes  him  Imperaiar  ^ 
Pompty  goes,  at  the  request  of  Metellus,  to  his  aaMstaocs  • 
Gaul,  ib.  lili.  He  is  persuaded  lo  divorce  Anttstia,  and  k 
marry  ^^niilia,  daughter-in-law  to  Sylla,  131-.  He  expcbhr' 
penna  from  Sicily,  and  recovers  that  island,  135.  Putt  CaAa> 
death,  ib.  Spares  the  Himeream  fur  a  bold  sayinir  of  dtM 
countryman  Sthenis,  136.  Saile  Ui  Africa  with  a  powrrfol  fc« 
and  army,  13".  Seven  thousand  of  the  enemy  revolt  to  him,  A 
His  eoldiers,  with  a  spirit  of  infatuation,  dig  for  treaaorv  Ar' 
the  ruins  of  Carthage,  ii.     He  defcau  and  kllla  OooUiaa,  1S$- 


JNDEX. 


481 


Takes  larbot  prisoner,  and  gi^ea  his  crown  tn  Hiempscil,  ib 
Ue^uces  Africa  in  forty  Jaya,  ib.  139.  Sj'ila  seniis  litm  an  humi- 
liating order,  with  regard  to  the  disposition  of  his  troops,  at 
which  the  army  express  their  indignatinn,  139.  At  his  return 
to  Rome,  Sylla  gives  him  the  surname  of  Magnus,  /*.  He  de- 
mands a  triumph,  and  gains  it  after  some  opposition  from  Svlla, 

■  140,  HI.  Refiises  to  flatter  the  army,  141,  Oeta  Lepidus"  re- 
turned consnl,  against  the  will  of  Syfla,  I'tS.  Sylla'a  prediction 
thereupon  soon  verified,  i6.  Sylla  takes  no  notice  of  him  in  his 
will,  yet  he  procures  Syllir  interment  in  the  Campus  Martius, 
though  opposed  by  Lcpidus,  ib.  Lepidus  collecis  the  remains 
of  the  Mnrtan  faction,  and  sets  up  tor  dictator,  ib,  Potnpcy  is 
sent  against  him  by  Catullus  the  other  consul,  and  soon  defeats 
Lepidus  and  aft  his  partisans,  l+S.  Behaves  dishonourably  to 
BrutLi«  who  bad  surrendered  Mutina,  ib.  Has  interest  enoQf;li 
to  be  sent  in  aid  to  Metellus  Pius  against  Scrtoriua  in  Spain,  lit, 
Sertortus  expresses  bis  contempt  of  him,  14^.  He  is  afflicted  at 
the  loss  of  Lauron,  which  Sertorius  burns  in  his  presence,  ib. 
Defeats  Heretinius  and  Pcrpenna,  ib.  Fights  the  battle  of  Sucro, 
from  which  be  escapes  by  qoittiag  his  liorSe  with  eold  trappings, 
146.     Behaves  with  great  respect  to  Metellus,  ib.     Applies  lo 

'  the  senate  fiir  money  lo  pay  his  troops,  and  Lucullus,  who  waa 
'  jealous  of  liim  as  a  competitor  for  the  command  against  Mifhri- 
'  dates,  takes  care  to  see  the  roonejr  sent,  1*7.  By  a  stratagem 
draws  Perpenna  into  the  field,  defeats  him,  and  puts  him  to  death, 
)j.  148.  Very  prudently  destroys  the  papers  of  Sertorius,  14S. 
'  Returns  ia  Italy,  when  Crassus  had  almost  flnished  the  wat  with 
the  gladiators,  and  happening  to  kill  five  thousand  of  those 
slaves,  acquaints  the  senate  that  he  had  cut  up  the  war^^^  t1ie 
roots,  ib.  It  is  apprehended,  that  he  will  retain  his  troops  tbat 
they  may  raise  him  to  the  dictatorship,  but  he  dismisses  tli^in 
immediately  alter  his  triumph,  149.  He  restores  the  tributes 
of  the  people  their  authority,  t6.  A  second  triumph  Is  decreed 
him,  together  with  the  consulship,  tb.  150.  Crassus  is  appointed 
hu  collegue,  150,  They  disagree  in  every  thing,  ib.  Pompcy 
permits  judges  to  be  appointed  out  of  the  equestrian  order,  it. 
When  consal,  he  appears  before  the  censors  to  give  an  account 
of  hb  having  served  the  campaigns  required  by  law,  ib.  15I. 
Crassus  and  he  are  reconciled  by  a  command  announced  as  from 
Jupiter,  151.  Pompey  leaves  the  bar,  seldom  anpears  in  public, 
and  never  but  amidst  a  large  company  of  friends  and  retainers, 
'  152.  Gabinios  proposes  an  edict  for  sending  him  against  the 
Gilician  pirates,  and  investing  him  with  a  most  exicnsiwe  com- 
mand both  at  sea  and  land,  155.     The  people,  and  Ciesar,  for  hil 

■  own  views,  approve  the  edict;  but  it  displeases  the  senate,   And 

'■  one  of  the  consuls  ventures  to  say, '  If  Pompey  imitates  Itomulua, ' 
he  will  not  escape  his  fate,'  ib.  1.56.  After  this  bill  i»  paiied, 
Pompey  procures  an  enlargement  of  hiB  power*,  ih.  I57._  He 
divides  the  Mediterranean  into  thirteen  parts,  and  appotiili  ■ 
lieutenant  for  each,  157.     He   clears  ll>e  »"  of  all  lli«  prtOcd 

.    adventirrers,  in  forty  days'  lime,    ih.    TUe  cotuiil  Fit*  wwd^ 


against  him  at  Rome,  U.    He  returns  to  Rome,  i&.     G^inn 

Erepares  a  decree  for  deposing  Piso,  but  Pompey  will  not  tuftr 
im  to  propose  it,  158.  Poropey  re-eoibarks  and  toucfm  tf 
Athens,  i£.  The  honour  paid  hun  by  the  AtbenianF,  ti.  H* 
defeats  the  pirates  on  the  Cilician  coaet,  and  compels  tbem  H 
surrender  all  their  castles,  ib.  13d-  Places  the  pirates  ro  iaM 
towns,  159.  Guilty  of  an  invidious  action  in  attempting  tatff 
Metellu^  of  his  command  in  Crete,  160.  The  tribune  M3Rili'>D 
procures  a  decree,  ivhich  gives  him  the  direction  of  the  «u 
against  Mithridales  and  Ti^ranes,  and  makes  him,  in  IxU 
eovereigo  of  the  Roman  empire,  Ifil.  The  Brti6cia]  beUrioufaf 
Pompey,  when  he  receives  the  news,  162.  He  taked  all  op^- 
tunities  to  annul  the  acts  of  Lucullus,  161,  162.  The  t»o 
generals  have  an  interview,  which  only  makes  the  breach  tiK 
wider,  163,  164.  He  seduces  all  Lucullus*  sotdim,  einp 
sixteen  hundred,  161'.  Marches  in  quest  of  MithricktOi  ^ 
His  operations  against  him,  165.  He  routs  him  eoiinlj  xv 
the  Euphrates,  166.  Enters  Armenia,  on  the  invitabm  i' 
youn^  Tigranes,  who  had  revolted  from  his  father,  167.  TlgnX' 
the  LIder  receives  a  Roman  garrison  into  his  capital,  and  a*kp 
his  personal  submission  to  Pompey,  i&,  Potnpey  conlinuH  u 
Tigranes  the  dominions  which  he  has  in  his  bands,  and  a^aV 
mmte  his  son  king  of  Sophene,  i£.  168.  The  father  is  very'oMi}' 
in  these  conditions;  but  the  son  murmurs,  and  is  re«err«l  in 
chains  for  Pompcy's  triumph,  163.  Pompey  marches  in  KWth 
of  Mithridates,  li.  The  Albanians  attack  him,  and  are  ilefiuteif. 
ib.  169.  He  grants  them  peace,  169.  Defeats  the  Iberim  "tio 
vtre  never  conquered  till  this  time,  id.  Elnten  Cokhii,  in 
ord^r  to  pursue  Mithridates,  who  concealed  hinudf  •buA  the 
Bosporus  and  the  Palus  Mceotis,  i6.  Is  called  back  by  the 
revolt  of  the  Albanians,  ib.  Defeats  them  again,  and  kkOtCoH, 
the  king's  brother,  with  his  own  hand,  l7o.  Designs  to  nil 
Hyrcania,  but  is  prevented  by  the  great  number  of  seciientskc 
finds  on  the  way,  ili.  Takes  his  route  to  Armenia  the  La%  I'l- 
Gives  audience  there  to  the  embassadors  of  the  Elynucans  «^ 
the  Medes,  ii.  Sends  Afranius  against  the  Partluan3,who«vi 
laying  waste  Gordyene,  ifi.  Pompey's  polite  behaviour  td  Str»- 
lonice,  favourite  concubine  to  Mithridatcs,  ii.  The  ktog  * 
Iberia  sends  him  rich  presents,  and  he  delivers  them  ta  ^ 
(|uicator8,  to  he  applied  to  the  public  revenue,  172,  Find*  in  lb 
castle  of  Cfenon  Mithridates"  private  papers,  by  which  h«  *► 
covers  him,  in  his  real  character,  to  be  cruel  and  libidtnouit  i^ 
Goes  to  Amisus,  where  he  di^lributcs  govcriimenu  befora  *• 
war  is  finished,  though  he  had  blamed  that  nieasure  in  LoaillK 
173.  Twelve  kings  appear  before  him  there,  il'.  He  it  dcMM 
to  recover  Syria,  and  push  his  conquests  as  for  as  the  Bed  St«. 
and  in  tlie  mean  time  lie  lakes  measures  for  reducing  .Mithriiliif 
by  famine,  i6.  174.  Inters  tite  bodies  of  those  Roiuans  who  it  ^ 
Under  Triorius  three  days  before,  174.  Subdues  ibe  Araburji 
ttbout  mouat  Amanus,  i£.  Converts  Syria  into  a  lioinaa  pr 
vince,  if,      Reduces  Judics,  and  takes  ita  king,    Ari^tcibs'-' 


INDEX.  488 

prisoner/  ti.  AdminlsterB  justice,  and  decides  disputes  between 
cities  and  princes,  particularly  between  the  Armenians  and 
Parthians,  tb.  175.  Too  indulgent  to  his  own  ministers,  175. 
The  insolent  use  that  his  freedman  Demetrius  made  of  his  favour, 
id.  Pompey's  theatre  beautiful  and  grand,  but  his  house  not 
ostentatiously  great,  176..  He  marches  against  Petra,  in  Arabia, 
ib.  Near  that  place  he  receives  the  news  of  the  death  of  Mithri- 
dates,  177.  Marches  to  Amisus,  where  he  finds  presents  from 
Phamaces,  together  with  the  body  €^  Mithridates,  ib.  Moves 
with  great  pomp  towards  Italy,  178.  His  bounty  to  philosophers' 
and  other  learned  men  at  Rhodes  and  at  Athens,  tb.  179.  At 
his  return  to  Italy,-  has  the  mortification  to  find  that  his  wife 
Mucia  had  dishonoured  his  bed,  179.  Divorces  her,  ib.  Appre- 
hensions in  Rome  that  he  will  keep  his  army  on  foot,  and  make 
himself  absolute  master,  ib.  Removed,  by  his  disbanding  it  im- 
mediately, ib.  The  cities  pour  out  their  inhabitants  to  welcome 
and  conduct  him  to  Rome,  180.  Finding:  Cato  the  only  person 
who  ventured  to  oppose  him  in  the  administration,  he  endeavours 
to  gain  him  by  proposing  a  family  alliance,  but  his  offer  is 
rejected,  ib.  bribes  pubhdy  for  one  of  his  friends,  ib.  His 
triumph  remarkable  in  being  over  the  third  quarter  of  the  world, 
after  nis  former  triumphs  had  been  over  the  other  two,  181.  He 
advances  the  Roman  revenues  from  fifty  to  eighty-five  millions 
of  drachoue,  and  brings  to  the  value  of  twenty  thousand  talents 
into  the  treasury,  ib.  Ruined  by  the  weight  of  his  own  power, 
182.  Lucullus  gets  his  acts  confirmed,  which  Pompey  had 
annulled,  ti.  Pompey  having  lost  his  majority  in  the  senate,  has 
recourse  to  the  tribunes  of  the  people,  ib.  Clodius  insists  on  his 
sacrificing  Cicero,  and  he  complies,  183.  Ceesar,  on  his  return 
from  Spain,  reconciles  Pompey  and  Crassus,  ib.  Csesar,  in  con- 
sequence of  that  union,  is  appointed  consul,  and  proposes  several 
laws  agreeable  to  the  people,  but  not  to  the  senate,  184.  Pompey 
declares  he  will  defend  those  laws  with  the  sword,  id.  Marries 
Julia,  Caesar's  daughter,  who  had  been  promised  to  Caepio,  t^. 
Gives  his  own  daughter  to  Caspio,  who  had  been  promised  to 
Faustus,  ib.  The  consul  Bibulus  and  others  are  driven  out  of  the 
Forum,  by  violence,  and  the  law  for  the  division  of  lands  is  car- 
ried, 185.  The  acts  of  Pompey  are  confirmed,  and  the  two  Gauls 
with  Illyrta  are  given  to  Csesar  for  five  years,  ib.  Cato  foretells 
the  calamities  which  would  fall  upon  die  commonwealth,  and  on 
Pompey  himself,  id.  Pompey  becomes  extremely  uxorious,  186. 
Clodius  behaves  to  him  with  extreme  insolence,  ib.  Culleo 
advises  him  to  repudiate  Julia,  others  to  recall  Cicero,  187. 
He  embraces  the  counsel  of  the  latter,  ib.  Cicero  on  his 
return  reconciles  the  senate  to  Pompey,  and  procures  for  him 
the  important  charge  of  supplying  Rome  with  corn,  ib.  He 
executes  it  with  great  ability,  188,  189.  During  the  wars  in 
Gaul,  Csesar  is  privately  making  preparations  nt  Rome  for  bii 
future  sovereignty,  189.  Pdmpey  and  Crassus  give  him  #e 
meeting  at  Laoca,  where  it  is  agreed  that  they  two  shall  hw 
the  coMubhip  the  ettsuiog  year,  and  Cssar  hie  oommand  con* 

SxS 


continued  for  five  yean 


INBEX. 

Dore,  ib.  190.  MacccHinufl  atuiqlk* 
bring  tb!s  motter  to  an  cclaircissemem,  190.  The  ^Ss 
wliich  Pompey  and  Cras^us  gave  him,  ib.  Pompc;  preveoiiQBo 
froni  being  elected  prcetor,  by  pretence  of  having  aeen  ui  iis» 
picious  flight  or  birds,  191.  Tbe  greatest  part  oT  tbe  Romb 
empire  being  divided  among  the  triviniTirate,  Ponapey  is  to  taR 
Africu,  and  both  the  Spains,  for  his  sbare,  iO.  He  exUlB 
games  on  the  dedication  of  his  theatre,  ri.  Julia's  greet  s&dkn 
for  him,  192.  He  aSecU  to  despise  Ciesar,  194^  Sidhi 
aoarchy  to  prevail,  in  order  that  be  himself  may  be 

dictator,  ib.     Is  prevented  by  Cato  for  a  time,   iA.     Si 

fusion  to  lake  place  again,  195,  Bibulus  m^ea  a  niatiiw  that 
PoDipey  shoula  be  declared  sole  consul,  and  Cato  appnta  it, 
ib.  Pompey  marries  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  MeteTlui  Sap^- 
ib.  19S.  ile  makes  latrs  against  bribery,  and  againai  ciu» 
miums  upon  pereons  accused,  but  is  extremclr  partial  b  it- 
execution  of  them,  196,  197.  Takea  his  father'ln-law  Ibr  tu 
coUeguc.  the  last  five  months  of  bis  time,  197.  Hb  pif^ 
ments  are  continued  to  him  four  years  more,  and  he  ItM  a  dw 
Mnd  talents  a-year  allowed  for  the  subsUtence  aad  pn  af  k 
troops,  ib.  Cesar's  friends  demand  that  he  should  dtbo  ^i 
another  consulship,  or  the  term  of  hia  govemtneDts  __. 
and  Pompey  favour:,  that  requisition;  but  Cato's  ili-ij-tyil 
rity  prevents  any  accommodat^n,  ib.  19S.  Potnpej  i^HSiti 
tbe  two  legions  which  be  had  lent  Ciesar,  and  Cssar  sMMb  llMtt 
home  liberally  rewarded,  19S.  Great  rejoicing  aie  oildt  *l 
Italy  for  Ponipey's  recovery  from  sickness,  1 98.  B*  ■■  hJkd 
asleep  iritb  the  pride  of  power,  and  makes  no  unuimioni  fat 
war,  199.  MarcelluB,  at  the  head  of  the  senate,  iiHictKC  OM  of 
the  city  to  him,  201.  Pompey  has  no  success  in  the  an  Wvidv 
ib.  Cicero  endeavourii  lo  bring  about  a  recoQciliaUoo,  W  wiib- 
out  effect,  between  Pompey  and  Cssar,  203.  Glow  \m^ 
seized  Ariminuin,  marches  witli  a  small  body  of  men,  aod  ^m* 
the  Rubicon,  ib.  Tu!lus  asks  Pompey  what  forces  be  tMt  >(■!' 
for  the  war,  and  receives  on  unsatisfactory  aoswer,  16, 90S.  FUa- 
pey  is  invested  willi  discretionary  powers,  203.  He  dedam  l* 
will  consider  those  who  remain  in  Rome  as  the  partMH  c 
Ctesar, '.^01,  Ciesur  hastens  to  drive  hint  out  of  Italy, bcfaitUi 
forces  could  arrive  from  Spain,  ill.  Pompey  sails  fnm  Bn- 
dusium  to  Dyrracliium,  having  first  filled  the  principal  stnM^ 
Brundusium  with  sharp  staLei,'and  covered  ihcm  with  rari^it. 
205.  CteSRT  having  made  himself  laaUer  of  all  Italy  ia  MQ 
days, marcbes  into  Spain  with  an  intent  to  gain  Poaoney'si^W 
there,  206.  Pompey  exercises  bis  new -rniscd  troops  w'ahgtf 
diligence  and  activity,  ii.  Many  kings  and  prii»ces  mwirMfeii 
camp,  and  he  has  a  complete  senate  about  him,  2U7.  £vml> 
bienuj  and  Drutus  repair  to  bit  standard,  ib.  Cicero,  thMalik 
luid  advised  otherwise,  and  Tidiu^  Senilis,  ttio^^}  e.\ironK)y  A 
dp  the  same,  ii.  The  humane  decree  made  at  iliv  mMM  ^ 
Cato,  20P.  Cit^ar,  having  made  himself  maaler  of  Pa«BPCv'' 
furccs  ill  Spain,  marcbt's  back  through  Italy,  sails  ia  Uriew>' 


INDEX.  485 

md  sends  VibiilKiis  Itufns  to  Pompey  with  proposab  of  peace, 
tt,     Pompey,  iDstead  of  acceptiog  the  proposals,   secures  the 
ports  and  strong  holds,  ib,    Csssar  often  attacks  Pompey's  en-' 
trenchments,  and  in  one  of  those  assaults  incurs  the  aan^er  of 
losing  his  whole  army,  209.    Pompey  does  not  pursue  his  ad- 
vantage, ih.    Caesar,  fbr  want  of  provisions,  is  forced  to  de- 
camp, and  takes  his  way  to  Thessaly,  210.    Upon  this,  Pompey's 
troops  are  too  much  elated,  and  impatient  for  a  decisive  action^ 
t^.    Afranhis  advises  Pompey  to  regain  Italy,  t6.    His  reasons* 
for  refusing  that  advice,  to.    He  pursues  Caesar,  and  comes  up 
with  hira  on  the  plains  of  Pharsalia,  211,  212.    Is  teased  into  a 
battle,  against  his  better  judgment,  212.    His  dream,  ib.  218. 
Another  presage  of  his  defeat,  213.    Pompey  orders  his  army 
to  wait  for  die  enemy's  charge,  215.    Pompey  quits  his  ranks, 
and  retires  to  his  camp ;  but  finding  that  not  secure,  he  changes 
his  habit  and  flies,  218.     The  enemy  finds   Pompey's  camp 
full  of  preparations  for  festivity,  219.      Pompey,   not   being 
pursued,  quits   his   horse,  passes   by  Larissa,  and  comes  to 
Tempe,  t^.      Goes  down  to  the  sea-coast,  and  passes  the  re- 
mainder of  the  night  in  a  fisherman's  cabin,  220.    Coasts  along 
in  a  small  river-boat,  ib.     Is  taken  up  by  Peticius,  a  Roman 
citizen,  into  a  ship  of  burthen,  ib,    Tne  oersons  with  him,  ib. 
Steers  for  Mitylene  to  receive  Cornelia  and  his  son,  221.    Tlieir 
distressful  meetine,  ib.    The  advice  he  gave  to  the  people  of 
Mitylene,  223.    He  complains  to  Cratippus  of  Proviaence,  ib. 
Sets  sail  with  his  wife  and  friends,  ib.   Touches  at  Attalia,  where 
he  is  joined  by  some  Cilician  eallies,  ib.    Finds  In  a  little  time 
sixty  senators  about  him,  ib.    Is  informed  that  is  fleet  is  entire, 
and  that  Cato  is  gone  with  it  to  Africa,  ib.    Laments  his  great 
error  in  giving  Csesar  battle  at  a  distance  from  his  fleet,  ib, 
Kaises  men  and  money,  224.    Deliberates  about  the  country  he 
shall  retire  to,  and  fixes  at  last  upon  Egypt,  ib.  225.    Notifies 
his  arrival  to  Ptolemy,  225.    The  young  king  demands  of  his 
council  in  what  manner  he  ought  to  treat  him,  and  concludes  to 
put  him  to  death,  225,  226.    A  boat  is  sent  to  receive  him,  226. 
Cornelia  divines  his  fs^,  227.    His  last  words  to  her,  ib,    Pto- 
lemy's people  sit  sullen  in  the  boat,  and  assassinate  Pompey  as  he 
is  getting  out,  ib.    Slain  the  day  after  his  birth-day,  at  the  age 
of  fif^-nme,  ib.    His  bo^  is  thrown  out  naked,  228.    Buried 
by  his  freedman  Philip,  and  an  old  Roman  soldier,  who  was  t 
sojourner  in  Egypt,  ih.    Cesar  arrhres  in  Egypt,  and  executes 
Tengeance  on  tne  murtherers  of  Pompey,  229. 
Pompey^  the  Younger,  or  Sextus,  seizes  Sicily,  and  infests  the 
Italian  coast,  v.  isS.    His  answer  to  Mark  Antony,  ib.    Menaa 

froposes  to  make  him  master  of  the  whole  Roman  empire,  ib» 
lis  answer  to  Menas,  ib.  456. 
Pompilia,  daughter  of  Numa,  i.  205. 
Pompon^  son  of  Numa,  i.  20i. 
PomponiOf  the  wifb  of  Quintus  Cicero,  v.  853. 
Pompomuti  the  fiitlier  of  Numa,  persuades  his  son  to  accept  the 
Roman  crown,  i.  ]69^ 


486 

Pomponius,  the  prstor,  gives  a  concii e  but  pUin  xccount  of  ibe  to 

of  the  battle  at  the  Tiirasymeoian  lake,  ii.  68. 
,  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  by    Mithriilates,  iti.3l6> 

He  answers  with  a  dignity  becoming  a  Rouum  to  MithriilM^ 

proposals,  3*7. 

—  —    ,  killed  in  defence  of  Caius  Gracchus,  v.  240. 

Pontifiea,  instituted  by  Numa,  i.  181. 

Pontipa  Maximum,  his  office,  i.  182. 

Pontius  Ciminius,  ascends  the  Capitot  to  lafDnn  the  senate  of  Ca- 
millus'  victory  over  the  Gauls,  i.  393. 

,  a  servant  of  a  Roman  of  that  Dome,    meets  S^  ia  a 

S'oplietic  rapture,   and  tells  hini  he  brings    him  sucettt  (ram 
ellona,  Jii.  270. 

Ginucus,  the  title  of  one  of  Cicero's  poems,  v.  294. 

fPonlaa,  HI  2ifi. 

Popediiu  Siio,  attempts  to  intimidate  Cain  when  a  child,  w.  49,  X. 
Popilius,  the  prffiTor,  banishes  the  friends  ot'  Tiberius  Grac^a>i 

V.  i27.     Obliged  to  quit  Italy  himself,  i&. 

;  the  tiibune,  murihers  Cicero,  though  he  had  be«i  i^ 

fended  by  hint  under  an  accusation  of  parricide,  v.  S5'2. 

Caius,  jv  361. 

■  Lirna,  hi.s   address  to  Brutus  aad  Cassius,  ii.  70. 

discourse  with  Cenar,  ill.  71. 
Popticola.     See  PMiola. 

• ,  one  of  Antony's  lieutenants,  v.  487. 

Popptra,  the  wife  of  Crispinus,  her  connexions    with  Oltej 

Nero,  vi.  230. 
Populace,  whether  most  insolent  to   good  men  i 

prospers,  or  in  the  contrary  circumstances,  v.  3 
Popularil^,  Iv.  133,  13*. 
Porda,  BiGler  to  Calo  the  Younger,  v.  46. 
,  the  daughter  of  Csln,  married  first  to   Bibuliu,  ftad  • 

his  death  to  Brutus,  v.  73.  vi.58.     Her  excellent  cl»rwttl_ 

6a.     Gives  hereeir  a  private  wound  by  way  of  trial  itf  trJWL^,, 

could  bear,  ib.     Her  aiicourse  to  Brutus,  ii.     lier  ffr«at  ututf" 

on  his  account,  70.     How  aR'ected  at  the  sight  of  a  pictori  tt 

Elea,  77.     Said  by  siime  to  have  swallowed  hot  tubes,  by  o*''"" 

to  have  died  in  another  manner,  ]0S. 

-  Basilica,  ot  Porccan  hall,  built  by  Cato  the  Censor  ii.  SIA 

V.  S3. 
Porcii,  whence  that  fmnily  name,  i.  287, 
Porcius,  sun  lo  Cato  of  Utjca,  gives  into  debauchery,  v.  1 22.  AloM 

for  it  by  the  valour  he  exerted  in  the  battle  in  which  he  IVII,  0. 


:,  adopts 
ins,  who 


its  the  cause  of  Tarquin,  and  declares 


The  bold  attempt  of  Mucius  Scievola,  ib,     Porsena's 
behaviour  lo  him,   and  to  the  Koiuans  in  general,  29£    TbcjT 
erect  his  statue  in  brass,  299. 

PoTiii,  one  of  the  principal  kings  in  India,  liis  prodicious  t 

iv,  331.     Taken  prisoner  by  Alexander,  332.     When  asked  b* 
he  desired  to  be  treated,  answers,  '  Like  a  king,*  ii. 


INDEXi  48lr 

Pomiecn,  one  of  the  Athenian  months,  !▼.  40L 
Posidonius,  the  phOosopher,  iiL  179.    Cicero  his  disciple,  v.  297« 
Posidonti,  two,  iv.  178,  n. 
Postkuma,  Sylla*8  daughter  by  Valeria,  iii.  283. 
PosthumtuSf  the  soothsi^er,  requires  to  be  bound  and  imprisoned 
till  Sylla  had  conquered  Manus,  iii.  243. 

^  AlbinuSf  rallied  by  Cato  for  writing  a  history  in  Greek, 
and  asking  pardon  for  improprieties  of  language,  ii.  509. 

TubertuSf  created  consul,  i.  299.    Appointed  dictator. 


to  act  against  the  /Equi  and  Volsci,  362. 

-,  Spurius,  rivals  Tiberius  Gracchus,  v.  207. 


Pcftama^  the  Lesbian,  iv.  333. 

•\PotamoSy  a  place  in  Attica,  where  the  Athenians  assign  the 
daughter  of  Aristides  a  farm  for  her  dowry,  ii.  490. 

Pothinus^  V.483. 

iPotidaa,  ii.  120.  iv.  243. 

Poverty^  ii.  536,  537. 

Power,  what  it's  efiect,  iii.  276.  Arbitrary  power  a  burthen  to  the 
possessor,  as  well  as  to  the  people,  ii.  249.  vi.  1H3. 

Pracia,  a  courtesan,  her  influence  in  Rome,  iii.  333, 334. 

fPngne^neSt  iii.  278. 

Pratexta^  a  Roman  garment  edged  with  purple,  i.  83,  n. 

PrcBtorittn  cohorts,  vi.  245. 

Pranichus^  the  poet,  iv.  317. 

Prayer,  i.  193.    Of  CamUlus,  369. 

Prajciergida,  the  persons  who  performed  certain  ceremonies  about 
the  image  of  Minerva,  ii.  163. 

^Priene,  i.  223.  ii.  38.  v.  480. 

Prima^  said  to  be  the  daughter  of  Romulus  by  Ersilia,  i.  71. 

Principiot  the  genend's  quarters  in  the  Roman  camp,  esteemed 
sacred,  on  account  oi  the  images  of  the  gods  being  placed  there, 
vi.  221,  n. 

Priscus.    See  Hehndiui  Priseus. 

PriapuSy  i.  51. 

fProdalinthuSf  a  city  of  Tetrapolis,  i.  14,  n. 

Procrustes,    See  Damastes, 

Proculeius,  employed  by  Augustus  to  get  Cleopatra  alive  into  bis 
hands,  v.  500. 

Proculusy  Julius,  makes  oath  that  Romulus  had  appeared  to  him 
in  a  form  more  than  mortal,  i.  96.  Sent  to  otter  Numa  the 
crown,  173. 

■  ,  captain  of  the  guards  to  Otho,  vi.  252. 

Prodkit  the  guardians  of  kings  who  were  minors,  so  called  by  the 
Lacedaemonians,  i.  112. 

Prodigies,  The  sweating  of  the  image  of  the  god  Adranus,  and' 
the  brandishing  of  his  spear,  ii.  246.  The  preternatural  over- 
flowing of  the  Albnn  lake,  i.  365,  366.  The  vanishing  of  the 
body  of  Alcmena,  98.  What  happened  in  marking  out  the 
foundations  of  Alexandria,  iv.  279.  Stone  said  to  fall  from 
heaven,  iii..  200.  What  happened  to  a  person,  who  leaped  upon 
the  altar  of  the  twelve  go^  419*    One  of  Antony's  statues  al 


Alba  siveatE  for  atanty  ikys,  v.  4S3.  An  altar  eouu  ■  llli|^ 
flame  ivlien  the  Gre  ectmed  Id  be  estlnguUbed,  315.  At  Aij^ 
the  priestess  of  the  Lyceao  Apollo  runs  inui  the  etreeU.  MdcMI 
out  that '  she  sees  the  city  covered  with  blood  and  gpK,'  oi-lHl 
Tbe  Tanishing  of  Aristeas  the  ProcoimesiaD,  L  97  ■  ImUmV 
relating  to  bees  interpreted  as  prodigies,  vi.  23.  93,  lOS.  Ihe 
raining  of  blood,  i.  90.  Ceres  and  Proserpine  attiring  themah* 
for  a  journey,  ii.  239.  The  vanishing  of  CleontencB  th«  .U< 
palensian,  i.  97,  9S.  The  entwining  of  a  snake  about  the  da 
of  CleomcDcs  on  the  cross,  v.  195.  A  child  born  with  w  tie- 
phant's  head,  ii.  433.  Crows  conduct  Alexander  ttirouglk  tin 
Lybiao  deserts  to  the  temple  of  Animon,  iv.  282.  Eagla,  ud 
alandards  «o  called,  prodigies  relaiing  to  them,  iii.  167.  i'i-  ' 
234.  vi.  2S,  93,  102.  Entrails  slip  out  of  tlie  band*  of  Craw*, 
iii.  475.  A  fisi)  seizes  the  hinder  parts  of  a  hog  iauaitd  to 
sacrifice,  V.  34.  A  flame  issues  from  the  standard,  iu.  HO.  A 
clobcorare  falls  between  two  armies,  337.  A  double  |ri  be- 
fonging  to  one  victim,  and  enclosed  in  one  caul,  vi.  liT.  1^ 
HerniiE  defaced  in  Athens  in  one  night,  ij.  1S8.  iii.  48&>  U*b 
without  a  head,  iii.  Ill,  321.  iv.  S48.  LightDing,  pnHliH. 
relating  to  it,  ii.  313,  433.  iii.  474.  v.  4«3.  yi.  36.  Mow- 
Three  seen  ftt  one  time,  ii.  S&2.  Orpheus*  stative  of  tjpm 
wood  sweats  profusely,  iv.  259.  Oxen,  prodigies  reltfW  <* 
them,  il.  433.  iii.  114.  v.  36,  37.  Palm-tree  grom  i^  tff  ih 
base  of  CtetaT's  Rtatue,  iv.  412.  Ram  witli  one  lion,  >.IA 
River  in  the  Picene  appear*  to  flow  with  blood,  ii.  3&j^  Xmw 
devour  their  young  in  the  city  of  Rome,  iii.  240.  ImiiwIllWH' 
into  a  helmet,  and  lay  their  eggs  there,  v.  217.  S^iit^ 
spears,  and  persons  fighting,  teen  m  the  sky,  iii.  141.  Sopt*' 
a  trumpet  in  a  mournful  tone  heard  in  the  air,  240,  3(f .  "  ~ 
of  victory  falls  upon  the  head  of  Timoleou  in  the 
Delphi,  u.  240.  Tumbles  down  at  Pergatnus,  iii.  jHfi. 
from  heaven  announces  the  coming  of  the  Gauls,  j.  8T8.  fr 
Omem. 

Proltfta,  daughter  of  Agesilaus,  iv.  94. 

Promachiu,  victorious  in  a  drink! Dg-match,  dies  in  three  d«\  * 
343,  344. 

Promatbion,  the  historian,  i.  52. 

Prometheus,  iv.  126. 

ProvtorUories,  of  Diana,  v,  33. 

Properiiut,  \.  38,  »i. 

Prophanlm,  brother  to  Cliniai,  his  wife  saves  Antus,  vU  IJ 

■iPropontU,  iii.  334. 

Pronerpine,  the  wife  of  Aidoneus,  king  of  the  Molottiaaa, 

,  the  ceremonies  of  her  feast,  iii.  339^  34(K      j 

worn  by  the  person  ifho  took  the  Great  Oath,  vL  52. 

Proiperily,  iii.  32H.  iv.  50. 

Proiagorm,  the  philosoplmr,  ii.  .7.7.     Banished  Athens  Tor  ■ 
extraotdinary  phenomena  to  natural  CHUsei,  ill.  435. 

ProUns,  desires  of  Alexander  a  proof  of  liis  being   recoaciM  V 
him,  and  he  gives  him  five  talents,  iv.  302. 


i  ien^« 
IK.   T«» 


i^^ 


Mi 

froAeuSf  the  Spftrt^Of  endeavours  to  prarest  the  ww  wtth  the 
Thebans,  iv.  106. 

Prothytesy  demanded  by  Alexander  of  the  Thebans,  iv.  ^^. 

PrctageneSf  the  CauniaD,  a  celebrated  painter,  v.  384*. 

ProtuSf  a  merchant,  founder  of  Massilia  or  Marsetlies,  i.  221. 

Praoerbs.  *  Nothing  without  Theseue,'  i.  S7.  '  Business  to-mor- 
row/ ii.  353.  *  A  platter  would  not  hold  a  dolphin/  iii.  358. 
*  He  plays  the  Cretan  with  a  Cretan,'  213.  *  He  carries  hay,'  ot 
'  wears  wisps  *  on  his  horns,  ^56*  '  Dead  men  do  not  bite,'  iv* 
226.  vi.  87.  '  Such  a  one  has  need  of  nothing  but  parsley,'  iL 
202.  '  The  die  is  cast,'  iv.  202.  vi.  182.  <  In  wine  there  is 
truth,'  vi.  130.    *  Woe  to  the  conquered,'  L  397. 

ProvidencCf  particular,  ii.  252. 

Praxenusy  the  Macedonian,  discovers  a  spring  of  an  oily  nature  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Oxus,  iv.  326. 

Pruiia^,  king  of  Bithyoia.  Annibal  flies  to  his  court,  and  is 
demanded  of  him  by  the  Romans,  iii.  57. 

Prytanesy  members  of  the  Athenian  senate,  i.  19,  it. 

Pnfian^my  i.  19. 

Prytanis^  Uie  grandfather  of  Lycurgus,  i.  100,  101. 

Psarnmot  the  philosopher,  asserts  the  divine  power  and  providenoe^ 
iv.283.  r-  r  ^ 

Psenophis^  priest  of  Heliopolis,  i.  258. 

Ptychct  the  wife  of  Marphadates  the  Cappadocian,  corrupted  bj 
the  son  of  Cato  of  Uti<»,  v.  122. 

P$yUif  Africans  who  cured  persons  bitten  by  serpents  by  suddng 
the  parts  affected,  v.  105, 106. 

PkeodofuSf  of  Megarm  vindicated  by  Dion,  vi.  16. 

Ptotemaut  the  daughter  of  Ptolemy,  given  in  marriage  to  Deme- 
trius, V.  396,  413. 

Ptolemtft  restored  to  his  kingdom  by  Oabinius  and  Mark  Antony, 
V.427. 

,  natural  son  of  Amyotas  II.,  makes  war  upon  his  brother 
Alejcander  king  of  Macedon,  ii.  373.  Is  the  father  of  PhiloK- 
enus,  374. 

,  son  of  Pyrrhus  and  Antigone,  iii.  72.      Killed  in  the 


battle  with  the  Lacedgmoniaos on  the  way  to  Argos,  111. 

Ceraunus,  king  of  Macedon,  killed  in  the  battle  by  the 


Gauls,  iii.  97. 

Latkwnu^  kin^  of  Egypt,  appoints  LuouUus  a  table  in  the 


pahuse,  and  offers  him  presents  to  the  value  of  ^htv  talents; 
out  he  refuses  tbem,  and  takes  nothing  but  ships,  mien  he  waa 
sent  by  Sylla  to  procure,  iii.  328,  389. 

-,  nephew  to  Antigonus,  sent  as  an  hostage  for  Eumenes  to 


come  and  treat,  iv.  52. 

-  DionysiuSf  king  of  Egypt,  delS>erates  on  the  measoiies 


he  should  take  with  respect  to  Pompey,  iv.  225.  An  acconnt  of 
his  vile  ministers,  who  persuade  him  to  destroy  that  great  nnn, 
ib.  Defeated  in  battle  by  Caesar,  and  never  heard  oi  afkenraid, 
229,  415. 


♦90  IKDEX. 

Ptolemy  Lagvt,  subseqacntl;  king  of  Egypt,   one   of  AkunJlA 
principal  officers,  marries  Apttma,  iv.  39. 

,  kiug  of  Egypi,  Calo'e  advice  to  Iiim,  v.  8*,  85. 

,  king  of  Cyprus,  the  proposals    Csto    tnaide    him,  t.  9t. 
He  poisons  hiiusellj  85> 

PAUomelor,    makes  proposals    of  marriage     to  Condmi 

mother  of  the  Gracchi,  v.  200. 

,  the  son  of  ChrvBetmus,  visits  Cleomenea  in  nrisoii,  *.  19^    i 

He  is  killed,  194. 

'  Eurgetes,   his  friendship  to    Aralus,    and    fAroois  U  Ai    \ 

Sicyonians  on  hU  account,  vi.  163,  164',  166.     Declared  fasid  «' 
the  Achoun  league,  176.    Demands  of  Cteomenes  his  swiIm 
and  children  m  hostages,  v.  178.     Behaves   witb    tonie  itm*    i 
of  gejierosity  to  tliot  prince,  and  promises  to  send  him  badb  U 
Greece,  188,  1S9.     His  death,  ]^g. 

— P/ulopafor,  son  of  Euergetes,  his   efTeminBte  Fife,  ■>«'  31   I 

treatment  of  Cleomenes,  v.  189.     Orders  tlie  body  of  Cltonw 

lo  be  fastened  to  a  cross,  195.     A  serpent  entwines  iboot  the    I 

headof  Cleomenes,  197.     The  superstitious   feara  of  It^ofaU*  I 


n  that  o 


I,  i&. 


,  governor  of  Alexandria,  killed  by  Cleomenea,  v.  19t. 

■ ,  the  diviner,  lib  prediction  to  Otho,  vi.  235. 

P/oiitii,  ii.  360. 

Fdbi.  COLA,  VatBrins,  descended  from  the  ancient  Valenot,  "t* 
was  the  chief  auihiir  of  the  union  bttween  the  lioman&ndlk 
Sabinet,  i.  271.  Distinguished  under  the  kings  by  hu  eloqann 
and  riches,  ib.  Employs  both  with  great  propriety,  ii.  Ai»« 
EriKuB  in  expelling  Tarqoin  and  his  family,  272.  Stands  fiwiit 
consulship  with  Brutus,  and  loses  bis  election,  ii.  Is  ibe  tffi 
who  lakes  the  oath  proposed  by  Brutus,  to  support  the  Hbmi 
liberty  i  though  before  he  had  retired  from  public  btuinesc  tn  i* 
cODlcnt,  273.  Tarquin,  by  his  embassadors,  proposes  lo  M«*. 
but  Valerius  will  not  suffer  them  to  be  heard,  27-1.  The  embV- 
dors  during  their  stay  corrupt  the  nephews  of  CollatiDuii,  anJ  i^ 
Eons  of  Brutus,  aud  a  plot  is  formed  to  kill  the  conaula,  wbic)i< 
Elave,ngmedVindiclus,  discovers,  and  informs  Valerius  of  it,  37^ 
277.  He  and  his  brother  secure  the  conspirators,  and  tciKlk 
letters  which  were  to  be  sent  to  Tarauin,  275,  The  consotCti- 
latinus,  being  accused  of  favouring  his  relations  tvbo  had  CM* 
ainred  against  the  commoawealth,  is  degraded,  and  Valerius  n^ 
Btitutcd  m  his  place,  27^  280.  The  armies  of  Tarquin  and  At 
Romam,  after  great  slaughter,  being  separated  by  a  sionn,  Vik- 
rius  avails  himself  of  a  stratagem  to  encourage  the  RomBiu,8K 
283.  Valerius  triumphs,  and  is  the  firat  consul  who  cnten  Koc 
in  a  chariot  nnd  fnur,  283.  Pronounces  the  culof^iuni  of  QrutSi 
i6.  Is  envied  for  his  governing  without  a  collegut^,  and  for  te 
lof>y  house,  284.  Gains  the  name  of  Publicola,  286,  Filb  t? 
the  senate,  ib.  Passes  an  act  for  liberty  of  appeal  from  ck 
consuls  to  the  people,  ii.  Exempts  artiticers,  and  othm 
from  taxes,  ib.     Makes  it  lawful,  without  form   of  trial,  tt 


INDEX.  49t 

kill  any  man  who  should  attempt  to  set  himself  up  for  king, 
287.  Places  the  public  treasure  in  the  temple  of  Saturn,  and 
permits  the  people  to  choose  quaestors  for  the  management  of 
It,  ib.     Takes  Lucretius,  and  afterward  Marcus  Horatius,  for 


^  again 

consul,  293.    Builds  the  town  of  Sigliuria,  ib.    Engages  For- 

sena,  and  is  defeated,  and  carried  off  wounded,  ib.    Is  chosen 

consul  the  third  time,  ib,  994f.    Stands  chiefly  upon  the  defensive, 

but  defeats  a  flying  party  that  was  ravaging  the  country,  295. 

Refers  the  dispute  between  the  Romans  and  Tarquin  to  Porsena^ 

297.    Tarquin  refuses  to  abide  by  his  arbitration,  but  Porsena 

makes  peace  with  the  Romans,  to.    The  ten  virgins  given  at 

hostages  by  the  Romans,  swim  across  a  stream  to  rublicola :  hit 

behaviour  on  that  occasion,  ib.     Is  chosen  consul  the  fourth 

time,  299.    Consults  the  Sibyl's  books  upon  certain  natural  ap« 

pearances  of  an  alarming  kind,  800.    His  reception  of  Appiut 

Claudius,  founder  of  the  Claudian  fiunily,  who  migrates  witli  a 

very  considerable  number  of  Sabines,  to  Rome,  SOI.    The  Sa- 

bines,  renewing  the  war,  form  an  ambuscade  for  the  Romans ; 

but  Publicola,  by  a  counter-stratagem,  defeats  them  with  great 

slaughter,  802.    He  is  honoured  with  a  triumph,  308.    Dies  soon 

afterward,  and  it  buried  at  the  public  charge,  ib.    The  women 

continue  the  mourning  for  him  a  whole  year,  ib. 

PublicuSf  steals  the  seaward  of  Mithridiates'  sword,  and  sells  it 
to  Ariarathesy  iv.  178.  See  all  the  PubUi  nnder  their  &miJy« 
names. 

Punishment^  corporal,  the  practice  of  it  in  our  public  schools  one  of 
the  worst  remains  of  barbarism,  I.  xxx^ 

PurpUf  that  o£  Hermione  much  esteemed,  iv.  298.  Preserves  it's 
colour,  a  hundred  and  ninety  years,  ib.  In  what  manner  pre* 
pared,  ib. 

YPuieoU,  iu.  288. 

Pyanepsionf  the  month  so  called,  L  25,  46. 

iPudna,  il  802.  iv.  814. 

Pi/fadeSf  the  musician,  iii.  15. 

PuliuSf  king  of  Thespiae  in  Bceotia,  adopts  Hercules,  previous  to 
mitiation,  i.  42. 

tRrfe#,  Hi.  407. 

\Pipramiaf  iii.  114. 

•fPyrwww,  i.  878.  iv.  10. 

Pyrilampes^  a  person  connected  with  Pericles,  ii.  25. 

P^oniaeSf  ii.  88. 

Pyrrha^  iii.  65. 

Fyrrhida^  the  successors  of  Neoptolerout  so  called,  iii.  6S, 

Fyrrhus,  the  son  of  .fiacides  and  Phthia,  iii.  66.  Hit  styfaig 
concerning  the  Romans,  87.  Some  account  of  the  peof^ing  and 
polishing  of  hit  country,  65, 66.  Has  two  sisters  named  IMda« 
roia  and  Troias,  66.  His  father  is  deposed,  and  the  sons  of  Neop- 
tolemus  brought  ini  ib.    Fyrrhus  is  carried  o^  when  an  inCsnt, 


492  INDEX. 

by  two  faithful  aerrante,  named  Andoclidee  anil  Anglos  M  (bt  i 
court  orGlauciui  bin;^  uf  [llyria,  and  laid  as  a  nipplisnt  Ktlu  I 
feet,  66,  67.  68.    Glauciaa,   slier   Bome    hcsiution,    take*  |be  J 

.  infant  into  his  proiection,  68.  CasGander,  ktn^  of  Macedftn,  J 
,  demands  him   of  Glaucias,  who  refuees  (o  deliver  bim  up,  ii  I 

-  Glaticias  coiiductH  bim,  at  an  early  period.  Into  Epirnt,  mtl  I 
places  him  on  the  throne,  ib.  Mis  person  describe^  i6.  Be  ' 
Jievcd  to  cure  the  swelling  of  the  spleen,  by  touchins  the  wi  i ' 
afieuted  with  his  toe,  i6.     About  five  years  aflenrarf,  be  gw  ' 

.   out  of  his  own   territories,  to  attend   the    nuptials  ef  mc  •  ' 
Glaudas'  eons,  69.     The  Molouians  take   that  oppwtuilj  n  i 
revolt  to  Neoptolenius  again,  ib.     Pyrrhus  applies  for  prMMtia  ' 
to  Demetriui,  who  had  married  his  sister  Daldamia,  ii,    Ac 
com panics  Demetrius  at  I ps us,  and  distinguishea  himaclfinib 
battle,  ii.     Keeps  for  Demetrius  the  cities  of  tireece,  •*.    Coo 
a  hostage  into  Egypt,  where  he  gains  the  favour  tf  IWenr 
and  Berenice,  ih.  70.     Marries  Antigone,  the   daughut  of  Bt- 
renice,  by  Philip  her  former  husband,  70.      Antigone  pKCwn 
him  men  and  money,  which  enable  liim  to  recover  tlie  unf^ 
-'■  "^-irus,  i&.     He  associates  Neoptolemua  in  the  WingdoB,  A 
ings  of  Epirus  took  an  oath  in  the  manner  of  tbe  kisp* 


B 


of  Epi 

The       „  ^ 

England,  ib.  Seoptolemus  attempts,  or  it  is  pretended  tltf  i 
attempts,  to  poison  Pytxhus,  71.  IVrhus  despatches  N«f» 
lemus,  72.  Has  a  son  by  Antigone,  whom  he  namec  P^«( 
ib.  Builds  the  city  of  Berenicis,  ib.  Alexander,  ibe  Mi' 
Cassander,  applies  to  him  for  assistance  against  hta  bratheri^ 
tipater  who  had  driven  him  out  of  Macedon,  ii.  He  dt^^ 
the  maritime  pitrt  of  Macedon  for  his  reward,  i&.  LvMM^t 
who  was  inclined  to  assist  Antipater,  forges  letten  II  f*' 
Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt,  to  retard  the  progress  of  FVnte'^ 
73,  Fyrrhus  detects  the  fraud,  73.  Demetriua,  who  had  *■ 
wise  been  anplied  to,  arrives,  kills  Alexander,  and  jreta  bM* 
proclaimed  king  of  Macedon,  tb.  Demetrius  h  jeuouf  fft 
growing  power  of  Pyrrhus,  and  goes  lo  seek  him  in  the  fiaU.4 
7*.  Tney  inadvertently  pass  each  other,  7*.  PyrrbiH  Wt 
Pantauchus,  Demetrius'  lieutenant,  and  gives  him  a  great  W 
throw,  7*.  The  Macedonians  conceive  a  high  opinion  rf' 
valour,  and  discover  in  him  a  strong  resemblance  of  Aku^ 
the  Great,  ib.  Antigonus'  saying  concerning  him,  75,  ^ 
easily  provoked,  quick  to  repay  a  kindness,  ii,  Sayine  olH 
ib.  76.  Afler  the  death  of  AnLisone,  he  marries  seven!  ••■« 
for  tlie  purpose  of  interest  and  power,  76.  Beoide  ha<4 
Ptolemy,  already  mentioned,  be  has  Alexander  by  T  nniin^ 
daughter  of  Agathocles,  and  Helenus  by  Bircenna,  the  dm 
terof  Bardyllis,  ib.  Says  he  will  leave  his  kingdom  h' 
son  who  has  the  sharpest  sword,  tb.  The  Epuois  gite  *' 
the  name  of  Eagle,  »A.  Has  intelligence  that  t>er>ein«* 
sick,  enters  Macedon,  and  ponetrati'S  as  &r  lu  LdeM,', 
Demetrius  marches  against  him,  and  he  retires,  ib.  D* 
triuB  meditaies  an  expedition  for  the  recovery  of  his  h 
kingdom,  ib.    The  other  kings  desire  Pyrrhus  to  exert  li 


INDEX.  ♦« 

,  on  thii  occasion,  77.  Pvrrhus  loses  hU  mfe  LanaBUi  and  the 
,  isleof  Corcyra,  both  uhich  are  gained  by  Demetrius,  78.  He 
,  Biarche§  against  Beroea,  i6.  His  dream  concernrng  Alexander 
.  the  Great,  i6.  Takes  Berica,  79.  Demetrius,  apprehending 
,  that  his  army  might  revolt  to  Lysimachug,  if  he  continued  his 
)  march  against  him,  turns  against  Pynrhus,  ib.  The  Macedonians 
I  rcToU  to  Pyrrhus,  and  he  ia  proclaimed  king  of  Macedon,  ib.  80. 
, ,  Lyiiimachus  makef^  his  appearance  soon  afterward,  and  pretending 
.  tHat  he  had  contributed  equally  to   the  flight  of  Demetrius,  ile- 

mands  his  share  of  the  kingdom,  which  Pyrrhus  aereea  to,  80. 
',,  Pyrrhus  enters  the  citadel  of  Alliens,  ib.  jldrises  tlie  AtheniatiB 
.  never  to  admit  another  king  within  their  walls,  81.  Takes  the 
,  Grecian  cities  from  Demetrius,  notwithstanding  the  ^>eace  he  had 
^.iuade  with  bim,ii.  Demetrius'  affairs  being  entirely  ruined, 
.  Lysimachus  marches  against  Pyrrhus,  debauches  his  army,  and 
..dispoiisesBes  him  of  hia  share  of  Macedon,  ib.  Pyrrhus'  tmpa- 
.  tieuce  of  inactioa  is  relieved  by  an  application  from  the  Taren- 
i.  tines,  endeavours  to  dissuade  his  countrymen  from  calling  in  Pyr- 
l,  thus,  and  to  excite  their  attention,  feigns  himself  intoxicated, 

ii.  Cineas  6rst  minister  to  Pyrrhus  draws  him  into  a  conversa- 
..  tioo,  in  which  he  shows  him  the  ranity  of  ambition,  but  does  not 
^  cure  him  of  that  disease,  83,  84>  85.  He  meeU  with  a  dreadful 
I,  storm  in  his  passag<i  to  Italy,  35.  Makes  the  land  with  great 
|(.  difficulty,  and  marclies  with  the  scattered  remains  of  his  forces  to 
•^.  Tareotum,  ib.  86.  Corrects  the  luxury  of  the  Tarenlines,  and 
uiintroduces  strict  discipline,  ib.  87.  Has  intelligence  that  Lrcvi- 
L&us  the  Roman  consul,  b  coming  against  him,  87.  Goes  to  the 
I  liver  Siris  to  reconnoitre  the  enemy's  army,  ib.  What  he  said 
t  on  the  occasion,  ib.  His  proposal  of  acting  as  a  mediator  ii 
-rejected,  ii.     The  action  on  the  banka  of  the  Siris,   in  which 

t  Pyrrhus  proves  victorious,  chiefly  by  means  of  his  elepbanls,  88, 
89-    Notwithstanding  his  victory,  he  despatches  Cineas  to  Rome, 
'-  with  propositions  of  peace,  which  are  rejected,  90,  91 .    Fabricius 
I    sent  as  embassador  to  Pyrrhus,  to  treat  about  the  ransom  and 
I    exchange  of  prisoners,  93.     Pyrrhus  ofiers  him  money,   which 
-  he  refuses,  though  his  circumstances  were  very  mean.  ii.     l\r- 
I    rhus'  physician  makes  Fabricius  an  ofier  of  poisoning  him,  which 
I    Fabricius  di.'icovers  to  Pyrrhus,  94,  95.     Pyrrhus  defeats  the 
.  Komans  again  at  Asculum.  95,  96.     Says  to  those  who  compli- 
kinented  him  upon  it,  *  Such  another  victory,  and  we  are  undone,' 
06.  Receives  invitations  from  the  Macedonians  on  one  hand,  and 
from  the  Sicilians  on  the  other,  97.    Leaves  a  garrison  in  Tarcn- 
tum,  contrary  to  the  inclinations  of  the  people,  and  passes  into 
JSiciiy,  98.     Finds  the  moat  agreeable  reception  there,  ii.     Ra- 
Ntlgea  the  Carthagmian  province,  takes  Eryx  by  storm,  and  cel^ 
.faratet  the  games  which  he  had  vowed  to  Hercules,  ib.     Defeats 
the  Mamertines,  a  numerous  and  warlike  people,  about  Messsne, 
[S9'    The  Carthaginians  court  his  friendship ;  but  he  insists  upon 
Stiefr  evacuating  Sicily,  which  they  refuse,  ib.     His  next  object 
i»  Africa;  and  wanting  mariners,  he  compels  the  Sicilians  to 
•uppty  him,  ii.    Degenerates  from  a  popular  prince  into  a  tyrant. 


494 


INDEX. 


i 


100.     Ungrateful  to  ThiCDon  and  Sostntos,  I 

first  iDtroduced  him  into  Syracuse,  t&.     Loses  Ui'teftieftCe  m 

tticrly,  lb.  What  he  said  on  leaving  it,  16.  Tlic  Mamertioei 
attacb  him,  ailer  hii  return  to  Ita!;,  101.  He  cLeata  down  one 
of  their  soldiers,  wlio  challenged  him  lo  single  coabu,  it. 
Marciie*  against  Manius  Cariu«,  who  lay  at  B^ercntum,  and 
it  detected,  102.  Uctums  to  Epima,  eotere  Macedoo,  defiND 
Auligonui,  and  i«  once  more  raised  to  the  ihrooe  of  MaccildK 
103, 1U4.  Marches  to  Spatta,  at  the  request  of  Cleonymcn,  Kfi. 
His  opeTatioDs  before  Spartu,  106,  107.  He  is  repabed,  lOfi- 
Od  tlie  invitation  of  Aristesci  marches  to  Ar|ros,  111,  Hit  va 
Ptolemy  is  killed  by  the  way,  ih.  He  i'eniU  a  challenge  U  Asc- 
gouuB,  112.  Enlen  Argos,  113.  Hib  actions  there,  \\i.  Via 
orders  are  mistakeo,  1 15.  He  takes  the  plume  frotn  his  bdnO,  , 
lb.  Struck  down  by  a  poor  old  woman  with  a  tile,  US.  Dt- 
spatched  by  Zopyrus,  who  cuts  off  his  head,  117.  A  owtificeDi  . 
funeral  pile  provided  far  hioi  by  Aotigonus,  who  aimM idta 
to  his  son  H,Jenus.  118.  I 

Pythagoras,  a  Spartan,  remarkable  in    the    gyniD^uic  ntfriw,  [ 
visits  Italy,  i.  165.  I 

>  tlie  philosopher,  went  into  Italy  about  five  ^ei  ito  J 
Numa,!.  165.  Afliects  tu  be  thought  something  superior  ute  I 
rest  of  the  human  race,  17S.     Uses  a  tame  eagle    to  mto  Ab  | 

Eurpose,  and  shows  his  golden  thigh,  ib.     Believes  tbe  SuptM*  I 
eing  lo  be  incorruptible,  impasaive,  invisible,  and  aii  olqed  ^ 
of  the  mind,  179.     Sacrifices  nothing  to  him    that  has  lifcll^ 
His  precepts,  192.     K  statue  erected  to  hint    at    Rome,  v  ^ 

wisest  of  the  Greeks,  181.     Eult^ium  of  him,  xxx-vi ssul 

,  the  diviner,  iv.  344. 

Pylhtns,  the  oralor,  severely  reproved  by  Phocion,  for  his  nait 
dencc  in  speaking  to  the  people,  v.  25.  Tells  Demnsthewt >b 
*  his  oratioijs  smell  of  the  lamp,'  260.  Joins  Aminater.  3*- 
Speaks  to  the  Arcadians  against  the  Athenians,  '.iSS.  Is  ■»*«■ ' 
ed  by  Demosthenes,  ib. 
Pj/thiiiii  Apolio.  See  Apollo  Pi/lkius.  Games.  See  Gamei.  ' 
Pi)thio'iice,  the  mistress  of  Harpalus,  v.  26.     He  erects  a  on 

ficent  monument  to  her  memory,  ib. 
^Pylhium,  ii.  300. 

Pi/thocUs,  son  of  Polycrates,  a  dcFcendent  of  Arvtus,  m.  I 
Plutarch  writes  the  Life  of  AruUs  fur  ^he  benefit  of  hiniM  " 
brother,  ib.  3 

,  one  of  those  who  suffered  death  with  Phocion,  \,m 
Fj/lhodidei,  said  to  teach  Pericie*  music,  ii.  7. 
Puthodonu,  lies  in  wait  for  Themislocles,  i.  34S. 
Pj/thoiaiis,  brother   to  Thebe,  the  wife  of  Alcxaodec   of  I 

amisU  her  in  despatuhinf;  bim.  ii.  386. 
Pyt/ion,  one  of  Alexander's  officers,  iv.  S53. 
■  — ,  the  musician,  iii.  75. 
— ,  the  Byzantine  orator,  refuted  by  Demostbeftes,  »,  fl 

,  the  serpent  killed  by  Apollo,  ii.  .160. 

i Pi/tJiopelit,  a  city  built  by  TbeMtia,  LiS. 
7 


INDEX.  496 


Q. 

RANSf  a  small  piece  of  brass  coin,  ▼.  328.    Which  each 
m  citizen  contributed  toward  Publicola's  funeral,  1.  SOS. 
ntaria^  or  Quadrantula,  a  name  given  to  an  infamous  sister 
odius,  ▼.  S^. 

r,  the  office  what,  i.  287.    Bj  whom  first  instituted,  ib. 
ii.  123. 

'f  •     See  DUsennnns. 
fl,  iv.  55.  V.  S96. 

s^  the  month  now  called  July,  i.  95. 
,  one  of  Cato  the  Censor's  freedmen,  ii.  523. 
f,  Titus,  and  Lucius,  brothers.     See  Flaminhts. 
-,  Lucius,  the  tribune,  attempts  to  rescind  the  acts  of  SjIIa, 
I  opposed  by  Lucullus,  iiL  SSS.    Obtains  a  decree  for  re- 
g  Lucullus,  S76. 
-,     See  Capitolinus. 

Cassius,  goes  with  Antony  to  Csesar,  t.  430. 
-,  one  of  Crassus'  lieutenants,  flies  from  Spartacus,  iiL  462. 
ill  the  other  Quiniif  under  their  family  names, 
i,  mount,  in  Rome,  i.  100,  191. 
liSf  Flamen,  i.  176. 

ts,  Romulus  so  called,  1.  97,  99, 100, 167. 
the  meaning  of  the  term,  i.  82,  n.  100. 
r,  the  Romans  why  so  called,  L  82, 99. 
•    See  Juno  Quiriiius. 


R. 

,  an  attempt  to  account  for  its  Ming  in  great  quantities  after 
tie,  iii.  146, 147. 

ith  one  horn,  found  in  the  ffrounds  of  Pericles,  ii.  10. 
ained  in  the  way  of  omen,  to.  Accounted  for  philosophi- 
t  ib. 

)f  the  Sabine  virgins,  i.  70.  Occasions  a  war,  74.  Pro- 
ve of  better  consequences,  81.    Rape  of  Heleo^  by  The- 

See  Helen, 
low  punished,  by  Solon's  laws,  i.  252. 
ard  to  cry,  when  Minucius  named  his  general  of  horse,  iL 

*na,  one  of  the  gates  of  Rome,  near  the  Capitol,  L  289.  • 

na,  iii.  121. 

a  royal  palace,  i.  80, 191. 

rj,  the  Syracusan,  taken  by  the  Athenians,  iii.  421. 

1,  its  exercises  to  be  performed  with  great  reverence  and 

tion,  i.  191.    How  defined,  ii.  283.  The  regard  the  Romans 

to  it  for  a  long  time,  393,  394. 

'urn,  a  strong  situation  on  mount  Av^ntine,  where  Remus 

Med  to  build  the  city,  i,  62. 


496 


INDEX. 


BemiUf  Iwiii-biutlier  of  Hamulus,  i.  50.  SekxeA  and  esnied  befm 
Numitor,  57.  His  speech,  fiS.  Faustuliu  carries  to  cooft  tk 
trough  or  cradle,  in  which  KoiduIub  and  he  were  taken  m,  ati 
he  i»  acknowledged  by  Numttor,  59.  What  occaiioned  hiii*"''^ 
63.     He  »  buried  in  Remonium,  64. 

Rtsignation,  v.  277. 

Relreal,  of  '  ihe  Ten  Thousand '  Greeks  under  Xenopbon. 

Rhadamanlhus,  a  judge  under  Mioos,  i.  17.      Said  to  hare 
ried  Alcmena,  ai^r  the  death  of  Amphitryon,  iii.  224.    1'<= 
HaiiartianH  show  his  tomb  at  Alea,  ib. 

'\Rhamnus,  \.  29. 

,  one  of  Antony's  freedmen,  v.  472. 

Rhamnenscs,  the  name  of  one  of  the  tribes  of  Rome,  i.  8S. 

JUtea,  Ilia,  or  Salvia,  daughter  of  Numitor,  and  mother  «fi!0aa]a 
and  Remus,  j.  52. 

,  the  mother  of  Sertorius,  iv.  4. 

\Repani,  ii.  243. 

■\RegiHm,  ii.  97.  vi.  26,53. 

fWtenia,  a  little  island  near  Delos,  iii.  401. 

/tketoric,  the  art  of  ruling  the  minds  of  men,  ii.  37. 

Rhetra,  the  fundamental  slatutes  of  Lycurgua,  i,  1 

Rhine,  Cssar  lays  a  bridge  over  it,  iv.  3ii5. 

■fRhodet,  taken  by  Cassius,  vi.  84. 

fRhudians,  their  brave  defence  agaiosl  Demetrius,  v.  3_„ 
desire  him  to  leave  one  of  bis  engioes,  as  a  monnmeiit  <t 
siege  they  had  undergone,  3S2. 

Rhodon,  a  traitor,  v.  502. 

RAodogune,  daughter  of  Artaxerxes,  married  to  Orontes  fi  !l^ 

Rkasace),  rerolts  from  his  master,  the  king  of  Persia,  and  ««* . 
to  Athens,  iii.  308.  Is  much  harassed  there  by  the  pi* 
informers,  ib.  Applies  to  Cimon  for  protection,  and  oAa  *• ' 
money,  ib.     Cimon's  generous  answer  to  him,  iA.  ^ 

,  attacks  Alexander  on  his  passing  llie  Gntniou,  l*.*i 

Alexander  killf  him,  268.  ' 

iRhatium,  v.  179. 

Rhone,  river,  iii.  137.  iv.  4. 

Rhopoperperethras,  a  name  given  ti 

"'       i.  36. 


nmeiit  i^^^ 


Demnstlicnea,  1 


Rhymilalces,  the  Thracian,  i 
ilihi/rutaci       


77. 


,  river,  1 
Rhyniaees,  a  Persian  bird  so  called, 
Richei,  and  eloquence,  the  means  by  which  the  I 

place  in  the  administration,  iii.  125. 
-     ■    ,  not  to  desire  them,  more  glorious  than  to  u 
ii.  186.     A  competency  preterable  to  theoi,   i.  2^ 
e  of  them,  if.  343. 


Rigna, 
iRiphc 


i.  62. 


Riphaan  mountains,  i.  378. 
Roada,  the  attention  «f  C.  Gracchu: 
230. 


to  the  repairing  of  ihA' 


JbmMt  one  of  Ihe  Trokn  nuitroiis»  who  camo  with  ifiaeot  into 
Italy,  i.  48.  AdTiMO  hpt  female  ooMpoiiioDs  to  burn  the  tbips,  iL 
Rome  said  to  b^  called  after  bar,  or  after  Roma,  the  daughter  of 
Italus  and  Leucwria,  50. 

JUmamSt  rise  to  the  height  of  empire  by  means  of  temperanoe  and 
fortitude,  u  97*  Admit  no  use  of  imi^es  in  the  worship  of  die 
gods,  for  a  hundred  and  seventy  years  after  the  building  of  Rome, 
179.  Retire  into  the  Capitol  on  the  coming  of  the  Uauls,  386. 
Distressed  by  famine,  SSis.  Delivered  by  Camillus,  397.  De- 
feated by  Annibal  in  the  greet  battle  of  Cannss,  ii.  88.  Behi|ve 
with  dignity  on  that  occasion,  91.  Their  attention  to  religious 
ceremonies,  205.  Offer  human  sacrifices  on  the  invasion  of  the 
Gauli:,  after  the  first  Punic  war,  391.  Fer  some  aees  unpolished, 
and  skilled  only  in  agriculture  and  war,  48S.  Aiarcellus  &nt 
gives  them  a  taste  for  paintings,  and  other  curiosities  of  art,  for 
which  he  is  blamed  by  the  graver  citizens,  ib.  Lose  both  their 
consuls  by  one  of  Annibal's  stratagems,  436.  Degenerated  in 
the  time  of  Cato  the  Censor,  497,  498.  He  compares  them  to 
sheep,  503.  They  reject  the  presents  of  Pj^rrhus,  and  all  pro> 
positions  of  peace,  whUe  he  remains  in  Italy,  iii.  91,  93.  ProcUm 
liberty  to  the  Greeks,  iiu  43. 

RmnamuSf  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe,  i.  50. 

Bmngf  uncertainty  of  the  histonr  of  its  foundation,  i.  49*  Built  by 
Romulus,  i.  61.  The  time  of  its  foundation,  65.  Its  tribes  and 
wards  originally,  what,  83.    Its  ferocious  and  undvilixed  state 

■  at  the  accession  of  Numa,  corrected  by  the  influence  of  religion, 
177,  178.  Burnt  bv  the  Gads,  39a  Rebuilt  by  CamiUus,  399. 
Aiid  adorned  by  Marcellus,  iL  4^. 

BoMULUS,  various  accounts  of  his  origin,  as  well  as  that  of  Rome> 
i.  49,  51.  The  son  of  Ilia,  Rhea,  or  Sylvia,  the  daughter  of 
Numitor,  52,  53.  Amulius,  the  brother  of  Numitor,  orders 
Romulus,  and  his  brother  Remus,  to  be  destroyed,  but  the 
servant  only  exposes  them  by  the  river,  53.  There  they  were 
suckled  some  time  by  a  she-wolf,  iL  Taken  up  by  Faustulus, 
and  nursed  by  his  wife  Acca  Larentia,  54.  Sent  to  Gabii  lor 
education,  56.  Their  powers  of  body  and  mind,  generous  incli- 
nations  and  actions,  ib.  Thev  distinguish  themselves  in  an  affiray 
between  the  herdsmen  of  Numitor  and  Amulius,  57.  While 
Romulus  is  employed  in  divination,  Remus  is  taken  prisoner  and 
brought  to  answer  for  the  late  violence,  ik  The  reigning  prince 
leaves  the  correction  of  him  to  Numitor,  who  feels  an  instmctive 
kindness  for  him,  ib.  His  speech  to  Numitor,  58.  Who  con- 
ceives hopes  of  his  being  his  grandson,  59.  Faustulus  desires 
Romulus  to  assist  his  brother,  and  informs  him  of  the  particulars 
of  his  birth,  ib.  Faustulus  hastens  with  the  cradle  to  Numi- 
tor, but  is  Questioned  by  Amulius*  guards,  who  inform  that 
prrince  of  their  suspicions,  ib.  Romulus  arrives,  brings  a  con- 
siderable force  with  him,  and  many  of  the  citixens  join  with 
him,  60.  The  two  brothers  rasohro  to  build  a  city  in  tiie 
place  where  they  had  their  Arst  nourishment,  6L  Opes 
a    place    of   refuge    for    fudtivea,    ib.       A    dispute 

VOL.  VI.  3  K 


t9«  INDEX. 

between  them  about  ihe  situation  of  their  intended  dtj,  wind 
is  relerred  to  the  decision   of  augury,    and  carried  in  finrsB 

>  'Ol~  ftomulug,  62.  Remus  ridicules,  and  leaps  trrer  the  ditei 
which  RomuIu»  opened,  6S.      Remus  slaia,   probably  by  the 

'  liand  of  Romulus,  (6.  Ceremonies  obeerved  in  tbundiitg  KooM', 
iinder  the  direction  of  proper  persons  from    Hetnim,  G4,  €^. 

.  The  lirenly-firBt  of  April  celebrated  as  the  6r»t  day  of  Rome,  65. 
Bomiilus  forms  the  most  warlike  of  the  people  into  legiont,  C. 
Constitutes  a  senate,  i6.     Appoints  the    connexion  between  t>< 

'  patricians  and  plebeians,  as  patrons  and  clients,  68.  Exhilu 
games,  at  which  the  intended  rape  of  the  Sabine  women  it  pni  i: 
execution,  69.     Marries  Ersilia,  and    has    by   her  Aolliui  ni 

'  Prima,  71.  Kills  Acron,  king  of  the  Cenineasians,  with  hit  on 
hanil,  and  dedicates  the  SpoUa  Opima  to  Jupiter  FerelriiB,  Ti 
A  battle  takes  place  between  the  Sabines  and  the  Romn^  a 
_..._L   I.-   ui —  _^  ((,g  iipgjj    with  a  stone. Wiftr 


1  which  he  i 


t  blow  ( 


79.     Romulus 


>  Jupiter,  ad  ibt 
is  concMtd,ai 


^ 


1  pray 
.  Romans  return  to  the  coiiibnt,  80.  A  peace  is  concloM, 
-  the  Sabines  are  incorporated  with  the  Roman  soldiers,  61.  Sni! 
of  the  corncl-trce  propagated  from  the  sbaft  of  Romulus'  ^e  ' 
81,  The  Sabines  receive  the  Roman  months,  and  Rob* 
adopts  the  use  of  their  shields,  ib.  The  feasts  agreed  onu'i 
iostituled,  85.  Romulus  introduces  the  sacred  lire  at  lUmr.c^ 
appoints  the  Vestal  virgins,  87.  Is  skilled  in  divinatioo.  '■ 
benr»  the  Lituus,  88.  His  law  concemipg  divor^ea,  il.  Ap^ 
no  punbhment  for  actual  parricide,  but  calls  all  murtheip' 
cide,  id.  sg.  Tatius  is  killed  at  Lav  in  i  urn,  and  Romulus  r.mV 
body  an  honourable  interment,  but  does  not  punish  hit  ^ 
.  sins,  89,  90.  Thought  accessary  to  his  death,  90.  The  Lv 
>  aend  embassadors  to  him,  ib.  Takes  Kidenae:,  and  maka  ^ 
Roman  Colony,  ib.  The  Caraerians  attacking  the  flft^ 
Romulus  defeats  them,  and  takes  and  colonises  their  dti,  * 
The  Veientes  declare  war  against  the  Romans  »i.  ExtiTCff 
account  of  the  valour  of  Romulus,  who  defeats  them  9i.  ^ 
muluB  triumphs  for  his  victory,  93.  At^er  he  has  nAacti' 
neighhouring  countries,  assumes  the  monarch  to  an  odiouidtf*' 
93.  Gives  offence  by  his  dress,  guards,  and  lictors,  ii.  9*.  (''■ 
the  death  of  his  grandfather  Numitor,  he  leaves  the  luliiiy*' 
tion  of  Alba  in  the  hands  of  the  inhabitants,  9^.  He  ftlb«* 
Sabines  in  Rome  also  magistrates  of  their  awn,  lA.  Hedi^ 
to  the  senate,  and  the  patricians  go  into  the  houae  only  tot' 
the  news  of  the  day,  ib.  Other  arbitrary  acts  of  hia,  ik.  ^ 
disappears  unaccountably,  9,5.     Various  storiea    —  -      '"'■ 

death,  tO,     All  agree  in  this,  that  ihesenatora 

i/i.  96.    The  senators  tell  the  people  that    be    was 

heaven,  96.     Julius  Proculus  confirms  it  on  the   itniMifc  ^' 
nreCended   apparition,   ii.       His  nge,    102.       "-  •  -■ 

Theseus,  ib, 

Jtotitut,  son  of  viimathioii,  i.fiO. 

-       ",  king  of  the  Latins,  i.  SO. 

itotdui,  the  actor,  lii.  ^2.  v.  298. 


INDEXi  499 

^aidiu,  defended  by  Cicero  against  Sjlla't  prosecution,  ▼.  295.^ 
Roxana^  sister  to  Mithridates,  iii.  351.    Dies  untimely,  execrating 

her  brother,  S52. 

,  pregnant  by  Alexander,  iv.  S5S.    Is  jealous  of  Statira,  and 

procures  the  deatn  both  of  that  princess  and  her  sister,  ib. 
RoxaneSf  a  Persian  o£Bcer,  addresses  Themistocles  in  reproachful 

terms,  as  he  passes  him  in  the  court,  i.  $52, 

iRulncony  Cfcsar  passes  it,  but  first  deUberates,  iv.  202^  896. 
\ubritu,  prsBtor  in  Macedon^  V.  56. 
Eufinus^  one  of  the  ancestors  of  Sylla,  expelled  the  senate  for  being 

possessed  of  more  than  ten  pounds  weight  of  plate,  iii.  290. 
Ru/us,  Lucius,  boasts  of  being  concerned  in  Killing  Caius  Grao* 

chus,  V.  220. 
■  ■       ,  Cluvius,  vi*  245*  n. 

RumiUot  the  tutelar  goddess  of  children  at  the  breast,  i.  5d« 
RuminaliSf  what  so  called,  and  why,  i.  53. 
Rumours f  extraordinary  ones,  ii.  313,  314. 
RustiuSf  or  Roscius,  ih.  495,  n. 
RutiUuSf  lieutenant  to  Metellus,  iii.  ISO. 

,  Rufu8>  the  historian,  iii.  156.  iv.  173. 


S. 

SABACOf  Cassius.    See  Casnus  Sabaco. 

SMaSf  one  of  the  kings  of  India,  his  revolt  from  Alexander>  iv. 

336. 
Sabine  women,  carried  off  by  the  Romans,  i.  69.    Run  in  between 
the  Romans  and  the  Sabinet ,  80.    Their  eloquent  remonstrance 
on  that  occasion,  which  conciliates  a  peace,  ib.  81.    The  honours 
paid  them  by  the  Romans,  81. 
\Sabines^  a  colony  of  Lacedsemonians,  i.  73, 165, 166.   Attack  the 
Romans,  on  account  of  the  rape,  73,  74.      Invade  the  Roman 
territories,  and  are  defeated  by  Marcus  Valerius,  brother  to 
Publicola,  losioe  thirteen  thousand  of  their  men,  i.  299.    Again 
.         defeated  by  Publicola,  302. 
\     Sabinus,  v.  322. 

i    Sacred  band  of  Thebans.    See  Batid.    Fire,  i.  87.    Mount,  ii.  180. 
^        War,  ii.  34,  267,  n. 
i;    SaculiOf  a  bufibon,  vi.  100. 
i  Sadales.    See  AdaUus. 
9  'fSagra^  river,  ii.  314. 

1^  f  SoMrmM,  L  18.  Said  to  be  first  'given  up  to  the  Athenians  by 
n^  Philseus  and  Eurysaces,  the  sons  dTAjax,  i.  230.  The  Athenians 
^  lose  it,  and,  after  many  vain  trials,  make  a  law  that  there  shall  be 
^  no  more  attempts  for  recovering  it,  227.  Recovered  by  Solon, 
^  228.  The  Grecian  and  Persian  fleets  engage  in  the  straits  of 
^  Salamis,  333—335.  Surrendered  to  Demetrius,  v.  378. 
Saliminian  galley,  ii.  12,  143. 

Salii,  priests  instituted  by  Numa,  to  take  charge  of  the  brazen 

2  K  2 


^ 


k 


500  INDEX. 

sliicM  itiat  fell  from  heaven,  i.  188,  189.      An    account  of  thai 

iiroeeisioii,  190. 
Salinalor,  JuIlub.     See  Julias  Salinator. 
Selius,  commander  of  the  Peligoiana,  throira  his  suadard  tmoog 

the  enemy,  ii.  307. 
■ ,  a  person  of  Samothrace  or  Eilaotinea,   said  to  have  tan^t 

the  dance  in  armour,  i.  190. 
Salonium,  iii.  165. 
Salonius,  steward  to  Cato.    Cato  the  Censor,  in  hit  oM  ^,  warm 

hia  daughter,  ii.  527,  528. 

,  Cato.     See  Cato  Saloniut. 

Sub-springs,  or  Salt-works,  i.  92. 

Salluit,  the  historian,  mistaken  in  Rayinz  that  caroe'a  were  fintm  ' 

by  the  Romans  in  the  baltle  fought  by  Lucullos  near  ibt  itm 

Rhynitacua,  iii.  341.  | 

Sa/vfifi,  a  Roman  who  had  served  under  Panpey,  takafMtai'^  ', 

assassination,  iv.  226. 
Samana,  a  kind  of  ship  so  called,  ii.  40. 
Hambuca,  a  machine  invented  by  MarcelluB  in  the  siege  of  ^/J^^""- 

ii.  410.     It  is  destroyed  by  Archimedes,  412. 
^Samians,  beat  the  Athenian  fleet  after   Pericles  wu  coMi  ■< 

brand  the  prisoners  in  the  forehead  with   the   figure  ofm  <>■(/ 

ii.  40.     The  Athenians  had  branded  them   with  a  Sbbikdi,*'' 

thence  they  were  called  by  Aristophanes  a  lettered  pewk.* 

They  are  entirely  reduced  by  Pericles,  41.     Their  HaW?' 

Lysander,  iii.  210. 
^Samnites,  iii.  83.  v.  205. 

Samon,  chief  herdsman  to  Neoptotemus,  iii.  71. 
^Santos,  Pericles  beats  down  the  walls  of  it's  capiUl    iL  41. 
\Samosata,  v,  457. 

^Samothrace,  or  Samothracia,  iii.  24S.  iv.  153. 
Samothradaii  gods.     See  Cabiri. 
Samothradans  at  Sparta,  v.  162. 
Saadace,  sister  to  Xerxes,  her  three  sons  sacrificed  bv  the  G* 

to  BacchuB  Omestes,  1.  332. 
"fSap/ia,  iii.  358. 
{SappAo.  v.  403. 
Sardiant  to  be  sold,  why  proclaimed  by  the  cryer  at  Roxot  \^ 

every  sacrifice  for  victory,  i.  93, 
Sardinia  conijuered,  i.  93,  n.  ■ 

iSardis,  iii.  196.  iv.  46,  264.  v.  413.  I 

Sardonic  laugh,  v.  236.  I 

Sarmmtuf,  v.  4S3.  I 

Sarpedon,  preceptor  to  Calo  the  Younger,  ».  si.  I 

SalibariJines,  an  eunuch  belonging  lo  Artaxerxes,   ri.  IJ7.        [ 
iSatricum  taken  by  the  Tuscans,   i.  410.      Retaken  br  6^ 

411.  f 

Satureiiis,  Publlus,  the  tribune,  givei  Tiberius  Grsccbui  Ai^. 

nound,  v.  220.  ! 

Saturnalia,  featt  of,  i.  309.  iii.  SSS.  v.  SIS. 


1 


INDEX.  501 

Satummus,  Luciot,  a  furioui  tribune,  iii.  1S7.  Supj^rU  Marius 
in  all  his  measures,  ib.  and  156.  Proposes  an  Agrarian  law,  1^. 
Banishes  Metellus,  159.  Retires  into  the  Capitol,  160.  Is 
promised  indemnity  on  surrendering  himself,  ib.  Killed  notwidi- 
standing,  as  soon  as  he  enters  the  Forum,  id. 

Setter,  brought  to  Sylla,  iii.  268. 

Sati^ruSy  the  diviner  (or,  as  he  is  called  by  others,  Orthagoras),  assists 
in  killing  Timophanes,  the  brother  of  Timoleon,  ii.  236. 

,  the  actor,  forms  the  pronunciation  and  delivery  of  Demos- 
thenes, V.  258,  259. 

Sayings  and  apophthegms  of  Acuphis,  iv.  828.  ^milius,  ii.  SSO* 
vi.  211.  iBsop,  i.  262.  Afranius,  iv.  406.  Agesilaus,  iv.  81, 
88,  89,  90,  97,  99,  100.  Agis,  v.  139,  140,  143,  152,  153.  Alci- 
biades,  ii.  120, 123,  130,  144.  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  88, 245, 
249, 255,  256, 259, 272,  273, 282, 283, 284,  290,  301,  802,  303, 
304,  306,  307,  328,  329.  Anacharsis,  i.  224.  Anaxilaiis,  ii. 
160.  Annibal,  ii.  82,  87,  88.  iii.  59.  Antalcidas,  i.  131.  iv.  103, 
104,111.  Antigonus,  i.  77.  ii.  340.  iii.  9,  75.  iv.  56.  v.  869. 
Antipater,  iv.  48.  V.  2.  Antisthenes,  i.  161.  Anytus,  ii.  118. 
Archelaus,  i.  118.  Archestratus,  ii.  135.  Archidamidas,  i, 
144.  Archidamus,  v.  183.  Argileonls,  i.  151.  Aristides, 
ii.  448,  449,  459,  460.  Augustus,  v.  353.  Artaxerxes,  vi. 
118,  119.  Barca,  ii.  90.  Brutus,  vi.  69,  89,  90.  Caesar, 
Julius,  i.  77.  ii.  2.  iv.  213,  360,  368,  370,  403,  405,  411,  416, 
419,  421,  422.  v.  122.  Camillus,  i.  397,  398.  Callicratidas, 
ii.  342.  Cassius,  vi.  94.  Cato  the  Censor,  ii.  340,  502—505, 
et  passim.  Cato  the  Younger,  v.  68,  76,  79.  Charilaus,  i. 
143.  Cicero,  iv.  361.  v.  298,  300,  301,  320,  321,  322, 323,  325, 
340.  Cimon,  iii.  308.  Cleomenes,  v.  159.  Cleopatra,  v.  453. 
Crassus,  iii.  449.  Cratesiclea,  v.  178.  Curius  Dentatus,  iL  494. 
495.  Crobylus,  v.  271.  Deiotarus,  iii.  470.  Demades,  i.  242. 
V.  183,  266.  Demaratus,  i.  143.  iv.  88,  253.  Demetrius  Po- 
liorcetes,  v.  384.  Demetrius  the  Pharian,  vi.  205,  206.  De- 
roocrates,  v.  158.  Demosthenes,  v.  8,  258,  260,  263,  264,  270, 
283,  284,  285,  287.  Diogenes,  ii.  79.  iv.  259.  Dionysius,  ii. 
249,  250  Draco,  i.  242.  £paminondas,  i.  130.  Epimenides, 
i.  233,  234.  Eumenes,  iv.  49,  52.  Fabius  Maximus,  ii.  73, 
80,  98,  100.  Favonius,  iv.  406.  Flaminius,  iii.  52,  53.  Caius 
Gracchus,  v.  225.  Galba,  vi.  228.  Gorgo,  1. 132, 133.  Iphi- 
I  crates,  ii.  341.  Laconic  sayings,  instances  of  them,  i.  142 — 144. 
V.  408.  Leo  of  Byzantium,  iii.  437.  Leonidas,  i.  143.  Lucul- 
lus,  iii.  336,  353.  Lycurgus,  i.  123,  142,  147.  ui.  188,  189. 
Lycurgus  the  Orator,  iii.  499.  Lysander,  iii.  193,  194,  196, 
215.  Marius,  iii.  150,  151,  155,  163, 172,  449.  MeteUus,  iii. 
158,  159.  Nicias,  iii.  433.  Psedaretus,  i.  150.  Parmenio,  iv. 
504.  Pelopidas,  ii.  344,  361,  365,  375.  Pericles,  ii.  14, 15, 31, 
32,58.  Perseus,  vi.  175.  Philip,  ii.  3.  iv.  248.  Philistus,  vi.  35. 
Philopoemen,  iii.  17,  21,  22,  23.  Phocion,  v.  7,  8,  11,  12,  13, 
19,  ^20,  et  passim.  Pittheus,  i.  4.  Plato,  ii.  27,  117,  192.  iii^ 
I    328.  V.  364.  vi.  19.     PUftonax,  i.  148.     PimstratidM,  i.  151. 


Pompey,  iv.  128,  Hi,  1(<3, 189,  233,  234^  PoapeiDi  SeUin, 
V.  455,  *56.  Poinponius,  iii,  3+6,  3*7.  Txakaiy,  t,  357, 
Pyrrhus,  Jii.  76,  100.  Pjtheas,  v.  260,  2S6.  T.QujntiiM  FU- 
tninitu,  iii.  53.  Romulus,  i.  W.  Scopas,  ii.  518.  Seleueto,  r. 
♦16,  417.  SertoriuB,  iv.  7,  8,  9, 15,  97,  32.  Solon,  i.  22*.  SST, 
238,243,260,261,265.  Sophocles,  iii.  422.  Slhenu,  i»- 136. 
Slttpo,  V.  S71,  S72.  Stratndes,  v.  39S.  Strstooicut,  u  IM. 
Sylla.  iii.  2*5.  247,  248,  250.  iv.  357.  Theano,  ii.  U5.  Tht- 
'mistocles,  i.  338,  339,  352,  353.  Teledides,  ii.  239.  Theodora. 
Jj,  163.  Theopompus,  i.  121,  143.  160.  Thespis,  i  Sft 
TTieste,  vi.  20.  Tigranes,  iii.  S66.  Timoclea,  iv,  257.  Tpw,  ' 
ii.  135.     Timotheus,  ii.  342.  I 

Scavola.     See  Mmias, 

SeamhonU,  a  ward  in  Alliens,  ii.  144. 

iknple  HuU,  what,  iii.  297,  n. 

"^aui-ui,  [lis  daughter  X.ra\\v&  is  Pompey'^  secQnd  wife,  iv. 

Seedatus,  the  story  of  liis  daugliters,  ii.  365. 


Scenes,  a  elave  of  Pompey's,  iv.  227. 

Scenical  Entertainments,     See  Theatrical. 

Scetdhas,  servant  to  Aratus,  vi.  156. 

Schinocephalus,  8  name  given  to  Pericles,  ii.  6. 

^ScUlmuiis,  isle  of,  iv.S39. 

4  Scionteant,  re-established  by  Lysandcr,  iii.  204. 

Scipio,  Publius  Cornelius,  sumamed  Africauus,  api 
(lent  of  the  senate  by  Flaminius,  iii.  Iji.  Undertaises  rti  n^ 
the  Carthaginian  war  from  Italy  into  Africa,  jl,  J02.  Hon* 
actions  there,  104.  He  deftals  Annibal,  105.  Has  an  inur'" 
with  Annibal  at  EphesuE,  iii.  5d.  Tliey  debate  who  «s  ^ 
greatest  general  in  the  ivorltl,  i6. 

• ,  Nasica,  son-in-law  to  Afrjcanus,  offers   to   conduct  ■  |C^ 

round  for  ^milius,  in  order  to  tatc  Perseus  on  the  morew^ 
sible  side,  ii.  300.  Executes  the  serviqe  with  great  abiHn, ' 
301.  An  enemy  to  Tiberius  Gracchus,  and  whi-  »  21"  P^i 
Tiberius  to  death,  219,  220.  '      ' 

,  ^milianus,  or  the  second  Afrlcanus,  happily  fatvgi 
»irtue,  valiant,  and  ambitious  of  glory,  ii.  3lo,  31 1.  Tin  » 
,  afraid  that  he  was  lost  in  the  action  with  Perseus,  310.  Fw^ 
the  people  in  hig  administration,  333.  In  that  respect 
from  his  father,  i6.  Foretells  the  future  greatness  of  H^ 
iii.  123.  Disobliges  the  people  by  opposing  the  AgranMl* 
T.  222.     Different  accounts  of  his  death,  i,  95.  v.  233. 

-,  MeteiluB,  father-in-law  to  Pompey,  iv.  195,  196,  PmM 
assigns  him  the  command  in  Macedon,  405.  Tlie  aUcRM' 
between  him  and  other  friends  of  Pompey  about  saoec^ 
Caisar  in  the  pontificalc,  212.     He  communis  the  mua  !>•*' 

,  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  214.  He  and  Cato  retire  tntn  AS* 
,  ,416,  417-  Is  received  by  Juba.  king  of  Mauritania.  417  »  I* 
li  defeated  by  Casar  at  ThapsUs,  108. 


INDEX.  '  ms 

Sciph  SaBuiumf  a  mean  perton  in  CaeMr's  arm^,  C«ar  gives  him 

tne  titular  command,  in  order  to  turn  an  ancient  prophecy  on  his 

side,  iv.  41 7* 
fSeiradium^  promontory  of,  i.  229. 
Sdras,  proviaes  Theseus  with  a  Salaminian  pilot,  L  18. 
Sciron,  temple  of,  i.  19. 

,  slain  by  Theseus,  i.  11,  SI,  82. 
Scirophorionf  iv.  107. 

Scopiu^  the  Thessalian,  a  saying  of  his,  iL  518. 
Scorpions f  a  military  instrument,  ii.  412. 

,seen  fighting  by  Marius  on  the  Afirican  coast;  it  is 

deemed  ominous,  iii.  173. 
fScotusa,  iii.  39.  iv.  213. 
fScotussaOy  i.36. 

Seropha^  quftstor  Co  Crassus,  iii.  462. 
iScyros^  isle  of,  Theseus  retires  thither,  i.  44.    Taken  by  Cimon, 

iii.  303. 
Scytale^  what,  iii*  212. 
Scytalay  serpents  so  called,  iti.  496. 
S^hOf  one  of  the  Lacedsemonians  sent  to  Larissa  by  Agesilaus, 

IV.  90. 

iSc^ihiam,  iii.  481.  v.  381. 

Sea.    See  Cawian  and  Mediterranean. 

Secestionf  of  the  Roman  people  to  the  sacred  mount,  ii.  181. 

SecunduSf  secretary  to  Otho,  vi.  253. 

Sedition.    See  Neuters. 

Seisadkiaf  what,  i.  241. 

^Seleucia,  upon  the  Tigris,  iii.  358,  472,  473. 

Seleucus  1.  sumamed  Nicanor,  recovers  Babylon  from  Antigonus, 

V.  269.  He  marries  Stratonice  the  daughter  of  Demetrius,  395. 
Quarrels  with  Demetrius,  397.  Discovers  by  means  of  his 
physician,  that  his  son  Antiochus  is  desperately  in  love  with 
Stratonice,  403.  Gives  her  up  to  his  son,  and  assigns  him  a 
considerable  territory,  404.  Enters  into  alliance  with  Ptolemy 
and  Lysimachus  affamst  Demetrius,  410.  Gains  over  the  ahny 
of  Demetrius,  and  keeps  him  a  prisoner  at  large,  41 7»  418.  A 
saying  of  his,  416, 417. 

fSdUuM,  battle  of,  iiL  7,  8. 

^Seljfbriof  taken  by  Alcibiades,  ii.  158. 

fSemproniuSf  Tiberius,  consul,  ii.  393.     Much  beloved  by  the 

people  of  Rome,  ti.    Permitted  to  nominate  his  own  successors, 

$b. 
w  J      Indistrus  (or  rather  Denstu),  a  centurion,  without  any 

particular  obligation  to  Galba,  stands  up  in  his  defence,  and  is 

killed  in  the  attempt,  vi.  238,  239. 
Senate^  of  Sparta,  of  what  number  it  consisted,  i.  1 19.    The  method 

of  choosing  it's  members,  151.    Is  the  principal  support  of  the 

Spartan  state,  119.    Of  Athens,  i,  244.  v,  373.  Of  Rome,  oppose 

Caius  Gracchus  with  his  own  weapons,  v.  231. 
Senators f  Roman,  called  *  Fathers,'    and  <  Conscript  Fathers,'   i. 

6S»    A  hundred  members  from  the  Sabines  added  to  their  num- 


so* 


INDEX. 


ber.SS.    Judges  of  aJl  cauies,  till  tbe  Gracchi  mMm 
number  of  the  equestrian  order  to  the  be»cb,  v.9flS. 

Seneca,  in  his  friendship  for  Otho,  persuades  Nero  to 
into  LuEJtanis,  tI.  S30. 

Senecio.     See  Sossiut. 

tSenoBM,  i.  378. 

Sentiui,  the  Roman  governor  of  Mncedon,  iii.S46. 

Seplempagiiim.  i.  92. 

Septimius,  vhn  had  served  under  Pninpey,  assists  in  the 
thai  great  miin,  iv.  227. 

tiqilimitleiuf,  connected  with  the  consul  Opiraius,  v,  2^J 

Se^uani,  iii.  150.  iv.  381. 

Serapion,  a  young  man  who  played  with  Alexander  at  ti 
he  sail!  to  that  prince,  iv.  381. 

Serapin,  iv.  3^8,  352.     His  temple  and  oracle  M  BsliTfam,  ik ' 

Serbonis,  an  Egyptian  marsh,  v,  4-28.  ^ 

Sergiut,  the  player,  retainer  to  Antony,  v.  4M. 

^Seriphus,  i.  338,  339. 

Serpent,  the  fable  of  it's  tail  quarrelling  with  it*a  fiead,  iv.  II 

Serpentt,  said  U»  he  produced  from  the  human  marroar,  r.  i9tt 

Sbrtorius,  Quintus,  of  a  respectable  family  in  the  town  of  M 
and  country  of  the  Sabines,  iv.  4.  Lost  his  father  mhen  %• 
ib.  Haii  a  liberal  education  given  him  by  his  mother  KiM 
Makes  his  Grst  campaign  under  Co^pio,  ngninst  the  Cinbi 
Teulones,  ib.  Swims  the  river  Rhone  in  hia  armour,  H. 
against  the  same  enemy  under  Marius,  and  goes  amongN 
as  a  spy,  ib.     Goes  in  capacity  of  tribune   under   £ 

n,  and  talies  up  his  wintur-quarters  in  CastuJo,  5.  tU 
barians  attack  the  Riimani  there,  and  kill  many  of  tM 
SerloHus  gets  out  of  the  town,  collects  some  scattered  «l 
enters  it  again,  and  put  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword,  H.  < 
guises  his  parly  in  the  clothes  and  arms  of  the  faarili 
marches  against  the  Gyriscenians,  and  cuts  them  off,  I'A.  6. 
is  appointed  qucestor  in  the  Cisalpine  Gaul,  «'here  h«  ill 
active  in  the  cause  of  Marius,  6.  Stands  for  ihe  office  i 
bune  of  the  people,  and  loses  it  through  the  opposition  ofS 
(action,  ib.  Joins  Cinna  against  Octaviu*.  7.  Cinna  b 
in  the  Forum,  and  forced  to  quit  Rome,  t^.  He  and  Se 
collect  fre«h  forces  in  Italy,  iO-  Marius  returns  to  Ital^ 
ofltrs  to  join  Cinna,  ib.  Sertorius  opposes  it,  till  he  h  '  '^ 
that  Marius  came  upon  the  invitation  of  Cinna.  iS. 
Birates  to  Marius  and  Cinna  against  his  savage  proceedinca 
victory,  8.  Destroys  Marius'  Bardiieans,  lA.  Ader  tbei 
of  the  elder  Marius,  finds  the  war  against  Syl|«  in  Italv  < 
carried  on,  and  retires  into  Spain,  ib,  9.  P^ya  toll  to  ih 
barians  for  his  passage  over  the  Pyrenees,  9.      His  saying 


e  to  (he 


?«•« 


it,  ib.     Finding  the  Spaniards 

he  lowers  the  taxes,  and  excuses  mem  irom  providinc 
for  the  soldiers,  ib.     Sends  Julius  Salinator    to    blo^  n 
passages  of  the  Pyrenees,  10.     Sails  for  Africa,  but   tbe  I 
refuse  to  receive  bim,  and  he  retnnu  to  the  SpaniA 


INDEX,  r  §o§ 

Lindi  in  tbe  iafe  of  jPiQnua,  ik  Pveparei  with  mm  pinlkal 
vessels  to  6ght  Annius^  but  is  preheated  by  a  storm,  sii.lL 
Passes  tbe  streigbts  of  Gades,  and  lands  in  BsBtica,  11. 
Tbere  tneets  with  some  mariners,  who  give  bim  an  acooitnt  of 
the  Atlantic  or  ForUiaate  islands,  11  •  He  is  desirous  to  go,  and 
live  tbere,  13.  The  Cilician  pirates  leave  him,  and  go  to  re- 
store Ascalis  to  the  throne  of  Mauritania,  ib.  He  supports 
the  Moors  against  Ascalis,  ib.  Defeats  and  kills  Paccta* 
Bus»  ib.  TMieB  tbe  city  of  Tingis,  sAl  The  Lusiunians  invite 
bim  to  take  the  command  among  them,  IS.  Tbe  character  of 
Sertorius,  ib*  14.  A  little  changed,  in  the  later  period  of  his 
life,  by  his  misfortunes,  14,  As  general  of  tbe  Lusitaaiansy. 
reduces  the  native  provinces,  and  numbers  come  over  to  him, 
ib.  Tbe  great  use  he  made  of  a  white  bind^  which  be  preteada 
to  be  a  gift  from  Diana,  ib»  15.  With  a  small  force  carries  on 
Ihe  war  against  four  Rooian  generals,  15,  16.  Beats  Cotta  at 
sea,  16.  Defeats  Pbidius  in  Bsetica ;  Domitius  and  Luoius  Man- 
lius  in  the  hither  Spain ;  and  kills  Thoranios,  who  was  seat 
against  him  by  Metellus,  16.  Reduces  Metellus  to  such  extre- 
mities, that  he  is  forced  to  call  in  Lollius  to  his  assistance  4Wm» 
Gallia  Narbonensis;  and  Pompey  the  Great  is  cent  with  another 
army  froifi  Rome,  iL  Metellus  marches  against  the  Langobritss, 
who  having  but  one  well  in  their  city,  Sertorius  sends  them  two 
thousand  skins  filled  with  water,  18.  Metellus  despatches  Aqui- 
litts  to  collect  provisions ;  but  Sertorius  lays  an  ambush  for  him^ 
and  cuts  off  the  convoy,  18.  Sertorius  arms  and  trains  the 
Spaniards  in  the  Roman  manner,  19.  Collects  the  children  of 
the  nobility  from  the  several  nations  of  Spain  into  the  city  of 
Osca,  and  gites  them  masters  to  instruct  them  in  the  Greeia» 
and  Roman  literature,  19.  Multitudes  lay  themselfes  under 
engagements,  if  Sertorius  should  fall  in  battle,  to  die  with  him^ 
90.  Perpenna  arrives  in  Spain,  and  bis  troops  insist  upon  bia 
joining  Sertorius,  ib,  Sertorius  applies  to  the  senses  of  the 
Spaniards,  by  a  symbol,  recommending  to  them  usanioutyt 
perseverance,  and  obedience  to  their  general,  21,  22.  The 
means  he  took  to  subdue  the  Characitani,  who  dwelt  in  eaves 
upon  a  mountain  in  all  appearance  impregnable,  22,  24.  Takes 
the  city  of  Lauron,  Ihoogli  Pompey  was  come  to  its  relief,  and 
lay  close  by  him,  24,  25.  Beats  Pompey  in  the  battle  of  Sucre, 
26.  Loses  his  hind,  but  is  happy  enough  to  find  her  again,  27* 
Gives  Metellus  and  Pompey  battle  on  the  plains  of  Sj^untuos^ 
and  is  defi^ated.  2H.  Retires  into  a  fortress,  while  bis  ofBcefa 
assemble  fresh  forces,  ib.  He  cute  off  the  Roman  convoys  both 
by  sea  and  land,  29.  Metellus  offisrs  a  great  reward  to  any 
Roman  who  should  take  him,  ib.  His  vanity  upon  an  advantage 
gained  of  that  general,  ib.  Forms  a  senate  out  of  tbe  patricians^ 
who  had  taken  refbge  wiUi  him,  80.  His  passion  to  be  restored 
to  bis  country,  ib.  His  extreme  grief  upon  the  news  of  tba 
death  of  bis  mother,  ib.  SI.  Tbe  greatness  of  bis  bebavioor, 
and  resard  to  tbe  dignity  of  his  country,  in  his  trea^  with 
Mithridates,  81.    SanSi  him  a  general,  neaiad  Mefcos  Marius, 

5 


Perpcnna  and  oihen  cabal  agaJDst  SertoriM,  ud  am* 
e  of  the  cities  or  Spain  to  revult,  ib.  93.  SemriB,  eu*- 
perated  at  t\i\»,  puts  some  o(  the  children  of  tJie  Sputiih 
nobility  to  death,  and  gcIIs  otliers  for  slaves,  S4.  Ptrpeoi 
draws  Sertoriua,  by  false  pretences,  to  an  eniertunmni  in  h 
tent,  ib.  The  cODspiraton  take  that  opportuoity  ID  doftfch 
him,  S5. 

Serwfcwar,  iii.  +57,  4.60.  •.  55. 

Servilia,  eistcr  to  Calo  of  Utica,  t.  48.  Man-ted  to  LucdkaiaJ 
divorced  for  infidelity  to  his  bed,  7S.  Attends  Cato  ia  liiteip^ 
ditioDs,  102.     Is  left  with  her  child  at  Rhodes,  ICS. 

—^,  another  sister  of  Cato  of  Utica,  niarried  to  Silanil^  f.lS. 

«.7a 

—  ,  the  mother  cf  Brutus,  debauched  by  CKsar,  ti.  fil.  & 
Cesar  a  billet,  which  is  delivered  to  him  in  the  scnate-hwK 
CbIo  insisu  that  the  billet  is  from  the  conspirators  tgPBt  > 
conimamvealth,  upon  which  Cfesar  slioirs  it  him    i^. 

StrBilius,  the  augur,  prosecuted  by  Lucullus  for  undue  aneeei'*^ 

in  bii  office,  iii.  326.     Acquitted,  ib,  ^ 

Ceepio.     See  Ciepio. 

'  Imitricus.     See  Isaurkus, 

,  the  prietor,  sent  by  the  senate  to  forbid  Sylla's  appo^ 

ing  Rome  in  arms,  it  treated  by  the  soldiers  with  ercst  mC' 

iii.  2+3. 
—,  upon  Pompey's  refuEing  lo  flatter   hia  aoldiere,  if*" 

him  truly  great,  and  worthy  of  a  triumph,  iv.  1  '!■] . 
,  employed  by  Porapey  to  guard  the  Pontic  sea,  o*^ 

at  Colchis  iv.  1R9. 
-■         -,  Marcus,  his  speech  in  behalf  of  Paulus  ydnDiiBv  •'• 

reply  to  Servius  Galba,  ii.  324,  32."). 

■ Galba,  Cato,  at  the  age  of  ninety,  accuses  Iiiro,  it.  31N^ 

Serpiut  Galba,  opposes  llic  granting  Paulus  ^railius  a  inuBf- 

ii.  322. 
. ,  a  friend  of  Sylla,  is  candidate  for  the  contulshin,  »»i* 

people  reject  him  in    order  to    show  their   disapnrobatisii  ' 

Sylla,  iii.  245.  ^* 

Seatitu,  Publiup,  what  Cicero  said  to  htm,  v.  324,  SS5. 
■fSetto',  taken  from  the  Athenians  by  Lyumder,  iii.  304. 
iSelia,  iv.425. 
Senen  wise  men,  i.  223. 
Sextiiis,  month  of,  iii.  153. 
Seiliiiax,  pnetor  in  Africa,  sends  a  message  to  Mariua,  to  foib^^ 

entrance,  iri.  172. 
< ,  the  pmtor,  carried  olf  by  pirates,  with  all  the  epi 

his  dignity,  iv.  154> 

,  Lucullui'  lieutenant,  his  exploits,  iii,  368;  563. 

Seclius,  Lucius,  the  first  consul  chosen  out  of  the  piebeiBat,  L  41^ 
SeTiHs  :Jitiiu.     See  Mliui, 

—  Lucinus,  thrown,  by  order  of  MariuB,  from  l)ie  Tut* 
rock,  iii.  J  78,  179. 

—  Pompeim.    See  Pompeif  the  Younger. 


^A 


INDEX.  SOT 

Bestuif  nephew  to  Pompeyy  ▼.  51. 

Bhcevj  the  price  of  one  at  Athens  m  the  tinie  of  Solon,  i.  S52. 

Shield  that  fell  from  heaven*    See  Anyka, 

Shif  in  which  Theseus  returned  from  Crete  preserved  by  the  Adie* 
mans,  i.  26.  Aflfords  an  example  to  the  pnilosophers  ppncemii^ 
the  identity  of  things,  ih.    Annually  sent  to  Delos,  S2,  n. 

Sib^j  their  books  consulted  on  great  emergencies,  ii.  70.  The 
persons  employed  to  consult  them  were  under  the  obligation  of 
iecrecy,  ib.  The  prediction  concerning  the  batUe  of  Chnroneat 
▼.273. 

fSieambri^  vr.  385. 

fSicUy,  i.  21. 

Sidnius  VeUutus^  one  of  the  first  tribunes  of  the  people,  ii,  182; 
Opposes  the  sending  a  colony  to  Velitrse,  but  is  over-ruled  br 
C.  Marcius  Coriolanus,  189.  Pronounces  sentence  of  deam 
a^nst  Marcius,  196.  Agrees  that  Marcius  shall  have  a  farther 
thai  before  the  people,  upon  whidi  Marcius  is  adjudged  to 
banishment,  197. 

Bicmitu^  what  he  said  of  Marcus  Crassus,  iii.  456. 

SidnuSf  tutor  to  Themistocles*  children,  i.  330.  Sent  privately  by 
Themistodes  to  Xerxes,  id, 

fSiejftmy  i.  171.  Rescued  by  Aratus  from  ^rnimiy,  iii.  2.  vi.  160. 
Joins  the  Achasan  league,  ib,  161 .    Famed  for  its  painters,  164. 

fSidofif  V.  475. 

fSigliuria,  i.  293. 

^laniorif  a  celebrated  statuary,  i.  6.  Honoured  by  the  Athenians 
for  his  statue  of  Theseus,  tb, 

Silanusy  Junius,  elected  consul,  v.  70,  309.      Declares  for  the 
highest  punishment  upon  the  accomplices  of  Cataline,  71.    Qua- 
lifies that  declaration,  ib.    Marries  Servilia,  the  sister  of  Cato 
70.    In  what  respect  blamed  by  Cato,  72. 
,  Marcus,  quits  Antony,  v.  483. 

BilenttSy  said  to  be  the  son  of  Apollo,  sent  to  Delphi  to-  demand 
certain  oracles,  b^  which  Lysander  designed  to  change  the  Spar^ 
tan  constitution,  iii.  221 . 

SiUcius,  Publius,  why  proscribed,  vi.  82. 

SUlaceSf  one  of  the  rarthian  generals,  iii.  476. 

SilOf  Popedius.    See  Popedius  Silo. 

fSUvium^  iii.  270. 

Shnilies.    See  Comparisons. 

SmmiaSf  a  friend  of  Philopoemen,  iii.  14. 
■,  the  Athenian,  ii.  55* 

SimonideSf  the  poet,  i*  18,  110. 

IBimuluSf  the  poet,  i.  77. 

^SinnacOf  mountains  of,  iii.  491. 

6VnnM, « the  pine-bender,'  slain  by  Theseus,  L  10,  32.  His  daugh- 
ter  Perigune  has  a  child  by  Theseus,  10.  And  marries  Ddo- 
neus,  ib, 

-fSinopCf  delivered  from  the  tyranny  of  TimesilaUs  by  Pericles,  whi> 
sends  thither  six  hundred  Athenian  ciolonists,  iL  S3.  Taken  by 
LucuUus,  iii.  359. 


SOS  INDEX. 

Sinope,  the  daughter  of  Aaopus,  iii.  360. 

\Sinueua,  ii.431.  vi.  845. 

Sippius,  a  noted  epicure,  ».  53. 

Sqn/lus,  mine*  of,  eatich  Pelopi,  i.  4,  m. 

Sfriu,  river,  iii.  a?- 

aiienna,  tile  liifitorian,  iii.  327- 

Sitmelhres,  beiieged  fay  Alexander  upon  a  rock  d«eii>ed 

bie,  iv.327. 
SUmaiia,  the  monument  of  those  who  were  killed  bj*  an  eaithqadi 

at  Sparta,  iii.  3i(>. 
Sitting  at  table,  apoeture  ol' mouniing  among  ihv  RoBUiiu,«.]06< 
Slavft,  Spartan.     See  Helots. 
,  Roman,  Uieir  liberty   during  the    SatumaUtt.     Sae  £M^ 

Smt/rna,  Homer  said  to  base  died  there,  i».  3. 

Sochorru  tlie  Decelean,  what  be  said  to  .^liltiades,  iu.  SCti 

Sgcrata,  opposes  the  Sicilian  expedition,  in  consequence  of 
nitions  from  his  Good  Genius,  ii.  1.^6,  iii.  419.  Thcpaiiijof 
bis  love  for  Alcibiadea,  ii.  117.  Yields  to  Alctbiadettlw  priu  i' 
T&lour,  ISI.  is  saved  fay  Alcibtudes  in  the  battle  of  Dti'ina,  a 
The  qualities  of  bis  mind,  different  from  what  Iii*  petMO  ^ 
mised,  501.  Admired  by  Cato  the  Censor  for  hi*  briMTimtf>> 
his  family,  530.  Condemned  to  die  for  h'u  pkiloMiphy.  iii  ^ 
His  fale  like  that  of  Phocion,  v.  iS. 

fSoli,  a  city  of  Cyprus,  i.  259.  iv.  28*. 

--— ,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  iv.  15'J. 

SoLoH,  the  son  of  Execestides,  a  deacendent  orCodn^i^S^ 
Connected  with  Piiistratus,  not  only  by  friendship,  butbiVti't 
i6.  Hi*  father  hurts  his  fortune,  which  originally  wm  DStp"- 
219.  He  endeavours  to  retrieve  it  by  niercliandibe,  2S0i  ^ 
has  no  attachment  to  riches,  farther  than  tliey  are  lUc'H  ' 
This  expressed  in  sume  agreeable  verses  of  |ii«,  |4.  Tb«« 
he  made  of  hii>  poetical  talents,  231,  '222.  Cullivacts  0* 
part  of  moral  philosophy,  which  treats  of  civil  obligaiioDt,  £^ 
Has  little  knowledge  of  natural  philosophy.  iA.  TkLm  A» 
charsis  into  his  friendship,  224.  Their  conversation  coniWi*^ 
laws,  ib.  He  is  entertained  by  Thales  at  Miletus,  ondosii^ 
why  he  does  not  marry,  i&.  225.  The  contrivance  of  TU> 
thereupon,  225.      The  Hegarensians  having   taken  ii 

decree  is  passed  at  Athens,  that  no  attempt  should  be 

the  recovery  of  it,  227-  Solon  feigns  himself  iotane,  and  pD^ 
decree  repealed,  227.  Diflerent  accounts  of  the  manner  <d^ 
retaking  the  island,  328, 239.  Solon  procures  a  decree  fiM  * 
Ampbictyons  for  chastising  the  Cirrhsans,  who  had  sacrilcciv^ 
laid  siege  10  Delphi,  2S0,  231.  Brings  the  long  dispuuaiki' 
the  afiair  of  Cylun  to  a  conclusion.  231,  2S2.  FrodigMS  (ppA 
and  Athens  labours  under  superstitious  fears,  as*].  To  nctf* 
the  disorders,  Solun  is  appointed  archon  and  laweivn,  9^ 
Many  exhort  him  to  assume  regal  power,  but  he  decline*  ^ 
236,  237.  He  cancels  debts,  and  makes  an  order  that  &*  ^ 
future  no  man  should  take  the  body  of  his  debtor  for 


INDEX.  509 

298*    Enterget  mesittret,  and  the  value  of  money,  iB,    Unhap* 
pily  disooYen  his  detiffn  of  cancelling  debts,  to  some  of  his 
friends,  who  make  a  vilTainous  advantage  of  it,  S59.     Sets  the 
first  example  of  the  remission  of  debts,  ib.    The  rich  are  dis» 
pleased  at  the  cancelling  of  debts,  and  the  poor  at  his  not  making 
an  equal  division  of  lands,  240.    They  are  reconciled  to  him,  and 
hivest  him  with  full  powers  of  legislation,  241.     He  repeals  the 
laws  of  Draco,  except  those  concerning  murther,  ib.    Appoints 
four  orders  of  citizens,  according  to  their  property,  24-2.     Per* 
sons  of  superior  property  to  bear  offices,  to.     He  establishes  the 
court  of  Areopagus  upon  a  better  footing,  243.     Appoints  a  se« 
nate  of  four  hundred,  244*.    One  of  his  Taws  declares  the  person 
infamous,  who  stands  neuter  in  time  of  sedition,  246.     His  laws 
concerning  heiresses,  ib.    Concerning  marriaee,  247.     Against 
speaking  ill  of  the  dead,  248.    Against  revning  the  Ihring  on 
certain  public  occasions,  ib.    Concerning  wills,  249.    He  'Cgn- 
lates  the  journeys,  mournings,  and  sacrifices  of  the' women,  So» 
250.    Concerning  fathers  and  children,  251.      Concerning  the 
idle,  ib.     Some  absurdity  in  his  laws  concerning  women,  252. 
Laws  relative  to  wolves,  ib.    To  wells,  planting  of  trees,  and 
raising  stocks  of  bees,  253,  254.    To  the  naturalising  of  fo- 
reigners, 254.    To  the  going  to  public  entertmnments,  255. 
These  laws  of  his  were  to  continue  m  force  for  a  hundred  years, 
A.    He  amends  the  calendar,  256.    On  his  laws  taking  place,  he 
withdraws  from  the  captious  imnortunity  of  the  citizens,  and  tra- 
vels for  ten  years,  258.    He  visits  Egypt,  and  gets  an  account 
from  the  priests  of  the  Atlantic  island,  which  he  attempts  to  de- 
scribe in  verse,  ib.  259.    Sails  to  Cyprus,  and  is  very  serviceable 
to  one  of  the  kings  in  building  a  new  city,  which  b  called  Soli» 
259.    His  interview  and  conversation  with  Croesus  upon  happi- 
ness, 260,  261.     What  ^sop,  the  fabulist,  said  to  him,  262. 
When  Croesus  is  on  the  point  of  suffering  death  before  Cyrus  the 
Great,  he  calls  on  the  name  of  Solon,  and  relates  the  conversa- 
tion ;  which  saves  his  life,  ib.  263.    The  three  parties  in  Attica 
quarrel  with  each  other  during  Solon's  absence,  263.    The  cha- 
racter of  Pisistratus,  who  was  at  the  head  of  one  of  these  par- 
ties, ib.  264.    He  wounds  himself,  in  order  to  procure  a  guard, 
265.     Solon,  who  was  now  returned,  opposes  it,  but  in  vain,  tft. 
Thespis  exhibits  in  tragedy,  ii.    Solon's  opinion  of  such  exhibi- 
tions, ib.     Pisistratus  seizes  the  citadel,   and  with  it  absolute 
Eower,  266.   Solon  exhorU  the  Athenians  to  recover  their  liberty, 
ut  without  effect,  ib.    His  answers  to  those  who  asked  him,  how 
he  durst  speak  so  fireely,  297.    Pisistratus  observes  the  greatest 
part  of  Solon's  laws;  upon  which,  Solon  gives  him  some  couote- 
nance,  ib.    Solon  lives  cheerful  to  the  last,  268.    His  ashes  said 
to  have  been  scattered  about  the  isle  of  Salamis,  269. 

Solon^  of  Platses,  v.  4a 

Soloon,  one  of  the  companions  of  Theseus,  in  his  expedition  against 
the  Amazons,  i.  33.  Drowns  himself  in  consequence  of  his  hope- 
less passion  fbr  Antiope,  ib.    The  river  called  oy  his  same,  if. 


£10  INBEX. 

Sonckit,  the  Saite,  the  roost  learned  of  ibe  Egjpltn  ptiaU,  pii 

Solon  on  accouDt  of  the  Adantic  islands,  i.  25B. 
iSophaie,  country  of.  iii.  361,  370. 
Sophax,  eoD  of  Hercules  byTinga  ibe  widow  of  AUxui,  h 

city  which  he  calls  Tiogis,  aner  the  name  of  his  mother,  i>.  i^  > 
Sopliocles,  intimate  with  jEsculapius,  i.  172.      Can-in  te  priicdr 

tr^eiJy  froio  .^Uchylus,  iii.  305.     One  of  bis  aemicMBU  ceV 

suied,  V.  2.     A  saying  of  his,  iii.  432. 
Soranm,  folher  to  Alilia,  Calo»  firet  wife,  v.  55, 
Sorex,  the  mimic,  one  of  thu  people  whom  Syllu  wniued  hiaflC 

with,  iii.  282. 
Somattui,  an  officer  under  LucuIIue,  defeats  a  party  aeot  b, 

ridates,  that  attacked  a  convoy,  iii.   31.9.     Left  in  Pontw  tf 

Lucullus,  360. 
Sofp'mw,  the  month  so  called,  i.  SS. 
Soabiut,  niinister  to  Ptolemy  Philopator,  forms  a  acboaw 

CIcomenes,  v.  190,  192. 
Axicles,  thrust  Ariamenes,  Xerxes'  brave  admiral,  «ilK  1>*  p'" 

into  the  sea,  i.  334. 
Soiigenes,  a  friend  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,   v.  417, 
Sosu,  the  Syracusao,  hie  inlVimous  character,  i-i.  33.     Plott^v' 

I>Ion,  ih.     Condemned    by  the   Syracusaus,    aod  capioUr  f^ 

Dished,  34. 
SO10,  though  fiistcr  to  Abantidas,  the  rcigaing    tyrant  ofSi^ 

Raves  Aratus  when  a  child,  vl.  154. 
Sossius,  Senecio,  a  Roman  of  consular  dignity,    Plutarch  W** 

his  I.ivei  to  him,  i.  2,  n.  vi.  2. 

,  Mark  Antony's  lieutenant,  t.  458. 
Soslratus,  a  peraon  of  great  authority  in  Syracuse,   lawyMf?^ 

into  Sicily,  iii.  100.     Pyrrhus  grows  jealous  of  liita,  aul* 

forced  to  fly,  ib. 
Sottria,  a  feast  in  honour  of  Aratus  the  deliverer  of  bil  caM"^ 

vi.  208. 
Soul,  it's  immortality,  i.  99.  Possessed  of  a  self-directing  po«V, 
Soii»,  king  of  Sparta,  one  of  the  ancestors  of  Lycurpu^  ■■ 

Under  his  conduct  the  Spnctans  subdue  the    Heloti,  A- 

over-reaches  the  Clilorians,  ib. 
&tu,  the  wild  one  of  Cronimyon,  i.  10. 
f  Spaniards,  disciplined  in  the  Uoman  manner,    and  a  aoi^ 

their  children  educated  by  order  of  Sertorius,  iv.  1 B,  19i   1^ 

devoted  their  lives  for  iheir  generals,  20. 
Spanvs,  makes  Sertorius  a  present  of  a  white  hind,  ir.  |  i,  15. 
Sparimixa,  the  eunuch,  employed  by  Pary&atia  to  ruin  Mitki'' 

the  Persian,  vi.  130. 
■tiiparia,  the  ouly  city  where  riches  bad  no  influence,  PIuCimM 

there  lame  as  well  as  blind,  i.  136.     The  wiiote  city,  m  tf* 

gularity  which  the  iobahilBnis  were  obliged  to  iibeerve,  m^ 

one  great  camp,  149-     Or  the  discipline  under  wlitdi  mipi 

vere  philosophers  Isy  themselves,  159-       I^ortitude   caU* 

there  more   than  justice,  1^4.      Luxuijr    enters  it  aloM  ^ 


INDEX.  All 

money,  v.  1S7*  Oppressed  by  tyrants,  iii.  13.  United  by  Phi- 
lopcemen  to  the  Achsean  leaffue,  iiL  20» 
SpartaciUf  the  gladiator,  oriffinally  a  Thracian  shepherd,  bat  a 
man  of  great  spirit  and  understanding,  iii  457.  The  prodigy  of 
a  snake  twining  about  his  fiice,  explained  by  his  wife,  ib.  He 
escapes  by  stratagem  from  a  mountain  where  he  was  besiaeed, 

fats  the  Romans  to  flight,  and  takes  their  camp,  458.  De&ts 
urius,  the  lieutenant  of  Varinus,  and  Cossomus,  Varinus*  col- 
legue,  ib.  Makes  his  way  in  spite  of  Lentulus  and  Cassius,  459. 
Beats  Mummius,  lieutenant  to  Crassus,  46K).  Rods  a  method 
of  getting  OTor  the  wall  which  Crassus  built  across  the  peninsula 
of  Rhegium,  461.  His  subsequent  success  makes  his  troops  re- 
fractory, and  he  is  forced  to  try  a  general  action,  ib»  462.  Pre- 
Tious  to  this  he  kiUs  his  horse,  46S.  He  makes  great  havock  of 
the  enemy,  kills  two  centurions  with  his  own  hiEmds,  and  fidls 
overpoweo^  by  numbers,  id. 

f  Spartans f  the  privacy  of  their  commerce  with  their  brides,  u  IM. 
The  education  of  their  children,  137.  The  chief  end  of  their 
discipline,  what,  138.  Their  beds,  tb.  Their  thefts,  139. 
Whipped  for  want  of  dexterity,  if  discovered  in  their  thefts,  ift. 
The  resolution  of  a  young  Spartan  in  suffering  a  fox  which  he 
had  stolen  to  gntw  out  his  bowels,  rather  than  he  would  be  de- 
tected, 140.  Their  short  sayings  and  sharp  repartees,  141, 143. 
Their  poetry  and  music,  144.  Sacrifice  to  the  Muses  before  a 
battle,  146.  Nourish  their  hair  and  dress  it  elegaatly,  147. 
Their  diet  better,  and  discipline  less  severe  in  time  of  war,  ^ 
The  method  of  electing  their  senators,  151, 152.  The  burials, 
and  time  of  moumiDg,  153.  Their  ambuscade,  a  cruel  way  of 
lessening  the  number  of  the  Helots,  154, 155.  Applied  to  by  the 
people  of  other  countries  for  generals,  160.  Their  youth  seasoned 
with  an  early  desire  of  glory  and  dread  of  disgrace,  iii.  189. 
See  Lacedamomans. 

Sparloriy  the  Boeotian  general,  defeats  the  Athenians,  iv.  93. 

Spectator^  paper  in,  on  the  story  of  Isadas,  iv.  116,  n. 

Spectres.    See  Apparitions. 

Sptndon,  a  Lacedaemonian  poet,  i.  156. 

fSpcrchius^  river,  i.  43. 

'  SpcustpptUf  the  philosopher,  intimately  acouainted  with  Dion  at 
Athens,  vi.  16.  Dion  gave  him  a  piece  or  pleasure-ground  when 
he  went  to  Sicily,  15, 16. 

'fSphacteria,  isle  of,  ii.  129.  iii.  407. 

Spnarus^  the  historian,  his  account  of  the  number  of  Lycurgus* 

•    associates,  i.  119. 

^— -,  the  Borysthenite,   instructs  Cleomenes    in  philosophy, 
V.  156.    Assists  him  in  forming  the  Spartan  youth,  166. 

,fSpkettuSp  a  borough  of  Attica,  i.  14. 

JSpkineSy  the  true  name  of  Calanus,  iv.  338. 

i^iiijr,  an  ivory  one,  given  by  way  of  gratuity  to  Hortensius  in  a 
certain  cause,  v.  301.    Cicero  rallies  him  upon  it,  ib. 

Sphodrias,  the  Spartan,  of  a  violent  teisiper,  and  very  capable  of 
being  flattered,  iv.  101.    Attempts  the  Pireus,  ib. 


INIMCX. 

mphs  >a  called,  ii.  <fr7A. 


i 


1  defending  ihe   bridge 
under  their  Ounily. 


>.  24«.      BAnkaUii*- 


other  philoMpticno 


51? 

Sphrtrntides,  nymp) 

Spiciitui,  the  gladifllor,  »i.  216. 

Spifther  the  coBBul,  why  he  favoured  Pompey'a  apfMifltiimt  to  id 

Bovereien  commond  for  supplying  Home  wjlli  corii,iv,  188. 
—- ,  UoQiitiuJs.  and  Sci|>io,  contend  for  Ccsar'i  poDtifiaus  b 

fore  ihe  balde  of  Pharsalia,  iv. -212,  407. 
&nrai  form  of  drawing  up  an  army,  iii,  11. 
fyithridaUi,  a  Persian  oilicer,  killed  hy  Clitiu,  in  ihe  ioMBtlbtt 

he  was  aiming  a  blow  at  Alexander,  i 
— — — ,  the  lather  of  Megabatea,  iv.  78.     Brought  am  n  tb 

Grecian  intereBt  by  Lysander,  ib.     Retuma  to  Sanli*,  ST 
Spt^  Opima,  i.  15.  ii.  S98. 
Sfiringii.     See  Fountaint. 
Sputina,  one  of  Othu's  generali 
^mrioi  Lartius,  tatliU 

i.  S94.     See  the  othi 
■fStagira,  the  birth-place  of  Aristotle, 

que«t,  ib. 
Staph^lai,  Eon  of  Theseuii  by  Ariadi 
Stars,  the  opinioti  of  Anaxagoras  si 

ing  them,  iil.  200,  201. 
Slaticrales,  an  architect,  makes  a  propoaal    to  Aim 

mount  Athos  into  a  statue,  iv.  347. 
Statetman,  what  course  h^  should  steer,  v.  ♦,  133. 
Statinnus,  or  Tatianui,  one  of  Antony's  ofBcers,  killed br^A'' 

thians,  v.  46S.  ' 

iSfatiiiui.     See  UlaluUius. 
Statira,  sister  to  Mithridates,  the  fortitude   with  wbicli  ^  ^ 

iii.  352. 
—         .  wife  of  Darius,  treated  with  great  respect  hv  Alow''' 

iv.271.     Her  death,  286. 
,  daughter  of  Darius,  and  wife  of  Atexsnder,  it,  9U.  8* 

thered  hy  Uoxana,  S53. 
— ,  wife  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  *i.  1 19,      FoiaooMl  fcf  If 

satis  the  queen-mother,  135. 
Stattui  Murcus,  kills  Piso,  vi.  2'iO. 
Stator.     See  Jupiter  Slator. 
£tat^//iiM,  aRects  to  imitate  Cato  of  Utica,  *.  ug,     Wodd  f 

killed  himself  as  Cato  did,  had  he  not   been   pr«vcBtid.  1^ 

A  friend  of  Brutus,  ib.  vi.  67-     His  hardy  enterprise  aadii** 

».  123.  vi.  106. 
St.  Croix,  '  Myster&  du  Paganisme,'  iii.  3*3,  h. 
Stephen,  an  experiment  of  the  power  of  naphtha,  tnade  in  li*^ 

lence  of  Alexander,  upon  his  body,  i*.  S96. 
Stephanui,  v.  268. 
Stesimbrotus,  the  historian,  censured  for  incoDBtsteacri  ii-  tt  ' 

Hisaccount  of  Cimon,  iii.  297. 
Sthenis,  an  orator  of  Himera,  iv.  136.     For  a  fraok  and  boldif^ 

of  hia,  he  and  his  fellowKiitizens  are  spared  by  Poaper,  ik 
— 7-;—,  a  statuary,  iii.  359.  ""T"/ 

StitMdei,  the  diviner,  attends  Nicia*  into  Sicily,  ui.  436. 


INDEX.  51* 

Stilpot  the  phQoMplier,  tells  Demetrius^  *h»  6nmd  none  tinl 

wanted  to  tteal  any  knowledge^'  v«  S71. 
SHrUf  ward  of^  ii.  153. 
^    -fS^tmi  in  Pbocis,  iii.  295. 
C    otaic  philosophy^  v.  156. 
Jr    Stolo.     See  Lidniutm 

^  Stonef  story  of  a  great  one  &lling  from  heaven,  it  65,  and  n.  iB. 
200.    Of  one  which  fell  in  Yorkshire,  ih,  it. 
Straboy  the  philosopher,  iii.  d68» 
W  ,  the  fiuher  of  Pompey,  hated  by  the  people  as  much  as  his 

■       son  was  beloved,  iv.  126. 

i  i  StrmU,  of  Thermopylae,  v.  385.    Of  Corinth,  ii.  S69.    Of  Salaads, 
^      i.SSa    OfSymbolum,vL91.    Of  Cilicia,  iv.  269.     * 

Siratagems,  of  Alcibiades,  ii.  155,  159«  Of  Annibal,  H.  74,  80, 
94, 95, 434.  Of  Aratus,  vi.  157,  181,  182,  189.  Of  C«sar,  tv. 
388.    Of  Cammus,i.  415.    Of  Cimon,  iii.  321.    Ot  Dion,  vL 

3     27.    Of£umenes,iv.47,  50,60>61.    Of  Lucunus,iB.334,S47. 
Of  Mithridates,  348.    Of  Nidas,  423.    Of  the  l^arthians,  ▼. 
Ift     466,  470.    Of  Sertorius,   iv.  22,  25.    Of  Solon,  i.  227.    Of 
Spartacus,  iii.  458.    Of  Themistodes,  i.  330.    Of  Tiribasus,  vi. 
m      142, 143.    Of  Timoleon,  iL  242,  243. 
f0SiratO9  the  friend  of  Brutus,  said  to  have  assisted  him  in  despatch- 

ing  himself,  vi.  107. 
mi^ShraiocUSf  the  Athenian  orator,  his  impudence  and  servility,  ▼•  87S. 
The  extravagant  decrees  he  procured  in  finrour  of  Antigonos 
Bi      and  Demetrius,  ib, 
^IftSfro^onfCf,  fiivourite  concubine  to  Mithridates,  iv.  171. 

,  daughter  of  Demetrius  by  Phila,  v.  395.    Married  to 
Seleucus,  396.    By  whom  she  has  a  son,  402.    Given  up  by 
b  ^  Seleucus  to  his  son  Antiochus,  who  was .  discovered  to  be  de* 
sperately  in  love  with  her,  404. 

-,  daughter  of  Corrmis,  and  wife  of  Antigonus,  v.  364. 


Uratonicus^  i.  161. 
^B^rotfaj,  a  reader  to  Callisthenes,  iv.  322. 

Urymon^  river,  iii.  302. 
^mifi9JUician,    See  Bridge, 
SucrOf  river,  iv.  146. 

hteiamus  PauUnus,  one  of  Otho's  generals,  vi.  249. 
^uevif  iv.  385. 
M  ^^meidef  condemned,  v.  188. 

^mllif  why  a  Roman  name,  i.  287. 
mi^mlpiiiiUf  or  Sulpidus,  elected  consul,  v.  98. 

,  a  bold  and  insolent  tribune  of  the  people,  brings  Marius 
Into  the  Forum,  and  dedares  him  proconsul  and  general  of  tbo 
MithridaUc  war,  iii.  163,  241,  242,  243.  Takes  a  guard  of  six 
hundred  horse,  whom  he  calls  *  his  anti-senators,'  161.  KiOs 
the  son  of  Pompeius  Rufus,  the  consul,  164.  Condemned 
by  the  senate,  245.  Betrayed  by  one  of  his  slaves,  ib.  Aundi 
executed,  Uu 

-,  Caius,  V.  314. 


--,  the  Jnterrex,  declares  Pompey  sole  consul,  iv.  19i* 


VOL.  vr.  2  L 


tpitiut,  who  commended  rn  Mjuedon*  iiL  9S. 
■,  Quinttts,  degraded  from    the  |    ' 


The  o^nioD  of  ■urtiiriMnmnfrrnk  I 


'350. 

*7e- 


in.  ni 

king  ol'  PMm,  ik  S-M 
-|(»,  4«0.    Drfc*0» 


accident,  ii.  394. 

Sun,  eclipses  of  it,  iv. 
it's  motion,  v.  S,  i, 

-tSunium,  yi.lSB. 

jfuperstition,  the  great  evi!  of  it. 

Sura.     See  Lentulus. 

Burma,  the  Parthian  ^eoeral,  i. 
privilege  of  his  family  to  crown    in 
hides  his  main  force  behind  the  first 

suswith  great  slaughter,  441,  ^as.  Senils  pnpnAaftw 
fererte  in  order  to  be  informed  whether  CraMiH  mt  it<M  C 
Carrffi  or  nol,  490.  By  his  artfid  measures  grti  Cxmm  * 
hrs  hands,  493,  494.  Sends  the  head  of  Cnnw  »  Of^ 
+94.  Burlesques  the  Roman  triumph,  495,  fniiuil*^ 
Senate  of  Seleucia  the  books  found  in  the  Hjp|t  t^  P*t^". 
,  which  puts  the  senators  in  mind  of  JEno^'a  wiiJJ(!i,IBl  &«■!, 

■  'compared  tu  the  aerpentB  called  •  ScytalK  '  ib     Bt»^»| 
'dealhby  Orodes,  498.  '       '  i 

Surnames.     See  Names. 

iSusn,  iv.  87.     The  wealth  found  there  by  Alexander,  ?» 

Susamilhres,  uacle  to  Pliarnabazm,  undertakes  to  it^^  ^ 
biatlee,  ii.  171- 

fBtttTiim,  i.  409.     Taken  and  retaken  the  same  daj,4<r. 

Swirdmeti.     See  Machariones. 

S^baris,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Tliemistocle*,  i.  SSS. 

f. &  city  in  Lucaiiia,  CDlonised  by  Pericles,  and  alti^ 

li.  20. 

Sybarite  says,  '  It  wu  no  minder  that  the  Spartans  fttfii'^ 
their  lives,  because  they  had  nothing  worth  iWine  f«r'i^ 
341.  * 

Sybil,  prophecy  of,  i.  29. 

Si/copnanI,  the  original  meaning  uf  the  word,  i.  S54. 

Sylla,  Lucius  Cornelius,  the  consul  RuSnus  was  one  of  Im  ^ 
tors,  iii.  230.  Born  to  n  scanty  fortune,  H,  Uig  gMn^l 
Whence  his  name  of  Sylla,  ib.  Fond  of  players  and  *»»' 
joins  in  every  drollery  In  company,  diough  grave  nod  K*. 
when  he  had  business  to  transact,  i5.  ^-2  Aii&^'f 
debauchery  through  life,  232.  Nicopolis,  the  courli<aa.^' 
him  her  estate,  if.  His  iiiother>in-1aw  does  the  Kame,  •■  ' 
goes  (]u!Cstoc  witli  Marius  into  Africa,  ib.  iiaiut  gn»^ 
in  the  military  department,  tb.  Makes  a  friend  of  Bo«*R* 
of  Upper  NumWra,  ib.  Bocchus  delirers  up  JaeurthaMl^ 
233,  Mariils  is  jealous  of  his  fame.  ib.  Tluit  jUlotfj  *', 
creased  by  the  signet  which  Svlla  makes  use  of,  ii.  Yrt)*^ 
continues  to  employ  him  in  It  is  wars,  ib.  Sylla  take*  O^ 
chief  of  the  Tectosagte,  |>risoncr,  ib.  pLnuadea  the  M"  1 
declare  for  the  Romans,  ib.  Acts  undtr  Catuios,  ikc  o 
of  Mariua,  234.  Procures  provisions  for  ibe  catnpa  i- 
Catului  and  Mariu»,  it.    A^^Iies  tor  the  pr^tonbio,  m^  " 


Index.  si* 

it^fS.    Giuns  it  the  next  jear,  235.    Cssair  telb  him»  lie  bou^bt 
it,  ib.    He-establishes  Ariobarzanes  in  Cappadocia,  and  restraios 
Mithridates  in  his  progress  of  power,  ib.    Is  the  first  Romaii, 
who  l^ceived  an  embassaddr  from  Parthia,  ib.    A  person  in  the 
train  of  diat  embassadoi^  foretells  his  future  greatness,  2S6.    Cen- 
sorinus  prepares  to  accuse  him  of  extortion,  but  does  not  proceed, 
4b.    The  quarrel  between  Sylla  and  Marius  breaks  out  afresh, 
.on  occasion  of  Bocchus*  erecting  certain  statues  in  the  Capitol, 
ibm    Sylla  performs  ^ea(  things  m  the  confederate  war,  ib.    HiA 
enemies  represent  him,  rather  as  a  fortunate  than  a  great  general^ 
"SS?.    He  glories  in  being  the  favourite  of  fortune,  i^    Advises 
Xucullus  to  attend  to  the  visions  of  Uhe  night,  2S8.    Has  man^ 
inconsistendles  in  his  character,  ib.    Overlooks  the  crime  of  hii 
SoldletvJn  killing  Albinus,  one  of  his  lieutenants,  239.    Elected 
I     (jonsul  with  Quintius  Pdmpeius,  when  he  was  fifty  years  of  age, 
ib.    Marries  Csecilia,  the  daughter  ofMetellus,  the  chief  i>oti- 
I    tiff,  ib.    The  names  of  others  of  his  wives,  ih.  240.    Ambitious 
of  the  conduct  of  the  Mithridatic  war,  ib.'  Fmds  a  rival  for  that 
I     post  in  Marius,  ib,    Pompeius  Rufus  and  'Sylla  order  a  cessa- 
tion of  all  public  business,  242*     Sylla  is  compelled  by  Sulpi- 
tlus  to  revoke  it,  ib»    The  son  of  Pompeius  is  killed,  and  SyUil 
saves  his  life  by  esaipiag  into  the  house  of  Marius,  ib^    Sylla 
I    'g6ts  to  the  camp  before  Marius'  officers,  and  tliey  are  stoned, 
I    7b.  243.    Marius  plunders,  and  puts  to  death  the  friends  of  Sylla 
in  Rome>  243.    Sylla  marches  to  Rome,  ib.    Attacks  it  with  fire 
I   land  swoi^,  244.    Assembles  the.  senate,  and  gets  Marius  and 
Sulpitius  condemned  to  death,  245.    Sets  a  price  upon  the  head 
f    Df  &f  arius,  ib.    The  people  reject  his  nephew  Nonius,  in  his 
I     application  for  the  consulship,   ib.      His  saying  upon  it,  ibi 
He  proposes  Cinna,  who  was  of  the  opposite  raction,  for  the 
I    'consulship ;  but  first  makes  him  swear  to  do  nothing  aninst 
I    him,  ib.    Cinna  is  no  sooner  elected,  than  he  impeaches  Sylla, 
246.     Sylla  leaves  the  impeachment  behind  him,  and  sets  for- 
wai'd  against  Mithridates,  ib.    On  the  arrival  of  Sylla  in  Greece, 
all  the  cities,  except  Athens,  submit  to  him,  247.    He  besieges 
Athens j  which  was  held  by  the  tyrant  Aristion  for  Mithridates, 
ib.    Cuts  down  the  groves  of  the  Academy  and  the  Lyceum,  ib. 
Violates  the  treasures  of  Greece,  and  spares  not  even  the  tem- 
ple, ib.    His  saying  upon  Caphis'  scrupling  to  touch  those  of 
T>elphi,    248.      Aristion    insults   him   and  Metellus  from  the 
widk,  249.    Sylla  scales  the  walls  near  the  Heptachalcos,  250. 
'He  pulls  down  part  of  the  wall,  and  enters  the  town  at  midnight, 
ib,    A  dreadful  slaughter  ensues,  which  Sylla  at  last  stops,  ib. 
(     251.    What  he  said  on  that  occasion,  251.    Sylla  likewise  takes 
I     the  Pirseus,   and  lays  most  of  it  in  ashes,  ib.    Taxiles,  tha 
f     enemy's  veneral,  moves  down  firom  Thrace  with  a  great  army, 
252.    SvTia  marches  into  Boeotia,  for  the  sake  of  provisions,  tb, 
^    Hortensnis  joins  him  with  a  reinforcement  from  Thessaly,  ib. 
f    His  army  but  a  handful  in  comparison  of  the  enemy,  253.    He 
•    keeps  close  in  his  intrenchments,  and  the  enemy  straggle  off,  ib. 
L    He  tries  whetherlabour  would  not  make  his  troops  more  willing 
p  8l2 


to  face  (tanger,  and  it  has  it's  effect,  254.     Orden  tkea  to  tan 
B  dilficull  post  BiFord  in  hand,  ib.     Archelaiu  mo*MWtiiiitCt>» 
ronea,  and  Sylla  sends  it  succours,  i6.     Out  of  fndi^oai  am*- 
bers  of  the  enemy,  only  ten  thousand   reach  Chsldi,  vfiile  Srilt 
misses  only  fourteen  men,  259.      He  intcribes  hit  Ut#><^'  "* 
"  irs,  Victory,  and  Venus,'  i6.      Celebrates  games  tt  Tliebes, 
Takes  from  the  Thebans  their  territories,  ib.    MutlietU 
oppose  Flaccus,  but  returns  upon  intelligence  that  Dorjlmbl 
entered  B(£otia,  with  Mithridates'   best  troops,  ii.    ThatgenaJ 
accuses  Archelaiis  of  treachery  ;  but  after  some  slight  ikirmitbct 
with  Sytia,  agrees  with  Archeluiis  that  the   war  ought  to  bcjviv 
tracteJ,  >i.  261.     Metella  comes   from    Rome  with  u  acuunt 
that  Cinna  and  Carbo,  beside  other  outrages,  had  bunit  Sjlii'f 
housesj  362.  Archelaiis  proposes  a  peace,  263.   TheccmtliM'"" 
which  Sylla  grants  it,  i5.  264.     Mitbridates  denum  *od  ^ 
to  be  excused  as  to  certain  articles,  264,      The  tubrr,  ieo"* 
Fimbria,  who  had  killed  the  consul  Flaccus,  was  jx^^tp'"' 
him, 265.     But  Sylla,  who  has  an  interview  withbiaiitlM*- 
nus,  obliges  him  to  ratify  the  whole,  266.      He  recottdlo  -V* 
barzanes  and  Nicomedes  to  him,  16.      Mithridate*  delitenw  B 
bim  seventy  of  his  ships  and  five    hundred  archers,  ii-  Sjli 
marches  against  Fimbria,  who  was  encamped  at  Tlit«ta».i 
Fimbria's  troops  go  over  to  Sylla,  and   Fimbria  kills  buBKi^  " 
Sylla  lays  a  fine  upon  Asia  of  twenty  thousand  talents,  loJt* 
pfis  the  people  to  quarter  his  soldiers  at  a  vast  exaeste.^  ^ 
sails  to  Athens,  where  he  is  initialed  in  the  Mysteries rf(** 
2U7.       Carries   thence    the    library  of     ApeUicoo,    '*  ^ 
were  the  works  of  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus,  it.  Brt 
something  of  the  gout,  he  goes  to  the    warm  batli  at  Stif*- 
967-     Encourages  the  Alsans  to  rebuild  their  city    36^  ^ 
to  Apollonia,  where  a  satyr  is  brought  to  him  irom  a  placcO''' 
Nyinplia:um,  ib.     Is  afraid  that  his  troops  will  disperae  as  >«<:■■ 
Ihey  reach  Italy  ;  but  they  voluntarily  come,  and  take  so  ost  - 
stand  by  him  10  the  last,  259.     Has  to  cope  with  6ftc«nE«K^ 
in  Italy,  who  have  under  them  twenty-five    legions,  i4.    So** 
presages  of  his  being  victorious,  ii.     He  defeau  yoiuig  Mic* 
and  Norbanus  the  consul,  270.     Other  predictions  aitd  prt«* 
ib.      Marcus  Lucullus,  one  of  Sylla's  lieutenants,  dcTttti ' 
enemy  with  a   very  inferior  force,  ib.     Sylla  corrupts  Sw' 
•■"''''••"    under  pretence  of  treating  of  peace,  271.     BeW ''* 
consul,  and  kills  ten  thousand  men,  with  the  lo**' 
of  twenty-three,  272-    His  lieutenants  are  every  where  victotM* 
ib.     Sylla's  last  conflict  is  with  Telesinus  the  Samnite    «be«*' 
overcomes  with  difficulty,  ib.  273.  27+.     Sylla  wear*'  in  sU  ^^ 
battles  a  golden    image  of  Apollo,  27+-     His  addrcw  to  il" 
this  occasion,  ib.     The  remains  of  the  broken  faction  send  if 
ties  (o  him  at  Antemna,  and  he  promises  them  impunity  m '  ~ 
tain    conditions;  but,  arier  they  had  performed   the  coadiD- 
deatroys  them  in  cold  blood  in  the  Circus  at  l(on>e,  275.    1^ 
senate,  which  he  is  haranguing,  listens  with  terror  to 
ii.    \^'hut  be  said  upon  it,  ii.    He  fills  the  city  with 


% 


INDEX.  ,    517 

S76.  C.  Metelltis  Tentures  to  ask  him,  when  there  would  be  an 
end  of  them,  i6.  His  proscriptions  and  confiscations,  277.  His 
cruelnr  to  the  people  or  Prseneste,  278.  The  noble  beliaviour  of 
one  of  Sylla*s  friends  in  that  city,  t6.  Catiline  having  killed  hit 
own  brother,  Sylla,  at  his  request,  puts  him  amons  the  proscribed, 
id*  Sylla  declares  himself  dictator,  ib.  Makes  Pompey  divorce 
his  wife  Antistia,  and  marry  his  dau|rhter-in-law  Emilia,  279* 
Lucretius  Osella,  who  had  acted  as  his  heutenant  against  Prsenestet 
aspires  to  the  consulship  without  his  consent,  and  is  killed  by  his 
order,  ib.  Sylla  leads  up  his  triumph,  in  which  the  restored 
exiles  make  the  most  agreeable  appearance,  ib.  Takes  the  addi- 
tional name  of  Felix,  280.  Gives  the  name  of  Faustus  and 
Fausta  to  the  twins  he  had  by  Metella,  ib.  Lays  down  the 
dictatorship,  ib.  Dedicates  the  tenth  of  his  substance  to  Her- 
cules, 281.  Metella  dies,  and  he  marries  Valeria,  ib.  282.  Fi^ 
into  the  Lousy  Disease,  282.  Circumstances  preceding  bis 
death,  288.  His  burial  aod  epitaph,  284. 
S^Ua^  Sextius,  the  Carthaginian,  i.  71. 
SyUanian  Jupiter.  See  Jupiter. 
SylUs^  a  poem  so  called,  vi.  16. 

Syhia^  Ilia,  or  Rhea,  daughter  of  Numitor,  and  mother  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus,  i.  52. 
^Symio/tfifi,  vi.  91 . 

S^pialuSf  governor  of  Minoa,  vi.  25.    A  friend  of  Dion,  ib. 
Sfneeda.    See  MeUecia. 
I    Syphax.    See  Sophax. 
I    -fSvracusans,  their  war  with  the  Athenians,  iii.  423.    Decoyed  to 
^        Catana  by  Nicias,  ib.    Instead  of  fifteen  generals,  elect  three, 
I         whom  they  invest  with  a  discretionary  power,  424*.    Draw  a  cross 
I         wall  firom  the  city  to  hinder  the  Athenians  from  finishing  theirSt 
426.    Ready  to  capitulate  when  Gylippus  arrives,  427.    Give 
the  Athenians  a  total  defeat  under  the  conduct  of  Gylippus,  487f 
438.    Keep  a  festival  in  memory  of  his  taking  Nicias  prisoner, 
442.    Delivered  by  Dion  from  the  tyranny  of  Dionysius,  vL  36^ 
Their  ingratitude  to  Dion,  37.    Recall  that  deliverer,  42.    Their 
miserable  state  after  his  death,  ii.  232.    Their  afiairs  retrieved  by 
Timoleon,  260,  et  seq. 
-f  Syracuse f  a  Corinthian  colony,  ii.  233.  vi.  40,  it.    Besieged  by 

the  Romans.    See  MarceUus. 
-fSurianSy  said  to  be  descended  from  Syrus  the  son  of  Apollo,  and 

the  njrmph  Sinope,  iii.  360. 
Syrmus^  king  of  the  Triballi,  Alexander  defeaU  him  soon  after  hb 

accession,  iv.  255. 
SyrtiSf  vi.  25. 
iSyriM,  son  of  Apollo,  iii.  360. 


j      TABLE^  Cato  the  Censor  thought  it  the  properesi 


forming  of  friendships,  ii.  529.    Cato's 


518 


INDEX. 


I 


fait  orni  table,  ii.    He  would  stiSer  do  evil  to  be  ipobeo  mh'vj 

any  man  whatever,  ii. 
TabU-falk,  excellence  of  that  of  the    ancients, 

that  of  the  moderns,  L  xliv. 
Tablet  of  lilTer,    of  which    Coius    Qracchus    « 


I,  entertains    Agesilaus  in  hi«  Knice,  it 
>nly  the  cominanti    of  tlie  i 


V.  3a,  490. 


^achoe,  the  E^pti 

Leaves  AgesHaus 
■    AgeBiIaus  goes  over  from    him    lo    Nectanabia,  119.    Tida^ 

thuB  deserted,  takes  to  flight,  12(X 
Tacita,  the  muse  to  whom  Numa  pays  hi«  iiomace,  i.  ITS. 
Tactics,  iii.  6. 
f  Ttcnartu, 
i'Tagus,  ri 
Tdasiut,  a  young  Roman  of  note  at  the  time  of  t&e  i^  «f  tlx 

Sabine  virgins,  i,  71. 
Talasio,  the  nuptial  acclamation  suppq^etj^  f^  ^^  g^  ^^  gt  bit 

-(■  To/aura,  iii.  352. 

+  Tana^Ta,_  ii.  17,  SS9.  iii.  818. 

f  Tanau,  riyer,  iv.  31 1. 

frapAoiim,  V.  511. 

TnreArtiw,  kin^  of  Alba,  i.  51 . 

Tarcondemux,  king  of  Upper  Cilida,  is  in  Antony's  umiV^M 

fTarentihes,  call  in  Pyrrhus  to  their  assistance  affamu  llie  Bli>t 

iii.  82.     One  of  their  citizens  warns  them  of  Uie  reslniM*'^ 

which  they  would  be  lajd,  ii.     Their  archers,  v.  160. 
iTairntiin,  recovered  from  Anntbal  by  I'abius  IVIaxinui*,  ^  ■>" 

of  a  woman,  ii.  96,  97.     Fabius  said,  'he  would  ]eaniMci< 

it's  angry  gods,'  9S. 
Tarpeia,  betrays  the  Capitol  to  the  Sabines,  n-Iio  promiatbn*^ 

they  wore  upon  their  left  arms,  i.  76,  77.      fcilie  dies  oiwwkia^ 

by  their  shields,  77. 
— ; ,  a  Vestal  virgin,  admitted  at  Numa's  second 


Tarpeian  rock,  whence  so  called,  i.  76-     Subsequently  tlie  Csf**i 

Tarpeius  entrusted  by  Romulus  with  the  defeace  of  the  Cif*' 
against  Tatius,  1.  76.  .According  to  Juba  the  hisionap,  fij 
of  betraying  it,  ii, 

Tar^inia,  the  Vestal  virgin,  said  by  some  to  have  civea  a  Mdo 
the  public,  whicb  was  afterward  called  the  Campus  Mnrlift  * 
281.     How  lionoured  with  the  gift,  ii. 

Tarquiniut,  son  of  Demaratus,  according  to  some  authoi^  ^ 
first  who  triumphed  in  a  chariot,  i.  76. 

—  Superbm,  either  son  or  grandson  of  Tat-quinius  the 

of  Demsratus,  i.  290.  Attains  the  Komun  crown  fti  on  iniquit«« 
manner,  and  governs  like  o  tyrant,  271.  Expellvd  on  liis  toA 
committing  a  rape  upon  I.ucrelia,  272.  Sends  lo  Itnoie,  ■ 
fiemand  hjs  goods,  0,1^.  Finds  shelUi  wtzh  the  Tuscan*  «M 
neiul  him  back  with  a  numeroiu  army,  283.     U  jffwmtj  trf 


INDEX.  aSB 

his  ton  AtuM  alatOt  282.    Retires  to  Lams  Vofseim  a^  ClusiiiOy 
293.     Refuses  to  refer  his  cause  to  Porseoa»  «^« 

fTarraciruh  iii.  166,  169. 

TamUiuSf  marries  Acca  Larentia,  i.  55. 

i  Tarsus^  v.  414.  ^ 

Tarutius  calculates  the  day  and  hour  of  Romulus'  oatiyityy  firora 
the  circumstances  and  actions  of  his  life»  i.  66.  C 

Tatht  daughter  of  Tatius  and  wife  of  Numa,  i.  169l 

Taiieiueif  the  name  of  one  of  the  tribes  at  Rome,  i.  83b 

TatitUf  general  for  the  Sabines  against  the  Romans^  L  7€b  (xlves 
the  Romans  battle,  upon  which  the  matrons  interpose,  ^Oi 
Reigns  in  conjunction  with  Romulus,  82.  Killed  as.  he  wfs 
sacrificing  with  Romulos  at  Lavinius,  89^  Buried  in  an  h(Qnottf^ 
able  manner  on  mount  Aveotine,  ib.  90. 

TaureaSf  ii.  134. 

Tatirtoi,  or  Faurion,  vi.  207. 

f  Tauromemunif  ii.  245. 

TaunUf  general  and  prime  minister  in  Crete,  i.  16.  His  connexion 
with  Pasiphae,  20.  Vanquished  by  Theseus,  in  the  games  whieh 
Minos  exhibited,  ib. 

-f  Taurus,  mount,  iii.  362.  v.  414,  415. 

. ,  commands  Augustus'  landrforces,  v.  487» 

Toe,  paid  by  the  Greeks  for  carrying  on  the  Persian  war,  ii.  4Mk 

TaxeSf  in  Greece  trebled  in  sixty  yeacs'  time,  iL  484. 

TmsUes,  Mithridates'  general,  comes  down  finom  Thrace  and  Mao^ 
don,  to  joiq  Archelaiis,  iii.  252.  Defeated  by  Muraeoa,  SyUa'a 
lieutenant,  259.  Sent  by  Mithridates  to  Tigianes,  to  adviii 
him  to  avoid  a  general  action  with  the  Romans,  364.  SHa 
answer  to  Tigranes,  who  observed  to  him,  that  the  Romans.  weCla 
flying,  366.  '  - 

one  of  the  kings  of  India*  the  extent  of  hia  dominiowi. 


iv.  328.     His  sensible  address  tq  Alexander,  and  that  prince's 

answer,  ib.  329.    Gives  and  receives  presents,  329. 
\Tdygetus,  mount,  i.  135.  v«  140. 
Technon,  a  servant  of  Acatus,  vi,  171,  179. 
Tectosaga,     Sylla*    when  lieutenant  to  Marios,  takea  CopiiluSp 

chief  of  the  Tectosagss,  prisoner^  iii.  238. 
\Tegea^  i.  40.  v.  146, 177. 
Tegeata^  ii.  476. 
f  Tegyra,  battle  of,  described,  ii.  361.    This  battle  a.  prekidBi  to 

that  of  Leuctra,  359. 
7Vft»,  Marcus,  or  rather  Ateius,  iii.  250. 
Telamorif  grandson  of  Sciron^  i.  11« 
t         *,  a  port  of  Etruria,  iiL  173. 
T^leclideSf  his  verses,  in  which  he  describes  the  power  of  Beri* 

cles  arakmg  the  Athenians,   ii.  28.    Uis  saying  of  Kiciasp 

403. 

Teiemackut^  father  of  Latinus,  L  51. 

' ' — ,  the  Corinthian,  ii,  246, 

ZWeosars,  an  Alhmuan  t^rihe,  L  253. 

TeUphm,  the  son  of  Hercules,  L  50.  '     vi 


TeUtidti,  one  ortlie  auxiliai 


ogo 


to  Dio: 


lithe  Syracumu  « 


Telesiniu,  the  Snmnite,  Iiiti  opt;rations  again&t  SvJli,  aLi7t,f!^ 

He  decamps  in  (lie  night,  and  marches  to  Rone,  ?T3. 
THesippa,  a  courtesan  above  the  condition  of  ■  dtte,  Aleunder 

usitu  &  private  soldier,  in  liis  application  to  her,  i».*06. 
Tettslus,  the  poet,  iv.  250. 

TeUutioi,  half-brother  to  Agesilaus,    appointed  Ktlmirsl,  i*.9S. 
Teiius,  tbe  AtheDJon,  preferred  by  Solon    in  point  of  hapnna 

Crwue,  i.26l. 
-       ',  her  temple,  vi.  7S. 
■fTdmesus,  iv.  240. 
fTempe,  the  charmi  of  that  vale  described,  iji.  S4 .    Poapey  ptM 

through  it  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  i»,  220. 
iTencfileri,  iv.  38*.     Defeated  by  Csesar,  «*, 
iTmedoi,  iii.  331. 
tre«,  i.  31*. 
Tmtiut,  i.  51. 
Terentia,  the  wife  of  Cicero,  meddlea  with  politics,  t.  S16.  ftw^ 

and  uneasy  in  her  temper,  32S.     Hates  Clodius,  3J7.    Kigleff 

Cicero  in  his  banishment,  3*3,     Divorced,  t6. 
TeretUius  Varrn.     See  Karro. 
■ Culeo,  the  tribune,  persuades  the   people  to  gi«  ■** 

for  the  admission  of  many  persons  to  the  right  oTcitiieK^^ 
,  Lucius,  conspires  against  PoQipeiua  Stisbo  and  ton*' 

iv.  128. 

.. ,  said  to  be  the  person  who  killed  Galba,  »i.  259. 

Termerian  Mischief,  a  proverbial  expreasioo,  i.  12, 

Termfrus,  siain  by  Hercules,  i.  12. 

iTermia,  the  last  day  of  life  so  called,  i.  IS.  n. 

Terminus,  the  god  of  boundaries,  a  temple  built  to  him  br  NM 

i.  195.     His  sacriSces,  what,  196. 
^Termione,  i.  12,  n. 
7VT7«inrfer  the  poet,  i.  145,  156.  v.  1*3. 
Tertia,  the  little  daughter  of  Paulus  ^milius  ;  her  sayiag,  'Ptitf 

is  dead,'  considered  as  a  lucky  omen,  ii.  293. 

,  sister  to  Clodius,  v.  S28. 

Teuerarius,  the  person  vho  carried  tbe  Word  in  the  Raton  ■■!■ 

vi.  235. 
Testaments,  or  Wills,  i.  249. 
Telhi/s,  her  oracle.     See  Oracle. 
■^Telrapolis,  a  district  of  Attica,  i.  14. 
Teucer,  one  of  the  accusers  of  Alcibiades,  ii.  141. 
Teutamvs,  one  of  the  principal  officers  of  the  Ai^jn^udM^  kIL 

Conspires  against  Eumenes,  ih. 
^Tailonei  and  Cimbri  invade  Italy,  iii.  132.     DeAsted  by  U«iK 

145,  1*6.     See  Cimbri  and  Marius. 
Tkamon,  one  of  the  principal  persona  in  Syracuae,  ongrateflillf  ^ 

to  death  by  Pyrrhus,  iii.  100. 
ThaU,  the  courtesan,  I'tolemy'i  mistress,  penoadea  Alexandcri 

biva  Persepolis,  iv.  SOO. 


J 


INDEX.  SSI 

TkaUeCf  the  first  Roman  wife  who  had  any  quarrel  with  her  mother* 
in-law,  i.  214. 

^7%alamigf  v,  141.  ' 

Tkale$9  one  of  the  Seven  Wise  men,  i.  223.    Goes  upon  mercantile 
busmess  into  Asia,  222.    The  first  who  extended  his  inqniiiea 
beyond  matter  necessanr  for  practice,  ib, 
f  the  Ijrric  poet,  i.  114. 

ThaUuSf  the,  son  of  Cineas,  his  valour,  t.  16. 

Thank^mngs  and  festivities  by  the  Romans,  iv.  S8S. 

iThapsacus^  iv.  341. 

t7%£^,  iiL  425.  iv.  418.  v.  106. 

ThargeHOf  ii.  96. 

Thai^dionf  month  of,  ii.  163.  v.  370. 

ThanyiaSf  king  of  the  Molossians,  iii.  66. 

Thoiian  marble,  v.  58. 

fThatianSy  beaten  in  a  sea-fight,  iiL  313. 

-fThasos,  ii.  26.  vi.  91. 

Theagenes,  commander  of  the  Thebans  against  PhOipin  the  battle 
of  Chseronea,  iv.  257.  Falls  in  that  Mttle,  t6.  The  noble  be* 
haviour  of  his  sister,  ib. 

Theano  wpf  *  She  is  a  priestess  fi>r  prayer,  but  not  for  execration/ 
ii.  145. 

Thearidat^  thb  Megalopolitan,  v.  ISO. 

Theatrical  Entertainments,  L  264, 265.  iv.  284.  v.  23,  95,  96, 166, 
167. 

^Thebanif  suspected  by  the  Lacedsmonians,  after  they  had  dis- 
tingoished  themselves  as  auxiliaries  to  that  people  in  the  first 
battle  of  Mandnea,  iL  345,  346.  Their  decree  in  favour  of  the 
Athenians,  who  were  oppressed  by  the  Thirty  Tjrrants,  iii.  222, 
223.  Their  gallant  benaviour  in  the  battle  of  Chmronea,  and 
retreat  after  it,  iv.  92.  Invade  Laconia,  110.  Pass  the  Euro* 
tas,  111.  Lay  siege  to  Sparta,  ih.  Revolt  finom  Alexander,  255. 
The  terrible  revenge  taken  by  Alexander,  256.  The  best  soldiers 
in  Greece,  v.  272. 

Thebe^  daum^ter  of  Jaion,  and  wife  of  Alexander  the  tyrant-  of 
Phera,  ii.  375.  Compassionates  the  sufierings  of  Pelopidas,  and 
visits  him  in  prison,  ib.  Conspires  against  her  husoand,  and 
assists  in  kiUing  him,  386,  387. 

Yrhebetf  it*s  citadel,  tlie  Cadmea,  seized  by  Phosbidas  the  Lace* 
dflemonian,  iv.  99.  Twice  taken  by  Demetrius  Polioroetes  with- 
in a  short  period,  v.  405, 406. 

ThemiSf  oracle  of^  i.  51,  n*  iv.  320. 

fThemuoffnBf  in.  345. 

Thkmistoclis,  the  son  of  Neocles  an  inferior  citizen  of  Athens, 
i.  311.  His  mother  a  fiMreigner,  ib.  Consequently  deemed  ille- 
gitimate by  the  laws  of  Athens,  ib.  Declares  that  *  the  trophies 
of  Miltiades  would  not  sufier  him  to  sleep,'  9,  315.  Persuades 
several  of  the  nobility  to  take  their  exercise  among  the  iUegitunate 
at  Cynosarges,  312.  Related  to  the  Lyoomedians,  ib,'  His 
natural  qvdkiea,  ib.  What  his  tutor  aaid  of  him,  ib.'^Vlot 
acme  in  Isamiag  the  petker  arts,  JA.    The  naaiea  of  hia  waHen, 


in 


INDEX. 


SI9b    The  uxegiilmtiei  of  his  rautfa,  SI*.    The  a^Hm,  if 

which  his  father  endeavoured  to  ^et«r  bini  fromjuui^atiifcan 
in  the  ail  ministration,  i£.  Hia  great  ambition,  (L  Uk  difis 
reace  with  Aristides,  ii.  Foresees  the  I'ersiao  «r,  Sli.  Vi' 
nages  the  public  ueosury  with  prudence,  ii.  SIfi,  tvtaadet 
the  Athenians  to  build  ghips,  S16.  Why  he  ba^wnEbn, 
317.  Draws  much  company  tu  his  botisei  bv  etttennrag  h 
excellent  lyrist,  t6.  Keeps  a  tnagnificetU  eqoipi^  3U.  &i- 
hihits  a  tragedy  at  his  onn  expense,  i&.  Beloved  by  tlw  a»- 
TDon  people,  t'ft.  What  passed  betireen  him  md  Sinooidct  Dh 
poet,  ii.  319.  Gives  Epicydes  money,  to  ^agagt  him  not  id 
apply  for  the  command,  319.  Puts  the  inlerpmo' at  the  Pn- 
Bian  embassadors  to  death,  3S0.  Gets  Anhnim  dytM^ 
Railed  to  the  commaad  by  the  Athenuins.  i&.  filou^t  ibn 
to  quit  the  city,  and  embaik  on  board  their  thipt,ii.  C"*> 
up  the  chief  command  of  the  confederates  to  CanbUe^  and 
thereby  eaves  Greece,  321 .  Prevents  Arcbitelea  ma  qutting 
the  fleet,  3i2.  The  action  at  Arteraisium,  383,  H»  ■»«>{» 
with  regard  to  the  lonians,  S24.     The  artifice    bv  vhicb^  if 


the  Atheninns  to  the  ships,  325,  S2i 


I  interpretalKiD 


atbf 


e  coaceraing  Salamis,  SW.  The  means  which  be  nt^  * 
of  to  get  money  for  the  embarkation,  327.  He  procwo*  *■ 
cree  for  recalling  Arigtiiles,  S2tt.  Uis  answer  u>  Euntote^ 
SS9.  Returt  upon  an  insolent  officer,  and  on  a  certaia  EMM^ 
329.  His  Btratagem'to  prevent  the  confederates  frmntef^m^ 
S30.  Xerxes,  in  consequence  of  a  private  nieeuim  tnm  H*' 
(nistocles,  givea  orders  that  the  Greeks  aliould  be  surteMW<> 
the  straits  of  Salamis,  tfr.  331.  What  passed  between  AsbIb 
and  Thcmislocles  upon  that  occasion,  .S31.  Themistocte^ 
ikes  three  Persian  captives  to  Bacchus  Otneat^  383.  Vap 
in  the  choice  of  time,  as  well  as  p'ace,  for  eogagins,  33S.  T« 
battle  of  Salaniis,  ii.  tt  stq.  Themistocles  sounda  Aritf** 
about  breahing  down  the  bridge  over  the  Uellespont,  ^ 
Aristides'  answer,  ib.  Themistocles,  under  pretence  of  fiw^ 
ship,  advises  Xer.^es  to  fly,  before  his  bridge  over  the  UeUeff* 
is  broken  down,  337.  Among  the  cities,  .^gina  bears  awutly 
palm,  and  among  the  conunander.'!,  Themisioclcs  <*•  B" 
honoured  at  Sparta,  and  at  the  Olympic  games,  ih.  S38.  H> 
sayings,  SflS,  «t  j<y.  Hu  amuses  llio  Spartans,  white  the  Alt 
nians  rebuild  their  walls,  SiO.  Fortifies  the  Pira;u&,  tA.  b' 
courages  trade  and  navigation,  which  greatly  advance  the  Jr 
mocratic  party,  th.  341.  Places  the  llo&lruiu  in  Pnyx,  so  «" 
face  the  sea,  341.  Forms  a  design  to  inirease  the  navnl  sttensilx' 
Alliens,  ib.  Is  ordered  to  communicate  it  to  Aristidet,  A<.  Tl» 
Athenians  reject  it,  because  it  is  an  unjust  one,  t^.  Htsa'dvicein- 
ponderatea  against  a  proposal  of  the  Lacedsenioniane,  in  tbc  » 
sembly  of  tlie  Amphictyons,  3+2.  Incurs tlieir  batrctl'oa  Uutsc 
count.andthatoftheother  allicsbyhisexactionB,  lA.  VVhatbra^ 
to  tlie  people  of  Andros  and  their  ans«cr,iii,  Sig.  Envied  by  il* 
Athenians,  and  ohbgedfrefiucntly  to  recount  his  own  strrvjcck  St-I' 
O&ada  them  tarthut  by  building  tlie  temple  of  Biuoa  AriMobult. 


d^ 


iVili^. 


ib.  From  his  status  in  thia  temple,  it  appetted  that  hia  asfiect 
IM  berok  aa  hia  aoul*.  ik  He  is  banished  bjr  the  Oalraeisiii)  H, 
Refuses  to  join  the  plot  of  Pausanias,  but  does  not  discover  it» 
^5.  Accused  of  beinff  an  accomplice  ivt  it^  ib,  His-defeaee 
hyi  letter^  t&l  The  Atbeoiaoft  send  peasona  to  seize-  htmy  but 
be  escapes  to  Corc^ra,  ib^  349 .  Flies  thence  to  the  eoujpl  of 
Admetus,  king  of  the  Molossians,  who  had.  long  been  hia 
fmemy^  ib,  fimborlis;  a&  Bydna  foe  Asia^  S4T.  Uia  dangar 
Mas  Na90S^  whither  he  was.  ddven  by  a  slorm,  ib.  But  of 
his  treasures  cooveyedta  hkn  fa^rhia  ii'ienda,  and  the  ress  con- 
fiscated, 348.  He  arrives  at  Ctune,,  where  he  finds  a  paoehMsa- 
taon.of  the;  kii^  of  Feisia^  olEMrinff  a  reward  of  two  htuDdaed 
talattts  filr  appi;ahciid^g  him,  ti«    Flies  thence  to  Mffb^  where 

.  lw<  is  eonoeaJad  by  hiSc  friend  Nicogenes,  ib.  His  dreans,  in 
ponsequence  of  which  he  flies  to  the  Persiiin  court,  ib. 
3i9.  The  mamier  oi*  his  ooaveyraace,  d49«  His  aMresalo 
Artabanus,  350.  Hia  speech  to  the  king,  351.  He  i^ 
lasea.  to.  the  king  hia  TisioD,  and  aa.  oracW  he  had  froaa  D^ 
dtiDa,«»^  The  joki  hiaarriioil  gavQ  tlm  king,  358»  The  cour- 
tiers treat  him  with  rancour,  ib.  But  at  his  second  audiencep 
the  kin^  8peaka>|a  hin^.gcaoioaaljr,  tella  him  he  owed-  hmt-  iw# 
hundred  talents,  promises  him  many  other  favours,  and^^asks  hins 
what  he  had  tO'  propoaa  ooacemingr  Greece,  ib.  He  deanrasai 
year  to  leant  the  Fersiai^  language^  359.  The  ^eat  hoooura 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  king,  and  his  free:  iitferoouiaa  with 
jbiaa,  ihf  ile  iaiastniotadiA  the  learning  of  the  mag^  ib,  'ihm 
king  is  reconciled  to  Demaratus  the.  Lacedssmoaian,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Themistodas,  aL  Givea.the  latter  three  ciliea  for  hia 
maintenance,  354.  What  Themistocles  said  to  his  childcen,;  t^« 
Epixyes:  governor  of  the  upper  Phrygia,  employs  persona  Sa 
assassinate  him,  ib.  He  is  informed  of  it  in  a  dream,  in  conse- 
quenoe  of  which  he  builda  a  temple  to  Cvhela  Dindymeiiey  and 
consecrates  his  daughter  MnaaiptQlema  to  her  senpioe,  350.  Aaka 
^he  governor  of  Lydia's  permission  ta  transmit  to  Athena  a  stai- 
tue  of  brass  which  he  found  in  Sardis,  iA.  356.  The  goyeraor 
threatens  ta  inform  the  king  of  it,  350*  After  this  he  behaiaa 
with  aM)re  paudence,  and  trees  long  in  great  seoutt^^  in  Mag- 
pesia,  ib.  On  the  revolt  of  ^gypt,  ttid  the  goeat  advantages  gaisML 
by  Cimon  at  sea,  tlie  king  calls  upon  Themistodes  to  take  the 
direotion  of  aa>  expeditioaj  ii%  His  reasons  for  doehning  that 
pomoiand,  ib*  357.  He  puta  91  period  te  hi*  hfe  by  drtiUiing  holPs 
blood,  357t  ^^  *g^  '^^  children,  by  his  two  wives,  io»  358. 
The  Magnesi^ns  erect  a  monument  to  his  memory^  and'  contmiia 
the  honours  and  privilegea  gprantad  his  posterity,  dw»  to.  rfi^ 
tarch's  tiasOi  358.    Veraea  in  the  nature  of  an  epitaph^  359i 

Thcnta^  the  chariots  in  which  the  Images  of  the  goda  wmm  carried 
in  processiqn,  ii.  206. 

Tbeodecta^  of  Phaselis,  the  honours  paid  by  Alexander  to  hia  ste> 
tue,  i«.  265. 

^eaiforvi»  accused,  of  joiniag  AloiUadaa  ka  hia  buriaaquo  ei^  the 
Mysteries,  iL  139|  144. 

8 


52*  INDEX, 

Theodarui,  the  Athenian  liigh-priest,  \\.  163. 

■,  the  Tarentine,  disgraced  by  Alexander  ferhiliifi 
traffic,  iv.  272,273, 

,  theatbeut,  v.  ^\. 

,  tutor  to  Aniyllus  the  son  of  AotODj,  luiiflUDTt 
piiDJsbment,  v.  502, 
TheodoUt,  vi.  12. 

Theadolui,  of  Chios,  his  advice  to  Ptolemy  to  Cake  any  die  libl 
Pompey  the  Great,  iv.  225.     Flies,  and  lirea  a  wieid>ed  ~^ 
bond,  229.     Put  to  death  at  last  by  Brutus,  ib. 
TAerMnnefttu,  the  Academic,  vi,  78. 

Theophanet,  the  Lesbian,  supposed  to   have  ceDRR«d  Rubl'uai 

hiBtorian  unjustly,  iv.  172,   MS.      His  opinioa,  that  it  w  M 

for  PoDipey  to  retire  into  Egypt,  22+.      A  axjxog  ol  Gead 

concerning  hitn,  v,  340, 

TkeophiUs,  the  fether  of  Hipparehus,  v.  490,  4St. 

,  made  Alexander's  helmet,  iv.  391. 
Theophrastut,  \.  18,  it.     His  observation    coDcemini  Dtw 
and  Detnades,  ai  orators,  v.  362.     Leaves  his  ttoib to SdH 
iii.  267-  ' 

,  refusing  to  quit  Corinth,  is   put  to  deaih  by  A 


Theopommu,  king  of  Sparta,  inserts  a  clause  in  the  Rhetn,  lo^ 
vent  ttie  people  from  altering  or  corruptine  env  Ia<r    i.  lU  1 
"his,  121. 
,  the  Theban,  joins  Pelopidas  in  his  enterpriKirM 
recovery  of  liberty,  ii.  3+9. 

^,  the  Sparian  General,  lulled  ,10  the  b«ttle  oT  Ttf^ 

,  of  CnidoG,  the  fabulist,  iv.  413.     Csesr  enfrutM 
the  Cnidians  at  his  request,  ib. 

,  unjust  in  accusing  Demostheoes  of  uoMttled 


TheoTU,  the  priestess,  Demosthenes  Bccuses  her  of 


to  cheat  their  masters,  v.  268.     She 
jther  enormities,  ib. 

ll*. 


■s  put 


^i 


Theramenes,  the  son  of  Agnon ;  the  Atbenians,  by  his  advkc^^ 
mil  to  ihe  Spartan  injunction  to  pull  down  their  Lome  Will%^ 
9X)^      Why  surnamed  'the  Buskui,'  399-  v.  341. 


of  PontUB,  . 


a  small  river  near  Chaeroneo,  anciently  so 

-TmtYiArt     ■    4u:     n    o'?4  * 


afterward  Hsioon, 

-nmpylee.     See  Sirails. 

'lippus,  i.  267. 

Theri/aon,  advises  CIcomenes  to  retire  from  the  Storm  whicb  I 
upon  him,    into  the  harbour  of  death,    v.    i»7        t^.-,^ 

himself.    ISR  "'  "*^^ 


INDEX. 

iThetea,  (.6,44.  ,,,      ,.  ,  ,     ,, 

"Diesean  feosts,  i.  6. 

T/teaeis,  a  kind  of  tonsure,  i.  7. 

Theseus,  sra  in  which  he  flourished  not  well  Eucertaineil,  i.  2,  n. 
Answers  to  Romulus  in  many  particulara,  3.  Descended  by  llie 
father's  side  from  Erectheua,  and  by  his  mother,  from  Pelaps, 
Pittheus,  founder  of  Tr<ezene,  was  his  grandfather  by 
lother's  side,  4.  £geus,  afterward  the  father  of  Theseus, 
oracle  aX.  Delphi,  and  applies  to  Pittheus  for  the  ia- 
terpretation  of  it,  5.  Theseus,  why  so  named,  6.  Brought  up 
by  Pittheus,  ii.  His  tutor  Connidas  honoured  with  sacrifices  by 
the  Atheuians  in  the  Thesean  feasts,  ii.  He  offers  the  fint-fruits 
of  his  hair  to  Apollo  at  Delphi,  but  shares  only  the  fore-part  of 
his  head,  6.  Ueported  to  be  the  son  of  Neptune,  7-  Takes  up 
ihe  tokens  of  his  origin,  i&.  Chooses  to  go  to  Athens  by  lanti, 
though  the  roads  were  infested  by  rdfians,  ib.  8.  Emulates  the 
actions  of  Hercules,  to  whom  he  was  nearly  related,  9.  Deter* 
'mines  to  injure  no  one,  but  to  take  vengeance  of  such  as  should 
,  offer  him  violence,  i6.  Attacked  by  Periphetes,  surnamed  Co- 
rynetes  or  'the  Club-bearer,'  whom  he  siays,  and  then  takes  the 
club  for  his  weapon,  ib.  Destroys  Sinnis  the  pine-bender,  10. 
Has  a  sun  named  Melanippus,  by  Perigune  the  daughter  of 
Sinniti,  ill.  Kills  a  wild  sow  named  Pheea,  ib.  Destroys  Sciron, 
n  famous  robber,  11,  Engages  in  u-reslh'ng  with  Cercyon,  anil 
kills  him  on  the  spot,  12>  Despatches  Damastes,  surnamed 
Procrustes,  in  the  same  manner  as  he  had  despatched  others,  ili. 
Meets  with  the  first  iai^tancc  of  hospitality  from  the  dcscendentj 
of  Phytalus,  and  is  purilied  hy  them,  id.  13.  Finds  Athens  and 
the  family  of  JBgetii  in  great  distraction,  13.  Medea  per* 
sugdes  /Egeus  to  poison  him  at  an  entertainment;  but  Theseus 
preparing  to  carve  with  his  sword,  £geus  knows  him  to  be  his 
con,  ib,  /Egeus  acknoivledges  him  before  the  people,  ill.  The 
Pallantidfc  commence  hostilitle»,  but  are  defeated  through  the 
treachery  of  a  herald  named  Leos,  14.  Theseus  goes  against 
the  Marathonian  but],  brings  him  alive  to  Athens,  and  sacrifice! 
him  to  the  Delphinian  Apollo,  ib.  15.  Is  entertained  by  Hecale,  15. 
The  tribute  is  demanded  by  the  Cretans  the  third  time,  on  ac- 
count of  Androgens  having  been  slain  in  Attica,  ib.  The  tribute 
consisted  of  seven  young  men  and  as  many  virgins,  16.  Tbv 
Minotaur  and  Cretan  labyrinth,  what,  ib.  The  Athenians  ex- 
pressing their  resentment  that  £geus,  who  was  the  cauije  of 
their  nfisfortunes,  took  no  share  in  them,  Theseus  offers  himself 
as  one  of  the  seven,  IT.  The  ship  is  sent  out  with  a  black  saiU 
18.  But  a  white  one  is  also  given  ihe  pilot,  to  be  hoisted,  if  he 
brought  Theseus  safe  bock,  ib.  Tiieseus  said  to  have  a  pilot 
from  Salamis,  because  the  Athenians  had  not  as  yet  applied 
themselves  much  to  navigation,  ib.  19.  Makes  an  offering  for 
himself  and  his  companions  (o  the  Delphinian  Apollo,  19. 
Commanded  by  the  oracle  to  take  Venus  fur  his  guide,  ib.  Od 
his  arrival  in  Crete,  Ariadne  falls  in  love  with  him,  and  give! 
bim  a  clue  of  thread,  by  which  he  might  put  tad  '(^*>  throu^b 


thelab3mnth,  20.    He  kills  the  Mir 


adne  and  the  young  Atheni 
:Kpcdili  "    ■      ■' 


a  'Crete.  i"A.— 23.    He  f 


tier  sccouab^TlHtaf 
n  at  Ty^ia,tBiaaiacti 


to  Apollo,  23.    Whence  the  annual  deputation  of  tin  AcbeoMtu 
to  DelDs,  i6.  n.     On  his  approach  to  Attica,  forgtBnfaoiRifte 
white  sail,  2*.    ^geus'throws  himself  fnm  the  nxt.md  I* 
dashed  to  pioccs,  li.    Theseus  sends  a  herald  to  Atfinft«i!li» 
account  of  Ins  safe  return,  ifr.     Enters  the  city  with  rami.  \m 
U  received  with  great  rejoicings.  25.      The  Oscbophori  wlfr 
brated,    in  memory  of  rhul  event,    id.       The  tcwcI,  ta  'bii 
TheseusMiied,  preserred  to  the    time  of  Z>emetriu*  nDitmi. 
26.     A  temple  erected  and  sacriHces    offered  toTTiewtti.Tif 
tare  of  irhich  he  commits  to  the  Phycah'ds,  28.    He  Wtlte  <S 
the  Inhabitants  of  Attica  in  Athens,   i&,      Et««ttidanncng, 
i4,     Connectt  the  dcadel  with    the    city.      Instwue*  fir /!■>- 
Btheoffia  and  Metcecra,  59,     Invites  atl    strangm  ID  «aJ  pffrf- 
leges  in  Athens,  SO.     Distingnishes    the  prwple  inw.  wWa»», 
busbandmen,  and  mechanics,  i&.     Is   the    6rst    «fw  iwSneito 
a  popular  government,  i*.     tiives    the   impreKtonof  m  «>    ' 
the  Atlienian  money,    (*.      Adds     Megara   to  the  tcrtiiotjj'  ' 
Athens,3I.    Sets  up  a  pillar  in  the  Isthmus,  as  a  mart  of  *» 
tion  between  Peloponnesus  and  Ionia,  ii.    Institotes  the  IiUrt  ,' 
gomes  in  honour  of  Neptune,  ib.     Makes  war  upon  the  Ab«»  ' 
and  receive*  AntiopeoKthe  rewardofhisvalour,   3S,    Om'*<  ' 
companions,    named  Soloiin,   falls   in   love    with    AniioK,  ^ 
drowns  himself  in   consequence    of   his    hopeless  passiiu.  *• 
Theseus  calls  the  river  after    his    name,    and     buiw*  «  ^ 
which  he  names  Pyihopolis,  lb.     The  Amazons  cross  the  tf 
merian    Bosporus  upon  the    Ice,    and    march    to  AthtfS,  - 
Theseus  sacrifices  to  Fenr,  before  lie    engages  tbeni,  •*.  ^ 
by  the  Amazon  a  son  named  Hippolytus,   or  necordiog « ^^ 
dar,  Demophoon,  Sti,     Marries  Phtedra  after  the  death  ef  t 
tiope,  li.     His  other  marriages  and  amours,  iS,  37.     He  n^ 
the  LapithiE  against  the  Centaurs,  37.     And  Adrnslw,  k  n- 
Cffvering  ttie  bodies  of  those  that  fell   before   Thebes,  A.   "^  . 
fh'end ship  between  him  and  PirithoUs,  SS.      Oh  occasion  of  t>  ■ 
"friend's  marriage,  he  ■•oes  with  him   into   the  country  of  * 
Lapif  h«,  and  joins  them  against  the  Centaurs,  ii.    Prociirri  H^ 
cules"  admission  to  the  Mysteries  of  Ceres,    39.      Carrio  -  ' 
Helen,  when  he  was  fifty  years  old.  S9.     He,  and  his  fr-'*' 
Pirlthous.  are  pursued  as  far  as  Tegea,  40.     He  places  B^ 
at  Aphidnce,    under  the  inspection  of  his  mother,    ii.     C^ 
with  Pirithous  into  Epirtis,  to  fetch  off  the   daughter  of  A*' 
neus,  16.     Piritholis  is  destroyed  by   Aidoneus'  dog  Cerbera 
and  Theseus  is  imprisoned,  ik     Meantime.  Menestheui  extf» 
a  sedition  in  Athens,  I'i.  41.     Academue  infornis  tbcni    •'«'' 
Helen  was  concealed,  H.     The  Academy  always   spared  bj  f' 
Lacedemonians  for  hie  sake,   ib.     The   Tyndaridii;  he«t  tiff 
adversaries  in  a  (et  battle,  and  demolish  Apliidnie    »a      ,€tfct 
the  mother  of  Theseus,  is  carried  to  I-acedrcTOoii,  and  tbciiA 
with  Helen  to  Troy,  *3.     TIrereua  is  released   by  AUOMOt,  * 


INDEX.  m 

the  intercession  of  Hercules,  ib.    S^lunu'%oiAkdltas,>iDidvAfc^ 
febpis' to  reduce  theAIHeiiiilis  bf  foree^batis  o?ev|MiW8rii»«Jk 
44.    Sends  his  children  into  Eubcea,  and  retires 'fo.  the  isle  4( 
-Scyros,  where  he  istreiickerousftjr  deAtoj^  ty  Lycoaw8gi,<ifc. 
Mencstheus  titfinpi^  the  ^edition  to  Tr67,  ^iFeionsof  ^weiii 
reooter  the  kia|j(Mn»  45.    After  the  'MeiMan  %«r, 'tiie  >  Allte- 
nians  are  commanded  b^  the  oracle  to  bring  the  bonea'tf  IHto* 
seus^to  Athens,  ib.    Hhn  is  canied  into  extocoti^n  1r|r^iM^ 
who'plaoes^e  reinai»  near  the  OyvmaBhmi;i|Mid^eMlls^0ii^ 
MHtys  made  a  ifllade  of  ir^fuge/46.    S^crMtteylo  TJeidaSyiVfc 
HiatoDs  «t*eDd:£lphiBW)r  lo%lie*^lM^  wiry  4^^   ^maeU0«Mtt- 
pared  with  Romulus,  102. 
Tnemophoria,  the  feast  of  CWes,  «.  M6.  "r.^JZa^. 
Thesmophorif  tL  5S. 
TAtfjfitolA^^,  L  244,  n. 
fTkespiijg,  ii.  S58.  iii.  225.  iv.  102,  v.  404. 
Tiapu,  begins  to  eahibit  trKedibs,  i.  ^M^.  ?Vhe  opiUoa^4BM«lh 

as  to  the  exhibition  of  ^tidns,  ^ass. 
iThe^akms^  iiL  65. 
fThessaly^  traTenfed  'by ^«iie  -AnsuBeAs,  i.  S6,MtS,  ')B0.  )v.'«n.tT. 

401. 
^Tkessahmca,  y. 58. 

,  widow  of  €asitoder,  WiMh^md 'by  httr  imi  iiniil 

phter,  iK.72.T.400. 
Thessdus  one  of  the  sons  of  Cimon,  iil.  i\S.    Lodges  in  ^Hlflr- 
mation  against  Alcibiades  for  his  biiriesque  on  the>MysMfto«4ir 
Ceres,  iL  144.    The  form  of  thit  Infonkwtion,  ii. 
ThesiMuy'^e  flsytr,  ient  [by  Alexander  «n  a'  eOft«missitn'4o 
Pexodorus,  governor  of  Caria,  iv.  258.    Alexsasd^r^i  oonMNi^to 
his  losing  the  prize  in  tragedy,  285. 
",  the  son  of  Pisistratus,  ii.  528. 
ThestCf  sister  to  Dionysius  the  Elder,  and  wife  of  PhMxemis,^^. 
/£0.    H«r  dignity  of  bebavioiir,  I&.    Tber^anl>tl«e:%flM«Mia 
had  for  her,  ib, 
Thetes^  the  lo#^  order  ofthe  Athenians  so  called,  i.  285,'24£. 
Thetis,  or  rather  Themis^  her  oracle,  i«51. 
Thimbroy  commands  the  Lacedaemonian  forces  in  tlieir  JBvetatSeiSijpi 

to  deliver  the  Asiatic  Greeks,  but  without  success,  vi.  197. 
Thoas,  one  of  Theseus'  companions  against  the  AflMCOns,  i.  98« 
Thonis,  the  Egyptian  courtesan,  ▼.  391. 
TAor,  in  the  ^cenician  language,  *  a  heifcr,*  iii.  956. 
\     Thoranius,  lieutenant  to  Metellus,   sent  against  Sertorios,  4llid 
I        killed  by  that  general,  iv.  l6. 

ITkoras,  commands  the  Spartan  hmd-fbtrcee  at  the  siege  of  Lsttp- 
I  -saeos,  and  gives  his  soldiers  the  plunder  after  tl^  town  mm 
t  stormed,  iii.  197.  Put  to  di^th  by  the  Ephori,  becaose  lUlre 
{         was  silver  fooffd  in  his' possesion,  21^. 

f     — »—  of  Larissa,  the  only  person  who  paid  any  aCtenfimi'  to  the, 
I         dead  body  of  Anttgonus,  v.  S94. 
I      Thoth,  the  Egyptian  monUi  so  called,  r.  66. 

^Thrace,  1. 17.  u.  19.  iu.  297,  916.  . .        - 


INDEX. 


a  weU  by  Timoclea.    See  TmA*. 


S3S 

rThrada,  village  of,  iii.  £ 
Tfiracian  officer,  piuhed  ii 
Tkraceai,  w.  73. 

TArtMyAu/iu,  the  son  of  Throson,   goes  from  Samn  u  Alfceiu;  m 

purpote  to  accuse  Alcibiades,  ii.  167.      Marchec  fnw  I^eAcs 

i  the  castle  of  Phyle,  in  the  neighbon^Mklst  iueu, 

Tkrait/daaa,  one  of  Philip's  embassadors  to  Tbebct^  i-fiS- 

ThrasylUu,  an  AtheDian  general,  his  troops  dmiied  InrAMrf 
Alabiades,  for  the  defeat  which  PharoabMus  had  gna  llm 
near  Ephesus,  ii.  157.  Afterward  victorious  in  coDJnKbMfii 
Alcibiades,  ib. 

\Thraiymcnus.     See  Thrast/menian  lake. 

one  of  the  titles  of  Bacchus,  ii    42^ 

iThriatia.  i.SSi.  iv.  101. 

Thriasium,  ii.  3t8. 

Thuet/didet,  the  son  of  Milesias,  faia  answer  to  IllIMw*.  *^ 
asded  whether  he  or  Pericles  vras  the  best  wreMlcr,  LW.  ^ 
coaraged  by  the  Athenian  nobility  to  oppose  Perido,  V6,  \3. 
Banished,  27.     ^'"'  •■i"' "■<■■'■■■  "=  «  ••-•■ 


is  character  a 


19. 


historian,    descended  from     king  Olonii,  Hri' 
relation  to  Cimon,  iii.  297-     His  death  arid  sepulcre,  i*. 

Tkudipj)ui,  condemned  to  die  with  Phocion,  v,  42. 

t  Thuni,  a  city  in  Ital^,  built  by^Dionyaius  Cfaalcus,  tii.  «*  C* 
Ionised  by  Pericles,  ii.  20. 

Thurian  Apollo.     See  ApoUo  Thuriut. 

\Tkurium,  ii.251.  iii.  256.  v.  286. 

ThttTo,  mother  of  Cheron,  the  founder  of  Chsronea.  iu.4S6. 
■Thj/atira,  iii.  266. 
Tkymatada,  i.2I. 
Thyreatii,  iii.  114, 
Th^reea,  iii.  407. 

'Tht/reui,  sent  by  Augustus  to  Cleopatra,  v.  49^  ChtitM  tf 
Aniony,  ib. 

Tiara,  a  lamb  yeaned  with  the  figure  of  one  upon  it's  head. <!««*'' 
nminouE  by  Alexander,  iv.  326. 

\TibaTene,  it i.  345. 

\Tiber,  river,  i.  49.  ii.  822. 

Tiberius  Gracchus.     See  GraetAus. 

• Sempromus.     See  Sempronius. 

Tiditu  Sejtius,  though  old  end  lome,  joins  Pompcv  in  MmcJa 
iv.  207. 

TigeUinus,  captain  of  the  prietorian  band  in  Nero's  lime,  vi,'ill 
The  people  insist  upon  his  being  capitally  punished,  227.  H" 
bribes  Vinius,  chief  minister  to  Galba,  it.  Pretends  to  bei^ 
but  soon  makes  the  most  insolent  rejoicings  for  his  ie«>*<^ 
ib.  Makes  magnilicent  presents  to  Vinius'  daughter,  li.  SiS 
Otho  lends  for  him,  245.     He  cuts  his  own  throat,  it. 

Tigranes,  son-in-law  to  Milhridates,  iii.  11+5,  346.  His  conquoli' 
355,  3.56.  His  pride,  356.  UefusCB  lo  deliver  up  MitliridaicJ,  i»^ 
lells  Appiui  the  Uonan  embassador,  that  he  is  able  to  xp^ 


ce  with  force,  S57.    Cban^e*  hij  belnr'to^  vy  M4ljldjd*,t, 

His  imprudence  id  not  yliuiu^  it 'A  ;^,/*c<:,  «rt  >  /^a  i/^'>st 

re  entire,  36().     He  behead*  tV^  &*t  (^er^/r^*  ^'t'*  ^«it  l^v, 

tice  of  tlie  approach  of  Luciiiluft,  /5^^2.     >«>:  %  '•! .  'i  f 'r/wz**,!:: , 

0  was  so  hardy  as  to  tell  him  tr**?  WA^:,  »  '.^j  ''/f-'Vrrt  t//  vnr,;^ 
icullus  alive,  i^.  Quits  Tigrsir»ocert4i,  «m1  r«^:««^  t^  m^^*.i 
iirus,  S63.     Attacked  by  Muratra  in  ai  'It-^:^*,  *f>;  '^  ^*  i//  If  ^.-f. 

Resumes  his  foolish  confi'l'^nc,  on  ^/<;ki^;r  /"/r^  />7  c/>t 
ghbouring  kings,  S64.  Defeated  in  *  $(«rr^«^r«.  x-s^/h  /,/ 
cullus,  &7,  S68.  His  crown  c^airr^nl  t//  L  «/.'»**i!iM,  V^>'' 
fuses  to  receive  Mithridatc<i  wjifni  d^e^te^i  by  V*f*tfy0^^  wx 

1  a  price  upon  hit  bead,  iv,  167*  Admit*  «  tUftft^t  '^MtP»/^. 
D  his  capita],  i£.  Makes  a  ineuj  soUnrtf  w>fi  t//  hrtffy^j^  t// 
oapey  restores  him  bis  kingdom  on  c/'/r*dit»<^iA,  l^>;. 

m^i,  the  Younger,  revoiu  from  b4(  f^t^ier  t//  l^vrr#f^,   ^r* 
^     Not  satisfied  with  the  kingd<im  of  fUfptt^tt^f  wUt^M  h^t*^ 
'  allotted  biro,  168*    ImpttMOoed  by  jPmv^^^^  amd  ft«w*<>4 
his  triuropli,  t6. 
ranocertaf  iii.  S63,  365,  369* 
rf>,  river,  iii.  362* 
art/ft,  iv.  378. 
ikoiiumf  iii.  261* 

ra,  wife  of  Agis  king  of  8parta,  f >as  a  Mtn  by  Alri^MS/Ut,  h. 
Proud  of  that  connexion,   U.  .  H#rf    v/f*  t^xslt^^  u^, 
icession,  as  a  bastard,  tliougii  ucku^fwUsdy^^fk  \/y  A%h  #^#  Uf 
ith-bed,  ib, 

fM,  persuades  Andocidef  to  BcknfmMf^f,  hmntttW  u$A  wim^ 
ters  guilty  of  ha?io^  defaced  the  Hefrnir,  \\.  IV£, 
— ,  the  historian,  u  110.     For  what  Mftttufu4  ^fy  I1«il«##:b^ 
397.  vi.  35.     For  what  commenfJiMl  by  i^ic4efhf  iih  WJ,  n, 
gen€s^  iv.  188. 

goras,  the  Athenian  cmbasAador  to  tlie  court  //f  Firrsk^  n  I  ^/^ 
ifers  death  on  bis  return,  for  having  ree^ira^l  yrufn^rttf^  wbiM  M 
ed  in  that  capacity,  \i<K 

ndra^  the  mistress  of  Alcibiades,  faitbfuJ  %$A  tf-^  tftwalor  ^/^ 
1  in  the  last  offices,  ii.  171  #  172. 

R/if«,  tlie  painter,  a  history «piece  of  bU  f^^tmmimi^  Afi4^ 
ions  at  Pellene,  vi.  18(i« 

,  the  best  counsellor,  ii.  32.  'fha  graali^  i^  aM  sa^^^^t 
51. 

rifeo^,  the  tyrant  of  Sinope^  i!r«|H;lled  by  tiMr  Aih^f/mM,  wl^, 
d  thither  six  hundred  colonuit«,  ii.  f5'/, 
rUhem^  governor  of  Ltpara,  ^rftua<l#^  bw  |^/pU  fy,  x^a  « 
man  veMiel  charged  with  oflerinprii  Ut  Aftf,fUi  bf  i/*<;^k,^  ,  <///  / 
ci€a,  sibter  to  TheageneM,  iUts  injury  tb"  ci«f<«^</t  lo  t^Hv  f'^/  /  ',f 
ebes,  iv.  257.     Her  reverifje,  t/j      'JU  /l»^f,.ty  ^,r^,   ^  .,,, 
behaved,  when  brought  b'.rore  Alityw.'itit^  ih, 
clida^f  elected  p^ovctuor  of  Hicyofi,  *!,  <^'^ 
crate.%  marries  Arete,  who  wa*  u,'ynf}U*d  t$^^$$  bM  l,«rt|,,.  -»! 
HI   by  the  tyranny  of  Dionysius,  vi.  20.    C<^ovi«o/fo  ,/.  fi,* 
ence  of  Dionysius,  26. 
iroL.  VL  1?  M 


5S0  INDEX. 

Timocreon^  his  serere  verses  against  Themistocles^  L  343. 

Timodemus^  the  father  of  Tirooleon,  ii.  234. 

Tinu>laiUf  his  connexions  of  hospitality  with  FhilopttiDen,  iiL 
Sent  to  him  by  the  Spartans  with  a  present  of  sn  hoodred 
twenty  talents,  ib.    Loth  to   declare  his  conmuROii,  ii.    I 
lopoBinen's  answer  to  it,  when  declared,  ih. 

TmoLMon,  the  distracted  state  of  the  Syracman  a&in  Wo« 
was  sent  into  Sicily,  ii.  232.  The  most  consideisble  of  the  S 
cusans  fly  to  Icetes,  prince  of  I^untium ;  and  subseqoentlj, 
appearance  of  a  Carthaginian  fleet,  apply  to  the  Corintbacs 
assistance,  233.  Icetes  acts  a  double  part  upon  tbst  occa^i 
234.  The  Corinthians  grant  the  succours,  and  gire  the  « 
mand  of  them  to  Tiraoleon,  the  son  of  Timodemiu  awl  D» 
rkte,  ib.  His  character,  235.  He  saves  the  hie  ofhishnd 
Timophanes,  in  one  of  his  expeditions  t^  SSS.  Endetftmrs 
dissuade  his  brother  from  setting  himself  nptmnf/n  O?'*'^ 
236.  Finds  him  obstinate,  and  is  instrunieBbi*m\sa  death,  i^ 
Is  much  afflicted  on  account  of  his  motlier's  atera«»v<>^'" 
gives  himself  up  a  prey  to  melancholy,  23?  Twenty  ^carea*^ 
ward,  he  is  appointed  to  the  command  in  Sicilv,'SS.  ^"^ 
Teleclides  said  to  him  on  that  appointment,  2^.  ^^"** 
success  to  Timoleon,  240.  He  arrives  at  Rbegiam  ^  ^ 
galleys.  Icetes,  having  beaten  Dionysius  in  a  set  battle,  ^ 
the  Carthaginians  witS  artful  propositions  to  Tanoleoc,  *! 
secretly  charges  them  to  prevent  his  landing  in  SicOT,  .^• 
Timoleon  outwits  them,  and  lands  at  Tauromenium,  '^^  ^ 
dromachus,  the  prince  of  that  city,  permits  him  to  o^^' 
place  of  arms,  ib.  The  Sicilians  having  been  often  decci^^ 
pretended  deliverers,  no  other  city,  except  Adranum,  is  ""^ 
to  receive  Timoleon,  244.  A  battle  is  fought  betweea  ^ 
and  Timoleon  near  Adranum,  in  which  the  rormer  is  ^ 
,  245.     Several  cities  join  in  alliance  with  Timoleon,  partJc*^ 

Catana,  and  it's  prince  Mamercus,  246.  D ion vsius  oilers  •*• 
liver  up  to  him  both  himself  and  the  citadel' of  Svractff 
Timoleon  sends  four  hundred  men,  by  a  few  at  a  time,  '^ 
citadel,  who  take  possession  of  the  arms,  stores,  and  ill  ti* 
longed  to  the  tyrant  except  his  money,  with  which  he  f\ 
board  a  ship,  and  escapes  to  the  camp  of  Timoleon,  S46.  ^ 
Corinthians  send  Timoleon  a  reinforcement,  which  stopai^' 
'  rium,  because  the  sea  was  beset  with  the  Carthaginian  fleet - 

Icetes  despatches  two  men  to  Adranum,  to  assassinate  Tff^* 
ib.  Timoleon's  providential  deliverance,  f^.  The  do^ 
much  distressed,  but  Timoleon  finds  means  to  send  pr<^^ 
into  it,  25S.  Timoleon  takes  Messana,  255.  Marches  to  Srr»^* 
ib.  Attacks  the  city  in  several  quarters  at  once,  and  CJ^ 
without  the  loss  of  one  Corinthian,  257.  He  calls  the  c'^ 
;|  together  to  destroy  the  citadel,  which  had   been  the  sea! : 

r  ranny,  ib.     Erects  upon  the  place  a  common  hall    25S.  ^ 

J  cuse  being  in  want  of  inhabitants,  he  applies  to  the  Corir--' 

for  a  supply,  t^.     The  Corinthians  collect   the   Syracusanc^" 
and  with  some  new  colonists,  make  up  a  supply  of  ten  tbo<^ 


,  » 


INDEX.  531 

259.  Timoleon  collects  a  much  greater  number,  26.  Divides 
the  lands  among  them  gratis^  but  sells  the  houses  for  a  thousand 
talents*  which  becbities  a  supply  for  the  public  treasury,  exhaust- 
ed by  the  war,  ib.    Delivers  the  other  cities  from  the  tyrants, 

260.  Reduces  Icetes  to  a  private  station,  ib.  Leptines,  prince 
of  Apollonian  is  also  deposed,  and  sent  to  Corinth,  to,  Timoleon, 
assisted  by  commissioners  from  Corinth,  gives  the  Syracusans  a 
body  of  laws,  ib.  Sends  his  lieutenants  to  ravage  the  Cartha- 
ginian province,  ib.  261.  Asdrubal  and  Hamilcar  march  in 
great  fury  against  the  Corinthians,  261.  Timoleon  meets  them 
near  the  banks  of  the  Crimesus,  with  a  handful  of  men,  ib.  Dex- 
terously turns  an  imagined  ill  omen  into  a  sign  of  victory,  262. 
Another  good  presage^  ib.     He  and  his  troops  have  a  distinct 

I  Tiew  of  the  enemy,  before  they  are  seen  themselves,  263.  He 
I  attacks  them,  as  they  are  passing  the  river,  ib,  A  thunder- 
storm befriends  the  Greeks,  264.  Timoleon,  with  the  news  of 
the  victory,  transmits  the  handsomest  of  the  Carthaginian  arms 
to  Corinth,  266.  At  his  return  to  Syracuse,  he  banishes  the 
thousand  mercenaries,  who  had  deserted  him  before  the  battle, 
ib.  Mamercus  and  Icetes  revolt,  and  call  the  Carthaginians  in 
•gun,  who  send  another  army  under  Gisco,  ib.  The  confede- 
rates gain  some  advantages  against  Timoleon ;  but  he  loses  only 
the  mercenaries,  267.  While  be  is  besieging  Calauria,  Icetes 
makes  an  inroad  into  the  Svracusan  territories,  and  in  his  re« 
turn  insults  Timoleon  himself^  268. .  The  latter  lets  him  pass, 
but  pursues  and  defeats  him,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Damyrias 
or  Lamyrias,  ib.  269.  Takes  him  alive  at  Leontium,  and  puts 
Iiim  to  death,  together  with  his  son  Eupolemus,  and  Euthymus, 
Iiis  general  of  horse,  f^.  Suffers  the  Syracusans  to  destroy  the 
women  of  Icetes'  family,  270.  Mamercus  of  Catana,  and  Hippo 
<»f  Messeno,  are  also  reduced,  and  capitally  punished,  271.  Ine 
Carthaginians  conclude  a  peace  with  him,  ib,  Agrigentum  andGela 
are  now  repeopled,  ib.  He  is  happy  in  the  affections  of  the  Sici- 
lians ;  in  the  ease  and  elegance  which  attend  all  his  actions ;  and 
jn  the  perpetual  favour  of  fortune,  272, 273.  Spends  the  remainder 
of  his  life  among  the  Syracusans,  and  enjoys  the  blessings  he  had 
procured,  274.  His  answers  on  his  being  attacked  by  two  de- 
niagogues,  ib.  In  his  old  age  he  loses  his  sight,  275.  Is  con- 
sulted, notwithstanding,  on  all  important  points,  and  in  everpr 
respect  treated  with  great  honour  by  the  Syracusans,  276.  His 
easy  death  and  magnificent  funeral,  ib.  277.  His  memory  cele- 
brated with  annual  games,  277.  A  palaestra  is  erected  around 
his  monument,  ib.  The  Syracusans  happy  in  his  laws  for  a  long 
r  course  of  years,  278. 
pfmow,  the  poet,  vi.  16. 

*»  the  roan-hater,  passes  others  by  without  notice,  but  ad- 
^  dresses  Alcibiades  with  great  kindness,  because  he  thought  he 
I  would  do  much  mischief,  ii.  135.  v.  493.  His  answer  to 
r  Aperoantus,  ib.  His  address  to  the  people  of  Athens,  ib.  His 
I  epitaph,  494. 

-,  the  Phliasian,  i.  178.  ii.  8. 

2bi2 


11 


of  Argtw,  ii.  528. 
Tmoniiii-t,  vi.  «l,30,  31. 
-  TimiiphanN,  Timdeon's  elder  brother,  it.  2S5.  Ofi 
ambitious  disposition,  ib.  Commaitda  the  CwiMkiju 
a  battle  with  the  Argives,  id.  In  great  dAnger,  but  1 
hi*  brother,  tfi.  236.  The  Corinthians,  fat  the  HCOJ 
city,  entertain  four  hundred  mercenaiie*  in  iheit  • 
give  him  rhe  command,  336.  By  tbe  utistuce  f' 
cenarie«  be  enslaves  liis  country,  lA,     Tiineleon  ni- 

■  entreat  Iiim  to  relinqniBh   the    tyranny,  ib.    Ta^ 
lutely  rejecting  rheir  advice,  is  poniarded,  ib. 

Timothetm,  the  Athonian  general,  ii,  34,2,     Hu  obvM 

commander-in-chief  oufrht  to  be  asliamMl  of  netitt 

inghis  person.!^.     Will  attribute    nothin  »  £*«> 

Is  banietied,  i6, 

, ,  thejwet,  ill.  15.     And  musiciao.  •■  !«.-'■ 

T^nxentu,  elected  general  of  tlie  Ach«^ftDk«»i«-W 
r.n"«.  widow  of  Anteuj,  has  a  son    calW  S<i(*ax>1 
'      who  had  killed  her  husband,   iv.  13. 
'  Tiitgiii,  a  city  of  AfKca,  built  bv  Sophax,  and  m  M 

mother  Tingi,  iv.  13.     Story  of  Antteiw.  wlw  mu\ 

J2,  13. 
Tinniiis,  the  husband  of  Fannia,   iii.   jgg,     7^  bmI 

him  and  his  wife,  ib.    Tlieir  cause  comes  befeeWl 

decided,  ib.  170. 
Tirciis,  an  eunucli  of  Darius'  bed-chatnber    h. 

■  Tiri&azii!,  iv.  98.     What  Artaxences  said'w 

on  the  king's  robe,  vi.  118.     When    he  nii 
fresh  horse,  after  he  had  been  dismounted 

'  desires  him  to  remember  thai  day,  12*.  "nie^_. 
his  fortune,  14€.  Delivers  Artaxerxes  and  his  whal 
rlie  expedition  against  the  Cadusians,  i&.  143,  Ai 
mises  him  hisdaughter,  and  disappoinu  hitn.'ltfi. 
he  stirs  up  Darius  against  his  father,  1*7.  His  cl 
His  speech  to  Darius,  li.  U7.  His  deai^*  bdu' 
lie  is  surprised  by  the  guards,  and  dies  ^httpff  iiia 
fence,  148.  "S        «       T 

Tiaaphei-nes,  an  officer  in  the  army  of  Cyrus,  killed 
Artaxerxes,  vi.  125. 

,  discovers  Cyrus*  conspiracy  against  bb 

xcrxes  Mnemon,  and  communicates  it  to  the  king, 

,  the  king  of  Persia's  lieutenant,  tbnujpti  ■ 

to  the  Creeks,  is  charmed  with    the   behaviour  i 
ii.  14s,  l+fl.     After  the  great  naval   vjetorv   wbicb 
gained  of  the  Laeediemouians,  afraid   of  the  tf  cf 
master  the  king  of  Persia,  seizes  that  general,  and 
Sonlis,  155.     Apees  upon  a  truce  with  Ase^us,  ■ 
aet  free  the  Asiatic  Greeks,  but  soon  breaks  it,  ir  "9. 

•     by  Agesilaua,  81.    Put  to  death  by  the  kinc  of  pl ' 

hias.   ii.  I9f:  -b  V    .1 


Thiai, 
TUiph 


i.  \m. 


i.  386. 


INDEX.  5dS^ 

If,  L  194* 
bora,  iii.  252. 

*atM^e«9  successor  to  Tisapheraes,  puts  hun  to  death  by  order 
the  king  of  Persia,  iv.  81.    Proposes  terms  of  peace  to  Age- 
ius,  and  promises  him  large  sums  of  money,  ib.    Defeated  by 
men,  iii.  310,  811. 
tnu$f  the  brother  of  Otho,  vi.  252. 

HuSf  sent  by  Flaminius  into  Thrace,  to  expel  the  garrisons  of 
iiiip,  iiu  45. 

im,  the  friend  of  Cassius,  vi.  98.    Kills  himself,  i6. 
ctf  Quintus,  foretells  a  victory  to  Sylla,  iii.  255. 
«,  quaestor  to  Antony,  v.  466.     Goes  over  to  Octavianus^ 

Am 

'iuSf  officer  in  Oecsar's  army  cut  off  by  Ambiorix,  iv.  387. 
^  LartitUf  left  by  Cominius  to  command  at  the  siege  of  Co« 
liy  while  he  went  to  6ght  the  Volsci,  ii.  182. 
»  the  Crotonian,  sets  out  with  letters  to  Catiline  from  the 
ispirators  in  Rome,  v.  313.     Seized  by  order  of  Cicero,  314. 
lOD  a  promise  of  impunity,  discovers  all  he  knew  of  the  plot, 

^  one  of  the  sons  of  Junius  Brutus,  put  to  death  for  conspiring 
:h  the  Tarquins  against  the  commonwealth,  by  order  of  hit. 
her,  and  in  his  sight,  i.  278.    See  the  other  TiYi,  under  their 
oily-names. 
i#,  ii.360. 

of  Pyrrhus,  which  was  believed  to  have  a  healing  virtue  in  it, 
touched  by  the  fire  when  his  body  was  burnt,  iii.  69. 
I  ViriliSf  i.  83,  n,  vi.  69. 
'eriunif  ii.  209. 
useuSf  ii.  31. 

ddeSf  son  of  Tolmaeus,  Pericles  endeavours  to  dissuade  him 
•m  an  unnecessary  expedition  into  Bceotia,  ii.  31.  Killed  io 
ttle,  32.  iv.  93. 

mniuSf  the  Tuscan  general,  killed  by  Cornelius  Cossus,  who 
rreupon  is  entitled  to  the  *  Spolia  Opima,'  i.  75. 
uatuSf  Sylla's  officer  advises  that  chieftain  to  delay  his  engage- 
mt  with  the  Lucanians  and  Samnites,  before  the  gates  of  Rome, 
.273. 

■ ,  Manlius.    See  Manlius, 
yTif ,  taken  by  Caesar,  v.  485. 
ichin^  i.  39. 

^s,  mechanic  ones,  thought  beneath  the  citizens  of  Sparta, 
211. 

(Mcu;,  vi.  182. 

redt/,  ii.  9,  n.     See  Theatrical  Entertainments. 
tOes^  iv.412. 

tUianSf  a  people  of  Thrace,  demand  a  consideration  of  Age- 
ausfor  his  passage  through  their  country,  iv.  89.    Defeated 
'  him,  ib. 
ipezuSf  iv.  41. 


\ 


5S4  INDEX. 

Travellin^t  not  allowed  all  persons  by  Lycurgos,  lesttbejM 
bring  roreign  manners  and  customs  into  Sparta,  i.  15^ 

TrebaiiuSf  a  friend  of  Caesar's,  v.  339. 

Trebelliust  one  of  the  friends  of  Antony,  v.  434. 

tTrr^/fl,  battle  of,  ii.  65. 

TreboniiUf  Caius,  tribune  of  the  people,  proposes  a  decree  Vf  viiic^ 
provinces  were  to  be  continued,  or  given,  to  Csar,CniR^«^ 
Pompey,  iv.  191.  v.  91.  Holds  Antony  in  coovenattm  «iW 
the  court,  while  Cscsar  is  killed  in  the  senate-house,  iT.4SS,^ 

Triaritts^  Lucullus'  lieutenant,  defeated  by  Mithridates,  fr.l74,& 

TribuUif  iv.  255.  ^ 

Tribes^  the  people  of  Rome  originally  divided  intoTliftt,i*^* 
ft.  o3. 

I    .    .,  of  Athens,  i.  244,  n.  253. 

tribunes^  military,  elected  for  a  time  instead  of  «?»«*  1 5^i.  ^ 
the  people,  when  first  obtained,  ii.  ig[,  tad  «.  Their p^nr 
consisted  principally  in  putting  a  necgdftw  t\ft  ^rocewfep 
which  they  disliked,  v.  69,  209.  Co^d  im*  &AW!^^* 
a  body,  if  one  were  dissentient,  is.  The  ooiy  *«%«»•*? 
their  authority  when  a  dictator  was  appointed,  iL7B.  3nai;  coo- 
pared  to  a  violent  medicine^  v.  68. 

'^TriccaanSf  v.  171. 

fTriopium^  iii.  310. 

Tripod^  sent  by  the  Seven  Wise  men  from  one  to  another,  123 

TnpyluSf  by  order  of  Cleomenes,  offers  Aratus  a  ycarivpc«f'^ 
twelve  talents,  on  condition  that  Cleoraenes  should  beieci* 
general  of  the  Achaean  league,  vi.  1 95 

\TriHa,  vi.  163. 

Triumph^  of  Paulus  iEmilius,  described  at  larce   ii  325--^ 

Troades,  ii.  377.  ^  ' 

'^Troas,  iii.  265,  331. 

"Trcezene,  i.  4, 4-6,  71.  vi.  176. 

-f-  Trojans^  i.  4-9. 

Trojan  women,  i.  4-9. 

■  course,  a  game^  v.  51. 

Troias,  wife  of  Arybas,  and  mother  of  ^acides    iii.  66. 

— I ,  daughter  of  jEacides  and   Phthia,  and  sL^ierwPT 

iii.  66, 

Trophonius,  his  cave  and  oracle,  ii.  475,  n.  iii.  255. 

•j-  Troi/f  how  often  taken,  iv.  2. 

— — .     See  Trojan  course. 

Tn/corithwiy  a  city  of  Tetrapolis,  i.  14',  «. 

Tubero^  iElius,  son-in-law  to  Paulus  iEmilius.     See  .'?'fe 

— — ,  the  Stoic,  calls  Lucullus  «  Xerxes  in  a  gown,'  iii.-^ 

Tubertus.     See  Posfhumius. 

\Tuderlia,  bjr  Pliny  called  Tuder,  iii.  4.54'. 

^Tudcrtum^  iii.  141. 

Titiitay  daughter  of  Cicero,  goes  to  meet  him  nt  Brundusiuis ' 
return  from  exile,  v.  343.     Dies  in  child-bed,  344. 

Tuliius.    See  Cicero, 


INDEX.  535 

ruUiutf  Appius  or  Attius,  king  of  the  Volsci,  v.  292. 

ruUus  Hostiliu^,  succeeds  Numa,  i.  205,  208.  His  superstition,  208. 
His  deaths  ib. 

t  Amphidius  or  AuBdius,  bis  great  authority  among  the 
Volscians,  ii.  201.  His  personal  enmity  to  Coriolanus,  203.  The 
application  and  speech  of  Coriolanus  to  him,  202,  203.  His 
reception  of  that  great  man,  203.  Joined  in  command  with  him, 
^7.  Resolves  to  destroy  him,  upon  his  withdrawing  from  before 
Home,  223.  He  and  his  party  fall  upon  Coriolanus,  as  he  is  pre- 
paring to  make  his  defence,  and  accomplish  their  purpose,  224. 
He  is  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  Romans,  225. 

,  asks  Pompey  what  forces  he  had  to  oppose  Csesar,  and 


finding  him  ill  prepared,  advises  him  to  treat  of  peace,  iv.  202, 
203. 

-,  a  friend  of  Cicero,  v.  327. 


Turmlius^  master  of  the  artificers  in  the  army  of  Metellus,  iii.  128. 

I  His  fate,  *^'        .         .  .  . 

':TuscanSj  skilled  in  religious  rites,  i.  64>,  and  rt.     Originally  a 

I  colony  of  the  Sardians,  93.     Take  and  lose  Sutrium  the  same 

I  ^y»  ^07'    Take  Satricum,  410.     Are  defeated  by  Camillus,  411. 

fiucan  diviners,  iii«  241. 

ftucantft  i.  49. 

'Tusciuumf  people  of,  resrolt  from  the  Romans,  i.  411.    On  hearing 

that  Camillus  was  advancing  against  them,  put  on  an  appearance 

of  peace,  ih.    Figs  of  Tusculum,  iv.  211. 
rutoia.    See  Philotis, 
r««w,' battle  of,  iv.  26. 
Vyche^  part  of  Syracuse,  ii.  416. 
tychon^  ii.  877. 
FydeuSf  his  insolence  to  Alcibiades,  who  came  to  make  8omenec68- 

•ary  remonstrances  to  the  Athenians  on  the  situation  of  their 

jlffiiirs,  iii.  198.     ' 
VmdaridiB.     See  Castor  and  Pollux*  ^ 

^j^daruif  the  father  of  Helen,  i.  39. 
rifjinondas^  the  Euboaans  choose  him  for  their  king,  i.  236. 
r^pAon,  V.  428. 
^^annioy  the  grammarian,  corrects  the  copies  of  Aristotle's  and 

Theophrastus'  works,  which  he  found  in  tlie  library  of  Apel* 

licon  the  Teian,  iii.  967*    The  injustice  done  him  by  Murena, 

354. 
lyranny.     Solon's  saying  concerning  it,  i.  237. 
(yranUf  live  in  continual  fear,  vi.  79.     The  miserable  life  of  the 

tyrant  Aristippus  described,  ib.    Few  die  «  natural  death,  or 

leave  any  posterity,  179,  180. 
[Tyre^  besieged  ana  taken  by  Alexander,  iv.  276,  278. 
fyrian  purple,  superseded  by  the  dye  of  Kermes,  i.  18,  »• 
tjfro^  Cicero's  freedman,  v.  353. 
Jj/rtaus  the  poet,  i.  120. 


S$6  INDEX. 


V.  u. 

Fi^CC^cityof,  iii.  128, 

+  Vacceians,  iv.  29. 

VagiseSf  the  Parthian  embassador,  his   commission  to  CnsRB,  m, 

472.    His  rep] y»  when  Crassus  said  he  would  deb>er  bs  msvei 

at  Seleucia,  473. 
Valens,  Fabius.    See  FaHus  Valens. 
fValentia^  iv.  145. 
Valeria^  the  daughter  of  PubIico]a»  one  of  the  hostages  pf»  w 

Porsenna,  i.  297- 
i  I         ,  the  sister  of  Publicola,  as  she   is  at  her  dcwtioo  in  ^ 

temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,   is  induced  by  a  widdeD  'tap(^ 

to  go  to  the  ladies  of  Coriolanus"    family^  5.  S16.    f^er  ^ieed 

to  them,  ib, 

—,  the  daughter  of  Messala,  and  sister  to  1V«IK«W«» ''*^ 


advances  to  Sylla,  and  Sylla  marries  her,  iii,2&\,M- 
Valeriiy  all  the  branches  of  that  fannily  for  six  hnndtcd 3W1 '^J^' 

knowledge    Publicola  as  the    fountain  of  their  hoo««f»  *•  *^ 

Have  a  particular  burying-place  assigned  them,  301. 
Valerius.     See  Publicola, 
*■  -,  or  rather  Tiberius,  one  of  the  sons  of  Juoios  Bnitis, r«^ 

to  death  by  his  father  for  treason  against  the  coaeaN^--' 

i.  278. 
• ,  Marcus,  brotlicr  to  Publicola,  beats  the  Sabines  *  ^ 

battles,  i.  299.     Honoured  with  a  triumph,  and  a  bouse  1^* 

the  Palatine  hill  at  the  public  charge,  tS. 

—  PotiluSj  charged  with  a  commission  to  consult  the ff*^ 


at  Delphi,  i.  S66. 

-  Flaccus\  his  character,  il.  495,      The  generous  encoa* 
I'll  I*  A.  •«-^_  .^/.r 


ment  which  he  gave  his  country-neighbour  Cato,  496.  ^ 
chosen  consul  with  him,  and  censor,  ib.  .514.  Appointeiif 
of  the  senate,  515. 

FlacxtiSf  chosen  consul  with  Marios,  iii.  156. 

—  Corvinus,  the  only  person,  beside    Marius.  whoh*i^' 


six  times  consul,  iii.  156. 

— /lMfM.9,  i.  70,  207. 

3fflrj/7Wi/s,  brother  to  Publicola,  iv.  140,  and  n. 


.  Maximus,  the  historian,  vi.  107. 

— -  (^uiutus,  a  man  of  great  learning,  put  to  death  by  P<?^" 

•   iv.  136. 

Varinns,  Publius,  defeated  by  Spartacus,  iii.  459. 

Vayivs,  has  a  command  under  Antony,  v.  442.      8urnamed  *^- 

Ion,'  il). 
Fflrro,  the  phihwopher,  desires  Tarutius   to  calculate  the<b)' 

hour  or'  H  )miilus'  nativity,  from  the  circumstances  and  t^-^ 

of  his  life,  i.  66, 
* ,    Terentius,  the  consul,  a   man    of    obscure  birth,  i  ^ 

Kaises    himself,  by   declaiming   against   the    slow  operatio'* 

Fabius,  85.    His  army  greater  than  any  whiph  the  Komani  - 


INDEXi  fST 

.  tent  egahitt  Annibal,  85.  Totally  defeated  ib  the  battle  of  CantiK^ 
-  88.    The  senate,  at  hb  return,  thank  him  for  not  having  despoiled 

of  the  commonwealth,  92. 
VarrOy  Pompey's  lieutenant  in  Spain,  it.  400.    Cesar  makes  bini 

self  master  of  his  camp  and  troops,  ib. 
Varusy  his  disputes  with  Scipio,  v.  106. 
■         ,  Alphends,  general  of  the  Batavi,  ti.  256. 
VatiniuSf  appointed  praetor  in  preference  to  Cato,  throi^  th* 

influence,  or  rather  violence,  of  Pompey's  party,  v.  91.    Cioero*i 

puns  upon  Vatinius,  v.  80!^,  S28. 
Vectik9y  suborned  to  accuse  LucuUus,  lii.  S89« 
f  Veientei^  beaten  by  Romulus,  i.  91,  92. 
f  Fell,  the  capital  of  Tuscany,  i.  91,  n.     Taken  by  CamiUni,  aftd 

it  had  stood  a  ten-years'  siege,  368. 
f  Vdabrum^  i.  55, 
Vflesits,  I  1 78. 
+  Velia,  i.  304.  ii.  334-. 
\V$litriBj  taken  by  the  Romans,  i.  4<16.     A  colony  sent  dutWft 

in  the  room  of  tnoee  who  bad  been  swept  away  by  the  pestileMes 

ii.  189,  190. 
Velluius.     SeeSkimuSm 
Vengeance f  divine,  ii.  268. 
VenHdiiy  two  brothers  of  Carbons  faction,  banished  from  Auxiaraol 

by  Pompey,  who  then  acted  for  Sylla,  iv.  182. 
Ventidiusy  sent  by  Antony  against  the  Parthians,  v.  4'56.    Defaatk 

Paicoms  son  of  Orodes^  ^7.    Besieges  Antiodius  in  Saniosat% 

id.  The  only  Roman  honoured  with  a  triumph  over  the  PlEurthians. 

458. 
Venus  EpUrngia^  i.  20.    Figure  of,  in  Montfkucon,  ib.  n. 

Ariadne,  i.  23.     The  Paphian,  v.  84,  and  it.    The  Victor 

rious,  iv.  213.      Lncullus'  dream  in  the  temple  of  Venua,  iiL 

342. 
-,  a  cast  on  the  dice  so  called,  whence  the  proverb,  *  Vemik 

forbids,'  v.  54.     Statue  of,  carved  by  Daedalus,  given  by  Ariadne 

to  Theseus,  i.  23. 
iVennsia^  ii.  88,  433. 
Ver  Sacrum^  what,  ii.  70,  and  n. 

Verania^  one  of  the  Vestal  Virgins  consecrated  by  Numa,  i.  184w 
— — ,  the  wife  of  Piso,  vi.  241. 
\VercelUB^  iii.  151. 
Vercingetorix^  generul  of  the  Arverni  and  Carnutes,  iv.  389.    Dt« 

feated  by  Ca^ar,  fi91. 
VergiiiOf  the  wife  of  Coriolanos,  ii.  216* 
Vermiculum^  vermeil,  or  vermilion,  i.  18,  n. 
Vcrres,  accusrd  by  Cicero,  v.  300.     Fined,  SOL 
Verrucosus,  ii.  63. 
Vespasian,  general  of  the  army  in  Judea,  acknowledges  Otho.  ^L 

247. 
Vesta,  i.  51,  80.     Nnma  builds  a  temple  to  that  goddess,  186. 

Marius  driven  into  her  temple,  iii.  224,  225. 
Vestal  virgins^  established  «t  Rome,  i.  87,  188.     Gnardiao*  of 


11^ 


538  INDEX. 

UiK  Sacred  Fire,  it.    Their  number,   is^     Their  fnnf 
1B5.     The  Dunishinents  indicted    upon   thetn,  wte  Atj 

their  woir,  ii. 

VtleA,  in  Latin  Cicer,  bence  Cicero's    familr  had  Adr  m 
T.  293. 

Feter,  Antistius,  the  prntor,  iv.  S6?. 

Veltivi,  Spurius,  Interrex  till  the  election  of  Niuiu,  \.  175. 

— ,  a  friend  of  Caius  Gracchus,  v.  223. 

yaturiiu,  Caius,  v.  227- 

Veturiut,  corrupts  the  pr»[nrian  cohorts,  vi.  235. 

1  Mamurius,  makes  the  brazen  ehieMs  fnr  N'iim,  t.  V. 
'     ;  Publius,  one  of  the  first  queestors,  t,  287. 

Via  Sacra,  v.  311. 

Tiiiiis  Padanus.     See  Pacianut. 

■,  the  Sicilian,  his  ingratitude  to  Cicero,  v.  3SS. 

triSo,  a  city  of  Lucania,  anciently    called    HinuBion.    See 
ponium.  "^ 

Vihuiiiui  Rnfus,  a  friend  of  Pompey,  taken  by  Cio«ra5i^ 
sent  to  him  to  treat  of  an  accommodatioD    iv.  208, 

Victory,  considered  as  a  goddest,  iii.  2,59. 

Viilias,  Publius,  sent  to  treat  with  Aotiochus    iiL  45. 

Vmdex,  Junius.     See  Junias  Vindex. 

Vindicius,  a  slave,  discovers  the  plot  of  the  Aquilii  and  Vil 
favour  of  Tarquin,  i,276.     Made  a  citizen  of  Rome,  280. 

Vittdkta,  the  act  of  manumission,  why  so  called   i.  SD8. 

Vinditu,  killed  by  tfae  Ficentines  for  callimv  Pomoev  a  'schod 
iv.  131.  *^'  ■ 

riniiis,  Titus,  one  of  the 

and  first  minister  to  Galba,  

221.     Proposes  Olho  as  a  proper  person  to  be  adopted  by  < 
231.     Appointed  consul,  232.     Killed,  2+0. 

Vipsanius'  Portico,  vi.  237. 

Vtrsinius,  Caius,  pr«lor  in  Sicily,  refuses  Cicero  entrance  in« 
island,  nottrithstanding  his  obligations  to  him,  t.  3*12. 

,  one  of  the  tribunes  of  the  people,    prevaiJed 

a  criminal  process  against  Sylla,  iii.Sii 
r  Verginius  Bufus,  general  in  Germaoy,  fl 
Refuses  to  lake  the  imperial  title,  and  declares  himself  so 
to  alt  who  sliould  assume  il  without  the  appointment  of  ihei 
li.  Defeats  Vindex,  ib.  His  merir,  and  declarations  al 
to  Galba,  ib.  Delivers  up  the  command  to  Flacctu  Hoida 
who  was  sent  by  Galba  to  succeed  him,  220.  Treated 
coldness  by  Galba,  ib.  Otho  takes  htm  partner  in  1 
ship,  '244.  Again  pressed  to  accept  the  empire,  but 
his  first  resolutions,  963. 

Viridomarus,  king  of  the  Galls,  killed  by  Claudius  Marcellu^ 
thereupon  is  entitled  to  the  '  Spolia  Opima,'  i.  7s.  ii_  39-^  g 

Virtue,  her  works  attract  our  imitalion,  ii.  4.     Like  a   hardr 
will  take  root  in  any  place,   v.  1+9.     Her  di.inity  ,0  be  M 
ledged,  i   pfi.     Impossible  for  Fortune  to   conquer   her 
The  honour  which  she  enjoyS)  all  her  own,  iii.  28Q.         ' 


iders  of  the  pranortan  1 
2J+.     Libidinous  r'  ~ 


r  rather 


INDEX.  559 

Virtues  of  the  same  name,  different  in  different  characters,  v.  6. 
Vitellii^  conspire  with  Tarquin  against  the  commonwealth,  i.  275« 
ViteUius^  his  descent  and  qualities,  vi.  232,  233.     Saluted  emperor 

by  the  troops  in  Germany,  233.    Puts  to  death  all  those  who  had 

claimed  rewards  for  destroying  the  friends  of  Galba,  240.     The 

soldiers  in  Rome  take  the  oatli  to  him,  263. 

,  Lucius  the  brother  of  the  emperor,  vi.  248. 

Vliadesy  the  Samian,  attacks  the  galley  of  Pausanias,  by  way  of 

proof  that  the  confederates  would  no  longer  submit  to  his  coiii<» 

mand,  ii.  483. 
Ulysses^  i.  50. 
UmbridtiSf  the  diviner,  announces  to  Galba  the  impending  dangefy 

vi.  ASS, 
Unanimiiy^  between  generals  of  the  same  nation,  ii.  344. 
Union,  of  states  and  cities,  it's  happy  effects,  vi.  177« 
Unitt/y  fire  so  called  by  the  Pathagoreans,  i.  186. 
Voconius,  one  of  Lucullus'  officers,  gives  Mithridates  an  opportov 

nity  to  escape  out  of  Bithynia,  iii.  343.     Cicero's  inhuman  s«f* 

ins  upon  him  and  his  daughters,  v.  326. 
'fVouciam^  invade  the  Roman  territories,   i.  403.     Reduced  bj 

Camillus,  406.      Take  up  arms  again,  and  together  with  tha. 

Pnenestines,  ravage  the  countries  of  those  who  were  in  alliadoe 

with  Rome,  409.     Again  defeated  by  Camillus,  410.    CoUect 

all  their  force  to  relieve  the  city  of  Corioli,  ii.  182.    Give  sheltflr 

to  Coriolanus,  who  heads  their  armies,  203,  208.    Despatch  that 

general,  and  then  regret  his  death,  224,  225.    Entirely  subdued 

by  the  Romans,  225. 
Volumnia^  the  mother  of  Coriolanus,  ii.  216.    Her  answer  to  the 

speech  of  Valeria,  217.    Her  speech  to  Coriolanus,  pressing  him 

to  draw  off  his  forces  from  before  Rome,  218,  219. 
VolumniuSy  a  mimic  o^,  put  to  death  by  Brutus,  vi.  100. 
■?  ,  Publius,  a  friend  of  Brutus,  vi.  105,  106. 

VopiscuSy  ii.  187. 
Usipetesy  people  of  Germany,  break  into  Gaul,  iv.  384.    Defeated 

by  Caesar,  tb. 
t  Vtica,  V.  107. 
Vulcan^  his  temple,  i.  91, 95. 

•f  VulturntiSf  river,  by  the  Greeks  called  *  Lothronus,'  ii.  74* 
Vultures^  Romulus  sees  twelve  and  Remus  only  six,  i.  62.    Two 

with  brazen  collars  appear  before  Marius'  victoriesi  iii«  140L 


W. 

WALLSy  Long,  which  fortified  Athens  down  to  the  sea,  ii.  2S. 
iv.  98. 

War^  cannot  be  brought  to  any  set  diet,  v.  183,  271.  The  error 
of  repeated  wars  with  the  same  enemy,  i.  131.  Lycurgus  endea- 
voured to  guard  against  that  error,  t^. 

Wards.    See  Curia. 

fVaspSf  breed  from  dead  hones,  v.  197. 


u 


Healer,  with  wbicfa  eprings  are  supplied,  sappos«d  t^  not  M  bi 
ipunedintely  Ibrmed  b;  the  condensatioD  at  vapoun.  See  Fmh 
tain. 

—  ,  of  a  fountain,  in  mhich  Bacctias  was  waslied  i 

after  his  birth,  said  to  taete  like  urine.      See  Cittiua. 


— ,  of  the  Nile  and  Danube,  preserved 
._  ti.e  kings    "  " 
See  Danube. 


of  tlie  kings  of  Persia,  to  sliow   the    exteDt 


.  of  t£«r  i 


Way,  the  Appian,  Casar  e»peniU  a  great  deal  of  Uiownwwf 
onon  it,  iv,  362. 

Hws,  at  Athens,  if  public  ones,  all  that  were  within  tbe  daMMS 

.  of  four  furlongs  had  the  privilege  of  tbeto,  i,  2fiS.    Olbcrngw 
lations  of  Solon  coDcerniDg  nells,  i&. 

Whrat,  a  uiedimnus  of  it  sold  for  a  lliotisand  iliatliw.  iLMl 

Wheels,  Egyplian,  an  erablem  of  the  ijietabilitv  tfbmMt,  i-  US. 

WhiUDay,  ii.il.  ' 

Wifi,  Archidamus,  king  of  Sparta,  fined  for  aiMrtiM »&*»<■*» 
IV.  71,72.  '^ 

Wine,  a  reracily  against  vomiting,  and   some  fc-tnjh  •{  pMM,  t. 
469,  and  n.  ' 

■ ,  according  to  Niima's  institutions,    not  to  beoStniawn- 

ficc,  except  from  a  vine  that  was  pruned,  i.  igs. 

,  mingled  with  spices  used  in  wasltinf;  of  feet,  t.H. 

Wite  men,  no  one  of  tlje  Seven  will  allow  himself  to  be  ite  «*» 
i.293. 

Wntf,  a  she-one  Buclcles  Roniulua  and  Remus,  i.  53, 

,  ofbrass  at  Delphi,  ii.  3t,     Priority  of  privilece  in  co)m]I*( 

the  oracle  engraved  upon  il,  ib.  And  bull  jn  brav,  in  M  " 
fight  at  Argos,  iii.  1 1*.  The  occasion  of  their  being  »a  wf*- 
senteil,  tl>.  Pyrrhus,  why  disheartened  at  the  eieht,  ib.  Cartt 
off  despatches  designed  for  EHonysius,  vi.  26. 

Women,  of  Sparta,  i.  211.     Plutarch  thinks  AriMotle'e  reAed^ 
on  lhen>  ill  founded,  13).     7'beir  courage,  iii.  log.     Tbtir^ 

'  ence  over  their  husbands,  i.  ISl.  v.  )40.      The  shara  wtaff  *^ 
had  iu  their  honours,  i.  132. 

. ,  of  Athens,  Solon's  laws  concerning  their  journemv**** 

jngs,  and  sacrifices,  i.  252.  Of  Rome,  i,  gia,  Contiwntt  d^ 
golden  ornameniB  to  a  Delphic  offering,  372.      Temple 

'  file  Fortune  of  Women  by  ihe  Bomanc,  when  C«  * 
prevailed  upon  by  his  wife  and  mother  lo  retire  Aom 
li.  221.  Of  Macedon,  much  exercised  in  the  cereisoaiea  of  0"* 
pbeus  and  Bacchus,  iv.  240.  Of  Germany,  great  pntcwltn* 
prophecy,  iv.  SKO.  In  their  divination  observe  ihe  flowing  *' 
noise  of  streams,  i6.  Belonging  to  the  Ambroaes  iu  Ifi.  A«L 
■  Cimbfi,  183. 

Woodpecker,  sacred  to  Mars,  i.  53,  5i. 

Wmtieri.     See  Atfileta. 


INDEX.  <M1 


X. 


\XANTHIANS,  iv.  264.  vi.  59.  The  passionate  desire  wMA 
that  people  had  of  death,  85. 

XarahippuSf  the  father  of  Pericles,  defeats  the  king  of  FenkfM 
general  at  Mycale,  ii.  5.  Marries  Agariste,  the  niece  of  Clis- 
thenes,  who  expelled  the  race  of  Pisistratus^  ib, 

m   I  ,  the  son  of  Pericles,  profuse  in  his  expenses,  and  dis« 

respectful  in  his  behaviour  to  his  father,  ii.  55, 

XenagoraSf  the  son  of  Eumelus,  his  account  of  the  height  of  mouit 
Olympus,  ii.  SOI. 

XenarchuSf  an  insipid  and  frivoloas  writer,  iii.  898. 

Xenaresj  an  intimate  friend  of  Cleomenes,  gives  him  at  his  request, 
an  account  of  Agis'  designs  for  the  reformation  of  the  common- 
wealth, iv.  157.  Finds  him  much  inclined  to  the  same  systoip 
and  withdraws  from  the  connexion,  ibu 

Xciocles^  of  the  ward  of  Cholargus,  builds  the  dome  of  the  feempla 
at  Eleusis,  ii.  23. 

,  an  exile  from  Sicyon  and  friend  ef  Arttus,  ti.  156. 
■    ,  the  Spartan,  sent  by  Agesilaus  to  Larissa,  iv.  89,  90* 

— — — ,  the  Adramyttian,  Cicero's  visit  to  him,  v.  297. 

XenocrateSf  the  philosopher,  the  vatiity  of  his  sayine  to  the  ctS- 
dren  of  Lycargos  the  orator,  who  had  delivered  him  from  41 
prosecution  fbr  the  Metoecia,  iiL  46.  Hato  advises  him  to 
'sacrifice  to  the  Graces,'  122.  Alexander  offers  to  make  him'ii 
present  of  fifty  talents,  but  he  accepts  only  a  small  sum,  iv.  251, 
and  f?.  In  great  esteem  with  the  Athenians,  v.  31.  Wliat  he  said 
of  Antipater,  and  the  terms  which  he  o£kred,  ib.  Refuses  the 
freedom  of  Athens,  35. 

XenodochuSf  the  Cardian,  Alexander's  qaestion  to  him,  iv.  816. 

XenophaluSf  captain  of  a  band  of  robbers,  Aratus  hires  some  troops 
of  him,  vi.  157- 

Xenophoriy  fights  as  a  volunteer  under  Agesiiaus  in  the  faatile  of 
Chseronea,  iv.  91.  Sends  his  children  to  Sparta  for  the  benefit  of 
education,  94.  Conducts  the  ten  thousand  Gireeks  in  their  retreat 
out  of  Asia,  v.  470.  vi.  136,  w. 

Xerxes,  endeavours  to  join  the  isle  of  Salamis  to  the  continent, 
i.  335.  Loses  the  battle  of  Salamis,  ib.  Flies,  in  consequence 
of  a  stratagem  of  Themistocles,  337*  Alexander  debates  with 
himself,  whether  he  should  rear  the  statue  of  Xerxes  that  was 
fallen  down,  iv.  299.  Alexander  bums  the  palace  of  Xerxes,  at 
the  instigation  of  a  courtesan,  300,  801. 

XeuxidamxtSy  iv.  70. 

Xuthi,  V.  446. 

Xuthusy  son-in-law  of  Erechtheus,  i.  14,  n. 

X^pete^  one  of  the  wards  of  Athens,  ii.  23. 

Y. 

YEARf  the  Roman.  See  Kalendar.  In  which  Rome  was  built, 
i.  64,  and  n.    The  Great  Year,  iii.  241. 


i»« 


f.   '. 


.1 

\ 


64S  Iin)EX. 

f 

z. 

iZACYNTHUS,  isle  of,  iu.  52,  435.  vL  21. 
ZaleucuSf  i.  172. 
/>  Zarbienus^  king  of  Gord^ene,  brought  over  to  the  Roman  w 

i  by  Clodiof,  LucuUus'  lieutenant  and  brother-in-law,  iii.  35( 

•  to  death  with  his  wife  and  children  by  Tigranes,  before  tl 

u'      .  Buuu  entered  Armenia,  S70.     His    obsequies  celebrated 

jt  magnificent  manner  by  Lucullus,  f  6. 

tJ  ^Zaretraf  a  castle  in  Eubcea,  taken  by  Phocion   v.  17. 

"  iZeia^  city  of,  iv.  415. 

.  ]  '  Zeno^  of  Elea,  in  natural  phDosophy   a  follower  of  Pannei 

and  a  sobtile  dispotanty  ii.  7.    Pencles  his  disc^x^  A  Set 
▼•  15o. 

the  Citiean,  ▼•  156. 
the  Cretan,  vi.  188. 
fZenadoiiaf  iii.  471. 
ZenodotuSf  of  Troezene,  i.  71 . 
Zinotf  a  city  of  Tetrapolis,  i.  14,  n. 

Zeugita^  the  third  class  of  men  among   the  Athenisiis,  wl 
called,  {•242. 
t'  Zeuxidamus,  king  of  Sparta,  feOier  of  Archidamus,  iii.  316.  i 

ZeuxUf  tells  Agatharchus,  who  boasted  of  his  despatch  in  pan 
J  that  if  he  boasted,  it  should  be  that  he  paiotedrerT  slowT 

V  ,^  ZcXlus^  an  artificer  in  steel,  v.  883.  ^ 

•}  \    I  Zopyrus,  though  a  slave,  appointed  by  Pericles  school-in* 

I  !    ;  Alcibiades,  1. 187.  ii.  US. 

,  an  officer  in  the  army  of  Antigonus,  cuts  off  Pfrrbuf' 

iii.  117. 
ZoroasteTj  king  of  the  Bactrians  and  lawgiver     supposed  t 

inspired,  i.  172.  *       FF**^ 

J ,  Zosima,  the  wife  of  king  Tigranes,  led  captive  in  Pompey's  tria 

though  he  restored  the  kingdom  of  Anaenea  to  Tigrues,  i?. 


I 


'  THE  END. 


y 


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mm 


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