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THE 


imilG  MAGAZINE: 


DKVOTZD  TO 


^iacs,  Stining  ^jerations,  Sl^t^lnrgg,  ^c,  <ct, 


XDITID  AKS  COiroUCTXD  BT 

WILLIAM    J.    TENNEY. 

AIDXD  BT 

AITGITST    PABT2. 


voi;-ume:  ■  *rw^; .' 


FROM  JANUARY  TO  JUNE,  1864. 


PUBLISHED    AT    98    BROADWAY. 
1854. 


INDEI  TO  VOL.  11. 


FROM    JANUARY   TO    JUNE,    1854. 


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Wininc  l/vnHnM  In  Unnn  CuikAt (M 

Ulirinti  Rcriiiiliuin  i^CvIiiiDl,i(  Ca.  Oi..  M 

MlniHi;  *|-criil'illipii 4114 

MlniiTi!  La"  "'  fi-f  Tork.  Knpplrmiini  w  Ml 
JIlBIn:  -vlim  Umd.  Xiv  Yort,  Mi*n1u- 

llnn  nf Ml 

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nmww  Mill*. 


Mint.  IVpiHlU  K,  IB  nnadgliitilft ........ 

lliuiti  vnc  OHn|*n; 

HanCnuna  Hlnlni  CainpaK/ 

[  Mnnlnim  UIm... 

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UonM*  rnr  l4«r4ni 


?{riiT1U>  1  >il>p>c  MIn* 


ltt«  Oiii'iuii  CoMi  uid  KIcM  Mlas. .. 
)k«4  Iffttr'n  Cupwr  Warkt..,......, ...... 

:\>w  SnJini  <U.t  bInliiRi 

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fttnrih  Ilnnnli.  llin. 

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PHaii*rlir4ii[a <-'<4]  i^hphdv.............  441 

rpDKMIIiirnnTi  llnnHin  ailfWDlk IIT 

I^DiMi  MInlTir  •>>niMBr T4 

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PMIaJripKla  ip4l  Sutibur^  Ctfin|mn> . . . . .  M 

Phvnli  OvliK^minnr. . .  - , Wl 

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rttMnrt  (Pmn.)  OmI  iWlt M 

PluElu MB 

PliUoald  MfUl*. «M 

ni»r  DIMgabi  <WlfgniU....... M 

PloHtTlllhc2lfl<rDlii ,..,.  1H 

Plambl?  Zinc .-,,.^.i.<..ii**«v.  4B 

PhiriuuMi  r<>|iBrr  Mint ...u>.  <M 

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l'»rupi  lAk«  irin0...... 4IP 

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rrnf.lkq]  AAflylPff ....- MB 

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I!li»o  (lino.  Nnrth  C«Billnii IW 

Khrmi-r  i)i>ia  Mini Mt 

Ilufgi-  MI'n 4H 

iticdiiiiiin  MitkM... na 

lEi^hu  lu  Mlulni Pnponr b Trnttntte..  \n 

Rlliluj  .Mm. 480 

Klti:fi>|i||<rriii4Dn1dl(lnM,T*BBntI(.  Mt 

Hurl  IIHI1 MO 

Ltciokii.  (ilii^mlitl  Cvitt  of  C>iinn  U  lU 

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ItPdij  Bit  Mining  OimpMif .,...  OI 

Rulllnct  UIIK  ImfjniTpnivnUIn VU 

lIcBP  <'nt>.r«t  MtiWf 110 

Kiidlwl  U.od  ■ndCoppnJIIiH.R.C ais 

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fllvr'  MIn™  In  Arrlt-ink M 

WlvM  Minis,  (n  RullvU. n 

eilTrr  Mluo  Id  liwrxln ,„,.  Ml 

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ail»rt.-tn(o(JwqtMani.,.,,,.,,...„  |4 


ladtx. 


TU 


rial 

•Bnr  Minasr  Duo,  Tuinntli MS 

■UT<roftlwUk<ai>prrtorlllniull{<«luii  n 
Bilnt  PiadBcnl  Ihm  Ilii  UlBta  ol  Unit 

Brfulatnia* tea 

lit^  at  BcdodBg  ronim,  Huonictan 

or Ml 

glrtvPIuiniiMuhlBi,  Jcrrlu'lPaUnt,..  181 
BbtaQurrtea  la  Ktw  Yoik,  Impunul 

DUcoverj'..,. ,-.-..,...... .....  8S3 

SUtc  Qnaniv  oT  TflrmoBt ..,.--  1T1 

*■    QuvTiva,  lEeil...... TDft 

SmtTuiw,  Nair  DlKOVcry  In.. •'......--.  Gffi 

WutaTrMlocUsf. »H 

gawltlDt  WarlucirPiliu,Bwedaii. S«n 

BgsMW  in  commandlu * 

Satf  Btma. CM 

BHtbCuolIni  Onnlla. IIR 

Bump  Iltadi.  PiUutBlHl  Bhod Tl 

BurHins MB 

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Buta  of  Iba  .KnlhiKtlg  Uu-kal  Id  Jtn.  ISU  SB 

Buitillci  of  Uii  AnlUndla  BaglaB,  Pmio..  SIO 

BuwB  lltuiinsn m 

•■            -           «0 

Blalt  Cut,  WuiulkBtara  aT. 3M 

Btaite,  ArdOcUl UO 

Buualt  Gofiper  ICliiliif  Compuj.  Lftka 

Bnpfrior... IM 

Sommit  Ulna Ot 

BuLjuflliAnaA  Ca>]  uid  Ifon  Oonpaar ....  03 

-              -             -         -         ...,  t« 

T 

Tferntn  TnoUIn*....... IIV 

TAot'tEock  Borar MB 

Tal  Oni  br  flold. MS 

111. MS 

Talue  CoDKllditad  HiBlBC  Ca^  Lika  Bn- 

polnr IVT 

TdIIhIIIiw. BIS 

■      -    ms 

ItUte  Canwillduad  Ulnliif  Campuy.  Or- 

fuluUoD  of. B41 

TWuftr  of  H1qln(  Praptrtj  ondar  tha 

Comnun  Law MS 


OlnitrLcAil  Mlii«.E*p«rtan ug 

Unjoa  Iron  Corapvi/ $44 

V 

Taltedllo  ^IIth  UlDini  CompMT  ud  Ua 

HUHcMlBsof  JaaiuMuli B4 

"               -                 "        ia4 

TtnttliUuiiDflllHH IM 

-    no 

"                 ■*              >  . .  SBB 

Tf■tll•Uo^PrinclIrfM'^.'. .'.,.'.'.'.','.'.'.'.'.'.'  «s 

Taati  lulu  HlDlDg  Lav GU 

W 

VuhlDgton  Ulna 431 

"*              " DSB 

VulilngtoD  Slate  Co.  Or^lulkin  of....  4M 

"             "            Qiiirrlai MO 

WaUr  CMSpvilaa  In  CJUUnli.  BIghti  of.  M 

'■                "       Operrtlnnaof  M 

Wi(«  CompinlM' Union  In  CalUiiinla....  IBB 

WebjtiT  MIn* ItO 

WhIM  Aih  Velni  In  BcharlUII  On.,  Pann.  n( 

Winwnn  1-M.l  «Dil  Conpar  Ulna BM 

Wlnlhmp  HlnlneCll^  OrguluIlaB  or B41 

WlKontfn  Inn  On  4B8 

Oalena,  Awn;  or Btt 

WutColnmbliMInlnf  Co.  oCTIi^nUi,..  301 

"                "       "  Oninliulunaf  BM 

Whaatlar  LMd  If  Ina T7. 8H 

WInUMda  Ulnlig  ComfUf IM 


Znba'i  Ran  nnrl  BliunoklB  CoDpaar fB 

J9ne  Mlwaln  Ennpa m 

Zlno  Whlt>Oil[la,lDiproTaDUBtilnUu- 

utWctnn  or, tU 

Zino  Funmcaa ioa 

Zlne  CnmpinT,  Nav  Jhih; TOO 

Zinc  Oru  si  WlKnniln.  AmtrihoT (M 

ZIno  Wliltf,  iDiprovemuU  In  FurnioH..  TDS 


THE 

MINING    MAGAZINE. 

WILLIAM  J.   TENSEY. 


ooKmnwrrs  ov  zuo.  i.,  -vox*,  n. 

iicncus. 

rt  tBB  VABIOC8  ilODK  IX  WHICH  COAL  IS  WORKKD  W  ESQ- 
1.AS1).  AN'UAK  IXAKINATION  oy  THK  I'KACTirE  IS  DiyrEK- 
KTiT  IIIXTUICn— Ho.  II.      Uy  J.  Kutoo  Bu'-ivkil,  OoTrammt 

I  »r»iT.->« ', 8 

n.  Ti(K  M>rnviu.E  «ixk,  nokthampton  Disrni.T,  maphaciiu- 

RETDi.     Bt  ■'.  8.  Rnvumon,  Cmi.  an)  Uihtko  EitDi«ru M 

m.  liiDTA  AND  QtlAKTZ  VEINS  UF  GOLD.     By  Aum.  WADtnooton, 

8a!1  Fbahii  wk^ n 

IV.  UUOKK-g  UULU  UINO,  UAIILONKMA,  UEU.     Umrowt  «  (.Iuxlb  T. 

JlUCUW 

V.  KOTKS  UN  TitK  HOIJ)  KEUKIK  OF  NOKTH  A  tlOUTH  CAKuUXA. 

TtitK  M-BKU  n-cn  vivTw' KnmEiirK.  ByAraniraP.  L>ni>.(ln>u*m.      V' 
V[.TrrEVAI.I,K.:il.U'Ml,VEKJ(lNIS«mMPAKY,  ASI>THKeiI.VItR 

llIKEOyjE8lT8  MAKIA H 

joritK.li.  OP  iiixi?co  uws  km  eegclationsl 

SmUcJ  *s  C^xnsuudlu 48 

Wkm  ii  ■  His*  ■btfiilun*d. SQ'l 

Rif^Wof  WaiBT  (^ompMiiM ....•• • ................... 

huliiltlMihip  of  UiB  OdifcrnU  MJiif 

Tntnuloa vtthn  lUnliig  R(K«b«laa*«f Caloml.lik  Dlitrlci.  TiulmnDB Co^  (ML,     H 

ci»nnicuL  Affscr  or  iuk  utKuio  lniebseli 

KMucSlwkinN<*-Yurh , 

flitiiiont  ID  il<>.  (m  Konaibm,, „,,„,., ,,„,,,,,.,„, ,„„„.,, ,,.,,,„ 

tOriqr  Stock*  in  BmIoo. _. 

noctmAlocB  In  do.  fe<  Xovtmbcr 44 

S«vY«Tk  M«Ul  Markot. 77. « 

LMwIm  McUl  Uukot 41 

Him-IAL  or  GOLD  ItUilNO  OPEEAIlOlQt 

OriMp  of  Or««l  Britain .....,.....,.,...„„....  4* 

^tfUHbiiosia  CtlUbmia .' „ 49 

Amr  Dlg){iiie«  is  do , 44 

OHMkcW  of  Waur  GMnnttkK M 

AoMnliMi  G«U  Fkl'Ia W 

«         Uintnc* 411. 

0«U  WiUM  oMi^  CluirkXM,  Xortli  Cuvliiu. 4|j 

««ocKl>  0<£d  UitM*. W 

Oeli)  dlmrrrpl  ID  Turtrf Tl 

lUX^Joch  G'Jd  Hioo n 

ttabMraPaUctSuvl-Bliod^lkDip-htwl* TS 

B*MT«r7  of  (Md  and  surer  ttom  tti[>  flnidi  cnipto^t-l  Tor  EIcrtro-riuLBg T8 

lOCKNU.  Ot  COPPER  HDnXQ  OPSEIIIOK& 

PdnUoUliilrutC'Kiiwiir 74 

C(*Ua«rtal  IliiiiBjC  ConiMay TI 

Antiir*  KMiw  OciBpiaT 

(!of4«  P^k  HlM. 

Notili  Aiaaitdui  lUn* ,. _ 

Itl*  llniriJ  ^  PMtmo  Hinta .......,.......■.■■ Tl 

Tbt  P»ila«  Cofflfonr. Tt 

OntonMCoo  BtgiM ..•....•.....■■. T4 

Oo>  Y*M  »t  t.*):*  !'<>;«""' T4 

liduBOf  lakeSaptnar  K'nioob, tS 

Rottb  CanOiu  Copper  UtnB. Vt 


s 


CoiUaUt. 


Coppor  In  WUcMHln TS 

Kauvltwl^ojawr  Ulna. M 

Ncv  ituv«u  Cupptr  Worki , W 

Unnilrel  fur  Itniitc  Cjliiid«n  triUi  nieUl M 

CoppCT  Uiiii>>  t\\  BoliTiiij  S.  A...,,., ........•..•..■...■■.■•...■.- 91 

CopiKir  mill  Oiolnn SI 

jo);k.<iai.  op  SILTKR  AXD  UAD  UINING  OPSRATIONA 

eDverMlDWlnUultTU.... M 

TbeKilisi  'ifihK  IiaIii;  Suiuvlar  Uiu«nl  Ration 81 

Silter  UiTiA  ill  Knrik  Caniliiii .,.,.,...,..... M 

Bilr«rUiniMDr  Arritiiiu.... M 

ThMtrorStncliiDgLmlOra ,.,., ..........i.i.........i..i  M 

COALS  iim  COLUERUB. 

AnlhndM  Coal  TrtJ*  Ibr  IftSS 8T 

Lohlyh        iln.     (Id.          do ..., ST 

IMimr*  aiid  BuiItOD  do.   do. IT 

47oinWlind                 do.   do .....■....<.....■.■......  SS 

RnciltaoriUS IS 

TbormenttouofthD  AntliMcirn  Mirktl iS 

Abu*»«fthoOMlTn>JciuNew-Vork SV 

Omiuinstion  of  Coal H 

Prepumtioiiii  Tor  •Hiidinji  I'sniinvlvaiiia  Coid  M  liUrkol. .,...,... tl 

Hlddln  (^oil  ItKi:i<)ii  nf  PaniujflTUiu-.... t% 

Tlio  Coal  Trnil«  nr  PilUbiirg M 

NtwCod  Itruakor , H 

OmI  Houiim  of  South  Jomi'iifti  SavaScotti ,. SS 

OorniBb  Englan IS 

ImpFOTomenta  In  ClouitlD^  and  $Cp>r*tlDg  Otw  Uid  CmI tT 

(.V>iivonli>D  orCbireoal  IdIO  Dlamtaid n 

L'oiil  In  li^JJAOft ...(....... .,.,......,...  H 

Iowa  Cua)  FiakI M 

IMN  AJJD  mJC. 

FetinaTlranla  and  Lehigh  Zinc  Compvij- H 

EiDV  Mini-n  In  Kiiro5>o.,.. UO 

Tbo  tnlnv  at  In>il , IM 

Uaiiiilwliirvflf  Hailnwdlren Ul 

An  Iriiii  VdldiT* ,  IM 

Imi  UannfaMiimi  in  Dslroil MS 

OMt-iroti  lUlb  br  tMlmuU .'.......>....  VA 

Lake  Superior  Jtod  HjtifMt >•.■.•..> ,,i ;■•••  MB 

Tbe  M aril ii*lu  yarn. >.  HW 

PnrK:v.rUadRinr IM 

Tli«  ntivniand  Cnntnan; 101 

tkioiit III  Ircni  Wnrkt lOT 

XITvoU  nf  rfnirllili^  on  t}Ln  >tntiflki  of  Ifoii .■.■........■,...■.......  lOf 

tnipruvmiiMii  in  llic  MaiiBfiiotiirv  of  Blicnt  Iron 101 

"          ImlionwiiiifiwtuTnnnil  tmiinorit  of  IrnnwiilAlMl IDS 

"            In  MincBlitis  iuu3  nsKfniEiK  ■>>'*■  aiul  shMMofmMd 109 

■■          luomuDontinKmoUllioturnicn 108 

UU&IUU£$  AXD  1'I.AYK 

Natioo*!  Oil  Sioiin  CoDiMny UO 

BaM-(olon<i)  JUrbl».... IW 

Tb«Ok,»RiTvrt«ndandUi>rli1aCo 110 

Urdonbiit  and  ootarfni  uUfltiinl  tlmn  >ad  camtDl Ill 

bDpMVKTStxna  PtIII Its 

tmfmonieiiu  iD  the  mubod  of  tuilnc  waier,  Ac,  frMirolosa lit 

"          in  arinding  Slano  and  WhcUlonot , -..■..■■..■....,...  Ill 

Somli  Ciiratiiia  Onnitc 1^ 

If»*  Cbnllism  Pnbait  and  Kickal  MtTi* ,„, IIS 

itnirrin.tnct  hI(I<  C^cUiii  Xonoii'*  Blaatiuit  C«rt(idfB-.i  •••<•<•> IIV 

Qn'ckfJWcr  Ln  Ciliftinila. , IK 

Ulaon'  iloiplul UT 

llwtoiloQ  llonw , lir 

FtMAtd  Itnuian  Boiim  In  CallftiralL 117 

OMlnfloil  riae  of  land IIF 

B«EBirT  FvaLioarwo* lit 


I 


T 


THE 


MINING  MAGAZINE: 

VEtOTXD  TO 

Piius,  l^iniitjj  derations,  gJftaUargn,  &t.,  it. 


I 


VOL.  n— JANUAKY,  1854.— No.  I. 


AnT.t.— THE  VAEIOrS  MODES  IN  WHICH  COAL  IS  WORKKD  IN 
KX(JLANI}.  ASU  AM  EXAMINATION  \iV  THE  I'K-iCTICK  IN  DIF- 
FERENT DISTRICTS.*— Ko.  II.— Bi- J.  Kbk»ok  BL*ctwKLL,  Ootbbw- 
UKSi  iKirtcTon. 

STECLAL    CASES   OP    DEPABTDRK    FBOH   COHKKCT   I'lUNCIPLEa   IN 
BODXn   VALEL 

Thb  mme  remarkfi  may  be  niado  witli  reference  io  the  niincB 
of  South  Wales  which  bnve  alremly  liei^n  lumle  with  reganl  to 
tho«ti  of  Lancashire,  namoly,  that  althriii<;)i  ihu  Ktiilo  vf  luanjr 
«xhibits  nU  the  precautions  and  itnpruvL-iiK'uts  whidi  cua  bo 
diiircd  fruiii  lon^  cxperivnoe  and  cnni-t'iilly  iipplicd  skill,  yet  tliat 
Ibeiv  are  alu  Diuiieruiis  othors  oC  which  tliL-  conditiuti  is  wry  dc- 
fectJvD  and  dan^ruiu.  Tho  aiiia-  fiiiilts,  thv  oxistcncc  uf  wliich 
in  LancasliiFi-  has  Hltx^uiy  boi-ii  piiiiiii-d  otit,  mny  he-  iound  in  this 
district.     Tho  lollowing  rt-quin?  to  ht-  Hi>okcn  of  epocially : — 

Io  BODie  mines  a  cencrul  systi^miitic  arraogcment  in  the  ways 
and  ventilation,  which  is  a1>§oIut«ly  necessary  to  safe  and  econo- 
mic working,  is  entirely  wanting. 

The  men  employed  aro  not  provided  with  piire  air  to  the 
exteot  which  woid<l  be  possible  by  hplittiug,  and  by  a  perfect 
ayatem  of  air  oonrscs  ;  nor  are  the  ingoing  columns  of  Mr  kept 
pecure,  up  to  the  pnint  whore  they  reach  the  men. 

The  mines  are  Q<it  divided  into  iw^latetl  dixtriots,  as  they 
might  be,  for  the  puqK>se  of  reodcring  the  wimt^s  aud  goarca 
lens  dangerous. 

Tho  retiiro  air,  or  air  which  has  passed  thrr)ii|'h  wuNtits  or 
goaves  containing  fire-duHip,  i«  brought  again  iotn  oonUict  with 
naked  lights,  and  into  the  main  wagon  ways  uf  the  mines. 

The  want  oT  proper  air  courees,  and  neglect  uf  tiw  use  of  tbe 

'front  t  Vwoa  Dresentcd  Io  both  Ilouneii  of  I'arUuiient. 


Stfttftn  in  l^n^tskire. 


Davy  tamp,  rtndcr  pfllar  working  dangerous  and  often  impmcti- 
cablu,  uiufiing  a  frrcat  !nss  a(  mineral. 

The  means  of  prixliicing  an  adeqiiatp  ventilation  nix-  «otn«- 
tiroc?  miaapplie*],  particnlarlj'  in  cusfn  in  which  tiro  furcmce  U8«l 
ia  placed  on  the  surface,  where  it  cau  only  rarefy  u  small  frac- 
tional portion  of  the  colnnin  of  air  whiili  has  to  be  not  in  motion  ; 
it8  power  even  in  mich  a  cas«  being  often  further  diininiphed  by 
the  small  .size  »f  (be  tntinel  and  slack  couocctud  with  it,  through 
which  all  Uie  uur  it  muveEmuHt  pass. 

BVSTKH  !>'  ttUROFSmilK. 

In  Hlmjpsbirc,  frmn  ilie  nulnre  of  Oie  coals  «ud  ironstones, 
their  rtMiJk  and  ntii<T  pccnliaritie*,  the  miwt  perfect  instnncei!  of 
what  is  turnn-d  Itm^  work  may  probably  be  found.  Beams  of 
conaideiiitile  thickness  are  then."  'v.irked  in  one  lung  wall  of  great 
extent.  The  roiuls  or  ways  of  the  mine  are  maintained  by  the 
rebuilding  or  stowing  of  thos'!  portifins  of  the  scam  which  are  of 
no  value,  or  of  the  lallen  roof.  Thcae  roa<ls  are  carried  to  the 
face  of  the  works  in  the  whole  coal,  in  directions  radiating  from 
the  shiifta  to  which  the  mineral  has  to  bo  brought,  and  tliey  pro- 
pn.'SB  im  tliose  works  Iwconie  more  distant. 

The  economic  and  large  production  of  minoral  which  can  Iw 
obtained  from  cuals  worked  uwler  this  S}-«ten),  (iu  which  the  coal 
is  all  removed  as  the  workinj^  pro;;ress,  and  no  expense  ii!  incur- 
red in  <lriving  out  the  roads),  would  no  doubt  cause  its  more 
geoeral  adoption  in  utber  distnclR,  hut  many  seams  on  account 
of  their  lender  nature  and  liability  to  crush  (from  their  cubical 
structure  or  the  strongly  delined  faces  which  interwect  them)  will 
not  resist  the  beai7  grindiuf^  pres.'nire  which  roofR  of  a  cert&in 
character  throw  on  the  iaoe  of  a  long  wall.  In  many  places  also, 
where  the  coals  will  stAud  in  a  wall,  nx)fa  are  fo\md  wlueh  nre 
BO  wc«fc  a*  to  render  it  ueecstary  to  drive  tho  nwds  orwny«  to  an 
outside  in  the  whole  coal,  leaving  a  jxiriion  of  ihe  eoam  overhead 
in  these  rooils,  and  to  work  the  coal  only  in  roturninK. 

The  ventilation  of  work;*  of  tbo  long  wiUl  form  is  easy ;  and 
on  account  of  thoir  lesser  extent  in  g«n«ral  (owing  to  the  pecu- 
liar niinertil  cliaracter  of  tlie  districts  where  they  are  most  fre- 
quenily  ailopteil),  the  air  which  ventilates  such  tninos  is  seldom 
rwiuired  to  l)e  split  or  divided. 

The  almowt  entire  avoidance  of  doors,  stoppings,  and  brat- 
tices, iu  this  system,  might  prevent  the  loas  of  life  to  some 
extent,  in  the  eaee  of  an  explosion ;  ae  the  ventilation  would 
right  itself  at  once,  and  there  would  be  fewer  sulfeix'nt  from  after 
damp.  But  on  the  other  band,  fmni  the  continuity  of  the  air 
ways,  the  fin*  and  violence  ol'  the  hla-tt  would  iirubahly  extend  to 
a  greater  pronortiooal  number  of  the  workmen  employed. 


I 


I 


^^^^^V         Syium  in  Yorkshirr  and  liarbythire,  S 

^^^^  8TSTK3)    IN  YORKillUUE  ASO  OKRBTSHIRE.  I 

The  cxial  Feamii  of  Yorluhire  an<l  IVrbysliire  nm  UHiiallyl 
mrhctl  in  a  miKle  wliicli  exhibit  some  lintaras,  both  uf  thv  pc«t  I 
mkI  stJiU,  aiii]  of  the  long  wail  f^st^iittt ;  tmnu'ly,  iu  buokii  uf  I 
raiying  n'idtb«,  vrltidi  may  be  Kenetally  etutol  al  frum  30  to  100 1 
yaid&  Pilljin  of  cool  arc  lull  butweun  the  suponitc  I>anlcB,  to  I 
SKore  tlic  ruriotu  wsjs  aud  ruuds  whicb  ani  rcquiriHl,  and  to 
divide  tlio  wci^bt  on  tbu  fooi'  of  tho  Imnk.  The  pillars  nre 
redaced  or  takLii  oiit,  after  thf  bank  is  t-xliauHtcd. 

The  HeaciH  of  theso  districta  wIulIi  aro  worked  ip-aiT  from  2  ot 
3  feet,  Dp  to  8  or  &  fcot  in  thickness.     One  of  tho  nioBt  iinpnrt'  J 
Mit  Bewus  rcachcft  the  thickneBs  of  8  feet.     The  ctMiU  of  this  liold  ' 
exhibit  a  otroDgly  detined  cleavage  in  one  tlirectiim  only,  aiul  at 
n^ii  «n;;h'»  ti>  the  plane  of  tho  scani^    Their  (hi«tiire  is  thero- J 
fore  in.vvr  cubical.     This  jM-'ctillarily,  tn^-elher  with  the  nuturel 
of  the  nwf  aud  inclination  of  tlie  strata,  appear  to  bsvu  dutcr- 
mioed  the  actual  eyxteiu  ntdopted. 

The  chief  point  to  be  cousidtired  in  tlii«  modo  of  work,  is  that 
which  leaves  a  tract  of  f^af  iu  each  hoiik,  oontLf^itoiiH  to,  nod  to 
the  deep  of  the  working  fitce  in  the  whole  coal,  where  tho  uku 
an  usually  employol  with  naked  lights.     As  there  k  no  provision 
made  for  carrj-ing  off  the  fire-damp  which  nmy  hi  yielded  by  . 
tbew  goaves,  the  air  in  excluded  from  them  as  much  as  poseibl^ 
(or  fear  of  rendering  this  gas  exritoaive.     Notwith«taading  thilCj 
the  Grc-dnuip  yielded,  after  SUiug  tlie  interstiocs  of  tb«  goaO 
must  force  it^-lf  out  iutu  the  liice  of  the  bank  to  the  tise,  lh«iM 
catering  the  workiuj;  air  ciirreut,  and  if  id  sulfldent  quantit^ 
leDdering  it  liable  to  explode  at  tlie  lightx  used  by  the  lueo.        J 

There  is  great  danger  frum  Etngnaiit  or  peiit-up  fire-damp" 
andcr  these  conditioDB,  as  thu  quantity  poesiug  into  the  lui^eur- 
rant«  is  liable  to  much  variiition,  it  Ix'ing  somctimis  brought  out 
in  lai}{e  (juantities  when  a  fall  occura  iu  the  barwmcttT,  or  when 
the  roof  over  the  goaf  breaks  down.  Tho  (juantity  of  inflamma- 
Ue  gas  yielded  by  the  wliole  coal  is  always  mucli  more  iiearly 
ouniitaiit,  luid  therefore  less  liable  to  foul  the  air  currents  of  tbu 
luinu  suddenly  to  an  iniiisual  and  explosive  di^ree  ;  but  Htagnant 
fire-damp  iu  a  gi.>ar  under  Wie  alwvc  drcunistauces  is  subject  to 
great  tlucUuitioi))). 

When  the  eystem  of  work  adopted  produces  contiguity  l>e- 
tmeD  tbu  goureii  and  the  workings  in  the  whole  coal,  and  when 
tho  cunenta  veotilatiug  gr  coiniug  in  contact  with  these  two  sec- 
tions of  the  luine  cannot  be  divided,  and  the  fire-^ituip  yielded  in 
the  goaf  pafiSi?d  off  into  a  sejianite  return,  it  woidd  appear  ad^ns- 
abte  to  employ  the  Davy  lamp  iu&tuid  of  naked  li^hlti.  Hut  tho 
danger  existing  wlteiever  there  is  atagnaot  lire-dump,  iu  contact 


6  System  in  Stagardtiiire.  I 

with  the  working  air  currents  of  »  mine,  might  in  gcDcral  he  le&- 
Siined  by  a  Iar;;cr  wntilatJoa,  bj-  Kpltt.ting  the  air  so  as  to  permit 
a  portion  of  it  to  bo  walod  off  wherever  it  will  enter  the  goaf,  in 
order  to  sweep  out  the  firo-diimp  cxiKtiug  usar  its  edge*,  and 
then  by  «  well  arranged  eyatem  of  air  courscv  poHung  wff  the 
whole  uf  euch  ciiirent  into  the  returns,  us  soon  ufi  it  exhibits  luiy 
tiBceti  of  this  gas. 

The  ubviuits  nilvftntogett  of  8i>litting  air  liave  been  commonly 
overlooked  in  this  district,  and  it  han  j!;enerally  been  carried  in 
one  column,  from  bunk  to  bank,  unit  iVi>r[i  giFaf  to  gimf,  tlirough- 
ont  the  mine,  and  through  all  the  winding  of  Kinall  ixnd  inttiuabe 
air  wayci. 

This  modiflcation  of  the  long  wall  is  uttcndixl  with  itn  cco- 
nomiciil  priHlnction,  and  might  probably  be  introduct'd  with  ad- 
TCntOj^  in  working  tiome  of  the  inclined  tteamei  of  Lancnsliire, 
tnd  aliio  utlion!  in  8uuth  WkIcj^,  the  nature  of  which  appears  to 
be  adapted  to  it. 

SYSTKM  IN  MTAFKORUSHIRB. 

-f     The  mode*  of  work  practised  in  Staffordshire  are  very  varioos, 
JSk  thicknc-ss,  clca\'a|i:e,  and  other  qiialitien  of  the  coal  seame  dif- 
firing  gieutly,  and  al«u  the  iachuatiou  and  general  couditton  of 
tbDrtmta. 

The  greater  part  of  the  South  Staffbrdsliire  field  ia  extremely 
fanlty  and  contorted.  This  has  been  caused  by  circumstances 
not  frequently  fonnd  to  exi«t  in  other  coal  tieidK,  namely,  tho 
iulnuion  into  the  coal  moa^urce,  at  a  period  evidently  siibscqucnt 
to  tht^ir  dirpo«ilion,  of  beds  of  igneous  ruck,  unoonfonuable  with 
the  mcasiir>.-8  generally,  and  ucuompauicd  with  repented  outburstB 
in  irregular  manses,  of  \-cry  largo  bodies  of  the  same  rock.  Tho 
coals  of  tills  field  hiive  been  greatly  injured  by  this  cause  in  many 
piaccB,  and  especially  the  bi-d  well  known  as  the  Thick  coal,  _ 
which  is  the  jirincipal  seam  in  that  part  of  the  district  wliich  \iAa  I 
ffliflered  most  fh)m  this  action.  The  firm  and  regular  texture  of 
the  coal  has  freciuently  I»een  lost,  false  joints  and  faces  have  been 
prodiK'id  in  it,  aud  occanioimlly  the  whole  or  portions  of  tho  scam 
liave  U'.cu  removed  by  tho  intruwve  rock.  Tho  whole  of  the  dis- 
trict has  been  more  or  leas  disturbed  by  this  agency,  but  the  con- 
tortion and  irregularity  of  the  strata  arc  greatest  in  the  s<.inth- 
wcstcm  part,  where  this  cause  has  rendered  a  well-concerted  sys- 
tem of  mining  operations  fj'equeutly  impracticable.  At  the  same 
time,  from  the  large  mass  of  coal  contained  in  this  seam,  aud  the 
great  &cilily  with  which  Mtikings  can  every  where  he  niadc^  it  is 
worked  evcu  in  the  xnmllest  nnd  most  broken  tracts, 

The  mode  in  which  this  seam  has  been  wrought  has  often 
bc«D,  from  these  cause«,  irregular  and  rude.    From  the  tendency 


I 

I 

I 


r  Sfftletn  in  StaJbrdMre.  7 

of  the  goavoei  whJcb  nre  formed  in  it  to  i^itc  spontanfously,  if 
expoAed  fnr  a  len^ith  nf  tim«  tn  the  action  of  air,  the  ventilation 
of  the  worfcinfTR  has  usually  been  kopt  at  a  very  low  jioint.  The 
e][)>Ii.>Ni>fn^  which  have  lakiii  \ihu:t-  in  tlii*(  scam,  have  generally 
bct-a  the  n'sult  of  »&  alino»t  cntin.-  want  of  any  current  of  air  to 
Cftm-  itwny  the  Mtnall  quantities  of  fire-dump  which  it  yivlils. 
The  difficulty  ariiting  from  spontaneous  ignition,  just  rvft'ired  t<>, 
has  caused  no^cct,  in  nuch  caseA,  to  form  and  connect  with  the 
works,  air  wayn  of  xuflicieot  area,  or  occanoned  the  sides  of  work 
or  openings  in  which  the  coal  is  wrought,  to  he  bo  situated  as  to 
lie  dead  ;  tliat  is,  beyond  and  iRolated  from  the  general  circula- 
tion. II  )mM  al»o  led  to  »  general  absence  of  the  necesMiry  means 
to  Dwintain  tl>«  air  cnnvnts  in  motion.  From  the  thicknc»i  of 
the  Mom,  and  the  height  of  the  Etnlls  in  the  sides  of  work,  or 
chambers,  in  which  this  coal  ih  wrought,  fire-dam])  ncciimidates 
near  the  roof  in  those  cases  in  which  communications  witli  the 
retiim  air  ways  have  not  been  opened,  to  a  Bufficient  height,  or 
to  ft  proper  distance  in  the  seam,  and  it  U  then  liable  to  bo 
brMigItt  down  by  any  fall  of  coal,  on  the  naked  lights  wiiich  arc. 
always  iisttl ;  the  I>a'ry  lamp  not  affording  the  requisiito  light  in 
Uicsc  lofty  openings 

Great  loss  of  life  occtir*  in  working  this  scam,  in  consequence 
of  the  falls  of  coat  which  tuke  place  in  a  sudden  and  iinforeaeeo 
manner,  arising  from  its  thickness,  the  height  of  the  working*, 
and  the  falw  joints  and  feces  which  freqnently  nin  in  it. 

From  llto  iinponsihility  (owing  to  the  way  in  wiiich  this  cool 
is  wn.iught)  of  dividing  tint  wnrking  places  of  the  men,  and 
pajTng  each  of  them  by  the  weight  of  the  uiinenU  gotten,  as 
IS  nsual  in  other  localities,  and  from  llic  difFRulty  of  finding  a 
sufficient  number  of  over-men  or  agents  to  superintend  the  sepa^ 
rale,  and  extremely  numerous  openings  in  the  collieries  of  this 
dixlricl,  a  sjslem  of  contract  wmk  has  been  generally  adojXed, 
under  whicli  ton  great  latitude,  in  the  management  nf  Ihe  mine, 
has  often  been  lefl  by  tlie  j>roprieIi>r  to  Ihe  contmctor,  eousist- 
CDtly  with  its  pr^qK-r  din''Ction,  and  the  safety  of  the  men  em- 
ployed. This  and  other  aiuH-s  haw  knl,  in  many  instances,  to  a 
practice  of  commencing  the  working  of  the  coal  imiucdiately  con- 
tiguous to  the  shafts,  thereby  jjlacing  the  goa\-ea  in  situations  in 
which  they  cannot  be  eficctually  isolated  from  the  action  of  the 
air,  and  tluw  remlering  that  auiimnt  of  ventilation  dangerous, 
which  might  have  been  sately  maintained  under  a  well-nrranged 
t)-stcm  of  roads  and  ways.  U  hari  aUo  frciiuently  led  to  (Jw 
Working  of  the  stjills,  in  the  sides  of  wtirk,  too  wide,  imd  without 
the  leaving,  temporarily,  of  a  propter  niunber  of  sinnUer  pilltini  or 
toga  in  the  main  oj:eniiigs  amuud  the  principal  and  |>ermiiuent 
pillars.     The  coal  ovorbead  is  thus  allowed  to  break  awuy  by  its 


8 


&fttem  in  Staffbrtiiliire. 


own  weight,  i»8t«ad  of  b&ag  libcmlecl  witli  the  re(|uisito  caution 
by  culting.  The  ubJL^cts  of  the  obow  pructioes  have  bewi  to 
avoid  the  prcliniinan-  outlay  roquired  to  effect  a  ct>mplete  nnd 
well  arranged  eyBtvm  of  wa^a  and  air  vays,  and  far  the  ])iir- 
pose  of  Bavinc  the  n«ceBsaiy  ex|)eni«eti  of  m.k  working;.  The  M 
effects  must  be  conadercd,  in  some  df>grix>,  th«  coiiP(i(iti('n<;c  of  ™ 
the  ^jvtem  of  working  tlirougb  the  ngeucy  of  contriKtore,  usual 
in  the  diittricl. 

If,  in  vforking  the  thick  wtiju  in  thia  coul  field,  tti«  neceasaiy 
roads  or  wiir«  were  always  driven  at  proper  intervalB  apart,  to  an 
oalode,  that  is,  to  the  boundary  of  the  tract  iuleoded  to  be 
WKulred  from  a  pitrticiilar  winning,  and  tlie  coal  waa  then  brought 
bade  from  liiat  boundary  towanls  the  fiinAi),  a  much  iar^r  ven- 
tilation might  be  safely  mninlaiueil  in  the  tiiiue.  Under  thi» 
system,  the  goares  fonncd  could,  at  luiy  timo.uud  without  delay, 
bo  isolntod  from  the  nctioii  uf  the  uir  ;  and  u  much  Kuiallor  quiin-^ 
tity  (rf  the  »Cam  would  iiy  lust  in  ttie  rihw  or  btirritrs  of  coul,  left 
in  order  to  isolate  the  fxhausted  workinps,  Ihan  is  tho  case  when 
the  ojwrationB  arc  commenced  near  the  shafts.  If  connect«d,| 
and  KiilficieDt  wagon  ways  or  roadfi  were  driven,  the  greater-] 
part  of  the  work  now  ex^icnded  in  air  ways  or  lieaiia  might  be  i 
saved,  since  by  using  thece  necesmry  roatls,  for  intiikf  and  rotum. 
idr  courses  (n  mtem  which  woidd  not  be  objcetioimhli!  iu  uiinvftj 
yielding  so  «iiall  on  nniouiit  of  fire-dam]*  as  the  -Thick  coal  of  ! 
thia  district,  and  in  which  all  the  goaves  are  speedily  an.l  entirely  ] 
secluded  from  any  connection  with  the  air  ways  of  tlie  mine),  a ' 
much  larger  ventilation  would  he  obtained,  on  account  of  the 
greater  Rectional  ai«a  of  tliepe  road.-<,  tliao  that  of  the  Hmall  hi>ad*  i 
way*,  of  tkim  6  to  9  siituire  fea,  in  which  tiie  wliole  of  the 
intake  or  rotum  air  is  now  uKUatly  coofiaed,  even  in  imnen  iu 
wbtdi  n  large  number  of  men  arc  employed.  At  the  same  time, 
if  proper  communicutiuns  wore  made  by  ascending  headways  or 
spouti!,  fmni  the  tenuination  of  tlw;  wiigou  way,  which  is  carried 
iu  the  lower  part  of  the  Beam,  into  the  lughcr  part  of  the  stalhi 
or  sides  of  work  in  which  the  coal  ia  wrought,  all  the  lire-darop 
lodging  under  the  roof  would  be  expelled  into  the  retnriLi  by  the 
prcsAiire  of  the  intake  air ;  the  motion  of  lluids  not  being 
checked,  except  so  far  as  ii?snll«  from  friction,  by  curvaluren  in 
the  channels  in  wiiich  they  flow,  and  the  S]»i-<-i(ic  gravity  of 
gasea  producing  Hepumtion  only  when  thoy  are  iu  u  state  of  rest. 
A  much  greater  loss  of  life  occiun  in  working  this  aeaui  from 
&1U  of  coal  than  tVom  any  oUier  cause.  As  long  as  the  syatem 
ia  adltercd  to,  of  getting  the  whole  thickness  of  30  feet,  which 
tluH  bed  cODtains,  by  one  operation,  nothing  can  l>e  done  to  pr«- 
veui  these  accidents,  except  by  driving  the  t^talii*  narrow,  and 
leaving  numerous  temporary  pilLans  or  cogs  ;  but  it  is  deverving 


I 


I 
} 


Gtmeral  PrinciiJa  to  be  oburttd  in  Colliery  OfcratUms.         9 

uf  Mrious  GODsiileratton,  whether  thin  ooal  coiild  not  W  nroujiht, 
mA  »  leM  Inm  both  of  life  uul  of  mineral,  by  ad<i)>tuiK  a  diflei^ 
«it  rrBttjin  of  work. 

This  might  be  effeoKMl  b}-  getting  this  team  m  soporale  divi- 
sioDB  by  the  !<>»<;  wnU  syiricui,  Ihv  upytf.r  divt^ioiiH  fintt,  und  the 
ImrcT  Rabseiiuviitly ;  Ic«vii^  a  suinll  jurtiou,  if  DWcfMuy,  mm 
roof,  between  ea«h  diviiuoii  uf  th«  wurkbgit,  and  always  driviitg 
tbe  works  to  sn  oiitsidu  in  th<;  linit  iniitHDoe,  nnd  brin^og  the 
oml  bock  towanls  the  shalto.  Tbv  chief  ohjvct  HOught  lias  hith- 
erto been  to  <i;et  tho  gmttoHt  quantity  of  cuol  of  a  htr^  taxe,  oo 
aocotmt  of  this  st-lliu^  f*>r  a  niiich  liightr  [>ricc  tbKu  the  remain-  , 
der.  But  as  tlicrc  can  bi'  no  doiiU  that  the  workio};  of  theseatii 
in  these  divisions  would  enable  a  larger  total  production  of  coal  . 
to  be  obtuncd  from  it,  it  is  i)ni})abl(r  that  this  increaAod  produo 
ttoo  would  compensate  Ixith  the  mineral  prujirielor  and  the  col- 
liery ovner  tor  the  variation  in  the  si/e  of  the  product.  In  tbooo 
plaeefl  where  the  ^eam  is  inreguliir  and  interfeind  with  by  rock,  it  ^ 
OMy  be  questionable  how  far  lUh  u\<Ae  would  answer,  as  tbe 
other  alTonlit  an  •ip|>ortiinity  of  iiickin);;  out  the  beet  {Hirtions  and 
lovinj;  the  rentaiodcr.  Them  wotdd  be  Icndanj^r  of  niiontaou- 
ous  i^itiun  by  working  the  si-ain  in  this  manner,  lu  llie  alack 
UKulo  would  be  drawn  out  clMmtr,  from  tt  not  being  liable  t^o  be 
•addeoly  buried  by  the  fiiUiug  of  the  nx)f  bcl'orc  it  cuuld  be  tfr  ' 
moved,  Tbe  system  of  working  thio  coal  in  separate  thic-kuitiscs 
bos  been  in  snoceeslul  operation  for  many  years,  in  ouu  of  the 
princi(ial  collerics  in  this  district. 

Fatal  accidents  are  not  common  in  the  other  coal  seams  of 
South  StaiTordsliire,  hut  insnthcittnt  ventilatiou  to  providt-  for  the 
health  of  the  men  may  be  found  in  umuy  case*.  Fart  of  tliese 
aeonu  iuk  worked  bv  the  long  wall,  part  by  the  pilUr  and  stall 
method.  o    '        «  o  «  o  e, 

TIIB  GGSERAI,  rftlXOPLKi)  WHICH  OUOUT  TO  BE  OBSBBVKO  IS  COL- 
LIER V  OfKRATlOKS. 

It  appcan  dcsirabk  to  cndeuror  to  phice,  in  a  clear  point  of 
new,  the  general  princt|.lc8  which  ought  to  be  observed  in  colliery 
operations,  more  particularly  when  the  seaius  of  cool  worked  yield 
infiomntable  gas : — 

!t  is  requiale  to  debemiine  tho  general  outline  of  the  system 
which  is  to  be  adopted,  and  the  extent  and  method  of  the  work- 
ings pro{>o»ed,  before  the  o|)eraliona  are  conuneuced.  This  in- 
rolvea  a  de tin ite  arrangement  of  all  the  roads  and  wuyH,  their 
Biuuher,  diie<;tionji,  iulernmltnte  dlKlanci^H,  sectional  nrcw,  add 
the  extent  of  Ilie  distrieus  with  whidi  they  are  to  bo  connected. 

Tbeae  artaugemeiits  should  be  mode  with  reference  to  the 
following  object«.    To  (he  amount  of  ptodiKtiou  ;  to  the  auntber 


10        GfiKrtii  Principlei  to  U  observed  in  CoOiety  Optrationi. 


of  men  who  will  be  cmployMl ;  tuid  to  the  quantity  of  air  which 
will  bo  reqwired,  both  in  the  aggrcRttte  and  in  eiich  soctiun  or 
paufl.  To  lUe  IbmiatioQ  of  bucIi  a  plan  us  will  givo  k  short 
course  ami  jwrfect  distribution  to  the  air  cunvntB.  and  will  ospo- 
dally  pnividc  fur  tlio  shortness  of  their  nm  in  traversing:  the 
working  »w:ti<iri»(.  IVi  the  delerniinalion  of  the  extent  of  work- 
ings, or  the  nroa  of  (lie  ex(■il^'att<ln9l  which  will  lie  ojwn  and 
require  Toutiiatii'L  At  one  time  ;  and  to  the  rewtriction  of  their 
extent,  to  wliut  is  neoossary  to  »«i»ply  the  required  production. 

In  thofic  rases  in  which,  from  the  «xt«[it  of  tlie  workings  pio- 
posed  to  be  ofl'ectvd,  their  lU^HsiuD  or  iwctloiial  arraDgement  is 
necessary,  the  perfect  and  effectual  isolation  of  eaeh  section  or 
panel,  and  the  ventilation  connected  with  it,  shoidd  V>e  provided 
for  ;  and  also  such  future  niodifieations  of  this  Kysleiii  as  may 
become  necessary.  Barriers  of  coal  of  the  requisite  thickness,  to 
Hnpport  the  pcmianent  air  and  wagon  ways,  ou^ht  to  bo  left 
around  each  section.  Tlio  sections  ought  to  be  surronnJed  by 
double  or  tn^ble  parallel  drifts.  When  workings  exist,  or  are 
propo»c-d,  on  each  side  of  the  main  ways  (tlmt  is,  the  inoUnM 
and  IovcIh  of  the  mine),  they  ou^ht  to  Xxi  flunked  by  two  poraJlftl 
drifts,  for  the  return  air  conrsea  ;  and  the  lateral  openings  be- 
tween the  main  way  and  the  outer  or  return  way*,  should  b» 
Bccurelj  «towed  thronj;;hout,  a»  the  workings  advance,  to  cetabUdi 
a  jwrfect  se]Miratiou  bctwi-cn  the  intake  and  roium  cummta. 
The  protection  of  tbo  intake  air,  and  its  security,  even  in  the  cane 
(tf  an  expbdon,  up  to  that  point  where  it  entere  the  most  diatant 
woridnga,  is  the  most  important  element  in  solving  the  problem 
of  oon&ing  the  loss  of  life  from  an  explosion,  to  the  effects  of  the 
fire  and  conciL><8ion  only. 

Tiie  ways  and  i\)ads  Ah<<nld  l>e  kc]>t  well  in  advance  of  the 
wor^ingA,  and  o{>ened  into  one  another,  in  a  conijdeto  manner,  in 
order  that  the  workings  and  system  of  ventilation  may  bo  luider 
control,  and  aUo  that  the  heavy  ]>rcwiire  which  sometimes  e.\istB 
«u  the  intUimmable  gas  exuding  frotu  the  couJ  may  be  removed, 
in  some  degree,  by  these  exploring  <lrift«,  before  the  coal  ia  large- 
ly oxpoecd  in  the  workings.  A  too  rapid  working  of  coal,  belbre 
this  pressure  hat  been  removed,  U  dangerous. 

Tlio  security  and  acces»ibility  to  the  men,  of  the  nmin  waj-s, 
by  which  the  intake  etirrouts  enter  the  works,  and  of  the  down- 
cast shatl,  having  bccu  provided  for,  the  following  gvuend  ndojs 
in  the  niauaj;eineut  of  the  air  ajipcar  desirable.  To  allow  the 
ur  to  split  itself,  using  as  few  doors  tm  possible,  and  to  detenuine 
the  qmmtily  of  air  entering  each  eeclit'Ci,  by  gtuiging,  or  regular 
tors  at  the  point  where  the  air  pastes  fmtn  the  workings  into  the 
returns.  Few  doors,  except  beariug-up  doors,  are  requisite,  un- 
der proper  arrangements.  The  leakage  of  these,  if  tne  ventiU- 
tioQ  is  abundant,  is  of  little  conecquvucc. 


I 

i 


I 


^P  General  Precautions  la  Usten  Dangrr*  in  Mintt.  1 1 

Where  whnle  ooal  workings,  in  whicb  niikod  lights  nro  lued, 
,  and  itillwr  workings  (oececsArily  ciirrivd  on  with  lainpii)  sre  ia 
pni^^iss  in  the  mxnc  section  t>f  the  uiinv,  in  onlor  to  prcvcDt  cum- 
ntanicntiun,  it   should   be  MlUll^l(ltHl   into  smaller  sections  or 
1  pftDcIs,  with  ojutinuous  pilhire  of  coaX,  left  at  convenient  inter- 
nals, or  a  bHirior  of  air  may  he  intt'qniHed  by  conrsing. 

The  return  air  coursc«  should  be  ho  arranged  that  the  weight 
I  of  the  air  may  be  thrown  againnt   the  face  of  the  goaveii,  and 
these  should  be  opened  at  convenient  diiitauoc*  into  the  rcturaa, 
to  allow  of  the  escajie  of  the  Hre-ditinp  tht-y  yield. 

Tlte  areaii  atul  vi^Iocilies  uf  the  ditU-rciit  air  ways  and  currents 
^  riuiuld  be  ain-fnily  eHtiniatod  and  |>n>purtioned  to  each  other. 

The  priQci|)leH  «;f  ventilation,  here  proposed,  ari;  escuiplifiud 
,  in  the  8«coin{jituyin^  plan,  in  whieh  th«  system  of  tlio  most  im- 
I  portant   ooal  iiulda  is  subordinated   to   a  general   arraugemont 
applicable  to  aU. 

The  jilan  adopled  in  laying  down  the  air  ways  will  permit 
the  introduction  of  tVtsh  air  at  any  rcqiiiiwl  point  of  the  work- 
iuga,  and  the  isolation  of  any  part,  and  («[iecially  of  the  explore 
ing  drifts,  from  the  ventilation  of  the  working  dialrict^i. 

Bather  more  than  three  fouriliN  of  the  wain  arc  R-aliised,  nn- 
I  dcr  thU  Mystem,  aa  the  works  jirogrcN^  A  ounsiderable  |»ui  of 
I  the  renmiudcr  would  bo  obtained  in  Rauruiug. 

.  OENERAL     PRBCA17TIOX8    AMD    REMEDIKH    TO    LB8SBK    OR    RKUOTB 
DANaRRS  IN  MIXES. 

I  ■  The  Davy  lamp,  only,  Khoiild  bo  uxed  in  pillar  u'orkings, 
whero  goares,  ooutaining  inflaiiunitble  ga«,  are  in  process  of 
formation.     It  in  desirable  to  n>iv-  this  lriiit]i  in  exiil<>riii<;  drifts, 

<  and  wherever  the  dischar^  of  (ire-dump  vi»iljly  occurs  imder 
prewiu^ ;  as  in  newly  opened  ectimK.  AUhou<;h  the  lue  of  pow- 
der in  minea  under  this  condition,  vronld  IcN^en  the  security  to 
bo  derived  from  an  excluaire  use  of  the  Davy  lamp,  yet  if  careful 
officers  only,  were  employed  to  fine  shots,  it  would  still  affurd 
comimnitive  safely.  It  should  also  bo  used  exclusively  in  mines 
yielding  Sre-ibinip,  in  which  the  ventilation  is  dependent  on  the 
security  of  a  brutticcd  shaft. 

A  well  considered  ^alcm  of  ndes,  and  general  directions  for 
the  guidance  of  the  workmen,  18  liij^hiy  important  to  the  eeciuity 
of  a  oolliery.  These  should  include  regulation  for  descending  ; 
for  the  examimiti'jii  of  the  workiiigB  previous  to  their  entry  by 
tlie  men,  and  during  the  working  liuuni ;  and  also  rulea  for  tM 
management  of  the  Davy  lamp. 

With  a  perfect  system  and  ofBeient  ventilation,  the  appeal^ 
once  of  inflammable  gn«  in  the  air  of  a  mine,  cxoopt  in  tb«  ex- 
plcong  drift*,  may  generally  be  prevented. 


19 


Gtturai  Prreavtiotn  to  lessen  Dangfrt  in  Minn. 


In  conflluBion,  it  must  bo  etntcd,  m  th«  n'sult  of  the  inw 
gntions  1  have  made,  tb»t  although  mnny  of  tho  niinctt  id  this' 
countrj-  «re  conduoUMi  with  all  the  precautions  against  accident 
which  «?xpericnoe  can  miggpstt,  or  the  exiiernJitnre  ot  capital  affoid, 
yet  that  th^re  are  iiimiMijtL*i  ntlien*.  in  which  tho  syntem  and 
arrangemcnta  an;  dcfwtive  ;  ami  i'lirthcr,  ilmt  a  groat  part  of 
the  grievouB  loss  of  life  whlfh  dot's  occiir  would  hf  jtreveiited,  if 
due  dcill  and  proper  means  n-ero  employed  to  n-movc  those 
deftota,  in  existing  conditions,  which  can  bo  clearly  recognised. 

In  addition  to  the  ioss  of  life  from  accidents  of  a  violent 
natnre,  Ihe  neglect  which  too  fVetjnently  oecuis  (especially  in  di»- 
trictB  anil  mines  in  which  little  or  no  inflammable  gas  is  found) 
to  provide  a  Biiffioient  snpi'ly  of  jmre  air,  is  pnxluctive  of  maeh 
disease  nmon^  the  tniiiiDg  population.  This  evil  admits  of  easy 
remedy,  which  it  will  prolmbly  receive  when  the  attention  of 
mining  proprietors  is  called  to  it. 

The  retuma  which  can  be  obtained,  with  rcHpeet  to  the  nmii- 
ber,  nature,  and  causes  of  accidents  in  mines,  I  have  found  to  be 
in  general  so  exceedingly  vague  and  defective,  that  any  conclu- 
giong  baMed  on  them  would  be  liable  to  enwr.  With  very  few 
exceptiona,  no  accounts  at  all  are  kejit  at  mining  eslahlishmenta 
on  the  flubject.  If  accurate  n^gisters  wen^  to  be  found  at  such' 
works,  of  the  accidents  of  every  class  ivliicli  occur,  along  with 
that  infoniKitUm  which  might  be  n.'udenL'd  of  their  causes,  nature, 
and  results,  a  source  of  very  iniportimt  knowledgo  and  correct 
conchiaions  would  be  afforded! . 

If  the  amount  of  ventilation  in  cacli  mine,  that  is  to  say,  the* 
specitic  (juantity  of  air  in  circulation,  were  mea-Mired  periodically^ 
and  recorded  in  connection  with  the  niunln-r  >»('  workmen  ein- 
jiloywi,  anoiber  raiuable  soiinx?  of  infonnation,  bearing  on  the 
actual  condition  of  minftn,  would  be  provided. 

Although  tho  actual  occurrence  of  exidosions  may  often  ho 
tnioed  to  the  ignomncc  or  eiuvles«ni.^;ss  of  the  subordinate  agents, 
or  of  the  worknieu,  their  primiiry  aiuscs,  even  in  these  cases, 
must  be  gcnendly  assigned  to  the  wunt  of  skill  and  care  in  the 
management  of  tlie  mine,  which  has  produced  the  condilions  that 
lender  thia  carclessocBs  dangerous. 

It  must  bo  allowed,  also,  that  in  many  districts,  those  who 
have  been  intrusted  with  the  management  of  mines,  have  often 
been  warcely  removed  iu  intelligenco  or  acquia'inents  from  tho 
rank  of  common  workmen,  their  knowledge  being  frequently  bo 
limited,  that  the  improvements  made  and  the  principles  observed 
in  one  district  arc  quite  unknown  in  others. 

But  tho  most  important  means  of  safely  for  the  mining  popu- 
lation in  their  haKardous  employments  would  be  found,  if  the 
intelligence  of  this  cbat  genendly  were  olcvatwl  by  education. 


I 

4 


3%«  Lovdm/te  Mitie, 


1» 


rat,  ihe  miner  is  nnXy  itblc  to  ju<lge  f>f  tlw  dungera  bj 
bo  is  BUtroumled,  or,  (x>»K<^|iicnlly,  to  delciKl  himself  t^ 
peann^  to  work  in  ttioso  tD\w»  id  ntuoh  t)ioy  iiniicocitsuily  exist. 
There  appears  to  l*e  no  ubstuclc  in  tli*;  nature  of  the  verk 
'£,  or  th«  coDditioD  of  tlie  younger  part  of  tlio  nuning  popu- 
to  lo^rent  the  pruvisiouii  for  ciluoatioa  ooubuned  in  the 
factory  Act  &om  being  applitid  to  this  etnas,  bj  requiring,  as  a 
ondition  of  employment,  the  proihiotton  of  hcIiooI  (.tirlilicates,  to 
lAcm  a  certain  daily  m:hw\  attvti<liiiico  un  tho  part  of  all  youths 
Dpioyed  iii  iniiies,  unlil  thi^  i>hiiU  have  atta!ii<-(l  a  Hpecifled  age. 

J.  Kesyms  B1.ACKWELI-, 

Gwcmvtcni  Iwipftior. 


»T.  n.— NOBTUA-MPTON  DISTRICT.    TIIK  LOUDVILLK  MINK.     Bv 
Cii*aLn  S.  RicxAsiituK.  Civil,  kw  Minimo  Esudieek,  Ntw-VoKKum 

riU8  voluftl'lu  luiocral  projivxty,  under  the  management  of  Cupt. 
Pinch,  from  Cumwall,  one  uf  a  series  Wlonging  to  thtt 
lidaled   tlam]N»liire   Mining  Comjutuy,  is  situatca  iu  the 
!u|M  uf  VjmA  and  8i.>ulh»iii])t(>ii,  HnitipMhirv  Cuunty,  State 
L-hiuotts,  emhracin<;  an  are.n  of  220  acn'a  of  real  estate, 
Diuistuig  vi  vruod,  arable  and  imsl  nn;  lands.     A  great  [iroportiou 
it  may  be  wud  to  contain  minvnils.     In  my  various  luLuiug 
rejs  in  Ent^antl,  Iirland  and  Wales,  it  is  seldom  1  have  had 
be  plea^uro  uf  K-ing  able  to  lay  U«furo  the  jiubUc  such  a  Uattiv- 
Bg  rejKirt  of  11  mine  as  1  can  of  ihiK.     Ind(-[><.rnd(;nt  of  the  higliljr 
niaing  miiii'iul  indioitiunH  of  the  knlett  and  cn>s!<-tMiir8e«  (tor 
be  Lodes  an-  all  tuctallifctXHis)  the  sett  pnsst^sses  l<K:nl  adiTUitagea 
cry  unusual  to  be  fumid  in  the  old  country.     Thmugh  its  centre 
tbo  northern  bnincb  of  the   Manhan  river,  a  nenrr-failing. 
il  mountain  stream,  amply  i^ultident  for  all  tlie  piiriiofieH  of 
dressing,  and,  for  n  ixiuudenible  tiiiitf,  the  motive  power  ne- 
for  draining  of  the  iiiiiie.     Al>jvo  100  acrea  consist  of 
(wd,  among  which  m^iy  be  Hl'itirl  »i>iii«  of  the  finest  timber  ia 
States,  and  in  i^uautttii-H  sntHi-ii-nt  for  the  works  even  if  car- 
ded out  on.  the  mu«t  extcnsivv  rtuale.     Aliout  a  mile  and  a  half 
own  t[i«  volley,  there  is  now  io  coni«!  of  coruslniciiou  a  railway, 
»bich  is  to  conDoel  with  the  railways  of  Boston,  New  llavon, 
[Bridgeport  and  New- York,  «)id  which  will  be  often  tor  heavy 
jtniific  in  ISM  i  thii.t  alTonliiig  a  really,  cheap,  and  speedy  means 
[of  tnins]K?rutiou  for  Ihe  (iniiiuce<if  the  mmee  to  the  shippini' 
p^rts,  us  well  ua  for  iiit|jortiiig  coal,  and  other  materials  required 
(ui  tbe  use  of  tbu  works.     The  land  \n  miitalilc  in  most  places  for 
the  cultivation  of  every  kind  of  agricultural  produra  common  to 


u 


Tlif  laudeiiU  Minf. 


I 


the  Oftuntry ;  and  luBtly,  tlioii^li  nut  leiist,  Is  tlio  proverbial  aala- 
brity  of  the  atmosphere,  for  no  piirt  of  the  Statt-s  imjoys  a  more 
Moeral  state  of  hc-altli  than  is  found  Rmong  the  inhnbitnntB  of 
UU9  part  of  MnsMchtiBftts  :  here  tbi-n  is  i-i'cry  thing  desired  by 
a  company  to  carry  out  u  BCrios  of  siicccssfid  mining  opL-rations. 

The  stratum  of  the  sett  i»  gninitc  and  conglomcmtc  Band- 
stone.  The  granite  is  of  two  kinds,  the  common  giay  compact,' 
ami  the  quartzosc,  thn  former  pn.^omin»ting  in  the  elevated  pot^ 
tiona  of  the  sett,  and  th«  latter  in  the  sloi)C8  towards  the  valley. 
The  sedimentary  U'ds  of  isiind«t'>no  nro  nearly  horizontal  They 
are  somewhat  micaciouiii,  and  uro  full  of  hoiilderB  and  large  pc1>- 
bles:  the  presence  of  inion  ciin  bi>  at^coimted  for  by  the  attrition 
of  those  boulders  upon  the  gniiiiti)  itt  tbe  time  they  were  in  a  ^A 
state  of  motion  by  the  ebb  »ud  flow  of  the  tide.  At  bottom  the  ^| 
aandstune  and  isimdlx^ds  are  finer  nud  mure  eomjtact,  showing 
they  were  precipjtatwi  by  water  when  in  a  verj'  slight  state  of 
agitation  :  the  depth  of  these  beiia  I  buvi.-  not  had,  as  yet,  any  i 
means  of  correctly  ascertaining,  hut  judging  from  the  inclination^ 
of  the  granito  on  lx)th  sides  of  the  valley,  I  should  think  nca 
the  lode  they  are  not  niore  than  about  Jifty  feet  below  the  be 
of  the  river. 

THK   MAIK   LODS. 

This  iramense  lo<ie  traverses  the  sott  in  a  direct  Hue  foi 
rather  more  than  half  a  mile,  bearing  20°  northeast,  an<l 
tmderlays  about  fiitecn  inches  per  fathom  ;  it  is  twelve  fc«t 
thick,  and  carries  through  a  leader  of  lead  ore  fn>m  six  inches 
to  two  feet  thick.  In  some  places  the  leader  is  quite  solid,  but 
generally  the  lead  is  disaeminated  thn>ngh  the  stone.  It  is  com- 
posed of  regular  strata,  or  veins  of  qiiarlx,  of  a  most  beautiful 
kind — barytes,  blende  and  decomposed  granite,  with  gossan  and 
friable  spar  at  the  smface.  The  explorations  at  present  on  the 
lode  have  been  m  three  places.  The  first  on  the  south  aide  of 
the  sett,  near  the  public  highway  ; — a  shaft  ha«  here  been  sunk 
of  eight  fathoms  deep,  at  a  point  whea-  there  is  a  junction  with 
anotlicr  lo<le.  Its  width  cannot  be  very  well  defined  here,  as  no 
cross  cut  htis  Ix-eu  driven  through  it.  Tbe  shaft  lins  been  sunk 
OA  shown  in  the  figtue.  On  one  of  the  leaders  of  barytes,  where 
it  dips  to  the  eustwaid  about  one  foot  in  the  tathom,  n  slope  liaa 
been  continufxl  north  about  twiTily-eight  feet ;  in  the  bottom  of 
which  the  orcy  part  is  still  standing,  and  apparently  holding 
down  rich  iu  silver  lead.  Theix'  must  have  been  a  considerable 
quantity  of  lead  raised  from  this  little  ojK'ning,  as  in  one  place 
an  arch  wa«  Idl  that  contaiiKtl  a  le^iding  vein  of  nearly  solid  ore 
two  fert  thick.  The  old  miners  seem  to  have  earrie<l  away  about 
Bts  feet  of  the  lode.     This  jwrt  had  lead  entirely  throughit,  end 


7&a  Loudviiie  Mm. 


U 


if  ve  juc%c  from  tli«  old  alven  pilv,  it  must  have  been  nil  wiviag 

work.     In  ffwl,  there  nro  many  Iudb  of  alvcDS  ncd  nttlo  now  iit 

the  Htir&co  that  ie  i;xix'lU'iit  BtHnip  work,  iind  which  «'U1  nil  be 

,  tetuntcd  wh«a  tltc  machiiK-r}'  is  i-a'ctcd  which  is  now  in  [irogrvHS. 

''Tbey  have  d{icdi?i1  a  few  falbi>tiiii  northward  on  the  bock,  and  tlw 

leader  of  lead  siill  cuntiniics  in  the  barytca,  the  qiiariK  carries  a 

goenan,  aud  is  impn.>guatL>d  throughout,  for  at  Icaat  ten  fi^ct  wide, 

with  stonen  of  yellow  oxide  and  blue  carbonate  of  copper,  very 

beautifiil  in  their  api>earaucc.     If  we  were  to  determine  the  bubo- 

,  of  the  We  at  thifi  spot  it  would  exceed  thirty  feet  in  width  ;  but 

M  I  liave  befoni  a-tid,  a  junction  with  anotlier  lode  here  takes 

ntace.     The  next  point  of  explomtion  on  the  lode  is  in  the  valley 

by  the  Btde  of  the  river.     There  an  adit  has  been  driven  into  the 

lull  on  lh«  coarse  of  the  lode,  12  fatboma.     At  thin  place  the 

,  reni  chaiacter  of  the  lode  may  be  positively  defined  ;  it  is  per- 

'  f«ctly  regular  in  its  beating  and  underlay,  which  is  15  iucliett  to 

.  the  tathom  westerly,  canying  re^dar  walls,  and  spotted  with 

lead  throughout.     The  leading  vein  is  a  line,  compact  quarts, 

fillt  of  vugs,  with  alternate  veins  of  decomposed  gjnnite,  as  far 

I  ibe  capek,  whidt  also  conlain  ore.     If  we  judge  of  the  mine 

itbe  indications  here  ^own,  its  being  iiumeuHi-ly  productive 

not  admit  of  a  d^<itht,  for  a  lode  j)ogseiw&g  a  more  prominug 

appeantnce  niiver  could  be  cut  nt  sar&ce,  in  this  or  any  other 

country.     The  third  uprning  Unt  bivn  on  the  hill  towards  the 

.northern  cxtrcuiily  of  the  iwtt.     Thi-re  a  ithall  has  been  sunk 

I  Bome  six  fatboniK.     The  lode  horv  U-are  tliu  same  character  and 

Qce  as  in  the  ralloy,  carr^'ing  a  spotted  leader  of  ore.     In 

quuitz  there  is,  however,  an  abscuco  of  barytes,  and  a  larger 


OBOSS  SBCTIOX  or  TOK  U>I>S  IX  TIIK  OLU  snAlT. 


((£»%  \    -  ._^  -  "v     . 


Buyll*  Willi 

vu*i  or  r    ■ 


r>«Aiic  v<ia  a 

Ui*Lo3«ftiU  of 
Lad  On. 


16 


Thr  Lottdvifff  MiM*. ' 


proportion  of  capeL  Some  Bhode  j>iu  liiive  been  put  down  and 
openrngA  made  on  tho  buck  iiirllRT  northwitiil,  but  there  a]ipears 
no  material  alteration  in  the  iiict«llifeRi««  iiatnnj  of  the  l<wle  ;  I 
theretbra  deiiomioated  thie>,  without  imy  foiLr  uf  cuiilratlicliuQ,  ai 
champion  lode  of  the  first  clast^ 

TBE   WKXTEItN    LCDS. 

This  lode  appeore  to  have  a  bearing  10"  northwest,  and  lUnflj 
along  the  ronRnea  of  the  sett  on  the  weeteni  Hide.     Kothin^j 
more  haa  been  done  on  it  than  to  put  don-n  a  nhodo  pit  on  the 
back,  near  the  jtinctian  of  the  main  Imle,  therefore  1  cannot  ven- 
toit  to  sfty  much  about  it.     It  carries  both  co^iper,  lead,  baiytcs 
and  blende. 

IBB  EASTEBM  OBODKD.  * 

Although  nothing,  a«  yet.  haa  been  done  on  this  side  of  the 
main  lode  to  dixcoTer  a  parallel  one,  yet  from  certain  aiir&ce  in- 
dicatioii.i,  i  bare  atrong  grounds  to  believe  one  or  more  lodeo 
oxist.  'I'liia  side  of  the  sett  approaches  the  valley,  oonsecpiently 
it  is  covered  by  the  sandstone  formation,  thnuigh  which  Done  of 
the  lodes,  as  I  have  seen,  make  their  appeariLiicc. 

TBB  GREAT  CROSS   COt'ltSE. 

This  great  dam  to  the  minemls  in  this  mine  has  been  n 
in  ft  former  paper,  (VoL  I.,  No.  5),  and  needs  no  Airther  « 
nntioD.     It  erossea  the  eastern  part  of  the  sell,  and  should  any 
lodes  be  liirtcovered   in  its  vicinity,  they  may  ho  expected  to 
prom  ciiually  productive  with  those  higher  up  llie  valley. 


TBK   DKEP   ADIT   LEVEL. 


J 


This  level  was  commenced  many  years  ago,  and  hw 
driven  in  an  cast  and  west  direction  from  the  river  across  the 
sett,  to  intersect  fhe  main  lodo,  which  it  will  take  at  23  fathouks 
ftom  the  surface,  giving  about  fifteen  fathoms  liacks.  At  llie  re- 
sumption of  o])eraliona  by  the  present  comjwny,  it  was  foiiml  to 
ran  ti^ther  for  many  fathoms  at  the  eastern  end,  and  imnienee 
labor  has  been  expended  in  clearing  it.  It  h  now  sectmHl  and 
newly  tinil>oreit,  and  a  tram  way  laid  thronghout  ilsoutin*  It-uglh, 
which,  with  the  new  drivings,  is  now  183  fathoms.  Thu  dis- 
tanco  fmm  the  river  tfl  the  hill  or  nmtith  of  (lie  adit,  is  an  o]K'n 
cutting,  and  secured  |«rt  of  the  wny  with  limber ;  the  driv- 
ings are  now  within  twelve  fathoms  of  cutting  the  lode,  an  air 
shaft  is  sunk  112  fathoms  IVom  tlie  mouth  of  tbo  adit,  15} 
Esthoms  in  <iei)th,  on  which  is  erectod  a  ventilator  that  gives 
good  air  llimughout  the  end,  nod  eiiablw  the  minore  to  work 
Twy  comfortably.    This  level  ha*  gone  through  the  secondaty 


18 


The  Loudoiile  Mine. 


fbrmation,  and  cntca-d  the  primuiT ;  tho  gmdatioDs  of  which  tse 
very  interesting.  A  shaft  will  Iiart-  tL>  he  i)ut  down  on  tln^'  cwuree 
of  tlw  li'iie  to  pommnnicale  with  thts  adit  end.  Thpri-  will  thou 
be  a  course  of  ore  to  the  southward,  94  fathoms  in  length  hjr  un 
averagv  of  16  fiithoms  high — nr  1500  lathotna  of  lode  ready  to 
sti^l)e  awHV,  wliicli  will  niiike  guud  nHiinw  from  this  iiart  of  the 
mine.  The  Btopiiig  groiiiid  uorthwani  fioni  the  ndjl  will  not 
give  any  f^oud  working  bocks,  as  thii  ground  ninH  off  sloping,  and 
dijKi  mpidiy  into  iIh.-  sandstonu  furmatiun,  where  none  of  the 
loden  make,  they  being  entirely  coniined  to  tho  granite.  Never- 
thcletis,  there  may  be  some  four  or  fire  fathonia  of  bfidcis,  for  70 
or  80  riUlioniH  in  length  workable  ;  and  as  the  lode  carries  ore 
quitu  u|i  ii>  the  surface  of  the  granite,  it  itill  muist  in  providing 
work  for  the  Htamiw,  until  deejier  excAMttions  are  nin^e. 

THE    KUKTHEKN    AUIT. 

This  level  is  driven  12  rHtlioms  to  hill  from  the  river,  north- 
ward on  the  eourau  of  the  lodo,  uud  froiti  which  u  fine  pile  of  ore 
has  already  bit-n  exlractod,  and  is  lying  at  gmss  ready  for  the 
cmstHT  and  Btampa.  This  part  of  the  lode  is  very  produetivo 
Oonndering  the  lihallowness  at  whieli  it  is  opened  on.  A  tine 
Couree  of  ore  Is  found  going  down  in  the  boituni,  from  this  place 
to  tho  north  boundary  ;  the  sett  is  175  &thonii4,  and  will  give 
winvenif^c  of  10  fltthdina  of  good  working  haL-ks,  which,  nit  liuugh 
not  rich,  will  nevertheless  return  a  large  quantity  of  ore.  the  lode 
being  Isige,  and  currying  lead  almost  throughout.  In  fact,  to 
the  very  cai>el8  a  stone  can  scarcely  lie  broken  without  lend  being 
found  in  it.  The  staff  from  thiH  level  will  be  run  direct  into  the 
parses  of  the  stamps  on  an  ineliiiwl  traia  way,  the  wngons  being 
hauled  up  by  the  water  wheel. 

PBKSBJIT   UIXIXC   0PEBATI0X8. 

These  are  confined  to  the  erection  of  a  fine  daiu  across  tliB 
river,  the  construction  of  a  Raw-mill  and  tiiubiT  yard,  IhosinldDg 
of  a  new  engine  shaft  to  lake  the  IikIo  at  thu  30 "fathom  level ;  a 
covered  mill  lat  or  canal  and  Iubby — this  precaution  is  taken  to 
prevent  tho  wateroourec  and  wheel  from  being  frozen  uji  in  win- 
ter^a  now  24  feet  piuui.ing  w»tcr  wheel,  S  feet  breiwt,  wifb  12 
head  i^tampx  and  all  necessary  floora  and  di'exsiug  H))pumtus,  a 
new  cniaher,  griddles,  elevator,  &c.,  winding  nijichineiy  to  be 
actuated  by  the  water  wheel  in  1  he  same  null;  whim,  capstua 
and  sliear^  new  blackitniithV  slmji,  oaqientcr's  shop,  storehouse 
and  counting-houwe,  with  all  necessary  buildings  over  the  large 
water  wheel  and  tloors. 


TV  LaudvUie  Mine. 


Id 


TUN  OF  THB  LODPriLLB  UtAD  JJTD  COPPKB  WSt, 
■rrr. 


t 


20 


JSUilMielviiie  Mine. 


aSS^KM.  TIEW   or   TUB    PROPERTY. 

It  cftn«fil«  of  50  acres  of  fiiiu  forvst  timber,  cdntttininj;  oftk, 
maple,  Ijirtli,  cht-Ktmit,  wnlnut,  rvA  pine  untl  homlwk,  stiflicieiit 
for  th«  n.'(HiirftnL-nts  of  the  mine,  us  lorift  a»  it  iimy  be  wniicc'il  ; 
30  acrcB  of  excellent  wooiiland,  contaimn;;  many  tinilM?r  ticM?«, 
from  20  to  30  feet  cube  id  ft  tree  of  useful  timber,  and  tliifl  close 
upon  the  works  by  the  river  side  ;  30  acres  of  copsewooil,  which 
is  very  thriving,  nnd  which  in  10  years  will  provide  nil  the  tmdci- 
groiiiKl  tindn-r  naiititl  for  the  n)in«  :  50  acres  of  arable  land,  30 
acrt-K  of  iti>-/idow  mikJ  orchard,  and  30  acres  of  n  nigh  land  capable 
of  improvement.  The  baildiufiB  consiat  of  the  ii)iinit{;cr'H  house, 
stable,  bam,  chaise  house  and  warehonscs;  two  workmen's  eottagee^ 
smith's  shop,  and  ore  house.  At  tho  nortli  sliaft  there  i»  a 
smith's  shop  and  eliangin<;  houHe,  which  saves  the  inconvenience 
to  the  workmeu  of  coining  down  into  the  valley  to  have  their 
tools  sharjieued  find  rcpiiired.  The  water  privilege  here  is  one  of 
great  value  to  the  mine,  as  it  will  wive  ^eain  jiowc-r  for  n  consid- 
erable  time.  Tho  high  ixxwl  to  Soiitliaiiipton  jiaHi^es  through  the 
best  part  of  the  land,  and  alfords  building  fmutages  whicli,  should 
Uie  miuea  be  wrought  on  a  large  Bcjde,  will  be  very  valuable.  I 
'-entertain  an  opinion  that  this  miue  will  jirove  one  of  a  very  last- 
ing and  [iriHinctive  kind.  It  is  at  ])reseiit  a  lead  mine,  because 
little  else  but  lead  is  liiuiid  in  the  lodes,  yet  1  think  in  depth  it 
will  eventually  prove  to  be  a  copper  mine,  and  now  merely  corry- 
,  ing  lead  on  the  baekB,  Here  is  the  place  to  try  down  an  Ameri- 
lean  mine.  On  a  lode  of  this  kind  no  meagre  operations  should 
be  attempted,  as  they  will  only  terminate  in  disappointment. 
The  mine,  to  be  made  prodvielivo,  will  cost  a  good  deal  of  numey, 
and  some  degree  of  patience.  For  me  or  any  one  else  to  wvy  it 
will  be  certain  to  prove  u  rich  mine,  would  be  absurd  ;  all  we 
can  say  is,  that  here  is  n  KkIc  [loiMCBsing  every  indication  of  min- 
eral wealth,  and  that  at  a  shallow  depth — and  the  only  thing 
which  remains  to  iw  proved  i»,  whether  the  mineml  produce  can 
be  rendere<l  marketable  at  a  pricu  that  shall  leave  a  stifKoient 
margin  t)f  profit  over  the  cost  of  production ;  I  am  of  o]iinion 
it  will,  and  amply  repay  the  proprietors  ;  and  so  promising  is  it, 
that  I  have  eoiae  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Loudville  Mine  be- 
comes moru  u  commercial  epterprise  than  a  mining  epeculutioo. 

tT»  M  CMfiniDID.) 


k 


Lad«*a»d  Quartz  Veinarf  Gitid. 


&1 


I 


r.  ni^LODES  AND    QUARTZ   VEINS    OF  GOLD.*    Br  Ali-m 

Wu>DIB«TD3l,  SuH  FaA.VCIiCO 

I  PROMISED  to  pQter  into  eoinv  dotaiU  od  the  probaI>l«  cIiAucesj 
oTsuccetis  in  working;  gold  quartz  rdns.  Nothiug  moro  nocd  ba^ 
Slid  of  the  directions  of  the  lodes  or  veins  in  wHcli  guld  is  foaai] 
Ihun  that  it  i>i  obtained  in  even'  possiltlo  diroctiou,  and  in  a  vstaii 
raricty  gf  ixxatii'iiti,  and  Uiat  the  extent  and  dimensiono  of  Riictij 
Iwlva  or  vcimf.  an^  U>th  imc(;rt«in  and  capriciouR.  I  will  nl8 
obwrve  that  tlitrn;  an:  no  urcc  of  gold,  an  often  very  iuiprupcrijtij 
Htatod.  This  metal  is  ntmsT  found  miuc-ndized  iu  uaturo,  hufcJ 
frwiuently  alloyed  with  other  inctuts:  tht-ac  arc  most  gonemUyj 
silt'er,  co))pcr,  telluriuni,  and  pfilladium.  Specimens  of  natiTO-j 
goJd  liavti  Iieen  found  in  Transylvania,  containing  only  30  \)osi 
auit.  uf  gold,  united  v^ilh  GO  of  tellurtiim,  and  10  of  silver,  at:dj 
which  pusw^»  a  whito  culnr.  Others  obtained  in  Brar.il,  froia-i 
■and  nnd  nunoa  400  or  OOO  feet  ilvep,  are  eo  unlike  gold  aa  toj 
poaseBS  a  block  color.  Thv^  la»t  ct>ntuiu  but  9  per  oent.  of  gold,] 
united  with  other  uiolal»,  prinoiptilly  Ic-Ihiriiitii. 

Native  gold  may,  however,  not  only  be  alloyed  with  othor^ 
metalit^  but  it  may  lie  inclosed  or  enveloped  in  their  various  ores, 
the  muKt  euuiuion  of  uliieh  ta  iron  ]>yrites.  Gold  lia«  also  hvea- 
foutKl  in  nmlueliito  (hydroiu  carlninal*  of  cop[>er),  whidi  mayi 
expUin  why  gold  cxifits  in  euvh  quantities  iu  th«  fine  copper  m\ 
CluU  and  Jii]>aR. 

But  gold,  like  tin  nnd  other  metaU,  is  also  oeoasionally 
with   the   rock  in   coiuiiderablu   quantities.     Xear   St.  Anst«U},l 
Dartmoor,  and  the  Land's  End,  in  Cornwall,  the  oxide  of  tin  iniai 
wnic    places   ho    much  diwteminated    tlir^mgh    the   scoriaceuiul 
granite,  m  to  reuder  it  wonh  qnarryiug  for  the  exiravtion  of  theJ 
tin;  and  with  impect  to  gold,  it  is  fouud  at  Uougo  Sueo,  in 
South  Anieiiea,  in  tho   lacotinga   formation  (femigiuouii  clay 
date),  in  some  |«irts  Eiifflciently  ritli  to  quarry  tho  ruck.     It  ia  a 
r«maikable  eircumsuince,  that  ntuall  quantities  uf  gold  have  aU9' 
been  foimd  in  the  calcareo-Kiltcious  stratum,  on  whi(di  tho  laco-J 
tinga  foniiation  reposes.     The  siiine  diHsenuiialiou  of  gold  t-xi^tc 
at  Morra  Velteo,  where  the  clay  slate,  in  which  llig  Iwle  is  formed, 
is  oflen  found  to  eonlain  1  to  1 }  m.h.  uf  gold  per  tuu,  and  in  some 
of  th<!   mines  of  New  Greoudu,    the   gold   funiui,  us  it   were,  a 
component  part  of  tho  gnmito  masses.     A  circumstance  which 

*  TTiH  i*  one  of  four  wlimblc  papirs  on  ■'  The  OriRin  of  Oold."  whlcli  WW* 
iwentlr  publUlicd  by  llic  autlior  at  .Snn  Kmnciwci,  Wc  rpjrrct  that  ilin  othcn 
have  not  tome  to  han'l.  This  nrlitlv.  liuwcnT.  is  Iu  some  extent  indi^ 
pcmicmt  in  itoir,  and  ooul&ias  miao  vury  striking.  »uj  (jrobalily  uov-d  tivin,  lo 
Duny  of  oar  nadoni. 


K  Lodet  and  Quartz  Veira  <^  Chid.  ^V 

occniTwJ  at  the  niino  «f  Cociumi,  i»  w<?H  worlh  mentioning.  The 
Nnlional  DraKilian  ConijMiiiy  liiul  lieeii  driving  iilong  the  vein  tor 
a  perioil  ol"  eleven  years,  at  a  f^rtat  loss,  imil  without  Jifinlly  any 
result  in  gold,  when,  in  1S4G,  a  rich  gold  fonnatiini  wtis  iliscuv- 
erwl  iu  the  rock,  ht^siile  the  very  vein  ther  had  hecn  working  so 
ho|K-U-t*Hty,  nnd  which  gnulunlly  raided  the  returns  of  tho  comptmy 
from  a  nivre  triii«  to  iE20,()0{)  slerling  per  month. 

!  hav<!  now  briefly  cxpliiinvd  tliixt  jcold  m  nitu  is  foand  in 
lodes  or  veins,  either  nlone  and  Bliglilly  nlloytd,  ur  uuire  ao  and  in 
connection  with  the  ores  of  other  inchils,  undtT  the  form  of 
auriferous  pyriles :  or  occasionally  disseiuiuiited  in  the  nx^k.  All 
metals  that  arc  fottnd  in  the  dixseminated  state,  are  always  mora 
pure  than  when  they  are  found  in  the  veins,  'i'lioae  ulcments 
wliich  ]>rodii<«  jointB  and  fraetuifN,  and  the  tormntion  of  veins  in 
the  cryetallinc  baw,  aScct  the  accuniulatiun  of  tliu  motaU  in  iho 
maeecs,  at  the  expense  of  a  considctidiK-  amoimt  of  alloy  of  uiini>- 
loUnng  substances,  siicha-  Ii'  h  jMiti  -,  th«  uraenioil  pyrites,  &c. 
ConAeijuently,  metals  obtaim-J  Imiu  wins  are  never  so  pure  as 
those  procHrcd  from  the  decomposition  of  met^allifiTous  rocks ; 
when  diii|>cmcd  in  the  latter,  they  are  comparatively  unalloy<!<l. 
It  is  im[iurunt  to  bear  this  constantly  iu  mind. 

A  few  wunU  now  ou  tliti  chancer  of  hiicccks  in  gold  mining. 
I  have  observed  that  the  electro-chemical  process,  which  giw* 
rise  to  the  production  of  gold,  a}>j>ears  to  have  some  connection 
with  the  atmospherp,  or  with  the  moi'e  disintO(;mted  stale  of  tbo 
nock  nearer  the  almosphen:',  and  that  its  action  ia  also  greater 
there,  wiiore  lociil  circninstnncus  have  afibrded  greater  fir-odom  to 
the  dilTcront  aftinitii's  of  the  more  oxidable  metals  ;  whereas,  on 
the  contrary,  it  becomes  &inter  and  fainter  as  we  get  deeper,  or 
the  rock  becomes  more  erj-stalline,  till  at  last  the  most  careiUl 
grinding  and  washing  will  scarcely  procure  a  mere  lingo  of  gold. 
The  natural  inference  is  that  rich  gold  quart/,  veins  will  only  bo 
foup"!  near  the,  surface,  and  tliat  the  chaiicfs  will  ixj  greater  with 
auriferous  pyrites,  wliich  are  occasionally  found  to  be  worth 
working  at  a  couHiderablo  depth. 

Such  is  the  goupral  rule  that  experience  has  proved  to  bo 
correct  nil  over  the  world,  and  there  is  no  good  reast>n  why  it 
should  be  otherwise  in  Cahfoniia.  In  Hiberia,  the  only  tiniall 
sabtcrmnean  works  that  exist  in  the  l.'ml  Mouniaiiis*,  yield  a  very 
slight  ]«otil,  and  if  the  miperlicial  exta'niitics  of  sume  of  the  gold 
qnartz  veins  have  turned  ont  rich  (even  there  where  little  or  no 
admixture  with  other  or-s  has  cxtBtcd),  they  have  invariably 
proved  %\;n,-  tlightly  remunerali\-e,  and  eventually  impi-nductive, 
when  Worked  lower  down.  The  gold  quartz  veins  of  Kilwria  are 
like  those  of  other  regions,  glittering  with  gold  on  the  surface, 
and  scarcely  producing  snlHcient  to  pay  cost  a  few  yanls  in 


Loiaattd  Quarts  Vrimt^  GtM. 


BS 


depth,  QoWflfl  there  be  iron  pyriteft,  Ti)ciiitie«,  or  Any  other  Muaetfl 
In  fnvnr  intoroal  nggn'^l  inii.     Tti«  only  viina  worthy  of  proHd4| 
ciiti')!!   for  gold   nl   any  dcjith,  ure  the  pyrilous ;  thceo   ofteo 
piTKluw  large  qiumtitK-K  uf  gold,  but  of  a  lower  Btandard  ss  they 
get  deeper,  tutd  ibtw  become  unproductive. 

This  nmy  be  partly  accounted  for  by  the  iifreat  expeoae  <rfj 
peneirating  lower  down,  and  the  difficulty  in  :ae)nir7iting  ih«  fpiUtf 
uora  ihe  <tnli>lial<^  (if  iron,  copper,  and  soiuctinics  Iwid,  which 
M!Ooni)Ktny  it  ;  hut  ah  n  geneml  rulo,  it  hiis  bt'C-n  usccrtiuni'd  that 
thc^kl  inrikriably  dctvrionil<«  iu  value  :  i.  e.,  in  the  porcentiij^ 
of  pnro  gold  on  the  weight  of  on'  the  deeper  the  search  is  niad& 
ITie  gold  mines  of  Boresof,  »tuated  three  leagues  nnrtheaat  of 
Ekateriabonr^B;.  and  thmnus for  ita  chn>niate  nf  lead,  constitutes  a 
large  rem  conipowd  rhiefiy  of  cavernous  hydrate  of  irnn  (bog 
(jpe),  vrhich  eouciiins  fi»'e  parUof  native  gold  in  100,000.  Tu\\-iirJ8 
1786  it  )^ve  large  returns,  but  it  has  become  pouivr  and  miorer 
b  proportion  to  its  distance  from  the  surfecc  At  the  Guatlahipe 
y  Calxi)  Jline  in  Mexico,  pM.  quartz  veins,  opened  by  British 
enteT]irii«e,  though  at  first  productive,  gradually  ileclined  in  value, 
and  iH'ciiiiie  [mor  a«  the  ore  was  sought  (or  deei*er,  and  finally 
becaiDo  purely  arKt^nti'^rous.  The  same  has  be«n  the  cft«  with 
the  gold  mines  aoutli  of  8nntA  P'^,  and  with  innny  others  iu  Chili, 
Bnudl,  Spain,  and  Hungnrj-,  Iu  this  last  coiinliy,  however,  ns 
well  OM  in  the  Tyrolese,  there  are  cn«es  (chiefly  on  a  small  scale) 
where  tlio  aurilerotts  pyrites  continue  to  ramify  in  veinntonea  of 
great  di-ptUv,  and  Are  workc^l  with  ndv'nntage,  thitu^h  at  gn>at 
trouble  and  oxgwuie.  At  Zulatlinn,  in  Transylvania,  a  mine 
called  the  Maria  of  LuR'lt<j,  yivklK  lutnfurons  pyntctf,  which 
lometimeH  contain  28  (munds  of  gold  per  cwt.  of  the  ore.  Huinc 
of  the  jialena  (sulphurct  of  Iwid),  of  the  same  place,  contuinH 
about  I  wi-,  of  gold,  witli  30  ozs.  of  silver  in  a  ton  of  ore,  but  the 
gotd  is  cliiefly  found  in  iron  p\Tites  abounding  in  the  decomposed 
poqihyry.  Again,  gold  is  mi.s«i  fmni  mines  situated  in  the  north 
of  PiMlmont,  itcar  Monte  Bosn.     It  is  found  in  a  mixture  of  inm 

L pyrites,  Uende  (sulpbiirvt  of  zinc),  and  galena.  The  annual 
[noduee  is  about  COO  ptninds  tniy  of'  gold. 
It  i»  pleasing  to  reconl  the  profits  derived  from  wich  mines,  ne 
well  as  from  some  other  lodes  of  auriferous  pyrites,  siluiited  in  tlio 
Brazil  ftud  New  (Jrenada,  Gold  veins  must,  however,  he  caixs 
fillly  selected  by  <h<W!  [tractically  acquainted  «<i'ith  the  fiiihjecl,  in 
Irder  to  be  profitable:  for  out  of  ten  gold  quartx  veins  in  this 
I  eonntry,  I  ventua-  to  wty  more  than  eight  aiv  not  worth  working 

at  tlie  preaent  prito  of  labor.  Job  wag  «  tnie  and  grunt  ideologist 
when  he  said  "  There  is  a  vein  for  thy  siivcr,"  and  "The  earth 
bath  duitt  of  gold."  And  for  my  part,  I  should  at  any  time 
prefer  a  good  mine  of  silver  ore,  mineralised  by  sulphur,  chlorine, 


I 
I 


u 


Moon's  Gold  Miw*. 


or  bitimiiiv,  to  the  unccrtaintiGS  of  gold  mining.  It  wonld  bo 
rain  to  asei^  aiiv  limit  to  tfai-  j^rodiivtiw  vnliio  of  nxlwr  iiiinvB 
where  Bcience  has  bei-n  fiilly  applied  to  ttfin,  us  th«y  iticrenso  in 
value  as  in  depth,  wJteieas  gola  diminishes  as  wt*  denceod  to  seek 
it. 

1  will  DOW  conclude  thene  articlea  with  th«  wtsh  that  they 
may  hare  heen  in  some  tneasiire  iioeitd  to  those  of  your  rcadtns 
who  ar«  tDlcreeted  in  quarts  luiriiug,  and  deter  them  ft-oin 
eniharkiiiK  too  hiutily  in  mitiini;  o)>eralionH  they  know  nothing 
about,  and  which  are  often  i>u(fed  up  hv  ignorant  or  demgiiing 
men.  Nor  would  I  attcm])t  to  dificoiirago  tlioso  loj^itimatc  opo- 
rations  whieh,  when  well  conducted,  arc  bound  to  succTcd,  GM 
quartz  veins,  oven  when  unmixed  with  pyrites,  may  Rive,  when 
well  selected,  very  handsome  proiits  for  a  short  period  ;  and,  aa 
to  aurilerouH  pyrite**,  llig  inereast>d  knowledge  whieh  haa  l>een 
aci^iiirtd  with  itspeet  U)  the  obamtrtur  of  gold  formations,  the  more 
judicious  and  ccoiiominil  monageincut,  and  the  improvemontu 
ii>tn.Kliu:<xl  iu  the  inodei!  of  extracttou,  &c.,  will  donbtlesn  rondvr 
many  gold  vciiut  more  productive  than  tlicy  have  hitherto  boon. 
I  could  have  added  many  Inti^resting  di^tuils  ou  the  lati^t  and 
most  improved  methods  employed  in  lluns^ar}-  and  clHewheri',  for 
stamping  or  crui-hing  the  ore,  aud  extratting  the  gold  fixim  the 
Bcldieh  :  hut  tliey  would,  for  the  most  part,  he  too  complicat«d 
and  expensive  for  the  present  state  of  things  in  this  country : 
betides  whieli,  my  present  occujuitionB  and  the  little  tini*;  1  have 
to  8pare,  would  Iinrdly  allow  mo  to  undertake  sueh  a  tiwk  from 
meniiTy,  nil  my  pnpens  and  references  having  been,  uufortunutcly, 
burnt  in  the  hist  fiiv. 


I 
I 


A>T.  rr^HOORE'S  COLD  MINES.    DAitLOHEo^,  OBeaaii.    Rvoar  or 
Ciiu.  T.  Jackiok. 

Tdksk  mines  aro  favomhly  situated  on  the  margin  of  Cain's 
Creek,  a  never-failiag  stream  of  water,  with  abundant  mill  power, 
there  bdng  two  dams,  with  at  least  five  feet  fall  of  water  over 
them. 

These  water  privileges  are  of  great  iniportauce,  «uce  by  nieaot 
of  water-moved  machinery  you  will  be  able  to  dispense  witli  stttam 
enpues,  and  save  the  expense  of  fuel  required  to  dnvc  them,  as 
w«U  aa  the  great  cost  of  transporting  such  machinery  to  the  jilace. 
I  Ie«m  that  granite,  such  as  is  used  for  mill-stones,  may  be 
obtained  in  tliia  vicinity,  and  hence  you  will  be  able  to  prepare 
the  most  weighty  materials  required  for  gold  mills  here,  without 
being  obliged  to  send  heavy  cai<tings  from  New-York. 

After  examining  the  mining  ground,  I  came  to  the  conchisioQ 


M 


Mmre't  Ga/it  Mmts. 


85 


h 


that  tbe  propoirty  ia  much  more  raliuibl«  than  one  wouM  hare 
sap|>o»e(l  It  to  tie,  from  tbe  luWrable  wi>rk  tlmt  Iiak  lieretvfore 
been  (ionfi  here  b^  th«  rery  wa«tpfiil  oikcralionH  at  pruiwnt  on  tlie 
^und.  ThR>e  boailn  of  clanipx,  with  a  tuil  of  \msv>  ton  foot 
long  untl  two  feet  wide,  U  hH  tlKt  nj>|inrutiis  now  at  work  for  sepu- 
ntin;;  uiitl  coUcetiu^  the  ffuld  1 1  I  Mori;  tlitm  three  fDortlis  of 
Uki  guld  contnined  in  tfao  on*  is  tost  from  such  a  machiiio.  There 
ore  no  Chilian  millij,  arastas  or  other  amatgankating  mtllfl  in  thin 
diatnct,  aod  we  have  oot  found  any  machinen'  adequate  to  L«tit 
the  value  of  gold  ores,  au<!  have  been  forced  to  iiejrt.'nd  ujioii  the 
triab  by  pan  wosliing,  and  to  judge  from  the  nwults  of  n-utvr- 
eiuioc  openti<»i8  mm]  Bubsequent  pan  wuHhing  of  the  wttUngB  in 
tbe  Hluiw  gnulcs. 

rOBM    OF   TUB    COrSTRT. 

This  district  is  a  brokt-u,  oiid  hiUy  country,  with  serpentine 
streams  mvandcrin^  among  the  hilK  Your  locutions  cDnoist  of 
qiaraely-wooded  hills,  risng  one  hundn>d  and  tifty  feet  above  th« 
BDiftce  of  Cain's  Creek,  which  winds  al>out  their  bases.  The  soil 
it  bnght  ochoroos,  yellow  clayey  loam,  resulting  from  the  disiu- 
Ugntion  and  decompoailion  of  mican^ous,  talcooe,  and  chlorite 
RUt«,  originally  fiUetl  wiib  parf iilcs  of  anriferouH  iron  pyritea. 
By  decomposition  the  particles  of  gold  have  been  set  ftxH;  from  thtf 
pyrites,  aod  mjiy  now  be  separated  from  the  soil  by  washioR  ope- 
Tationa  The  forest  trees  native  on  this  soil,  are  cIie»tout  and 
ootc^  vith  a  few  pines  and  dwartiah  liickor>-  and  peraniOQa. 

GKOLOOT  OP  THE   OIBTHICT. 

Like  tlio  other  well-known  ^Id  re^ons  of  the  Soothem 
8tateti,  tile  aurifcTx>u«  rucks  of  tliis  district  and  of  your  locations, 
OOOmA  of  micaceous,  talco&e  and  chlorite  slates,  filled  with  aurif- 
eiDUs  pyriiea,  in  veina  and  scattered  mrtides,  and  with  contcmpo- 
nncons  Inyerti  in  veins  of  qnartr.  The  most  striking  peculiarity 
in  thew  n>c)»,  is  the  depth  of  their  dinntegiution  and  deconipo- 
otion,  which  is  not  lew  than  eighty  feet. 

Tliey  arc  ao  thoroughly  dccom]w?ed  as  to  resemble  a  immmou 
aoQ,  but  the  sttntu  remain  uudiKturbed,  and  stand  at  their  liigh 
angle  of  indiantion  like  that  of  the  uncharged  rocks  below.  The 
dir(«iinn  of  the  strata  is  N.25'  E.,  8.  25°  W.,  and  the  dip  is 
from  yS  to  7(P  S. 

There  are  strata  of  different  colors :  white,  pink,  yellow  and 
grav,  the  two  latter  being  most  highly  anrifercus.  Black  partings 
aad  6iK>ts  of  black  oxide  of  manganiMe,  and  thin  strata  of  hematite 
iiOB  ore,  are  common  in  the  richest  gold  rocks.  Veins  of  white 
and  gray  quarts,  contikiniug  bunchejt  aud  veins  of  auriferous  iron 
pyrites,  are  comnMm  throughout  the  rocks  of  the  locations,  and 


IW 


Moon'i  Geld  MiHo. 


oeHnlar  quftrtg  cootaiiiing  nntire  snlphar  and  iron  ovhro,  with 
,  porti«lc»  of  goM,  resiiit  i'nyta  the  (leoompuKition  of  t\ni  pyiiles 
origiimlty  (xiutniiicd  iii  th«  veiuttunc.  Some  of  tiie  nuartz  wins 
cul  HcFosH  thu  strutn  (liii<^)mil!y,  iind  am  »hck  nvH-cs,  or  short 
I  oootoDiponiDeouH  sc-<^^iiti'tl  Vl'ilIl^  but  tlii;y  iilso  coataiii  gold, 
IJlvO  thoMi  piirallcl  vrilh  tbu  einita  of  ruck.  It  will  be  seen  from 
the  Hbo\i?,  that  the  rocka  on  your  lociilities  aro  of  the  UHUnl  typo 
of  gold  stmto. 

TIELI)   OF  (iOLP. 

I  This  hae  proved  one  of  thf  inoit  difBcult  points  to  doter^ 
DiiiK',  siijcti  no  i>nijier  machinery  hits  ever  heen  employed  here, 
and  only  the  vrastcftil  methods  before  mentioned,  havo  beeai 
followed. 

It  would  !)e  ip-ery  imJHRt  towards  the  mines  to  regard  tlie 

[  Tsqnlts  obtained  in  Uiat  Klnm|tin^-mil)  or  wator-tiluice,  a»  in  any 

[vaj  rcpr(^»eiiting  llie  yield  <>f  ^old  ihat  ahoiiid  l>o  obtained  fr<.im 

'  these  rocket.     Sn  tar  iih  vc  cmild  k-jini,  tho  liilo  owmir  of  the  mill 

do*.*  not  know  tho  yivid  of  the  on:  worked  at  it,  and  he  win  only 

Kive  the  widu  limits  of  from   tve  i-i-nls  to  fiw  dollars  iwr  btishol, 

as  n«ults  of  workiii-;  dilfeiviit  porti^'iis  at  tbu  mill. 

The  quartz  veins  hnvo  yielded  fi\im  three  to  clKht  dollars  per 
bmhel,  and  soimj  of  them  but  fifteen  eents  iH.r  Imshol. 
'  No  attempt  has  yet  beon  made  to  work  the  auriferonti  pyritea 
in  tlie  Ifti^  way  ;  but  a  ttmall  sample  raosted  and  then  pulverized 
and  anialgaiualcd  in  a  mortar,  yielded  two  and  a  ball'  dollars  per 
busbvl.  In  tbi!  ishiiee  works,  where  a  (ttpcam  of  wnt*r,  raiMnt  by 
'  a  force-pump  moved  by  water  power,  is  led  over  the  mirfnco  <^ 
i  the  deix>iii[)osf(l  neks  which  arc  broki-u  up  by  the  sliovcl  for  tho 
wator  to  wash,  we  tind  much  coarse  gold  detached  on  the  upper 
grades  of  the  gutter,  and  fine  gold  lower  down.  A  jtan  from  each 
of  all  tho  gnidcs,  Noe,  1,  2  and  3,  waa  taken  and  washed  in  my 
pn>Hence,and  from  one  to  thre«  dollars  worth  of  gold  wasobtained 
per  jan,  of  less  than  a  gallon  of  the  sediment.  The  negro  men 
and  women  earn  fi-ora  one  ilollar  to  one  dollar  and  a  hall'  per  day, 
in  tbiii  xluice.  It  is  obvious  that  all  ihe  tine  gold  must  escape  in 
tluB  rudo  way  of  washing  out  (jold,  by  a  rajiid  current  of  wat«r 
fiiUing  down  a  flight  of  stcpH  with  consideinble  velocity. 

The  ground  act«d  upon  by  this  Hluice,  is  only  a  ytml  wide,  at 
tho  most,  and  the  channel  but  fix.  incliea  wide.  This  exposure 
I  was  enouj^h  to  sivtisfy  us  of  tho  gntat  rielint^s  of  the  hill  in  gold  ; 
and  the  opemtion  itself  ts  suj^stive  of  a  good  mothod  of 
preparing  tlie  ore  for  the  Chilian  amalgamating  mill,  namely, 
by  having  the  earth  and  decomposed  rock  well  sluiced  in  tubs 
lately  flowed  with  water,  so  as  to  ivmove  the  slime  or  clay,  and 
to  allow  the  gold  to  subside  to  the  bottom.    The  ore  thus 


I 


JVofn  on  thf 


iof  North  artel  South  Carolina.       27 


deonecd,  m»j  Uien  bo  entiutfeired  to  tbo  Chilian  Mill,  and  by 
being  freed  Truui  t<Minoiou»  cky,  would  not.  wash  m  much  of  tlM 
mercury  as  it  woidd  if  it  wan  ititroduced  wilhuui  ttio  preliminary 
vuiihing.  Wf  shall  wnd  lu  New-Voik  a  I'liir  avflnige  itaniplo  of 
tbe  gohl-bearing  rocks  and  Hiiltt  of  tho  loMtion,  and  uAcr  Ihvy 
ue  fweayed,  we  shall  he  able  lu  fonu  8om«  vstbuatv  tbut  muy  be 
celicd  upon  ss  to  tbe  yield  of  the  mino.^ 

DEPOSIT  UtXES. 

In  tbe  low  landfl,  and  aloD<;  the  margin  of  Cain's  Cieek, 
deiio«it  mines,  of  gnmt  product  ivcnctts,  have  been  worked  since 
1829.  Lumps  of  gold  of  ^0  pennyvreighta  have  been  found,  a»d 
much  ooarae  ^iKI  ha.i  been  Hi^juirateil  by  the  rockera  These 
mines  have  btwu  worltod  at  i1h>  husc  of  the  hills  on  yonr  location. 

HILL  DEI-OSIT   MIKES. 

In  the  upland,  about  six  feet  irom  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
occurs  a  bed  of  gravel  iind  clay,  in  which  a  considerable  quantity 
of  oooise  gold  is  found.  Ore  of  these  deposits  occni^  near  Mr. 
Uoora's  mill,  aud  extends  under  the  h>;u^  adjacent  to  Mr.  Gray's 
Une,  wh«n.'  Sir.  )l<xjre  ltH«  worked  im  UfJuod  deposit  un  sliures, 
paying  one  fuurtti  'tf  tlii.-  prixluce  to  the  owner  of  the  soil.  Uuring 
the  short  time  he  worki-d  tliat  deposit,  less  than  a  year,  ho  piiid 
$1500  to  tbe  owner  of  the  soil  as  his  dividend  of  gold  obuined. 
In  the  old  de]>oeit  mines,  ten  men  crushed  out  5I>00  pennyweights 
(if  gold  in  ten  months,  employing  only  the  common  rackor  for 
ooanegokL 

I  Chahles  T.  Jackson,  M.  D., 

^K  Geoloeitt  and  Ch^initt. 

^^^^Dsliloncga,  Gowjia,  XoTenilier  Stb,  1S53. 

^^H>v  T.— NOTES  ON  T)IK  noLI>  ItECIONS  OF  NORTH  AKt>  SOCTH 
^V^^OAItOUNA.    Takxk  puainu  rwtt  xoimu'  nisttiuicK,  it  SrumEK  P. 

^1  [jEln,   LlKOLMinT. 

^P  Thk  Gold  Begion  of  the  Atlantic  States  exteuds  from  the 
Aoulhem  interior  of  Virginia,  through  the  west^-rn  and  centra] 
part  of  North  Oarolina,  the  northern  ami  weatt-ni  jwirt  of  South 
Camlinii,  llto  northern  iwctiou  of  tJeorgin,  exteinling  Bomtwhat 

Pinto  Alalxinia,  and  being  evidt-ut  iu  the  eastern  counties  of 
TennesMe. 

*  Fire  dUTncirf  asM)-s  liaiw  been  nwdo  nnce  the  >bof  d  wm  vritton,  with 
itHlUwringCram  $l'Jf)  t>>$t4''l  per  ton.    Tbu  cuu;«nj  to  nbom  ihu  iouw-| 
btloaei,  in  kniyini  o.^  the  (>«>r(pa  (told  Computj*,  orgiiiized  undur  Uiu  laws  of  J 
Kaw-Vork,  ofirlucb  Dr.  Jnmfs  W'yinie  i*  Pnttdent.    Hi*  captUl  is  dJiided  i 
■M  100,000  shuM. 


28       Notft  OH  the  Gold  Region  of  North  antl  South  Carolirta.  ' 

That  ilivision,  the  oWrvKtioiiH  on  vrliich  aro  noticed  tii  this 
sketch,  occupies  but  a  sniiiU  portiun  of  this  extiMiitivo  area,  bcin<; 
com[in8cd  in  timt  sccliua  which  H™  upon  the  aouthcru  part  of 
North  Oarolioa  and  Uip  northern  tlifitrictii  of  South  Carolina. 

The  general  character  of  this  country  is  level,  there  being  no 
mountain  eterntiona  or  high  hills ;  nothing,  in  short,  but  hliglit 
elevations,  moet  of  them  the  rc«nlt  of  extensive  faults  iti  the  rock 
fonnatioD,  or  the  erosive  action  of  the  surface  wator,  Tliiii  latter 
cause  htiH  tended,  ntore  than  any  other,  to  produce  those  frequent 
inequalities  of  surface  that  aro  so  commonly  met  with  in  }ni«t<j»g 
over  a  few  miles  of  cotmtrj'.  The  traveller  can  at  any  jwint  turn 
I'mra  the  rood  and  cross  tho  land  in  a  carnage,  without  any  fear 
of  meeting  such  irregtilarities  of  level  as  would  endanger  bis 
ptognt»,  other  than  a  slight  deviation  from  his  course  will  allow 
him  readily  to  avoid. 

The  soil  is  arenftoeous,  mixed  with  a  clay  formed  from  the 
decomposition  of  the  ft-Ulspatliic  nK-k,  which  u  eveiy  where  here 
so  abundantly  disscTuinatcd.  It  is  highly  imprcf^natod  with  a  red 
ferruginous  oxyde  in  many  jiarts,  which  contnists  strongly  with  the 
white  sandy  soil  so  ])revalent  in  othen. 

Many  portions  of  this  mixed  soil  are  very  prodtictive,  and  by 
a  careful  and  judicious  man^emcnt,  might  be  rendered  highly 
m;  but  under  the  lax  system  of  aj^iculture  pursued  in  tltta 
portion  of  the  State,  llieir  lands  aro  cleared  iirid  worked  for  some 
three  to  five  yean«  without  any  attempt  at  iuviguration  or  rosto- 
TOtion,  and  then  diverted  for  new  and  more  rcwnt  clearings. 

In  this  way,  thousands  of  acres  of  land  are  now  lying  unim- 
proved and  neglected,  fences  removed,  and  whole  tracts  thrown 
mto  common  ;  and  the  young  pine  trees  waving  with  seeming 
diutolation  over  the  vacated  regions,  where  luxuriant  crops  liavu 
erat  Itoen  gathered,  woo  from  the  passing  breeze  a  sad  and  melan- 
choly note,  a  wailing  tone,  over  the  dreariness  and  loneliness  bo 
omnipreecnt  here. 

Ereiy  where  are  paaswl  the  traces  of  previous  cultivation. 
The  roud  lendH  through  a  yonng  growth  of  trees,  an<t  while 
travelling  its  windiI^;  nnd  circtutous  course,  tho  eye  seeks  in  vain 
for  those  pitriarchs  of  the  wood,  nigged  and  massive  old  trees, 
standing  proudly  and  nobly  forth,  monuments  of  years  long  gone 
into  the  dark  vista  of  the  past,  mementoea  of  many  a  paiwiiig 
storm,  records  of  the  whirlwin<l,  and  antogmph  tablets  of  electri- 
city ;  none  of  these  traces  are  visible.  No  gnarled  and  fractured 
boughs  thrown  high  in  air,  like  the  outstretched  arms  of  despairing 
Titans  ;  no  blasted  and  barklesa  trunks  rising  in  bi>ld  contrast  to 
the  living  luxuriance  of  wild  forest  T<^tation,  like  defiant  Genii 
guarding  the  sanctity  of  the  wildwood  recess  ;  none  of  these 
flvideuocs  of  an  almost  pre- Adamite  vegetable  existence  are  diacoT- 


J 


Nota  on  the  Gold  Rtgion  of  North  and  South  Carolina.       29 


gtnd>le;  biU  iijuv«iiilityof  piue  trcc«,ua<)  an  intanoy  ofacalt«red 
imiiit  OH(  to  \\m  uo<Ionttuu<UD<;  th«  Dcwncea  aud  th«  recent 
itality  uf  thU  younj;  for«t  group. 

Under  an  iuiprurccl  flj-BU-m  of  cultivation,  theiie  now  bnnvn 
[Twtes  might  b«  rcmlcnid  pro(taE;tivi>,  and  be  made  to  fill  the 
llwrDft  and  Htorchouscs  of  the  {>lAnt«iti  ta  overflowing.  Much  of 
Itbe  load  oa  the  mining  |)m]ierli«t,  is  in  this  couditioo.  A  iittl« 
[vork,  a  little  care,  and  tlte  change  woiiid  nppi.'ar  almost  nia^cal. 
Tb<  bottnni  land*  ate  very  rich,  pirxlucing  an  amount  of 
Fngclation,  when  miffeivd  to  run  on  in  thtir  luxuriant  wildnesa, 
[tbat  ifl  not  («ily  convincinK  evidence  of  the  strength  of  iho  «>il, 
Jbot  is  also,  fmm  the  miasmatic  iutjiicncc  exerted  hy  i\»  decay, 
|<ztreniely  detrimental  to  the  goncral  health. 

The  climate  of  thin  portion  of  North  Carolina,  is  luixurpawcd 
i>r  Baliiiirity  by  any  portion  of  the  Unittsl  8late«. 

Tho  lime  oc<nipi«Hl   in  the  invegtif^tionin  of  thi«  section,  has 
a  pt^riod  cxUndiiig  from  the  liitttir  ptirt  i>f  July,  to  the 
it  imrt  of  Dec>.'iiiber.     And  dun»t;  the  mouth  of  Auj^st,  a 
ith  umialiy  ooutiidered  tho  most  uiihndthy  and   fatal  in  the 
Ijear,  there  did  not  ocrur  a  solitary  death  in  tho  town  of  OharIott«, 
Iwludi  contains  a  |x>puIation  of  over  two  thousand  souls.     It  may 
.  atroDj^ly  questioned  if  the  Ramo  can  bo  averred   of  any  other 
of  iU  KJKe  iu  the  Union, 
The  weather  has  boeu  uniform  iii  tt-mpoml ure,  thi!  thcrmom- 
leter  never  riidag  above  SO^  F.,  luid  in  must  cases  ranging  from 
f  65^  to  75'. 

Tiie  nights  possess  a  temperature  soma  10*  below  that  of  the 
[day  ;  Mid  ^ith  one  or  two  exceptions,  a  blanket  has  been  rc^juisito 
'  for  uun-ring  dnrhig  ibe  whole  time,  'i'he  lust  three  or  four  days 
rof  August,  the  mornings  and  ni>,'htK  were  sitflieiently  cool  to 
I  Tender  a  firo  rerj-  oomfort-tibio  to  xit  iiy,  ami  produced  the  necea- 
sty  of  causing  tho  body  at  uij^ht  to  "  uuduilie  "  a  double  "strati- 
fication "  of  btanket& 

Along  the  margin  of  strcamx,  in  tho  neighborhood  of  mill- 
ponds,  in  llie  vicinity  of  swamps  and  low  moist  grounds,  bilious 
and  iuteniiitlant  fevers  have  prevailed  to  a  consideniblc  exteut ; 
but  th«y  kavQ  been  uniformly  mild,  and  evince  a  nady  Hul^jectioa 
to  sound  luMlicul  treatment. 

From  the  numlx-r  of  ii^X  jiertona  to  be  seen  in  this  region,  it 
may  safely  institute  a  eum[.HiTi»on  with  any  other  section  on  the 
vxxe  of  longevity. 

Tlwse  mining  peopl«  arw  peculiarly  indolent  and  devoid  of 
energy,  never  working  until  forced  byabsuluteoogcucy  of  existing 
drcnuutanccs  to  exert  themselves  to  meet  tho  direct  wants  of  the 
time  being  ;  ami  reganlleaa  of  timt  fiugu.1  aud  pruduut  provision 
Ibr  Mm  necessities  aod  rc<|uirement8  of  the  future,  which  would 


30      NeUi  on  the  Gold  Region  of  ybrth  and  South  Carolina.         ■ 

stimulate  their  most  streDUOUS  operations  to  proridc  nn  «xce«fl 
over  their  present  exigencies,  to  hol<l  as  ft  snrj)Iua  u])on  wlueh  tH 
rely  for  (lie  disbnrsements  requisite  for  the  time  coming.  Carelea^ 
to  li  r«ult ,  protlif^  of  1  heir  scsnty  resoim'es,  with  no  welt  arranged 
or  di.fimJ  »j-*toui  of  niovfment.8,  they  work  for  a  brief  |>en<Kl,  and 
findiii;;  thni  some  few  hundred  doUiirs  have  accumiilali^  in  their 
pfso?Bsion,  they  yield  ftt  oiiec,  without  hvHitattou,  to  the  fatal 
spell  that  appears  so  universally  to  perrado  otq  all  otiuu»(.>a  of 
Bociety,  and  abandon  themselves  to  an  existence  of  indolence, 
wliich  they  maintiiin  until  driven  by  actual  want  to  recdiumence 
their  lalwix  During  this  time,  tlie  mines,  imattended,  have 
fallen  out  of  repair.  Never  worked  for  ]ieniianeiiey,  never  worked 
with  tho  ospectiifion  that  the  cun»lruuti(m  of  the  timber  shoukl 
be  8uch  HK  to  insure  durability  iiud  slreu'^th,  they  have,  in  t]io 
most  crud<>  ami  inefficient  iiicthnd  that  they  could  by  any  possi- 
bility dcrisc,  uieicly  constnicted  within  their  shafts  ft  teraponuy 
fmme  w.irk,  inadequate  for  the  purjioBes  intended  ;  anrS  «s  a 
remilt  which  was  destined  inevitably  to  ensue,  they  discover  when 
returning  to  the  scene  of  their  labprs,  that  the  pit  which  they 
have  excavateil,  has  fallen  in,  an<l  been  ]ini-lially  relJIlixi  with  tlic 
loose  earth  nod  ruhbisli,  TIr-ii  wanting  p'td  to  moH  their 
rcquiixnienlw  <if  foi.>d  and  rnitn.rif,  t.m  indolent  to  ok-ar  i>uf  hihI 
repair  their  Uttle  Mhafls,  Ihev  ■."iiiLiii.neo,  in  frequent  instimees 
a  now  one  within  a  few  li-ot  of  the  actual  pjint  of  their  deserted 
labors,  tjomc  spots  in  this  gold  section  are  so  thickly  jierforatcd 
with  these  holes,  that  it  is  not  only  extremely  precarious,  hut  it 
also  requires  considerable  cBulioD  to  walk  nuhanned  among  them. 

They  ki»o;v  that  thpy  can  gather  and  obtain  mild  from  th« 
very  surface  downward,  and  this  knowK-dge  jiro<Ui(es  n  tendency 
to  inertion,  and  its  baneful  effect  is  apparent  in  their  improvident 
neglect  of  the  future. 

Uneducated,  and  possttesbg  no  disposition  to  acquiro  useful 
and  practical  information,  they  continue  to  exist  in  tnis  state  of 
iatellecttud  and  actual  toqwr,  which  depresses  them  to  a  situation 
a  very  few  degrees  above  the  nmk  aitd  portion  of  merely  animal 
life. 

They  know  nothing  of  those  leading  uutural  truths  which  would 
necessarily  evince  to  them  the  most  expeditious  and  eunipcteut 
method  of  iuvcsti[;nting  these  mincrut  pn^iperties,  hut  blindly 
|nC8S  forward  in  their  work,  only  beior;  uwaa^  that  certain  surface 
indications  arc  f^i.-Deridly  to  be  met  with  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  uiirifenius  de])oirits  or  veins  ;  and  if  they  succeed  in  reaching  a 
prolitable  location,  it  is  one  more  inducement  for  them  to  recede 
to  their  condition  of  inactirity.  It  is  no  incentive  to  apply  the 
praetical  knowledge  they  have  thus  obtained  to  a  similar  i<uccesii ; 
it  is  no  stimulus  tor  further  research  and  exeriioo. 


M 


Kota  on  the  Gold  Region  of  Nortk  and  SotUJt  Carolina.       SI 


Sucb  ia  Ute  oonilitioa  and  cboructer  of  tho  native  niioiiig 
people  (if  lliu  district.  Tlu^v  can  go  upon  tlio  waMe  IiiiitU  itud 
pan  gi'M,  iiud  obtain  utuli^r  any  circunutaiicea,  fmiii  si-vuiity-gvti 
cvatti  to  «  dollar  aud  u  bolf  per  dav ;  aud  kuuwiug  thu  (iict. 
koovriu;^  tbu  i»i[ii>ljr  i»  ever  at  baud,  tlicy  bucome  n-guxdlc-si  of  all 
but  jtrcsoat  wwit. 

On  tbe  lull-side,  they  can  ofico  be  swa  digciiig  ;  on  the  opco 
laad  Ibey  are  to  be  found  working  ;  and  on  lue  niar^in  of  the 
Slnam  or  braucb,  tlicy  are  to  be  .leeii  wa8hing  the  soil  thvy  liavc 
ouUvdcd,  coring  o»ly  to  obtnio  enough  to  H'lnidiitv  ihuir  iudebt- 
educw,  pnividu  for  the  pri-ssitnt,  aud  L-stu.bb»h  a.  brit-f  credit  for  the 
futuri%  until  tieuMUiily  ehall  <i^iu  iMjuipcl  tbcin  tu  labor. 

All  thtir  researches  have  been  conducted  for  tho  discovery  of 
gold.  Other  minenl  wealth  mi^ht  have  been  spread  in  profnuon 
and  abundance  around  them,  hut  it  would  have  remained  auie- 
garded. 

Tlic-ir  inability  to  aepamte  the  gold  from  tlic  cuppcr — having 
DcitluT  pTHi'ticiil  knowledge  ii{H)U  this  subject,  nor  udequale 
DUMUM  fur  uocumjilishiiu;  the  object,  hius  caused  them  invanaUy 
to  sbaodun  tbooe  shoits  in  which  tho  copper  has  become  too 
■bnndaiit  for  thdtn  to  obtain  tbe  gold.  Iklany  of  these  locations 
are,  therefore,  important  as  indexes  to  point  out  the  positiou  of 
ricli  veins  of  this  valualile  ore. 

It  is  in  ihtTt  iiiuuuer  tlial  nuiny  soctions  of  this  country  have 
been  dug  owr  by  tlw;  mass  or  great  body  of  g«Id  seekers  ;  and 
their  very  mode  of  Ule  is  a  certain  e^idenco  of  the  plentitul  and 
abundant  supply  of  the  gold. 

Tho  tinil  fact  that  arises  to  the  observation  during  the 
exaiuiuation  of  tbe  iniiiiii;^  pni^ierlies  of  this  auriferous  ic^i'in,  is 
the  iuijierfect  and  uiidebii<-d  method  by  which  the  uuiiicruus 
Tvins  lui\'C  tjven  worked  into  or  explored.  HliatVs,  pile,  vxca- 
vati^wx,  ditvbc«,  and  were  KUrKiee  scrujiings,  tuaiiifeet  tbeuiu-lves 
at  each  and  every  point ;  assuiniug  every  variety  of  fonu,  extent, 
and  depth,  that  accident,  fimcy,  or  aHlity  to  work,  has  called 
toTth.  Xo  niachiDory  has  been  used,  no  mechanical  skill  colled 
into  requisition  to  expetlite  the  progieas  and  lessen  the  toil  ;  hut 
the  »iiiii>l<!  wiiidlnas,  witli  an  occasional,  though  rarely  to  be  tbtind 
horuu  whim,  are  the  only  lu^uuets  to  niauiud  labor  that  have 
been  culled  into  action. 

Mo  rigid  und  close  uxuiiiinution  of  the  formation,  couree,  imd 
dip  of  the  vein,  Iwis  been  t^ikcn  ;  no  searching  out  the  feoabtUty 
of  tbe  work  (o  be  pushed  forward  ;  no  estimate  of  tho  outlay  and 
expense  require<l  ;  no  close  calculations  as  to  the  probable  result 
of  ttni  o|)erationA ;  but  with  a  seeming  heedless  and  reckless 
ooune,  they  have  labored,  toiled  and  worked,  in  many  cases, 
without  profit  ;  but  in  many,  veiy  many  instancee,  despite  all 


N      KXes  on  li£  Gold  Regian  of  North  ami  Soiah.  Carolina. 


the  diHidvuntagi's  which  must  necessarily  up]H<rtain  to  so  imperfect 
a  nanaur  of  workJug,  the;  have  met  with  astonifibing  and 
surprisiog  rcsulta. 

This  fact  oets  forth  concliiftively,  that  EartJi's  trea«iir«s  in  thia 
r^oii,  are  he»t«wed  in  no  Kcanty,  meagre,  or  [iiirtiiniouious 
<tuaittitii'ti ;  hut  with  that  Inviith  profuMini,  which,  to  the  mind  of 
man,  apgieurs  uuhoiiiidi^s],  nature  hns  hvru  sciitteml  biuodcfist 
tbroaghotit  thi-  soil,  that  puldun  WLitltli,  to  ])usmx«  which,  vvoi 
stimutatL'ii  the  niim  of  enci^  and  enterprise:  to  strenuous  and 
activt!  csfrtion  ;  and  which,  when  ohtainod,  hears  evidently  at 
the  present  day,  the  ultimate  tomlency  to  the  amelioration  and 
advancement  of  the  human  race. 

8i>nte  fen  mining'  cuiiipanies  were  establiHhed  in  this  vicinity 
ahout  eighteen  or  twenty  years  since,  and  iindcj  their  dirc^tioUf 
machinery  nott  pliiccd  upon  the  prupvrtie«  tlicy  held.  But  thi 
sound  of  tliv  steam  cn^nv  only  broke  the  uiiivenud  slillnesaai 
[toints  remote  and  fiir  dlstnut  from  each  other  ;  und  ere  the  utility 
of  this  potent  power  eauld  be  ineuutrovertibly  confirmed  in  its 
application  to  gold  mining  ptirposew  ;  while  yet  the  compauica,  in 
the  oommcneemcnl  of  llieir  operations,  were  rui&iug  »t  tlie  same 
linio  the  virgin  gold  and  the  liopea  of  their  membera,  that 
financial  storai  which  hurst  upon  the  country,  and  swept  with  it* 
blighting  and  paralyKing  e{i'ect.  over  suciety,  brought  their  efioTta 
to  a  close,  as  sudden  and  uuc)L{)ected  ax  it  was  fat^il  and  ruinous 
to  tlitiir  expectations. 

Some  littecii  years  have  elapsed  since  those  days  of  litcial 
golden  prutnise,  un<l  during  that  luactite  period,  these  ciiues,  in 
common  with  others  throughout  the  luud,  have  been  suiforod  to 
remain  unworked  and  uncared  for  until  the  present  time,  but  are 
DOW  being  examined  by  tliat  spirit  of  progression  which  is  evinced 
by  the  new  {companies  already  in,  and  still  coming  to,  this  ridi 
and  extensive  tietd. 

If  under  the  incomplete  management  of  former  years,  lai|^ 
profit  was  derived,  how  much  more  lucrative  munt  be  the  reealt, 
under  the  more  adventilionii  circiimalances  of  better  machinery, 
more  full  and  complete  iulonnation,  and  superior  adajitation,  o£ 
the  present  time. 

To  have  n  corret-t  knowledge  and  underetaiiding  of  a  mining 
district — to  fully  apijreci^itu  its  prospects,  the  luveatigations  must 
not  bo  cooGued  simply  and  only  to  the  natural  and  external 
appcamnces,  und  characteristic  indications  of  Ihe  surface,  and  iho 
position,  bearing,  and  attendant  (jualilicationB  of  the  veins  «Jid 
strata  ;  but  ivcouree  must  be  had  to  its  piu-t  history.  The  people 
of  the  region  must  also  be  looked  to,  and  studied,  and  exaniiued  : 
their  habits  and  customs,  and  amount  of  energ}-  and  kuowU-dgo 
canvassed  ;  and  fnmi  their  general  disposition,  iis  well  as  from 


I 

i 


I  iMai-oM  the  Guid  Rs^ton  ef  North  and  South  CaroltHo.       33 

Hk  mouDtuius,  hill)),  p4nine,  rocks,  mid  rivers,  brin;;  forth  thoM 
tIeductioQs  wlik-li  will  aiTurd  a  compreh«anvo  and  full  cstitnote  of 
all  the  ci'Qeml ;  features  and  the  no  less  iinportaut  minute  jKHntA 
which  lla^•c  a  direct  tendency  to  ehicidate  the  true  pufiitiou  of  the 
whole.  Vieweil  lu  tliLi  li^Ut,  theahilily  in  powesHed  to  iimh'rHland 
maaj  of  the  cauw-i^  tiuil  have  pnidncM  (he  resultB  whioii  are  so 
evidtutt,  and  whiuh,  wvn>  they  uolmowa,  would  neccAsarily  be 
aUrihiiled  (o  nn  emtneouH  [>riucii>]e. 

Were  this  iiiiuing  people  not  uuderetood  in  ic^funl  to  thoir 
hahit:<  of  itii1i<ic-[icc,  want  of  iidonualiou.  luid  iniKl«quiitfi  luciiniB 
iifwurkiujr  luiuufi,  the  voncluMon  would  natundly  ariiie,  that  »u 
niucli  ubwdoDed  uud  diiscrtud  work  was  caused  by  a  d«fioiency  of 
the  m«tiil  or  otv  searched  for  ;  but  knowing  the  iahabitantB,  it 
caa   be  purceired  instaDtaneotiBly,  that  it  is  the  profunion  aod 

I  excwee,  and  not  the  paucity  and  absence  of  the  ore,  that  has 
iprodaced  snch  a  like  result.  The  two  estromoa  of  cause  would 
tenoinate  in  a  ninular  effect ;  yet  how  neocstwiy  as  a  bAnia  for 

'  fatar«  operutioufl,  to  imow  frout  which  of  the  oxtremeei  eoianatod 

lUteoSaot  pTodiioed. 

i  Xbe  rock;)  ^  this  iatAiesti&f;  ivgiou,  are  chiefly  tmppean  belli 
Df>oDQnlf>*,  aud  nutgn  of  honuttonc  slate,  aecmia^y  foniUDg 
fiandkl  bando. 

Thu  tnippvaa  nxks  ore  srecDstonc,  hombleiuUc  i^mnitu, 
ft'klspAtbic  granite,  oyenitic  granite,  an<l  a  ailicioufl  sub-crystalline 
luck,  closely  allied  in  it»  external  characters  to  hontstonc. 

There  is  in  all  of  these  roolui  a  detenuiuation  to  a  crystalline 
stToctiire,  of  »  rliomlHiidiil  form,  soniettnies  strongly,  but  generally 
iraia.-rfwtly  de«!liipi,(l.  'J'hin  tf ndcricy  in  plainly  oviilent  wliLTever 
aa  out«ro|>  of  ihv  ruck  is  vi^ibk-. 

Thi;  granite  nxks  are  in  ii  liigh  state  of  disintegration,  which 

I  may  be  uttributvd  to  one  of  two  cauncB,  and  perhaps  a  modi- 
fication of  both.     Either  tho  rock  is  in  an  im])i-rfectiy  developed 

I  oondttioQ,  or  the  decomposition  may  bu  attributed  to  iho  choinical 
mflaeoc«  of  the  presenco  of  the  immense  qiLntititii)!  of  int-t^tUic 
folphnrotn  eo  abundant  here,  which  aro  constKiilly  uudorKoing 
mntAtkos  fiwm  thesidphnret  to  the  osyde,  wliich  tnuiKfonimtion 
muRt  aet  free  mlKcient  quantities  of  sulphurous  acid,  thiit  ab- 
£orhjng  oxygen  from  the  almoNphere  ami  water,  becomes  sulphuric 
acid,  to  react  upon  tlie  thns  rrndereil  ftotublo  portions  of  the 
fbtdipfaatic  nek*. 

From  the  inipro^uitii'inof  IIm;  Buil  with  such  quantities  of  the 
oxyde  of  iron— from  the  iinivenud  pri'!iein.'«  of  the  decomposeil  iron 
pjiibM  tbroogbout  all  th^-  qtiartzuse  vt-inx,  Htid  its  Appearance  in 
•fl  the  crovioes,  and  hotwoeu  all  the  lamina  of  all  classes  of  rock, 
the  evidence  weighs  strongly  in  faror  of  this  ruMon  for  the  dete- 
riDcatioa  of  the  granitic  rocks,  and  affords  an  ample  fiokl  from 
Vol.  a— 3 


34 


The  Grtat  Minr.  of  Vailedih. 


which  ti>  ik'riw  suflicieot  corroJing  infiuenw  t*>  have  prodnoed 
those  chftiifira  which  ure  uianiteHt  Imndreds  of  feet  Iten(.'Jit.li  the 
surface,  und  which  luv  still  iu  upumtioii  over  this  whole  peculiarly 
attructivc  r-riod. 

As  a  gL'Lcml  fiu't,  the  (Ui-omposition  of  the  trappcivu  rocks  bu 
extended  to  ti  ^oatcr  depth  thuu  t)uit  of  the  slatv.  The  greater 
affinity  of  the  chemical  ingn.-dieiit8  of  the  feldspatUc  fonnation, 
which  impregnates  to  so  great  na  cxtont  the  former  rocks  lor  the 
sulphuric  acid,  liberated  by  the  pyritous  decompofdtioD,  will  satia- 
footorily  acctiunt  for  thiH  phenomenon. 

At  the  first  glance,  and  for  nrnny  afler  examinations,  the 
Torioiulf  colored  deoomjmseil  slnt<-»  would  convey  the  impression 
that  they  were  different  etnicttu^K,  or  moditicntione  of  this  grent 
dass  of  Ecdimeutary  rocks  ;  but  U[ion  cumpariug  tlie  remit  of  a 
long-continued  BOncs  of  ohBcrvatiouM.  luadu  at  v.'idely  wpaiBt«d 
pniots  of  this  uxtcDxiro  aurtfcrouH  ticid,  and  finding  in  all  caaes 
that  thi!  variety  is  confined  to  the  surface,  or  to  a  liniited  distance 
below  it,  and  that  all  these  modiSeatiouH  rentdt  at  last  at  Buoh 
deplliH,  that  the  decomposition  lias  ceased  to  be  manifest  into  the 
hani,  blue-tinted,  sUicious  homstonc  slate,  the  iaai  t>ecomes  too 
positive  and  apparent  to  admit  of  a  doubt,  that  there  is  any  rttcU 
variation  ;  but  that  they  are  all  of  one  clans  ami  cotnix^itiou  of 
rock.  The  seeming  variety  arises  &om  ftunic  luiml  and  Unutod 
cau»; — some  greater  proportiou  of  iron,  alumina,  silica,  &c.,  &c-, 
appertaining  to  some  small  division  of  the  laminie.  In  some 
instances  this  lias  been  pccuUarly  obvious  within  a  Kpaoe  of  a  f«w 
feet,  when!  i-xcavations  luive  shown  a  vertical  eeotiou  of  the 
decomposed  slate,  embracing  every  variety  of  color,  »nd  each 
merj;iiig  into  the  other,  ami  the  whole  ultimately  terininattng  in 
the  horustone  slate  above  referred  to. 

{l»  H  OfORIIIUlD,) 


Art.  W.    tub  VALI,K(!IL1X)  Sn,VER  SnNINO  COMPANY,  AND  THE 
SILVER  MINE  OF  JKSI.IS  MARIA. 

Otnt  remarks  &u  this  mining  property  in  a  pa-rious  number 
(Vol.  I.,  No.  6),  rohitcd  chiefly  to  the  Mexican  regulations  for 
holding  mining  properties,  the  Mexican  system  of  working  silver 
OUBes,  and  the  character  of  the  mine  of  jfsus  Maria.  Wc  now 
take  uj)  the  subject  again  to  nrc»eut  ft  complete  Wew  of  tlie  pro- 
oeedinga  of  the  owners,  the  \  allecUlo  Mining  Comiwiiiy,  and  the 
iMialyses  which  liave  been  made  of  the  ores.  This  wc  arc  better 
enabled  to  do  tUrongh  the  aid  of  a  recent  statement  made  by  the 


TAe  KiBeeHio  AKniHg  CoBtpany. 


«IB 


I 


officers  of  the  oompaoy,  wfaicli  ehoirs  tbnt  their  object  is  aqniclE, 
Itboriotw,  systematic  working  of  th<;ir  miDv. 

Tlie  method  of  or^uuizatiuii  lutojitcd  by  the  (.■otDpanjr,  is  a 
matter  of  soiac  interest,  lut  tbuir  profH-rt}-  is  in  s  foreign  country, 
and  that  coantry  ia  Mcxjca  This  statcmeot  thus  goes  on  to 
describo  it : — 

"  That  the  city  of  New- York  Iw  decUmi  to  be  the  head- 
qnarters  of  (his  mining  aHsociation  ;  and  that  the  mining  ordi- 
nwKes  of  Mexico,  iindtT  which  thin  comjiaDy  waa  organized  and 
has  hithert't  acted,  ho  ecntimied  for  tlie  goTernment  of  the  same, 
together  with  such  nd«fi,  n';i:idRl.ions  and  bjr-laws,  m  the  ditooton 
may  chooae  to  ado()t  fur  Iht-ir  own  conrcnicnm. 

"  The  amount  of  Um  mpital  stock,  and  the  number  and 
denomiual  ion  of  shun-s  to  be  issuud,  rcDcirvd  full  cousidi-rntioa 
from  the  oominiltw. 

"  By  tbu  mining  ordinances  of  Mexico,  every  mine,  great  or 
small,  is  dividt-d  into  24  parts,  called  varas,  and  iIk'Su  oh  a  basts 
nmy  be  eiibdividcd  into  any  given  number  of  accionee,  or  ehares, 
at  thp  option  of  the  company  ;  a  company  may  also  ovm  and 
wofk  any  number  of  mines  under  its  onfaniKatinn. 

"  Coofiidering  the  present  derelo])ed  coiulttion  of  the  nunc  of  '■ 
Jestts  Slai'ia,  with  its  unpnxincUve,  heavy,  and  expeiudve  works 
oonipl^U-d,  with  the  hacienda  for  the  spvudy  reduction  of  the 
ores,  and  extraction  of  the  silvor  in  rvadincKS,  estimating  tJte 
vara  at  filly  thuuiiund  duUara  eiu'li,  is  a  modemte  calculation  tut 
a  basis  oo  which  to  place  iht'  stock.  The  committee  occordini^y 
iwonimi^ndcd  that  tbo  capital  of  this  mitiu  bo  fixed  nt  9^,000 
the  vara,  making  81,300,000 ;  and  that  the  same  be  dirided 
into  12,000  Bborcaof  9100  each.  This  is,  in  tact,  a  low  cwtimato 
for  tlw  fttock  of  a  silver  mine  which,  jiidgMl  by  a  fair  comfiariKOU 
with  other  mines  in  the  same  couutry,  should  yield  a  satisfactory 
dividend  on  that  amount,  and  which  may,  in  the  course  of  working, 
produce  in  any  one  year,  an  amount  equal  to,  or  even  laigMT 
than,  the  whole  capital  stock  of  the  mine  I 

"  In  order  to  complete  the  organisation,  give  to  each  share- 
holder the  nniucumberod  evidence  of  the  interest  to  which  he  ts 
entitled,  and  provide  for  the  prosecution  of  the  enterpriHc  on  a 
scale  oommetisurate  with  the  workn  rompieted  and  in  progrrsa  ; 
and  further,  to  do  justice  by  not  thriiwiiij^dietpn^portioned  buithcns 
on  new  stockholders,  should  thero  be  any,  the  oonunitteo  recom- 
meiHlcd  thjit  only  864  shares  be  divided  between  Uie  pieaent  or 
original  sharvhoUIcTs,  who  have  utL-t  their  iuHt^lntents,  purchased 
the  mine,  carried  on  the  vrork^,  uud  borne  all  the  ez{»enses  for 
three  years  paat ;  who  took  all  the  riitk  (and  it  is  the  only  risk  in 
any  mine)  of  opening,  restoriug,  and  proving  the  uoble  character 
of  the  vein,  ana  fine  equalities  of  the  ore  ;  and  that  the  residue  of 


36  He  YtJieciila  Mining  Company.  ^^H 

3]3G0  shares  be  r»ierved  and  eet  apart  for  the  benefit  «f' tbo 
trcasnrjr ;  an  aniplo  reaource  for  any  cantingency  that  nay  arise, 
AS  the  mine  will  be  in  fniil  oo  nrion  as  the  new  iDachineiy  U  in 
thi-  n«w  shaft,  iind  iht;  water  ovcrcotiK? — vincidn — wwpttrdi,  as 
the  Mcxii^ns  say. 

"  III  my  statviucnt  of  August  (pugo  15),  it  will  be  Roca  thnt 
all  sulrtcrranPAD  n'orks  wvn:  Bus|icDdvd,  except  the  ttiiikiii^;  of  the 
new  nhoft,  which  watt  to  be  continued  till  it  cut  tliL-  ncwly-dii- 
covered  Esperanzn  vtin  at  or  near  iho  point  of  junction,  nnd  a 
croaa-cut  driven  from  the  new  shaft  at  or  abcive  the  water  k-vel ; 
and,  on  reaching  the  vein  cut  by  the  old  shaft,  east  and  west 
leirelH  to  Iw  driven,  enpecially  east,  to  comninnicate  with  thnae 
ooming  from  the  old  »haft,  and  known  ax  San  Miguel  and  t>an 
Pablo.  The  fa«(  inMligmce/rom  the  mint,  bt'tnyv  tAv  iirftij'ying 
assiirann-  that  flicsc  workt  have  bctn  accompfiiihed !  The  new 
ahatl,  six  hundred  feet  Irtiin  the  old  one,  has  been  sunk  by  Dr. 
Prevoetand  his  Mcxiean  aiincre,  240  feet  in  depth,  through  rock 
90  BOUd  that  not  a  piece  of  timber  htiH  been  needed  for  bracing, 
find  with  the  lungnlar  good  fortune  not  to  meet  water  until  it  cut 
and  proved  the  new  Es]>emnKa  vein  at  this  point.  The  erofl»-cut 
has  also  been  made  to  the  other  vein,  and  driven  on  wmt  nud 
east,  HO  that  by  this  time  a  communieiitinn  \\m  been  ntmto,  and 
s  person  may  past  above  the  water  level  from  one  hIiuIV  tu  the 
other,  n  dntsnee  of  over  two  hundred  ynnls,  and  one  hundr^  and 
fifty  feet  below  the  surliioc.  There  will  he  eonie,  and  may  lie 
oonsidetabk-  ore  taken  from  and  above  this  level  ;  but  its  main 
object  is  ventilation,  preparatory  to  the  deeper  workings  after  the 
arrival  of  the  machinen-.  It  is  also  worthy  of  noie^  tlml  the  new 
abaft  and  crosftKnit  struck  the  groat  lIsjiemiiKa  and  Vi-ia  Kacvo, 
or  New  Veins,  at  the  vcrj-  pointa,  to  the  iici  iirmy  of  a  siufjle  foot, 
previously  determined  by  our  eurvej-a  <it'  tin-  mine  made  at  the 
hme  of  the  old  shall,  200  ynrdtt  di.^ttuit,  thus  doubly  demon- 
Btnting  the  ret^iilarity  and  pennixucncy  of  the  veins. 

"  In  connectiou  with  the  mine  of  JeBUS  Marin,  thei-e  U  another 
on  the  same  vein,  enlled  Dolores,  about  three  milpn  distant,  w  here 
three  abafta  wen;  gunk  many  yeare  ago  by  the  old  ^{Htninnls  j 
two  of  ihem  to  the  depth  of  3(K)  feet,  and  one  to  the  depth  of 
aOO  leet.  Bv  each,  the  vein  waa  cut,  and  found  to  be  full  of  ore. 
Prom  the  Dolores  shaft,  200  feel  deep,  ore  was  found  ho  compact 
and  abundant,  that  according  to  authentic  records  stilt  extant, 
pieces  weighing  five  himdred  pounds  were  broken  otf ;  but  owii^, 
says  the  reconl,  to  bad  rapor  or  foid  air,  Iheso  works  were  not 
proBccutwl,  as  the  Spaniards  at  that  day  had  no  means  of  relioviog 
it.  It  ia  believed,  however,  in  the  present  state  of  mining 
knowledge,  thU  tcrajmrary  obstacle  is  a  matter  of  little  momODt, 
and  may  be  easily  and  {>emwtieDt]y  overcome. 


J 


Tke  Vatlecilio  Jdinimg  Cou^tty. 


m 


'  Should  tlie  oompaiijr  doem  it  proper  to  commence  working 

[(he  l>nI>:iTai  mine  at  an  eariy  day,  the  present  otigioe,  machmciy 

toil  piiiiii'ii  al  the   Maria  MiDeH,  may  ho  madu  lo  answer  for 

Btvcnil  yai>  :  llint  the  two  mint^  could  aatl  oii^ht  to  fie  worked 

iiadcr  tiic  siuii-  f^wneral  direction,  the  coniinitlee  liad  mt  doubt. 

}fo  new  worU,  •-•r  buciendu,  for  the  rediiotion  of  the  orcK,  would 

[he  QecctHstry,  us  one  would  answer  for  both  minc«  ;  aiid  tlw  two 

[BiiiHa  coidd  be  manu^-d  uud  worked  uiidcr  thv  osme  principal 

iu  all  (lie  departnifuts,  besides  niany  other  economical 

iitogeH.     This  union,  howt-rcr,  is  not  indispenitahle  at  the 

ml  lauiwuit,  and  tli«  proper  diapositioa  of  it  may  be  K^ft  w.rj 

[jmiperly  to  a  later  periotL  "  ■ 

'*Tbecuni)niit<H;  ivcomnunded  Airther,  that  xm  scrip  or tioek' 

uwucd  i>r  truniffcrivd  to  llic  prcii-nt  Kltiin-holdi'nt,  «x<M.'pt  for 

eh  sbAnti  ox  they  »my  {nin-luLtie  frrjm  the  ix-sen-c<l  lund,  in 

with  otiiiT   puilivs,  for  i\nt  rt'^roiiH  prvseciitiijn  of  the 

[iwork,  and  who,  Uko  themaelveB,  arc  willing  to  took  to  the  mine, 

I'Sod  not  to  any  prematnro  inflation  nf  stock  for  reward  ;  but  that 

itlicsa  Hharcti  or  interests  be  duly  credited  on  ihe  books  of  the 

[cuEupany  to  the  renpective  account  of  each  indiridual." 

Till!  new  miR-liincry  requiix-'l  for  the  mint",  which  is  a 
[Comiiih  ciii^u  luid  pumps,  has  been  Intclr  coni^tmctcd  at  the 
[works  of  Messm.  Thomas,  Careon  &  West,  at  Norristown,  in 
I  PenniiylTauia,  aitd  is  of  the  following  dimensions  :— 

150  horse  power;  cylinder  60  inches  in  diiimeter,  10  feet 
k«  ;  lo  be  worked  with  three  of  West's  improved  boilers,  and 
Imfficieut  }<owcr  to  work  the  nccvsnury  puinp»  to  tliu  depth  of 
fvsv  thouKiuid  fiM.-l,  and  will  dischurgc  three  hundn-d  gidlouH  of 
I  water   jicr   miuutc.     The   first   pump   in    the   shfiJ't  will   be  a 
I  '[ilungcr  lift;  of  240  feet. 

"  Thi^  h  the  largest  Cornish  pumping  engine  ever  mad«  io 
I  thia  count  ry,  and  it  i!<  finished  iu  a,  manner  wortliy  to  serve  as  a 
Ltpecimeat^  Americuu  workiiitmAhi|>." 

Id  looking  urer  (hit  islutemeut  of  the  Pretudent  of  tlio 
[cflmpany,  our  eye  fulls  upon  the  following  remarks,  whidi  arc 
I  «ry  timelv,  and  so  full  of  wisdom  and  good  scnec,  unil  so  nppli- 
[  cable  to  all  mining  enterprises,  that  wo  insert  them  in  place  of 
[ftiiy  which  we  tuii^ht  make  bearing  upon  tlie  same  point : — 

"  I  ou  t')ld  it  i»  UHiial  to  make  eetimateB  of  the  returns  that 

[miliea    will   yieht,  and   ex|iecially  tliat   theee  are  neoemary  as 

jbdacemunts  for  Iho  iuvcslinent  of  capital.     I  am  also  told  that 

diiappoiiitiiM-ut    Ix-gtiis   to  tread   wry  closely  on  the  heels  of 

'  promiae  iu  many  of  these  entorpriHcj;,  nt  tlie  piv%-»t  time.     Is  it 

nntnge  that  it  i>hould  be  m  ?      Have  men  nny  more  right  to  cs- 

pect  ffiiccess  in  mining,  than  tla-y  have  in  any  other  im^xirtant 


bnf«atmenti  in  Aftn>*«. 


buiuDeoi,  without  einploj'ing  the  prnjier  nicanti,  giiiilcd  litr  the  I 
icquiidte  knowledge  and  experience  'f     1»  ttij«  tbo  Aiiilt  ^  th«4 
rich  niiiierai  dcitoeilH  in  which  our  country  is  known  to  abound  ?^ 
Or  can  any  deny,  that  in  every  country  where  mining  \&  legiti-4 
roately  fullovrctl,  it  is  of  more  emlnrinf;  jirofit  than  any  other  imr-J 
suit  ?     If  a  uerchuDt  wen*  to  till  hiH  etore  with  warthleHi  and-fl 
noHalaUe  articles,  bought  without  knowledge  and  without  reTei^V 
eooe  to  value,  would  it  be  strange  that  he  should  do  a  lo«ing  bufti-V 
IWH  ? — and  would  hia  tiiiluTt.>  ha  any  reason  why  a  pnident  mAVV 
should  not  buy  and  t>c!t  merchandise  i*     En  a  miniDg  coitutry,  likeV 
Mexico  for  iiiKtAiice,  wher«  the  little  koowledgo  I  huvo  on  thisfl 
aol^t  linx  Imwr  nctiniRil  during  the  past  thne  years,  nod  wherdfl 
the  first  feverish  exciteiiK-iit  ulwayM  attending  uny  new  leadingw 
pursuit  has  long  since  eubHiiled  and  jiitsced  away,  the  firxt  expcn-^ 
diture  in  proving  the  character  of  a  vein  is  always  deemed  a  lot^V 
t«ry,  with  more  or  less  chami's  of  hucccsb, — and  with  them  it  iifl 
the  only  lottery  I     Nor  do  ihey  hesitate,  when  the  oharacter  <>fV 
the  vein  is  known,  to  expend  any  requinnl  amount,  liowev<^l 
)sa^j  to  put  it  ID  Kuccesaful  operation,  and  deem  the  time  short  iffl 
aceonipliohod  in  tlireo  years  !     Tlipy  are  then  paid  for  waiting, 
and  have  a  pnipcrty  that  may  bo  tntrii^mittt-d  from  gcnL-nition  to 
generation.     Nearly  all  the  briliiitnt  fortunes  and  gnj^t  landed 
MtatfiR  of  the  Republic  arc  in  the  luitids  of  descendants  of  mining 
IVimitieH,     The   t^nglish,  who  are  iiulhj  itinera,  expended  two 
millions  of  dollare  in  restoring  and  putting  iu  order  the  Bolono 
Mine,  before  they  got  any  returns,     Thea-  liavc  bi-en  single  yarns 
sinco  that  time,  iu  which  the  bullion  pnidticwl  was  equal  to  the 
money  firat  expended.     In  restoring,  clearing  out,  and  n-'jiairing 
the  outworks  of  the  great   La  Luz  Mine,  atler  the  revolution, 
$800,000  were  expended  before  any  returns     This  mine,  during 
the  lasrt  six  years,  baa  produced  many  millions  net  profiti*.     The 
Bciil  Del  Monte  Mine  gives  to  its  proprietors  at  present  nearly 
two  huudred  thousand  dollars  per  month.     It  iM  indeed  ft  sorry 
mine  bent  or  elwwhore,  pn>perly  opened  niid  worked,  if  it  do  not 
pay  a  gtx)d  diWdend  on  a  capital  of  a  million. 

"  Why,  then,  is  it  that  there  arc  so  many  disappoiutmenta  in 
the  IlniteJ  States  ?  The  answer,  unfortunately,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  undeniable  fact  that,  in  too  many  instances,  the  proi»er 
means  have  not  been  employed.  A  location  is  inatlc,  or  a  tract 
is  purchaaed,  having  an  out-cropping  vein  njmn  it  ;  an  excavation 
is  miule  on  the  vein,  for  any  thing  under  n  hiuidred  feet  is,  after 
all,  but  un  excavation  ;  a  few  tine  specimens  of  orei  uiv  procured, 
and  forthwith  a  company  is  fonued.  Oik  third,  one  half,  or  even 
two  thirds  of  the  stock  is  divided  between  the  owners  or  gottciB 
up  ;  a  wkok  fortune  M  given  awaif  for  seUtng  the  Bcrip  ;  a  ton 
or  two  of  ore  18  hurried  to  tb«  market  and  sold  at  auction,  as 


■fcuitfillilia  ti»  MineL 


I 


DUN  samples  of  what  ia  coming  ;  tho  stock  is  thrown  on  tbe  mar- 
ket, with  an  alttrntlant  cmpply  of  "  line  prospecte,  promising  lode, 
btiuutifiil  ^i>«s.'ui  ;"  all  impatienoe,  ail  biirry  ;  new,  iu-iidtti)t«d,  and 
uDtn>.-<l  inacliinery  gent  nut ;  the  stock  risett  in  the  maiket,  it  ia 
quote«l  ewrj"  day  at  Uio  Bijaril,  Riid  men,  without  much  inquiiy, 
kuuwledge,  or  expcrieuce,  buy— bccnuBe  it  in  to  cheap,  and  ex- 
pect to  pay  a  Din«ty  dayo'  note  from  the  ptuciMMl«,  by  selling  oat 
nli«ii  it  nMU'hcfl  {Mr ;  and  tlw  result  i»,  that  timu  pn^ses  along, , 
and,  as  a  matter  of  cuurec,  disttppointnivnt  follows,  uiid  twmebo^ ' 
fioda  a  wortlilees  [ueoe  of  scrip  m  his  j)Ditfalio,  rcprcMUt in;;  an 
interest  in  a  mine,  which,  aOtr  all,  liiid  it  been  n-ally  j)roperly 
opened,  properly  worked,  might  have  yielded  very  fair  returns,  if 
not  a  brUliant  fortune  for  all  concerned. 

"  Nor  is  the  inrenlive  genius  behind  the  mining  spirit  of  thft 
oonntry.     I  know  not  how  many  quartx-cnishing  machines  and  , 
amalgamating  ajijiaratus,  each  the   vei^-  \>ciA,  exbaastiug  the 
wlwle  aubject,  have  been  produced.    It  is  a  great  problem  indeed 
fur  the  gold  crop,  that  thoy  havii  attempted  to  solve.    It  nu>y  be 
already  i^dvcd,  and  if  so,  the  result  to  thu  mining  interests  of  tiM  I 
Counir}'  wiJl  be  what  Whitucr's  ^n  hati  l>cen  to  the  cotton  crop^  , 
If  intvudi'd  for  silwr  niiDcH,  and  thc^  osidi-s  of  the  iron  from. 
DiachiueTy  sluiU  not  Us  found  objectionable,  somcthinjj  less  pon-  i 
derons,  less  exjwnsive,  re^piiring  loss  motive  power,  and  which  may 
be  increased  in  number  as  the  wants  of  the  miue  require,  shonld 
be  aimed  at. 

"  A  fe^  experiments  on  a  small  scale  may  be  encouiugiug,  but 
they  are  not  sufficiout.  What  signiJli's  fifty  or  one  hundred  tona 
of  quartz  put  through  ft  machine  that  must  pcrforui  wu«kly  a 
nmiW  tAj^L  or  fall  short  of  what  Is  proiuiticd  I  The  Hiual^^uia- 
lors,  too,  hare  sprung,  liko  Mincrca  from  the  head  of  Jupiter,, 
into  perfect  maturity  at  a  singlo  bound  I  In  aUver  ores  amalga- 
maiion  is  a  chemical  rather  than  a  mechanical  process,  and  re- 
juiret  much  practical  t-xperttnii: :     I  do  not  apeak  of  gold. 

"  Why,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say,  that  take  any  of  our  eminent 
profeasorH,  who  are  really  able  and  k-anied  men,  and  plaoe  them  ina 
Mexican  hacienda  full  of  ow,  with  cveiy  apphimoe  around  them, 
aud  tiiey  would  not,  imiiideil,  succeed  iu  extracting  the  silver  1 
Qire  them  tiuto  uud  pnictital  espcricueu,  and  thuir  success  tnay 
be  brilliiuit.  How  is  it  pi-ssibk',  therefore,  that  in  a  great 
mining  int^'rcst  tuch  as  ba«  mmng  up  so  suddenly  in  our  own 
cooQtry,  without  mining  ecnools  or  iirevious  training,  that 
many  foUuree  and  losses  and  disappointments  will  not  liapjicn  ? 

"  But  all  these,  and  even  more,  will  not  imppress,  though  it 
may  for  a  time  retard,  the  mining  iateretits  of  the  country.     Kx-  ' 
penenoe  will  aoon,  if  it  haa  not  already,  set  the^e  matters  right,  i 
There  are  good  mines  enough  iu  the  hands  of  good  men,  who 


hvetlinfnt.1  in  Minra, 


^^■Nfce  meuiH  (uid  Uie  coiirsffe  and  the  jHitience  to  work  deep 
HBBkH>;>  ThMe  h*ve  tn«t,  Are  ine«>tiiig,  and  vill  tnwt  with 
ftijrr  TTWdH.  OUi^rs,  that  have  nfflrtw)  wning,  wit!  have  t«  ulnp, 
wmixlrl,  or  give  \>\me  to  now  parties,  i.  r.,  wTicre  thpir  veins  are 
worth  piintuiiiK.  Cujiitiii  miiM.  hnw  n  hotter  dhare,  Orij^iJiatrtw 
must  be  cM>nt«iit  with  Xi-fa  reserved  interest  or  •harei«,  and  they 
will  find  it  niuTC  (Wtu-factory  and  profitahlc  in  the  end.  It 
does  not  take  B  loi^  interest  in  a  good  mine  to  su])[)ort  a 
fiunilj'. 

"  And  capitalists,  who  are  not  witlioiit  ftmlt,  nnmt  have  moro 
patience.  A  company  of  businci^  men  unite  for  inunufactimug 
purpoaeH, — two,  thnae,  or  fiva  hundred  thousand  (lollars  are  in- 
vested in  steam  or  water-power  buildings  and  in  tlie  erection  of 
machinery,  and  th*n  fifty  or  risty  thniumnd  dollarx  are  added  for 
wwking  capital,  and  atter  two  or  three  years  Ihey  are  quite  con- 
tent to  be  in  tin*  wifipl  of  ten  or  twelve  per  cent,  per  annnm. 
8i>  in  i\w  wiriNtrncliim  of  a  niHrotul,  niounlatns  must  Iw  levelled 
and  vallcvH  tillud  up— or  a  coal  mine  w  o|Hnied,  and  milh'onn  ftpeut 
on  roads  to  get  it  to  market,  before  the  t<^  or  fifteen  per  cent. 
CAD  bo  expected.  And  so  with  every  other  common  sense  pnreuit 
of  life.  When  capilnlists  hare  learned  to  apfily  this  principle, 
evCTi  on  a  sinuU  scale,  to  mining  matters,  they  will  find  which 
pays  hast.  The  experiment  has  been  macle  elsewhere,  and  it  is  in 
prooesH  of  being  made  here."  ' 

The  statement  IVirlher  prooced«  ae  follows  : — 

"  It  is  from  no  want  of  confidence,  then,  that  I  omit  statinj;; 
fuen  what  1  believe  the  retiinis  may  be,  in  so  many  dollar*  and 
omt«,  from  the  VallwiUo  Mine.  It  is  more  than  a  year  since  tli« 
incmbera  of  the  Board  and  a  few  others  in  this  city  became  stt>ck- 
boLdora  ;  others  have  l)een  three  yeare,  and  are  not  yet  impatient. 
They  know  how  the  works  have  progremeed  ranee  that  time. 
Within  this  period  of  tweh-e  montns,  also,  the  mine  has  been 
visited  by  an  cxperienceil  and  competent  miner  of  New-York, 
who  extended  his  examinations,  fur  the  mke  of  comgniniion,  to 
many  ol'  the  great  mineH  of  Mexico,  now  in  Bucccssful  operation. 
The  Boanl,  from  {lersomil  interviewic,  know  his  opinions.  He  haa 
beoomft  a  etockhokler,  on  tenns  precisely  each  aaothcts  h&w  paid, 
and  will  direct  in  person  the  ftiture  operations  at  the  mine,  which 
belonj;  prjpi.'rly  to  bis  profeeRion. 

"  The  transportation  of  the  machinery  to  the  mine  is  provided 
for  by  ©very  poBsiblo  preliminary  nrrangement,  at  diiferent  points 
on  the  way.  The  lirst  shipment,  consisting  of  nil  the  pitwork, 
will  kave  early  in  dtinnary,  with  a  Pitman  and  Kii<^ii'H'r,  ftirnish- 
ed  by  the  Iniildeni.  These  are  Ihe  first  materiids  to  tx-  H»ed  ; 
and  a>  tar  aa  tite  cwniplelion  of  the  job  it  concerned,  it  imprecisely 
the  Bame  a«  if  the  whole  engine  wua  finished  and  sbipited  at  the 


i 


ttaattmaus  m  Muiea. 


I 


I 


lune  tune,  ae  it  will  follow  m  eea^on  to  tako  tta  plaoe,  caoaiq^no 
ihilay  ia  the  compk'tioa  of  the  work.  > 

"  T))o  whole  data  Id  my  two  atat«nKDt8,  vrith  a  few  comnuiiitv, 
Itav«  uow  been  girvn.  1  hojie  it  will,  I  know  it  might  U>  bv,  sotts-' 
IJKbiiy  t<j  the  Iloftiil.  The  comlitiotii*  npou  which  tliw  CumjtaDy 
WHS  foruKxl,  that  it  xhull  !«  a  liutlit^il  working  oonconi,  have  not 
and  will  not  be  di-purt^fl  Trora  ;  ami  knowing,  hs  I  now  do,  tha( 
what  littiv  rttmaiiiB  to  be  occompU^ied  will  be  done  on  ihe  piMjier 
scale,  I  cAn  feel  no  solicitude  aboat  (be  lemilt.  We  know  that 
ve  are  in  a  good  inineml  di^inct ;  thnt  oae,  at  least,  of  the  ino«t' 
remarkable  yields  of  nilver  ever  known  in  Mexico,  or  recorded  ta* 
the  aaoak  of  niinemlogj',  was  from  the  Higtuaa-^aXy  a  few 
league*  fium  um  ;  that  oiir  mine  in  abundantly  pro\t:n,  to  saj 
oouunsof  wlutt  the  8pnniardit  did,  fratn  the  on;-'  laki-n  out  and 
ihe  silver  vxlnu:tod  before  euitiii;;  the  great  niothcr-voin  of  the 
mine,  the  iD(.'rcaiti.<d  water  from  wliioh  druii-e  us  Iroui  below,  niadtf 
it  Deceanry  to  procuru  new  inachiucry,  sink  n  new  Nhaft,  and,  a»  I 
oampcnsation,  added  tenfold  value  to  our  property.^ 

" '  Allhoutih/  aaya  Dr.  Poesclt  in  his  itport,  '  the  depth  of  lh»  1 
mine  reachea  not  to  the  zone  generally  regank-d  ia  Itexico  as  tb4i  | 
mast  luetaUifetouH  in  ore,  Ixting  only  SO  yards  ilurp.  thore  are  pr&-^ 
duced  ure*  of  a  richw«  and  ahundanoe  wJiicA  ijive  the  abtoivie 
cerialnly  of  great  returna  j'lyr  the  capttai  iaveeted  ;  and  promi»«^ 
by  going  further  down,  and  reaehiog  the  depth  experience  ha* '' 
proven  to  be  richeot  in  silver,  a  rvwatd  surpaaung  even  the  nwst^ 
aaguine  expectations.     /  Aatv  e:;ca)tuneil  Ihe  m>n«  bvlow,  antt^ 
tome  to  the-  coudiMiim,  that  it  con  he  tnadi  «qtteU  in  <tundion  and 
tiftd  to  the  large  aifd  rtnowned  mi$te$  </  the  interior  of  the 

a^ic: 

"  Supposing  it  might  \v  interesting  to  have  a  strict  iinalyns 
of  Ihe  ores,  made  by  a  thorough  uiialvticol  chemiat  in  this  city,  ~ 
lllaced  the  lour  cliutsea  of  on.%  as  divided  by  Dr.  Pooselt,  in  thaj 
maA»  of  I>r,  Charles  KndeiUu,  onee  the  associate  and  companio 
of  tbe  great  tiicbig,  as  yet  but  little  knonii  beyond  the  science  ' 
am  city  ;  aud  the  result  ia  hereunto  annexed. 

Jr'rom   actual    ohaervation,    Doctors    Posselt   antl    Prerovt 

d  the  o]nnt'>n,  that  the  black  metal  would  become  'the 

in  ore  of  the  uiiuv.'     It  will  be  seen  that,  'from  chcmU^at  and 


*  It  h  mnxiiUnd  by  practioJ  niiowc,  rcraltiog  from  tho  «xperieiM«  of  a  < 
Inry  in  mining  districts,  that  a  RTcat  flavr  of  water  in  enttins  a  new  Twin, 
ptoTctt  tbs  gnat  gtr«0|;ih  anil  rharvtcrof  »iiiiiutml  hie;  mid  althoufih  \i 
oReu  (ntolTU  an  incrtaiod  (wwit  ot  mKhtntry,  U  always  iu  tlicnn  day*  huiivil 
u  the  cooRt  bvonlile  omeii  ur  indii^lion,  unoc  iJio  power  nf  ih«  sU«ui  vui-iim 
conqnen  tlion  obstniclion«,  ho  fntal  to  primttire  ininiii][  oprmtinni.  Il  in 
MAanatmi  that  tlio  applkatioo  'it  Uw  Comiali  [miiip  lu  llii'  tiiiiii.'s  uf  Kng- 
Jmti.  has  added  vra  two  liuiulrt>il  Ihoiuud  miUloas  of  dollars  t>;  her  miucial 

WMlth. 


tt 


Attakftis  f^  Siiwr  Chrs.  >' 


ffec^offical  /ads,  todl  knoton  from  modem  mvcsHgaiions,'  Dr. 
Endcrlin  cotugo  to  the  same  concluMon.  He  hits  niiidi*  tlw  amay, 
Mid  given  the  yield  nf  each  class  of  oiv,  in  ouqcob  of  pure  xilvcr 
to  the  cvrya  of  300  pounds  q(  ore,  thus  following  tho  Mcxi- 
cAD  method.  Ten  ouncai  to  the  cabha,  when  oil  thin/fs  art 
rtady,  and  the  supply  <U>mi(kint,  ijtvf^  ami^v-  vuiryin  /or  larye 
projital 

"  The  miUs  imd  reduction  worku  in  the  hucieudn,  l>ctng  eqinal' 
to  pase  Di'ar  two  liuudrod  tunu  of  ore  per  month,  I  do  not  dtteia 
it  necessary  to  recommend  the  jmirhiute  of  any,  however  i>roinuH 
ing,  ol'  tlie  new  ntachiiieB  at  present. 

"Favored  in  location,  near  home  because  easy  of  bcgcsb, 
cheapneiM  of  fuel  nnd  labor,  a  climate  remarkable  for  health,  and 
tWt  kiiovrs  no  interruption  to  lalwr  the  year  round,  with  aa 
ontiro  »nd  unquostiunuhle  security  for  this  epocics  of  enterprise  ; 
I  hope  the  husinesK  men  who  have  given  it  their  cooBtenanco  and 
support,  and  taken  tho  munn^'mout,  will  find  some  euttsfitetioa 
beyond  the  more  roturuB,  in  the  consciousncBs  of  havifig  given  an 
impulse  to  an  important  enterprise,  in  a  new  dircctioii,  not  im- 
poutible,  from  the  extent  and  known  richneits  of  the  mineiAl 
region,  io  form  an  era  in  the  prcHluction  of  one  of  the  precious 
incfiiK  I  he  want  of  which  is  so  miuh  felt  at  the  present  tiiiic,M 
an  elonnjnt  in  our  cemmL-rciiil  piuBperity,  ® 

Before  leaving  this  subject,  we  will  revert  to  tho  immense 
outlays  of  capital  which  were  made  to  work,  in  former  times,  some 
of  the  mines  of  Mexico,  and  Liie  most  stiipendons  oj^erations  which 


■  ANALTMa  or  OHKs  oy  the  mikb  op  Jtsus  niRu. 

A'rto-  York  City,  Uccembrr  8(A,  I85S. 

ftin ; — T  commuucato  to  you.  Imxnritb,  tho  r«nultii  or  the  annlysisi  Inilitutod 
witli  thi<  four  epodoMta  of  otvh  ot  the  "  Jmiu  Mui*  "  mine^ 

As  JOii  kni>w,  I  tind  for  aimlvHlK  i^pMimcnt  nf  tlirvn  iJifTfront  claswis  of  ores: 
two  t^cdtiicii.i  or  tho  "  CuUuradi'S."  odc  of  th(^  lilnck  Kilrcr  om,  anil  on*  of  a 
lead  ore  conluiniiig  silvc'r,  UI'  lliu  ores  belonging  to  the  princiiml  elnss,  cm- 
bncinu  tti">  nrp' II  tiff  nil  18  iron  ores,  wliicli  eoiilaiii  llio  nilter  for  Ibe  uiosl  i«rt 
miitcrAliKxl  iiy  chlorinfi  «nd  bromine — in  iho  tilale  of  eliloriiiu  unil  IjroiniJu  of 
■jtvw,  I  hare  Dnalyu-d  tivo  .spccinitnK,  iif  irbirh  mic  vran  in>|iivgn>tr^  with  the 
"Wue  silver,''— t'lula  azul,''  auil  the  olhtr  with  the  ^■gnca  Kilv«" — "plata 
rerdp." 

The  chloriflr  and  bromide  of  eilvor,  found  in  cubical  or  cubfMJctohrfral  (rys- 
U]«,  and  (libiemiriaUil  in  Ihc  Icmipnniis  rock,  an  froquently  i»w>dnt«d  witli 
natire  silver  iiiijNiiviilJ)'  re.iullinK  from  the  dRCompomtion  of  tho  former  com- 
jiOnnJ'i,  as  woll  ns  tbv  oriinDBl  milpbidc  orKikcr,  tie. 

Thew  kin'Is  of  ores  bvlng  Tury  scarce  in  Ihi'  Europtan  uiiut*  gPiieraHy.  but 
foiincl  in  w  ronviderablc  quantitios  in  Mexico,  Porii,  ('hili,  etc.,  I  foiun]  10  \» 
partii-ularlv  intcre^ittiig  to  roe  on  account  of  their  chemical  eonttiltilion,  an  wril 
0.1  in  a  p'liloj.'ical  point  of  view. 

M  Tffur'if  the  nmoiint  of  trili-er  contained  in  these  two  rariulim.  which 
wen  loiintl  to  lie  richly  imprctcnntcd  with  the  crystAlhsed  cliloridc  and  bromide 
of  lilTcr,  ttie  quantilaliiv  nnalysii  gav*  the  followinj;  rcsulbi. 


4 
4 


7%e  Grtat  VaUiKia$ta  Mine. 


m 


^ 


ttodcrlakcn,  and  tbe  great  yield  of  silrcr  often  obtaiucd  firm 
thcin.  Our  best  autliority  upon  the  tarly  produce  of  tbeBO 
mines,  is  Ward  ;  and  from  hii!  work  we  gather  some  statements 
in  rebtioD  to  them. 

Tbe  ntvcr  mine  of  Valenciana  ranks  oh  on«  of  the  most 
eztenflTC  gioui»d  minea  of  tbo  world.  It  is  aitUAted  to  tbe  nortb 
of  tlt«  town  of  Quanujuato,  u]>oi)  n  jtArt  of  the  Vcta  Mndm. . 
'  ST  being  dightly  wurked  towsnlK  the  end  of  th«  eixtoontb 
Itnry,  it  baa  been  neglected  as  unpromising!;,  until  the  year 
1*160,  when  Mr.  Obrtgon,  «  yoiuiR  Spaniard  of  very  siiuill  fiirtuce, 
resolved  to  oxph^re  the  win  upon  cne  of  thoee  jioints  where  it 
was  beliered  to  be  destitute  of  mineral  wealth.  Fof  eix  cntiro 
y«ai8  he  eontinned  to  work  ujKin  this  spot,  with  u  pervcvcrunce 
which  nothing  but  a  ]»«seatiment;  thiit  be  vraa  to  uiaku  his 
foriiitie  there,  can  ncoount  for ;  and  in  1767,  having  exliaustcd  his 
owfu  uivass,  aa  well  as  the  patience  of  those  from  whom  lit  had 
obtaiutid  supplies,  he  entered  into  partnerahip  with  a  shopkeeper 
of  Boyas,  wielding  with  his  own  hand»  rho  toob  of  a  miner,  until 
the  year  1768,  wJven  the  works  having  attained  the  depth  uf  eighty 
nwtree,  Ibu  vein  auddenly  began  to  pruduce  enormous  uiiuues  of 
Doh  ore,  which  contJnaed  to  increase  in  vnlue  and  extent  to  such 

A.    Akiltri*  or  two  Collohiikis. 


1.  Oilloradot  imprtgitated  with  Blite  Sihvr. 

WMttoton _ 2.00    namniH. 

dilorU*  of  rilvir O.IW        •< 

Haullia  tilTW. .O.M0       " 

H«WUoiUT«r,ptro(i>t«K< i-tO  " 

(Ubd  «t  o«noG*  lo  the  earro,  i  tm  oanow,  or 

I. «.  SM  lU.  of  nnv  (moinlupoU) JISTO 

(omluing  lU  IVMliuii*) 

2.  CbtloradoM  imprrgnaitd  kiIA  Cncn  Silver. 

WotUoroco S.80    nanimca. 

CUoffchafiUnr. 0.144 

lutmrtata .o.iet      " 

HatiJUoiD'or,  ptrcmugv S.SV  •■ 

SuDoTiittiia*  twill*  tiirtf<>,  ]  >T0   ooiirai,  or 

I.  c.MdIn.  ofcrMtioinlui^t);*} ifnu 

1  IUT«  4lsn  ualyfixl  a  epocLincD  bclonK'iR  ^  the  tnwtitl  clw^  of  silver  ores, 
cnllnl  the  "  bUck  ainr  ore."  Tliix  ok.  baviti^  a  (trayixli  tiliKk  color,  ntid  whoa 
i;niani)  jNldingk  neuly  black  po»-dur,ia*sii-'iitiiitIyfi>ni[io»«l  of  the  ".lulphida 
tkatirer.''  wrlh  tnetillie  sil<«r.  aLVomianJcl  bj  tlie  gulpliidM  of  u-sniic.  Uiti- 
nionv,  ImiL  cdi'INT,  Ir^ii,  etc. 

Thix  biick  ta\\<t  ore,  with  iU  vtuii^lii;]!  that  hare  n  similar  cbctniiNtl  com- 
potition,  I  do  cODoider  to  be  lb?  uiuthti^utv  uf  the  H>-iat>ci]  ai^ittiltruus  iron 
an«.  or  CoUondos.  Bv  Koiuc  (lv(r[»r  umltTgruuiiJ.  ,vt>i.i  will,  lU  all  likvlihooil. 
SlrEku  St  BOMS  when  Uiom  bliiok  on»  will  {•rudririimntR ;  or,  it  iiiAy  )k%  exiiit 
ilmMt  delwiwly.  At  the  ame  time,  I  haro  no  doubt  the  orcK  extracted,  will, 
b  riduMSS,  by  liu  jnufaa*  ihe  jireseiit  ones. 


«ff 


Tke  Grtat  Va/tnciajia  Afine. 


1  ft  degree,  that  the  profits  of  the  j)ro|irietor8  amnunr^d  in  Mreral 
[guccoRRire  years  to  one  million  ami  a  linlf  of  rfdllfirs.  From 
11788  to  1810,  the  ppulnce  avera««l  ?1,383,195,  uud  the  pmfita 
($527,701. 

A  Dumber  of  ditfcretit  "  I'ertonondiwt "  were  united  in  Valen- 
claoa,  the  works  in  the  iutwrior  occupjinK  nearly  half  an  I'ln^ish 
mile.  In  ordt-r  to  "nia  access  to  the  interior,  various  shajls  were 
sunk,  the  first  of  which,  called  the  Tiro  Viejo.iH  aaid  lo  hav^  cost 
83y(j,(HK).  Through  this,  the  firat  "  Bonaiim"  wa«  ntiw^l  Th« 
Tiro  da  Hiinyais  and  the  U"W-i  •!«  tian  Hanion.  tton-  next  pur- 
chiiactl  niid  i«cor(«tmt<si  wilii  llw  iniiio.  and  tho  Ht-xngon  Shaft 
was  afVeiwurds  Kiiiik  At  uu  cxpeutw  ^<f  8700,000.  All  these  being 
deemed  inauffic-iLiit,  the  grout  Ucliigon  shall  whs  bogiin  in  1801, 
and  carried  on  until  the  coinmcDoemcnt  of  the  Revolution,  wlten 
it  haii  cost  nearly  one  million  of  dollars,  and  attained  the  (U-jith 
of  six  hiuxlml  ami  thirty-live  Mesican  varas.  Wli^ii  thv  niioe 
Vift  8iibscr{u«Dlly  t:iken  uji  by  a  comjMiiiy,  ibo  interior  «ii»  filled 
,  with  water  to  within  one  iiiindreil  and  oighty-five  vanis  of  the 
^moath  of  the  gr^-ut  Mhaft :  there  weiv  consequently  four  hundred 
and  fifty  varaa  to  drain,  and  this  not  luvrely  lu  per|>endii'nlar 
depth,  Imt  disscminiitcd  throughout  the  whole  of  the  workings, 
most  of  whicli  had  been  bo  l{)n{;  under  water,  that  the  ooniiiiuni- 
cations  wert!  destroyed,  the  timbering  ftiWia^  to  pieces,  and  many 
of  the  lower  levcU  fdlcd  up  with  masses  of  rock,  or  tepetat«, 
detached  by  the  action  of  tho  wat<:T  from  those  above.  Had  this 
Tolame  of  water  proceeded  from  internal  springs,  the  attempt  to 
tearry  it  off  by  any  power  of  macbinerj-,  would  liave  been  hope- 
bcw ',  but  up  to  a  late  perimi  pre^'ioiia,  the  mine  had  Ih^^ii  di&- 

'       SikIi  &  view  I  dprlTV  from  chomical-K«a1(^ca1  facts,  wvtl  Luown  rrom 

modem  liivestigationa. 

Ah  to  th«  csolaginl  puint  of  vk'w,  tlicre  OU).  in  my  opinion.  ))c  na  doubt 

wfiRli^vo-  that  th«  lutlm  lalvcr.  u  well  t«  llio  chloride  Ami  bruinidi;  ur  silver—- 

bluo  aD(I  gnvii  iSlTtr — are  tho  rcniltii  of  n  derampo^icinn  wliich  llie  Hulphiile  of 
Ltfrer  liaa  uni)crg>>nc  hv  the  tnllucinoe  of  the  atinn:i|ihcric  air  ftnil  iii«u«ric 
^r«l«ra  hkTin^  come  in  contact  with  it. 

Dcoompnxitionii  iind  alli-riitioii*  of  ii  similnr  kiiiJ  anr  ((uitc  cwienilly  found 

Rt  lfa«  higher  {Arts  uf  veins  OMiit&inint;  othi-r  nirlHtH,  Mjicciatly  of  tliOHe  ilic  urat 

of  whicli  nit!  luomor  toss  readilj-  acted  upon  hj-  ntmosphcrin  apjnts,  e.g.,  IIkoi' 

of  till-  sulphidra  of  foiipur..  iron,  etc 

I  iiiny  mrrtion  here  soine  jiIkmioidoub  iLiet  with  iu  toad  veins,  inner  »ilvcr 
I  t»d  lead  haw  hu  much  iii  coiuition,  and  ar«  froqiictjlly  uijili'd  b  vuiiis.  no  that 

it  i«  rare  to  find  silver  imseeompaiiird  l>y  lead. 

Suli>h)dc  of  livad  is  foimd  fir>t  lo  convert  inio  Iht-  mitphalr  of  Itail  hv  oxvda- 

tion.  litil  Ihf  latter  is  siiluctjiicntly  convcrti-'J  iulo  Ihc  cartionnle,  plmtjiliatc, 
Laud  chloride  of  lead  by  Miioii  of  Miluhle  carbonatps,  t)li08|>hatCB,  and  chlorides 
Fcf  the  iilknlie.1,  cic,  eoiitJiined  in  all  walom. 

I  Simikr  if  not  idfiilical  chanjtca.  tlie  »ul|)hide  of  iiilver  hw  suflercd,  wid  has 
}  been  wiiivcrlwt  into  the  chloride,  hroiuiile  of  iilTer,  and  dually,  by  the  redtic- 

tion  of  Ihe  latlpi-  coinpounda,  info  metallic  silver,  with  Iho  assislanw  of  docay- 

lat;  or^nic  tnattcn. 


TTu  Qrtat  VaJmeitma  Mint.  i 

lied  for  ite  dryness.     The  water  vras  firet.  atliojttcil  by  sn 
nyndicknu  ccnntniuucatioD  wiili  a  neighborini;  mine,  and  allQKi>dJ 
to  accaniulate  during  the  Bevolntion,  at  wliich  time,  thu  ma-j 
chinery  was  destroyed.     TI«?  atttmjit  to  restore  tliis  mine  may! 
bu   n^rded   M  ooe  of  the  boldest    miuiog   Hpccuktions   ev«r 
aU«(a[»l«d. 

The  dniinagi;  owmDoncwl   oa   the  firet  of  Fcbmarj-,  1825., 
Steam  eof^ines  wvrc  ttot  etuployod,  oa  account  of  the  scarcity  of] 
ftwl ;  but  ei^ht  bonw  wbtos,  of  the  largest  kind,  were  ercirtcdf 
roaod   tho  Oct^^>n  Shall,  ai»d    tcpt  at  work  day  aud   iiigbt,! 
without  intcnuisaion,  for  twenty-one  months,  iu  which  time,  thtnrj 
hnvcreit  the  water  183  vanw.     A»  it  de»c«iided,  thu  Levels  whicn 
became  aoceteihie,  were  reiiairvO,  aud  orcx  rutiwd  wbcnovcr  Aeinc , 
of  imy  prumLee  «[ipviin.-d  :  and  such  was  the  vigor  and  activity 
with  which  tin;  openitions  weri.-  carried  on,  that  a  share  in  the 
mine,  which,  in  18:24,  would  not  have  sold  for  twenty  thousand' 
doUars,  was  thought  worth  one  hundred  thousand  in  1827;  and 
in  1S28  there  were  351  vaias  drained. 


In  this  way.  alM,  the  arualaUK,  pliOB|]hvlv8,  miA  caxhouttea  of  copper  oad' 
Icw3  CO-.,  Mvompanyin^  the  silver  comimnmls  ra  tho  Collonulos,  must  hftva  ' 
been  prorfufid. 

By  qaaatibttirp  siwlyiiH  ilx!  liinowiii}>  rcsulta  were  abtaaaed: — 

3.  B. — AKALvtaoT  rue  BiJiixSiLrui  Ore. 

WtlRMorot*., l.TO    gTunnua. 

FCwrUc  oTrittw. > >•.•■  O.tTo        •< 

ilH«<H««r «....<......... ■ 0.160        •■ 

Mdlrcr,  p«miil^(u ....> Il.M.OO     " 

6aB«f<nii>«M)olb««Br«o,  {    ROOonooMyDr 

i.».nOiy».oton(nrmTiapim) 1  IT!0 

(««HUng*U  IV*MiOTB) 

LabUv.  1  liAM  knalyitd  a  tpKiinec  of  or«  brlonging  tn  ihc  third  diss  of 
ore*.    Till*  i«  »  lc«d  or*,  In  wliich  th<>  IcaU  wm  founii  to  exist  almoM  whoDy  ■ 
in  th*  (brm  »f  tho  '-GDlphidcof  Inxl.'' «inoci«t«d  with  "milpliidoof  hIiw,"  pro- 
baUr  raplacintt  the  finintT — (arprnttlirroui  gilena). 

Tb*  ykU  of  alitor  1  obtunud  hy  quuilllatlvo  auftlysu,  is  tlio  foilowint; : — 

4.  0. — AniLTMii  or  Tilt:  Lkad  Str.vcK  Oac. 

W*talit»r«n S.O0    {Twnro«a. 

EflUaSubcifRnva 0.110 

)«llr«r f, 0.082        " 

B  allTer,  pcrMDUga 4.10,00     ■■ 

BanafouaeMlollMcaTip],  J  111    oim«<a,or 

i.  •.  »o  rta.  flf  or*  fivoirdupoTn), lt!S8 

„jw»  know  from  Hmlymof  RMny  Kpcdmeiuiof  argvntiivnniit  «Jelll^ 

fitst  tht  pctrantRgc  of  «lrcr  in  it  is  vnniug  vpry  much — from  0,03  up  to 
aUDO,  it  may  he  upnrtvd  tl»l.  on  comiu^  lo  thn  man  mctAlTircTona  mm, 
ttm  haul  Dm  «U]  be  Ifrivcd  tit  tthowinK  a  grrot  richiwm  in  xilTtr. 

DR.CnAm,K.S  E.VnKRI.IN, 

Amaiylical  and  f'oiutultii-g  Ottinift, 

U  Walker  3l.,»(ni-Y«^ 


w 


nr  jlftiw  qT  Vrta  Granite. 


'Flic  fumoiiH  mine  M  Votn  Grande  wtu  one  in  Zncatecas, 
upon  which  ii  large  nun  of  nioney  was  vxpradtxl  by  rd  English 
company  to  piM«Jcut«  tho  workings,  but  with  such  gloomy  pnM- 
pecto  itmt  orders  witv  sent  out  to  discontinue  opcmtiona.  Be- 
fore they  arrived  the  appenranco  of  the  mine  had  so  clianged  that 
they  were  disobeyed.  In  April,  1S'2M,  the  mine  had  occa^oneil 
on  cxpencUturfi  of'  C57,656  dollars,  which  horo  the  more  heavily 
upon  the  resoHrees  of  the  association  as  it  was  unospticted. 

The  Report  on  the  mine  at  thin  period  Ba>-B  : — "TiieGftUega 
abaft  hud  been  nuiik  by  our  predeeessors,  who  had  driven  eroes 
cuts  to  the  hnlt-  and  extcuded  levels  Uimn  it  to  a  certuin  dia- 
tancc  ;  but  although  they  nearly  approached  the  shoot  of  or^ 
which  we  have  found  »o  rich,  they  stojiped  short  of  reaching  it ; 
RU<I  than,  by  one  of  those  chances  which  occur  in  mining,  it  waa 
left  for  future  di»covery. 

"  The  shaft  was  130  yards  iu  depth  ;  the  lode  had  been  cut 
at  two  points  bctwwen  the  surface  and  the  bottom  of  the  mine, 
and  some  trial  bad  been  made  in  cacb.  The  upper  level  ia  75 
yanl«  from  the  sur&oc,  and  is  called  Quadalupe  ;  the  one  below 
it  is  108  yards  from  the  surface,  and  is  called  San  Andres.  In 
this  level  we  first  met  with  ore,  wliieh  soon  became  rich  and 
tibuudant,  and  was  afterwards  found  to  be  e<iiially  so  by  an  ex- 
tension of  the  upper  level  In  the  dw!i>  level,  or  that  of  San 
Francisco,  not  much  lias  yet  been  found,  the  end  not  having  been 
driven  far  enough  to  the  east,  to  meet  what  seems  to  be  the  run 
of  the  ore-ground  ;  but  iu  a  winze,  gunk  further  eastward,  under 
the  San  Audres  l^'vd,  the  ore  has  been  found  to  hold  down  w 
deep  M  Sau  Fi;nuci«cu. 

"  The  ore  ground  Is  uow  passL^d  through  for  30  fathoms  iu 
length,  and  is  seen  aim  about  42  fathoms  in  height :  the  ends 
going  east,  at  present  continue  to  bo  rich,  and  the  ore  extends 
above  the  Onadalupe  level,  and  will  doubtleMi  be  found  to  go 
deejMjr  than  the  San  Francisco  level.  'I'he  loile  is  generally  nine 
or  ten  feet  in  width,  and  produces  from  150  to  200  cargas  of  oro 
per  fiithom. 

"  The  IcTch)  are  extending  into  a  largo  space  of  virgin  gnnmd 
of  the  greatest  protnise,  and  a  shaft  is  sinking  to  the  cast  of  our 
present  workings,  in  order  to  fuisue  our  discoveries  with  advan- 
tage. The  water  is  abstntcted  by  the  drainage  of  the  old  mincK 
to  the  QOi-l ;  but  in  oulev  to  tnllow  tlie  ore  below  the  San  Fmw- 
ciBco  lewl,  *»>nir:  mode  of  drawing  water  will  become  necessary  a,t 
La  Gullega  shaft,  which  will  be  easily  obtaim<d  by  the  erection 
of  one  or  moru  Mahtoates. 

*'  The  following  Tnble  will  exhibit  the  ijuimtity  of  ores  raised 
in  (be  last  year,  distiuguishitig  the  mines  from  which  it  has  been 
produced,  and  the  periods  for  which  tbe  accounts  aro  rendered  : 


I 


4 

4 


I 


TV  Mine  if  Vtta  Grande.  \7 

I  eg  Ora  ratMrd  at  f'eta  Grande,  182S. 

Hiciu.    vitrnx,  u  a»LtMit.  ToUI.  Qtly.  Totoli. 

OUSM         Cutpn.        <krp&         Ousii. 

JimMTT -1,715  1.494  ....  (liafW 

FebrnMj 4.7H8  1.B58  4811  7,136 

Much <0U  l.i>!iC  KU  6,794 

20,158 

laQaartcr 11,117  ■1.418  1.30.1 

Apta 3.191       mi      S53     4.4oe 

Vba 4.»47  1,140  635  &52S 

JoM ; 4,119  M-2  2,W3  7.644                     ' 

18572 

2a  QuMUt 12157  2.444  3.071 

J«tr 4J0n  SOI       5,867      11.108 

Angmt...- 5.5(12  703       7.911      U',36« 

SqptMUbtT 3.920  MH       T.IB6      1 1,551 

'■ —     M,9S5 

MQuwUt 13,9S2     •  2,1M     20.864 

October 5,tHia  0.17        9,828      15.881 

NorcrmW 3.903  741        a4ro      13.232 

DtombK 3.372  538       6,327      10,127 

39,22», 

•Itfa  Qn«rter 12,360      2,206      aifi.Vl  

114,918 

IstQMnor 14,417      4  418        1.303 

SdQurtV 12,1 '.7      2.+14        3.971 

3d  QMrter 13,ll«i      2,130      a\SM 

4tb  Qii«UT. , . .        12:3(10      2,201      2l.fi54 

saaiG    11,207      511,792     114,915 

**  Tbo  whole  costs  of  the  mincH  for  thu  year,  cxcluavo  of  those' 
leUtiiig  to  th<]  redaction  uf  urcs  lit  tliu  Hucicndas,  amount  to 
S91,'21^  doUsn,  which  will  W  fotiod  to  \k  eqiia.1  to  a  charge  of 
ntber  more  thai)  five  dollars  on  each  carga  of  ore  miaed." 

Of  the  I15,0(K}  car^;as  of  ore  extracted,  that  [Mrt  oa\j  pio- 
duced  it«  value  in  nujtiov,  wlikli  the  Haciendns  had  boeu  able  to 
redncc  ;  and  the  <:r.\l<.'Ut  of  the  works  iiot  having  buoD  cadciUal^d 
apon  BO  uncxpcvtud  uii  iiicn-nse  iu  the  uixw,  30,000  cargas  tu- 
maio  in  the  onLgazincti,  which  Iiutc  not  yet  bc<in  tumod  to  ac- 
oonnt. 

85,514  cargas  were  beticgciut«d,  and  yielded  117,581  marcfl 
of  Mlvcr,  or  1,001,098  dollars. 

The  oo«t«  of  the  Haciendas  amount  to  301, Gd4  dollars  ;  the 
prodnce,  ur  Ivy  of  each  oai^,  averages  1 1  it  dollars  ;  but  the  ores 
improved  as  thv  discoveries  proceeded,  and  that  io  eo  rcmariuible 
a  ratio,  that,  while  ihc  avuru^u  of  the  first  quarter  gave  only  7| 
dolt&ra  to  the  carga,  the  third  quarter  uvcrugd)  13|  dollars  per 
MDga,  imd  the  fourth  I'S^. 


49  Tht  Mine  vf  VHa  Grande. 

The  prolita  of  the  y«ar  will  Bp|H-Hr  by  Uic  foUowiug  Uble  : 

The  roit  of  the  minwi  u  seUteJ 8ft01,319 

HKinidsK V. :«I,(W4 

Deduct Hunilrr  rticnipta ....,..,.,.. 27,132 

ToUl  wsl Sfl5,7fl'' 

<hw»  return 1.000,008 

Praflttt  in  maaej S136,:t57 

To  thJK,  howewr,  ytn  must  add  the  value  of  the  Htock  of  ore 
aori'duatl,  but  inrlitdeil  in  the  geueral  expcnaefi  of  the  twelve- 
monlh,  and  aniuniiting.  u-itli  tho  ore  on  liatid  in  January,  1828, 
to  59,080  airfpis.  Tl>cs(t,  if  tnki-n  at  the  «v«n'af3>''  of  the  lat«r 
Hacienda  opuratiunK,  would  yield  531,720  dullniB  (uHsuniiug 
twelve  doUare  to  be  the  product*,  and  three  dollars  thu  cost  of  re- 
duction for  each  carga),  wliich.  addtsl  to  the  balance  of  cash 
profit,  wtmid  anioiiDt  to  667,000  dollars,  or  about  £133,000 
sterling  in  the  year. 

Tlie  total  expenditure  of  the  Company,  bath  at  Zacatecaa 
and  BoImiob,  op  to  the  end  of  March  1828,  does  not  exceed 
£250,000  :  while  the  ore  raised  at  Veta  Grande  during  the  same 
twclvoni'iHth,  is  said  not  to  amount  to  onv/ouHh  of  the  inu«8  in 
sight,  that  is,  actually  tut  tlianifiU  by  the  levcU,  and  ready  t"  be 
converted  into  silvtT  as  soon  as  tht'  completion  of  mora  extuiisivo 
reduction  works  shall  render  its  extraction  advisable. 

"  If  we  assume  this  estimate  to  be  correct,  we  shall  find  that 
the  value  of  the  345,000  cargas  remaining  cannot  lie  estimated 
at  lens  than  £45(>,0<>U  ;  while,  as  the  works  advance  into  the 
unex])l<>rfd  ground  to  the  east,  H]ipearanoe8  have  hithorto  been 
suefa  as  tu  indicate  nilher  thtt  vxtousion,  thaD  the  temiiiitttUMi, 
of  Ibc  BunanziL 

"NotUinp,  therefore,"  says  Wand  at  that  time,  "can  be  more 
encouraging  tlian  the  prospects  of  the  negotiatiaa  ;  and  nothing, 
apparently,  less  ([uestiouablc,  than  its  sucoean,  although  the  ab- 
sence of  remittances  has  occaaonod  many  persons  to  cxpretB 
doubts  upon  the  subject  hui'e,  wiiicli  1  suppose  tliat  nothing 
but  the  actnal  receipt  of  a  dividend  will  remove. 

"  The  want  of  this  is,  however,  sufBciently  accounted  for ; 
ID  the  Urst  place,  by  the  unavoidable  deficiency  in  the  Reduction 
works,  and  in  thv  w.-c»t)d,  by  the  necessity  of  apptj-ing  to  Bo- 
lanos  a  part  of  the  surplus  produce  of  Veta  Grande,  in  order  to 
prcvL'ut  an  additional  demand  irom  that  quarter  upon  tlie  pTO- 
prietore  at  home," 

We  have  made  these  extensive  atatcments  in  relation  to  one 


i 


*  This  •Toran  is  probablr  loo  ttigh,  fts  tlio  richer  «ica  won  of  wurso  b«ne- 
flciated  first,  aaa  the  pooRr  Idl  on  Imnd. 


Jgumai  tjf  XliKing  Laws  and  JUguJiUioiu, 


49 


or  two  of  the  priucijial  aWer  mines  of  Mexico,  in  ^nnection 
vritb  our  k-ading  luibjcci  of  thv  silvor  mitie  of  Jesus  Mana,  in 
ortler  to  prcHcol  a  nioiv  ciuiiiplutc  view  oi"  iho  Gtii|>eii<]otiH  opera- 
tions at  one  tirnii  cairricd  on  in  Mcxiw,  ttud  also  to  funiiab  our 
readera  wiih  Boine  jtarticulara  of  tho  early  workings  of  tbesQ 
nitaei),  wliich  have  not  tKoonto  easily  accCH«ibb  to  every  person. 


JOIJli:<AL  OF  IIIXIKG  UWS  AND  REGUUT10S& 

noctirt  es  cohmaieihtx. 

This  h  tho  thio  or  &  fbnn  at  tapwiatrtbip  ciKting  undnr  the  laws  of 

,  Vnxtoa,  uai  ia  ueocdanoc  nitb  which,  miuij-  kimgf\  ainiag  corapaaxux  are  nr* 

ipnund.    It  H  rtrj  tiicnUu  to  our  uynUan  of  «lcnt  parlncnihipi  vtiih  a  limited 

'  reqwnubtli^.     In  •  ivotal  Dtuaber  of  lliu  W^mintttr  Rtri^w  in  on  i-xaiui- 

BKlka  of  tbo  Etigljeh  system  of  rapsrluL'r8liJ[)s,  which  contains  au  account  of  . 

th»  ^Htnu  of  SocUli  «i>  CommoMdUe  as  it  is  rairird  out  on  the  continont: — 

"ThiV  moot  obvious  amciulmoat  which  acvwn  to  be  Dcodwl  i*  fonnileil  on  tbt 
l^tJBction  alrvwljr  >dTvrl«d  to  brtn-nn  thr  rlormnnt  nml  the  actiTe  cnrtoers  of 
Imntilc  a«iiociatmii.  Althoii|;h  trjctliHl  ty  tho  romnuMi  Uw,  thiu  didhio 
HiTCHWeted  bjr  ahnMt  cvi'17  Otht-r  dvilizvU  jioopk';  unuiig  whum  tl  in  now 
IcalablbhMl  that  thowmembwaof  a  flru  who  a>utAlii  from  all  LnturfervDoe 
t  conduct  of  th«  paitnanhi})  bnntMn,  arc  linM'-  to  iu  civditors  onlf  to  the 
Dl  to  whirh  thcF  \ixt*  bonnri  thRmmltVK.  Sui'h  Ik  tho  law  of  Praiin^ 
Spain,  PoTlugal,  SwilirrlnniL  WiirlcmbcrH,  Rukul  llullaiid,  t/itnhanij-,  Flo- 
naot,  Sardinia.  Ni|ili».  SicU)',  thu  Ionian  lolanib,  Hijli,  uikI  twraity  of  th* 
{JtalCB  of  thi*  Aini'ri'.^ii  I'liioii.  TIm  IVnwh  Corft^  whioli  may  b*  taken  as  the 
rjpa  ol  all  thv  oiiitrs  rocn^iwa  tbrta  *p©dM  oT  eommcrcint  iodolios,— the  op- 
wart  trading  flmi  of  aeiin  pnrt&en,  or  partiwrship  en  nam  eoOrctif;  the 
aMOCMtMn  paTtljr  oT  aciioe  and  partly  uf  dormant  parinen,  caUud  the  Soriiti 
tti  Qimmawitt  i  and  Uio  f!ufw^  .-Inonjr'trtr,  nyrrcnnnclin^  to  oiir  juliit- slock 
I  cnporationa.  Tha  flret  two  may  ho  fornivd  at  plcannre,  the  last  only  by 
1mt«  of  tbo  Staler  Th«  caTtncrs  in  thu  liriL  and  tli«  actini;  partner*  in 
the  Moond  kind  of  awodatlon  are  rvspoiiHiblv  Iu  llie  wholu  (•\li;nt  of  ihtir 
Ibr  the  eugiKMiwatn  of  their  tirmi  the  lioraiaut  partners  «f  tha 
<  WtWtA,  lika  all  ibo  ahareholilM*  in  the  thinl,  are  not  liable  fbr  loans  bojrcnd 
'"^'  lUMnt  which  tlMy  have  contributed,  or  hare  unrlertnlicn  to  cnntnbnte 
cotnmMi  fuiid;  and  after  tlte  d«bta  an  fully  .tiiisiiwL  the  dormant 
bwoaia  crwBtOcs,  and  provo  against  tho  r«8iduu  of  Iho  ntaie.  The 
a  thns  thrown  nmnd  a  dormant  partnor  or  amtnumditaire.  can- 
only  as  koK  as  he  strictly  pnu«rreK  hit  neutral  character.  To  the 
gtraat,  or  adinf  partner,  Li  comuiiltt'il  t!ie  cjn'Iusive  dirvction  of  the  partner- 
tfaip  allaira  i  and  so  loiii;  as  he  «niiihi'-i>i  ilirtn  in  conformity  witli  tliu  articii« 
of  parlnarihip.  and  nnxlurv*  the  )>ool,>  and  annual  onxiiiDtN  to  bis  svcrcl  aaio- 
datcis  he  is  iMependent  of  thi-ro.  Tliu  latter  may  join  in  tho  Kcncntl  tlvlibura- 
tinw  of  ibe  sodety,  and  may  alale  Uii-ir  1  iews  and  give  Ihdr  advioc — although 
not  Ibdr  Toica  npon  any  of  iu  Iransaclii>nij ;  but  ihi.'  momi-ut  thvy  advntice  a 
Hap  AtrtbtT,  aad  do  any  '  arl  oif  niana):cmi<rti,'  they  paM  into  tbe  eategorjr  of 
aetu^  partner*.  In  tfcrowint;  off  the  reatrictionx,  Uiey  lone  tha  protection  of 
ibt  law,  and  beoa«u«  nHiiiuaiiblc  fur  tlii-  debts  and  cDngeuirnts  of  the  &rm  in 
toUdo,  that  is,  to  the  whole  ost«ut  of  their  meimit.  Il  slioulJ  be  xldod,  that 
kt  ilw  prOTentioa  of  frauds  and  other  minor  ioconvcnicoccs  which  arts*  IVom 
iMRcy,  tho  French  law  rc()uircs  that  all  partncishipa,  and  uaaag  than,  \!hct^ 

Vol.  II.— 4 


M 


Jowmai  <tf  Mining  Law*  and  Htgalatiom. 


fort^  Ifiose  uiiilcr  roa-iidoration,  A«!l  be  eonttitnUd  by  dtwd  or  writinfc, 
lliul  a  iiituiitv  i^r  cc'rtil](«te  of  the  unterUI  ptrliculftra  of  ibe  iiulrumuiit,  M« 
pLiier  with  rill*  iinnii;  n(  tlio  plwc  or  pIncM  where  thei  hiwinrsn  is  to  b*  csrri«d 
on.  Rlmll  U-  reKislc-mi  unci  pliicaivled  in  llic  rominprcini  roiirt  of  Ihc  (tistrkL 
uiil  publisliwl.  in  the  four™  (-t  Iho  tsrsl  fortnight  in  every  January,  in  Iho  tow 
uvn-K|u|i(-rs.  The  otrtiflolo  must  cojitniii  tliv  iiamwt,  ifcscripUoiu;  and  pi 
of  aboflo  of  Ihe  gcupml  jifirtncr»,  the  ntjln  of  the  fl  rm,  the  names  of  iboM  _ 
ncre  irho  are  to  mnniiKc  the  busanuie^  Uie  cbte  and  ilunlioa  of  the  partnnihl 
anJ— wheie  llie  flnn  cuoMnlii  partly  of  dcrmani  partiitrs,  uid  Li  ooniiWittcnlly 
tociitl  en  voiamandiU — uul  the  nauiiys  but  lucrclv  the  miiuuiil  of  the  fundi 
f^Riieb(>iJ,  cr  1(1 1(0  fiirnwhcii,  by  the  commamlita.trf'i.  The  slylo  of  Uie  Bnn 
must  OMiettC  nf  the  names  of  the  fccnenil  partners  with  thn  Hipcradilitioii  of 
words, 'nnil  iMTiijmny,'  which  asinglr   Ini^k-r  is  not  allowed  to  ■ssumc.     1 

P'  "o  is  tbiis  nartied  that  the  oiit«iullili*  p;irtnvra  arv  trailiag  with,  in  part 
capital  not  their  own  ;  nud  >.>y  nirnii'  of  the  rrgidry,  the  suiMunt  b«(3«i 
intriistod  l/i  Ihvni  cm  bo  c«eil^  asnurtuncd. 

"  The  tyiilcm  has  unqueRtionably  worked  well  abroad.  '  I  do  not  hefdl«tB| 
to  sUle,'  wntM  Mr.  SimiKton  IVoin  Ainstunlnm,  '  as  Ihe  r*iult  of  tnenty-clgl 
TMn*  «xpeTianc(^  daring  which  tjnie  I  havci  nctcl  a«  n  Jiiri«conijutt  ui<J  biuristcr. 
that  t}iUM  partnerahip8  h»T«  produrcil  grcnt  good  nnd  littlo  evil,  Ldvo  cai 
lest  controwrxy  than  other  partnerships ;  in  only  frvr  ca.-vs  bore  luvn  i: 
ments  of  ilcccplion )  irad  the  laws  haxu  proved  siilfii-jvutly  ufliewious  to 
abuse.'  Tire  Dulcb  have  ilrie-l  nu  Uki's,  inclowd  riTors  wllbio  tlii-ir'baji 
rvpcUtii  the  inTMlon  of  the  ft-a  with  dyl^cs,  nnr)  rerlauned  WMte  lands,  throi 
tho  axcni'y  of  these  partnemfaips.  Jn  tbc  Itbenish  nroriocei;, — and  by 
country  U  tliuir  husbandrr  exouUvd  ? — Eumiiig  eHUbtishmenta  arc  carried 
by  oauipuiii>s  uf  the  same  \iud.  'Tlin  s^i^tuin  of  blocpitie  partnurv,  "rn  eoi 
maiidiU-,"  as  it  is  Icffaliy  ((Tmcl,  enitis  in  .'•pain,'  says  Mr.  Mntk.  the  JBritii 
cousul  at  Malays,  'and  from  ]>rartii'a1  oi|wricinon  (fnr  iipwiirila  of  tweotj 
Jtaif),  I  can  with  ufety  aav  it  acts  n-ttl,  and  U  niltndcd  willi  boncfldaj  : 
suit*.'  'On  the  Coutineill,'  nay*  -Mr.  H.  J.  tintlioi-cn,  'it  works  admirabt: 
well;  my  in  Franewj  Beljrinm,  Ilollsud.  nml  Iljily.'  Mr.  U-une  Levi  tnenlio 
Ibat  Ilia  iiatiTO  town,  Ancona,  has  Im-n  li)^bt<-d  with  gns  by  a  Hiriiilar  i 
lion,  and  thinks  that,  otlhoiigh  hr  bos  known  it  open  to  much  ahus 
not  say  in  n-liat  respwls — the  synUvii  lis-i  done  much  good  in  that  pla  _ 
tlut  its  introduction,  with  c^uul[lletu  publicity,  would  be  advantiq^us  to" 
CDunirt-.  ilr.  Dnvix,  tbi<  socrctary  of  tlie  American  Icglkdon,  BMfK  that  it  I 
worked  well  in  Ma^uiclmtstts.  At  i^t.  Etii'iim-.  as  alrviuly  mmlioncd,  lialf  1 
ribbon  tnanulikctiirers  commL-nccd  life  as  lli<if!ri\tii».vT  aKting  patlntrs,  of  f rt 
nuuidit*  societies.  Ill  Fniiiisj  llior*  were  in  1840-7-*^  according  to  Mr.  W.l 
Uawea,  Gtiti4  ptrloersbips,  of  which  11.^6  were  tn  fommanditr  :  but  atthou^l 
Uul  Kenttrtunn  disoovcrs  in  this  dlspiroportiou  a  oomleinniiliim  oiihi'  xynteni  I 
liw  poopio  amoni;  wliom  it  pnvoib,  it  cannot  but  strike  others  ns  oidy  demo 
atntivc  of  what  night  have  been  exp«cled  d  prfoW,— viz.,  that  those  who  d 
bark  ill  cominercL'  aiv.  iu  j^'QfmL,  diepo»«d  to  take  mi  active  (lart  iu  the  condui 
of  tbeir  biuJiJi'nN; — wliilc  tbc  |N>sitivo  niimlxir  nf  flrms  sustained  by  Ibe  capit 
of  donuaiit  paHncTft,  cannot  tml  convey  ttio  idea  of  numerous  instanuu  c 
DOVOrty  with  good  conduct  rising  to  cumpvtetia',  and  of  mechanical  KeniiisaDd' 
umntiTefacullietutdizcdfor  public  and  piiiuleadeaula;^.  The  best  proof  per- 
bapb  of  the  working  of  the  system,  is  tlie  pstimaf  ion  in  which  tliv  c-AtimitndiU 
parUiersbifd  are  held  in  tbc  market ;  nnd  on  this  siilijcct  Mr.  R.  It.  Mintm 
writca  from  America :  '  Snch  parlncrshipx  commiuid  as  niiirb  rivilit  and  pmt- 
ral  conBdencc  as  ordinary  tKUtnenlii;!*.  perhaps  more.  There  is  nrtun^  n  j 
(he  knowludgw  the  community  poiscix  of  the  reaources  of  »adi  lirms.' " 

wiiK.v  11^  A  uiKr.  tatxnoMTD? 
This  was  acHso  whicli  came  beforv  llio  Keumare  (Quarter  Sessions,  Irclar 
io  which  the  Kenmore  Mining  Company  weru  Appetlnnts,  sud  the  Oiiardian 


'  Mining  Lawt  and  Jtt^^tUulUHU. 


51 


«f  tfan  Kmnare  ITiilan,  Raiinnrfentti.    The  uppclluiM  dmM  Uieir  obliRktioa 
M  pftj  tbo  Poor-nl^  in  coawquuncG  of  their  mine  haviii);  Iwfo  nbMiikmod. 

Mr.  UcCurUt;  Dowoinc  opaiod  the  ).iip«Uiuil'H  cast-,  .xUlin^  (hit  there  were 
{imr  lUUcnrnl ub^'ctioiM :  th« subataaluJ  oii^mkI  wlikbliixdit-iibt  were oaxioiit 
\   to  ^Tc  lb«  caw  dcddod  on,  wok  that  the  nuacs  wen  not  HMv  in  he  mlcd 
[    mdcT  llic  C3d  scclion  oftlic   Ixt  juid  ^  Vic.  cha)!.  AG,  Ihi^  miho  hnrTii^  Iifm 
inlhin  ifac  BMaaing  of  (hat  act  bona  ^t  abandoned,  and  not  rc^ticiicii  (<yr 
I  mmm  ycant  liooe  such  ab«iiiloiuiiout.    Allliou^  tbu  court  bail  twu*  htfan  1 
'    doddoA  agsinst  th«i  ap^llanU,  onuu  upon  Codinkal  UTOuniJs,  and  »«Miu(ily.  va  I 
the  gTOuml  that  the  runes  n-pte  nu[  ahundgnvd,  ha  thought  that  hfi  coiiM  iIm'D 
imiKitil  Um  caw  wider  diflcrrat  citvuinsUneea  Ihiin  thonon  whleh  thn  cniirt  I 
h^  tidiwi]  dccidel.    It  was  not  iii  tlw  |>owcr  of  hiK  fricurl  (ilr.  McSu-ccn/)  | 
who  then  oonilucWi!  the  caw.  and  now  a«8isl«d  him  (Mr.  Downinj;),  to  lay  , 
I  tkoaebcUbeforBihieaiiiit.     Thcyirm!  these:— In  183!),  Mr.  John  D.  Crokur,  i 
I  wlto  was  then  the  amiiT  in  foe  uf  Ihi:  liuids  of  Ardtullf,  in  oonMdcratioa  of  a 
k  mm  of  £1000,  and  a  rojaltjr  of  l-lSth,  granted  a  leaito  of  the  minerals  on  < 
Lsaid  lands  to  KagJMi  caiiltaluU  tar  a  Unu  of  CI  yi^ani.    This  conpany  eon-  : 
rUniMil  to  work  the  mines  nji  to  Ibo  y«w  3847,  lk>ni  which  jitriod  tu  the  vear  | 
rlB<50,  Um  wwlcH  ei*««l  alto)^thcT,and  mUicintti-r  rciu',  Mr.  Crokcr  was  about  i 
I  to  connBtnoo  prooeodtngn  against  the  lejuoos  for  bfcaeh  of  eoTctunts  m  tht 
l,la>M^  wbcn  a  oomproiimi)  was  effected ;  the  1eaw«  igited  lo  aurrcntiler  the  I 
f  If  ff,  anit  hand  oi«r  the  machincrv,  Ac,  on  tho  landa,  to  Mr.  Orokpr,  hv  fore*  j 
Lniiig  bia  ri^t  of  ntlion.     In  Mmp  timi'  ailrr,  tho  property  was  m>1i1  iu   tlio  ' 
LucoBibemif  EKiatcK  Court,  and  the  mbi-mlK  were  said  in  a  di»lini^t  lot,  aiu]  I 
rwrav  pimhaiod  for  the  dun  of  i'iiiM  by  n  pcrKoii  of  some  notoriety.  Mr.  I 
L  Botlaon,  the  railway  king,  i&  oonneclioo  with  lou';  uthvri,  wlio  gmnlcd  a  leatc  | 
kiD  jorticH  who  vcro  now  rcpTMcotcd  by  the  Hpin'lluntd,  and  w'lio  commtnctd  ' 
t  K-wvrJciog  thcmiiKin  thesuininarori8SI.    If  ho  (Mr.  T>.)  proved  thoiv  facta  i 
I  to  tba  satubction  of  the  court,  he  thmijuht  that  thoro  conld  l^  no  questlou  aa 
I  to  IIm  r^t  of  the  appcUanta  to  1uit«  tho  rate  made  upon  thot«  mines  quashtd. 
[       John  Ditkm  Cruktr,  Eu.,  proved  Oie  Icaae  of  1839,  and  the  siirrcndcr  in  \ 
\  ISSti,  the  sale  en  the  Incuniborad  Estates  Court,  and  the  fict  that  tlic  minca 
L  wo*  not  worked  since  1!<-(T.  { 

I  OfOoa  axamined  hy  Mr.  F.  II,  Downing;. — Tlrul  a  perwin  in  rarr  of  it  after  ho 
I  get  peNBMsrinn,  to  prevent  uii^  hunii  liciiig  done  to  the  machinery ;  the  iiliafta  I 
I  were  filled  irilb  water;  beljevcs  tli<<  mine  tu  bt  valuable;  n-ould  have  rq  j 
lotgcction  tu  lake  shxm;  in  it :  the  fi-iriiKr  eonijiaiiy  OMksed  to  work  the  miiio  (it  I 
laoBawiaeneB  ofalarjre  portion  of  their  rapiui  baring  bwn  migapplied ;  th*  mlM  1 
Pmu  not  worked  fttm  1»<IT  lo  1!<5I. 

I        B[r.  John  Wiltianis, — Wiis  in  the  t'lnploymeiil  of  the  former  company  for  a 
I  year  and  nine  uionth?  \tp  \o  May.  ISAo.  when  be  Ka^f  i'[>  the  iiossuicion  to  Mr.  I 
t  Croker,  by  th«  wniten  aulhority  of  Mr.  Wcnliflclil,  ilie  '.v'crotary.  1 

I        Capl.  Wni.  TTiomaK, — !k  superintendent  of  ihe  mine  s.inoe  .Inne,  1*31  ;  nOM  ' 
ftt  tbo  iifCMmt  company  hnd  any  ootinecUun  with   the  former ;   tho  jm^tent  j 
^mnpaiiy  have  cipcoded  within  two  years,  a  iiinn  of  f  l'i,CH)0,  and  have  given 
ItwiploTineal,  daily,  to  nbr-nt  2iif>  ;>rmns. 

I       CroaB-ciamiaoil. — Rclievcslheminc  tobcajionilonn!  it basnotyct  rralized 
f  any  |«oflt« ;  knowK  that  the  emplujimmt  Riven,  ban  done  great  B«rnee  in  th«  , 
[-  wt  dieinon,  in  which  Ibe  inincii  am  situate. 

I       The  icnUl.  tiodcr  wlijch  tho  lands  wok  soM  b  the  Incuinbi^red  Eatntes  i 
[■Oart,  was  Ihioi  banded  in,  and  tho  aT^lianfs  cm»  wat tJowd. 
I       Mr.  P.  11.  Downing  enhmittcd  that  thecaM  now  made,  wsa  not  JiulDrientto  i 
rniiiira  the  court  to  ihwide  othem-i.-ie  than  it  had  done  on  two  ftirmer  ooraaion)!.   i 
IU  contended  that  there  was  nu  abandonment  of  the  mine  within  the  meaning 
[  ef  the  taw.     Il  waa  admilU'd  thul  there  was  a  jKirMn  constantly  in  [lowcuttoa 
'  md  circ  of  tlw  nim« ;  th»t  the  machinery,  Ac,  were  npvor  removed,  and  boJng  ' 
now  fai  tha  poMBBdon  of  the  prewiit  compiuiT,  showed  rather  a  transfer  than 
an  abandonmcDt,  and  therein:  he  hoped  Ihal  the  cuiurt  wouM  iVi«d»m  ^^ 
ilftsL 


n  Journal  of  Miiang  Imws  and  Ji^-guiatiotu 

Hr.  McOwtbjr  Dovning.— If  llw  word  "abandm''  bra  taj  meitnin)^  this 
tt&oi  wks  ■baadoned.  It  vas  cuUiot^r  TurMkcn,  uid  j^thi  up  •»  »  bupvlexa 
•Dterprise  by  tho  roruwr  compuif,  nut  arm  of  whom  is  now  ccannct«<3  willi  Iba 
jireecuL  Aliaiiiiinmcnt  mcnnx  n  givioj;  up  of  <«niclhinK  in  cxii^lnncc:  not  tha 
withdrairinn  fram  a  (hint;  do  longer  in  hviiig.  ind  tho  daii«  ill  tin-  stalutc ' 
sponkx  of  n>-o]Kiiiiig  tliu  old  [nine,  and  nol  tlii'  0)HiiLug  of  &  iwir  miiw ;  but  Ihe 
o^lll^^  for  salt;  and  roiitat,  Mid  tlip  mI<.'  tbcirviiii<lur,  arc  coucltisifo  va  to  llie  bci 
ortbaudoDtnont.  Thu  risital  dcBrnhna  tlic  mine  to  be  t>  I«to  in  th«  pOMMlAoii 
of  theKmmorc  XfininR  Compntiy,  and  the  Slut  (ootion  of  the  IStb  and  l&th' 
Vic.  chap.  77.  makes  eti-ry  order  >A  tho  CcqniniwiionerEi  final.  ' 

Court. — The  CMe  u  noir  befon  the  conn,  fa  quik  'litTen-nt,  iiiducd,  fifm 
tbow  thftt  had  bivD  hithcrta  before  it.    I  hsTe'not  the  slightMt  doubt  llMt  this ' 
inino  WM  abaadoiMd  bonajlrk  within  the  mmning;  of  the  Act  of  Parlinmcnt. ' 
T  think  the  doonmuntary  eTidcnee  coiu:ludi--s  inc  upon  Ihia  point;  buteren  ifit'] 
did  nut,  I  hvn  aufficinit  eridnx*  to  atigfy  tni.'  that  it  H-ax  abandoned.    Tito 
iinAiug  to  work  Ibr  bo  long  a  period,  alth(ni;j{i  it  is  not  contlusivp,  ret  is  strong ' 
evidcincc;  and  wbcn  I  couple  that  with  tho  evidence  nf  Kir.  (>nKrr  and   Mr. 
Williams,  T  mlcrtain  ni>  doubt  whatjioevcr.     It  is  liiid  down  in  "  l>ick<inBMi'»  , 
Qoarlcr  Spssions,"  that  a  mine  must  be  workci  to  be  rated,  and  if  ' 
though  a  vvrv  loiiiig  conrrm,  it  is  liaMci  lo  bp  raled.    It  has  been  conlende 
that  ptrwris  hnd   bwn  nil   through  in  poiawssion  of  this  mine,  hut  that  ia  no* 
CTidltiiw  of  its  WnR  worked.     1  lin«  eridmco  lliat  the  shafts  were  fllled  with' 
ttiiler.  Mid  tbftlnoworkiijin  fiu-t,  could  protwd ;  and  duritifilhis^tatcofthingi^' 
tlia  principli-  in  Dii'keusou'a  ).>ook  would  a[)ply.  that  when  a  mine  ccasea  to* 
work,  it  ill  HO  Inn^  liable  to  berated:  but  Mewmg  Ihe  wliotuof  Ibis,  tbedocu-' 
lintary  eridnneo  and  the  aalo  in  the  Ineuuiixn'd  Kxtatnt  Court,  there  ran  bs ' 
nA  doubt  but  that  (his  mine  wok  abandoned,  and  in,  therefore,  exempted  (kvittj 
liability  to  ratus  under  tho  G3d  seotiou  of  llie  Act.     I  wdl,  Iherefbrc  mibjoct  I 
the  pomt  reserred,  qua^  so  fkr  as  it  aiucets  a  rate  upon  those  mbcx. 


TitK  HiciiT  OP  WAT£K  coHMKras  IK  eju.iroHKta. 

Tbe  deciiu'on  j^veii  by  the  Suprttme  Cnurt  lost  week,  iu  the  caae  of  the  StiadfJ 
IfiiPa.  r.  Ihe  Orizzly  Co..  will  be  of  freat  bitorost  to  the  inlniiiE  ooinniuij 
r{tlian  oaitieularly  to  Hint  toit  largv  [jortion  of  the  miner*  who  dtjiead  upolil 
;<T  fiir  their  ukp,  brouKht  to  them  by  nrlillcal  moant.  Tho  ditch  or  water-1 
ooniEanics  bare  l«en  in  the  habit  ofchnrgin;;  the  riiini.T  for  Ibo  uw  uf  tho  water, 
w)  mud)  per  'lii.iii,  and  con sido ring  the  water  tliuir  owu,  aftur  it  had  been  UMd.'. 
once,  and  if  any  prty  winhcd  to  use  tho  watir  at  second  band,  tbey  wcca 
charged  for  it  at  a  n<diicc<l  rate.  TbuK,  if  on  a  mvinr,  a  miner  need  waivr  wliicb 
had  got  there  by  any  tiieaii.4,  ualumt  or  anifiuinl,  from  a  cumimny'it  liitcli,  th4 
Best  wan  char^ged  a  certam  rale,  the  second  or  tlurd  pi^diaju  Itui^  and  m  on, 
dWa  tlie  nvine^  until  the  water,  which  would  otbuiwiaebe  wa.ite  water,  reaches 
a  ri^r  or  creek.  And  also  if  a  miner  was  n^inii:  the  wa(«r  l^r  hia  "Tom,"  and 
a  friend  took  the  water  after  running  through  tltc  machine,  lo  uaa  !u  w<irkiiig  a 
cradle  or  eouiroea  lockcr.  tlie  coro{muy  daiiuts]  the  right  of  char^^g  for  uw 
use  oT  it.  The  InuiwdiMA  qiuution  in  tha  case  ntemiUt,  wan  wheltwr  a  Ditch 
Company  had  a  right  to  withdraw  water  which  had  been  ruu  by  the  uatntsl 
tmi  of  the  country  from  thdr  promiioi  into  anotbrT  stivam  or  ervek.  fnnui  such 
jfanm,  to  the  injury  of  a  comiiany  depending  upon  the  iitmun  fur  water.  It 
wa.1  decided  Uint  they  liad  not  tb«  riglil.  and  the  principle  was  also  laid  down 
that  after  water  had  passed  from  the  pa&sca^ion,  tliat  i&^  from  the  giuundii  used 
■ltd  imprond  1^  labor  of  tho  company,  it  was  na  longer  thoirti,  and  be<:anie  the 
smNf  ty  of  whoever  mi^tht  chooae  to  poaseM  it.  Another  important  jirindpie 
Ua  down,  wax,  that  a  farmer  whuu.-  laud  tlie  water  pastes  thniuKh  niay  hate 
a  rewwoablc  uw  of  the  Munu ;  §ucb,  for  instance,  aa  to  iioe  it  for  mill  purposciL 
■liraya  providing,  tbal  the  compuiy,  if  previously  in  posaesaiou,  is  not  iiyured 
bf  taek  tiso  of  it. 


I 


JouriuU  t^  MiMXHg  Laws  and  lUguiatioitt. 


9» 


lUE  PRoraocnBiHir  «r  MiHia  IK  zhhumtniA. 

The  local  pttB*  of  Calfoniia  luu  di«:um«il  n-ilh  mrac  noiwiileniblo  ibiUty 
I  laU  dociaoit  of  Uw  Supreun:  Court  of  tb&t  St4to,  eUiminc  br  the  State  tho 
ircli>|>  in  all  mhuB  within  lu  limits.    Uera  ia  a  tpesimiin  oT  tho  maimer 
'  in  whkh  tho  nibjoct  is  timlad : 

The  Siutoho  Court  (Jul}-  2J)  rviulendadixn«ionintheciun:uf  IIid!K«tftl. 
I V.  Bdl  «4  M,<in  an  ordbtry  ^ucslioo  or  iiofistH^r}'  right  in  a  tntuinf;  cluin.  m 
^oripnol.  and  m  much  at  iRrianco  with  all  pr»«xiatiD£  notions  of  tliv  priiicipiL' 
lived,  aa  to  he  almntt  utartltnjt-  Tho  Court  mni  bayond  thn  nxnrd  to  nnch 
Itbe  point  niMd  and  dediled.  which  ia  tho  aorerei^tj'  M  (ho  mines.  Tlic  Court 
I  that  tho  ViioirA  SutvH  has  m  hiUnM  in,  clmm  to,  or  juriMlictiou  owr 
f^^tbe  |[oU  aad  tilT«r  mines  of  Caliltvniia. 

The  pni>el(lo«o(eoanaanlav  npon  which  this  diyiKion  u  tisml  nrv  prwlsclf 

^tbe  aamie  vpoa  which  a  oontcalant  of  the  Kinici'  on-ntrnhip  wotiid  iiiunlsin  the 

riHU  BovcnigntT  of  tho  OeoenU  Oovemuait  over  the  mines.    That  is  to 

Uis  CoaK  bolus  thai  tho  rights  of  llwi  crown,  und^r  the  {vnunion  tatr  of 

od,  to  all  niaM  or  pnv-inus  mctAls.  mit  in  this  ^t.tte  as  Iho  »ii(yvi(<hiig 

ilj-,  imbad  of  in  the  t'nitfil  stalf.*.     Tlic  principle  of  siKvcxsioii  is  a 

I  and  very  well  c.vtalilislieil  one ;  tlit-  ningiilarity  in   lhi»  ca.io  is  in  the 

ton  oTlho  pHnclpK     It  hsi  hith«no  htcn  a  i^'mTally  rtccivvd  upiiiitia 

:  Uk  aooDCMian  of  sMwrmg&ly  id  this  it^prct  wsstoihoFrilrnil  G'>vi;riint«nt 

I  not  to  the  indindaal  Statca.     It  haH  been  not  onlv  thn  pnpiilsr  iindnrAUnd- 

,  but  all  tbe  statiites  of  Confcren,  as  wtrll  as  (if  we  mixlnkt'  not)  the  airticni 

Tthe  SuprenM  Court  of  the  L'uitwl  Statei^  liAve  nyw^iiieiJ  tliv  priQcipIt^.     Utit. 

dlBg  to  th*  npiiiioi)  of  tho  learned  Juil^4  of  ('Hlironiin,  C(>ii),-n<u  nnd  the 

M  Court  of  thn  t'nitod  Statos  have  been  Inlxirini;  und(-T  a  miiwpprohen' 

rtbe  extent  and  onliire  of  the  n>v»T«i|rnty  of  the  I'Rdrrnl  I'nion. 

Tbo  flrst  authority  <jiiot«l  hy  their  Honors  in,  «t  think,  nil  iinfortunnte  onis, 

and  tends  to  opiet  ratltM'  than  to  ntahlish  Iht'ir  opbion.    Tlii-y  ijuoie  Black- 

I  ■tegne'i  iiliuc  that  the  royal  ''  rifht  (o  mines  has  its  oricia  fniiu  tlie  KiDg-'n  pre- 

Ut*  of  coinage."    Tt  Is  dear  that  he  did  not  own  the  mines  l)ccnusv  sueh 

I  was  neeosflary  to  thn  eiereise  of  thir"  pttrrpftntirc  of  «Bnn((p ;"  when  the 

at)T«  wa»  withdrawn  frnm  ilio  King  nnJ  yvnltA  ip  nnoihtT  power,  tho 

hip  of  the  nuncK.  beiiir  ineiiletil   to   llie  pi«rocatjve,  wa^  aceorrling  (O 

MM,  transfemMl  with  it.    The  jiiHMlii'tiiin  nf  the  nunrs  ^s  with  th« 

lof  oointu^,  and  not   with  the  saierci)^ly  of  the  s<itt  m  which  thnj 

i  Mt,  wileM  the  preroftatirc  and  the  unTTcignty  are  coiiicideat,  ax  they  arc  in  . 

I  Qui  cnac     The  caw  cited  from  I'luwilen.  in   which  it  was  ruled  that  a  royal 

I  wwyanoe  of  laada  WBtaiiiipg  minea  did  not  OMiTcy  the  right  which  he  held 

'  b  Ihen  by  nruw  of  (bo  prerogaiiTn  of  noins^  is  also,  wo  think,  directly 

KUnst  tli«  opinion  of  tbo  Court.     If  the  roynl  ownership  had  omitted  hy  riRht 

M  soTerdKDty.  the  Kins  could  liare  atii?naie<l  the  miueH  as  well  as  Ihu  tandii  ia  , 

which  they  were  funDil.     Bat  the  iuriMliclioii  of  th«  mines  boin);  necessary  to 

the  prerogative  of  vohtagn,  ho  nala  not  convey  them  while  thst  prcnipittTO  ' 

pMMd  from  bin  to  bis  sucomkot,  tho  rnite*)  Stnti»;  nil  the  rit;hts  and  powera  ' 

OKsdmt  to  it  passed  with  it,  find  w  now  vetted  in  the  Fcdernl  L'niMi  o-t  ths 

lepj  sraeccsaur  of  the  ctowo. 

Tlicir  Uononuy  "llie  minMofpild  and  silver  in  ptiblic  lands  sn  as  much  J 
Iha  Bsii|ieny  of  Ihla  State  hy  Tirtnn  of  her  soTcrcignty,  as  are  mmikr  min™  tg 
tk*  wndaof  |iriva(o  citiuDS.''  Very  true — but  where  do  their  llaiion  lind  ' 
thai  "sjnalar  mtnm  in  the  Innds  of  private  citiiens^  art  the  proiwrty  of  this  ' 
State,  or  anv  other  Statef  W«  think  not  in  the  Xew-York  and  renusviTania  < 
n«i  dted.  becaau  ibnw  easM  do  not  ftpjjcsr  to  toiirh  tlie  yirinr.iple.  I^ey  ro>  ^ 
krrBd  to  diM»verie4  of  mines  in  thn  pnblie  domnni,  unci  tlie  ncticn  of  the  Legis- 
lalona  dh)  not  imply,  nectMsarUy,  toverelgnty  over  the  ininm  in  tho  public  or ' 
pnntabuiils. 


u 


Jatmtal  of  Mining  Lam  ajtd  R^ulaticm. 


We  tlo  not  ummo  to  jioss  judgnmtt  tit«n  thn  opininn  of  tb«  Court,  but  i 
Mnuot  »voiii  lliinkins  Ui«  giwuiiJ«  or  llic  occifiion  »nj  unttriiblLi.     As  H  mtwtj 
havd  an  iraporUnt  l)i-»riuj;  «[ion  tlic  miniiiK  inlCTCrt*  of  llii'  State,  it  i»  oT  tlitj 
hiRhpst  coiuwiiui-nco  tli»t  tho  wholo  *ul>jecl  Bhoul'l  be  elMrl/  JimlorBtooii  aiH  i|i 
principle  inrolTod  tlinil/  cKt«l>lwlicil,  beforu  It  is  luado  thi;  bui*  of  Ugi^Utii 
actioii. 


KXAMitiJiTiait  Of  tta,  MiNiiiO  Rit<jpi.ATos»  or  coi.t;Mnt«  cwTKrcr,  Tt-OLCMXB  ^ 

PO,,  CM.irORNU. 

'rii«  mining  lim  nnil  rrRiibtions  luUlj^  ikii-)i>U'i)  by  lll«  praplcof  ihaOola 
bia<liKtrict.  m  Tiiolumnc  ouuiitf,  lliuui;L  juilicii>ii»  nnd  l>racUc«l  mmoetof  Ui 
BOirixiunN,  atb  in  otiii-n  nut  oiily  ii^iiJicioiis  anil  illcKnt,  liut  (idniterMig  to  tbo 
pMco  nntl  nt-ICuv  of  Ibi'  tH>|iiila1ii>n  vrilliin  ihc  dUtrict.  and  of  lliv  n'bolo  RtAte. 
We  tx*  tviiivinucd,  from  w  clianuikT  ortlie  miacrt  of  thai  ilistrid.  u  irdl  uj 
of  ihn  mining  j>o|ml«ti<.n  gCTicTnlIj-,  llrnt  Ihvuo  ruk-a  wi'iv  wlopU'il  nitliout  tti 
knnwlcdgc  of  kiiy  ponllifl  with  t)iv  ixiiisliliiliou  nnil  laws  and  tbnt  when  tbej 
perovin  iho  cuuHiot.  Uivy  will  modify  their  rR)[u1alii>n>. 

The  follnwjng  ardciv,  tho  only  one  to  which  n-fcriincD  nwd  Ihi  mad* 
|iras«nl,  i«  the  one  inoKt  oiycclionahlv,  ami  thv  enfuiu'iuiMil  of  which  thnab 
mMt  nrioiiK  cuaNequeiic'cii : 

Art.  10,  Nont'  hut  Americans,  and  EiiroiicnnswhohaTcorghAlIdpcUwlhoU 
iulniCiuufi  of  bvuoniiiiij;  citirj^nii,  Khali  hold  clai]n<i  in  lhi«  ditlricL     But  foitni; 
shall  haTc  iiiktil  the  fiiTit  of  Nuvciulwr  nvxt  to  (k'clnrv  ihcir  inU^iuions. 

Tiiis  articlu  of  the  lain  of  thv  luinuri  in  iu  ilinx'l  contravriitii'ri  '>r  Uii'  Stat 
coiuiiiuiiuu  and  of  thi'  stt(luU<of  MKr<'h30,  I8S3.    .Vs  tho  time  ^i|:|<i".i'  i'<     ..  I.jd  { 
the  <^I>ct  is  to  l.iko  «tfuct,  pn-parntionN  arc  mode  to  cnfom;  It,     TIk'   i<  !r<'.  :ri;;^ 
extract  of  n  k'tlcr  from  an  intcUitiKiil  and  rctpi'Ct4ble  foreign  ni'T.i'Li::  t   -iI  i-i 

at  Col  mil  hill,  uill  serve  to  illiiiitnitu  xumuwliat  tlie  xlato  of  tlu'  ji.iliin    imiil  id 

tliat  diidiiol  oil  (he  Kubjvot :  ^H 

-  TliB  ni\nd4  of  iIk-  4-niirc<  f>>roi^  population  ant  unsettled  ber«.    The  alanw^l 
ooeaakmed  by  a  rosohni-ui  of  the  min<Ts,  in  the  Columbia  Gax*U«  at  \X»  3SA 
OotobcT,  ordwinj!  all  foreigners  who  ue  not  naturatiud  to  quit  tho  district  be- 
fore the  iKt  of  Novombcf,  i»  geiwral.    Tliere  are  upwarda  of  1000  indiTidnals^H 
nhose  ri);hU  would  be  stru-.k  down  by  the  carryinc  out  of  thia  wlllaJi  nod  Qr^^l 
raunical  tvsolutioo.    Tho  Frvunh  mbers,  in  particiuar,  will  iutqc  aubiuit  lo iL^' 
RaUwr  than  live  a«  hclotx  In  n  land  Ibr  vhose  libcrtiM  tbrir  IbnAthara  abed 
their  blood,  they  will  nhako  the  diut  ofl'  tboir  feet  uid  quit  tbia  l^tate  faroTer.    I 
toll  you  that  no  reliance  can  li«  iilaoed  ou  tbv  autliuritw*  of  this  Stale,  each  of 
whom  aims  at  attaining  M>me  wlll»li  end  through  the  jieople.  and  wlio  tlierefbrt 
kaj;  not  the  moral  cotrngo  tarlsk  hixwoiiM-l-rpripularily  by  dvtendinsllieeHdw 
of  order  and  of  the  Invt.     Bcli«Te  an  old  nuidcnt  of  thix  State,  there  U  Koiaciifer 
brewing,  and  uoleas  sometliinc  luni»  up  which  I  cannot  ijtvxt.  there  will  bo 
btoodahod  in  this  district  ore  long." 

The  edict  Mlracinng  foroigniTf  conflicts  with  "wtiou  ITth  of  tlw  Declsia- 
lien  of  RiffhtiL  whioh  dKlaruliun  ii  the  \Ma>.  and  rwcuec  of  the  constiliition : 

See.  li.  Forei^en  who  are  or  may  hereafter  bceome  bimnjidf.  ritidz-nUot 
thie  state,  shall  enjoy  the  tasxm  rl^ta,  in  teKgwct  to  the  poisesiion,  enjoniicnt, 
and  inheritance  of  property,  as  iintiTe-bcim  citiisniB. 

Tlut  language  Is  too  plain  to  admit  of  two  mn&trnctions.    The  foreljnier 
rttidi*  actually  m  thi-  Statu,  though  he  Iioj.  not  dc'clnrcd,  and  does  not  At 
declaring  at  any  AiUue  time,  hli  inlcutiun  of  bci^omiDs  a  citiacn,  ha«  predaoi 
Dqual  protection  in  the  eitjoyinent  of  personal  righia  und  poiuewuon  of  ptoperl, 
with  ilw  native-born  or  natnteJiaDd  citiMH.     Ho  is  restricted  in  the  poliiioal 
frauuhiavL  aiid  in  nothing  elxc )  and  no  act  of  the  State  lA^Iature,  or  of  any 
other  power,  can  rvstnL-t  lii>  ri^ts  of  properly  or  pL-moml  fttodom,  m  long  as 
tbe  conntitution  remains  as  it  is.    Wo  liare  nothing  to  de  al  Brtatoit  with  the 
winloin,  or  joMitc,  or  policy  ef  that  ckuso  of  the  constitution.    We  must  almplj, 


1 


Comttwciai  AtpeU  of  the  Mining  Inientt. 


66 


tilu  the  ooDctitntioa  ac  it  utandii,  and  abiila  by  it*  declantJoDK,  or  elM  wray 
oonelvci  in  cpini  ojiptuiLion  to  it  and  nil  Uw.  If  the  cotuiituiion  u  vrroug  in 
pvingr  mch  lightn  U  foivlgutrs,  Ivt  It  Iw  lIU(^a<Ie<J,  but  not  viululre]. 

We  haT«  th*  utBMBt  oonfideDM  th«l  tho  (wopla  cf  Columbia  iliittTii^  mil 
most  ubcvtfitlly  Ibrcgo  Ibc  enfiirccBiont  of  ihinr  edict  8(^i«l   loiriKix-m  nrlicn 

SdHOOTGr  that  it  ii  ia  Tblatim  oT  law.  That  it  in  m,  rannoi  iiv  Tor  a  iiii>- 
quntionod  i  bma^ise  Ihi;  laagvwc  of  lliv  cuosiitiilitMi  guaiu loving  to 
fcreigiww  IIm  tcry  rights  nhioh  ttiii  tdiot  Ukm  rrdm  llictn.  la  «x[>lk'it,  and  can- 
BOt  be  nilDndnrslood.  IC  thoroforr,  llic  crliot  M  vnTorcvd,  It  niQRl  b«  don*  in 
opaa  deftanoB  til  tbo  primary  lav*  of  the  Slat*. 

Tbt  newlutioin  M  the  mmen  in  alxa  Id  violation  of  tho  xtatulc  of  March  30, 
185:),  entitled  in  Act "  To  girovid*  for  the  {ootuctian  of  iuragiiui^  andlodcfliM 
Ifadr  liaLilitJw  and  pririlcy\-8,'*    Tlial  Aot  doolanui; 

SeclioD  1. — Tliat  Ihiin  and  afWr  tho  pssna^  i^f  this  Ad,  im  penon  not  be- 
ing a  cHtMB  of  the  United  Statm  (CalirnmiiL  lnrlinnHCM»pl«d).  KhnM  botloirtid 
to  taJteftotd  from  tlie  itimi.ti  of  this  liutlc.  ualf-ii  Af.  ^alihaeca  Ucattt  therer- 
far,  aa  bcnaiW  protidcd. 

If  tlw  consiitution  mr*  sllvnt  toui:liIiig  Uio  rights  of  fordguera,  tho  Htatuu: 
^uanM)t«M  to  thrm  the  pnTllc^i*  of  minine  in  any  part  of  tlio  StRta,  tSWe  jiro- 
curiiif;  s  ItCGiMc  x  but  the  l^olumbiit  cdlrt  Jodarait  that  their  diall  not  work  the 
ininm  withm  a^rt&iu  litnitri.  with  ur  without  liccDM.  (t  i*  vnj  true  that  the 
tut  ttMlfb  in  diivcl  violuti-iii  of  tiii?  tunstitutioQ.  b«caiiso  It  iniposMnwCrictiotw 
on  the  pMstssioii  of  propiTty  by  rorvifutiri.  vhicFi  the  cot]«iliiition  ripUcltlj 
deeiares  *haU  not  be  imfiosecl.  tint  the  imivnAtitntionalit}'  of  tlie  ttntiiin  do«s 
mH  warrant  a  violation  ofiu  pr'ivisi'>nii  hv  thc!  imiKuliiou  of  re^trirtiatiK  grraler 
than  thoM  it  iaapoate.  U  ii  Ihcrrturo  \nh<l.  iik  nguliut  Uio  vioiatoniof  n^X* 
gnanaivnl  to  brtknors  bjr  il^  own  )irui  im-iiH,  as  w«]l  as  br  the  contuituttm. 

In  whiliivvr  ll^Tit  it  on  Ii4  Ticut'it,  It  ih  iiifoiitp^Ubl^  dear  llial  Ihi;  ciiiot 
oonflicts  iriili  Uic  conxtitiition  luiil  tliv  Matiitc.  trnd  that  it  pad  only  bo  enforced 
by  viotenca.  Wo  Inwt  the  people  of  the  Columbia  mininK  dlbli'irC  Till  not  Ibr- 
fnt  their  <iiara«Ur  ollattr-abiding dli Kens  hv  currying tiiciin-wluliuninlAdlbct, 
wboi  it  ill  (o  phunly  anlawful. — Mta  California, 


^ 


COMMERCIAL  ASPtXT  OF  THi;  MIMX(J  ISTEliEST. 

Nbw-¥om.  nee.  30.  1853. 

The  ttanaKtions  Id  Mining  stocks  thronghcmt  tho  post  month  oxiiibit  \  con- 
ddmlibiBenuo  when  mnipared  with  the  precoding  ones;  thusBhoniiig  In  tbt' 
noilMtttikctorfnanner,  the  growlngdesin)  on  tlw  part  of  Uio  community  to  avnli 
UmMriTca  ol  Ibrw  invcstnipnts  tot  thdr  Kurplus  Aindi. 

In  Nonfa  ('arollna.  there  bus  been  a  f^ood  deal  dolnjc  at  better  prioea.  Tha 
•lock  (eU  OH  low  as  31,  but  has  adtauml  to  'If,  and  from  the  character  of  tho 
bnyerH,  lho«  b  a  proapeet  of  its  advaudng  Btill  higher.  It  is  stated  that  the 
SupnintendMit  wrtiM  ho  is  getting  ont  6  tons  of  mppor  par  day ;  if  so.  aud 
this  yiold  CODtiaDGS.  the  mino  miint  proTC  very  ta)iiii>il(<:.  PcDnfljIvania  and 
LchJ^  Zioe  haa  declined  to  $.1  per  Khnrr.  A  $poA  deal  of  tioi^k  has  bom 
prcMing  upoB  the  market,  and  tbortcent  low  of  a  portionof  tlielr  bnildlnipihiMi, 
pcrfaapi,  aKri«l«d  tliin  dedinis  The  cocnfFany  are  reported  to  be  dob;;  a  f/xA 
■ad  pro6lab]e  UuinMK.  Ulster  slock  has  fallen  off  a  good  deal,  baring  tooichcd 
M  loir  a  point  aa  \\.  II  has,  boweter,  n-BL'l«J  (o  II,  at  whieh  price  Hwuc 
■mail  kits  uiiglit  bo  iold.  McCultough  stauda  about  8.  irllli  scarce  any  trsns- 
Mtiom.    Qold  Hill  stlls  readily  at  6^     Tt  is  vxpoctod  this  company  will 


M 


ComMurcial  Atpcet  of  the  Mining  Inwtat. 


dedare  ■  HHxmd  dmdend  the  coming  Juniw}'.  TTiia  Xoek  hta  very  quietly 
glrta  Tflana  wxincr  thui  uij  olliec  mtntng  coniiuiiy  dvnit  in  m  Ihit  marktt, 
tlMUgU  the  protniMai  from  Konio  utbcn  liM  boen  muvliIoTEcr.  Dimsinkll  puml 
of  thu  Wickctf  Cumpany  biualBO  btvn  ia  tlio  mu-keU  j\nothor  dch-  ^Iiloona- 
p«nj-,  Um  Bttddnghuo,  baa  kiM  been  btroducod.  irliidi  proini.tui  hnndnome  re- 
tiinu  for  inTesteiiciU.  Deep  Rltur  Miuing  CoQipany,  Ih>m  whir.h  miicli  naa  cx- 
p«cUd,  has  dediued  to  a  low  figviK.  Tlw  <»iii|>ui;'  ar«  coniddcnbly  to  debl ; 
if  tb^  can  arrio^  to  rcliovo  tUcnuwlvcs  they  mny  do  wvtt.  Lin<lia]>'  stock, 
which  ndno  wljoiiui  the  SIcCulIougch,  hu  kdvnnrcd  nif>it!I,v  (hjin  a'xiut  -10  ocnU 
to  75  <cnl*  per  share,  ind  ii*  fricndi  are  conlldcnt  tliat  in  tinio,  oud  hy  proper 
working  it  will  fton  «<jiiall]r  aa  good  as  lliv  .MtCuUuUi;h. 

ItnL-nis  Uold  baa  KOtdvd  (o  a  nr,v  low  fijiurv.  'I'liu  direction  in  thix  com- 
paaj  an  alow,  bnl  it  fs  BaM  they  art  mtv,  tuid  that  in  tiuiir  it  will  equal  in  ity 
Iiinis  all  tt8  fyii-nds  have  claimt^d  for  it.  ti  apjiearg  to  us  as  if  there  liad  beea 
|Teat  lack  of  energy  ><>  the  management  of  this  cMiiiwny. 

What  ha*  bcoonic  of  ManaMa*  7  tbic  ii  a  question  unen  tt\ctd  by  thow  whu 
ftora  bvorahlc  re;iortK,iind  the  promiaca  of  the  directors,  wen:  InduotdtoinrMt 
in  thin  rninu.  at  wliat  may  be  call(*(l  a  high  figure.     Surely  some  explanation 
^^idil  bo  given  ui  to  JtH  comlillun  ami  )in>ijM<ctii. 

HE&  uew  OMopany,  called  thn  .\mcncaii  White  Zinc.  CompaDy,  is  In  ODnna 
(flDDaHslbl  oprrntian  at  Brooklyn,  under  Ganlncr's  Patent  The  wbi(4 
nfljo-ft  made  from  the  (IK-Itrr,  as  in  I'rauw.  It  i..i  thought  the  company  CU 
nnako  12  torw  regularly  per  ilay.  Tbt'y  will  alw  ^riml  tbi^ir  white  oxicb  in  oil, 
n>  that  tho  character  of  their  pMut  nill  he  guaraulvcd.  Thoy  promiao  to  inakt 
la^xo  dividends. 

One  anaU  lot  of  the  stock  oT  the  nimasao  Copper  Company  was  sold  thiring 
tlHiDoadiat4}.  ThiEcnropanyhavnbecnahippin^Mcu'lilyrorsoaie  tlnwptat, 
owr  100  Urns  of  ore  per  month,  whir.h  has  tiiet  irith  a  market  as  well  in  N«r 
HaTcn  and  Itoiitoil  W  in  tbiu  city,  and  from  the  infmiuntiDn  we  hare  ivcdyj 
that  the  mine  IR  now  prcpan-d  lo  'Iclivcr  uioru  tliaa  double  thia  antouat  pee 
niontb,  wc  expect  to  have  Co  diruiiiclo  au  advauce  in  any  of  the  slock  Oat 
may  bo  oHered  buforo  our  next  publication.  ' 

A  lot  of  ibe  Parker  Vein  Company's  stock,  fbr  sale  la«t  WMk.  rtaditd  fK* 
Imrot  {oinl  it  hu  ci>-cr  yet  anircd  at;  it  luw,  however,  rallied  rinoa,  wd  now 
reBuna  Gnu  at  AJ  to  V.  The  Directors  puhliabcd  a  rp|>ort  ii;  aome  of  the  daily 
papen^  aoeompaiuei)  with  a  letter  from  tbo  Stiporintendt'ot^  whioh  gfiToi  a  flat- 
Mring  ira^NCt  of  what  Uw  alockholdvr*  ia  the  couipauy  tuay  expect  in  tha 
mofown  of  tixnc< 

hmA  atocka  liavo  been  generally  dull,  and  not  much  oifcring.  Some  sharea 
of  Polo«  that  were  put  up,  have  commanded  H- 

\  now  euiDpany,  aoine  parttcnlara  «f  vAich  appear  in  the  latter  port  of 
Uiix  piunber.  has  been  Ibrmed  for  the  irorking  of  some  mineit  in  CentieclicuL  in 
which  robait  haa  bMO  di«novcr«l.  The  large  demund  wliich  exbita  (or  tliis 
meUl,  together  with  the  limited  nipply.  Iberu  bttlug  but  one  otliur  locality  in 
wfaidi  it  hai  as  yet  been  diacortired,  must  tend  to  Etimulato  uuterprise  in  this 
■)uarUir. 


I 


CamtuKraai  Atpfet  of  Iks  SSfing  IntertU. 


57 


UticbiatioMfxe  Notfmber,  ISil,  in  tht  Mining  Stock*  tfim'iiK  that  mtmih  at 
tht  Sem-  York  Stock  EjivHaMge  Board,  t/umtng  Iktir  hlgknl  rmJ  loweM 
point*,  and  lite  date,  with  the  marktl  rvtue  at  tke  CtMt  ^  Iks  mOHth,  gai» 
or  lom  for  iJu  month,  and  maabfrof  Sharet^tachiM: 


»ll^,1M>— 

OwnbiaMif  om 

IliapU*  Md  !a*i)ii*teiiM. . . 

aoURinlUiH 

lllwMlCnppw 

UmAmt.. 

UtCMlicb  <lcU  taA  Gopl^  ■ 
»*m  anM  0«Ic«i[M>f ... 

<t.l>  JOBT  ZIW 

NoiUCa^M 

PukarFilBOMl... 

rwninytraittOMl 

I'taunHioM  *  Lahljch  XIb« 
riuuta  lOiUs  ud  flmal 
PMOwaCki 
PnudLMd 


l«.|'^-  -^ 


iua.i>»  a 

Mviu  !ita 

ti,«c»  w 

sdftMQ  a 

xaMa  9 

1A«L«M  III 

Mk«(W  l-||. 


WUMU 
•UMO 
HKMa 

tmrno 

lOOMO 
MUM 


% 

M 

to 
4} 

I 
» 

A 

10 

* 
IP 
t)l 

K 
)« 
I 
i 

I 


1 


i 


«i- 


ST,tW 
^00 


1.: 
)J» 

M,m 

Ml 

i.ns 


BOrratl  MININO  UllBK  MJJIKET. 

BodTOH,  Dw.  20,  1853. 

Tlic  jtftTJo*!  dosinx  hiwdonomorcfortliedcTBlftpmp.nt  of  tho  jl/ini'iiy  /ji/jt- 
u(«of  tboLokc  SupcriurKgioD,  than  ba.iurtr  bL-cn  nccomplUhcd  before,  ftnii  the 
pablie  hkT«  gkinciJ  muob  ralottUe  iaTorroation,  in  relation  to  thu  elm  of  pro* 
pcrty,  wludi  ha*  tended  to  aticnitthcB  their  belief  in  tho  |in>diif:tiT«DM«  of  ibo 
Tsrioos  mincinow  being  opcr«t«d.  In  Uio  nwly  pitrt  of  the  jrcur,  tho  prioMof 
UMt  of  tb»  Mining  ^art*  were  itndulj-  inllatcd  bj*  Um  action  of  upeeiUaUini^ 
jMuM  ngud  lo  iDtriaMa  nine ;  end  ad  a  uatural  rwnlt,  many  of  the  utodca 

rsall  at  KTMtly  radinx!  HKnrr.s  from  tlic  high««t  luark.-!  lliiiu  currvnl.  The 
',  ponlioQ  oftho  diflcrmt  companies  ik  much  ntoro  henlthy  noir,  howoTor, 
aarcpndii  tbur  Talao  hi  the  murkct,  and  the  prindpiilorthciiihaTDnln«d}'bf«n 
(leielopeil  mfllciciiUj  U  prove  ilicir  mt  valitc 

In  tonner  jma  weham-xpenvnced  i^riudiml  inflttioos  of ''Copper Stoclu." 
and  tbe  whole  opnatloDa  were  so  much  uf  u  '-  hubbtu"  that  Uie  public  gmerally 
fitlled  la  ban  any  confldcnoe  in  tlio  r««lity  of  llui  «iierpri.ie.  And  certainly 
tbere  iras  ton  much  gronad  Ibr  ttiue  conclnaioof^  for  meet  of  the  companiM  in 
fcfiMr  tines,  baTe  been  nprcMtited  onpn/tfrmerely.nolhariug  taken  the  Cnt 
■tep  at  proietieal  miniitg,  withoat  which  thnrq  is,  tk  oouree,  no  -baaia  for  any 
Mait«i^  to  build  upon.  Tbel'iltAburKand  lloKtonCCliff"}  Mining  Oompany, 
<IM  of  Uw  (aoneers,  aller  meetinf;  with  lUniMt  ininmaountable  diiHculticai,  fiullf 
ftanggled  through,  and  btcame  adiiidond  paying  mine.  Thi>  lime  wm,  hnwcrer 
when  eTtn  tbia  coninny,  &ow  bo  BUCvMsfiil,  could  not  f^t  itH  Hulwcribcrx  to  pay 
in  their  aMBamentc,  and  at  nne  thiM  it  lemie')  aa  though  the  wliulu  culcrpriMi 
tuwt  he  •  eonplclc  bilntv.  Now,  the  mbo*  of  Lake  Superior  have  been  w  far 
4(r<r«Joped,  that  snrcely  one  can  be  found  who  doubta  their  almoHt  unlimited 
nwuroea  far  the  prodaclion  of  coppur.  and  many  of  our  moiit  koco-iightcJ  finan 
ekn  am  taokioK  to  Uub  point  f<n-  ihv  opportunity  of  unaaiiing  a  furluue  out  of 
dm  tnTortiiicDta.    WboeTor  has  giivn  due  attention  to  the  wild  jiroofs  of  the 


98  Coitunerciat  Aspect  of  l/m  Mi?titig  Interett.  ^H 

intonml  n-ralth  of  Ihn  L&kc  Superior  mining  intormU,  cwmot  ful  to  Iikto  bft- 
a>iM  impTCHi'd  with  their  i;ron-ing  impurUiiw.  wliiub  ix  llit  mure  uil  mnre 
«o/uf  lu  time  unil  kbor  opens  t<>  view  tiipir  iiininjime  rii'hiu*9.  We  woidd  not 
miih  my  one  to  pltco  their  meuui  in  this  dws  uf  properly,  wilhoul  Uuwou^hly 
nti«fjring  thoiiiB«ltV!i  lliat  llioy  ftr*  tUHkiiig  a  »afe  iuii«Uiieiit,  uid  Uierdbm 
would  adTiM  alt  to  look  minutely  into  ilio  mprits  of  any  tnltTprix'  ih«y  maj 
wish  to  niga^'  in.  Wo  liam  unbounded  confldcitc«  in  Iho  itiin«ral  wealth  of 
the  milling  region  of  lidko  Suiwrior,  but  in  thus  aspr«suQK  oursrlvcs  ani  not  to 
bo  undantood  as  indorsing  »l  I  tho  toriouaoMapuiiM  which  liaT«b(vn,  or  nutjrb*  , 
heriMiftar  orpuiiicil  Tor  mining  piapOMS,  n«ther  do  we  wish  to  ht,  in  the  loast, 
eoiuidcKfl  u  Kpealcinx  advcnccly  or  any  of  tlicm.  Let  each  inTCstisate  fur  liim- 
Kclf,  and  choose  with  due  dincriiuinatiun  fruoi  thu  fact*  wliich  may  b«  proscntvd, 
and  to  our  ritw  thi-  l-Iuuiom  for  a  sutoetuful  mult  are  highly  rflvorablc. 

Since  our  last  mcuthly  ruvii'Wj  there  ban  boeii  uo  p-iicral  norction  for  th» 
better  ill  jVirii'itr  ■S'tocA't,  in  coii»vi)uviic«  of  a  (»[iliiiucil  8lnn!,i'iK'y  in  mouvf 
matten;  but  within  a  wo«ik  or  two  hign«  of  gr«Alcr  abMii^Ixiico  of  moD^y  bar* 
btcn  mor*  cridont,  and  with  a  bpttor  supply  of  capital  nl  easier  rales,  Uiero  ia 
every  roMonfor  iniprovctnnnt  in  f^tDekAgcnctiilly,  of  which  Atining  Sharr*  wilt 
tiot  fail  to  recciTc  a  Rood  proporti'in. 

The  Htoek  of  the  Copprr  Fatla  liajc  been  in  cjuick  demand,  and  a«  wc  pro* 
diottii  but  monlli,  liBH  adiraiic«d  frum  Ihi.'  grtut  dvpmuuoo  at  thut  time,  to  S2f 
now,  a  guiu  of  $7  j  \«r  ftluuv.     Tliis  'luick  iLdia]i(M>  inay   nut  U-  niaintuncd,  I 
thougli  lht>  pt«eaDt  iodicationfl  an  favorable  for  a  still  furthi-r  ii[ipruTi-iuent>-l 
8om«  pariiea,  hmrover,  •>«  diapoaod  to  *-  bear"  Die  stock,  and  al\ur  H  li«i  riacn 
a  tuw  doUani  p«r  Ghare  higher,  they  may  uw  their  effurU  tu  ag^n  br^ak  down  I 
the  price.    This  ootnpany  at  no  very  distant  day,  will  beooiueone  of  the  dividend] 
dws,  thougli  it  is  probable  that  an  acBCMinenl  of  S2  to  S3  \»r  »hare  may  baj 
called  for  sonao  time  next  spring,  the  policy  of  the  mnnalrm  bcine  to  kc«p  enth«-] 
ly  from  debt,  m  that  after  oncn  commencing  tlic  paymcntofdiridcnds  they  may 
be  n^larly  continued. 

PUubHrg\iU  further  declined  under  a  henry  Are  from  the"  bear'' opcralon^' 
who  are  nenerally  Mitppoivd  to  be  abort  of  thu  stock ;  nuJ  operated  upon  by  thc«c 
iaflueiicea  Uie  abaiw  have  declinoil  inm  140  to  about  Ufl,  (hougJi  cash  stock  is 
searco  at  the  laltwr  figure.  The  certainty  of  a  i-ood  diridond  in  Fehrunry  nest, 
■hould  d«ter  holders  l>om  parting  with  tbcir  shares,  at  (be  prxt8cnt  low 
priow,  prodund  at  iticy  are  by  xpecnlntory  inlcrcsUd  for  a  dcrllne,  mid  not  In 
consequence  of  any  nnfarorabla  aocounli  from  the  mine  iw  to  tlie  real  pmspor* 
t^  of  the  company.  MinntMota  la  rather  Iit«vy  agsin  aX  about  lHi>;  the  long 
delay  of  the  propoiMd  dirideiid  haviug  an  ailrerae  (nfljuonoeon  the  current  raloe 
of  the  atook.  Very  few  8harvs  urn  offered  for  »1e.  however,  the  whole  number 
publicly  sold  since  September  Xht,  being  only  cighL  North  American  ba& 
not  been  toM  In  this  market  for  some  months,  the  uoniinal  price  being  about 
G7.  We  do  not  hear  any  thing  imrticilUr  (mm  this  mine,  thoiiph  it*  protqiocts 
are  good,  aii'l  the  unoimt  of  copper  obtained  is  very  large.  /aV  liot/at  is,  in 
good  demand  with  highly  favorable  aocountK  frum  the  mine.  Large  <iuaiititie9i 
of  ^  silver  vcinjitone"  are  produced  at  this  mine,  and  the  upitiiun  i«  strong  that 
the  amount  of  lilvcr  will  be  Kuffideut  to  pay  well  (br  extncliiig.    Tliis  matter 


Hi^  Oomaureial  Atpect  of  the  Mining  IiUertU.  5d 

i*  bdng  (bonmgfal}-  tart«d  it  I^ttubnrK.  bj  Hon.  TruniRn  .Smith,  rniii  lihould 
(Iw  rcBulta  lie  TsTomblB,  Uie  nluc  of  th«  bk  Uoyal  will  be  ^mill}-  enhanced, 
M  «1m  tevenl  oib«r  iniwB  wicb  timiUr  formutionn. 

national  liu  dedliMd  to  20  anil  aiacu  rcactud  to  23,  it  which  figim  the 
sUdc  i«  ftxnt,  umI  Ml  oHcr  fot  two  to  thn«  bandred  sliwes,  coiiltl  uol  Lu  Slle<i 
•tlcM  thuifiS,  ifntnll,  in  tliix  niarlcct.  T^is  mine  has  beoiiemiti^uily  guoorss- 
fill,  and  has  beuo  muntioned  amaag  tho«  lilut;  to  become  pajiiifc  tamta  within 
a  Aoti  titats.  !>fi>rvitA  k  woll  hebl  uid  Ti-w  !Jiiinu  omc  upun  Uiv  iDJirkct,  tlic 
MBmctiou  b«rn  gcncnllj',  being  muoh  liinileil.  The  Lut  acuounu  from  Ihi; 
mine  were  rery  cocoanigiDg.  JV".  K-V^twn  hm  b«n  vwy  dull  of  l«Ie,  »uvl  no 
■■lea  h»Ta  Ulwa  |ihK«  smw  (li«  ivucKiracnt  of  9^  per  chnrc  wait  [iu<]  in  Xov. 
bH  i  16  it  oflbrMl  and  20  uked  for  tlie  nlock.  but  nay  ^yttvd  hiIc  would  hnvc  to 
Mnw  iMnsI  the  f1rat-m«iitionod  fl^n.',  irliilo  ui  iai[«rulitc  order  tu  buy  could 
tuidlj-  bo  fillod  rnucli  Vlow  1 8  to  20.  fortat,  «fUr  hnvriig  ruti  np  to  1 2,  uudor 
Uic  iaSuence  of  ^KCuiKtios,  hu  nnce  needed  Ui  H|,  and  igaia  reacted  to  9J,  at 
irhich  poiut  bojcta  are  more  pleuty. 

The  ftiUowtng  MPniMmtaita  otv  the  onlf  ones  called  Cor,  that  hav«comoU>  Our 
k&owMgt,  ann  bet  month : 

osMtANT.  lUMCTR  m  nuox.         vrnm  )-ATjL>u.  asm  rAr^sLS. 

nNMi* Oneilollu JAQumrft,  i^&t Btalon. 

'Wiadter... ftll7«*iit* Jaauary  IS,  I JM,,. ,.,,,,. New- York, 

Sinoo  tbo  luiDoiinoemcnt  of  the  aboro  aneomant,  P/mnir  has  born  pitsHol 
Kpaa  the  market,  and  forotd  sales  modo  aa  Ion  aa  4|.  The  aharos  are  now  in 
demand,  bovever,  at  gGf  bid,  the  low  npires  farinpnf;  Id  new  iinrchnneriL 
DnnDf  the  Kpeculatiro  buoyancy  of  la«t  Spring  the  lauiio  slock  K»1d  at  ^19  [wr 
than,  whkb  WBn  prob«bly  mticb  above  ibt  itnl  value,  but  at  the  jirocnt  low 
ntOL  ttotdera  would  do  w«Il  (o  look  into  tbo  mmla  of  tjieir  propL-rly  tM'for* 
Kacrilkiiig  it.  7\4Uc  hui  improved  siocu  our  Ia8i,  and  tonchod  1 1  i,  Imi  since 
deottwd  to  10),  though  little  stock  can  bo  obtaimsl  at  the  latter  quotation , 
^90,000  baxlotcly  beoi  paid  into  tbo  coni]iiuiy,  which  girex  theui  a  Klroag  workbg 
airital,  Bod  the  prusjitctii  of  their  mine  are  of  the  fintl  olMit.  Tbe  slock  is  one 
of  (bo  mxA  {lOpular  0|Mmti,<d  iu  Ii(m«,  and  la  con£ldcr«d  chenp  si  pneMOit 
Mea. 

Algomah  is  in  brttcr  ili'maod,  Mvi  luu  ndvnnrrd  to  3}.  It  Ix  mid  that  this 
onmpany  have  xtniek  the  ■■  'I'oUcc  Votn,"'  which  would  tender  the  properly  of 
(ireat  ralae.  Dana  in  improving,  and  nalnt  are  iiio'le  at  about  $2  pvr  ihtxo, 
but  tben  i*  do  lar^  luiimiul  «r  stuck  in  the  market  at  thnl  ngiirr.  f^ton  has 
haaa  vary  ht«Ty,  and  dcc1iiii.»t  to  IJ.  but  grvatvr dnnanil  hoc  pit^vaitcd  Utclj-, 
owl  It  is  Wiw  bid.  The  prwipMts  of  this  company  are  Eoid  to  be  rcrj-  good, 
bat  IbeUrsc  number  of  uliatra  (100,000)  operate*  tctj  much  agaiuBt  apvnna- 
nent  impcoreiDiait  in  the  price  of  the  Kliarc$.  tiUa  baa  been  forotd  down  to 
1  j.  but  it  now  Una  at  about  2,  with  little  atock  otfkrtA.  Tbe  pro«p«ct«  of  the 
fooipany  are  rury  lair,  but  it  bt  yet  iu  tbo  early  »tag«§  of  dpTplopnicnt 
mplejf  is  firm  at  3}  to  4,  and  promiMs  vsll.  Star  h  in  ro^  demand  at  41 
bid,  and  little  slock  O0(irod.  Thna  far  tho  company  have  rcalixcd  lliuir  moat 
liqyiaiT  expectaUon&  and  the  mine  it  conndercd,  by  good  JudgiM,  one  of  the 


6ff 


Commernal  JUpevt  of  the  Mtmng  Interest, 


best  MDOtijt  the  coimpim^Toly  new  mapaniuK.  U'mtkrop  ia  atMdf  «t  kboot 
S{,  with  A  modiTBti'  ileuiBnil  Tor  the  blmrM.  if'ituler  »old  at  1)  somedajrs 
KDCC.  bill  b  now  in  reqni^t  tit  about  If.  Tlic  aorotintu  froin  the  location  of 
thin  niiiii)  (Pona^  l-otic)  uv  v<iry  Hkttn^lorj.  and  the  Klork  may  be  coiiiiidcntd 
Ghupi  as  S-  tiHK  Wn  pnid  in  per  iihaiv.  Adcmlure,  Hay  Ulatr.  Uohemian, 
Botton,  ManatiMU,  .Vaiiiloa.  \aliiv.  Hidge,  iShavmtU  nnd  Sumrait,  w  all 
dull,  and  in  little  dniuuid  at  quotaliuii^. 

jl/dloiu  SttndtiOTie  nu  dowu  to  -lOcetiU  por  sharo  (tbr^  paid  in],biit  h«H 
liace  TCUt(<(l,  am)  now  tba  donuuHl  is  active'.  50  ccntji  hid.  At  this  prioa  tbo 
wboU  property  noutd  c<Mt  odIjt  (SO,0(KI,  and  probably  the  fritnds  of  lim  cntvr- 
priw,  who  Rold  out  at  i'i,  wi!l  now  como  lo  tho  rescue,  and  buy  up  tla-  lloiting 
Ktock.  lis  they  can  well  alford  to.  ItW  CtuiUlan  Slate  is  li<»<y  at  3  juked, 
without  puivha.'iiM-s  nbuvo  'Zi.  Thcvuitipnny  propoiwniakiujjaraport  in  Januaiy; 
but  w«  hnvn  U^iii  ablv  to  awvrtain  Lttio  ia  relatiou  tn  tlieir  aitaira.  Tbc^ 
proouic,  hon-cTcr,  lo  make  a  good  show  of  Uioir  condition. 


lis 

S.S'. 


*5  S 


T! 


•'i 

q  -  y 

IP 


*t 


■! 


IJ 


It 


B       <J(« 


.44«   ^js    ^ 


i        i     i     tf 


lii I ligssssg  sin? E Is iss^slsisssa 


»~lll|- 


»e  l«o^  [  CO 


-I   I   lo  I  |-"e-l   I   I 


»  S-  -  :?jSJT9.^  •3:?. 


-s 


nico  t  ""Wi^*- 


3S'=rT,_S-3f 


■I  I i£3-~a"s 1 1 isi isiasia i^is's- 


l")  I  IS=^-?~l  I  ISI  151^5  1^1*1=^^- 


itn  cK-sas-i  1 1=1 1  St"-  I"  ["is-a- 


i*i  1  iJ-S-'-s'"!  I  ISI  i=:i-5i*i'*f*-- 


tf 


a8Biasas"a£ss-°|g9  i«  isi  teas?aa''g 


is£l£-s'2-|«  2  sfl  Hi  il^l^lllsli  III 


pi 

In 

UP 

111! 


Comaurdal  A^tea  <^  lAe  iBmng  Imerttt. 


Qi 


NEir-TOKK  METAL  UABKET. 


Booth  ABNtican p«rlb.  >i)««  — 

O.e.Soft W   d  tl 

SbMthlw 13  a  — 

UruJan' »)«  — 

V*no>aal^ M  a  — 

liiinl. ..,,.,. ,....,.,,...,„,.  n    a  — 

tmt$.... u  «- 


Inn  ores  migneUe  *ii>l  tieata- 

liU pel  ton  t^    a 

itou  Bun,  Amarieaii  hainst*r»il  TA    a 

Do.  Anwrtvci  nAiMil. ii   a 

Do.  Snpaiioi  bramlr —    a 

Pn.  EmTuIi  commoo... TO    a 

Do.  Ba&ned. ...i, S91  a 

Do.      At.      b« —    a 

Do.      Jo.     ftivdM Stl  a 

Do.  Narw*7  tai*.  rork  A  MFK 

bnad* 1011  a  IM 

BiMHMi. t)«    a    M 

Ifo>Stwot  AmsrinD ptvlb.     tr^  — 

Do.    do.    Ei«liifa,Koulb>W.    41  a  — 
&.  HtoSt.    ei«  — 

do^  tStoS.    I>|«  — 

Haw-Tou,  Dkuhu  SOn^  1«U. 


Do.  Odi-uilttil 10  a  m 

Do.  R.K.biinibyoaDlrMt]i.loD|Ti>  a  *a 

Do.  fig  AioorioHi  nd  ttiort. , . ,  SS  ■  SI 

Do.  for  <arwbeclB V)  a  H 

Do.  WbUo  c'tuNwl  Ibr  n^]?- 

ftbla  «<ialinci 4£  o  H 

Do.  BoMcl^  ftr  Oirt Sfi 

G«loD«Plg,  upuqiuntitf ....    Ska    tt 

Spanbli ei    a    6) 

Stool, 7W  «  — 


1." 
o:<i8<«p. 


Tji;  a  — 
Br  fl- 


wjtm. 


^palter,  B  per  qaiQtit/ Ct  a  TX 

Uo.  Inalnbs 4    o  S 

U<>.)iboet. S4  0  H 

IDf. 

Block  lUni* ...,. SSI  a  m 

Dd.  Slni«B , 11    a  >fi 

Do.tiunlih M    a  ta 

Iio.t&n. W    a  «S 


LONDON  METAL  UARKET. 

NorKMncR  2^  1853. 
Ttio  Londtm  Mining  Jmirnal  jmv»  the  following  qnoUtioiiK.  to  irhirh  wo 
ftdd  the  datj  wJ  ral<rrt7n,  United  Sl*tai  Oiiiniicj,rateorfrvight^ftiidFvrdgn 

■aieuui  moN- 

biMwlboMd HTlonJU    0    0  tUM 

•IoWJe.« *    0    D  to* 

■IkliTtrecol  «, It  10    0  «1  IS 

•InSufTonUUiea »  10    0  tS  W 

Sk•ot^•UGlB« , ', U  10    0  £S  «8 

•■     (luiiUa  d IS    0    0  611  M 

noMia 10  IS    0  5>«6 

Kd  rod,  rooBd  « 10    0    0  M  40 

"       Miwn*. ^ I  10    0  4»t8 

Sdh<Va)M)L SCO  MTS 

»  {tttdhrdMnii S   S   0  lOH 

bil«»ciuii*ci]rd*t s  IT   e  as4i 

Pie,  No.  1,  Ovdo », 4  1    0  toss 

{.AtliK  Ko.  I,  •n>l  S.AtIi»  Ko.  S 4    10  10  St 

No.uiVr«lM< 4  10    0  11178 

Bg»cd>  Kb  Ko.  I  ill  London. 4  to   0  13  ss 

"123;:5"s«siK."i""" «-» ^  *  itiss 

Odd-blMl, Mo.  1  Fuuudrj U10».to   «  10    0  \lt\l 

OMlOMltAn. U  ID    0  10  IS 

5^S^i1R^'}«'«?-- '"  •  "" 

KUo              Wi1mC4 4    E    0  SO  5T 

xmnoN  moK  a. 
Xht^r  SO  fr  <m4.  erf  Nbraa. 

BwMlInh pMlendEll  10    0  fM  «S 

BwUoOCSD ir    »    0  83B8 

la&aCll>n(wlpit:o(nLondoD.,,n.,i.-.i^.-..^ «    0    O  <e  04 


M 


ComMcrtMU  Aspect  of  the  JtBrting  InUretL 


lenziitK  ma.  a. 

VMjt  11  ftr  <m1,  ad  tuivm. 

SwMlikli  k«f,  uvmiMl p«ruiiiei6 

DiUo  tii^gol •<••••••. .■..    — 


0    0 


«TT44 


iramn  t. 


On  Ih*  opot  ia  btn. per  ton  J3t  t«  13    0    0 

TouiTive £1110^23    0    0 


IMI 

104  0»J 

lOtM'l 


uno. 
i>i>^  IS  ftr  <wi{.  ■((  MterMii. 

Iliah*>ll*'< I>«rton£KO    0    0         11$  SO 

KKULWt  oorrsn. 

iMy.-  IWtaih^&rwiir^,  S9;  ^,  W  anrf  c2if,  ^  fir  eriU.  ad  talonrn ;  SAsUMn^  mu. 

TUe  iato11«l))i>.a .....fciloa  £llta    0    0      (erij  »« 


TougLoikDa MB  0    0 

ShcaililDg  fM ■Up*  Ilbj'W,  andbolUa poilU  0  1    S 

fnionta ■'  0  18 

Butloiiwa "  0  1    s 

Oida " 

T«lknr  MqIiJ  a "  U  1    0 

IFeltontoil'it i'vt,  Uoi peinwL  S  0    0 

HMUIR  IXI.D  a, 

Ovtf  so  f*r  tmt,  a4  ratemn. 

Piff. p«rUin£)S    0    0 

Sbect ...i '. MOO 


cue  M 


M 


Nil  I 

lit: 


vramov  uuD  a. 
Dvtf  tD  /<r  cal.  ad  raiortm. 

Spanlib  In  bond. per  ton  ££3    0    0       flDB  U 

nKum  m  a. 

VM5  S  jMr  eml.  a-t  ni/imm. 

Block ;...p<irctrt.£4    3    0         «3n  U 

Ir^liiA- " 

Bar. .>.■       "         S    S   0  3>n 

B*flB»d *■ 

rottuas  TtH. 

D4lf&  fir  <»ai,  ad  ralomn. 

BMkm.. E«revt.£s  19 

Stnito  [ounrtiflnl] '•        fl  IS 

mt  rufttb 

JMy  U  ftr  ttst,  ai  tdlamiim 

irOiBTOXiL fatbo±g\  11 

tX  I>>IW : "         1  IT 

ICCuko "         Id 

IXlXlio ■*         1  19 

Cmidn  PliU*  •  ten "       It    0 

QulckiilTar/. }i«rlb.    0    9 

Tnin4~ai\  pw out. difc !  *,  iwt;  ftSfllWo!  rf  1*  |<«t  rant. die. ;  fiSdiiio;  f.lU 
ditto  :  <)•  livi^rrilin  I.lvrrpuol  ICv.  t<<<r  Um  Iohl. — t  DiiOauiit  i  p«r  «rnl. 
•  D«ii«rwi  in  l.iieqjool  ll)».  (fl  *a)  per  lou  icM. 

ExdUKoB,  Nmr- York,  Dec.  iO.  1BS3.— ft»u»  ira  nmglsqr  from  OKc  to  OJo.  pnmiua  la 
NT  oT  London. 
FBuaxn  at  LlTcrpool  >r«  rNhii  3S(.  U  (tfiiK)  p*r  ton  Ibrlnn  In  |ii(«  «r  boa. 


0 

0 

0 

« 

0 

n 
n 

t 

VI  KH 

T  87 
fiS  H 

Journal  nf  Golil  Mining  Operatwu. 


68 


I 


JOURNAL  OP  (iOLD  MINING  OPERATIONS. 

Durinff  lix  mootbi  of  1^3,  the  aniouat  of  gold  winod  wv  XO.OW.OCH^  ud 
of  eilTor,  £416,000.  lu  l@Sri,  ilio  voluo  of  gold  ooiocd  wax  valy  M'\ym.  tai 
Ofallr<ir£l»,00a  In  IriSr,  the  ainQUnt  wui,of  eold.  X4.1':i'AiXJ(i;  of  slrar, 
XlSjOOfl;  uu)  iMt  j-cM-.  of  Rold.  j£i«2,000;  of  wItot,  £3iOO<).  The  retnnw 
for  lt!50-$]-S2.  uv  in  cncli  out-  for  itic  wbolc  r«w  iw[wctWoly,  wherewi  Uimw 
ftr  I8A3  Indudo  onljr  6iic  uouUis ;  but  in  ilierix  iiieiiith*ori8»3,mairabtutnrae 
wag  done  tbtui  in  ciUtororthcnihcr  "•^inp1«l«ymire''  cited. 

oLiroiistijt  uoLu  rtEi.m. — ui-'utTX  uisiiso. 

Tlic  (TocpMt  Ibr  qturtx  mmb|;u[ivratiaiw  iii  Califenila,  is  lin'oflf  but  dearly 
8tAt«d  in  the  following  language  hy  one  of  ihu  ino>il  Lnt«l]i|coot  editors  uf  ibul 
State:— 

There  i*  an  nndcncloiml  uourcn  of  n-catlb  in  CaUfornln,  irhiiJi  must  one  dtv 
be  rowle  productive,  and  add  imroMUcly  li>  the  capJUl  of  the  .Slat*'.  We  allnoc 
la  lb*  anriferoiM  ipArl^  minos  whicli  arc  to  Iw  fuuud  along  tlii'  fixit-hillfi  of  the 
Swm  KcToda,  (htm  MoriiK^M  to  Nciada.  It  h  true  ino«t  of  thimi  have  lliun 
bi  promd  anprvfltablo  to  thi.-ir  owncn;  hut  ihiH  has  ariicn  not  from  the 
VOrUtleHOictsi  of  the  mhius  tliemiclvc*,  but  tttita  the  pvat  es^im  ftod  tho 
omenitljr  iaufileient  ui>chiiicr>-  used  m  worfcins  tbcm.  There  ai«  liiitidrodii  of 
quarts  mine?  in  this  State  that  would  ivaliiw  a  (brtuiic  tbr  their  owneni  in 
Virjiinin.  Hxmpiry  or  RtiMi>,  where  the  f  ipcDto  of  working  them  would  not  eat 
up  all  the  prolil^  Kten  under  all  liic  iU«ii1viBta4;«e  of  our  position,  hoiu*  of 
tne  qiarU  tninw  of  Neivda  are  rivldtni;  hudMino  ictiirat  upon  Uio  npital 
iiiTMl»4,  Tfai-n-  are  tno  ways  of  iiiat;i[it;  all  of  tb«m  profitable — ubtatu  cheaper 
labor,  Of  fin|iil<>y  iioiitovtd  iiiai-hiiuTy.  whi'ri'by  the  prraunt  iiuoH'ii;*  wnstc  of 
pid  fhun  the  miAicd  rock  ni!»y  b«  tniid.  It  will  ea»e  as  niueh  from  the 
tailiiiri  rtjocled,  1.1  nny  other  mnrhine  n-ill  cxlrm-t  from  thn  orij^nnl  rock.  In 
bet,  Uiia  savioE  <rill  pay  all  expen-vo,  and  lenTo  the  trholc  amount  now 
•xlnclml,  as  clear  prolyl.  I'Lciv  are  many  quartt  iniues  in  the  vk'inily  of 
Sbnon,  which  only  rwiiiirv  c»|ii(;il,  energy,  aoi)  tuipravcd  machinery,  to  hnsuno 
if  STMt  value,  llercbifoire,  Inllinjt  Hiunn  hsTO  been  oxpendi^d  in  opoiiin(;  IhvDi, 
but  Ibe  moiMy  niriit  as  well  liaise  been  lliiawn  away.  It  will  not  do  to  peek 
•t  a  mim  of  ibM  chanclM— a  small  inTestmcnt  will  almont  certainly  U-  wajitcd, 
whik  a  hcary  captal  nay  increase  ilaelf  nvanyfolil  in  the  huiuo  tninr.  The 
SoDors  ntmrtx  compuiic>i  worn  to  haTo  come  to  the  HLiiie  conclusion.  The 
IVteeibd.  Hope,  ['orluiie,  Dcdj^'iinnd  Vallfati's  Qiiarl/.  Minina  tronnmuim  liave 
eousolMaltd  thi'misclvni  into  one  coiD|«tiy,  under  the  name  of  the  Souora 
CoBtalidatcd  Qnarti  Minlui:  l.'uaipaay.  An  them  minM  are  witliin  the  limits 
of  Ihedtyof  .Sonom,  the  ownore  liai'v  ap|)1ied  lo  the  Couucil  for  n  title  to  tlie 
diSm.  Thti  gnnlcd,  they  pmniiBc  to  import  now  niachinor;'.  luid  iniviit  a 
heavy  aeilal  in  lh«  development  of  the  nunex.  Gife  un  but  ^e  mocbiuiTr  to 
ntnctall  the  cold  that  we  know  is  in  our  quarbirock*,Bnd(JalitbmIi  willb<^ 
for  ce&lurieit  after  her  placers  an>  exliausted.  the  grMtest  E"^  pmAvctr  in  the 
■wU. 

The  Graas  VaJley  7'rtegrtiph  (gives  the  following  flattering  account  of 
labiias  O]ierationii  in  that  ririnity : — 
The  quart!  mlila  are  generally  ilotnit  n  hiuidKome  tiusbeiUL  The  Hutsa- 
dmccltK  Ilill  Ikfhimit;  Coupsny  ar«  mdii'Jiii;  a  gplcii'li'l  rvniTjiieration  Ibr  Ihi'ir 
labora ;  they  fumiahed  ng  whli  a  i^pecimcti  frrini  their  Ic.id,  which  in  ax  rich  and 
boutinU  aa  any  Dung  of  the  kind  we  have  ever  Kifn.  Tin;  llelTPlin  C'omrrtuiy 
infora  m  that  reemtly,  in  ninelren  houo:  cnishinc,  they  him  rroeirw!  ^U".I3. 
Th  bnfiiro  Conpaoy  still  furnish  uh  with  hiu:l>Iy  Ikvorable  reports.  Out  of 
WTmhr-HMtr  ton*  of  rock,  fa  thito  days  cruiiunc,  they  htve  na^atA  ft«  wim 


u 


Journal  i^  Gold  Mining  OperatioHS. 


We  annex  *  rapid  sniamary  oT  ivports  fixim  T^rioiis  Pltcvr  Digging*,  diir> 
injE  a  cniipic  of  vrwkg,  which,  nllhoiiKh  but  itcm^  in  thcmwivw,  yet  scrrc  lo. 
Khovr  tliat  the  wubiDgs  for  jiold  are  cnirici)  on  irith  Kiuat  nidiuitrj  al  Uii* 
lime,  and  ihal  iho  jncid  conllnim  vcrr  tkh.  A  jrar'H  upvraliunx  thuM  fn- 
Kcntcd  in  n  sumnury,  would  nhow  rcKulU  nhith  a»  only  in  pari  nvorded  in 
labtes  orMbipmcnU  of  gold  from  San  Kranciico. 

Of  Uie  mioing  operaliuui  in  tinun  Vallejr,  One  iDUJligent  irritor  thna 
spuakii; — 

From  liii'  b*-«  I'sliiiiatc  tlial  w«  am  mati',  there  are  not  oner  oiH.>-&Ix1«ealh 
of  the  mincrre  al  work,  lliat  haire  the  coDTcaicnoe  of  water  at  the  presmt  ttim. 
Wo  And  bf  camM  Uqniiy,  tbat  the  rvccripbt  of  th»  hanking  ofllecs  ant  about 
S2^/N)D  itt  tha  wptivto,  weekly,  in  UiU  town.  Thi-  nmi>unt  of  enrth  that  wilt 
Ih!  lakra  out  aniTwnikuil  this  si-a-wn  wilhiii  Ibrw  mik-s  of  llus  place,  will  not, 
I  think,  fall  far  nIiorL  in  iU  yii-ld  of  tn-u  milliuiu  df  dultanf.  TlnTe  is  i4iOUgn 
upon  Itic  j;n)itiid  ni^n  iiuw  tu  fiilljr  warrant  thai  amoiiiil.  Oii  the  oxl«ii8iT« 
llnl  fmnliiip  Ihp  Wwii  Un^ri'  arv  about  onp  hundreil  anil  fifty  mm  at  work,  and 
it  ii  nccfMnrj  In  cm])Ioy  ihrve  hcaTy  Bteam  engines  lo  fror  the  worksof  water} 
but  with  thi*  hcnvy  oiitlnj-  for  dnunoffe^  a  hiRhly  rcnmnenitivf  buxiiiesM  i*  car- 
ried oiu  1  am  iiiformwl  from  niliabls  »ourwB,  thul  t'lt-n  with  the  ilisa^TaLli- 
tagw  that  the  milIt^^B  of  thin  section  iiijw  labor  under,  a  inuvh  jmiiter  amount 
of  (told  has  bocn  iHirchai-d  tliis  y«.«r  than  thn  ywir  pn-cwlirit.  ft  would  a^ipMr 
frnrn  thix  fact,  that  the  minw  an  not  yet  quilr  rxhanKtcd,  but  arc  f^till  highly 
pTuduciitf,  and  not  from  n  (greater  wtregalo  number  of  pi-rsoiis. 

T\k  Froueli  who  arriTpd  acrOM  tiie  plaius  witii  Oal.  Cipmai.  aunonnw  tliat 
they  fbnnd  pAi  in  abundanca  in  Cvson  Valley.  Aci?ori}iii|{tollii.'ir9l«t(TmeQta, 
till)  miners  who  haro  penetrated  to  that  point,  arc  recfiving  an  atapl^  reward, 
fpon  the  wort  slope  of  the  Sierra  Ncrada,  at  an  clcvalion  of  more  than  3.500 
fiwt  above  the  level  of  the  mo,  partica  of  French  wct«  found,  who  wntnRialcing 
from  87  to  8M  per  day. 

Many  of  thu  claims  on  th«  Tuoluitmp  are  proring  exceeding  rich.  The  Big 
Rode,  Paino's,  KanakjL,  KxtcnHon  and  Willow  Bar  clnimm,  near  JacksonvQhy 
liave  Men  lliimod  and  pumped  drv,  and  the  handa  are  now  oa  llic  ledgo,  where 
they  ilnd  llio  pay  dirt.  On  the  iStU  October. $450  wa.i  taken  from  one  p*a  of 
dirt  in  Extuiwion  claim,  nud  hb  higli  as  lOO  otmces  were  taken  out  in  one  day 
from  Psiue's  Bar. 

A  houitiriil  speeimcn  of  (jnarlzfiold  ww  receotly  taken  out  of  Mount  Pleasant 
Flat,  near  riBcervillc.     It  weighs  forty-two  ounnm  in  K«ld. 

Tho  iitinem  at  Citriiur,  near  the  junction  cf  the  North  and  middle  Forks  of 
the  American  Kirer,  are  making  good  wages.  One  company  working  m  the 
bed  of  the  river  is  taking  ont  ^-^  p«r  day  to  the  man. 

On  Scott  llivcr,  Trinity,  tliprc  arc  bank,  bar,  and  river  dig^ing^— the  mtners 
geoecaUy  doing  well,  but  the  country  has  bnn  but  little  pronpected.  Oneeom* 
pur  oTflve  have  taktu  out  iM-tivwn  815,i>(X)  and  82n,O0n.  There  have  been 
But  three  flumc«<  built  on  ()it'  rivi-r  this  miariou,  all  of  which  hare  ciieu  smpl4 
MtJiAcUon  toliiK  parties  iiilfix'ijtvil ;  eo  much  «o,  that  they  are  williiig  to  stay 
and  winter  h«rr  for  ihe  piirjmu;  nf  tiniBbiug  working  their  clnimR,  it  having  beon 
rather  late,  on  account  of  high  water,  before  they  could  get  into  opciatioin  lhi« 
BMWOu.  Thus  far  ibu  river  ohuma  have,  at  a  rough  calculation,  arcraKed  ^20 
per  day. 

At  OrcKcnt  Ci^  there  is  now  excitement  about  the  ■'  beach  digg;in^  "  from 
the  mouth  of  Hopie  River  to  Port  Oxlbrd.  Ilig  j^trlkex  arc  reported — lyam  82!^  I* 
SlOO  per  day,  all  out  of  the  black  sand.    Quick.iiiver  is  of  couree  in  great  demand. 

New  diggings  have  Juitt  been  dltcovcrvd  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  St. 
Louia,  Sierra  county,  by  a  gentleman  &om  San  Francisco,  who  went  up  there 
They  are  «xtciuive,  ate  hill  di{^;in(^  and  yield  flftees 


I 


■bout  aix  wieka  ago. 


^ 


Jimmal  ej'  Qeid  Mining  Opcratiom. 


^^^^B  to  the  JNR.    TbcM  t*  tyatlD  mi  ftxcitomnni  in  trfcftnl  to  thnin.  niii)  a  RTMt  , 

^^^^Mtr  Dfdaitnx  fticalrcKiIj'  (nkc]iU|i      llul  Uicreiii  pkotraf  tooniTct.     Ttiey  j 

^H^Billnl  ■■  Lwigrrlle. "  nfitr  Ifw  diujovctcr.  Mr.  t»i^-     Then."  "ill   b*  k  um»  1 
^Vb^  Uicr«  this  wiiilFr  to  luhl  19  tliu  IIbi  of  towna.  ui  vri^ln  >  hhk*  of  four 
^Bniilc*,  fix. ;    St.  1x•ll^  riiiu  (iroie,  Cr<lnr  Grorc,  liOngvillo,  ChsnilltTville  tnA 

^B  Gi)MpntilI&  ■ 

^H       Tlie  nincn  on  the  Son  Joaquin  Itircr  an  duiug  irvQ.    There  i«  iw  one  rank-  J 

^V'ing  IcM  tlioti  SJ  jivr  dion.  Mid  uimi^  lucky  ow:^  w  tiigli  u  SltO.  I 

^1       Tli«  claiuu  of  Mvuia.  &.)i\UA.  \/xVt.  Luokluul,  Sqaire  DoiinlJM>a,*nd  a  I 

^H  4l>Neai  oiliora,  aiv  p*)'in^  ttvax  SIS  Ui  &.^<>  ]><t  day  to  the  nan,  witli  a  prMpoct  I 

^H  lit  ltd  ooiitinnins  tit  tiro  j'«ar»  in  a>inc,  ui  xttisy  hare  from  7  to  \<>  fctl  of  wbcU  I 

^H  RaotQilv  whiIc^  the  workiiiui  wvru  Fiigagfl  exoBTating  in  Cat  hill  itidu  foi 
^K'tfirt  Ed  All  ui  IIm  iJuui  btlouj^tu^;  to  Ihu  Sun  Joanuin  Walcv  auil  Uiiiine  Coni-  , 
^Hfaajr,  tiicf  struck  ■  Htratiim  ^  gravel  .vluldin^  iVom  fillcviiU  to  92  lo  Uu>  (lan  | 
^H  — liic  i^ipcaruKie  of  tlic  gr».'n\  showiiiti  that  at  some  ftitnrn  daj  It  XiaA  been  I 
^H  trmbvit  bj-  iLv  u'licn  of  the  San  Juariula.  Kverj-  thins  inilicatoi  that  In  many  I 
^H  iilwKK  tlic  Hitr  Iua  tit«u  forced  from  itii  ontniuul  chantiul  \tj  Urnl  ibdes,  aad  I 
^H  nberover  thiMe  ^liit<4  havu  been  tried  they  liavo  bocn  buml  rich  wilh  the  pro-  I 
^H  cknu  ore  Wiig««  ar*  ^ood  and  labortm  in  demand  at  875  iwr  iii<;iiih  and  J 
^1  foaod.  1 

^B  TIm  uineis  who  ovm  claims  at  Murdun-r'd  Bar.  uu  tbc  uiiddlc  fork  of  the  I 
^H  AisKricaii,  ara  doing  Moevdiiigly  wvll.  Tho  river  Ih  turiwil  at  tliat  ynuX,  aud  I 
^H  there  arc  WKral  d«op  «batl8  Muak,  two  of  which  ara  now  tbitly  fcfl  cncli  bvlow  1 
^H  the  rircr'x  bed,  and  are  edW  boinj;  stink  drrjicr.  Tlii:  dirt  tak<:n  fr>^m  tlioM  baa  \ 
^H  [Aid  alxKil  an  avenge  of  fifty  ocnt-i  tu  thv  pan,  and.  oh  they  Hnk.  in  sotting  I 
^B  richer.  XbcTV  m  Iwu  sd-am  niciuuti  uuililoyvii  in  baiiliag  up  llie  dirt  in  cant.  I 
^H  on  a  rail  inek  from  tb«  tiwt  bvd  to  tli»  bank,  whotc  it  la  wiuuicd.  Tbe  chybitt'  I 
^H  arc  worked  iiighl  anri  duy.  the  water  btim;  puinpod  out  l>y  tneaiia  «r  wlwcJai  I 
^H  turned  by  Iho  walvr  in  ihi^  ll  iiuio.  -  I 

^H  At  I'ark'K  Itar  on  tin:  Viibn.  eloims  are  paying  a«  mneh  and  in  itam«  ii>->  I 
^H  Uancen  murr  Ih.-iii  ftTnnvrly.  In  oiiu  day  the  sum  of  8I(i,OU0  wax  taken  Etiont ,  1 
^^L^aUiudii  duini  on  Fi'illiur  Itivur.  waa  Uidwtrll'H  Bar,  Xvw  and  fvodwitm.  I 
^^■■h^  baTi>  U«n  <!ti(i>i'<-r<xl  near  Sear^  Dig|}ii^  by  agncn  hand  from  San  J 
HH^Bukol  At  l.akc  Valloy,  near  the  wslcrn  luio  of  the  State,  now  din^jn^  I 
i^^^^BR  been  di»Jco^"CTTd.  I 

The  Aicramtaiv  Vaioa  liaM  rvUabtu  niforuiatiuti  of  unuKually  riuli  iliB->| 

tm^  whkdi  biii«  b(«ti  £tru::k,  within  the  laxt  week,  on  Kansas  Flat,  near  Pia-il 
ueWwiL  KI  I>or»iio  Co.  Tin-  p-ld  i*  eonut  and  found  at^oiit  twenty  foet  liclow  .  1 
Uw  Kirracv,  in  a  kind  of  ixnu'nt  uhlcli  uxait  to  br  tilled  with  it  The  rieb  I 
lad  w««  rtnick  by  Capl.  Slou-trs.  who  hu*  taken  uut  jiiiiis  of  liie  niuttit  which  ] 
ndd  >  Iiiiiii:r>.<t  dollars.  )'rvvi'>U9  10  tills  d)»covpry  the  Klal  had  bfm  wui^ud  J 
^Eit'  lU  and  a  )nuI  of  c«mcnt  struck  wh^ili  |»iid  nboiit  a  dollar  to  tha  1 

^n,  ■■  I  tin  HBTeral  txt  higher  in  the  ground  than  tlicrich  lead dincoTcr*' I 

(d^b)-  Capt.  latuwvn.  J 

aomt  motitlui  since,  a  parlr  cf  Frencbmisi  struck,  in  prOMKlins,  ihia  rich>  1 
bad  at  ibr  tiab*  of  the  hill.    Tliey  havi-  [uniivtlvl  for  some  diidiuio^.  and  hava,l 
dm  Umnaclm  roonui  in  which  ihcy  kivji  ili.ir  uann.     Tliis  fompany  h»T«|l 
I  tabu  MU  pons  of  Ihc  n-mcnt  w)iii:h  [niiil  iix  hitih  n*  fire  hundred  doUant,  au4  J 

Uk  lead  uvmii  iaexhaustiblo.  Tlii^  Mat  cuiiiaiiis  aatac  lifly  or  moro  aorftt,  audiJ 
a  abaft  baa  Mivr  bwu  vuuk  on  it  wliii'b  did  nut  pay.  XW  top  dirt  will  pay  I 
wall  br  stinanu^  which  lliry  cxpoct  U<  \ii:  aUk'  to  do  the  comin)r  winter,  hj.J 
nwttta  of  a  ditcn  to  brinu  water  imm  tlic  rivu'.  At  picfent,  the  diit  ix  panuMfl 
oat  or  run  lliniuch  llic  rradlu.  JU 

THTfc  ti  anothtr  Hot  nojih  of  the  li>wii  caHcd  Brown**,  wliitli  pova  nnarlyd 
ta  well.     Uuc  claim  n-ai  rnentioued,  owned  by  two  brollixrs.  wiiicb  [layn  them  1 
at  (W  nM  of  SlOO  a  da^'.     Tho  ccincnt  liero  payK  alM>ut  an  ounce  to  the  pan.      ' 
AJiodior  large  fiat,  csllod  Loafer'a  Flat,  £roiu  the  iacl  that  auy  ODft  tbouX 


Vol   II.— 5 


0» 


Journal  ^  (S<M  Mii*ing  Operations. 


-J 

iTinffV 
lined  ^1 


town  who  happciM  to  \gA  idnippviJ  cau  Iftke  ■  pan  uiil  eo  out  to  tltm  lint,  uul  is 
k  iilion  time  tatkt  luiousb  lo  t«h«  another  start.  1 1  ftflbrds  good  y»y  dirt,  and 
imnaiiM  qu&tititiM  oT  It. 

Ev(n  ill  the  stnvt*  of  Flddlctvn-n  a  ieod  vim  struck  which  hu  been  profit- 
lUy  irorkud  all  Kutnmtr. 

orniA riuKs  or  wxTbk  compaki*:*. 

The  cocapiniw  workint;  in  cmks  arc  {^morally  doing  irrtl,  having  Just  i 
Acdvnt  watvr  for  inthiiig  ^owintc  bj  than,  while  the  spriiij;^  benenUi,  havinB 
tOM  Toim  and  Toliiinu  ttina  at  anj-  other  tcawnis  nlluu-  the  lied  to  be  drninc 
with  more  fnrility.     Where  Ibu  daiiuB  are  divp  aiid  siirings  abiinibiit,  force 
pDtnps  atid  whwln  wurkvd  by  inulv  power  orv  need,  which   luust  'V'  kept  at 
work  iiij;lit  ami  day  to  render  rilti-live  iissislanrc.  , 

Tlie  Yiiohimne  County  Water  (Company  in  the  only  one  whose  cjtiisl  still  i 
ofTords  a  unpply — ind  its  ^t^eam  is  so  dimiiiished  that  the  bcneliis  are  aecewl 
Kanly  coiitiiinl  lo  a  (tv  cotnpaniea.     l[i  the  nieantiiTic  many  of  our  niiniiig  po-i 

S Illation  K*  pTcpanng  for  winter,  by  prasjiKting  their  claims,  thrvwini^iip  dtrt,' 
Uing  their  cabin^  and  iaiinn;  in  n'wmtcrs  supply  of  proviiiiona.    At  rariniu 
pm'iHx,  now  dry.  the  niith  "  pni.ipcirtx  fint  mtc,"  promixini;  an  abundant  yield  , 
of  goltt  when  the  rains  fall  and  enable  the  onrDcni  to  wash  it  ouL     Tlic  im- 
iiieuse  amount  of  labor  pprformeil  each  8uce««Jing  j'ear  docii  not  app«iir  to  liav 
Wiy  amsible  «ffwt  in  iliniinisliing  the  immcnsp  are-a  of  niirifpTons  ground, 
deposits  flil  not — while  the  energy  and  indurtry  of  the  lahotrrM  tm  nlcDllyJ 
dofnc  their  work,  discovering  ftreb  rr*oure»  and  mare  folly  developing  the  oliUJ 

Kn-rv  portion  of  our  country  i*  now  ink>n««l<>l  by  oinala.  which,  after  Uii' 
nins.  will  Ktipply  the  nocdcd  olcmfiiil  each  wiccoeding season. 

The  two  great  canalB-— one  from  the  Slainslaiis  niid  one  ftom  the  Tuolninna 
— ran  alnio.'it  parallel  ftom  nurlh  to  south,  at  lenii^t  a  diHtancc  of  13  raiten] 
through  milling  ground.      Then  there  Wfs  nunn'rous  umailer  ditcbi^  who 
mpply  i>  tiLken  rnim  (Tcvka  to  numerous  small  districts.     Tlie  inOueuoe  of  i 
these  is  fvli  ill  a  greater  or  1»B8  decree.    Should  the  works  of  the  Tuolii 
Ifydraitlii^  Company  be  noinplotcd  before  next  sprin|;.  there  wilt  B'Anxily  t*  i 
camp  in  all  the  country  left  unsupplied  with  water,     [ndtistry  will  he  a«sst«4j 
aiid  stimulated  thereby,  aud  Ibe  general  prosjierity  increased.  j 

Ttwlances  of  indiTidaal  ruowbs  are  not  tiucoTtiTiion  evvn  at  tliis  sra^m.  RianvJ 
snch  eominf;  under  our  own  obaervation.  1'1ie  clninis  on  Sonora,  9nllivnn'a  aoq J 
Woods'  CrecliK  an  bdng  worked  to  adviiulnKe.  The  miners  on  the  TuolomiM* 
have  tgmvd  the  river,  and  have  begun  to  wL>rk  the  b«I.  U  nch  labor  and  money- 
luTO  been  bealoir«d  on  thme  nperatioiiH,  and  n  iivod  i^tum  is  «xpccM<l,  if  tba 
mntinnanca  <if  the  dr;  tcanNi  gives  time  enongh  lo  ex|i1or«  the  creviooa.  Tb« 
minen  of  Don  PKlro'*  Bar  are  doinp  remarkably  well.  Their  are  2S  water] 
wheels  in  opcmtion,  and  odi'  flunu-  1,700  feet  in  laigth,  withm  the  distance  of  j 
one  mile. 

The  Sao  Joaquin  Water  and  I^llning  Company  are  about  to  turn  (ho  wator 
into  their  race.     They  employ  about  levtnly-flve  men.    The  bed  of  the  riWT 
which  they  turn  has  been  prospected  suilicicnlly  to  prove  that  they  will  rrrcivc 
a  largv  rewarJ  for  their  tiiimey  and  luljor  cxfiended.     A  Joint  Stock  Company  ^i 
has  Imvo  Kwciicd,  cnntisiing  of  tw  eiity  |iraciieftl  miners,  for  the  |)«rpo»  of  lun-^H 
ndling  a  rid^^  aliovc  Millerlon.  and  drniiiiu):  the  highest  part  of  the  rinr  IWths^H 
dutfauice  of  ten  tnilM.    The  ridge  is  a  mile  and  a  quarttr  through,  and  the  Mti-  ^ 
caat«d  cxpnur  of  doing  the  u-ork  is  SGIXI.OUl>. 

Mining  WaWr  t'ompanies  ha>e  rapidiv  incriMtfed  In  all  quarters^  milKcot 
of  dnllnrs  hare  hcvii  invested  in  thesR  works  and  the  water  IS  oonveyed  through 
the  nibes  in  every  direction.  A  onvcnlioii  of  the  companie*  ha«  been  lecenQr 
field,  and  meraoritla  arc  now  in  circulaliun  praying  Ooiigitiu  for  cvrtohi  prirE- 
legts  not  at  preMul  enjoyed. 

Most  ef  iheM  companies  <^mmcnced mmtioni'  in  the  Kiimmcrnf  lN.^2,ftfW 
twooomparatiTfly  dry  winteni,  and  when  large  amount«  of  dirt  had  been  thrown 
np  to  be  wajdwd.    Many  of  the  eanala  were  undertaken  hastily  and  managed 


Twn    ^— j 


'Jbvfwi/  qf  GoW  Mining  O/Mvatiam. 


m 


IrkdFf.  uii  Oai  donaMjucBce  ia  ttiat  tht^-  h*<rc  been  nnprofltnUt^  stock.    The  ow 
Tciitini)  aiid  tb«  atteinpt  14  obuin  k'EiHlatkm  favomblc  lu  the  canatling  Kyatco), 
h>TC  ■nlitnT't  fomc  opposition  uiintig  l)io  tink.'sonalcd  iniiicr!t.  wlio  have  t« 
p|ijr  the  (Mnpnun  Ibr  the  usi:  of  the  wttrr,  «iiil  often  look  U|wn  ihctn  ns  opprt*-  • 
ihw  rooiMpolirs; 

On  some  of  tbo  rirtrs  mtntnc  is  oiitle  pr«Hpei«ni!t.  A  tnri^  numbi-r  «r  ex- 
liDsiTCaHtMpriMS.nHJiMCtnMaaii'i  liin>i«lKiiitic  bMn  jnnjii-i^'l,  aii'l  soitk^  nf 
thMi  will  tio  ooimnicncccl  ilcrin^j;  the-  wintrr ;  nnif  it  is  n  iiitttt(T  of  ixrUinty  thnt 
bun  inebt  of  Kuh&votiK  Itmil.  hereliirorp  unworliol  Tor  the  wont  of  iratrT,  will 
b*  BmiJKhcd  with  tiip  ul^encnl  dunii-;  Ihi?  wfxt  summer  bymMiui  of  emnntx. 


Tbe  aspect  or  poliCkal  ufluln^iu  AiulnlkU  a  mattcrof  »jinc  inlcruit.    Tbe 

.  eolonbta  Ibtnaeltcs  aru  fitr  from  uiiuiimoiu  in  nlatiou  lo  tliuir  [>oltticaI  ny^ 

tern ;  ltd  the  liovnm  rv^lntionii  >it  rrpiriln)  by  iho  mining  poptilKtion  with 

no  frkndlj  iipirit-    Thiut  »  Ikle  anital  Onm  EngUni]  brin)^  Ihix  xtatcmcnt  :— 

Then  hftx  jurt  been  rocdred  in  England  tlio  draft  idienc  ot  ft  conntitiition 
Tor  New  Soutb  Walnt,  itrawii  up  by  a  lelwi  commillfie  of  ifce  lacgiKlati^'e  Uouit- 
di  of  tbu  colony ;  •iii)  whether  (hui  pnriiciiliir  p\iui  he  adopted  or  nol — whether 
tiM  atlraipt  At  ihr  concnction  oraronstittitionnl  form  of  (^eminent,  sbnilar  in 
,  many  nwpoctji  to  the  pc^itical  machine  by  whir.h  mdctj  is  not  in  motion  in  this 
ootmtrj  be  found  mcccxdul  or  nut — IttuKlep  nuuit  beragudodajtan  hnportaDt 

Aooat^lng  to  the  Australian  Journals,  tbtn  h  a  considenibTe  oppoitition  to 
the  adopUan  of  tbe  new  CoDstitiiiioii,  and  a  meeting  was  att^niled  at  -Sytlue}'  bjr 
Ibnr  tboiUHid  penooa,  at  vhieli  it  iras  TOted  lo  ask  Die  Councit  to  give  Uw 
people  mm  lima  to  conjiult  span  iho  matter. 

Al  iba  latoet  date  It  appcun  tbat  the  GoTemment  and  the  gold  diggers 

wen  at  ismo  ■«  to  the  amount  of  the  lioMi«e  fee — the  trovemment  demanding 

Ifainy  Khillinga,  and  tbo  diggv::*  demanding  a  rnluctioo  to  lefi  thilUiigii.    The 

G^maor  was  opposed  to  tlw  reductiuti.  on  the  ground  tliat  so  fw  in  1853  tlie 

I  cxf^OKa  of  tbe  gold  fields  in  1R$3  had  eiccedcil  the  rermtic  about  XIOO.CHHX 

The  Melbavnw  Argiu  o(  Auj^t  24,  Mys  :— 

We  ngrct  to  vy  tliat  aln«dj  this  hax  been  the  ouw^  An  cxnreo  IVom 
oturoomspoadentat  Uclvoryivk'nli}-  btuugbt  on  word  that  there  Wl  bven  a 
(ollinon  between  tbe  di^en  aud  Ihv  aulhorili««  at  (he  new  dia^nga  on  the 
Goulbum ;  and  althou^  ui  thin  i).irticntlftr  instance  no  hloodshcdHiiiK  acciured, 
the  rettult  is  otM  wlu3i  tnuitC  Aock  every  man  who  knuivn  the  value  of  a 
jjtacefUl  and  orderly  ooadition  of  Huciety. 

It  aiipcara  lluU  Mune  trritatioii  liad  beeu  cxhibltvd  at  tlioso  newlv  iliscovar- 

I  id  digF'yi  in  oonaequeoM  of  tlie  Ux-nw  foe  havinic  Ifcn  iicniiuidi:il  ko  late  in 

I'  tla  bhnUE    Many  of  iho  dijQceTs  hiul  only  ju>t  icachul  them  bi^fuiv  Uiu  20th, 

and  •■  tbe  liccmaM  for  Kcptirraber  woulil  be  iiuued  on  the  S-llh,  thvy  Ihooght  i( 

laid  that  they  tbould  be  foreiid  to  pay  the  August  licmse  foe  for  n>  sinnll  a 

iioaiber  ofdays. 

Tbe  OMn  ttom  the  pild  digpns*  ilotn  not  alKyw  any  great  ineavase  of  tbe 
prtd.    t^i(e  mmibcra  hate  gone  to  the  various  diggings. 

Tha  Ibllowing  luller  lium  a  ciilien  of  oite  of  the  Eutcro  Statefi,  tclU  noma 
help  whidi  eoorey  »  diatioot  idiai  of  life  at  the  mioMc — 

1  hare  talked  wtlli  screnl  old  mrnert,  who  have  tried  all  the  d\(ri^g»,  aiA 


68 


Joumai  ef  Gold  Mtmng  Opfraiiims. 


nbo  told  me  tliL-y  bad  Kunk  (Ome  ten.  luitne  firii-cti,  knil  aattK  lirraly  liAli 
TM^ing  in  Ocplli  frum  l<1  li>  40  fwt.  uud  out  tevn  n  i<«rtic)c  or  i^lil  ;  il  Iim 
pati^ifn. nTid  tnc  tincrrlAint^-  of  Etiihini,'  tlist  iNirliirrilur  npol  in  vi-ry  gn«l.    T 
nuning  poiiiilRtion,  which  it  ddw  cstimalrd  nt  280,0(10,  in  n  ruiiiig  uiic;  Ihv 
»TC  iwiitiiiHBUy  tnovinp  from  iilacp  lo  jiliicc,  Jiojiiiin  to  liiiil  fKllfli-  sud  rii- 
digpD^     TliViv  ui«  tliouaiiuiU  of  luoi  in  the  di;;pii|ct  sot  pnyii>){  tbcir  tx- 
]wnKB.    A  rWond  of  mino  wlio  bu  Jiist  left  lti»i'%o.  luld  mu  iliut  tucn  odci 
(g  woik  Tor  him  for  four  shillint(ii  a  dftj-. 

Mccliny!!  ».tv  U-iu?  hc-ld  ull  llirou);li  thu  <tii!i^iips  for  IIk-  piir|iosr  of  fdl 
Uw  IkvUMB  teducMl  Iroin  ZiM.  a  moiilb  lo  UHl.  tin-  niintu  not  bdnjt  imr 
nau»ier»t<TO  as  fbrrnvrlr.    Thoy  xay  llicy  cuiiiiut.  atiit  uill  nui  pay  it.    1 
ecmeral  opinion  in  that  thcj-  will  gain  thnir  ends ;  if  not,  tliorv  n-ill  c^rt^nljr 
trouble. 

The  miiipr'a  life  ii  a  ytry  bard  one.     I  wi31  giie  you  a  di^Mrriptlon  of 
dliy*^  wvrlc.     The  llrsl  tliitijr  in  the  iiiomiuf;  is  lo  c^  into  Ihff  tuoiuiUins 
cbop  wood  for  tbc  ibv,  whirh  wc  carry  on  our  back*  Ut  l.hn  tniit,  then 
brewcfut,  wbioh  coDHiKlA  ufoatmrat  f^tirahoiit,  or  a  p«ao  of  monl  toiittcd  Urfora 
the  tin  OH  k  Hlick  (|itrliiipi  hv  cannul  e{>u«  time  to  nionr  tbun  wano  il 
thmogh).  a  (liecc  of  dHtnpLT.  and  «omu  (.nffie.    The  dauijior  in  lloiir  and  water, 
mixpd  and  boVixl  in  ilie  ashw ;  it  k  not  nuitn  on  lijtbt  an  j-onr  baker's  brcs" 
Then  to  the  hole,  pI^rhap^  half  n  mile  from  the  lent ;  bail  out  five  or  six  fe 
of  water,  wbieh  ha*  leaked  iii  during  lliu  nijibl  fruiii  wine  old  IioIhi,  and  Mii 
mence  unkini;.  ono  ftlandioe  on  tbe  ton  lo  liniil  ii|i  the  dirt    At  one  o'c!<K-k 
dinner,  moro  damper,  and  nalf-cookrci  nnitlon,  or  bwr;  back  lo  WOTk,  aoxjo' 
(d  fgM  the  hole  down  before  niebt    I'erliajHi  »e  are  forluniitc  enough  to  re* 
tbe  bottom ;  il  lunis  out  a  uhLier  (that  is,  a  blank)  -,  uotnnwaae  anuibcr, 
nls  dark.  Iionii;  lo  siifiprr ;  wo  have  left  otl'  work  to  pi  to  choppiuj  wood 
biuld  a  Are  and  make  »omc  flapjiicki: ;  Ihe^  an  Kirnplr  Hour  and  water,  wit) 
a  little  salt,  mixerl,  and  fiini  b  a  frjlng-pnn  ;  that,  nith  a  di,<h  of  t<«.  tn  oni 
supper ;  wo  llwn  lie  down  for  lliu  iiicbl.    Tbii  k  a  sample  of  every  day's  work  j" 
KOiue  uf  the  aiukiiig:  in  Wry  bunl;  Curiii.Oi  mineral  wliu  arv  heie  nay  l}»*j  bad 
UO  idta  the  work  ivM  m  labofioiis.     Tliej  nay  two  year*  of  unei  laUir  will 
break  dovtn  the  slron|ct'.<^t  eonf^titution.     Iliinilteds  are  Icaviiii;  the  niiiu-.s  etcTT 
day  for  Melbourne,  n-ho  have  xpent  all  their  mooef ,  and  UOt  Wn  furtunkM 
enouf;h  lo  make  any  Ibiug. 

Here  are  some  iiarliculars  Teflpc«'ting  the  nnliirc  of  the  di^ngN  at  Mon&t 

Mclvor,  in  tbo  «ilony  of  Vlirloria : — 

Sin»  my  last  communication,  thodigsinjtsat  Mclrorbave  sligblly  improvod. 
in  n  fAT  that  tcruiind  hitlierlo  neRieuted.  or  btit  Itudly  prwijjceleil!  has  within  li 
last  w«ek  hod  a  murv  tlioroui-h  trial,  by  nitiktng  tliroiiicb,  m  eaces  no  le.'iii  thi 
three,  fijur,  and  even  live  bottoms  of  elay,  and  eoming  down  lo  the  hnnl  rock; 
nt  a  dti[itli,  i-ny,  from  liO  lo  50  fbcL  lu  wnsenoeiiw  of  Uiis  deep  niiikiiiij  on 
riaing  eminences  and  gulliM  between,  muuiuj;  along  tlie  crwk  wiiith  from 
Malboume  Private  Kicort  Ofllco.  a  henvy  niiJi  haA  Isken  place,  and  a  totiK- 
able  amount  of  gold  has  been  secured  hy  those  who  bnvu  naebcd  the  hnnl 
Ijotlocn.  S"  many  fal«!  bottom*  of  day  above  refernrl  to  liave  pimlcL  untfl 
lately,  tlie  ciiKRew  at  Mch-or  alto^tlier.  One  would  think  tho  first  clay  ww  tbo 
tnui  botuim  [  another  would  imagine  the  swond  clay  was  the  rval  thing ;  another 
diglpnliB  nuxtclay.  an'!  BO  on.  Gold  certainly  ia  found,  more  or  1«hjl  lying 
on  these  clay  bottoms,  and  tlie  lH»t  and  minnt  way  atSJclvur  tP  sink  a  tiMe  te. 
liisl  don  II  lo  the  hani  rock ;  Ibal  rvacbiMl,  then  driw  nnckT  as  far  as  you  can ; 
wlieii  that  is  completed,  tlieii  fill  up  tho  hole  to  tbo  lowest  clay  bottom ;  drin 
on  liint  [i^in.  and  bo  on  up  lo  the  hlghort  clay  boltom  in  IIm  pit.  Anotbci 
thing  I  may  iueution  is,  that  at  Molror  (1i«  wa«liing^tii(r  baa  .niite  a  jcllow 
red  Giod  Oicolor,  and  not  that  hluey  while  color,  as  at  Forest  Oork  and  other 
digginpL  This  has  deceiTed  many  old  digjiers ;  so  mitcfa  bo,  that  in  one  in»t«nce 
two  men  rrklimd  a  heavy  weight  oif  fjold  in  nuggvln  ou  thu  Coiiuiijrnouit'»  Flat, 


JottrtKtt  ^  Void  Mming  Operatioiu.  '^ 

.  bnt  nut  kiwwiiis  Um  nlim  of  the  mil,  threw  •'way  thoir  wiwhiRg  M'lfT    The 

I  t«D  men  kflnrirwdd  aepantlri ;  vat  wcat  to  Beni^go,  but  tbe  other  miiniimcl  at 

;  UdTor,  tad,  bworaW  b*twr  aoiuainted  utth  Ihu  toil,  went  back  tu  h»  holcn, 

aad  in  the  flnt  n-cck  waxbci]  out  from  wIihI  tli«ir  Wl  ihn>u*u  au-ay  10  m. 

rttf  trcattiy,   a  53-ox.  nuio^  was  attain   plcjicil    nut  in  a  |iic  )H^liin<t  th« 

*Cvinniuiicinrr>.'     I  Iuvbhwd  »  Ibiu  crvstalliiM  pica.'  orRoIrt.  wi!ij(Tiine  II  ob,, 

Uken  out  by  a  bd  aiiioof;  thi-  rochti  a<tioitiiiig  lli«  UuUl-ii  IIiH — in  thi?  poupNWin 

,  «f  Dr.  Wbii]>)i.     a  coiul'Imtito  nitJi  has  aTw  t4k«n  place  durice  tbe  nvvk  to 

the  Bald  lltll,  aboat  tKO  milts  and  a  hnlf  iicnh  ortde  PnTate  KmoH  Compa- 

I  Bj'«  pbw^  where  I  an  pvea  to  uniknttand  the  dingcraatu  icalixing  tnoci  hand- 

Amonfi;  nthir  iinpt«TonMt)t«  ^Idk  on  at  UcItot,  and  vrhii'h  kIjc>w  vImI  the 

amhoHiio  itiink  as  III  the  fitahflity  oflho  Mclmr  dintuKK  n-utnut!.  Imvi'  bt-wi 

BsHicd,  and  takm  un  bj  the  Mewr*.  (^lowlcir  (Utn  <n  AiTclnidR)  fur  the  erttttion 

I «r  fplemliil  «tone  barr*ckii  and  otl\ix-t  for  the  -'pmrcn  that  l>r."  in  amount 

[  amnei'hnv  abool  MKM^.    the  fuunitalion  fur  llie  kuiiv  li  nonr  bein^  laid  iJuini 

[  iy  iho  cnnlrvclors,  and  will  be  nomplotod  in  a  few  inuiillui. 

In  compeliii];  the  nvulU  nf  j(old  miDJiiK  opnrvtionis  it  cannot  bo  out  of  placs 
[to  Mticc  the  incidcnlal  cllbet*  [irodiimil  iipiiii  thn  muntrj  irhere  they  im  cuirriMl 
Thii«  tbo  prosrv!«  at  Victoria  boeomeai  a  matter  or  iiitcrciL 

little  tiMfi:  than  half  a  ccnluiir  hon  etapsed  »ini«  the  Htralt  whidi  (ymix  iUi 

llbem  b>»iti<lary  nai  iliirovi-i^.     I'oit  I'bilip  wu  nut  diiHXivn«iJ  till  U^; 

aavvrlainl  routn  Troin  Sidiivy  wao  tlrat  Imvornnl  In  1824.    The  first  ■ttampl 

^'Iciniiit  (for  the  brief  vinit  paid  to  the  port  by  CnJliiiii  with  n  mnviet  party 

i  oiiuiot  he  Ml  dcngputed)  viu  tnadt:  in  IR34  frvai  Van  Diemiin's  Ijind. 

'aetinl  settl-.-menl  bii.'an  sonw  year!!  later.     Vet  two   towns  (or  L-ilitw) 

an  tiie  Hlwn«i  of  l'(>t{  Phitiji.  alrcaily  niiBiber  100,000  inliubittinlH  bvtwcn) 
JUiL-nt,  and  11k  loiini^e  I'jf  <>hi[ii  annually  fiitt^rvd  inwnnlaaiid  outsvMnN  at  Port 
ll'lulipi,  ■Iri'^ady  I'Xi-x-L-i  thjtl  i-t  tiM  Olyiie.  This  hax  been  wroinjilii^liiHl,  not 
l«i)lv  willuiiit  Mate  or  ijovemmcnt  mBislanee,  but  in  opfiosilion  to  tbe  j,tntiuous 
TajidproI'>n(!»»lrHbrfciof  goirmni"iit  to  prevent  any  Mttk-iiient  in  llii'iu'  rt-pons, 
[.anil  tliu  temporal]'  MityKtiwi  vt'  V'jctona  to  the  l«i;ihliitiir<;  of  a  n('i};litjortn(; 
Icvlonv — o  Mill  inor*  rtiiiliieviiiis  thialilom  thnn  tbnl  to  a  mother  rmintry. 
iJiad  'the  lutwjH.rily  of  Virlorin  h  certJiin  lu  rnHviitLrc  willi  iiu-rfnsing  riLfiidily. 
I  AH  the  ijold  repiims  hilhertti  disfjivrfd  in  Aiiilmliji  uii*  ^itunlwl  on  liii'  went«ro 
Mfocihity  of  tbe  hipb  land  thiit  exl«li'!j- fpini  thp  .^iislriilinn  Alps  to  tlie  north  «f 
f  Wotrtuo's  Bar.  Thi»  hi|i!i  land  ifc  of  a  verj'  itnpniriicab!^'  chnrneter,  ntid  sliuts 
put  to*  tn-at  i-xtcnt  tfio  beaiitiful  lutbor  of  t'ort  .Jacktwn  froni  isuy  oct'i'mt  t« 
ktiioM  rich  refciolu,  while  they  are  eiuity  a(•(r^:>ible  frvni  lliL<  (/[illilly  i>XOrllcnt 
I Aarbor  a(  Port  I'lntip.  ^'ictoria  too,  waM  i>ii);iiially  dr'^i^nntcil  Auslralin  Trlix, 
Ifcr  Uajur  51itcln!lL  who  first  flirvi'yod  it,  on  ivcount  of  ttji  superior  fertility 
laad  be(t«r  ctiiikilf,  an  conparrd  >-iih  the  irot  of  .\uxtrnliii.  I'urt  I'htlip.  not 
Portilackiwfi^wciiuiicstiiicd  tobotlw  neat  of  tlie  rutun.-aietrvpotjHuf  Australia. 


aoLi>  MrKeJ  atxn  ciixniarTK,  kosth  cirouk*. 
Soow  valualik  miom  in  th«  vi(.-iuity  of  Charlotte,  Xorth  CamliiLa,  within 
Ibr  llmitti  of  that  rkh  golil  region,  arc  tbtis  dcscriboil  by  a  Joamal  of  that 
■MteililMrtiood,  t)ic  (Jhartatu  Dtmoetat : — 

tW  rich  Gold  and  l'«|jpeT  laioing  rtgion  by  wliieh  Ww  aro  eiirronndcd  », 
I  •«  are  hapfiy  to  ieani.  nut  only  u«  aki'iiin^  tlio  altc^ition  of  cnpitaliiits  to  it* 
I  woilh  and  ralnc,  btit  is  h!>o  lili«ly  (oon  to  call  forth  their  actual  murgiw 
exerlions.  Tlial  jijoiiiietivo  l«lt  of  slate  foniialion  lyiiij;  aljont  twenty 
pilrM  HnilhvHy  from  this  town,  has  hug  bi^eii  known  :w  l>riii)£  one  of  the  inont 
klubl*  ^Id  dcpOBitu  «f  theap;;  and  tho  work  and  miniiiR  uporatiouB  that 
■n  btan  eoadiKted  upon  it  bui«  by  their  iinmcmi.'  yield  a1ri:iidy  madu  woiv; 


70  Journal  of  Gold  Mining  Operations. 

of  tU  most  IkTorcd  pobu  a*  (^miliar  to  the  tax  i>X  miiiini;  men  n*  boui»holll 
words.  Taking  thu  entire  r»ngi'  ot  this  bvlt.  from  lUo  u-oll-kiiunii  Uol'l  HHj 
Mine,  on  the  northMuL,  to  t!iv  cuuftll^  rvpiiinblc  Dom  MJiic,  on  th«  Mjnilim'iil, 
ii«  iloubt  il'  our  country  can  Jl^Ddllc<^  n  fiimilar  tract  that  can  coiDpA'o  Eivonblj 
with  It  in  ]>niat  or  Irun  niintml  wvnitb.  Suutli  of  uk  about  22  or  24  miloN  i4l 
Union  ronnty,  witliin  thi-  limits  ui  uur  Stall',  uro  BiluiitL-d  lliy  Wa«hiiigtoii,  Ibal 
Lawsoii.  nnil  the  Iluwiu  &Iiii('<  Thv  dnt  iiftiiiol  of  thl^  vhIomIiIo  Kroup  liM  I 
yli-Mpd  OTvr  S1<XmXKI  worlh  of  koIiI  ;  nnJ  Kuch  was  the  citrcinc  richitcni  udl 
isliic  of  tlip  imo  latter  mini-s,  that  the  vein,  n'hich  wa*  tranTseil  by  iho  liaM 
HCparatinj;  Ihc  two  pn>|KTties,  was  worknl  with  tho  itiusl  xltii|iii1oua  can:  Mift| 
oxactitodu,  under  tht'  giiiilaiicc  of  a  pliinili  line,  Riving  Ui  Ihc  [jpoprielor  of  thtJ 
Uowiti  Ibo  ore  from  one  *i<Ir,  and  to  the  owiktk  of  the  Lnnnun  that  from  tb*  j 
othor  cidc  of  thn  line.  Il  is  iioestiiiimble  if  uny  slatua  liav«  ewr  hmn  ruicd. 
&tim  a  Kuld-beanng  bett,  Uiat  cun  appro nitii ate  iu  laluu  ILom  (roiu  Ihtl] 
liIiniw)lHl«  loi'alily.  The  koM  \*  Ibici^ly  iicattcrcd  awot  ihn  stirfaco  of  th*  lunM 
nnt  ofthn  nx-k  irlirn  they  arc  cltA  asunder,  in  particim  plainly  Tuibl«  to  thai 
naked  eye.  and  imhoddeil  through  all  partA  of  the  slate  to  au  extent  of  raltAj 
aiM^iiijiis^'ly  incrediblu.  but  nally  TorillM  by  actital  relurnn.  The  LawMti  Mintn 
ba8  fAX>iliii't'<l  aboot  gltlTi.lViO,  and  the  tloirtn  Mine  has  r<>tiinind  llie  ooinlbrt*-J 
btc  KOI11  of  S16n,IXiO.  We  ore  hij^hly  pleased  to  Itflrn  that  ihcw  throe  miiMiH 
have  tecently  been  purohosod  by  uu  asnotiulion  of  laijiiBlisla,  combined  wilhj 
pviilli'iiirn  uf  high  standing  and  roptih^  of  this  \ti:u*.  .ind  that  Ihpy  are  noiri 
vigoroniily  povparing  la  work  them  to  tlicir  full  cnpneity;  poirorfhl  and  well  I 
■daptcd  engines  ore  alrekdy  pvUy  on  the  ipi>und,  and  it  will  be  but  a  fe« 
wMws  before  t<ro  HieiiuM  of  one  Iiundnil  nomc  power  each  irlll  b«  wieldin 
their  mi^ty  nrtngtb  to  bring  nboiil  a  full  ddveiopmenl  of  th«  rrjainrct*  «. 
Ihtwi  mines-  This  company  la  to  bear  the  njipellntioa  of  ihu  Union  QoL 
Miiiiuu'  Coiiipany.  It^  under  the  crude  and  EinperlH'l  nttrlhud  of  workiug  \~ 
mines  which  has  horvtAfore  been  purxiiod,  thoy  haiv  been  made  to  afford  __. 
valuable  retums,  how  much  mora  ain|>le  and  uiTorable  iiin^l  nooi't^sarily  be  Ih 
caae  irben  the  improved  counio  of  operations  shall  have  been  placed  in  taW 
tUGoeMful  |irogivM. 

tn  relation  to  VirginiK  gold  Taint*  Tltt  Rtfhmoitd  ftiiipateh,  of  Nor.  I 
«ay(: 

We  MW  ngtenlkytwo  apecimena  of  |p>ld  from  the  State  llil!  and  Walan 
Otov«  Gold  Miaes.     Tbey  wore  apparvntty  of  the  vvry  lluest  (juality.  ainmi 
ing  to  about  S^OOO.    They  were  in  the  handK  of  Mr.  Seidtoa^  the  agent  of  ' 
CDBfanies,  whu  iraa  taking;  them  North  for  coinage. 


nKORou  oor.n  mtms. 
We  hear  it  ourrently  reported  thnt  the  jcnld  mine  lialongliig  to  Mrs.  Fr 
lin.  nituulrf  in  the  coimty  of  Cherokee,  was  sold  a  few  day*  noM  to  a  oorap)Liij, 
Ibrone  hiiadreil  thoiiMod  dollars.  'Tliu  ui  a  round  sum  to  be  mut,  bat  wi' 
don't  know  that  it  wa;i  any  thing  cilravagatit.  The  wine  to  which  we  rtftr  ia 
truly  valnable,  but  it  does  nut  in  our  iminian  excel  in  richnou  and  vahie  many 
misea  tituated  iu  our  own  oounly ;  iniuwd  the  one  now  beInK  operated  upon  by 
Mr.  Robert  Moore^  of  tliii^  placi',  wo  deem  superior.  Id  cunneoltoii  with  the 
incxhauKbble  rich  veins  of  neh  ore  witli  which  Iho  nmiicrous  bills  arc  tnlcr- 
Kpersed,  it  is  nroampanied  with  deposit*  which  yield  more  than  a  HofHcieney  of 
the  pnt-ious  stuff  to  pay  every  expense  in  prwuriug  and  ciirryiriR  the  ore  to 
the  mill,  nitiiatixl  on  a  stmun  doee  by.  Union  comity  in  not  far  behind,  if  any, 
in  her  niinernl  weiltb.  We  learn  mim  a  reliable  source,  llint  thu  Oitin  Log 
Mini.'H,  situated  a  short  distance  fruni  Hlair^^-ille.  arc  makinff  an  avcr«K«  yield 
of  7  dwts.  to  the  bushel  of  ore,  fhorn  aa  ot>erati0[i  of  sweep  and  stamp,  or 
wooden  mortars.  This  rnino  is  of  but  recent  diwovcry,  and  ns  yet  has  only 
been  opened  to  the  depth  of  Mime  15  feet. — Uahkattga  Sigwtl. 


1 


Journal  t^  Gold  Miiang  Operations. 


'« 


0OLt>  CiVdVERin  IS  TimCCT. 
Tlic  ticar  of  the  Pnetolus  iroiild  fccm  to  be  cndiinKcrod  by  HUM  n<c(<iit  (Ii»- 
cDTcrios.  ^lQ^n«eTti  Iutc  b(«n  UU'lj'  guing  to  and  fro  nnoDfi  Iho  *«les  aod 
liflls  «r  tin  dusk)  n^ona,  looking  into  ine  euuk,  pouuditig  ru^ks.  I'limbing 
pnkK,  ud  cxploniig  minai.  Their  flrtt  nurpow  liui  bum  t.  xurivy  of  thti 
ooostfy  for  a  oontcmpUtcd  nulway ;  but  Ihi!}*  have  kept  tbcir  ojni  tip»n  U> 
mrj  dgn  ttobjaiai  we&lth  m  Ibe  aoil ;  unj  Uii-ir  dlliscnoo  i.i  aid  to  hkte 
bom  rvwankd  by  the  disooverr  or  pi^'l,  tiih\T,  luercury.  luut.  oappi-r.  anliuiun}', 
■nMoue,  utd  iian  m  wdt  m  Mlt  mtphiiT,  alnm,  r>Ni1,  ftnd  Mlipotrr.  Tht'  river 
Atdk  oMing  Tram  the  tidjica  Of  tbe  Rliodi»p«  Hountjuiui  lawardi  Adrinnnplc, 
is  nid  la  mora  Ihu  rinl  the  kndent  I'sTtotiti.  The  greatMt  msms  nru  n>- 
MMUd  to  htn  bcvn  fooad  in  Th«8wly,  <>n  the  slopes  of  Mount  Fviiun  snd 
Mount  Okm;  bnt  thou  uv  of  Ictfl  and  nilvcr.  rather  than  of  gold.  Slinuld 
thaw  Kports  pnne  true,  tber  will  render  ftl!  the  more  Berce  and  intcrcsUnff 
Ifco  mntafitiMi  DOW  ngtng  jor  the  pftmtttiion  of  tba  uoblv  country  in  which 
th»  vumm  u«  nid  to  bo  Mmttdr-'Lmdoh  Athcnaum. 


k 


tfCVLlOCU   UOUD  MIME. 

A  nforiottlr.  Bonner,  on  intelligcat  miner,  Niitainii  the  following  p«rtiea> 
}an  nitMvn  to  (lie  McCulloch  Qold  Hint ; 

the  nm  confiUts  of  a  durk  brown  cUyey  malcrtal,  approaching  in  •pPMT- 
■not  to  nry  ooanc  nnd,  with  orr-ojaional  tiimpt  MilliciciiUy  Kulid  lu  lift  withoul 
bR»king.  Thit  malvriol  Minlains  Ibc  gvM.  I  fuund  va  trial  Ibal  an  esaot 
tnbie  foot  of  the  goM  ore.  as  1  kIisII  rail  C)ir'  itiiilvrjiit  iloTi-ribui)  alwT«,  wvighed 
ninctr-H!Tcn  pcnindt,  and  a  litmhr^l  iiinrCi -thitf.  TaliinK  Uk'sc  »'l^il:ht«  as  a 
bKti»,  I  (!Blinut«  the  quantity  of  ore  in  the  pilen  on  (bu  surlocv  at  atioul  (1,000 
tons  oarryinr  gold,  aud  LVM  uarryiug  coppoi' — all  of  wbicU  is  the  pioducu  <J  , 
the  prmval  mv«Ib  only. 

From  thi«  trial  of  Ite  weight,  and  from  tbo  (tct  that  tbe  cc'n«lituMit«  of  th«  I 
vein  in  botli  lerck  are  pMciscly  tho  umc,  K>mr.  idea  may  be  fonnul  of  the  hagt  I 
qiHuUily  of  ore  iu  Uie  vdn  b«trecii  the  two  IctcIh,  and  what  may  be  espooIM 
aboTo  uid  b«Iow  tliciii-  I 

nio  treatment  of  the  Ko!d  ore  M  Tery  Biiiipla.     It  ig  (croiind  to  a  ftno  povd^  j 
in  two  (.'bilian  milU  worked  by  water  power.    During  the  proccw  of  grindbub  I 
qniduilncr  b  niUiMluotd  into  the  troughs,  wlncb  ainilpmwlta  with  the  govL 
The  uiills  are  draned  up  orary  twenty-four  hours,  iMnng  k  d^M>nt  of  amutcam 
of  goM  at>d  qiDc-knlrcr. 

The  two  mill*,  which  ute  weak  in  power  and  inxufltciently  aupplivd  willi 
water,  cniJi  t>xMluir  oiglity  biiahelaoforuintweiily'fuurtvoun,woighinj[T,440 
ammu,  ftont  arhidi  i]U8nlity  a  ball  of  amalgam  in  obtained  vttnpoa  800  dwla- 
UMUfh  •«  mud  a*  1.000  have  been  obtain^.  Tho  quiekidlter  &  tnunojcpelled 
in  a  rctorrt,  with  a  intial)  low  in  quantity,  and  tb«  gold  mualiiing  aDiouuls  l« 
furty  to  Ibrtv-lwo  p«r  trnt  of  tho  origiiual  weight  of  tlio  ball. 

i>n  the  day  before  I  kit  ti\c-  minr.  I  tnw  one  of  the  milU  cltaix-'d  up  (the 
other  being  itopped  for  want  of  water),  when  a  ball  of  auialgam  wan  tukvn  out, 
w«|^E  ^12  dwtiL,  being  the  produce  of  finy-auTVu  bnahels  of  ore  iu  twcn^ 
oMT  houra. 

A  (rtcMii  ennio  of  100  horse  powrr  ban  Jiat  been  <Ti«lcd  for  thopurposoof 
driviDg  ten  Cbuian  milbt,  and  twenty-live  heada  of  al&m|«,  which  arc  now  in 
llw  eouTW  of  eractioo  in  the  name  builduijc-  ThoM  additioud  workr!  will  emah 
about  100  boabebof  gold  ore  in  twouty-Riur  hounv  produdng,  nt  the  prvwot 
nlc  of  ykid,  6/100  dwt*.  of  amalRam,  containing  forty  par  cent,  or  i.^M  dots. 
oTboU,  whxii,  at  nin«ty-fiTe  ocnU  per  dwL,  will  amount  to  82,338  in  twenty 
bwboitrv. 

A  shaft  ia  now  being  fnmk  to  strike  the  vein  at  tw«aty-llvi>  fatlioms,  and 
another  at  fifty  Gitbomii.  If  tlie  rctii  niaintains  iu  pnwnt  charactor  at  theie 
d^ptho,  tb«  mine  will,  1  believe,  bo  uu|>aTal1cl«d  in  tho  United  Statu. 


tS 


Joimiai  of  Gold  Miirii^  Opfratiotu. 


nxMiEi.i.'*  wrrMT  itmi.  nion  rtMtr-nnnt.  " 

The  followiaj;  invpntioo  dciicribwl  by  tbo  Jinndon  Mining  Journal,  klUiOugh 
oictal  ftM  vintuping  «ll  on^,  &ii'l  i^timltK.'vJ  C>r  llii.'  [iiir^MM  of  sUmplnic  tin  on;*, 
will  hti  fctnii)  iiiiTticiiInrly  Bcrvinontilc  to  i^iurtz  miiicni  In  CAliforoit.  SUmp- 
hadf,  tlierp.  m)<iir«  frequent  reiii-wal.  nnd  the  <li(IkuWo»  of  trampOTtatien  fcp 
bearjr  nrtidiM  m  often  qiiitv  iiubuni&mE; 

UTe  an)  e!a4  Ui  aniioiiiicc-  lli«  o>uipl«tc  Hiuvess  «f  thts  T«ry  important  iavcn- 
tton.  (S(««iiallj-  Willi  rcfrrwi™  to  the  Comtsli  tin.  hithcrtu  icrioiuil)-  deteriorated 
and  rcTiileipd  unfit  for  Tariuiis  purjKupi  in  the  aHs,  frum  the  i)ivBorii'i>  af  ifoii, 
'lerii'wi  fix'iii  llii-  atira-itju  of  lliu  owt-ijoii  ^li^lllJ)-ll^^!llIH  now  in  hbp  ;  and  hence 
thfi  ftinutant  hiid  wi-ll-foundcii  oMiiplaints  on  llie  jmrt  cif  tbe  inmiiifactiiri>f»  hnr- 
ing  to  nx  Ihnt  !iiet«l.  of  the  badwiWof  thei-'oniish  tin.  This  vrill  bo  entirely 
otivuilvd  )i}'  (he  introducllouof  l)auit>11  sn<l  Cu.'ii  [mtunt  )i(utdj4;  for  whiln  iho 
]irinci]>it1  jmrt.  of  them  ultrayg  remain  iiilAft,  the  el«#l  fihoo  may  lie  rcm'trcd  tX 
pleuurv :  Bnd  it  han  been  found  hy  rcnent  trralii,  for  two  tnonths,  al  Tiucrofl 
Mine,  til  C<<Tiin-iill,  tifK'n  the  huiili'nl  sti>ii»i  n'hirh  thnt  or  uriy  olhor  mine  in 
tliU  <Miinlr>'  |>i»di]i'('t,  thnt  irhilgl  the  cnmnmn  eatit-ii'^ii  !.t>im|:-hi'n<ls  had  kut 
2  wrU,  ill  nviirlit,  ■ml  u;)Wii«iH  of  a  foot  in  length,  the  wenr  of  the  eiuvt-slecl 
hIiova  wa<<  biiii'ly  HppivciaViIe ;  and  iiuw  Ihat  it  hiu  been  an.'ertRiiito.l  tbut  tbt 
iDOBl  liiahiy  Icnipertd  nUitil  iiifiy  be  uwil  with  iTiiiJtiiiity,  llivy  niay  he  r«tic|i'red 
egiDpantively  eTcrlwtins  for  all  modernlely  linr*l  liiistiiiTor  other  on.-*.  CmU 
Inw  bein^  i^f  e<jual  ileusity  witli  the  oxi>Je  uf  tin.  it  will  Vie  i;een  tliut  m  llii'  ex- 
perimont  prftrred  In,  fVnm  ihpn-**!"  and  tt-ar  of  thiuMmiii'-ii  Bliiniji-heivl.  "JciftA. 
of  oun-imn  per  head  beeamc  inteparably  mixed  irith  tlic  I  in  ore  in  two  months, 
ami  sold  ait  aueh.  tu  llie  great,  delriinent  of  the  tin  trade  and  tnunufiurturers  in 

Kneral ;  f->r,  a,^  in  t}io  prvwnl  eat*},  wben-  (he  (rial  refunvd  to  »■«  maile,  GO 
ads  wrn:  rniislanlly  at  work.  Ihc  surprising  qiumtity  of  fi  Ions  ofc-ist-iroil 
will  have  been  imcltrd  with  the  ore  evcrj"  two  monlliS.  Tho  flirt  olijort  of  the 
pati-nlees  ha-i  h«n  to  n-iuwly  or  |irrrent  tlie  evil,  and  their  patent,  and  th«  in* 
UMhiCtionof  «Ml-«tevl  for  blajjliu^  pui-|)Oaes,  now  getling  ititu  ^iieral  uie.  wiU 
Ihlly  effoH  it ;  but  there  are  olhrr  ohvioiis  advtui[a;:i>  eoutieclt '1  with  thu  in- 
Tontjon,  of  msl  importAnoe  lu  the  miner.  The  tin  ore  for  the  nioxt  part  ix  only 
fiHlnd  as  ail  oxide,  and  Ibe  aeddontal  aitniixlure  of  iron  beiti);  preivQlul,  there 
can  b» IKi  re**on  why  il  should  not  always  fetich  the  [iiioe  of  fLije  tin,  In  point 
of  econoniT.  the  steel  shoe*  liave  an  en tiaoniin/iry  advantage  oTcr  the  iron  hes'ls 
now  in  use — the  nhou  only,  fu  before  otiservcj,  reciuiiinK  muo«"*l,  tho  other  tioK 
cf  the  head  lieiii^  dimply  a  makeweiubt ;  aud  a  receiitr,  or  tuekel  fur  the  Blim^ 
win  not  be  exposed  to  wear  or  oecic^nt.  By  tho  application  of  tho  Ktoel  shotv 
the  effeeilve  power  of  the  i-iipiic  will  lie  prvnlly  jncPeaRcd ;  for  boidcR  that  tbe 
wTj  frennent  neoi-wity  for  the  «|i>p]iage  of  the  mueliinery,  in  order  to  idiift  the 
tonKUMind  in  trod  ucc  new  heads,  will  be  aliiioai  entirely  a?olded;  it  hHI  always 
preant  a  flat  eurntce  to  tlie  ore  ojierateil  upon.  Wc  need  seorcely  remark  iJihI 
the  cant-iron  head  noon  b<>eoii)e?  rviitiideil  and  misihapen.  to  tlmt  it  is  often  nc- 
wJnary  to  thr«w  them  out  at  the  end  of  a  lucnth's  w^rk ;  lulM  to  which  it 
baa  bMn  usual,  with  a  view  toooanomixe,  tocontinne  to  work  theiT*Mi-itUiiihea(U 
till  a  Ter>-  eonniderablo  pari  is  woro  away,  to  the  manifold  sacriliec  of  tbo 
power  of  the  engine.  This  defect  will  also  bu  obviated  by  thv  iulroduetion  of 
Uiu  atael  shoe. 

Tv  tho  lEOld  mine*  of  Itnuil.  and  other  places  where  the  coi:t  of  freight  and 
cwiiai^  bi  an  object,  fK>Di  the  ^at  durability  and  portability  of  tbo  aliocv  and 
(ha  &et  Uiat  it  in  only  that  which  will  over  want  rttiewal,  thiu  invtutioa  taxut 
1m  of  the  Bret  importaneoi 


Sttirwai  vi  CMd  Afimiig  Opertaiont. 


7i 


TVB  KRCOTKHT  ar  MLB  AKD  an-vKK  rwmt  1IIR  FLCtM  Kvri.uvcu  roa 

KLMmKt-f-I.ATIMO    *MD  CILDIHI). 

Wt  uv  indctitcd  to  Uio  Scifniifie  Amtriean,  K  JouttaI  whom  pages  anj 
ml»>jri  rnridiod  oMh  nluabie  and  raenlifle  inAmnatiMi,  rliiefly  on  mot^nii** 
wHwM^  Ibr  til*  Aibf«liK<t  traadMiOD  tram  the  "  CentrabUtt. "  •  C'^^man  >d«if 
tifle  mapuinc,  for  a  molhoij  of  rMxiiorln}:  j^M  aud  ailTUr  from  the  lluidt  cm' 
pbtycd  in  eloctm^tiiig  and  (lUing  ax  it  if-  itewriUoil  bj-  Profoswr  BaUo^r : 

Tbc  cranaJo  of  f:o1d,  diMoK-iKl  in  .in  csfca  of  cyanide  of  |iolM«iiini,  rr^ioUj 

in  it.  Hhi  comptMi-  wpantiuii  uf  llio  ^U  <«nnot  bwDcclcil  iaUiolminidn-ay^l 
and  UiM  hat  jpvcn  riw  to  thi>  |<rr>pantMiu  of  Bfiileliiir.  npstvubori!,  Elsnor  wid| 
ulfacr*.  to  rvaporakE  tii>:  llniii,  mix  iho  cfaj  rciiilQc  with  an  oqnal  4|Uiintity  of  ^ 
tittiir^',  fijti;  tlic  iniilun.'  at  a  »trotig  fwl  htal,  and  ilixwln;  Om  laid  fwm  th 
fuml  uiB'^  hi'  hot  illliil(i  nitric  ai-M ;  bv  tliii)  tiitiiiia  tho  f.i>liJ  is  li-fl  lu  •  Ioom'] 
■qionK>^.  A  man:  mrnt  prapoAtioQ  ic  ihnt  at  M'iniinur,  h,v  tvliiL^h  Ihi;  intiw  W 
by  «ra|MraUD^  rhi'  lliiid  lo  drjTiMK  on  Ihf  wnU'r-Iinth  U  mixed  wiih  one  nod  i 
Ittlf  tioN*  its  wcijrliC  '>f  nitrate  of  ]iut)i.>Ji,  nnd  ttirnwii  in  Hmnll  [wrtiuQs  idUib  nxKl 
hot  (Icnrian  cradl-Ir.  ThpcxjilnsinnsDinBiU'wnitciiCcpr,  anil  liii'  |iro(f 'Xcoiitliiiicj  I 
uulii  thp  inilire  nia«  mm  sni'«tfily.  The  iiwt  pnxr-ss  has  nolbinfc  uRaiost  it,l 
oxMTpt  till-  l»^y?L^1l1r  of  a  xlron;;  lira  anil  tlio  viup1«yiii<:t>(  of  uitrio  iu:i(l ;  ''  ~ 
■ccond,  on  thp  (wntmrv,  U  Tory  unplwi^nt  nnd  iiiniaK-  in  it*  perform anct. 
ia  iaCBcientlv  well  known  llint  there  i«  no  BuTistannc  irith  whieh  nitrate  of  potii 
adi  iJttonalcH  so  tiolmlly  wiifn  hcnted,  aa  iritlj  cynoidc  of  poUatiiim.  U  thf-l 
pOTtioiM  of  tht  mixtiifv  ftiii-lnynl  Ixi  only  a  lilllw  too  large,  very  viCilcnt  «i»vli>*J 
jBoaui  an;  prndicwd,  which  euinot  take  jilfirc  without  loss. 

Tbe  fbl!owTn[!  pro«sji  tnny  bi-  aiioplcd  iti  Hnall  opt-mtions  with  a  pintjnun. 
crudbio  OYcr  a  snmt'lamp.  The  dtieil  iniiss  of  9a]t«  ia  mixed  nith  an  iMiualJ 
i)iiantily  «f  pmrdered  muriHte  of  ammonm.aiid  emlly  heolM.  Tlit:  ainiiiuuLno*{| 
Mlti  dDTOdipiMW  the  (^'antdcfl  of  thu  ini'tnlK.  nirmtnt;  cyanide  "f  nmiiinniiir 
whicfc  in  decoMpoaard  in-i  To!atilin>ii,  whilst  the  arid  uf  the  ammoniaral  talt  i 
the  lialogm  tmnbtncil  with  Ibu  sintuoiiiuin.  uiiitr!i  with  tlii>  uivlul  whiirh  lu 
btCB  fonibcnnil  with  cyann',?.'!!.  In  the  )>nK4>nt  cmx-,  mnrinlf  of  aninioniH  form^ 
dtlorido  of  pataMium.  chloride  of  in>n  (when  ferro-«yaRidc  of  potn.'^iiini  ht4,\ 
been  emploj'od),  anil  chloride  of  gold.  The  latter  i»  ruulily  ■lei.'umpOMd,  wit" 
fomation  of  tnvtallic  ptid ;  t)ia  «(h«r  at  ieaAt  jmilialTy,  witb  Mjwratioo 
ptTOxiil*  of  iron,  in  line  iTytnlliiii.'  wnlcs.  rndecompospd  chloride  of  Jn>n,  ; 
well  aa  chloridt  of  polarjiiim.  tnur  Iw  cxtmclcd  with  water  alter  lomplcle  di^j 
ampo^tioo.  f>>T  which  a  slight  ivil  heat  ia  liiifflcicnt ;  thv  apld  frnix-i  a  cuhcreufl 
■potkjiy  Dnafw;  the  iroii  fbM  IJ^it  tvaies  which  arc  resdily  H'parolile  hy  "i^j 
Oiamcal  mcaiei.  If  any  Rold  remain  in  the  fonu  of  doat  witli  the  peroxide  u^  l 
iron,  it  maT  he  dtittolred  uul  with  nitromuriiilic  acid  (thecaiciiii.'d  oxide  of  iron.l 
Ion):  rmMtini:  IbeacUoDof  Ihfiacid),  and  the  i;Qld  throMii  •lowti  hy  pn>loniiI;f 
phatcof  iron.  In  moit  canra  thin  nio'lciif  wfinration  will  he  iiniicc«<Buy.  ThaJ 
anthorr  bai  conrinDed  hinuolf  hy  the  miploj  ment  of  uieaauri'd  lohinics  of  tli 
wm»  mlutioii  of  pild,  «CB|Mrsl'ion.  healing  nilb  muriate  '^f  uniinouiu,  u[id  t  ^ 
forth,  that  *t«i  tkt  i)iianlity  of  gold  in  sni'li  wlutions  may  be  determined  witJl ' 
■ulSraenl  ciactiwa*. 

11w  aanic  cncoa  may  be  adopted  u*ilb  titatiiig  lluidi ;  chloride  of  silnir  is 
obtained  logrrllicr  n-iih  oxide  of  iron  (IWiin  lliu  forrocytutidoof  potasiiiim);  Iha 
ckloridf>  '»  readily  diiewlTcd  l>y  ammonia;  metallic  ail««r,  of  whicli  howcvn' 
hit  tittJc  or  r»one  ia  foniied,  i»  extraettid  by  nitric  add.  Il  ia  unnecessary  t» 
tar  thai  tli«  miitue  tH  0|irraied  upon  in  the  usual  iDumor  to  oblain  iho  iti\nr  j 
iN*cr())iilcft»,  as  the  divnnipokition  nf  the  plating  fliuds  may  be  cllrctcd  in  Ihe 
knnid  war  by  meant  of  aulphun'tted  bydrogm,  thia  proc«is  may  not  bvw  fra- 
^otntly  adoptad  (br  lilTn-. 

L^ly,  it  iBMy  bn  WvfUl  to  inform  ihnw  permnn  who  oceapy  themiwlireii  wit\v 


w 


JoHTiHal  t^  Coppa  Mining  Operationi. 


«loctro-pl»stlc  prooiMM,  Ihal  Uie  (mployniMit  of  chlorMa  oT  iimmonium  or  t 
Mlt  of  nminonia  in  lhb(  muincr,  fumishr-fi  a  n-ndj  mcuis  of  tciliiig  the  mmpo- 
silion  of  such  Uiiid*  u  ure  tiseil  in  Ihc  formnliou  of  k  gaiTiiiii«  cwntiiig.  For 
aolutiouti  of  oopp«r  Uie  suthor  •mploj'!!  iiiit|)littl«  of  kuunonl*,  tM'caitw  wlieo 
muriate  of  amraooU  U  employed,  chlondo  of  copjwr  is  forniod,  wbinh  is  parlialljr 
TOlfttilijccd  whh  tho  undcoomptuid  sol-oiumuniac,  prududog  k  Iuh  of  coppgr. 


JOtmSAl  OF  COPPER  MINING  OPEMTIOHS. 

ULKK  StrpJHtlOH  COrPKH  MIMU. 

PemiMc  Minitiff  Ox— In  a  report  by  the  offiouM  ofUib  compuy,  tro  Uio 
Ibllowint.'  iJcUilN  r«Utivu  tn  the  loculioii  aail  pro»p«ctB  of  Iliis  coiiipauy  : 

Tho  locntinn  of  this  co[i)|iikiiy  is  sltiuted  iu  Uoii^liton  miuity.  SUI«  of 
Miclugan,  un  I'uHb^i?  Lake,  n1>oiit  tvrclvomilMft'niiiiUcntntiKoiiitiiKf^iraiaw 
Bay,  HU'i  ix>iii|iriMs  a  tnet  of  about  three  hundrtd  and  MiT«iity-lito  aciwi  of 
hiid,  Wing  the  w«st  lialf  of  Seclion  Ku.  2S,  inTowiuihip  Xo,  G&,  Nortb  of  JUage 
34,  West. 

TbiB  tract  hM  a  water  fnmt  of  half  n  mile  on  the  Lake,  nnd  can  bcapprooch- 
«d  from  Lak«  Supvrior  by  TtBH.'lHdrawiugiaiauduiiiL-liiLlf  fvctuf  irato.  Then 
arc  about  Ibr^acrMof  nrarty  tevti  and  oxmllcnt  furming  lamt  bordurtnE<ntIie 
lake,  afUr  pandnjc  which  there  is  an  abrupt  riic  nf  l>om  2(il)  tu  31X1  foot  niih^ 
thedittanovofhaif  a  mile;  afUr  thai  the  surface  bccotneii  quite  level. 

Th«  ('nlltv  eurfaM  of  the  tract  iii  covered  vith  a  rich  aliutial  Miil.  varyins 
&om  a  (e\v  iuchm  to  iwTcral  foct  in  depth,  and  i«  al»o  heavily  timbered  wilG 
tiiaplt>,  liiLss-n-ood,  birch,  hemlock,  ocdar,  spnico  ami  balsam  tree*. 

KuM-  locatiutit  un  (he  minoral  ntge  protniiw  the  sonie  advantaxen  a'^  this  Ibr 
minlDK.  Ix'iui;  Kitualcl  iuiuiedia(«1y  on  toe  banks  of  the  Uke.  having  an  clcra* 
tion  or  thn^  biindn"!  d'nl,  and  occupying.  ai  it  iIi>os,  a  ccutral  iKwitioii  «^t  and 
we»t  on  the  Imp  raiitre ;  ihc  ohamrti-r  of  ihv  rook  is  icnod,  and  Hiich  aa  accom* 
panivs  most  of  the  pruiluclJvi.'  minc':  of  thccouiiIry,andbuinB  tlioruiish  itxaaii- 
nation  the  (^nviisIOTii.'  dovn  nut  exint  lien'. 

NuHiPronH  ancient  pit*  havit  Xmea  foinid  on  tliis  tract,  comwpondJDK  in  tlwiJ 
lineal  direetion  with  tbo  oonrw  and  licarini;  of  the  veins  on  tho  south  cido  of 
Portage  Lake,  an  dutoruined  by  nt'lua!  survey  uiadv  during  tlm  p»»t  winter. 

The  vein  Um  bevn  considerably  cxplorod  on  the  MUth  aide  of  Ili«  lake,  wlitra 
{t  has  boon  found  lar)[e,  well  dufinrd,  and  well  HUcd  with  lump  and  »tamp  cop- 
per ;  the  veinstone  ix  composed  of  r|uiirt«,  upar.  epidote,  and  a  red  femif;inotia 
rock  mixed  vith  copper.  The  veiu  liua  u]w>  becu  opviKnl  at  wveml  lujiiiU  oa 
this  tract,  and  has  been  fonrid  to  enm.>s-[K)iid  in  e-hararlor  aiid  Diaterial,  as  well 
as  in  general  courw—thc  oontinuatiun  of  which  Kivc;i  the  euinpanj  tho  ran  for 
abont  one  and  a  half  miles. 

Fi^r  tho  carryiiJK  ou  of  mining  operalious,  this  tract  poaawtfoa  gnat  tdna- 
UgM,  being  nitiiatcd  imincdtately  upon  navigable  water,  wluir«  every  tiling  ■«• 
cewry  can  be  Khipt>ed  directly  to  and  fium  the  mine,  and  in  every  r««pcol 
the  tract  ia  well  pntviili'd  with  all  the  Tvcjuisites  to  tuake  a  latuable  niiuo. 

Letl«re  from  the  agout,  Mr.  C.  0.  DoughtM,  givt  a  very  bvorabla  account 
of  the  prospects  of  tho  mina : 

Tlio  poxpect  of  the  Shaft,  on  vhat  we  oonni<Ier  the  Moiitetuina  vob.  ia  i^ 
eidedlr  good,  and  iniproving  at  the  Shalt  ix  being  ^itnk.  Such  Is  also  tho  GAM 
with  (lie  small  vein  to  the  oa«t  of  the  Iklontcmma  rein." 

Prim  a  letter  dat«(|  Knv.  17th. 

"  We  have  foiiiH)  another  ran  further  northweat  than  either  of  the  othtn. 
W«  had  freciuciitty  root  with  lloallng  chunkn  of  vtinstoiie  and  uoiiper  from  Uiia 


< 


Jotimal  t^  Copper  Muting  Opefttlions. 


75 


vein,  *dA  svpfKUMt  it  not  fkr  oC  It  hu  K  ftn«  lurfwa  nppcuvnm  and  tD»y, 
irboi  Tully  iqiciic<l,  lie  one  or  the  mail  pnnniiiiiis  ran*  foiiad  cm  thu  luvftUoii, 
Two  uf  tbe  vtbtT  tvin.i  w  looking  wull  ilii>1  improtriig. " 

OvofinrMtof  JUining  Ch, — We  Inni  fiuni  llii'  ij<iA«  Superior  Journal. 
ihM  tUs  it  tbe  title  of  »  oev  orgMiuAtion  on  a  lugs  and  valuable  Intel  of  mitic- 
nlhnd: 

It  In  HJInalnl  Ixitwnn  Ragln  TIarbor  and  C(^pcr  ITaThor,  in  Set*.  0  and  10. 
TowiuJiip  iii  nurtli,  of  IUn|cc  2^  wckL  The  jpxiund  has  been  cxjilonxl  duriii): 
Ute  provnC  neaxun,  and  nercral  promiKuig  niii.-i  ducorvred  in  tbti  wide  belt  of 
■mj-fnlaloEd,  north  of  Uw  grtnatoiio  ridgi\  Tli«  principal  vein,  on  whiuli  the 
rampauy  tn  oomnwncinic  work,  has  been  limeed  over  uom  the  iwiulh  xidu  of 
the  Taoce  iii  Section  IB,  uid  it  iocreanoi  in  widtfa  a*  it  rutin  outth.  jVi  tim 
point  wbav  tho  oompaDjr  cuuiutuiwd  work  Uw  niu  is  llim  and  a  half  &xt 
wid»  at  the  auT&ats  well  dc flood  and  regular,  and  it  la  looked  upon  as  a  guod 
•how  tor  tbo  foandatinn  of  a  mine. 

&.  W,  Hill,  Supiirinltndcnt  of  itiv  Or>ppiT  t'alls  and  otlier  wincii  hajt 
the  sPncnd  nuixrinli^iidFncc  of  t)ii«  coiK-vni,  and  trtim  Ida  wpll-kuown  ability 
and  cncr^  in  tliis  buaJiivg«i,  auother  valnable  mine  may  bc«i[>ecl«d  to  beadd«d 
to  tbc  lint  in  proper  time. 

t'mpirt  \Kning  Co. — Ily  the  sunir  Hauroc  w«  arv  infotniud  of  the  organi- 
catioo  of  thill  coinipany,  which  has  cmnmcnccd  opcntionson  llie  north  half  of 
Section  1 1  and  actiouunff  lands : 

Tbfy  hate  a  vein  virtuBllv  proved  up  at  the  outset.  This  ve'm,  »■<■  believe. 
was  diii-overtd  hv  S,  Vi,  Ilili  im  the  laii'lfl  of  tbe  Imii  City  Mininf;  C'ouipnny. 
last  winter ;  and  it  wnt  traenl  fVxnn  the  miith  tide  of  the  range  over  rtniili  inl<> 
tb."  lamb  now  owned  by  the  Knipire  Stining  Coinpnny.  Tb*  Imn  I'liy  Coin- 
psny  Bpent  several  tbou9«nd  dollani  in  opening  up  the  nin.  by  nnking  small 
rtiaJU  St  short  diatanoM  Jroro  one  auollier  aUr[i^  iiiiritiwardlv  from  t^  old 
minr,  and  found  Ih'  loile  hMvier  nnd  riehcr  in  roppcr  the  l\irtticr  lliey  worked 
north  0«t  of  the  grrerutnne  and  into  the  leM  crystalline  trnp. 

They  took  out  of  the  last  shafl,  which  was  sunk  some  SO  feet,  a  line  lot  of 
Mampwvrlt.andanwal  iDaasMofcopuerof  wvernl  pounds  weijibtcaeh.  At  this 
■tafcof  the  work,  wbi<^  wasUW  ronchliko  jirovingup  their  nrighlior'snTniind. 
nUng  w^  cnspoidtd  on  the  north  side  of  the  ntn^e.  Vat  far  from  this  iihaft  tho 
Bnuira  Co.  have  conunenrvd,  or  are  aboulcvininvncLng  work.  Tliey  have  opened 
1^  tli«  vein  io  atvoral  ptaoes,  and  fniil  it  etery  where  from  thnw  to  foitr  K-el  in 
indlh,  rich  In  oo|ipor.  At  one  plscc  Ibr  oxplarcrii  look  out  IVom  the  Eiirfaeo  nf 
(ho  vein,  lereni]  piiee*  of  nstiic  TO|ipcr,  weiKbing  some  »i»  pounds  each,  and  a 
waas  was  Mt  oxpon-d,  wliirb  r^nild  not  be  taken  out  williout  btimliiig.  The  in- 
diealiODS  ar«  apfttrvntly  lii^hty  favorublr;  for  a  rich  veiu  and  a  proiniidng 
Dtinr. 

Ill  the  ai^oininK  township  east,  in  Sectim  tm,  viJuablu  discoveries  hava  n- 
DSaily  bwD  naik  under  the  superinundeno*  of  W.  U.  SMvou,  Eaq.  FinepieoM 
of  copper  have  Itocn  taken  IVora  a  langa  ran,  and  a  good  abaw  is  prusutM  fbr 
tho  foundation  of  a  prominnf;  mine.  A  company  will  aoon  bo  orituiwd  to 
to  wi^rk  Ibis  rein. 

Cvppfr  F'liU  MtAf^ — Thp  Cotopany  have  shipped  since  15th  August  lui 
<  ul  c  ghly  ton*^  anil  have  wveml  nnc  maKics  in  pn>|[Teia  of  facing  cut  up  for 


shipment,  snd  Ihey  will   undoubltdly  .icnd  to  market  wrcral  tons  more  before 
lAatt  of  narlgatlon.    The  Hill  Vuia  coutiu 
older  *«to  at  the  cast 


I  coutiutivii  to  improve  rapidly,  u  does  the 


North  Jmn-rmn  .\tint  cotnM  farward  in  its  dovalo|anpnt  wilh  a  steady  and 
nm  IVOKTMSi  every  foot  of  new  ground  onisied,  showioji  an  improvement  of  the 
Tttn.  TM  coppei  is  then:,  but  uiuru  woA  has  had  to  bo  ejipctidud  in  owning 
t^  mine  thaa  ui  0()«iiug  stuae  olliurs.    Now  thu  tbvy  have  ihuir  nMCbittcry 


n 


Joufttai  of  Copper  Mining  Ojifratiotu, 


eT«rtt>l,  %nA  their  mine  syNtematinilly  opriiixl,  thi;  cnppnr  irill  b»  fortheoBine 
I  hcreaflM'  at  no  skiw  mtc.  Th^y  Imn  chipped  tlili  ncuon  twcnty-«x  Ioim,  ua 
i  the  vciu  L-ouliiuics  lo  imprtite  id  ei<.-ry  rT«pi!cL 

North  It'rtl  .Miw, — Fiiiuj  IIlih  mine  lli«  CvnifUiy  liait  i<lij|ip(.><l  ihout  VJH 

tons  oT  copjH'i'  iliiriiix  thn  xiiniinur.     I'lin  ConipMiy's  new  win  ik  rani  (o  look 

wry  protnisiTij;  for  thf  ™mouiil  of  TPork  ibnc  on  it.     Holh  veins  will  l«j  imrkcil 

bcroalWr,   miJ  fiirlbtr  ex jilotii lions  will   lie  made   on    IhiK  vulunblc  location 

uotlier  year. 

fefc  Boyal  nnU  Portagr  .Win«.— Tho  mineni  first  PomoiPua'd  irorlt  on  (M 

Irin  Koyal,  on  llic  ISIh  AurubI,  IPS2,  nniJ  on  the  Portnipi  (!nmpiiny,  Sat.  Sd 
jof  the  sKiiii.-  year — rhus  j-lncinj*  Uicni  on  ■  par.  or  tvtn  nlicail  of  mnrt  o(  thft 
f  new  POiu|Miiii-'SS(arti«J  in  llii"  wiiiitry.  ThtwctonipBiiieaan"  noWfmplojHne  CO 
[to  SO  men  iwh,  au'l  will  irarenvp  td.ir  mininp  futo™  dnrinj;  the  wiiitur  to  aliotit 

Ko)  mi^n  ciu-h.     Tliu  minm  uv  looking  weII,  and  prove  lo  ho  cqnnj  U>  thr  ex- 

pcrtaiicm*  of  iht'ir  ifli^wiont. 

The  /Aic/^'i'  r«iii/Mjiiy. — This  cMiipany  lias  openwl  the  xanieToia  ux  the 
i  IbId  Itoj'til,  ncirly  Auo  mile  soiilj)  nf  ttii.'  Inlv  Itoyiil  >liii[\  wtivrv  they  fiad  Ilie 
j  Ifcin  qiiilo  ns  rii?h  in  mppcr,  and  iis  well  defluwi  as  at  any  point  where  it  has 

Ven  ojx-nnl.     There  ore  now  Tour  cninpuiirai  nt  work  on  ilu«  vein,  all  of  .which 

have  ;:uikI  pr>:iipvcU  of  invcting  with  huivcvl 

'/yte  Itipley.  Ptieabie.  Af)nlf:iiTna.  iinit  Qiilnci/  Mines  arc  raising  COp- 

prr,  and  RnI  highly  fmoomKcd  with  Ihrir  iin:M|>oc1R. 

From  the  Ontimitgtm.—'Xhii  mininB  intcrcit  w  mori!  pnispcrotis  ai  n  Rcno- 

rai  thing  tlian  usua].     Many  new  coiutiaiiiai  are  Rtarlb(c  uwler  favomble  clr- 

eanutaac«(i.  the  ol't  awn  m-.Tt^mg  in  itie  nro<luctic>u  oftuiiper.     The  ilevelop- 

tnUDtE  at  iho  Miiincuitn  Mint  w.  mnitrkalilc,  <^vt'n  for  tliat  tnii)(^ — Oioy  have 
I  r<vcntly  thrown  Jown.  whith  is  now  beinn  cut  for  ahipmunl,  over  250  tons  of 
[jwuoi  eop]itr.     Two  of  thejK-  miL'sts  will  weigh  ovor  lOO  toiw  tntli,  ami  one  of 
~l  Ions  ur  over.     One  of  ttiCAe  tnatsnt  ih  of  the  vxlnuinlinury  thttbiieii*  of  IWe 
Thi;  Knckland  Mine,  n  new  work  ailjoining  the  Miiitu'Mila,  is  also  pi«- 

SodblK  Mnsidemlite  niiL'isci:  from  sJnkinK,  showing  a  f^ood  lode  of  nuuit  and 
^tnirercoppvr.     Tlu-  pmjeoled  opening  of  this  mine,  if  aceDmpliabed  an  cxjicctcd, 
t  will  pirelan?;  rraulli  the  next  year. 
I       l>u  the  n'<'8t  bide  <>r the  iiv«.r  iho  Norwich  Mbe  is proilucing  tho  inost  OOp- 

JKT.  arid  frani  ihn  j^iinil  now  iM-ing  opcnnl,  their  Khlpmeitt*  must  be  larglllj 

increjiied  the  ne.Vl  *eli*on. 

Ya-i-K  of  IIk  riitit  !^Ux\  the  Pulton  in  iluhii;  the  lar^-wt  wijrk,  and  prombw 

Well  fur  oopiior  the  iient  ymr.  In  ihf  vieinity  of  tlic  niiiLi?s  nienlionti)  »ra  ft 
I  Dnmhrr  nf  wnik«  more  or  Iuk  advanctil  whicJi  from  their  nencrol  promise 
,  p>-c  inneh  life  and  ciHXiurap*iuuit  to  the  ooppw  rangu  for  forty  mtlaf  in 
lextonl. 


OKK  yUH  AT  LtKC  >l>l>Kni0|[. 

At  thfr  Ofmung  of  navigation  last  spring,  tlicre  were  only  three  conipiiiiiKt, 
■UafwUchonly  cuftloyM  about  fid  mm:  utivr  Ihen  are  t«u  couiiMnuen  at 
work,  giring  tanployincnt  to  over  200  men. 

aiciti=>  or  THE  hHKK  icpcHinn  aKiitox. 
Mr.  Heman  B.  Kly,  who  is  ite(]iiaint<?d  wilh  the  iron  and  topper  districts  on 
[tbfi  south  of  the  ijikc,  cnlimntci  the  annual  product  of  iron  and  copper  frum 
'Uie  mines,  iu>  of  suffifieiit  iiiijiortanei'  lo  become  a  weighty  Minsideniliou  in 
&TOr  of  tlu!  construction  of  n  riiLtroad  lliithcr : — 

It  iiiay  bo  stated  uftly,  that  the  iivn  mincit  here,  w  noon  as  facilitii>s  are 
opened  for  Ml  accMS  to  them,  will  export  annually  2.0O0,)K>ll  of  lonv  of  iron 
oro.     Thni  is  now  worth,  delivered  at  Marquettt^  llay  for  shipment,  eight  dot- 


Jovrnnl  of  Copper  Mining  OpnrUiant.  77 

km  |«r  bm.  wtikh  h  sixtMB  mniions  of  dollan.    Ciu-rinl  lo  luu-ket,  nml  min- 
n&Ktuml,  fieldinx  roujilf  lu  it  4iw»,  rijrty  Wp  cphL  of  niallMble  inwi,  il  ix  | 
vroTih  Mt  UiL>  lonrect  prkvN,  sixty  tnillionii  of  dullnrt.    The  prodiirc  oT  (tic  M|>- 
par  imImb  b  atatdiU  and  rafiidl)  iiurmsin^.    Troliably,  irithin  fire  j-rais,  it 
will  eonH  «p  to  3SJJ0&  ton»  iwr  uuiiuai.  vrluch  Es  irorlti  li-ii  mUliuDs  urdullnri^ 
I(  w  aaHinM,  bowcTcr,  thai  onv  linir  oT  tliiH  lion  luiit  c«)i|>vf  uiJl  bv  caniiul  i 
•way  by  water.     Tla-rc  will  he  j-et  U-ft   I,(>OO,fH)0  of  tons  of  iion  Ofv,  fnij  ' 
12JiU)  louM  of  «ai|ipcT  firodiicb^  wliidi,  in  lliw  nw  iil»t«i,  ore  n-orlli  tliirtpcn  I 
niUMDSof  dolkn^  wet  )u  market  ■nuufaclun'd,  Uiirt)-'6v>i  miltiiniH  of  dullott^ 
to  hs  cairiod  off  aaniully  hj  nilroaii,  on  tlio  Tartous  ktsuuwb  which  will  1)^) 
uOcvnl.  and  tbc  eotA  of  tnui^portatiiin  by  railroad,  wbaUvor  il  Hiay  be,  th 
pnxJucte  will  alwuyii  ixar,  anil  be  able  to  Kuxtain. 

THC   MCIEXT   MIXES. 

Ax  &T  ax  at  prfwnt  known,  tbo  innAt  etrihii))!:  rnntiiis  of  the  aocieiit  uiinen  : 
an>  on  the  OnUmf^n  Itircr,  cxtendin;;  15  or  20  milcK  ftli^nc  ihv  trap  niiiga  i 
c*cli  way,  from  wbwicc  it  cnMSDi  Iho  course  of  tlml  Mrvimi. 

Tbty  are  aUo  vnj  appin-tit  in  llu."  vitinity  of  I'orlape  Lake.  On  Point  ' 
Kmrcns  they  niay  be  Men  cxiradlne  fmm  lh(<  Fonylh  localion  (iiow  Fulton), 
tsfinrnril  atnnqe  Ibn  nnfcti  alioiit  3)  nines ;  anil  airois  the  I^ke  ob  IsI»  i 
Koja],  are  abundant  cvidfnir  of  mintn^r  opi-Mition.i  of  the  fume  cm.  AIFJ 
of  the  Budcnt  vorlu  yd  eipion'd,  ihovr  that  tbt-y  iiiive  Iiwii  abandmird  morel 
than  600  y«anL  and  not  only  bcliire  tho  Fmieli  first  licani  the  Indians  speak  ] 
oreopfwr,  but  Mbrv  Colunibus  Uuded  od  tbc  ixiniin^ut. 


^ 


MixiTH  ctaoi.tKJi  coppca  kihe, 

Tfcn  Tfpo«  of  the  mpcrinicDdont  of  tho  North  Carolina  Minr,  Sir.  1>.  R,'j 
WHder,  piKwiiU  rary  full  luirticiilara  of  llic  condition  of  tha  uitiv  and  the  pro- 
gnas  of  operations.    We  extract  nnr^h  portions  an  are  of  ^nnral  interest : 

(In  ray  arrival  nt  thn  mine,  in  Au;^ut,  I  made  pcnuiinl  cinminatiunii.  witlti 
a  TJaw  lo  <li:t<Tini[»  our  fuliuv  oiMmiliuiiii.  not  only  ait  rtgardt-d  iliiting  thingcl 
akced,  but  at  tbe  name  tuu*  Meroitiiug  a  tliorongch  system  oftconouiy  Ci  flnait^l 
nal  malbn.  cOMisMit,  boweTRr,  with  the  pro[«T  woikinK  of  the  enitiei  foi 
uiaay  Ihinpi  that  ikoiild  hate  bi-m  donp.  had  been  xrl  aside,  and  olhurs 
minor  ooniriilerattDin  sobrtjtuled.  1'lie  number  of  Coniiish  nutiers  wbo 
reoeiring  lii^  wagM  wa«  allo^tiicr  diKproportionate  lo  tho  number  ol  men  cut- ' 
ployed,  and  mora  particiilarly  so,  as  the  mine  was  under  procwa  of  "oponing," 
and  c<itw>oquontly  not  sulBctent  pvund  opened  to  admit  of  their  btin|;  adTQn* 
loj^iisly  employed. 

Also,  Init  little  or  nu  prOTinton  Iiad  l>eon  made  for  tlie  ureclion  of  tlio  nia- 
cUneiy,  whreh  lailar,  I  rt^nil  to  say,  has  niado  it6  appearance  a  litile  at  a  time, 
daring  an  iiilcrval  of  many  waeka,  whenoTcr  it  suited  the  ooiivmicncc  of  tboaa 
haritig  the  job  for  its  tnurapoirtatioo  to  the  mine.  It  is  true,  a  bw  briok  w«i« 
on  hand  Gm-  a  porlkin  of  ilie  enj^ne  boiluni,  &e..  but  uut,  how»t«r,  lu  sufflcient 
qaantity  lo  tomplcle  tlie  abote  work,  and  as  a  matter  of  cour>w,  has  bean  a 
cnrecv  drawbatik  to  the  jiropar  working  of  tlie  mine,  onintc  \o  the  want  of  the 
eneint  and  pumpn ;  lor  mstcad  of  dointc  the  work  that  ore  should  have  done 
towards  proring  the  pvund  fully,  and  dcvelopuig  ita  ratOuiVAs  by  KiutUog  the 
shaft  and  opening  new  Moping  ground,  by  a  saocMnon  of  levels  or  croM-tnits 
from  Ute  abaft  10  the  )odi\  we  hare  bam  drtren  lo  the  altematiTe  of  tontlning 
our  opwatioiM  to  certain  }(iTr1s;  where  tho  water  wni  with  diWcuHy  kept  dowa 
\tj  maUMof  tba  whym,  and  where  we  could  be  out  of  ila  rvaeh.  ^iill.  undef 
tbaaa  erabamutring  dn-itmi'taocet^  the  extraclion  of  llHiO  barrels  of  ore, 
wi0mtg  frotn  ))U»  to  IM'X'  lb->.  net,  of  a  IiIkIi  jx-i-ccntago,  bcsktei  a  solBeient 
qoaatMy  now  lymg  en  the  surface,  rapable  "f  m.-iking  over  300  barrela  mora, 
apeaks  Tolnmc*  in  fkniT  of  tlia  nine,  when  we  take  into  eonald«>atioQ  ttttA  «X 


7fif 


Jon*  mil  af  Vt^^p^  Mining  OperntioHX 


fciit  (4)  differwit  points  of  Ihu  l0l1^  Ihc  mln*  fitver  ha»  appeitrr'l  txtler  Ihan 
1(  naw  dnn. 

lu  ■  lure*  miMW  of  ittiA  mailer  extriiPt«l  fomiprlr.  (  notiw  unme  rery  Aim 
rOBMui,  lAki-ii  ot  It  'leptli  of  llftv  fiwL,  which  I  MiisiiliT  oij?  Mwntia!  ronilitkre 
tomrds  the  future  siiccwn  of  tiip  minir  in  his  search  nfli-r  mppcT. 

The  Iwl*.  frora  Ihp  mmmPncnnent  of  o[jpr«lron«  for  mppcr  *rp,  mirl  it  a 
■lo|itb  of  nixly  fwt,  hM  b<*n  very  flat,  ncarlv  horiJicnla!,  but  rairvinp  pcrfpct 
H-alls;  IVim  ihis  ik-pth.  tlie  tttnlrrUy  IiaM  rhnnjn«1  ivry  riidWriaTly  fnr  the  bet- 
ter, dwl  in  trnt^wini;  thn  siilo  of  the  ihall,  one  portion  of  thp  lorfp  carripi  three 
Koparnti-  and  distinpt  Tt>in!(.  iwnvprninR  Khf-hllj:.  bt-low  which  point  thn_v  dip 
4'^  ilni;.  or  ni  feet  per  fiithoin.  an'I  in  one  dwpi^^t  Icvi-I.  tnkc  in  Kmn  tliirteen 
frrt  of  minertl  |;rDun'[,  <.'hAiitci%' a^oin  tin  iimlcrUy  1«  three  ftet  tier  Athom. 
tin  till;  tnuth  Hiilo  of  thr  nlia/t,  wc  hire  the  Imto  four  f«et  inHxi,  capahtr  of  rioli)- 
inn  ris^t  lorn  In  the  falhom  ;  «t  uiolher  point  of  the  lodo,  in  uiothcr  Ictol, 
thrm  feet  wide,  Tielding  lOTen  ton.x  jwr  fatlioiii ;  in  our  lowest  lottl  one  llua- 
tli«il  fivt  de«p,  talrteen  Ibet  of  gronnd,  tvirrj'ititE  oro  suitiibU  Ibr  the  ctnaben^ 
anit  ill  Ilio  «ttipn  north  of  tho  »niall  Khnft.  a  tcoo<l  dradgo;  lodc^  five  feet  Wide, 
currrinjc  JJo.  I.  »»  well  M  ore  for  the  ciushoni. 

Thi*.  thcnrfurF.  \s  the  kctusl  |>o«itioa  and  app«w«ace  Of  the  vAva  «a  ngvdi' 
our  pninpet^ts  for  the  l\itum  rxtractiun  of  ore,  and  which  cannot  bft  aqtutliod  by 
any  mine  in  the  State. 

'  The  pumps,  of  which  w«  bare  a  drawing,  lilt  seven  inch.  an>)  a  plunger  debt 

inch,  ate  in  tln-ir  n-sjK'ctii'p  plupps,  and  profmrly  Mciirfi.     SliixU  liir  Ilio  uouiUHrt 

of  tlio  worK'iicii  have  hIhi)  bo«i  criftt"!.  and  ht;  arc  now  prcpai'inE  four  mors 

butchOKi  whioh,  wht'n  rcui1_v.  uitt  jn'ently  faoililiile  our  cIlbrtA  tuwanli  lliu  doily 

J;fnorei*eor  ore  fir  shifnneiit  to  N'ew-Yorlt.     Thi>   wst'es  of  the  men.  In  maoj 

<aM8,  haw  l)ccn  rediirod.  and  many  of  the  hiith-priccd  men  dischttrf^ei].  for 

whoin  othem  «rere  nibaUtul«(l.  oouiiieteut  to  fill  the  atalicnu^  at  one  hnnilnd 

per  cent.  Icm. 

:        Owing  to  the  non-arrival  of  onr  mae.binpry  as  soon  ai  w*;*  expvcl«H.  wc  liavo 

rtlOMiMarily  l>em  retarded  in  our  oporatians.  fnrtieularly  in   ri^cat^  to  '*bi| 

moM  ore,  mucb  to  my  regret ;  anu  altlioutch  thin  detpntioQ  hnx  aUn  pren 

'nil  from  proiiiig  oiir  ground  10  ■  greater  depth,  still  no  tiniv   liiu  bevii  loi 

Ibr  in  (lie  «xt«n»loa  of  our  t<n  and  »xt(<eTi  falhotii  lervls,  on>  of  a  Kuptner 

quality  in  ahnndanco  ha*  Itccn  met  with,  at  points  hitherto  eniininratM,  aud 

now  ready  for  cxtmetion.     Tlie  whyiQ  shall  hn.K  been  Kunk  Mvenly-flTo  lUA 

Tcrlii-nllv.  and  twentv-ttre  on  the  underlay,  and  owing  tii  Ibi;  (quantity  uf  watar 

at   t1ii!i  loMt  pnint,  it  was  deemed  iitcxpediCQt  to  attempt  •Itwemhug  furtlwr. 

with  the  mneiuncry  hitherto  uKe<l  by  hurw  power,  but  differ  this  work  aUU 

tuch  time  u  the  i-neiuL-  and  pumps  were  in  openttion.     Krom  the  above  shajl 

I'letelfl  liaie  Wn  v^londeil  on  the  eaame  of  tho  vein,  aa  also  fur  Uw  cipculatioit 

of  wr  and  proper  ventilation  of  the  ntinc  at  such  pWDte  a8  were  dremed  Mken- 

tiai  for  the  health  of  tliv  workinw  Muptuycd,  mid  now  coimr>e(c<l  with  tho  sliaft 

A,  near  by.     N.  31*  W.  a  diatanot  of  one  bnndfed  and  suventy-ono  fcct  irtna 

.  fiu  whyiD  Bhad.  the  enjcinc  chafl  was  coron>(incv>l,  fi>r  Ibe  purpose  of  cultlrw 

llbe  lode  at  a  certain  depth,  aiiwtning  tlic  underlay  to  bv  r«t:>iUr.     Tlils  sliaA 

Ifa  now  down  fUty  bet,  and  baa  be«n  sunk  thus  laj-  thivuRh  a  hard  eraoil«  rock ; 

[tilk  with  the  watar,  makraitadow  and  cxpen.iiie  opemliun,  uid  I  think  for 

tlheproHmt  had  better  be  deferred,  for  the  following  n-asous.  vii.:  afii^r  sinktQfc 

I'lho  whym  shaft,  we  thall  lie  driving  tnwanl.^  t^ie  engiiw  Aliaft,  far  below   ita 

Vpreaent  detilh,  and  unletu  the  country  (Uiruugh  which  the  K.  shaft  will  nocMW- 

I  tily  psM'.)  be  a  cloao,  compact  rock,  or  a  croas  jlookaa  int«rvene»,  wc  ahall,  as 

^matter  of  omirML  take  up  ait  tho  water  with  our  imiops,  and  Uiiu  be  able 

ihsTB  dry  workng.  which  will  exDcditc  the  EmiiinK  of  the  engine  khafL 

J  S41^wesl,  a  diataaoe  of  two  liundred  and  eighty-two  fwi  from  the 

llrhym  shaft,  another  shaft  wa^  sunk  eighty  fM.  known  aa  the  "  Hlacktmilb 

^Irtiaft,"  itotti  which  a  croaMTiit  we*  drinn  to  the  lode.     The  lode  Itere  in  three 

fett  wMe,  oontpoited  of  quarti,  carbunate  of  iron,  and  yellow  copper,  yii^ldiiig 


4 


Joumai  of  Ctpper  Mining  (^aliont. 


n 


■boat«Mu>dBhalft0iM  to  th«  &ihoiii.  Asftkrel  has  bern  ilrtTtj)  Hgbt]^ 
bar  ftel  (rmn  the  vhym  itufl  ton-anl*  thiG  nKifl,  the  Mine  irill  be  continucrl, 
in  order  to  anil*  wtUi  Um  nhkn.  uj  Uitut  t»rvo  as  ui  outlet  for  ihi:  waler  to  the 
pwniiG,  t»  w«U  M  gimg  pxMJ  >lr. 

The  fiiKc  cmpwjrcd  M  pr«iient  an  thn  minn,  h  nemity-flTo  mnn  mil  Imtii 
BBWrtrtipgof  umlMETOutwl  mhI  ttufftw  men,  of  vrhinh  n  ulatcmiait  s*  farwaraW 
Mai-nonUkty,  fniTiiiif  accaf«tion  uiil  prit-p  per  inontb. 

Tt»  mamaat  our  cruiUion  ind  hiilohcs  nn.'  in  ojKWitinn,  which  will  l>»  by 
Um  nidiUD  of  th«  prtamt  moolli,  ««  *hiM  then  he  able  tn  torn  ont  daily  from 
Bm  (o  Kt«a  Urns  of  Ni>.  1.  w«^  or  about  tva  litmdivf}  Uim  per  month,  and  in- 
crMM  ikat  aoiMiri  lij  working  morv  hutehca. 

Aa  IB5  Toiwrka  an  intMiited  tn  *ho«-  the  actiul  piMUion  of  the  mine  now, 
wHhoal  tnapwaiog  in  Uw  limilB  of  the  future,  I  will  coneliide  bv  myin);.  that 
umy  i^Millnneii,  aocomptDled  by  mtellif^-Dl  niinPni,  at  different' pMioda,  hare 
viottd  Um  miiw,  mii  m!i»ln)  thL>  [•liviK'^i-  nf  examiuui);  for  tbauH)v«>,  vhtch 

j  ptnikn  haa  in  everr  «wA  tnitannt  been  iMidily  and  chwrftillj  eranUxl,  and 
who,  nR«T  weh  examination,  hare  oftlH'ir  own  frw  will,  immliriied,  J»ic3  "  that 
the  mine  far  #KCVvl8  lliv  fUltvriiig  rrpivwriUlioiiji  dial  liad  bn-n  tnadi-  respvct- 
my  it.'*     For  my  nwn  pajt,  I  am  fully  HntiHilm)  that  tlw  Company  liav>  a  good 

I  BUM,  and  om  that  now  NUTpaxncs  the  bcul  ore  mines  in  the  United  States. 

corrtM  iM  vtiBCOKsrH. 
Some  facts  relatii-e  lo  copper  loilen  in  Wtwoiwln  are  ftal«i)  by  a  corrwipoml- 
<at  of  (he  AVm-  York  l^bune,  v\u>  likewue  Aimithoa  Kome  parliculon  ro- 
)  meeting  tbe  a^ptct  of  tbc  cQunlry  : — 

Abiiul  two  mLlM  north-nut  of  Mineral  Point,  lova  Co.,  Wiaeonstn.  anvnl 

lodes  of  t^opfirr  wcrv  dlnxiToroiJ  n'Trml  years  a^,  and  uioio  miUionB  of  potmdfl 

ot  on  rai«<l.   The  nr«  is  principally  the  yellow  siil|ihiirrt  or  copper  pt/nlt»;  ft 

I  umiHiol  at  the  diotrinKK,  and  thr  ai-rntRe  jirM  waa  about  thirty  per  ouit. 

<  of  BcUl.    Tb«  phynofni'iniy  of  thin  di>itri<-i  ii  furraMl  of  tkIi^'h,  divitlcd  by 

^lM«Ta]leTB,  throng  whkh  How  small  ««t«r-ouuraM — immcioiH  snmll  |)oiiits, 

I  ar  anna  bnoich  off  from  thn  riilicnt  and  tirminatv  in  rju'Dprinciits  or  low  brolcMi 

[icmoc*  akng  the  line  of  Ihf  n-Bler-<T>ttr«it.     The  iioppor  vdnit  travcrted  c*«t 

I  Bod  wM  Tcrtkal  ovrketi  in  (ho  lower  iKub  of  the  <ippt-r  uiapicaiau  Ibnettonu. 

[TUi  limetOM  bad  is  taitarlaiil  iriili  tioihiI<«  of  Ibnt.  and  i"  sliRhily  moiainor- 

1  pUe^  floanoirliat  uiMlogoa*  to  the  ArJrin  of  metamnqihie  timcstone  of  the  Com- 

w»ll  mit»«»,     Y«t,  the  fojipi-r  prodiicinR  inllutnee  hax  prideully  been  widely 

dillcTrnt  Iwre  from  that  of  lli«  uM  oiunlr^-.     TlH^re,  igiieoua  rorkiani  pro- 

I  trvdfd  throoich  the  timwlone  be'Kand  the  rop]M'T  ttcaiing  rocks  are  fonned  in 

Wtieal  or  h^bly  inclined  bnndu  nt  the  junrtioii  of  the  Kr»nitic  and  atrntified 

radta ;  wberMa,  in  thi»  copper  dinlritt  no  ijiut-nui  mck*  have  niafhisl  the  hut- 

lacp.     Tbe  nMrnmiui  liuwuum-  is  uihlfrlai'l  by  w  be>l  of  MtiiiUtniii^  IVini  Ihreu 

I  lo  fotir  hitndred  fort  tJikk.     Tho  elevatiug  forrei  nr  nntit^linnt  nxii;  of  Ihiii  dii^ 

triet  arc  trai'twtd  by  the  wntCT>«DtniW9i.    The  inck*  liiji  oiu^h  wny  from  the 

[  (rater  <otir*e«  In  Uic  centre  of  the  ridgCH — conseuueutty  tui'h  ridgv  forma  a 

)  baflJD  of  Itmotitone.    The  valleys  arc  denuiiod  down  tn  thii  AaiidHtone 

I  a  di(«UH»  nf  half  a  tnJle  IHon  wberr  the  copper  Toin«  hnvc  tk«n  wnrk«d. 

!  beda  in  the  eeotre  of  ihi-  riilptis  at  the  diBginp  are  about  one  hiiin- 

I  and  fifty  feM  Ihii-k,     The  ciipiHT  rciiix  tlint  wore  digcovetvd  and  n-urk«d, 

I  Unit  pttitlifcti  ili-poAlls  about  aTcnfy-livfi  fcpt  dnrp.     The  oir  Ibnued  iti 

oinK  m  the  Akkqive  ix  tnmewhnt  liinitar  to  the  lead  dc|iant!>  in  the  lead 

The  Ttinn  in  the  orcrices  dincoverwl  ap[wiir  to  be  mostly  exIiBUKted. 

1  liieae  refaM  ara  midcntly  the  ou(«rop  nf  a  eop[>«i'  Vj^i-ing  basin  havhig  a  con- 

■llmblp  area  on  the  north,  where  thej:c  t-jairu  or  nutlyintc  bedK  of  hmnttono 

eoBDOCt  with  a  dividing  rid^.    The  saadKioiie  xinkii  in  tbiK  direction,  nnd  the 

liBstiMic  boLi  innvase  in  IbiclLnutK. 

filioiild  lh«  cnppvr-prodiidiig  teflnanoo  be  bund  to  hare  been  active  noiW 


m 


Journal  of  Copper  Mining  Operationt. 


wMt  ftn<)  nonh  fraiii  tli«  "diKRinip,''  wc  may  nijipow  t)w  TciiiB  «rDl  lie  aiMii. 
rie.Virr,  nnd  linivrw  Iht  rw-'kn  tiiurt'  ur  k-w  Ll-Iuh-  Uw  waler  level.  Tliivo  beds 
of  linifvtonc  givf  Fiidciiti.'  of  ljiiii((  liavinwii  bj  i'bhI  uul  w»t  Tcrlkal  buiiUM^'. 
whicli  will  mil  |iiir:illvl  fioiii  till.v  to  lw>i  ltiiiii!ri.il  jimjii  iipurt ;  ^inil  Llw  oo^ 
ait  vcin^  iritl  cividi'nlljr  In-'  riEhfsl  nluiig  tlic  ocnlnil  nxr*  of  tliv  rnlgw. 
liiDH!  "  ditcsiiigs "  haiv  bwu  iilli.'  fur  tliu  lusl  nix  ytvirs.  Tboro  »  no 
uurkvl  liirre  for  i-o^iiK^r  ^'n:,  niid  coiM-<|iinitly  no  pnufiectiii);.  Tlw  Undii 
«K  owucd  partly  liy  iiwlividiiolii  lirinit  In  the  di>4ricl,  and  lir  uoo-rodldciits. 
To  oiNtmtc  KUn:(.-Hfii!ly  for  wppvr  in  tbis  dmtricC,  it  would  be  Pwramry  Ca 
buy  tiu!  Isiida  ur  Uaav  Uivm  at  •  low  ntb\  nud  ofwu  ihi.'  erauiul*  bv  pnwiivet- 
ing  Tor  nuw  volua.  A  nuinbrr  of  prosprcU  on  now  tiliiicK  wliicli  irliuii  iiruvnl 
up  wilt  evidently  tni^  good  lode*.  The  euAxm  of  lliow  '' ilincUi(;» ''  Miig 
Ktofpi-Hl  was  ImuI  luck  in  iini«miig  IM  i>n,  and  uxpiniM.'  »f  InuiqioKUJon  c4  itw 
lUt'tal  to  iiiuikL't,  A  railroMl  is  now  under  conci'uct  from  Mtni'ia]  )\iint  to  the 
lllinoiii  8taU<  line  In  bd  com p] tried  in  IitcItc  inniitiii-  Wlian  tliin  EtciUty  in 
u|K'nu]  fur  th(^  tiBimpiiititiuti  <if  obI  far  nmcltintt,  or  urc  to  maiki^l  to  bo 
aiiwllrd  ill  the  Btai,  we  muut  auppOM  tluii  copji«r  fidil  will  olliv  induoetnciita 
wortliy  (ilt«utiuii. 


KKWITAl    roi'l-cn   MI9IK.  • 

Thi'  mine  is  locatnl  in  the  jurisdicijoii  of  Ncuvilmi,  in  the  l.Jnnd  of  Cub*. 
The  Tvins  run  about  north,  60  Spctm-s  tunl.  and  south.  liU  wmt,  uudurbyiug  to 
tho  south  at  an  uig\Q  «f  about  2i>  drgtvtf. 

There  nvro  three  nhuJUAUiiii  on  tlw  mine  preriouK  (o  recent  opontmu,,* 
in  taeh  of  wlu'ch  tlio  vein  has  be«u  cut,  and  an  aggreg^le  of  nlxmt  fifly  toiu  «f  ' 
ore  iski'ii  out. 

Anollier  i^hoA  mv  cutueqiii-nlly  *unk,  which  alwi  eiit  the  vein. 

These  (our  sliaJla  have  ail  bvvu  tniak  uearlr  in  a  liiu;  parnlii-1  with  the  Tein,,. 
Hita[qiMi'loii  tile  burfncv,  ttiu  dticpMl  of  wliiuu  is  not  xixt  r  fevt.  The  ore  tklun. 
OBt  is  a  yelloir  fliilphnr«t,  tliickly  covtwl  with  black,  »xm  Is  nry  mdfonn  fat 
iU  clara  and  qnnlity.  It  wm  nud  in  EnRlnnd,  and  tho  ateragt  yield  vas  S6if 
percent.  There  liaN  noeer  bt«n  on  tiie  nihie  any  appanttux  for  ilmuciDg  w- 
cleaning  the  ore. 

HKW  itAVKt)  [oretn  woim. 

Nwir  Port  Hale,  on  the  eiirt  iddc  of  N'cw  Ilavon  harlwr,  extennitr  i-me]thi|t 

works  hale  recaiUy  livcu  i-ri'cl^il  by  I)lI^  HutU|ihteyaiille  Copper  Co.,  at  n  eoct 

of  about  fWU.iXNt.  mill  iiri>  ti-rdcteil  <|nilc  cnnspinioii?  by  (he  heaiy  eloudnof 
Mnoke  thai  are  conKtunily  passfiig  olf  fruiii  Iheir  lofty  chimney*.  Tliey  ««•■ 
(leln^  an  cxten^iiv  biiKiiii.-si.  lhou);li  nut  yvt  Adly  in  upi-nition.  time  fumaoejt 
are  now  in  use,  Kmelllni;  thrw  tons  of  eupjHT  nor  ilny,  and  thi§  uiiantily  will 
aeon  be  douhli^i,  whon  ibtirttiTi  funuw-c*  will  hr  in  opTBliin,  and  8l,'ll)0j00ft 
worth  of  cnppiT  be  sirit'ltvil  nnnuulty.  Cdii.iiiliTablt.-  quniiliticx  of  roppcr  are 
liftmRtit  thore  frum  IfriMtol,  Ct..  llM)\i^di  the  bulk  of  it  (.■oiucm  from  Cliili,  Soutb 
Amerinn.  Kivt'  tiiu*  of  i^o-  Kfiifrnlly  j-icld  onp  .if  thi>  purr  mrt«I.  Thi'  copper 
is  run  into  ingots,  and  Li  [irincipully  houtcht  up  by  hraxs  founders. 

IMfROVKI)  HCTULTISO  MlMIKEl  rOR  UKIKO  CT1.1VVF.KS  WITH  MBTU. 

Patented  bij  Gf.obok  Pon«,  (^nrinnati,  O. 

"The  object  of  my  invention  itt,  the  pmdnetinn  or  manufacture  of  a  puinp,  . 
or  ottier  cylindrr  hnving  n  lining  or  interior  cosing  of  sheet  •.■opper,  and  the  ' 
pvcidiar  fenluTo  of  novi-Uy  exi>tit  lu  devioM  for  the  applicatiou  of  Hid  casing  in 
gogb  a  niaimur  w  to  gire  U>  the  inti'rior  of  the  barrel  a  smooth,  ditiise.  Hiid  truly 
crlindrieal  MirGtco.  Huperscdlng  the  Decaaity  of,  and  mpcriur  in  its  rosiilt  in 
|£d  fine  boring  and  gimding  now  Tei)uiEito." 

Claiia. — ''  What  1  claim  is,  the  revnlvinit:  mandrel,  f^iniibhed  with  OM  or 
nore  roUem,  wbuso  distance  from  tho  axis  of  the  mandrel  ena  bo  incrcaeod  or 


Joumat  of  Copper  Jifininf  Opemtiom. 


^ 


■■■■■jnlmit  hy  nwMuw  of  s  not,  slcrre,  anil  raniesl  htad.  u  dotcribod,  or  iiny 
r)Krnl(fil  ilevioR,  Tur  the  purpose  liiincii  trxjilaiaei^  of  tiding  wHh  ottp  meUl  the 
■  Of  ■  cyliiKler  lbnn«d  of  (uaottiKr  netal." 

COPPER  NiiEM  tx  nni.ivu,  1. 1. 

Cnf>[Br  oonmt  in  VBrimis:  porK  of  thccniinU7,  boUi  in  Uw  mt^IiciiUUBiHl 

la  tbe  proTitioe  of  lipot,  pwticulMlv,  the  Oita  are  icrjr  ricK.  Aud 

■  meUl  b  i-a')]]-  cxtnicli'J.     At  Conmn.  In  Uie  northcnl  put  of  BoliTi^ 

<  IBM*)  ocriir"  in  driiiII  metallic  puliolfH,  diO'iiuxl  through  n  frinblo  gnj 

Ttiw  rock  U  ground,  the  rs^rtbj  |>f>riiun  wiuIihI  nut,  »nd  tlie  ivni^niler. 

rlweli  '»  DQld  M  barilta,  y'lcMn  00  ptT  I'm!,  uf  bar  o»]i|ivr.    Tbeouneniof 

1  of  tbv  mpptr  minM  arc  sxi'l  to  Kocitiniilnlti  roitiiu«N  mom  inpiiity  than 

/  other  men  fit  tlw  wiiintT7.     The  IndinnK,  hoircwr,  ore  the  dik-(  worktin 

riho  BntDM,  Rctling  Uio  oni  or  horrilla  which  thojr  provatu  tu  lh«  niercbuits. 


An  article  mne  tisic  linoe  apprvwl  in  oucof  Itio  Partap«ptTi,hi  thcomuiii; 

rwludi  it  was  staltd  Uial  a  Ftvuch  pliysieiaii,  tiEuuwl  Biirq,  lud  dli^mrtii  a 

'f««veDtiT«  ttfrholcra.     Galiywini'*  Afrirtrn^tr  coataini>  a  mmmuii  lent  ion  (yom 

>  pen  at  I>r.  B.  himndf,  in  vhich  he  cndcvrors  to  show  tliat  of  21X1,000  irork- 

ncn  cagagod  in  oappn  uineii,  and  in  the  raiiouK  tnanu&ctoric*  of  cuiipor,  trota 

I  trodca  in  irhicih  it  in  tolled  into  sht«t^  to  the  ihopii  of  toppcncmitha,  nearl3' 

I  eacaptd ;  aud  bi  mo«t  rasM  all  vticapo'l  frum  attacks  of  cholera,  ullhough 

dieraM  was  raging  in  Ibrir  lnime<hat>>  ni;i|:hbiirhooi]  nlih  fulnl  violence. 

>r.  Burq  nattmlly  attiibutus  tlic  immunity  to  llie  aclioii,  t'lwlric  or  otiicr- 

,  of  Iba  ouppvr  ;  aad  inEcn  that  if  othtr  pei-Mns  would  nuroutid  thun- 

i  in  tint  rooms  whidi  they  oompy  with  a  >ufflrlc.nc  Kurfiwc  of  ooppw,  aay 

lor  twenty  ftct  ofxlwcl  copper,  or  w«ar  metnllic  belts  of  squares  or  roaad 

I  of  fiat  <opper  oad  steel,  with  card>boanl  b«t«««i  than  to  prevent  im' 

•  contact,  tlwy  aim  would  bv  MCnra  against  Uds  tariible  malady.    Tbe 

Bt  aftmcy  of  sted  lut  tonsittm  to  be  vmy  iimAiI,  Vat  tbo  chief  and  cswntlal 

ia  cofipcr.    Oalijcnaiu  addc: — 

The  theory  may  be  errooeouii,  but  it  appeora  to  hare  rcunn  on  it*  side,  aitd 
ruth  ho  plaenl  in  it,  the  weaiers  of  thOM  ImIU  would  at  leaat  ban  that  oun- 
tvictkiD  of  SKuriiy.  lint  wniit  of  which  dcpmuts  the  uihid,  and  act£  powKirfally 
litowanl  a  prodixpotdtioa  to  i^holcra.     Tlicre  h\  however,  iwinuthiiig  more  Oiait 
^  natkiD  in  thii  matter.     Tlie  jwwcrful  action  of  ooi^ier  in  casea  of  ciatnii, 
rhea  applied  to  thr  part  affoclvd.  haa  btvn  frequenttj  provt^  uid  it  may  bo 

mira  that  if  the  niptal  mtr  .inplied  moro  crt«iMT«1y,  Mine  eloctric  or 

action  boitilc  to  <-Jiol<Ta  would  be  didlcd.    In  onr  Brat  nottoo  of  (ho 

Fithcoryof  1>t.  BuTt).  we  Xatcd  that  in  Bnj;tMul,  during  tbediolen  of  It<^ 

l^tdrtc  bi'ltd  of  uopper  and  liiic  had  botauMil,  and  that  wawwe  not  awani  that 

rttiia  bad  hnn  dooc  Biifcvs»fnl!y.     We  liarc  iin  proof,  however,  to  the  contrary, 

I  wd  if  there  werv,  il  mi^lil  be  uri^t  Umt  the  cxc\~^siiD  action  cauMd  by  thcco 

kdta  nd^t  prudiacn  as  much  [icrluibiUiuu  iu  the  gyal<-itt  «i  tit"  n'-^^f-  -if  uny 

preaulloo.    Dr.  Barq  appcan.  like  uaiiy  other  «feii<  i<.  i<i  <i:    .h|..,,<lto 

"  it*  tbcdwien  to  a  diminution  or  Btodlfloation  <<1  un'  lIk  i:'jr>r,  >>i  the 

ere,  a*  compared  wiiti  uuiraiLl  pcrioda.    M.  Andniad,  who  mudc  ievet«I 

Dls  on  the  air  diinii~  Ih'.'  diolcra  of  1832  and  184v,  fuuuii  thul  at 

vUh>  and  aoim  other  place*  where  the  chnlera  was  mgin^  falalljr,  there 

tnocb  lG9<a  oleotririty  m  tiw  air  than  in  olbvr  parts  of  Patix  wludi  the 

iBataw.  had  ii(axvd.    The  teal  cnuae  of  cholera,  however,  is  atill  a  mjiMrj^ 

You  IL— 6 


89  Jtmmtd  a/*  SSner  <atd  Jjsad  Mining  Operations. 

»itho»t^  Iho  fiTWniroption  ihi«l  ii  in  coDiuwUd  tatitv  tie  Inw  with  nlodridtf  te  i 
rmeonnlili!  one.     Dr.  tlur(|.  nM  wc  hnre  almuly  kUIhI,  mnxiclinK  Ihat 
tn«r  bt  u»«l  oiirativiily  >j<  well  lu  piwtcntireljr,     When  llic  iliwiue  has  i 
k1  iUi«lf.  liv  iivnuiuii^iiil^  the  line  urrojipvr  in  iIh^  form  of  klII  of  iNHiper,  on 
othfiT  )ir«iiHiutoit  of  tliat  inoUl.  in  iIum's  uliich  >  pliyKici&n  woitld  not  I 
MdanJ^croiu. 


JOURSAl  OF  SiLVliU  AND  \XK\i  MINISG  Ol'EHATIOSS. 


aiLTKa  MIKES  IS!  BouviA. 

nie  mItct  minm  «r  Boliria  hold  out  Diorv  Iban  orttiiuuj  imlucemoita  Mil 

eDteipnning  niiiwM.    The  ftillottiiiK  brief  gUt«nu>i]l  {itobodU  a  auuunuT' of 

intenftting  jiarlii'iiknt  rvlalinK  to  lh>,'i>i : — 

Tlio  hiU'iT  tninesiiMuld  pThnpH  )ic  ri-tnu^lcd  »<  roneiiiulia);  ihe  i«(ftn 
ir*dtti  of  t']H«r  Bolivin.  The  cxtmctkic  of  this  mtlul  iniuin^  more  capii 
■tod  mortr  skill  tlinn  that  of  liii  or  cui'pvr,  uiid  is  theroforr  ncviT  <uitirely  In 
btndt  of  liiJtnai.  l't*riou8  W  iho  Iniig  <Ji«nrtiou  of  ihe  fouutnr  tlutiaa  il«| 
oontesl  with  :?ptin,  thrro  «rvr«_prabahlj  trorked  ten  thaumixi  tftluible  mlri 
Biiiirjt;  liiit  iM  ih?  flponiidi  dilueiillfcii  luratd  tlw  public  MtcDtion  in 
direction,  ataik-  labor  uiori^  iliffioult  to  oliUiu,  muI  drore  a  InTRO  UDount  of 
capUl  from  ihi-  iiiiiiilrj'.  Hip  miiiw  wero  padiuJlr  dcwrlcd,  miil  at  Ihu  | 
sent  Itirio  il  i"  rs  lima  ted  thnt  but  one  hiindnid  utd  nfljare  wroii|;lit.  Al  I 
two-thiidi  of  the  ahnodotn-d  minp.i  hmv  DOt  bocoinu  «'xha>istrd  «r  dimiatel 
in  richiicK'.  'rhi-  imlaci-nii-nti  ibr  ihc  rt^ipwiinft  of  thcw  niinos  hv  on' 
ing  capiUtbU  uv  iiuuiifcHl.  Thcj'  contain  orL>sof  Hilviv  of  ^uod  qitallly,.' 
«Ui  be  imx-orvtl  »1  n  modcmlo  rcM.  I  u  winio  of  ||n>  miava  »(i.«iu  putn|d 
b«i  uaHi  In  kot^p  them  free  from  tralcr;  in  others,  liiiinrU  arv  lo  lio  cut ;  bi 
this  outUy  U  mil  in  the  tniy  of  c-rpfHmmt ;  fur  the  kind  of  orr,  the  lirMiii 
of  the  «Mn,  «ad  the  dt^jitli  lo  be  nach^,  art'  nli  Lnovrn  bcfcirfbnnd.  Thn  ttl.l(« 
to  IIk  imiii;a.  loo,  aro  (wrfectly  fwJb.  If  a  iniuv  is  iii^tlociod  nion.'  (hnn  a  year 
by  itft  oirniT,  il  rcvcrU  to  tbo  itDi'cmRiCRt,  and  tJio  gnivriiUK-iit  niU  rcmnTOf, 
it  lo  any  one  who  will  carry  oa  llw  work.  Tbii  is  for  thn  |iiir|iow  of  eucor-—' 
apng  fi>c«igui>n),  wilh  itkiU  autl  ca|illal,  to  rt-opcn  the  works. 


THK  JiLvrn  or  Tirr  i,*Kr  sL-rutoit  mixeral  r>m:io!ii. 
The  questioQ  rmently  raised  in  relation  to  llta  <'xisb<DCfi  of  an  ore  of 
in  Ov)  vdnstone  of  tlw  c<>{ipi-r  niinut  of  Like  Su|>on'or  ii*  interesting  in 
points  (hull  one.  The  fact  of  the  esiitt«u>w  of  an  ore  of  »lvnr  may  douUlleu 
bo  r«(;anlvil  m  ileciilol  in  the  acigatiTe.  The  ntatvmetitjt  in  fonncr  niiinbcn  of 
this  MafCBxinc— ( Vol.  t.,  Nos.  6  and  6) — shoir  tlic  remiltti  to  wliich  we  hne 
■rrirtd  in  our  inrcstiinilion  of  the  qiicsllon.  Many  of  (ho  copper  coropane* 
have  alM  caiifod  uutjrM*  of  their  retnstom  to  be  made,  and  in  aU  iusUncen,  so 
&r  aa  wo  liare  learned,  the  remits  Iiat«  been  tlie  suae  ha  our  own.  No  ore 
ha*  been  (bund,  but  llio  exudencc  of  natin;  lalnr  bM  lon^  Lwen  kuovrn.  To 
wbat  GXtral  il  Heists  hafl  not  hem  extt-nsirely  determined.  In  the  Toiiistono 
dT  Biiny  of  ihe  copper  mines,  such,  for  iualauci-,  lu  the  Minnesota,  it  nremeca 
about  six  dollarii  lo  tlio  ton.  in  this  case  tbo  aniouut  is  too  small  lo  make  its 
cxtiwilion  on  obiuct  of  considoration.  Tbe  pdroentage  En  oUier  mines  in  U,i> 
pr,  and  iu  llw  Michipicutau  particiilBTly,  it  is  so  large  as  to  obtahi  for  it 


o^  Silcer  and  Jjead  Jijining  OpertUiota.  88 

'  ft  rilivr  aawo.  Ftoiu  maxty  of  tli«  copper  iiiinm  fciy  oooud* 
aniilu  aoMuiKs  or  filter  Imto,  ki  diflbrrot  \kaw,  twcu  <>l)t)iln«(1  by  Iha  ownom, 
■OtirllhxUn'Ung  nil  wlurh  the  mtnvn  tnkj  lutiv  irlihhvld.  llnro  »rc  ccrtaintjr  . 
soiB«M'nt  tMM  lA  TDciRiTtt|ti^  m  cstouive  iavcctigatida,  if  mtt  iiLu>  to  warrant 
u)  iqitrrpR'c  which  chall  bftte  for  itn  obj«ct  the  cxtroplinn  of  thn  idlTcr.  An 
cstAltlUbmciit  for  this  parpOBewoiUd  haxe  bvunble  ant^ioMi  before  it.  Thi-n' 
an  ii]T«r  koi)  mines  iii  i-arioua  lontioiui  jicliliug  •  icqwclithle  penxnUgv  of 
■ilTin-,  anil  Ibtre  !a  no  pUco  Ibr  lb)  eiCntcttoii  iii  thit  p&rt  of  the  country,  oot- 
akteof  the  unallaA^)'  nfllc(i;of  irbdniWi.  Tht^  l«(tor  of  SonMor  Smith,  hat*- 4 
tofore  alloiM  10  in  tboto  paf^  cantaini  Komo  rvinnrks  n-hicb  hxve  wvi^ht  m 
bcartntt  apoD  thn  poiot : — 

I  Bin  inlbnnMl  bj-  (run.  Villoniil,  th«  vorv  ablu  minister  (Vom  Ecmidor,  it  ia 
coaii'lprvil  ill  Soulh  Ain<-Hoft  Ihat  an  ova  nhich  «ill  jii'Jd  trota  4  tu  0  ouitctia, 
will  Y*y  *)1  rxiwBBM,  bwludin);.  nf  omrKi^,  tbn  iQiiiinic  cxponsva.     ft  thoald  b«  ' 
bonf  in  mtn<l  that  t  hroiif^bt  Ibrwonl  ttitM.-  orvt  (ailhi-ring  w  Ihn;  did  la  tht ' 
CDjipcr)  nitbuul  Ihf  ilipbtiat  Kimpitiou  that  Ihcy  wi'ix'  WEuntifpTOus,  wid  ther»> 
(bn  it  miuiol  hv  Fui>l  iliat   Ihvy  Jirv  svl<x-l(ul  »piyiiii«ii».     Btit  I  uiuijt  hol>n« 
ibat  Ihwso  rwiills  will  pmvn  Rn'slly  nixin-  «nv  «TVTtfie  tlial  can  bo  ohtahied', 
\iy  practical  n|i«ril>ans.     Thnt  Ibr  ores  an:  likdy  to  ud  mnnb  to  the  value  of 
osr  taiM*,  1  strongly  Iwlieru.    Tlir  mining  Fxp«u(«K  an  all  Incurrvd  in  tailing 
oBt  thf  oopnr.    lli'tifv,  whatcrcr  maj  bo  obtuiied  in  Uu  tona  of  ailrer,  will 
be  aa  atldilKin  14  <>iir  r<«oiiTa«. 

file  i)uci<lxin  may  he  iuk«l,  What  bi  the  UBOUiit  of  thceffortal     Are  thi^r 
Ukclj*  lo  liM»mc  n  mmltvr  of  niLiiuiuU  importauoe  } 

I  oin  aol  pivpan-iJ  lo  aiiswiT  thew  ini|airiva.  My  b('lic<f  is,  Ihi!  (lunnlit^  i 
will  |)nkv«  lo  Ik-  very  oiisiilcrablc.  and  perhaps  lar^>  in  Mm*'  of  tlic  nuDm,  I 
unl  lai^v  in  Ihi-  a:.-^TvgaI«.  I  NbaJl  t*kp  tncnsiins  to  hnia  thin  ^iil^ocl  iniv»-  ^ 
tjntUJ,  w>  l>r  n:i  it  t«n  be  done  at  this  lati-  H4s«n  of  the  year,  Utd  I  may  nuJM  ] 
itnTUicr cominunicalion  UicKon. 

iiLvr.a  Mi?cE  IN  Nonifi  ciromki. 

The  RnUifrh  Star  lui^r^tunti*  a  silvir  ininit  ban  lioon  iTwntly  dlwoTcred  ' 
in  Stntley  ooitnty.  wlurh  in  bnlicml  to  be  immc-nfcty  n'cb.  Thn  rein  i*  raid  tnj 
b«  thrvv  and  a  half  ftct  witle,  acd  hu  thuuMU<L<  of  nliet-bi  anA  tumpn  of  sttTerl 
all  lbr«>Mb  il.  ll  is  enlionln)  thil  theory'  iA  wurlli  from  SI  S0lo83]wrf 
«*«f7  eight  [ciitflif.  Ttio  mine  hsM  bcrn  purchnMxl  by  a  company,  nhicli  wiQJ 
prooMd  rtry  fotm  to  ileTclopo  it«  n-ralth.     Tiie  Star  luldK  r —  I 

"  If  Uk  eflh&lent  exp«;tatiuii.-i  of  t)iu  proprielurs  In  regard  10  the  rkhnesf  .| 
of  lliii  mine  he  nolLtod,  i(  will  bi^  the  Brsl  diK-owiy  of  a  purely  sHi-pr  mine  in 
the  I'nited  States,  and  must  prove  a  Hoiiroe  nf  icrrat  wealth  to  the  compuny. 


SILVKA  Kixts  or  ARni/.OK*. 

ilrrr  atint-i  of  Arrixono,  alwut  wbicb  KaoQSwt  de  BonllMa  hod  a  diM 
lith  the  Mexiun  niitboritii->  HOmv  lime  aga  hare  turned  out  to  Iwofj 
1«M  rxbnciu.  Svv,-»  hml  bivii  rtiyivrd  at  QiiaynuuLnshoK  liiu*  pn-\ 
riotw  to  hl<  deparluTO,  aiinounHnc  ihat  immcitte  dcpoitibi  of  sQverorc  had  btoil'l 
diBDOTCTfid  at  ArniDna,  yielding  a  dollar's  irorth  of  pure  sUvcr  to  3  lb.  of  ore. 
Hm  nswN  prodiKvd  pTe«t  exdienwiti  among  the  Inliabitante.  and  opwar\b  of 
IjOOO  nten  bad  Itft  Uuaymas  and  HernHisilla  for  tb»  min(M.—/i«ndoN  AVm. 


TUtOKT  or  SKEtTIN'O  I.EAn  ORE. 

Tbe  rwlunMion  of  Lmd  oive  »  onrrmcly  simple.    In  all  instances  of  anwlt- 
k^  k  wnsidenbic  Ian  of  metal  in  cxpotieiMOd,  which  lias  bMn  the  omM  ot  & 


84 


Jaurnat  of  Stiver  and  Lead  Mining  Operatiaat. 


doM  cxuntnnliun  »f  Die  prDoeva,  and  wc  majr  Mscri.  tlut  no  inM»lliiif»ail  op«-  J 
n.\km  is  morv  IhuroughJ)'  atid  scicmlfllciillj  kiicwn  thnn  thr  mvivitix  <'<'  IcwL  1 
This  lut^lul  is  ill  ujo^t  iusUnccM  the  b«&rar  of  tilvL-r.  Uh!  Iiiilkof  ivltich  ii:  obtahi*  J 
0(1  tiWD  lead  OiVA.  In  order  to  invcitij^tc  (lie  cmiw  or  tlii!  low-  iti  Iviul  rotrUl,  J 
Mid  ftliH) »  luumctnl  lout  of  preciuiu  luctal,  mucli  labor  kiul  inj^Duit^v  hk«  tievn  j 
bcsiton-cd  oil  tliis  aubjiTl.  I 

In  ttiO  Biiicltin;:  of  crnde  j^ona  jn  »  rcvcrbcraUiry  filmiuv,  the  Kiilpbtlivt  i^  l 
•I  llie  conimi'iicrnii-nt  of  ttic  opcnttiim,  ilcprirtd  or  •  put  of  its  nilplmr  by  J 
licnt;  metal  i»  fornicti,  nnd  as  ojcyifcu  liiida  t/xvs»  to  llu?  orv,  oxi'le  ofk-nd,  uml  j 
dmtcqoeiiUy  8ul|>biitc  of  k->d  in  also  roniicu).    Tliv  proporliou  of  ttic^o  6ub-  ^ 
ntaiKitf  defwniU  or  oounv  on  iho  <l(i^a  of  rnrti  bCHtowed  iiiiao  thn  )>Tom<8- 
When  alVr  two  hnura  the  maeliiiff  of  the  on:  is  sn  Du-  romfdclod  an  1o  ndoiit 
of  its  Tfdiidirjn,  the  hc«i  i»  misL-d  so  high  at  to  form  a  jiLisly  mavi.    Oxide  of  i 
lend  nnd  Hut]>liur>^  uf  Iciut  now  mix  ot<uiplL'li.'lj'  Htid  furin  iiii^tul.  ^ulphuivt,  noil , 
)'tl]]ltlal(^,  fiDiii  which  tnixturp  thv  uictaT  jiarls  tjj  force  of  KT3ill*tioii.     In  tiiix- 
Iti^  varbon  with  lli>'  Oas  Ihn  Niilpliatc  it  rwliicra  to  Milphiirol,  whu'h  i^  ajwn . 
dcpriyed  of  itn  KDlphiir  l>,v  hoot.     Thn*.  by  alternate  oxidation  and  reciaction  of  | 
the  on-,  a  OL-rliiiB  ainouBt  of  metal  Lh  aliKlracted.     The  rerivnl  of  lead  from  the  i 
alag,  i-uu<ti.'H  it  to  Lv  luori-  refractory  at  tht<  end  of  tho  opcraliou  tliaii  it  «-W  A\ 
imi,  bccaiiw  the  eiilphurvl  ror  (he  oxide  of  lead,  which  naii  ihi*  caiiN>  of  ttA  Dtfi^ 
bilhy,  \n  ehictiy  rcmor*iI.     When  ihe  nlapi  arc  tr>  iiasty  as  to  mc'osf  iniuns  or: 
metal  which  have  not  the  power  of  nepnrating  tiy  [irnviij  or  rohcsion,  (hey  rain- , 
nut  yield  any  mulal  allkuugh  thu  udioli;  of  it  may  b«  rtoiiiiL     In  unlcr  to  ob>,. 
taio  aU  the  metal  from  the  tdai;  It  oii);)it  to  tw  al  least  as  fluid  ok  lliu  metal] 
Jt«eIC  at  the  name  dcKic«  of  hcaL     Such  a  itin^t  is  not  ca«ily  obtainrd  vrillioiit^ 
oxide  of  lead,  or  autptmrvta  of  other  metah.     Snt<>i  of  any  kind,  Bucli  as  fluo- 
rides, cliloridiui,  and  nulplialci^  form  tho  bml  niixiliarirx  in  thix  opcratton ;  anil  ^ 
if  prewtil  only  in  a  euiall  qiianlit)',  they  tin  of  .■•errice.     Lead,  h<><inutJi,  auti* , 
mony,  and  in  fact  all  the  fttsiblo  metals  will  readily  W'tarult  from  other  matter . 
than  metalx,  in  virtue  of  ilirir  liravity  and  eobmon;  but  it  isa  &«C>48ary  «0a-< 
iKIion  of  their  frparalion  that  the  niatirr  with  whifli  tlu'^  molals  aro  CotabflwdJ 
tliould  be  lIuiiL    Tlie  mctiil  ronnot  separate  from  a  dry  alafc;  aa  ngj^latiiutiai^ 
of  ila  particlua  is  newasary  hviore  it  ean  aubaide, 

A  tluld  eirid-T  U  ui'(y«^ar/  not  only  for  the  affitutiuation  of  tbe  racUlba 
parliclen,  l»it  aliio  for  iheir  production-  WlwD %aty  or  pulTenilent  laixtiE 
IK  mixed  with  carlxm,  niji^n  may  be  abatraclol  fiWti  it  by  the  carboo ;  btit  I 
tiie  newly-foraiwl  torticle  uf  melal  in  eipuited  lo  the  inl3ueiic«  of  oxygen — ] 
wliic'U  it  wUI  abEurh  from  Uiu  products  of  coufaoutiuii  if  it  einnot  obtain  it  ta] 
another  fonii-it  will  oxidiioas  oalckly  as  it  is  rvducetL  If  s^elutliu  oxides,  or  < 
Kiilphitrobt  and  ula^E,  nre  Sukl,  Uio  addition  of  carbou  to  the  niixture  M-ill  it~\ 
prive  the  otidbu^d  tarlil  of  oxvgcn ;  and  if  the  nit^tal  ae  well  as  iht  slags  con-J 
tiuuL'  to  bi-  fluid,  ih«  lall^'r  nill  proti-<.-t  thu  first  against  oxyKCD-  Tlii:  Buidit^J 
of  the  sla^s  will  alw  admit  of  tb«  sub»iidi>uoe  and  gathering;  uf  the  metallic  pat-J 
tidwi.  ' 

In  Mnelline  i^ena  in  a  rercrbctatory,  wo  deprive  tho  fJaca  Kiadtially  of  the 
mMuis  of  Uuiuiiy  by  Bhstracting  that  metal  from  thcni  whicE  La^  bevu  thu 
caaisa  of  thrir  fueibiU^.  This  ahotraoUon  Can  b«  carried  only  to  a  ecitnfii  point. 
Vkaa  tho  sli^fs  ccue  lo  be  fusible  at  the  heat  by  wliicb  the  metal  mcliK,  tboy 
iniut  ccace  to  Aimixh  metal  any  Airther,  boweviT  umeb  may  be  contained  in 
them.  We  pcrctiiv,  therefore,  n-ry  rtwlily,  tliat  thu  ijuaulity  of  ineUd  tvtaknd 
by  the  sli^  ilepvuda  unlindy  on  il«  fuKibihty.  nnd  not  on  its  coinpOMtiou.  Lead, 
Uk»  tbe  pvMioiis  netsla,  tcforalni  easily  from  ull  olhc^r  mailer,  and  diul  tU 
Iho  compositlDn  of  the  aln^  tas  liltlu  vQcct  on  lis  ijuality.  If  in  OptrMiag  OH 
l^cna,  ftiixeK  ran  be  iiilKdunsl  which  uoiitium?  tlie  lluidity  of  llw  alagy  at  a 
moderate  heat,  all  the  lead,  even  the  last  particle  of  it,  may  he  obtjuncd. 

The  Iluidiiy  of  ala^  dependii  at  well  on  heni  m  on  iDeir  conipoaltioa ;  w 
inaj  oontinuu  Iha  flutdltj^  of  a  slag  by  imimndnic  the  heat ;  thiai  bomrer  apptir 
ciUe  with  smno  InoUl^  is  oot  Iho  bet  with  lead.    When  the  heat  on  metals  ii , 


Journai  d^  S^/evt-  and  Lead  Mining  Opcrulions 


sa 


b*yond  a  o«tuo  rlogn*.  Ihry  cTnporatc.    In  any  nmcltieg  (•iwretioiii 

lnv,  it  jS^i'iM  not  Fxcwtl  ifaal  drgrfL'.     Metallic  louJ,  and  eipocioliy  oxiiic 

d,  Huliiliuivt  ati'l  falts  oT  k-ad,  an>  rvry  voUtUv,  atid  •  utroiig  liuit  on 

tlRBi  miut  be  ftTiMJid.    Ii  mu't  he,  tlwrcTorv,  the  prsctioe  to  snvlt  ksd  bj  «b 

I  Icrv  ■  heat  u  HMuabtc ;  aiii]  iti  onlcr  to  luTcompIiiJi  thU,  n  mucluri:  or  or*  cnuat 

tin  prepuitt  which  iffunJsB  fiistUc  tilu  willium  Icwl. 

J       Lirad  oMnbcucfl  v#rjr  ivfeilllr  with  Other  iniUit»noia  nndiT  oertain  oonditjimii, 

■nil  in  nmfit  iitftiiiK'««  in  dcfiiiltf  iirmmrtionA.     Ii«ii  will  iviulniw  nr^lh  Kuliihur 

in  oil  {Hnportiatis,  hut  nol  no  XtoA.   There  am  various  •.•onibinnliiiiis  of  l««d  M»d 

ilphiiT,  whkli,  irhcn  expowd  lo  beat,  fann  the  i-omhinntion  which  To  rnwc- 

iD  gsl^iia.    If  kat  Milpbur  1*  urttRni,  mclal  and  mljihurci  arc  (ormid. 

Kcootttsror  tbfMTJvalof  ptireUad  fnun  enkna  thai  b  jiartiatlr  tuutod. 

t  oompoNtim  of  rcwrboraiory  and  btut  fiu-iiaMi  hUks  *^  ""''  ^'"'  luon* 

cctini;  tb«  true  Muditknii!  luiiier  which  l««il  is  ameltad  uio^l  tTroHubly. 

A  (lag  which  )iad  bwn  (tv|irivi.(l  uf  it*  iiirtal  by  a  lon|t<Qintiniir4  operation 

.  tlie  r*vchb«T«lory-*I6  liuura'  work — ouaUiiti!(l  stiU  15  ptroptit,  of  okidt'or 

',  &3-S  oxhIo  (if  ifviD,  Il-A  buyUa.  and  6  vulphutvl  of  Jiwli  aim  17  nleji. 

irbitrE  tlml  the  Wl  parliolcsof  mlptiuriiill  A<llw<ra  lo  kail,  wU'ii  aJI  olhvr 

DibsUnnDt  arc  uiiiltnd.      A  rcicrbcrnlovy  rId);  entirely  (rrr  fr>oin   ttiilphnr. 

aiwil  Milphaiv  of  horytKri  Al,  mlpliaii-  of  linic  ll>~5,  liooiit  aciii   IS,  pra- 

llnxidu  of  iron  3,  aud  <>i.iilu  L>f  kaJ  3t.     A  atic  ubtaiiiod  from  inpim  gilena. 

Iliat  b,  an  ore  from  whicli  hcarjr  spar  cniilit  nut  bo  M-jiantrd,  vas  competed  of 

tXO ial[ituUc  .if  Icwl,  SI  sijl[ihati-  of  bnrylAx,  5'0^p«iiui,  S-S  fluoric  ■ci<l.  M'T 

I  cartiotiate  of  liioi-.  Siiilpbuiet  orii-od,  5-(l  prntoxStrofiron,  i<  oxiilc  «f  u'nr.    A 

f  ^trj  fliud  alas  nliiclt  Qowod  olT  witli  ttic  inclnl,  cuntahicd  HoTphnU'  of  U  ail  9, 

Ml|ih*l«  of  bariftas  3(\  aulpltatc  of  lim«  33,  Hootic  acid  l^'ti.  liiuu  8-K,  uiitlc  Ol 

|ira&  2;  oxide  of'iiac  3.     This  coalaiiMI  Ibe  IcnsI  lt<a<.l.  ami  iarp-  ijoanOtivH  of 

Jkalior  niJck;  all  Ihc  alkalino  earllm  arv  ooniliiued  Wttll  fKmn  acid,  wliicb  rcii> 

ra  the  oomjHiund  diid. 

The  bul-nKnlioned  (lag  ia  prvJuccd  fictn  crude  i^ena  which  ha«  bocD 

|liKTTi]y  (rc«d  by  hand  from  iiii|mrilii-it,  and  for  Ihwo  rivwiDi  we  invito  atlention 

III)  ii.   It  iJioweaiery  raii^ttia!  optratioiL  and  one  most  ttiltnbli:  foroiirmunli)'. 

ITliu  orv  is  char^<d  in  ihr  I'lirnMco  In  the  oonuudii  iiwiiiiiir.  anil  rcdiioriil  «o  far  aa 

lit  wi![  fjrni'h  mctaL    Wlii-n  ttie  i^it^  \ioi^ann  ton  ilifffjr  yi«I<linK  mctol,  lOtnc 

cl^-pulvcniol  tliiate  of  iiiuo  tit  thrown  in  and  tDixcd  witli  tlie  iiia!»     This 

I  (ba  b«ryta.-i  and  j-v|v<iito  fusihhk  auJ  tliu  HKluiiioa  of  ^-al^ua  luaT  tako 

So  lonf  as  tlie  lluidily  of  tha  fiUig  la  cnntiiiiu.il.  Ic^  ia  Ihrinon.    To 

cr  thkr  oporvtioti  protltnlilc.  flualc  of  lime  xiioiild  hn  uuxl  in  a  coiindi-mhlc 

r^DBBtity;  but  a«  thin  mnnol  be  obt»ine<l  nJmyx,  wc  [iropox:  tho  Kiihslitiitiuu 

pi  cfalorinc  for  lUioriu!,  whkb  powKmiui  in  ah  bif  h  a  de},T09  as  lliu  latlvr  thu 

noalitT  of  lluiing  &u1|ihat(«.     In  this  iiutajiov,  ^jiiuai  aud  coutoaon  salt  may 

ie  pafroriaid  io^h«r  when  dampu   Thctso  form  a  v«rj-  fluid  slag  with  baryiafi, 

llisif.  iron,  aad  other  mrtalg. 

Tbo  followiiijt  rcvrr>>?ratnry  alaft  d»>ini  that  lad  can  be  remorcd  almeat 
[  tDliralj  froni  the  arc,  in  oxiitizinx  the  inixlurv  ooinpleldy.  A  alag  from  tino 
«■«  eoattaiiwd  Irl-S  |irutuxiiIo  of  iron,  'J-A  oilde  of  Ivail.  1  oxidu  of  line,  2*$ 
•Insuna.  aiMl  S!'')  •^ilvx.  Tbr  iron  and  silos  horo  fom  the  i'Ibk-  It-  luuM  be 
tliaervet)  that  tn  jirrripatatin^  nil  tbo  lead  from  n  slitg  hv  iiicnns  of  Iran.  t)ic 
ntttt  will  onularn  much  iinn  aud  be  otiierwisc  impure.  ^\  hcii  au  ore  cuntaiiu 
^■tt  tJBC  Iberc  k  lutdly  any  otlicr  profltablo  way  of  smt^lUnt:  it  than  to  llui: 
bjr  taraoa  of  iron,  dthvr  with  iron  oi«  or  pyrit«s ;  alt  or  nioat  of  iho  Einc  re-  . 
■■iaa  Uica  b  tbe  ila^ 

Tbt  uta^  of  blast  fliniancD  differ  Bomnwhat  fVom  thacc  of  tlic  revcrberatoty. 

Ifal  oODtaiuiaK  tnoro  idkx,  ami,  in  miut  cascK,  lent  teail.   A  >hf:  whioh  waa  form- 

l»  mixleratu  licat,  and  coniidercd  a.i  lix)lau^tcll  of  KmiI.  ountaiiii'd  'M'4 

ytt  iron,  fi-O  uxiil«  of  Irad,  7  tiiu?,  0  milphiirct  of  iwn,  a  llllle  niimt;anc»e 

aidii  of  line,  and  Si-H  tilas.     A  it\as  vtoia  an  ni^ntifiTODK  caleim  coo- 

laionj  pn>to^iIe  of  iron,  43-4 ;  BiasnoriiL,  1 1-2 ;  milphnret  of  iTOn.  2 ;  ati.mu'Da^ 


8B 


Journai  cf  SUetr  and  Lead  Mining  Op^ationt. 


i-9 ;  tkoA  aiki,  3G-3,    'ilio  rollowlug  iiroportiouB  tliotr  tlikt  a  lanv  qtiinlitr 
limo  boF  no  wlTanta^t  protoxi'lc  of  iron,  25;  Hmtv  2i;  zinc,  lO-G;  oxide 
letd,  3 ;  slumina,  T ;  i^ilcx,  2)4*5.     The  followiii][  in  k  jirolitnblc  vlntt :  ivrotoxiild' 
OTiron,  34-8 ;  oxide  of  i:iiic,  (,■&;  uxiclu  orcopjwi-,  2'4;  luaiipincw,  7;  lime,  fi-G;' 
maniuii*,  -6;  oiide  of  luwl,  2;  eulphnn-t  uf  iivti,  12;  ^uiiiiiia.  3-4. 

Wlivu  oral  m  rxbogril  to  %  Ion-  hc*C,  they  linrillj'  rater  iiiln  uiy  cam! 
tion  irith  sQox,  utd  or  th<«e  the  oxides  only.  ^iilpliurvtE,  i^iilphxteji,  rhtoridcc, 
flnaridr*,  and,  in  fnt-t.  nil  other  nii-Ullic  minpoiin  Jk,  do  nol  ojinbinp  irilh  nilcx  j 
it  in  oiilj  ulter  all  ollii-r  luiLtUir  ii  eiu|>oruti<]  Ihut  Ihc  i^xidoa  utiile  witli  that 
acid.  Wo  nmy  smell  Uiiii  to  pcrfeclion  wiilumt  fcriniiiu  •nj  liilical*.  but  this 
m^iiiTM  the  jircMnoc  oT  A  large  quantity'  of  cViloiine,  lluarini!,  or  tome  ntlHT 
perament  acid.  Iti  [uutiii)-  the  drh  bi^fore-  KintlUiii;  wl-  arc  deprived  oT  the 
MtraatagM  reflultiiij;  Ih-  n  tin-  fuMliililj-  of  Ihc  Biilphurelx  Hnd  adds,  and  »re 
CMUMlltd  lo  form  miionW*,  bocatise  thi>8>!  iiiil«txucv8  udiieh  forni  a  fluid  filag  ia 
the  low  heat  of  a  t«TcrI>cntoT7,  cvnjKirate  in  Uio  licat  of  a  blast- fiii nam  and 
ire  loict.  IVhcn  it  is  in  our  ponrr  to  futm  a  fiuuble  sJag,  either  by  incann  of 
fliuteB  or  chloriili'ii  and  xiilptuitei,  it  is  inwo  profitable  to  smell  in  a  rercrhi-tv; 
toi7  than  iu  :t  )>IaKi'furiiH(A  Hud  )<rv-i}iira1«  the  Imi4  In  wiihln  a  fvV  tier  cent.' 
in  the  lir:t  uiiil  onlj  openuiiui.  In  Ihm  iiitlnncu  llic  ore  needn  no  cniiJiing  and' 
cxpt-iLiin- iva-iIiiiiR,  a  nnioval  of  tht  coaiscst  jjitvci  of  t[uiirtx  and  of  tlie  Iomd  j 
tho  only  laboi  neoT.sU'y  lo  hv  iwrfonui!'!  on  it.  The  pK-i>eiu'i>  of  i|uurtx  w 
not  inniiciiee  the  luiiU,  ItM-.iiitc  vrhen  otjicr  aeidn  sat'  prvaeiit  (t  does  not  ew 
into  conibinntiim.  If  no  niMlcrinU  a.tv  nt  hand  to  form  a  ri»n>lc  fXng,  cither 
aatarel  or  Brlilit-inl  meHiis,  thcti  it  Ik  iKaw^ary  lo  roiut  the  oiT  and  nnclL 
lliv  bla^t-funiace.  In  thb  imtonot,  the  orea  imiHl  bv  Kmstpt.  bc(-auBt>  ll 
phnrrtH  an-  vriy  Toiatilc,  and  will  not  rctii-l  iKn  lieiil  at  IhMt  furniWA 
nioxl  |iroliUhIe  llux  b  llii'  prutoxidu  of  iruti.  I.itnc  or  magnesia,  and 
allinliiii'  varth^  ilo  not  form  H'lllidi'utly  llukl  sUgt  lo  bo  uwil  proltlabi}*. 

When  cirt^iiuisliUict'B  midtr  it  iiecL-sMurv  («  wiidt  in  blast-fumaotn, 
operation  oiijclit  tn  be  oniliieted  ia  aik-Ii  a  iiianiiiT  io>  to  ohtain  all  (he  l«ail 
one  inDcltinx.  This  appears  Komrtimeii  to  b«  <lilli<-iilt,  but  it  is  nnt  ho 
obnii  iron  ore  can  be  obluinvd  in  .•uttident  quantity.  ^Vhen  a  k1«x  or  ore  i* 
bvexposvd  toBnicltlng  ill  a  l>IiL>t-f<irtiii(x>.  it  uughl  to  be  ttioruii^litjr  a: 
bccaoiic  if  any  sulphur  \»  Iri^  in  it,  cren  in  llie  form  of  xiilplmte,  Ifail  and 
are  Ihi-  fint  lo  eva|HirnIt-.  Lime  docH  not  rrmovo  milphiir,  hut  oomhinca 
it,  like  all  uibii-r  alknlie.t,  Irun,  iK-caim-  it  nhforlu  Milpltur,  and  as  ea^y  parts 
with  it.  i8  llie  most  »tu>table  KnWanLi.'  to  mix  u-ilb  tJiv  Buli>liiire»ii6  urv  fvr  the 
putpnac  of  (ixiilntion  ;  it  forms  a  diiid  »\:ifi  at  ijuile  a  low  beat  nilh  silex.  ami 
■»  thus  far  the  bi'st  ilux  in  ttie  hlast-fiimnoc.  Manpancse  ien*f.<  equally  as  well 
as  iron,  am)  may  Ije  »ubelilut«l  fur  it ;  bnt  no  other  melallic  oxido  can  be  mib- 
■titnlodi  for  these  two. 

When  sulpburels  of  tend  ni-e  roaeU<d  In  the  air,  they  arc  never  entipclf 
libeniird  from  milpliur ;  ihv  mott  rartftilly  routed  leail  ore  c-oniniti.s  sulphur. 
Galena  roasted  with  exVrvme  ean-,  in  a  heap.  (ymlmmiJ  oxi'k  of  lisid,  IH ;  wil- 

Cliain  of  kail,  H6;  siilphiird  of  liiul,  1<.>,  Th(i  MUie  untlena,  roaolod  dnriagT 
aim  in  a  mcrbcratorr.  formed  nietallie  lend,  and  the  roaslnl  ore  powAfr  CDO- 
ncUd  of  oxidu  of  lead,  ilt) ;  suliihurcl  of  lead,  V> ;  tnvtntlit^  lead,  IT ;  iron  oxide 
and  (JIvx,  T.  Wbvti  uthi-r  nietaln  urc  prtwiit  l)i.-rti.t(<»  kw.1,  ^^iii-h  as  inMi,  Xino, 
anil  otheim,  thev  am  oxidiied  beforv  »11  the  Rulplmr  i*  ptiioved.  A  pf-rsrTer- 
hiR  Tooclinit  of  ID  01-  12  hoiirti  in  ft  rtTribemtoi-y  t^imaee.  will  rnnoTc  miu-h 
of  the  Hulpliur,  but  from  6  to  10  pvr  cent,  uf  tiulphite  of  lead  n-maint  in  nil 
iiiitnu('i.-s.  'I'he  prvsifoec  of  S  large  quaiitily  of  Hilex.  ^ay  2&  |MT  eenl.  of  tlw 
or*,i8iliii  b«et  meaiii»  for  the  r«noi'al  of  gnlptnr.  From  s>ie)i  ore  the  Ini^i  tnir« 
of  iinlpbur  may  1w  rvmoved  in  the  re^'crherfttory.  or  in  raa.'^tinf;  it  in  the  opfn 
air.  It  wonld  not  molie  any  dilTerenco  by  wliat  oioans  sulphur  i>  reinoived  in 
rowiting,  and  idlex  might  r^rve  tjuili;  an  well  Bi  iron,  if  it  ti^nld  W  mnovnl  ad- 
raotageoiuljr  buEm  briugtiig  ihc  oi«  or  slag  Euto  the  bln^^t-forunoi-.^Oivr man. 


Ceait  and  Coiiterie*, 


87 


COALS  AND  COMIERIES. 

THE  AKTIIKACITB  OOAL  TEADB  FOB  1U8. 

Aau)iuitMt)t)ivBull«adtoidc*«or«««k*ndint»M-Glh....  l^f.lll  00 

Do.     SchaylkUICatiiil,  Dss-Ab ....»u....i.  8N,1IT  18 

*,4fi(l,RM  IS 

Sam*  tiiHn  Uii  yMT i,*P>.m  OS 

InnwM ^i 11,IU1B 


Tho  folkiwmg  is  tlw  qtmntiijr  of  Coil  tniiuportod  over  Uw  diflcrent  nil' 
m«>J0  in  SrfiiiylkiU  county  during  Um  seuon:— 

Hioa  Kill  i>na(t.H.K.K. I,DOS,Sll>  11 

lliU(>Hfc an «S),IU8  M 

Uo«nl  I'uben do IU,TW  Ot 

8ch>ivltill  Vulk;. . .  .rfo. thfM  04 

Ml.  i-irlvA  Hid  Pl.CirtwD ft"OM  0* 

UlUt  SeliuiUtll  K.  K S«7,4W  IS 

CwonCHi^            do. , n.»M  18 

ttnlum                 do I»,;e4  08 

LKttlGtl  COAL  TBA^E  FOB  1»H,  TO  DECEMBER  K 


RujnmU  Mii>», tSt,!at  08 

B—tt.  iiimUinM , M.ttt4  J* 

Bnlor  MMan>0> ttsSSI  II 

S»m^ii^S1aUtl. a».Wi  11 

Sntaiir  Monnt^OMl.. 11IU,I»S  01 

r^laMlnCal M,nt  18 

DmIMoo  Cot)  Uo Ul.su  01 

CwiUrry. iO.SW  00 

flMWlAoT. 44,018  11 

Book  Mouiilnin  Cmt  Co T4,4U  t» 

WnkMburcCod  Co. H,9SIM 

I,OU,atS  «4 

iMIlJ^t- 1,108,261  IG 

D«en««  tlii*  J«ir. a»,4M  It 

PBLAWAKEAXD  OUDSOITOOALTKADa    KUIPUBHTS  TO  DKaS,  ItU. 


IWTAt. 

ote. 

DI. 

*JS,STil 

1T,9M 

tH)A,»M 

80,1H 

[MBlrMnHidHBilMwCo. t,I80 

PtmiK^^naiaCMJ  Co ,,..    llrtS* 

TlM  i^cTtM^  •coonling  tn  tho  ftbore,  i«  0^5112  tons.  Tho  octiisl  incnsM 
la  l>tecinbcr  3(1,  it  Kbout  52,000  ttitu.  Thi-  rcnnnj Itmiu  Oonl  Ctmiianv  ha* 
incrmml  about  ~(.*fiOO  tonn,  tivl  tliv  Di^Iunniv  anil  UudiHUi  Cornpuijr  ht  17,992 
hnta  lichiii'l  liwi  j«iir'<i  «lii|imcrit'4  to  time.  .Sliouin^  ou  incrcii««  ofoiil;  13.933 
tow  for  Ibc  yur.  fmiu  tlic  (hiw  prinrijuil  rctdons. 

The  tistiiakiul  increase  rwjuirtd  for  Uic  ytor,  il  wM  mippiwcrt  in  the  Kpriog, 
weuM  lir  iu  lli'i  ii('i;;ti)MrUoo<l  or  40(l,€00  toua.  TIUi  was  ooiifci'liMvil  a  iuod«- 
nt«  wtiiunti'  — Iviit  ttiti  liieh  |>ricC8  sluch  buvo  prenuled  for  Iho  lout  throe 
montlis,  boih  in  ftd^lit  ana  coal,  Imschcelicd  the  coiMumption  rcry  molviiklV'j , 


Coats  and  CotHfria. 


■ad  dailen  porchMe  with  L-xlrvmi;  caaliun.  At  prMcBt  (1>«cemb«r  10)  the 
dcBOUid  for  ochJ  Is  verr  BuxlentlP,  nnd  tti«  (•iisircES  of  ihe  niilronil  liui 
■Itcrcaiwd  fVom  IS  or  lotofl  trainn  a  iJny—nml  Iiy  the  cnnnl  Imt  littk  U 
done.  A  larpc  portion  of  the  op*T«tor*  ■«.■  ciirUiUii  Iheir  Liiniiiita  for  irin- 
itt,  Aud  It  iiuinlM-r  will  c«afl«  nifaiing  <-iitirr>ly  alVr  tills  voek,  and  comnKDOft 
jnt^riDg  ilwii'  colliorios  iot  next  jrorV  niining. 

CUilBEKLAXD  COAL  TRADE  FOB  !»«. 

fibtuincnts  over  Uu  Sttn^c  ro.'ii  liuilrvml  f«r  the  jor  boglii- 

DiU)t  .Iwiiunr  Id,  IMi^  tQ  llnMiiitxir  8il UtuWl 

Do.  ovtr  ('LiinlHiriiuiA  Coiil  uid  Irun  Co.'i  KiilnMKl  f»r  miiic  tiuM       U9,St8 
(>o.  Tmin  OflUiva  (Wk  wid  Wnlinipon  lUeiuli,  fr<>tii  Jim* 
iBt  lo  Dopombflr  Sd «*,««  H 

Total  ftumCantbortuidRcgiiDn  for  the  yur 111,101  U 


KK8ri.1S  OK  TI!K  YEAR  1958. 
The  j<«r  clo3i?d  Kovuiuber  30tb,  or  tlic  Rrwiing  lUilniwI,  Bnd  the  ^lun- 
tit}'  of  cnnl  rorn-ard«d  di)nn^  that  timi-,  amounU  to  1,58^211  toru^  af^untt 
1.630,911  IT  tnnsfor  thcprciioiiKycar,  «houriiigafaUiQt;od'byr«ilrviidrorlKS3 
uf  tJ8,liO'J  06  tonn.  from  the  Sthuvlkill  tvgieui  ttii>  (juftulilj  furnoriled  to  K<it> 
"i>l)t.naa2.0IS  tousmora  Uiku  Uieiinvbusyeu*.  Wiih  t«£}i«cI  tri  Uiebu^nnt 
uid  ttio  pMf^ctg  of  Ihc  r^m»d  and  canal,  Iho  Mincr^  Journal,  l<icatod  in 
the  heart  at  the  rejclon,  mdkcc  thix  statement  ■.-~ 

AlthDiiRh  the  <xa1  tannage  ban  been  Ioh,  the  rate  of  trgjwportation  rtil«d 
higluT  Uiruiiphoiit  [he  wholt'  vew,  uid  Uw  rcoeipt*  from  tho  co«l  tonnttfip.  m 
well  tLs  the  niiactllBiiLijuii  intl^c  mA  pawmger  Intel,  hare  beui  eoiiiidututilr 
increasod. 

The  mmI  tontiaico  on  iho  c«u]  will  b»  incrcuwl  tnm  70  O  80.DOO  tons  tlua 
venr,  at  iiuTcoscyl  ntrx  of  toll.  I'he  miMellnncoiii  hiiidnoai  of  tbn  CMud  han 
also  bcou  conniJt.'riiWy  incnoMd  ot*t  former  jcnrs.  Both  OMporatwoN 
havn  dnno  a  m-OB|i«ruug  buaioass  the  pnuunt  }'uar,  nliiub  wdl  ndd  ^mtlf  to 
their  Rltviiictti  in  munt^ng  a  strong  compvtjtion  aft«r  nnxt  year,  with  other 
linen  of  milroadii  now  proip^winK  ^f>  Vtftr-Vnrk  direct,  not  only  to  tlio 
WnktHbarre  and  LchiKh  wciimji, hul  to  tap  the  Schujlkai  rripoii.  at  Tama- 
i|xu  and  al  Auburn.  Uf  ibe  finit  tneutk-iici  roulu  a  xiirvvy  bait  Wn  nadi^ 
and  tJin  projnrt  pronwincod  pracIifaiMc-  Thn  diwlnnci!  from  Tnmiujua  to  eoB- 
Mct  with  tho  Ij'hiiih  Valley  Kallronrl,  aliore  Ix'hifthlon,  iM  abaut  —  mU«B. 
On  tbo  Iatt"-'r  roulc  a  tpiirrer  !«  now  beinj!  ma.de.  and  it  i*  reported  that  thia 
TOHd  ifUI  in  nit  probability  bo  tnwle  via  Alleiilowii  and  HaawurE.  li>  wanect 
with  the  Dauphin  and  ^iifu^iii^liann^  nailrnml  nt  Auburn,  whidi  latttw  road 
K  nuvr  Foni;>lL-tod,  and  in  ojicmunn  fmm  thil  point  oa  fir  ns  rine|[r«i«,  Sclnjl- 
kill  (Ounly,  ^^ 

The  xhipnifnU  from  RJclinioail  up  it>  Nov.  2'Jtb,  1853,  it  will  b«  obita-red,^^! 
have  liorren^cd  l.'iB,."i2i)  tons.  Fmm  Bri&tol  we  learn  the  BhiptUMiU  La»C  alao^^l 
lBr)[dy  dt'crensLti.  nliich  thowK  that  the  markets  vast  of  New-Vork  intist  be 
oMnparatively  bore  of  AuUiracito  Coal. 


TAB  PHKSKMT  BTaTV  OF  THE  AKTHBXCire  MAHKCr. 

In  tbo  same  quarter,  we  meet  with  sinnc  Kroarlu  ruetpoctine  llie  cause  of 
the  prraent  atato  of  Iho  market,  which,  although,  tlir;  aie  iaddenlally  maAt, 
Jbam  the  \'«v*,  enlvrtuncd  by  the  operators  at  the  minm: — 

It  iii  very  natural  that  coRMimen  xhoiild  be  iinxioiw  (a  ohtiu'n  furl  rheap— 
and  lh«y  ou^t  to  Iibtc  it  an  chisji  aa  circtims.ianMi<  will  permiL  Hut  tlioas 
nho  produce  the  ankle,  and  tlioae  who  tr&Ulc  iu  it,  liuve  inlvnuU  to  prot«cit 


4 


Coalt  tutd  CollUriet. 


» 


'  alM.  Vrl 

^m  wa«  no 


■too.  vrhicll  tre  oqntlly  itnporUnt  The  |>mwnt  crilioU  Mate  of  th*  <«>l  tnd> 
wa«  not  brangbl  about  bjr  the  opcnlor!>  hcic  or  (be  dtwiciii  •bnMul^il  wt»  a 
etiwbiiiaikiD  «r  ctcumniaiKn  on-r  whiuli  llivj  lield  no  roiiuul,  iMrunritimt 
wUcli  wtTA  tlir  hixh  prioM  of  tr*ti»fKirtiitioin.  [t  in  trtM^  tint  (tie  fntva 
^^^^  Mtvauctxl,  but  iKi(  in  projxirtton  to  tbo  other  cxpviiMs  atUonlinf  Llie 
7K».  Pnl^t  durgis  froin  rhiliuicJpliiii  to  Bv«l4it.  nn  ii]i  tu  S3,  und  enn 
83  10  jwr  loo— ia  tmmer  Hciuonii  lli«  ruku  wvrv  from  01 73  t«  $2  iH).  A  cur- 
RSpcoMiiifc  JiKrewe  took  [ilwc  jn  llie  prkvK  or  ftvintit  ta  al)  (far  oMiir  Biitili-U 
&<in  KicfaawmL  Dealers  uliroaii  wvroforcc(l<3Uivrtuci.iuic  rnrivinKmppliwor 
paj  Ibesa  tatca.  If  lliey  hod  ri-l'usi<<t  to  jujr  ibcM  liigli  frxIditH,  Uw  maricta 
emild  iMt  have  b<vn  «up|>lit"t,  Ait>l  llii'  t>nc*«  miut  n«K«»rilj  liaiw  mlvkncvd 
«rcn  bcjroiul  the  ptwmi  TaU-s.  Much  ol  tlitcpoti  ia  aoid  onmdit,ani]  Has  luA 
]r«t  beta  paid  tor — on'l  tlwrrfon.- would  it  not  bt  folly  and  imtdnRu  foroiiropfr- 
ntora  to  brcv  coal  into  tire  markt^t,  at  civally  nu.tu(vd  mtM — luin  (heir  cuk- 
toaieni,  dMctroy  tbntnsrIvcM.  ciiiiple  tlw  uuin<wi,ai)d  praTnat  a  full  supply 
btraAcr,  md  thna  produce  a  nailnr  iilalo  of  aflkim  Bcxt  jrtar. 

Our  policy  wBBluiiuluix'dciitcnilo  take  afull  nupplyof  (x«l — and  in  order 
to  IndiKo  ihcin  to  do  so,  wo  adviwd  our  opvnlt^n  ta  ^In  tbem  aMuiaiKGa  (liat 
tbey  woutd  not  form  coal  iD(o  thcs  market  at  low  rates,  alVr  thcr  had  mid  all 
Umt  could  h>  itealcrc,  a*  noma  did  Unt  j-ear.  Dcnten  werv  boldjnjt  bark  under 
«Mtt  an  aiipTelwoMaa.  It  wua  neeenary  that  thid  apprehension  HboiUd  be  r«- 
I  Bond,  ouunrao  iJie  trade  woaM  be  cMclud. 

ABIIIB  op  TIIB  COAL  TBADK  IK  KEIT-tnitK. 

A  oemapondcnt  of  the  iwne  Journal,  wrtling  from  Nciv-Vork,  doUcm  at 
■Mne  length  pofaita  whidi  ho  reganli  u  shutivtt  in  (Jie  dly  eual  Imili;,  uid  ftug- 
gntt  as  a  remody  tlw  etstAblishnHtat  of  a  Coat  Exchange  Tbo  nibalanoc  of 
IbMo  TiowB  Li  oontaiocd  in  ihei  siil(|dJned  ; — 

Om  of  the  cliicferiLt  lo  bcrrauediol  Ua  vaol  ofuainuftnil  haiitiODy  amonj; 
ttM  dfaikm  theiBwWi«;  that  llivy  hIioiiI'I  act  more  in  luUMin  witli  odo  another, 
thcTcbv  promotinit  tlieir  own  Ix^t  jntcmti,  and  at  (be  wme  Umo  DrutoetinK 
the  public  ftinn  the  ilcpn^Iations  o{  that  numvroiu  dam  iii  t)iu  tna«,  known 
t»  atmp  ticuli  rtj  ia  ilie  gnad  deaiikralum,  as  a  first  ttcp  toirnrd  the  rcgano- 
ration  of  the  hnnaesi. 

Cadtr  exialiiw  cireiimiitancai^  tbov  ia  a  want  of  sLahilitv  in  fiiinf;  and 
mitTi1aiiiiii(r  a  aelDiig  price,  lODec  each  coal  merchant  feara  to  ailow  a  ciikIouim' 
to  leave  hi»  office,  kuoirriui;  nvll  llul  Lis  npxl  NCiKhlinr  vronlil  gladly  i>cciir« 
trim  at  antcriAmofono  lialfor  (iiluI'T  of  a  dollar  |>er  ton,  on  the  old  uid  Irlle 
maxim  that  ''halfa  loaf  is  belter  tluui  no  bmul.''  If  tluK  was  luercty  a  Gutcy 
■keiefa,  H  wwiW  do  well  to  Biiiilc  but  uiiforlnnatuly  it  b  u  utll-authcntkatwl 
Clct  of  dally,  I  niay  even  «ay  hourly)  occurrence. 

Xoir,  If  therci  wui  u  tmc  and  proper  nmlorktandin;;  bctwivn  otic  another, 
this  voatd  not  bo  m.  If  A  know  well  that  the  cu.iUimur,  whum  he  refnied  lo 
«dl  B  cent  Imi  than  an  tslabluhcd  pricv,  uid  Umt,  uiiud  yoa  not  a  fancy,  ex- 
trsragant  one,  bul  a  bare  paying  prolit.  M<nM  ^>  to  R,  C  or  t>.  and  meet  the 
Wim  sta(«  ofaSnirs,  he  would  allow  hlin  without  hesitutlon  lo  liarc  his  olBce 
tad  try  tuH  fortune  elMiwhrrc.  For  it  it  a  ircll-known  fact,  that  any  iiuu'h 
cuKtomcn  will  pntrunixc  him,  if  llioy  ciui  ii>  no  bctler  ebculion'.  an-1  a  untiirKl 
nmaequcDcc  of  llizt  rtile  iu  humun  nuturu,  that  the  coal  iiif reliant  would  ictain 
all  Iwirv^ar  )ialriMual  a  fair,  liiiag,  ^ayinu  price  The  public  also  nould 
■ettlo  doim  inlo  a  more  (juict  i^tc,  ami  im^tciul  of  ninnitif-  lfiivu).'1i  (tic  lowu, 
pticiD^  and  liinppiniL  Hcrowit^  one  man  down  a  half  or  a  quarter,  and  th«ii 
maicinK  a  handle  of  Kuch  an  oflTcr  to  beat  clown  the  mnrchaol  with  wboio  bo 
baa  always  dealt,  muI  to  whom  probaUy  he  intended  all  olon({  tu  f^w  hia 
onltT — instnd  of  regarding  the  tindc  ax  m>  many  higbwiyuieri.  each  otriving 
to  «t  hM  hMid  th«  dccpMt  into  the  unfortunate  mnaunwr'fl  pocket— the 
puUic  woold,  I  My,  Kite  Uieir  ontcia  n  Ithuut  hcsuution,  KElybg  uvoa  the  ixv 


M 


Coals  and  CoHierui. 


itffiij  of  tti<<  tmilr,  ant]  iXx.  wholo  utandBrd  of  the  buvincw  be  rloTitml  to  tlut 

rel  which  its  imjKirliuicv  luid  tho  ehatmcter  of  llio  mt-ii  who  compoce  itx  bot- 

'  part — Iluil  {larl  with  which  viv  ivivi  \i\\v  i->  itt'itl — ci>itii[i«ii<]!<. 

Tbus  luiicli  lor  tliiMoiw  vvU— wp  »«v  iu  rlfi^ri*.  DTK]  ihf  tn>oi]  tlixt  wonlil 

flow  from  lu  crftdtcatHn.     llul  hoir  *ball  it  be  lenicdlnl  7     Tliat  ih  tbr  qiim»- 

tton! 

W«  haru  lon^  llioiight  that  one  of  (lie  ino^  bnicfidal  proJMTis  for  the  Iriudc 

Uial  couhl  iioiir  So  put  fonraH,  Is   the  culAlilii-hnii^t  of  a  "  Cnnl   Kxi^han^.'* 

[  The  bilsincM  hta.  invmi  to  be  one  «f  trcmr-niloiii'  weij^tit  onrt  rxtent,  EiirpanMi) 

\hj  few,  if  soy.  iii  the  uwgntluUe  of  itx  tnuixaciiuiiH  anJ  the  atnuuntji  of  tnonejr 

thai  it  IdvoIi<». 


comiTMPTioN  or  coai- 
Senrml  l&btM  reUttng  to  the  coiiiiiiiniilion  of  Anlhnicitn  hnvn  bt^n  prvpl^ 
orl  by  Mr.  J.  ^V.  Alcx&ndr^,  and  attnchcfi  to  n  rrjiort  tuiil  lirfnrc  the  BattimON 
City  Council,  whieh  runtain  one  or  twn  [Jinnls  of  inlitrat  in  midition  to  what 
moy  be  fbiindin  No.  1.,  Vol,  1.,  of  tin;  Mining  Magazine: — 

Tbo  annual  arrmge  inertaiK  of  liii-  coal  trade  of  llio  Schuylkill  rcj^on 
frixn  Wia,  ut  which  liinu  the  Xradf  wa8  iiearlr  <^iial  to  llint  now  exMiiig  oa 
the  Balliiin-rv  aii'l  Ohio  Riiilmnd,  wan  lI'i.TOH  loim ;  of  tlio  l.cliiah  region, 
eiiiTO  1843,  luV""'  Ion*:  of  tU-  l.ncltawnnim  n-'pion,  sin™  IK  111,  |ii|,lirKI;  uid 
[fiom  oth*T  rqtions  of  1'tiin.iylvnaia  nnd  New-Vorfc,  .-ince  1817,  I  I.(t00  tonii. 

The  BVciHRe  aiuiuul  iucn-iui'  uf  (lie  eolirv  aiilliniciU'  coul  Iraih  from  I'cun- 
l^-Wauia  Hiid  Niiw  Y<-i-k  »iiKV  1!*3'^,  at  n-hirh  limo  il>i  luijouiit  vtu-  iicuj'ly  the 
t  nmo  tn  I'low  exists  on  the  liallimorv  and  Ohio  Rnilmail,  wo*  2X2fil>0  tons. 
The  Bnthrncite  Inide  mny  be  WKarJed  as  btins  cnrried  almoKt  wholly  by 
>  four  folluivinj;  H'orkit,  n'bcuu  aclual  dint rihui ion  uikI  exliinaled  caimdly, 
ilboul  furllier  vnliirgviiivul,  may  b*  stnti-d  as  f-zllows: — 

Qunnlilj  Curivd.  bt'd  Cajwdljr. 
«•■•.  to™. 

B»n''i"e  Ttntlrmi'! ,,, a,i»i).«i()  4,i><fl,"KW 

L-  '■  ,.,....     1,800.1110  l.fM.()i» 

1>.  iilQuia) »"0,(«W  l,t>UO,(>TO 

SiJ.,/.         ..    ,  iLMii SWJ.OIW  l.WO.CWO 

Tstil,. a.lXKl.UiW  T,iSll,'iUO 

Tlio  acliwl  flutJAy  b  tlHWe  worlu  imn  been  949,000^00,  or  at  thr  rate  of 
,  ft9,O00.OtJCi  ftir  every  million  of  Uinii  uuHinl  cvriage  capacity.    Tlx?  inrratKod 
Idaiiuid  for  tnol  is  generally  nit«i)  hf  thorn  ctmvcriAnt  willi  {\\v  Hubjuct,  at  16 
per  cent,  pur  annuiu.    At  that  nto  tlw  mukct  wquld  b«,  for  l^o 

T»*B.  TO**. 

ISM.. .^ u.. V s,T(io,aoo 

JAM » > ...•> fl.-WO,000 

isu ..:.....:.. ...,,.,.7.eoa,ooo 

-when  the  ntinoit  capacity  of  the  oxioting  ctianiivis  will  be  exhausted. 
In  lieiv  of  nil  tiii.i,  llic'rti<urt  Hlatcs  thai  tike  lUtllraoru  and  Uliio  Itailroad 
lioay  cuiifidcnliy  tvtv  oil  an  iiifirB*d  roa]  tratlo  of  250,000  tons  |icr  uiiium — 
^•nd  their  triulc  would  stand  as  foUowv  in 

tiiLR.  torn. 

IMS SOO.0O0 

itu tiio.wo 

1KU> , ftno,Aoo 

1M6 1,010,000 

^wfaidi  Iwt  iHioaDt  would,  Koordiag  to  (he  antbncito  cjrperioDM,  namtnt 
M  MiNtiiliture  of  MpBlal  for  such  e*|ucity  tprcially  of  S9  0OiJ,tiOO. 


Coait  tuui  CoUieria. 


ei 


Th«  ocnsioa  oT  ibc  report  tielbro  •Undtd  to,  wM  sn  «pplia»liun  (6r  u  in- 
'  doreBTncnl  b;  Uip  Coiindl,  of  thit  nulttmon)  uxl  OUft  tUilmd  bond*,  of  firo 
1  of  lioliaK. 

BMrin^  ■'I'"')  U^  mne  pmnt  of  tlic  aii«cit]r  of  lb«  BAltitnorc  and  Ohio 
^.Koad,  b  thcuio^Mtl  rvmArkii  of  llio  Cumberland  Joumai: — 

In  TKir  of  lliH  irkcowliKlj^-d  impuiiiibiliijr  ofuicrvwang  tbc  oniunDl  of  coal 
f  smt  over  Ui>>  lUltiinon)  uid  Uhlo  Rnilroul  tnucli  bcyoud  iU  pivwiil  liiulu,  il 
ibcbootcs  ilif  (wnpanicii  onjcajcod  in  the  inAr  \a  open  the  Dcjct  wason  nn  tlio 
nilb  n  Iiu-i.i.-  iul<litioti  to  thi-  i>tc«cnt  niuulx-r  of  lioiiU.  TIir  KUpcnor 
i  ehMpobta  of  cuul  UBiiH{H>rUliun,  smet  Uiu  iiicn;iut<  of  l>vi);hU<  un  Utc  nullttad, 
U  a  •»iti'i'1ciali>>n  irbich  «auws  Uiu  UllCT  irork  (o  atari  u|i  iuio  iu.-w  auil  fhtsb 
nopait-iiKv  M  hh  nif  nur  to  market.  Theru  is  no  nason  to  frar  that  iho  pro- 
*  «cDt  rat<H  of  tull  will  b«  tnimc],  nnJ,  a<  no  tine  u  to  be  toM,  vrc  hop«  to  nritneiu 
kgitkt  acttrilir  ill  boat  building  during  thv  cumiug  vriiiicr. 


reEPAHiTia.vs  i-oii  iKHorifa  pEmrarLvaidA  coii.  to  ManKKT. 

Coal  is  tbe  gtxwt  irtapl*  of  rcnnsj-hunia.    Her  pmaint  annual  ]>i'oduot  ia 

'  Uttlo  more  than  ono  »Tenth  that  of  G  real  BKIuin.     Mining  fbrcoaliayvt 

'klmnKt  in  ila  b&ncjr  thnv,  if  compared  wiili  Kumii'.    Yrt  it  in  KratiQHnjt  to 

kiww  thai  tlic  mirrpriw  of  the  country  is  airar«  of  the  field  ojit-ii  licfoni  i(. 

^TOio  pn-pnraliun*  for  iwDdini;  coal  to  market  from  tliu  Nonbtni  and  Cealral 

regSoDS  of  Pcniiaylvania  arv  going  fom-ard  on  a  grand  walo.    A  correspondent 

_  Unu  dii«crtb<«  ibo  roiil4«  optniDi;  from  the  Xortborn  Region  :— 

Firxl :  A  tine  of  railraid  in  now  b#ing  oonttruclud  from  a  point  near  the 

FlWawar*  Wadfr-'iHii  to  .Serunton,  In  \\w  v«iy  eenltv  of  llw  prear  Ijnkawniiiia 

uUd  Wjomin)):  Coal  Fii-Mk  of  Pennsrlvanin.     From  S<T»ntoii  to  <ircnt  Bend. 

fon  the  Erie  Itnilrood,  the  northern  ciiiisiun  ofthLi  poaii  i»  aln-iulr  liniahcd.  ajiil 

[■bout  tax  huli'ItiHl  ('ins  uf  coul  per  duy  arc  nmr  ri.'friilirly  will  over  iL  dci^dnod 

^tot  BnlEklo.  Otili-i^-o.  mid  Inli'miiiliikt^  iiointe  lying  on  ihc  lakes,  euialx,  nnd 

llniwls  of  northern  aud  wesliTii  New-Vork. 

Sn^nd ;  Tlie  north- ca»lern  dirision  of  the  ruad,  lying  between  Scraiiton 

-and  tbe  \N'aIeT-(>ap.  it  all  under  contract,  to  Iwconitdotod  Inone  yeRrOnin  the 

Bislof  l>eo;tnl«.T  IKjI.     Ni-iir  lliree  thousand  men  ar«  now  entiii)i«]  inilxcon- 

htiuctwii ;  III.'  iron  iji  all  ji'in'hii'«ii  i  the  m^nry  ftadj- ;  and  it  will  be  some- 

wlial  reinnTkaUc  if  the  irhiKile  of  (he  locnmoliTe  !■  not  bnrd  ou  the  top  of 

"Pokooo"  before  Jnnimry,  !S55. 

Third :  From  Snanlou  to  the  creat  Baltimore  ooal  T«in,  Rtar  WilhMbant^ 
.bioiue  Iburtetn  miles,  A  niilioiid  is  churten'd  and  surveyed  from  Scronton 
Lto  Uiis  point,  with  no  gra>le>i  muru  tlian  Hf^ei-n  feel  to  the  mile,  wliicli  n-ill  run 
the  (titire  diotuiee  lhroi]j;h,  and  oter  the  mott  cxlmxire  coal  betla  lu  the  world, 
I  Btinit  the  owners  anofjiMirtuiiityat  nil  *««io»  oftlie  yearlo  send  tti(dr"blaclc 
I  oiamondii'^  to  the  Atlunlii'  Hralioard- 

Ponnh:  Ff.-rtia  i-oiril  near  the  Water-Onp,  the  Delnwnri^,  Ijickawannn  and 
Wwiem  Rnilrov!  ixicini\i»  with  the  Xow  Jersey  Central  Itail mad.  A  contract 
,  liBi  iHvn  mi«]c  wilh  thiK  lalier  compnoy.  by  wliicb  Ihor  are  bound  tn  lay  down 
a  wide  |w>x*  roo'^f  fi^r  'he  uciHiumiodutiuii  of  the  l)eUH'arg,  Laehawanna  and 
Woitem  fWMt  aii't  »f  hiLh  also  njqriires  llie  Xow  Jotacy  Central  road  (o  con- 
atmct  a  dMible  Iraek  Onm  lh>-  priint  of  junction. 

Fifth :  Dy  wny  of  live  New  .kwey  Central  and  Delnwarv,  I^acknwanna  and 
Wmtem  Ita^rotfi  to  <iri.-at  llemt,  wnie  twenly-fiic  niile^  in  di'tanei:  in  carod 
liclwe<.'n  New-York  and  Lakt«  Eric  and  ttntario,  Ofcr  any  line  of  railroad  ycl 
GonatruoK'l  oi  suntycil. 

Sixth :  Tbe  manner  in  which  Ihc  DdawaiB,  Lackawanna  and  Wertem  Rail- 
iMdw  beingconalraclcd  from  Si-rantoncaat,  will  gi«  it  a  ca[«eiiy  for  fniigbt. 


^ 


92  CcaU  and  CoUteria. 


1 


not  hArfor  U>  the  RmiBiiic  lUilraftd,  and  hy  ifm  btoral  ri>nd>i,  up  md  down 
tbo  Wkaimina  innJ  Wyonting  nXlicy^  owry  coal  Jtfld  in  bolli  valleys  «iu 
be  rcBchixl  wnliBi  tu-i'iitv-iiircc  tnUta  from  Scrntitnn,  whili'  prubaWy  ncvcn 
cigMut  of  the  i-Tttire  ((luiilitf  oToiHtt  is  fouud  u-ilhin  lifU-en  niileg  dialuucc 

ThcMiiidIc!  I!<!)[iaii  BH  it  M  callvt,  osU'iyle  llruui  Buck  Moiiiitiuii  <iu  tbe 
Iiohigh  to  Ilia  Mnhanajr,  Irn  mild  frnm  tlic  Siisf|ni>iiaima — i(i  length  aboul  fiflr  ' 
niil««.      Vi'v  comlviiM^  Ihc  rullowing  piriinilnn<  r«spcci!ng  upcnUioiui  in  tliis 
RgbiL     Till'  coal  is  nil)  U  be  oTaa  cxDclknt  i|tin.'ity-: 

TheMiildki  ItiiKionJiaa  rMu«iii«!C>r!«Mnoy«nrs,  iimny  In' '^liil,  almost  u-hoIlT  , 
un(ii'n'lo|K«l,  <>wi[ieUi«  Vknlof  tiM-ililitu  for rcucliiiif;  tnivrk>-l.  1*iii..iiffic«ltj 
i*  VRr'iiiK  rnjiiilly  nven-omo  by  llw  coii>>lmr(K>n  of  MilroaUs  lerwliiig  lo  ilw  pHn- 
dpul  iiinrkvU  a(  ihp  rotmtty,  and  the  foriBAtioii  of  iiiiprmt'ini-nt  nniujiMUM 
within  Ihi-  nijiioii  itsi-lf.  Tlictr  nre  alrawly  Homo  nini-  or  tvii  of  tlii'sc  improve- 
nient  mnipHUii'K.  U-ifiiH  imtiiidual  of>enti<H»>,  all  of  which  nrti  »rtiv<-ly  (Mnjnged 
in  piitticiii  ihcir  lanibi  in  condjlloii  for  Uw  luiiiing  of  a  Urge  quantity. 

Pir<t  in  oT<lcr  of  tbtM  compMUOs  is— 

The  PhUn'Mjihia  and  Suul/iuy  Paitrnaii  Company. — TlielaniU  of  thin 
company  rmlirBct  ■1,DiiO  went,  nuininj;  nam  ciift  to  wtmt  nix  uilvfi,  ItnglhwiM 
with  Ihi:  m'>unUiii.i  and  onl  iiivaAiimi.  At  Irost  <hm  third  of  tiio  cMl  of  tfaia 
eatalc  i>  nlmvf  «  ali-r  lcvi>l.  On  Ihift  iiri>[)Orly  a  double  oonl  bnftkcr  in  «rMtod, 
101  fcvt  lon^.  f>i  fcrt  iri-l--,  and  TO  fcut  litfti.  whiiih  will  cAotaio  fiaht  brnking 
PoUi'iT,  iir^'iii-ilpl  bv  a  fifty  horro  power  steam  rnpiie.  One  himdiul  and  filW 
hoiwm,  for  ««n#,  wiUi  six  rooaiH  <adi,  aro  a'.s)  iimkr  oinstinRtifin,  Tlie  ruil- 
road  of  tW*  oompaoy,  wblch  i>ilcnd6  from  Sunbury.  on  iJip  Siiscincliaimii,  to 
Uounl  CariDrl.  a  dif^tiuiiw  of  twcnty-iitTon  iiiJI(--«.  ruiL>  tliruii{;h  thix  property. 

By  thiiL  railv-ay,  and  tlirouch  it»  nrq'octod  rnnnnctioiii.  Ihuy  will  he  iiinbled 
ht  Ktu-Ii  (lie  irurkct*  of  Ncw-Yoti,  Boltitnorr,  l'hll&'l(-1pliiii,*iuul  tbv  inkvi  of 
tlw  gnat  N'orlbwciL 

7%r  ijocwtl  .lAwntain  Coai  and  htm  Coniwmy  jiocww;  an  rrtnlv  of  fijSO 
•ow  of  cnal  land.  Tliurv  atv  wn-u  veins,  wbicli  an!  nvirn  in  tixditlbn^t  local- 
itieai.  by  tbf  llirw)  htMJnK  rxtemlinK  through  tbc  wlioM  propvrti-.  a  dialaaccof 
Upmrai  of  Atc  iiuIi»  in  trnsth.  Ttic  company  in  now  o:inElractiiiK  llirw  voal 
bratk«rfs  one  utMm  Haw-milT,  and  una  hundred  miners'  bonuv.  Tbc  Ctcitilii« 
br  rcachini;  murkvt  will  U. — lirnt.  to  Now-Vork  City,  over  tlic  CcoJ  Run  HaiU' 
rood,  teii  iiitk>H  in  Icn^tli.  wliioh  vonneotx  witii  the  Nvw-York  and  Calawiaa^ 
road  i  to  PLiU'klplim,  ov#r  the  Mint-lull  Kxtfiwion,  wliii-h  inlcrfwls  tb*  VjioA- 
log  road ;  to  Italtinorc.  over  the  I'hilitdclpliia  and  Snnlitiry  mod.  intrnirctiujf 
(tie  StKiquchamUi  road  at  Sunburi' ;  luid  to  Ibu  lakt'H,  by  Uie  Snnliiiry  and 
Erie  r«utr.  All  tlu-  tociifttnicu  anil  individual  opurationni,  uitli  two  or  ilm«  cx- 
oqitioot,  ot  thv  n^on,  will  hai*  tike  accow  to  the  tame  faciLlim  lor  triuupor- 

The  Coai  Nun  /mj/rorcuifM  ComjirtnyU  Ixinds  conMiit  of  3,f>00  acres, 
■xfiotnnK  the  Lociut  Mountain  Cotnpuiy.  cxtriidiiti:  ca4(  and  wwl,  with  a  biuiii 
of  coal  oeaily  om-  inil«  in  widtli.  and  a  tract  of  OliCi  iuti^  luljoinin;.'  (liti  I'htia' 
dvlpbia  and  Snubnry  and  l>oke  PJildkr  |irapcTtic«.  The  n>n>|xiny  i«(irv[iHring 
ihrao  COlllvriiA  n-lthbrtokcrsof  the  larccit  xite,  and  tidy  miners' liouws.  The 
Coal  Bnn  Railniiul.  ten  miles  lone,  undi-T  con<lmeliuii,  i»  tbi'  [■rofn-rly  of  tliiii 
oompanr.  it  couiu.'Cti  irith  llie  ^cw-Tork  and  CnUwi'u«i  Haitn>N>J  at  urit  i-ud, 
Bud  vltli  itiv  l'hiladol|>hia  uid  Siinbnry  at  ttm  other.  Ncw-Voik,  lhti>ii;:li  it, 
b  pland  within  1^0  miles  of  thti  Mi<ldlc  Rcj^n. 

7%f  Onrn  Hiilgr.  /mprattmnit  Company. — n-liow>  lands  arc  al-o  of  the 
llailclonand  Baai'rr  Mndow  RaiiBe,U  ^liuitol  in  iln'mJiIdlD  (•rihi-.'^iuuiiokin 
Ba«iB.Mv)  couwqurutly  embncN all  tbc  Tviois nf  that  hnian.  Tlio  i-oil  cnsislH 
of  bo4li  thn  vltih'  aiid  rod  a^h  varjotini.  The  veia*  have  a  run  of  al>oiit  Ihrve 
mflnl.  In  Ibia  iMtalc  Ukr-  are  2^U0  acra*,  all  of  whbJi  is  ooal  land.  The  ouin- 
pany  is  buildini;  a  rwlvaj  to  oOdlMCl  with  the  Pluladrlphin  and  Suubury  roaiL 


Ccalt  and  CoUurm. 


U  w31  be  KTi-D  idIIm  iu  kfigth.  Tlwn  it  ^m  Ib  (ouna  or  <a«islnicUon  two 
brfie  ooUkik-i.  tun  oxt]  brmlur^  >rii)  aw  hiindml  minen'  hoosn,  iritb  oUn- 
slio  radlitiw  for  tbr  rbipinntil  ofcdul. 

Tfif.  Larbon  Kun  Imprvrcmeat  Contpam^t  lambLcaniiHinKOr  2^000  aCTM^ 

Uc»  a  nhurl  ilhtlanirv  wen  of  tin  Sbamokb  Gttp,  near  th*  tami  of  ebMiiokin^ 

I,8(W  acnM  of  which  nro  iimle rlniit  «ith  prime  nnthncitc.     Some  Iwcire  Teiix 

ikvt  bMO  proven  on  thU  proiirrtr,  iind  arc  found  to  a|acreit»te  in  tlikkncw 

■■nroB^-Hfln  bel  of  coil.    Accontme  to  the  Mtinwte  madH  uf  the  l'hilwl«l]ihi> 

•  toA  SmJoKOj  Conpui5'§  laud,  Uiis  extent  ofuoal  would  produce  148^2,000  ton. 

Tlie  tcIbs  ham  a  run  of  thrcpmilen  inlenKth.     TheCwbon  Rim  lUilrond,  Win;; 

biiitt  by  ihiK  coinpflny,  will  be,  n  hon  fiiiishcJ,  nlmiil  three  nijli's  nnd  a  lialfin 

IaiK>)>,  ninnin;;  Ihruii^h  the  pruperty,  from  lOM  to  wcil,  uid  oaniii-rliiia  with 

Um  Pbilaildptiin  nmt  ^uiitiurj-  r<xid  at  SliHinolin.     Tliis  latent  road  will  Ml 

^■vtAy  lnn>|Kirt  th><  ooal  c-f  tbn  corupaiiT.  but  irfll  commanil  thc'  trwin  nf  oUwr 

k  Jwds  in  the  Tiraiiit.r,  thns  prodneinj;  fur  ibo  itocfcholdeiy  more  tliAn  ordinajjr 

rennuo.    The  iniprui-ctuviiW  are  Unit  Follicrtca,  one  «o«l  breaker  of  the  larj^iit 

'  vlaiw,  with  n^hiy  tiihKn^  Imuue^  and  other  GKilitiM  taJmilated  to  make  il  a 

Jm«>j  opcntiou.    The  Ttjna  an  of  the  porast  qaaUtj  of  whitv  and  rvd  ash 

,  coala. 

TV  Hv '^^■'nf'iifl /mpror«m«Ri  CVim/>ai>}rowiiC,OOOMT««iofland.    Upoii 

thai  Und  srv  alraady  taxi  cutlicrtu.  and  workuHi  are  active  b  ptvparing  Iwa 

<Cim1  biuahcra, a  t>Uaoi4air  mill,  about  cue  htutdrvd  n^ra* bouaosjaa  w«U  w 

h\  laiorsJ  railroad,  one  aad  a  <tuartvr  mlln'  bns.  to  iiit«n«ct  tba  PhilaiUphia 

L  and  SanLury  road  at  the  toirn  of  Sluunokln.    tttctie  land*  tonliracc  fbnr  »d*- 

(-vitlnal  bacia  aiUoiuini;  <acb  othcd'.    Though  now  m  one  body,  each  of  thein 

,     ,'  b«  Ofwnud  bj  tB[Aiat«  laltml  nllirajrH  k-ailing  to  the  PttiUdvlphla  and 

LBonbanroad;  four  col Icriea  can  thusle  («tRl>)ii<hoil.    Tlib  prnfivHy  Ib  NMrth* 

tovn  of  Shamoldn,  where  the  .'!bani<-kin  crci-k  rutx  ibc  V.\%  Mnimliiiii  at  ri|^t 

,  angloL  thmufili  wliich  the  railroad  mnH  from  I'lillnilclpitin  to  .Siinliiirf . 

The  Su4iptrliaiiiM  Coal  ami  Coal  Mountain  Cumyidnu,  Iliui4(!b  compara- 

I  thd/  nnall,  W  ainoag  the  raluahle  estsleii  of  Van  Miil'ili;  Ki'sion.     11  (^unIi>tA 

i  of  upwards  of  OM  tlwOMUidacrai  of  laud,  all  of  u'blch  i.-.  luidvrlaid  with  ooal. 

['ThiKoompaiif'slaDd  lia» about  live  miles  ciut  »f  .Sli^iinokiii.  and  hwt  acontbu- 

01*1  nui);e  uf  alioul  two  iiiilua.     The  .Mount  Cannci  branch  of  tlic  Philadelphia 

and  Suntiurr  IlHiIin<ul  pikBiiea  tliroueh  the  whole  extent  of  llio  vitato,  tfaua  d»- 

Inf  away  with  iliv  iiriMi  utotwily  of  oouatmcUtiKialaiala  to  tan  tlio  wain  road. 

The  emipuiy  u  now  makinft  aTTADgtnicnta  for  amding  to  markot  a  Ui^gn  anp- 

plfof  oml. 

7\e  Mahaaou  and  ^tamokin  iatprvKmeiit  Compaitg,  ami  l/ie  Zrrbc'* 
ttkn  and  Hhamuitin  ImprareuitHl  Catitpany.  are  faotlt  locU«d  b  and  uuibraM 
the  oitire  width  of  the  wchtcni  end  of  Ihe  .SLniuokiii  Basia,  oxtundlD^lVomllaa 
Little  Mahanoy  Creek  on  the  naith  ti>  thai  of  the  roaia  Mahanor  on  tbc  south, 
and  arMtwanl'fnxn  tin  arai«r  gaji  of  Ztrbe's  Kuu  to  ntar  the  junclion  of  the 
Big  and  Mahanoy  Mountafaif^  at  the  teruiiiiiili»ii  of  the  wraJ  buni. 

The  flr»t  noiiKd  cnai|aiiy  owns  2.fliKI  acrtw  of  laiid.  I.2IXJ  of  wliieh  are  un- 
dertakl  with  cool,  while  the  latter  i>  in  poucxibn  of  l,Tl)ll  acres  of  coni  land, 
aad  3,000  aot«a  tunbcr  lonil.  Tbu  only  outlet  for  both  cum^anie:!  U  on  the 
SiMqiMnnna,  teit  or  twelve  luilm  bvloir  Stiulury.  hy  nay  of  the  Trvvorloc 
Railway,  faaKtenirifc  tooimclolion.  wtiii-h  at  Ibiir  ^iul  OjuniVts  with  the  UalU- 
nMre  aud  SuHjueha&nn  mad  nnd  tlie  I'ennsylvnnia  CanuL 

la  addition  to  tbnw  chartered  cumpiuitts  tbere  ure  individual  owncrMlupii 
nndur  ftnm  worthy  of  nHntlmi.  Aimuiik  tliem  iut;  Mc.un.  Itflf'.-iivlvint  >t  Uovd, 
wbo  hate  Sta handled  acTM  of  hiikl.  Tbry  Hrdkiiuwuaa  ititUld  Lake  Fiddler 
HiiMK,  and  lute  been  very  modernlcly  worki^l  for  two  years.  Al  prrarat  a 
bn*T  uoal  brtakuT  uikI  a  huiiiIkt  of  mincr>'  liDimcs  are  bcin)(  erected. 

Mowr«.  Ha^nk  Dewixl,  ami  otlit-nt,  buvi'  300  acrttt,  one  and  a  lialf  nik 
Twt,and  two  vuM eight  feel  ilikrk  cudi,  and  cue  aLx  (b«t  IbicL  TtieoolUorica 
have  betn  worked  bHctuibre,  but  to  no  giist  citont. 


i 


4 

4 


4 


94 


Coait  ami   CfUitritx. 


Klcoirti.  Lonziwclur,  Bumttw^or  mi)  ITtdfonstica  hnvo  also  a  tntk  of 
I^DO  acres,  whHi  cmhncfc*  all  the  vtina  of  Uie  hvin,  with  a  ran  of  one  luk. 
A  cullit-rj-  W  htMi  been  in  o|K'ni1:i)ti  nlmi  for  a  Khort  liine. 
^  Thi->>  amy  uf  pivpanlOfT  workablu  forco  lu  lliit  MiiMlf  Itvgiou  n  ill  giTC  > 
p4olcRtlil«  idMi  uf  wh»l  may  ficrmtlnr  bo  cxfi«c(«il  rmiii  i1>h4  ixiiil  liafliii.  Tim 
prvliirtinnhwnnl  thun  far,  tn  uir  on«)-rar,  oxovdiil  :iO,i)IJt>  tonii.  TiiR  Jm- 
{ifuvi-nitniti  above,  If  taxed  lo  tla-ir  fuU  CB{iu«ity,  will  b«  able  to  xwcll  thin  llg- 
utv  to  nuUtoan. 


TBI!  CO  XI.  ni«iir  op  vrrntvite. 

A  Ul«  ciunbrr  of  llic  I'ilUburi;  I'uxi  mivk:  Our  coal  mercbiinU  havp  bad 
thu  moHl  suuvHiful  nui  uf  cool  tliin  year,  lliat  but  Cvit  burn  kiiu»'n.  Tliu  Hfot 
wM,  w»  an  iiifuniiol.  llio  lai^iwt  ever  slurlwl  oii  one  rise  Feiv  iKuits  out  oT 
the  vfhtile  floftl  wero  lost;  mi-l  llin  priocs  for  whu^h  Ihc  mill  sold  m  Cincinnali 
auj  LouiBvUlv.  were  better  thmi  umnl.  Sonio  was  Hold  «s  liigU  us  eiglilti-Q  and 
tuvnty  cviitH,  and  we  liuvf  beunl  <it  ao  Hakti  licluw  ten  t'viitx. 

This  aiKC«)t»ful  run  of  coiil  rtinketi  a  viiry  tiinleriiil  ileiii,  in  tlii'  pmsppritj-  rtf 
oitr  wtnmiinUy.  And  we  rrjoirc  thut  the  roal  men,  for  one  sffawm,  have  bad 
good  lucli  sTncrally,  The  irn'if  !«  iMxiimine  cver^-  ytur  n  nam  important 
bruuvh  of  tlK  biuiiina  of  llie  wiiulri' ;  but  tl  is  nut  pvery  year  mori?  profitable 
than  the  liinni;r  jeor.  It  is  su>yivl  to  w  many  enittaltieH,  thai  lhi>  fi>iiiinaw  of 
oiii;  yfar,  iimy  K'  almost  rninrd  by  the  diRtsters  of  thn  nril  Coal  liaritcs  and 
low  honU  arc  bwwmtnj;  more  (rmcrnily  iisni  in  the  Itiirii-poriiitioii  of  oool,  and 
LB  undoiibiedly  tbe  moiu  safe  and  K'oiiomii'al  way,  thoiigb  requiring  n  larger  ia- 
vi-ilmeiit  uf  •.■>|>)Ul.  MilTiuiis  of  dollarn  wurtb  uf  («al  bace  been  Stink  in  tliu 
OJiio  and  .Misxiwflppi  riif rs,  witliin  a  f«w  yearn  jiasl  i  and  some  node  of  avoid- 
in)(  ibosc  frngucnt  loiscs  in  ncccmary  to  tbe  ontire  xncoCM  of  the  trade.  Ttie 
tow-bual  {lion  will  swure  the  end. 


A  XEW  l-OAI.  uutuKicn. 

In  a  Intc  niimbcr  of  tbe  Mining  NtgitUr..  publiiibcd  at  I'olUTille.  Peniwyl- 
vaaia,  ia  the  Sdiuylkil!  cual  reglun,  we  meet  with  a  dvMriptii^n  of  a  neir  Cool 
llreaktr: — 

IVe  bate  luu]  an  opportunity  (o  enamirie  a  breaker,  eim'teil  by  D.  P.  Bnxni 
ft  €(x.al  llielr  new  works  near  the  Miiv  lltit  (Up,  TKcir  work*  nr»  citKtedaai 
Ili«i  Priiiirotv  Vfiin — Avi'in  I-  fwt  in  Ibiekncui.  havhi^  a  slope  IIS  yards  In 
kngtii ;  and  V«low  n  tuimd  blO  yitiis  in  Icnittli.  eoiuiceting  with  llic  Drcbard 
Viiii,  irhii'h  it  7  foet  in  tliiekneds,  Tliy  lifting  is  jurformrd  by  an  eniriiie  ot  30 
liorvc  power,  but  worked  np  to  a  nindi  higher  ttHfl.  TliU  <iiK'nr\  botrifver, 
do«  nfilhin);  biJl  rainf  the  conl,  the  pumping  U'ini;  pfi-fomiiid  by  nnnlher  cn([iB(% 
They  have  «till  anollicr  engine  of  3l)  horse  power  nt  llic  hn-iker.  iL*c(i  for  inkinjt 
the  cool  up  an  inoltned  plane  of  50  yariLi  in  k-nstb,  and  fur  drivinc  Uie  lua- 
ehinvry  for  brvakiiig.  Ilut  il  ii  in  rein^nl  to  tlie  nt^w  arrati^niml  of  htwuh 
that  «*  propone  to  npcak  more  pnrtii'iilarly.  in  the  whiiTo  that  carries  Ibe 
ixial  to  the  btrakcn  there  ts  a  spooc  of  open  iron  work,  ott  whiiJi  the  coal 
mutt  tliik  licTore  rracbing  llie  limi  pair  of  brcnkcrt.  In  i.]iding  over  Ibis,  not 
nly  ilic  dirl  is  allonvj  k>  Ml  Uirou^h,  but  all  piocm  of  oual  tliat  am  already 
lliii'ieiitiv  Miiall  drop  down  before  rraehing  the  tollern,  and  arc  lliiis  Hand 
om  ttio  low  that  would  be  effected  l>y  passinf;  ibom  tbroiiffh.  This  msHi  in 
carmd  alonjt  in  a  schntc  so  arrang**!  that  the  ooal,  after  being  nqiomted  Irum 
tlw  dirt,  nitcnt  ihu  (Int  nvulvinz  tcrven  by  poftring  unilcr  tbe  tint  pair  of 
nllera,  ami  miaoH  with  llie  eoal  tliat  lias  nMsM)  between  the  breaker.  Here 
Iho  W^l0  maoi  in  fiiihj«ol>'<l  to  a  more  pcrftet  nftin);.  and  all  the  jiiren  that  are 
of  proper  shape  ar.rt  dmiensions  are  dropped  out  and  thow  that  are  not  suffi* 
cicnCly  small  arctutwd  iictwvcn  llie  -nund  roller^  to  be  milMected  lotnore  break- 
ing.   This  seconil  pair  of  rollers  rvvoli'c  oiucb  dowr  together  than  the  fgnnor. 


Coahtuul  Celtufiea. 


Hid  frotn  (be  xpMil  n-jth  vchkh  thcr  man  (RO  tvtcIbUom  por  mknito)  and  ha 
llw  RHMfantinlr  miall  ijUHiitily  of  cMil  Ifaat  itschM  Uura,  Muh  fitot  |aOTM 
tfarMi|E;h  fif-iarftlf-lF,  n>r»ii'<iii*-ntly  Ilirro  iai  no  cnuliine.  Bj  thai  •mngcaieat 
of  rullm  »nd  HTwnsn|>ori!(iii»f  thoookl  bMU;  smairraamgh  MkoomwUnm 
tin  niniRi.  iIum  nut  p&>s  lliruu^i  i-iihev  pair  of  Ei««kcni ;  Miolbrr  portioM  IwJng 
aRMi)  Mtouirh  afl'-r  t>-H«-.iii:  Iho  llral  bccakcr,  ilun  not  twui  thnnigb  tho  $KvanA; 
aai  on  Uiix  Jiidrionii  «pir*t>on  of  tbo  omI  llutra  is  unKtal.  wv  art'  uiforn»<(],  « 
nnnit  of  .S  jict  ocdL  at  kost.  In  mint,  If  cot  alt  thu  lirmWrH  in  iini  bcror*  in 
this  cvunlrr.  wu  v*  (ulil.  Uiu  «iilirv  masH  of  tual,  wbclhcr  tlic  picfiu  trvf:  Imtjce 
or  small.  ir*rc  |hiI  IliiDu^rh  both  fii  at  mWirnt.  anil  lilt  coiwrquroot  u*ss  [liat 
mucli  of  that  iniicli  viu  minll  v-  it  canic  Irom  111?  mjiirf^  or  aRor  lem  ii)g  iLi; 
linl  art  of  rolkax  was  nnlli  for  am  iSUr  Icaviiix  tbo  Kcnod  tet. 


iHB  0011.  MBwintEB  or  THE  Rurni  joccim,  xarx  tcrmi. 

A«i]'i  6f/W  rA«  Lontton  Gtnlintical  Society,  by  J.  W.  Duintm, 

The  .SoiiUi  ■toimiss  in  CnmhcrlaiKl  Basin,  Kora  .Sonlia.  hivH  a  coMt  liao  of 
■bov«  MVHi  inil»  in  IrtiRth.  prMmtiiig  a  wrie.-t  of  oliliqnA  ttrata,  (roppinfc  onl 
.  one  aftffr  the  other.  Ilii-  rvrlml  thiL-kneu  of  wthnrh  iit  H.OOO  feet.  UliVM  «x- 
teml  from  Iho  iiinriiM'  tlmcti^tics  of  the  lonvr  <^rbonlftro<i9  wriw  to  tho  Vy^  of 
the  coal  hmiatinn ;  Enid  in  thi.>  jcrcnliT  part  the  hcdn  nru  rxpuKii  in  a  Tci-tiiial 
■diirrnwi  .10  la  Sf)fcet  hifih,  unil  111  the  tvefs,  nliicb  at  low  tide  are  iJrv  to  (he 
^dirtanoeof  2l)l)  rutli  rtoiu  itn  )«'«.  )□  llivdifl'  bii<I  ud  tho  btoch.  more  lliaa 
70 aaam nf  coalt  iritlt  llnir  iindrrclays  ind  Ihrir  rool'  ehalM. ran  6«  ilistinrtly 
Kcn;  ani)  cmrt  (reea  uiil  pliuiti  o«'tir  in  tht^icc  lietlx,  it  rIkihI  m  mnay  dixtinct 
IctcIk.  Tho  tiwtion  rlifumUil  in  thi<>  papvr  n-fer*  to  n  vertii-il  thicknC'S*  of 
S8IW  fMi  of  tMla  Id  Ui*  «^nir,tl  tart  of  tli"  oh!  r<>nnilion,  whk'h  liu  bren  ex- 
aaiinod  with  ORKcial  reftrenre  to  the  conditions  of  aociiiiiutatloii  of  coal,  llu- 
natnM  and  wtoat  o(  prewnalion  nf  rm-t  tmv,  ciiilcni':'  itf  iiintiiiiponiry  lam) 
■nimala  and  other  pitont-t  of  iiiletvul  in  pmloci*.  Afltr  dcirriliiri;  in  ileliul  the 
IMiidogical  characler  of  llim  cxieiisire  wri'.'^  <-l  ilqiciiit-:.  which  lie  diriile-i  into 
M  SPMipa,  Sir.  I>awsi™  irivcs  an  lii>torical  ikrl^h  of  tho  mhuh-iiw  of  utoiiU 
■adkfttad  by  the  Etructunl  phenoirienn  and  the  mntentft  of  the  nctvral 
ttrala.  It  apprari.  (hen.  Iliut  (he  l'>iiv>il  <>l)W'rviyt  li.>rVKl,  indinleil  by  the  pree- 
tntv  of  trunks  ami  rools  nf  lliy  SifiU'i'-i'i.  underwent  al.nv  aori  iiit''nHlll*mt 
ffllwtdemv,  until  ii  «a*  (piitf  iniinilntwl  1)T  wnttTs,  in  whioh  HJodiofir  nnil  fy- 
priittM  extttnl  in  RTcat  nutnbcrj.  TiiJn  clinnpi'il  ayvin  lo  a  Irrn-ilriul  Kiirfuce. 
with  brakni  of  Calamita  anil  a  liin>t,  r'K\vtil<-i|  hr  n  i:niiluiil  MiWiik'tii'V  and 
iiModatinn  by  wawr  t^w-arniia^  willi  Modial/r.  Cypridrs,  and  jpuioid  llsh. 
TImmi  conditioui:  cnnliniic<l  to  alternate,  mora  or  lew  quietly.  Soimetimci,  bow- 
•Tcr,  H>  npi'ily  wt^r  the  rnrampy  brmts  Bubntacwl,  (bat  aotne  treet  remained 
anct  diirinK  (lie  ik-iioeltlon  of  tho  silt  and  nand  brought  in  by  innndnlions. 
8miw  dJlAw  triflikx  of  trvcE.  ami  pnrtK  of  pluitK  vrrc  nlto  hroiiRht  into  this 
!ta  front  neiehfadting  foivnt  loml,  subj(i;t«(l  to  inundation.  In  <jiue  uF  thu 
grodpEi.  into  which  thu  author  has  arranpxl  tlia  strata,  ho  find*  aa  maay  aa 
libMHoil  itiitCu-tii — ilie  last  of  which  wax  skiwly  innndntcd.  iti;  trees  MUttd  with 
tbc  little  foilnl  tbtU  of  tlio  marine  Sjiirorbiit.  and  corerwl  up  ultimatdjr  by 
mud  and  >ill  (now  ahxle  bed-i),  cmiNimitii-  innuinvmblv  tihelle  of  lli^  nifaiut« 
Cyitridt*.  Inlf'Ttiilpiiinn't  of  ]i>ii;<i,*nnliitiird  mhincrgi-nce.  and  of  lon);-canU[in«<I 
Kwamp  and  forrut  coiidiiiiinii,  hare  occurrvd  al  ynriuim  .ttnpet  iii  the  fornialltin 
of  IboBO  tatctrttinf;  drptuit.i.  One  of  (lie  (^upx  is  (hu.4  licncribtij :  Group  II 
oaiBmenc*»  with  a  Inyi^r  of  ^i1,  Ivin;  Iminiidiaiely  nvrr  (he  tnincftlcd  tof^  of 
tlie  trvns  pmJocItnK  throiiKh  the  loj-t  lUpcidt.  I)ii  this  «iil  wu  formed  a  (Ic*p 
awamp,  now  represented  by  S  fwl  of  coal  nii'l  liitiiinitii'iuK  thale.  in  uttvnialD 
bands,  l^r^  (gtianliliet  of  clayer  mud  and  uan\  Uviritil  (hi^  f^uanip,  hut  not 
in  sucfa  a  OMIUKT  ^%  to  pm'liidr  the  contcmponuicouK  growth  of  muir  (teca — 
some  of  which  were  cntomliul  erei^t  by  th«  dvposita  roniiln^  around  tnena,  En 
Ifao  aandxloDoa  and  ahaluci  tlmx  fonrax).  bo  leu  than  six  erect  tnoa  wero 


4 


I 


I 


96 


Coah  and  CoUuria. 


oWrvci)  at  iliiTcmit  level* — the  loiccst  bcinjt  roDted  in  (lie  iili^«  \haX  now 
famu  tbo  loof  of  Ibu  coal  mm :  15  Titl  or  Ihu  Irunk  i>f  oa«  of  itiosc  tnos 
iiUll  muaiiLK.  tuuoihcrffiuinps  ktv  rt«|)i'ctivd<r  6  and  ti  feul  in  Wigihti  tlwiie 
4t«  Mvainpii&ivd  )if  cn«4  HUilkHof  rWn»iifM.  The  lunl  irhich  was  >ubc»- 
<)genlly  Ibmicil  a*cr  thivc  b(.il<  KUppurtK  ow  or  Uio  thicknt  cui!  Mnms  id  tba 
whole  (Dcticoi ;  (LDil  ihii  tnu-kB  u  luns  and  undikturbwl  oDctiinuIatioD  of  \<'gvtii- 
ble  niatkr.  i'l»  tual  uin  llx-ii  Mvcrud  hy  clu}-.  B'bioti  bfCWiDO  Mil  fnr  n  for- 
Mt  of  Sifzillari-i,  HN  iiKlimiifl  br  iu  bddi;  poiiotnUd,  like  maxij  other  cudi 
"  niidor  flavii."  in  ali  dirtv(inns  hj-  Iho  Slii^maria  t«otK ;  thiK  wii  ilicii  aut>- 
mericci]  (or  it  lulHiueiit  tine  to  kDonr  uf  the  fonnation  of  ft  (hin  H-il  coulAiiunK 
Cyfiria  HDil  Sfiijnrbig.  Abore  (faiK  we  liud  s  kHch  of  iMiila,  iudiotinK  »»-Mnp 
coTidilioiut,  alivrnatiog  vith  Hrjueouii  drift  aud  doiioMiiott ;  and  llnally.  ofnun 

SviiiK  place  for  a  Ionic  jxiMd  1^  a  quiet  etuiary  or  Ingooii  inhnbitcd  bv  Attdio- 
:  wid  KAiwid  fi«h,  and  rcrtiving  but  iiltlc  mrchtiiuriil  wdimciil.  We  have 
hi-rv  llin.'c  dibitiiicl  cutiilitioii-i  uf  thv  nurliuii'.  i'irsi,  (i^rrvslriut  surfuccA,  iiioro  or 
low  pvniuiieiit ;  Mixiudlv,  ucdiBlurlwd  IuaTiu(^  or  bracki-fa  walir  eonUiUonii} 
tliirdi}',  inUTvuniiiR  Iwlwin'ii  Ilifstv  Ihu  dt^posilioii  ([irot<nli1/  with  considerable 
rapiditi)  of  siinU  and  muddj-  wiiinitnL  There  niv,  nlwi,  vrv  may  ijliiKTw,  fitc 
i]uilriii.'t  fuix'sl  hiIIh,  ntLhuut  Buy  remain!!  of  titc  Ireni  Gxcni>tiiig  iIh'  rootH,  and 
«'(<  find  Ihruugliuut  thu  nectiou  tbat  llie  fomt  aoiU  are  inui'h  more  freijocntlj' 
prcwofd  ihmi  tliB  forvjl*  ihciiiselvca.  Anunic  llin  many  ol(ject»  of  pUieoatO- 
tofcieal  intr.rr*t  ivfirrvd  to  l</  .Mr.  DaKioD,  aji  occiirriiiK  in  thcw  (nti^-up  coal 
fi^inulit,  an!  imrlicuktiy  enwt  coiiift'ruoa  Itmm  of  tJie  Auraciriiui  tj  i*-.  iLy  vanoUB 
i!ivi:t  stumiKioS iSigilluria  wiili  lliviri(i|puarifuiruoLi  in  «ii'u.  ili«i  ujiri^bt  CalO' 
»iite«,  witli  kiiTex  and  roollctg,  tho  Topuliiin  foot  tmckt,  irii>|il«  trntiks,  and  raic 
BiarkK  on  mine  of  the  Wti,  and  vvpomlly  the  rvfdliiin  iKim's  and  the  kod 
diell  found  in  one  of  lliu  uprifiht  Iree  stumfo,  and  ulrcndy  dcicribuJ  in  a  tt'lUs 
read  by  Sir  i.'.  LyoU  h^forv  thv  Socii'l^.  Januorv  the  10th.  ItsjJ.  In  i»i>duaioii 
it  in  eridoiit  that  the  series  of  cveiitu  tudicale^  by  ihii  rcnuu'luible  section  bt- 
lotuitOAenixiiMionof  oivJIliili'iiiii  b^tn'cvD  terrestrial  nuJaiiualiL-circiiniKlJinoct, 
witJioat  any  material  ptrnianiMit  rhnneo  in  the  nntiirn  o(  the  Kurbif,  or  in  it* 
orga]iiu<d  inbubitanLii.  but  acvompuiied  by  a  lonK->x>iitinucil  tcencral  >iibaiUuwe  i 
and  it  is  probable  that  during-  a  crt-ut  put  of  tlie  period,  the  loiatity  of  Uii> 
wction  w)w  rifar  Uie  uicuviii  at  ibe  alluiiaJ  track  iu  quutJou.  vliciv  the  local 
r<*ultit  of  the  minceesiva  diaugos  of  larol  would  be  mor«  wofitily  felt,  and  more 
eaidlj  recorded,  thnn  atax  tho  open  wb  or  flirtlH-r  inland. 

On  Ike  Alhinn  Coal  Jfcfurr*,  Xortt  Scftia^Xly  11.  Poole,  E?^-,  iind  4. 
W,  l>awKin.  Knq. — In  illustralion  of  the  jJiyximl  phenomena  uf  thir  Mai  ilfr- 
pants  at  Albion,  Mr.  Poole  has  supplied  the  iiluiis  and  delaiU  ol' the  trial  irotkA 
at  th«M  mine):;  and  Mr.  DawMin  has  fiimithcd  a  ^ikiRical  gki-tclt  of  llio  dis- 
trict and  a  map  of  in  id(*l  trsloraliun  of  the  aurfiuv  nt  the  time  of  the  cool 
linnation.  Tuo  coal  of  the  Albiou  Mincn  is  HOniL-wlmt  peculiar  in  its  Htructnra 
Dd  chemical  contpeaitlcv.  Il  is  more  highly  laminnled,  inon)  bitiiniriious.  and 
•Sitieh  more  fr™  (Wn  siiljihnret  «f  iron  ihnii  I'oalB  I'niui  other  [lurts  of  SoTt 
Soolia.  Mr,  Dnn-HMi  is  of  o[nniiin  ihnt  tlm  ,\]bioii  eonl  was  formed  hi  a  de- 
prc«wd  Kimw,  Btiiamtcd  by  a  iiarofsliingk  from  the  more  exposed  SaU  without, 
on  which  the  ewamp-iaiid  funr^l^  with  Iht'ir  lUlernntionH  uf  marine  condilioos, 
cjrirted,  thnt  rbw  origin  to  ibe  Picloii  coal  nwuus.  This  would  account  fbr  th* 
grrnt  Ihickiieis  of  the  Alhinn  rnnl  and  carbonacvous  shales,  and  the  ahnmnc  of 
sandNk'ne.  and  the  j)w:ubar  Icxtore  nnd  quAlittcs  of  the  coal,  a*  well  as  the 
awoclslJiu  wilh  il  offish  and  Cypridtt,  *iaix  modem  uialogieji  riiow  (hal  suota 
an  inotoncd  ^;aco  niight  b»  alloraat^ly  a  airainp  and  lagoon,  without  inarkod 
change  in  the  nature  of  medumiral  depootfc 


It  is  raid  Uiat  a  cood  Comiih  akam  engine,  by  the  cnn^iiinptic4i  of  one  and 
half  pounds  of  coJ,  will  pvrfurtn  as  modi  laW  aa  an  able-bc^cd  man,  work- 


CiniKIStI    CKIilSO. 


Cottltand  Coiticrtn. 


VT 


'mg  f4^bt  bonn ;  flm  tons  of  cod,  ttionl^  vonld  etolve  w  nucfa  uow  i 
ilittflf  amanst  work  *%ht  hour*  twry  my  Sar  iwaOf  jvut.    Tbtt  b  m 
umiy  ■  gmU  triiunpb  (or  )<cteu<:c  iiid  raoehun'na,  mdcring  Hvc  Was  of 
eqniJ  in  cfledivc  rum  lo  ibal  obtaitivd  Cin  ui  a>-cfagu,  fruiu  ■  man  dunag  hti 
whole  lifeliino. 

Wo  know  noC  the  wthnk;  far  the  abore  sUUnicuL  Imt  append  la  it  Hie 
fulloiriap,  from  th<i  I^viiIm  Ktie» : — 

Vi'e  aru  iiifoniii-J  llial  lliu  'if-imnu  porlAblu  ttuon  mcine,  which  bu  I)C«*i 
built  t^  ^[niiiiii  and  IIiJI,  of  Blackb-ian^nMi],  for  tiu>  Old  Tniwelh«r  Console  i 
d&tvd  Mining  ComjiKif,  WM  tr^tci]  at  their  &ctory,  Uid  knswctml  txtNniulj' 
TbiK  dctaiptuMi  a{  ciijibs  i*  dcilinod  to  cflbct  a  ooiMdonblo  i 
:  ID  tuinini;  affairs,  and  niU  oouijieto  nitb  thu  peTfanttaneM  ot  Uio  Ooraiah^ 
ra^nett,  and  lo  all  new  uadortakiu)^  canoot  bil  to  be  ailTanUgraiu.    Thin 
«n^iic  will  bo  fbrwwdid  to  the  mine  m  th«  ooarae  of  next  week,  aiid  will  bu  at 
wOTk  in  about  a  month,  when  the  opcratiamt  in  the  old  antimony  lode  will  ba  i 
mtimod. 


gCHHITT^  INPHomUKTS  m  CLUKUMa  Aln>  BU>AIIaTI\0  Ona  AMD  CWJ.. 

The  proocoses  hitherto  tmplorcd  far  sepantJRg  oroe  &nd  oo>I  hftve  . 
fonnd  unanoofasfiil,  on  •ooouat  of  lh«  araploTineat  of  water  m  an  agent 
$Tirh  procciMK,  whereby  a  dcgTco  of  ndhnunn  betwixiii  the  mattm  nndcr  tfN 
mcnt  is  pcwlnecd  whicb  oouatcmetK  the  ciTwt  of  the  diServnots  of  .specific  fpn 
ity  in  the  orva.  and  site  and  weight  iii  the  cool.  Mr.  Sehmitt  pvocevda  on  a 
entire)^  diflervnt  principle,  an<)  ibaudoiis  altogether  the  n>«  of  water.  Hll 
inTeBtwa  tonsMtn  in  first  drying  mxl  hinin^  the  i>rr«  nr  i-na]  to  bo  trrnted,  and 
then  Mnanting  the  pardclca  of  Ibc  tmnc.  aooordinti  to  tbcir  spi:ci&<7  gravi^,  or 
RM  aiM  w««[ht,  by  ucmm  of  a  blai<t  of  air  trantmittod  from  a  blowing  mujitno, 
threuBb  a  hhst  pipe  in  communtmtioa  with  KiiHably  arrwigvd jMccagc*  openmg 
into  *<«aeb  or  chunbera  for  tlie  reception  and  eUdtdlicstJon  ur  the  Nibstancts 
10  b*  acted  no  by  tlio  bln^t,  the  soMtancvs  fkllin^  into  i-»fh  ivxala  or  t«oepta- 
elcs  aeeordinK  to  tbcir  Rpcr.ilic  gravity  or  *iw  and  wcigbt. — London  MKhanic'* 
Magasirui. 


COKTERStON  or  OUAKCOAl.  INTO  HUMOKDb 

Tbe  avans  of  Frano»  ham  acquirad  sometluDg  of  a  ropntation  on  the  cod- 
tiDoit  (or  chcmksl  and  tnctajliijqpcal  dimoTcriM  loo  nice  and  nlined  to  lie  of 
much  pmclicaJ  rahie.  Annexed  ii  an  illuidration  of  a  reported  discovnryi  which 
TiewMl  ia  iti  moat  Atotahle  oipect  promiuvi  nuthing  ofemiunu  UMfulneosi.  it 
Is  the  reported  couTtrsiou  of  charcoal  into  diamond. 

M.  l>Mpt«<a,  a  French  aann,  liascoinmimicated  totbe  Academ;rofSciencea. 
an  aoeouot  of  wena experiments  on  tbc  iifltn[vnrib"i!iiin>ond.  He  has  obtained 
amotpbom  gnphite  frnm  the  melting  of  liio  dinniond,  allbouph  hrha:>  not  been 
able  to  rtalntc  thix  product  to  its  orif^nnl  rtinu,  lie  hbun's  that  in  oitlcr  to  ob- 
tain  cryxtjdliMd  diarcool.  wither  fii-iioa  nur  .-^jiideii  lulntiliiialioii  iuuhI  be  cm- 
ployed;  ml  ru>ioii.  Pn-  like  the  diHmi'iiil.  piitit  charcoal  melted  |;in.>§  on^ 
amorphous  graiJiite,  and  not  suddcin  i-olatitizaiiDn,  for  in  that  <u^  Dothtng  w 
obtained  hut  a  blar^  pawdri'  wilbont  any  cryntutlinc  apjiawancc. 

It  is  knuvn  that  mnny  cr^-iitnlliu.-d  hadka  arc  obUintNl  by  mcann  of  the 
powvrful  lin-  of  Ibu  galvanic  ptlv,  uiid  uetbapa,  under  tlie  same  ixiniiitio&scbar- 
ooal  mi),-ht  Iw  cbaoeed  bio  diR.mnDiJ.  Itdt  there  is  a  difSculty  to  be  overcome 
at  the  ouiMt.  namely,  the  want  ofcniciblos  less  fuublo  than  chjimoiil.  PetiJ- 
ing  the  TemoTnl  of  this  difficulty.  M.  Denncix  hait  experimented  b  iiiiiiili<:i' 
dirtctkn,  attempltnE  the  gradual  volatitixstion  of  charcoal,  by  mcHiM  of  (lie  v;*!- 
miic  battery.    He  lias  thus  obtained,  not  iodeei)  the  diauonil,  \iuV  ctj&WAiticX 

You  U.-^ 


98 


Coats  and  CoSieria. 


euhoain  black  octacditna,  fn  colorlnu  and  Iran.iptnmt  uctacdracuL  mod  id 
eolorloea  «liu1  traasputnl  hiniiu,  jNiMafiairig  the  hartiiii.tu  uf  liiiutiniiii  dutt,  uul 
dimiipeuini;  mi'lcr  cambutlinii  Wnihrnit  a  porniptlbiu  rviidiiuiu. 

ThcKO  Kpocimciu  of  cTj-xtnUm.'tl  rarUin  bMc  brcn  oxniniiu'il  by  M.  Oanilil^ 

In  rcfcrcsci!  to  tlicir  action  on  [in<cii>ti.i  sVinv.t,  uid  cs|icciBlIy  on  rubies.    After 

DUmCrous  Ir^^  htt  hail   hunil  tiuliimg  ctiual  tu  tvry  fiue  ditmoiid  <Iui>t  luoil 

with  t)il,  fur  {lotiHhing  rtidc  crj'tilaJ  an^l  rutili.'»>,  but  iiiiviu'ly  tbc  MmiiTC«ulU 

wcTo  cxpfrknwd  by  enplof ln](  the  niicroiitnpr  crysuU  I'liriti'ihol  Ijy  M.  Dca- 

,]fnt*.     After  Mniricini;  irtth  tbcra  for  n  foir  miimtrj^,  rii1jic'K|irci>L-iitG(Iaporicctly 

iMBOOth  Aiiit  lirtljifuil  BUrfoti.',  ju.sL  us  niis  thu  cow  n~itli  tbv  ii.wof  diunondduBL 

rlt  ia,  acconliui^ly,  nwardod  as  a  lixid  bet  by  M.  Caudia,  thai  (^'nuioe  dlamoiiidft 

can  thiiH  be  pradum],  although  at  prt^-nc  only  in  a  mlcitiscopic  aUt«. 


i 


COIL  IK  IKDIAVa. 

ntere  are  In  [m&ana  7,700  K<|iiaK  tniiGS  of  coal  V-ds.    In  (treat  Ilritun  a 
CjleaquareniileofoiM)  area  produccsanmmllyaboum.G'l)  tuonofcuat.    Her 
^wImIo  coal  area  (rxc««d«  Indiauu'K  hut  -lilCKI  equorc  milea,  yet  la-r  amuial  pro- 
duction is  31,6tX);0iX>  tciid.    Tlw  noiJ  beds  oT  IndlaBa,  wo(k«d  with  an  wmi^ 
CORipclinR  nilh   hen,  urt  onpnbk  nf  njiproximatinfr  hor   prodiictiong  within 
f  ll,OlftlKi'l  loos,  yidriing  yiarly  y\^7^,\'i<*  Iohk  of  tbo  inincml;  cucwcding  tbc 
CWQI  uiiiiual  {iitxliii-l  of  tht'  wboli'  I'liili'd  StatM  htinit  l<T-.'."JU.<.>OI>uf  tuns,  and 
MUng  wry  iKiirlj-  wic  half  uf  lli"  I'lUX  pTKiMtl  nf  tlio  worHi    for  the 
toftbf  Urnon  yidfd  but  nbmit  fi.'iiiO.iXHi,  and  tlic  mines  of  tbo  world  but 
about  SCMKKtfOOO  or  tous  anminlly. 


lowi  ciui.  riEi.ii. 

Tbin  woe  of  liineiiionc  ha;*  an  avcrugD  width  of  twcniy-flve  miles;  it  cir- 
Fenmccribei,  niiha  ahort  intenaL  itie  gruai  cual  Bdd  which  uwupies  thu  whole 
inr  Koil(h-vn»itcni  towa.  cxlMidiiig  uorth  to  Intittido  4^"  'i<)' ;  and  siTparatOB  it 
ftivm  the  Illinois  coal  flcld  by  a  calcarooua  belt,  Taryiiig  in  width  ttom  twanQr- 
[  iiQ  to  fifty  niiif*. 

Of  this  «al  Ccid  (in  Iowa  alone,  not  mcluding  ita  exteiiiuon  south  into  Mis- 
souri) the  itimuiuious  are  u  fotiuwa:  Its  average  width  from  caet  to  w(«t  in 
1e«  than  heo  hundred  mile«  )  ita  gtvntest  leii^'th  from  north  to  (oiiih,  about 
om  hvivlr^it  ai'd  fhrly  milf* ;  itsmntcnlK.  abmit  ^'IjOOltiuiiumnileii.  It  ex- 
iviids  mc'-vun^i  in  a  diiect  liao.  nearly  tiro  hundred  mitta  m  a  nvrth-wuitcrly 
direciiun,  up  tliu  i^Uey  of  Uie  l>e«  SluiiiM. 

AtlVT  cTiMsiug  (IioTowa  boundary  Unc  into  MIssoaH,  the  iKiundnry  lino  nf 
lliii  co*\  fleM  ban  nearly  Miuth,  through  Ckik,  Iicwia,  iiiiil  Marion  coimliis. 
lo  onir  thojaEketionaftbcUirecGnksof  Salt  ItiTcr;  thttioe  thnitirh  IhiMrtHteiu 
pait  of  RalU  county,  towards  tbc  hvivt  watcmorKiviitonu  Ciiivtv,  in  the«ast- 
ero  part  of  Au'lrian  (onniy,  ami  notiti-wijaioni  corucr  of  Moiitgi>iucry  oonnty ; 
thi-nce  il  invciia  in  a  Houthircsi*i!y  curve  througli  Callowav  oountj,  towards 
the  HLviouri  ItiT(T,  whidi  it  cnwdM  near  its  noiilliunrc  with  the  Ougc )  leaving 
a  bolt  of  eminlty  wtoe  ninety  uiilcs  wide,  between  this  t^ol  rcaon  and  the  out- 
crop*  at  CliarbOTinlSr*,  and  tlic  coal  [iits  wurked  on  Hivi*re  a«8  Pirea.  in  St. 
IjoniN  county.  These  an^  in  fact,  oulbcrs  of  the  Illinois  coal  Held.  From  the 
MilHOurl  ItiVrr  ttie  boandary  Ik-mv.  viih  a  wtstcrly  cune.  up  the  rallcycf  the 
Oswc,  north  of  that  ri<cr,  which  it  croMe^i,  Imt  for  a  vin-  Itmilod  di«l«ioeoiilj' 
at  tnreo  points:  in  Caimlen  county,  neur  the  mouth  of  \iauguai  iu  SU  CInir 
county,  near  the  mouth  cifSnc  River;  and  in  Bal^K  county,  near  the  confluence 
with  tile  main  riTur  of  the  l.ittlo  Ouce.  Thcnec  the  line  Mat^  willi  a  northeiiv 
carve,  towards  tho  wcetcm  conlluei  of  fayetlti  recrowring  the  Miuourl  at  Wni- 
Bugton ;  thwicc  up  the  nJley  of  that  river,  tioepiDg  from  ten  tu  tw«nty-five 
mi&a  from  the  river,  to  the  State  line. 

The  coal  nieanrM  of  Iowa  arc  Klinllovr,  mack  more  ao  than  those  of  the 
a/aois  coal  iteJd.    Tboy  nom  allcuualed.  aa  towards  the  tnnripu  of  an  ancient 


Iron  mid  Zinc 


90 


'wbonifenMi  m;  not  averaging  mun<  than  Rfly  fntliAtng  in  thif^Iinewi.  Or 
rhinti  Tlin  prnilnrtiTri  coaI  mciMiu'eg  xn  Icui  llinn  a  tmndnv!  ft-ct  tbic^k.  The 
IhklEMt  Ttni  of  ooal  dvIn^iS  in  loira  does  nut  pxcc-liI  rn-'in  lour  Ui  fli«  feot ; 
irUkv  in  MisMtm,  loaic  rcwh  Iho  tbickiu.'m  of  tWMitj  fi'i-t  iuleI  iipwitrils. 

lAgnile  unui  fiXiad  cm  Uiu  SlunkaUi  Rtvpr  uid  Its  Maiiohns  which  appronchcd 
the  Gkimol  omI  hi  its  diu«cU-r.  Alllioiiiili  (rnrch  vnu  made,  no  tvcuIu  b«d 
oflienite  TU  found.  Alt  the  frnnncnlx  ire  i^tthcml,  irbcn  putUgetner,  only 
trei^icd  lAoat  Un  [unindti. — />.  0.  Oasen. 


IROJi  ASD  ZISC. 


n:\K!IT(.VAJ<ll  AND  LHIHlll  XIXC  CO. 

The  Hepofft  of  the  l>irucWr!i  cm  Ihc  MiiiUL  Msnufkcturci,  and  cunilition  of 
thin  t:aai{«iiy,  Dontuni  n  d«t^i<d  KUiltiiuiit  of  iU  kffiura,  much  ot  irrlikb  inUliiig 
to  thuir  meUiOd  of  iDanu&ctunng,  iu  uxptmse,  «tc.,  U  Of  gnji-nil  intcrost. 

Tlic  PeiHisylnniD  itnd  Ijshitch  Zinc  CoiupM}-  wu  ar][nniir<]  during  the 
tpiistg  of  18^1,  with  tliL-  view  or  miniiiK  unc  otm  m  the  Sti^  «r  Peoiunrlmiia, 
HidcTtnaniiAKturbig  th(-m  onti  inlu  Kinc  patiit,  underBoharUrgmitoa  by  Um 
SUto  or  Mitt  I  anil  to  the  N'tiionnl  >riniD^  Company. 

Tlw  nf^lftl  stock  of  the  Coratjany  is  100,000  KhKn«  M  a  par  v»lne  of  810 
web.  Of  this  Klook,  i&fiOO  tha,tv*  vrcro  oot  naidu  for  the  ooiwtruction  of  the 
wnriK 


TUB  MIXE*. 

TIm  mtnes  of  th«  CoMpUljr  tn  undn-  the  inmmliatcr  su;  L-rititcDdence  of 
Oapt  John  M.  II.  Kotnim, «  gniAvtit  from  the  Royal  Collt^.'  of  Eo^iticera, 
SapfRto  and  Alinerc.  nt  Woolwich^  Eii|[1ind,  Mid  hu  vorkcd  in  fntuy  of  tin 
niBt*  of  Eaglaail  aiid  un  ttie  continent  of  Kuropo,  a*  wetl  lu  in  thiceonntry. 
W»  o^nUOOfl  at  the  roiiii«iiy'&  miiiv«  have  ahoini  thiit  he  in  Ihoroughly  cont- 
ent in  his  pfolbffiiOQ,  nn<i  w<'ll  tctwI  in  milling  and  iiiKlrrjijtiuiid  I'UKiuwr- 
IliK  contnietwn  of  ihaftK  and  IctcU  vill  be  mwlc  nith  u  vinw  tn  ihc  kio- 
al  sod  pemanoBt  wovkiog  of  the  ininu  upon  tliv  moil  ni'provcyl  plan  and 
c1t-tc8tH  seJentinc  m»ttiod%  Re  hi  now  etigaged  In  ainking  Ihi.'  uinio  eugiae 
baR  (^  fix't  by  \2).  fttna  which  hi*  will  oiii^liuet  an  nndormiund  iram  lotd 
I  the  levelx,  ujiun  nhich  the  ore  will  ha  nmieyn)  from  tho  fiirthcflt  oxtnani^ 
'  the  minu  to  l|->c  BhiiTt  to  be  vleraltil,  taking  do-nn  hi.i  ^-piilurx''u  ho  worlu 
bward  the  sliafl  -,  fo  (hut  none  of  tlu'  ore  irill  he  iuit  in  the  irorklng  of  the 
JBUnOL  Cant  dniirn  by  miilcN,  which  arv  lo  ho  elablcl  luiilergKttiid,  «rill  bo 
wA  Ib  taking  the  urc  ftom  the  exlimnity  of  tlic  lorrlf'  to  the  shall.  .Scretnl 
olbcr  ahafb  lisro  abtady  b««n  samk.  An  adequate  force  in  now  nnployod  at 
the  mine. 

Mr.  Keram  has  tleo  oODslrncl^d  a  chca|<  amngcmenl  for  raiMng  ore  and 

alius  water  6ma  the  mlnci,  irhich  rimsistE  of  a  two-horM)  whim,  M  ooo- 

'  trircd  that  (he  bonira  rcrcnw  in  the  circle,  nnd  luise  water  and  otv  nt  the  Kama 

time.     A  pomp  hvcr  il  geared  to  lli«  uhim.  ivcrking u pump  tlinl  wilt  ducharro 

COO  pillaos  Of  water  per  miiiat«.    This  o^ntritnuoe,  it  is  Uiliow^d,  nill  gave  lu 

ooinpany  a  larj;e  outlay  roqairad  fnr  a  t^ttoia  engine  to  do  the  uiiuo  work. 

HOOK  or  M*KUVACTU»t. 

Tba  profMB  of  manulhcturo  iuvrntoil  by  .Mr.  Wetborill  U  now  and  crultipoily 
DcoMif^iI,  a*  B  well  atlcEtod  by  the  d.iily  prinluct  of  Iho  reannflioloiy.    Ho  has 
ken  UJ>  (ho  intYntioti  of  Ia  Claire,  of  cunvertinK  the  dit^lM  or  Kublimatcd 
iuunc  or  dnc  into  a  pigment,  and  has  uoiupletod  tt  as  br  as  it  tweiua  ^lOmUft 


i 


4 
4 


too 


/ran  and  ZtMt. 


fiw  hnintui  iOGuDuity  to  <Ia.  Lo  CUJrr  fint  em^vrtu)  the  futnes  of  the  baitiiDg 
on  hito  meta^  uid  a^n  bcnitd  th«  tni-ul  in  fiiv-clay  tubes,  tad  cMgbt  Ovt 
ondo }  duH  mjinrinfc  two  prowww.  By  Mr.  Wcthon]l*s  fntonticn,  the  on  tr 
eonttrUid  ^rictly  into  an  oride.  nf  ejrti'aoniiiutjy  purity.  This  in  tiMinly 
dne  b>  Um  incmious  coDlriTuiora,  which  wc^c  invented  atul  pvrfrcivil  by  lim. 
TfauM  contriTUioni  nndixo  orray  pnrtieli?  or  ore.  nud  compk'tuly  s^Mirato  ft  tmm 
puilclM  «f  ociU,  deleterious  (?»««.  nud  iinmnlies  <tf  every  nHlurg,  without  m- 
JiirinK  it«  qttaBtiejl  ttS  a  pi^nietit.  Tlio  Frwifh  Govcninient  rcwimicil  IjC  Clwre 
^-ith,  tlic  mMS  of  (Ira  LckIod  or  Honor ;  tuid  Mr.  WpthcHII,  by  hi.i  invi-iitiuti.i. 
bu  )trovcd  himwlf  sorcoly  less  worthy  of  niward.  Mr,  WnllitTill  uivvs  Iuk 
p«t(on»l  Mpcrintandaim  orer  tlic  manu&ctory ;  and  the  nlTair^  nt  Uiv  woikt 
trill  be  oontiuoed  with  Ibo  ume  eyGtcmntic  rt^ikr^tj  .ind  prudiir-tivc  racrgy 
that  hu  chaincUTrizod  them  from  their  c«iiiintnci?mc^t  to  thv  present  pcriod- 


qtru-iTin  or  /iKc:  i'aint. 

On  this  paint  the  Itvport  prucccds  tlius : — 

Uithoto,  in  the  wiithcm  poiU  of  tb«  I'uitvd  Sutca,  it  bai  been  found 
Mat  iiu|iotinb!e  to  niaku  vtbilv  l(*d  paint  &dhcro  for  nay  length  of  limo  on 
)  outald«  of  biiildiD)^  i  It  fioou  raj'idly  rhanfi^ii  its  natun^  and  is  waehod  off  by 
lins-  At  the  North,  irhnro  the  m.-tjurity  of  Ihv  dweJlinpi,  diatcKm,  and  pub- 
!  buildings  built  of  wood,  me  pointed  with  wliiu-lviid,  a  Mcoud  coat  of  paial 
lbe«m  rvqtiired  cvciyyeitror  two;  n'hdo  on  the  innide  ofdwellinfn  and  olbnr 
Udfaqp  )iaiQU<J  wiUiwUtt^Iood,  theootorofthc  tMint,  at  first  a  lil'ii^horyol- 
lowisli  white  (inferior  to  xi»c),  hia  changed  to  a  uirty  yellon,  within  a  period 
of  a  few  monUm,  from  Uic  totubiiiution  of  the  tulpltunitled  hydroBcn  jcaws, 
vlijch  prevail  m  such  places  nith  iLo  lead,  fonuiog  a  sitlphuret  of  k'ad.  wbich  is 

dark  ycllaw. 

The  Kupcrioritr  of  r.inc  whito  ha  tnnde  by  Ihix  Company,  cotiirista  la  Its  hdotf 
u  pcrfwt  oiudc.  It  fannut  tuki?  up,  cither  fium  the  a(iiic»plier*,  or  fiom  the  ou 
with  which  it  i»  grouiiii,  aiiv  luoru  oxyuvu.     \Vhite-Ioa>i.  which  is  a  carbonate, 

riiaTiiif'  affinity  for  oxygen- ut'>itroy a  tholibof  the  oil  by  euhti-acting  it&okypen. 
and  when  cxpoRnl  lo  the  w(:>ithor,  ttkt»  np  oxypin  fixnn  tlie  aUiio«jilwr«  until  t( 

(bcooiDnt  diy  white-lead,  and  is  owily  nibbod  off  or  washed  away.  It  is  im- 
poasiblv  to  limit  Ibc  durability  of  mc  paint  The  uit  rvimunn  for  yean,  Kivinj; 
to  Iho  paint  ail  euaiuellod  surfow  nol  acted  upon  by  the  uluiMuliu're,  or  vattr. 
noiisoa  painted  flfUcn  yrors  »igo  have  still  a  pmd  coat  on  wcatnfrr- boards,  and 
bcMts  pointed  with  xinc  white  show  that  it  is  as  ilurable  in  n-atcr.  It  h  much 
ligbler  aad  uoiv  in  biUk  than  lend,  and  cuiuKijuniLly  goes  twice  as  (or  in 
paintinfc. 

I'ainlem  wlio  tiw  ttad  paint  arc  all  more  ot  l«s»  disablmJ  and  inadi.'  sick  bv 
lead  diti-hws,  luusod  by  inhnlinit  into  their  lunic*  sinall  particles  of  lead,  vtddi 
uct  i8  a  cumulalive  poixon  (acoirdiiig  to  "  Uaiinuv telle,  on  Lead  DiKMctt)," 
while  /.inc  paint  is  cl>tin?ly  innocuous  uud  hcullliy. 

For  ihesoreaiotiiijandniikDy  Dther«.  ilie  FivnchGovemmcut  Aare^^rbiddsn 
by  lav  the  fnrther  luanufiictun!  of  lend  into  a  pit^nimC ;  and  iho  corporation  of 
to*  dty  of  Now-Yoik.  after  referring  the  ni).joct  to  a  coinaiittcc,  wlw  mado  a 
fill  and  csToftil  iDTcstigation  and  report  tbcrwm.  reconimcaded  unimiinotuly  tbc 
)uc  of  xioc  paint  npon  all  tha  puhlic  buildings  or  the  dty. 


I 


XIKC  UIKK*  IX  CITRnPK. 


Dw  OI1I7  tvro  large  Btrata  of  calaminn  known  in  the  world  arc,  Um  0D6  In 
{MUm  the  other  in  Silesia.  Tiut  of  the  former  has  been  worked  ahK>  183T 
lijr»*BK*iti  de  k  Tieillc  Montai^e,  whith  company,  by  snbsiitiiliiig  the  com- 
hmed  and  oenpaol  force  of  an  anonymoua  society  fot  tho  isolated  and  weak 
lOHkaTcn  of  prirale  individuals,  has  risen  to  an  extraordinary  prospenly  and 
■developtneoL    The  goivniineRt  of  Profsia,  with  a  view,  do  doubt,  to  realize  Id 


Bron  and  Zinc 


tOl 


I 


Sileeia  wb*t  ban  been  so  auootittfulljr  tMcaqilkhMI  in  Bslghim,  bu  nten  Ita 
«MK-ti«ii  UMIicr.:4nAiiQnofuiuu«7nou8sociely,  for  tbe  working  of  Iwaie 
ami  rcmndrW  of  .Silctu.  This  wdeCf  ■»  to  Iw  csuUuhod  with  &  «apiul  of  fli 
nuUion  tbklcra  fX75(),(IOO),  uul  itnpMta&t  p«inlcgt«  bftve  been  jcivoi  to  ibj 
Th»  Oounu  Huili-I.  itw  boin  of  Von  Wioklcr,  uid  the  priiiciptd  Itu^  jirupr 
Ion  and  diri<ci'>r»  of  tbo  i^ilesinii  mine?.  b*vo  iuhM  witli  Miibiiw  kouns  of 
Bredaaoad  IIom^xiiK.  anil  w-itb  the  dirortore  of  (bo  Socilii  ife  la  neilla  iloa* 
CaBW,  Id  onkr  (o  aococupliiili  the  onaiuntioti,  knd  to  *p[umt  tho  tlirectoni  oCj 
tiiB  BMr  sociul}-.  If  u-v  aro  wrrccl^'  ■nfumu.'j,  thia  nudct}-  will,  from  tbn  con 
■MncBBWDt  of  their  (^rktious,  comniitnd  the  talc  of  murv  thou  !JO.i>(iii  ton*  i, 
tpilter,  wAt'dk  anKmnt*  lo  aore  than  ttco  fhinU  of  tht  vJtoU  pT<Hliurtim\  afi 
SUaHa.  Of  thin  qtumlit}:  nbout  7000  or  aOOO  tonii  will  lie  jiuduccd  bv  tiie~ 
mb>Mt  uxl  |):>nii(lrint  thnC  liav«  been  plxxd  M  the  dixpoitil  of  the  mditty,  and 
which  art  now  itf  full  actiiil}-.  Tliotr  rirhnois  ukI  extent  are  fullv  pnimL  and 
thej  are  niHViitiMe  of  itn  imnirnw  dRVfloiimnil.  By  the  [Ait  whicli  llie  Virillo 
Mont4gTMt  hnii  tak<«  in  the  furniauan  of  tbc  new  mcicIj-,  nni)  hy  iho  liillueneo 
wbtcti  It  wilt  Mnitiiitie  lo  exerciic  in  iU  iSitvclioo,  another  nitvanUj^e  in  svcurfd 
K>  tho  saroK,  anil  itll  the  markets  will  thiu  be  open  to  it.  Taking  iiitu  ix>n- 
Eidtisiino  that  the  Soo*i*  ile  h  Vicdlp  Monlflgne,  when  rturtinc.  iirc"liicixl  only 
3000  to  40(10  to«iv  of  KJtiP ;  lh»t  this  fijiarc  has  sinro  Itccn  miwxf  to  1  («.W0  tont  j 
tbftt  Uto  cpninini|itiuii,  which  is,  lioiroi-er.  »t)ll  in  its  infnnc^T,  Itu  ilouhU'd  (luring 
the  last  few  yv*n ;  llierv  reinalna  no  iloubt  tbai  the  tucni  &vonLl)1e  pra^ptcte 
at«  open  lo  the  SiLrMan  roinrAnj'.  which,  as  )>rr»re  roioiubeil,  bu  10  oupow  of 
man  than  SOJXIO.—Jnunuil  drt  Dibati. 


I 


THE  TALtC  or  IKOK. 

To  show  bow  cheaply  boo  it  obtaineil,  and  bow  the  mechanieal  ritilt  and 
hiat  expcailtd  upon  it  lotally  onrahwlow  the  price,  a  number  of  the  Britigh 
tlmrleHjf  ffcritif  gtna  the  IbDowiiig  curious  aad  instructive  calculation : — 

tlir  Itnn  votth  CI  *tcrltju,  i*  wonh  when  vorlMd  into  bonuluMa  £9  14 

IhUr  knlvM »e  on 

Heoiloi Tl  ix> 

PeniuifabMM M7  00 

'  Poliihed  bnllons  tod  bacldo* 6»T  00 

'  Bilaewi  tpJinp  et  wutclia G4,000  00 

UMironwMtb  £1  ■t<iliiif,  ■•  woitti  wlisn  ecdiTeited  IntoonU- 

aat;  onkoUnarj , .,,......  4  09 

Ltner  onunncnUl «Qck •..■.>...•■.■•.>.< ■•, ••■■■• fS  00 

BodlMkod  BvTflnwDrk OOO  00 

KockchBliw 1,SS4  00 

8Wn  Inttoni..,., .,., .,.'. t,SM  00 

Thirty-ocw  pottnd*  of  iron  h«TO  been  made  into  win  upwanbtof  one  hnn- 
drcd  and  cfcvon  iniln  in  letij^  and  ho  Uneiraa  tlw  fabric  ttuit  ■  part  was  con- 
Tcrlfd,  in  lieu  of  bonwhnii,  into  a  barriKter's  wi^.  llw  pnx««i  fiillowed  lo 
•Aet  ihiB  extraot^inarj  Icndity  eonslels  of  hcniin^  the  iron,  and  paAsine  it 
flirou)^  rollera  of  <dgfat  inchc«  dimnctor,  Doing  at  the  rate  of  four  hntidrod 
nvnlutiocM  per  Dunnto,  down  to  Ko.  4  on  the  g^tige.  It  in  aftcmrd)!  drawn 
odd  down  to  Ko.  38  on  the  nunc  B^ogt,  and  bo  on  till  It  obloina  the  above 
length  Id  rafloL 


ilfori 


MAMIPACTCBK  OP  R4tl.nOAI>  nWN. 

*  i't   ortcuninKl,  with  a  aigwtitl  cf  half  a 
loiUion  ordallari^  in  I><h!;;v  <  i   •in.-'iii.,  iitv  iibuul  going  lur^Ijr  into  tlic 

fEBmnfbciuiv of  niiltoad  iroa,9i>  umi  imxnuiliL  will  ii<>  longer nefl  lop) abroad 
for  inT  niX».  'Hwy  have  coiatiacted  Ibtr  tho  crrcitou  of  twwn^  biwt  fiirmu^^. 
and  one  largr  T«lfiiig-mlil,  to  be  dnoted  excluHccty  to  railroad  Iron.  The 
lletoit  Jnvnial  stUca  that  they  hare  aJrvoiIy  contracted  to  fumif-b  Vo  Uh:  ^U- 


102 


Iron  and  Zinc. 


Winlno  toil  t*  Cronw  fUilmad  filiy  toca  of  iion  mr  dnj  on  and  ftlVr  the  Icl 
MT  March  next,  imtil  tlii:  track  u  loM  lo  I'urUjro  at}'. 

Safe  llaiior  Iron  Work*. — Tlu-M  irorks  u«  lu  sucoratTul  <ip.'Rkli9ii.  mak- 
ing met  (hrM)  hnudnd  Knu  or  nUrwd  uoo  i>vr  mirk,  nnd  niciiing  ahoat  onn 
hondrtd  lOM  orp^-trao  per  dir. 

Mount  Savage  Inn  Co.—T\w  rolling-null  at  Mouut  Sano  is  in  full  mt- 
ntion,  oiwl  lima  oul  a,  Xuge  amount  of  railroad  Irfiti  daily.  Tdc  rails  or*  m  a 
Twy  )>uperior  clMiinot<<r,  and  th(i  oxnTmny  havB  IM  dUHciitty  ta  obUining  ocd- 
IroctS  to  siiplJj'  all  tlx^  ran  manurocliiTv. 

ax  IRON  viLUOE. 

Ironion,  on  tfae  Ohio  Binrr,  tbo  capital  of  I^nwrcnca  «oun^,  Ohio,  won  bc- 
Kiic  Tour  ycnm  ago,  by  a  companT  of  aMocintcd  nipitj^iitls.  It  luui  iiou-  SSOO 
mhabitsnlw,  wilb  lour  churches  built  or  being  buill,  a  raHrcud  c^tondiug  15 
BlilM  into  lh«  iron  ivfri'.'u.  and  BOOn  tO  be  jiushoil  thitxigh  to  tin'  nillsborongh 
and  PnrlHTpburg  foa'l.  44  milta,  bringing  it  into  coiini-Mioii  with  Philodclpua 
and  Unllimnrr.  U  h  now  brinjiinK  into  Iranlon  the  product  of  ten  bjasl 
fuiuiictai.  cslimat(<d  at  2Cl,tHJ0  lunK  jut  anniun,  and  irill  foon  r«nch  fivv  mOm 
nch.  IrontMi  has  «  niwiufoclory  of  nulruad  irou,  willi  two  luor?  In  pnwnM 
— «no  of  UwED  ntpablo  of  turning  out  IKty  Ions  jht  ilny,  hvaAi»  two  uifco 
loiindrie^  a  initchlnivdMp,  ic^  lie.  Coal  in  dclircird  at  Umm  wdHm  for  81 
pur  too. 

inoH  jiiscrAPniBE*  is  uktboit. 
Maniifivtiirc!'  of  i-ii»Un((s  and  mnfhincry  rnv  now  nrtrre  in  Dtttoit,  and  need 
only  llrt'  inipctuB  wliitli  a  moderat«  and  judicious  invuMmmt  "f  cnpital  irould 
alTo'rd,  to  n>nl«^  Ihiit  oily  i>H|»)-inllv  riolrd  for  the  citi-ul  and  {lerfucUon  of  iu 
production.^  in  mn.  Tbrinilroiu)  communitationwUieh  will  soon  be  hod  with 
the  iron  n^ons  pf  I jkr  Puiiiirior,  tpgciher  ulth  tlic  csual  around  tho  Suilt  Sl*. 
Jfarii-,  irhirh  mnt  he  /mm/JfCnl  for  the  piuv>iige.  nf  vchkiIs  by  tho  slopsoof  1SS4, 
will  pivn  iJetroit  on  «iv*™  to  the  material  not  KiirpowBd,  pcrhnpii,  by  our  «ly 
in  llie  Uiiil<d  Slal^  with  the  t^xceptitni  of  I'ittHburf;.  The  best  iron  ood  CDp- 
|i«t  OKS  in  the  world  will  then  bi-  brought  to  its  ir)iarTV»<.  to  bu  oonrertcd  OM 
(bo  Spot  into  All  the  forma  of  niachiiicry  and  useful  luanuliirturvs  to  wblC'h  Fooh 
bdltticd  would  spve  riw  hi  culcm  towns.  The  demand  Ibr  lake  hont  mfcinoi', 
tnjpne*  and  drilln  in  Ihu  tnininjc  and  lumber  dixtrictB,  and  in  the  prcot  DRricul- 
lurai  KcliUQ  of  Michigiut,  for  looomotirea  and  oais,  for  whieh  the  ilu-bigaa 
Cwtnl,  thn  Gnat  Weslnm  of  Canoilu.  Ilie  Oaklnn'I  and  Ottawa,  the  Militnry 
Ttact  and  otlur  rt«dii  wouli!  f^tv  Dnlroit  machinii-Iii  the  finfnr-aer  ;  for  milit, 
diain,Hctk««,iiailit,biiraiid  plate  iron, — wooildgii'en  market  ibr  the  [uiHlnctionM 
of  iron  in  Detroit,  for  ivhicli  no  probable  investiucnlii  of  rapital  iteed  rH-c  fcan 
of  an  OTt*  tupplu.  New-Tork  rapilal  \»  now  earrjin^  these  on-s  lo  t^faami  iu 
PcnniiylTnnin;  Cleveland  and  Rhieajro  aro  takiii!,' aetin' BtvjFf  in  plvinR  them 
direction  to  their  purtA,  while  Detroit  stopR  from  n-nnt  of  fjtpilal  to  ^^tort  larp 
VOTkH  for  fioiiT«rtiiiu  thir«e  onu.  rcliw  upon  Xew-York.  I'liilndelphia  ami 
Sharon  fbr  their  snppliogof  bar.  pUteaudjaj;  iron.  Much  ot the  pig-iron  taed 
is  Scotch,  nnd  is  imp<)rti>d  via  Quebec. — ttaUraiiil  Journal. 


cutr-iROK  KATi.»  ron  railroam. 
Why  cannot  cast-b«D  raas  bo  u»td  for  rulnxidf?  is  a  qoMtion  whidi  liox 
I  '&MB  vxnminod  M  cnniidcniMe  lenglli  bv  >fr.  )(.  IV.  Ilughen,  the  able  and  ac- 
W>inpli«h«l  mlitorof  the  /fichttvi'l  (Vn.)  Vjsaoiuur.  We  ore  not  able  lo 
f!»  OTCT  tlic  whole  jtronnd  in  tlin  pr<gcnt  nuinK'r  of  this  Mogaxine,  but  will 
notice  the  impuituul  coii-videnitionji  in  IhTor  of  cast-iron  i^lit,  witli  iht^  JntcD- 
tion  of  retttming  to  tin?  subject  again.  AAcr  ffpcskiitg  of  the  i[n|K>rinnco  of 
the  vubjecl,  Mr.  H.  proceeds : — 


Bron  and  Zkte. 


109 


If  (his  heaa  inrefennm  toreadanoir  in  conriw  of  construction,  Uio  difficul- 

'  wfl>1>Btb«  lnn<>>w<l  with  lh«  crowingdHnaDdfuroUicrniNd):.    "nioic  b<^ 

*heT  vrtlh  tilt  pififnt  hi^h  jirieu  of  nllr«Ad  Iron,  coiiaUntI}'  prtw  Ihe  qim- 

looit  the  tnldlif;(3it  mmd~-'-'  Whf  ouioot  cut  irai  miIh  Ca  um4  On  rail- 

'Th»  Art  J!!  linily  t<cfi}r»  our  tyea.  tint  out  iron  a  mndc  to  bmi  tlm  hcavictt 
Fbimlcrii  thil  oxn  iio  impoml.      It  torm  ■  part  of  aliuo&t  all  muchituri*.  uii]  h 
^ciibJKinl  lo  aiormoiM  Kinunit.     With  it  w  constnicl  Ii<hif>-»  »iv]  build 
.  ocw.      It  is  pTuii  tin-  f^'firreno;  o(tT  wroufiht  iron  for  v»i1roiui  cjir  (rhods, 
rhichwhoQ  miiuiiiffal  abtv  inilvdaa liuur. mtke kbout nine bundtnl revolutions 
rmiBUt*— the  c»*t  iron  whtola  tbuaitiiiig  tliuroail  with  tlic  ni->iiii:iituni iluu to 
t  wlodtj-.     All  thcM'  things  »reoiwirtsntlyp(v^[)tiTipthoi(iHH)iUiiil  iociiiiry, 
ctbcr  auA  trun  rails  may  not  )>c  xiJth-  usoi]  on  r<uulx  I    It  it  knoirn  to  bn 
slly  dioapur  thku  roUod  irun,  sod  i^ui  bo  madv  at  «  proitt  for  one  third  tlm 
in  of  rolled  iron.    It  rciinirrs  uo  terv  i;rtat  uiixuidiiuro  to  uniiare  Ihc  workM 
qaislto  fbr  it*  nunnfdcturv,  hut  ninf  I"'  run  into  bars  dirtctV  fi«m  thu  ore. 
'  whicli  Aboand*  oIudk  many  of  tlic  projected  milway  linm  of  ViTjriiiin. 

Sup juung  ita  BiibstiluliOH  [>riiclirjlil«.  na  limit  mn  V«  uct  to  ihp  indiwlrj-  »nd 
at«rimB«  it  ul  uwm  calls  ittto  Ix-iiig.    It  inviwi  j)0|iulaliiin  int't  our  iimiuitaiii 
Isda  uaw  waste  Uid  barren,  y«t  twining  irilh  iron.     It  luiilliplii-n  ihi^ir  valuv 
>  ovRcn,  aiul  inercans  the  lund  fbr  iBxatioit  of  tho  Stalo.      It  |:>n>|Dct«  rail- 
.  liy  piifthliug  Ihem  to  ha  built  by  ptrsonj  along  their  line*,  wiiu.  by  labor 
•!,  OMtId  ooiii'crl  IImjt  in^n  land-  iirid  xrv  iiilu  af  titv  capiUl.     I(y  duiug  those 

igA,  it  vii>iilil  to  tar  chcajK-n  railniiul  trai^'porlfttioii.  a^  to  nialic  Ihoao  worlu 

kr  KT«atiT  tionctlcinrieji  to  liic  pnblic  thnn  tbcy  non"  can  If. 

Iwkvil,  no  sin^lB  rvsiiH  toaUl  bo  Kn.ij^nfl  whifh  mould  t^^nd.w  niiiTh  to  dc- 
TcUtpe  Uiu  iu^^<im:ty  of  Vir);iiiiii.  and  tliiuijlaltitier  eii[>.-r]jriw,  as  ttii-  odoptii^D  of 
cut  iiuii  r:iitH  i/n  W  projcctfi]  nulwayK.  It  would  ndvanoir  internal  inii>rot»- 
montd  in  llt^~  Statu  nt  Icaiit  ttrcnty  years,  and  aflbrd  a  (rticapr,  and  it  U  bcliertd 
atotv  dnralA  Ktnirtiirr.  than  •kc  now  li«n. 

Bqt  tbe  adMuilui^cs  whii'h  tuu-'l  rcxiilt  frum  ttic  succcwful  application  of 
gCMt  iron  r»iL<  tu  raduay  track!",  n*  far  t'"0  iiUQiL-rouK  Co  bu  dotAili-d.      TUey 
^t  tliKiL-i'lrtg  to  ti"*^  nidectiiiK  and  intclligant  cltlxcn.    Tho  i^iuslion  U> 
I  oaat  ir<>n  tx^  fld<mut«j;conKty  n.«il  on  milnuys  7 

'Wliollwr  all  our  orr»  will  be  mitnlili;  for  tlic  purplae,  we  Hhall  not  nndcr- 

|dia  to  dcoJc ;  hot  thul  we  have  Inr^it  b(idic^  of  iron  ore  which,  ilirtvtly  from 

'he  Vikit.  will  Diakv  nwrc  durabli-  raiU  llinn  many  uc  now  im]Hnt,  ns  liavn  nol 

he  ktigbUdt  dniiht.     Tho  l.rncitburg  and  Tciinc.'uec  ll»iliuud  riiria  Ihrougli  the 

'oouuty  cf  Wjllia  ami  »*ithm  five  or  six  miles  ofa  body  of  !r«n  ore,  ftiual,  if 

ttot  sopcriOT,  as  it  lin.-c  oltiii  bei-n  cotutudiitly  ]inuiouncM,  10  any  Ifi  the  world 

It  is  bcltM  llsaii  (bt<  SH\iIlih~~il  Ls  In  EttT  than  tho  Poiiniiylvama  -Inuiltta.     It 

I  unlimittrl  in  i^iiantily:  and  ni.iy  )a'  t;nlhrrcd  fVom  the  sulfas  of  tho  earth. 

pMd  in  aJioikdMKG  and  inounlum  Ktn.-iim«  for  driting  machiiitrry  ore  at  lianil  -, 

"^ritUi  Un  boD  is  or  M  tout;1i  a  U^.^lure,  lliat  cosUni^  micIi  ait  poU  aud 

,  Bwtt  Ibv  the  nfilghborhoud,  have  fVeiiunntly  been  tried  bv  U'ing  iiiichod 

KmM  vta  or  (UUt'ii  fvt,  Kveral  tiinc',  into  a  f-ilc  of  iitiincs,  by  the  f(>nn<lrjinan 

,  tiliUBcK  under  mhii'h  fawn  teit  vcr^*  few  initaticcs  hare  bwn  known  of  thtar 

anf  broken.     Yet  a  railroad  is  lu  run  fur  intlb*  alotig  this  great  iron  dc^poiiit. 

be  raiU  ol  which  oro  ordcrvd  fknn  England ! 

Descend  one  of  thoM  Englisl)  miDos.  wherci  tor  ngn  the  work  of  excaradon 
V  bcoi  Ci^ig  ou ;  go  down  •  Ihoutanil  ftct  or  nwn,  tmrmi;  thci«  cnvem.i  for 
Hefl  oedor  tSe  earth,  until  you  am  told  the  ocean  ia  rolling  above  your  Iiead. 
nd  at  the  Gtfthcst  exlmDi  tiM  Of  thwe  bfenal  oivenis  ^u  wilt  find  invii  pi  v)ng 
'the  fuck-ax^  and  extmcling  iron  oro.    You  n-iti  find  railtruytrsckE  Ihrnugfioni 
ooe  of  llieet  abodes  of  Pluto  and  Vulcan,  Iroding  to  the  shaft.    Here  ft  ear  is 
-  Ukd  with  ot*.    Inii'iirr  tho  destination  of  IbiH  car.    The  iituwur — ralculnici 
guile  lo  sMoniih  a  i-itixen  of  Wyth»— vould  be  this:    It  1^  to  lin  >ient  sweml 
I  to  llto  sltaft  i  then  to  be  nuaed  ap  a  Ihonsand  feet  to  tlic  surOicc  of  the 


I 
I 


Aon  and  Zine. 


Mrtb  i  then  hnuled  lo  Ibe  foundry  to  bo  lutuJi)  Into  pi^  itictol ;  Uimi  to  the  ivll' 
ini  mill  lo  \x  couv<7(r(l  into  bare  -,  thm  to  tbo  tK<MX<i<i  ta  Iw  shipped  to  llw 
nihcr  mntint-nt.  Atlcr  croKsinx  the  AttkiiticOccMLiwtnc  tbnicthou«iQ(lRii]o<i 
it  is  to  go  lip  Jnmn  aiiil  AppoionUox  rircr*;  to bediwhMgeii  «l  I'urt  >V»ltb«li 
to  bu  liaulti't  by  riLili<iH(l  to  llii.'hit>i.-iiil.  uud  liiciice  by  w>g;«iii  frT'iu  lliv  dcuol  to 
tho  irftiinl ;  Ibi'icr  aloii^c  thn  rminl  In  I.yiir?bhiir(;,  ■nil  thonco  W  Kilroan  uid 
irnf^iw  to  Wj-lliP  Miiiny.  Virsinis.  to  lie  liiitTibuteii  along  the  Lfnohbnig  uid 
IVnui'tao*  ll-iilruud.  wiin-li  runs  uviT  BTBat  irou  (Irixisit*  of  that  counlj',  trk«ro 
iron  lies  npi>n  ihc  hutKiiM',  of  a  mtioh  «iif«rior  quality,  and  had  to  be  Tcmotvd 
out  or  it;  «-nj-  in  rtoiTAtiiii;  for  itx  trvclc! 

This  caw  f*  jiiiiilnr  to  hundrtds  of  oiJient — «nd  the  practical  rcmudy  for 
tbbi  state  of  iluiigt  i»  ibi'  ud'jptiuD  urciisi  iron  raUi.  Public  opinion  at  Gn<i 
I  ob«1^ftlii]y  iiTOnoiiuoe'i  Ihal  cftst  iron  whvis  tatM  ncvei-  bu  iiwil — that  tlicy 
Would  far^  unilcr  the  Telocity  re(]iiinxl  of  ihom.  Kennnmy  rendered  il  abto- 
tut«l]r  BKtiaaij  \o  Inr  thrai,  nod  they  huvi?  been  found  not  only  cheaper,  but, 
te  fcct,  to  wwr  lonp-r  (hui  mwught  iroa  wliw-la. 

Straiipf  Its  il  may  nam.  all  the  (>ii,r1y  writers  Mncur  In  alaline^  that  caat 
iron  nils  nere  hm^I  bclWtv  the  n-roiighi,  nnd  llntt  the  Intlrr  were  iotioduoed 
ehiellyun  the  Brrjund  that  they  were  theaiicr  than  cn-t'l  iron  rail* — ehcflncr  ft>r 
the  KiUton,  n.i  thin  K'tilcnitiil.  Ibiit  wiuiii^hl  ir-ya  ituU  Ixriu"  dmI  !<o  liKelv  to 
hrenk,  Rii^hl  W  mi-h  much  tliiiuifrr  ftiid  !ii:hler  ihiin  w*l  imn,  and  would  be 
fiiorc  oiorijinieal  in  tlial  way.  Sinec  it  hus  liecn  ruiinti  UPKistHij'  to  Inrressii  tlw 
thk'knem  and  irri^/ii  of  the  mil,  (jt  the  pur}Kut;  of  linnmwi  and  stcndimss  in 
tint  aupuratruciurr,  it  haa  never  oocumKl  to  tbe  engiuvcr  to  rciurn  to  cwA  inn 
rails. 

Kxperienoc  hw  kbtiwn  that  irroii|tht  iron  nuls  wear  nut  nipidlj',  and  this 
nUhouffli  Ihvy  an  iiuw  nuilu  lie«ner  tlian  it  wan  supjiuwd  would  be  rcqiUMto 
eien  fur  caul  iron. 

Prcuk  an  tftay  od  this  sabjo.*!,  bv  Ellwood  Morris,  Chief  En^ecrt  Pluladel- 
|>hia,  jiiibli^lipd  ill  the  Jounial  oi  the  Fr.inklin  Instiintc.  in  the  jtar  1841,  wil 
cslrnet  the  fatlowinu;  oh^crralions  on  thiK  jiubjeet: 

'Vi'ii  are  infuniied  in  Woud'ii  Ireuliii-  upon  riiili'OK.K  that  in  the  early  part 

of  the  WTuuleentll  ceulury,  milruudft  vnn-e  liittt  iiwil  in  Kiiglaiid.  and  they  wen 

then  fiitmnl  of  woi)-) ;  Uie  woodm  rails  were  tiHci  for  a\if>\it  r-nc  hundred  year*, 

when  in  1TG7.  ea^I  iron  rails  were  fiiut  inlrodneod  and  IliercntW  conlinued  for 

'  ■  period  of  mat  iifty  years,  to  be  uimUnritt'iid  of  any  oilitr  inutiTinlK  ■,  but  in 

'  tlieyew  1&15  malleable  iron  rails  weie  iletiwd,  an(J  iifler  Mr.  Hirkinslmw,  in 

li^si,  had  ol>ta.-ued  his  patent  n>r  an  im['n> eminent  in  the  f'lrTa  of  mich  rails, 

and  applied  the  rolling  mill  Ui  their  nmnufjctotv,  Ihey  were  very  cxicnisiTely 

adopted,  and  »;ub>«iLicnt  lo  that  (icriyd  of  time  hate  Uicn  almost  esduriTcly 

WttO.    Thu  ehii-f  rea>>.ina  wlileli  sei^ni  to  haie  induced  eu^iceiit,  both  hero  ana 

abroad,  to  mneh  |i>  prefer  tnallenblc  Ixforc  catt  iron  rails,  as  (o  exclude  tho  lat- 

,  ter  from  uw.  appear  to  have  been  originally  a  belief  tliat 

- 1,  llsllcnblf  iron  laili  were  clwaMr  iliau  tho*e  of  east  iron. 

^  '2.  Malleable  iron  rails  being  maan  in  longer  lengths  canstd  fbim  J(dnt& 

'3.  Malleable  ir«n  mils  were  le«  liable  to  fhtctiirv  from  comciHfion. 

'^4.  Alalleablc  imn  raiU  were  thought  to  be  Bomowhnt  mare  durable." 
The  wtilcr  then  lakes  »p  IhuM  ruuunH  xcriatim,  and  sliowa  Iiow  little  they 
arc  worth  whiii  t-jsted  by  enpeTlCncc. 

That  l!n'  tlrsl  and  pnncijo!  ivaton  for  Ibe  introdnetion  of  mnlleable  iron 
rails,  thi'ir  i,Tf  alcr  eh*iipne«v  has  no  (uuudaUon  in  truth — is  apparent  to  every 
iMxly  at  all  eonvertanl  with  the  iron  BBsines* ;  and  yet,  all  the  early  wriU-r» 
on  Uiis  subji.'ot  concur  m  staling  Lliu  as  llio  chief  iva»)a  for  their  introduction 
at  the  tiiue. 

Sucoiidly.  That  cssi  tron  rails  may  now  be  mwle  from  ttixuen  to  tvrtnt)- 
ftct  in  length,  about  i*  longt  a*  the  rolled  wo  aiD  accuatomml  to  ttv. 

Thinlly.  While  mallrabte  iron  rails,  of  equal  Wght.  may  bo  lem  liable  to 
ftaciOfV  fnxii  iiereuH^ou  llian  cast  iron  railft  y«t  there  is  no  sucli  iuipfnging  dl- 


I 


I 


Smt  and  Zine. 


106 


rod  faice  on  the  raliii  in  irorking  &  rowl  snttablj  caastruvtMl.  iw  would  be  Uko- 
)y  to  |iTOiIiiM  Ihia.  He  conipntvs  t)ie  nilativu  Biitoetti  o!  iha  two  tneUU,  bhiI 
mkus  (h«  tMt  imn  ruin  proportit/iiHblj'  hcavitr.  11*  dcnios  that  tlio  liabitiiy 
la  dnwtar«s  ^  liwb  nJodtUn,  k  );rcatcr  thui  when  gaiiiK  (low,  but  dionre  tM 
KtoUcF  the  Tclocit}'  tlw  km  wiil  be  tliu  vurtictl  pRxJiun.-,  aail  sitpi  u|>un  Ibe 
MBK  principtv  it  is  that  a  miukrt  bait  iAot  puvUcI  atone  a  borixoutal  ulauo.  to 
w  banly  to  loiich  it  tangoitinlly,  will  not  piaa  upon  tho  plaoo  at  all  uiUibi 
tht  limits  ot  its  level  or  poial-tlJuik  nt>ge. 

Wbdhcc  tliisB)  vivwK  agrev  or  not  with  thoM  oonunooly  mtertwnod  con- 
ocrning  bat  tr^ius  on  nllvajra.  tlioy  an,  iiovtirlblcM.  Icpitimal«  dvductioai  bom 
tha  aiUbfetiid  doctrina  of  forcM,  anil  sraro  (o  account  for  tho  Knull  olRct  nroduced 
bj*  tin  onliiMiy  intgualita'ai  «f  a  railKMd,  a*  shown  in  the  runiltji  ifixpiajrci)  by 
wa  GjUovinj;  <liruct  expcnnMnls  lauchaig  IhiamaltcrgWhicliwiavinaile  byPio- 
Icflnr  Barlow,  and  noorded  la  biit  work  on  Ui«''Slnnelh  oT  UM«riaI&  "  En- 
g\Ui  editiaa,  1S37.  Theia  *3p«nin«nts  ar«  conclnmvp.  uid  esUbtish  beyocid 
qOMtion  the  &C4,  that  liw  vertical  atrent  impotacd  on  a  milwny  by  tho  tratrit 
M  (ocomottTe  en^DES  of  Tclodttuti  ranging  from  ttrcnty-tn-o  to  thnty-tmi  milcii 
•n  hour,  is  but  bitb,  if  any,  Jn  «xcms  of  (hat  (voduonl  by  a  <|uki«c«nt  load  of 
th«  aaaio  waigM ! 

Mom  cxpcrioienLi  by  ProGeauir  Barlow  wn«  modo  with  an  intitsiiius  and 
aemrmto  iiutlnitucnt.  to  detcnnnw  the  delloctwo  of  nits  uad«r  (nirni  running  at 
hi):li  speed,  anil  as  the  doflwdoa  of  tbo  niaMrlaln  under  &  sirajn  is  as  tho  Inaia- 
taiit  woiitht,  llio  vnrtinl  r«ra«nrt  wpoa  the  rula  la  by  tbh  moans  acciirat«1y  ia- 
diatod. 

Again  ht  Kayit,  after  qnuling  lars^ly  ^"^  Profbacor  itarlow'd  cxpcrimynla : 
■'TbmeaxpeTiineiiMbaTincdemonstnted,  as  tbey  diatloclly  do,  tbal  Ihenni- 
cal  BtitSi  of  traina  at  q^-  fiiqiusai  m  litUo  tho  ollwt  of  ijnkfwvut  loads  of 
the  xatno  wci;^t,  that  it  ii  only  neceaMiy  to  proportion  the  rails  of  rnilroaife  to 
Tadd  <|aics(xtit  am!  mil  conL-iiKsivo  Ibron^  10  eiUogfi  tlie  whole  taca  of  the  qnw* 
tton  between  etxl  and  wrought  iron  nil*— they  alrike  away  all  the  oUtvtioiu) 
txmofcre  um<l  againftt  tlic  brrltlaBMa  of  cast  Iron,  for  it  does  Bot  admit  of 
itodit  that  alxnni  of  that  material,  of  satiahlo  |irofortioo)i,  is  quita  as  oompo- 
tenttoearryaqoMgKent  load,  asonc of  malleablenw)."  Again:  "A  CMtiiannil 
will  ridd  aulBcimUy  to  iiupart  a  i«turn  (o  i(H  proper  lenl  Uia  nKuuntit  ia  to- 
Be*ad  of  ifae  weight  of  a  traio — for  it  in  well  kiiowo  tliat  its  olanWty  and 
powar  of  rattoration  aftrr  daflortion,  is  within  ccrt^n  limits  k  Mribtt,  th^t  OV- 
mg  to  ItK  rcKtiUrtly  in  that  nupcct.  it  was  cTvn  propoMd  by  Tredgold  to  nao 
heiwin  of  cast  Iron  as  wi-igbiag  macliint^  muiLsurmg  the  weights  impowil  bv  the 
diflaelienB  produmd." 

Fton  tho  TuiouaoxperinMntMinndo.  ho  ddnor^  that  the  proportion  l>«twoon 
wnu|[M  and  ca»t  irui  railM.  xhouMbu  w  1;  1  :M0 — *ndiuyii  thofi^  calculations 
nftr  to  rails  sopeortcd  at  luttml!!  only,  but  if  tho  plan  of  coaiiuuouii  UtmogM 
should  he  ai[opIi<a  on  railways  tho  jiroprlvty  of  which  has  bccnslrongly  urEed 
by  RoKtifih  engineers,  a;i  a  pRrfnrt  n-mcdy  for  nrlcnowMged  defects  all  ob,^ 
tioBB  imakiirt  <»t  iron  raiU  must  vliolty  vnniih. 

LAKE  H<pejiK>R  IKON  neaioK. 
Hiia  region,  which  is  m  imtncn^oly  rich  b  iron  or^  ia  raidergoiiig  tasi 
impcOTcmentK.    The  progren  of  ciilcrprinc  on  the  part  of  tho  Iron  Companioi, 
b  Io(d  in  Rowing  language  by  llie  Ixtkr  Suprrtor  Jaumat : — 

The  various  iinpr«v<<uii.'nU  which  an  going  forward  iii  tho  Iron  Ito^on.  and 
n«w  bogjanlug  to  dcn-lopo  the  enormous  wonlth  of  tho  UppiT  Psninsnta,  have 
liccn  poidiod  steadily  Ibrward  the  natt  SMiorr.  Afnch  hns  lir^n  nrvnmptishod. 
notwitfatUnding  the  high  ^irice  of  tabor,  and  the  roxt  of  the  Ironsfiurtntion  of 
AUffiliM,  tbv  principal  itilllciillivs  which  thmeetieaged  in  tho  varioux  now  uuter- 
pruEs  iMTe  h»I  to  miitcnii  with  lirro.  By  thifl  time  next  year,  our  aatal, 
nowcrer,  w31  be  CDtDploted,  and  these  obiclacles  wfll  bo  renioreii. 


4 


106 


Iron  and  Zinc 


Tnz  Minquimx  fohce. 

The  Minjnette  Fove  box  Vihh  for  the  nuxt  of  the  time  in  hlut,  uil  » 
«aiul<let«ble  qnulify  of  their  ohuiri'st  iron  lunied  out.  Its  bright  lln'^i,  m  ttio 
tOVD  is  BoprottchKl  tX  nt^it  fVoin  lk«  )&k«<,  nre  8M^n  kt  &  KftM  <Il^  Iiiucl-  ;  cetliai; 
DMnr,  too  tonftifiwi  ro«r  «f  slram  cnffincs,  tningleri  wiih  liic  >4"mil  'rf  fot^ 
bamming  is  btoi^  IC  ciirioNly  tcmpls  vuu  In  visit  thi?  t^tni'li^hineni  at  Ihls 
how,  yoti  will  see  the  »wnrliiy  b»uh  of  \  ulcnn,  bnndliup,  liki-  plnjlhinRs,  the 
imnuauo  glowing  nusn  «t  iron ;  and  jou  de)ikn  tritli  Hit.'  i-uiivicriuii  th&t  ttie 
hlooiiiera  tboN  u*  Mt  lik*  thoso  "below,"  «ithar  m  wx  or  coriiinii^. 


ULD  JACKMH    rOMtiK. 


A  ixiiisidi-nMo  ituEiilily  of  iron  has  bIno  bc«ii  mule  id  Uin  Old  JaokBoti  Foivcs 
imdirr  tlio  dirvctioii  of  of  Air.  WiitMD  Eaton.  This  estabUsbiueut  ii  niiw  mil« 
hOuuL 


I 


roHCt  o»  MAI!  luvn. 

A  new  Forpi  Is  bciug  (iwtcd  on  M«l  HiviT,  abow  Or»»tT«i!t'*  Mill,  by 
Mats.  Batler  ft-  McCoaiirll.    Tbe  work  ii|iou  it  is  alixradjr  u>iitiidenibly 
dtanccd.    'Hoj  ug  mslitiit!:  prc]«mtionit  for  on  fxicnKlTc  Kupjily  -tf  rxitL,  and 
eir  works  iriU  be  in  ojvnitioii  lojiy  iii  the  cprins.     Wv  iuiil<'ri.limd  nlw.  Uiat 
incK  Yor^  a  to  bi'  Vnull  iii^:'ii  llii*  viaUa-  |iowur  at  tliu  uiouihofCori)  lUrcr. 
ytiui  lontiou  oftdiK  will  Iw  CH>iiTi'iiii<iit,  on  acniitnl  of  iu  |fi'ox)iiiitj'  to  lh«  lake. 
\a  eaUblifthmi'nt  i*  olio  to  be  im*Aef\  and  put  into  operation  as  luirly  as  pnicli- 
iblc,  by  Uc»iTi^  Ttowbridgi?.  GntvrrBL-l  k  Co.     Itut  trhcthn-  nuar  the  Uk«,  or 
.  the  Iron  Mountain,  in  out  jct  ilt-ciiJvii. 


THE   CLETBIUXD  TOMPAKY. 

Tlio  work  upon  tbo  railroad,  WT«.nlc«ri  iiiik'^  iu  length,- wbkli  the  Lake 
■  Superior  Iron  Comjany,  undur  the  dnvction  of  Mr.  llrniiiii  Tt.  Ely.  ar*  buiUUug 
th«  mountoiti  to  the  IilI^i:,  »  sti-adily  lutiiuicing.     'I'hii:  cinnpniiy  niu  llie 
I  of  the  muBt  exluiiiiiic  tuiil  v&1tiul>k'  ii'i.>ii  tumls  iu  thu  whuli;  icjtiun.     A 
ntA  boa  also  bitrii  pivijcicicil  hy  Ui«  .Sli.iron  Iron  Coiiij«iiy,  fuMU  their 
,  tbo  Jackson,  to  thi»  Ukc ;  nn<l  the  cnibliiiiK  and  ckarlTij;  of  emii>'  poilign 
of  tlin  iipiMT  \ian  of  the  n>utc  i*  altr^dy  duties 

KxteoMro  {mrparatioos  nrv  beui^  uind«  by  the  Clorelvul  CumMtiy  for 
■tiling  oro  froui  tliu  iiiouiitaiiu  to  tbo  lake  the  comiuj;  niuttr.  This  now 
DsadH  ou  the  dock  at  Muronctl*^  from  wtvon  dollar*  and  i  hnlf  to  vtglit 
.-(Slier  toiL  A  fvw  hundred  Ions,  alUhnl  could  bf  procured  in  cuiixctiuence 
FUm  want  of  roads.  Iiavu  bom  dilpped  I»  CIvivIuid  and  ollur  pomU  Ihc  put 
,  ud  CQUrarled  into  iron  ;  and  miae  inipivsjiuti  tii.iy  !)«  furini'd  of  llie 
net  MUOnnt  of  iMOnCHi  which  will  Ik:  dune,  and  tlic  tarjtt^  anioiml  of  louiiage 
nqaJTcd,  when  it  is  undprilowl  lliul  thiwc  miai's  cnu  rurni^h  rcsdily  all  the  ore 
whici)  can  be  carried  away,  bt*  tl  livv  htmdrtil  Ihi^suid  or  h  luiUiuu  uf  tuns  per 
■iinuiii.  And  all  will  bo  carriixl  anny  whieli  can  be  dtlivvivil  on  Marquette 
Bay.  fur  the  purpose  of  being  mannfoctiircd  mto  iron.    , 


BOONTOM  lUOK  WOH». 

These  work*  are  located  in  Aterru  county,  Now  Smxry,  end  bcloDc  to  the 
Kow  Jersey  Iron  Oompoay,  which  eutploya  miuo  Tnir  hundred  baiid«.  A 
CDrreqwndcnt  wrtiiiig  to  tbo  AVir-  Yorh  Trihime,  »'Uitce  sonie  iuM  rapecliDg 
tiie  maimer  ki  which  tlio  istabUihment  is  coodiiried,  which  amof  iulerMt: — 

The  Boonlon  Iron  Wof*«  were  built  m  IS^IO,  on  a  niot  of  grwind,  wliicb, 
IVoB)  aU  acootmi*,  was  about  as  rough  as  the  band  of  induElry  evi't  uU'tertOok 


Iron  and  Zinc. 


107 


tomlwanoolb.  Itt^soid  ihoonetnnleosiof  Uw  worka  wu»ocDcibai)[moi» 
Dun  a  iJUUtcr  of  n  million  ordollnrv;  hut  this  oxpracUtura  mast  Iibt*  boco 
^Mhlod  lo  hriiig  Uivin  (u  tliiir  t>n'si-ul  (^mciili('ll.  UttMarcry  bad  iavMUDcnt 
fiOB  wxnu  (Utiw,  anil  I  aui  tola  tliut  fur  jtara  il  did  lilUc  nMrc  thui  siuulu 
iMll^  wlib  liltlo  «r  oo  roiQii Deration  to  th«  KlockholdariL 

ARitr  aewni  chaa^/HL  more  than  a  yi-w  »g\  U»  wltolo  MUUiitluncnl. 
nillinK  nuUf  iimI  u*''  «piKe  milLi.  lUttt  KirnMci  JUx,  Ac.,  n^trc  sold  luiiier  tlic 
■ber#H  baiuiuurr  aiid  Futler  t  Lord,  of  Nuw-Vcqk,  tivre  llut  pMrchMcre.  at 
probably  not  nore  ikao  ono  half,  if  <qio  qturl^r  of  Uwii  oriKtiial  eotil.  Put 
eximiancG  Iiax  added  to  Ibcir  raloo,  and  the  HUa»  muiUt  has,  tu>  doubt,  taai^t 
mme  usbTuI  Icuonii  to  Uw  jMwent  BanamnL 

Tbey  ai»  tloitiK  *  Ktwt  budacas  at  thuw  works  at  Uu:  prcmnt  time  Tbe 
blast  fiiriMcc\ni)(!«riLoefDcMDtiiiuu^ni('ntorMr.  Gtorgu  JccJiiriE,  m  liimine 
Ml  sonw  ODO  bundrod  Unw  oT  nig  inxi  airh  irc<):  haiiog  Juat  Ia-cd  rrt«iic(f. 
after  a  nm  of  nane  thirtjr  tnonuM  of  tnunturujited  fivxt**.  Thu  |>arl  <f  ihu 
CMterpriiM  baa  tliuti  fiu-  been  M  mmuMnUfu,  tbat  I  Imt-c  licnrd  it  hintt<d  >« 
nnbabla  ibal  aiiollicr  simitar  stark  Trill  Iw  bnili.  Id  •uu;  rtvpcrt  Uiu  utnation 
Ib  w*7  flnit,  sncc  the  strtam  of  cindtr,  an  it  itsiuw  from  ili«  fuiiuicv,  ii  ootiductcd 
to  th*  gtrgt  of  Uw  river,  fajr  whidi  ln(alu^  in  liaic,  a  dam  n-ill  l«  made,  adding 
gnatly  to  the  wator  fo^mr  of  tlw  niXa,  b/  giiing  Ihi-in  a  wth-  and  iinitv  )atn 
rtWTToir.  a  Uung  much  notdod  wlion  uia  ml«r  is  low,  llio  low -path  of  tb* 
caaal  is  on  a  ImcI  with  ibo  top  of  tlio  fumac^nbich  ntflies  the  imkisdnig  of 
ooal  and  ore  bcata  Tcrjr  eaaj-  and  oaateniait.  Tbo  mattviaU  thus  tbiuiru  down 
film  bonk,  are  tlien  prqiand  and  jneasiuvd.  and  Uuro  boiklcd  upon  ]>i)ttfcrnnH, 
vtaicli  are  caustd  U>  aaonid  and  doHcod  bj  water. 

At  4^  o'clock  in  the  momintET  I  acovnipaiiici]  Hr.  UnQIpm  to  tbe  mtlU 

and  he  ixscriUd  to  tnc  with  ttnal  minulcnux,  tin'  arraiiftuncnts  of  tbe  •olab' 

rfiifaiBtaU.    In  thin  departmiTtil,  I  unilvrKtaud  be  empluja  llie  hands,  and  gjad- 

tr  Hung  bj  lb«  actual  uurk  done,  ai  weighed  on  ibe  ivalct^    Tbo 

furaisfam  him  the  law  materials  and  powvr,  odcI  kwps  the  trorka  In 

r,  and  he  coaTSrti  the  pg  in>n  into  vTonglit  iron,  In  tJiaix-s  rcnily  for  the 

I  and  Dpfto  Ikctniy,  rvntivinc  a  Mipnlated  Kum  per  ton.    One  man  coatrada 

■for  drlirermi;  the  c«U  at  tbe  uilfcrmt  funwcta,  and  i*  iiaid  hy  the  ton.    The 

'fiadiBen,  "  sqoceiKra,''  "nobblen^."  and  rotlen,  an)  |<ald  by  tlie  ton.    Head 

'  conlraelor.  tiuddlera,  ndlert,  woixhcre,  Mrmen— all  an  thoa  graduated,  and 

^t]uu  bocoenc  mntnal  parties  in  tlu  oommon  nitn  to  turn  off  at)  much  wcit^  aa 

tb*  line  and  material*  irill  allow.    He  roltiDg  niU  deca  oO^off  but  prepare 

'  jmn  nub  for  railraad  flpll!eB, 

The  pudillers  and  licail  rollers  mnkc  Ur)co  h-keds,  ti)  'onie  cases  aa  tar^  a* 
Bra  dollars  a  day,  nod  eaws  arc  not  iiurrniucnt  in  irliicii  mm  haro  stood  at  Ibe 
tonace  and  rolls  a  day  end  ntgbi,  unkiug  two  £tt  day'n  work  within  twtn^ 
Gnir  hetirs. 

Danng  that  momiiit;  vliit,  t  Kaw  the  fiiTTiiicn  opennl.  and  Ihu  n.-d  liioid 
lorrvnt  rmhinjC  down  tbo  liny  canal,  which  coti'luctcd  it  into  ilic  awknatd 
parrUlel  tnottldK.  knuim  nmun:;  ibo  worltnicn  aa  '  Uic  mw."  tile  roi^b  ban 
thus  made,  rwdiT'  the  eI'-;.Tiril  trnme  of  "rigs."  A  short  dutanco  from  (he 
fnniaor.  an  nbxiriirtinn  iv  )il;ii-nl  in  the  tittle  eannl,  whkh  dams  up  the  metal  no 
as  (<■  briny  it*  Rorfnco  a  little  bicher  than  tfao  terd  of  another  sid»  tanal,  »> 
lh»i  ih*  tmn.  hems  bfavicr.  Wows  on  and  bnaks  LeQofifully  over  the  dam, 
while  ibe  uivlttd  ciii'tiT.  U  in;;  lighter,  rises  to  the  top,  and  ts  taailr  turned  oir 
inltf  Ibe  side  canal.  «lii'-li  ifirnluclM  it  irilhmit  expciur.  1o  the  rivtrs  nlge. 

TJM  entire  iir<>dnrt  of  the  pucidlin^  fiimxT-A  un<l  rollini;  mtlU,  goes  to  tlie 
nail  and  spike  metoeicK.     Tbcwani  only  liriieu  tu  the  day  liuie. 


I 
4 


4 


Expcnmcim  on  twk  erritcr  op  KEMti-rinG  oif  tiit  stiii:vctu  or  ibok. 

Mr.  Fnirhaim  ptvwnled  a  lejBirt  of  DXjMTinients  nndertaki-n  at  Ihe  rtqiie*' 
of  liie  AftK)datk%  "On  Ihe  Mtrhanica]  ProperlM  of  Mtdalii  as  derived  frou 


IM 


irim  and  Zinc 


'rqMKlcd  MolUngs,  <«bi1ii(iiig  tbc  maxtmma  pcriitt  of  StniiKCIi  nd  tbeCiinHis  of 
Del»rinrn(ic>ii.''  la  nrnldn^  tli&  exjiCTiiiK'iitd.  one  ton  of  Eglinluii  hot- liliul  iron 
WM  opcniled  on.  Tlii!  pwporHonw  of  flnx  Mid  wk*  nt  Mich  remi-iting  were 
MKttnUvly  nii-iutirtd,  so  as  tn  be  alike  in  rocli.  Tho  tniii  a-wi  run  into  Ixini  1 
In^  Kquiiri'.  mill  lh«  trikU  were  nnil«  on  Inij^h-s  of  nhoiit  i  fret,  Kiiiiportcl  At 
««cll  m'l.  nriil  thn  wvicht  ■(■plietl  in  thu  wntre  (irattuKllir.  tintit  th«  Iat  brok«. 
Oi»  W  WHS  ivsprviil  at  i-ntU  trial,  aud  tho  rest  of  tlic  iron  was  rvraclted. 
That  Kucwsiion  of  nineltiii^  and  tnoJs  was  rnfwatDd  snTcntMO  Vmt«,  when 
Ihequontit}- ofbon  waNRoniiichredttced,  that  it  WM  not  etmsiilend  dMirtiVIe 
t«UOirtiiMHi  tlic  cxjiprimi-'nt*.  Tho  nan!  t«  obtaiiiud  prove  tlintcnxl  itnn  inrrcAMS 
in  strcD^lh  ay  tu  the  twi'lflli  nii-lting,  and  tliut  it  KiiMi  rujiidly  dcUriumlH.  The 
coRuncDfitij;  brvakiiig  vtclj;lit  was  4<I3  ]li8.,  !lii<j  this  uvnl  ou  iiiivca-'iii^  uiilil 
*t  the  lirt'inh  iiicKiit^  Iho  Iwcnking  weiaht  wiih  7i>  It<s  At  tlie  Uiiitivtith  it 
WAS  C7I  IIkv;  at  liic  ilftccnlh.  .'£''1  Ibi. ;  at  the  »utccnth,  'M'i  Ibn.;  nml  at  the 
WFi-Dtci'iith  melting  the  )>nr  brtikc-  irttb  330  iht.  After  llio  fourtooitb  melting; 
tlic  malociilenofthi^uiolal,  when  fractutcd,  appMrod  to  liaw  (indni;oiw  a  do- 
dded  cbaiigL'-  llit-rv  wns  a  bright  bnod,  Ithci  siiivr,  on  the  fige  of  ilio  bar, 
whilst  the  middle  rvtaiiird  the  ordiit&ry  cryetalhiiR  fmctnre ;  and  iii  tho  am- 
coeding  ntdtiii;ca  the  metal  wan  bright  oil  over,  rcsotnblinf;  the  f^netitrc  <>t  cart 
Ktlcl.  Mr.  Kairl'ium  exhilitlcd  ipcdnMn*  of  llie  iron  biokcD  at  each  xnccciaiiT* 
meltini;.  atid  he  raid  it  im  his  Inteutloii  to  have  them  analyicd,  toascvrlDfn  tlie 
chcinical  chniiK«  tliut  had  been  clfn^led  hy  tho  ropMted  ]ir(>cra8C« — Ltmdon 
Civil  Bngiiitfr. 

FOB  xs  lui-NoveMKNT  iJi  TMB  MiscrxciVRK  o?  SHEET  iRos. — Patmttd  by 
EIexat  McCiRTi*,  I^Uttbtir^,  Penn. 

"Th*  object  of  my  mrcntion  is  to  napnrt  (o  sfacn  iron  in  its  tiianuractnn 
ttn  1)CMitirul  mottled  nppcarance  pn^iral  by  itnportod  Kii8:^.i  sheet  iron.  The 
invcittiiin  cnnnixts  in  the  itso  of  (Janisbcd  or  hniniiKr^rcwvd  rollers,  b«tWMn 
which  the  shevlH  of  itmt  are  pmuoxl,  af  tor  havini;  been  ivepaiwl  aoeordintc  to  tho 
prooeea  descnUxt  Sii  my  pal«alof  Jime  2!),  1852.  Thi-se  rollen  are  anantcod 
aindUrlo  ihoaoor  a  commoo  rolling  mill,  and  rutua-  the  iron  but  stif^btly; 
their  Kiir^cft,  which  ptr^tont  the  appearanco  swa  in  Ihs  drawiDcs,  giiiog  t^e 
Khect  pnucd  through  them  tho  fflonty  roottled  t^ipMrancc  dcnired." 

CVai'm. — "  I  do  not  clwm  tho  luw  of  roUoni  gowrally ;  but  what  I  do  dain) 
is,  imparlioj;  tO  theaqrftM  of  slieet  iniD  the  peculiar  mottled  anpeannN  of 
lin^ia  sheet  iron,  by  pas^in;  the  «hnec  between  a  |H>ir  of  planished  or  buuiner- 
dtWBMl  nllere,  ia  tho  manner  subriantutlly  n*  hctvin  fully  set  forth." 

[HPROVEMIUITA   IN   THi:    TRRATMItKT    AKD   MAXCr4CTURK  OF   UIOS   AltP  *TRn. 

Bji  Tiiaii.W.  Doons,  BothtrKam^  Eng, 

CSaxmn. — I.  A  jtcneml  iirnmjctiniBDt  of  machinery. 

^  The  cuQTcriiDQof  iron  into  i^tevl,  wholly  gr  partinlly.  by  the  useofacar- 
banaMOUs  fuel,  or  Buiixturo  of  aoda-anh,  wda,  potavb,  tieniluh,  or  other  alka- 
lim  matter,  and  carbonate  or  blearbonale  of  lime  aiiO^liiuvoiil. 

3^  The  mode  of  mnverliiig  it\m,  wholly  or  jiarlisllj-,  into  steel,  by  the  use 
of  a  compound  uf  wHlo-oKh.  time,  xnd  cbnKvjnl.or  niiy  inutiirc  ofatkxIiQe  ninltor 
with  cnrbunato  or  bicorbouatc  of  linie  aiul  cliaroool. 

4.  "  Thn*  mode  of  treatbg  iron,  or  partinlly  or  wholly  converted  metal,  1^ 
ptungiim;  it  when  reil  hot  or  therenbonts  into  a  met  or  diy  bulb ;  lliat  is,  eiihw 
into  water,  water  impre;f]inli'ii  with  cikriianaceoiis  matter,  liijiud  aiiuijciiiia,  or 
nmmoincnl  liquor,  a  dilution  cif  paliuh,  ur  hydrate  of  potnth,  or  into  a  iiiaiDor 
itlT  arinnacMiiu  mult-riiil.  im  highly  (sriioniKcd  sand,  chircoa!  ancl  Roib-nKh,  ot 
Other  rarfconacvous  niatlcr." 

h.  "The  modoof  a^^nn^;iIl^'  and  wrrrkiuj;  the  f\)macraorooui'eitJun,  wheniil 
the  retottK  or  conrertinii  c^bniiihcrK  miiy  lie  diarjcnd  and  dischatf^  wbilel  Ih*^ 
are  in  workini;  conditiuii,  without  being  permitted  to  oool." 


Irmt  and  Ziw. 


I0» 


iff 


Ofj 


6.  TliA  taAt«ri^|Ulfe%  the  uril  IcToi  of  «tcwu 
bydtMtaiic  cj'liiidnr  or  di*mb«r. 

7.  Tlip  inwic  iif  working  hwiuner  or  tilMatvre.  so  u  to  strike  in  bgtb  din«- 
tioiM  by  the  u»  at  a  roUr)-  cnnk-«l»ft  oonncatcd  thcrMrith. 

1^,  ■'  TIm  aM  of  BD  slmuqihette  bufltr  (or  iiKMaKiiij;  tfao  npjiltlj  of  tba 

V.  -Ttiouscof<Mk<>rothrri«rtMlIjriiluticnulariil&lUicpoiDlsofiiietfttlic 
ill ''  lot  the  nun'oec)!  dcscHbod. — London  tk 


Dtuuwetian  of  bntniocr  ilctflUii 
wv*  ilagazine. 


iVediati' 


IMPBOVEXBST*  IK  iKVULUo  OX  aotTEKiKi)  iixTii.i,ic  wtKB  ucD  uucxn  or 
KCTi).;  A1.M  IX  HKi>ircixa,  MMrannxo,  ob  pbiwixg  Mirmu^c  wmo; 
«L*a  u(  TtiK  MAXtTirirHK  or  mktal  RDL14. — Falrnl  dated  Jan.  11. 
1853. 

TlMMt«nlM  fyaaihw  uul  dainu, — 

I .  Tbo  DniMaliuf;  or  Mftcniitt  of  mouTlic  wires  aod  diMts  of  metal  hy  Mn- 
mnndi^  them  in  a  healed  bath  of  inotlod  IcAd,  or  other  ftiscil  metal,  oitbo^  ui 
dirwt  contact  or  tnclcuaed  within  «  coaing  or  chunbcr  from  irhkh  Uiu  uir  i*  cx- 
doilfd. 

2>  Tlia  redumig.  dMnpM&io^  ot  drawing  of  m«tsl  wins  (whou  eiich  wkroa 
U«  arcubr  in  their  cross  wction)  br  the  UHo  of  four  cyhn'lricnl  caflt-nu'l^il  «t««l 
Tolb,  arranged  «ilhcr  tro  vertically  and  two  huriiSDintally  in  closi  piuximily,  or 
with  their  pt-rigihenu  gnNnnl,  ana  these  gcvoi'M  mcvliiiR  at  a  (uuiuiou  otmtr^ 
•o  as  to  Ibonii  a  circular  a|iertun  through  wliich  lli«  inclil  is  drawn  or  forced. 

S.  Ho  tunufiictaro  ofowlal  rulli^r^  for  rolling  iroo,  compOACil  of  a  wrouKht 
iron,  msiUeable  emt  'ma,  or  eaiA  Ktocl  tliafl  or  mandrel  with  an  outer  nuing  of 
toetal  cast  ea  or  aroimd  Ike  nitl  uiandrvi  or  nliafl — Atrchanic^  Magazine. 

ItmovKMKim    IM    ORNAHEKTIMO    urTALLlC    SITKrACM,    AND    IN    MACHISBSr 

«)CD  ATTARATv*  TO  BE  EHPLOTS3I  THtuEiM.—Patenled  by  Tiioa.  FbUttf, 
Binmiiqcham. 

TImm  iiDivovnneDtB  are  niipIic-iUo  chioHy  to  the  orauaentatioi]  of  tubes, 
pitKE.  and  reda  of  mMal,  but  can  alio  Iw  ailaplcd  for  opoaliog  on  atripi  or  llat 
Biufaeex.  In  aD  aa»  Iho  ornatuent  is  produwl  bv  ruUing  urwiLire.  Th« 
paleulM'A  inaduzu>ry  ix-iuiMa  of  a  i^jliiiilrical  box  or  drum,  havio^  a&  a|ierture 
through  th(i  ctrnUr,  iuiidu  of  which  is  lix(<l  a  plate  or  diw  of  metal,  which  bu 
aliM  an  ajicTluni  corru^ndiiig  wilh  tliat  on  the  outer  ca^in^,  and  on  ouo  xido 
any  dRtirvd  number  of  noovet  miiintiiic  front  tlie  ceiiirv  to  the  cirouiuGiniiiOEk 
Into  Unm  gnwieii  on  fitted  nUoit  Usuiiig-blockt,  ou  which  aro  hung  small 
wlimis  rafolraig  on  dIds  bearing  in  thi-  sides  of  tho  blocka,  and  oq  Iha  pori* 
ptunos  of  tlw«e  vh»o1s  pattams  am  eiit  in  ivlkf,  or  engrnTti]  accordioK  to  tho 
de«ipk  roqnirod  to  be  produced  on  the  tube  or  rod.  The  bcarinffbloduwith 
the  wheelii  bungon  Uiem.  are  laid  in  the  groOTCK  of  the  diiu,  and  the  cover  of 
te  earing  KnwodoD.  If  it  is  a  tubv  Hut  is  lab«opcnt«d  on,  aruU  ofHteoL 
tapMv)  at  oiM  end,  is  inserted  iiit'i  llio  iiibo,  and  actn  as  a  m&n'lrol.  Ono  end  of 
the  ttibc  K  then  also  tapered,  ftn'l  pliuxil  in  the  central  apcrtui'c,  anil  the  con* 
tcridtij;  rollers  arc  driven  tight  n^iut  it  by  mconK  of  rctcwv  by  which  the 
det>th  of  the  imprmition  is  reguUtcd.  The  tube  Ik  (Wi  drawn  through  at  a 
coinmOD  draw-bench,  when  the  rollers  ratals,  and  iuipiuH  on  the  surboe  of  the 
Mb*  lb*  diri^  eogravod  on  their  ^wnphcrioa.  AVhvu  llio  luUt  has  been  tbua 
onwiMnM,  it  is  a^o  drawn  through  a  ccnunon  di-twplata,  to  unooth  iU 
anrftoe  aod  nharpea  the  iuipreisioD  on  it  This  oiodo  of  opemlinR  gnt*  Ibo 
onwincnt  in  stnught  linn  (laridlel  to  llie  axiK  of  tho  tube ;  but  when  Ihu  pat- 
t«nH  are  required  to  run  Bpirally,  the  bvariug- blocks  in  which  tlio  fignrod 
wheala  aro  moaiiWit  ant  fonuud  in  sucb  maonor  that  tho  wbcds  rotate  in  a 
slanting  ttircetioci.  In  this  com,  the  eannic  of  tho  whole  ict  of  whccin  alito  ro- 
Iktea  lound  itu  axit,  and  to  allow  of  thi.i  it  is  to  b«  attached  to  a  dw  ea^aUba 


4 


no 


Qtiarriet  ami  Clayt. 


rSf  NToJnn|E  ill  a  ooIIm-  irlnVh  crabnwos  it.  Solid  ro<ls  tn  oraumnUnl  in  » 
uinulM-  mannrr,  aod  the  fijtiuivl  urhcvli  may  )>o  sospmcM  Atna  uw  bclov  a 
ridnw  mufaco  wbra  Bat  Ktrt[n  or  meUI  >rc  to  be  ojMntKl  on. 

Thu  claim  is  Tor  ihe  gtnml  •mngciupul  ajid  njiplicalloii  of  the  viuious  p&rta 

cnt  fortli,  coiutitutlD^  flt>][ot%tnii  nr  ina«h)nor/  fur  tin-  pnrjHse  nf  nniai;  or 

jTHtsRiig  engraTPil  m  milmMeii  dt-ii^ns  on  tVip  BiirTncf  of  muul  lube*,  rodi^  or 


QUARBIES  AND  CLAYS. 


XATIOXIL  OIL  RTOSS  COMPIKT. 

The  works  otf  this  Company  ar«  loeatctl  ou  ihc  Carp  Rivor,  id  the  [roii  regiou 
oT  li)l:c  Superior.  AmonR  the  flntes  which  occur  tbore,  U  oi»  axtrcmcl)'  liani 
wid  ofa  Ane-graineil  inliciciiu  qimliiy,  found  ta  be  admirabljr  adaptcil  for  sbfirp- 
tdiug  sti.'d.  'rbi»  Company  ban  been  xtcodily  cnf;a)^il  in  cutting;  np  and 
poliihing  bono  ttUmoi  fur  mnrkct.  They  bare  booonic  ilixtributcd  over  the 
t Union,  and  liuougb  tin  •nwunt  ufliusine^  nhidi  tbo  ceropMiy  ban  done  i*  Ibn- 
Itcd,  It  lias  U-uu  Hutficiciil  lo  ««iluUiiih  the  uanw  »iil  ri'|)ulaliou  ot  tbo  artielb 
It  la  statcil  lo  Im  their  Intention  to  enlarge  and  extend  ihvir  works  out  somoo. 


Bou:  coutitxn  MAntii.i;. 

Within  four  tniIcA  of  Bfarquctte  nro  the  C'Xtcnuivv  nmrbleijuarrireof  Hi 
Uutt  t  Kly.  The  mnrblc  in  vcincii,  nnil  of  nil  thnilcs,  but  gmcrully  cS  a  rich 
rww  o)Iov,  imlikc  any  other  {•mad  in  the  Laitcd  .Slates.  It  admits  of  Ibc  bifth. 
est  po1i!.h;  aoit  is  jinmuunirvd.  by  workiirt  in  iiuLrblc,  iM|tia1  to  tbo  best  Kcyp- 
tiikii.  S<>Lid  U1B8MH  of  almost  any  reqainal  dioMnuoas  coo  readily  boobtawed. 
Wo  luidcrsuwi).  that  th«  ovnsrs  have  difipogcd  of  a  portion  of  their  inUrMt  to 

im  company  about  to  go  into  tbo  btiiwnui  tritfa  a  bu|[c  capital. — Lake  Superior 

iJournaL 


I 


I'lIB  UMIO  BIVER  LAUD    IXD    MIBBLE    DOMPJINV. 

I'hc  rrpoTt  of  tlie  agent  of  iliia  Company,  Mr.  O.  G.  <Smilb,  to  tlic  Picaidrat 
and  TrditiMi,  contains  very  fiill  dcUlU  of  the  Mitcnt  of  the  properly  of  the 
Company,  and  of  the  nature  of  tboir  operations.  The  property  of  tlic  Comp*- 
ny  comii'Li  of  (41,000  auvs  bcavily  timbered  lands  nn  the  Ohio  (Utot.  Tho 
Uig  f<Bady  llailioad  runs  through  it  twrnly  roilcs  trma  Vanccbui^  to  oppontc 
Portsinoullb  Ohio.    Tho  Cotnpony  are  cuttinj;  lumber  and  cord  wood  and 

'  ttnktng  liiiw  for  market.    Wc  make  the  annexed  extnicU  (iom  tbo  nporl,  jv- 

ftpMiag  tbo  quairyinjc  0)Kratinii«  of  tho  Company  :— 

tTpon  opening  the  (jnnrry  of  nrnrliU-  and  lithwraphic  stcme,  I  find  the  whole 
tipper  raft  of  the  ht!!  to  lie  covtrtiJ  by  large  ana  small  dctachwi  liirc«  of  «i- 
perior  ItmMtone.  Tho  upper  strata  (lielow  the  nibble  tmincdiatcly  out  crop- 
ping) lit  two  and  h  linlf  fiKit  thick,  whifh  qiinrric:!  cn.iily.  nod  cuu  Ih.'  cot  out  in 
^'Itiee  Wor*A  TTiat  tho  lithogrnph  ulnita  oMild  be  roiihwl  at  h  imM  c«t,  and 
''tto  npptr  |«rlic<n  be  ninile  to  contribute  lo  &tT^p  and  ojien  (jitarry.  I  detcmihicd 
to  bnud  ono  of  thi>  improYcd  perpetual  biimiiiK  limc-kilnii,  which  ts  ntimated 
to  bnm  from  ft'  la  SO  barrels  of  l^mi'  i>cr  day.  Vi'v  have  oIko  eonHlruded  two 
kiln*  of  common  patlem,  which  will  bum  about  StU'i  banvls  per  wwk.  Ii  is  a 
nipcriortime  and  wiil  brinx  (^'"E'"^"' I"^  ■"  "larkM.    The  jirincipal  lime 


I 


J 


^^^^^^^^  Qwnrrta  ami  Cfay*.    .  Ill 

no*  mnmBK^  ttt  Cmeioiutti  And  Portmioiith,  U  hroai^t  u]>  ihr.  rirrr  from 
[Mttanllc,  And  taken  ■•  fnr  tip  «.i  I'omvroir,  Uhim.  and  bdnp  SI  to  $1  -^0  per 

V    1  hiT*  lutdd  tbn  foltnntng;  cKtiinnto  for  lino ; 

«Mit«f  bcrnlBa. ^.... vtrVtiL  (0  » 

BunU « 

,         C«M*ftnM[>orttikM , 10 

f  Taua  «m 10  m 

Averaj^ula 1  00 

Lmving  a  pmAl  of  Art  nmbi  pt«  homL    RKtinutinic  to  born  SO  btfrola  pn* 

ibjr,  at  a  (iroflt  of  ii<\  evnit,  yvAAs,  840  prr  (by  to  the  Compatij,  and  i)  pnttaiK 

.  the  •gaart}'  in  foaditioii  Ituil  Um  til)iO|;nif>liii^  atono  mh  be  quamed  at   triOnig 

Rort.    The  nlrata  M  (Wnii  13  (o  l.^  iiirlwH  tliick,  i«  fur  ns  obsNTod.     You  ban 

Riail  tatav  lliu>  snx^mcrtt  of  lilho|[ni['hy  alnudy  donp,  now  in  th*  (ifficc  of  Uw 

Compuir.     An  I  tmrlpniaiiiL  it  t!i  only  witliin  «Khi  or  t«n  yean  that  tbt^ 

bate  oliUimtt  tlicir  bvit  xlcnio  *l  Ihr  rjuarry  al  Soloiiboilbn,  Bavaria,  I  lao  aoe 

M  nwrni,  boiu  Huaplca  wo  hnvn,  why  im  niny  not  find  as  i^ooi)  when  Ibc 

eoafT/ Js  oDfiwil  lu:  ilnip  and  rxicnsirrty  ai  (htirx.    A  lar)te  and  apparently 

mrichauK-tilitc'  qiiantitr  Of  Aiincnd  Paint  has  b«vn  diuornvd  on  yonr  tract,  near 

dif  (>hii)  Itiivr.  n-bkn  eipcrhtunta  liare  prOTed  to  b«  siitKrlor  to  any  y«4  utnt, 

Ibv  aonltsis  t-\  wbirh  is  nwoxod,  mada  by  Dr.  ChillOD,  and  the  rapcriuMnlc 

■Bdopiiionof  Mr.  I'hilUpA  of  Drobkl^,  whobuusnl  it.    .\  frw  barrels  aro 

BOW  oa  the  way  In  he  prepared  in  r««ia  and  <M,  Sat  water-proof  expcrimectt. 

I  am  fulty  roiylMcut  that  Ibe  Paint.  aitua(«d  on  navigable  water  will  war- 
nnl  the  ComiMiny  in  an  outlay  of  csfntal  tiuffldout  to  end  mills  sa  grinding 
and  buTolUnjc  it,  a*  tlic  nmotiiit  nqin'rcd  in  a  now  ommtry,  stttlbg  as  r^i^ 
M  tiist,  will  tnoiu  a  vari  traQic,  and  yjrid  a  lar^  praflt. 

-In  regard  (o  iron  ore  and  uUa  f  >r  bliut  rurniu^ps,  I  nm  informed  by  the  old 
ntadnilSMid  lliow  acqaainW.]  vriUi  (b.<  lrii<'t,  that  llivrc  are  tim  siliw  npaatfao 
iqipar  fmtiOQ.  .-uid  op[MiMtc  rortminulh,  wlicrc  lber>>  is  au  abauilancii  of  ore, 
lioMKlonc,  and  wuod  for  Dual ;  and  !  tim  alio  infaniinl  that  the  best  bod  that 
hati  b««n  buretofore  worked  br  funmcv  in  rear  of  Ihw  Inct,  called  ttic  X«w- 
BaiBptibtro  Fumac^  is  upon  thi'  ( ''.Jtii|iany'«  land.  The  pnaeul  price  of  btin 
in  that  ridnity  han  mcreand  the  mine  of  moh  locations  to  a  grtai  pxtout,  and 
tbey  are  raiurh  sought  aflcr  by  rapiuliitK.  I  would  adnn  the  Company  to 
extend  the  iwuiu&cluro  of  lime  by  iivuLug  three  mora  kfluH.  nliich  will  coKt 
each  about  SIOOO^  which  will  enablR  thorn  to  nudu  S90  to  SOD  barrels  pur  day. 
and  pay  a  lathee  income,  and  alio  employ  itwa  SO  to  100  men  to  cut  cord  wood 
for  market  at  bonui  and  abroad.  The  part  immcdiatoly  opporito  to  Porls- 
raioaih  cnniuri  ftU  to  jiay  a  largo  profit,  as  It  is  the  only  tract  ivell  timbered  in 
rla  Tkinlty. 

The  property  of  the  tionipmy  conuxts  of  -lAjSOO  acrcn  of  land  m  Lewis  and 
Greenup  covntita,  Kentucky. 

For  Iho  information  of  ouch  noAtn  os  may  not  bo  funiiliar  wllh  the  value 
Bbd  scarcity  of  the  lithoK^nphie  Mone,  \n  add  a  few  particnlan.  ivspK^iing  it : 

Tbc  art  of  lithagmphy  was  diwiavcrnl  in  IT'.'C;  by  M.  Aloys,  Scni.fi-ldcT  of 
Slunii'h.  Ilavaria,  who  uj>]ili(<d  it  to  the  rranafer  of  musie ;  but  It  wat  not  unlil 
lbi\'V  ycare  ifliT  Ibal  the  art  of  lilliO|;ro)>hy,  pr«p<Tly,  wan  ik'wlotiijd.  It  did 
ni>t  make  inuoli  pro^reiM,  howRVcr,  nntil  in  1^11,  )lr.  Anilrti  d'Onbnbal^h  at- 
liMn(itcd  it»  introduction  into  Kranci-.  The  corenunent,  however,  refancd  any 
i-ucuaraffnnent  to  it  fn\  lb'?  ^riuuiid  of  Its  inagniAcAK-c.  Finally  the  Count 
IjiMeyrio  tflok  hold  of  the  mailer  wilh  Teal  and  cnlhoHiaem.  Hp  dcTOtcd  bin 
limo  nod  Ibrtuno:  ilri-t  k'lrmiijt  the  art  nx  un  nppixntier,  and  then  pushing 
improvtroents,  ho  succecdeil  to  the  eiiohI  bappy  results.  Un  liis  eslablishinc 
himseir  in  Parit.  llie  most  diHliiig'iistiod  artius  oflbrcd  him  iMt  fi!Tnoi»,«m 


4 

^ 
4 


IIS 


Quarria  and  dagt. 


the  oripnal  dcBjctiit  of  V«ii«t,  DTmboy,  Do  Doontn^iton,  Ac,  wnro  sold  at 
TUty  loi  rail-*,  Tlu;  «ilogni|>h  IclUrs  iif  lluiiiy  IV.,  with  a  )«rttmit  of  tlut 
monarch,  ou  itotir^  ^J  {Jcrani,  ftttM«ti.-.l  Uio  Ulvntiou  of  tlu.-  (sovfrninMit,  and 
it  hcnw-forlli  ciKnunt|t«l  (lie  art.  Since  181S  Ihc  MtiiisCw  of  Iho  IntnioT  has 
'mniKii  taxay  patcnto  for  lLth'>',n*p'"'^  pHiiting,  ii]n>  many  {ircmiiimfi  bare  been 
OfRnd  Ibr  tho  diicovcrv  of  Ilio  ^toiie  la  Fruiiee.  hj  ttiu  ttwicly  fur  the  eucoui^ 
•gcmmt  of  tho  nationJ  mdnnlry.  In  1S17  llioy  oIThhm!  (XkI  fniiics  for  llio  dia- 
coTory  in  rnaiooof  nnuiUMi;  kIodu.  In  IS.Il  ilicy  Airnniril  il  In  M.  IxEehrcrc 
t'hniJWit.  But  in  1835,  finding  that  Ihe  quiutirai  was  not  Kcitlwi,  they  oOeml 
i.WO  fraucs  rcwuil.  This,  in  1837.  wiii  an-urlcl  to  At.  I.)upgnt,  n-ho  bud  ob- 
tflinoii  irt  Cbatenuroiix,  7,«2?  |>i«-us  of  uodc,  thai  soM  iii.  Si>  jn^r  wut.  k-low  the 
Munich  tlont!!!.  In  1H4I  it  lii.-cunc  nocwLury  lo  olliir  n  rcwnril  of  I5r>0  fnacs 
Car  ■  Dcv  amrry.  Tht-au  Frvnuli  sUhosl  homvcr,  lilco  thosv  of  luth.  Knitl'Lixli 
cube  uMaonly  for  the  irnntirorof  mituis^  cr  wine ooarw  work-  The  stoneK 
of  ,So!olion>n  mniiii)  np  to  this  timo  the  onb^  rasoarc«  of  the  ulial.  Th«r«  tn 
in  I'ariii  2lX)wtabliithnieDl»,  <.-inp]i>yiiixS/IO0  vorknien,  and  ihrir  1ithi^7ii|^ 
■re  ratued  >l  7jO00uO0O  fnim  Mmaally.  Tile  value  of  tbc  Klanc  uxcd  In  ln]7 
mx  i,^ii  MAiiignmaitA,  or  14,269  pomiiU.  In  \><'2A  il  hod  riavn  to  71,l^tl 
.  tdlognunines,  or  17l>,>4d  poani)«.  and  in  tlio  Iam  Ibw  yuarH,  lo  2Ji>,000  kilo- 
[  -grammca,  at  one  fnnr  |)cr  kilogntsimr.  or  550,orin  pounds  at  10  cents  prr 
potind,  ■lakinK  %  valne  of  $6&,OU0. 

Tu  troe  Ittbogr^iluo  slouo  Is  a  <>»n|itiot  limeslone.  and  the  procenu  of  tti« 
art  founded  iipoa  tfae  adhesloa  to  tlus  stone  of  a  fatly  [nk,  irilh  which  the  f^e- 
tnrc  is  Ibnnca.  S.  Upon  tho  (lOwcr  of  the  ink  thuH  applied  lo  lioki  llic  oily 
prinl««tt'  ink  iipread  over  il  for  workini;;.  3.  L'pon  ihu  icteqwadtioaofa  Qlm 
of  water  lo  jirc not  tho  adheaon  of  thv  ink  lo  the  i)tou&  These  vomiitiom  are 
said  to  b«  mora  folly  f^ilfiltod  \iy  tho  Kentucky  stone  than  hy  cfwn  tho 
nun. 

UUIMtStNa  kVD  COLOKINC  JUITincUt  STOKS  AMD  CCNKHT.— B.  Bitmtt. 

of  Ipsm'ch.  EngtanJ,  patentee. 

The  ioTOitor  lotroduocH  Ihe  Utjoid  iu>]unitln^  BuVistance  idIo  au  exhiiled 
rhamber  containing  (be  stone  lo  be  iudurated,  tho  liquid  subslanot  baing  pn- 
roosly  hr*t»^  to  a  temnoiwure  of  abmit  Sfl"  or  60°  Fahr.  When  tho  stane 
-nmiirex  to  b«  eolorwl,  tlic  eolor  it  bid  on  with  g,  bnixb  wid  allowty)  to  dry, 
'  litnre  the  iiidmuting  praucM  is  cummenc!'.-'),  The  inixlcre  employed  by  the 
toreolor  for  induratiiiK  slone  is  ooni]>OB«d  of  56  part!^  by  weiglit,  of  sulphur. 
!  Aawlmd  by  tho  aid  of  steam  or  dry  hnt,  and  44  parts  ot  dtlntod  megv,  or 
■oetic  add,  eonlauiing  17  partii  of  aod  lo  8  of  vnter. 

In  pTvpariBg  luditnUbg  mlnluras  to  be  apfilied  to  the  exterion  and  inte- 
riors of  bu9d!ngs,  wliollwr  the  surface  bo  of  bnck,  slono,  (sment,  or  planter,  bo 
oiBpIoys— 

Klixture  I.— 14  (Mrt*  by  vrcight  of  shellaa,  H  MrtH  of  mmI  Uc,  t  part  of 
coame  turptnthML  aud  14  parts  of  prrolicnMiuii  S|nnt. 

MLxttir*  2. — UuUa  percha  dismlvod  iu  coal  tar,  nspbthn.  or  other  siiiUbto 
solvent,  in  the  proportion  of  3  parti  by  weight,  of  ipitta  pcrrhn,  and  fl  part*  of 
the  (aolveat. 

.Mixture  3.~0ne  bushel  of  liiueaUme  or  chalk,  H  gallons  of  water.  12  lbs. 
of  aluin,  half  a  gallon  of  beer  grouuJa,  And  batf  a  gulen  of  gall,  well  mixeil 
together. 

ThcM  solutiUDK,  when  heated,  arc  to  be  laid  ou  witb  a  bruxb  until  the  sur- 
face will  abKOrb  no  mon:. — ScieMtific  American. 


n 


luraons  STOSE  naiLi.. 


W.  C.  Wrigbl,  of  Boston,  AlaM.,  has  applied  fur  ft  patent  on  a  machine  for 
drilling  rocks,  whidi  coiudsU  tu  an  arraneemont  by  means  of  which  two  boIh 


Mitceilaaut. 


113 


of  crtpora  are  dbmIc  to  operate  kltcmaMr,  the  oao  net  RnHnji:  ulH  nnjiitg  the 
dtul  ui>w«rd,  whilo  Uu  «UNt  b  slkliiiK  wwnwrnrd  upon  the  tirill  Imr,  )iri.'{innt- 
tc«7  lu  ihp  suDOcadfaig  imymnciil.  Thb  urai^cfucut  iIIuwh  Uu-  drill  to  nirike 
two  Mowi"  during  cmry  i«TohitMn  ot  Iho  drmnR  sliaft,  and  «*«  tin-  liiuu  losl 
in  runnK  the  bar  wbui  only  one  «et  ol  jrnpnui*  emptcjtd.  It  alMicnn^aitUi  in 
MrUin  mDaui  or  pring  to  tuh  ]iur  of  tbe  griper*  s  iBavanent  upon  tlic  iix» 
if  11m  bu,  wbon)£>7  the  latter  is  (uniod  the  d(«i«d  (tbUaoo  between  itn  sue 
cccMTB  HnkuL 

pnvoTiaaeJiTa  m  the  method  or  ii«niHO  wATUt  ako  odicr  MATxaiAu 
riiok  ursira.— /VrfnMAl  by  O.R  Ivcat,  Si^U. 

Ateording  to  Mr.  Lucas'  arrau^cawnt,  a  tank  or  twbcj  Is  iaUwInwd  under 

iita  chair  or  cradle  used  Ibr  onyinic  up  the  nwtsHals.    In  ibe  bollom  of  thii 

tank  u  a  valvo  witb  a  rod,  having  at  iu  upper  part  a  cTUB-bar.  ra  that  wiita 

Has  ercas-bar  drops  upon  the  rents  ai  Ihv  tup  at  Uw  uliaft,  it  lilla  Um  ralre 

.  and  allows  lb«  watrn  to  Mcapch    Ni«r  tlm  iip)>er  purl  of  the  etiafl  Lh  a  rMulvor 

pr  tmucli,  which,  when  the  tank  ha*  hprn  raiwd  biTond  il,  ii;  caiinxl  to  dcK«nd 

~~  icr  iJiL'  tank,  and  n«vi<FC  thi^  walpr  to  tunihicl  it  awav  to  the  drain ;  when 

I  dhair  U  ^niii  lirtixl  from  I  lie  rtalA  nvly  to  decociid  UW  hImJI,  Iht  ROtivtr 

Ea  bkr^  hito  the  tn-i  of  tlie  <train    A  ro*#rvnir  is  formed  at  the  bottom  of 

I  abAft  in  which  the  vater  is  coJlocted  ftntn  the  woikinKH  of  llic  mine,  Iho 

:  dcaomda  into  the  rcMrroir,  and  i«  lilted  with  water  to  Iw  raised  at  the 

00  time  that  the  lomeral  k  loaded  upon  the  eluir. 


iMrnoTCMum  lai  oaiKoiMcvToiiit  akd  vmBmoKOj—PattnUd  Ay 
J.  Uatkitt,  Ltmdon. 
AeoarAnK  to  lliis  invention,  i'>  puiu  of  bniwii  natural  |iun-lau  or  stick-lac, 
we  to  In  mStod  bf  means  of  a  sutuble  degTce  of  heat,  tJie  liquefaction  Iwin^ 
''  '  hf  the  ■ilditicin  of  a  little  hut-oil.  beitig  adnltcratotl  with  liiharf^  if 
jht  derimbl* ;  then  li^O  pnrU  of  mhcinus  uind.  of  tho  rn^uisiti-  (ltpx«  of 
fineneM,  are  to  be  adiled,  aiul  tliv  whulc  mixed  oarrfallj  togelbcr.  More  or  less 
of  the  guiD-lack  or  iitii-li-Iack  may  be  use<l,  aaMrdit^  to  tho  licgnv  of  bimlnrsa 
dtadted.  Ity  nteaui  of  moulds,  stonra  suitable  for  grinding  Gne  cutlery,  ncythcii, 
(ooli.  Ic,  nmv  be  fbrmeil- 

f.laiiR. — tm  abOTc-^leaciibed  method  of  manubctnring  grindiitonef;  and 


We  hart  at  oar  oflke  two  ret;  haDdeema  Mmplea  of  Carolins  cnttito— one 
,  quarried  at  Neubenr,  the  other  at  Columbia,  the  War  \>mt>$  nnplored  in  the 

«mstrwlion  of  tho  new  State  Capilol.  la  toztunt  aad  color  the^  will  livai  a 
I  jkforahlo  comptu-iton  with  anj  granlto  that  hu  been  quan'i'^rj  n  the  United 

Blalea,  and  if  proper  facilities  for  traniqnrtation  were  pio>id«il,  ihcy  would 
ycapowde  cniirely  our  |ireMut  depciidence  «ni  the  Northern  iiuaiTtcti  lor  this  im- 
ijonnt  building  ii)atoruI.->C%ir^/on  Afercitry. 


MISCELLANIES. 


KRW  CllXtUUI  COULT  AMU  KlCEKl.  KISC 

Thk  tnine^  which  is  looaMd  In  Connecticut,  tt  wvrited  by  a  company  orga- 

niKd  under  Die  btn«  of  New-York.    Capital  ^00,000.     No.ofibutei  100,000. 

the  printipal  and  matt  tuooxxful  ciilabliahiaent  iu  thin  country,  so  far  ax 

VoL.lL— 8 


114 


MitaeUania- 


m  u*  inbmMd,  for  Itic  roBeinft  «r  cobalt  mxA  nkkd  orra,  is  tint  of  Messrs. 
W.  Coffin  t  CV,  of  PhUaaclpfcua,  whoKc  rrpuUlioD  as  r«diii>rs  of  these  or«8  is 
luiowu  ahrowl  Vfe  halt  heton  u*  a  rqiorl  of  taveral  annlj-KH  ur  ibu  i>i:«« 
worked  by  this  0)111(11117,  «'h)ch  wm  tnmW  by  C.  F.  A.  Simonia.  odc  of  tlw  firm 
jif  W.  Coffin  &  Co.  The  wm*  Una  oBont  lliu  eotutiaiiy  tiro  htindred  <toU 
cr  ton  of  ora  vudiad  to  d^ttwn  per  nut.  of  cubalt  and  nickd. 

Sin !— .\t  the  n>)auit  of  IKxrlot  KiiaK:fon,  I  Tisiloi)  the  cobalt  uiiii*  of  UT 
"  CItaUiuD  (.'olalt  MiiiiuL-  Coiupaiij ,''  am)  took  tticnJront  a  siiffidtol  imaiber 
of  Bprdnieiis  of  or*  to  llluelraU',  s>i  fur  ax  onnlpiiH  OMn-cims  ""■'  eliaiacler  of 
thi-  iiJ-fc  if""  "irarmiy  is  at  prcsrnl  wiirliitii!,  iti  also  lo  liuow  its  niudi  IJ^l  as 

'  poieltilo  on  ilic  pnuiporbi  of  your  jircMiit  opcrallous. 

[.       Tbat  ruecime'a  wereldkm  bj/ me /r'/tn  the  lodt  dttigTtaUd  <u  "KobetV* 
i^e^  and  vtreJimT  in  NuiM^rr,  rix : — 

A— acpcciinooodkeganoni  nm  of  tbe  loJd,  craalwd  and  wMhld  b  n»y  pw*- 

siiw,  t>]'  I'jfitiun  UiiinnM. 
B — a  KiMixiiii*  nf  I'Mno  b"""!"^  ir»li»il  or*.  . 

C— •  ipedman  of  Inisr  xn'mti  uatJu'd  or*. 
D— a  •fwcdnto  cf  tfas  gcocnl  nu  of  Ihg  Icde. 

_      I  np**  U>*t  BOt  haTioE  sufBdcnt  tiitie  allovnl  me,  1  ham  been  compcC 
l4Acon8£cBij'Mirtoiniff«Jf  t«Mingyonrorics  Aw  coiin/(  anif  nicAvf,  which  I 
|ibo]>o  will  soswcr  yoar  prtmnt  purpawK.    Tm  reanlU  of  my  ueEs  are  la  fbl- 
"oirs:— 

A— IM,  jicf  tdtti  bfoxlilo  of  cobalt  and  DirluL 
P-U.'i,         ■'  "  '•  " 

c-1*,:,        "        ■•        '■  " 

D_  ^2i  **  **  '*  " 

The  rclatit-v  [JTOportiMW  of  oiMc  of  cobalt  and  nickel  la  Ouw  difimkt 
im,aTo 

CMdnofitlOttl M14 

OudaoftfoUl «.* 

thnv  iiroportinns  may,  bowevcT,  diangin  vwy  ttiiich  m  Ibo  iSHcivnt  1eT«I* 
of  your  Io.!c;  in  (ict  1  hn«e  tMlnl  at  n  fiirtncr  tiinf  a  .ipLvim(.ii  of  01*  sent  to 
our  linn  bv  ilr.  W.  L.  Uubban),  whitli  give  me  nearly  Iwi-nly-lire  per  cvnt. 
T  oxide  of  coT>a1t  »nd  nk'k«).  dxiluuiii);  Oiv  iiickul  iu  mticli  minllir  prnpor- 
'ttons.  This  !»rgB  .unoiint  of  ninUH  nmy  sfcra  to  los*n  tlic  intrinar  vuliio  of 
your  ores  ;  this  howerrr  is  biii  sptmiiiRly  the  casf,  taking  into  consiiicj-Btion 
Ih*  liirgv  ijiuititity  of  <jpc  irliicfi  you  an.' enabled  to  brine  into  lliu  iiuukcl,  and 
'  ttie  but  iHiilttd  coasiuuptiou  of  cobalt,  n-tiiiet  tbc  npplicaUItly  of  iiickcl  to 
oaky  diflitmt  purposm  in  tho  artg.  will  rnlArgo  its  cOniumpuon  ancl  coa»- 
estly  T«tun  its  value. 
In  alliiding  to  thu  prcupccta  of  ynur  mining  operations,  I  nui  but  cxprua 
jratlf  tuottt  latontily  i  sltbougli  ■  yield  of2.:!  per  c«nt.  may  apwv  but  my 
'deniblo,  H  Is  MTOrthdcK  abuuibmily  sufficinil  to  pay  for  (Is  o\trsctloB. 
making  this  anurrtion, }  take  into  cousidcratlan  tho  $rfM  adiantnicMi  and 
dlilio*  your  mine  o(Tm.  Ton  havo  s  http-,  ftilly  dvfltud  lods,  wiih  the  ore 
~1  diBMmiiiDted,  vciy  lasy  and  oanMoqncntly  fht*p  nininii-  ^''  R"^t  advsQ' 
^  >  of  cODomtraiing  your  opch  by  nicrcly  miciiwiical  inrann  lo  n  tugli  p«r- 
btniie,  (ho  preopfcts  of  so  attuoat  unlimited  sujiply  of  ore,  and  from  llie  fact 
[itlnt  your  miiiinn  operalions  m  far  kuig  but  sarfiK*  opflrstioo!^  n*  msy 
'tier  frow  uialocy  that  your  loilowill  incrcnso  In  richncM  and  tixc  as  you 
■(«Qd  your  oporslioiui  to  a  greater  depth. 

C.  F.  A.  SIMONIN. 


inaeeHama. 


115 


ExraKiMBN-n  tnrn  riPTAix  roktox'*  ■uumia  uktshmo. 

Hie  Uut<ir-<j««kcr«I  of  the  Onlnanoc  {utvinK  giren  inKtnwUoM  (■>  tbo  oSl- 
ttn  ofthr  Itoynl  KntpiwcrK,  OptniiiK  Ilulilva  ati<]  Syiigu,  to  cxnmiDC  uid  im- 
port (m  tile  {fliciviuri'  uf  L'&|iUiiti  Nottiin'i  [vrcawiuii  rarlrtdn:  for  blitslbg, 
ftpnrnticiiis  were  lalelj'  cwnnxiKVil  in  (Lti  <iiiHrric«  o»  Sfjike  liUnii.  with  the 
mcMt  Kili'£irU>Ty  nunlU.  CiipCitin  Noitnn  lin;i  roociTcd  letters  trum  EngUnd, 
Watiu.  and  America  for  the  ateothh  atrWuigai;  hiiiCourw  ix  In  ^4nt  lincnaci 
for  a  rorally  to  those  ajiplying— «  Jtseripiiuii  of  tia-  cnrlridjic  lii-i  alrviiiiy  ajf- 
pvan<l  in  iiniit,  but  >;»  tio  rmirar  of  praL'lioe  ban  EUggvslod  iiow  malti-r,  wv^  givu 
Ifae  )ut  adilon'Ia. 

In  bcrinf  horiionUllf,  or  with  an  incliiiation  dawnirnrdii,  day  niaj  he  mnt 
willi  in  tbu  nairoir  fotlt  bolwitn  tho  liraht  of  thf  block,  but  boring  throujth 
llua,  wJi-1  timber  U  again  nitured  in  tho  Opposile  limb,  .inrr  tbc  Hbolo  is 
bora)  mill  thn  aiigtr,  i\»  ratnnco  idiould  bt  wideavA  for  one  Iliint  tha  way 
with  a  rinwr ;  thu  aitmiU  of  ths  iron  raiumcr  bttng  placod  in  Its  pivpOT  i>o^ 
lion,  whm  tho  likiw  fiiun  the  Gilkn  block  ahoTo  wtir impel  h  jirfloctly  air  tight 
on  tbo  bmi  ot  the  caitiiilgv.  By  cauaiiig  tlio  woodm  b|i>ck,  stupcoiiled  by  k 
rofM  or  aupfortad  on  au  iucliuMl  (ihuio,  to  alrifco  tha  bon  raBunw  in  a  slight 
dcfKC  oblu)iwly,  •  fOMTon  of  tho  root  «f  a  trra,  or  of  a  iwk,  Mn  bg  Mr)i«ral«d 
ID  the  dircotion  TV<|uir»I  in  like  nuumer,  ami  inarn  fflkieotly  than  by  llw  pawcr> 
fill  kMrapiori  lung  crowbar,  bccBuio  the  ne^-ciing  poirorof  tho  cxplution  uid 
latOTDf;*  of  tho  iron  mimiKf  ad-  uiiiulUiiBoiuly.  In  blaatiag  rotdu,  either 
above  or  bcliw  watrr,  a  cj'tindriral  plii;;  or  deal!,  or  [>tW  wood,  about  thrto 
iBcboi  kmf^  and  the  nainc  diamsCcrax  llvt  boro,  may  bo  used,  tha  plnfc  having 
on  its  loirer  rad  a  btoid-bcaded  iron  noil,  eonr firrmrd,  thi«  will  be  diivi-n  into 
tb«  |ilug  br  tfa»  furev  of  tho  blov  abotv,  and  tho  csplwdon  of  the  coritidgc  bo- 
bw,  Ihin  wrvamg  a  [wrfi-ct  oondenmd  laoipiug ;  (fan  tamping  and  cartridge  may 
b«  all  in  ona^  thus  making  one  action  or  molion  iniitead  «f  lira.  Tho  cartridge 
may  bare  but  oiw  pncoMiou  cap.  and  lliat  at  its  lower  end,  which  dbmI  not 
bo  {mt  on  till  it  is  to  lie  ateA.  Tbcy  nan  ho  packed  for  camagn  with  perfect 
safety,  and  nav  bo  luwie  watoproof  by  a  mating  of  Japan  vamub,  xuch  an  is 
utoil  in  Taniithi]i~  inn  and  other  metal. 

Thrrr  ilitren-nt  iiv.>:li  tii.dtions  of  this  eartrld^  WCrvlAStad  in  tho  quarries  on 
Spike  laiuid,  inch  of  iriiicb  cuceoedcd  pcrftctly. 

In  b!a.itin£,  in  thu  ordiiuuy  way,  with  a  clay,  pounde<I  brick,  or  aand  tamp- 
inc.  if  n  ruistlre  uomri,  it  i»  ti«vs3>ry  to  mnow  tlio  lamping,  in  order  to  m8«rt 
a  UTHh  fui'/o  or  ptiuiiiig  ;  but  with  tho  |>onniB?ion  i-.uiridgv,  if  a  nuifirc  takre 
pldiee^  it  is  only  nocowary  to  drop  a  ^liurt  cartmljcn  npon  the  ono  that  niiiin^ 
lirVjund  the  if^lSon  of  the  upper  coilndKo  nil!  aim  fire  that  belinr  it.  Tlie 
pCKicoaon  apptiauoe  GttPd  into  the  nvutk-D  head,  or  lamping,  of  Ihi.- tarlmlLT), 
and  cfaarjHd  irilh  Uw  ooiupoailJon  tbul  liicifor  inali-lini  are  ptuucd  Willi,  is  Ilio 
Koiao  aa  Uiat  fi>r  the  rlflo  pcrcuision  ehell.  The  head  of  tho  rarlrid^e  iK,  in  fact, 
a  wooden  pcnruxKion  didl,  xtilkinK:  <^  bnng  struck,  "point  foremost."  Tho 
ptrauKiion  heud,  or  wooden  tamping,  may  be  cbuc)^>d  by  dropping  u  f«w  hraM 
ot  fitllSi  lucifers  iiito  llu*  hollow  eliumtMT,  (liuu  pouring  ovor  tb(<iii  itboiit  a 
drackn  of  gunpowder ;  the  woodni  plug,  Riling  air-tight,  is  thtm  iuurlcd,  pro- 
jecting about  an  inrh ;  tbo  blow  on  tho  plug  igniu«  tho  chargeL,  bunta  tho 
lauifan^  and  Sn*  the  cartridge,  Komothing  on  Ihc  principle  of  the  brWH  tube 
aivl  iilitOa  for  igniting  IIm<  fierman  aincdu.  or  tinder.  In  onlvr  to  pr«Tffit  tbo 
blocx  flW  lUUng  ofTtha  head  of  iho  iron  ramiuor.  a  d«cp  hoop  of  snoot  iion  is 
DMiiicd  to  lu  loirer  (aid,  >o  that  it  fall*  on  tho  ircoi  lainincr  liko  an  extiaguiidier 
or  niTertei)  bndtet. 

Anolhtr  modification  of  tlie  ciulrjdg«by  whioli  it  is  (ircl  in  tho  cenCrti,  ta 
this :  li:ilr'  (he  diarge  of  ]>owdvr  is  poured  into  lh«  hole  borod  in  tho  root  of  a 
Irni,  or  a  rork.  a  xninlt  pill  Imi,  ilxiiit  the  *m  of  a.  baxirl-nilt,  and  ennluilling 
haUadoicn  lucifcr  b-'iidi  of  BeH's  matdio^  Eogctber  with  a  lilllc  fine  eunpowdor 
and  pomukd  giau,  ii  dtupp<.-d  un  th<?  gunpuwder,  the  rcmnindei  of  ua  YO^A'*tt 
of  the  required  charge  is  iL^d  imiavi  in,  and  the  blow  of  the  iroa  ot  ■wwAwx. 


U6 


iStctUame*. 


nauncr  «nufa«  thft  pcUct  ud  firat  the  ebor^  On  om  MCMtmi  ibe 
nunila  inn  ouried  cm  without  luiog  «  trinnglD  for  ra«pmdii%  Um  Twodao 
block,ita>)  b  pUcoofit  tbeiroD  remincr  kw]  the  block  astA  on  its  hcad:» 
Steel  ]iin  |nsswl  thioiuh  tho  iron  rammer  &ud  supported  it  in  thu  bore  of  ttio 
rock,  «  ropi)  win  nttacHiMi  to  tho  pa,  ud  nbm  the  moii  m^tiivd  to  »  Kufu  dis- 
tnuiu,  lb;  man  who  lidd  the  rope  drew  out  the  pin,  when  t)io  rBiiimcr  rHilmg  on 
the  haul  o(  tlie  cartridge  fired  it ;  thin  b  t  biOt«  Kimpk  ira;  of  uiu^ing  tlio  rsin- 
mcr  to  firo  thu  uarlridgu  than  tliat  of  the  triangle.— XixncfoR  .UocAonuv'  A/ii^ 
oziiM. 


Th«  uuxul  production  of  mercury  st  llio  miuua  of  Alinadcn  (^pain),  Idn'a 
(FriDol),  llangir]r,  Tmnsjrlvaui*,  Peru,  alc^  is  T*Jued  at  from  thirty  to  forty 
^ontaBd  •guintmls  (cvt)  Chba  Rod  Japan  alM  pndiiM  a  larg«  quaotitj"  of 
mereuTT,  bnt  1  hclion  do  not  export  the  article.  XatirithslBn£n;c  this  lai^ 
pnxtuoiioB,  the  supply  in  by  no  raenns  <^u»I  to  tlue  demand,  and  many  ^1d  and 
bUmt  mines  hart  ceaaed  to  be  workod  aa  account  of  the  scaruily  and  hij^h  price 
of  that  metal.  Tlio  mystery  whicb  yet  cnTclqwa  tbo  operations  at  Ilu-  mine  odT 
New  Alnwika  has  pvcvimtcd  tnc  Crcun  obtoininfc  tccuratn  rctume.  but  vet  can 
to  aome  exlmt  aupply  the  want  from  our  own  obMcrrationic,  and  enaUe  y«ur 
noden  to  appredale  tbe  Talne  of  tbwe  niuw  in  CaUbniia.  The  nchnt  miiM- 
xab  of  Eiuope  a»  Ikon  of  AlmadsD  And  Idria;  Hi*  Brat  ooutaiu  !0  porrcnLof 
ntMal,  tha  latter  8  par  oott.  Tha  other  mincnilii  are  Uasn'di.  1  huve  anal>-«od 
■vrenlauDfdcs  of  cinnabar,  taken  6om  dillercnt  i^ts  in  New  Almadeu,  and 
tbey  have  yielded  from  2li  to  ~'2  iw  cent.  Tlii^  gcncr^  average  was  about 
BO  pcrcont. ;  thiit  islo  say,  tiic  ciiiiisljiu-  in  from  ID  loll  times  tidier  than  that 
of  Kimit>e.  1  liuvc  iuiulyxt<d  Ibe  n-fnm  which  aaua  frotn  tliG  fumaoeK  at  New 
Abniili^ii,  ami  Iiave  fuiinil  8  and  il)  pr  vent,  of  mercury.  Thua  liare  tbey 
Uirown  avjdi'  a  niiiuTuI  a>i  viuli  as  Ihnl  of  Itlria  and  Alniatleii.  ITiat  Iom  «f  8  to 
b)  per  i^iit.  combinrii  witli  nit  equal  Ioih  by  eyRpornlinn,oin  aoccuRtof  defactiVD 
D)>i>arnlii<i,  is  a  moU  dvplfiiMv  wusle  uf  tlic  riches  of  the  earth.  Ther«  u*  M 
New  Aiiuadun  10  fumaoea  far  roasting,  more  ur  lew  imperfect  in  conxtnietion, 
and  nhicli.  nuvertholMB,  Aimab,  If  b  conMaat  operitlOD,  from tliiity  to  tbirty- 
^-At*  ihuuMuda  potiods  ot  Btreunr  weekly.    Tn  obtain  that  lunoiint  of  mctnl, 

I  hundrad  thoOMnd  poanda  of  dnnabiu'  are  fonhumcd.  nnd  fniiu  eighteen  to 
-Iweniy  tlionnand  ponnds  of  mcrcuiy  lout  Iroiu  lad  tnanngemvoi.  Tbo  fol- 
lowinji  mlcuUtiou  wiU  MTT*  t«  show  at  what  weekly  expeme  tbeM  iniuea  could 
be  irurkud,  under  a  pnp«r  q'slaaiof  maaagnneiit: 

Fnil tlW 

I«bwen'wig« » 1/00, 

Wuraiid  tear  of  oiaohintry > ........■<.............<.  SM 

Kiptnuef  p*AuC|«te. <6a 

iDUnct  on  oaplUL 1^ 

Thtt  abOTO  outlay  would  produM  50i,OOO  lbs.  of  mwcory.    Thiit  would  be 

wfctngiritli  a  Torjr  limited  eBptal,  and  it  wouldbccftitytodnuUc  tlie  product 

'  kncrMMing  tfao«n|ntaI  (romNghty  to  one  hundred  tbouaand  dollarn.    I  noed 

t  »ay  that  these  nalctUiktiuuB  are  not  founded  upon  any  reeutCa  obtained  at 

New  Almiuleii;  I  neither  kiion*  the  rerelpts  nor  cxpntses  of  workir^  tbone 

ninw.    I  only  wish  to  render  apparent  to  all,  the  rniporlatiM  to  wbcb  that 

branch  of  meullui^  induEtry  ran  be  nuMd. 

But  to  return  to  New  Almodeu.  the  only  iinpcataot  work  whieli  vxi<t«  there 
U a  "drill,"  or  incllued  plane,  wbtb  conraya  tha  ninonil  to  the  workx.     Do 
ptbay  Bnd  oollections  of  pure  mtM^'iiry  b  these  nunMl    Wo  do  not  know,  hut 
':  It  otjgftt  U>  oxi»t  in  considerable  quantiliei^  aiu)  thai  it  would  be  dia- 


4 


4 


JBHCVMRMk 


IIT 


I  hj  vell-dimted  reaBkrclws.    The  depots  of  ciunkbu  aiTpnu-  very  vx- 
dfc  b  Ibc  □eigbb>>rlioo<l  of  the  mines  now  irorkedf  aiid  wo  nu.v  Mfvl^  [ire- 
*^l  Ibkt  IrfmltiT  iirv  uid  ctUnava  tntrkx  of  k  otnilar  ditnictcr  «nll  be 
eitaUisIicd  there.— Cbvrto-  <iu  £Vfifa  t/nf*.  D.  D'Uniny. 


A  Minem'  ilo'FiTiLi,  is  tol*MtibliOi(Kl  at  PotUTillo  Ibr  Ihfl  benefit  of 

the  t»ij  tDRion.     f.  ^V.  HiirIicsi  Alt/irncy  tJi'iwt*!  of  tlic  SU(e,  and  n  wbII- 

tksowD  cttiMn  at  tliat  plocr.  luu  uBbrrO  tu  owtributv  4}3O0O  t«viuili  a  fund  of 

),000  fur  ilic  pQri't'Av  coiidiiioiial  th»t  Ihv  wli^lo  tiivjunt  ^h»U  Iw  HubMxibvd 

' '  I  Uw  next  two  rnontlm,  b;  nwponsblo  parties.    To  aid  in  Itio  work,  » 

:  BMCting  wu  bcIiI  at  Polt*rilIc^  at  which  a  committee  wm  appuliited  to 

'^iolktt  snbMnptions. — tUguUr. 


HKFCOSKIK  Bona  VOtlKD. 

In  $001  fttKnn  in  Iho  ridiutr  of  Tintinaira  Mound,  Gnnt  Co.,  Wilt.,  minnn 
I  proqiHtini;  for  Trim  ol  l«ad  ora  h««i.'  duj;  ii)i  portioni  of  tho  ukrittonM  of 
linals  uf  thv  JIaatodon  eptcina.  'ttiMii  >>oiir<i,  Id  on*  place  yitnv  fbund  in  nn 
'ittt  and  w»sl  «f  vior  thirif  fwl  df*ii,  imlwddrf  in  the  day  which  ftniin  the 
mairix  tor  Ibn  rtim  of  Imcl  orr,  Tliis  ciny  is  •  yclluw  uooluoai  drprMt,  fllltd 
mtfa  sand,  llint,and  UDaU|icbbIc«cf  trap  and  olhvr  Igneous  rocks.  Within  (he 
b«t  ten  jean,  as  manj  U  t«n  or  tw«]ia  tikdctons  oftJicw  hngv  cxiinct  ani- 
mab  hai<i  bMHtdiwoTorwl  in  varioiM  jjarUof  the  lead  nvi°i*i  *nd  almcutin- 
variahl/  in  the  fiivnivii  in  the  iimciHaiwa  unbcilded  in  the  olajr  whii-'li  fill*  the 
Cnrictv,  and  Sonus  thu  mulrix  for  llw  Tcins  of  Ivad  ore,  Thu  fiu't  of  the  ^lueral 
libutiMof  (faceeaniBialdoTer  Uils  dintiict,  mui'l  Ii-av«  the  iii>pn-««i<i(i.  that 
\  hundmU  of  Hmilar  dcrlelonii  arc  }^  linricd  tii  the  dtvp  clay  beda  of 
J  region: and  tlwqncstion  tDavoomo—Wlintliijhtiiolhtsrfiwiils  throw 
ithettmcof  the  n-pleiion  of  llic  hiad  winH?  Tlif  lion™  lii-inK  Piimil  in  llw 
cla;<^'  Rutrix  of  (he  r<iiLi.  iiid  th'^ord  associated  in  (lie  clay  with  tliaii.  pruTM 
beyond  a  duubl.  Ihal  tlio  Alaijto<l>.'ni  epeCMS  beoamo  t'Xtini.-l  l.>^li,>n'  lbi>  h«d  or 
wrnhpOMtcd  iu  thcM  croTieoB.  The  tnonntain,  or  lead,  benrinir  linioiWono  is  a 
jurine  roek,  faroMd  in  Iho  bed  of  an  oanu  :  Uttn  acted  on  by  rievatinj;  and 
alifndiBf  fonxa  anil  fomied  in  riilpv  and  valleys.  Tin-  crerioeci  in  thu  bed  of 
Ifae  UaMttlon^  wcr«  pvidmtly  IJ^Hun-t  in  ihv  rork.  and  (beer  aniraals  were  d«- 
•troy«d  lij  fallint!  in  these  ohannt.  vbirh  afur  filled  with  day  an)  drift,  and 
'^bf  ores  iiBTc  kinoe  fonnvd  In  ilki'  ciny  And  (here  are  moro  ruMOnit  (ban  we 
li^t  at  6nt  iiiiBgini.' 10  sustain  the  belief  of  the  tcoeat  foraiaticii  of  lead  reina. 
T*  ttkA  alt  duveloDDwnts  of  our  plant't  lo  correSTiond  to  tho  wants  of  aoinal 
nUat^D^-and  an  orea  were  evidently  dc>4|i;nea  lo  mpplT  the  vantc  of  the 
hiEbMt  dam  of  organiMtioni — we  may  inppoie  (heir  ori^n  to  hare  been  some- 
what  eMtanporaiMOiu  irith  that  of  uuin. 


pcratnEn  iivmak  nnxn  ix  cAi.troBMrt. 

Tiw  ooUeetion  of  hij[hly  interetting  sknlla  and  Iwnca,  portly  petriHod,  found 
b  a  deep  mve  in  CaUMnii  county,  wciv  i-xliilnled  in  San  Fnncim)  recently. 
ntvy  an  anoog  the  inott  singular  tiones  tivr  found.  It  is  a  well  knowii  Ikl-t 
to  KM>kif;i)<tM  (hat  thcfcHsil  rcmninsof  nrnily  nit  «iKcir«  of  animals.  ex>'cpt  roan, 
faan  ht«it  G^nnd,  and  (he  Ihet  ia  contideml  as  itivnr  endcnce  that  the  liiimnn 
race  wa«  noiaui[r<l  uiail  long  aJW  the  uxiitenceeflne  lower  onkniufaiiiinalii. 
The  AOll'l  slonn  wlitn-  *e  fnendly  kok  for  an  omvous  Biniflun',  a)iiK-Hi'»  very 
nngular.  A  bcaTy  Mial  of  sulphnlc  of  lima  compldely  cOTcm  ihti  In^nde  and 
outeide  of  mow  of  (be  akullK, — ciKbt  Isycn  of  Ktanc  are  plainly  disecmihb, 
then  Uywrs  required  a  very  long  time  for  tlicir  formaiiun — b  centurj|  fi«  rach, 
U  flomo  cfiiiniatc.  In  wine  jilacus  the  Mono  is  nior«  (han  an  iui'b  Ihick.  It  is 
ptohablc  that  tbecaTe,  ichidi  inuiabout  a  hundred  feet  deep,  was  nsed  byafonncr 
raoe,  now-  de|>arteiV  on  a  aepnlchn,  and  (he  clone  hut  ptcMreed  the  rvlin,  wliieh, 
(utpmed  on  tho  cnrfooe  ot  tbe  earth,  would  long  iliim  bane  enlinlj  &\«il^ 
pcuod. 


lis 


JUarM  JPublieaiioitt. 


I 


exxn/ooKxt  tnt  or  i.axh. 

A  SftD  FrftneiBoi  pajKT  xutcs  that  i^bKnatioDt  ttatde  hf  Kveau  <k  T«r|oa.a 
BclKin"  mturaliEt  now  psaidins  in  that  cit}',  bitTO  provnl  )ityc«id  a  doubl  Ihiit 
Bit  importnnt  r-Uangi-  i.i  gradualljr  lakinc  plaiie  iii  ^e  IctL-I  of  ilie  ground  ia  thftt 
Ticiiiilx-  During  ili<.-  ImI  tmmlj  months  lh«  surraco  a(  th(i  carlh  at  lh»  Mimioa 
Doloreit  lias  tuxri  rlc-i/itfdrightoiii  inr-hn — ind  Uut  without  bditx ■'COnnpnnicd 
hy  »ny  j^rcflpiiblc  suliicmufin  Jisiiirbnno;. 

Tba  pbtmoini-'iii'ii  uf  t)ii-  f  radu^  ri^  or  (nil  <it  tho  surface  of  the  oarth,  ia  iwt 
a  iKvr  or  Ht«rtltii^  l:i<:l.  It  »  wbI)  Itnoirii  that  rciDArkalile  chuiKOeof  UiKkbd 
are  coojjUitlly  p>"ig  on  in  VBrious  portiiiii^i  of  the  K'ort<i.  In  mmc  fart;  of  the 
.StntitH  ol  MagcMaii  the  I'ortti,  wilhiii  couipanlivcly  a  tnotlnti  (iali:,  hiu  been 
raijicil  ID  lliif  manim'  tuorc  tiati  Itn  fivt.  Tlie  i.iliitidx  of  L'liiloo  and  Madre  de 
Dion  have  bwu  raised  Mxtwn  teft;  TitJo.thusno  !^cv('iiti.t'ii  fi.'eli  and  Coliijafin 
feet  in  two  yiars.  But  perliap*  one  of  ilii' motwomlorful  ca««of  tho  jn^lnal 
riseortiitkioKof  the  carthjOnrMwH.  i>ir»iindiia  tbep;oolog;iaiJbisbM7t<f  .Swotlm. 
In  Ibe  DOrtbem  part  of  Stcvdcii  tliu  lund  hi*,  iirobably,  (or  ibuuitatulit  of  j-can^ 
been  nwtually  ntine  al>oi'«  tlio  luvul  of  tliu  sea.  Bunaulcs  mod  <>jra(er  sIiuUb 
hsTe  M*n  diM>T«r«<r«dhonne  to  Iho  rook^,  hiiniimls  of  fr-^t  nboTO  the  snifaco 
of  the  Battic,andbcikof  iih<.'If»ai«  found  at  n  dittanoc  inland  ot  axirut  neyttil^ 
mtlet  from  tlie  ci««t  Tbr-ie  facLi  all  hnvo  a  tvndvncjr  lo  jirom;  Ihc  graduu 
deTatluo  of  tlie  counUj,  and  luoilvm  cipiriinntlei  «Dn6rm  (betr  ttutiiuoii}-.  bjr 
flbownig;  dial  thu  «o«8t«  an  rc^dnrty  rising  froiu  tho  irai^r  at  the  rate  ol'  about 
four  f«e(  in  a  rrntnry.  They  nui,v  b  igos  |iut  han  riccn  more  mpiiUy  ihau  at 
tho  prtKcnt  time. 

But  thit  M  ill  tlH:  extreme  DortkM-ii  jiBrt  of  Snwien.  Ue«nudlnc  to  ibe 
southward  the  ratio  of  elevation  baoomvs  pradu&lly  Icwi,  utitil  al  Slovkholm  tlie 
upward  inovinnpnt  liiniiriixhci  la  a  few  inches.  South  of  Stockholm  this  mni*- 
ntCOtCMiciV  an<t  trivcx  plaiM  to  a  downward  motion;  and  the  chnnu-lrr  and 
poiiitioM  of  tlio  vitriiiux  (crmaUMU^  and  nutneroux  o(h»  evideniw^  tSuni  tlic 
nataraliitt  almnduit  iiroof  of  Uia  ngular  aud  contiTiual  .litikme  of  thai  puriiuQ 
of  tbo  kingdom.  Tlua  faict  is  e8]>edally  poruepliblu  in  ihi-  i-iti<:s  ou  tbv  aat  Cvnal, 
wbtra  maay  of  Oio  »tnxta,  which  wore  onoc  raiu^l  onaKi<Ivrnl>ly  aboro  the  w»Mr 
IcTol,  ara  now  oicrHou'rd  hy  awry  KwclliriR  of  ihi?  sea.  In  the  town  of  Malmo, 
aoaio  OMamlions  whifh  v.-fTe  miuiv  it  ftw  ytars  juaw,  diicoTi-nMl  nn  nncivut 
alnet  more  Uuiu  tight  luvi  bulow  ibe  iTiavnl  bigh-w«t«r  k'TCl  of  Uk  Uallio. 


RECENT  PUBLIC ATIOXS. 

The  Electro-Magnetic  Tvl«graph :  oitli  an  HUtorical  arvount  of  its  rim,  pnv 
piat,  and  present  raadilioa.  Alw  [nvtinil  sugge«tJoii8  in  regard  to  ituuiaciim 
and  p«t«cliou  from  the  officcts  of  lijchtningt,  together  nitb  an  Apgiondix  ixinlsJD- 
faigMmraliinporlniit  Tclegmphic  doeirions  and  I^ws.  B;  Lawnniw TumbnU, 
M.  O.  !M  KdJtioD.  Illuiitratcd  with  nuincniuc  (aigravings.  8to,  pp.  2C4. 
Plubidd^ia:  A.  11  nut. 

tVe  liarv  no  Amniuii  tieatiM  u)na  the  olcolric  tclcKrapb  m  oomploto  a* 
Ihiri  work.  It  oiubrau-a  both  the  aclonce  and  the  practical  o|icraUon  of  (hii  in- 
gtmioua  pictlKd  of  oouiniuuication,  Mid  twulaios  likcwiiv,  a  sktrlch  of  nil  thu  r«- 
sulte  produced  by  Its  esporiincntal  working.  In  a  word.  It  ia  ibe  latwt  irork 
upon  the  robjoet,  and  llic  author  ha*  taken  care  to  make  it  emo  of  tho  bosl.  It 
Ig  puhliiJied  in  a  rcrv  mibttantial  and  attracliTC  atjrle,  and  Pinbclliah«d  with 
wall  executed  cutu  of  tbe  inntnuBentii  in  thui  oraalij  and  Kngluid. 


<«lt 


TBE 


MINING    MAGAZINE. 

WILLIAM  J.  TENNP-r. 


OONTRNT9   OF  NO.   II..   VOL.   II. 

illTlCLEi 

LTHEOKAK  PROBSE  MtNP.  IK  VENKZDELA;  ITH  SITITATIOK, 
Vnc.  ETV..  WITH  AXALYSE9  OF  TUB  UUKS.  Uj  Uiubu* 
Ku*UB,  Minln;  Bnglnnr    .  .  .  .1*1 

11.  TIIK  troBALT   ASI>  NICKEL  MINES   IS  CHATHAM,  CONSIT- 

TICOT.     KapDrl  of  C.  d.  Kiciiakmo^  OtiI  uicI  Uiniii^  llni-iRMT  .     1U 

m.  QEOLOQT  OF  TllE  UPr£tC  UISSISSIPPI  I.KAD  SEGIOM.    Br  J, 

V.  rviLuni,  Gpolofclit It* 

^|V.  TUB  ULSTEK  LEAD  UINE8.    BcpoTt cf  r»>r.  Jaws  T.  Ik-Ps*       .    IN 
V.  I'KOei'tUrTS  OF  THE  LAKE  SL'fKKIUK  UININU   UEOIOH.    Uj 

Wm.  11.  Knviin IM 

TI.  THK  BLOW-PIPE,  AKD  tlB  USK  IS  CHEMtCAL  AKALT3IS- 

Ko.i ua 

VII.  TOE  VSNTILATIOX  OF  MIKE8.    Ct  J.  Ifuiion  Bucxwill,  Oov 

«num*ii*  liiifttiuir      ........    1U 

'  Tin.  THE  LAW  OF  UINEA  AM)  RKAI.  EKTATK     ,  .  .1(1 

JOtTKNAl  OF  X1NI.S0  I.WS  AM)  KEOCUTIONa 
I  Omnnmi  law  on  Iho  AlicDKiiofi  or  Uloiiijt  Propaiif   ....    )M 
» OonuMti  L>«  «iii  Mining  Uceniai  .  ,  .in 

I  Iaw  of  VenaaeUrtlUlTia  to  nliiliig  |inipvnlu  uij  oiiiipwilw         .  .    t)W 

ooxxBECiAi  seetct  or  the  uixiko  intcrsi, 

l*b«r«ffeMl«tiii:Slun>lukct in 

lltaoMirioii*  tn  llinliw  litoclu  »  Ktir  Votk  Jurliur  Juman  .  .ITS 

[BmIm  HlntniShmUiirliDt ITB 

1  naatanlHot  in  Uinlnjt  Btoolu  in  Botton  Jurins  D«o(iiiit»r  ,    IT< 

Vmt  Vork  Ibul  )M*i. IT) 

imlon  UMd  Mwktt 1T> 

JODRXiL  0*  QOI.I>  HKIXQ  OPEIUnomL 

iferD*e(nilMr,ltSt.MPMW«lpbU IM 

••       ftf  1S6I,  1U«  Mill  l»i> Ifll 

iOoldd*«dt*JMpha»lalphulI1iil«iD(»lboCiiilbmiatli«ovcriM        .  .  IBfl 

t  GUUmkOoU  fWUi ist 

[  aatftt  Wnliv in 

ft|IIMIH  oTTo IM 

MM*  MoniMM  Olid  IttDM )«•         ^ 

riMUvilU IM         H 

Dublin  Hill  Hum* IM        ^H 

VatoT  ComMil**'  Union        ..,..,,.  Itb       ^H 

_    >oriha>lild ISt  ■ 

tOMOi^net )M  ^ 

1 IIUI  G6lf  llioB.    E.rortofC.  T.  J«ck^on IM 

tOeUBtgionorQBftpp*,  Nrnngua  .         .         .         .  m  ^J 

WCriLXil.  Of  COPPEK  llhTCO  OrER.lT10K&  H 

UfuAlIlff^.         .......    in       ^ 


lU 


a>ntentt. 


,  flanmlt  Copper  Cam'  ,  _     . 

b!h1uo'Cenia9ll<btcii  Ulmng  CoiD[>aa}  of  Ltlkt  Suiwrlot 
Mil  UtniDB  CUmpMir 


RfponaofJ.  D.  WhitDn  Mtd  W.  IL  SUttu 
"'  "    "      rfoi 


bo  et^  Mi  B^r  Curpor  UtBM 
iimu»1jappw  Hina.    l{d|>ott  of  Ftof.  I'iggpt 
JImifHn  CopnorVinii  .... 
tlwObd-MkUiito       .... 


rial 

in 


^vi^mv^ 


in 

•00 
Ml 


JOtrSKAr,  OV  ElLTEn  IJID  LKaD  lOKINa  OP8IUTI0KS. 


LMdTndoorihfl  UpiHir  UiBiMippi  ...',...    MS 

iMKlMlnaiofWiiooiudn WS 

BilverUlnnorDnMa    ......   .  ,.,  .  .  .    S06 

,KiIIUi&UverOoldMin«  .  .  .  .'    '    .  .  .WW 

[•lllddlelowii  Utvcr  Loftd  SCdo «M 

CO-US  AXD  COLLIEftlB. 

Dttinolu  Cod  Tred*  At  ISiS 90* 

gli  Cotl  Trailo  for  l^fS .  SIO 

iitiMorUia  AnihnWiU  Mvlon  ,  .  ,  .  ilO 

'  Oamtwrlnid  OmI  Tr»(l*  IVoin  tho  brKuinloc  .  .  .  .  .  .  S11 

"         "     "    forJM* eia 

PaikerTclDCiwICemMnjr Iig 

ilTblio  AthVelatioSohuylkiUODDBtj Ut 

Wttoburs  CmJ  Tndo «I8 

"  utuinpilmorCoal  laCiiioliinBil     .         .          .....  tu 

iDpahlro  Ctui  Cmapmj       ........  SIS 

kaUCaniMUT           .........  tit 

t  AnUmaU  tet  t^otomoCtut     ........  91* 

f  Oh*N|pMlu  C«al  Company      ........  9l1 

VnwKili  Datifi  OB  irva  tni  Cotil         ......  .111 

mox  AXD  ziKC: 

Amcrloui  Whits  Ztdo  CompM;         .  .  .....  91S 

Tnfluura  Iroa  Mlno        .........  919 

Aclivitj  of  tbo  Iron  MaDO&cIaro       .......  9)9 

J  TMonuc  Fonuco  .........  SW 

Finn  On  jn  SobuilklU  Coil  Illy RtO 

I  Sknntniir  Iron  Cotnpiui;       .,.,....  990 

Comutatod  Iron  Plato* 991 

<  Ctn-lron  ItaD*  for  fi^lnmU 991 

Cod  uid  IroD BM 

floinoKMUof  tho  En^tiKhlroDTnila  .  .  .  .  .  .  IH 

ameU  Iran  uid  ('u*l  llutSe*   ........  tSt 

portatlon  ofCunl  uul  Inm  into  Frano  in  Itn     .....  SS9 

QDiBBues  ixi>  cum 

11i«  Brno*  QuanfM      .....,•..   ttO 

J«rilaa**FauntBlaI*'nuiiti|iUH.'l>iiiv         .  ,  ,  .  ,  .411 

MKCU-USim 

'  NodIiI*  far  Caalins «• 

aiii<linKBh>wtU<iUI na 

I  SiMm  UHiinien  .........    9n 

I  W»mi  Uanntn  In  Toduomco >M 

AoHnlbn  Ttn SM 

■llScr«:>SnK«wBraii«iriok- SM 

Tin         . tm 

Voililitiiir  UhMB  ,~ '.9a» 

Tlw  Ulnar*  Mtty  Loid 9» 

~       tPaUiottioii) >tt 


I 


THE 


MINING  MAGAZJKE: 

UITDRII  TO 


VOL  IL— FRimUARY,  1854.— No.  II. 


Aw.  I.— REPORT  ()N  TIIK  fiKAS*  I'BOBRK  Sn.VER  MI^T  IN  FENB- 
ZHKLA.— ITS  SITUATIOV.  KICHSK&n  AND  TUK  FACii.lTlKS  FOR 
WOBKISG  IT.  WITH  AN.VLYSES  OF  TUE  ORES.  — Bv  C'bauxs 
ICrtttn,  Ifixtxo  Eucixuul 

Havixo  been  tlm  Directing  ]'Ing^n«er  of  the  operations  at  the 
QntD  Probn;  niiuc  for  nine  mo&tbe,  the  rcsultti  of  my  obecrvfr 
tionn  may  be  thus  Rbitcd  :— 

Thia  miuiiig  property  cooaists  of  three  united  lots  (portcaMm'> 
ciaa\  ejicli  of  wliioli  me;iMurcs  one  thuiwuml  two  hutiiu«d  vwm 
(yaroa  loss  8  per  ceut.).  It  is  situated  in  tlio  canton  Caropano, 
iu  the  proviiic«  of  Cuiuana,  two  k'agm;ii  (six  miles)  to  the  south- 
Tfest  of  tlie  seaport  of  Cunijiano,  m  tlio  coiwtt  chain  of  moun- 
tains of  Vouezuela,  in  longitude  GS"  1'  W.  of  Greenwich,  and 
10°  36'  Kortli  l»litu(l«.  It  in  nt  an  clev&tion  of  two  thouwmd 
fbct  above  the  level  of  the  aea,  and  in  a'  groap  of  mouniaioa ; 
bounded  south-wcetcrly  by  the  Uivilla  river,  northerly  by  llie 
valley  of  Carupano,  easterly  by  the  Stone  liavine  (qucbnvla), 
tbrough  which  paSsM  the  pfiucmnl  road  from  the  interior  to  the 
coast  at  Oamp&no,  Bouth-wosterly  by  the  river  Seco.  On  the 
8outh  ihc  group  of  mouutiiina  is  eonuc«tcd  by  a  spur  with  a 
more  interior  chain. 

Frotn,  the  middle  of  the  drst-mentioncd  group,  and  in  an  cast 
and, west  direction,  lita  tho  hill  particidarlv  called  Oran  Probre, 
On  the  r  northerly  part  of  this  hill  are  tnc  veins  of  the  mine 
which  ran  north  and  itoulh.  Here  the  principal  operations  o» 
the  mine  have  been  carried  on.  These  consist  of  several  sbaAs 
and  an  adit,  running  at  a  depth  uf  ninety-three  feet  beuenlh  the. 
Tertex  of  the  hilL  At  the  dislunoe  of  218  feet  from  the  en- 
trance  a  vciu  of  lead  w.is  struck,  which  proved  not  to  be  of  »uP 
flcient  riclineM  to  induce  the  coostruction  of  work-s  to  mine  it.* 

*  The  nlTcr  nlenik  of  tItU  vein  vui  Komc  time  n.{\<^  ifnt  to  Kngluid  tu  be 
there  uia/nl :  the  rwult  of  it,  which  \*  KoatxvA  to  th«  »bovc  »rticl*,  provM 
that  Iho  vrorklng  «f  tfanl  vAw  will  be  prodttctln^  by  Urn  wtm\j  diacovcnd 
>  foir  deulvtriag  load. 


ttt         Btport  on  At  Oran  Pfvirr  Silvfr  ifiiw  in   yenezatia.  H 

A  sidn  gallery  was  0|tciied,  and  at  the  distsnra?  of  one  hundred 
I  and  ibirlticn  Icct  from  llic  wilranw  "f  tli'^  will,  the  cbief  or  prin- 
I  ctpal  v«in  was  Rtruck,  alter  nioe  months  of  exploitation,  csrriod 
I  on  by  a  single  miner,  who  was  constjiiitly  cnibarmssetl  by  a 

want  of  adequate  toold   and   iniitrumonte    for  the  work.     Ae 

Boon  as  the  oaturo  of  this  niike  vein  vus  kiiovrii  a  mine  of  im* 

loeniw  riuhnew  was  nndoubtadlv  proved. 

The  vein  penetrates  througn  alnminoos  and  talcoite  alatc  of 

tnuisilioTi  formation,     llie  minerals  are  e.ir\>oiiat*^.H,  sulphurets 

and  molvbdate  of  lead,  oxides  of  iron  and  mangaiiL-sc,  Ac, 
I  containing  even  five  per  cent,  of  silver  in  one  hundred  pound* 

of  ore, 

A^w^ly«  were  made  in  October,  1852,  of  very  small  parc«U  of 

aeventl  clasaes  of  ores  taken  out  of  thiti  vein  n-ithout  particular 
I  selection,  and  produeed  the  fullowiag  results:— 

No.  I.  nUck  mlncntl  (iiulfuro  dc  riata  fngil),  (pivo  1  ok.  lilrtr  in  100  pouiidi 
'  of  ore. 

No.  3.  Bitck  mineral  j^ive  2C.H  per  cent  of  lead ;  and  100  [lOuncU  of  thii 
I  Uad,  3  pounds  8  07,  of  sllvir. 

No.  S.  Bkck  mineral  gave  fl  pur  cunt  lead ;  uid  100  pound*  or  ore,  4  poutiiU 
Il{  0£.  silv«r. 
I        No*.  I.od  mineral  );ttTcMfi8t>croent.U*d;uiiI100poundsofl»Ml,S^ 
ei.  of  silver. 

No.  6.  CInlcuagaTe6t.Si>vrc«n(.  lead^uid  100pouadi(0for«,  3.53oa.or 
ritnr. 
'        No.  <.Rnt  mineral  gavoCS  percent  load;  «ad  IO0poiindnofthlelmil,SM 
'  m:  oT  itilvcr. 

Kol  T.  Cuboiiite  of  lend  gsTo  S  per  oenL  load ;  and  100  pound*  ofthiii  lead, 
$  ec  of  sllv«f . 

Kol  6,  Iicad  minerals  (taio  1T.&  per  cent  in  lead ;  and  100  pouiiils  of  Itils 
[  Umi,  7.4  OS.  of  w'tTer. 

Portions  of  the  silver  obtwned  in  each  of  these  afsny^  when 
dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  left  a  precipitate  of  gold. 
i  These  very  aali.^factory  results  were  obtainf>d  by  assavs  made 
Im  the  dry  way,  and  through  the  medium  of  cupellation  with 
limjXM-fect  apparatus  and  re-agent«  of  an  inferior  quality,  and 
t^onbtless  oil  short  of  the  exact  qua\ititie)<  of  metals  contained 
Ifai  the  OK.  It  should  be  stated  tliat  nil  the  ori.'«  assayed  were 
[  taken  out  of  the  mine  at  a  very  inconsiderable  deptli  and  nearly 
I  at  the  edge  of  the  chief  vein. 

I        From  the  ohservationa  made  on  the  exi>lored  parW  of  the 
I  von,  H  is  evident  thsit  as  the  depth  iiicrcai«cs  the  minerals  ira- 

Srove  in  quality  and  become  of  gicater  value.    'Iliis  is  especially 
10  case  as  the  gallery  advances  further  from  the  lead  vein  first 
gtniek  and  which  proved  poor  in  silver. 
I        llic  analytiad  examination  of  the  ort4  found  combined  with 
iiun  and  witli  lead,  very  saijsfactorily  demonstrates  their  chcmi- 
1  eal  ooDstitntion  to  be  such  us  U>  alTord  great  fitcilities  ibr  the  ex- 
traction of  iho  .liilvcr  and  gold  they  oonlain. 


Jt^ort  on  Iht  &NM  Pnin  SUt*r  Mi»e  m  VeMUula, 


ISS 


The  value  of  Ac  yoio  does  not  ouly  tlt^wnd  upon  ihc  supv- 

'riorily  nD<l  richncjts  of  Um  ore,  but  upoD  its  abuDctanoo  and 

profier  distribotioii  ia  tlio  j^snsQe.    Tbe  consideniblc  quantittcM 

of  rich  mmeTul:»  equally-  distributed  thnnigliout  all  parta  of  tha 

vein,  present  tlie  proRport  that  the  expcii»o  of  workliifj  it,  and 

the  aepdratioii  iind  traiuiport  of  the  minerals,  will  bo  much  1«« 

than  It  would  under  more  unfavonil)lo  cin'tinuttancvH.     So  tju* 

IS  it  has  bocn  explored,  tlio  reia  ia  Dot  of  equal  thickn«S!i,  in 

eOMe^nence  of  the  ^reatt-r  or  Iam  Ormncw  of  the  srouitd  (tcr 

ifloo)  ID  which  it  ia  found.     Taking  this  into  oonffld«i»tion,  it 

Inajr  be  Mitted  to  b«  on  an  avcnij^  fuiir  or  fivo  feet  in  thicknvsa. 

f-Thw  convenient  thickness,  and  ita  inclination  of  78°  east,  will 

'  tllow  the  works  for  the  extraction  of  th«  ore  to  be  very  aitDple 

ud  cheap ;  especially  as  the  gmmcai  and  solidity  of  the  argiUfr 

Oeoua  date  ground  (torrono)  does  not  oppose  a  strong;  resistance 

^to  the  miner,  nor  rw|uire  mueli  timberitm;. 

The  confi^tratiou  and  height  of  the  eround  (leiTono)  is  well 
['adapted  to  extending  tfaework^  to  a  considerable  depth,  without 
'(honeocaaity  of  constructing  gnllcriea  below  water  level;  conso- 
le quently  ihoro  will  bi^  no  occa-tion  for  punip-i  to  drain  the  mine, 
ror  cxpcnifivc  hoisting  maduneiy  to  nusc  tbe  ores  to  the  »mfn«c 
f  »n  in  other  cane.'i. 

Besides  the  two  veins  aforementioned,  t]icrc  arc  othora  upon 

lie  Mune  property  (pertinenctaa),  the  valtic  of  wbich  iti  not  yet 

sown,  as  they  have  not  been  explored.  Aamys,  however,  ol'  lOin- 

BraJs  taken  from  the  surfuce  of  them  have  proved  very  aatia&ctory. 

In  respect  to  the  fat^iltticit  for  carrying  on  an  enterprise  of 

this  importance,  there  is  on  llie  property  timber  eoitable  for 

ftaason  work,  conatniction  of  machinery,  coal,  &e.,  all  of  the  best 

'({uality,  and  in  grent  abundance ;  al»o  Ktoni'jt  for  building  pur- 

fpoMft.    There  ia  also  a  spring  of  swoct  water  in  suffituent  c|uan' 

;  tity  for  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  although  not  abundant  enough 

I  for  washing  the  ore.    '['hi.'<  can  be  done  in  tlie  Kivilla  river, 

which  is  distant  only  three  miles.     A  wheel  road  can  be  con- 

Btruc'teii  at  an  in.iigtiificant  expense  to  the  "land  right,"  wbich 

the  owners  of  Qrnn  Probre  have  upon  the  river. 

The  location  of  the  Ornn  Pfjbre  ininp,  six  miles  from  the  port 

'  Carupano,  and  three  miles  from  the  Rivilla  river,  (to  each  of 

[  vhich  poinU  g<x>d  roads  arc  opened,  parts  of  which  are  alrently 

1  mitablc  for  transportation  on  wheels,  and  the  remainder  may  be 

^nisbed  at  a  trifling  oi^wt,)  rendvnt  it  very  advantageous  fur  the 

soecation  of  mining  operations. 

The  nattiral  advantages  of  the  place  are  very  favoruble  to 

Dining  enlerprisc.     IIoTiaescan  be  easily  constructed  suitable  for 

II  (seasons  of  the  ycjir;  the  temperature  ij*  fresh,  highly  health- 

J,  and  like  an  everiartting  spring.    The  inhabitants  are  not  c,v 

ecd  to  any  of  thotic  incouvcnicnc(«  wbieh  Uie  European  ituffe^rs 

aoconnt  of  hii  climate. 


m 


TJu  Coiah  and  NkM  Jinna  in  CAanAom,  Conn. 


These  ststemcnte  are  sufficient  to  prove  the  nohnena  of  tlu; 
Ontn  Probre  mine,  and  tluit  tLv  mining  op<.-nitions  oarrictl  on  for 
v(Hrkiiig  it,  would  be  inibstantial  and  (juitc  {profitable  to  the  pro- 
prietors. 

Oaiona,  Jby,  ISGS. 

Tbe  box  of  minenilB  sent  by  Memi*.  Isaac  uiid  Siimuel  have 
been  cftnfhlly  fteteeted  into  fine  parcels,  and  duplicate  and  trip- 
licate sample  inclosed  in  sepnrate  purwlet. 

Bad)  of  the  sainplo^  mnv  vary  a  littlp  in  other  aiisay^,  na  the 
minerals  vary  in  richness,  Imt  will  be  found  to  correspond  in 
character,  and  as  near  ns  c«n  be  in  richness,  without  destroying 
tbfl  specimens  by  pounding. 
"■  The  assays  tried  by  us  we  find  to  be  us  follows  :— 
No.  1,  chiefly  siiljihnret  of  lead,  produces  soft  lead  equal  to 
78J  per  cent.,  and  pure  silver  e^jual  to  28  ozb.,  in  a  ton  of  20  owt 
No,  2,  sulpharct  of  leml,  with  carlK)t»ite,  |>rocIin'«*  soft  lead 
enttal  lo  67  per  cent.,  and  pure  silver  c<^ual  to  12  om..  in  a  ton  of 
20cwt. 

No.  8,  snlphuret  and  carbonate  of  lead,  produces  soft  lead 
equal  to  80i  {>cr  cent.,  and  pare  silver  equal  to  28  oxs.,  in  a  too 
;Of28cwL 

Nos.  4  and  6  arc  chicflv  earths,  with  alij^ht  trace  of  lend  aod 

I  very  al^ht  trace  of  silver,  "but  not  worth  notice.    The  tliree  firet 

I'BMni^es  contiun  a  slight  trace  of  gold,  but  not  to  any  value  or 

■  notice.     If  the  ores  on  the  thivc  finrt  samples  were  properly 

selected  and  dressed,  they  would  pay  well  for  shipment  to  Jiing- 

rland,  the  value  being  ascertained  by  cidculatinfr  iht^-  Icail  produce 

according  to  the  market  price  of  the  day,  and  silver  at  Ra.  3d. 

per  02.,  and  reducing  from  the  ascertained  \-alue  about  £5  per 

I  ton  for  smelting  cbnigcs. 

JOHNBOK  AM>  MaTBEY. 


I 


».  a— THE  OOB.M.T  AND  SICKKL  MtSRS  IX  L^H.VTIIAM,  COSS. 
RnvKT  or  C.  S.  RtcUARiooy,  Civil  ash  Miniso  Excinesr. 

i: — ^Your  vabmble  mineral  property  is  situated  about  she 
»^om  Middletown,  Conn.  The  sett  ia  one  of  con«idcraWc 
and  amply  sufficient  to  inake  a  lai^  mine.  It  is  in  a 
tlocaltty  hifrhly  congenial  for  minerals,  and  more  partioularly  for 
fcoppcT,  being  immediately  on  the  junction  of  tne  granite  and 
t-lriatr  formation.  The  strata  appear  to  bo  re|^lar,  sltbougfa 
imewhat  flat ;  this,  1  am  certain,  will  change  m  dejitb,  aa  it  is 
to  do  ill  most  looping  grounds  near  the  primary  mouutaio 


Snu  Ctjiatt  <iiuijfitktl  Mlntt  hi  Chii&am,  OM. 


m 


_  __  It  ta  in  ntuttiooa  like  this  that  the  Cornish  miner  looks 
ftmrgood  nunes;  a  lefeienoe  to  the  nutjvi  of  C^miwall  will  »hov 
tfaiit  most  of  our  rich  copper  miiKS,  purticaWlr  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Camborne  and  Redruth,  are  sjmilarl  j  locate<L 

TIIK  UAUf  LODE,  OK  CHAMPIOIf  LOHE. 
This  \s  a  truly  b(!ftutifii]  lodc;  tutd  is  the  ch&mpion  lode  i 
which  all  the  ouicra  yet  discovered  are  the  feedei^  which  in 
dcptli  will  fhll  into  it.  Its  undertny  is  towards  the  gmnito, 
which  is  very  favorable,  about  four  fi-et  to  the  fatliom  or  at  AH 
an^e  of  5t)^  with  the  horizon,  but  which  will  get  more  vertical 
in  depth.  It  is  nearly  Ave  feet  wide,  carrying  a  leading  vein  of 
qourtz  with  ar^cniwil  ore  BOing  down.  On  this  lodo  a  ehaft  has 
been  sunk  eight  tathom.i  deep,  as  I  und<*rittand ;  the  wat^r  being 
in  it,  I  could  not  examine  the  bottom,  but  Captain  Boberta,  the 
agent  of  the  mine,  informed  me  tliat  there  i.i  a  gootl  course  of 
ore  now  opened,  and  the  specimens  shown  me  confirm  the  truth 
of  his  tttateinent  I  examined  the  dewlii  l>om  tlie  shai\  ami  lind 
that  ore  is  finely  ditHemin»t«d  through  the  lode.  I  am  ocrtsiD 
a  lode  like  this  cannot  fail  My  make  a  targe  quantitv  (^ore  when 
it  IB  intersected  by  the  droppere  and  otoer  parallel  small  veins. 
The  ore  m  at  preaent  an  anieitical  iron,  with  lis  usualljr  a^isociattul 
minerals,  muudie,  nickel,  and  cobalt  I  should  advise  the  cicv- 
tioa  of  a  small  eteam-ennne  to  prove  the  lode  down  20  or  30 
fii^oma  This  can  be  done  at  a  small  expense.  The  engine 
ne«d  not  to  be  placed  at  the  shaft,  but  may  be  erected  on  the 
site  chosen  for  the  atampa  and  dreeaing  nooraL  The  pumps 
should  be  actuuU:d  by  means  of  flat  rods,  110  the  distano;  will  not 
be  very  great.  When  the  lode  haa  been  driven  on  some  20 
fiithom's  each  way,  the  proper  plaoo  for  the  working  engine 
shafts  may  be  determined.  Then  a  porpondicular  shaft  should 
be  put  and  «  prcMwr  pumping  engine  erecU-d.  Hie  bearing  of 
the  lodea  varies  but  little  with  each  other.  They  appear  to  run 
with  the  granite  range,  which  is  nearly  N,  E.  anS  S.  W .  .Shode 
pita  bavo  been  put  down  in  many  places  on  the  backs  and  have 
proved  them  to  have  a  rv^gular  Iworing,  besidea  canTing  strings 
of  ore  up  to  the  veiy  sar&co. 

There  are  three  oilier  lodes  on  tlie  property,  which  I  will 
jewriho  OR, 

No.  1. — A  soutli  lo«k'. 
,  J    No.  2.— 7X«  middle,  or  Rolertt  lode. 

No.  8.— ITic  North  Branch. 

NO.   1. — THE  SOUTH   LODE,  CALLED  BARRATT  VEIN, 

Thi»  lo'h'  or  braiu'h  is  a  flat  underla^vr,  it«  underlay  being 
seven  feet  in  the  fath^.ni.  l>«triiig  TZ'  N.  K.  A  level  hiks  been 
driven  on  it  for  a  fi-w  fathoms.  It  will  eonlinue  its  inelinalifm 
ontil  it  &lls  in  with  the  lode  No.  2.    It  Las  a  greater  dip  than 


m 


Tht  CoMi  mJ  NkkH  MiMt  in  CAatiam,  Conn, 


tbe  emu,  whicii  are  mica  elate  of  a  very  sbaly  daeotnpoaed 
charucter,  ([uite  oongeiiiiil  for  malcing  ore.  At  Hie  jtrosent  Hhat 
low  ik-ptli  it  is  about  sixtci'ti  iucbcs  tbick,  and  oompotrcd  out  of 
a  mtoi  Ibican  n'ilh  iniot?:)  of  cobalt  ore;  bctweoii  thit*  oud 
Ilobcrla  lode  is  a  dropjicr  or  vein  of  opaqun  quartz,  t-igbt  inches 
tbick,  dipping  aluo  towards  Na  2.  'uiis  will,  in  my  opinion,  if 
H  holds  down,  rtrongly  influtntio  the  No.  2  lode,  and  probably 
heave  it  away  bster  tuwards  the  Cluimpiou  Lode,  but  tlierc  ut 
DO  poeltivo  rclianoe  to  be  placed  in  it,  as  fAriDgs  of  quartz  of  this 
obaroctCT  are  IVequently  found  in  the  elate  forniatiou  in  the  fono 
of  floors  or  bods,  and  thus  die  out.  ~4lM 

NO.   2. — MIUDI.K,   Oi:  llOliKJlTS   LOUE. 
fTUi  i>  Ui«  led*  BpoD  "huh  Uit  CompuijOktrjOD  al  ptearnt  tbrit  chieropnatloiM,] 

Thi«  i»  a  very  pretty  lode  situittad  twenty-one  fatlioms  nortli 
of  No.  J,  It  averages  two  fe«t  in  thickness,  dips  five  feet  to  the 
Aithom.  Itit  bearing  is  70*  N.  K,  Itj*  vt-in.^oti«  is  gneira  with  a 
p«at  deal  of  black  mica  and  red  Ram«t ;  its  ore,  the  true  nickel 
and  cobalt  on.'.  A  level  is  beiny  driven  on  its  coureo  ea.iterly, 
which  jsnow  extended  to  81 J  fathoms.  In  the  baek  of  this  level 
(»me  ground  ia  now  being  Klojtod  nwav,  which  ia  trood  stamp 
work.  The  lodo  is  spotted  with  ore  tbrouRhout;  in  feet,  the 
whole  ia  saving  work,  and  if  it  wa.^  in  the  old  country  would  s«M 
at  a  fair  tribute.  I  am  somewhat  surprised  tribute  pitches  are 
not  KCt  in  u  lode  like  thiv.  parlieiilarly  a»  the  ground  is  so  fair. 
Tlic  speoimons  taken,  as  hereinafter  described,  were  a  fair  sample 
of  tht!  end,  biiek,  and  Iwttom  of  the  lode.  The  results  of  the 
yield  of  saleable  ore  gained  from  them,  are  anflleientlv  satitfiie- 
tory  for  nny  reasonable  ponton  to  cxiK-ct  from  a  lode  not  six 
Atnoms  fW)in  grass.  In  fad,  1  wa.i  greatly  astoni»lied  when  1 
tnade  a  van  of  its  oontvnts. 

NO.  3,   OB  NORTU   DR.1KCU. 

This  lode  ia  aoveit  fathonui  distant  fW>m  No.  2,  and  is  a  flat 
onderlaycr,  being  seven  feet  to  the  fatliom.  It  is  entirely  eom- 
pcsed  of  mica  fmcaD.  The  country  around  it  is  in  a  very 
acoomposed  »tate.  The  lode  appcare  to  bo  one  foot  thick,  but  in 
ooosoquence  of  its  anfletiled  state,  very  little  can  bo  said  of  its 
properties.  A  level  has  been  driven  on  it  five  and  a  half 
utboms.  There  appears  very  little  alteration  of  ita  {jroUBrtHs 
in  the  end.  I  did  not  perooivc  any  mineral  in  at.  If  tms  branch 
doea  not  materially  alter  in  depth,  it  'a  yery  likely  to  fonn  a 
didc.  Large  dcpositfi  of  mineral  take  plaee,  and  the  lodes  are 
enriched  by  slide*,  but  still  (hey  are  trowblesome.  There  not 
beiag  any  plan  of  the  sett,  I  have  been  unable  to  lay  out  the 
exael  position  uf  the  lodes  on  paper,  but  Ihe  following  seaion 
will  give  an  approximate  idea  of  thdr  relative  posiUons.  I 
sfaoula  advise  you  to  have  Die  property  properly  j-urveyed,  uod 


7%»  CAail  <md  A'ieitl  Miiut  in  C'/^Mam,  C<mn. 


lun 


a  working  pkn  made  of  the  intciKicd  works.  Sy  dtung  tbi», 
yoa  will  sw  wliat  is  reciutitvd,  and  ihcii  lui  «^iiniU«  can  be  inwic 
of  tbe  ooitt  of  ordering  macliiQcrv',  etc,  etc 

As  you  arc  Klrvody  snti^tiua  tliiil  the  lodoi  arc  productiro, 

'  jou  BhoultJ  this  winter  prepare  for  ll>e  ereotioD  of  a  liiglt-pre^urf 
engine  of  about  14-iDcu  cylinilcr,  wlii<^,  workine  at  4ii-pound 
steam,  will  give  yoa  20-boTK  pow^ir.  It  itiioula  Imru  a  long 
stroke,  and  made  to  work  vx^^iuiiTcly  to  save  tael.  To  thi^ 
engine,  on  the  iwrtli  side,  wiU  be  cotnu'cUtl  the  flat  rods  of  tJic 
bial  snsfta,  in  which  must  be  dropped  a  lift  of  d  pumpn  and 
baliuKO  bob  for  a  fivc-fcul  »trok«;  this,  goinc  12  strokes  per 
.Biinatc,  will  draw  I'iO  gallons  of  water,  whicli,  I  think,  will 
keep  the  ebaft^  In  fork,  until  down  to  the  intctsection  of  the 
lodes  No.  2  and  No.  3,  at  which  point  a  much  lai^r  quantity 
cf  water  may  be  expected.  Atluckud  aieo  by  the  same  side  of 
the  cugine,  must  be  a  winding  apparatus  for  drawing  the  stuff 
irmn  the  BhalL  I  should  recommend  one  similar  to  that  erected 
by  Mr.  Sheldon  at  the  Bristol  niiuc9,  which  io  l)Oth  simple  and 
emdeut,  and  not  expensive.  The  prooeex  of  drcsfiinc  the  ore 
must  be  by  etamps,  as  the  ore  is  fluely  disscniinut'^  like  gold 

<  through  the  stone,  and  requires  to  be  brought  down  very  low  to 
^Gct  a  perfL-ct  H^-pamUon.    I  should  recommend  the  floors  to  be 

'  4et  out  muoh  hiindar  to  tin  floors  but  witli  long  drnga  from  the 
OOTcni  and  slime  pits  one  below  the  other.  This  is  Qccessarj*,  as 
the  waate  is  very  lif^bl,  having  in  it  so  much  finely  laminated 
mica.  You  can  dispense  entirely  with  bnddle.i,  racks,  and 
liwucts  by  adopting  u  »cl  of  "  1tradford'.t  Vanning  Machinee." 
This  beautiful  invention  efTcct^  a  perfect  separation  of  the  otC, 
and  renders  it  marketjible  in  one  operation.  I  should  say  nearly 
eenC  per  cent  is  saved  in  time  and  labor,  besides  the  advontoin^s 
of  having  tlm  ore  dressed  much  eleancr  and  butler  than  can  be 
done  in  the  old  way.  To  the  south  side  of  the  engine,  to  eoia- 
tnencc  with,  12  heads  of  stamps  must  be  erected ;  others  can  be 
Attached  OS  the  operations  on  the  mine  enlarge.  The  stuff  irom 
ibe  diaft  and  several  shallow  levels  will  be  run  on  tram  warn, 
direct  into  the  ptuecs  of  the  stannpe.  For  the  sake  of  saving 
labor  and  facilitating  the  conversion  of  timber  for  the  varioiut 
BICB  OD  the  mine,  •  good  ciroolar  saw-mill  should  be  put  up  in 
the  carpenter's  shop.  The  coat  is  trifling  compared  witti  its  vse. 
If  you  adopt  the  new  vanning  machines,  I  must  advise  you  to 
havo  "  compound  stamps  and  as^lators."  Thei^e  stninjm  have 
tltKC  different  speeds.  They  reduce  the  stuff  to  an  impal[>able 
powder,  and  render  it  At  to  go  direct  to  the  ogitatom,  from  then 
to  the  macbiacs,  from  whence  the  ore  is  ready  for  market. 

Tht.*  mine  must  be  worked  in  neartv  every  respect  similar  t»- 
a  tin  mine.  The  ores  should  also  be  calcined,  lo  free  them  from 
sulphur  and  ansenie^  which  would  bring  the  produce  much 
tigoer^  and  a  better  standard  would  be  thereby  ootaiued. . 


IM  Tht  Coialt  and  jVieitl  .IftiMt  in  Chitiham,  Ctmifc  ■ 

For  your  Kuidftitoe  in  estimnting  tlie  value  of  a  lode,  the  fol- 
Llowin^  fbrmuTa  mar  ^  relied  on.  It  ts  oirtimiitc^  rnthot  under 
[what  )i  bring!*  out  in  pmctJoe,  a«  allowance  is  made  for  waste. 

I  A  cubic  btkOTn  of  lode  =  SIC  cubic  TkL 

[  ;       A  cobdc  bthom  wdghs  =  3S,000  lbs. 

I  A  cuhoc  bthom  trill  nuke  it  gm»  =  3,000  gallons  of  work. 

I  10  pJlons  of  work  =  I  mkIc  ^ 

I  100  S«k*  of  work  weigh  =  16,000  IhR. 

[  200  sticks  of  work  make  =  1  cubic  Ikthdni. 

I  1  tabic  fkihom  wnigha  =  IS  tons  (Americin*). 

I       The  mode  of  estimating  the  value,  then,  will  be,  aa  so  man; 

Eandi!  of  clean  ore  to  the  100  sacks  of  work  or  lode  stiil£  I 
ve  taken  a  sampling  from  tlie  main  lode,  and  the  No.  2,  or 
Bobcrte  lodo.  The  produo)  in  marketable  ore  of  the  latter, 
I  herowith  send  you.  For  llii!*,  I  will  afuame  a  value  of  titiny 
Fpoonda,  or  $145  per  ton.f  Samples  taken  from  the  stope,  tM 
lend  and  the  bottom  of  No.  2.  or  middle  lode  (Roberts  lode),  eivc 
I  an  average  throughout  of  2237  lb&  per  100  sacks,  wlii(£  at 
[$146  is  worth  $S(^9  por  cubic  liktliom,  or  $128  per  fiilhom  oi 
[lode  as  it  standi  taken  at  two  feet  thick.  In  addition  to  the 
[^wve  samplings,  I  took  elonce  from  the  leader  of  the  mtun  lode, 
rand  also  some  trom  the  adit  end,  which  mav  be  called  best 
[vork,  and  gave  ihcm  to  Captain  Pinch,  of  tiie  Northampton 
[xnincfi,  "iitsif.  Ho  made  a  most  careful  van,  of  wlitcli  the  four 
[packagea  I  herewith  send  jou  are  the  resultii. 

y  v*M  OP  tiHrLR  rxoK  aooKan  look  (siol  S,  o*  xtooix  lodk)l 

[         Cobalt  uid  nickel  ore,        .....        fi&07      * 

Wwtc, 4S.M      ■ 

SlhnMi, S&67 

1  loaoo 

I  Of  course  tbo  produce  of  even  bc*t  work  cannot  bo  expected 
[to  make,  when  dressed  by  machjnwy  or  ilie  ordiiiair  process  of 
fuddling,  anything  like  this  sample;  ncvcrthelcsiS  ikerc  ia  not  ffie 
iltOft  (ft»wJ(  ftut  Oi'il  (/cr  fcxfcj  art  very  rich  and  prwiudivc  It  does 
!  Hot  come  within  the  province  of  a  mine  report  to  say  what  will 
I  be  the  profits  derivable  from  the  working  of  tie  mine;  that 
I  (teperidif  entirely  on  the  manner  in  which  the  mining  operations 
I  are  conducted :  but  if  due  economy  and  prudence  arc  exerciaed 
I  in  tlie  management,  I  have  not  the  l»n«t  doubt  but  the  mine  will 
[te  hiffhly  remunerative. 

I  *  A  ulixht  dfflbtvDcc  is  miulo  from  tho  Cornlsb  cotnput&lion,  to  reduce  it 
I  to  ilecimBl  cnlcalation.    Tlie  Rngliiib  Ion  i>  2240  poundi,  tlic  .'^mcnoa  biiiig 

SOOOMiuidB. 
L t  3'lus  ia  tin  ore  Ibr  whieb  Mr.  Coffin  oflcrt  two  hundred  doUus  pet  too. 


'Otalaff  of  tilt  VfptT  STiuinippi  Lead  Ht^ien.  '  190 


Aw.  UL— THE   OEOLOGY   OP  TH8   UPPER  MISSISSIPPI   LEAD 
REGION.    Bv  J.  r.  PintLiP*. 

IKTRODUtTnOS. 
Abottt  «igbt  yean  a^o,  while  mining  in  the  nortbcm  part  of 
the  lead  r^on,  I  noticed  that  the  sandstone,  which  diviau  the 
upper  from  the  lower  Ixxb  of  magncj^ian  limestone,  dipped  e«ch 
vay  from  a  small  ^ring  bianc}t,  which  forms  one  oi  the  head 
wateix  uf  the  Peotonica  river,  litis  at  first  strack  mc  bs  being 
oomewhat  Bingalar ;  and  my  curiosity  van  further  ex<»bxl  by 
finding  the  same  principle  afiplied  to  all  the  wator-cooraes  in 
that  ncinity.  In  this  way  commenced  my  study  of  the  geolo^ 
of  the  lead  lenon,  which  wius  pnreued  by  obstnratioD  for  five 
years  before  I  had  an  opportunity  to  procure  any  writton  wofltt 
on  thiH  iicieiioc:. 

The  dip  of  rock  eaeh  way  from  a  line  of  wateiHjonnie  iihows 
that  an  elevating  force  has  actud  along  that  line;  an  axis  in 
formed.  This  watcr-coarae  traversbg  a  valley  of  di>nn4Uti<>i) 
shows  that  au  abrading  ibny;  has  worn  down  thu  channel  in  the 
rock,  '['here  we  have  in  rainiatarn  a  histor>'  of  all  the  forces 
which  have  formed  the  ridge*,  valleys,  mounds  and  walls  of  the 
table  landflofthe  lead  region.  Au  eJevatiue  force,  probably  pro* 
duo^  by  igneous  action,  decp-Bcated  in  the  carlo,  uplifts  the 
lintcatoDoe  and  Kandittonas  and  the  abrading  and  eroding  forces 
of  air  and  water  wear  down  the  cracks  into  valleys  along  toe  lines 
where  thcao  stratified  bed*  are  bent  over  the  lines  of  nxcs.  Tha 
diaoovery  that  all  the  elevating  and  abrading  forces  are  con- 
ncclod, — or  tliat  there  i^  «o  to  speak,  but  uiic  elevating  and  one 
abradinz  force, -—and  that  theao  two  agents  have  acted  in  coaoert,  ^ 
or  isimuflaaoou«ly,  along  tlie  tamn  lines  and  with  eorrespoading  H 
degrees  of  power,  redaces  the  geology  of  the  lead  rc^on  to  great  ^ 
simplicity,  and  may  be  aaid  to l)e  the  key  which  unlocks  the  vast 
mineral  wealth  of  that  district. 


nuat  LXViS  TO  TOB  CYXAUICS  OB  GEOLOOICAL  FOBCES  OF  TBB 
IXXD  BBQIOK.  '  '' 

1st  The  water-courses  follow  and  corrc^nd  to  the  lines 
of  devating  forces  or  anticlinal  axes.  That  a,  the  MW'ssippi 
and  oUier  nvfos  of  the  lead  region  all  run  on  AUttclinal  ridges. 
The  rucks  dip  eoich  way  from  nil  the  rivers,  cn.-eks,  ^riog; 
fanmclies,  and  ravines  of  the  lead  region, — Sec  section  Ko.  2.   .  , 

2d.  The  amount  of  <lip  of  the  roclct  is  governed  by  tlie  dii-' 
tance  between  the  lines  of  axes.  The  nearer  these  lines  of  the 
same  magtiitnde  the  greater  i.t  tli*"  dip,  and  t'^r  tyrmt.  Tliat  i>t. 
when  two  rivers  run  parallel  a  half  a  mile  apart,  the  \yasm  of 
rock  between  ihcJH  will  be  dwpt-r  than  between  two  spring- 
bltaebes  the  same  distance  apart. — Sec  Sectioa  Ko.  9. 


4 


4 


uo 


Qtotogy  t^  Ui*  Upptr  Miftimppi  Ltad  JBtgioii. 


Sd.  The  elcviiting  and  nbnuliug  forces  lutvo  acted  simulU- 

t  neously  along  tlic  same  lines  and  with  correqionding  degrees  chT 

povrCr.     That  is,  where  thviv  has  been  the  greatcet  amooDt  of 

elevating  force,  along  the  same  line  has  acted  a  corresponding 

denuding  fonx-.     Tli«  Icnd-beariog  rocks  have,  as  it  wcrc,  been 

ibeld  between  these  two  ant^onistio  lu^nts,  and  by  their  coneort 

[.of  action  have  been  formodthc  vallcyB,  ridgca,  toouada,  and 

walla  of  table  lands  of  the  lead  i«gioii.— See  SectJon  No.  2. 

HOCKS. 

The  clifT  at  mountain  limesUme  includes  all  the  liraotUoiiet 
forming  tabic  laiidit,  mounda,  or  beds  travctscd  by  the  lead 

I  veins.  Mr.  Owen  in  his  survey  of  the  lead  region  aubdivided 
Ubis  cliS  rock  into  three  W-i^.  int.  The  upper  or  sheU  hedi. 
8d.  The  middle  or  eorraliine  beds.  3d.  The  louvr  hadisxring  IttU. 
Thi!  lower  strata  I  have  subdivided  into  four  beds,  which  will  be 
4e«ignated  by  numbers  1,  2,  &  and  4.  Those  rocks  arc  called 
by  mineni  the  vpper  jwrjwwian  Umestonr..     They  include  all  tbo 

[^rtroductive  rooks  yet  proved,  and  rest  on  the  sandstone  of  tli« 

I  Wiaoonain  river. — Sec  Sedioni*  Noik  3  and  4. 

I  Thia  is  the  upper  stratum  or  cop  rock — is  a  fine-grained  mag- 
"  ~|ian  limestone — in  layers  about  ouc  foot  thick— divides  bj  lines 
°rtratificatioD  and  vertical  joints — contains  maiinc  ibmls^ 
ami  large  orthortem—ova  near  the  Sinainawa  mound,  and  two 
|«ight  feut  in  Icnf;th  have  b*en  diseovered  at  "Catfish  diggings" 
[in  this  rock.  Seams  of  thw  rock,  pictured  with  vegetable  fomw 
Iby  the  black  oside  of  in.tugancw,  called  by  minere,  eap  reek, 
[Ocuibo  root,  xhinijk  r<Kk,  etc.,  cap  the  ridges  of  the  ]>tu>uq«e 
Hay,  the  high  grounds  around  the  mounds,  and  cover  the 
'^  Bt  area  in  the  oenlr^  and  southern  portion  of  the  lead 
The  cast  and  west  caves  west  of  Dubuque,  the  vertical 
jtpeninm  at  Potosi,  the  caves  around  the  Sinsiuawa  and  Bhie 
[  mouncu,  tho  vertical  c*»t  and  west  veins  worked  at  Plattcville, 
_  en,  and  v-irioua  other  mining  locations  in  the  lead 
e^oc,  have  been  found  filled  in  crevices  more  or  Icfe  capped 
l«vcr  with  thi.s  rider  foi-  the  Ifad-hearing  bah.  This  rock  fonna  a 
Iflne  building  stono— quarries  have  been  opened  in  it  on  tho 
jblull^  at  Dubuque,  in  tlic  vioinitv  of  Galena,  and  at  vnrions 
Lplaoes  in  Grant,  Lafiwette,  and  Jo  Daviea  countica.  Where  this 
fXDck  is  over  twenty-five  feet  liiick,  it  generally  carries  the  veins 
lof  we  below  the  water  level. — See  Section  No,  4. 

So-i 
This  ia  yellowi)>h  pockety  limust^mo-^coutainA  marine  fowile, 
many  of  them  <liittinct  from  the  rap — stratified  in  layen  from 
two  to  four  feet  thick — is  tmvviw^  by  vorlieal  cant  and  wi-t4 
erevic«fi,  which  are  generally  about  one  hundred  yanl^  ajxirt: 


I 


Gtohinf  »f  A*  Upper  MluMppi  Ltad  Btgio*. 


1S1 


erevicea  form  operunrja  at  tfac  jnnction  of  the  two  beds  of  rock. 
These  openitijm  h^rmiiititv  lx>lli  iiliovo  nnd  Iwlow  in  Ainnel-ithaped 
chimneys  in  the  two  beds  of  rock.  The  lower  chimneys  of  thcsu 
opcnin(»  arc  generally  filled  with  «  yellow  unctuous  day,  whtc^ 
forms  the  matrix  of  the  lead  veins.  This  bed  of  limoetone, 
which  is  about  ono  hundred  foot  thidc,  gives  evidence  of  beiiiff 
the  gre«t  kad-bfortag  rock  of  the  upper  Missiasinpi.  It  would 
beaafeto  ssy  that  not  less  than  half  a  million  dotlan  hAvc  been 
Welcssly  expended  in  xinkine  in  this  bed  of  rock  below  the 
nnge  oV  the  cast  and  west  lead  veins ;  almost  all  the  unxuccen- 
fal  opcrntJoiM  in  scAreh  of  ores  huve  been  in  this  bed  of  rock, 
vhere  it  was  partly  removed  by  draudtng  action,  and  the  toimi 
did  not  attuin  any  depth  in  the  crevioes.  It  is  called  by  miners, 
itani  rock,  crevice  nxi,  etc — See  Section  No.  4. 

No.  8.  I 

Tbia  13  a  gray  limeetone — epUntcry  fracture,  and  ia  filled  with 
nodular-formed  laycra  of  fliut  or  clicrt.  generally  about  one  foot 
»art — the  flint  beds  lying  parallel  witn  the  linea  of  stratification 
m  th«  luncstone.  The  veins  of  It-ad  ore  in  it  are  horixoutal. 
11)6  outcrop  of  thi.4  rock  oovcnt  a  confiiderablearea  in  the  northern 
and  eastern  portion  of  the  Icadiicld.  In  it  is  that  class  of  diggings 
known  to  miners  as  llic  JiiiU  openinm.  When  tliia  rock  lias  not 
beoa  abraded  it  is  about  one  hundred  feet  thick— is  called  by 
mincK  JHnt  strata,  fiat  opening  slnUa,  etc. — See  Sodioa  No.  4. 

H«.  4. 
This  is  the  lower  stratum  of  the  i>ic.w  ieadbearing  beds  irf 
IVofeaaor  Owen's  sur\'6y,  or  of  the  bed  of  rock  more  generally 
known  to  mittvm  as  the  upprr  mayiiriian  Untafme.  It  i.s  a  blue 
limestone,  alternating  willi  beds  of  foasiliferous  limestone,  and 
blue  and  brown  oncrinital  marble — contains  a  large  per  oeiit. 
of  ibanl  remains,  embracing  many  speoies,  from  the  amalleat 
mttntaJeuJM  to  <»-thoeera(a  from  six  to  eight  {bet  in  lenfith,  and 
wh&re  not  abraded,  this  belt  is  about  one  Dundrod  foet  thick.  It 
has  prnduoad  oonsiderahle  ciuantities  of  lead  ore  asaociatod  with 
the  oarbooate  and  sulphurct  of  ztne. — See  Section  No.  4. 

SII.1LE   BEDS. 

In  basins  on  the  surfuce  <>(  tlic  cap  rock,  arc  found  beds  of 
blue  and  yellow  shale;  about  one-sixth  of  the  lead  field  is 
coTercd  with  these  shale  deposits,  the  greatest  areas  being 
around  the  I'lattj',  IMue,  Siiiitinawa,  Slierrilt'o,  Scale's,  and 
other  mounds  of  the  lead  region.  At  Gratiot's  Grove,  and  on 
the  dividing  ridgcs  which  connect  these  mounds  and  the  Sin- 
sinawa  with  the  Platte  mound&  are  found  larger  dcposibi  of  this 
shale.  The  upper  portion  of  the  shales  is  vcllow  and  unctuous, 
gruws  iuduratod,  and  o)ianges  to  a  dark  filue  color  where  the 
aepMits  are  of  any  depth.     Mining  shafts  In   the   Dubuqne 


I 


Gtoiogy  nf  (JU  f^ywr  Mittiuippi  Lead  lUpion. 

valley  and  anraad  the  Sinainawa  moundii,  have  been  Aank 
,  ithirtj  feet  Uirough  Uiw  deposit.  This  dialc  is  jntpcmooB  to 
I  water,  and  all  ute  mines,  in  wet  aeaaoiu,  in  i\\\a  fvripatjou, 

«re  more  or  lew  ioundak-d  witli  eur&oe  wat«r. — See  SeotioD 
I  Ko.2. 

I  OLAT  BBDe. 

Overlying  tltc  slialcfl,  and  wliere  Uiei»e  deposila  do  uot  ^xSA, 

I  are  found  oovering  the  TOf^  beds  of  clay  voiylojg^  from  a  few 

'  inchCH  to  a  dtpth  of  from  tliirly  to  forty  feet.     Tues*  cluv  l)cd» 

I  possess  pcciiliariticH  of  interest  to  the  miner  which  would  fill  a 

Volume,     Every  shade  of  color,  hrowu,  Wiv^  h\\u.',  green,  and 

red,  are  found  iittoriniTiglod  through  tlie  different  layers.     In 

vertical   or   horizontal   sections,  tijc   Bhadiugs  rcaanWc  cvcrj- 

variety  of  pattern  the  mind  can  imagine,  ana  a  aingiilar  fact  is, 

that  the  most  delicate  markings,  or  minutest  change  in  the  color 

I  ht  elementt  of  the  clay  deposits  holds  ft  fixed  po«tioi)  to  the 

'  inounds,  water-coursesj'  lines  of  axes,  ridges,  and  other  great 

I  outlinca  in  the  physiognomy  of  the  lead  region. 

rayaiooKOHY  of  tub  v&m>  itfioiON. 

[ '     Imagine  a  natural  aiiiphithfatre  or  cir^nJur  valley  of  eleva- 

tiott  seventy  miles  wide  ;~the  I'Jntte  mounds  in  the  centre ; 

the  Sinsinawa,   Shcrrill's,   Scale's,   Blue,   and  other  mounds, 

Burrounding  these  o-^  satellites; — u  cireular  wall  of  table  land 

l.thrce  hundred  feet  high,  as  boundaries  of  this  valley  on  the 

ir«stv  SOuUt,  and  cut:  an  ontcroppinf;  zone  of  sandstone  and 

'^tlying  mounds  on  tne  north  ;  iiie  grroundwovk  of  Uie  pictun) 

£»mod  of  ridges  vrhieh  radiate  from  the  mounds :  watei^ooorsefl 

ndiating  in  spring  branches  from  the  mounds  nml  other  smaller 

'  centres,  and  tonmug  rivulcU  oK;ar  as  crystal  flowing  through 

[  denuded  valleys.     Add  to  this  a  boU  covering  about  two-thirds 

,  of  the  district,  black  and  rich  as  the  deposits  of  the  Nile;  wide 

prairies  skirled  with  timber,  and  traversed  by  ridges  which,  in 

I  the  distance,  resemble  tU«  awelU  of  an  ocean;  herv  and  there 

villages  counceled  by  scaltcring  &rm-houBes ;  the  yellow  utd 

I  red  ochres  and  claji*  excavated  by  the  miner  forming  bright 

I  dots  on  the  scenery;  and  some  faint  outline  may  l>e  formed  of 

I  itic  physiognomy  of  the  great  lead  fields  of  the  North- West. 

LEAD  TBIXa  CLASSED. 
nntT  cLxai. 
East  and  west  verticati  vein»  of  galena  crystallized  in  cnboe, 
idled  in  well-dcfmed  vertical  fissures  in  openings  at  the  junction 
Lorvocks  No«.  1  and  2. 

F      Kortli  and  south  vfirlical  sheets  filled  in  crevices  in  rock 
^.feTTSlteeilrf.Mii"  V0:8tal  forntr-thwo,  veins  8l¥«ya.lr«J«»ted. 


(hatagy  <^  A*  Uj>p»r  Miuinippi  Ltad  Rtyitm.  133 

'  :nr^F^IN«f#i  wu>  CUM- 
Horizontal  reins  of  oliunk  and  sheet  ore  filled  in  openingn 
'»t  the  jmM.'tion  of  rockx  Nob,  2  and  3.     Solid  angliM  of  crysws 
from  this  dass  of  veins  ore  alvaya  more  or  lew  truncated. 
'''  ncns  GLASS. 

Horizontal  shecta  of  lead  are  aasodated  with  carbonate  and 
Bnlphurt-t  of  zinc  Thiji  olaiw  of  vcin&jiclding  ores  tn  chunk 
and  sheet  forms,  traverses  roclt  No.  4.  I'he  chunk  ore  generally 
makes  in  opominija,  and  the  sheet  is  generally  inclosed  between 
solid  giJU  of  \\m  limestone.  AU  Uic  diaoorcrics  of  ores  yet 
Wade  will  find  a  place  in  one  of  these  four  series  of  vcin&  The 
number  of  Uio  rock  is  always  au  index  of  the  kinds  of  ore  It 
will  produce. 

AKTICUKAL  LDCBS  OF  AZE3. 

These  lines  of  axes  are  all  connected,  and  follow  and  oor- 
to  the  rivers,  creeks,  and  spring  branches  which  flow 
'  &om  the  various  centres  of  the  lead  region. 

STKCLrNAL  t.I.VBS  OV  AX£S. 

These  lines  arc  all  connected,  and  follow  the  centre  of  the 
wltich  radiate  fVom  the  monnds  and  other  smaller  centres 
of  the  lead  region. 

MOtTJDS.  ^ 

The  mounds  of  the  lead  region  nru  outliers  of  the  conallins 

of  cliff  limwttmt' ;  are  ceiUrea  disturl>ed  by  neither  llie 

jevating  nor  abrading  forces ;  centres  wlierc  antit-linal  lines  of 

>  flatten  out,  and  from  which  synclinal  lines  of  axes  radiate. 

oniQis  OP  THE  lead-beabhto  bocks. 

Li  most  mining  districts,  igneous  action  has   protruded 
mite  axi's  througli  beds  of  slates  and  limestones,  and  at  the 
{unction  of  these  two  rocks  arc  the  repositories  of  ores.    In  the 
CO  Superior  copper  rogiuu  axcA  of  trap  are  protruded  through 
dstonce,  and  tne  interfusion  of  these  two  rocks  has  formed 
lie  amygdaloid  or  true  copper-bearing  rock.     The  mctalifcrous 
{ jiicka  are  osnally  formetl  n\  bonds  nearly  vertical,  and  follow 
I  the  anticlinal  lines  of  trap  and  granite  rock*.     The  veins  have 
FA  limited  Burfuci^  area,  and  run  to  a  great  depth.     In  the  west- 
lead  region  the  lines  of  axes  of  igneous  rocks  ar«  all  subter- 
mcan.    The  overlying  bed:*  of  liincttonc  and  sandtitono  air 
obably  about  two  thou.sand  feet  tJiick.    These  roeks,  by  Uie 
■etkm  of  elevating  and  abrading  forces,  aro  formed  in  basins 
in  vhidt  the  lead  ores  are  depoonted.    Conld  we  lilt  off  tho 
limestones  and  sandi^toucs  of  this  district  wc  should  fmd  miiiia- 
toie   plutonic  mountuias  below  the  lines  of  rivers  ami   tlieir 


0tolofy  «fthe  Upper  MUtimppi  htad  RtgitM.  ^^ 

l>raDch<a,  forming  Utc  Uncs  of  disturbing  forces  and  anticlinal 
axes  wbiob  divide  the  leod-beoring  bed& 

riXKD   IA-K9.  watCH   APPLY  TO  TUB  TSIKS  OP  I.BAD  0RS8. 

IsL  Th<!  anticlinal  linen  cattj  tlio  outcrop  of  the  retos  uid 
the  sj-nclina!  line*  lUc  central  wealth  of  tlie  beds. 

2d,  East  and  west  vuiit^  of  ore  are  found  onljr  wbero  rocks 
Noe.  1,  2,  3,  and  4  are  all  in  place. 

3d.  Nortli  and  south  sheets  arc  found  only  where  rocl:s  Noe. 
2,  8  and  4  are  in  plac«. 

4Ui.  Ilorizontal  sheets  of  chunk  ore  arc  found  only  vhen 
rocks  3  and  4  arc  in  place. 

6th.  Ilorizantal  sheets  of  lead  ore,  aasocia(«d  with  the  car- 
bonate and  8ulphurct  of  zine,  arc  found  onljr  in  rock  Ko.  4. 

PACLTS. 
Tlio  fanlts  which  traverse  the  lead-bearing  beds  are  all  found 
ai  the  flattoninf^  out  of  lines  of  elevating  lorcos,  and  the  up- 
throws or  slips  in  the  fllrata  vary  from  wx  inches  to  fifty  feeU 
Iq  every  r&vmc,  valley,  and  along  the  wator-couises,  strata  an 
found  to  be  more  or  less  uiicoiiforinable. 

KASr  A>IT>  WB3T  CRKVICE8. 

These  crevices  cut  the  central  portion  of  tlie  bedfl  of  limo- 
\  itonc«  in  parallel  lines,  generally  about  one  hundred  yarda  apart, 
and  are  entirely  distinct  from 'the  lines  of  elevating  I'urces  or 
anticlinal  axes. 

NORTH   AND  SOUTH  CREVICES. 

Th€«  crevices  cut  through  rock  No.  2  in  patches,  aitd  a» 
fSrequontly  found  in  parallel  lines  a  few  yards  apart 

QUAM-EKIKG  CREVICES. 

Are  found  in  rocks  Nob.  2  and  3  generally  in  nests  or  patches, 
at  intervals  of  fVom  ten  to  lifty  feet. 

'  Antes  OP  THE   LKAD-DUARINO  ROCIC£. 

FIMT  AOL 

Bocks  formed  by  causes  now  in  action — the  sandstones  of 
detritus  worn  down  from  granite  and  other  igneou.s  rocks  in  the 
iq>per  portion  of  the  Missiitrdppi  valley^ths  limestones  built  up 
by  cruHtaoean  families  in  the  txid  of  oncaeat  Kss. — See  Section 
No.  2. 

SBoom  A«L 

The  di.strict  of  country  which  now  forms  the  laad  re/ion  was 
in  this  ago  a  horizontal  plain  in  tlte  bottom  of  an  andent  ocean ; 
oo  valley,  ridge,  inoiind,  nor  wall  of  table  land,  bad  yet  oome 
into  existence. — Sec  Sootion  No,  1.  j  j 


Qtahgy  of  the  Upptr  3ti*ti*tippi  Ltoid  Rt^ion. 


188 


No.  1. 


al  Lad-btBliitt  Itwta  ttut  Wlif  hihI  an  b}-  ■Imtinc  (inl  itinillBC  fana*. 


No.  3. 


CW  Mnli  sT  IhK  UlaalHlpul 

SudMoni  IHSKn  Ilia  0«] 
Md  l.«d-knrln(B«(ta. 

BluB  tell  of  lb*  CN7  Uwr- 


Ijsvrr  Li*l-<t«»1nc  btik  af  0 
HbiU'Mal 


rt  »srT»)~ 


1^ 


OgRdllw  twii  gf  lh>  C1IP 
LlmoiIuiHi. 


Latn«  Ui^-bfielni  U4* 
oTUi*  Cllir  I.lniKMaiift 


aulilon*  Altlillncihiofiiin' 


Loaw  Kirnailut  IJmHUn*. 


C^p  Eixk  (rr  RIdrt  <bi 
bdVoTOrr. 


Anttieacm  LLbubUHMu 


FIlBl-tCMhif  UmMuH. 


Bin*  iJmtMoiw. 


1   12    ^        t^ 


Oncnp  oTdi*  titat  Vrlih, 


^^Q^C:^ 


Vol-  11—10 


raua>  Mt. 
The  dcvaling  and  Hbni'iinir  force*  oommpnw  to  uplift  thv 
stnUiSed  beds — we  abrading  Ibroos  lo  wear  dowo  the  rooKS  along 
the  linm  whm-  tlir  elmta  im;  bent  over  tho  axes — the  lines  ot 
fcaoes  travenw  lh«  strata  longitudinally  and  flatten  oat  around 
eeatna — thc«c  cciitivs  naet  the  denuding  action  Irom  tho  fa/A  of 
their  iK)t  being  dliinrbed.  The  moundA  and  ridgn  of  the  lead 
rq;km  now  mark  the  centrea — See  Section  No.  2. 

fontrn  ««>. 
The  csxt  and  wist  vertical  crevices  at  the  junction  (^  rocica 
No8. 1  and  2,  are  by  voltaic  or  other  agencies  formed  in  openings 
— the  shale  Iwls  arc  deposited — the  openings  in  the  fissures  are  by 
aqueouA  aetion  filled  with  day,  Hand  and  pebblex — bauos  in  the 
centre  of  the  ridges  arc  gradually  filled  with  claya — nustodona 
are  entombed  in  tnia  era  in  the  deep  day  around  the  mounda. 

nrtn  acr. 
The  outlines  of  ridgee  are  finished — spring  braaches  com- 
meiKC  to  rsdiiit*?  from  the  surface  of  the  bcos  of  slialc  and  break 
out  by  the  artesian  force  Irom  the  variouii  baKina  of  rock — thu 
lead-prod uciug  action  dt^'poslts  oret  in  the  clayey  matrix  of  the 
oneuings  and  caves,  and  in  tbo  claya  on  the  surface  of  the  look, 
The  depoMts  of  on»  found  in  rocks  Noe.  8  and  4  ^vc  eridenco 
of  being  firat  produced;  the  lead-producing  acDou  probably 
being  active,  while  the  limestones  were  partially  submetged  in 
tho  waters  of  the  oocao. 

SPRtNOS. 

.All  the  springs  in  the  lead  i^Rwd  break  out  by  tlio  arteiuaa 
finoe  and  rinliate  from  CCDtrus.  Tnc  cost  and  west  veins  in  tho 
large  banns  of  rock  are  found  in  a  matrix  of  variMnile<l  unctuous 
clay.  In  the  small  bdsios  of  rock  tho  ores  are  round  in  a  rod 
ferruginous  ochrey  matrix.  North  and  south  ahecta  in 
placca  have  a  matrix  of  Rd  clay,  and  in  other  distriotR  ue  tni 
elosed  between  solid  wall  roeka  of  liinofltnnc  The  lioiiaontal 
chunk  iiliec'ts  of  ore  which  traverse  rock  Ko.  'i  have  a  matrix  of 
fiint,  ochre  and  limestone.  The  horim^ntal  nheela  of  galonit, 
anooialeil  with  the  carbonato  mid  sulphurct  of  zinc,  wbicu 
traverse  rock  No.  4,  are  gi'neniUy  found  in  low  flat  openinga 
between  thu  ^trnta  of  llic  limcstitncB,  and  are  aaeociated  with  a 
brown  ferruginous  ochrey  matrix. 

IIEAT. 

The  heat  which  has  permeated  tlie  lead-bearing  rocks,  and 
on  which  depends  the  color  of  tho  matrix  of  the  veins,  has 
radiated  from  the  anticlinal  lines  and  decreased  io  inveiKC  pro- 
portion towards  tbo  synclinal  lines. 


I 


Gtviogy  of  Iht  Upper  Miuiuippi  Ltad  Rtgion. 


YOU-JlIC  FU.IQ). 


TTic  elevating  and  abniding  forocs  have  formed  tHe  lead- 
bearing  rocks  in  natural  voltaio  piles,     lite  priDciplc  ^^plics— 
fiiat,  to  the  wbolc  lead  basin — second,  to  the  beds  of  rook 
tiouDd  the  mounds — and  ihinl,  to  siDgle  ridges  or  the  lunallcst . 
beaanBoT  rook. 


CBTSTALUZINQ  LAWS. 


Tbeso  laws  hare  acted  around  centra,  the  principal  of  which ': 
an  mvked  bj  the  mounds. 


MP   OF   BOCKS. 

The  rocks  dip  to  the  centre  of  all  the  ridges  and  moonda  of 
Uie  lead  region. 

OUTCROP  OF   BOCKSv 

The  outcrop  of  sandstone  which  undcriirs  the  upper  mag*' 
oeaiBn  liinestone,  forms  a  border  aloog  all  the  principal  water- 1 
awfaea,  which  flow  out  from  the  ovntrc  of  the  lead  husin.     Tb^l 
gutcrop  of  blue  limestone  forms  a  border  which  u  inclosed  brj 
the  sandstone,  and  reaches  up  towards  the  heads  of  the  rivoi&l 
The  outcrop  of  the  flint  strata,  or  rock  No.  S,  forms  a  border] 
indoscd  by  the  blue  limestone  and  follun's  some  of  the        '  _ 
branches  lip  to  their  fountoiits.    The  outcrop  oi'  the  areiiMeoufl| 
lilOHtODe,  or  rock  No.  2,  forms  a  border  indcscd  by  No.  S. 
The  outcrop  of  the  cap,  or  rock  No.  1,  forms  a  still  more  central^ 
botdtr,  ana  incl«Ma  all  the  b«ds  of  blue  and  jellow  shale*.    In 
tbcM  ootoropping  borders,  around  the  edges  of  the  lead  baani 
have  been  work^  the  four  classes  of  lead  Teins.—^Sec  Scetion 
No.  5. 

nXKD  PftlNnPLE. 

The  ahale  beds  dU  the  nurfhooof  all  the  large  basins  of  lime* 
stones,  and,  being  impervious  to  water,  form  a  natural  roof  or 
water  shale  for  Uio  beds  of  lead  veins.  The  veins  incTtmnng 
in  ikhnees  towards  the  centra  erf*  the  load  basins,  and  the  water- 
councfl  radiatiDg  AtHn  (be  roof  of  sbala  make  t^fiad  prinriple  in 
the  geolofnr  of  the  lead  basins,  that  all  the  ocotrea  of  melAlli' 
fcrous  wcaJth  are  at  |>oinU  most  remote  from  the  watcr-courscs. 
This  principle  applies  to  the  whole  lead  rogioit — lo  the  districts 
around  lite  iiwliridual  mounds  or  to  the  Kmallesl  ridgca  or  basins 
of  rock. 

REKARKS  nt  CONCCDSIOX. 

The  It>ad  region  is  divider)  into  twelve  principal  beds  or 
basins;  theacarc  marked  eonlrallv  by  the  mounds.  Surrounding 
and  oonnectt^d  with  these,  are  other  smaller  ccnliw,  amounting; 
to  several  hundred  in  number.    The  mining  in  this  1^  ftuld 


4 


M 


Q^loyfi  of  At  Ufiptr  Hi*tiuipfi  Znd  Rayiom, 


Tlllffil.AaS. 


The  elevating  and  abrarJing  forces  commcne*  to  uplift  the 
tstratified  beds — tlio  ahradLng  forces  to  wear  dovrn  the  rocKa  alonf; 
the  lines  where  tlic  strata  are  bent  over  the  axes — tli«  linwi  ol' 
'forces  tntvcne  the  stmtn  Inugitudiimlly  an'l  flatten  oat  arottnd 
eentrefl — these  centres  rcsiirt  the  dcaudiDg  action  from  the  fact  of 
tlicir  not  being  tll*liirl>erl-  The  itiouRils  an<l  riJges  of  the  lead 
region  oow  mark  the  centres. — See  Section  No,  2,  f 


rWTKtll  AOE. 


The  cast  and  vrc*l  vertical  crevtcea  at  the  junetion  of  rocks 

No8. 1  luid  2,  are  \>y  voltAic  or  other  (ig«Dciea  formed  in  (q>enings 

-the  shale  beds  are  di^tposited — the  openings  in  the  fisaures  arc  bj- 

jueoiLi  action  filled  with  day,  wind  unit  jiobbles — buitins  in  the 

^-centre  of  the  ridges  arc  gradually  filled  with  elaya — ^mastodons 

ten  entoinbed  in  ibis  era  m  tho  de^p  clay  around  the  tnoundd.  ' 

nm  xaa. 
The  outlines  of  tidges  are  finished — spring  branofaes  com- 
mence to  radiate  from  the  surface  of  the  beiLs  of  »!uile,  and  break 
out  by  the  artedi&n  force  Irom  the  vanoua  basins  of  rock — the 
lead-producing  niCtion  deposits  ortui  in  the  clayey  nuUrix  of  the 
openings  and  caves,  and  in  the  clayfi  on  the  surface  of  the  rook. 
The  deposits  of  orc-^  found  in  rut^ks  Koe.  3  and  4  ^ve  eindeuov 
of  being  first  produced ;  llic  lead-producing  action  probably 
being  active,  wtiile  thv  lUneslones  were  partially  submeilgsd  in 
the  iraterB  of  tbe  ocean. 

SPBIN»S. 

All  tlio  springs  in  the  lead  region  break  out  by  the  artesian 
foroc  and  railintc  fmm  ccnlre*  Tlio  ejist  wid  we«t  veins  in  llie 
large  basins  of  rook  arofoand  in  a  matrix  of  variegated  unctuous 
clay.  In  the  dtnall  basins  of  nifk  tlic  ores  nre  foiiiid  in  ft  red 
ferruginous  ochrey  matrix.  North  and  south  shccf  in  some 
places  have  a  niiitrix  of  red  clay,  and  in  other  districts  an;  in- 
ekfled  between  solid  wall  rocks  of  limestone.  The  hornontal 
chunk  dieete  of  ore  which  traverse  rock  No.  S  have  a  mntrix  of 
flint,  ochre  and  limestone.  The  horizontal  sheets  of  galena, 
aasociatod  with  the  earVmatv  and  sulphtiret  of  zinc,  which 
traverae  rock  No.  4,  am  (renerully  Ibund  in  low  flat  openings 
between  the  strata  of  the  linie^toncK,  and  ore  associated  with  a 
laown  ferruginous  ochrey  niatri.\. 

HEAT. 

The  heat  which  has  permeated  the  lead-bearing  rocks,  and 
on  which  dcjwntU  the  ciolor  of  the  matrix  of  the  veins,  has 
radiaUsl  from  the  anticlinal  lines  and  decieaaed  in  .inTetsa  |m>- 

tion  towards  the  synclinal  lines. 


Otthffy  <^lh4  Upptr  Miatmippi  Lt«A  Rtyion.  IJT. 

L  voi;rAic  FiLxa. 

I^<  The  elevating  and  abrwiing  tones  Itftrti  fonn<.-d  the  lead- 
[fKBmig  rooks  in  natural  voltaic  pilen.  llie  principle  applies — 
^'Sxst,  to  the  whole  lead  bamn— woond,  to  the  beds  oi   rock 

arouDt!  the  mounda — and  third,  to  single  ridges  or  the  enuJlcst 

basuu  of  rock. 

CnrSTALIIZlNO   UlWS. 

Titete  laws  have  acted  around  centres,  the  principal  of  which 
lue  marked  bjr  the  mounds. 

'  DIP   OF   BOCKS. 

[  The  rocks  dip  to  the  centre  of  all  the  ridges  and  raoaoda  of 
the  lead  recent. 

OPTCBOP  OF  ROCKS. 

The  outcrop  of  sandstone  which  underlii^  the  upper  mag- 
oesian  limestone,  forma  a  bonier  along  all  the  principal  water- 
oouiMCS.  which  flow  out  I'rom  the  wntiw  of  the  lead  basin.  The 
oatcrop  of  blue  limestone  forms  a  border  which  is  incloaed  by 
the  saudAtono,  and  i«nchc«  up  lowardit  tltc  heads  of  the  Tivcrc. 

,  Tlie  outcrop  of  the  flint  strata,  or  rock  No.  8,  forms  a  border 
indcsed  by  the  blue  limestone  and  follows  some  of  the  spring 

I  hmutdtes  &p  to  their  fountains.  The  outcrop  of  the  arenaceous 
limestone,  or  rock  No.  2,  forms  a  border  inclosed  by  No.  8. 
The  outcrop  of  the  cap,  or  rock  No.  1,  forms  a  still  more  central 
border,  and  incloses  all  the  beds  of  blue  and  yellow  shales.  In 
these  outcropping  bordem,  around  the  edfres  of  the  lead  basina 
have  been  worked  the  four  classes  of  tcau  reins. — Sec  Section 
No.  5. 

nXRD  PKINaPLE. 

The  shale  beds  fill  the  surfiftcc  of  all  the  large  basins  of  lime- 
stones, aud,  being  imjpervioua  to  water,  form  a  natural  roof  or 
water  shale  for  Uic  beds  of  lead  veins.  The  veins  increasing 
in  richness  towards  the  centre  of  the  lead  bnains,  and  the  wat«r- 
eoursea  radiating  from  the  roof  of  shale,  make  a  fiirai  prini'tpk  in 
(he  geoloey  of  tlie  leail  liiL<<in»,  thai  all  the  fi-ttlro.*  of  nictalli- 
feroos  wealth  are  at  points  most  remote  from  the  water-coursct. 
TTiis  priaci{>Ie  a{ij)U(«  to  the  whole  lead  re^n — to  the  districts 
around  the  individual  mounds  or  to  the  smaJIcst  ridges  or  bnains 
of  rock. 

KEMABKS  IN  CONCLUSION. 

Tlie  lead  region  is  divided  into  twelve  prindpal  bed»'__ 
basins ;  t}iese  are  marked  centrally  by  the  mounds.  Surrounding 
and  cimnectcd  with  these,  are  other  smaller  centres,  amounting 
to  several  hundred  in  number.     The  mining  in  this  lead  field 


I 


IS8 

thus] 

lorgei 

deptb 

mooe 

thirty 

thatti 

which 

miniB, 

has  b 

fintn 


Am.  r 

Qssn 

tome 

lowing 

there, 

Compc 


Th 
Itt 
acres, 
hill.  ; 
poi^le 
mon  b 
weaten 
"Staat 
mokini 
more  ti 

be  sees 
mine,  f 
liquely 

2d. 

»iial,  t 

joodcn 

nctits. 

he  Rret 

'etmuna 

o  it,  ar- 

itoreho* 

3d. 
[-ine, 


I 
I 


H  The  UbUr  Ind  Minn.  Ijtt 

I  TJn 

vein  DOW  worked  rans  through  a  oomcr  of  this  lot.  Vor  the 
mining  ri^hte  tlii;  proj^metor  hm  been  paid  tiv«  hundred  ilolluv, 
ftod  L4  GDtitled  to  a  sniall  intorcst  of  two  per  cent,  only  in  tl>p 
ons  that  may  be  fouud  upon  iu 

4lb.  The  niioisc  rights,  with  tue  of  the  sor&oe,  &cl,  below 
the  Farm  Liuv,  indtuliug  the  "  old  inioe,"  kod  cxtAudiDg  Hvo 
hundred  yards  on  each  side  of  the  rein. 

MACmSEBV  A-VI>BCU.1)IS09. 
Oq  lukiiig  chftt^  of  the  niinv,  on  the  second  week  in  Feb- 
ruary, I  found  it  without  buildinra,  flxrept  an  office,  and  with 
no  niacliinvry  but  n  wiiidL'iex.  Mr  tin^t  care  was  to  proiidc 
thoeie  thina:»  rei^uir»l  for  working  the  mine  on  a&  extended  icale 
M  pntcticRule.  A  miuing  i)iiiiip  of  large  size  had  been  ordered 
aome  weeks  pneviounly  of  manuCacturera  in  Pennn'lvonia.  ITie 
at  of  it  completely  int«rrupt<!d  tin;  sinking  of  toe  main  shaiV, 
J  opening  of  the  mine  in  depth.  Though  repeatedly  nm)IJed 
!■,  it  was  not  until  some  time  in  Afjril  that  it  was  rcccivco.  In 
the  mean  time,  a  gix^l  whim  waa  built  for  working  the  pump  by 
horse  power ;  and  on  its  arri^'al,  it  was  immediately  set  m  tmcra- 
tion.  With  the  exception  of  the  breaking  of  tlie  winduorv; 
which  was  soon  replaced  by  one  of  supcnor  quality  of  iron, 
inadc  by  MesnK.  Laiijr,  Cook  A  Co.,  of  llndsnn,  the  puniu  \\»!- 
prored  all  that  was  d^ircd,  and  will  always  continue  to  ao  the 
work  of  the  mine  to  the  depth  one  lift  of  pumps  ever  work. 
With  this  exception,  also,  no  accident  nor  imperfection  in  any 
of  the  smelting  or  mining  niuehincry  has  cansed  the  losa  of  onr 
day  in  the  opemtiona  of  the  mine. 

Two  Scotch  hearth  inniiiccs  hail  been  jsent  to  the  mine,  but 
they  required  a  building,  a  Rlrain-cngine  and  blowing  appamtUH 
to  put  them  in  operation.  I  procuri'd  a  suitable  engine  m  Boa- 
ton.  The  blowing  apmratus,  of"  llie  most  thorough  eonstTuctioii, 
was  ordered  of  a  mat-ninirt  in  the  county.  Though  its  prepara- 
tion was  pusheii  forward  to  the  extent  of  the  capacity  oi  the 
works,  considerable  time  was  required  for  its  eomplctiou.  The 
engine  uid  smelting  hoa'<e  was  built  in  the  mean  time,  and  tlic^ 
fnraaoea  and  engine  set.  On  the  24th  of  May,  the  blowers  then 
being  roudy,  the  furnaces  were  atarted,  and  durine  this  and  the 
auficeeding  month,  618  pigs  of  lead,  weighing  70  lbs.  each,  wore 
niD  out.  An  amount  of  lend  equivalent  to  forty-four  pigs  mom, 
was  teit  U>  illl  the  hearths  of  the  two  furnaces.  Two  lead 
smelters  from  St  Lawrcncu  County,  ai,v«stomwl  to  the  Scotch 
hearth  furnace,  were  engaged,  and  one  of  them  is  still  in  charge 
of  this  branch  of  tJie  work.  The  smelting- hoii^Wits  laid  outm* 
Ruflkient  .lize  (00  X  30  feet)  for  the  engine  and  furnaces,  and  alew 
for  crushing  mils,  whenever  it  may  be  important  to  odd  these. 
Bt^idi^  the  blowers,  the  engine  now  runs  a  circular  saw,  which 
cats  all  the  wood  required  K>r  the  furnaces. 


m 


Tht  tnttff  l-iMd  Mint*. 


Next  in  importance  to  the  ameltinc  works,  &  larfjc  building 
f  waa  required  for  dtrssing  tin;  ore*,  as  Uicy  came  from  llto  mino. 
I  Tbi8  Wit  soon  put  ap,  eighty  feet  lonp  and  furty  Ibet  wide,  and 
[oDtmccted  with  the  mmooc  on  one  side  and  a\t  mine  on  the 
fother  by  mlroad  tracks.  Water  was  conveyed  to  it  by  long 
[laundeTH,  extending  to  a  permanent  watcr-connw  np  the  Bide  of 
1  the  mountain.  As  the  production  of  the  mine  increased,  it  wb8 
|-|bund  neceasary  to  add  a  congidtrahlv  wtug  to  this  building, 
[]Vliich  is  devoted  to  the  div,ising  of  the  copper  ores.  The 
sngemcDts  for  room  and  appanitus  arc  itufGciviit  to  prepare  all 
be  lead  ores  the  fumaco  can  smelt,  as  well  as  the  oopjxir  ores, 
E'^hich  are  extracted  from  the  mine  at  the  samo  timv.  In  the 
onvenience  and  completetio3S  of  these  arriingementa,  eombined 
ritb  groat  economy  of  plan  and  construction,  no  works  for  the 
fpreparatton  of  ores  for  the  furnace,  and  their  oonrersion  into 
[metal,  can  probably  be  found  superior  at  any  other  cxtabtiah- 
[Inent. 

The  blackamithB'  and  carpcntrre'  shopB  are  lar^  and  Wfni- 
Ltnoiliou.*,  and  well  slocked  with  all  the  tools  and  apparatus 
Ttcquircd  for  an  pxtcnavc  mining  cslablishmcnl.  Tlic  dock 
ibuilt  by  the  Coiujiany  upon  the  caual,  willi  the  storehouse  upon 
'\\,  affords  great  convenience  for  rcccivinf;  the  anthracite  for  Uic 
rcngine  and  shops,  and  may  al»o  be  u.sed  for  the  shipment  of  piff 
Llcad  and  copper  on».  It  has  been  intended  to  extend  the  nul- 
F^tttd  track  from  i!ie  ftiniaoc  down  to  thi;«  point. 
I  An  office  and  powder-house  complete  the  list  of  buildinga, 
and  are  all  that  will  probably  be  ro<4uinsd  nnlil  the  erection  of* 
niimping  engine  for  tiie  mine.  By  reference  to  the  accompany- 
ing report  of  the  trciisurer,  it  Will  be  jw«n  tliat  the  ontlay  (or 
EiacbiDery  and  buildings  haa  been  remarkably  email,  consider- 
ng  the  mine  is  80  well  provided  with  them,  and  all  within  ilic 
Plkostyear. 

MIKBS. 

'*  The  character  of  the  vein  now  worked  has  been  described  in 
er  reports.  It  b  one  of  a  series  of  nearly  vertieal  vdns, 
.  bh  cut  obliquely  across  tbe  mngn  of  the  mountain.  The  dip 
Hh-  vein  \s  seen  in  the  section  across  the  main  shaft.  (Fig.  2.) 
*  A."  the  work  of  iipening  prngrcstcK,  it  is  found  to  follow  th« 
[Courac  of  an  extensive  fissure,  which  is  partially  filled  with  loose 
|fragments  of  sandstone,  bunches  of  quartz  ciystalu,  and  lumps 
vat  lead  and  copper  ores,  all  bedded  in  a  ^icky  and  tough  yellow 
wUy.  Where  the  Bssuru  closes  up,  the  vein  marks  its  range, 
witncr  by  courses  of  rich  galena  and  pyritouR  copper,  or  by  a 
^etc  crack,  entirely  deficient  of  vein  stones  or  ores,  but  leading 
n  serosa  the  stratification  from  one  '"  floor^  of  ore  to  another. 
[Tl"W  "  floors"  of  ore  ranjnng  «p  and  down  with  the  strata  of 
kik,  which  dip  towards  tne  valley  at  an  angle  of  about  48* 


77i*  Utttfr  Let»4  Jfiiut. 


Ml 


Willi  tHe  Iwrison,  are  of  %-ftrio«fl  lornfrths  nlong  (he  drift,  and 

hare  no  repfularity  in  thp  Iioight  to  vhich  they  ri!>e  bftwcon  the 

Atnta,  nor  In  their  width.    In  the  longitudinal  Bection,  (Fig.  I,) 

it  is  Been  how  ftr  thcj-  h«vo  bwn  foTlowM  npn-arda,  and  how 

far  each  course  cxten<fs  in  length — thp  iloitcd  jKirtiona  repirsont- 

ing  those  purWwhifh  have  Wen  found  prtxlnclivc  in  oira.    The 

Cohtsm  aro  foltowol  im  fiirtiit^r  tijiwarrli  thnn  thcv  arij  foitrtd  to 

pay  the  expenses  of  extraction.     But,  though  a  low  foct  above 

the  drift,  the  wall  rocks  slmt  in  clot*e  n])on  the  vein,  there  is  no 

evidence  that  they  do  not  open  out  at  higher  elevationH,  and 

'.  that  (he  vein  may  be  found  prodTwlivc  there  also.     The  width 

■  of  the  floora  is  sometimes  not  lew  than  five  feet  of  pnrt'  ^lena. 

'This  rich  ore  fiwjucntly  occurs  entirely  unmixea  with  other 

^  «uhfil.int^t<!*,  and  imme(^!itclv  on  bt'ing  firoken  up  is  ready  for 

the  fumaee.    A  portion  of  it  U  associatfHl  with  tho  pyritoua  eop- 

I  per,  fnjm  which  it  is  separated  by  jigging.     The  proportion  of 

I  lilende  cfiiniimo:*  very  small.     'Hic  eourfie  of  ore  recently  cut  at 

[the  holtom  of  the  shaft,  furabhcs  large  cubicsl  ciystatfl  of 

[gllletin,  with  brilliant  mirror-like  fares,  equal  in  pnrity  to  wiy 

f  found  at  the  weatem  lead  minm,  or  any  other  mines. 

The  rock  formr-tion  containing  the  vein,  and  to  whieh  Ita 

[{iroducltvenei»  may  possibly  he  limileil,  is  the  hard  sandstone 

.called  the  5?hawanj.iink  grit.     It  dips  under  the  valley,  and  no 

doubt  extends  funlier  downwards  UiaTi  any  mining  operations 

I  Can  ever  r"ach.    It  is  a  peculiar  feature  to  find  rich  veins  in  this 

.  kind  of  rock.   In  no  other  locality  in  this  country,  and  in  vcr>*  tew 

,  in  England,  have  the  sandstones  of  this  ^roiip  proved,  as  nerc^ 

tnic  niiueTal  repositories.    It  is  in  the  lime&lones  belonging  to 

the  same  series,  that  the  veins  are  uenally  found  pnxtnctiVti. 

ProfcasOT  Mather,  in  the  Static  Geological  Itcport,  expresses  the 

opinion,  thai  the  slates  witliin  the  mountain,  an  well  as  the  lime- 

•Aooes  without,  arc  in  general  more  metal  iiferou.-*  than  the  grit 

rocks.     To  determine  the  juisition  of  the  limestone,  if  possible, 

tliot  it  rnay  be  reached  by  a  shaft  sank  in  the  valley  on  the 

course  of  the  vein,  iw  well  as  to  fl.*wrtain  approximately  the 

thiekne«<  of  the  sand-stone,  BCemcd  to  be  objects  of  sufficient  im- 

Krtanee  to  take  the  Jidvicc  of  one  of  the  Stale  geologists,  who 
vc  had  most  cxperieneo  in  tracing  out  and  locating  these 
fonmilions.  I  therefore  invited  ProfoMor  .Tnmes  Hall  to  make 
an  examination,  and  contultoi  with  him  for  these  and  other 
objects  connected  with  the  working  of  the  mine.  Among  the 
results  oir  tliis  examination  arc — a  conGnned  reliance  upon  the 
sandstone  as  the  chief  repository  of  the  vein — the  assigning  to 
this  a  grcat«;r  thickness  tnan  five  hundred  feet,  the  maximum 
Mtimate  of  Professor  Mather— iucreawd  eontidcnoe  in  a  larmr 
yield  as  tbc  vein  is  foUowe<l  downwards  in  the  sand.'rtone — tJls- 
tni»l  in  the  expediency  of  prosecuting  the  shaft  commenced  in 
the  valley,  untU  the  otner  workings  have  followed  conraesof  oi* 


I 


4 


ITu  UhUt  Ltad  3iinet. 


143 


ooownooaUy  intcrruptod,  wbco  it  is  Kqainxt  to  n-xnove  the  orea 

OH  fast  tut  tlicy  orv  exjxMed  to  view.     Tb(«c  cau)K»  lure  kept 

bade  tbc  opcninj;  of  the  mine  from  tbc  liiuitfi  the  drift  and  shaft 

would  otlii;rwii»e  havu  rvached.    An  idvuof  tlie  difljutiltr  of  this 

work  may  be  had,  from  the  fiU!t  that  contracts  gaJinot  be  let  to 

jminera  for  lues  than  $180  per  lineal  futhom,  tbc  nitnon  Gnding 

|ever3P  thins-    The  eatimataji  cost  of  carrying  in  a  lovol  in  the 

rock  by  other  particn,  at  a  point  a  low  miles  from  Ellen- 

is  $25  per  fool.     The  t-xlrcme  length  of  tlio  drift.  i<t  now 

bet,  and  the  depth  of  tlic  shaiV  is  100  feet  frooi  tho  top  of 

f'ihe  curb.     Th«  ln(b-r  ha*  goiii:  down  in  vlucw  rock  ncjirly  the 

[whole  way,  and  lor  a  great  jiart  of  it  by  tho  side  of  the  great 

liGimrp.     Had  thiH  liupiwiit^xl  to  ^-xt<:nd  tt  little  furllier  towards 

|l^  valley,  the  co6t  of  tlie  shall  would  have  been  very  much 

'HSened.     Nw  the   bottom,   it  rt-jiclH'S  ono  of  ihu  principal 

oooncs  of  ore,  which  is  the  first  one  from  the  level  of  the  drift 

that  has  been  met  with  (Toading  the  line  of  the  shaft,     llic  dis: 

oovery  of  this  is  a  matter  of  tin  small  imiiortance,  and  if  tlie 

fissure  is  found  to  pa^s  under  tliu  slial^,  ikiid  oulwanUi  from  tliv 

mountain,  a  point  enn  tie  selcclcil,  after  ffciing  a  little  dc€|)cr,  fi>r 

extending  a  drift  iji  this  direclion  with  too  least  cxpeiiw.    With 

OD«  goine  ftlao  in  the  other  direutioii,  on  the  tuune  level,  room  ia 

at  least  lubrdcd  for  sufficient  number  of  mineni  to  op<»  tbu  tnine 

|thrc«  tiiiiettasfast  lu  coulil  \k  dono,  when  operutioii»  w^ti^  ncoesr 

l^y  limited  to  one  level.      Kapid   progn^e,  therefore,  may 

be  expected  in  tliis  most  iio]>ortant  work  of  opening  Lai) 

{mineand  proving  it  in  new  directions.     From  llie  past  produc- 

feon,  whicb,  from  tlic  amount  of  ground  openixl,  I  believe  I  may 

fcly  say  cxoeeds  in  value  that  of  any  other  ntine  of  the  same 

^  in  the  eounUy,  there  is  reason  lo  look  for  a  largely  inereascd 

riold  of  ores.     Iliere  i^  no  single  fciture  tltat  tends  to  inspire  a 

loubt  of  the  permanence  of  the  vein,  or  tliat  it  will  oontiatui  Iq 

produce  largely  of  rich  loud  and  a>ppiT  ores.  .      '   ' 

The  number  of  miners  employed  continually  varies,  acoord- 

;  to  the  room  there  may  bo  m  llic  mines  for  tlieir  work.     Six 

ansa  arc  omployed,  in  tjireo  stiiftit  of  eight  liours  each,  iji 

'ing  the  driu,  and  tbc  same  number  in  sinking  the  main 

But  the  larger  proportion  of  thoin  are  engaged  in  break- 

\ya%  down  ore  at  different  points  in  tlie  mines,  and  in  cloanini; 

il  tlic  loose  rocks,  mud,  and  ore,  which  fill  the  fissure,  lliousn 

some  [Mola  of  the  oountry  common  miners  have  been  paid  the 

Bt  season  as  bich  as  filly  dollars  per  month,  no  inerejuM^  of  their 

ages  ha»  here  been  found  neoeasary  beyond  the  rate  of  thirty- 

[flve  dollars. 

At  the  oM  miiM',  little  h;is  been  done  beyond  laying  out  and 

icommeneing  to  sink  a  shaft  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain.     Tlie 

[indications  horc  are  very  favorable  fur  another  rich  vein.     I'lne 

lumps  of  galena  have  beeu  met  with  at  the  surface,  as  well  as 


II* 


The  VUttr  Ltad  Minn. 


copper  <>«»,  while  the  vein,  which  is  dlitinctly  to  bo  Boen,  piO' 
•outti  a  mora  "tcindly"  appcoranoc  than  did  tlio  new  win  in  its 
outcrop.  So  iKKHi  as  money  can  bo  appropriated  to' this  purpose, 
it  should  be  deemed  a  njattcr  of  importance  to  prosrouto  the 
opening  of  this  mine.  To  ptit  up  a  horse  whim  and  blackunith 
tnop,  and  supply  all  the  materials  and  labor  to  effectually  prove 
tbo  vein,  not  low  than  thrco  thousand  dollars  will  bit  n<M)dod. 
Willi  tliis  exiwndtlim>,  there  is  a  fair  prospect  of  thia  proving 
OB  valuable  as  tJic  wav  mine. 

A  third  vein  has  Ixjen  reoently  discovered,  oroflsing  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Company  in  a  precisely  similar  situation  toth«  vein 
now  worked,  carrying  lead  ore,  and  presenlinK  ftimiUr  surfk» 
indioationa.  It  is  distant  only  about  twenty  rods  from  it.  Tlte 
ngciit,  who  has  bceo  directed  to  open  this  v«in,  writes  in  favof 
able  temiK  of  the  prospects  of  ita  making  another  mine. 

SMKLTINU    OPKRATIOKS. 

Tba  two  lead  fUmaoes  have  been  run,  either  sepanitdy  or 
tc^cthcr,  with  hardly  any  intwmiirtiyii.  from  the  time  they  were 
.itarted  on  the  24th  of  May.  From  the  mixture,  though  exceed- 
ingly small,  of  copper  orv  and  blende  nnth  some  portions  of  the 
ore,  the  smelting  la  attended  witli  more  labor  than  with  the 
western  ores,  which  are  more  free  from  this  association.  Tlua, 
liowever,  does  not  seem  to  lessen  the  per  cent;ij*e  of  metal 
extracted,  but  it  baa  the  effect  of  retjniring  more  hands  to  nin 
the  furn.iw.  Befi.>rc  commencing  to  smelt,  prcat  distrust  was 
expressed  by  some,  whether  the  economieal  fonn  of  Airnaoe 
cboHon  would  effect  tfiu  rt-duotion  of  the  ores ;  and  by  some  it 
was  moert  einjAatJpally  condemned.  Being  for  thia  reniton  un- 
willing to  try  it  with  inef&cicnt  blowers,  1  was  at  the  more  pains 
to  secure  wich  aa  I  knew  I  oould  rely  upon  for  prrssure  as  well 
ai  vtJume.  At  the  expense  of  some  time  I  obtained  these, 
ij^ioh  have  proved  for  superior  to  what  are  ordinarily  applied 
to  this  pnrpoAc;  and  by  their  use  the  ftimaces  have  mn  as  aatia- 
factorily  an  caq  reasonably  \».  ex]>eotc<)  with  these  on.4.  Am  will 
s^pcar 'below,  the  cost  of  smelting  is  not  materially  higher  than 
it  IS  in  Wisconsin,  allowing  for  tlie  great  differcnec  m  n-agcs 
obtaining  at  the  Ulster  furnaces  and  m  Wisconsin ;  and  it  cer- 
tainly faJla  very  far  below  the  cost  of  Kmellin^  in  rovcrboratoiy 
Aimacrs,  if  the  cost  of  the  first  lot  smelted  more  than  a  year  ago 
tor  the  l'l«l«r  Company  in  Pi-nnwylvania  lie  any  criterion. 

In  consequence  of  the  greater  laMr  of  working  tJiese  ore*, 
above  referred  to,  the  whift  of  two  men  work  only  eight  hours, 
iniMi-ad  of  twelve.  Six  are  then'fun)  rsipiired  to  run  one  inv 
nace  tw>Mity-foi]r  houiv,  in^toad  of  only  four  men.  The  wages 
of  them?  are,  for  the  head  smrliiT,  $"2  per  day ;  his  asnstant, 


4 


9/. 


$1. 

others, 


The  other  four  arc  j»iiid,  two  of  ihcm,  $l.i50  each,  the 
1,26  each.    The  engine  i*  run  twenty-four  hours  by  one 


Tkt  UUtfr  Lead  Minft. 


t45 


man,  at  $35  per  montli,  &n<1  one  bor,  at  $16.86.  Another  man 
tiMiik  the  saw,  splits  wood,  and  helps  at  other  work  about  the 
ftumaoe,  for  $22.76  per  montJi.  The  engine  consumes  a  ton  of 
eoal  a  week,  oosline  $4,  besides  a  small  quantity  of  wood.  The 
ooiwumpticn  of  ftiel  for  o««  funinoc  is  alM)ut  three  cords  of  pine 
wood  per  week,  costing  $3.26  pu*  cwd.  About  a  oord  of  ijabs 
tie  used  e\'cry  day  for  wunuing  iho  wiuh-hdusv,  at  a  eoBt  of 
$1.60i  Some  di^ulty  baa  been  met  with  in  procuring  suitable 
wood  for  the  fiimuecs.  They  r(X}uire  the  best  of  white  ptM^ 
well  fleoftoned ;  any  change  in  the  <)aality  of  this  U  imniixlintely 
attended  with  a  falling  on  of  the  production.  In  connnencioa 
a  new  operation  of  this  kind,  with  untried  ores,  aomc  lo«8  or 
^mc  mn^  of  nocciwity  be  incurred  in  meeting  and  Temodying 
unforeseen  difllcultiefi  of  tlii»  nature.  No  step,  however,  baa 
been  taken  that  required  tu  be  retraced,  and  no  machinery  pur- 
chasod  for  the  furnace  or  the  mine  has  proved  in  any  rojtjHxrt 
onfiuitod  to  the  purpcee  required.  The  following  sln(emeDta 
taken  from  the  furnace  book  present  the  details  of  the  smelting: 


on  MO-IVIKKD  TO  TItK   miKlCK 


June, 
July, 

AttR., 

SepL, 
Od.. 


30,8S9lbi. 

T8,«W  " 

1I»,806  - 

UO.O0O  ■* 

140,000  " 

nfiu  " 

88,000  " 


Dm.  to  SI,  48,000 


no*  or  uu»  kd-pn. 
WtiflU  TO  lb*,  mdk 
HftT  aaU  Juuc,  663. 
Jdf,  1,017. 

Aug.,  1,828. 

SqiL,  1,414. 

Od.,  796. 

Nor.,  9a», 

Duo.  lo  ai,        453. 


Besides  thb,  there  ia  an  amount  of  rich  sing  on  band,  csfl* 
mftU-d  lit  00  ton^  and  containing,  by  analysie  of  avenge  samples 
by  A.  A-  Hayes,  M.  D.,  47  per  crnt.  of  lead.  Tt  would  be  fiiir 
to  eettmato  that  '10  per  cent,  will  be  saved  by  ita  reduction  in 
the  slag  furnace  just  built  for  this  purpose,  thus  adding  48,000 
U*.  of  leail  to  the  alwve  production,  and  bringiDg  the  yield  of 
tbo  ores  to  about  70  per  cent.,  which  is  as  high  per  contiige  as  it 
is  cuMomary  to  obtain  at  the  Wisconsin  fbmaecs. 

Tlio  rate  of  production  ts  shown  in  the  following  extract 
from  the  workings  during  a  part  of  the  month  of  August,  com- 
mendog  on  the  8th.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  furnaces  wer« 
doing  lietter  nr  worse  titan  the  average  on  these  days.  They 
happened  to  be  sclccicd,  because  ihcy  were  ju«t  previous  to  the 
time  of  my  nijtitig  them  down,  and  since  then  there  has  been  no 
change  of  oonscqucnoo: — 

AufUt   Dlh,  Tonr  shifts  of  fl  hour*  «g|«fa,  80 

Ml,  "        "  "  40 

"      IMh,  «        "  «  (8 

■■      11th,  •'        "  "  38 

■'      ISth,  ..        «  ■.  « 

"      18th.  M        u  „  g2 


U0 


TK*  CUUr  I^tad  Mina. 


AiHUit  ICtli,  mo  AbifU  of  S  boun  cncb 

~'      10th,  (bar     ■'         

ITIK  -  «  .. 
18tb.  "  •'  " 
IMh,  "  **  " 
iOUi,  


SO 
M 
48 
M 

M 

as  wericing  ilag. 


m 


At  this  rate  the  number  of  pounds  produced  per  Jthift  i«  85$, 
HQiI  the  mouthlT  prwluction  of  one  ftiniao*  is  66,708  lbs. 

The  monthly  running  expenses  of  one  furnaM  w,  w 
Above: — 


34  da^  J  btMl  Riulter 
8  wKwUnbi 
8       " 
1        " 


0. 

a. 


tS  00, 
]  80. 

1  80. 


1  bo;      . 
1^1«1,UJ^ 


RDKMMa  MpMtww  or  noix*. 

0. 


.  $86  00 

.     15  88 

.     SO  00 


(380  35 


tTOBT 


Total tSSI  11 

The<xiMtierS.O0O1lie..  tndudiugpowcr.iHiheo  .  .tlO&l 

Cost  "  without  power 7  Jl 

Cort  "  "  in  Wiwonrin    .  ■  .     5  80 

Coot  at  Rowie,  wme  time,  and  without  cliarge  of  extn  usbtaut 

or  power  .  .8  47 

I  from  the  gicaler  amounts  and  bigtcr  rate  of  wa^Ba 
r  of  smelling  \»  somewhat  grtmlor  than  it  is  in  Wi»- 
oonsin,  on  the  other  hand,  this  differcQco  is  much  more  tban 
coantorbalanccd  by  the  fiirorablc  position  of  tlie  works  upoa  the 
cans],  by  which  all  expenses  of  trnnspoilation  are  included  io 
Uic  sum  of  $1.56  per  ton  for  ft«ight«  and  tolbi  to  New  York. 
The  whole  summca  up  amounts  to  this,  that  when  ore  is  worth 
iu  Wisconsin  $60  per  ton,  it  ia  worth  at  ElleuvUlc  ^75. 

The  quality  of  the  lead  is  superior  to  the  Spanisb,  and  but 
little  inferior  b  the  wosteni  lead.  It  hajj  unifbrmlj  sold  at  u 
better  price  than  the  former,  though  in  conaet^ucnco  of  not 
nulctag  ooito  so  pure  white  Ica^l,  itii  value  is  a  little  U-Iow  the 
latter.  Unlike  the  western  lead,  it  contains  some  silver.  By 
n^  own  asBays  I  ba%'c  found  its  high  ak  twelve  ounccti  of  this 
metal  to  the  ton  of  lead.  One  third  of  this  amount  pays  for  9e]ia- 
ration  in  England.  Were  theiv  other  mines  in  this  country 
producing  any  quantity  nf  itilvcr-lead,  whaso  products  might 
reach  New  York,  it  would  b«  an  objcci  to  put  up  fumaees  near 
the  eilv  for  sepaniting  the  inet^^l.i;  but  the  quantity  produeed  b\- 
one  mine,  unless  of  extraordinary  richness,  would  not  justi^ 
thiii.  Until  tlicre  are  .tnch  work.4  in  Dperatiou,  th«  silver  eannot 
I  aavcd.    Some  lots  of  Ic«d,  which  I  did  not  wny,  fn>m  Ihc 


TJkt  Vhter  Ltad  Minr$. 


m 


I 

I 
I 


I  of  the  oToi  I  jadgp  contained  even  moro  silver  than 
&OBC  which  I  took  of  the  ordiniiiT  nm  of  tlio  niniAoe«.  Attun- 
llon  Hhoukl  frequently  be  (tirectea  to  this  matter,  and  the  lend 
be  oocasionalty  cupelled,  for  iJic  vein  may  become  so  productive 
ia  this  iDCtft]  » to  make  iXa  separation  more  of  an  object  than  it 

is  DOW. 

OOPPKB  MINKS^ 

Pyntoua  copper,  of  very  Bood  tjimlitv,  continues  to  be  found 
to  considorabic  amount,  ana  out  little  mixed  with  the  lead  orafi. 
As  witit  these  also,  the  xtony  matt«r8  nccompanyinf^  the  ore 
are  easily  removed,  by  brealiing  with  bucking  nanunera  and 
jigging.  It  hm  not  yet  biK-a  found  necessary  to  go  to  tho 
expense  of  crashing  rolls;  but  as  the  mine  is  extended  these 
may  be  requireJ.  llie  smel  ting-house  waa  planned  for  their 
accommodation  when  wanted. 

The  purity  of  the  <K^>per  ores  eonndotably  exceeds  th« 
average  of  this  variety  of  ore.  One  lot  of  fifty  tons  pmduood 
24.3jpcr  cent,  of  copper. 

Tneae  ores,  too,  contain  some  silver — ^the  proportion,  accord- 
ing to  the  aoalysia  made  by  Prof.  Baton,  of  the  last  lot,  rcacliing 
seven  ounces  to  the  ton.  This  a.<tsociatioii  of  the  nlver  with  Uie 
copper  orts  also  renders  it  still  moro  important  to  watch  for  imy 
tocreMe  of  this  metal. 

In  both  lead  and  copper  ores,  the  prospect  of  continued  pro- 
duction is  as  good  now  as  at  any  period  mux  the  opening  of  tho 
minev 

There  were,  on  the  21*1  Dee.,  at  the  furnace,  450  pigs  of  lead 
and  six  or  eight  tons  of  rich  copper  ore.  Aocoiding  to  the  let- 
tera  of  the  superintendent  the  number  of  ^igs  on  the  29lh,  were 
569,  eihI  the  amount  on  hand  was  iocrcasiDg  at  the  rate  of  40 
pigBperday.  Capt.  Rickard  nlsu  reported  tliere  would  be  SO 
tons  of  copper  ore  on  hand  that  monln. 

In  now  transfcrrint^  this  property  to  otherw,  who  will  be  able 
to  give  tlieir  attention  more  exclusively  to  it  than  I  have  been 
able  bo  do,  it  is  with  much  gratification  I  con  do  so,  with  tho 
oonriction  that  it  is  greativ  enhanced  in  value  daring  the  last 
year,  and  with  a  reasonable  hope  that  this  improvement  will 
eootiDue  to  go  on  under  a  more  active  administraUon.  My  own 
vieitB  to  the  mine,  in  consequence  of  att«:ntion  to  other  matters, 
Save  been  but  eleven  iluring  tho  \mt  eleven  months.  From  the 
fact,  however,  of  the  agent  at  the  mine,  Capt.  R.  IT.  Rickard, 
being  »  man  of  e-xptTieiiw  and  ^food  judgment,  and  of  my  very 
freqoent  corrPHpondcneo  with  him,  a  moro  cxcluavc  attention  to 
ita  affiurs  did  not  seem  to  mc  important. 
Very  respectlully, 

James  T.  Hoimik,  Ptetidmt. 


148 


Th*  VbtUr  Leud  itwM. 


The  last  letter  from  Cipt.  Rickard,  dated  Januaiy  4,  6od- 
tains  llie  following  information : — 

"I  have  nevfir  scvn  tfav  vein  in  the  stopcs,  ia  the  bottom  of 
the  drift,  so  rich  08  at  prcaent;  it  will  nvera^  four  feet  in 
thickness  solid  galena  for  more  than  twenty  foot  in  length.  We 
huve  got  out  from  thi»  place  at  leutt  twixity  toiui  of  lead  during 
tho  last  two  days.  The  vein  in  the  bottom  of  the  ehaft  holtU 
oat  wdl,  but  our  progrcwi  in  Hiiikiiig  llit-  shall  is  rather  slow,  in 
ooQsequence  of  the  great  width  of  the  cavern.  The  vein,  in  the 
md  of  tho  drift,  still  carrius  very  liivorahle  indications,  hut  not 
BOjfficdent  lead  to  pav  for  working.  I  am  in  hopea  we  aSiall  sooo 
have  a  more  favorkolu  change  in  thia  place.  The  cost  of  driv- 
ing drift,  at  present,  Is  $100  per  fuUioni ;  the  rock  is  roIW  titan 
it  has  heiBB,  etc.,  etc," 


I 


riKABCIAL    CONUITIOX   OF   THK    COMPANY'S   AFFAIHS,   A3   PRE- 

anraiD  by  thk  trba8urkr'.s  sooEd,  ov  the  2d  or 

JANUAKV,    1864. 
Um  UCRIFT*. 

I  iiAMribcn  lo  cftpitil  utoek  .    tSOO.OOO  00 

i«adiHMti«rili«UliiterHiiiiii(;Comptnj  .        19,644  17 
isdaaofpig  h«(l  Midcoppvror*    .  18,015  18 

$fi4S,5S9  85 

Pkid  (o  J.  Rlnftthan  Smith,  Tor  tv*\  estate  tind  other  MMts  of 

the  irut«r  Hining  Coiii(iaii}r  ....     |aO0,O0D  00 

BmI  F6Uto  account       ......  8,111  87 

OflliM!  upcnnes,  induditig  tr&TclUn];  cxpcnwn,  wlarira,  Ac  tfln  79 

hrnUun          .......  88fl  S0 

Hieliin«f7 S,«t8  1ft 

l^vleM UO  M 

Buildinn 8,140  «9 

Siir>«riDg  and  m»pP>'>S           ■           •           ■           ■           .  110  M 

MbcTx,  Undeni,  tnunincni,  mi]  glrlkon           .           .           .  8,1H  IS 

BUcksinitha       .......  I,1M  K8 

0»1>«BI«» 1,171  06 

Labonn          .......  780  T4 

BngEnMi^  BDcltcrs,  and  mamns           ....  S,ST4  U 

Onwadun %%n  81 

ToHDttos  and  whim  drivcra     .....  908  38 

Idbonn  and  whim  hvf%          .           .           ,           ,           ,  SOS  41 

Coaunirn'on  for  tlie  sale  of  Irad.             ....  618  94 

St^tarintondcnt            ......  l,ooo  00 

Tom,  homra,  hAmrsw^,  wBicons,  carts,  lumber,  cbaiiis,  rope, 
wir«,  aierea,  powder,  wStAj  tunc,  candlci,  coal  and  irood 

forameltlng,  ol«.,  rtc.tte.             ....  MM  08 

It  n.  ilickard.  aa  adnncc  on  aoooaot  of  mininK  exponiic«      .  690  00 

Caih  on  dcpout  in  Ucchaaic*  Bank      ....  0,476  6(1 


PtMfKtt  <^HuJ/ak»  Aiponor  Mining  Btyion.  140 

i  the  cosh  in  bask,  the  Company  havo  oo  hand  at  thf 

np,  ready  £w  aak^  according  to  the  statement  of  the  Supcrin- 
rieudcnt : — 

Ig  Icwl,  worth $3,871;  W 

■«r«ro,  worth         ......  S,MO  00 

'  «liu)  hold  004  thart8  of  Uwlr  own  stock— t»^y  luoM 

aa  worth I.SOO  OG 

IT.ITS  <W 
I  ea*h  in  buik 5.476  tf» 

I  launedU«l7  »nIUble tia,Ut  S9 


Akt.  v.— THR  PROSPRCTS  op  niE  LAK8  SUPERIOR  UVSVSG 
RBOION.~~B>  WiuiAN  IL  Sraixin. 

LViNO   been  engaged,  daring  thu  post  scvcii  vcars,  in  tlte 

l-expioration  of  Uio  melallilerous  region  u]>on  the  aouthcrn  shore 

"  lake  Sapcrior,  I  lia%'c  ncgloclcd  no  mnasis  in  my  power  to 

lain  the  pwhaltle  valuR  of  the  veins  of  native  copper. 

,   clally  has  it  been  my  object  to  acquire  such  a  knowlodge 

wkt  the  gcoloaical  funnatioivi  and  their  mflucnve  on  Uic  produc- 

nircness  of  toe  ToioB,  as  would  tend  to  aid  in  tho  early  and 

'  ^rons  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  this  region,  and 

Bten  forwanl  inu  time  when  we  should  no  longer  be  dependent 

I  iorcign  nations  for  our  Euppliv«  of  this  indispensable  mcta]. 

the  ref^uesl  of  many  of  my  friendti,  1  am  induced  to  give 

»e  aooount  of  the  progress  of  Jiscovcry  in  that  region,  of  the 

riking  cliongcs  which  have  taken  place  in  public  »enliment  at 

noos  times  in  regard  to  it,  of  the  present  uru«pccl  and  gvneiml 

Jne  of  the  mining  interest,  and  of  the  future  developmentt 

rhkb  the  exporienoe  of  the  pa^  gives  us  good  reason  to  oelieve 

ay  be  cx{^)ectod. 

It  is  to  the  capitalist  that  we  have  to  look  for  the  neoeasaiy 

^Sican*  of  developing  our  mineral   r««ourcM,  Kineo  asaociattd 

CiAiital  ha»  been  tound  necetunry  in  all  countries  for  enterpriaM 

04  this  nature.   TIic  cxpejiaivuness  of  machinery  and  tho  amount 

of  labor,  scieiitiScally  <Urected,  ret^uired  in  working  a  mine,  are 

so  great  that  a  heavy  capital  must  be  invested  in  the  imdertakv 

ing.  To  open  a  mine  tlioroughly,  and  to  place  it  in  such  a  coudi' 

lion  that  its  suocesful  progress  may  be  uninterrupted,  and  its 

yield  an  incrvanng  one,  w  a  work  of  lime  and  money.   Nowhere 

ji  it  so  foolish  to  do  things  by  halves.     The  work  must  be  svs- 

temoticalK-  laid  out,  care  lakon  to  secure  the  groalert  poasible' 

amount  of  natural  drainage,  shafts  sunk  and  levels  driven,  and, 

the  nec^sarr  machinery  en^ted  for  (Wietng  tlie  mine  from  water 

and  raising  uia  ore,  before  tlie  work  of  talo^g  down  the  valuable 


no 


Pr^tpecU  o/Ae  Lake  Svptrior  Miiinrj  Region. 


portion  of  the  vein  can  be  hardly  said  to  l)c  coramcnocd.  Heooe 
It  in  necnetary  thitt  a  conHi<)eral)in  amount  of  capital  should  be 
invested  bcfon;  a  return  can  be  looked  for,  sinil  it  is  fiir  frora 
being  gom]  economy  lo  jmjeced  on  fuy  Itniilod  a  plan  aa  to  expect 
that  a  mine  will  pay  its  expenses  wlitle  it  is  being  opened. 

The  ereat  question  wiOi  every  vein  ought  ti)  l>e,  U  tbcre  a 
leasonable  prospect  of  its  making  a  paying  mine  ?  If  tbia  ques- 
tion cau  be  answered  iifiinnatircly,  tlieo  ftucb  urangeraenta 
should  be  made  aa  will  inaure  the  work  beins  done  with  effi- 
ciency and  thoroughness.  To  answer  this  quoslion,  however,  is, 
in  many  mineral  regions,  no  easy  matter;  hence  we  see,  not  un- 
frequently,  laiw  sums  of  money  expended  in  proving  veins 
whicli  are  found  to  be  valueless.  This  is  tlie  case  in  the  oldest 
mining  regions,  in  those  where  work  lins  been  carried  on  on  the 
most  e.\tenaiv«  ecjUe  for  hundreds  of  years;  how  much  more 
then  should  it  be  cxpectcii  that  such  undertakincpi  would  not 
alwav^  pri>ve  profitriblo  in  »  region  just  opened  to  tlie  world,  and 
one  m  which  tJic  phenomena  of  the  veins  and  the  nature  of  tbe 
metallic  eontentu  are  so  difl'erent  from  what  has  been  met  with 
in  any  other  countrv? 

The  history  o^  tho  attempts  nt  eopi^r-mining  on  Tjake 
Superior,  compared  with  the  present  state  of  these  enterprises, 
shows  that  a  wonderful  progress  has  been  made  in  our  tiiowl- 
edge  of  the  country,  and  demoostrate.1  also  that  there  is  hardly 
a  ntiDing  region  in  any  part  of  the  world  where  there  is  go  mu<Ji 
real  simplicity  in  the  phenomena  of  the  veins,  and  where  the 
metalliferous  lodes  can  be  so  easily  proved,  and  at  so  UtUo 
expense. 

The  first  regular  att-^mpts  at  mining,  at  leaiit  within  the 
rareAent  eenUiry,  win.>  made  in  18-14,  by  the  Boston  and  Pills- 
bar^  Mining  Company,  the  pioneers  of  the  Lake  Superior  region. 
Their  attCDlion  was  dlreeletl  to  the  well  known  "green  rock**  of 
the  vmageurs  at  Copper  Harbor.  This  was  a  vein  of  caJc-spar, 
colored  by  silicate  and  oxicle  of  eopiwr,  whieh  occurs  in  the  eon- 
domerato,  and  which,  cropping  out  on  the  lake  shore,  was 
ioTOierly  a  conspicuous  obji-el,  Soon  afti^r,  the  iwmc  vein  was 
traucd  across  the  harbor,  by  the  side  of  Fort  Willdna,  and  here 
it  was  foun<i  to  be  ftl  the  surface  rich  in  oxide  of  copper — a 
minoral  which  had  never  beibro  been  found  occurring  m  any 
oonsidernblc  quantity,  or  otherwise  than  as  an  impure  product 
of  the  decomposition  of  oilier  orra.  This  di-fcovery  created  a 
great  excitement,  and  already  in  1S4S  and  1844  numerous  ap- 

filicattons  had  been  made  for  permits  to  locate  on  the  mineral 
an'ls  of  Keweenaw  Point  and  Isle  Boyalc. 

In  l.S4."),  also,  tho  "  Ijike  iSuiH'rior  Company"  eommcnocd 
openition;<i  on  Kaj^le  River,  near  the  north  boundaiy  of  the  main 
rang!!  of  trap,  and  the  discoveries  of  native  copjx'r  and  wiver 
TDMm  at  that  point  contributed  powerfully  to  swell  the  cxdte- 


i*ro^tct»  oj  At  Lakt  Superior  jUining  Resioti. 


151 


* 


I 


mcnt  which  was  leading  so  maiw  to  turn  th«ir  atteDtion  to  the 
t«ko  Superior  regii>n.  In  184i>,  Ihe  rush  to  the  copper  rvgioa 
bocsmc  i^ncral;  the  whole  of  the  trap  ninKc,  and  a  very  Urge 
extent  of  «juiitr_j-  wivered  by  samlstoitu  anu  coiiglomcnic,  and 
on  much  of  which  nothing  oouUl  l>o  found  but  awamps  and 
morose,  was  coYcrcd  by  pennits  which  were  itsutd  by  hundred^ 
ftom  the  War  Department,  ^^*o^k  was  coniuK^ncfd,  houaet 
erected,  and  cxplorallouH  carried  on.  Veins  eotttoiniug  naUrij 
copper  were  fouud,  and  bowldora  of  tlw  pure  ini^tal  were  nof 
unfrcqucntly  piclkC-<l  up  on  the  lake  shore  or  in  the  interior. .  Iq 
general,  however,  dunng  18-15,  tlie  attontiun  of  tiie  public  vat 
mostly  .directed  to  speculation,  and  in  1846  tlie  fever  reached  its 
climax.  JJunieroua  cnnipanies  were  formed  in  tlic  principal 
cities,  locations  were  taken  poosca^on  of  at  random,  and  repoi-tq 
made  by  inootnjielt^nt  persims,  some  of  whom  called  tlieiiuelvcS 
ecologtsts,  were  spread  all  over  the  country.  Stock-gambling 
Dccame  the  rage,  and  the  result  was,  as  ini^ht  easily  liave  bccO 
foreseen,  to  destroy  all  confidence  in  mining  operations,  antt 
enpecifdly  in  tliose  of  Lake  Superior.  Cp  to  tut*  tmie  very  lillle 
was  known  about  the  position  of  the  really  mctalliforoua  belts 
of  ruck.  I>fo^t  of  the  exj^loraiionfl  bad  been  directi>d  toward! 
the  veins  in  the  sandstone,  conglomerate,  greenstone,  an4 
porj)hyrv.  Tiift*  rocks  arc  situated  upon  the  coast  of  the  lake, 
or  consfitutc  tbo  highest  mountains  of  the  coontry,  so  that  it 
vas  natural  that  the  voiiia  should  be  Snt  discovered  at  the 

S lints  where  lliey  were  most  exposed  to  view,  and  worked 
ere,  since  notlung  wa«  known  of  the  rcallv  productive  belts 
of  rock,  or  tlial  one  formation  wa-i  likely  to  oe  more  (avomble 
to  the  aevclopmcat  of  the  vein  than  another.  Some  even  went 
'^E  jkr  OS  to  .tujiposo  tliat  all  the  copper  was  indiscjiminateljr 
scattered  through  the  rock ;  wid  it  was  aescited  that  it  was  not 
RCOe«»ary  that  ttie  veins  should  have  any  vails,  because  they 
were  ^  the  same  age  as  the  rciek  conlainiiif^  tlicm.  TiVhen  thcsa 
gross  errors  came  to  bo  expaa^il,  and  when  it  was  found  that  tha 
Teins  wliidi  had  been  opcn&l  were  onpioductiy^  the  natural 
consequences  took  place ;  the  innumerable  flotitioujs  companies 
went  to  pieces,  and  the  country  was  almost  deserted,  while  many 
a  ruinccTstockholdt^r  cumcd  liid  credulity,  and  the  quackery  bj 
which  he  had  been  deceived. 

Luckily,  however,  for^lhe  Ijake  Superior  regiou  and  for 
the  Boston  and  Pittsburg  Company,  wno,  though  they  bad 
Qj^ieodod  $10,000  on  worllilcsa  veins^  yet  protieculed  their 
CJEploiaUona  with  skill  and  ^igor,  a  discovery  was  made  bv 
tbem  wUeli  established  where  the  ercal  metalHfuroui  range  of 
KcH'CCnaw  Pwut  was  situated.  This  was  in  the  winter  (^ 
ISJfi-S,  and  it  is  hardly  an  exaggeration  to  eay,  tliat  bad  it  not 
been  for  tliis  discovery,  the  country  would  bave  been  almost 
entirely  deserted  in  ISIj. 


Pn>^j*cft  o/lh*  Lakt  Sapfrior  Miuinif  Ht^oit. 


The  first  valunble  diiwovery  wait  mitde  hj  tlio  mirocs  while 
removing  some  rubbiah  near  ttic  base  of  the  KncciiBtonc  blufEa, 
which  ruK!  to  the  height  of  over  300  fecL  Here  thoy  stnick 
upon  ihe  any^aloid,  aad  in  it  discorcred  a  mass  of  copper  of 
about  one  tou  in  weight,  and  in  driving  in  the  level  olhent  wore 
ex|)oeed.  As  the  work  progressed  numerous  other  masses  of 
much  greater  wdghl  Imve  liocn  brought  to  light,  and  lliat  which 
fonnenj  excited  eo  much  wonder  has  now  become  a  matter  of 
everyday  occurrence.  The  larjftst  mass  thns  far  cxpO(«ed  weighed 
about  80  tons.  The  mine  has  oeen  opened  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, the  ehafid  being  over  400  finjl  in  d^th,  while  llie  lower 
levoU  are  extended  more  tlian  1200  foct  m  length  on  the  vein. 
I'bc  entire  product  of  the  mine  thus  far  has  Men  about  8000 
tons  of  pure  copper,  and  there  is  eveiy  reason  to  bclieye  that 
there  will  be  a  constant  iiirreii*!  in  the  animal  yieUl  uf  the  mine, 
since  it  mar  bo  said  to  be,  comparatively  speaking,  bnt  just 
opened,  and  to  have  ju;rt  commcDOcd  paying  uividenck. 

From  the  last  Beport  of  the  Directors,  issued  Jan.  15,  I85S, 
wo  team  that  the  aggregate  expenditures  up  U>  the  end  of  the 
vear  18B2,  were  $755,7ftS,12,  including  cost  of  real  estate  and 
mraacc  at  Pittsburg,  The  receipts  from  the  Ksie  of  oopwr  and 
silver,  and  the  estimated  value  of  metal  and  ore  on  hand  and  at 
the  mine  ready  for  shipmoni,  amount  to  $1,079,611.15.  By 
July,  185S,  $862,880  will  have  been  paid  in  di^-idends  to  the 
stoi^hoIdeTfl  from  the  produce  of  the  mine  up  to  the  close  of 
1$52,  besides  leaving  a  8Un)lus  Aind  of  over  {70,000  on  band. 
The  estimated  earnings  of  the  year  1862  are  $103,892.10. 

The  eangue  or  vem-stonc  of  the  Cliff  vein,  and  of  othent  of 
promise  in  this  region,  consist  of  caloareous  spar,  quartz,  prehoite^ 
chlorite,  «nd  laiimonilc.  The  vein  will  average  about  18  inehes 
in  width.  ThecoorsaisN.  SO"  W.,  S.  30"  K  It  is  situated  in 
the  great  amygdaloid  bell,  whidi  forms  the  principal  metalli- 
forous  ran^  on  Keweenaw  Point,  and  which  fics  directly  south 
of  the  main  range  of  greenstone  blufti,  and  i.s  separated  from  Jt 
through  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  Point  by  a  thin  belt  of 
conglomerate.  Sinoc  the  discovery  of  thlt  vein,  exploratioos 
have  been  directed  upon  this  range,  and  where  Tcins  nave  been 
founil  in  it  of  sufficient  width,  they  nave  in  many  imrtanccA  beeu 
opened  and  worked  with  cneouraf^ing  results. 

The  Iwlt  ofainygdaloida]  rock,  which  li«i  imnindiiilflv  north 
of  the  ronglomeraic  band  juft  rcfiTred  to,  and  in  which  are 
:<itH»l>\l,  ftmoii|i  olht'ni,  the  Phojnix,  Coiiper  Fall*,  and  Native 
Copper  ilincs,  had  been  hitherto  but  little  worked.  The  energy 
and  pcrwvcrance  of  the  Copper  Kalli*  Company  huw,  however, 
now  dcnionslratcd  the  existence  of  highly  valuable  deposits  in 
this  ruiige,  as  a  shown  by  rcocnl  development**  at  tlie  mine« 
under  Mr.  Hill's  superintendence.  In  sinking  ahaOs  Xos.  4  and 
I  of  the  Hill  mine,  large  raamo  of  copper  have  been  struck,  by 


I 


The  Bto»-pipt,  ant/  iatut  in  Cktmitai  Anafyns.  I.V! 

i«  «i<lc  of  one  «f  which  ihcy  liAve  sunk  40  foct  without  r«ac]i- 
ig  its  tfirminatioii.  From  t)it>  boltoni  of  ftliaft  No.  4  t)icjr  ue 
SfifUng  along  the  i<icl<>  of  an  immense  maae,  the  nzo  of  whioh 
nnot  yet  be  aaoerlainerf.  According  to  Mr.  B.  R.  Livermore, 
<  whose  cnei^tic  «nd  well  directed  explorations  i^  due  the  difl- 
>Toy  of  the  principal  vein  of  the  Summit  Ijocation,  the  appear- 
noca  at  the  Nfttivc  Copper  Mine  aro  highly  favorable,  as  the 
ein  is  very  rich  in  ooppiT. 

The  discovery  of  the  Minncsotu  vein,  in  the  winter  of  1847-8, 
ras  the  first  great  impulse  givrn  to  the  developmem  of  the  veins 
of  the  Ontona«>n  n^on.  This  was  the  first  vein  wrought  in 
that  sectioQ  of  the  mining  <li.iLrict,  and  its  richnetw  in  copper  wm 
■o  great  ns  to  turn  the  attention  of  all  in  that  direction.  This 
Company  ha»  p-tid  in  $22  per  ithare  on  SOOO  shaix'i*,  and  is  now 

Srodueing  copper  at  the  mtc  of  about  50  tons  per  month.  They 
ave  now  over  600  tons  nf  copper  on  hand,  ready  for  shi])ment 
tX  the  opuiing  of  navigation,  and  arc  expecting  to  pay  a  dividend 
of  firom  $80  lo  $40  prr  .thore  during  the  present  year. 

I  anbeipnti-  that,  in  due  time,  the  most  santraiiic  expectations 
of  Bloek holders  in  the  w'ally  valuable  veins  will  bo  fully  realised, 
for  I  hardly  believe  t1i.it  the  real  value  of  the  country  has  boen 
ovemled,  and,  indeed,  I  believe  that  at  this  time  there  are  few 
H^o  Aillj  appreciate  its  importance. 

The  great  error  of  some  of  our  pcientifie  men  was  in  attempt* 
Sug  to  designate  the  points  for  successful  loiniDg,  before  making 
dtenu^TCS  ncquaintoti  wiUi  the  real  Rcologiciu  character  ana 
Btmcture  of  the  country.  It  is  now  aomitted,  by  all  who  have 
(oamined  the  (»pper  region,  thnt  there  t»  no  mineral  district 
when  the  geological  features  are  eo  strongly  marked,  and  where 
ft  praetwal  man  can  deHtgnote  «  valuable  voui  with  so  much  oer- 
iBDty  ftom  surEaoe  appeamncea,  as  in  that  of  Lake  Superior, 


Tl— THB  BLOW-MPE,  AND  ITS  HSR  IN  CnEHTOAL  ANALT- 

SIS.-Nft  S* 

L  TflK  QCAUTATIVK  BI^W-PIPE  ANALYSIS. 
IB  analysM  conusts  of  the  performance  of  certain  opera- 
tions, with  a  close  observation  of  those  appearances  talcing 
l^aoc  from  which  the  presence  or  absence  of  certain  matters 
may  be  known.  These  operations  are  most  pmjierly  executed 
in  the  following  order.  1st.  In  the  glass  receiver  (a  short  glass 
tube  on  one  end  having  been  fui<ed  together).  2d.  In  the  (on 
both  ends)  open  glass  tube.  Sd.  In  charcoal.  4th.  In  the  for- 
OBps  with  platinum  points.    5th.  In  the  borax  pearl.     6th.  In 

•  QonltaiMed  from  Vol  L,  Xo.  6,  of  Uiaiag  lhc*ainia 


UH 


Th*  JUo^pii>t,  aitti  it*  MM  iM  CAemieal  Ataiym. 


the  pearl  of  salt  of  pitoeplionu  ftaiciooosmic  nit).  7tli.  WiUi 
Boda.  .Ailor  tlic  penonnaiice  of  tnese  tMta  there  are  visual);^  y^ 
to  be  iDails — 8tb.  Some  trials  for  the  pnrpon  of  pntviog  i«iiccuuly 
ooitaia  flabflUnce-t,  tlie  prc»ie»ca  or  Absence  of  whiob  oould  not 
b6  cUtennined  with  entire  ocitain^  by  the  precodiog  teste. 

1.   TWT  n  TIIB  «U33  BECnTSB. 

Tfao  reocirer,  previouidy  clctuied  aiid  perfectly  dried,  into 
whioli  has  been  placed  a  small  quantity  of  tbe  eubelaiioe  imder 
ttxomiiuttioii,  U  to  bo  licatud  nt  ibt  low«ri>nd,  ut  finit  modcrntvly. 
vbicli  caa  best  be  done  over  a  common  alcohol  lamp,  then 

ERdually  incTvamug  by  lavMii  of  tliu  blow-pipe  until  the  gliUH 
gins  to  booome  soft.  Meanwhile  it  is  nooeaaory  to  observe: — 
a.  Wlii-'thur  anything  euhUma  or  vtAuHaa,  08,  for  insUinoc. 
water,  mercurv,  sulphur,  selenium,  tellurium,  or  aneiuoL  The 
6nt<incDtioncu  throe  of  thute  subitUuiecs  ore  wily  perwivvd 
by  their  known  natures  If  a  moist  dublimation  14  received, 
one  must  not  neglivt  to  try  tho  same  Ear  its  acid  or  alkulinv 
reaction  by  putting  a  strip  of  litmu-i  paper  into  it.  The  pres- 
caw  of  oi^auio  mutter  produce!!  a  Quid  with  an  odor  like  that 
of  a  burning  suWanoe.  A  small  amount  ol  subUtnalai  mavuty 
often  eannot  be  pcrccivod  but  with  tbo  aid  of  a  inii{;nifyiug 
glaia,  the  U90  of  which  at  alt  these  triids  ought  not  generally 
to  be  ncj^ectcd.  JSetaiium  Bublimex  with  a  rod  color;  if  tlicre 
ia  much  present,  so  that  it  sublimes  in  a  thick  layer,  the  nd 
color  in  the  lon-cr  jiart  of  the  receiving  glass  will  change  into 
steel-gray.  HUuriam  produces  a  ^y.  arKnk  a  black  subli- 
mate; tho  latttT,  when  there  is  a  considerable  quaolitj-  of  arsenic, 
appears  in  port  with  a  metallic  lu.'itrK.  K  th«se  reactiona  do  not 
amxar,  we  still  cannot  conclude  that  there  is  a  total  absenoe  of 
these  fliilKfUinces:  mildhor,  sdeniunt,  tellurium,  and  oncnic,  ctipe- 
oially,  can  be  in  combinations  from  which  tUey  are  either  not  at 
all  expelled,  or  at  least  not  in  their  metallic  slate,  by  such  heatiiw- 
It  ought  also  to  be  coi»idurci.l,  that  two  or  more  of  these  sub- 
stances might  be  contained  together  in  a  combination,  and  tliere- 
iwc  expelfed  and  sublimed  one  with  the  other,  whereby  their  de- 
tection 18  rendered  more  or  less  difficult.  This  is  very  often  tlie 
ease  with  sulphur  and  arseti  ic.  They  give  sometimes  a  sublimate, 
the  lower  part  of  which  (nearest  to  Uic  1ieat«d  test)  consists  or 
bright  meLillic  arvenio,  wit  fiuthcr  up,  in  snccessive  ]arcrB,  it 
^peara  black,  brown,  red  and  yellnw.  These  colors  originate 
fiymi  W/>A!iref^orjCT»K',  which  volatilizes  earlier  than  the  me- 
tallic arsenic  Oryyrti  and  amnwMt'o,  if  lliey  by  heating  escape 
from  a  substnnoe,  ean  .ilso  be  recognised;  tfie  former  by  putting 
a  wnall  quantity  into  thogloiin  ivowver,  the  latter  by  introditcing 
a  moist  piece  of  reddened  litmus  paper.  Usually,  bowever,  tte 
ammonia  does  not  escape  in  a  free  state,  but  in  connection  with  on 
ai-id,  in  which  ease  a  white  sublimate  of  a  soil  of  maxnonia  is  re 


I 


■  7^  Btoie-p^f*,tuiititi  tiMi»  Citmieat  AiuUyit.  165 

c«tv«d.  &y  mixing  the  mbataDce  in  qnesdon  with  lime  or  ikkU 
uid  ibea  h«atiii};  it  in  the  ^lius  roL-riror,  tlio  ammonia  becomes 
ine  and  capable  of  beiug  Uut(->:l(tl.  I'liere  mv  also  itonie  oUter 
vuUftaa<:cK,  particularly  ytwn-,  chlorine,  brominf,  iotUne,  aod  nitne 
acid,  wUicix  can  be  demousUub-d  by  Um  tevt  in  the  gluw  recdrer. 
^Don,  however,  in  most  cases,  thi»  ia  not  done  by  Iteatias  tlie 
subMancei)  in  qitestton  by  thcinA?U'<eM,  but  by  oksuii!  u?  the 
ajmoltan^ous  nae  of  certain  je-ageuls,  tlie  particiiL-tra  thereof  will 
be  girca  under  the  eighth  paragraph,  "  On  making  some  testa  iar 
spwtaUy  detecting  certain  substances." 

b.  Whether  a  ncatcd  rabetsnoe  beoomee  olterad  in  one  way 
or  another;  for  ins1ai)<?e,  dianget  its  «£»-  (and  perhaps  rccovere 
it  It  oooling),  aiirra  its  Jirrm  or  its  '*'!*' ^  aggrtpation,  sAatet  an 
ignition,  phoaphoroKMi,  dtcrrptlatf*,  etc.  To  apecually  diacum  all 
each  cases  would  lead  to  an  uDDoccaoiy  k-ngtb,  and  render  in> 
dt^penmblo  th«  dote  chemical  knou'li?dg«  and  experienoo  wbicli 
most  noecssarily  assut  every  blow-pipe  experimenter. 

Tito  teet  in  the  glnn  receiver  giv<-.-i  in  mnny  inMancc«,  as  ia 
a}>pareBt  from  tbe  preceding,  uncertain  nwullB,  and  often  only 
hiriW  of  tlie  prcHcncc  of  mattt^rx  wluch  can  be  detected  with 
fiiU  certainty  only  by  the  further  pposecution  of  the  examina- 
tion. These  TemaricH,  however,  are  of  importance,  and  facilitate 
the  sabseqaent  investigation. 

t,   TBT   W   THE   OPES   OLAM  TTBt 

'  fWw  body  under  cxamioatjon,  being  pulverized,  is  to  be  put 
ttlto  the  tube  about  half  an  inch,  and  tbo  tubo  on  that  port 
where  tfio  powder  is,  gradually  heatod.  The  tube  is  meauwailo 
to  be  kept  Domewlmt  incHuod,  »>  tliitt  thi^^  liol  dr:ifl  pafiscs  over 
the  powder  and  cscaiies  upwards  through  the  upj>cr  (longer)  part 
of  the  tube.  In  this  manner  tliere  is  a  waste  (an  oxidating 
healing)  produced,  whereby  several  substances  become  rola- 
tiliEod  and  perceivable.  The  fulphuT  eucA  off  as  «u]phuruu« 
acid,  and  is  nssuch  very  cafuly  recognizea  by  the  known  pungent 
amel).  Sdmium  is  scarcely  oxidized  at  all,  but  sublimates  with 
a  color  ftoni  red  to  steel-gray  (see  part  IJ  above  the  heated  jmrt 
of  the  glass  tabo.  The  vexj'  characlcrislic  8mL41  of  tic  escaping 
vapors  of  seknium — ^sflniilar  to  rotteii  radish — offers  at  tlic  same 
tiine  an  easy  and  sure  means  of  dcloction.  Arsenic  volatilizes 
as  areenioua  acid,  anHmoni/  an  oxido,  and  tcUurium  as  tellurious 
add,  all  three  of  which  adhere  as  white  sublimates.  That 
of  the  arscnioiiK  acid  i«  very  distinctly  cri-jtlalline,  whibtt  the 
other  two  appear  in  a  powd«n?d  form.  Arsenious  add  and 
oxide  of  antimony  c«ui  V'  i-xpf-ncd,  by  heating,  from  the  nlaoe 
where  thev  have  stiblimaled.  With  the  lellnrious  acid  this  is 
only  seonungly  tho  ca^;  it  multa  in  ^mall  dear  dnm,  wbidi 
oAttn  can  bedalededby  the  naked  eye— :moTBcertainly,nowever, 
by  the  magnifying  glass. 


«s 


The  VtHlilaticn  a/iliatt. 


The  roasting  must  be  pcrfonntti  alowly,  at  s  grgdually  in- 
BScd  tismfwrature  and  with  a  good  draft— efifectuated  by  holding 
I  tube  in  an  incliood  positioi) — olhcrwiiie  unoxidizcd  volslilv 
nutttcrs  could  awblimato  and  easily  minglo  with  tlie  roAHted 
Bubs^cc  If  there  be  a  porfud  oli-roasUng  aimed  at,  the  imb- 
stancc.  after  being  aoiuo  minutt?s  treated  in  the  tube,  must  bo 
poorea  into  an  agat«  mort&r,  ground,  and  again  roasted.  This 
ftlteroato  roasting  and  grinding  is  to  be  lopcalcd,  until  do  more 
volatile  aubetancex  e»capc 


Abt.  VIL— THB  VENTFLATION  of  mines.— Br  J.  Kmroif  Bl*«wba. 

It  muiit  be  admitted  that  mining  operations  are  often  coo* 
duct«d  without  due  to n!<iili- ration  of  future  requirement^  and 
without  laying  down  at  tlieir  commencement  such  a  general 
system  ss  will  provide  for  thtim.  The  consetiuence  in  such 
oaaes  is,  either  a  liability  to  violent  and  cxtcnEivc  cxploeioms  or 
a  stat^;  of  rentilutlon  in  which  tlie  vitiated  and  loaded  air  circa- 
iating,  if  it  docs  not  proJucc  violent  accidents,  is  highly  ii^uii- 
0U8  to  the  health  of  the  miners. 

THE  OBJECra  TO  BB  PROPOSKO  IN  TUE  VEKTILATIOS  OP  MUfES. 
There  are  three  principal  oVjjef.ts  which  ought  to  bo  piopoaed 
in  the  ventilation  of  mines ;  namely,  the  introduction  of  a  mif- 
ficient  quantity  of  air ;  il«  proper  uislribulion ;  and  tliu  security 
of  the  arrangements  to  maintain  this  diatribnlion  and  circulation. 
In  the  first  place,  the  quantity  of  uir  to  be  introduced  should  bo 
not  merely  that  which  ia  ueoeasary  baiely  to  neutralize  and 
'  Horry  off  the  explosive  and  noxious  ^aea  which  arc  yielded 
Itoder  ordinary  cucumstanccs  in  the  mme :  but  also  to  supply  a 
Bufiicient  volume  to  i>ro\'ide  for  the  unusual  emitsions  of  tlicm, 
which  sometimes  oocur,  imcl  to  dilute  these  to  such  an  extent  a» 
to  avoid  danger;  and  at  all  timeti  to  alTord  a  healthy  utm<L>»pheru 
for  the  bnatoing  of  the  workmen.  In  the  second  place,  duo 
regard  must  be  giA-en  to  the  proper  distiibutiou  of  the  air  intro- 
duced, so  that  every  part  of  iho  excavations  of  the  mine  may 
have  itB  rcqaiBito  circulation,  and  none  Ite  left  stoirnuut  for  the 
aoeomulation  of  gas;  to  the  eonducting  of  that  w^ich  ia  intro- 
duced, without  waste,  and  without  iW  coming  in  contact  witli 

*  The  rDBi&rkH  upon   "Tho  Veiitiliitioti  of  Uincit"  comnlttD  the  Report 

EKwnUd  hj  Mr.  Blackw«tl  to  both  lIonHns  of  the  EngliKli  l^ulianitnt.  Wr 
•TO  insfrtoii  it  at  thn  prcMnl  lime  in  order  to  comply  wlib  tho  wUliea  of 
ni*ny  mulrr*  to  hnvti  Uii^  <intiro  Iteuort  in  thu  [MgM  or  Ihc  Mining  MajERxinc. 
The  Kubjcct  of  vcntlUlion  of  mincn  has  not  frt  roachod  that  iinportanco  hfrc 


Vlikk  it  is  <l»tinod  tu  pot)tt(^a»'hl  «  future  Aa,y. 
p.— En. 


It  U,  howercr,  of  Sntcrtat  at  all 


Tht  Viitiilaiiim  <^  Mmm. 


Wl 


^  dangerous  and  noxious  gases,  to  thoee  parts  where  tbe  men 
are  engaged;  and  to  tlie  jiriividinR  fur  '»a  i>ep&rato  rvltim  or 
escape,  or  tiiat  of  any  portion  of  it,  canying  off  witli  it  tHcse 
saaes,  as  soon  as  it  shall  liave  becom(!  anywlier<!  perceptibly 
waded  with  tlicci,  without  i^in  entering  the  working  districts 
or  ooming  in  contact  with  the  workmen  or  their  lights.  In  the 
third  place,  t}ic  ttecuritv  and  i<tnbtlity  of  the  air  wayx,  tltcir  free- 
dom from  leakage,  and  strength  to  fntixt  the  shook*  of  an  f xplo- 
sioD,  and  ali«o  the  regular  and  equable  action  of  the  motive 
power  employed  lo  produce  llie  drculatioOi  require  attention. 

In  det«niiiniug  the  requisite  measures  to  effect  thvtw  objcota, 
it  is  necessary  to  consider  the  following  sabjeots.  'i'he  nature 
of  tbc  seam  to  be  worked ;  its  tiiickncss  und  indinatkia ;  the 
character  of  the  accompanying  strata ;  the  extent  of  the  workinra 
which  are  to  bo  cffet^tcd,  and  that  of  the  surfacv  of  coal  whicli 
will  be  exposed  at  one  time  in  Uie  excavations ;  the  state  of  them 
workings  at  diJTercnt  and  futtira  periods ;  and  tiiv  number  of 
workmen  who  will  be  employed. 

The  number  of  workmen  to  be  employed  is  one  of  the  nnosb  I 
important  elements  in  determining  Llie  quantities  of  air  which.  1 
ought  lo  be  introduced  into  a  mmc.  Ilie  data  wtiich  I  havft  I 
collected  OS  this  subject  would  induce  roe  to  assign  an  amounf  f 
varying  IVom  2C0  cubic  feet  per  minute,  in  coal  senma  whicl^j 
are  not  fiery,  up  to  500  cubic  feet  per  minute  in  fiery  scams,  a> 
roquisite  for  each  pcreoa  employed.  ij 

Attention  cannot  be  too  stronglr  called  to  the  imj>ortanotf  J 
of  meoBuring  and  recording,  at  stated  times,  the  Quantities  of  aisJ 
pasdn^  through  the  difi'crent  parts  of  mines ;  ana  that,  not  onljM 
in  the  m^joiiig  and  outcoming  passages  oontiguouA  to  the  flhafw, 
bat  also  m  tooso  distant  parts  wliero  the  majority  of  the  men 
are  employed.     It  will  be  found  that  the  volumes  mea.<tured  near 
die  sh^ls  of^n  ^ve  erroneous  results,  if  employed  to  uttinute. 
the  stale  of  ventilution  in  the  more  distant  distnols,  on  acooontj 
of  the  It-aka^  which  occurs  in  the  passage  allowing  a  large  por^^ 
lion  of  the  air  to  return  before  it  rcochc*  the  fiice  of  tho  work- 
ings.    Tho  investigation  of  numerous  cases  clearly  shows  thai 
the  greater  part  of  explosions  occur  in  collieries  m  which  the 
defective  supply  of  air,  especially  in  the  working  district*,  would 
become  imtncdiatoly  evident,  if  .subinitlrd  to  meoaurcment.   The, 
practice  of  asccrttuning  the  exact  quantities  of  air  circulating  in 
mines,  especially  if  brought  into  c<j[ii]iaritit)ii  witli  the  number: 
of  men  employed,  would  also  direct  attention  to  the  injury  to: 
health  produced  in  numerous  co.>(ui  by  ionuflioicnt  ventilation. 

TMt  HOnVK  POWKR  APPI.IOABLK  TO  COt,UMN«  OF  AIR  CIBCD(^-,j 
TING  !>•  irlSE?. 
The  foUowiug  subjects  roijuire  to  lie  oonsidcroJ  in  the  nes 
place;  namely,  the  motive  power  applicable  to  ventilation 


Thg  Vfatitatieti  of  Sfirtct.  " 

mines:  tlie  velocities  of  air  carppnts,  particularly  ss  oonncctcd 
'  -with  the  lose  of  rffcct  from  friction ;  tho  rt-Ialion  of  velocity  and 
I  frictiou  to  the  ana,  form,  and  length  of  air  passages ;  and  the 
I  9ep&rat«  volumea  into  which  the  total  amount  of  venlttation 
[  Bboald  be  di\-idcd. 

I  TUK  VBKTILATING  FUaNACS. 

I        The  eifectiTG  power  of  fnmaoc  ventilation  (which  from  its 

genenil  use,  whem  large  quftiititie>i  of  air  are  necdt>d,  may  be 

taJwn  as  the  standard  of  reference)  depends  on  the  height  and 

I  Bectiona]  area  of  the  a-tconding  and  descending  columns.     la 

I  de^  sliaAa  the  diminution  of  temperature,  in  the  upper  part  of 

^  ascending  eoluran,  is  con^dcreblo,  and  rfidnoco  tnc  ratio  of 

tSket  doB  to  the  height    In  ahallow  shafts  the  want  of  hoiglit 

in  the  column  is  not  found  inconvcuieut^  as  the  loSit  of  eSect. 

itctat  this  ca^^t^  maybe  eompenaaled  by  giving  a  larecrsectiotial 

area  to  the  ^hafbt ;  whtlitt  at  the  same  time,  the  lenvtti  or  rim  of 

the  air  currents  is  generally  so  much  shorter,  in  shallow  mines, 

and  the  quantities  of  air  required  arc  also  so  much  lcj«,  tliat  the 

'  apparetit  objections  to  its  use  nndcr  such  conditions  are  not  re- 

'  gsmkd. 

T\ie  furnace  fhlGIs  tJie  most  important  rofluiaitcs  in  motlre 

power,  by  its  offieiency,  ils  uiiifimn  action,  and  the  ea^  control 

of  which  it  admits.    The  steam  jet  is  inferior  to  it  in  some  df 

I  ^eee  respect's  but  it  is  free  from  objections  to  which  the  funiaee 

[  iti^ll.     The  ILibtlity  to  derangement  in  all  machincis  appears 

btB^nccIudc  their  use  in  ventilation,  in  other  than  cxucplional 

MpM.     In  minefl  of  largt;  ext^:nt  it  would  lie  difficult,  [ierhai>s 

[  unpoasible,  to  withdraw  the  workmen,  in  ease  of  breakage,  bc- 

I  fiwe  danger  ensued.     The  eornimralive  effect,  from  a  given  coil- 

sumption  of  ftiel,  between  the  furnace  and  the  most  approved 

machines,  is  not  favorablo  to  tlie  latter, 

I        The  objections  to  the  furnace  arc,  the  possibili^  of  its  ex- 

I  ploding  foul  TVtums  iVom  the  mine,  either  when  this  state  is 

1  permaoMit,  or  produced  by  a  sudden  emission  of  fire-damp,  or 

I  OMlsed  by  the  deranffement  in  the  general  system  whi^^h  follows 

'  on  «xp1oaon ;  and  abo  the  inconvenience  and  damage  produced 

by  an  elevated  lemiwraturc  in  sliafts  applii-d  to  winding.     The 

first  objection,  relating  to  the  danger  from  i>enaanently  foul 

returns,  ha.'*  been  met  by  fi-eding  the  ftimacc  by  a  .*plit  from  tho 

intake  air,  or  by  reluming  for  this  purpose  a  pait  of  the  air  which 

has  only  had  a  short  run  and  ooutains  litilw  iiiflarainiihlc  ran, 

while  that  part  of  the  return  air  which  is  explosive  is  passed  by 

I  ft  dumb  drift  into  tlie  uiwa-st  shaft;  or,  otherwise,  by  such  aa  is* 

[  creosod  ventilation  in  the  mine  aa  shall  aaflicicnlly  dilute  all  tlie 

I   retoms  from  every  district,  an<I  jHTmil  the  wliulc  to  be  passed 

I  over  the  furnace.    The  latter  of  these  plans  is  in  general  prcfer- 

I  able,  not  only  from  the  improvemoiii  in  the  state  of  the  veutila- 


I 


I 


n*  Vmlilation  of  itima. 


156 


tion  which  it  nec(cntAtc«,  but  sXto  from  \\b  allowing  the  whole 
of  tho  returns  to  bo  nmfled,  and  tliiut  enabling  a  \ia^r  olfect  to 
be  obtain«tl  fVom  the  incrcoacd  temperature.  The  a^wnd  objec- 
tion arises  &otn  the  noeaibilitT  of  tnrgo  emiiuions  of  fire-d)u»p 
suddenly  Kodeiing  the  return  air  cnrrents  explosive.  Ib  fiery 
aeatna,  which  are  newly  opened,  ospeciallj  when  the  gonves 
begin  to  bo  formed,  it  may  be  lulvisnble  to  employ  the  steam 
jet,  the  waterfall,  or  some  other  motive  power  than  the  ftirnaw. 
The  iMt  objection  maj;  always  be  obviated  by  an  additional 
shaft  appliea  to  ventilation  alone. 

In  exatniuinff  the  cffecrtivo  power  of  the  furnace,  and  com- 
paring the  reHuits  obtained  in  ditferent  instnneos  IVom  givetl 
tempcratuio^  the  drag,  or  comparative  friction,  in  air  conraea  of 
varjring  sistea,  farm<i,  and  len^h:*,  mu.it  be  taken  into  tu;i»iint. 
A  oompamUvely  high  temperature,  in  the  ufcoKt  )>hnft,  is  ftcces- 
ilarr  to  obtain  tae  largcttt  economic  effect,  lunce  the  ntnovnt  of~ 
didcienoc  between  that  of  the  upcast  and  downcast  vt,  up  to  n.' 
eertain  point,  expended  in  counteracting  the  resiMnnce  from  fric- 
tion consequent  on  setting  the  air  in  motion.  After  this  point 
liaa  been  nnased,  all  additional  incrcjuie  in  tlie  tempcrnture  would 
bo  utilimt,  or  produce  a  corresponding  effect,  proviilcd  the  area 
of  the  air  ^uuiaagea  were  proportionally  enlarged,  ns  the  temp«> 
aturo  afiocnil^,  so  as  to  maintain  a  confitant  or  uniform  velocity 
in  the  air  currenlj*.  But  if  lhi«  rate  of  velocity  be  an  a.'tecndtnf^: 
one,  from  the  area  of  the  air  passagesi  betnff  constant,  the  resist' 
OQce  from  this  cauK;  inen^iuws  wj  rapidly,  tliat  ii  rise  of  tenmci*' 
attire  in  the  npcaat  column  gradiinllv  loses  the  effect  whieli' 
would  bo  otbcrwiso  dttc  to  it.  It  will  thiisi  l>c  swni  that  by 
modifying  the  form  and  area  of  these  passages,  a  lower  tern- 
peratilro  m  the  upcaxt  rfiaft  connected  witli  tnem  may  become 
more  effective  than  a  higher  one,  under  different  circumstanecs'*- 
or,  in  other  words,  a  wnidl  effect,  with  a  high  temperature,  may 
be  the  consequence  of  friction ;  a  large  effect  with  low  Icm- 
perstuio  may  be  the  result  of  the  removal  of  tJiis  cause  of 
ffilard«tion. 

TBK  CTEAU  JKT. 

The  data  which  have  been  hitherto  obt-iined  for  the  com- 
jMiiiKin  of  the  effect  of  the  steam  jet  with  the  ftimacc,  have  not 
Deen  of  a  nature  to  admit  of  c.\Act  oondunoiw.  The  application 
tit  it  has  been  made,  in  almost  every  case,  in  combination  with 
fte  beating  and  nirifying  power  exerted  on  the  upcast  column, 
by  tlift  bouer  fUroacea  required  to  produce  the  steam.  In  the 
Only  instimco  in  which  I  have  been  able  to  coTiiparo  Uie  two 
foroeM  independently,  and  under  e<iual  eircnmstances,  the  con- 
snmption  of  fuel  to  produce  a  (riven  effect  {from  the  data  fiir- 
ntshed  me>  vvas  jrreater  by  i"*  per  cent,  with  the  steam  Jet  iban 
with  the  furnaoe.     l^e  pir-j>wure  of  steam  in  the  brnler,  in  this 


I 


^^^^  Tke  Ventilation  P/ifiltW.  ^^H 

case,  via  50  lbs.  to  the  square  incb.    Tlie  boiler  was  set  on  the 

aumce.    The  xtcam  was  coudoctcd  down  the  sliaA,  and  usod  ta 

lAd  AiRutce  tuiiiM-1,  bciug  ilisUibutud  iit  small  jctR  over  its  area. 

I  From  40,000  to  60,000  cubic  feet  of  air,  per  minultf,  were  moved 

ijn  Uk-su  triaU 

I  In  this  iustaacc,  however,  the  temijeraturc  in  the  upcast  shaft, 
I  when  the  furnace  vrm  employed  ulunu,  averagi-J  only  about  80 
I  decrees  Therefore  a  amalt  part  ouly  of  the  ctlcct  due  to  the 
I  iiid  conBumcd  would  be  utilized.  The  eomparaUve  duty  ob- 
I  tallied  from  the  <^ouKuinptioii  of  fuul,  in  a  ct»e  id  which  an  aver- 
Hgm.himperature  of  140, 160,  or  180  degrees  eould  be  maintaimid 
H^he  upcnat,  l>y  the  use  of  tbe  l\in>aOc,  would  bo  much  less 
favorable  to  the  jet, 

I  The  temficratiiro  in  upcastl  sballd,  which  u'o  used  for  winding, 
I  cannot  be  raised  much  above  an  average  of  80  or  perhapit  90  do- 
jgrees,  without  iuniry  to  the  wiiidiug  upparatuH,  and  pi«judiinal 
[  effects  on  tliosc  w^o  have  to  descena  and  aaccnd  in  them.  When 
l  lAi%cr  quantities  of  air  are  nKjuired  in  mines,  conucctod  with 
I  such  abu^  and  the  limit  to  which  the  temperature  can  be  saMj 
f  nuBed  in  them  has  been  reached,  the  einploynicut  of  the  Htcam 
I  jet  (which  may  be  used  in  the  furuace  tunnel,  in  conjimctioD 
I  with  cjusting  luruoecs]  will  probably  be  fouud  advantageous. 
I  The  inconvenienocs,  arising  from  the  coudeuAation  of  a  large 

tuantity  of  steam  in  winding  ehiif)^,  would  be  greatly  obviated 
y  uaag  it  in  combination  witli  a  column  of  heated  air,  whilst 
I  tbc  volume  of  air  obtained  would  probably  be  conBiderably  in- 
I  fiteaaod.  Verv  contradictor}'  results  are  stated,  however,  to  navo 
I  been  obt^aea  in  different  cases  in  which  this  combination  has 
I  been  Ined.  Iti  those  uiises.  however,  iu  which  it  has  not  bcvu 
I  found  effective,  this  may  have  ooeurrt^l  from  want  of  enlargement 
[  and  modificaUon  of  the  air  passages,  to  corresjKtnd  with  the  ad- 
I  ditional  power  applied. 

I  From  those  examples  of  the  use  of  tlie  jet  which  I  have  ex- 
I  Binincd,  it  appears  that  the  best  situation  for  ils  application  is  at, 
I  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  shall  wttli  which  it  is  eonnoctcd.  lis 
I  Jesuits  were  found  less  advantageous  when  used  at  the  surfaoe. 
I  This  and  other  facts  appUM-  to  lead  to  the  conclusion,  that  a  large 
fcatrt  of  its  eSect  is  duo  to  the  transmis^on  of  heal,  by  it»  agency, 
piMhc  upcoirt  column,  and  not  to  its  impulsive  force. 
r  la  ft  great  number  of  min(-i<,  no  arliiirial  power  is  used  lo  pn>- 
I  dnw  ventilation,  piiniculaily  in  those  which  ore  not  deep,  andaie 
I  of  email  extent  When  tlif  .^huftit  ar«  uuuwous,  and,  with  the 
I  AMids  and  ways,  are  large  in  their  area,  compared  with  the  ex- 
I  tent  of  workings  tliey  have  to  ventilate,  the  effect  produced  1^ 
LAs  elevated  temporaturc  of  tlie  mine  may  be  quite  saflicient 
kDui  chief  diBiculty  found  under  thive  circuutstanecs  is  the  variaUc 
FflSbct,  from  the  changes  in  the  externa]  temperature  at  diilerent 
I  B^asons,  but  thiii  may  be  compeunUed  by  applying  artificial  rari- 


I 


I 


n*  Vmtilatiw  0/ Minn. 


161 


. an  to  the  upciwt  oolumn,  st  tho«e  timci  irbon  tbo  heat  of 

fUbia  atmoephcre  4>proftchea  that  of  the  air  in  the  mine. 

VKLOCITIES  or   Allt  CUBIUINTS.  .«  [i.' 

In  cousidcring  the  vclocitJi-s  of  coIuiddb  of  air,  in  the  idiaAs 
uid  air  wa^  of  minea,  the  question  to  he  lintt  propoaod  i^  what 
■re  found  m  practaoc  to  be  the  rates  attainablo,  without  an  exoc»- 
awe  loss  of  power  by  IHction.  Ho  nmny  vuriablc  elements, 
Hamclv,  the  sectional  area,  form,  and  length  of  the  air  ways,  in 
connection  with  the  rates  of  velocity  in  tlio  air  currcnle,  being 
concerned  in  determining  the  actual  losa  iVont  this  oanitc,  an  ex- 
act  cxprewton  of  the  rulu  which  govemx  it  cannot  probably  be 
given.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  reoistance  from  friction  in* 
CTenscgmu<?hmorcrxpidly  than  in  the  simple  ratio  of  the  velocity, 
and  foUowH  at  tho  fiamo  time  the  inverse  ratio  of  the  sectional 
laca,  and  the  direct  ratio  of  the  length  of  the  air  waya  which  the 
ourenta  have  Ui  traverse.  The  fonn  of  the  air  pawtagcs,  in  so 
fiu*  aa  their  course  approaehes  a  strainht  line,  or  eontaioH  numer- 
ous curvatureft,  products*  a  great  a-tiwl.  esjiecially  with  high  vc- 
loeitiea  The  eoncluaon  in  practice  ehould  therefore  be  in  Givor 
of  Mlopting  a  low  rate  tn  the  interior  uf  the  mine,  whatever  may 
be  the  speM  oS  the  currente  in  the  ahafts,  sbce  from  the  short- 
neas  and  dirccCncfls  of  the  latter  channcla,  the  rate  in  them  is 
tnainly  to  be  determined  by  the  deoree  of  temperature  which  can 
I  in  admitted  in  the  uncust.  The  higheat  vclocitica  which  I  have 
-Jonnd  in  praelin;  to  r>e  obtained  in  upcast  ^liaft^  which  are  also 
used  for  windinR,  are  from  8  to  10  feet  per  second.  This  amount 
will  depend  not  only  on  the  tempi^ratun>,  but  also  on  the  urra  left 
free  from  tho  obstruction  of  winitinf!  apparatus.  Shafts  in  which 
two  baodn  work  in  omMwite  directions,  and  in  which  the  action 
on  die  oolnmn  of  air,  »y  one  cage,  is  compensated  by  that  of  th« 
otber,  admit  a  much  higher  velocity  tlum  when  tlie  whole  area 
u  nearly  filled  by  a  cage,  or  platform,  mo^'ing  in  one  direction. 
'  The  iscrciisvd  tempcnituru  (somotuncji  avemging  140,  160,  or 
ISO  degrees)  whieli  can  be  given  to  tho  air,  and  the  abcienoe 
'  of  TCaabuice  from  the  winding  nppunitus  in  those  ahaAa  which 
pwe  med  for  the  upeaitt  current  exclusively,  permit  a  velocity  of 
I  90  or  even  80  iect  per  second  to  be  uttitiued.     In  the  intrrk^r  of 

■  the  mine,  high  velocili£«  are  inconvenient,  and  the  loss  from 
iHctioD  great,  in  consequence  of  the  Icngtli  of  the  air  currents. 
In  the  main  wagon  ami  air  waj-o,  in  which  the  whole  of  the  in- 

■  going  or  outooming  columns  from  different  districts  arc  united, 
)l  would  1)0  advantaeooos  to  give  sufficient  sectional  aiva  to  keep 
the  velocity  below  10  feet  per  second,  and  a  lower  rate  even 
than  tl»i«  would  be  preferable.  In  uarlicular  ea*?»,  however,  I 
have  found  the  veloci^  in  a  single  aislrict  of  tlie  mine  contiga- 

i  oaa  to  a  Jthuft  may  teach  20  feet  (mt  second.  But  even  in  large 
air  ways,  a  velocity  of  more  than  5  foct  per  second  is  productive 


I 


103 


Tht  VmtHaiitm  of  Mhtt. 


of  much  ]o«»  by  fiiottoti,  m  boeoinw  iintnediiAely  evident  ftwn 
the  rcsulu  of  splitting  a  column  of  air  trsTeUtng:  at  that  rate. 
A  vslocilv  of  from  8  tn  -1  ftvt  jut  i«<«ond  miij*  Ix:  nlflt^id  as  the 
full  spoca  ilesirable  in  the  gencTRl  branch  wajB  and  work- 
ing of  a  mine,  cxuept  in  srtek  siltiation.';  an  tiio«c  in  which  a 
laiwe  yidd  c^  inflftmnuiblc  gaa  is  taking  place  &om  the  whole 
oou. 

RELATITR  AREA  OP  SHArrS,   AXD  OTHER  AIB  WAVa 

'  Thfi  relation  bcl  veen  the  sectional  area  of  tlio  npoant  ahali  and 
die  agt^rc^tc  aoctional  arcii  of  thi.<:  air  waya  of  the  mine,  ix  iin> 
potWit,  in  t!io«e  catsca  in  which  im  liu-^  a  ventilation  aa  poe^ble 
16  rcquirwi  to  bi;  mainlaiuc-d.  The  fbllowinf^  is  proposed  fia  a 
muLibtc  rulo;  nainuiy,  timt  since,  when  this  shiut  is  used  fiw 
windinjEc  with  double  "bands  and  open  ca^a,  a  rate  of  velocity  of 
from  8  to  10  feet  per  iiucond  niay  be  obtained  tn  it  (whion  is 
equal  to  fully  double  tlie  average  rate  that  ^ould  be  calculated 
on,  in  the  air  ways  of  the  niino),  that,  therefore,  in  tlm  ««»e,  ihta 
i^gregate  seotionat  area  of  the  latter  should  be  double  that  of 
the  shaft.  ]f  this  tihan  he  not  tt^'d  tor  wiiulini;,  but  f(.>r  the  up- 
oaat  column  only,  the  veloeiiy  niaintaiiied  in  it  may  be  from  four 
to  ax  lam<»i  greater  thivri  that  whteh  slioiild  be  found  in  the  mine, 
and  therefore,  in  tiieae  caseii,  otjuivalent  pr<^>ortiona  should  bo 
observed. 

V0LCME3  OF  AIR  CCBBESTS.  n 

The  thiokiiefw  of  ihe  warns  of  coal,  and  their  yield  of  inflani* 

'lie  0a8,must  be  eonsidored.  in  order  to  determine  the  volumea 

liffen-nt  fummts  into  which,  in  i.-xtcnuive  mines,  it  is  most 

kflttioi;  to  divide  the  toliU  <pi.-uititt'  at'  air  introduced.     In  seams 

[:about  tt  fort  thick,  irom  lawu  to  Ld,000  cubic  feet  per  minute^ 

>rding  to  tile  i;xtciit  of  the  workings,  will  be  fbund  couvnni< 

.  Tolumee  for  a  single  currunl.    But  as  a  speed  of  from  5  to 

•er  aeoond  is  requisite  to  pam  these  quantities  through  a 

.  area  of  35  squar*  feet,  and  such  velocities  would  be  in- 

[■Convenient  in  a  current  thrown  on  the  working   &ces  of  the 

boards  or  su^ls.  it  will  generally  be  noccaaary  to  divide  colunuu 

(of  tliiit  ainumit  into  two  or  throe  parallel  ounvnts,  passing  by 

I  Aat  number  of  headways  or  air  eouraea  nearest  to  the  face  &t  the 

j  workiiigii.  It  will  bo  eoiiveniciit  to  rvdnee  these  aniounts  accord- 

I  ing  to  the  diminution  in  the  thieJcneas  of  the  seam.     In  ihosQ 

I  trbich  are  thin,  5.000  cubic  fisct  jtcr  minute  wilt  be  found  in  pmo 

t-'lioe  to  be  a  suitable  (|unntity ;  ainoi,  from  the  amall  area  of  air 

l-vays  in  such  seaio)^  much  subdivision  is  neoeasar}'  to  obtain  n 

l)arge  eireut.ition.     Therv^  ought  alwaya  to  Ite  it  Hiifwriibundant 

I  supply  of  air  at  the  feoe  of  the  workings,  so  that  any  required 

quaniuy  may  he  iiti  mediately  directed  by  brattioe  to' the  placen 

wberu  the  men  ai«  engaged. 


I 


9%e  VtnlHatiiM  of  .Virm. 


"■  ABBA,   FORM,   AMJ   LKKOTH  OP  AJR  WArs. 

It  b  important  that  airways  ahooW  be  tendered  nsdirectand 
(3iort  M  posHiblp,  By  n  pmp'er  inj-jitoin  of  MTWii^ment  miil  divi- 
soil,  the  lODffrat  which  can  nc  rerjaircd  need  not  preally  exceed 
a  length  of  3  thiIivj,  in  w  mine  oxtciKlinp;  over  nn  area  of  1,000 
acrc&  nor  in  one  of  2,000  iliat  of  5  niiUv*.  iriider  the  mode  in 
vbioli  the  lur  wim  in  it  are  arrangip«l,  the  longest  in  any  part  of 
the  mine  could  not  pxa>ed  2  miles.  The  n\'emgo  length  would 
be  much  less.  The  length  of  tlio  currents  which  tiavcreo  the 
working  districW,  or  ihnt  section  of  «ich  column  between  theiti' 
take  una  return  airconraca,  Is  propoi-tionally  shortened.  In  the 
NewcaKtle  district,  Iwforc  the  system  of  splitting  the  air  wiis  fiiily 
bitroduocd,  the  diittanc«  which' tTie  air  travelled  in  one  column  in 
some  mines  reached  the  cnormons  lencth  of  50  miles.     At  the 

f resent  Hmo,  in  iither  di.'^lricL'*  in  whien  tUi.t  sjirtem  of  tqtlitting 
as  not  boen  adopted,  the  length  of  the  air  ways  i«  even  motr 
&sproportioual  ti>  tlie  extent  of  the  workinw.  In  Buch  cawA 
the  sectional  area  of  the  single  column,  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  rentilation  of  the  mine  \f.  forced  through  nil  the  windings  of 
iotricntc  air  waj-s,  frequently  only  hoars  the  proportion  to  the 
sectional  area  of  iihaf^  of  ftom  one-fourth  ty  one-tenth  of  a  cor- 
tcct  relation. 
[BAPSES  of  EXri-OSlOXS  in  MISES,  ASD  MF^XS  to  be  ADOPTS]! 
FOB  TUKIR  PRE^'ESTIOX. 

The  imioecliate  Rourocs  of  exploiuoiui  in  minea  way  be 
diridod  into  four  clanes.  First,  the  permanent  yield  or  inflam- 
mable ga.i  from  the  wiiole  coid,  us  exposed  in  the  toad.-*  uud 
^^ffriringfti  whicji  is  in  geuerai  of  a  oonstaut  amount.  Se«>n<lly, 
ifodden  and  large  d^mrgc  from,  t^ie  whole  coal,  or  fnxn  the 
\  loof  or  floor  of  the  9e«m.  Tliis  ia  unuEual,  and  ecldom  occun, 
except  in  ucwly  opened  fieiy  eeuin^  It  ui«v  talie  placo  from 
the  whole  ooid,  as  oxpcsid  in  the  workingB,  if  it  has  not  been 
-  preTioasly  dnuned  by  exploring  and  intensocUng  drifU;  from 
the  roof  or  floor  of  the  ttcam  in  tiie  goaves^  especi&Uy  when 
these  aro  first  formed ;  from  the  coal,  or  roof  or  floor  in  tlio 
drifla,  on  approaching  or  striking  IJiult^  or  the  Holt  ooal  oooti^- 
MS  to  faults,  or  wlien  tlie  prcKSure  of  inflammable  ^a,  oxiiitiDi; 
Id  the  seam,  or  in  thin  Bcarns  in  the  floor  or  roof^  prodaoes  sua- 
['den  rapture  and  libemtion.  Thirdly,  stagnant  lire-damp  iu  the 
ivesof  the  mine,  either  on  account  of  there  being  no  cnanncLi 
'  ltd  outflow,  or  of  lite  ventilation  not  being  propwly  directed, 
or  not  xufficioDlly  strong  to  carry  the  product  of  these  goave*, 
on  approacfatng  their  edgci^,  into  the  ivtiiin  air  coupK«  of  the 
no,  whlioat  their  mii^ling  with  the  workuig  air.  Fourlldy, 
ilMed  roacbi  or  workings  in  which  iire-damp  \&  liable  to  Rocii- 
lulate,  if  aeeluded  l>oni  the  ;^ncnd  circulation  ui'  tlie  utinc 
The  finst  sooico  of  danger  specified  above  may  begaamled 


I 

i 


7H«  VtutiiaSon  of  MiiM. 


b;  an  incrcMed  Tentiktioa.    But  in  opening  and  work- 
ig  tnota  of  cool,  from  which  tlwrc  is  »  ^cai  diMcbvgtt  of  fire- 
damp, the  too  rapid  progreaa  of  the  works  is  chneeroiu;    Thin 
;  am  appcanto  exist  m  a  Btatc  of  cuntk-nsation  in  coeJ  scorns,  when 
first  <^ned,  and  time  lit  oflen  n&xaeary  to  allow  it  to  relieve 
itMjlf  in  Romo  degree  trotn  the  prcasuro  which  oceaidons  ito 
violejit  escape.     I?  or  this  reason,  it  in  desirable  that  the  main 
roOitU  azid  ways  of  the  mine,  with  cross  inturscctiotis,  should  bo 
r  Jcwt  oooaiderably  in  advance  of  the  workingB,  in  order  to  allow 
lltu  natoml  draiBacK  to  tuUe  place,  as  fiir  as  possible,  bcr<Ltrc  the 
'  coal  «  worked,  and  a  large  surface  expand. 

The  causo  of  danger  rcfcrrod  to  in  the  st-cond  place,  i»  that 

which  anAes  from  iiudden  dittcluvgcs.    These  are  always  possible 

when  tire-damp  is  cscAping  under  pressure,  and  ought  to  lead  to 

I  jnach  caution,  wben  this  is  evidently  the  case,  in  seams  of  coal 

newly  opened,  and  in  exploring  dnfts.    IncrcAscd  ventilation 

'  may  ]et«*cn  the  danger,  but  cannot  remove  it.    The  indicationa 

■-  of  a  state  <^  ipnasatD  on  inflammable  gas  escaping  from  coal  are 

himniediatety  evident  to  the  experienced  eye,  and  their  existence 

will  fNjtnt  out  the  propriety  of  an  adherence  to  the  use  of  the 

Davy  lamp  in  all  such  cases,  as  the  only  effectual  safeguard. 

"■The  exploring  drifts,  whon  there  is  a  heavy  discharge  of  flre- 

rdamp  at  their  face,  ouglit  to  be  isolated  in  tiieir  ventilation  from 

rtfic  other  workins  districts  of  the  mine,  and  may  be  procodod 

'  or  accompanied  oy  borings.     A  more  extensive  cmjiloyment 

Tof  the  Davy,  in  conjunction  with  improved  ventilation,  will  bo 

hfiiund  to  be  the  only  meaos  l)y  which  the  oocurrenoe  of  accident* 

■from  fire-damp  can  bo  diminished  in  number. 

With  reference  to  the  thinl  souroc  of  danger  abovo  alluded 

namely,  the  accumulation  of  fire-damp   in  goaves  which 

^Tiavc  been  shut  up,  or  along  the  edges  only  of  which  a  current 

air  can  be  directed,  and  the  liability  of  Uiis  in^mmable  gas 

'to  acquire  prwwure,  or  ti>  fluctuate  from  various  caiutes.     These 

Vireumatances  have   long  shown    the  proprietv  (which  is  ao- 

jiknowled^^  in  the  regulations  of  all  well  conducted  collieries) 

" "  citrrying  on  the  workings,  which  arc  in  contact  with  tfaeee 

aves,  with  the  Davy  lamp,  and  not  witli  nuked  lighbL    But 

'Tn  addition  to  this  procautton,  it  is  desarable  to  restrict  as  much 

ft,i  possible  the  si/^e  of  ihc  goaves  by  8ub<livision,  and  to  provide 

return  air  courses,  into  which  the  fire-damp  thoy  yield  may 

escape  by  its  expomuon,  or  its  specific  gravity,  either  alone, 

"or  by  mixing  with  the  ventilating  cmxent  which  nas  swept  along 

he  goaf)  and  which,  al^  this  contact,  ought  not  to  l>e  ufted 

ain  in  any  other  part  of  the  mine,  in  which  naked  lights  are 

teinployed.     llie  provision  of  these  luturn  air  coums),  if  the 

ives  &TV  made  to  communicate  with  ibem  by  the  necesBuy 

[openings,   in  cunjunction   with  that  ventilation  which  may  m 

ldirecte«l  along  their  edg«s,  ou^t  to  prevent  any  appearance  of 


Th*  Vmtitafion  «/ Mimtt. 


165 


ioOammablD  gu  in  the  air  of  mines,  exeqit  at  tlie  ficc  of  ex- 
ploring drifts.  Dangerous  goa^■c«  nro  thooe  in  wliicli  fire-damp 
18  pennittcd  to  t-xiirt  in  a  stagnftnt  condition,  or  nnder  that 
pn^ore  whtoh  will  txt  gradnallj  «)mmunicnted  to  it,  whoQ  they 
are  left  without  any  cliannt'ls  for  its  escape,  as  it  is  yielded,  or 
a*  it  reaohen  their  cugcR.  In  ca-^e^of  an  ftccumiilatton  of  stagnant 
fire-tlunp,  the  (luctuationH  to  which  it  is  liable  arc  to  be  feared, 
even  when  thsre  is  no  pressure  upon  it,  as  heavy  Bills,  or  the 
state  of  the  atmotiphcre,  may  bring  it  suddenly  in  largo  qoan- 
tiliea  into  the  air  currents.  Wherever  it  can  acctimulute  in 
soavct-,  to  the  extent  of  acquiring  pressure,  and  such  goaves  aro 
driven  into,  a  sudden  riL-^h  <jf  gn.t  is  the  oonscqucnee.  A  pow* 
oriiU  Tcatilalion  sometimtfl  boeomes  dangerous,  frhen  directed 
along  the  faoe  of  such  goaves,  as  the  mode  in  which  the  »ir 
current  impinges  on  them,  may  be  such  as  to  have  a  tendency 
to  <lraw  a  portion,  but  not  tlie  whole  of  the  accumulated  gns, 
out  of  them,  and  it  niay,  from  its  fluctuation  at  dilTcrent  timea, 
be  carried  to  the  upcast  furnace  in  unu.'Oial  quantities,  and  pr 
ducc  an  explosion. 

1^0  fourth  and  last  source  of  danger  spoken  of|  in  which; 
from  inadvertence  or  misarracgement,  a  portion  of  the  workingf 
liable  to  the  accumulation  of  fire-damp  is  secluded  from  Ihf 
f^eral  circulatitm  of  the  mine,  admita  of  such  easy  rcmovalj 
Oax  it  is  only  Deceasur  to  allude  to  it. 

The  examination  of  the  various  circumstances,  to  the  oocui 
renoc  of  which  explomons  can  he  Imced,  has  shown  thai  difl  _ 
charges  of  inOamtnablc   gas  occasionally  take  place  in  minea^ 
which  caimot be  provided  for  by  veultlation  only;  hut,  in  shcIi 
cases,  the  condition  of  the  seam,  and  the  amount  of  pressure 
under  which  the  exudation  of  ilrcHilamp  occura,  will  aiTord  a . 
degree  of  warning,  to  the  experienced  eye,  and  suggest  thfl 
ptoprietT  of  obtaining  the  additional  security  aflbrdod  by  the  nar 
of  me  Imvv  lamp.     Attention  has  also  been  drawn  to*  the  fact 
that  in  pillar  workinc^  or  wherever  goaves  are  in  process  ■ 
formation  which  yield  fire-damp,  and  arc  in  contact  with  th 
working  air.  the  ticoeeaily  is  aln^ady  reco|;nized,  in  well-reg^ 
ulated  collioriet^  of  adhering  to  the  exclusive  use  of  the  Da'T]'! 
lamp,  in  those  districtx  of  the  mine  iu  which  ibeae  circumstancecl 
exist.  ' 

These  Acts  ocrtainly  appear  to  direct  our  consideration  to 
tho  practical  secority,  which  long  experience  has  proved  to  no-  < 
rait,  from  the  careful  um  of  tliifi  lamp,  even  under  conditions  of  j 
the  greatest  danger;   and  to   the  mquiry,  whether  its  mor» 
general  adoption,  a«  the  light  employed  m  coal  mines,  would 
not  he  practicable,  and  prevent  many  cxplosons. 

In  connection  with  tfiin  imiuiry,  it  is  <le«inible  tliat  two  point 
should  be  kept  in  view.  In  tttc  Srsl  place,  ibo  use  of  the  Dnvj 
lamp  must  not  be  allowed  lO  aupctseoe  good  and  complete  ven^l 


Tht  Law  of  Mint*  and  Jtevi  Sttate. 

tiladon.  In  tbe  secoikl,  uoless  tlu«  lotnp  U  ii^ried  with  care,  and 
imdCT  atrtct  iv^^ulaUona,  it  bcoomcs  a  sotircc  of  dnngCr  from  tbe 
miatakeD  oonfideow!  it  producer  A  mixed  a^frtein  of  lamps 
and  naked  lights  in  the  samo  district  of  a  miUf,  or  the  allouTn^ 
of  irorknien  to  opi^ii  their  lAmps  at  Uieir  own  dii)cr(!tic>ii,  is 
extremely  hnKurdous. 

With  referenco  U>  tli«  qiiaiilily  of  light  affonled  by  the  Davy 
Iimi[>^  I  coiLSidur  it  to  Ix!  etii&cient  for  all  hut  the  thickest  ooal 
BCAms.  Many  collieries,  l>oih  in  ttic  Newcastle  and  Lancashire 
coal-fields,  aiv  worked  i-xclusive]_r  with  thii^  light,  both  in  the 
wh(dc  coal  and  in  the  pillar  workings.  The  whole  of  the  pilUr 
workings  ill  the  Newcastle  district  arc  now  earned  on  explu- 
sivolj  with  lamps.  Tlio  only  real  difficulty  to  its  general  em- 
ployment siiums  to  be,  the  ou^afiiona]  necessily  for  the  vtan  of 
powder  in  working  coal.  In  those  oollicrics  in  which  the  coola 
worked  yield  firi^damp,  and  this  use  of  j>owder  can  be  dis- 
pensed with,  the  Davy  lamp  ought  to  be  adopted. 

With  regard  to  the  prat-tical  security  which  this  lamp  afford^ 
the  result  of  several  years'  experience.  In  many  extcn«i\-c  collier- 
ies in  which  it  is  cxcliwivoly  iLsoil,  doe^  not  present  one  case 
of  accident  from  explosion ;  and  its  daily  use.  ever  rincc  its  in- 
vention, by  the  wiiirtemen,  (who  visit,  with  it,  the  most  explosive 
uliuospliercs,)  hae  novcr  been  attended  by  an  nccidont. 

In  some  difttrieLi,  siiflieient  attention  is  not  paid  to  the  fata 

of  the  cylinder  of  wire  gauze  which  surrounds  the  lamp,  nor  to 

-  the  proper  fiiiena-ts  uf  iho  mcithes  of  the  gauKC.     When  the  dig- 

*  meter  ot  the  cylinder  excoeds  1 J  inch,  or  a  gauge  below  28  w>  thp 

^inch  in  Oneness  i^  u»cd,  the  Inmp  becomes  comparatively  unsaib. 


I 


A«.  Vm.— TUB  LAW  OF  MISES  AK1»  REAL  EStATE.*''  "^ 

Toe  purtniit  of  mining  has  heretofore  attracted  so  little  attention 
via.  the  United  States,  Uutt  mining  properties  cnn  hardly  be  Mad 
Llo  poasesB  any  rights  distinct  from  property  in  general,  neiAer 
Ijbftve  the  gcDcntl  principles  which  affect  rcJd  property  received 
(Any  modincation  consequent  upon  their  application  to  the  pecn- 

•  A  Compilation  td  S|)»nlsh  iml  Mciiwui  Ijiw  in  rriatioti  to  laines  •!!<! 
f  Ihlog  to.ro)  Mtato,  in  fonx  in  OtlJIbmia,  Texn*,  and  Now  Ucxioo,  kadin  tlie 
JnrritoriM  utiuired  under  the  LouiiiiNn  kod  Plurida  tiwtius,  wban  uiMX»d  to 
like  I7nit»d  Stal<«.  Vol.  L,  conUinln^  a  tnnslation  of  the  niininn  oHuuwcf 
Ipf  Now  SfiaLn,  (l&Riboft':<  mining  ardiniuicat,  the  bttm  rcUtinj;  to  mioM  oT 
I  jfoW,  silrrr,  and  quicksilver  cotHaiiic!  in  Oio  "  Noriattna  B«im)ilacloo ;"  ^Ml 
Itliv  Wst  and  dtfrrcK  of  Ali'XJoo  on  the  {lUli^vct  of  ininra,  coloniMtion,  uid  Ibi' 
*H^ht  or  tbrviRncis  to  hnid  n-ol  c^Utc;  tojtctbcr  with  a  di{(vi>I  of  Um  cdinuiurt 

law  on  Ihi^  xiibjoirt  or  mines  nnd  miniDg.      Bjr  Jolin  X.  Via^wtA-      6*0,  p[\ 

BdS.    New  Vork.    John  S.  ^'ooriiiwi. 


Tit  Ime  o/  Mine*  and  JUai  &latt.  \, 


iisr  nature  of  miovrel  depowts.  The  owner  of  ibo  soil  ia  iv 
laost  cases  tlie  owner  c^  the  mine!)  within  it,  and  iiiining  opere- 
^ni!  uR!  cnnitiil  on  ttiuU'r  the  c«ucrul  priui.-ipk's  relating  to 
^ «" contracts,"  «ih1  to  "  master  ana  fiervanu"  la  some  insuiuxtt, 
1I1&  owiuM"  of  Uio  tKiil  »;11m  out  lu  purchwranf  fur  n  etipulaUtl 
£uni,  the  whole  of  tjic  tnin«!8,  and  convevs  away  all  claim  upf>n 
'lufl  part  to  tiiem,  an<l  sometimes  Ihc  owdot  of  tlte  noil  kiuI  th« 
^mincs  Icnsrs  them  at  a  oertxia  per  ceaL  of  the  yield.  Never 
^eleea,  the  genc-ml  priiiuijileit  of  \uw  Iiulvv  undergone  nu  muili- 
'  pfitiktioa  in  llioir  aj)]>hi:;itioii  particularly  to  imoinK  iuterc&ItL.  ip 
otlier  wordt,  the  law  of  moK*  las  not  become  a  uJMUuctvuJLyvot 
in  tlio  iruitwl  States. 

It  caunot  Vw  e.xjiected  that  this  sulijcct  will  fjiil  to  MWcivc 
ideci^iLvu  itctiori  much  lunger,  in  the  Stato  of  Caliibruiii,  whitji  ij. 
»j  deeply  iat«ivst«d  iu  iiiiiicml  properly,  nnd  oriiitiuus  4\)q)uI 
:niuui^rou.'«  uopolutiuu  so  devoted  to  its  development.  lli«re,  uS 
|)roprictonuii|>,  even  of  the  mines,  in  on  unncttled  tincstioii,  ai^ 
I  j»  lurlhcr  progress  has  been  made  than  to  wrtjihlisli  n  -il -■'''- 
for  oLtaining  a  revenue  from  fi^rcign  miuent,  and  d> 
ooaditioii.s  u[ioii  wUich  companies  may  bu  formed. 

If  we  turn  to  ottier  nalir>n»,  a  great  contrast  io  presented. 

Spain,  whose  oitijiens  ami  subjiii.*  have  been  working  iniiit-s  for 

psuluries,  has  u  code  of  mining  onJiuauces  which  may  command 

*  the  admiration  of  numkiud.     The  cotnmeutarics  upon  this,  vixlo 

[  Ljr  Spanish  juri&ta  would  ho  hoitomblc  to  a  BWksbonc,  or  a 

I^KeoL  -  In  hiigland,  mining  o|K'raUoQs  hare  been  carried  im  for 

rU  long  pcriml,  and  the  principles  of  the  common  law,  bo /at  a.t 

ili£y  afioct  this  cIshs  of  property  and  purxuiL  Lave  been  eomc" 

what  extettsirely  inveati^alod.     And  in  so  far  as  tlic  oomniou 

'law  has  been  re-enacted  in  llie  i»e\-crul  states  of  thw  counirv, 

tliere  is  in  force  a  class  of  principles  and  decisions  dirreiK 

Ixarin^  upon  the  rights  to  miucnd  property.  This  does  not  con- 

iflictwith  our  precMiing  remarks.    Although  tho  common  law 

L  Iwaring  ujuu  mineral  property  may  be  in  power  in  many  states, 

jno  tiUL-slions,  as  wo  arc  aware,  hare  ariaen  to  test  its  applicitJon, 

^  sor  li&ve  any  &tse»  occunvd  in  which  mioiag  and  other  pjoperi^' 

was  neccssATy  to  be  oleervod.  j     ^ 

We  have  entered  upon  these  remarks,  as  wortliy  of  notice  in 

inection  with  the  volume  tlie  title  to  which  is  placed  at  the 

f  beginning  of  ihi.-*  atticli',     lu*  object,  iti  a  single  word,  is  to  aid 

[in  the  iiivcsligation  and  deciiiion  of  questions  slToctine  tlic  titlci 

tb>  lands,  and  in  relation  to  mines  in  every  part  of  ttit*  Tnited 

rotates  wiudi  was  once  SpauLih  territorv.  In  onlcr  to  accoiiiiilixh 

[this  object,  the  author  and  compiler  ha.*  found  it  rieccs«iry  to 

[piesent  the  entire  Spani&li  and  Mexican  legislation  from  .tn  early 

[period,  and  witliout  interruption.     The  first  volume  eom))rtsiug. 

[thill  vast  entcrpiise,  is  the.  one  betbre  ns,  which  is  confined  priii- 

feipalW  to  thp  laws  in  relation  to  mine."  of  the  precious  metals. 

'       You  11-12  -         -  ^ 


I 


MB 


Jtmnml  of  ,l/«iiny  /jam  and  Btyntationt. 


Liteonliuas  a  transtntion  nntiro  of  "The  royal  AixiinancM  Ibrtho 

Idiiwtion,  iTjmlation  and  government  of  the  mincn  of  Nonr 

I  Spain,"  wliioii  \»  now  known  iw  the  orriitiwKxs  of  Mexico,  and 

I  inudt  tre  in  force,  with  a  few  modifiaitions  adiiptiti)^  th«m  to  a 

L'iepablicim  form  of  govemracnt,  tliroiighout  a  large  iKirtinn  of 

I  fiouth  America.    In  addition  to  this  very  pare  and  valuable 

[  InniAlatioii,  the  folumc  contjiiiis  the  valuable  oommeniary  of 

iQamboa,  so  far  as  it  is  a  oomnientary  upon  the  law.    This  is  a 

'  Ireattto  on  all  the  laws  bv  which  Spam  and  tx^r  several  colonieti 

•  vera  eovemed  in  their  n\ining  affiun,  vp  to  17^,  and  which  U 

V^rdod  as  important  in  rvUtion  to  alf  the  ordinonces  not  set 

'  aside  by  the  royoi  ordin3ncj?,i  of  1783.     Tt  is  the  best  work  pub- 

I  Jiabed  on  the  subject  of  mining  hiws  of  Spain  and  her  ooloiiicf, 

and,  wiUi  the  nnx^ing,  fonns  tlic  entire  SpanUh  and  Mexican 

law  in  force  relative  to  mines  and  miuing  opcmtions.  Following 

these  tranfllatinn.t,  the  compiler  ha.<i  added  a  disest  of  aome 

braiKhex  of  the  Kngliah  common  law  on  the  snbjeet»  of  mines 

.  and  minerals,  suoli  as   "  On  the  transfer  of  mines,"  "  On  the 

I  Itatulc  of  frauds,  transfer  by  deed,  will,  operation  of  law,  trans> 

]  fer  of  ahare*,"  "  On  h-Ti^<-r*  and  licenses,"  "  On  partnershijw  in 

mines,"  "On  rumodics  rdating  to  mines  and  minerals."     IndJ- 

Tidttals  who  may  bo  inlercslfd  in  mint's  in  Mexico,  will  hnre 

,  find  the  decrcea  of  that  Republic  in  relation  to  colonization,  and 

in  relation  to  the  holding  of  land  and  mines  by  fon-igners. 

Although  a  leading  object  with  the  compiler  of  this  volume 
vaa  to  throw  all  tJie  light  possible  upon  the  nghts  to  real  estate 
I  onder  Spunish  law,  wo  are  quite  gratified   tnat  he   has  also 
-explained   the  entire  mining  law   of  that   kingdom  and   her 
numerous  colonie.'i  u^tn   tliis  continent,  and  that  he  haa  pro- 
Killed  ufi  in  an  Amcnc^an  drc^  bo  much  that  is  extremely  valu- 
able.    The  observant  miner  can  not  look  over  these   pagcp, 
I  devoted  exeluMvcly,  as  they  profess  to  bo,  to  the  law  of  minmg 
[property,  without  deU'ctinc   many  useful    hint«  and   remarks 
I  Dealing  more  or  less  dinxtiy  upon  some  step  in  mining  opcni' 
1  tions,  or  without  deriving  a  general  impression  of  the  methods 
f'Of  working  t1ie!<e  immense  mineral  deposits,  which  in  former 
[l»ntiiriea  have  yielded  much  vast  treasures  to  mankind. 


MmUl  OF  MIXING  LAWS  .W!)  REGUUIIOSS. 

Tine   COttHOH   l.*W   OS   TMK    Jll.irS*TlftN   Of   MtKRta   niOP««TT. 

Th#  fiilloirinp  KtBtcmciit  of  ihe  constf  iiciion  of  four  iwf  tion»  of  the  Statute 
I  «f  Prtui'li'  »■  ftjijillrnhl'^  lo  iniiif't  nn'l  niincnta,  let^inl  to  be  all  Uiat  iit  ncCfS' 
mrj  on  a  hmneh  i^f  Die  Inn  ho  niinilisr. 

I.  Till;  tin*  scolion,  thru,  require*  the  rrvfttinn  of  nnf  Icate,  utate,  or 
hicprv«t  In  mlnp]!  to  bo  in  u-rilini:,  anil  lo  Ii«  «ij;iiod  ht  lh«  parties  trcaUag  it, 
or  their  agcnta  thcrvunto  iiwfulljr  anlhorisml  bj  writing . 


Jovntai  of  i/iminy  Latt*  and  Stfrnlattoat. 


lao 


It  nKut  partkululy  be  obMrved.  ihat  (Im  aothorilv  of  «i  ktent  to  (Tcate 
•IQr  1mm  or  inttrat  mint  b«  in  tmiiny  frum  tlie  principal.  Ilia  kutbari^ 
tBMf.  of  Mona,  b«  tttfacr  ictnersi  or  cpcciil,  under  a  i^«ra]  power  of 
JMonqr,  or  flir  a  fecial  punpoce.  In  practice  bgwcnr,  a  gcncnl  <l*pit<atlnt 
.ti  tatbaritf  k  not  «Mwlly  renrtoJ  to.  It  wmiU  (onfcr  loo  gnat  uitbori^ 
■pen  afcntfi  to  Invrat  Ihrm  with  the  power  of  cTMlinf  any  InlmM  <rbat«*ar 
in  tho  niaoi  which  inay  lan-fully  pus  from  tbc  jcnntor,  uid  upon  any  larma 
lh»J  111*7  think  pruptr.  Spcciiil  powi-n  irv,  of  courw,  nut  liftblo  to  the  nnw 
otiwilon,  %Bii  ar«  >il«nti;(]  in  r^ir!)  wbtn.  «a  In  o(h«r  Irumetions,  th«  idg- 
■aturc  of  the  gnntor  cannot  be  conveniently  obtained  at  the  pvoper  time  Mnd 

9.  Tlw  ezMullon  contiioed  in  th«  »c«ond  tpelioii  miaot  he  isid  lo  hB«« 
any  pisctkal  pcfcrener  to  mine* ;  for  thoujtti  the  thirslion  of  interest  might  b« 
miiieioeomtpoad  with  (bo  rrquisition.-iof  tho  cxc^ptiun. it  cntincrcr kapfien 
Ihst  kOMM  wouhl  tffvo  to  pivu  two-third  parts  of  tlw  full  improTvd  nlue  Of 
Um  IklltK  deniMd.  The  proflta  of  mincn  in  jt«ner&l  arc  loo  Tiliiablo  otw  to 
«dnift  of  an r  Knervatioa  to  that  nmounL  The  ununt  rcndrrwith  rcupect  to 
■tU  nlMnh  ia  of  for;  mach  Icm  aniuunt;  anil  iller  ^real  eipendttim  of 
.dftittl,  time,  and  labor,  a  rent  of  tvo-thinlx  of  (lie  proDt  of  a  mine  iit  its 
poat  (mtipcroui  contlitiun  vould  form  n  mos^I  diEproportionatc  (ieduction  froiB 
Ibe  rctwrtiH  uf  ui  sdventun.'  wliicli,  in  ■JinoK(  ail  cases,  is  imcert&in  in  ita 
iMiilB.  Even  in  the  demine  of  qiiurrii'i  and  open  vorkincM,  (ho  labor  Ot 
leUinf  and  dwpoiini;  of  the  xtonc  or  mineral  muat  aliraya  b«  too  great  to 
yullify  MO  larg<  an  amount  of  runL 

3.  It  b*g  itefia  already  ob^'crvcd,  that  the  operation  of  th«  thitti  sactiaB 
MrtMds  to  all  caKes  within  the  menninK  of  both  (lie  first  and  H«ond.  All  UaMa 
and  other  interenl!),  tln^n-rurv,  in   miiii;^   and   iniii'^ralii,  whether  originalljr 

"I  by  writinii,  or  siilwiMlri):  by  parol  under  th«  iie«ond  seetion,  roust  no 
d  and  (urrendercd  in  wrilinc,  b^  the  party  himnclf,  or  by  to  a|[cfit 
awKiBf  atithori»d  bj  bim  in  writing,  aa  in  tbe  Ibxt  Kcctiun. 

But  tbe  amlETinienl  or  ^iirronder  need  not  hi-  by  ilwl,     A  note  or  any 
iiiof  to  that  efibet  «o  in'ipicd  by  th«  party  or  his  agfoi  will  he  gutBclenl,  but 
I  mut  b«  Ktamped. 

4.  The  fourth  aection,  M  far  as  relates  to  our  prǤent  parpose,  is  conflnrd 
1  any  contract  or  sale  of  lands,  or  any  interest  in  or  concerning  tbem.  For 
I  i«  qaltc  ctcir  that  the  words  in  (he  rcnininiiig  part  of  tlie  section  "or  upon 
—  agrcemeril  not  to  be  i>erroniied  within  a  year,"  does  not  extend  to  an 

MRienl  eoncrmlng  1anit)i.     And  it  in  cfjiially  clear  that  IhiH  Mction  con- 
nplates  in  itt  opcmtion  not  only  the  urisiu  of  a  contract,  but  aluo  all  tntui- 
'  Itn  of  KubinatiniE  mtercHts. 

.  But  this  teetlon  dlfTcrit  mnlcrially  from  the  precedinj;  oneK  in  not  roquirinK 
rtfce  amborily  of  an  ajtont  ti  be  in  writing.  It  foliowi,  llicrefore,  that  though 
r^  agent  can  pa&i  a  lepil  indrvst  un<ler  (b«  flml  and  third  scctious,  unleaH 
rttieir  authoHly,  however  Inufiil,  be  evidenced  hy  urilinit,  yet,  nnilcr  the 
LAurlh  section,  they  may.  if  oihim-inc  Uwfuily  aulhorir.ed,  bind  their  principaJ 
Hy  cnatins  or  IranKreiring  in  writing  an  «<]uiLibto  intcrtat  fo,|(iri  without 
TMing  auUioriied  by  writing. 


n 


m  O0HM01*  i.iw  ON  iminia  rioMim. 
A  license  to  work  minea  in  rery  di*tincuUhab1e  from  a  Icaao  of  minoL   Tbe 
r  in  an  ineorponted  bnvdilamenl.  a  mere  right,  which  in  some  inatanoea 
ay  be  Mvocable.  in  olhvn>,  no[  encbsive  of  the  nmllnr  Hichtsof  othuni,  and, 
I  all  caaeH,  only  -TwCi-rB  a  rijtht  of  properly  in  the  roincmlB  when  Ihcy  ha»B 
Nm  wivervd  IVoin  ihe  freehold,  and  taken  into  the  poufwssion  tf  llic  pnitr. 
,  loww,  on  th«  other  hand,  is  a  distinct  conTtyance  of  au  actual  inttmit  la 
[tto  ibinc  denized,  tlia  right  lo  which  attachca  rrcn  bcfofa  tha  aubatanca  fi 
«stt«ct»d  or  taken.  -       _  .      _     . 


Journal  of  Mining  IiaV)*  a»el  Rt^latirmn. 

A  llMnfla  or  tlbcrty  to  vork  mines  is  very  usekl  In  tntnlng  cMiMrica. 
fWfacn  an  odvcnbiro  b  CDtcred  upon,  n  rc([iil[ir  louo  in  not  nUafH  »blijiv*d, 
\  ^iil!  th«  prospcots  oi  the  enterpriMi  proiniiw  i;uch  r«ulU  aa  may  rcnulrc  «  more 
tattilottlar  ■irvagenBcnt;  uul  tlie  mine  is,  in  thes^  caaen,  ofUni  tvorKuJ  underk 
lAMnm  It  bccomct,  tbardoro,  vtty  important  to  ngiK^tain  whether  aoch  k 
r  voeBM  bo  (rithm  ^n  Statute  of  Fraudii 

•  It  in  •nbmittcd.  llint  lii<t;u]iuii  or  thin  description  are  dirwcllj'  within  Vbt 
I'MUMifaigof  11)0  alatuk,  and  that  this  opinion  tvsts  upon  r«a»ons  *«rT  (lifftrtnt 

from  tkoM  applicable  to  noma  of  the  cmm  which  hare  been  dcoideil  ujMn  tii* 
I  liubjcct  of  UcGiOGS  genorallj. 

It  has  certainly  been  hol<l  tliat  a  tucro  license  b,  in  soma  liistanom,  dm 
I  nriUiin  Ihe  lint,  and  hf  implii-jillon,  the  Tourlh  iwctionii  of  iho  etatiit*. 
I  •      A  P"**'  "S^'^wcnt  wnK  cntcrod  inlo  for  liberty  to  Ktatk  oonU  on  part  of  a 
j  idoso  for  MviMi  jvafs,  aniJ,  duriUR  this  turm.  thti  piTSOU  to  wlium  il  wm 

ruitod  should  hn»«  liif  koU  u»«  of  ihat  part  of  thp  closn  upon  which  Ko  wa« 
have  the  liberty  of  sUckinK  coals.  I.pe,  0.  J,,  and  Dcnninon,  J.,  were  «f 
I  wpltiiun,  tliat  till-  a^ri-i-iiiviit  wiu  ROod,  and  relied  upon  thu  authority  of  Webb 

%\\\\  ffttt^niostti',  wheru  it  was  held,  thiit  a  grant  of  n  llci>ii«r  to  stack  ha^  npoh 
I  'Innd,  did  Dot  amount  to  a  Icuc  of  Ihc  Innd.     They  nmiatained  that  th*  agrae- 

«ient  in  the  present  caM  wu  outy  for  an  eaxcmvnl,  and  not  for  aii  intemit  in 
I  •the  land — that  il  did  not  an«mii4  toaleasc,  anilcoriMqu^ntlyilwasiiot  wilMn 

V>c  Siatiito  of  Frandsk  Forster,  J.,  aaid,  Uiat  Iho  ajTrccmont  did  nol  antoont 
I  <to  a  lease,  but  he  iaelined  to  tbinic  that  tbo  words  in  the  statute,  any  "wMer- 

tain  iuterett  in  land,"  entciidod  to  ()ia  aertemcnt;  upon  which  the  otbei 
!  <JIM|SM  obMTTwl,  that  thOM  worAi  related  only  to  interestN  uncertain  as  to  the 
[  ilitne  of  their  duration.    It  wiw  ultimately  decided  thai  the  ngreemenl  wan 

(ood  for  Iho  BOv«n  yMra. 

*  Now,  with  re«p«Ct  to  the  nwie  of  Wuhb  nnd  PntenuMtof  mliod  upon  in  thf 
I  -taboTe  cane,  it  In  •afficicnl  to  obicrvc  that  the  decision  tlicre  wan  oomo  lo  upon 

■notber  point,  uiil  that  that  cam:  aio«e  before  the  Statute  «m«udjL 


HioiTTi  ro  m.fisii  nioi-KHiT  is  \r.ya.va.x. 
tTnder  the  eonntitutjon  and  laws  of  Venezuela  ttnngtrs  tnjoy  the  lame 
eiril  righli  with  the  imliTe  citiKens.  They  can  hold  properly,  sell  or  boqucailli 
'It,  without  any  other  cliargea  than  those  intposetl  by  l.-kw  upon  the  cltlwnt  of 
the  country.  Iilberty  of  conspicnee  pretaila  and  all  rcliKions  are  tolerated. 
StraTiKem  are  not  enrolled  in  the  luililin  ii.-rfice,  nor  in  tlieir  properly  subject 
to  any  other  llian  t)ie  cnlinary  and  coninon  eoiitrlbntions.  No  taxM  an 
I   paid  on  property,  and  foreigncnt  arc  more  highly  rcMpcctcd  than  n.ilivej(> 

It  Ik  an  object  with  the  goTernmcct  lo  encourage  liamigrition,  and  the  laws 
are  framed  with  tbat  objwt  In  idew. 

Thire  arc  In  Venr:tucla  Very  fertile  high  and  low  kndti,  unciiltlTated,  aiiid 

Jwrhieh  the  law  givca  lo  immigninln,  on  condition  that  they  are  put  under  ctil- 

I  juration  in  four  years.     There  are  mariv  fine  tracts  in  the  bigti  landA  when 

'  'the  teropcrsture  Is  fresh  and  mild,  and  the  wenlhrr  like  une.h.ing^ng  fipring. 

A  portion  of  the  year  rains  prevail,  which  is  can-sidered  as  the  winter. 

The  regulations  respecting  uiiiiiuj;  propcrtiM  are  compriMd  in  the  follow- 
ing eitracta  from  the  "  laws  of  VeneiucU" : — 

The  Senitle  and  Chunber  of  Roprcoentative*  of  Iha  Sepnblio  of  TenwetW,  Jta 

■ContrMw  aMcmtdod,  hnvlns  teen  thaprocMd1a(ilnftvoF«rAndreilIaniin>>  <»  IM 

.•Btnt  tint  thu  pro|Htrly  oracoftl  nilna  hadiMvnnd  tnOsMmicteto,  rrDVlnecvf  CoH^  - 

^onld  ba  ilwlirod  u  liU  iiniiiiTiy,  aiid  UkJnf  <nM  eeiuiJtnUon  that  neltbar  tk> 

Govcrnmciil  not   the   t'tiiKtitiitioiiid  Conjtren    ItMlf  did   liau  In  mind  that  th* 

OritffanK  tli  iPi»4  ot  tirv  Snnln  nsi  in  I&fim  la  thu  Ktpahlie,  do  r*tolv«  t— 

Tlinl  In  eonformlly  wtib  ilie  Deonn  of  Hth  ef  0(tob«<r,  IMV,  the  OrdaniAB  lo 
I  MrnaMaSnUtoHiaOoi-Municni,  In  lit  thu raliM*  to  mtno,  i«  thalef  Ktwft|aJB, 
r  xM  of  llv>  Vtt3,  ou  till  lenn*  w  la  tbo  afonwid  daen*  k  eapnaMiL 


C'cmtiterdal  A*p«t  o^M«  iRuing  InUrt9t. 


vn 


-_^  u  OUMCM,  snh  AptU,  ISM.  M  ua  na^Tha  Fr«rtdm  of  Uia  BinM*, 
_  mSfo  UaJtw>.~Ti;e  I'tMidenL  DfthaClunilitr  (iritopi«MaUUT«*,Dr.  J«at  yosnd 
i*  l<H  S~ito-..-^1i*  Sceraur;  of  IV  Semi*.  I'V'ln;  J.  Kitio.|nrr«.— Tlic  ScenUtr  of  th« 
Clumber  of  llBpraMnMiiar,  Bdiol  Anrdn. 

Cxntou,  nth  April,  iwa.— Let  il  b«  citviiUd— IKwo  ButtlMa  UrIwMiM.  Foi 
in*  EmtUvaa;  llie  vlc«  PrnMont  of  the  Ki^nbHo  In  ohnso  of  tb«  ExmuUv«,  ih« 
SMnlnrr  of  n*lo  in  tha  Dcpminsnt  of  HnmoM    HiaWw  Hwhaleii*.  • 

7i>  Smalt  *iti  Ihtix  •/  HnriHriMliTa,  ^e. 

1»  •oi»i<l(nlJaii  inal  niiiiinr  iiiduiti}  U  jnl  jii  iW  infwiq'  in  V*nuucl*,  Uid  thu 
Ibo  TiTa(liu4«f  lb«  otJj  MUbliMimaDt  In  «7wniti»n  (Ihc  tapper  mino  at  ArvH)  1*  not 
inffldcntljr  tnwiura^liig  to  ch«  proprlclon  Uieimelvoa  to  g«  ou  in  tho  wpikUii  of  U, 
ukI  lo  ot£«ni  f-?r  cDloiiuglnlo  new  tourpritoa,  ja  dtcrco:-' 

The  prodotu  of  all  minto  of  nictthi  and  minaral  omI  m«  Am  IVMn  alt  dslloi, 
nalioiul  aail  uiuiidja),  for  t)i»  *pwe  offifht  TOar*. 

ttit  nvmrtion  of  *11  JDUca,  national  ■n'f  nitinin'|>tl,  ilsn.not  tiuud  to  Uit  fcit 
«bMV**^  Im  F*'^  Ii)'*''*  vbmI*  loadini;  thf  niincmS:  nor  tollisl  of  6tHo*,  wni«li 
M«  t«  b«  p*M  Jbr  tlM  «an  and  muko  to  i>iu>  Uis  route,  or  <br  the  boata  to  {sm  tli« 
rtt«n.  In  «aa*  inch  ^atlea  iro  patd  on  the  tnnii|>arUIlan  of  an;  other  prodnoe  of  tht 
oosntr*. 

(iiron  at  Cuacnw,  Mh  Kay.  lUO.  IKh  and  lOlh— Tha  rrtaldoul  Of  the  Scnal^ 
Vruadtoo  Annd.-i.— Till!  Frmjdant  of  ills  Chambor  uf  Kaiirowutatimi,  Juan  N. 
Ctana.— Tbo  Soentu?  of  Ibe  S«nal«,  Jo«<  A.  Froirc^-Tbe  Socretar;  oftlio  Chambat 
«JH«I»«««imtl"'«,  VniuX  Anredo. 

UwMCWL  May  nil),  ISM I-et  tt  be«ie«iit«d—Joi6  Antonio  Pbo.    Porltli  Eloot- 

loif,  tka  Hiaualar  bi  tha  P\naaeial  Dtpauimcnt—Gulltoraio  Smith. 


COMMERCIAL  ASPECT  OF  THE  MiSING  IXTEREST. 

Niir  ToiK,  Jaa,  ft).  IWl 

I  In  our  article  for  thin  nooUi  we  have  to  rtvcrd  more  trangactiona  thm 
hare  taken  ptaM  at  anj  pi^riod  aiace  the  txiutcnco  of  tho  New  Vuric  Mining 
DMnl.  A  new  and  ilix'iJedly  CaTaretilu  f.-uturo  ban  liwn  the  activitjr  in  a 
lWBb«r  of  Uw  L*k«  Superior  stoclu,  «hle)i,  tboui;li  upon  the  tiata  of  the  B««r4 
•n4  regnUriy  calh<d,  ware  acnrocly  cT«r  dvalt  in.  'I'mitfcr  agendea  liave  b«en 
HtaUnbod  io  (his  city  durinjt  the  post  month  for  many  of  thom  <«nipani«^ 
Vhkfa  will  ftdliUte  opcnxtiona  tn  them,  nnd,  by  K'^'^R  ihMii  tatan  nurrcnev, 
ImI  the  piibRc  to  ioqaire  idIo  their  condition  and  future  praip(«t&  In  an- 
sUmT  part  afour  jounial,  under  the  head  uf  Cupper  MiaJBgOpention^  will  be 
(Dimd  one  or  two  inttreeting  artivlos  iii  rclitiun  to  Mine  of  Uieae  nuDM;  thejr 
)w*9  been  prepared  by  parties  irho  ftr«  vdt  ariiiainti'd  with  the  whole  inattar, 
ud  in  whose  atakmcntt  the  mott  implicit  reliance  can  bo  placed. 

Several  new  oompMiie*  have  bem  broui^bt  oirt,  wixne  of  them  with  Tcry 
flattering  pTORpcctx.  Wc  iroiild  Bay  to  thoBC  who  aro  about  brminit  new 
oonpanie*  to  wori  mincii,  and  who  have  not  yet  orRaniieil,  thnt  if  they  prefer 
dtawiiig  Ibetr  protibi  from  the  produce  of  Ihcir  niineK,  and  not  from  the  opera- 
Itolis  of  tha  Block  narktl.  it  would  be  well  for  them  to  place  (brir  capital 
Moefc  at  a  nnch  lower  figure  (ban  tliat  generally  ado|jled,  Two  or  thne 
hwndmj  IhiKiianil  dollar*  ta  quite  an  much  a«  ie  {n  most  caMS  tieaded  to  a 
company  to  (^  to  work  wiih  ligoewMly,  and  (ho  pmrHoe  of  nMtiiiK  oat  willi 
■miona  of  capital  acts  uioit  uQ&TOmbly  (-m  the  niininK  intcreaL  It  dch^ 
Ike  prtii;ii<ct*  of  fair  ttiTiilvnila  to  ha*i<  the  nominal  capital  ira  targe  that  IVi* 
■boa,  liowoTer  rich,  can  pay  a  fair  hitcrvKl  vn  it,  and  thus  leaama  Uie  d«<iir« 
^  invent ;  aiu)  the  temptation  to  cxtnn4taBt  outlay  arising  n-em  too  large  a 


m 


ComntTfial  Atpttl  of  Ik*  Mining  futimL 


npjtol  hoK,  ia  axay  oka,  led  cooipinins  [nlo  dilDcuHiM  thr;  htro  nertryvt 
b«cn  ftblo  to  tannourtt  The  Lake  Superior  comtntiiiu:  •)□  not  cxcccJ  (300,000 
of  capital.  The  Hinn«mU,  which  has  paitl  laldy  a  liiridcnd  of  80  ptr  coit, 
liu  but  $300,000.  It  is  quitu  clear  Itiat  if  this  couiptii}-  bail  Vt  di«lril>uk  Iti* 
ftmounc  at  th*ir  diapoml  amon^  a  cowpxny  of  ■  million  dollara,  lli«  per 
rentage  to  each  shatvholdcr  would  be  mach  brtow  \\a  prcwnt  highly  tatf»- 
Ikctor?  nto.  Wd  feci  thai  w«  hare  but  to  cnll  attention  to  tho  matter  t« 
'  tedtioe  )t(  being  taken  into  con:iJderation. 

Aa  we  intimtttcd  in  our  luL,  North  Carolina  has  risen  roimi'lcTablj'.  The 
liij[hcEt  point  it  touched  during  the  piut  was  5  j,  but  It  hits  fallen  back  (o  5, 
at  which  point  it  in  henry.  Xothin^  fiirllier  th.in  alrrnd/  puUialied  ha.i  Ihmi 
Kceni'd  from  the  mine,  Peiinwj-lvntiin  and  I^high  Zinc  hu  Eillvl)  to  Sj,  and 
from  tho  qaantity  of  stock  prviuiing  on  the  market,  wc  should  not  tic  surprised 
to  ct«  a  lower  point  touched.  The  Couipuiiy  are  nporltd  lo  be  doing  a  good 
bnainMi^  and  tbe  declinv  in  (he  stock  is  the  more  strange  on  that  accmint. 
11icr«  wax  great  animation  In  llUcer  about  the  middle  of  the  ntnntb  in  Antici- 
pation of  a  change  in  the  direction.  Thii  change  has  taken  place,  and  tbe 
atock  fallen  bock  again  lo  lb«  point  from  which  it  Kla.rted.  It  is  iaid  tbe 
mine  was  never  in  a  belter  cotidiUoti,  nor  llic  siuvUing  worki  attacbtd  to  it 
doing  botler  than  at  prcstnt  Th«  new  dircclion  Is  a  sErong  on«,  but  It 
remains  to  he  Hccn  whether  thry  will  he  able  to  nuiiago  the  valuable  property 
tntniHted  to  their  olk  with  tho  name  discretion  and  economy  as  those  who 

IJ9H  nlired  from  ofllcc.  Tn  MeCttUough  Iticru  has  been  sea.n:ely  a 
the  stock  stilt  alanda  about  8,  and  a  liu^  order  to  buy  or  »eU 
wonld  materially  iJfoct  tho  priue ;  much  cannot  bu  bought  at  6,  and  we  do  not 
Ihiok  much  could  be  sold  at  that  figure  for  cash.  The  fliictnationB  in  flold 
Uilt  hare  been  large.  Th«  pHcc,  in  anticipation  of  a  lar^o  amount  of  stock 
wliich  it  was  fcand  might  be  thrown  upon  the  market  to  meet  tho  tiatulitiea 
of  the  Company,  maluiing  early  this  month,  amounting  to  $100,000,  fell 
npidly  to  3^ ;  but  lh«  Uabilitivs  having  been  arranged  by  tho  payment  of 
$29,000  In  cash,  and  an  vxicnsiun  of  two  yrars  tot  tho  balance^  the  price  ro** 
as  rapidly  to  Sf,  nt  which  ftjriire  it  is  now  current  As  ripecled,  a  dividend 
of  %  per  cent,  lias  been  declared  fiayablo  on  the  Brst  of  tliis  month  (F'eb.X 
and  it  is  tli«  intcnliouof  tliu  Company  to  make  a  like  diTidend  erery  60  days; 
Should  they  bo  ablu  to  do  this,  it  appuar^  to  us  tho  stock  is  selling  at  an 
exccedinxly  low  figure  If  bought  at  prcseol  price,  and  paying  a  dividend 
of  3  per  cent  ovtfy  two  monthfl,  it  would  give  a  return  of  20  per  cent.  ui>ontfaa 
ioveatmcoL 

In  Wickoff  Uold  there  has  been  ono  trnntaction  at  a  ((reat  depreciation  in 
price.  Buckinghwn  tSoId  finds  no  buyers  at  the  Board.  Deep  lUvcr  com- 
llnuM  In  about  the  iiamu  silunlioo  as  at  our  hut  issue ;  tliere  can  bo  no 
Improvement  in  the  stock  of  this  Company  until  succcmTuI  nicamres  art  taken 
to  rclicre  them  of  their  debt  Linduy  oontinaes  firm  at  last  <)uotatlon*,  say 
70  cents  per  shore.  \Te  know  of  krjte  trani<a£tlong  which  tiat*  been  made  in 
private  at  a  ahadc  under  ll.is  figure.  A  person  lurnely  interested  tn  Pliomii 
Gold  luu  recently  returned  from  a  visit  to  tlie  mine,  and  ciprcKtcs  hinis«If  not 
<Mil{  irluMed  at  lb«  syattan>lic  uuuiucr  in  wliidi  work  baa  be«ii  ilont  llierr. 


I 


Gimmtrdal  Atptct  o/tkt  Mining  Inlvut. 


but  •ttoatsfaitl  ftt  Ibo  riduicM  of  the  property.  With  only  on«  (%3l«a  mill 
tlwy  am  uaoru  tliaa  (MJtDg  eipconts.  Wbcii  fbur  milU  wd  hx  bend  o( 
tfunfu  vc  crccUd,  dmuutw  for  whicli  are  nuic  iu  eourve  of  exi-culton,  it  b 
•qcctcd  the  tainc  will  jicld  >  tplcndkl  rttum  to  th«  itockbolikn.  Tb»  Pn- 
,  Suknt,  with  a  compctcot  tujuiager  In  golii  luininf;  oparatioofi  U  now  at  th* 
nuiwe,  »xA  intviuli,  before  hin  return,  to  bate  cvcvj-thlng  lUTangcd  to  norfc 
TfgonHuljr  and  succoMruUy.  Tb«  licUjr  ia  doiiiig  tlus  luui  been  ILu  cauao  of 
tha  gnat  dulbitas  in  ibe  slock ;  iritblu  &  n-eck  or  so  paKt,  bowem,  it  \ml 
bven  Tcrf  actirc  nt  about  TO  or  tH)  centa  eaali,  and  {1  on  crudiL  Nu  u«iii«e> 
tioM  h«fQ  taken  place  in  MinAHSML  In  Potomac  Copper  then?  haa  been 
much  activity',  and  appuaraiicct  indicate  a  rixc  in  tliin  dock.  Upon  the  in- 
tmduclioa  of  lluMttock  of  tbc  AmcTican  While  Zinc  Compui}' upon  tbobcMka 
of  th«  Mining  Bcanl.  it  naa  lor  a  dajr  or  two  v(^  acliire  at  frura  3  to  4 ;  now, 
hoirtrrr,  it  ia  very  iiuict,  and  no  (irtat  amaunt  could  bo  bold  without  COii- 
(idcnblc  depreciation  in  prices  TbcCampanf  ar«Midtab«in  vo;  ■acocvcftil 
cpcrvtion,  and  the  demand  for  tha  pruduct  of  Iboir  workx  on  RTcat,  if  not 
greater,  Uian  tbvir  abililj-  to  SMppty.  Uitrneace  stock  biu  lallcd  ofl'to  3t,  and 
1b  liailf  oOorcd  at  $4.  This  is  surprising,  con&idcring  tbo  laTorablo  adTic«s 
Itom  tho  mtnr,  and  tho  quantity  of  rich  or«  thoy  arc  tending  to  markcL 
Nrkcr  Vein  is  iitcady  at  about  fii  to  dj,  at  wbicb  Ugure  we  think  it  will  re- 
main until  a  decided  case  in  the  money  market  caiiacs  Dion'  Hp«:ulati<>n  than 
at  pivMot.  The  Company  hare  HUCM'tdod  In  diupwlug  of  their  line  of 
•iMmBra,  and  a  portion  of  their  roal  Ia^df^  and  thus  rulicrinji  tbemsrlvD*  of  a 
good  poKion  of  tbtir  llabDitict.  'I1ic  coal  land  Ihcy  retain  w  »aiA  to  be  rich, 
and  ndi'quate  to  all  their  utc*,  and  capable,  in  time,  of  yielding  fair  rctumit  to 
the  KlockholdcrH. 

The  I'otoi,!  Lead  hu  declnrcd  a  dividend  uf2i  puf  owit  frout  the  camlliga 
of  the  thnij  nuoUiJi  vudin);  lleo>.'iuhvr  lilat,  and  i«yab1e  Ilia  Isl  Fdmiaiy. 
nwir  produce  of  nivL-d  '\a  at  present  about  80  pi|;H  of  Ov  poundi  each  pcv  day, 
and  their  capndly  is  only  limited  by  the  number  of  mlncn  llify  eaii  pvocure, 
•a  galena,  arcrnginK  from  IIU  to  TO  per  cent,  uf  Icail.  b  li-ujid  on  ticaily  th* 
whole  i-xtcnl  of  llicir  property. 

Till'  .Sprin^Ddd  Copper  Cuuipaiiy  has  been  sold  out  to  partle*  in  Baltimore, 
who  will  Wneeforlh  work  Ibo  inine. 

The  Dauphin  and  Subiudianua  Coid  Company  hare  obtained  a  farthot 
loan  of  435,000  dollars,  ihcir  prcTioutIr  t-xisting  lialHlitiea  boing  aa  (olkMr :— r 
$>T,000  0  pif  ctut.  bond*,  duo  1800;  (903,000  T  pvr  cent,  bonds,  duo  1677; 
and  $8,000,000  of  7  per  cent,  buudn,  dnv  KtOi),  secured  on  railroad  C4  mitca 
loc^  on  43,000  acres  mineral  lauds  and  hulldingii,  clc^  etc 

A  new  company,  liie  t'ollone  and  llepler,  has  been  oripiniicd  with  a 
a|>ital  of  half  a  tulllion.  Iti^  minei  arc  In  lUndotph  and  Dariditon  countirx, 
M. C.  Tbe  Ueplcr  vein  hiuJ  been  worLi-il  up  to  liteuly  years  ago  fur  gold,  an<l 
abMwtoueJ  •«  Uie  (ninuni  dein^vudid  (o  iLv  coppvr  or«.  I1i«  Cullvgv  T«tn  has 
bwR  openoil  aboul  IU>  feet  and  prcsi'iila  u  hi|;;h1y  tiirorablo  apiiroraiiec. 

Ilieclodi  of  the  Neuvitas  CV'ippcr  Cnuipnny,  incnrpomteil  iu  .Vugust  \sM, 
waa  introduced  to  the  Hoard  on  the  Idlh.  Rci:ciit  leltcn  from  the  tupcrin- 
tuiiknl  Htiucuuco  that  the  en|[iue  ban  been  i>tBrtod  at  the  niincK  and  that  Iw 


4 
4 


cnk 


Commtrdal  Atpfff  <^At  Mining  IntemL 


^•■pM*a  to  nhtp  at  l«ut  BO  toiM  of  80  to  H9  p«r  c«nt  on  dnrii^  tho  eomlne 
naalb.  Thin  mine  u  lMft(«d  in  Cuba,  8S0  nrilfii  from  rfkrana,  and  M  mllu 
frwD  tbe  port  of  Keutitu.  A  nulroad  ix  in  openttion  (at  31  mitrx  of  the 
iMcr  dititBDM.  Tie  nUnera)  ia  tiie  yellow  xulpliurct  of  roppcr. 
'  A  fpsM  coinpftny  hu  b««n  organised  witli  a  capital  of  two  millioiu^  under 
tho  nanw  ot  iho  QaHiner  Oold  Hiolog  Ci>ta|)u>y.  It  hu  purcliuod  the  «x< 
tctisifo  mJBc*  in  Spotsylvania  county,  V«.,  known  as  the  Point  of  Pork  propertj;, 
aibout  Ifi  tailm  «w<  of  Fredcrickuburir.  Some  washing  has  aJivaily  b««t) 
doMc,  and  the  nsults,  with  tome  of  th«  inirfaco  rock,  boon  asMf<Kl,  and  (bund 
to  contain  gold  to  a  lar^  amount 
Ounbcrlaiiil  Coal  tas  Mien  off  this  moath,  owinR  to  \he  ulriVct  of  the 
mtncra  b  tiib  reflon ;  and  as  the  works  an  moBtl;  at  a  HUirxlslill,  w«  tliall 
probabty  hart  to  notice  a  flirthcr  n^d1lclion,  tf  Eomo  arrangement  cannot  be 
made. 

It  wtU  be  remembeTOd  ttiat  by  the  12th  section  of  llio  law  of  tho  Stnto  of 
Now  York  rvgukling  mining  couipaniea,  which  wQI  be  found  in  page  STO  of 
iinr  laat  voIuuji-,  that  all  companies  organiied  under  tha  la*  ar*  to  puUisli 
JttAf,  on  or  before  Hie  SOtli  January,  a  rvport  on  onth  of  thdr  f^pitat, 
anraunt  paid  bi,  and  amoant  of  dcbta.  Many  of  the  cmnpnnics  hare  failed  to 
4o  M  Ihiii  jtar.    We  fiibj«n  a  few  that  have  come  to  our  notice; — 

Kenh^KmCo.              .                   t«)o,onn  tliK'.OOO  Noito.  Vm.  A.  rcsuA^ 

VMiderbont  Ululn; Co.     .          .       l,aoa.(>i>U  l.loo.ocio  ijM)  Win.  Paraiaa. - 

LindiMH  MId1ii2  Co.                     .       l.U'il'.'""'  Xul  ifi>cn.  V.«00  8.  C,  UiiU. 

KeTUiKirurMlnlitinndQuanylDjCa.  TSO.OOO  Not  given.  00,000  P.  Smilh. 

A  new  iron  ooinpauy,  the  Union  Iron  Ooiupatiy,  liarc  Just  issued  llieir 
TCfNWt  Tlieir  properly  is  located  in  Riscx  county,  and  contains  larp 
d«podia  of  very  rich  ores.    Tbelr<:aptUl  Is  $$iXi,O0ii,  jn  Bliarcsof  $I0(>  each. 

Of  the  Lake  Superior  nunea  Ulcly  opcnUed  in.  in  thin  market,  Totteev 
AlgHiiab,  Ripley,  and  I»!c  Royole,  have  lieen  Iho  fliroriteii.  Tbe  lint  will, 
wWiaut  doubt,  prorn  one  of  ttic  very  li«t  minex  in  the  country,  and  later,  att 
it*  rcMurcodi  arc  dcTcloped.  Uki:  lank  wilb  the  I'iltibut^  MlniUMla,  North 
Amciipan,  and  (^iC  which  ar«  the  wood-.-r  and  ntonishment  of  ail  who  have 
hare  seen  ihrni.  We  conNidcr  it  ehtiip  at  the  prweiit  price,  anil  parties 
Who  bay  H  to  hcdd  will  have  no  caano  to  rejrret  tho  inTcMmcnt  of  their  capitaL 
The  ethent  ro<|iiir«  more  dcvelopraont,  but  promise  extremely  well,  parliMi^ 
Uily  lale  Koyale.  It  \»  our  Itrm  coiiHction,  that  doily  experience  will  jattitf 
oar  obatTtation,  that  a  judicious  inresluient  of  capital  in  mining  entcrpriwii 
hot  parlivulirly  in  the  Lake  Superior  companies,  will  yield  a  larjter  and  surer 
mum  than  any  nCher. 

The  MlnaeiMila  haa  oomroenccd  tliD  payment  of  dividend)^  by  ivliimtiif: 
$-tO  per  tharo  to  ita  itockhoMeni,  being  96  per  thare  niore  than  wui  ercr 
calkd  in  upon  Uic  ttock,  and  will  go  on  with  n-gtilar  pnrmenta  bercafUr. 
Thi*  ii  but  tbe  eommencement  of  the  splendid  returni  which  in  a  year  or  two 
will  be  giTvn  to  the  stockholders  of  the  narioim  conipaiiies  In  that  rich 
metalifenMis  rvgloti,  whkh  has  ho  far  bi'i^n  the  astonithinent  of  all  who  hxee 
riHiled  it,  and  will  yet  b«  Ibo  wonder  of  lh«  world. 


OamMtreial  A^ttet  of  lk»  Minimy  Inltrf*!. 


vn 


FUutuMiont  Ut  /antMry,  1934,  m  th<  Ai;gf*T*ttt  Mining  Slonki  taU  at  tit 
A'oe  I'ark  Stoei  f'xdtang^  arut  Mining  JSoarJt,  thmrinff  their  HiglMl  and 
Uwstt  Vi4hU.  <md  tSe  jAitt.  nilk  tAe  ilarhtf  Valut  <m  JasMOrf  300, 


atnmtm  WBem, 


Antuvw  WMU  ZIna. 
B«kliwlMm. 


Ctaihitlr  <'vpM. 
OHmd  iriB  . 


:l. 


CwMlVta. 

R«l(b>riudCMl 

itairaH" 

IlDullB  BDOJlLtQIh  -  -  - 

PaSTtwl^. 


(Mtltlll 

BIVHM  <>M«t- 

bkEAjWi 

JjBta. 

MfiiDllixbOaM 

MaMara 

HSKlMl 

HmtIih 

St^CncXOu^ 

R>i  J«nty  ZlM 

Ronb  l>>rfauO«*t, 

CAlo  Lud  uil  WnKli 

NrlMiVftil 

IteMftruiU  ca>) 

rHn^lTuiUl  LAhlcbZlnii. 
rtsEli  Mlnlaiand  kUnur. 


vu«o 


»<).<W 

Mum 

»KJ»Kt 
XOOD 

lonM) 


tOJ»«  I  w 
IM.nvi  '  10 

W,OIW    IW 
l*\-»»     10 

«l,i>nl     Itj 

*!,«»    ,» 
100,00(1  I     B 


lavnn   Vbr  fi^fvatr   »■* 


4(  '  M 
41  ,  U 

n  w 

I  U 


I 

Ml 


1 

IT 
ft 

t± 

to 

4 
SB     I  18 


M 


»l 

» 

I 

s 

liu 

It 

14 
1 
I 
M 

■1 


I! 

V 
« 

IDS 


Si 
'it 


4 

;i 
it' 

H 

4 
'? 


-        1 


4M 


-      '|l 


T.toa 

-11    n,im 
-I     Do  nd^ 


An 

»w 
u 

w 

100 
Jto 


I 


-         4M 
■       tTJH 


-MS 

-  I      SB 

-  1.tM 

-  H»!l 


BtatrvK  uisaa  ni^tts  mauxt. 

ItoTTax,  ^dn.  S^  IBM. 

Hie  nev  ytM  hoii  npcnoJ  with  lirljchtcnt^i]  priisprcU  fbr  JJiniaf  Intrrtttii, 
ttA  ft*  SlM^  of  lU  Ihc  IcfuJins  f.o(n[anip«  hnve  Biatrri/illy  iiJninced  nitlihi 
■  Baonlh  pMl.  Buyen  coitio  in  ihqtc  jilciitT,  unil  Xhe  shitri.'K  llinl  witv  dull  il 
lower  pricM  wv  quickly  ulcn  up  ul  Iti-.-  liighi-r  ratea.  Tliia  c*n  V  •croHnle'i 
Ibr,  in  put,  by  on  iiion-nNrd  Kiipiily  of  r^i^itnt  ft^rklng  <^iployinciil,  ac<l  ■ 
■light  rcrivnl  of  tficfculniivc  frcling,  but  nwn;  puticniarly  to  Ihc  inpreaiint! 
cociBdericfl  of  Iho  |iablli:  ^'^iii'nilly  in  milling  culupri.tM,  KtreiiglliviKsl  as  it  is 
faj  Ibc  fivi^iwnt  urival  or  tho  most  rncounif^nii;  ■i:rounts  inm  Iho  vAam  at 
Uie  Sopoior.  The  last  mnil  inw  very  ulixniit  in  the  unount  of  proof  irliidi 
It  broogbt,  men-  thao  >uitaLniii|>  nil  prvviouH  advices,  and  pUcing  noax  if  tli« 
coMpanfcs  In  a  iiiuvli  more  favonlilo  {xi^ittun  tlisii  cvi-r  liofore. 

The  tiKut  pmminrnt  Htifk  Ihif^  innnlli  lix»  lici'n  ihi^  yathnal,  wliich 
Mnulily  hiijirovcd  (Vein  23  to  SS,  ariA  that  with  Ihe  wlc  of  but  (bw  iJiBrrs. 
boldpni  Iwing  litiirflling  (a  part  nitb  Dicir  >tock  crcn  nt  l)ii«  aili-ancc  of  morv 
than  flftrfn  fcgndpM  jwr  evn\.  oh'iIh-  amnunt  (JS)  yd  ptj'i  i".  The  ftrt  of 
flri*  Pompawy  liatint;  ttrtu-h  thp  3H»iititot/i  iriri  renAm  thi-  «Im)c  at  anra 


Oommtrrial  A^U  o/lht  Mining  InUrftL 


riliubk,  and  will  matcrialljr  «lM>rb)ii  tbr  time  to  clapM  bolbre  tbs  jMTtDcnt 
ef  r^ul&r  ditiikniU  Tlius  Ar  it  tuui  I>«fu  UcciiMljr  ons  of  the  niwt  auc- 
encftil  at  Um  Lak«.  Copfttr  Faih  oonliuucH  to  advuc«,  aad  hu  g»ift«cl  Awn 
iiat  to  04  lioM  Mr  tut,  nutwiUistuiding  at  that  tima  It  «toe<J  (7^  jiar  ahara 
bisUcr  tJiui  the  pnvJouK  moniU.  It  is  wlimalcil  that  Ibc  CoDip.tnjr  bava  imw 
•■n  (Af  sir/aee  ncoiljr  3,000  tocix  of  sbunp  work,  and  by  June  next  they  will 
have  man}'  Uiou.-uiii<U  of  Cilbains  of  t^und  nady  lor  atoping  (taking  out  thn 
copjHT),  and  alho  liam  attalmd,  nay  a  Ur.  Ilill,  tlie  agent,  ■  [lOiiilion  nmvag  tlia 
Urgcot  and  most  profitable  mines  iii  the  ■roHil. 

Toltee  ntork  K  In  (|iiick  ilcinnnd  at  l:t},  a  liso  nf  1^  per  oliara  wiihla  a 
fuvr  wevkii,  and  tbu  prospect  it  brorablc  for  a  slill  further  adntticc.  Tlik 
mint  haa  one  of  thv  bot  (l<:fiiiird  Tvina  on  Luke  Superior,  and  it  dctct  looked 
better  Ihiin  at  last  adrice*.  Tbo  stotk  is  eonsidered  one  of  the  cheaptat  on 
the  li&t,  and  ir  pr«iiou9  favorable  aecouiila  ara  auitaincd,  a;t  (here  U  ertiy 
rcaaon  to  aniicipalr,  it  would  not  tiurpriso  u»  to  »c«  the  aharcs  MSiag  «t 
double  the  present  value,  within  aix  motttlui  lo  a  jrcar.  Thn  A  lyomah,  wbich 
baa  the  "  Token"  rein,  in  in  acUrc  demand  at  ii  bid,  being  a  bandjMino  ad- 
Tanco  over  prices  a  few  weckit  Kiiice.  Tlii«  nlotk  is  aouiewhnt  of  a  (aTorite 
witli  opciatora  id  "Coppen),"atid  iix  bnllianC  prosprcta  have  allractud  a  large 
number  ofbiijfrc     Amonjc  llic  low-princd  ('ompanicc  it  ranks  A  No  1. 

IiU  Itoycitt  Ik  in  high  Civor,  and  but  Tun'  abarei  are  olfcrcd  (or  ulo,  tlM 
atock  being  about  $3  per  ilLaro  liiglicr  than  on«  moiilb  ainc«.     We  do  not 

,  thank  S  or  300  »liareii  of  (him  fXacik  could  bo  obtained  without  putting  up  tlw 
price  about  %l.  Tbis  L'ompan}-  has  a  iua;l  cscrlkiit  Tviii,  la?^  and  i^ 
diargcd  tilth  copper,  whieh  is  antiripntol  hv  Its  fVlrnds  lo  proro  ono  of^tho 
focat  productive  in  the  whole  mining  region,  t'orat  ha«  hem  more  in  de- 
mand, and  adran^ed  from  0  (o  10^.  The  agviit  of  lliis  Companj*  promiaca  lo 
lure  100  tons  of  cojipcr  readj-  fetr  ahlpiucnt  at  th«  opvniiig  of  natigatioa,  and 

,  altegelhcr  the  prospects  of  the  mine  ai«  looking  more  prosperous  than  al  anj 

.preTiouatinicfor  months.  At  n  mrctinit  of  the  it ook holders,  held  Janaar/]9, 
tbo  annual  report,  giving  a  detailed  stntement  of  the  aOiiin  of  the  Company, 
WM  read  and  accepted.  Fottj-onc  tuna  of  copper  have  been  taken  out  during 
tfae  year,  of  whlub  39  (ons  wt^m  sent  to  ninrkeL  The  amount  of  fiindii  iu  tbe 
Inasurrr's  hands,  adcr  paying  all  liabilltio*,  in  about  tlS.OOO.     They  ovft 

,  4  rcry  large  Iract  of  land,  a  gn^nt  part  of  which  lias  not  yet  been  dcvelopctL 
Tlie  following  asM^&menls  have  been  ealled  (braincc  our  last,  one  of  which 

\  ftlie  Star)  Is  already  due,  and  partly  paid  In : — 


MOtfVIT. 

Star, 

San  AmodIo, 
Bbawnial, . 
Shu  will  ut,  • 
Dons, 

Kortt'iDli,  . 


iMUttt  rn  *ii»t> 
«l 
90  ««. 

£0  vis. 

aoeu.     . 

II 

KOcta. 


won  r*vt>LS. 
.tnn.  B. 

Jii'i.  ■«.  . 

Feb.  10.  . 
Mn/  1. 

Feb.  1«.  . 

tWi.  K.  . 

Vvb.  la.  . 


vaaaa  raTaatA 
Dottcn. 
Hew  Yoik. 

BortDO. 
Bcwlon. 

HoilOBu 

Bmioi. 
N»w  Tork. 


JUa  t;atura)  rwult,  ihc  announcement  of  an  uitmmttA,  cauaca  %  decline  In 
JIhe  atock  to  be  aswsMd,  but  tlic  Star  has  praved  tn  Mception,  and  «t«idily 
adTancod  ft«m  4}  to  G)  bid,  aMeumenI  paid.     Tlic  stnek  la  very  Arm.  and 
i  Dot  bapufdiaaedmuch,  if  any,  lMi_tban  fTpcr  ahat^^   Thealmr«aara 


Oomma-tiai  Atpett  »f  Iht  JtHnin^  IiMrrtt 


in 


I  in  Ui«  tnatlot,  and  iio  mIu  hvtt  bean  laiJo  for  Mme  roonliif^  liol<l«n 

I  iMTJn^  >  ftran«  hitli  in  tbu  uHimato  T«hM  af  tbor  pnp«r^.     The  Am 

'  Aitt«nia  uid  .VoTvicA,  arc  (vo  of  tbo  M*«n1  CoatpuiiM  cflmprJirias  tbt 

'Xnwriftin  Jtiaing  Cempatiy,"  die  Triutcca'  office  or  wbicli  is  at  Wiaibor, 

FL,  nriili  an  agcnor  in  New  York  CHy.    Tlie  fint  lavnlioncd  stock  luw  nctcr 

iM  h«rt,  b«t  Uw  iVmimcA   can  tie  obtained  at  about   flO  p«r  shw^ 

nit  has  dodined  to  ?S  miiis  per  aharv,  at  whkh  prica  ibtre  ia  « 

I  danand  for  tho  slock,     /^na  is  »Milj  at  1 1,  and  it  is  aald  tliat  tin 

^OBonpany  hare  dnicoTcrcd  a  ncv  rein,  which  giva  liuT  fireiaum  o(  baing 

Iprafltabie.     Tlic  aascwment,  boircver,  nill  ai(t  a*  a  barrier  to  anr  iiap>i>TC> 

pBcnt  in  the  atock  for  the  present,  uiiImi  aaincthinK  new  shook)  occur  at  tho 

Halitt  lias  dedincd  to  %\  per  share,  and  no  bujrcni  at  that     ThiB 

npMny  has  Yievn  Ti-ry  uiinuccfiHiriil  llius  tat,  but  the  inanajpm  arc  deter- 

I  lo  pMh  thvir  work  w  ith  v  igor,  and  a  Ibw  noetbs  luiy  devdop  briKht«T 

I  for  Ihc  shnn-holdi^ra. 

Bohmnian  Cojipcr  ('uiniianj  hiu  been  vcrj  dull  and  heavy,  without  Mtea 

lifer  Mteral  monthi,  but  reouiit  Ivtterst  Hpvak  morv  brorably,  and  tl  ii  (hausht 

^Ifcat  Ibcy  haT«  the  Toltec  win,  Llicir  location  being  in  tho  iriimi>(lialo  vicinity 

'  tba  latter  Corapony.    Tho  stock  is  now  in  demand  here  at  (4  per  sliarf  ; 

[and  trill  become  of  much  greater  value  if  futar«  arcounla  realize  the  present 

futtkipaliOD!!.      Tlic   ht'ivl-qiiarteni   of   tiiit   Company   arc   in   I*liiladelphia. 

''Alton  dechned  to  ll,  but  hu  sinec  ralliul,  and  1  j  ia  now  the  price.     There 

•tt*  not  ao  niany  bnycn  iii  this  market  an  formerly,     (ilen  \a  m  good  deinaiid 

F«l  S|  l)U,  3  aiiked.    AJTioes  front  this  mine  are  larorable,  and  the  small 

^hmmM  of  sl«ck  yot  issued  (S.OOO  sharca  only)  prerenla  the  market  from  being 

OTcr-impplicd.     PhtenLi  la  Ann  at  7}  bid,  aswasmont  paid,  which  la  a  cltar 

^Tiaeof  fl)  per  nhan:  within  Icni  than  a  month,     lliplty  sclU  at  about  3},  and 

'  op«t*(oni  arr  waiting  adrii^eit  from  Ihc  mine.     Tlie  firiendt  of  the  Compway 

''think  Ibcy  hLaII  ott  liiu  lite  Uaijiitt  vein,  whieh,  in  addition  lo  several  r«ry 

■  ftM  vvfaia  alnwlj  discovvrvd,  would  insure  the  succvm  of  the  mine.    This 

OomiMny  ha*  a  hu][e  numWr  ■>f  shares  (4<i,0(Hi),  which  opomtoi  as^niit  it, 

Ibough  a*  yet  only  about  half  of  them  hare  been  tMued.     Tlie  viouk  in  in 

'  good  bvor,  however,  at  pruient  rate*,  and  ix  more  likely  to  advanc*  than 

'icoode. 

DiTtvcM. — Although  we  cannot  present  a  very  cxtcndc<l  lint  under  this 

'  Wd,  what  we  have  is  of  the  first  dims,  and  the  lime  is  not  very  far  in  the 

JWura  wbra  regular  semi-annual  dividends  on  Copper  Mining  lAarti  wiB 

.  twoOH  mattcn  of  fact     The  Minne^ela  Company  liaru  declarrd  their  first 

<Mt  ifividcnd  of  tBO  per  ufaatv,  while  Ihc  whole  amount  paid  in  by  the  stock- 

bolilcni  (1  only  ^i.     Tbe  Company  liavo  also  pnviously  made  ilividcndii  of 

MW  CMnpaniee,  sot  off  from  the  original  property.    A  holder  of  100  aharea 

front  th«  brsinninK  ronkl  now  rcatixe  alMUt  120,000  for  $3,300  paid  in  on  bis 

*  ttodt.     Tlio  iliDnciuilA  hoK  been  in  operation  aoinc  flte  yuars,  and  its  mccMS 

'prcMnta  a  brisbt  picture  of  mining  operations,  but  w«  bdieva  that  othtr 

~  ninety  now  rapidly  approaching  th«  dividend  time,  nlll  fuHy,  if  not  moto  tluui 

^•fOaliL 

His  Pitbtury  Copper  Company  will  pay  a  wmi-oaniMl  dividend  In 


178 


Commernal  Atp«et  of  tit«  ilininff  tattrttt. 


VobviwTj  or  not  loM  tfaio  t3|,  anil  prohtMir  %\0,  ptr  rfiRM.  Th«  Itxt  tir« 
«Kvi<lcn(b  of  llm  Campanr  nrirre  #Ti  auh.  Praviom  to  thu.  %iH  hn<l  been 
rMetrad  In  dfriiknib  by  tfiu  Horkbaldem,  from  May,  1819,  Uu!  date  of  thr 

The  following  tAb>«  of  Hi*  "<apt  ami  d««ns"  of  Coppsr  stocks  for  Dte. 
1U3,  prvMnIa  a,n  bnfiro*ein«t)t  \n  prices,  (n  •  mijorlty  of  the  Induig  tiada, 
although  IranEix^tionD  bnvo  not  bmn  U  M  Urice  nn  citcnt  on  in  (ono  prevtoOI 
monCbs.  Tilts  rvuilt  Is  more  from  Iho  Ihct  thai  {(OtUm  w«i«  \vaa  diapoml  to 
nil  thin  any  lack  of  piirrliasnni  at  corfotit  ratui.  Probably  lhr«  limn*  the 
nambisr  of  shafv*  would  h%it  been  taken  up,  if  oflfer^d  for  nalc  It  will  be 
tietieail  that  the  priisunt  (|UotaUon!i  (Jan.  30)  an  geiMraDy  an  improvement 
OTcr  thow  of  Doc  SI,  and  Iho  proqioct  h  sllll  pxMl  (br  further  advanL-c.  Tlic 
rrgulnr  Mani-inointliljr  Coppor  M«JI  Is  now  o*eF  duo,  aad  will  ilon^tlcts  b«ii^ 
laTOrahlv  btten  from  wreraJ  of  the  mlncfl,  which  will  of  course  have  its  oflfed 
OH  Ibu  stoi!ks  of  the  vnrious  Ccunpanira 


f 


•'-•-s=^2— a'"-3s-a2scs^"^S'"5**" 


Vi^V.V.'r-     "    "        "XK        SUB    »        jn^ZZZ""    SB 


jloi-1-1  i-o=>«-"--i  iro-o=i  i=.-=oo~o 


||o-Ulo-| 


aflt***  I  * 


*  ^•'9—  g  )■  S7g<  J-'"*.-  g  a— Q  ?S^S  VSf  9«  •;«'*'JI 


l« 


!    ssa  issas'=a£22"tasi"i8!  lEasSas-^a 


i-i  ( i-mt-aaai  i"si  misaiai  i  isa-i 


|7|  u»--''"2ii  isai  isi'si'i  I  IS"" 


IS  I  I  IS»2a2*»;  IS"  I  IS  123  1«I  I  !•••-( 


(S-a— s    I  irai  isrgci  I  i=*^i 


i5|i|ifi|PiPiS315i!iS|2SP'?|| 


III 


f!e 


S5S»Si  3S5»SS£SS 


HIS 


ESSSSI; ill 


>£    ■ 


Conmtrtiat  Aipeet  cfOtt  i/ininft  ImUrttt. 


in 


MEW  YOBK  METAL  HAKKET. 


rBoft 


comm. 

narlbu  *••■  — 

.  as  aU 
.  s7^«  — 
.  as  «- 
.  »1  «- 


>  nu  flaInnlM>l 


.110  alf. 


M.#» 
SB  «ST 

U   ■  — 


am. 
,  toutnulli:  uul  bniiu- 

tiU    .        .        .    \tet  loll.  H)  d     i) 

lraa&m,AniariiBnIuuiiuMr<il  TA  <■  81 

Do.  Amnricui  r*Snwl     .       .  ti   a  'M 

Do.  B«p«rior  bmidi  .  —  a  in 

Bb>  BMlbli  eamiaan     .       .  7i>  «  73 

OotBdocd    ....  S9)a  SA 

Dd,     d»^     but     .  .  —  a  M 

fcll  id--     SvgJcB  .  R3l  a  » 

tJhoda     ....  lOUalOt 

VoMiui    ■  .  se  o  M 

DojShMt  Amarioin     pir  lb.  Ova  — 

Do,   do.  Kngltah, Ko.  I  to 30  Ui~ 

de.         ai  (o  M  ftl  a  — 

do.         tH^  to  VS  t\a  — 

th«  TorcK.  JMuitfy  Met,  tau. 


P».  K.R.  iMni  IfMcamt  IL  KO 
I  Do  Pie  AmorlaLn  red  fthut  . 
'  1>il.  tar  cut  wIimId  . 
I  Uo.  Wklio  Cliinml  for  nwllo- 
•btn  c«ilini[9 

Oe.  ScMoli,  Ibr  caih 

uu-. 

Hiumi'li     .        .        .        .        .Ha*] 

flliwt tI  «  — 

Pipo TJ   4  - 

Ol^Sdup  .       .       .    bJ   a- 


SmIIoTi  m  pat  quantity 
Do,  in  bIbIm 
Dtt.  aiiDct 


BlDskAnM 
Po.  StniUi 
Do.  Suuusli 
Do.  ban  . 


M    0    H 

tat 


.Ml-*  U 
.  H  ■  SO 
.  H  «    Si 


LONUUN  MnAL.  ILUOCET. 

JDiiitiintti  as.  lata. 
Jii  £oiukin  Mining  Jonnuit  i^voi  llio  folbivirig  ^uuUlionx,  to  which  vf 
Am  duly  Oil  valorem,  Uoitod  SUtti  Carrviirir,  rkic  of  frvigtiU,  ind  Foreign 


Bw  *a4  bolt  a 
•laWJwa    .        . 
*  la  linrpool  a 
""*""■     ahiioa 
Jaa 


raeutii  max. 

Aify  BO  prr  rml,  ad  talenm, 

rrrcon. 


£9 

S 
» 

to 
ta 

14 

11 

frod,  raanila   .                      .       >       ■       >       •  II 

■*       uura* 10 

awiirWalw)> S 

"    {9talIbTilaliln> »    .......  S 

StOmnj  Chsln  O yila  h  ,,,....  t 

rftH^^I.CIjJol         .       .'    :       *      I       .       .  4 

V-Mm  Sa.  1,  unit  i^x\a  Ho.  •.-.-..  4 

No.  1  la  Wal«  r « 

0Mtcb  Pis  No.  1  in  LonJon S 

^MtUat'inon-twiiiiialln^or  ^  jn  10  0 


I  'Hardanvil  Suriuu  l£iili>  f 
I-UhI,  H«l  1  Pvnadrr     . 


^  ICB.  to  a 


KBo.  W»l«fi4 4 


£*iify  SO  pir  tml.  ad  taZMvn. 

aUb nrt^-  41* 

ibCCND       ... 
1  Cbwtotl  rig*  En  L«idon 


41  u 
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Oomaureial  Atpttt  e/tkt  Miaing  Jnttmt. 


rouins  wstL  a, 
Dmlf  It  ftr  tmt,  ad  Mlrrrm. 

.    pcrflHi.    Sit 


0    » 


tnu 


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Ih^,  in  pip,  Ian,  anijtJWM, »;  abitf,  IGprr  <n(.  od  talanm. 


On  tha  *i>ot  IB  Un             .       .      parton.    COOOtoMSO 
Tvviin IWOtoMlOO 


In  ibMU  d pet  uia.   £ts 


0    « 


(IMM 
IlIT  n 
MM  M 
HUM 


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notBu  corm. 
JVlr.'Mtd.vJ  IfM^iri*,  M;  ^^  tar,  oad  oU,  S  fMrnnt.  oi  MJsma ,-  .aufliKf  nOB. 


l^laI1'A3«11w,« perlDD,  £I«S 

Tou^nkaa IW 

Bliaathlnr  IW  diipa  It  bf  44,  koil  bolt*  a  psr  lb.          0 

BhMla        .       ....       .       .  •■             0 

IMMoua "             0 

Olda 

T*now  »«Ml « <>             « 

WMttnlKl'*  I'M.  Bt«t.       .       ,       .       .  |Mr  em.       S 

crai.im  LCAD  s. 
/liify  20  ptr  tint,  ad  nitunm. 

V\g per  ton.    JESS 

SlwMt H 

iKoaatm  tJU»  a. 
Aiiy  SO  pif  ttnt.  a  J  ea^nm. 
I  la  bond pir  ion.   £13 

inaLMi  rni  r. 
Dwtg  Sprr  cmt.  ad  tmimm. 
parnrL    £4 


0  0 

0  0 

1  t 
I  1 
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t>aljl  i  fir  amt.  ad  niJimni. 


.    pv  box. 


t«0«  M 
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0    4 

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£1  11 

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lOCIumMl 

fX  Ditu      .       .      . 

HMiok*     ■  . 

)X  Ithto 

Un»U  PIUm  m  im    . 

QiiMEiilm/     .       ■ 

nrmi—a  I)  ht  rrnt.  Hi*.;  t,  nn;  f,  lli!itl«i  J.  1(  iTtMiit.  di>^;  '.  9<rilM;/i  11 
■DUo:  .WlvrriJ  m  I,l'«<i"i"l  ll".  per  tw  loM.— t  Dlicvant  S  ]wrc«nt. 

■  Ixlii«n.1  In  LUptiHwl  lOa.  (M^at  p«T  Mn  [nH. 

luciumE.  Nfn  York,  J*>i<  lt,IIM.~KitWi  in  ruif[i»f  f>otn B)<,  b>  VJ«.  fnmlDU 
in  titvnr  of  Ix^Eutoo- 

J'uwuniiUvtrpMlaratboatMt.M.  (KU)p<'IsBlbrlrMi  tnfif  ortan. 


Jmtnal  of  Ootd  Mining  Ojwvlioiu. 


!81 


JOOBXAL  OP  GOLD  inSIKfi  OPERATIONS. 

coiKiuiK  roM  oaoutiiKK,  18A3,  at  rnii.AiiEr.i-iitA. 
ni»  foliowiRf;  KUlcmcnt  of  Ihc  j^U  coinage  U  the  Itiiladclphia  Uint,  for 
DMcatbcr,  l&M,  tra*  nado  bj  the  Trtowircr  of  th«  Mtnti-> 

Vim.     ' 

>t,SW 

Wt.«ID 
Ml.tTl 


Dmiblg  BwhB ai,ii« 

Eutaa  3fi.neS 

HiSrEMCl** >«.<'^« 

CbMrtar  KwtM lU.ltl 

etUDoUan 'idi.fii 


UUir. 


•uLIi  aifu-TON  DCrmrTKn. 


IkpmChllAinila. 
fkom  «tber  •anrcai 

Oalil  ilcpotiteil  ia  l)eccrnW    .....  tt.Mlt.lCD 

"  "  Nuvoiiilwr  .....  lt,«SU,031 

Sht  MHwxcd  MiDiNValiTo  statoiBcnt  wUI  show  Um  il*podU  of  ^il  m  Mch 
maOi  br  tbe  yam  IMl,  ISftt,  and  1803 :— 


Janurjr 

Fshriiinr 

lUnh 

«., 
Jen* 

J«ly 

BMMmter 
oSobor 
RoTtMbtr 
Onautter 


ISll. 
«,OM,WO 

Jt,STS.»58 
«,437,IMa 

a,in,4i7 

4,IM,SM 

4.Tts,aai 

B.t9S,U< 


1,01 0.OM 

9,0(1.037 
4,8t«,97l 
4,6*9,474 
4,lM,«tlO 
1471  .Ut 
«,1B3,«S7 
t,lM,04» 
T.aT»,MI 

>,3a«,»6i 


tlM. 

T,Mt,TW« 
4.4»1,IKII>< 

4,M»,i;s 

4.S1 1,000  " 
S,OtJ,MAi 
4,«MI,000  ^ 
«.450,0I11'1 
4.H\0(W.( 


TMdramw  .  >4T,HS,S1I         lAl.tM.m         tSS,«T(l^9 

liKHiMfortliajrwin  lSiSovarlB.^a  ....     M^IMH  i 

Incrane  Tir  tliu  ymr  in  ISJS  ovsr  USl  ....     t^,li.\0TC 

Ttie  lbtl«iring  Inblv,  complloi]  from  Ui«  Korth  Amtriean,  will  »ho«  iIm 
tOaa^  at  Oio  Mint  for  18&S  :~ 

Donbl*  l>(lm |3a,HS,SW 

KIm S.nU.SaO 

TEmtlm ).t4fi.«!M) 

Qturt«  Kwlc* S,Ell,e70 

Deflin 4,oa«,Ofil 

Teut  lold  MituM t3MlM*l 

Bin. ia,m,SH 


Total  goUcoinaca  snd  ban      ■    ,      ■  -    tSI,7TS,ie7 

Tbe  viliw  licre  given  Ik  lower  Uian  Ihe  aUkmcnt  of  the  Ulol,  which  b^ 

(61,888,893.     Tho  number  of  )<!ixi's  of  guM  coliia^  in  ISS3  tru  7,253, S'O. 
The  following  IH  a  romp.iratiift  statement  of  *ll  ihu  golil  dopixtitcd  at  iho 

FUbdalphia  Ulnt  Mnco  Iho  California  dlxeorcrics.     W«  ar«  inilt'blcij  for  it  to 

the  H«rth  Ammiaam.    The  gold  from  other  tmavts,  tnelnilcd  In  tho  abovt, 

wHI  nag*  frmi  Ikna  to  fire  mitliona:— 


m 


Journal  of  0<4d  iOnimf  OptratioM. 


Jtxijarj  . 
Kobnury. 
Minli  . 
April 

JODC 

Ottolwr  . 
Ko<:«tnb(r 

Tool. 


vm. 

liW. 

IWI. 

.   taM,Wi 

fM8!>.9.W 

HS.<iTI,ll«T 

»fls,<;« 

i,lU,:i« 

«,<kM,W« 

, .    MIsMO 

»,Mo.»n 

*n,«i 

4,*T*,»SB 

«ge,Tit 

]t.tOB,M6 

K.see.'iti 

.    1,1M.TM 

3.t4MM 

S,«ST,aM 

.      907,93* 

!,eio,tM 

il.lSI.SIT 

.  !,4M,nT 

3,>it>,(n9 

(.I^SIS 

.  i,03S,auii 

»,iao,o» 

t,itHt,Ji9 

.  i,i«T,!iai 

)1,SS4,7«0 

*,T11,S*« 

SW.TI-t 

4.4'K.WM 

.■i,4»'i,Mfi 

.  l.TM^S 

G.Ctl.tlS 

M0,4«,flTi 

t«,iiii,toi 

»«.I<I,SW 

(,<WI,«!lT 
a,G««,«i 
a,(TI,GH 

4,au,ft« 

T.9T9,M£ 


IWB. 

4,Mfi,tU 

4,nl^ns 
^^ 

4,M£,0M 


«U,05R,I1«   »SI,*»,>(« 


CiLrro)f<iA  SOLD  rnutf. 
Th«  produtt  of  gold  is  n^  fnorable  aa  at  kny  prvTious  period,  uid  u  la/ge 
u  could  b«  antidiuitwl  for  ttio  Bcaann  of  thn  yoir.    No  indications  exist  oT 
nnj  diminution  in  the  yield.    On  liie  eonlrwrj,  oporations  an  dllty  twoooaing 
more  Kyxtenuitic  and  proiniiiing. 

4L'*NTX   ItlNtKO. 

•  '-TU>  very  «pfit«iirin(«lj  iiland*  »l  the  haul  of  the  writs  of  mining  ofwntloiiH 
in  (Uifornia.  Kol  tlut  the  product  oT  gM  fa  gttattM.  In  Nifa  branch,  not  that 
mofo  labor  in  rxjicnded  in  iU  prosecaUon  than  \n  any  nthcr,  Imt  it  in  here  that 
the  tnexhnuliblc  gtores  At  Calilbmi*  ^nti)  n-iU  be  found  ulltmntclf  to  osiat, 
niid  liere  tti.nt  tli«  btr|re>t  capita)  will  flotlly  be  invested,  «nd  the  ncienttflt^  and 
ildlful,  and  .lubslanlial  ttilcrprincti  entablixlicd. 

&xtrac(lu|;  gi*l  from  ijuarti  rock,  although  suirtouBfullj-  pirMecuted,  b  yet 
!ti  Its  Inltocy.  Macbiuoi  for  crushing  Iho  rocV  esint  in  grl^ut  iiiuiitMn),  and 
under  alnioat  c»«ry  TaHuty  of  form,  many  of  irliich  are  e»'-clknt  fin-  this 
purpose.  Rnt  Iho  [Kiint  la,  to  oxtrat^l  thu  j^ld  entirely  from  the  rock  aft»T  it 
liiu  been  reduced  lo  ft  powd-.-r.  With  in&ny  of  tlivso  machines  far  cnmhinic 
and  uiiatganiatiaK,  tli«  aiKCC^M  Js  quite  fiatlmnK,  yet,  nftar  ail,  tbo  work  in 
not  perfectly  done.  Much  here  reraainii  to  he  atrottipliiihfd.  'riic  amalganui- 
lion  thns  dr  ulteiuptcd  is  aluioat  rntirel)-  a  luechanical  u|jeralioii,  aud  dupMidi 
■pon  the  affinity  of  |p>1d  for  mercury.  In  thi^  Ural  Mountains,  amalgainatbn 
is  »  alvirand  ofl-repcated  proccA*.  Tlw  "tailinpi."  after  one  attempt,  are 
siifferMl  to  lay  expoiitd  to  tho  weather  for  n  yoar,  nhen  the  praccn  Is  again 
rqioalcd,  and  thua  they  arc  treated  for  three  or  four  year*.  The  aetiai  of 
atin(i6|iheric  agciits  in  thun  aought  to  render  mure  complete  theatnalgamktion. 

W*  do  not  regard  lliia  bnmch  of  quarl:i  mining  as  having  rtachad  the 
periection  to  which  It  is  dcntined.  Already,  w«  hear  of  processes  ftr  the 
extractioo  of  gold,  of  a  novel  character,  and  by  agents  the  cffleiency  of  wUch 
can  never  be  i]ucEtioncd.  V,'c  arc  not  aware  of  any  tests  havini^  been  made 
Of  these  methodK,  ntiieh  are  hardly  an  yet  completed,  but  of  the  power  of  tbf 
agebls  there  can  be  no  question. 

Kxrcxva  or  41,-anTx  xrxixa 
Hio  uiniiig  engJDoer  of  the  Rody  Bar  Conpany  Matsa  the  ajcpenaes  ot 
nuaibig  16  lo  16  atanps  in  Qnm  Vallej,  lo  bt  tMO^  wlikfa  vmild  orarii. 


Jffurtutl  of  Oold  Miaiity  Operaiioiu. 


1S3 


on  ui  anne",  22  (oim  of  rock  p«7  <U}-.  Forty  Rtamps  wnuld  nuab  A3  tons, 
M  an  arcraipr,  U  an  expcniw  of  9JH0.  Tbtso  an  rounded  bj  him  upon  Uh 
falghwt  nilc  <>f  «ort  and  trage*.     lie  utalc* : — 

I  could  hvrr.  Uie  rork  ninnl  awl  dctirnvd  at  tho  mill  for  from  $S  to  98 
per  ton,  nccording  to  lotnlUv.  Sumu  <i(  it  weak)  iim  mil  %6.  ud  villi  a  rail- 
TMd  and  taniwl,  wc  roitli)  Ruto  it  r->r  (^^  avrn;^  per  Ion.  Xexi  rear,  vagas 
«iU  aTtng«  tn  to  tSt  |KT  da^. 

Atlwood,  of  tlie  Agiia  fna,  U  c^llitu  on  wtiii  bi»  neir  mi'l.  I  do  not 
Aink  bo  eaa  coinmmco  worit  before  ChnslaiaiL  Hu  Is  alill  E«tlii>s  out  rock 
nrj  likv  lU«  I,*  Paj^ltc  rock,  and  htg  now  about  l.GOO  Ions  «t  lli^  mill,  and 
Ills  Uttini*)  and  aditi  in  i-4jiila1  working  order.  Crmett,  and  Dip  Rmpirc  Uill 
CanpaAjr,  are  making  muncy.  Croimt's  claimii  on  Oibomc  lliU,  and  tbc 
Kmpire  ciiiniH  on  Monnl  Ojmif,  nro  very  rirli.  Your  clniiiu  arv  rvc(<i;iii^.<.'it 
■a  Vm  richcMt  on  MasnchiMCltt  lilll,  rankinjc  amor^g  tho  bcHi  In  Xiivndn 
eooBQr,  by  all  bcrv  interested  in  ^uartx  iQiniog.  From  eucb  istUt  &■  I  have,  1 
Itiink  bwn  (IS  to  $30  per  ton  ■  wry  uiodvnU«  ustimatF :  in  tlic  ni.'igh1iorbuud 
of  Ihall  S  Ibu  ruin  U  nrlalnly  above  thnl  arvn^.  The  very  surrnce-OU'th 
anngO'l  $-1  per  ton  on  MiRMehuxcll*  !liU.  It  hu  liem  l«il«d,  nn<l  proved 
to  fcm  tiuit  BTcniKc,  by  Ur.  AttwooU,  of  tlic  A^m  I'rio,  and  otlierx.  Your 
tnikncl,  w  far  on  couiuUled,  h  llie  niOHt  ixirfi-'Cl  work  (if  (li«  klii<]  iti  i'alironils, 
anil  I  pnTiT  ilrivlng  II  to  itiu  vein,  tu  erocliag  a  pumping  ODgino  on  tlio  bill. 

THE  NonTncxv  insit& 

A  praetkal  niinrr  in  thU  district  irritcfi  to  tho  BMtm  Jvumat  mim  very 
Mmtbk  obocTTatioiis  rcspeciinK  minin);  opcratinnn  ([cncrally  in  Uie  northern 
nuno^  which  pmtcnl  a  very  diiiliHet  riow  uf  ojivrationa  there : —  . 

TIm  minns  n'jrk  ■luring  lliir  niiilvr.  wbcodver  the  mow  iK  melting  Upon 
tbc  Mlb  or  dry  digglnioi.  When  tlie  snov  is  lucltod — and,  <ion»cq«mM]y. 
their  supply  of  Wilier  fsiU—tbry  return  to  lh^<r(i('kiiand  river  ckimtk  Every 
miner  U  IlKTcfuiu  nllowcil  ln*a  clninw  by  common  i>n>1[c,  one  in  dry  and 
ftnotbcr  in  wrt  di~pn^  Tb«  Kpring  tnd  tatl  of  tho  year  arc  therefore  llic 
biuiMt  tiint'V  nilli  llti:  tniiicnt,  thv  otbur  ttoMOa  beiog  inucb  occupiail  in 
moritif  and  [iivptniinnfi,  Thu  etini.ite.  ah  In  nearly  all  mountninoiK  coun- 
tries u  very  healthy,  and  the  ^^enend  bedlli,  notwithEUndini;  tbe  f^at 
espiMure  ihkt  niinern  undergo,  is  nnnarkablr.  In  Kuinmcr,  at  Eui'J^iay,  (be 
nan  eorncsdotrn  with  grvat  power,  liiit  n;omIng8  and  evening  tho  aimoqibvrii 
ia  eoei  and  rcfrcdiin;;. 

The  mauntaina  liare  heim  (pini^rally  considered  barrvo,  and  their  ^ipcar- 
ancedocanotprooiisu  anything  better.'buttlua  may  be  attribulMl  U  the  long 
irj  aeasons,  and,  in  rnci,  reocnl  ilrTclniimcnts  have  shown  that  thj*  broim 
noil,  Kbrn  irrigated,  will  produce  liraniinntly.  There  urn  innny  Kroall  tallcya 
also  in  tho  tnminlaJn.-i,  o(  black  ricli  soil,  whkh  arc  now  setlliog  rapidly ;  and 
i1h)  oM  wsertkin  ttint  Calirornia  is  only  a  uiinerKJ  country  ii  now  hiiag  triuui- 
plttMly  refuted.  Tho  nMniii<;  country  i^ntrallv  cxliiblM  a  very  marked 
improrcnMnt  IVoiii  it*  nppcanuicc  in  1849--SI).  ifcttcr  buililincit  arc  erected, 
ami  bridge:!  roii»tnic(cd,  and  ctcry  thing  bns  a  more  mtbalantial  apiicunnicv. 
[n  mne  jiorlioiw  of  the  minca  can  be  hl-cii  lelegrwb  wim,  and  nilroatlM  an 
talked  of  ax  A  ia»lt«T  of  c«iir«e.  Cninmunicalion  la  frrqutfit  now  by  mrana 
of  atagca  and  esprnu  linen,  whif  li  run  to  all  ijuarter*.  Thr^c  i*  elao  impfore- 
aooot  in  the  uioile  of  niinin"  ami  washing  (hi.>  dirt,  but  the  limits  of  a  klter 
wilt  not  illow  m*  lo  statu  it  mure  particularly ;  furnicrly  you  bt*nl  of  pans 
and  rockeri",  now  it  is  of  lorn*  and  sliiitxn.  A  company,  by  iheso  ncana, 
waah  four  litne<  na  tnnch  dirt  dm  formidy.  Tbe  quarlx  companicii  have 
•carcely  mtiied  rx|iecblicnii.  The  quarts  ii  abundonlU'  rich,  IhiI  tli* 
tdaefabery  in  inadcitnate,  and  tho  amalgamation  always  miperrect  Ni>w 
^Bjinxa  are  constantly  being  iliccoTCTfiJ,  but  tlie  big  luniiw  arc  Kcltinj;  uzarre. 
Tbe  cream  of  iIh  mmine  dittrict  Iiaa  been  ]>rcUv  tnuch  MKimnMd  olf:  not  thai 
Vol.  n.— 18 


JoamtH  of  Gold  Stininy  Oprrati^na 


ihc  ^irpoitt  of  golii  in  turj-  in^h-riklly  <timinLsb«(l,  but  lliat  !l  nqnirt*  mncfa 
Diers  labor  to  «1>Uiln  JL  In  th«  fint  two  j'vars  it  wu  <«minoa  to  Rai  tbo 
cold  in  tram  »x  mchcx  to  mx  iNt  cf  dirt,  but  now  IlieM  pluiiii  have  b««n 
vorlcL-d  uTcr~iii  tnanjr  pitcu  wvetal  limw — until  they  arc  ileenicd  ustd  up. 
I>t-e)i  cii-4vtliotis  b  till'  liill-sltli'8  am  now  m&Jc,  frooi  tdzty  to  slit  hundivi) 
fott,  Ani)  IWqiicntlr  1ar|[c  oullnys  of  tunc  und  mnncy  are  required  for  drift- 
timber]!,  flumei,  Miijcps,  dutas.  watcrr- wheels,  piimpi,  milroadi,  ttc.  TImm 
«xpenM%  locctliur  with  t)ie  aildltiontil  ■{iiuiitily  of  diii  U  be  dug  nud  washed, 
t«nd  inatcriaJlr  to  docritiao  the  pinflCs  of  niinlng.  Coiiuiioii  wagex,  <rh>cn 
hive  been  ciftlit  to  tifelvo  duUori!  n  clay,  Irnvn  now  d^i  to  four  and  ^re.  the 
laliorer  boonling  liiiusdf.  (looj  board  tnii  be  obtained  alira)**  for  frtiin  l«ii  to 
twvlvo  dollars  a  «ftk.  Goods  aiv  Ktiifrally  double  of  SlatL-  [■rii'os,  (.^nlmH 
p»yinj[  twclvp  dullai'H  a  <Uy,  cncrally  wll  tut  three  or  four  hundred  dollan, 
and  Oil  unoci-ojik'd  piarcH  arc  Bcarce  in  old  Kettlemeiiti,  they  lind  ready  uur- 
chaHcra.  It  will  be  aeuD  that  thi'dc  thinpL  tend  to  a  difTervul  Hlule  of  aiuirs 
In  mining  operations  IndiTiihial  labor  ntll  coiitiiiuu  lo  docrvaw  in  value,  and 
altimattly  thu  minca  will  only  bv  oorkod  by  Iarg;e  coiuponicii  of  aioocialod 
libor,  or  by  bcaTy  CApitalist*. 

PMCKiiTri.i.r. 
Hie  IdSoirtng  k  a  livoly  nkelch  of  Placcrrillc,  among  the  forvmoct  nimin( 
lowna  in  the  State: — 

IHaMrvillo  it  one  rantintioiu  Ntreet,  followinc  a  deep  nvioe,  thieUy 
(b)id«d  on  «ilber  aide  witJi  faotolH,  »hopa.  and  direlliiiitK,  for  nearly  a  mlk  «iil 
a  half  Rai'h  nMn  is  nalleil  up  l<y  Fiiiih  and  (tcrp  hill:!,  moiit  of  tbe  Icng^  et 
the  town,  Kormcrly,  the  '"dippinsv"  upon  this  ravine  were  ttinoti^  the  riclltiil 
ia  tli«  State-  In  fact,  many  buildtngH  now  stand  upon  earth  worth  flrotn  $100 
(0  $6000.  Digviing  Is  now  being  carried  on  right  in  the  heart  of  the  viHagr, 
and  iMyinft  liberal  wag^a. 

Our  viilage  ranks  now  amooH  the  larResl  mininR  town*  in  Celifbrma,  It 
is  near  tfie  south  fork  of  the  Amerieaii  riitr,  and  stioul  lilty  mile!!  eatt  from 
Sacramento  City,  atid  aliout  fiirty  niflcs  west  of  tlit  !.ttniinit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada ;  it  ia  nboiil  Iweke  mllffi  rati  of  Colntno,  tile  rapttnl  of  V.]  U<ir:ido 
county,  and  thu  most  popiitotw  eoiinty  in  the  State.  It  vas  nt  Coloma  where 
the  Tint  ffM  <nu  discovered  in  May,  18-19.  The  old  MW-inni~lariioiiH  Ibr  ita 
Mwii  lijliiim  witii  this  diacovery.  the  resiiltH  of  whieh  hnrc  ftfTcctti]  gvoty 
govammtnt  In  durtetendom— stands  in  a  field,  near  the  river,  iuililaT7  and 
ilonc  in  itx  dilapidated  story. 

It  in  a  fact  Korthy  of  olMervafioTi,  and  one  thai  i(  would  be  o-ell  fl>r  thoM 
(Toakers  about  the  early  rihaiiMion  of  our  mines  to  note,  that  the  minor*  an 
here  warfcine  their  claim*  at  piod  payinu  rale*. 

Plaeerrine  h  In  the  heart  of  a  rich  mining  serlioii;  around,  are  noUiniK 
bnl  hllla  and  nirlnea.  Thew  bills,  many  of  them,  are  pierced  with  shans  ana 
lannels.  Wittiin  a  radlu*  of  tlvn  niilefv'it  is  safe,  I  think,  to  afllrm  that  Ibtvo 
are  but  fvir  plnce*  tliat  would  not  richly  reward  the  miner  for  hia  indturtiT 
for  voriiing  ihvin.  Wcrv  we  bvorc!  with  nn  abitndnnc?  of  water,  r.i  we  (tuul 
bo  when  certain  frrcat  pnt'lic  improveiiiciit'i  are  eoiupleted,  it  U  doiibtftil  if 
there  t»  any  place  in  the  Slati-  when-  ib-ep  or  rnyole  "^isopnjn"  eould  b« 
pitMCCutcr)  so  extensively  and  advnntajrconjy  ai  in  and  about  Plaeerville. 

.\boii1  ''■ne  mile  loworda  Diamond  Sprin^^  U  Coon  Hollow,  no  famoMS  Ibr 
if«  dcpp  di-'in^ilB,  and  the  tiiieoeM  of  iljt  jro'd.  About  four  miles  on  tlie 
.SncmiiHiilo  nwid,  tlic  vitlajte  of  Olnmnnd  .'•prinjti  ia  located.  The  iiiaitniflccnt 
improvement  of  Ue«r».  Ihsdley,  Burdan  i  Co.  Iian  nfllinlL-l  nn  uhundance 
ofwatT     Thi-i  i*  one  of  the  Water  Coinjmnies  Ihut  hnt  paid  well. 

MiddU'town.  Canon  Sprittc*.  Itcwrvnir  Hill,  and  NVpro  Hill,  are  famous 
for  tlie  I'XIcnl  and  riehncm  of  their  dii;irin!^     .\s  "on  ne  thtt  wet  scvran  iihall 

"  Mt  in,"  a  new  life  will  be  maDifcatcd  In  our  al&ir«.     fUccrviUs  ia  laiDoua  aa 

■        I]  -■■■  , 


I 


SHhwf  0^  ff^  J/ininp  OperatioHt. 


% 


B  nmto  Itir  lh«  OTfHtnd  Inotigntlon  to  taka  m  titttr  way  to  Ui*  Stcnmeiito 
'Or  San  Joaqain  vaUeja. 

Dt'xatraT  rnOA.  n.Dxa. 

Thtt  U  one  of  those  lorsc  tanitTuction!!  for  conTcjinj;  taadt  the  water  of  tKa 
Fbatbe*  rivor,  in  onlvr  to  aUaw  thr  niinpn  tu  obUtn  tb«  j-old  in  ib  lied.  One 
eaa  form  aooM  idea  of  tli«  cnturpriK-  of  Uie  Water  Companies  Ituin  the  vxtent 
of  thii  fluine  : — 

Tlio  river  ia  h««  arrested  by  a  prniwrl^  coni^Inii.'te'l  (tain,  anJ  iiiado  tu  flow 
throogh  a  Bumo  bidit  of  planic,  fonj'  6ct  m niiith  md  six  fvet  in  ilopih.  TWi 
■nermoim  bodj  of  water  Hon  through  tunc  liuDtlri'iJ  fwt,  FcinHncd  In  thcM 
tfimeniioivs  with  grtnc  tiirl>iil>.'noi>  3»il  {kiult,  ivirryiii;;  ci^lit  large  Yratin* 
wheel!,  which  »r«  ■ppDoil  lo  piimns  for  iho  more  cflerliml  drainngo  of  the  ri»«r 
bed,  where  the  hindit  arc  at  work  and  the  gold  is  foiiuil.  On  nij  arrim!,  I 
deacendcd  U>  (he  bed  of  the  river  to  rivw  (he  operatiuns,  an^I  I  may  Kav  luy 
patho'ay  wax  til«rally  strrwn  with  f^ld.  I  ahnnit  frit  tlic  iiu'linadon  {•>  daot;e 
on  it,  afttr  the  manner  of  a  prominent  cttiain  of  Ihi*  I'ilv,  of  wUoni  it  i*  rela- 
ted Uiat  on  the  ocicasiuii  ur  a  m-rtain  Snfliix  of  rortuiiv'a  farom,  ho  Klrewod 
hit  cold  itp'-ii  thr  IlcT,  and  thrrvon  dnnccd  llio  polka. 

While  relioetinK  on  (he  nhinins  piiliclps  that  lav  uparktlng  in  the  mm,  my 
attcnlicin  vn*  uilli-d  to  another  ijUim'.  wln're  w&i  depotitoi]  In  a  tin  pan  the 
(■roeceds  of  tliL-  day's  laWir.  I  lilted  il,  ami  judged  il  to  wuljth  about  thirty 
pounFlu,  whieh  I  wall  (old  n-ns  below  their  average  for  tho  last  thrte  day*. 
This  «■«*  the  Union  i-laini.  Tlie  lluiiit  before  iiitiiliontil  i:t  owned  by  three  or 
tuore  euinjiBnien,  all  adjoining— thn  niixhiir^,  or  Snilur  C'laini,  the  Union,  and 
Ui«  Si'iith  t'oro  Claim.  Thik  lattcriii  nubdividcd  bHwo«n  tliioe  or  four  (oni- 
panicit.  The  rlaims  have  been  oci-npied  rinue  ISIS,  but  until  this  iiGa.ton 
fortnne  ha*  not  favond  thtm.  hccauso  of  eariy  raina,  4c. ;  but  bv  Vaukce 
pcrHevemnce,  aidk'd  by  a  (iropldoua  Mason,  many  of  ttiom  will  now'i>«  aUe  to 
Tiial  or  rclam  to  their  fuUicrUnd.  The  Union  claim  bas  paid  lh«  btal,  It  bar- 
btf  rieldcd  Hfty  wiundi  a  day,  or  about  $10,000.  Tlicir  Gnt  wcok,  their 
nniiil^  amounted  to  $1(>,00').  The  other  claimx  |i»y  very  wcl),  and  lh«  proa- 
•pttt  bt  (hat  (hpy  will  pay  quite  an  veil  aa  llio  I'nion.  Oa  in<(  to  IXixnublo 
wrather,  the  wet  riij;pity^  hare  turned  out  wctl  thia  acaaon.  and  yoa  wiil  prab-- 
■lily  see  a  correspundJiiz  incrvasi-  in  the  rw-ipta  of  cold  dunL  The  dry  dig- 
g(nn  Ihh  nur  alao  |iald  w<-11  for  the  tamu  tansr,  and  thcrtfore  the  Callforitu 
(olu  cr«p  for  18A3  will  bo  unprcevdeoled. 

Tin  waTKit  coicrairm'  cnox.  , 

Th«  llln>n{>  Water  CompanicA  propo«  to  fonn  a  General  Board,  \lg  vUch 
(be  Inlercats  of  Water  Companic*  ahall  be  looked  allrr.  'Hie  minora  ofpom 
lUa  itiifi,  aH'I  one  of  tliem,  in  arguing  agMnat  it,  preitcnta  a  diatine.t  view  of 
Iha  miMr'i  side  of  the  (jueation.  It  ii  a  aubject  of  high  importance  to  the 
■iaing  inlertsls  of  California : — 

It  b  a  we!l  intabliobe'i  faet  that  tlitiM  wal«r  compaoien,  where  and  when 
prMHrrl*^  eoivtuetcd,  h.ivc  ini-C  n-lth  most  nnbounded  huccom  even  U  iMlated 
or  mdividoal  ccmpanieji,  uliliout  any  .ipi-'cial  chartered  privilesra  or  lejclalatlie 
enoctoienta, — yel,  I  oinnot  potstbiy  concede  them  the  ri^t  to  lef^lotive 
eiactanenL*,  any  further  than  any  other  enterprisp^i  of  tho  day,  so  king  aa  coni- 
tDOo  uaase  baa  deflncd  pretty  cleariy  what  conKiittited  rijrht  and  wronn;,  aa  I 
contend  thai  II  ia  utterly  iiiipoMible  for  any  tegiiilative  body  to  know  the  actual 
waAtaanil  n<vri«ltlea  of  tho  minlnK  cninniunity :  and  llivrefore  it  would  be 
najnat  to  paw  lawa  which  would  oommencc  a  frndal  Hystrni,  and  Ihna  apreai) 
'diMrpBixUianauMn^  tbt  twomat  intertataof  the  Stale,  whieh  at  prracnt 
'  !■  ana  and  inacpcrabh: — th«  iBin!ri|[  and  water  inlereiOa, — and  aa  tbu  OTKaiii- 
ladon  of  tfab  boonl,  and  ita  coatinnance,  is  but  the  prelude  to  a  atale  of  dif- 


4 


186 


Jourital  f/  GoM  Miitiitg  Opiration*. 


rcTcnacii  bclwcon  tlie  •N>n)[]«nim  miil  the  mincnt,  JU  oritaniulina  in  mneh  to  br 

Jfplorcil.  BH  it  wu  toUlIy  uncal1c<l  fur  origiaatly.     Tlie  wy  fut  Uul  all  th* 

CompnnicH  throiiKhout  Uio  Statt'  kIic-uU  Iw  calU')  upon  to  MpoOM  th«  CkUM 

of  nil)-  one  particular  compnnj-'f  diffipiiltics  U,  in  Xli^Xt,  mJlLnfiA  evidenca  to 

iuiurint  iiionupoly  andt-ontibmBliun  of  monopuly  upon  lli«  wbule  IlMril ;  ftnd 

|'>llhough  the  nucivm  or  body  ilocs  vnibrai:i-  a  capitul  oiiame  bar  railUoos  of 

Itloilnni,  yet  the  number  of  Inilopcndcnt  rompnnirs,  outride,  ftre  quite  «qi>tl.  if 

I  aot  Bup«rior,  in  both  capital  and  worki.     Aii<l  a*  to  the  Mlleotion,  ooispilv 

tion,  and  ptililicntion  of  vnrioiis  staliittics,  much  a>i  altllur.U'S.  liitlliiilcs  Atid  lon- 

'^tudcs — thc*c  on,  txA  niTI,  I  hnrc  no  ilniibt,  ho  f^iTwnrdcil  rmd  trawurMi 

1  Up  in  tlie  arthivefl  of  our  Sutr,  «t  ns  cnrly  a  liny  w;  fCMihlc,  juil  u  «r«il 

'  t>}'  thcSR  Biinio  Isolated  companies,  as  if  th^y  iviTu  within  tliO  iwlq  of  lh«  Qroat 

t  Union. 

Again,  u  to  thin  Itoard  in.ipiriuf;  conlldcnc«  in  the  mind);  of  lh«  puhlie  t>f 
'  fliclr  CO-opcntlong.  and  thiin  Inducing;  thu  iiiTe«lni«it  of  vapilal  fur  th«  ex- 
'  tcruionof  Iheaeworki.  ThiN  may  oppcnr  prnrtioiWc  to  those  cnnipanii*  irhocu 
:  r«ADurc(>9  are  lliniteil,  uid  whovo  Qnwtcial  aSnn  an  in  a  crippled  «tul«,  AnA 
VnetA  Rtock-JobboTS  and  broken  (o  ferm  their  Mock  into  markot ;  but  survlr, 
r  bno  of  fureidght  would  much  rather  mk  Inrcstinrnts  in  the  ntnck  of  an  tDdo- 
I>«iidtnt  company,  wIiom  dfpendrtien  was  upon  Ibe  good  n-ill  of  the  oommu- 
Sily  and  tlie  periuaiiciiL-y  anu  B0uiid[ie«3  uf  llivir  cdu&tructiotis,  adikd  to  tfao 
'■btlilv  of  tho  mana^i'meiit  nftlic  saini'. 

Tlie  spcuringof  tin'  riRhtof  way,  of  which  mentioa  ixwooftcn  madi;,  aurety 
I  needs  110  leginlativu  action,  as  nialti-rii  of  this  kind  are  Mailj  rtmudied  \>y 
Ifithrr  arhltration  or  roinnion  litw,  irhidi  irlll  dcfina  ilD  action  of  trmpiam  •• 
r»ell  probably  as  any  new  code  whicli  may  be  enacted  to  auit  thi*  particular 
[caae.  Ilowrvcr,  I  beliiirc,  nioro  imaginary  than  real  etusea  bar«  prramtvd 
IQioniaclTca  to  thMc  valcr  conipanii-t. 


AL'miAU.tS   OOI.O   riTLtl*. 

Tlie  latent  aceount*  from  .Aiwtralia  rcpr*smt  the  yield  of  gold  aa  grtatly 
(•n  the  increaiie.     ^Vondcrfiil  stories  are  tokl  of  llie  amounts  ubtained  bj 
Ddividuala.     By  the  aucounbi  we  xan  al^  furnished  with  statistic:*  by  whidi 
^pesltin  and  rolialile  mtimatei  may  be  mnd«  of  tJic  product  of  Auttmti^ 
I  alioir  (hat  (ho  yield  of  sali)  fluctuate  at  difllTi^nt  pcr'todK.  but  that  it 
however,  on  the  whole,  deetininj  in  amount.    Wo  will  proceed  (o  aa 
(sxamination  of  them  in  cwnncttion  with  the  political  troublta  in  that  country. 
1  nuKt  bo  borne  in  mind  Ihnt  the  number  of  gold  dlgp-rs  luu  bora  from  the 
^«u(srt  constantly  on  the  lncr«a«t. 

DRCkixa  or  ma  nn.o. 
The  political  trouble*  in  AtiKtralia  owe  their  origin  entirely  to  the  how 
[  drcuiwtancH  connected  with  her  gold  fields  The  flrst  of  these  dilScultiM 
jioceamd  In  the  early  part  of  ISijS,  a»d  tlic  strilb  betircen  Uio  local  gonra- 
Lawnt.  especially  In  the  colony  of  Victoria,  and  ll>c  mlnorH  htii  rieidily  con- 
I  (Inii*d  until  the  Kovcmmcnt  has  yicldti).  The  point  at  imue  va*  the  price 
lexaclc<l  for  bceniat  to  <Iig  gold.  The  mincra  reBitted  it  as  too  cxorlritatiL 
I  But  B-hy  «m.i  this  rvnistancc  mad.-  f  The  statiKticd  of  the  gold  Hi^lds  can 
|r«M«r«r  tiiis  queotion.  Tiiey  xhoir  that  tlio  rt.-«istaiKe  (o  lliu  license  Ibe 
I  cemincnced  soon  after  iho  decline  of  gold,  and  lias  sltadtly  Increased  as  the 
[decline  advanced.  Bui  in  order  lo  set  this  point  in  Its  true  light,  lot  m  adtert 
[  la  tbo  prooMdln|>  «f  reelilanM  by  the  minen,  the  Be<|ui««e«nce  of  the  gonm- 
I  ncnt,  and  the  aebtti  field  «f  p)Id. 


JotarAal  0/  QoU  SHitiitg  OptratioM. 


187 


Th«  muTK  of  oppoaition  on  the  [xul  of  th«  tuincnt  i*  «t«T  ftilly  sketched 
I  (be  £««Ain  Tint*.  >iuj  ucriU<<)  (>>  iho  hwluM  ^iril  uf  tho  tnioen.    The 
ire  what  wo  want,  wjtbuut  n'jpnl  to  any  ImiginiMT  muw  of  them, 
hty  were  u  follow*: — 

On  th«  TUi  uf  May.  1S53.  Mr  Ulr<Ae,  the  (jovenur  of  Port  Philip,  har- 
•  ■aiioiincCTi  his  inlcrilinn  of  raitiTtg  M«  iie^nnfm/roM  Ihirlf/  thilHayt  (4 
pouaAt  a  m&Hlk,  the  tnincnt  UMmUed  I^geUiur  (o  tht>  number  of  a 
and,  maA  Buaed  a  ratolution  plcdginj;  theniMlvts  to  protect  anf  miner 
iiMt  vrboo)  tu  Cm  niglU  bv  m\i^\A  to  be  enrorred.  'A«  Otternmint  jfdM 
jr  vfMowf  •!  ttrvgyU,  and  the  nilnoni  were  fbr  a  oiomcnt  uilis.'licil.  In 
L^nw  and  JuIt,  1853,  meeting*  were  hrtil  iltnouncing  tlii;  liceiu*  itv,  and 
MgreoiDX  to  a  memorial  to  the  iioveniur  pnivinic  fc*  Ju  rcliirtinn  to  ten  shil- 
riuigK.  At  tfaeae  lacelings  the  mont  Kaii^iiLunrv  throuts  were  uttcrod,  and  one 
«f  them  eonclutkil  wilb  an  attaek  on  (ho  p'ilici.',  uhu  tied  frou  it  in  terror. 
\ On  Uio  1st  tt  Anpwt  the  deputation  nailed  nn  the  <loTcrnor  with  a  uii-niorial, 
Lilgmd  by  •ereral  IhouiiBiid  niincrs,  n.-i]iiiring  the  iinincdintR  n:>Iiiction  of  the 
[feoenn  fc^  as  MtaUishetl  \iy  Inn-.  riX'in  thirty  to  ton  Hhillin^ 

Mr.  LAtrobo  anencred.  "  Whnl  yoxi  auk  mo  is  inipowihlu ;  I  cannot  deal  rov 

'  ttie  law ;  I  atn  Kwom  to  do  my  duly,  and  ani  prcimred  for  aiij'thlnj;.     While 

the  ticGHUT  fee  i.i  taw  it  muiit  be  o^jcycd;  there  are  other  and  mon  important 

i  intcreHU  (haa  the  eoM-dl^rgcrs*  to  1>o  co'iiidercil,"     Tliiit  answer  brought 

B»U«ra  lo  a  criid)).     The  miners  aiwembled  wilh  llncH  and  .igrord  to  pay  no 

SMn  tliAn  ten  abillinsi  licenM  fee,  and  to  apgiuint  a  dc]>uCntion  to  tender  that 

Coin  to  the  Coninii*iion«r.     In  answer  to  \.\i\a  duinoiwlralion,  Mr,  Latrobe 

[  yuhltiitied  a  letter  in  which  he  argited  the  matter  in  ditipule  with  calmneaa 

and  aljllily.     On  the  2Sth  of  AuRttKt,  a  tumultiinns  mertin^  wan  held  al  Ben- 

dJRO.  and  the  ten  nhillingK,  in  full  payment  fur  iJecnvca,  tendered  to  and 

'  nwied  hy  the  Commiaaioiiur.    G  uns  w^u  fired,  a  hndge  of  rtvialance — a  red 

ribbon — wan  adopted,  lh«  miners  abstained  from  taking  out  liccnaca  for  the 

'  Mxt  month,  and  Mparaieil,  alliT  annoilneinz  Ihcir  liitvntion  to  rtAMeinble  on 

[the  Irt  of  September.     They  liad  no  occaiinn  to  do  ro;  on  tho  SOlh  day  of 

flittt  Tcry  Au^uit,  on   the  Ut  of  whii'h  Mr.   I^ditnibc  had  no  omphatiedly 

'  t«fiiae<l  to  lower  lh«  tieenae  fee,  tho  Li'Ki'slative  Couneil  of  Victoria  met,  ana 

tl  was  thiH  that  a  p.inii'-ttrirken  Governor  addreaxcd  a  eraven  l,i*icldalun> : 

"The  o)iJectionH  to  the  prHeiil  licrnvc  fee,  and  the  practical  diflicaltleE  in  the 

way  of  colleainj;  il,  have  forctiil  Ihetu-ivlve*  latterly  ao  forcibly  upon  me.  that 

/am  dupsr^l  tit  pro/it^*/!  ti>  you  il-i  laUtl  atoUttim,  msroly  resrrvinjt  a  rein*' 

Intton  fee  for  pnlicc  purpo«ca.     .\  looi  of  revenue  to  a  larip:  amoiinc  will  thua 

bo  iDruTvd,  which  I  propow  to  KiippTy  hy  a  reTiaion  of  the  taril^  inctudtnc 

•n  export  Ualr  on  p>td."    On  ihu  Itt  of  SepWmbertfaagunttrcmat  the  (jolf 

ftclda  were  pfacariled  with  notices  of  the  intaDlion  of  tho  Oorernmcnt.  but 

drawn  up  in  luch  ahjc^ct  ti^rror,  that  of  two  document*,  prepared  on  the  >aino 

day,  one  axwrted  and  tin?  other  dL'nicd  that  tho  liccDiw  fee  for  tin  current 

BMDlh  would  bo  collecti.'d,     A  hurrii'd  committee  of  the  Lefialallro  CounrJI 

reeotniaendcl,  a»  a  mriUrr  of  iirffonry,  the  passinR  of  a  temporary  act,  BkIok 

Uie  license  fee  nt  forty  hliilliii;;^  for  the  remaining  Uirnc  month*  of  tlie  year, 

a  auin  whicii.  nller  Iht'  •k'okrutiuii  uf  llse  (loveriiur,  will,  of  rounie,  noeor  bt 

<a(le«le)I,  and  can  only  be  eorisiilvri'd  a"  a  dvecnt  jireludo  to  allowlni;  the  tai 

to  drop  altogether. 

Of  coorw,  th«  ftbandonnicnt  of  the  license  fee  in  Vieloria  will  draw  after 
it  ita  abolilio[|  in  Nt">'  Su'ith  ^Valoa.  and  just  at  (lie  moment  when  an  increaaed 
rerenuo  i*  rtquiitil.  tlu^  ciitonle;  will  find  thcmnelveii  itrippcd  of  that  they 
llrmdy  pnwnu.  We  uc  weaF7  of  tlic  part  of  Caioandrs,  hut  if  thin  plague 
<■»  be  arrrited,  the  llonic  Uuverninvnt  ought  not  to  loae  ono  momcnl  in 
taking  the  nioMt  elflelcnt  and  eocrcive  meanaK^  (br  the  purpoitc;  and,  if  it 
ctnnot,  they  had  bettor  iurrendcr  a  BaFcrnmcnt  wluch  (Ley  adfoiniattr  under 


n 


Journal  of  Q<M  Slininy  Optrattov*. 

tho  dictation  of  \  mob  ompriHiti);  in  its  nambora  Uie  most  d«cp«ntc  of 
.  tdrentnrert,  ftnd  tho  vi1«st  of  criiniaals. 

In  Oftohcr,  lSr>3,  the  jriald  of  gold  ftvm  Uount  Alezuidcr  vu  800,000 
which  bM  boon  «qtMlloil  itt  no  «iib»i)>i«nt  period.     The  MctbonnM 
fiiraifthva  the  following  m  th«  »naui>t  of  gold  brought  to  that  citj  lo 
I  six  iBonths  prcriouii  to  April,  ISSSv— 

OuBBHb 

Fear  wmIm Milling  NoTsiiibor  IE,  IftJS        ....  tll.UI 

T>n.  DrwrnW  11,  lua        ....  smi.iu 

Do.  .tuntigry  8.  IMjl IST.OM 

Do.  Fcbrunry  S,  1SJ3  ....  1M,M» 

Do,  Min^hr,.  1K3 \m,nfi 

Do,  April!,  lass 1SI,flI« 

FMm  ih«  man  i)u«rier  wo  are  furnished  with  tho  j'xAii  of  Mount  Alox- 

t  a&der  ud  BoUuat  for  BOTon  notiths  of  1653  and  1803  : — 

ItDS.  lU*. 

Junuv Bt,«(g  IGit,8M 

FabruuT »,««  lil.AM 

MftRh i\.Ki  IU,«U 

April BT,SM  lWi,STr 

May S»,4it  lSt,ltOt 

Jnnc Vyifir-O  lOA,!** 

July WlhbK  UW* 

Diirinf;  thU  period  Iho  number  of  dig^gcr*  ha*  inciTued  la  100,000,  wfac^ 
I  If  there  hiid  hccn  no  decline  in  the  richncM  of  the  Bcldx,  xhoulJ  hnvc  produoed 
I  ■  coDJitAHlly  incrcating  amuunl  of  golj, 

Wt  pLTccivu  that  [iifse  views  nre  siuluncit  bj-  •  correKiioiic!«nt  oT  tha 
Linid/m  Miaiiig  Journal,  wlwnee  wo  have  the  li>Ilo«iii[;  particulars : — 

Amonp  the  recent  (iiji]«tches  from  Australia  we  linvs  received  a  torn- 
tnnnirntlnn  from  Mr.  F.vnns  lln[ikins,  iin'lor  date  AiigUHl  Ist,  conlaiii!tij;«oino 
Jntcrrirtiiiit  and  iiulped  imporlnnt  frroiuks,  fniiridrd,  wc  hnvc  no  doubt,  on 
that  clone  and  nhiloEiophic  oliRcrvntion  which  hw  miiformlj  marked  bb 
'nvctitigations.     lie  Htatps  liiat  fucU  are  now  getting  loo  glaring  lo  allow  the 

1  Dress  anil  intcrcstwl  iiarttes  aiij  longer  t^  oi>no8i'  his  arKuiiient  that  tho 

I  noHi  have  been  fnllinj;  nif  In  jirodiici;  sinff  Octobw,  18'i2,  althotigh  tho 
eni  hare  increased  in  number,  and  new  flcldn  dUcorered.  There  are  no 
gold  miiia  in  thi.i  coluny ;  the  few  (juarls  T«in!i  discovered  in  S)'diiey  and 
Ni?w  9'jiilli  Wale*  arc  of  llii-  gener*!  chflrartcr,  nrid  eimilarlj  poor  in  prodocr, 
with  thosn  seen  in  oiher  parts  of  the  world  ;  and  those  irhn  have  tried  tlietn 
haro  hitherto  only  met  with  diMppoiiituicnt,  and  they  can  ever  be  considered 
tvAy  an  spvculatfonfL  Tho  gold  u  a  mere  aupeTSciai  dopooit  on  tbe  cdfitH  of 
a>B  primnrj-  slateii,  and  »cry  axl«ntdv<  lirets  MB  E^HUtijc  cjihaiistcd ;  iipwanll 
of  100,000  perKooii  Mi~a~ed  in  dij^inn  and  WMhins,  uiori  sweep  over  the  gold 
Crop.  1'he  proJtiev  per  liead  in  now  getting  h)  low  a>  not  to  atfurd  the  pay> 
'  vent  of  license,  and  the  Gnrerninvnl  i«  afraid  to  grant  lioenncs  to  compianiiB 
of  the  worked-ont  irniind,  which  ha<i  been  «q  enbaiistcil  as  to  render  it 
nnprofitnUo  for  re-workinR  with  *i)ch  limited  fr*fJvire>;K  as  ihc  colony  prtwnU. 
The  vxcilcineTit  miiit  calm  down,  further  discoveries  be  inndc,  and  Uata 
I  gnntud  bvforo  t,ny  bomt  fid*  coiu|iany  can  undifrlako  digging  with  any  ch«nco 

Hw  opjimn  here  expn^med  ai  to  tho  falUn;;  olT  of  the  gnli]  crop  in  recoot 

I  noitllin,  la  aupportfd  by  wonio  partion.i  of  the  ouloiiint  prviii.     The  Mtlboiimt 

■  >lrfM  Slatni  that  the  yield,  laknii  as  a  whole,  doting  the  la Rt  (wo  months  (Ji^ly 

I  and  AnjriKt,  iaS3,)hij^  not  rcntliedjcrnctnlcxpcetatlont,  looking  to  the  pcriodof 

the  TWir,  and  the  large  number  congrcRnted  at  the  disipnss.  Kenemllv  calcu- 

d  at  a  rmigh  tslimato  at  100,000.  which  very  (iir  exccvdn  the  nuTii))>?r  cm- 

red  at  the  c«rr«8pondiog  period  of  the  previous  year,  yet  the  tjiiantity  of 


Jouraai  of  (jhtU  Miniag  Optra&aa. 


1%) 


Sid  dots  not  ko«p  {«(«  Willi  tbo  inettanng  populalJMi  busily  ntiplof td  «p«n 

The  vicl'J  fruci  Mount  AlcxaniUr  for  Jul;-,  t8&£,  wm  SSS.H*  coa.,  whilv 
ttwt  of  Jiily  luit  oiiljr  nadicd  137,S60  oxk.  U  U  curioua  to  ob«t*Ta  ihtt  Itie 
;uld  reached  JU  climftx  in  Ocl«l>rT,  t$S3,  whmi  it  ww  »boat 860,000 oca.  p«r 
nth ;  niKO  wLiicb  time  it  lias  fjadaftlly  il«i;r«Med  to  about  170,000  uu.,  or 
I  inn  omiylialC  I'lic  price  in  thu  mean  timo,  which  iru  IM  fMr  £v  per 
(•k,  has  Gndutlly  aiivniici'd  lili  it  is  now  £3  \1i.  M..  at  which  it  MfnaMU 
J  jriddii^  but  n  Mnall  rcliirti  1i>  the  bruktr,  nud  iiinititniiipd  at  tliat  Inell 
^IsU  ill  coDMOucDcu  uf  t'ac  odvann'd  per  cenUftc  rhir)^i)  bf  tb«  bankt  tot  Ow 
tcbangM^  To  ilu  Ju^tfcc.  boncvtr,  to  tlie  Kubji.-ct  wo  ndd  the  latest  tv]Kitti 
I  the  Cdonj  of  Victoria,  datud  tiupteuibvr  liSd,  1603  :— 

TUB   00 LD    riELDft. 

Tht  improvniKTit  rcnorlcd  in  our  la«l  eamtQiLry  hi*  licconn;  more  di-tidod. 
tTbc  Qoulburn  dissins*,  Ihim  wliich  IUltmn)[afciiuitts  were  rucdved  about  ftrt 
IVMka  ago,  haro  nut  rullUIvil  lliu  vxpit'tatiuns  at  Unit  Tomird,  thnugb  rcfcnt 
[infbrBiatlon  gives  a  more  fivoiablu  vioiv  (if  tlu'iu.  They  arc  now  spriMiling 
rover  a  lar];c  cxlmt  of  tcrritorj,  uid  n  coniudtTable  niinilxr  of  dl|cgCT«  touni 
[  dctcmiitied  li>  give  lh«m  a  Tair  Iriul.  Un-it  tbicigi  arc  cxjipctcd  of  the  Ovnui 
^iuriag  the  tnbiiInK  siimincr,  KondiKO  tiio  euiitituiM  to  maintain  ita  rpputa- 
I  (Son.  But  the  chief  talk  of  lain  hnn  Wrn  about  llallarat,  the  first  of  our  sold 
tflcUb,  and  iitiU  worth^r  of  beiii!;  nnkcxl  nmunj;  thu  best  At  the  clow  of  la«t 
l&wnth  Mvural  digpirs  thvru  amiv  upon  what  thi-v  fallfd  a  regular  "table  of 
1;"  and  iha^e  who  wm  vo  fcrtiiiinlf  an  to  ttrikt  tbo  line  took  almost  bbu- 
.  qoiBlitica  out  of  their  claimis  whii^h  from  their  ridincsi  necirtd  ths 
IHIpdMlOB  of  lb»  "Jfwrllm'  itbupH."  Ttie  cKcurl  ruluma  hatuigoonflnntd  th« 
JcaRvnt  nports,  a  "nuh"  wa«  lb«  Immrdinto  I'nnwqiionM,  thoDgh  IVom  tba 
IsMura «f  lh«  ntw  digxinici  in  that  ^^ lurtir  mullitiulM  will  bo  doomed  ta  difi- 
unviattncnL  All  the  heav}-  liiuli  bar?  bc«n  obtained  bjr  deep  linking ;  and 
IIbb  nadcr  will  sm  that  th«  tcitn  is  uboU  with  same  drgreu  of  pra^irivty,  wIimi 
I  bifcrm  him  that  lh«  depth  of  th«  holes  i«  fn^iirnlly  from  DO  lo  ISO  fnl, 
]  that  many  trrj  |irodiietive  onca  have  lately  been  above  100.  The  it«ld  ii 
nd  in  lli«  beds  of  what  niay  be  called  aubtt-rraiieous  crrvkt — lliat  b,  cmka 
■hMi  have  forracrlj  I>«m  on  thia  aurlW,  but  are  now  binied  beneath  ihe 
[^d<9Mila  of  oioie  recciit  tinatak  Thia  being  tlie  caar,  there  i«  nethlBg  on  the 
Ipnaent  auriKe  t4  iniBote  the  dirNtion  of  the  aborig:inal  channel.  As  do- 
ncrttiad  by  the  it>f:g4rs  UieniHlrrs.  (he  Rold  ia  fbund  in  a  Rattnr  ftnm  Kix  lo 
l(i()kt  fc*t  wide  at  ihii  jop,  and  two  lo  bar  &ot  at  Die  iHittom.  It  i*  ob- 
I  Ibat  llicre  inuat  be  grval  uncirrtainly  In  llndiu;;  gold  wlitr*  tl  !a  noiiflnod 
fto  BOch  a  narrow  and  capricious  1ini>.  At  thin  roamont  aome  are  «nkin)[  ^ 
\iUt  (CHttf  over  a  width  of  three  hundred  yard*.  The  result  of  atich  a  mod* 
tlf  upcfatioa  if,  that  not  murv  than  onv  bulu  in  llfly  liitK  tiw  line,  and  the  rvat 
(tniehat  tbe  ilig|;taa  call  "shiccr^"  Sonic  of  ttie  holm  in  CnnmlinO'ituUy 
[ba*»  been  euJniatcil  to  yield  irold  to  the  value  of  j;3,00(i  per  Hiunre  iooi,  hut 
probably  an  cxacQceralion— at  frait  we  have  it  on  (?)od  authority  thai 
He  (one  of  Um  ritlwal)  was  valued  at  £H»l)  p<-r  rnnnini;  fiyir,  and  ax  th« 
DUar  waa  ten  fort  wide,  it  would  i^irc  £400  for  ibc  square  foot,  inxlead  at  the 
l^OO  or  £i.00a  mentioned  by  a  (ontcnipuraiy. 
Caperiincnta  in  decf>  sinUnK  have  alM  been  itoing  on  for  aema  Urn*  at 
Jigo.  wiUi  tbe  view  ef  rcsekiBK  a  acond  bollcaiL  and,  ahould  espwicnce 
tbe  ooMoetarts  of  apeculalion  aa  to  there  being  aevernl  auriferoua 
«  Khali  enter  upon  a  new  era  in  koM  (lliocln^',  Tlivm  mlfcbt,  in 
tlbal  caM,  arise  a  neotauly  fur  a  dlffi-rvnl  Mt  of  reRiilnliana  fur  ihu  nMnag*' 
UMBtof  tbe  RoM  flehlK.  MininK  would  come  to  be  follvtrrd  aa  a  pnfenaoi^ 
fn  which  capital  and  eo-operaliua  would  bu  ioditifivnaable  rtquJMleg  lo  t<m- 
^lUiMui  iiulmtry  and  succew. 

Sirnrn  tii<  date  of  our  bat  sumraary  (Aug.  18),  the  eacorts  bare  brot^gltl 


Jotimat  o/ OoU  Mining  OpfmhonK 


4o«ii  968,9S7  on.  The  rtlums  sliow  a  tttaAj  vrMj  {nm»tK,  iritli  the 
«xoeption  of  Ittt  neck,  whic^h  rxliitiits  »  ghorlotning  or  no  Icm  than  12,000 
OSL,  Ukins  the  avnaee  rdartui  for  (he  preceding  four  wct^kx,  Thiii  ti  *ttri- 
buulilr,  ni>  ilotilit.  to  &e  TVOvnt  u-platiun  in  ikiA  lontity,  vliicli  h-u  lliuti  MSt 
the  dijip^rn  «bout  £60,0001  It  itiny  h»ve  kppparei!  *  small  nuHtCT,  tootrini; 
oiilv  lU  [he  loKt  of  time,  to  dcrotn  a  day  la  n  greftt  demomttratioii ;  but  ft 
inahes  u  difTvrCTit  ti-,'iifv  <rhea  coiiaidered  iiUlistii^allj.  Had  the  (taiialics  of 
indijstrj-  heon  ntujijs  iircsen-rf  with  thu  wmc  accuracy,  Mi()  IwMi  80  Ira- 
mvdiattly  rcsolvahic  into  a  dctnnnKtmtion  <>f  pcuninry  profit  or  loM,  tho  bi- 
duftriui  cImshiii  might  hare  recciToJ  many  a  Mlutary  lc»on. 

In  the  ta1>1rorr«celpt>i,irhSch  ire  ijubjoio,  thurflumH  by  lh«  private CACOrt 
■hould  he  added  to  thoM  Ircmi  Rcndigo  and  M'hor,  but  *«  nc  arc  tinsbla  ti> 
girt  (bo  exact  share  duo  to  each,  we  enter  tlictn  tepimtclj : — 


aoLD  KEcnrsD  vt  kscort  sncB  acacot  13,  I8S3. 


U'Wor  . 
Frlval*  cTCott 
Baflimt . 
Onu    . 
Qonlbiini 

Total 


Anc  90. 

»,ieT 

t,Sl) 
«,tS8 
6,1*1 


1,40* 
6,»4» 


e».o;T 
B,sn 


8(pt". 
41,0*1 

«,0»0 


—  1,»70 


i(,1t» 

1,4m 

i,ata 


U,Wi       4T,Mi       «0,»t9       t«,A8S       49,T«0 


ConitJlD  RIT.L  OOLD  HIKB. 

Tho  following  is  the  report  of  Dr.  C.  T.  Jurkuon  on  this  mine ; — 

Sib — I  hare  the  hontw  of  nulimiilins  to  you  niy  report  of  an  cxaininiition  of 
(he  mining  [iropcrty  on  Cutirnd  Hill,  in  Davidson  t-utinly.  North  (*oni]ina. 

This  iBincnil  land  liss  lun^  l)ccn  kiicmii,  on  account  of  the  lar^'^  (troduct  of 
^Id  thnC  lins  hccn  cstrncUrd  from  tlie  Conrnd  Hill  mlnc^  opened  by  Otyr- 
crnor  Mnrehrnd  and  others,  in  the  inimedinle  vicinity,  or  adjoinitii:  the  lands 
belonpng  to  your  cunipany.  TIiwo  old  workings  gvn  me  ■  good  Oppevtn- 
nity  Dri-xatiiiiiin;;  tho  ponition  and  chara-.-Ier  of  (neTrfng  which  poaialrMllj 
into  yoiir  property  nt  n  lowsr  level. 

I  foumi  the  old  niorkinsi"  vctt  itreKulnrty  opened,  the  richest  nortiona  of 
(hi*  lode  liaving  heen  lulloived  without  re)[>T>l  to  system,  no  that  thu  ground 
is  very  lunch  cut  up  by  vicavntions  of  ihr  moit  *lnj:ulnr  chnnicl<T.  Tha 
work  ITM  rotnmcneod  on  a  «1o|>c,  folloarins  a  vein  of  quartx  conlitininj;  iron 
and  copper  pyrite*,  mixed  with  particles  of  (-old,  and  ari  ipon  oehre,  full  of 
CBiall  parlicles  of  Rotd  rarely  visible  lo  the  naked  eye.  Tha  slmea  werr  abw 
worked  out  to  a  cnnsidcnihle  extent  in  dlirermt  direclionn.  On  cxaintninj[ 
Uril  Twr,  I  found  the  direction  of  the  dip  lo  W  S.  SO"  \\\.  and  the  ansle  from 
the  horiaon  'W,  The  thlckncm  of  the  vein  is  right  feet,  and  it  Is  composed 
of  qnartx,  hemntitn  iron  ore,  iron  pyritci,  and  a  little  ropjicr  pyrites,  Iba 
whole  containing  line  partidoc  of  sold. 

TliiH  v,-iie  (ihserrtd  along  a  sloping  shaft  for  the  [listarco  of  160  ^t.  Far- 
tlier  doun,  I  find  the  vein  nminorlh  and  soiilh,  with  a  dip  of  45"  lo  the  west- 
ward, and  the  vein  Is  three  feet  n-ide,  I  cJNtnTcd  ■  croMC-oounte  vein  running 
N.  K.  and  S-  W.,  n  hich  is  rich  in  jrokl,  and  iseaMirta  Ihro  to  ^  f(«t  in  lliit*- 
BWi,  or  width.     At  aiioth'.T  point  1  fi^iiml  the  dip  lo  bv  40°  lo  the  wotu-ard. 

I  obaorred  that  (ho  pmportion  of  copper  ore  innvauxl  a*  wo  penetrated 
dseptr  into  ihoniine,  ao  as  to  indieale  llie  probable  occurnneo  of  a  good  lode 
of  <»pptr  pyrites.  At  a  greater  depth,  l^nnchea  of  conipocl  tnnlnohite,  <« 
grw  (wbonatc  of  copper,  nlmilrtr  (o  that  found  In  the  Siherlan  ni1ric>v  Tcere 
obaenvd  in  tho  aaartx  rein  in  uritral  placet,  and  some  of  them  wcri?  two  to 
three  iiM^icf  thick.  Spconaecis  of  iistive  coppor.  iind  of  n>d  oxide  of  copper, 
wetv  alMi  oliluined  fii)ni  tho  auriferous  '^iiarla  vi'in- 

I  had  a  iwrlion  of  thu  (cold-bcariiii;  ferruginous  rock  of  the  mine  pnlverwed 


^flMBtf  of  Gold  yininif  OptroHom. 


101 


!  golJ,  and  (bund  tliat  it  wm  suite  richlj  iieprcKnated  with  that 

lI.     About  a  quart  at  the  on  was  traobM  in  a  i<an,  anil  viuliieil  an  amount 

Tgolii  tslicnalcd  lobocqiial  !fi  nlu*  toffi  U>$S  jHrr  lumlicl.    I  vm  InfomMN] 

at  Mr.  T.  P.  ALlen  tiad  tUAnA  tbat  hi:  baa  obuined  (7  ptr  bu>.^icl  from  the 

hcd  [laK   of  Oovrmor  MorrhtaiTa  niln«,  whieli  is  biit  a  ci^nliijiulioii  of  tlie 

s  loilta  that  arc  about  to  be  worked  on  your  [vopcrljr.     Tli«  general  avt- 

,  I  of  thu  ore  ill  goM  nmy  bi-  safely  fslimiiled  ul  $2  per  biwhcl. 

T  also  oxamintil  the  pn^pArftliniit  whicb  Mr.  J.  C^insiann,  jtmx  Supcrin- 

tdont,  was  laakinf;  ftir  n{>cniiiK  the  aiincsi,  anil  found  liL*  ahafta  w«r«  well 

ilaoed,  and  were  ailuiinibly  cuuistnictpd  and  timbcrtd,  and  tliat  alt  waa  prop- 

itj  done.     Ilff  remarhcl  ib.il  1ic  ho|ir<l  ihe  Knnlmt  woul-1  rnnvinlier  tliat 

rM  ■  clow  ()|>tration  to  clear  out  nnd  rniimbiT  an  old  mtnc  that  had  bcoii 

^ittlljr  opened  in  no  unKyiti-maiic  a  manner. 

<  havr  ^tr*X  roiifiJcnce  in  the  fiioctm  of  iliin  mii>«,  and  am  of  opinion  that 

i  proportion  of  copper  will  tncrcant  in  the  ledn  an  It  iktwmds.     ft  ia  ii\4l 

I  that  it  bas  iklrcitdy  been  prored  to  be  a  rii^h  gold  mine,  and  it  mu«t 

fm  a  atill  rich«r  yield  of  pild  wbvnKood  niacbicvry  Li  in  operation  forgriml- 

~  -•  the  ore  and  aiiulj^matinn  tho  sold. 

With  great  rtwpect,  I  am  your  obedient  aerrant, 

CnAK.  T.  Jaokscv,  Gt^leght  and  Chtmim. 
To  N.  K.  AsTTioMT. 
Hav  Ttu,  Oci.  ii.  I«). 


nn  aoLD  BKoiox  or  ctmrrA,  n  xicAiianvA.. 

That  one  of  the  Anott  minvral  countrius  in  ilie  irorld,  Ijiof;  on  a  l)if;b  road 

foiar  on-n  Momaroc,  ahould  havu  rvnitiiied  iinocc^)i>iu<l  by  .^iittricaiia  to  tliv 

'cnbt  liiii<v'*OuMbeinejcpliabtr,  »crcit  not  a  parallel  of  the  camRncEliRunt^ 

hicb  left  undiaconrBd  to  long  llie  gold  minm  urt-ulirurnia  and  .ViutraliiL, 

ThoM  wlu  have  resided  for  any  Ivuelli  of  time  in  Ncciragtin.  or  svlvo  bar? 

Iconvtirscil  fr.'cly  with  trarellcrH  and  iiatlvca  of  lli»t  ii^iori,  « ill  have  liivml  i-f 

"(juyappa  golJ,"  brought  liy  the  ImUiin*  to  ihc  wuconst  of  lloridurnji, 

I  rtfiuird  liiu  liurual  in  llip  u'urld.     'i'iiiK>  otit  uf  inicid,  tlii^ijuld  hiu  bct-n 

''  '^'  the  natives  of  ('ciilfjil   .VnirrioA  for  (iniamcnUl  piirpoei'S,  but  tlH 

from  irliich  it  b  tiikcn  have  nut  been  workud  bjr  UuropvanK.    Tlkia  U 

Ji«  gold  and  HiUi-r  rt".;ii)'i  .illiidi"!  tu  in  o'lr  .vii-'li'.     It  in  iti-iu'  to  one  uf  thiMt 

Inatunl  kinh  roadf  of  our  ovra  commvirc,  now  Iwing  ^urrcvcil  for  a  traiL>ii 

lanil  rvlrood  by  a  ircaTtliy  urTpniutioii  Li  New  York  and  \V  iL<tiingl«n.     Tlie 

ttniuiit  will  bu  Ikilf  by  riv'ir  navigation  from  near  Ontno,  tin  thuGnU  oflltin- 

Mmw,  and  ihc  rrni:JniiiT,  by  a  Ktrai^iit  and  cwy  cr^de,  to  tha  (iulf  iif  K'oii- 

lacoa,  on  the  I'lcilii:  nJe.     Tlio route  will  beHinu.'  luur  hundred  luitfs  nlioitvr 

]han  tlul  of  Nicaragua  on  tlie  oaslvni  si'lc.  a.ri<l  a  •tay'ii  tail  1cm  om  tliiik     Thv 

^tnuwil  ItHclf  n  ill  lie  through  a  ileliithiriil  cliinnle  thrvc  dcKTccH  noKtli  of  Ltku 

KkartfruH  *^A  over  a  country  uf  u'liirli  the  tninenl  ircalth  in  itilTvr  in  uiuut- 

[^paaaed  by  any  in  the  nurld.     The  piM  ^■K'un.  uliich  is  coiuparud  by  tliOM 

,  wbn  hare  explored  it  with  thn  WntA  in  California,  licaduoeajit,bycnKyBCCiraii, 

'tnm  the  projected  IiIl(■u^tran^il.     It  is  bounded  emit  by  the  magniricentrallvj 

m  Lopagure,  into  whidi  Ilic  ^'virnnieM  of  liuiiduraH  liave  made  n-ociit  cf- 

Llorta  to  entice  a  colony  of  .Vinrrioiniv     It  will  be  uccn  by  {^Unrinn  nt  a  fcood 

LBMp  of  Central  America,  that  the  rirer  (iiiyai)|is  in  tbo  Ijntncli  of  a  tan^ 

[riiW  butwow  tlie  diBtnetoTOIanoio  and  iho  lailvy  of  Lenaguarv,  aivl  vmpticH 

'nto  Ihc  CarribntD  n  litUo  to  iho  aoutli  of  Truxillo.     Wo  hare  Ix^fore  ut  a 

niMof  unpuUiihed  tc.»tiraoiiy,  pniourjd  by  cotnpetenHravelU'rii  i:i  that  ti;- 

pon,  iihowinB  ill  {loculiur  filnvBi  fvr  nt)  |nii-(iuH<.'H  of  gold  and  dllver  mining, 

■■nd  pniml  coloiiixation.     Krciy  rniivty  ofjcnld  depoiit  IiaM  been  found  upun 

Ube  ririr,  and  the  1i-*».t  particle*  arc  dilfu.icd  tlirou^'b  the  soil  oinl  Mnda 

Fjrf  (lio  Biitirw  oountiT,     I/wt  ytar  a  compniiy  «■«  OTpinlw^l  in  New  York  for 

like  eaplonttan  of  thiN  attractive  rcition,  but  the  projert,  lioiiled  to  a  lew  pur- 

Hin«,  was  defeateil  by  the  death  of  tlio  pHncijial  itianu^r. 


w> 


^  Co/pprr  MmiHjf  Opvatumt, 


JOnHNAL  OP  COPPER  MrXIXG  OPBATIOSS. 

1.UB  aiTBRlDft   HLVEKAI.    tttOION. 

A  brief  bnt  )[«n«ral  j'ltw  of  thf  upccl  of  tlio  mining  intorasi  in  Um  Lalt* 
Suiwn'ar  ltFf;f«n  is  |>rMtnt«d  in  th«  fotlon-fng  r«muk8,  which  Tunn  tbe  Jntro* 
doction  to  the  Report  of  the  Siimiiiit  Copprr  Conipnn;: — 

Tliu  mincnil  diKtrict  of  Idkc  Superior  tia»  aKiucnrd  an  imporUncc  which  ii 
•Unctbig  Ihp  ftltention  of  capiulisu  bolh  al  lionte  anil  >t>r(«i],  atiJ  >U  il«re|- 
opinMt  now  nuiks  m  tme  of  tii*  important  commcrcUl  intcmti!  of  the  (vna* 
trr ;  mi,  likougli  little  hiut  vet  lircn  done,  the  product  of  tli«  prnnil  yai 
will  prohkbly  r«ach  tbeanioiiiit  of  f^rtt  ihouninJ.  r»n>  of  cupper,  ther«)>}'  con- 
tcHiuling  ncni'lj  oiu  and  a  half  miUiaH*  af  dellan  to  the  oealth  of  tb« 
countrv :  and  the  period  in  not  fur  iUs;(ant  wlieii  ilio  product  will  be  equal  to 
the  ironta  of  our  own  CDiintry :  and  irlicn  luininii  opcmliuiis  (hall  ht  carHcd 
on.  on  tlic  rnmpnihensiva  system  irhkh  rhsmrlcnK's  similar  pursuits  in  other 
countriea,  it  is  probable  thai  the  mineral  n'pon  of  Lake  Superior  will  bccoms 
MM  of  Ilie  prijicipal  murccH  of  inipply  fur  the  unrlil. 

It  ia  an  mtabiiHhed  &rt  that  the  copper  TciinK  of  the  I^liC  Superior  diatrict 
■urpaa  in  richncM  any  which  have  yet  been  discovered,  and  in  no  otlier  lo- 
c«li(y  lilha  tnrial  found  in  its  native  Htatc  In  xiich  p'lrily  anil  finnnlity  aa 
hew.  In  the  "Cliff"  mine,  ninitlc  masses  of  over  eifihly  Ions  hare  been  met 
with,  and  in  tli«  Uinnntota,  tbcy  hnie  recently  eipoMHl  a  inaxx  of  M'rfntj'flTe 
toM,  wlittc  An  th?  Cop))«r  I^all'^  location,  masses  of  thirty  and  forty  lon«  are 
encountered,  and  the  mine  is  yet  in  ibt  inllincy. 

Hitherto  Ihia  aiibjeet  ha*  fciled  to  arrtrt  llic  public  attention,  and  the  al- 
tompta  which  haie  U'cri  made  to  open  and  wor«  the  prumiBinp  vcinii  ha** 
been  looked  npon  ns  wild  speerilaliotin,  circpt  hy  the  romiianitivcly  few  who 
bad  iiivciligatcl  the  nntijcct;  but  the  suecem  which  hn*  attended  the  open- 
tlotM  of  the  Clill)  Minncsola,  Copper  FbIIh.  and  other  ininri«.  has  nrodTiced  a 
vondarfu)  change  in  the  pnhlic  mind,  and  ~  co)>per  fHocks  "  are  aaranciog  tn 
larer  dally. 

Tbe  aearri^  of  copper,  and  the  (iTvat  adnncc  wliicli  has  taken  place  fn  Iha 
priotV  lOgclbtT  Willi  the  fHVoratile  advice*  which  enroe  to  hand  by  eaeh  eac- 
etmm  nail  from  Lake  Snpetior,  of  the  deyelopment  and  proeress  of  the  aev- 
•ral  nrin«s  in  opnation,  have  entirely  chan^;vd  the  feetinj;  nhieh  has  hitbMo 
prtralleil,  ind  llitrr  is  %  sironc:  dlspOBition  manifistnl  by  all  parlies,  (man^ 
of  whom  haro  hilherlo  looked  with  doubt  and  dintrasl  upon  mining  operv- 
tiona,)  to  ureore  an  interwt  in  inine«,  the  prodiicllvtnewe-f  which  ha*i already 
been  Btabtishcd,  or  in  lho<c  which  arc  lesn  advanced,  but  which  are  known 
to  be  under  good  management,  and  which  (pvc  p>od  promise  of  aicevis. 

When  O)icra(iona  wctv  first  rotnintiiet'd  in  thif>  diMrict,  the  country  wa«  an 
nnhrokcn  wlldemnM — many  hondrrd  niilni  beyond  the  cooflnes  of  civiltxa- 
tion,  and  but  litllo  was  known  of  the  eharacter  and  nature  of  tht  vuina  It 
was  difficult  to  Mcurx!  capital  to  "  proir  up"  the  countrv.  nnil  tlip  »nd«rta- 
kibfC  was  b^att  with  almost  insiirmoiinlahle  oliidaelrs.  The  wont  nf  rx^ierv 
ence  and  a  jiroper  knowledge  of  the  conntry,  led  to  the  e»pciidilurc  of  large 
•ums  of  money  without  any  proGlablc  revuli,  Nparly  all  who  were  ititerrated 
in  (he  flrsl  atlenipla  to  work  the  mines  on  the  sinnthcrn  shorn  of  Ijike  Supo- 
rior,  bceanio  discourajced,  and  deelintd  to  pay  further  OMesimentJi  on  their 
(took;  and  om  the  Companies  had  no  rapital,  except  auch  at  nav  rcali/i'd  from 
ramwiicnla  oo  the  ahaTrholders  from  lime  to  time,  most  of  them  failed  and 
abandoned  thq  imdortakinfc.  Many  of  the  sharcholdEn  in  the  Copper  Patb 
'  farfcitcd  the  ilock  rather  (ban  pay  an  tfacaunciit  of  jVV<'^'*fr' 


Jotmnl  of  Copptr  JtCming  Optntimu. 


itm 


tkatt;  ftnd  the  imEncnu  muuw  ocil  rich  (lFi)Oiit.«  which  liat*  rewinjodlbt  I 
praprietnts  ot  th«  CtUr  Hiu,  might  bare  rcmuncd  nndiaturbad  far  k  Muok  ■ 
Wgt)'  ptdod,  but  for  the  gmt  amfidaBce  which  tbe  Pr«rfd*n  at  tba  Oaoi- 1 
pMt;  tutd  in  the  vkluo  naA  liltimale  nicccsK  of  the  miae,  wbieb  todacail  hial 
U  make  Kbcrvl  tAnausn  from  bia  privato  punw.  J 

But  llie  vholo  atficct  «r  thinga  to  itom  diancod.  71i«  coimlry  W  beta  ■ 
thoroughly  cxplunxl,  and  adencc  and  cspcncnce  MT*  Mtab1iK)ivd  thir  rhara»  I 
ivt  of  till-  vtii)»,  aiiJ  dosiKiiatod  tli«  poinU  wbtn  thcjr  mn^  be  prvfitublj  I 
workc'il,  xiid  Iho  minncT  in  which  th^  iilioiilil  b«  ojivned,  KxpMicDi.-i9  liaft  J 
pTOTrd  that  a  mine  rannot  be  made  to  pay  cuerpt  by  a  liberal  «x[iendilurc  of  I 
taouiy.  Tliu  miL'otiiii  irkich  lias  attendiMl  Ui«  ClilTand  other  luincK,  cxtablithen 
tbefait  of  the  threat  vRlucof  any  wrJldrJlnoil  vein,  fa vuraM^  located.  wWn  eA*l 
cienUjr  and  |irtip«riy  DpcnctI  and  worked.  KotttlihttaiuiiRg  Ike  aitlatlt*  nnM 
iij^mltirt  trhUlt  (hi  Cliff  Miiir  rfo/vnltrt^  ia  lUtarly  iuUtrjf,  ithatalniK^i 
f^id  inei/imr  lin>M  titaioirunl  efitt  origlr^iil  m/Htal.  Itt  fitl  ^riiin^J'vrm 
tki  ytar  1863  ir«n  »ne  Sandrt't  j'cr  nnl.  on  iU  capital,  imd  iu ntimalai jir«f9 
i^utfat  tkryrtmitt  y*ar,  at  tht  prite  qfco/j/irr  nai#  evrranl^  mill  bt  equal  M* 

tiilh  On  comparintUtljl  tmall  /erui\faho»t  eights  mintn,  and  1A«  vtimkal 
6rtn  »pM*J  ^nlji  J,Sl>U/«l  in  citent,  and  imnt  HM/ttt  in  Jtfftk. 

Scleral  of  iho  niin«ii  now  nurking  promise  as  fkrorablc  rmiilbi  when 
Opened  lo  lliv  uniu  vxtciit.  )(  iii  bcllvVL'd  that  no minvnl  iliitrict  jnlhnworM 
can  b«  worktxl  wtth  gnrU  ccrtainlv  ol  ^uccient  aa  lh«  iviiiii  on  (tiv  !K>uth  ahon 
ot  Idku  Superior;  luiil  llic  tliuv  iihh  arrived  vhcn  Ihcy  nhould  lio  ili'ik-toppd 
upon  the  cxtciiniri!  mid  ('Oiiiurvlicn^ivv  |>riui.'i|il<;  of  li-=itimatv  und  enlightened 
ciMaiaercial  enu-rjiritc.  Thiii  in  denmndcil  >iy  ihvir  iiiitnirlanci',  inagnituilev 
and  productivcncfit.  It  i*  impurUnt  (liit  cnmpiiTiivs  i^hniilil  bir  nrpinlied  fritb 
aanle  captUl  at  the  &Mrt,  to  uiatiiru  and  develop  Uie  worku,  and  with  mean* 
la  aaiul  to  brlnit  (he  entcrpmo  to  turccwTuI  rt^Mills  with  mh  littlu  dels]^  u 
pawhl«,  and  not  be  cmbarriMed  with  prolong  liabililiw  (o  l>u  iih-u  with- 
nptalcd  callx  or  aMcwmenta  whoUjr  inadequate  to  a  Tifforoiiit  ami  pnifilftUa 
fiyfitaea  of  lulning.  Tlik  Is  pnwentM  *■  an  important  and  diMitn<rtiTe  rcMnrc 
M  the  Summit  t'oppcr  Uining  Company,  it  licini;  tbo  ttr^t  couiiHUir  nliirh 
baa  fUrtcd  wilh  an  aniplL-  working  fspitiu  paid  up  at  the  oulwl,  >u<ni-icnt  lo 
open  ibe  wlaii,  provido  the  nucMuary  madilnutY,  aiid  place  it  in  a  conditiun 
to  pi^  dividtnda. 

^le  adranlK^  nt  this  plan  are  obviouft.  ax  the  liiftorr  of  all  mining  eoltr- 
pritM  hai  vliouii  that  they  ran  only  ho  made  profllable  ty  a  liberal  and  Jmll- 
done  exponditurv  of  capital  at  tb-:  outiwt.  It  i:i  rea*onablo  to  bcliere  tlUt  a 
miiM  can  be  Ofiuncd  and  luailu  [u  piy  in  a  niucli  nburtcr  period,  with  ample 
means  in  band,  than  by  atf'nki'tlnic  lo  niaku  tliu  mino  pay  its  war  by  worit- 
Ing  a  onull  force,  or  b^  oilling  in  Tccblo  and  iniulliciont  OMMHcnurtitu  trom 
time  to  time,  iiodcr  whii-h  KVBtcni  n  ruioe  is  slowly  derelopud,  and  if  uvcritu- 
dij  oikccmTuI,  it  is  after  a  lonK  pcrioil  of  unn<»r-«saTy  delay. 

l^tlta^^  Utiu. — From  the  Kcport  of  the  Supcrinlondcnt  of  the  Mine,  Mr. 
Mm  Bacon,  dated  KoTembcr  13,  I8AS,  m  make  the  fbllowini;  extnet*  rcia* 
tire  lo  the  operation*  of  the  Ustyear,  aiultbe  proapccta  of  the  Company  :— 

My  Smt  duly  wets  (o  CBptoy  all  hands  la  repairing  Iho  old  buildinpi,  and 
In  Ike  oectMU  i>f  nvw  ones ;  tlie  remilt  of  which  may  be  ■ummcd  up  thnii  :— 
A  Iborough  repair  of  the  buildingN  on  the  lucaticn;  lbc«TOctiun  uf  two  dwell- 
in(-houM3.  each  iI3  fmi  by  S3  fett;  an  ofDce,  sa  (t*t  by  S3  (vfl;  and  a 
warvhoirw  attacJied,  Si  feet  by  IS  fvet ;  a  (orpcntti'ii  nhop,  of  «irac  dimcn* 
■iDiia ;  a  hara,  3S  fct4  by  21  feet ;  nnd  a  wbim-huitsi.-,  H  levt  by  43  fert 

The  nbole  of  Ihuitc  have  bvijD  built  in  lbi.<  innic  mibtlnnlial  utid  npgifivid 
manoer,  « ilh  dresacd  Ibnbcr,  anil  ri>T<'rcd  with  HhinglcR  of  tlie  bei^t  (jtiality. 

Attn  rXtanns  about  ten  aim  of  land,  auitable  for  cullivaliun,  and  pnip*- 
ring  a  auUkitiit  »ippiy  of  uUanxiat  for  ciurvnl  and  winter  uso,  we  wi*rv  readjr 


IM 


i/onriM/  ^  C^pifT  Mining  Operation*. 


to  tpply  <.nrwl«H  dirpptly  W  lh»  Mino.    ITiln  hroiiuhl  nn  to  tha  19th  oT  July. 

Fmin  (hot  rlutr  until  Sillh  cf  Soplcmbcr,  when  1  left  the  loatian,  the  work  ' 
hn  pra^mte"!  rapiitlj  and  buccNuruIly,  thu  rMulU  far  txcmilog  mf  WiO$t 
Mngulne  CTptcttlions. 

Tho  adit  level  has  been  ilriren  on  the  i»urw  ot  the  lode  oTcr/oiw  Aundrai 
JM,  from  the  bwe  lowinl  the  ceiitrt  of  the  uplift ;  and  rtquirM  to  b«  voriud 
about  (lirvi;  hitndfwl  foM  additional,  lo  mch  tho  Indicated  point 

In  nprninK  Ui«  uinc^/our  tAo/hi  aro  boinji  nunk. 

SiuftNo.  Lin  about  in4  feet  Mulhofttie  mouth  of  the  adit,  and  la  opened 
into  it  at  (lie  >Ivpth  of  31  ri.M>L 

Shaft  No.  9,  is  about  190  foct  Mnth  of  No.  1,  and  nlio  eiitn  llie  aiUt  at  tbo 
depih  of  43  feet. 

Shan  Ho.  8.  ii  about  HO  feet  on  the  levct  loatb  of  No.  %  wi  b  optnwl 
inlo  the  adit  8l>  feet  rrotn  ih«<  Hiirhcf-. 

Shftft  No.  A,  U  on  the  Kiimmit,  aiid  di.ibint  (mm  No.  3,  about  177  fert.  On 
the  level ;  it  han  Bttimv<l  the  dc;ith  of  05  Ibet,  xnd  require*  lo  be  viink  43 
fe<^  deeper  In  I'i'aoh  (he  a^lit  letul.  It  Ii  itoie  iinilrr  enntiai't  M  lli.it  point, 
«ad  will  be  eoinplcted  by  tith  of  Dtfember.  This  nhnft  it  prrpeiidiculw, 
beinz  intended  mainly  an  ■  working  shnft;  tlie  Other  three  Ibllote  tho  lod* 
and  liiii  allh  llie  rein. 

Two  Krtu  of  mincrx  are  cmplnyrd  at  tho  Ibot  of  No.  3,  in  extending  (be 
adit,  one  driring  mith,  the  other  north.  At  this  point  the  lodi'  in  from  <m« 
and  d  Ai//to  t»9fMt  Ihick,  and  yields  richly  in  hikmj!  nnd  «l«mp  work. 

On<i  Krt  of  minern  afv  employed  at  the  foot  of  No.  9,  in  driving  tho  ai&t 
nulhward ;  and  another  set  in  ntoping  the  hack  (hini  Ni\  S  iiuuth.  Tho  lod* 
In  tliU  shaft  is  well  defined,  and  catrics  i^ood  tiinntp-uork. 

One  Mt  of  Biineni  haa  hem  engaged  in  enlnrginK  nnd  extending  the  old 
drift  «onneetin;r  No§.  8  and  4.  about  30  (tut  below  the  Kitrfnee  nt  No.  3.  and 
opMlfd  a  dnpoiiit  of  nia<»c*  of  native  copper.  Tarying  in  weight  from  100  lbs. 
to  tSO  lb"!.  Thronghont  the  drift,  the  loile  Is  almiit  tito  /«(  Ikkl,  anil 
exwcdingly  rieli  in  bnnvl  utid  Klamp  woric.  I  contemplnto  putting  a  IftfXO 
force  to  trtope  out  the  ^velioii  between  these  two  tiliaftit.  ko  noon  on  lh«  Ml 
Iwol  is  opennd  to  No.  S,  snd  the  water  llius  drawn  off  frithout  tifting,  and 
confidently  expert  it  lo  yield  largely  and  prolltnbly. 

UuriTif!  tlie  lime  engage<l  in  forwnfTiiiig  the  mining  operation!!,  an  excellent 
dm  bn.^  Ik'cii  erceleil,  at  a  point  wlicri'  \U  }>o«(r  e»n  be  miplojed  both  tn 
aftH  Nos.  !t  and  4.  with  equal  eflioiiTiiry. 

,\t  Ihe  tini^  I  left  the  mine,  brsiilcis  She  qiinntity  of  ore  I  biouglit  down 
to  hare  teMeil  by  a'.-lrjot  nineltiiig,  the  result  of  whieli  I  a|ipend  aa  a  part  of 
this  report,  and  the  Inrite  !|tiiinlily  of  apiTlmr'na  now  rcmRlning  nt  the  ofllet 
of  Ihe  L'mniHiiiy,  IbcTe  were  rfady  for  nhijnnent,  nnd  rtniliiig  your  order,  oier  ■ 
filly  Ions  of  nMivf  copper,  bnrrel.  and  sUni]!  work,  of  "imilar  '[Dnlily. 

We  hnvc  had  but  liltle  opporiunity  In  wni|ity  iiiih  thai  portion  of  yonr  ' 
inotruelionK,  enjoiuitig  n  rigorou*  examination  for  other  minei  on  the  landa  ' 
of  the  Coin|.<uiy. 

The  ininll  party  that  rouVI  be  spared  on  Ibnt  duty,  fi>r  a  limited  tlittc^ 
hate  ot>enerl  the  grfiTind  -n  the  low  InndK,  at  several  poinW  north  of  Ihc  lire*- 
«et  working*,  to  test  the  elinmcter  of  Ihe  rock,  and  in  eit-ry  cnse  have  lound  ' 
It  to  be  a  healthy  trap.    Tho  high  ETiiimda  were  also  exnniined  with  tho  nine 
Ticwa,  and  like  re.inlls,  tlm*  eitJibliiiliinir  the  mdnlliriToiis  chnmcter  of  tho 
rock  whieh   iindcrlieH  the  tract  pnrtinliy  emmineJ.     Kuriy  in   the  coniing  > 
ic««nn,  a  sufOeirnt  force  will  be  iIi'LiiM  to  proipecl  il  lliorougbly,  and  flnomi 
Ihe  hvorable  indicationH.  1  do  not  doubt  of  ■iieecAi. 

Ukik  Sik  ;— We  linrc  :iioe!tpd  the  ore  delircred  br  you  for  that  purpoMC^  ' 
ete.;— 

S  miuuci,  mnrks'l  7,  M.Cv..  IMK  Ih>. 
4bhl>.  "  •■  MM 

awi  ft-., 

■ad  hare  obtalnixl  from  it  1387  Ibn.  of  copper. 


'  Jomtmi  (^  Coj/pir  Miming  Ofnatioiu. 
Tbt  yMi  of  th*  coppor  k  m  foUowfi,  tiib  >— 

1  nuMM,  j  i?!  i  TT9    ■'     ■' 


1» 


4    do. 


su 


M 

to 

II 


Total  ri<u 
Jonx  BjkOHi. 

DaiBMT.  tMtitr  lOU,  IMl 


Tnil/ )-oani. 


lM.St 

IWT 


J,  R.  OaovT, 


AiMuuf  CopptT  Miuiifj  Ctmtpany.—'nti  property  of  Uiti  compkity  it 
ImU*<)  ftt  Puiliit  K«v«i'iitiir,  mi  l^u  Superior.  Tlic  Cumpanj'  Is  oi^oiMd 
uad«r  t)i*  gtnrrnl  ininin(>  ln«r  of  Mklilgaii.  Hi*  offlccra  arv  John  S.  F.lilrMgd, 
Prandent;  A.  >V.  Sjvnccr,  SrerctmyuidTrcMiircr;  Samiii'1  W.  ilill,  tirntral 
Sapcnntcndent :— J.  S.  Kldridgc,  T.  II.  I'cikin*,  Jr^  iloriLUo  BIkcIow,  JoM-pb^ 
W.  Clafi,  aDd  8.  W.  Uill,  nve  the  Uirvcton.  Tbe  report  t-f  Ui«  oSlccn  »Ut 
OM  tilt  c*plt4l  U  all  |»i<J  in,  and  Oliu  hundred  Ihuiunod  dulUn  is  duTulvd  Ul 
working;  Ibe  mine. 

The  report  of  Mr.  J.  D.  ^VhiUicj,  upon  tliii  mine,  prCMoU  (he  Tullowli 
fiiTi>r«b4u  conaidentiMiH; — 

At  th«  Umo  I  v«i<  Oivt*.  IhiKiich  KCTenl  vdns  had  been  dlMOTcn-iL  Ih  _ 
oain  or  notit  impnrlnnl  lode,  d(-.<i|^.i[Ml  by  llr.  SIvvgdii  iw  "Vein  Na  1,*J 
had  not  been  fouitd ;  I  rnoiiul,  Ihcrrforr.  uprak  from  per*oti*l  knowlrdsc  m] 
la  (his  Ti'in,  but  must  rvf^r  you  lo  lli«  nporl  ot  Wm.  II.  Slevvno,  EHt|..  ttlinaie  I 
(kill  and  cxncritDCc  in  cxplorlnt.  and  iriiiMe  TittniJiarity  with  thv  luiotrat^ 
ngkn  of  Iakc  Superior,  are  well  Known  lo  you. 

I  can,  howctcr,  fiire  you  xornc  hinLt  with  n^i^rd  ta  the  Mtuation  of  th 
location  tuid  lh(^  rui'ililii-s  fur  Hurkiiig  the  vtiii.t  upon  it  ivltick  may  be  at\ 
(WTtic*  to  you ;  If)  th(i  mean  liiiio  rrfvrTlnc  yoii,  for  fi:rthcr  ififormatioii,  to  our'l 
RmmtI  on  the  OcoIoRf  of  iht  I.nke  Siiptrior  Land  DiKlrirl,  which  will  !>•] 
patathed  tliia  iriottr  by  ordiT  of  ConpT«>.  and  whieb  will  cootoiii  nlX  the  in* 
RMwaliun  of  hnrortance  to  thv  praelieal  miner  Nad  thu  capllaliiil,  whicti  I  oM  j 
abll  to  eolith  aurinjt  llie  pail  tcummcr. 

Tbo  location  of  the  "  Summit  MtDinK  Compuiy,"  ooiomuing  a  portion  of  , 
Stctiona  19  ami  80,  in  TDimHiitp  S8  Nurtli.  Kaii^  30  \\  tat  of  IW  {-rineiiu^ 
nwridlaii  of  Htdilnn,  bi  probably  as  IkvonAIy  fiinatod  as  any  Imct  on  LiVt  1 
SaMrior,  1n>IIi  witri  rrnnrd  to  itx  i;cnlo);iral  pcisninn,  ihc  lacilltwH  for  opening  ] 
mi  wOriting  a  mine,  and  for  coTiveiiiviK'i-  of  tranniiortalion  to  and  frum  th»  j 
tjAt.  T)iu  diitnnce  froin  the  priiicipn)  vein  lo  Eagle  Ilurliur  h  tlinre  uiiliii;  i 
and  a  plank  roa<1  ou^ht  t<>  he  rinxtnii^trd  Ihrnngh  tlip  break  in  Ihc  tr«])-rangCL  I 
a  liUte  to  the  wo^,  which  will  svrvu  the  purpnw  of  n  numbrr  of  ilillcrcnl  i 
COapanira  now  at  work  nluii^  the  bhilTs  <.-ti»t  nnil  went,  niid  tvbicb  U'ill  fuiuiill 
a  (heap  and  excellent  mi'an^  'if  commnnlcalion  with  a  good  liarbor. 

The  loealion,  eomjiri'inK  alwitit  KIJO  ncre*,  is  of  initloifnt  extent  to  offarJ 
an  abundant  mpplr  of  timber  for  use  in  the  mine.  Luildins  houws  and  other 
|)urpo«e4.    There  i$  an  uliiitvdaiieu  of  water  fur  Mauiping  and  wa^iing  lli*  I 
OKI,  and  Eopplyinf;  Kteiun-cnpnt's. 

Tbe  BeoloKical  pi»ition  of  the  location  is  luvb  an  In  make  it,  a  priori, 
highly  probable  that  oiie.'  or  luori-  fforuX  irurkablt-  viirm  of  iiatii~c  copp<;r  would  , 
be  fonoil  npon  it.     tt  in  ftiinal'/d  upon  the  itrcat  ntctalllferoaB  hell  of  Ki'weo*  ( 
naw  Point,  nnd  lin  imm'>dialc1y  to  the  tnaKh  of  the  thin  belt  of  connlnmerate 
which  sepantes  the  linnl,  cryalftllini'.  non-mctalliferoua  tranpcnti  n)tk  on  tli*  | 
nonJ)  tyoiD  lli^  prO'lui.-tix-  aim tcilnlold  on  Ih*  aouth.     It  M  in  lltt<  Ainypln- 
Icnda)  belt  nnd  in  close  proximity  to  the  conttlotnirate  lh*t  the  rich  copiwr 


190 


Jevrnat  ff  Copper  Afiiin^  Opfratimt*. 


bcarini  vi^in*  of  Hewecnaw  Point  are  now  hting  worked,  u  ■  f^liner  M  th» 
gNlO^al  uiip  or  Ikis  rrgion  will  nliow.  The  productive  Tcins  <-ut  th« 
mppcan  tockn  at  a  riRht  anjlo  with  the  sitiko  of  the  Mts  of  ijriieoug  and 
Mdimratarr  roek,  whirh  is  hero  ncnrly  cbbI  will  wrst,  and  RcncrallT  h»Te  ft 
nearly  Titlicsl  dip.  Tbcy  Iiare  been  found  to  bold  (heir  incLiRie  contrnU 
luidimlnisbed  in  ^niBUljr  almoiit  ebw  up  lu  ttii'  roiig:Ioi])i'rale,  nrxl  ititrt.  In  no 
instance,  been  found  to  run  out  on  brine  worVvil  lo  ih(<  Eoiilh.  The  ad*sn- 
bgrx  nliirh  this  position  of  ihe  vein*  jrivts  for  wojpkiiii;  ihcm  ore  tctv  gn*t. 
An  adil  Iivi'l  niuy  be  run  in  on  thv  counn;  of  the  vein,  tliti.i  pruiing  il  as  tli« 
worV  iirogTf^svs  at  a  eoii»itArille  icK-rcaiiiiii;  depth,  hiuec  tlk«  protind  rlsct 
rapiilly  to  the  north.  The  veins  nre  very  free  from  water,  in  that  they  may 
be  worked  to  a  eonvidemblc  dcptli,  find  the  mine  thoroushiy  proved  niUiout 
Ihe  neeewily  of  nulling  up  exptnuive  insi'tHiicry.  The  character  of  tb»  t»in- 
litone  of  the  really  mrtntlifcrong  velnti.  and  the  whole  luipeel  nf  ihe  rtina  in 
IkiN  f^lopenl  position,  is  very  mneh  the  snme.  from  the  ClitT  Mine  rnrf  ut  &r 
aa  the  Uatia  Mini',  which  i.i  lew  Ihnn  half  ■  Riile  went  of  the  principal  vein  ot 
the  Simiwll  Co.  Vein  No.  1  reecuiHes  very  itiiieli  ilie  prineipnl  vein  of  the 
IHnii  MinitiK  Co.,  whicii  ia  now  beinp  worked  willi  flatterinu  prospci'fii  of 
tuecctu.  In  fnet  the  (■nni'uci  of  tbcNe  two  nnines  could  hirdlr  he  (listing^iiithed 
IVotn  each  other  hi  hmid-spcciintnii.  They  conidsl  of  ohliTile,  prehoHe, 
limrlx,  esle-npar,  snd  fiiuftll'T  ppoporlions  t't  gome  of  the  leolUin  minerals. 
Tlio  prinripal  vein  of  the  Snmmil  Co.  nppesrs,  froin  the  kperinirni  which  I 
have  eKamined.  to  be  iinu<<tmlly  rich  in  BtlvcT;  aixl  it  i^  to  be  )iopeiI  that  Uie 
yield  of  Ibis  rnein!  maybe  foinid  to  niW  malcrinlly  to  the  vnhie  nf  tho  mine. 

At  Iho  time  of  my  visit  to  tiiis  location,  esplomtions  hfld  just  commvnced 
upon  it,  and  had  shown  the  preienee  of  several  rtins  of  protniioe.  Hwilar  in 
l^ei^I  ehsrarler  to  those  now  irorkluj;  in  the  tieiph^.orbootl.  Vein  No.  1 
HoeRin,  IVoin  Mr.  Rtevens'n  nccoiint,  anil  from  the  speeimcns  I  hnvc  examlM)di 
to  be  one  of  hi;;h  vnliie,  md  I  ^holI1d  not  hcsitnte  to  advise  itx  bripg 
thoroughly  proved  by  sinkinf;  and  drivinf;  upon  it,  aa  I  consider  that  tho 
chanced  alv  decid«illy  In  favor  of  ilK  being  |iron(ably  worked. 

The  folloiviug  h  llie  report  of  Mr.  W.  U.Stcvenii,  referred  to  in  Ihe  rcmarka 
of  Mr.  Wliilney. 

The  ininin^c  locnllon  of  the  SiTinntit  Miniiij;  Conip&nv  is  gittiated  cpon  Sec- 
lioiiK  lU  and  3",  in  Township  CH  North,  Itnnio  III)  Went  of  the  rorridinn  of 
Mlclii^n,  and  contain.*  ttlmnt  lipbt  Imndrcd  acres  of  mineral  Innit  aU  of 
whieh  lie*  on  the  greiit  inctatlifcraiifi  ranRe  of  Keweenaw  Point.  Ita  diftiuice 
Ironi  tiagle  Harbor  i«  lew<  than  three  onil  a  half  milcB;  and  ■  good  itnd  can 
lie  RUfle  to  that  point  at  a  moderato  c.vpcnse,  and  with  (centio  asooncnaiC  UmI 
deseendinx  c™des. 

TItc  entire  location  Is  eoT«T«d  by  a  bMtitifnl  growlb  of  ina|>1e.  birch,  t»n«, 
bamwooil,  luilsnni,  sjiriieo  and  cedar.  &iiflleient  for  buiTdinjz  and  for  iXi  i&inln{ 
p-irpowii,  for  mnny  yeara.  There  U  a  small  Ktreiun  pasiinit  ckiao  by  th«  nbie^ 
that  n'illnl  nil  liintN  afford  all  water  that  will  bun'<tniredfur«tamping,wasluri][, 
steam -en pine,  etc. 

Upon  thiH  loentiom  them  are  tliree  larice,  imTI-deflned  and  troe  naltvt  eop- 
pcr-hi'nrinK  vein*,  all  nf  wlneb  are  coiopoocd  of  much  the  tame  material,  situ- 
ated ill  the  same  melalliferoiw  nin|!«  of  rocV,  ami  within  half  a  mile  of  each 
other,  on  which  account  a  deAcripllon  of  one  will  ari^n-er  for  alt. 

Vein  Na  1  has  been  opened  at  sevcra)  different  pointn  within  «Mn»  two 
ihoonnd  feet,  by  cmsK-eutttn^  at  the  intrfiwc.  It  will  aven^  Imn  2  to  S| 
feet  tu  width.  The  directiun  i«  K.  10*  \V.,  and  it*  dip  nearly  vertical.  Hm 
vcin':<lDne  is  a  aiixlnrx  nf  enle.spnr.  qnarir,  prohnit*,  ehlodta  ami  Uirmonlte, 
and  it  Ih  a*  thomnehly  charged  wilji  native  copptr  n  airr  ran  I  ever  aaw, 
white  the  proportion  of  nilver  e.tceeda  thai  of  any  mine  which  lioa  been  onencd 
nn  the  sootli  afanrc  "f  Lxkc  Superior.  The  vvin  ia  well  defined,  with  two 
pxd,  KntooUi  walU  lined  with  laumonitet     It  shoan  ft  Gombcd  atmctun,  Um 


I 
I 


Jovrtml  ly  Capptr  Miniitp  OptmtioKt. 


m 


Ttin-atone  forming  Uyen  panlM  with  the  cotme  oTUie  rein.  Dc 
bu  taki'Ci  plaL'u  al  lliu  Mirrai«  U>  mnae  vxWnl,  hatiug  Mmnidcnble  bimm*  Of 
pure  Bij>]KT  mTrilo|H:.t  in  the  decomposed  rrjn-slonc  niiil  rvbonatil  of  «npor. 
I  taa  uMy  aUlc  thiit  4II  Ibc  crideniy  iriiirli  can  Iw  cxpccrlcil,  or  mkrd  iW,  1* 
ban  povaeet  to  juHlify  uf  scioMiQc  or  |m('ti<^  luui  tii  uniTtinj;  tlinl  (bin  m 
k  tni«  natiro  coppvr-bcsftng  nbi  of  ncowUt^  oorapleUoii,  an>l  ibat  it  will, 
when  ^iciifd  mflldcMlj,  nuko  *  dmilenii-paj'iBC  Biinc. 

TIm  *fin»  oil  Ihia  location  arv  ao  tltuatcd  acun  tlie  HouUiern  eitcarpnicMt 
of  the  tnpfiun  nnfx,  that  an  adlt-lcvol  can  bo  (!riv«n  tn  od  tbeircoarMv  (!■■■■) 
aflbrditig  crcr;;  &dlit>-  (or  opcnins,  (InuniciK.  nn<l  warkJnx  tho  iniDo,  fbr  ooana 
twdra  hiindrvxl  fnxl  in  Ipii^lli,  nnd  lw»  huiidrcil  r«i;t  in  dc|>Ih.  ami  oil  direcUy 
on  (Ik  n-ursR  of  the  Tvin  where  it  will  |iroilucv  oopiwr;  and  shuulil  it  pme 
a*  |)VuductiTe  aa  aurfiioc  isdicatjomi  prnmino,  it  wUl  pay  a  Mnslilarabla  por- 
(foil  of  Ua  uipcduii  wltilc  thu  Itrd  iit  bang  driven,  nnd  ax  Mian  an  atopjng 
la  cofiinieaonl  it  wfll  pay  a  handftornu  pn^fll,  wlik-li  nill  bo  incceaaed  t»  iba 
voric  proKTOMai  and  tho  fotvc  i«  incrcoMi).  T!\><sc  vrinM  aro  <«nHN>Md  «f  tlia 
ouno  imtcriul  aiid  havu  the  nine  j^logical  |H»itioii  m  the  Cliff  fPlitabarx 
and  OoMon).  North- Woaicm,  Xanh.Woat,  and  other  produetivv  adt-itn  in  the 
0Miiitf7,  and  in  cvtrrf  partleutRr  enmpnrc  fiTomlilj  iiith  them.  Tlit  uriiieifial 
win  pTodiiwa  more  ailvtr  thati  anj-  oliicr  mine  thui  lu  opened  in  the  ooiin- 
trj,  In  firoporlion  to  llic  nmoutil  of  work  done. 

Mjr  explontionc  werp  n>idc  upon  tliU  Iraet  with  a  view  In  lUliiru  nMBc 
operatiotu,  aiul  taking  into  xivw  Ilii.-  ndtnntiit^  of  timber  In  tho  ImmodtatB 
ficiiiil.V,  wWirr  M  the  iiiiiit-,  tin'  proxiiuitjr  of  a  eood  harbor,  tb<  great  TacilitiM 
fordninioK  nnd  worklni;  a  mine.  nnd.  above  all,  tho  promising  cltaradn  of 
the  Ttinii,  1  can  Etftly  ri'i^nmnicn  j  it  upnn  Its  nierita  ax  too  valuable  not  la  be 
^ened  and  workol,  especially  at  tlie  [ireieiit  priuw  of  oopper  and  ailver. 

TM.nK  caraouoKno  kiniko  cohtaxt  or  lakk  mraaoR. 

Shaft  No.  1,  CO  fret ;  shaft  No.  3.  ^in^  fort ;  ih.ift  So.  :l.  mo  twt ;  ahaft" 
No.  i,  145  fret;  iBfjclliee  62(1  fei-t  of  nhnfLi.  Tht  10  fiithoin  level  Id  dnven 
lOTS  feet;  the  30  fathom  k-vel  h  driven  439  feel;  185))  ftet  ha;!  Iwvn  irtopct^ 
llnM  iMktng  about  in,!l3t  mbin  feet  of  mineral  matter  ralb-il  t»  the  Mrfac^ 
wlilch  win  pfudiKe  TBJ  ton«  of  pure  eopper,  and  by  thim  drirlnjt  the  Icreh 
aod  inking  the  ahafta  IIB.TOO  eubic  feel  ban.'  t>eni  opened  and  pTepartd  fi)*' 
■Iciping,  wdMi  •rill  produee  076}  toim  of  pure  copper. 

lli«  (Mt  g^  naktnft  xhalU  and  drlTini;  tcveli  at  Ihic  mine  wlQ  trtwtfc 
(bout  SO  ecntu  per  cabin  Krat,  while  It  cmhI;!  only  about  10  OMita  per  oibic 
fool  fat  slopinj.  Thu*  it  will  \>v  wen  th.nt  to  nope  !HT,'i*)  (able  (tct  of 
^rounil  will  eo't  ♦■')<,VlJS,  !vnd  irlll  pro'hiec  IITSJ  tonn  of  pure  copper,  whie]^ 
at  3S  eenW  jier  Ih,,  woolii  nmoiint  to  1289.100. 

Thin  es-timale  is  ba.ted  upon  an  avemn  of  one  foot  wiiltli  of  refii  and  «on- 
talnmg  live  p«r  ccni.  of  ropprr  (Ineln'tinjc  maai,  barrel,  and  utanip  copperX 
when  ill  faet  it  Is  aolilom  worked  viben  It  in  loui  than  ■  foot  wide. 

iiiToiqtb  a  liKOt  portion  of  this  mine  it  in  Itoid  SO  inches  to  S  feel  iriiltv 
arid  at  ocTeTal  points  Hwelln  10  R^  to  4  ft  el  in  nidlli.  htU  charged  with  DiUMI 
of  2,000  Iha.  downwards  to  barrel  and  rirJi  Ktanip  work. 

It  ii  a  Irup  T<-in  of  nceondnrj  completion,  has  good  and  »ecll-de6n«d  wallt^ 
a  coiahed  structurr,  and  perfeet  dMTcaj:e, 

It  will  U  a  profllable,  dividend. pity inj;  mine,  ax  aoon  m  the  (tarapt  an 
pill  kUo  adivo  operation,  and  the  cupper  prvpared  for  niarkct. 

AMtoiun  iintt?t<i  coitrjtirr.  * 

Tho  miiM  Is  sltnnted  oe  llic  ea^t  aide  of  the  Toltec— and  .this  Campany  ik 

working  the  Mine  vein  by  linkirtii;  lwt>  sb.ifU,  and  drivliie  .in  adit  level,  which 

win  connect  the  sbafi*  lit  a  depth  of  40  foct  ftoin  tho  tuHaec,  tliiis  dminini 

and  rcnlilalrri);  the  mine. 

Itie  T«In,  at  thia  point,  ia  compnKd  of  th«  Mine  matcri*!*— Lu  good  and 


IflB 


•AmrMaf  ^'  CopptT  iRniiig  Optratieua. 


vdl-^fincd  walls,  And  in  nrcry  [•ttnicuUr  oompnTca  w*\\  vith  lh«  Toltce 
Bibe. 

b  U  s»i^^  to  Mtintalc  tlic  viiltie  of  tliU  luinv  the  same  u  lli«  TcJt«r,  taking 
iftlo  comidcratjon  the  dlfllivncc  of  worV  done; 

TBI  UUI   UOVAUO   A»»  roUTAQK   UltCO. 

Th«  Iilu  Koyale  and  I'Orta^  ninea  arc  truly  mtramoih  rtkia,  tailing  lo 
vldth  ttom  Ave  or  six  fi^ct  to  beMrMn  iwvntjr  and  tMrt^  hit.  Th«  groAMl 
depth  attained  in  Iho  fcimicr  k  now  130  feet,  and  abounds  in  mull  ma**  and 
bwrel  tr(>[i[iiT,  ratlicr  thnJi  ilaDi]>  work.  There  ti  no  doubt  hi  taf  niiK)  Ibtan 
are  gornl,  Inie,  and  well  ikftTii'ili'rlnK.aml.Judtilnf  IVMinelvUlBnMviatifhl, 
I  am  uiii;lioil  that  nr.  Inn;!  they  irill  hn  diTidrnil-payinx  mitKn.  The  ptoent 
furce  cni)>to_v«l  iri  80  xann.  incliuliits  3<!  minerc 

The  l*ortn;pi  aii'l  Allitoii  both  bnvo  Ihu  ifle  Royalo  Teiii,  ItBt  an  noir  at 
work  on  aiiutliE.'r  of  the  mine  rliarancr.  and  of  equal  width  and  promice,  and 
frill  iitiilouhledly  loake  |;oud  dividend-pnyliig  luincit.  ^Iii  sauie  nngo  iin- 
donbteilly  extcmU  a  lon^  iliManoc,  probubly  IfaroughoBl  this  f.imialinn.  Tl>» 
Huron  Mining  Company  arc  at  wotk  on  the  Mnie  Vein  aomo  mile*  imttb-wcM, 
anil  lh(T<.'  It  no  doubt  thai  it  vitonda  ihrou^'h  iIm-  Hifjley,  Washington,  bmI 
OlhiT  mincK  to  the  north-east. 

The  KuUon  coatinum  tu  look  nell.     I1ic  rein,  in  »omc  polnta,  i»  liill  two 
fci't  wiilc.  mrt^'in^  rieh  aUinp  and  barrel  n-orV.     Tiie  Couip&ny  have  TO  men 
'  eraiiloyeii,  of  whom  Si  are  mlkers.    Th«  BrcMest  depth  aluined  ix  f»  f<M4. 

W.  H.  Sm»3u, 

Extraeta  from  IcUerv  received  froin  Like  Superior,  ikteJ  10U)  I>e- 
evmhvr,  180a:— 

Tlie  Cliff  continue*  to  ahow  Mmwa  aa  onial,  Their  principal  mine-work 
Ibis  vinlcr  in  in  ninking  nliafli  nnd  extcndiiijt  Irvelis  prepantnry  to  doping 
tturing  the  aunimer,  uheii  the  copper,  as  Gul  iia  nisei]  &om  llie  uiine,  can  be 
,  Pint  to  niarkel. 

At  the  Norlli  American  ihey  arc  Kinki'iK  ^hiifto  and  driving  leeclfl,  to  ofivn 

their  luiiiu  on  a  more  enteinurc  acnlo.     The  vein  provn  cxecedingly  rich  in 

,  All  places  of  working,  canying  mxiB  aiid  barrel  ropper,    Them  ia  Mne  SO 

,  tona,  of  the  SOO  tana  maiiK.  Hlilt  in  the  mine,  Wkidva  many  Hoatler  mawoa  of 

two  and  llircu  Ions  and  upwarJ*. 

Tlie  CujipiT  Pulls  iiiiiii.-9  nro  being  0|>oni?d  iipon  a  more  exlcnulTv  tcniv 

,  4han  any  oUiu'  nn  the  I^kc.     TIh<  deep  adit  liivi-l  commenciid  b  Oe.tol>cr  hA, 

.  at  the  I'l^Fiu  of  ibc  mouniaio,  n-ill  drain  the  mine  about  SCiO  feet  deep,  ntid 

optD  nn  imiitn-io  block  of  KiViiiid  f'^r  ^[u|lillf.  at  a  inueh  Ic9»  expertgu  Inaii  \t 

tuinally  ini:iirred.   Their  vein  is  novr  opcnvd  Hoinu  l.IKH)  feet  In  length  and  SSO 

[  fcet  deep,  fWim  which  liait  lieeii  taken  more  than  150  tonn  copper,  and  there  ii 

1  DOW  more  llian  I  DO  tona  of  maim  and  barnl  cupper  in  Mglit  in  llie  mine.     Tlio 

rprcwmC  appearance  of  llwlr  working  fully  iraimnU  the  opinion  that  ihoif 

■bipuientxof  eopperocxt  Miason  will  be  upwards  of  50**  tons, 

W.  H.  Srtvex!,  SI  WallsL,  Ne«  Ym*. 

■rnr  colleqe  .wb  iiki-i.kh  eorrrn  kiids.  ~ 

We  take  tho  following  exlnicU  from  the  rvport  of  Dr.  Eighta  on  Ibose 
[•km:— 

Ttie  Ilepler  rein  la  *iluated  about  twenty  mile*  in  a  aoiith-wMteriy  d(T«ctian 
ftnsi  <irtvn>boro',  and  but  a  abort  diHlanco  from  the  route  of  the  (in-at  Onlnl 
allroail,  from  the  north.    It  oenipiM  a  jxnilioii  at  the  cominenccment  of  one 
rttiocctliiliitdeprcsiionatn  the«)it,iThieIi  rxtonds  In  a  northern  direction,  uvd 
cmiiiial.-i  ill  a  sill  ravine.     The  limit  of  (hii  teio  in  rxtcnt  is  at  pnaent  no! 
nllely  knoirn,  but  from  the  indii'ations  t>rv«enleO  lo  view,  there  can  exiai 
.  doubt  but  that  it  conlinun  along  ii«  counw  for  lome  ■nile<i  Ui  clllite 


JotirtuU  of  Oipprr  Mining  Opentiont. 


\W 


dirvctjon.  It  nimatt  iu  nmfn  In  a  direct  line  Ooin  Uw  norili-etit  to  lb* 
(outli-wut,  which  prrTcrlljr  Mvmqioiidx  to  the  rcmnc  of  the  mmplrtc  Tcin 
nrMMn  Ihraiiftliaut  Ikp  Klatc.  lu  bnadlh  is  Ttrioiu,  conTcrging  iii  noma 
pUcn  in  rurh  ■  Riiiinor  mi  to  briii^  Uic  wall«  in  iuiRidctlato  Moitaci,  and  then 
•(•in  niMnnXj  Kwclting  oat  inln  c\t<-jiuvc  mawcx.  which  mny  ho  iw«n  «uc- 
wwhdj  14  »lt(TiHtc  Ihrottelioiil  iu  wlioic  cxtunL  Tht  iiifttrix  of  the  T«jn  m 
irUla  qntrU,  frcqnvnily  oolwrtd  of  x  runty  Lrown,  from  tho  oxidatJcn  of  tbt 
ifon  whidi  it  CM>t«in& 

Tfao  ntil  vein  which  became  the  subject  of  our  inTMligatien  wu  Ikat 
wUch  In  l«nnod  tli«  "  Cullvjc*  Minu."  uttutcd  attoal  lliirtcMt  mllta  IWoa 
GrcciMbor^,  in  nnrly  the  faat«  direction  with  tint  other,  anit  nt-out  cqiullr 
(li.il.int  from  lh«  railroa.l  Imvk.  Its  pcnttion  ix  Tcry  intcrcilinB,  tn-iiig  ulaocd 
U  llir  JunclUTu  of  iwo  Miiall  strenniii,  w)iitd  tlicj'  tiiti-rsi^l  cftoli  •itiier  nt 
nearly  riftht  angluL  Our  of  ihrKo  Etrt'oinii  wciuc  to  Icillow.  in  a  mnntiir,  iba 
«Mntc  of  tl>*  true  vein.  whiV  the  other,  without  doubt,  will  he  found  Iu  miv- 
Ifaive  In  the  ilircrtinii  of  a  croM  «ounu  to  llie  priiicipnl  vtii>,  iiweiinx  iliivriJj 
U  the  toucbinx-point  of  liie  nteaniN  aeox  where  tbo  ahaft  is  >unk  Inlo  the  rein. 
The  wliilc  iiuuu  matrix,  at  thin  place,  pretenta  a  hc«uliful  appearance.  cn>a> 
piag  out  at  tlw  nurftco  of  the  jti-ouiid  for  Homo  ooiwidvrihlu  <lii-tMicv  'n 
■rrndib,  and  exhiUtinfi  ibc  hright  and  pure  marka  of  copper  pyritc*.  of 
nriowi  ditnciwioiBi,  and  tt  turaewhat  regular  witerraU  llirou|:li4uI  ilH  wh<>1a 
•xl«fit.  Tlila  i(iirfi>(4  copjH'r  n  t:t'n«'ral]y  uiilltd  with  coinMnallnnH  of  cryMal' 
liied  iron  pjritcii,  wlilfh  %crn\si  Rradiiallr  to  diuppcar  ax  the  vein  tiKTtasn  in 
ibpth,  until  it  is  scarcely  (u  lie  fuun'l.  but  in  the  Mniallest  graiiiiliLlcil  pronor- 
tlww.  The  Khali  Iiih  hvrv  lipcn  ^iinli  into  (h«  voin  for  tlio  dUlAnrc  ol  about 
liKirteen  fc«t,  and  tnnny  exccpiiingly  rich  nnd  heautidil  apccimcni  of  coiipcr 
Hrittn  liave  been  ttiruwn  up  from  that  iltjith ;  and  what  Bwms  twjt  Sitt<r««t- 
ing  to  lut  is,  that  (hey  do  not  appear  to  b«  awocIal«il  with  any  other  luincral 
of  lhi«  ran,  hut  ditpenml  utahort  intcfvab  in  quite  citciiKivc  niuwK,  througti 
what  appeant  tu  bo  nearly  pure  whtto  quartx.  This  matrix,  huwcKcr.  upi^ii  a 
dowO'  iinpudkiii,  'u.  fuuiiil  to  cuulain  among  ittf  caiistitu«nt  part*  a  v^ry  kreo 
prv^Mrtlon  of  enrlmoatv  of  lime,  which  caiuoe  it  ttvUy  to  •n'orrtacc  ui^on  thd 
ippiicatiou  of  acidi. 

HASiusAs  (-orrKH  Hiac 

Thta  mrne  ii  in  the  neigliburhoud  uf  ManoHnaB  Oap,  Pauqiner  Co.,  Tlr> 
(^nta.  Fran  a  report  of  Prof  Pimro'.  nnflft  'late  of  Nnwmbw  I9th.  IfiiS,  wo 
mako  the  fcllowlnc  ptlmctK  rekiive  In  ihc  progress  of  optT*tioni!  nt  the  mine: 

Comiderablc  prog^ss  hna  been  made  in  cxcnvntion  «incc  my  tuit  in  Uaivh 
baL  A  (hod  bai  been  Htink  to  the  depth  of  about  6ll  Icet,  cutting  a  rt!n  of 
r»d  oxiite  of  eoppor  noar  Ifac  top  of  tlir  hill  and  at  a  Jiiilanco  of  about  20  feet 
bdow  tbo  aiirfacG.  I  MW  acvcral  tons  of  ore  of  fine  (giiatity  lyinf;  near  th« 
dufl,  and  takwi,  an  I  nan  informed,  from  lliiMcin  alhideJ  to.  Proui  mar  t!i« 
boU<mi  of  thu  aliall  •  drifl  (a  \x\ti%  inado  in  a  north -weHtcHy  dircciion  with  a 
riewof  cuttintt  nome  of  the  viiiis  nt  tliii  hi];h  level. 

Lower  down  tho  hill  n  iiit  han  bevn  mink  to  th«  depth  of  about  IS  trti. 
nb  also  cuts  near  tho  »iirfiicc  a  h(^l  of  very  lino  rtd  oxide  of  copper.  Scvtnl 
tow  of  rtrj  rich  ore  lie  alio  about  the  mouth  of  lhi«  ahnft 

8UII  lower,  an  aJit  133  fti't  lun^  lias  1>ecn  niadv.  which  is  cxpccltHl  to  rut 
Vffo  of  UM'  Ttinn  of  nxl  nxidr  at  about  ttfi  fi-ct  vrrlirally  bclnw  ihe  niiTbce, 
It  i*  net  prrtectly  itrai;-ht.  but  iti  i^tnieral  direction  ia  nc>rth-wnL  tn  Ihil 
tdit  a  lode  \\»»  been  opcni'ii,  i»  which  I  will  pniwntly  alluilc. 

AvctJccmMilcrihlciuaTttily  r^orc  luu  Itcn  taken  nnt  of  the  iliflWnt  Iria 
thalb;,  etc..  already  tpokrn  of  Mnch  of  this  couH  bo  iicnt  directly  to  marktCH 
ami  nrtb  a  litllv  brvaking  and  cntling  by  hand.  BCViTml  loiw  (i-ay  fn>tu  SO  tC  I 
SO)  of  a  hifh  ptr  ecntai^r  ewild  be  immrdintely  ohl^ncd. 

T^ierc  is  aitw  naiteb  excellent  ore  in  the  boulders  vhidi  lie  acatterod  ovbk 

Vol.  n.— U 


Javrnat  «f  Ccpp*r  Sfinmy  Optivthat. 


the  inirAi>r.  Rrtfnklti);  them  Mt  nailain  m  I  dimbM)  up  t!w  hilt,  Krent  floe 
^wcinmii  of  tlip  i«d  uiiile  I're  wvro  oli(aini<d.  Il  iroutd  he  inio  to  offtr  A 
eoii}«t<>r«  M  to  IIiK  «rnou:il  of  inrta]  thiM  ofTurinK  luolf  to  the  Compftiif,  bat 
ft  U  probnMT  very  IntTir,  «inl  (I  could  be  cosilv  cbilectod. 

I  hHvc  itfvn  ti'i  rraHon  lo  cfaansc  l)iv  fivorable  opiuionmlrcitJy  fS|irt8WdtN 
my  miort  of  IabI  M»rc)i.  1'li<  on  M  the  summit  of  llin  hill  natr  the  KarAKW, 
■nd  tMt  eontftinnl  in  Ihc  boiitden,  ■■  ol  Ihr  »tme  character — red  ind  liloek 
oxide  (the  focraur  iti  givBttut  kbuodnnor)  and  iiutlvi-  Mfipcr.  dlitMiniutci] 
through  »n  epiiJoto  i^Kni).  Of  lliis  Ihctv'  iniiil  be  n  ([nat  r|aantit]r,  fuico 
every  (rial  iJiall  «hieb  bai;  been  Hunk,  Ki  n-etl  ai  every  i^eii  cut  irliioh  hu 
buen  iiudc  in  nilable  plaiiets  hta  tunied  uut  notable  quantitk's  of  Itiia  enliik- 
b1«  Are. 

The  vein^  in  the  nilrond  cut  *]>okeii  of  in  a  prrTimiii  reiiort,  contnin  the 
clitFurciil  KulpliureU  of  copper.  A  Tcrj  lar~v  (jaitrtxuii.'  ludi' Iiam  boon  oponvd 
by  the  exrnvnl.loii!!  fbr  gradhig  (he  r»i>ronil.  II  hnn,  however,  lii>en  eut  only 
on  Che  opper  siirbec  or  baek,  lO  thai  no  dellnilc  opinion  ean  be  farmed  of  it* 
yiLhv;  btU  frtrni  iLi  ippe«nuice  irill  probahly  prwJuee  well.  Tbisi^oriM  protm- 
bly  ha  dpc^rriiiiii'd  by  ttnklnga  irisl  shaft  or  scries  of  pit*  to  the  soiithrwst  of 
Mr.  Hail'K  hon.ic^,  or  by  drinnK  aii  adit  to  ths  south  of  the  raJIroid  mt  n;<;ain- 
mondcil  by  Mr.  SiUimnn. 

tn  thn  adit,  as  itilicipsted  by  Mr.  Sillimiiti,  ihe  Imrk  nf  »  very  powerful  lode 
hsA  been  opcni-d  at  about  *0  fett  lioriion tally  fiwai  tht  nurihep.  Tliii  lode  i* 
*t  kMt  13  tevl  MTora  til  tbe  dinspxi:!!  welioci  n'liicb  lb«  ilnll  hns  (nvk — (U 
walii,  an  fur  m  can  bo  at  pment  lecii,  are  |>errei'tly  n'fll  diflni'd.  The  tilato 
around  it  ncpnis  condensed  nnd  otherwise  allcred  n*  if  by  the  ngcnty  of  fin,  . 
and  th«  Ktrxtii  nrc  dii'lDoalvil.  Tlie  bculr  of  (ho  lude,  an  iic.-irly  at  eati  be  do- 
temiincd  front  the  nIiKht  npenin;;  tbnt  h.ii  been  mailc  into  it,  appeam  to  b* 
eompoMd  of  the  ttane  igiieouH  ruck  which  conxtitttte*  tlie  vein  xtune  in  Uia 
OtilW  lodos  on  the  prttperty.  Quarii  is  also  fonnd  abundantly  in  il,  and  ye(- 
loir  aalphuret  and  vilreoin  enppcr  are  dimwcd  through  bolli  it  mid  lb*  slat* 
immediately  covcrinj-  it.  Thi.i  rtht  ought  certainly  tn  be  openrd  nnd  ex« 
amlned,  u  ila  appeunuiMii  am  very  iiroiuiBiri;;.  'I'liiti  could  be  done  wilhoirf 
disLurbinK  the  lloor  of  ihe  adit,  by  cuitlng  it  (hrvtigh  upon  the  north  sida  «f 
tliat  drift. 

Thv  direction  of  thin  lode  ia,  like  the  othen^  norlli  and  Muth,  irith  an  incli- 
nation to  th«  cant 

At  the  head  of  (he  lullt,  nlmut  l$n  fi'ct  from  the  opcninn,  the  bade  of  an- 
Mlier  qaartiose  lode  had  ju.it  been  reached  and  cxpusi'd  when  1  left. 

Thus  much  has  already  been  done  u  iih  Irlttlng  btmr  i-oniparvd  irllh  that 
naoally  demanited  fin-  minin;;  expl-»ratioi<*.  From  the  nbunirlancc  of  aur&ca 
copner,  and  the  mmicmiii  iiidi«it!ou<i  of  inrlal,  il  conuot  be  reaKmstily 
4ouMod  thai  other  veint  idll  be  eX|>ciMd  ihiring  the  prt^rext  of  the  vxean- 
Itona.    Them  ia  every  reasun  to  hope  and  expect  a  larftc  retirm  fhrni  tbli 

Empcrty  when  the  rMOurceui  of  the  place  shall  haw  been  fully  dureloped. 
ike  all  mining  operations  it  roi^itlrcs  time  and  energy  to  mako  It  pr»- 
diKthra. 


txvai  Uia  iMcment  of  the  I'reHident,  ^Ir.  F.  ti.  May,  irc  icnthcr  tlx  Tol- 
lovrfaig  partienlan  relative  (a  Ihe  o[joraliona  of  Uie  Ncuvitoi  Copper  Ca  :— 

A  letter  received  on  the  10th  of  Xorvnibcr  from  Mr.  John  Raton,  statea,  in 
a  poctacript,  that  the  engine  nnd  mich-inery  had  jiikl  arrived  Kifilj  at  (he  Im^ 
Cf  Mayanabo,  the  nearx-^t  point  f  «r  «hi)iineut  ou  lb-?  Ncuvilw  rulroiid.  Tlw 
uaaon  of  InoeiMuit  rain  hnvinf;  cl<iu-d  iw»  mo<it)m  '^oev,  and,  iiiaaniucb  ■■ 
the  mine  ia  located  only  three  mllM  di>ta:il  fimn  the  railnMd,  aitd  at  a  point 
9(k.ntvt  trtm  Ui«  bay  of  Mayaimbn,  ibm-  i>  au  d<nbl  that  at  thia  ttaw  otir 


JoMrmd  o/  Copprr  Miniity  OprrMioiu. 


901 


«op'nc(T,  Mr.  Tta|?crl,  and  liu  uulitanU,  hvtv  RccompIUied  llio  ovction  of 
ibe  Wfjinp.  ttijriiK-hciuw,  sit-l  ollwr  iirelirainnn'  work. 

Mr.  Hush  ItRCifTiTty.  the  ^npcrlnlcndciit  of  the  mine,  hivlaj  ntloil  on  iSe 
Bth  of  Novvmber  ti'ith  the  f  ittnfu  Gar  cxlinuttiiig  the  iriitcr  in  lli«  Kbaft,  tbe 
toIICK  iml  eniKlifra  Tor  i>r«tiiri[t2:  (Iw  ot«  fur  nurkct,  tools  fur  lli«  wi^rkmeii, 
Mwdrr  (or  W«tl!ny,  (ti".,  tlit  wralln'r  lieing  ntrasant,  hai  no  doubt  nrriTCil  in 
Odut,  nnd  it  ik>w  tl  tht  minr,  (imwcutinx  (be  irork  ixi  thv  KliaA,  and  other 
ddtiiv,  vith  bis  known  indu^trj  tntl  pcmvemicc. 

The  locAtloin  of  ibt  tntn«  Is  tf£\l»  ftTorabl«,  sltniLUi)  ahoat  SCO  miles  tnm 
HaniM,  nnil  abtrat  nidwur  between  Principe  and  XeiiTita«,  bcinc  :lt  mllM 
froiDtbclallFrport.  of  nliicli  distance  31  mile*  tftu  bi'accoinplisliedbj'nulronil. 

Tbe  vi'lii  1-1  ntiautO  to  8  fwt  miJe  biiwfrti  the  walls  t.irrjlng  n  Me  of  rich 
yellow  s!)!phiir«  of  rojipiT,  nrpraRliii:  nrorlj-  \  fcet  in  widtli,  jifldinjf  from  20 
to  28  percent,  ofintlal  uncitr  smelling proccW- 

Tfaeru  Imvi'  Lcrn  ihf.v  shultn  Hunk  OR  tbis  properly,  (wo  of  whicli  kr«  (rial 
tfalftit,  xnd  ono  Kiink  for  itn  <'Ti}:ine  ihift  to  tbe  depth  of  4G  feet,  IxHrily  tim- 
bered with  the  tropical  hnrd  nowl  found  iijion  t!ie  iiCftod,  and  which  bntx 
sued  a  verilaMc  diamcl'.T  for  iliirahiliiy  niiil  strength.  An  omiile  supply  of 
tb-r  tjuni'.  i-^crllrnt  ijunlit;  of  timber  U  on  hind  for  continuintc  the  woodwori^ 
of  tlie  !s)mfl  nii  il  progrcKse.*,  and  itiucb  of  it  in  Blr«nity  tiewu  oul,  uid  cut  in 
tbe  ri~ht  iliiueiiiiuitH,  lo  be  iMVil  KS  soon  nit  ivqtilrcil, 

Th(i  lih.il)  hns  liocn  carried  down  to  \  point  when;  the  work  can  b«  pushed 
fonroni  with  a  speedy  profit,  harin;;  reutlied  the  hyd  of  ore,  and  only  awailing 
Ibeiilacing  of  an  i.'ii;;irie  to  remove  the  wxln-,  to  i-nat>Ie  lli«  or«  to  be  raised  and 
fp-viy  (br  slilpmcni.  A  i[imntity  of  the  ore  tnkrn  from  the  sbaft  by  n  common 
winiiia.'ai,  during  its  construdion,  in  si  tSe  mouth  of  the  pit,  and  will  he  ship- 
ped ti]  tbis  port  dtirinj;  thp  prcsi'iit  wftsoii,  One  hundred  tons,  tai'j.'J  by  ■ 
winilhia'.  Lire  nliiody  been  shipped  from  thiis  mine  lo  Swaniua,  r.n;:tiiidi 
axtj  toni  of  wiiicli  yielded  23  per  cent,  of  copper.  The  ore  in  rMnmiiably 
dear  and  clean  ;  frM  from  gani^v  tilone,  and  can  be  worked  with  rase  and 
fipWity. 

Thm  arc  two  hoiiscii  built  on  the  Krounds — one  for  the  (upcrln  ten  dent. 
Bad  ooe  for  tlie  lalxii-crs,  60  by*0  feil. 

Timbvr  rviniHile  fur  ihu  \iiv  of  the  mine  is  on  lli«  ground.  About  one 
hatudrvdand  ta'cnty-flic  cords  of  wood,  iM  foci  Gir  running  thoDngtne,  Is  cut 
and  in  Tiadinmi  for  utc. 

Th«  Diacbiiifry  now  .it  the  niinu  eonalsts  of  s  forty-horse-powcr  engine, 
liullt  cxprnvly  for  the  (^iinjiany,  by  Mount.  Kicid  k  Ilro.,  of  North  Point 
foundry,  Jcrwy  City.  The  engine  in  of  »  mibitantia)  cliarafter.  and  '*»  an 
txccltenl  |>iccv  of  nurkniaiisblp.  There  Is  a  lift  of  puniFW  of  lU-incb  cytuideT) 
'kmply  Hilficicnl  lo  exhaust  the  water  from  the  shaft  for  years  to  come,  llie 
rolleni  and  mtiLer*,  for  i>rc|)arine  the  ore  for  initrkei,  were  alio  newly  nUHle 
at  ilie  wuie  foundry' ;  tncy  arc  heavy  and  slron;:,  and  promtiie  to  M  vary 
diumlrf*. 

A  lolBdent  quantity  of  tools  for  Ibe  uincR,  cBrjienlcn,  and  blackuniths^ 
with  a  |iorubI«  Uackamlths'  fbfge,  wore  ablppod  at  tVie  aanie  time. 


niK  n.ixAiixTii  ttixt. 

A  Coinmitltc  of  the  Dircctom  of  Ibc  Oroee  Company,  Mcssru.  May  and 
Itickok,  huve  made  an  examination  of  tli«  Eliubeth  Uine.  Ibc  condition  of 
which  '»  iXxw  stated : — 

Tlw  mriari*  improvements  cori'Jdl  of  wveral  huddlnas  erected  with  a 
dci^re*  of  t«-.te  snd  prrmnnency  Bcldoni  witnessed  in  building  coonccled  with 
n^nmi.  Tliey  were  mnde  ino^illir  from  nione  taken  out  iii  Kinking  tbe  ahalL 
jOnc,  a  story  nnd  a  half  hijcb,  with  ltir««  apirtmenls  on  «acb.  floor;  up-slairt 
u«o<j  for  lodKiax-rooms ;  tower  loomi^  two  are  for  tbo  uac  of  th»  Companr, 
OQC  in  oceupud  by  ono  of  the  men  employed  on  llie  work.     Tbera  ii  a  bla^- 


Journal  of  SUver  ami  Ltad  Hininif  Optntiont. 


•fnith  «hop  about  twcnljr  ffct  xtjuarc,  a  p^trdcr  moguiiic,  ■  good  cngiae- 
kouke  kad  Nlack.  Tlie  whbi  capEtan  uu'J  lliturta  were  in  ptrfocl  ortlvr,  md 
.  BuffldentfilT  th*  use  of  t)in  minr  for  jftm  to  com«. 

After  tnnktng  a  minuto  t'xamtnslion  of  wbftt  wu  on  the  mrliicc,  we 
dnKendud  the  xliafl,  uhicli  wnn  luiiiniciici-'i  by  C^L  ItlcwcU  at  tlio  BurAce; 
It  is  DOW  one  hutidri'd  and  forty  fi'Ct  deep,  about  eight  IVtl  by  tvn  fe«l  Inside 
of  limber ;  hiu  ■  diiii^ion  near  thu  miildlr,  one  tiart  for  the  cabin  to  run  In, 
the  other  occupied  l>y  tliv  pitmii  and  ladder.  Il  in  timbered  in  a  Tcry  itub- 
•t«nlial  tnatiner,  uith  vi\\\iv  oiik,  to  the  de|>tii  of  about  one  huudrtd  feet, 
bavlng  hcaTj"  comer- post^  with  rroM-boams  framcil  in.  At  the  dqilb  of 
thirty  fret  an  ndit  liad  boon  driven  up  to  receive  the  water  from  the  pump, 
and  at  iXit  du[<lh  of  eighty  fovt  IbiTu  in  a  croiLi-rut  t'Oiumunltalin^  willi  the 
old  mine  foruicily  worked  for  iron.  This  opened  the  works  whioli  mnv  only 
useful  for  vcnlilatioii,  nfttr  a  ht'avr  outlay  of  timljcrinj[,  etc. ;  at  thi«  point  the 
vein  wan  thirty  fful  from  tliv  feliill.  The  vein  dipa  at  an  aii|;]e  of  about  furty- 
lltB  di^KTves,  to  the  depth  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen  fuel,  where  it  chongw 
%ai  appcan  nearly  horiiusnlnl  uic  the  idmft  pa»eK  through  the  haosing  «d11. 

The  nliaft  ia  Hunk  twenly-Hix  feci  in  the  vein,  but  not  thfOUeb  it. 

Capbiin  Blowett  propoftes  to  p>  down  ten  fvct  )ower  with  the  shall,  then 
dri*e  a  ioTel  on  the  vein.  The  Khufl  [uvued  through  a  hard  |[nci»  roek ;  the 
tdn  gingue  ih  the  eak'areouii  npar,  eontaiiiinc  iron,  and  yellow  copper  pyritcK, 
•rilh  aomc  blende.  As  we  descend  on  tho  lo^  it  improves  in  »)pprr ;  the 
ettwr  koeompanimenU  diminiKhinR.  Much  of  the  vein  as  it  in  throim  ont 
trill  yield  from  ncvrii  to  ten  per  eeiiL  of  copper.  Should  this  iinmcnxc  rein 
extend  acrosa  the  Cunj)>.iny'8  properl  v,  whleli  la  about  one-tlurd  of  a  iuil«  in 
brradth.  carrying  no  more  copper  Ukui  it  doc*  now,  it  will  prove  of  »eiy 
great  riluc. 

There  U  enough  ore  out.  tvu  should  judge,  to  DUtko  thirty  tons  of  (illcen}ter 
cent,  ore  if  droned.  If  drcKninji  tables  could  b»  «truig«d  this  fall,  v«  weiuld 
recommend  that  the  ore  bo  prcparoil  for  nutrket  befot*  winter  cct*  ia. 


I 


JWIKSAL  OF  SIlVEll  AXR  LK^D  MIXIXtJ  OPERATIONS. 

u*i>  traub  «r  Tin  cpntn  HixMMtrPL 

W«  mak*  room  for  Ibo  fodowCng  kbstrkct  of  the  lead  trade  of  the  I'ppet- 
IfiiriBalppI,  a«  bdng  mora  compjpto  than  any  pnvtoua  slU«mc&L  which  bu 
appeared;— 

TMn. 
IMS 

IMt 
1M4 
I  Ml 
1S« 
]S4? 
ISW 
ISU 
ISM 
tMl 

tte* 

IIU 


I,«I),S»T  !■-< 
l,aiM«T  H 
),4<1,<IM  111 
1,T14..M:t  M 
1,&I4.TM  S> 
1.4tXTSl  44 
I.fln.«il  •• 

i,su,«n  44,1 
l,)».4IS  OS 
l,M»,«l»  l» 

Telil  .    .  T,10S,4U  tOT.Ml.SSl)  •It.UT.eU  M 

W«  •Iso  hlT*  the  follo<rinff  statement  of  the  shipment  of  lead  frooi  tiw 
Upper  JlisuKnilUne*  from  ^archiil  to  DecomW  I,  tnclu>iT«:— 


««Ktitta 

rrtinnri.om 

rrtoeor 

bouneL 

Ita.  MlKcnl. 

IODIt«L(*L 

4tT,UUU 

«]£  Bi 

fi  M 

GM,MI 

M,l«StTO 

11  M 

IN 

lt4,tTI 

4*,TVr,O40 

ICM 

BU 

t7S.«M 

M.4M,«tt 

IT4I 

i  vi 

TSMOt 

n.SHNtlO 

IT  31 

1  Kl 

Tn.«u 

u.o».»« 

IV  It 

8  ]T 

«Ot.H> 

4T,Tff,IW0 

IS  U 

t  fi« 

»!S,S«4 

44,0Si,»>0 

n  IS 

]  «r 

MS.M9 

M,»»l,ia« 

»  10 

4  K 

*T4.n.-i 

sv.iss.osa 

ih  SI 

4  OS 

4S4,M8 

S9,81W,SM 

U  St 

4  11 

4St,|IU 

■»,»oe.eso 

M41 

BU 

■fiwma/  0/ Silver  aitti  Lead  Mining  Operaliimt. 


SOS 


■F*hMMflnmii)icH*«blM*d.  K^af 

aU|>u4  witb  lia  rtnc,  Pla. 

Ftam  GJins         ....  Slai,6a 

From  Oiibnqnc   ....  la.fttl 

Fr«in  IVi«i       ....  at,oH 

Fhaa  QmTiUn     ....  U,l«< 

Vntin  BunnVitte  >,«;< 
FMoi  UiDM  <o  Iha  tot  lidt  of 

riTcr  to  the  LakM  SS,4T1 


WayitlB 

T4mK 

nnndk 

MIMI. 

*,0«V,M« 

ini,it«o» 

l,«i«,oto 

i«.sn  10 

nt.oae 

M,aii  ia 

1IT,3S0 

io,3e9  w 

),«M,9ro 

so.nfls  OS 

W.SM.WK) 

ti,»M»s  w> 

fi 


f_        Total US,RU 

Th«i  bore  HUlfni«nbish9«tlwiinfHniaiic«  or  tbe  lead  (rule  of  the  fintcntll 
BJBc*-- thfir  proctiict  unouatiar  (n  imtXn  jttn  to  iiMrly  Hu?ctit««n  millions  j 
•fdsIUn.  -7»  ..  /  .1 

Tbo  tntor  ootiMge  of  tli«  Pbitadelpkia  ICnt  ditnng  1633  wm  u  Ibtloiri : 

Bi(,tai.««« •T.wi.aTi 

TImiQvw  coiiiaBeforDueeaiW.ieSS,  at  the  tune  Mini,  wMuUtttvi:- 

T.IIODoIUm    , fJ.IIO  ^ 

MX.TOU  lUir  Ponori tStJtiH  b1 

WS.OIM  Qnfliur  Dollar* er.noo  ' 

>*,«l«,iin)  Cltnoi I«.t00 

~ )n*U-Diinta US^mU 

"•,401,»I0  |»li,lU 

Tin  is*i>  viKcs  OP  wi»coN»m. 
Tht  fbllowin);  intcruiins  pnrtiriilitni  of  Icnil  mlnini;  opcnlimw  vera  ftl^•^ 
nilhed  by  >  oorrpsiiondcnt  lo  the  i/irw  lori  7ViAon<; — 

Til*  grcit  le»J  rcKi'in  of  the  L'pper  Mi«Hi«Ni[ipi  lies  cliicfly  in  Wixcanxia.J 
Pi*f.  Ow«n,  FniW'l  StnU-s  p'oloj-icl,  sn\*:— "Thplee'l  region  I'lidtidfS  a  Mlrip 
of  KlMUt  Hcht  loirnihipH  at  Innit  in  loirn,  Irn  tnwitthlpa  in  the  norlh-ivest 
corner  lA  IDinot'ii,  and  n  lot  of  I'ixty-tn'o  luwtI^hip<  in  Wixcunain.     The  rntiro 
dl«trict  ifM-lodw  nbout  cichty  fown.^hips,  or  t«c  Ihoiijwnd  olghl  htimlrt^  and  , 
(auMy  Mimrr  miles."     Th*  mincnil  ti>wnBhij«  of  WifronKin  nrc  nrdrly  sll  in 
Qnst,  Iowa  and  \*  Fsycttr  coiir.lip* ;  >  frw  mine*  nre  heing  wnrknl  in  Dane 
^^^^JBd  (icmtie  countioi,  but  their  jiruducl  U  small.     Tlie  lar(^.'^t  iiuiiin^  buiiliiirac 
^^^^^b alwKva  been  donf  In  GranI,  llirinuh  It  firqiirnlly  hapfiinn  that  mlnrraara'^ 
^^I^BM  ItWKy  in  other  sertions.     At  thi*  time,  there  arc  e»lrn»iTe  Ittitia  wmkrf  ^ 
K        ai  SbvOAorfh  b)  1^  rayelle  Mninty,  tud  At  Rorlowti,  llanrl  Grrrn,  Wiiif:- 
H        fillo,  and  Furnlay,   in  firant  roiinty.     They  are  aln)  dainE   an  rxcdtenl, 
UuSntm  at  llumland,  io  loira  county,  where  the  principal  Mark-jaek  or  rino, 
iBin«ii  ciiflL     Tlw  BWpiMian  or  mineral  rock,  in  whicli  the  lead  ore  in  alinyi 
iiBbcddcd,  lien  dcerirr  in  tbn  Bmith  tier  nf  mineral  Iokh*  than  in  the  north 
tier,  Dwinc  to  the  di)i  ur  piivh  of  the  rwk  itrala  an  you  approach  ili«  Mutb 
knd  lli«  na*  ofltie  iK-rlli.     The  niliivrftl  rnch  outcrop*  nlons  the  blulGi  on  th* 
•nuth  vide  of  Wi>conKin  River,  and  pnwrs  unilcr  the  coralline  layer  of  Gnie* 
atODe  in  Tllincdi  a  frv  mi'tci  loutli  of  Ualena.     Hence,  minera  hart  lo  sink 
deeper  in  the  louth  than  in  tli«  north  sections  of  the  minei ;  ihc  mineral  torlt 
ia  also  niM^i  thicker  aa  yon  approach  thu  notith.     Geolc^^iitii  itlitnalc  tli« 
thkfcneia  of  Ihc  lead-hrnrinit  rock,  in  the  wnitlicm  niliici^  at  400  Ttet  and 
apwartl.     Tlie  1ow(t  it.ii,-ne<ian  linii'  rock  undcrlieH  the  npper  ninRnc.vInn,  and 
in  tbouj^hl  to  b«  infirlnr  aa  n  pmdurrr  of  lead.     At  the  drpth  of  abuiit  74  feet, 
the  •raUr  Iiccoma  a  (rrrnt    Dli»(acle  to  minern.     Tlt«y  fr«qiM^tly   put  on 
pumjiiii];  iraKhiMcrj-  irorked  liy  hunte  po^^r.  but  with  the  hcit  nf  tlicur.  they 
arc  <ni)y  able  lo  tower  tbo  wnlrT  about  a  dnxm  feet     The  .imericiiu  Mining 
Cooipiny.  «lio(«i   hcail-qnnrloni  are  in  Xcw  York,  liave  civcltd  ripcnsiT* 
macliiiHrr,  ilrivco  by  itcani  power,  nt  ihu  Fairjilay  mine",  by  which  thcy.l 
nptet  to  drain  aBectioii  or  nior«  «f  Und  to  the  depth  of  100  to  SOO  fctt. 


JavrwU  ofSiivtr  and  Ltad  Mining  Optratioiu. 


From  reporlit.  their  cxpccUlionK  will  be  tally  NAlixcd.  Tbo  mintnil  lutds 
am  gincnklty  owniil  by  r«<i<l(iii(K,  who  \eivv  llicin  frvc  Ibr  uTI  to  wotk  luion, 
at  a  flIUi  tu  n  edrvnlli  cf  llw  mini*ral  forrvriL  Therv  are  otruin  utajcvs tIiIi'I) 
nnironn  i-iivlmn  fsUblishi's  as  the  law  o(  miners  rather  than  the  lair  of 
atatutc» ;  and  the  tquiiy  of  !t>icli  usagt^  la  coureji'd  by  toiirl*.  Tin:  land  pro- 
pni'tOT  cannut  char«u  a  hlylicr  rent  tor  a  in'w  and  valiinlilp  diecovcry,  thAQ 
wan  (ho  euslom  hvforc  for  vi;ry  Fiiiall  diKCUvcricn  One  miner  rannot  dig  in 
boondis  or  within  the  run  of  another's  lemL  Tho  folloiving  is  tlic  uaua) 
method  puniu«d  by  mincra  in  working : — Ten  in«n  totiijiase  a  cooipany, 
fanning  a  iiartncniliip ;  llicy  work  allernalcly  in  the  ahaft  anil  at  tli«  irliidlasiL 
The  Inui  cnergrtic  cainpanicK  norlc  orer  old  digginrat.  atid  ■eldom  accomplish 
moru  IliAri  to  find  lillli.-  pali^liw  and  ainalt  particles  o(  <irv,  li'lt  by  fumee 
oiwratort.  Siii-h  as  have  slione  iiicliiialinM  to  malic  Torliints,  go  to 
"  prosper limt,"  which  means  liunting  over  unexplored  Kruimdii.  tJn-U  (pot 
ii  proTvd  and  abundoned  aa  the  ippi-aninn  ot  clay,  roeli  and  olhcr  mstlera 
sown  todirv-cl.  Miiii-rH  an'  «x«Ili.-!ii  Jiid|(c.iof  "tho*igns."  Weeks,  nmrtlha, 
yeani  may  elapse  Uchtiv  any  vaiuniiltf  diucovcry  h  Tiinde.  PoTcrty  uninlly 
gnawa  at  lli«  Klainrvi'h  and  renden  llirentl-buve  NtvemT  .Milts  <>r  clothes  bcforu 
nay  (lay  comes  round.  It  re'iuirv;  >ir(>iij;  ruilh,  nmliH!)  cndurnnc^'.  and  tha 
luck  or  a  rorliinalu  t;ainl<ti*r  Cor  a  ■'iiri.-viriil  miner.  It  noulil  bo  difflcult  to 
State  tlio  pnlil*  of  miniiii;-  The  vidd  in  no  variable,  and  no  IH'uutntly  do 
ndfwn  Np«nd  nwntlia  wtliioul  ralun'iK  a  pound  of  iiiini'ral.  One  tiling  Ja  an 
tMaUUied  certainty ;  miners  generally  have  plenty  of  money,  and  they  Kp«n4 
it  freely  for  ercry  kind  of  purjiosc.  Somttiima  a  coiiiiiany  light  upon  on 
luimcTiM  forlunu  fur  the  labor  of  a  li'w  days  ur  iilvW.i,  VVIien  they  work  on 
old  diggings  thi.^  arerngc  per  ditm  may  lie  nboiit  %i  to  eneh  partner.  .\  good 
■nintr  seta  about  $1.00  on  Tas''*'  '''"•'  'he  pmpose  of  nhowinK  the  yield  of 
Ui«  Wnicanain  Mine*,  the  IbHowing  elnlistiea  arv  presented,  frum  an  aUdal 
r»[>0rt  lo  the  Lcgiiilatur.'  of  WiseoniUn : — The  a^'urago  nhipiowit  of  Icsd 
Biuimlly  from  Galena,  III.,  for  cIsTen  yea™  |.rceediii2  i-s'il,  was  4I.T'Z7,Di3 
pounds;  estimated  value,  $!, 660,080.  It  i*  eKtiinnled  thai  at  LaM  nxtit- 
tonths  of  the  lead  sliippvd  fruin  Ualcua  ia  raiiicd  in  Wiscuiwin.  and  not  nioro 
than  onc-t«ntli  of  IW  ontim  product  is  raiMil  in  Illinois  or  loua.  Tlitro  ar«^ 
■lao,  large  thipmcntM  from  the  port*  of  IVitoxi,  ramviUe  and  other  pointit  in 
Qnnt  county.  The  lead  exports  atiniiolly  |uikIucu  nbuut  $30.51  to  ercfj 
man,  wotuan  and  child  in  llie  Diining  coiiiitie*,  anil  an  aniinal  yielded  relunt 
of  3i  cents  upon  ciorvdoHarof  ttxabU  properly  in  tho  mines.  It  isdoabthd 
wbolher  tho  prapaTtiona  are  to  high  at  tliia  lime,  sIikc  agriculturu  at  faM 
becoming  a  leading  occupation  and  mining  only  a  Mfuad  or  nilnut  |turMiiL 
It  would  b«  tafv,  bo««v«r,  to  my  lliat  uioro  lend  lias  been  raited  ibc  put  ytu 
tlikn  in  any  former  doc 

From  the  aauM  aourco  v«  haro  thnwu  a<ldttioiial  paKicularn ; — 
Hie  high  prioe onr  i-Ti'at  Rlaple  ha'  home  this  year  i*  glvinj;  an  Impetna  to 
the  mining  intercut.  The  anionnl  shipped  this  seiison  irill  show  a  largo  in- 
CTMW  over  llip  lapil.  Ma«y  rich  kHlts  have  l*eii  diiieovsred  in  the  vidnity 
of  Catena,  irhieh  are  hcing  pr^tably  worked.  Capittlii'Iii  ar«  coming  hi  and 
ianating  their  oieani  in  our  mines.  One  ompnny,  ten  mile.i  nortii,  near  Sn- 
rinam  liound,  are  HJiiking  a  deepahnfc,  lining  a  p<>w(-rfiil  cngin'^.  wilh  pump- 
ing appamtnB,  In  onler  lo  drain  the  ^^roiind  in  Ihat  siciinn.  ami  alHo  to  uwt 
w  practicability  of  working  the  mine*  to  a  luui-h  greatM"  depth  than  ilngr 
have  been  heretofore.  I  hare  no  doiihl  they  will  bo  snctvsfful  in  ttic  cnte^ 
priae.  As  yet  we  have  but  Niiimineii  ihe  Kiirfiiee  ofniir  mineral  gr>Ttndi*.  So 
■oon  an  capital  and  labor  nn  afienliflenlly  applied  in  developing  tiic  mineral 
rtMnroM  of  thin  country,  the  rei'ilt*  will  prove  to  be  beyond  our  moiit  Kin- 
niinc  anikipatiouii.  The  formatifin  '<f  this  whole  COiiiiI'v  ti  in  vast  hanina. 
It  i»  only  on  the  rdgm  oroiiliTii>p  of  these  wliere  the  inoji  t.f  the  mineral  ha* 
been  raistJ,  Within  thrfte  Ixikins,  when  sbAflii  arc  sunk  lo  a  grtalcr  de]>th, 
will  tw  found  inexhaustible  atores  of  miiiernt  ueallk 


4 


JiMrnal  <^  SUvtr  and  l^ad  ilitiing  OpimUmu. 


S0& 


Aiur'uan  Mining  Cotapany. — Tlie  opeimtianc  of  Uitt  Company  m  thiH 
iWod  in  OQC  or  tbe  pablicatimM  tX  Galena  :— 

TbU  Caaipftny,  congtd  in  (he  erection  of  txl«iuire  vorkH  noir  FkirpUy. 

•  Uio  purpoM  it  biwIh^  a  sritcmiUc  itcftrcli  Tor  Ind,  ti  a  verr  Iiciltj-  coi;- 

.  Mm.     n  ha*  minn  in  Cuba,  In   New  Gi'cnaiia,  in  North  C«mlmii,  oo  Lake 

LBopcrior,  aod  in  Pcnnn-lrnnU,  and,  iTwc  niir.liikc  not,  in  Ncv  Knt;l!iniL     All 

LiVpcnliona  coiinvcUtl  uilli  llio  fi>nrnti  ore  coinluctvU  in  Kilvnce.  but  wilb  dili- 

and  tflirct.    So  niarkol  \»  (he  polic/  of  tha  Cani|wn^  iti  tbU  muxitt, 

,  UimikIi  iu  a|[cnU  h*f  c  now  Iwun  <i  wimc  ncarijr  a  yeu,  m  wnirinj;  Undi 

,  nd  ptiUing  up  Docbincrr,  «c  aitppoM  (here  arc  not  half  Ibc  pvople,  even  fn 

[(iaIi-nA.  who  kiiovr  of  Ibu  vxi«tvnce  and  pw|ieMorBUcbsn  orgmiiution. 

,      So  far  as  we  ran  Icnm,  thrir  proupccts  htr«  art  ct  (ho  rontt  flatttdng 

F.tWnctcr.     ThvT  (von  to  bare  rnadu  a  (tood  location ;  to  hare  iKcn  fortunita 

I  in  dnn«  uf  uiachinpT}-,  and  in  lUe  wluclioB  of  men.     8ii«e»»  »«ni»  certain. 

Wc  Ibliik  il  bcjnnd  nny  rragonablu  doubt,  haainf;  our  opinion  upon  what  illtlt 

«rc  know  of  tlie  gcotoKicol  (braiation  of  the  counlT}^,  tliat  the  .^mcriun  Hi- 

niiw  Cotnpaii}'  will  demuustnte,  coiicloniTclr,  (he  Miirfonce  and  aoreMibilitT 

of  krp  liodioH  of  mineral,  at  dcptlia  which  mv«  nanr  bebro  bMn  rtMheiL 

If  our  atitivitiations  arc  n-nlixcd,  the  rlTcct  upon  the  general  prmperitj  of  (h» 

ninins  district  lan  bardty  be  calculated. 


tn-vKK  MiKS  or  Dt'ACA. 
7b  lAe  Elitor  »/ t\t  Mining  Moffotine. 

Sui: — Tliitmineii  miualedin  thevillanof  Dusca,  seven leaeuein 2  mile*) 

[  ft««n   BaniutxiiTiFlo,  the  eAf>itnI  of  the  PraTJrice  in  Vrncxu«Ia,  and  avrrMf 

I  )*•<<■<"  fron>  Caraccfts  liie  cajital  of  Ibu  Itepi|h|ic.     )t  U  in  71°  87'  long,  west 

hcfParii^  and  9"  5S'  iioi-tii  iDiitude,  ami  lO&O  varM  (yarda  lot»  S  per  eertt.) 

;  Mhon  (be  level  of  tlie  wri.    Tbi'  tviupi^raluri'  of  tlit  Bufsbboriiood  u  17^  80! 

CMtri'rradf.anil  luthea^jaciitit  luouiiiaicu  the  llmmoiucter  laltit  a*  lowaalft". 

The  ctiinnlr  is  Tory  Halubrioiut— no  epidemic  sIckjiM*  or  CiT*r  of  any  kind  hu 

ever  midc  ila  appe*nince  there. 

Thcri;  arc  in  the  circuit  clo«e  around  tbo  ndncs,  wrtnl  alrcanHi  of  6tA 
'  iratcr.    Tlie  nni\  is  ilry  and  accraaiblc  (o  all  winda,    Th«  p^jwlation  of  thb 
prorince  ix  170,000,  and  that  cf  the  village  of  IhtocA  about  4,000,  who  ar« 
people  of  mil'l  character  and  pcKyi  morals. 

bnara  U  inxty  initcn  from  ibc  statborr,  nntl  nut  far  fWim  the  navlptbU  rltar 
of  FncuHi,  to  which  there  in  a  rwiid  wliich  miiy  be  easily  [ml  in  ordtr  for 
wbeel  carHat^f.  ur  upi<n  ii'liii.'h  a  niiluiny  could  tjc  laii  at  ixcutisiJviable  ei' 
p4DM,  as  there  i>t!inr<l  niiil  gitoil  tlnihiT  in  the  nrljoinin);  flrtd^ 

Tn  the  region  araiind  fur  a>K)Ul  iiiiivly  siiuuru  triilot,  all  (tie  pnMluclioiia  of 
the  trmpenite  none  n-IU  flourish.  Tlit;  tuii'l  in  ivull  itntcnd  and  welt  liriibemL 
Il  Is  nnlional  properK  nnil  can  be  hoii;:;hl  nl  a  IriHin)!  rate,  (tay  a  ilollar  atid 
a  half  for  a  u^uaiv  of  a  hundred  vtira^).  Kniigrantii  c«n  ublain  Iheni  without 
paying  for  tticm,  if  put  under  cukiiraltoii  in  fuur  ycam. 

Tha  DiiMaRllT«r4nd  gold  mine  has  thre«Tein>,  twoofntlvrrand  nold,  or 

lanrlfawviaitvcr  in  quartit,  and  one  of  oap^Kr.     KaK.h  of  the  Tcinxiii  600  vnru 

bf  150,  which,  acconlinf-  to  Ian-  urvt  llie  iiiclinatiuii  of  f  be  veins,  is  one  lot,  or 

ptrtmttieitt.*    This  mineral  territory  is  very  eitcwilTo  and  rich.    By  lb* 

■  Thi*  *enl«nOi  of  oiir  mn«i>r'"i<lent  wilt  not  Ite  nn<lur>tui>rl  1>y  «!)  <inr  nadan 

vilhouta  lillle  caplanMinn.    TliBlnir  nriliD  Slnlv,  iii  biiTlatinti  oritiat  orMaxiOftk  il«- 

dnwattruin  tenitli  ari<l  brtodlh  urt  Ihv  vein  to  cnnaiitnLg  n  nitnr.    Itiit  iIlh  iiiriina- 

■Ion  of  tlie  Tvln*  !•.  imicr  ilielmn  if  Mtxioo.  tn  t)  lokin  inin  dcvioni,  ■»  m»y  b* 

■  llnMnMoi  by  the  Tillovi  in;  cllrncC  from  tha  RaviiI  OpIWinufv  (ft  Nc»  Spam. 

"  Whan  (■>•  r«ia  b  iierfinivlioiiliir  fcj  ihi  horltin  <n  M4«  wIiLjli  ranlj  ooenn).  ■ 
kanlrad  tavsl  virdii  tiliall  he  mciuiifDJ  on  cltlitrr  >lilu  of  Iba  vtln  or  Jiti.Io.l  on  both 
'im. 

*  thit  whtn  (ho  nia  ■•  in  ati  iin'IinrJ  'Un-i'tioTi.  wliU'li  1*  the  nictMl  uiDui  aii>a,  Uo 
r  er  IcM  daflTDo  of  iudiupUoa  almJl  bo  uiunUgit  to  iu  l1»  ioUovftag  nuuiucr  :•• 


4 

I 
4 

< 
4 


MO 


Jovrntt  cf  Silver  aitd  Lead  Mining  Optraliont. 


aHajs  itoido  or  on  foaod  hew,  lh«  min'-  prt^wntx  ■  pTt»«pect  of  btiaf;  richer 

UnnUwdMuo'iamltiMorGiunaxualo,  tiiMexieft    ThcmtnerBlshcrcMonrj 

'.■faitndant  vid  ridi;  •ml  iho  Uftnyi  alvayii  rich;  the  hichoil, obUitMd from 

Kntr  80  IbtA  bcloir  ittn  tiulker,  bu  bcoi  1  &  [>ur  cuiiL  of  tUitt,  coEnprning  6 

'po- cent  otgoH. 

*iTtu.A  xii.vi:r  mo  aai.n  nikk. 
nwiw  it  in  Cftrrapano,  at  tiri>  or  tktvc  inilcn  from  the  Cinn  Probrc  rilrcr 
[  Mint,  anollicr  iDioe  •^llcd  Kivilla.  It  Ik  nuw  norktd  undfr  (hu  dirpclkin  of 
I  Vr.  Cltarlvs  KissIit,  by  a  companjr  which  wna  formd  at  CamccaM,  <rith  k 
I  cajiital  of  t^O.OOU.  l'lil«  mine  i»  very  rirh,  and  iIir  awavs  oiailc  were  (3,000, 
<  (1,0U0,  and  9J^00  tu  the  tun  of  on.  The  diivclins  ciigin«pT  i*  at  prowst  in 
Ihu  Uiiiti-d  Stal^H  cotli^ctrng  mini-rv,  and  the  iuiptimGiili  ni'cetHar^  for  work- 
j  Ing  the  mine.  Tliow  ttin»  wvro  diocovcrvd  liy  him  )  one  of  thtni  is  awrifer- 
I  (SIM  rilrer,  and  Ibe  oilier  copper  and  pild. 

Tfce  diKtrict  in  which  Uir«  and  Ihi-Oran  Prohr*  mine  iMaitultvd.iit  onlylix 
I  nllea  froi[i  ihv  ivaynn  of  CairunanOk  and  rvrj  rich  In  nliMmU ;  voina  oToc* 
■R)  found  in  ihc  hilU  as  the  roaos  an  opened  or  ibo  Mil  diaturbod. 


HtDDi-trrawii  aii.vxR  i.k«i>  Kimt 
This  mine  i*  xilualcd  in  the  vidnity  of  Midjlctown,  Connecticut.     Tnn 
file  recent  rtporl  by  Prof,  t'harleit  A.  Sliepard,  w  gather  such  imrtkiUan 

I  ka  deKrib«  the  pMgrrasof  ■>ptntioix^  >iBC«  oor  last  notice  of  the  ml»  in  VoL 

I I  Na  9. 
I  have  ntlentirdy  pcmscd  Ihc  n-port*  of  I>r.  Jsmni  CS.  Prrcirtl  »n'i  Mr.  J, 

D.  Whilncy  ;  and  no  rar  aa  Ihc  layins  down  of  tin."  ifin*.  ami  the  deacriptioa 

«f  thdrn»i;^itii<tcan>J  Iliediarui-U'rof  Uie  fiimialion  in  nhich  tficy  occur, an 

eoncempd,  I  quite  agrw  «-it1i   ihu  statemcnlH  they  have  ptil  furth.     Some 

I  riichl  chanitrH,  hnwcn-r.  hnve  iknibtlc«*  taken  place  in  th«  chamrtir  of  the 

'  inui^atioii^s  na  the  cxplorationii  liaro  been  ftirricd  foni'ard,  since  llic  data  of 

Ihrtr  reporlM.    I  do  Liut  l^nd,  for  iiiHtarice,  tnori^  t)ian  mrru  tracm  ot  calcmooi 

;  ipar  (carbonat*  of  lime)  or  of  lJnor-«p«r.     Heavy  upar  ffiilphate  of  btvTTUa), 

,  Sativc  wlver,  or  any  ore  of  niekel,  arc  not  at  present  to  be  rccogoixcd  atnoog 

[  tlie  produce  of  the  initie.     Tint  I  detecrtrii  oi^canioital  urvHtaU  of  arKinii'al  Iron 

"  lUnl),  an  ore  *liitb  ofti-n  aceoiiip»ni.'«i  eohnlt  and  nieliel.  (a=,  for  exatnpla, 

biWIghborini;  mine  of  Chilham,  four  milex  distatit.)     It  in  likcwiae  a  W 

I  Aneni  attcndnnlof  tin  and  silver ;  and  on  (lie  whole,  is  an  omen  Li]:)ily  Rtrar- 

1  kbl<;  to  tliv  iwiny.     I  wna  miieh  Htnx'k  aluo  ulih  iho  inspeellon  at  a  ntimbflr 

of  speeiuien"  of  iron  pyrites,  in  Ions,  slender  cri'irtnU,  imjilanieJopfin  eryitnta 

of  cnleareo.ii  spar.      I'liev  are  preci'wly  iilenlioai  in  cnaraftcr  willi  a  npcdnien 

1  froin  the  ntvvr  minlnj;  diElriela  of  Snxi^iv,  vhich  wan  nent  to  me  hy  ProC 

I'BMathanpt,  of  the  Itoyal  School  of  Mine*  ot  Freiberg,  and  which  I  linve  never 

I  from  any  other  local ily.     I  noliced  likewtsc  an«  ■tpccimeii  of  nervrty  con- 

'  pact  latd  ore^  wblch  hail  rriibntly  funnod  a  honndin;;  siirrnef  of  the  Tain, 

I  vpoB  which  arrro  nnmeroua  eryatut  of  carbonate  of  lead,  by  which  I  wu 

"  If  (0  on«  yani  p«rp«n  jiaular  Iho  ineliimlion  b«  IVnTn  llirM  finpn  to  l«o  palma, 
FfblMnM  tiiin>1rT>I  vtr>ji>  iiliiJI  1m  iil1o«t>l  (or  tlia  aqoira  u  ia  lliacnMof  ih*  (•«  bt- 


i  Ulf  ptmudimi  lur. 


the  "o(d  ptTpendleaLir  jf«rl  ihero  to  on  Inennatlon  of 

1  polma  and  S  flnnr^  the  rqu*r»  tliall  b«  of  111)  jardk 

»         -         »       ■*  ■■                    ]i:|  ■■ 

«         "         0       "  ■■                    IM  " 

(•■■■'  •■                    ]«t|  " 

»         ■■          e       "  "                    ITA  " 

I          "           »        "  "                       1S7I  '■ 

i          -          9        "  -                       100  » 


Jomrnai  ofSilvtr  arut  t*ad  Mining  OptrtiUmtf. 


SOT 


Mnoet;  raiundisl  of  Uie  rilrer-lMcl  nine,  known  u  tha  Waihlnitton  lllni>,  in 
P«Ti<liion  cminly.  North  Ciniliiw. 

itui  tlio  limit  rcDutrkaljlc  ehanjtc  la  Ui«  mipc^  nIaM  to  the  OMvmiM  ofa 
ricli  and  laloible  copper  ore,  *X  |>K«Mit  tisibls  «n  th«  boltom  or  (he  mab  lodfc 

iwn  nr  tmk  uniK. 

Uj  altcDtioo  hM  bom  parlicukrlr  dini^lctl  In  ih«  detemlnation  of  (Im>  otm 
■flbnicd  tijr  Ibc  nine,  anil  to  tht  proportion  of  nilvtr  Ihcy  rctrpcrtirf ly  ('ontnin. 

PaHURx  bj  tliv  tarbonale  of  \v9/l  fvihtlvAvBii  orv)  u  too  (rifling  in  quwilUjr 
(o  duvrvo  more  than  merely  to  )>«  luffnilonvd,  v«  liavv  at  (be  MtiliJlu(own 
miae,  (hree  raricticn  of  mlcna,  rix. :  1.  tbc  manilif  tviital  (mdiuliox  Iho 
rvgiibrty  •.■rjalAllU-.-J,  which  ia  vcrry  uncommon) ;  3,  Ihc  /tcsAtTf  (or  cuttimI 
lasicltar  and  titib-flbMiis) ;  and  3.  tfia  An*  iHMl&n. 

Hic  prnpontonn  in  which  Ihpy  apprai  ii  rxlri,  «o  fiir  a«  at  tirrwnt  de- 
»eli>p«l,  IPC  T'SlIia  ten  thv  fini  variety,  ahout  1-ICth  for  tJie  mccoiI,  and 
I-lOth  fur  thu  1r8I. — tbtiH  k<ariDg  a  unttll  portion  of  llie  produce  of  tlw  mino 
tuucMunlpd  Ibr,  and  vhirJi  may  hv  tin  'lovrii  partiy  to  errors  In  flilnjc  thuM 
proportion*,  and  farlly  to  Ihp  inlcrmedinle  chamrlcr  of  a  ponion  of  the  otta^ 
which  occupy  a  (uidntay  position  hftnx'cn  one  or  lii<?  otliur  of  iIifm  Tarivtics, 

It  (i»M  appaknt  that  tlio  itiX'I  oru  is  not  an  ahiiiidant  prvHtiior  of  ilic  mine, 
aJ(bouxii  ill  prtatncG  ho*  brcn  paiticiilnrly  HOtiftht  unikr  the  imprrwion  of  ita 
mipvriur  value  fo»  Kilrer.  Nor  do  !  thinlc  from  prcwnl  n|i(M'at«nci'H  at  the 
nun#,  lltflt  it  it  liktiy  to  prow  iiiunr  uhtrndanl  in  the  fututv  workliica  than  (t 
han  liwn  in  the  p*#l — a  nn-nmsiancp  on  whldi  Uio  Company  will,  1  nm  coijfl- 
dcnt,  rather  coofratulatc  thpnisfhen  thnn  othcrwinc,  uiiiw  it  tiinin  oiil  lo  be 
th«  poorml  ore  of  llii.-  IIdvo  for  tilTiT,  benilcii  liarins  lliv  fiirlhrr  ilisiiili-anlag* 
of  eoMAiniiic  ■  nninl.U  proportion  of  lli-?  worlhtcs-  Skndii  and  irom  p>'ritni, 
ia  tudb  a  tlateof  eloic  ndmiiiliire  ftsKrctdy  to  injure  it>  trIiic  for  lead  \t*M. 

DndroiEt  «f  nrllling  the  [iniftienl  value  of  your  on-i  in  llie  m'><l  coiicIihIvC 
ma&ncr  pait.*D)<«,  I  viia  NUii^iticd  wit)i  (hree  KiLinple.i  of  tlitin  hy  Mr  JiiliriMn, 
fcr  an  aMiy  by  Ilujth  J-.  PMttinson,  E*q„  (he  liii.-'ieit  aiill"-^ilj-  in  Er.)rl«nil  in 
iriiatcvcr  rcbtm  to  the  entire  bTiidnewi  ot  silver-! ovIh.  I  hcrr^with  annex  Ur. 
PaltiiiiHin'a  leUer  to  ni«  tonlaiuing  the  remilti  obuincil : — 

10  Qm  rr.  Snouru-KS-TtJu,  I 
tu  J^uH,  is.a.  t 

Pmr.  SitxPAMi : 

ify  deur  Sir: — Tticthrts  (uimplc«  of  wlvi-r-tea'Ioroyonlcfl  with  mchaTO 
bwo  carrflilly  aaaayud,  and  Iho  result  is,  as  I  cx[«Wcd,  prvtly  mar  tliat  of  tlie 
fam«  trialn. 


iMlptftUI. 


H».l, 

"  a. 


11.  a 

31.  0 
23,  J 


Slln*  In  »H  Ifai.  or  i)i>  tfid. 


74 
U 
34 


0 

A 

U 


3      " 


TbekadptodacuSanotofiiiiichonnH-qiwtiM,  bccaiue  each  <*inpT«  «onbrin 
(bn^ta  malt**',  tiom  whicli  it  would  be  f^ed  by  washing,  wbeii  produeicil  III 

Toura  Tery  truly, 

il  L.  PitTUCKm. 

Ntiinbtn  3  and  S  are  both  nf  the  flne-frrainwl,  or  steel-ore  varielv,  who 
jield  inwlverUlUtlfimon- than  half  that  of  NumU-r  I.llw  eoamn  nibindoi 

Tbo  insppi-lion  of  Number  3  beroine*  hij-hly  interesllnf;,  ■«  eniiAmiing  the 
ricw  bc«  presented  of  (he  taluc  of  an  ore  which  had  been  wleclttl  esprasuly 
by  Mr.  Jobnitoii,  in  «nkr  to  rAlabtiiih  the  favoniblo  opinion  of  (ho  mine  aa  d»- 
■rrflwil  in  llic  protious  rcpoitJi ;  and  alllioui-h  (he  spceimcn  appeani  (o  the 
naked  f  vc  as  chletly  cocnpOBcd  of  lead-onr,  the  produce  of  lead  is  tLo(  aboTS 
one-lhtn)  wliat  il  would  have  bi'.cn,  in  a  alone  of  fin,  CMiio-srained,  or 
(vatbcry  ere. 


fiOe  Jommal  of  SUivr  aitd  Ijtvd  Sfiairtff  OptraiiiHtt.  ^H 

Tlio  t^lhcTj  ore  not  hitHr.f;  Wen  (listing"  wtiwl  prior  lo  wy  KcJi-clion  of 
mnpIcK  at  the  t^ompniiv's  offio.-,  In  New  York,  no  uptcinwn  of  it  >t»*  Uken 
vith  in«  tbr  asay  hi  Rn:>;tnnil.  1  hncc  tbortfort;  (IctuUhI  my  xtUntioii  ptrllc- 
ttlarly  lo  iui  eMminntion  sinM  my  rttiini.  In  80Jiw  rtspcrU  it  is  a  '''"'JJ 
cullar  wriily  of  ^Iciiti,  iiii'l  .it  t!i>t  I  lliniixht  it  canisincd  Intes  of  the  r"^ 
antimony  snd  wiis  tiinifiiiaUy  rich  in  «i!vrr.  Subw'iU'Jtil  Irals,  Iiomcvct,  i  ^ 
ficd  lue  tlint  neither  of  tlicst  »uppu»iti«ii»  vvtv  truu  of  this  wiuly  taktn  M  i 
ubolf,  thi>ii|[ii  it  occiuiotiiLlly  gav-v  iiKlitaliuns  of  anlimony,  and  irui  tomctiaica 
highly  >n;FntilVrous — on«  sprcimcii  haviiix  Ticl-lol  a*  hi;-li  ni  DO  oxil  lo  th« 
loiioflcasK-rf  S,«001b»).  It*  Bwrigp  prmlucp  ij(  EC  ■.■i*.  ISiJwl'^  loltiutOBol 
liwL  .l«  It  ini<rcr-lcnil,  thervforo.  El  oOTUpivs  an  IntvniiiKliatc  pmilion  bclween 
the  eouwly  cubicui  aii<l  ttiv  steel  lar-. 

I  tiST«  oconpicil  inVBclf  a1»o  nitii  several  trivia  of  the  cooKvly  culiirtl  aJuil 
the  Kii-<'1  oro,  RK  roepn'lly  fumiahfJ  by  tliy  mine,  uliich  li.ire  been  nIl«D(lcil 
Willi  i:t»uU?i  altikiiigly  iviiiclii'iit  "■till  lho«  obtainml  by  Mr.  l>*Itiiu«in. 

Tlic  iin|iorliiiil  condiiMon  nniviii  al,  ihercfurc,  and  nliitli  may  now  bo 
tUerord  pi-rfvctly  .ir^ciiri',  it  tliii.  Hint  Kfen-tvjhthn  of  tJiA  MidAU:«wn  UaJ-er* 
fonlaiiu  tilrtr,  a*  high  •»  TS  nu.  /o  the  tan  nf  Ittid,  and  tluLt  Uic  rcmiiaing 
oui-uiijl'tti  "ill  aTcragc  a»  liigh  ui  thirly-flvc  ounce* 

DiUICATIOIll  roR  COfPKK. 

It  reinuDS  to  Ircnt  nf  Dic^  promtsiiiK  ludimtitniii  (cr  copper  trhlcli  your 
■Im  hM  t«ry  lnt<ly  b['t;iin  tn  present. 

Tcltnw  popper  pvriks  liad  ln^vu  visiblv  in  tntna  tbrougliout  tha  diffunnt 
ruin-s  frum  llio  rirn I,— ii dimity  in  little  aiii;iilnr  tuuwcH  of  the  ttM  of  a  p«% 
HOiui'tiiiii'*  US-  lai'ite  v:  a  r.lieKtnut,  nn'i  again  in  lilltn  tlirejuJA  or  Urtnf^  mom 
or  leu  iniicd  up  wtlli  tlic  bUnd«  (Hulpliureluf  sine),  f^alcna,  and  ironpyrilca. 
Bat  it  lufl  >)i4H'n  no  ti^ndrncy  lo  Ihii  rarmalloii  nf  n  T«iii  by  ilxcif,  to  tbo  cs- 
cliuion  of  the  otiicr  or»,  until  tbe  pre.ient  ilepth  of  17(1  ftvl  from  tliu  oul«top 
(equalling  about  100  fvvt  pi'rpvtidiciilnrly  fram  the  tiiifiire)  nf  the  main  Ivia, 
oil  till-  fa«t  Mv  of  the  bmok.  On  my  lirsl  visit  to  the  mine  after  my  at  ' 
from  Bnsland,  my  attention  was  enilcil  to  xvvvtnl  larce  lelonri  of  thii  co, 
ore,  frcKldy  brought  up  from  IbiK  pait  of  tho  min« ;  nut  1  did  not  Itien 
pOH;  thai  llii-y  foriiieii  purlit'iM  of  a  eon liniiou*  rein.  On  re-vihilins  tbpi. 
one  u(«k  atlur,  liowover,  and  desi'endiiij  to  \U  bottuai,  I  wax  agreeably  i 
prisnl  lo  nolie.e,  fi>r  a  (linlnnep  of  «vi  ral  fathomi',  lo  the  wi--.!  of  tin-  »uiiip,  in 
the  lowett  nait  of  the  mine  (and  quite  to  Ibe  end  of  tho  adilj,  a  urll-'leititfl 
rih  /il'  h-iHiUiiait  evpptr  vrt.  It  was  AoiiivliTiivn  for  a  short  liiitancv  split  into 
(ifo  iu*nmt,  lij-  tho  IntrrFenllon  of  n  feiv  [nehvx  of  Ihu  <juarli;y  Tcin-iitotie. 
The  enlirc  thickncts  of  Ihc  eopper  ofltn  aveinp,-d  Iwo  and  a  halt  lncli*A.  It 
is  iDusive  In  Its  char«etur,  ftvu  from  all  iuli.riiii.'iliin;  of  ery»tals  or  of  other 

In  a  le»el  00  f«t  hij-hcr  up  upon  the  vein,  I  had  n«tlc«d  Iron  pyrites  to 
1m  rather  nbnnilint  in  portiont  of  the  IolK-  which  bad  been  left  utamltntc  H 
too  ponr  to  be  taken  clown  lor  lend;  and  it  now  appL'ariil.  in  aL'eurdam<c  a'ith 
wbU  bftfc  often  bi'tn  obxervvd  rliwH'here,  tlnit  (lie  enp|h«r  pyrites  liiiil  been 
tubstilutnl, as  therein  de»e*niied, forlhw  ivonliless  mundUl  of  ilic  miner  (•> 
it  is  cnlttO)  of  the  upper  leveU.* 

Alreatly  a  ton  or  iiiore  of  eicelleiit  ore  hni;  been  raiiieii  And  when  wo 
rememlier  lliat  it  ncconlft  vilh  iViv  moat  eilea''irc  experionee  !n  BrlliHh 
mines,  thnl  eo^ipcr  rarely  "main"  to  anr  viilLiablo  eiteul  bcfon?  sinkin);  to 
Gfty  fatb<iiti«  frwa  tlio  lop  of  llie  ground,  this  duieoTery  han  a  still  gnsler 
gigtiirtejnee. 

Indeed  it  has  oeciixred  to  me  tn  connection  with  this  diMOTery,  that  yonr 
properly,  when  fully  explored,  will  be  tiiund  to  cmbraoe  two  ajMtem*  of  ecini 

*  It  bin  pMu>J  Into  •  preverb  «!ili  niinsr*,  Ihsl  all  nod  eopper  lodes  IttT*  miw 
dkk  iiou  tlio^  outeTDps,  or  D>pan  ihar  baeks. 


Voiiit  OJui  Gtllitriei. 


200 


Eor  \oAti — on*  Mt  conKttting  of  tost  and  wcM  Tcins  (to  «rbi«ti  tkc  niiiti  iuil« 
rconUinin^  tho  eirpptr  belong*),  and  uiolLir  nuitiing  imrlh  3n>I  wtith  fU 
1^  which  at  leant  one  of  the  had  vein*  oo  the  west  of  iIjc  brook  bc-lon^v).  The 
L  foriuir  of  th«a«  ku  tuaj  tw  cxpvcUO  to  vatrj  m{)p(*,  unJ  i!k<  IniltT  aihtr 
•  Mid  Irnd,  in  Kcordunc*  inth  what  hu  long  aoo  b«on  n«of{Diwd  in  Ibq  grmt 
■uiung  tlittrict  of  CornmJI,  wh«r«  the  tin  nna  t)i«  copper  occur  in  tbc  rati 
lul  weH  rrint,  and  tlie  loci  ilikI  nlrcr  u)  tbc  (vnCm  loilm,  or  iIims  vImw 
entral  dinrtlon  l»  iioTth  uid  soutii. 
In  concluding  thin  nport  upon  four  ninn,  I  otnnot  rcfnin  from  obtcrrioit 
rHiM  *»  ^vt  it  (Mill  itcirodr  he  Mid  to  be  opvited,  inncinticli  as  ;r0UT  workincsi 
'hirti  pcartratMl  in  iImi  dccpoitt  plu*  onlf  about  oito  himilml  ttiil  in  drptli, 
Land  Iiam  been  con  lined  almost  cntirtlf  to  one  Kpot,  whcrcai  lh«  vcinn  extend 
|)n  «iiu  ilirvctioii  upon  your  land,  at  least  oo«-thinI  Ufa  initp,  iiol  inchtiliiiz  iJic 
rporlJon  brni-iLili  tlie  bod  of  lh«  lircr,  wbcro  it  iirhJ^blr  probatile  thry  irilioiM 
[  oay  be  wrouglit  atto.  To  pronouncxi  nllh  an  approocti  la  ccrlainly.  tlicrefore, 
I  Vpon  it«  ufaanclrr  u  a  rvptwitoiy  of  miurnit  ircaltli  in  (iir  prvBriit  rta|^  ofiti 
cxplontinn.  h  plainly  iinpo»ibk'.  W'v  cati  only  describe  kipIi  minerals  m 
'  IiaiB  tip  to  thin  time  been  broui;)it  to  lintit,  together  with  tboic  p-nenJ  fi«- 
[  tarn  in  Itic  molo^ii^id  fonnatiuu  u'hicb  tnnr  nerve  to  cniMi«tl  llie  I'icniily,  in 
I  Mino  Mrt,  niili  old  nnd  wi<ll-t'!it.ibtinlivd  iiiinot.  In  tbi«  Ullrr  foTlkiiJar,  I 
htni  filty  jiMtifled  in  eailins  your  attention  with  much  cmphofiii  tn  tlie  >trili- 
Hof  KtTinblance  of  lbi<  vein-slone  at  Middletuirn,  t«  llint  of  the  tBvnr  iniiioa 
[  in  the  tiro  gnat  ntininj  di»trli:l^  of  I^ricbvr^  in  Saxony,  and  Guanaxuato  in 
'Ifoiko. 


4 


COALS  AKD  COUIKKIES. 

AyrUMACITR   oil.   TltADK   Of    18S9. 

Th«  nnults  of  tbo  cool  trad^  nf  1953  haro  boon  prvparcd  with  gmt  cm 
n,  of  Pottivillo,  [a  wbow  Jovrimt  ire  are  indebted  for  the  prin- 
fet  mtpveling  Ibciii. 
The  following  is  tbo  oillcial  igtiantity  of  anthracite  coal  mot  to  mulut,  Id 
1186S,  &oni  the  diflcrcot  regions: — 

eehullilU.  inM  InonHL         Dhtmm. 

Kiitr«J  .  .  .  1A-<S.^*i  —  6»,<IU 

ttnJ  ....  »»?,flv4         »c,«.'m  — 

rtucipMS     .         .  so,fl««         11,1 1;  — 

aHinilkill  total    . 

Lallit:)!  Cuil  Uuifin'i 

IMmrciiniJ  lluawuOiK   • 
Pttirmjl. Willi  CmI  Co. 
Wilkr'bnrra  . 

Shamokia      .  .  < 


WiconhM  (wml-bll.) 
OaupUa         ao    . 


Iner««MlnI«SI  ....  SDI.aso  tui». 

Of  the  incrcwc  thi*  yew,  Schuylltill  county  BPTit  only  :u.Jlo  (on«.    M«rf 

FtiltnllieirholvincrMao  for  tiiaymrwBH  derived  fimn  (lie  Wyoming  region, 

;  DMT  Wilkcsharri;  nnd  Pitt^ton,  which  wna  sent  tu  umrlii:!  by  iliv  I'miiftTlTBiiia 

C^  Company,  ria  Dclanarv  and  lIudMn  (land,  and  down  Ihu  North  BraDcll 

of  tlM  JhuqiMbaniiL 


1,080..H4 
MJ.AU 

i.\Mia 

10S,7T« 

isa,i!() 

3S,4ilt 
lO.HC 

9,0VT.114 

flO.OOT 

ai',000 

Sloans 

»,ISO 

iin,iu 
i,sw 

6,t3a,i;i 

331.4iS 

ii!i,:ss 

1111.745 

■W  C^tt  and  Callifrirt. 

-BilM^nl  MiiDtr  bsR  ftfiin  miiit>Iied  man;  thin  half  t1i«  qnanlitir  of  tui> 
Ibrvcite  iKTil  to  iimrhtt,  In  ISEiS,  is  Uw  folloiiciaig  tti(m«: — 

Ton*. 

Frnin  ^hixlkitl  ooiint; 3r^Al,«H)t 

Frnui  ill  siucr  Tr)[i<nu    .....  9,SU,A1I 


TutBl  qnaiitltj  of  fttillinuai*  «nt  W  inukct 


^.<I0I,1U 


Th«  triiolt;  qiiatilil.r  of  aiithraoK  (nitd  HRii-liitiimiiioiu,  EroiB  ihe  vtstcra 
■nd  of  ili«  raginn)  licDt  to  mKrkct  wm  : — 

lulJ^t B,I»M»1 

In  m« tfiW,i1l 


IncfMna  111  ISS3   ..... 
Add  iiKfowt  ttom  Caaibcrlmd  uid  toitign  •xtS 


101,880 


rinc  till  !ncr«!iKcd  mpplf  of  anlhncKo  and  bitumiaoDii  cmK  deoliiMd  for 
i Ma-l>iMir<3,  of  4:il,4W  ten*  (gaiiut  HO.nS  tOM  ilerivoil  Ttom  ilia  eum 
'iSSaTfn  ln»t  ycnr. 

llic  i.-unnuiiiiilion  ortrunl  dort  "oi  incrcnKi-  an  rspiiUy  u  waH  HuppOMd.  In 
1833,  ilio  Inrrvtw  was  K'm  ttinti  iliiiti'CTi  fn-r  fvnt,  ind  Ivfl  a  ttnr|iliM  !n  Uw 
markcL  TliiH  yt-ar  the  inrrvancl  tupply  is  hua  thnn  ninn  pvr  cent  rr«im  til 
KnuTCFC.  nii',  of  course,  is  to  lit-  allriljutiil  lo  llif  hisli  price*  of  «al  dining 
tlic  Ulli-T  pari  of  ihv  ji^ar— l.iil  Inking  llio  «»itjik<'  "f  ''i"  'iwl  tlire«  years, 
tlic  invrcJiM  will  nnl  avwuse  over  13  per  ri-'nl.,  if  it  nill  rcirli  it.  Wo neo  no 
({Owl  rcanoii  (o  bclii'Tc  that  tliii  avt-mj^c  per  cfiuip;  in  the  dciiinnd  ii  likely  to 
be  c\Kcvdi.'il  ill*  pn-wril  vrar,  whli'li  woiilii  require  an  iii<;ruaH>  in  tlio  supplj 
«f  about  <133,00U  toriE,  in  IBM,  from  all  sourcM,  to  keep  the  nutrkut  healthy. 

(.tnifllt   CDAI.   TKAnR. 

Till!  ijiianlity  of  coal  sent  to  tnarkrt  frnm  the  I^tiigh  trsion,  in  18SS,  n« 
dtrlvcil  from  the  fullaninK  |>oinCK:  — 


Hum-nlt  Mine* 

Kwm  Klin 

Bi-ivrr  M«ni'"W  fn.    . 

8|.r1ni;  M^iiiiii'ijii.  (Miltio*)     . 

Cnxibcrr^  ConI,  {IV4««)       ■ 
8uipir  Uttf.  ll'iir>l«e>  .  . 

K  H"7KT  Lnif.  (P.  wiJ  C«rt«r) 

Hnit'lti.n  Colli  Co. 
&li'k  ^loillltdlu  t^.     . 
Wjxmiins  . 


11(31. 

«8.siw 

ST.TSI 
4S,«il) 
41,TM 

ia.M« 
ltt^ll:ls 
loi.sov 

41.K0 


t,ll3,l)M 


Stm.lM 

u,iin 

IU.IST 

«,m 

»o.«ai 
m.tao 
TT.WT 
M,StS 

l,«ta,H« 


pBtTtmo  rn  llt-^3       .  tijt't  toni 

Thtre  woiiliI  lian  been  a  ransldpntblo  iiim-atie  from  Ih«  t<chi(;h  r««an, 
In  ISBft,  if  no  Tii»nir  brcaku  bail  not  omirrvil  h  \h<-  Dciawarc  Division  of  Iho 
Pcnm^lTanin  Canai,  whkh  greatly  rvtarJcil  the  Irmli'.  If  hiinitar  <iifBcultl«a 
do  not  occur,  the  mipply  from  tfilx  nj-ion  i-au  Ix:  incrcuiciJ  from  100,000  to 
125,000  tons  b  18M. 


naTwnrs  or  nm  ASTHRArrrit  Bearo!!. 

11)0  Ibaowinff  la  a  mmmiir^  of  an  «xtcnslv«  tahlo  oonCalnod  in  Ui«  eoltimiu 

of  (li«   PotUrill<  Jrtinwl.     This  tabic  embraced  all  thv  colllvrka  in  etwra- 


CoaU  oarf  CoUitria. 


Sll 


QoQ  in  th*  Schnj'lkill  Ca«l  Itcpon  ixp  to  Jiuio,  1853,  «x«pt  tfio  coUivrfct  i 

tlw  Lorbcrrjr  Cr««k  JtailriMa,  Mobih.  Wbeder  and  Uilhry  imil  Ori-cnaBftll 

md  Qtorge'u.    Utmn.  Wliovlvr  and  MGI«r  sliipped  lul  jmt  12,447  tcna,] 

and  QrMEiiwalt  and  Georgi*  693  toiio.    Tlicra  is  ibout  tw»  mSn  of  oixle^l 

pound  railrokd  in  llio  Iiortirrry  Ovck  region,  not  in  Ibt  tMt.    Frooi  i 

ebarl  w«  Slim  up  tho  folloning  infonDftlian:'- 

Tttal  KnmbworCattiiiriM Ill        % 

■mIAkIi                   do. IB       ' 

WUU  A«h do. Gi 

HnDDCT  oropcmlon       *«••■»  99 

Umkr-tfNiniil  rellrewU,       mllw         ....  Ifit 

Of  whiA  Ihnnvh  trild  rack,  do.           ...          .  1) 

Bl—m  wifloM  oniplojod  la  ininitif       ....  fig 

ApRn^*!*  lwr>A.|»««r    ......  T.ffll 

Kqiin'.  to  nian-pomr,  niiiiilHir     .....  4S|4M 

Timet  tor  lioiitins  uid  puiiijiitsK,  boiM*         .          .          ,  >,BOS 

For  pnmploc  only,                           do.            ...  I^B 

IWhrnkinrondicmnlnfcroal,      <1a.            .          ,          .  I^i 

lliMnMdU>or«n«iirlofeilttCoIUMlM      .  t.TVt 

llonn Ml 

Uiiln EM 

Ulnon'  lioii«w«Dt«r(nniiK      .....  t,1H 

Wbci)<afltiil  ini«>l«diiilhi'>oCollMM        .  .  .  tS.Wa.OOl 

gf  ImJIalilunl  opeMlon,  aboul    .....  9,400,000 

tkffl  liopt,  yard*        ......  SM 

Shotfert                do.          .....            .  M 

Thiclit>l  vdu,  workoil  st  Herlt«rficnfSllc,  feet            .          .  |0 

SidbII'oI                                                             do.             .            .  9 

Wc  hare  also  gloaiied  (lie  r>>lloiring  Srom  lli)«  tabic : — 

AU  lh«  cool  laoib  now  workcil  in  the  coDnly  nrv  ownnl  bjr  *fx  Mrpon- 
liottt  ard  about  ristjr  itKiividiinlM.  .\fniiit  lni>  my -five  of  the  omiuw  ronijc  in 
Schnjlkllt  r«iinly,  anil  ttic  bDlatirv  ahronil.  Tho  pmpnrlion  Iirloniilng  to 
nndenta  U  wnall  compart'd  to  Ifinl  oivni'd  hy  [wrBoiin  iv»idinR  ■l>rond.  In 
MiinB  OT<T  th«  nanieit  of  Iho  ounrrii  In  the  InliU',  it  iitay  ipixnr  dmiblfal 
vtwUm*  IhMO  loiidholdiT*  poSKPSi  the  ohiliiy  to  niiOti'  the  iiccc*»nry  liiiprwr- 
IDMil)!  for  woikinR  Ihcir  coal  l.iTicL*.  ur  not,  wiliii>iit  act*  of  inmrjiontion. 

Not  one  xolitary  tori  of  i-'>hI  h  as  mmnl  hy  any  ri^rponilion  in  5chuytkitl 
ceon^  ilflriiie  tlvo  yrar  IHaU—lbc  whole  iirodiict  of  tiro  iiullionit  fltv  li«n- 
dnd  anit  Bftr-onc  ibouMcd  nx  hundred  and  three  tonx  «ax  mlntd  by 
InaridiMU 

Hie  roil  TFiit  ni!l  attnco  about  thirlv  tenU  a  ton.  11i»  producl  of  1899, 
m  SelMiylklll  cnoniy.  wax  3,Sai,r>Q3  tonx.  lliU  would  ffivtt  an  iMOoiMW 
tTU,48D  to  the  Utidholdem,  in  tho  nhape  of  rents,  for  the  year. 

■na  R.iHEiii.*Nti  cou.  TiubR  raoK  1A43  to  X669,  ncncarrx. 

Jrrnixn'i  IS.  llrtAilnrit't  ririlmuil 

\tS\tj.  EunV«ll»).  Bf«lDB.        Totrt. 

TMn  Tnu.  T<Mi>.  Tow  Taut. 

1949  ....  TM  est  1,T0» 

IMI  .            .            .            .  S.M1  «.4!t  IO,0«9 

IftH  .          .          ■          ■  &.IU  0,TH  11.980 

IMS  ....  1S.TM  lo,»l«  9l.fAt 

me  .          .  11.940  IS,I«  ».T9G 

IMI  .  >0,CtS  19.996  S9.H9 

IS«S  ....  M.ftTI  49.000  TO.tTI 

1M>  ....  «>.«Tt  fa.TTI  I41.44> 

l&U  .            ,            .            ,  7a,9M>  1I»,SM  I1>S,M* 

lUI  .  lt!.tSI  laCMI  9AT,9;» 

IU9  ....  )T4,H<tl  lM,9n  »4.1Ta 

ilu  ....  9M>4i  its,Bia  TtiTlf       ua,a8o 


SIS 


GxU^nJ  CoUimta. 


TUX  cuvmiLAm  eou.  tmdb  n»  ms  tbik  1653,  w  dbtiil. 

I.       J»iiiiini"i  E.  V»IIrT.     BfhUhVi  K,  Vtllor.  FlrOmont  Krtf nm.  AjaTTiMi 


Uintb. 

ILIEoMt. 

Ctetl. 

E.II<w1. 

<'<nal. 

ILUaL     CuuL 

K.IU«<1. 

VmA 

Juiimrt', 

II.Ut 

l.viS 

VMM 

I,4.M 

II.IAO 

SiVt 

K«l>riuiry. 

7,;«o 

«liU 

:,sia 

£S» 

lfl,<i70 

l^* 

Ktmh. 

1I,>0I 

«,«se 

11,101 

J.ms 

M,nll 

VfiM 

Aiiril. 

II.TM 

IVM 

u,«» 

T.IM 

tK«* 

n,t*t 

11,100 

l>,Mt 

i,<m 

1,IU 

1I0.J») 

n,M* 

June, 

UTTl 

T.510 

i^j 

6,5T» 

)J.6«3 

»,oe> 

Jiilf. 

Ii.»SO 

S.S'O 

10,II0B 

S.SRS 

U.US 

i,«n 

Aiitri>»t. 

l«,(»31l 

1>,S1S 

1*,S7* 

a,!M 

For  Hit  SfMon 

S0.7U 

1T.5M 

!itr|llDI»Wr. 

12.CIHS 

I,M8 

ID.SSq 

T.OM 

31.W1 

t*M9 

tldnlirr. 

u,n.% 

T,MIJ 

14,  XH) 

T,36e 

K.«» 

I4,TM 

XoV4Mli»*fr, 

IK.4t>4 

»,<■!« 

1M»^ 

s.aio 

M,T'a 

IMM 

DuccmUr. 

14,e(« 

1.V13 

1T,«U« 

VK 

•1.B57 

a,id3 

Teub.  ]&a,3s3    M,o«i)     is&.sTB    To.au    to.aso     &.it9    37<,3eo     iai,aMi 
Hw  abotv  U^floB  wero  prepared  by  ilr.  C-  Slack,  the  Siiperintoivlcftt  of 

(ho  Mount  SnnxG  Railroad,  irtio  has  paxA  Rpccul  Bltcntjon  to  tlic  mljcct  br 

the  liil  trn  vcan. 

Dk-  quantity  of  ooal  readied  at  Uoiton  in  IS53  and  1853  mu  u 

folloir*  :~ 

AiMhndla UI.STO  143,001 

Vifyinln— hnitiolK        ....  ,.■         U.'MO  M"« 

Forpiirii— olialdnn*    .  .-     ■  l  40,TU  4A,I>U 

Do.   — miifl >,us  s,9ta 

Showiti;  a  fnliiiig  olT  in  anthr^ite  ot  09,364  Ions  lu  1853,  irfallo  tWs  la 
m  «Dm'ii ponding  Incrciw  (torn  oUi«r  qiurtura. 


r.iRiut  vei>(  COAL  coup^xy. 
Tliis  Coinpnny  bavi-  m'iiI  llivir  (.'ali-douin  MiiicK,  pmcistin);  uf  3QS  tcrM 
of  bin  v.'tn  fa:i\  (o  Ihi^  Cali^lwiia  (■■■m|iany,  on  tcnm  tlint  will  net  more  than 
%\,im>  jHTscro.  1'hc  CaUdontn  ('omjiiiti]:  have  orsiuiitccl,  niid  will  contuioc 
tlw  woifkina  of  the  mint*  wiiliout  intwruplioci.  Tiio  CklcdUTiia  HbiM  (bnn 
no  ru"!  uf  lli«  grt-nt  'i'utU'ti  aiiU  Jackaon  tHLiles,  which  conijiHM  1,200  acm 
oftnit  liii:  vi'ln,  on  wliicii  tho  Paiki-r  Vein  company  uro  nt  work  mining  the 
([rpjit  hulk  of  Ihcir  coal  now  eoHiinn  to  m»rkcL  Tlie  Pjirkcr  Cojil  Company 
haa  Kol'l  iU  tinu  of  sd-Bmnbips,  oumprUiii^  ten  lin>l  l'Ishb  vcmcIs,  tn  a  iii'w 
ooupHTiy,  ronnoil  for  Iho  cspirial  purpow  of  rarryiiig  on  iho  (^i)chiinK 
biinlnrs,  Imtwcnn  Now  York  anil  Itallimorv.  The  new  coinpHny  wiU,  it  Lt 
♦aid,  immedintcly  ititri'OLif  the  iiiiiiibur  sa9icivnt  to  meet  thi-  wkiL*  of 
oonptunily. — Cumbtriainl  Jtmniui. 


wniTF  jieir  rinjai  ift  »nirTi.vit.f.  coirxrr. 

The  foltowin);  condtiMons  wv  drawn  fmnt  ihn  result*  obtained  in  boring 
for  conl  in  the  Schuylktil  villcy.  The  nuthor,  who  U  (he  editor  of  the  I'ett*- 
tUU  Itf^itter,  writes  in  a  Mnguine  spinl ;  yet  Iho  ci^licriM  of  England  far 
tranantod  any  cupoctalion  here  uxprcwed:— 

On  the  98lh  of  October  Inst,  the  (act  was  utabliahod  that  tkit  wmpaiiT 
had,  >1  a  ilrpth  of  88t  A-ct  fi  incU««,  Nach«d  tho  wfall*  ash  veins  on  tbair 
pn>p!-rty.  Now,  the  complflion  of  (he  pirowM  of  dcvclopmimt  iwowf  tfint 
tho  ehivf  while  null  vrinn  of  Iho  antltradtc  re^iun  arc  Iheiic — one  dxht  feci  in 
thickiWA,  nnJ  the  other  Iwrntv-lir*  fort  in  tlii^knitB — twenty-one  f«t  uf  alate 
iiili  rvciiins^inakiii^  thiriy'tiirco  fe»t  of  toliil  roal,  is  conSnotwil  by  tbo 
bating.    Tli«fv  ii^  lh«rtforr,  no  basia  fbr  akopticiiim  in  rolatioa  to  tfaa  exist- 


I 

it  ia    ^m 

iring    ^1 


Coalt  and  Oollirriej. 


na 


cnoeoflhe  whltuMboMl,  anil  Sn  an  lncxh.-iiistll>1ii  iiu|)iilr  on  thh  hnil,  mt  of 
Hi  ratur«  anilabllity  nad  ralue.     In  (Ix!  Hint-',  un'I.-r  tlie  rishc  tucl  vmii, 
rtratnm  «r  iron  ore  wm  pajowd  thpousti,  whii-h  wm  nbuul  tvclre  indicti  fat  | 
tlucknt-sK.  iixl  lK*t  tills  vnloKblfi  vein  at  inm  ete  eslmitii  ihrougliout  tit  UiV  ] 
Imd  nf  ttint  Inrtilitf,  in  proved  l>v  lh«  UtewKvy  of  Ihe  uino  ran  on  R.  W^J 
McGinncv'  *h%H,  sunk  on  Un;  Su  L'Uir  Inwt  ■■Ijoiciing.    Tli«  tboory  lia*  bees'  J 
lonK  uq^  mid  Hii»Uincd  by  BrR>  pArriBiinM,  Kb'],,  of  PoUsiillv;  b'lt  as  h« 
■MM  sMiW  in  Ibc  Tmttrr  it  nvj^iirri]  Ihio  dovfJnpmcnt  to  omflnn  iL     The  orv  | 
CMi  be  easily  mined  in  lai^  (lumitiiin  hy  blutinf,  and  lb«  luiniaium  nJit^' 
wbc4i  brouzht  tip  to  the  siirraiv.  will  be  $'l.GO  per  ion. 

In  Um  WmuiiuK  dcinnn'l  tnr  anihniclCn  ROal,  the  mipply  or  nbiv'b,  tk«i 
niiwn  lay,  will  n-^rtr  affnin  bo  in  i-xmim,  it  it  *  f  jrtitul«  rcwlt  for  Uic  con* 
mncT  tint  (he  Gxist-miTc  of  lliu  white  mh,  in  thu  lirit  i^o*!  0«li|  is  eoiirLrm«i)  j 
e  ibcy  will,  nt  no  distant  lUy,  n-wvc  from  this  rvKin".  himiipeib  of  ihoimndf 
«f  lonii  not  ril^iiUled  upon,  ftnd  thnt  will  tkiuid  to  (umisli  llie  Mipply,  (uid  fi^  , 
vent  th«  too  rnjii]  culmn'^eiueiit  uf  the  prio.',  nliicli,  (h>in  llie  prntest tapjAf 
■ikI  'tetiinnJ.  b>-am  a  really  tbrvatvninc  usjiecl. 

The  wliitc  iwh  ea«),  in  the  Itrvt  cit  field,  rnunt  be  reached  by  uluilllnic,  a  ! 
mode  ««  pmclicabte  a>l>y  Hlopn,  iiiToUing  tbeMme  amount  of  poictr  tn  bring 
it  10  (he  nrface,  boi  with  mnro  n>Uli*«  capa<r!ty.     A  abaft  can  h«  pat  iIowm  , 
to  (bn  iMEtn,  .ittil  be  rarninlicil  with  all  the  necdMuy  maehinory  an>)  bnitilfni^  ' 
for  a  (iini  nut  cx<.'ceiling  one  bitndml  lliouiani)  dollar*,  and  from  (Iii^  :>hift  na 
annual  jHToduet  of  at  l«aBt  l«a  linndred  thousand  tons  can  b«  brmi;;lit  up  t9J 
Out  sDrnnv    Tliecoal  exiubt  in  meh  qanntiiin*  a«  to  bo  laexhatintiw,  imla 
we  fed  diifKued  to  orij^oate  cnlculationa  of  exhnustibility  bwred  iipon  eenti^  ] 
lira  and  rculnrii-i  ilHarl.  1 1 

A  dIuiiU  I'bift.  "tth  ibi >|>parmily  hoRC  pro-Iiict'*.  can  be follnwod by  othora^ ] 
an  tile  rcMrietion  relative  to  pniclicabiliiy  and  lor-ition,  run  only  hitve  nn  *»  . 
iatcnrv  ftir  w*nl  nf  capital,  vsvu  on  liic  laiidn  of  tbi*  compBTiy.  We  prrxuiat ' 
Ihe  public  niinil  it  not  yet  prepared  liir  rnicb  stcningly  iininenw  oper^ilioi:)!  | 
and  rvsiilijs  alUwiijtli  ihcy  hav«  boon  eha-lowrd  forth  for  years  by  thnso  (!»■  I 
milcir  with  the  eo«l  inintnt;  region,  and  wbo  were  pnctically  intdlijcent  in  relap  i 
tion  lo  fu  Ibrmation  and  fvin<-.'til^.  \Vc  I'ltn,  liovcrer,  niBnre  it,  Dial,  with  tit*  I 
Inm'a'ing  flcmand  fiir  rnnJ.  thcro  will  bo  in  thvAret  rml  (WUI,  optnllorM  tbitj 
will  i'lEc«lunlly  transMnd  the  idea*  of  capacity  and  production  hcruiniadieUeit  4 

Tli«  annexed  Nlatcmcnt  rclalea  to  tho  UcUinncs  ahaft,  of  which  mention  ^| 
niad«  above :  — 

Tlie  Mcdinnc*  sliirt,  of  which  y«i  hitvc  henni  no  mudi,  baa  dcmonslnl 
tk«  lli«i>Ty.  thai  tho  1arfr#  white  wh  veinii  «nderli<>  not  only  bar  own  rallip^l 
but  111*  wbotn  valley  lieiween  the  Brnmi  ami  Sharp  Monntains.     Th«ooal  i 
reached  in  tJiut  ubiifl  at  llic  deplli  of  abotii  <(Sn  fwt,  irhere  the  ruin*  Ke  nearif  4 
flat,  liBTin^  but  link-  'tin ;  Iho  coni  in  vny  piirp  and  hard.     This  (>hafl  in  loc*- 
(td  IKKr  lh«  middldof  lli*riirpy  pr(i]ii'rly,  «nil  ojH'ns  an  imrnenw  A«ld  of  coal 
in  crtrj  direction,  which  will  riMniitc  agei  to  csiiauii. 


irmiui.Lo  1X1*1;  riijiD«. 

A  moat  citeaiivo  esliniatc  of  tliu  nul  trade  and  conaurnplion,  at  Pitl^' 
buTRli,  ha.*  been  prepared  by  Mr.  II.  lUupt,  who  is  already  bvorably  known 
lo  the  public  a«  a  writer  of  an  important  wurit  on  a  branch  of  engineering. 
No  one  can  avoid  being  vurjiriied  at  the  luoKnitudo  to  which  thifbiuiaecatui* 
vary  quietly  grown : — 

Tho  eoal  (n<1o  of  the  cHy  of  I^tlMlntrg,  and  iL*  virinity.  i«  one  of  the  imat 
Important  soiircwi  of  its  Tpallh,  whcihir  we  ri'jinril  It  for  It*  lntrln»lc  rahtfi,  or 
for  h»  infh»cnci!  in  snWaininjt  the  Rreet  nuinufnctiirini;  inleresti!  of  that  vb« 
worlmiMp,  of  wliich  Peonsyirania  i»  juirtly  prou-.l     It  i*  ye*  in  iu  inbnoy. 


«I4 


Ooait  and  Coitirrit. 


Tbc  extonl  ckn  hardljr  ht  (KtimUd  with  accuracy.  VTe  wtj  kpproiinm«  to 
ft  judgRienl  of  what  il  wLTI  bo  In  •  C#w  yaant,  whvn  tha  pnaeat  9tj:iiein  or  in- 
teroaTiinpraraiNmiU  tb*U  hire  ftillj-  dcrclopcd  Uic  rcioiiKM  of  the  countiy, 
bf  &  cmlrulation  of  iU  present  cxUiit.  It-i  ■ilapUCioii  10  the  BuuiiTacture  of 
iron  in  all  ilii  farni«,  in  jonl  bv^niiiiii;  to  Ije  ft'tu  lU  valuo  liir  jpim-nting 
■tMin  is  lianily  yd  rcnliiMvl — ami  in  ihiii  >k«  at  pTottroM^  when  (Ujs  ana 
WMkt  IN  OOnpTcuvd  inlu  iiiiniitu,  the  vnluc  of  ttiia  souroe  of  power,  of  the 
■Imasl  infinite  millioui  uf  Uiui  (A  ca^  in  ouj  wi'itvni  utnl  fields,  can  huill/  be 
appTvciattd, 

It  Ih  <lifnciilt  lo  Jilt  a  prcdse  meuurc  oftho  cool  IniiLc  of  the  dtyof  E^Ua- 
hat%  nii'i  itit  Ti:inii.y.  I*i.Tlaui  the  ui>»t  xx<.\n\a  way  to  luik;  an  ntiiB*t« 
of  the  quantilv  and  latite  of  Iliis  trade  will  bu  i>>  avcrngu  it  wvlvt  il8  tlif&rcnt 
lieailii  of  wijiply  niid  iiHe,  nnd  ir«  will  then  linvc  [lgurr;i  fnumlcd  upon  a  ntate- 
mcnt  of  fiicis  wliich  ifill  ho  easily  unUcrstooil  by  any  person  the  Irast  cooeer- 
saiit  ititli  iti  usr,  and  the  ^iii'rut  ri-sull  uf  u  liith  uill  ooiniiivlld  il*>l^l^  lu  all 
For  this  i>ur^>o*u  tin-  coal  traile  of  Plltjilmrg  and  'At  rieinily  may  Uc  divided 
into  ftiur  Kenirn!  dni^cs :  — 

first,  tliiit  whith  11  useU  for  Uomiislie  fnirpows. 

Sei-uiiij,  Ihit  wKidi  ih  um<]  Tor  iii:iniifai'liiriiig  purposes. 

Thinl,  (hat  nhirlt  in  ik^i'lI  for  t^viioraling  utvam  on  tbo  boabi,  and  in  and 
■bout  tlic  city  for  steam -I'ngincK. 

fourth.  tii»l  H'hicli  in  cxptirlfd. 

Flntt,  then,  that  whioli  i«  umA  for  doniMlic  pinpoMS.  This  \»  suppQod 
mainly  by  rvuul  dt-alci-s,  and  is  di^ltibult^<i  among  the  people  in  c«rt.i  aad 
wagons  from  ttic  piU  in  (hv  iivi^-liborliooJ,  and  frona  JIat-boitU  «i)  Um  Allu- 
ghany  and  Uonon^^hcla  riscrx,  in  which  it  Ik  hrtni^ht  to  thu  city  from  a  dis- 
tance of  five,  ten,  and  eT<D  titcniy  mills;  and  nlicn  I  (piak  of  rittKburg 
lier«t  I  uiMn  it  and  the  city  of  Allvgiliany  uid  ibu  vitlasM  aiyaoeiit  fur  ihnv 
<r  four  milM  round  tbcjnnelion  of  tnn  .Vllegliany  and  Monongaheln  rirL-rx. 

Tile  population  nf  th'ii  portian  of  country  may  be  »af:^)y  cKllmated  at  one 
hundfvd  and  lifty  tboiiwnd  persons.  This,  at  the  rale  of  fitc  pcnon*  lo  «>ch 
bniily  (vliich  is,  [  believe,  the  Uiual  alluwaiiri.'),  uould  uiuko  fur  the  diHlriut 
thirty  llionsand  fainiliwi.  I  then  a«»uina  that  cacli  family  will  burn  throe  firm 
throuftli  Ilic  year  (in  lliis  in  included  stores,  aliopc,  olGciu,  and  all  plaoea  of 
biwine**,  M  Bdl  ad  (1wellin):-iv>u(>»J,  and  at  Ibis  rate  It  u'oulj  be  |ierfectly 
aafu  to  allow  for  each  faii>ily  four  tiuiidrwd  biithcla  of  coal  per  year.  TliiM  etr 
Utnalc  n'oidd  make  the  ci^nxuniption  nf  coal  for  doineitic  purposes  amount  to 
the  Hiiii  of  twelve  millionn  of  bunhela  pi;r  year. 

The  ntsl  item,  in  tho  amount  of  f>:ial  ronsunicd  for  in-inulirtvirlnR  pur- 
pose*. I  e>Tc  below  liio  dull  upon  vliicli  I  found  my  cxtlmato ;  and  as  I  have 
taken  eontiidtrablo  trouble  with  l(.  I  tliiuk  it  may  be  relied  upon  as  correct. 

Ther*  are  In  Uie  city  of  Pitt«burii  and  iu  vii^nity  NTent«vn  larjce  rolling 
IiiiU^  and  theae  would  consume  whih:  running,  on  on  avcraj^c,  lilUen  Im 
dred  buahcla  of  ooal  vvt  day  i  «i)iidi  wouM  frivc  an  aggregale  of  95,1 
bushels  per  day.  And  «upi<[isinj(  rach  mill  to  run  SCO  daya  In  th«  year, ' 
annual  eonsnmption  would  hr  (tt.37fi,000  huihcls),  hx  million  three  nund 
and  iteT«ily-llrc  thousand  buslfeln 

There  are  in  the  same  boundii,  twi'tTo  prlnripal  or  lane  Ibundriw^  4nd 
Ibn*.  with  the  enjiinra  incd  in  thetn,  would  i-oniumc  alimit  (ICO)  one  biindred 
and  fll\,v  buihelH  each  per  day,  making  a  daily  cuntumiitioii  of  (1800)  dgM* 
ecn  liun<lr('i|  liu»hela,and  at  900  ilnvs  per  yuir  would  girc  a  yearly  eonsiUikp- 
ti'vn  of  (SUi. 0(111)  Ave  hundred  and  Forty  thouKand  buahels. 

There  are  twenty  gtasi  hoiwci^  each  of  which  irould  eon«UBia  nboat  (100) 
one  hundreil  bushalu  [wr  day ;  making  a  daily  consumption  of  (3,000)  Iwo 
t)touefln[l  busbeU  [•(tt  day,  and*  yearly  ooneumption of  (fiOO.OOO)  aix  hundred 
thoumnd  buiihelK. 

TheM  twenty  cD^oi  and  machine  abop4,  which,  with  their  tnipnt*,  Cokb 
fim,  ltd.,  will  coagatne  eacb  one  hundred  )nuhvla,pfr  daj^ai«k>ng;  *  WQT 


Coatt  ami  CoOitrut. 


aggr(«*ta  of  (S.0O0)  two  UwiimivI  bnshcb,  and  «  J*»iif  coNEan)|>lkin  «f 
(tOO.iXHt)  Hix  liiinitnd  thouMnd  budwix.  -m 

TWrv  uv  livclnHecoUanfiwtarifM,  wbwh  continue jrcurlv  aboutflOO.OW^f 
Oiw  liuniireJ  llioiiNi[i4  biiKlida.  ■ ' 

Thv  |E»«  viotVn  or  (!><-  titv  cltii.«  consuim-  at)oat  (SDO.Ktil))  l*ra  bundrtd 
UioiUiand  buHhtrU  pvr  jrar. 

Tlic  public  buiblingx,  iat^ludtng  hoipiiali.  Juil,  pcnitcnlun',  court-boute, 
buiks,  cuurclivti,  H^.,  cMiDimic  nlKiiit  3<ln,0<)f>  ruiHlivU  per  yror. 

Thv  waUr  worko  mid  AlkjchAiiy  aivcruil,  will  caiMunie  >iJOUt  (150,000)  on«J 
Imndrcd  itnd  tiHy  tdauuind  buiticii  jwr  jcat.  1 

Tli«re  >re  llicii  bvux  odd  humlivd  to  one  biuiilrwi  and  liftj  <itltt>r  stvAio-d 
rafiuM  iiMuJ  for  T»ri<>it%  imrjiaHoi,  whirJi  It  would  bt  alinu&t  im|)i>i*iU(<  tal 
tfmdify,  fbr  inxuni^r,  fcir  flourin~  milli,  ail  millx,  ww  tnillH,  pinnint;  nkills.  UiiiJ 
nerita,  utonv  culling  wlablisliuiciitii,  i-lc,  etc..  wliitli  would  consiirni^  lath  2(|] 
bviliaW  p*c  dar,  or  an  ^c|j«gat<i  or  3,0(i()  bushuls  per  <Iay,  niakiD);  a  fvarlu 
ectMamption  or  (Sdft.oOO)  nine  bundrcii  Ihounanil  hiif-hclii.  H 

Next  wo  tiavp  t)iD  itcam'ionLi  which  daily  luare  tlie  wharvci  of  the  twol 
chiw  Aii'l  ciiimuiiic  cual.     for  Xiu^»  tfo  laay  etMy  eatinialc  tlint  tliun-  arai 
(iffhl  bom  li'Avr  ihe  u'linrf  dnily  rliiring  wtcii  motilhfi  oT  thi>  viot,  ilimng  J 
which  tiirrr  ii  ronitiint  Tmrtgalion  of  Ihc  riven— and  in  Ihix  is  iii-:lit<Ji'ct  llio  I 
rariutiH  boalfi  urail  clnHSi-s.     Diirinu;  a  hrgv  jiorlion  of  llic  ^-rarlhon?  arv  (lii|:l 
nmnber  of  IkuIa  on  thi-  Clhio  nlonp  liailj,  mme  n{  wtiU'b  Inkr  a*  tiMch  til 
(lAOO)  flfbicn  hutidrrd  Im«hi.-l!i  tacli.  s»  I'hul  Ihiii  ntiinalr  U  fiillr  within  tiM  I 
limibt:  and  it  will   be   iiitxli'iutc  lo  alloH'  K.t  each  bunt  (fiUOj  live  Iiun<tn4 
boahvltt  (lor  lUy,  wlil<-h  makes  n  daily  dtinand  (mm  lhi><  Aoiircc  of  -l.'JQCI  biiidi> 
tl*,  and  for  two  humtrcd  and  Ini  ilnyii  cuniiuniptian  it  would  require  (840,000) 
tight  liundrnl  atid  forty  lliuusaiid  luishvlit  per  yi-ar. 
^^  By  aibliDs  ibu  foregoing  amouiiti,  we  liavo  as  fotlows : —  _ 

^^^^_.       For  tNmiHtio  DM*. lLAOt.iMO  '1 

^^^K         "  KutliM^  Uills i^TifiW  J 

^^^^^E  "   Funildri<;>,           ......  Ma,O00  -J 

^^^^P         •■   flbwHuiltH flOO.OOl)  .1 

^^^^^^  "  XiiRJiiii  ami  iDBehine  abopt,     ....  dOD.OOO  *  J 

^^^^K  "   CoUvn  t'utori«s            .....  lOO.W)  1 

^^^K       "  Qui  nvk' ttio.000        1 

^^^^r  "  Tubtip  I><>i!'iiniP> lEO.OOO  4 

^^^^^K  "   MlAnllurro'ia  Eoifiiia'.  ttc,     ....  WO.CIM  1 

^^^^m  '•  SluiiiboaU,  M^OIHf  I 

^^^^'^  Tctet  li)r  liauin  cooiunipliaii       ....  S9,li).>,HV0  I 

^M        Twrnty-two  million  thr«e  hundred  and  five  thoiuund  buahcta.  il 

^1  Th'cncltitnn  in  the  aiiiouul  of  coal  exported;  and  thnt  i.i  made  upaCi-1 

H        what  Id  lah«D  to  (^clnnati,  I..oui«F;i1c.  N'<<w  OrieaiM,  and  oilier  |>la«.-a  on  ibaJ 
^^        (ftilo  and  Ui>«iiBi{iiM  river*.     TWk  u.chiclly  sent  down  in  Hsl-hostn,  whlch'l 
are  floatMl  duwn  the  Hrvm  In  tbnea  of  Tii);h  water,  eacli  boat  containing  from  J 

•  tight  to  Iwi-Itc  thoiuuind  biwh^la,  and  drawing  from  seven  to  nine  foot  of.  I 
«rat»r.  During  the  lait  y«ir  a  kr^  amount  of  coal  hiu:  been  Inkcn  to  Clnclni'  I 
nalj  in  birgcM,  towed  by  a  slMtiibonL  For  a  part  of  this  wc  hare  an  oivuraU  I 
aeWMBt  In  lh«  Mat^mont  nf  Iho  MonORKahela  NaviRalion  l7nrnT>Rny.  Tli*  J 
nwontorbuahdiiofcoal  that  wan  taken  tbroaghlocki  in  hantK  wns  (!!.!i')fl.n3l)  J 
nina  milKun  nine  hundrvl  and  three  IhouMin'l  nine  liutidred  and  twenty-one  I 
bnabcU  In  lli#  year  a.  d.  IXnS,  Thl>  van  nil  for  export— O'hat  in  boabi  if] 
for  rilv  oj  home  coniumiitirni.)  wbieb  amounta  to  nearly  Bve  miltlnn  biiahela,  1 
aad  wlii<^,  ol  ooime,  in  a  ]inrt  of  tbu  foniKT  tflinult!  Ibr  damcMtic  eontimi|i<  1 
^        tlon.  I 

^M  Tli«n>U  thm  a  larite  amount  of  coal  loailcd  beloir  the  Wkv,  snd  ofwhii-ll  J 

^H         wc  can  bare  no  olllcial  nlnteini'UI,  and  I  <iVip|>o<e  I  wilt  lie  beto'i*  Die  amaunt  I 
^H  when   I   nav  It  will  aTiioiittt  In  four  milll-iTt  Lnubi-la  fn-r  yrar.      Tli--n>  b  also  I 

^^       M«p  FillilMieic  cool  sent  to  t'leveUnd  an<l  I'liiladvlpbia,  but  that  trade  K  yrt  ' 
■  Vol.  IL— Ifi 


us 


OoaU  and  CoUitrit*. 


Im  £Is  tefaiKy,  uiil  iu  importMica  will  not  tw  rult  untit,  «s  1  nii)  brfort^  Um 
hualntM  ofoiir  railroads  kcU  ti>  W  pcrtnincnt  uid  Bicil,  and  then  it  IMT  tM 
•ImdM  bojranii  conipulation.  At  pnsrtit,  I  tuppotw  one  balf  of  k  i^lBoa 
bualiels  would  cavvt:  tli«  amount 

We  h»T<j  Uwn  the  folloTin);  mmount  ;  — 


Aawotitof  «»l  nin«nin»ii  111  anri  bIhiijI  tli'  Ciljof  Pilt«biiiy, 


TMal, 


14.W.WI 


conaum^oM  or  co*i.  m  cwoiitjiati. 
ITie  Riuiual  conitiiiiiplion  of  coat  inCincbustiiimUted  to  tuTcbccK,  tltht 
thrae  diScrcnt  periods  gporiHed,  m  follows : — 

TeiH. 
IW> S4,W0 

IM« •a.wM 

t»J 1T0,«» 


niK  irjuirsaiKK  co*l  oohpast. 

Tha  Company  was  cliartcrt'd  by  ltii<  Lcginlalurr  of  Viri^'nia,  but  u)  tuxthoi^ 
lied  by  an  act  of  Iha  Uaijland  Le^slaluru  lo  hold  landii  in  tliii  slnlc  Thta 
property  Uca  in  boDi  states,  and,  besides  tho  "Oti*«r  Lands"  ineltidM  a  por- 
tion of  thn  bif;  vein  coal  of  lli«  (ii>orgc'«  Creek  Valley.  Vir.  iindcrslsnd  they 
contemplate  u  spwHly  ^ommcnocmvnt  of  opcnlion^ — Cun^rUnJ  JvurnaL 


TiiK  nesELL  iii?ti?(o  co)ip*sr. 
This  Company,  llie  stotk  of  wliitli  ire  believe  is  owneri  cnllrvly  in  Balti- 
more, hftvu  0|H,'ni'd  one  of  thi-ir  iniiH'S.iii  tliu  Georgu'u  Creek  Valiiiy,  and  an 
making  irrui^'iutnitM  for  tho  epofidy  iM[jiiiii.'n<.'viui'nt  of  mining  opcnUJoai. 
Thi-ir  loiiicB,  wc  understand,  arc  iindor  the  olwrgu  of  Douglas  Percy,  Sitq.,  i 
of  the  most  cxpcriencvd  niiuvrs  in  Uiis  regioii. 


AyTIIRACITII   FOn   l.nrOKOTl  T«S. 

The  annual  report  of  the  RcadinK  Railroad  Company  contains  some  facts 
roIstiTV  to  tho  nsc  of  anthracite  coal  in  their  loaomotivoL 

The  cost  of  tnnKportation  htu  been  reduced  in  crcry  departaicnt  as 
follows:— 

On  coU  .... 

Oh  iiierch»nill»         .  .  . 

Oa  [otMngeis 


1^3  ccnti  per  Ion. 
*M  ,lo. 


. ,        .  tS.IS  for  aaoh  Uirnigli  ptsMOfsr. 

It  is  to  t>e  observed  thst  this  economy  has  l>een  Ulainod  dnrinK  a  psrM 
rfmarkablu  for  ihc  hiRh  price  of  materials  and  lalior,  and  (or  tbst  reMOn, 
especially,  cannot  (ail  tu  Iw  a  source  of  ^iitt  tatlsCiiCtion.  Nothing  can  titer* 
clearly  dcinunstrste  thu  proH]iurity  of  any  piililiu  work  than  nich  results  as  Um 
openliuns  ot  the  pa«t  year  prcwnL  Thin  lUniinotion  of  expemee  in  the 
Iranaportation  of  ooal  may  properly  be  attributed  to  the  increaacd  tise  nf 
anlhrndtc  coal  as  P«d  in  ths  IocoiuoUvm,  ud  from  the  Kome  oiitse  a  still 
furlhrjr  rt'iluction  nMT  naturally  bncxpectolL 

Tlii>  wft  of  this  fuel  iu  the  looomotiTO  has  bctin  tp-ndunlly  and  renntarly 
incrvnxiii);.  Sixty  per  ceiil.  of  the  coal  lranH|>orlabuii  uf  Ibir  last  year  has  been 
accotnpliKliL'd  by  iC  sod  it  is  jnlcndcd,  ss  *non  as  prscticsble,  to  u««  it  «x- 
eluiJeoiy  for  thai  purpoic. 

'rhew^  ri'suttK.  duiuonstrating,  as  Ihuy  do,  both  it«  adanlabllity  and  its 
«coiweuy,  ant  nvl  only  highly  xlvantageaus  la  the  Company,  directly,  bulcoa- 


CoaltoKd  CoBifrtM. 


not  bi)  la  proi«  mod  boicftcial,  hj  inducing  k  nun  gencnU  om  «f  OM  fiiel 
fiir  Uiia  purpoM. 


TTie  Cmnpinv  ovtiH  «vvi.'rAt  thounnd  t(-rc«i  of  Iind,  a  portion  of  wliich  U 
ooirered  with  tkIiiiiIiIo  Ihnhrr,  nnil  thn  lintanrc  tmdnrUHl  vitfi  co*1.  Tlien 
art  throe  mn«  or  loins.  The  flnil,  bcsidos  pos*c»«inj-  nil  (he  requisitm  for 
dMnmlir  purponn,  is  Mill  U)  bv  a  very  rich  pya  cuil.  It  ii  rvmiLrkably  hard 
aad  iluraWp,  »n'l  ji«rt«kc8  inriciily  of  a  hi  turn  inn  us  natiirv,  mart  no,  pixhapii, 
th*q  Mu^Und  coal  itcncrally.  lich);  pci^uliirly  adapted  to  the  inanur»clun 
of  nj>.  we  doubt  not  that  it  will  be  i[i  grc>at  di^iiiand  in  a  itiurl  time,  both  bcra 
and  «lwwb«TV. 

The  MMnd  ilncuro  paHnkoi  more  of  the  nature  of  what  in  termed  a  tcooil 
eoal  for  ookt;  th«  nuiiiuraclurc  of  nhich  is  invally  on  tliv  incrraiic,  and 
■litB^f  MnstttiltM  f  iilto  an  Item  of  ttvda  fKon  Ihin  rtgian — tar;>R  itiianCitiva 
of  which  u«  bcie;;  uwd  for  manufacturing  purposvii,  and  ui  a  fuel  fbr  loco- 
tDotirtx. 

Thv  third  KtnUnni.  about  four  fret  In  thickncnt,  !s  an  excellent  coal  tar 
domtsitic  porpoaa.— CuniWtond  Telegraph. 


nBccn  Dvnts  ov  iboh  ahd  coai. 
Tin  M»titt<tr  of  Par4s  mMalna  a  dccrvo  of  the  FVmrh  Rmpi^roT  rvdniHn^ 
the  duties  od  wronriit  iron  imported  into  France  by  the  marilime  xonc  about 
ten  per  eonL,  and  Ine  dnliea  on  tuft,  iron  by  about  thirty  tn  forty  pvr  cent., 
ftdcn  the  fonner  rate.     The  vlTcrt  of  this  mrnmirc  M>rinn  to  be  to  rijiializo  tha 
dntiM  on  Gmrign  iron  by  mluciug  them  to  (ho  rate  previously  levied  on 
Bclgfan  produco  only ;  and  a  similar  tutamrc  has  boMi  applied  to  cul,  Lh* 
dnty  havinf  been  lowered  in  the  rt^trieted  tono  from  6d.  1«  id.  per  kiloa.    Al 
tkr  aa  it  Kotn,  thin  removal  of  a  minchievous  dincrrntial  dniy,  which  tlmited 
the  anpply.  iimireJ  tlie  revenue,  and  benefitted  no  one  but  a  nndl  elaM  o^ 
fnnmaMan,  W  ntnlllatilo  to  th«  Imperial  RovernnienI ;   and  it  ong^it  to  b« 
wall  imdcntood  in  France  that  it  has  been  adopted  Miely  IVom  a  view  to  tha 
turtlonal  interMld  of  that  eountry,  ami  not  na  the  rrittilt  of  neg:qltiilion  wild 
any  tanitj*  powtr.     Our  wonder  hns  lone  been  mueh  more  eieltrd  by  the  • 
pertinacity  with  which  France  hnii  oiiljoue'l  tri  net  an  artilicJal  and  cxecmva 
print  on  raw  materialH  of  primary  nei'e«tiiity  to  the  proKitM  of  (ncchaniam  Md 
tMIIsa^n,  than  by  her  declining  to  open  her  port);  to  an  important  modiiim 
of  azdiaage  with  thin  country.     But  we  are  aware  that  public  opinion  in 
Pnnw  ia  m  little  fcnned  on  ihcBc  subject*  that  the  Ooveiriinenl  has  nioi* 
difficulty  in  twrving  auch  a  measure  thnn  in  doinit  many  other  thinjni  «f  K  ' 
leaa  ovdit^v  (unneter.     If  it  were  not  that  the  huge  popuUlion  of  (hU 
IMlropoba  hu  SidiMilted  and  atUI  tubinilN  to  pay  a  laree  ninnliipal  duty  on 
coat  under  tbe  abnoxioua  fbrm  of  an  «f(rai.  no  iihould  uny  that  no  imfioaC  ' 
walil  l>«  iWlMd  man  Intolerable  to  an  iulellii;^-iit  rommunijy.  more  onermi|  , 
to  aiaaiiftcturrm.  mnrv  itl(*omc  to  the  t-omforUof  the  midilte  vI»k«i'S,  orroix^j 
cniet  to  the  cttcetaitica  of  the  poor.     In  the  climate  it  Ik  onr  btc  tn  Inhabit, 
and  with  tba  punuitc  nrcl  miployinents  which  coiistittito  the  chief  Kiibitiiit> 
•ncc  of  thia  country  and  Iho  north  of  Frinre.  cheap  fuel  lit  one  of  the  greatest  j 
Mtaiinga  we  can  enjoy ;  and  the  duty  of  G  trnnca  a  Ion  levied  on  »ira  coal  In 
lb*  Fteneh  ports  acts'  as  a  restriclioii  on  atl  the  productlre  powers  lost  bj| 
thttt  incnaM  in  the  nricc  of  the  article.     It  will  now  be  red'iccd  to  3  franca, 
md  w«  tnmt  beftire  We  it  will  diwinpeir  a1to)(elhcr.     Strictly  Kpeaking,  an4  , 
h  »  mrrower  view  of  the  sohiei'l.  tliiK  ouiilry  hax  t>o  intercut  in  .lupptyinl'  ' 
FraMOa  with  the  raw  inali-Hal  fiir  thoiie  works  of  inijiulry  end  of  nrt  in  wblel 
the  bour  moat  brilliant  c«npelitor,  and  tho  demand  for  Britiah  coal  and  iro«i  { 
abr«ad  onlv  tend*  to  Inctoace  the  price  of  thcM  commodities  to  the  home  con-  I 
ytltit  the  cxMplkiii  of  tba  tUtm  «t  omI  tnmcra  tad  hoomuicr^  tht 


S18 


IrM  and  ZiM.  '^ 


direct  kdiwiUee  of  Uu^  rlianKO  is  in  ftvor  of  Franoe,  who  obtains  wliM  b 
««nnti«l  t>>  hiT  innnufactiircK  anil  rulrowJit  cm  coMvr  leniis.  Itiit  tbc  uidJrMt 
•dnnttgD  to  ollwr  nalion*  l»rjnely  wjinpi'tisslvs  for  this  diffemicc.  Wc  no- 
qnire  A  more  cxti'DHivo  inclium  of  cxchuige  with  tUat  oountry  ;  wt  unite 
Iw  floMr  tJM  thfl  indu»try  »ncl  inalwial  wtlfwu  o!  l«o  irfat  iintions  j  Bad  wc 
KtrCTiKtheii  thoiic  coinuiun  iiiturtsU  wtili:)i  UD  inilvpuDdcnt  of  the  TiciHiludci 
of  mere  poliliol  coiuUniUions. 


I 


JBOK  ASD  ZlSa 


Thi'a  Company  U  ongngml  Sn  l)i«  manufacture  of  line  ptint  The  diroct- 
onof  tbu  company  arc  1^.  K-  Crittcntlcn.  J.  B.  8aluil>ury,  iimitli  Uirdner,  and 
J.  C.  (iriiiin.  From  a  report  irUitli  they  havo  niado  to  tlie  stockltoldvra,  me 
cxtmct  tlic  subjoined  nlateinviitH : — 

Tlie  Amrri<:«ii  WhilP  Zinc  Company  wm  oq^nixal  in  Oclobcr.  IMS. 
under  the  ovncral  manulacluring  law  uf  thu  nUtc  of  NVw  York,  with  a  ouiilaJ 
atock  of  9^00,000,  all  paid  in,  TIm  worka  of  the  Coniiian)'  arc  lotatcd  m 
ImlaT  slrvot,  ia  South  itrnoklfn,  and  conaiat  of  a  two-nlnr)-  l>rirk  biiitdiafc 
100  feet  aquarc,  o^  tlic  niont  *utu.taiitia)  cbaraclcr.  and  u  Hicam-pu^Hnv  of  5A 
honto-powiT.  and  Hiv  loM  of  gcouud,  S3  by  ll<i  feet  'Die  L'nnipany  ai« 
working  under  the  (Jardncr  pioccK»,  which  they  have  bought  of  Smith  Uard> 
ner  (the  iuvctilor). 

ll  is  a  lutt  well  known  to  chciniHla,  that  In  coiirerting  llio  i>urB  mvtaUir 
tiiiK  into  oxidi^  thcrp  h  n  jpiln  of  SI  ^'„  per  cent  So  that  (ho  Company,  no4- 
withxtunding  tliv  slight  \oU  altcndinK  all  cnanu&cturinit  operation]^  an:  Riirv 
of  a  net  gain  of  30  per  ci-nl.  In  aiMllion  to  wliirli,  wo  baveKdeddod  ■dTWi- 
taf|c  oTi'T  the  imported  oxide,  as  tlicru  ia  n  duly  of  id  per  cent  Upon  tbo  whil* 
OKide  of  line,  and  the  duly  upon  Uic  mcUl  U  0  per  cent  only,  which  aflbnla 
the  American  While  /iiic  Cutiipaiiy  an  adiaittngu  of  luoro  tlian  IS  pvr  c««L 
9nr  iho  imported  article. 

Further,  by  the  use  of  the  metal  ■  grval  Hving  of  fuel  ia  ctfcctcd,  and  Uia 
gnality  of  lh«  oxlila  wore  luilform  than  can  he  pro<liicvd  when  uianulacluied 
4inct  IVom  ores,  ax  in  tlio  orca  arc  a  \!a^i  jicr  centaj{o  nf  impi>ri<ii->  «liicl> 
imiEt  alTect  tbo  quality  ( in  hel,  iim  allt^npts  to  pcoduvo  xinc  pnint  fmm  or«>. 
at  a  low  price  and  of  a  uniform  fjunlity,  were  long  since  ■bandoiied  in  Kuro|>r. 
aiUr  ropcatcd  triala,  aud  all  Iha  compuiiea  now  cafpgcid  in  liic  manufai-.luro 
of  vine  naint  in  Kuropr.  first  makit  tbo  tuelal  from  tliv  or«,  and  from  the  inetal 
tlie  oxi'ir,  which  (ict  ha*  only  to  be  known  to  insure  tbw  profurvncL'  to  our 
own  paint 

The  American  White  Zinc  Company  hare  now  beon  engaged  some  week* 
making  IVoni  fire  to  ten  and  twelve  tonit  per  day,  and  whieli  liai  mel  with  a 
ready  i^ale,  and  numbeilcsi  ccrlilicatcs  can  be  produot^d  from  pmctiiMtl  paint- 
er* of  its  superiority  over  all  otiiurit  for  color,  and  particularly  lor  body.  And 
WO  arc  now  constantly  rereivioft  ordera  up  to  our  pre*cnt  rapacity  of  maiiu- 
&cturc. 

Wu  are  alM  enab1e<l  to  sny,  (hat  anun;;einenl4  Ijavu  been  made  for  a  full 
eupnly  of  the  metal  from  Silfsia  lo  ilie  amount  of  Stt.OlK)  Ions  annaally. 

iVc  annex  a  Htatcuicnl  of  our  daily  buKine«<,  only  raricd  by  incrraainjt  th« 
amount  from  ten  lo  luelve  and  filteen  tout  per  day  ;  and  taking  Oie  ton  tonn 
as  c-ur  daily  average  of  buaineat^  wo  giie  llie  (bllowlng  as  /ittli  wAmA  sm^  T 
iWW  upon :— 


M  MIS  SmIM  —  m.mo  Ibt.  a  a]  cU.          ...  .  f],)M  0* 

4      "     Coal,  a  K                            ....  .  U  M 

I'mIuwm,  (Wrt]>  >nJ  cwk*,)  .  100  M 

W>  tMioM  UBMtid  <)>I,  o  16  et«.  .  3«(  00 

'i  K^tiatn,  Bio*.— 4)lTaRi«i, a11*^IS  IjAon**,  a  it».vt*in  St  T8 

>Oit«HTa                            ......  .  M  00 

Inianiia*,  MM  pw  numm      .....  1  90 

10 IDIU  gfi«lt*r  MQlll  .  10.000  Ibl. 

0  per  csnl.  «aln  In  voltht  4,000 

ValfUMO  pUoiw  OU  .  .  .         x/M 

idfiOO  IlM.  •  S|  et*.  t«,34(  00 

DednA  Commlulfln  Knd  Oaatsnie*^  5  pat  c«it.  .  .  I  IT  80 

Nel  [TAItt  per  dnjr  ...         •Sll  SO 

MO  dif*  Bivtn  nrr  nniiiiin  tlMvUA  00 

DviUhI  tw  xlillliuual (oiiIinBaDvIct,  £0  pMOtot.    M.'IT  00 

|Ufl.si]fl  00  tul  pmflt  per  ■iiouok 
A  fraction  ortr  48  per  rent  on  our  L'apital  or  ^'H),000,  Miil  working  «nlf 
10  (ona  ptrilaf.  wliiuh  wi-  cui  vcij  nialcriftlljr  JncrciK^andoiircxpuiMaiiot^ 
to  Incnwd  in  the  same  ratio. 

TAOUAK*    IHOX  WXK. 

Four  aMit  a  )i«1/  hour's  ride  from  (.'-Krai-i-As  aiiil  about  Gnt  boura  ftront  I«^ 
Gayrw,  Uio  principal  port  or  VcneziiL'tx,  in  HUated  the  can*  planttiion  calleAi 
Xigiiu*,  where  the  oxiilc  of  iron  ore  lia-s  been  found  in  ^reKt  abnndfttu*.  Al  1 
(Mra  U  ■  vein  of  iron  or  '{"urtx,  works  >re  about  \o  be  coiiitlTUcted  to  aac«f>l 
Uln  whelbvr  tlib  in  not  tlit<  iron  cip  wlik'Ii  oflon  covers  rich  niiiiM  ofBilwrl 
or  cold.  Tho  workliiK  of  tble  minv,  !ii(naU-d  w  near  tlio  capital  of  the  Ro*i 
public,  wbcro  no  iron  minn  nro  in  npcrntion,  nor  iron  foundrioi  or  uiy  kinlJ 
ti<lhlliih«il.  !■  rripiiliil  ax  a  ^•■y\  irivi'slmt'iil.  Tliere  iaB  waCcr-wlrecl  at  work! 
mlbc  praptrty  at  Ihu  vaw  milt,  and  niil«r  and  Old  am  abundant;  a  rood  M 
iIm  ni  contemplation  to  Canttoit.  A  more  tborougb  explontion  of  tbiKI 
nine  it  Bbortly  to  b«  made. 


I 


Tim  AcnTiTT  or  rnit  man  MixrTArmtR. 
\^t  ^le  prKcnl  aclit-ity  of  the  iron  bu^incM  i*  well  iltuitrntcd  in  the  (bJloi^j 
Ing  rwnarkji  relating  to  iti  eonditian  in  a  district  or  Maryland : — 

It  ia  calculatiMl  that  tli<^  iron  inanuractUn-rH  of  llii«  coiintrj  bave  a  aiinil 
doiMnd  bdnre  ihvni  of  vnrlotiH  iron  fabrii^ — a  demand  that  will  re(|iiir«  1 
■■d  more  than  atl  tlieir  cipnritj-  of  supply.  The  calculation  it  well  adaptM^-l 
llOWlbvlws,  to  iiKlioate  tlie  LDFrcanLn;;  inipurtanM  of  (he  iron  trado  and  mM»' ' 
flfcetMTCS  of  the  muntry.  Oii>'  ttiinj:  '»  ovirli-nt.  An  InnK  v<  the  di^and  1 
■hall  exoMd  tbecapa<'il5:ofaiir  rurnnoes  to  lupply  it,  the  hi|th  price  of  forcitni  | 
IraD  will  optratc  as  a  buunly  niid  take  llie  place  that  &r  ofa  protective  lailft  { 
The  Iron  interertH  in«y,  Ihtrcfuri',  take  caro  of  tlxcniiclves  very  well  for  somo  ( 
time  to  enmc.  4 

U  in  fur  tlie»e  reaiwns,  ire  nippow,  that  the  prrei-nt  aetivity  extKta  in  tha , 
naau&clMri)  of  iron  throriKhoDt  the  rountrj.     F.vcrywlierr  w«  hear  oT  old 
Avium*  jTMnit  inta  blaM,  and  nrir  onra  in  the  pronewi  of  erection — and  in  all 
roan  tlw  banneRi  in  rcfreNentcil  to  bo  hi^hlr  reraunerattvc.     In  Harflan^. 
partiriilarly,  alMiitxIiii;;  sa  ^)m  dovn  in  iron  ami  coal.  Ibia  la  tlie  eoac;  and  1 
wmrern  rounty  u(  .\llcali:mT  <lnts  not  f.rvM-nt  an  cxneplion  to  tb«  rule. 

Tbo  alxindanoe  of  iron  arr  m  Allc^bany  cotinly  can  no  luii-,;tT  be  di>iibted>  i 
Btcoat  dbooverits  ami  e:iploratioiiB  gnurc  that  St  U  (bund  in  almost  wxhauaN 


330 


Iron  aad  Ziue. 


Irw  qnuititini  frocn  the  TougliiKhcny  rrrer  on  Ibe  vut  to  the  Wirrior 
ntounUiii  on  Ilio  touL  In  the  fonniT  Tvgiun  tbfi  qiulrlf  U  nc4  on)}'  very 
supi-rior,  but  lliu  quanlily  in  c8|ii'i*i>ll;  ri'|ir('i>unt«cl  u  tmI  ;   in  th«  latter  » 

simikr  roiiijltioi)  of  tiling  U  ui^lttx-xUL  la  tho  intcrmi-ilule  ponioiM  of 
the  county,  cflppcUIly  in  the  FrtMtbm^  co*l  rrj^ion,  new  rvvcUticm*  kre  being 
clailf  mndo  thnt  prow  thv  oxuli^ut't!  oX  pure  uici  ■biuniint  rrtiu  ol  lbs  tiob- 
est  ores,  in  addition  to  thode  nlniidf  cliwoTerMl  on  Itir  surfxi-c. 

Thus  n  new  impulse  Ii.ih  litcn  communicated  to  Iho  iron  liiiKinrss  of  our 
munty,  nnd  und?r  ItA  iuHucnco  wc  Bjr««ilv  mc  the  beginning  of  a  new  tlata 
of  tliingx.  Ttie  furniK'e  in  lliu  Gcorsc'x  LtccIi  Volluj-  in  won  lo  co  into  lilasL 
The  Lena  Furnace  ul  Uumbvrland  iwt  been  puruh&!*Ml  liy  norlhvrn  panieA, 
and  is  to  l>e  put  into  onliT  for  the  conimcni-i'incnt  of  opcWions.  Iho  fuf' 
nftcn  ftt  Mount  Savnge  arc  pniiring  out  thi-ir  licjiiid  utrenmK,  while  th>!  rolling 
mill  at  the  luiine  pUco  upfeiiily  cunvortit  theni  into  miperior  railtoail  barx 
Brcrylhiug  bvtokum  an  unusual  actirity  in  the  iron  bunineiu  of  ttau  OOUnljr. 


rotovAC  rcRSACK  aold. 

The  Potomac  Furiiuc^  in  l»uilon  county.  Va.,  opposit*  the  Point  of 
Rocks,  has  bwn  punihiwei!  hv  M.  P,  O'llcm,  Rnq,,  of  Itoltiinan-,  and  Col.  J. 
W,  Geary,  of  Pmnijlvsnia,  for  the  sium  of  one  hundred  thoiuand  doDara. 
They  hnvf,  wc  undewtand,  m-cured  Iht  ri(rlit  to  lay  a  railroad  from  tile  llin« 
Uill,  Bcruiu  tliu  bridge,  to  tli<.'  U-n  acrv'S  of  land  on  the  ^hiyland  side  of  tbe 
river,  which  can  be  done  al  »  IritiinKcitpnnditnrc  lioyond  the  cnstsoftha  ruL 

The  purchawrs,  it  in  iindemtimd.  intend  erecting  now  fumacea,  forgea,  a 
foundry  and  mlling  imllii,  and  thuK  to  bring  Inti)  active  opcniiMi  tlie  grmt 
capabilfliea  of  tiii«  location.  The  Iwation  has  perhaps  heller  racrliclea  tor  tho 
cheap  manufaclnro  of  iron  than  an}'  nther  idmitar  ntlablithincnl  in  the  eoun- 
try.  Alfout  hnlf  a  tjiile  in  the  rear  of  the  furn.-iep  ri^v  an  iron  mound  at  bill, 
the  baao  of  which  covers  about  one  liiindrvd  and  sixly  acrea  of  land — the 
wtiob  a  solid  luaiu  of  iron  urv,  ennily  rriuovtd  from  ita  bed,  and  dvU*crcd  al 
the  At^^ac^ 


I 


tMDH   OKK   IN   aCnrVULtU.   COUTCTT. 

We  Icam  thnt  a  valuable  vein  of  iron  ore  hai  been  atruck  in  the  ahaft 
recently  sunk  at  SL  CInir,  in  this  counly,  by  Curry  *  Hart  It  Li  in  Ihe  rfale, 
juat  bvlow  one  of  llie  largu  coal  veln».  and  can  bu  worked,  an  we  are  infunncj, 
at  a  very  xnuill  coat.  This  is,  we  believe,  the  flnit  workable  vein  of  or*  tlial 
ha*  been  opened  in  thia  anthracite  coal  region,  and  ila  diacovery  miMt  add 
largely  to  the  value  of  conl  pru[KTty  generally,  as  tl>e  fuel  and  the  oretKi  be 
tak«n  from  the  aame  opening;  and  aa  limcstona  abaiinds  in  Ilia  bninadlat« 
neighborhood,  it  Keemx  fair  to  infcT  that  iron  may  be  made  at  conndcnblo 
lower  cost  than  liu  yet  been  d'lnii  in  any  part  of  tbo  Union.  It  is  piufioaod 
at  oncv  In  repair  and  enlari.'e  the  I'liniaee  at  St  CInir,  biiiii  wiuie  year*  ainee 
by  Mr,  Itiini  Pnltenmn,  ami  the  hope  may  hi-,  indulged  Ihnt  this  may  proT«  to 
bs  but  t)ie  linl  itvp  lowardu  the  c.itabliihmcnt  of  a  great  iron  raamilactura  In 
tike  coal  regiosa.— TbouiTiui  Otaetta. 


narnHmaw  hikiiio  Aim  laoN  coxpakt. 

This  Company  have  an  olalc  of  aVtoitt  T&U  aerea,  siiiinled  on  the   

bank  of  the  lludiion,  about  fl(c  miles  from  the  river,  and  tliirty-foiir  miles 
ftmo  N«w  Vork.  The  mine  na.s  formerly  known  a«  the  tloraontievcr  nini«^ 
and  waa  worked  aomo  thirty  years  slner,  Ijiil  snspentled  for  want  of  capital. 
The  mine  ia  HUppoacd  to  Iw  incxhauiitil>le,  and  the  ore,  aeoontini;  to  the  Rp- 
rcsenuiiionit  of  tn«  partin  concvmcd.  can  he  mined  nl  3^  rent*  per  ton.  and 
dalivervd  oa  llw  bank  of  tba  rtror  at  76  cents  pa-  too.    Tfac  ore  b  of  tb« 


A 


Iron  and  Zint. 


331 


..angiM4Jc  diacription,  vid  brual^raii  of  Ur.  R  O.  DoKmu^  ohembt,  U  found 
tftcontaia 


at  3.00(1  (onx  of  thU  an  hu  been  miiud,  ud  it  bu  Wn  tsatad  by  nuik- 
;  it  m(o  pig,  bloonm,  and  bailer  iron. 


CORIIUaATltb   IKOlt    PUtTU. 

In  (hia  inrmUoTi  it  ix  claxnied  that  rolling  the  irua  tn  inutl  eurrct  or  arebei^ 
I  of  [lUiKti,  gives  it  UrgL'ly  iiicn-asi-d  utixngth.  The  inventor,  Mr.  Rich- 
■id  Monl^cooaeiTi  thiu  lit^scribos  hii  InnDtion  *ji<i  muious  ttrit^  ta  wtuch  it 
hn  twn  put  :— 

n«  boiler  (lUtc  now  in  uk  ia  roHod  in  p1iin«a.  This  bTontlon  canslats 
io  tbe  «fnploympnt  of  comimtpil  platpii  of  metal  in  the  ponntroc-linn  of  ty'&a- 
dHeil  flum,  currtd  fire  airliCR,  and  ciimid  ktwili  of  lioiliT*.  The  plUc*  u« 
rolM  Into  corrua  or  archc».  The  roll  is  no  const rucliHl  om  Io  k-avc  a  margin 
or  ttai^^  on  each  Oif  the  fnnr  Nd«  of  thr  plntr.  for  punching  and  rivfting. 

Tbe  (uitplidtjr  ofthe  invention  incviiii-nt     ItborrowK  frorn  the  Ncicnec  of 

•  mliilccliire  ihp  frTtnriplt (if  t\t  iirrh,  and  iinpr0>iaea  it  upon  tliij  manulactared 

IroD,  attd  Ibus  inipsrts  (•>  snelU  of  iron,  rolkij  itito  tliia  utw  fornv.  a  straogth 

at  Mat  ten  limec  tt'^otri*  tlian  that  pnnHciu'C'l  by  pUti;*  It  preni'nt  in  jigc     /t 

it  tftlieatent  ta  the  ditcmfry  of  u  tif\B  tnetal  of  infrtiate<i  ttrenath. 

TtjB  "  OomwBtwl  Boiler  Plate"  is  inti-ndcd  to  be  used  in  tb«  con«lniolion 
<f  bII  forina  of  bolttni,  llai»^  uid  locoiDolives.  The  following  are  som«  of  iu 
tnaniful  Bdranlngcs ; — 

VanoiLi  trntu  luve  been  applin!  to  the  romigalcd  iron  in  New  York  and 
ficewberc.  In  New  York  tbe  Icrt  waa  u  follow.* :— Fonr  utrips  of  boiler  iron 
«m  UM:d  ont-fourth  of  an  invli  thick.  7  fvi-t  11  i[iclieii  In  kiiglli,  tino  of  tlium 
Wtrro  bent  in  Ih«  rnnn  nf  nn  arfh  in  thi;  dircotioo  of  (heir  length,  the  remain- 
ing two  strip*  were  corrusitml  by  passinR  tbcni  through  rolk-rn  of  Ihc  rciiuimi 
ihap«,  the  ii»e  of  each  currugalion  btine  one  inch.  The  curved  rib*  wer* 
pbccd  in  pairs,  lidu  by  (ud«,  and  wulgnoil  with  pig  iron.  TIk'  iirxt  pair, 
CCmidalhig  nf  plain  iron,  jrirldod  with  a  pn^uro  of  illSR  lbs,  ;  tbt  pair  of 
ooRugaCctl  iitnps  were  loadtd  with  14,091  Ih^  and  aftcrwordit  with  37,000 
Ibd  witboat  any  pfrcp]i1ible  dcfk'ctlun.  The  iiub«rIlK'r  prcpnrtd  in  New 
Yoric  a  boil*-r6ix  feet  long.  The  line  «««  ina-lc  of  plain  boiler  nlatu'wi*  jwor. 
Arofan  inch  tliiek  and  nirn!  iatha  in  diami^r,  the  ontrr  ■h<iI1  was  made  of 
Mrmgktfd  iron  ont-tif/hlh  of  an  iiuh  thick,  and  30  incite*  in  dianicler.  Hy- 
dranlic  prenmri^  wa»  ap]>li':d  to  the  liuilvr  and  tbv  fist  eollaptaJ,  u  itboul  af- 
fccting  ihv  thin  ontvr  Hbcll  of  comigati,'^  mttak 

In  aildition  it  >>^  rhnrgcd  that  about  30  per  ecnt  I*  saveJ  in  tbe  conatntCi 
ftw  of  bodlem  with  the  comi^ted  platcc,  be«ideK  a  great  xavin^  in  spM^— 
about  S  feet  in  30.  The  curruj^ul*"!  boiler  atao  presents  unc-liiird  nior«  DNi 
rnr&oe  llian  tlw  prv^cnt  tmiler,  Thu  advanCagrs  claiiuud  Cm  Uii«  dincorar 
V*,  grcatT  Htrvni^th,  uifcly  to  life,  eronomy  nf  *|MM^  vconomy  of  cxpcoRtv 
eeonooiv  of  fuel,  Ic-u  driugbt  of  boaLi,  detection  of  dcCKto  in  iron,  creator 
grocntion  of  utttm,  dunbUity,  vconomy  of  repairs,  and  incresiiwl  dtamotw 
«rfliKBandboil<n. 


CAxT-iaoK  lutiJi  ron  iiAiijiuAnx. 
Id  Vol.  n.,  No.  I,  of  thiji  Mngaiine,  w«  noticed  the  eumination  by  Mr,  R. 
W.  Ililgbm  of  the  qncation,  \Vhy  cannot  cast-iron  rail*  be  used  forrwIroadsT 
tntimt  to  the  subject  agiiu  ia  onlor  to  prvMot  ibo  completo  vitw  of  it 


!»2 


Irtn  ami  Sm. 


taken  bv  Iho  aatliur.  Witboiit  roUowing  funhor  tli«  quotktianjt  from  Ibe  re- 
port ot  }Ir.  Ellwood  Morrill,  alluded  to  in  tiw  fonu?r  number,  nnd  (Im  ihe 
Rug^-eti-m  lh«l  a  rod  of  nrouglit  iron  or  about  half  an  inch  in  diaiiictirr  shoajd 
b«  cost  in  tliu  ccnirv  of  the  h«ail  or  top  Ublo  of  the  W.  wv  |)nM:e«d  h>  lh« 
condiiilhiK  portion  of  the  argument: — 

An  cUbural«  and  hUc  re[jort  km  made  bf  ft  select  committee  of  the  Ptmn- 

aylvania  LrfgleUlnrc  in  1(113,  on  the  pronricljr  of  rvla/ing  the  State  raitniads 

wltli  cast-ii'on  rai'^     Thin  raport,  tiwvtuer  with  tfat  bctt  aii<l  arguiurnts  la 

oat  fomwr  article,  we  ilram  «oncluMvt'  *k  Io  Ui»  Ci>IiUiMTcial  ftiid  practical 

■dopUon  of  ca8t-ir«ii  raiK     It  U  iinpossiblv  to  controvert  them  with  trm- 

Bient,  titi  rro  fed  jiut  OKConliilciit  that  actual  exiivriciice  will  cuullriii  thaw- 

ditetionN  cf  Uw  report 

'  I     The  npid  dcsinictablcncss  of  WToaKht^ron  rnfl):  hni  bt^cn  ini^rc  and  more 

FlfipaKnt  Rvm  the  day  Ihe  report  wok  loiKle,  up  to  the  prtwiit  lime.     Thb 

nwulte  &om  two  cnuBva :  first,  from  thv  iucrwuud  irvlt^lit  o(  Ihu  locomotiTe, 

Llnd  secondly,  t^'om  Ihu  girJit  lirmnnd  for  railroad  Iron.     I'hi"  latter  cauM  in> 

'4uoc«a  demand  for  nil  nalcrbl  which  can  bv  made  into  railwuy  bora;  anil 

I  flie  conictjueiit  hurr^  iii  wliioli  tht'y  aru  iiiadc,  wilhdiviws  fruiii  tlitm  that 

•jicclal  stI«rition  which  haa  dvvotcil  to  ihiTir  mannfactiirr  in  earlier  6a,yf. 

Wp  thtTi-fore  repent  our  (■onviction,  lliat  cast-iron  rails  insv  be  made  which 
«ni  prate  better,  in  all  rwpvets,  (ban  uioaL  of  ihu  Kiij^inli  nils  wa  ar*  iWly 
fanporlini;. 

Why  hrtvR  not  rwl-iron  nils  been  gtnemlly  introduced  1  To  (faia  then 
■re  MTeral  nnHwerK,  and  nut  our  atlVcLi  their  litiivaB  for  lliis  p^rpOM.  SiBOt 
■  tlio  inlrodnctlon  of  railroads,  the  world  has  never  sloo"!  still  long  cMii^  to 
Qihik.  A  railway  mania  pcrradex  the  hnd,  and  it  hu  cruslicd  every  obalacto 
which  hoK  oppowd  It  Refltfcliori  would  liave  I'lHpiin-d  limv,  and  uuiiu  of  ifaa 
pctSDiis  or  States  whlirh  have  he<'n  i^nKiiiteil  in  the  cagtr  mue  of  Uilemal  Inn- 
prOTemcnl,  would  i»nsi-:it  to  cxennw  il,  but  prcferr.-^  imitation.  Hence  Uw 
het,  lliat  tht<  railway  «y»Icm  lins  undi-r^ue  no  positive  changa  snce  its  lint 
intrMuctlon — with  tlic  e;tcc}ilion  of  ttie  now  unircm^l  <i'!aptiai\  e/  dttt-iron 
teheil*  imtaul  of  tfroaght-irert — a  innttcr  takun  up,  as  it  iicr<i,  on  tlio  irajr- 
ndv.  in  onJer  to  supjily  the  absolute  demand  for  constant  ivpairx  rcaultiog 
from  the  aw  of  wroiii,'h[4ron  wheels. 

Secondly.  M"ho«r'  duly  was  It  to  Introduce  east^ron  rails!  That  of  char- 
tered (VMupanicK,  in  which  it'  was  cvciy  man's  business  who  had  a  pi-rsnnal 
interext  in  the  road, — and  what  is  every  man's  busiuesa,  is  tiiieraily  regarded 
as  nol>>ty>. 

The  eanttructinn  of  ro»d<  k  alvmyi  left  Io  the  engineer,  and  rukk^^Iiom 
aa  to  lh»  mull*  of  buildin)'  them  woiitd  lie  uipc^tvd  to  come  from  him.     Uul 
ha.  Hits  the  re*t  of  the  world,  fias  had  lilUe  liiov  for  ntudr  and  rvfluclion,  and, 
deriTing  a  comfurlabte  living  Iroiu  llie  prcwnt  plan  of  railway,  would  not  b« 
jSpt  (o  oHgiuale  suggistlona  wher«  biluru  wuuld  ini-olvu  him  in  Iocs  of  pro> 
F'MllBnol  reputation.  ■, 

"Captain  Mocring.  an  engineer  in  the  service  of  Auiilria,  writing  upon  tUi 
■abject,  says  '■  lis  eagerly  sought,  in  this  country,  from  engineers  and  oth«ni 
conviTwint  with  the  ^ul>Jecf.  infonnstion  relative  to  cual-irou  rails,  and  a(U-r  a 
dcliberniF  Fxaminntion  of  (he  question*  which  nroi^,  lie  was  inipvlled  to  IIm 
coneiusiuu  that  <v«(-iros  raiU  na-1  rurt  ban  rrjttltii  fr^ii  the  AiiKrieoA  ntU- 
iMj/»  in n/ntrgui^uv  itf  any  ^rfrft  inherent  in  Ihal  tuaUrinl ;"  but  liiat  "  thia 
rtji'ctioni  nr  omisvion,  apjiear^  to  have  rvsnltcd  partly  frrau  Ihe  snr^'rislng 
celerity  with  which  thcw  works  wire  wniullnncously  uripeil  furwanl ;  partly 
from  III'-  inexperience  of  insnv  of  lliu  engineerji,  neeeittaniy  employed,  in  eoci- 
•eqnenee  of  the  gri^al  dt-nuind  ikt  the  tlitii^  fnr  men  i>f  that  pr<)fi;>*i'»i  liavln^ 
inuii(«'l  a  n'ini>nT  of  umjuatWied  pcfv«K  to  throw  themselves  inlo  il ;  partly 
from  n  want  of  due  delilieration  mnNn^umt  upon  the  rapid  f'rogrem  of  ibn 
railways,  aliich  CiTored   Itntlaliion,  rathwr  than  rvHection ;  partly  from  tho 


fnm  and  Ziitf, 

i1(or  trilfa  i>bl«h  rolM-iran  nib,  thm  trempt/ivHt  duty  hg  Uv,  n-m  piisheJ 
inta  one  in  cvcrj  <]utiivr  of  the  rooMryaj  iixttrttttd  pAttitu;  and  i-artlf 
fttwD  >  loiis  chiin  of  fi>rluitotu  circuracUnoeii,  which  condaoed  lo  llic  r»iilM 
m  httTc  wltnwMd,  wJlAa«<  titeiding  tie  iMfiU  «f  tA*  McAkjmJ  f  vmimim  m- 

If  nilnadi  strc  prir&te  ctilcrpriico,  we  haiv  no  doabt  caxl-iron  iwlii 
would  loiiK^ftliiM  htn  been  tirouglit  inUi  u»;  for  thii  prajii.-lit'r  bfing  tba 
owner,  upon  htm  tlono  would  fait  the  fulurv;  toil  with  chwUrod  com|K)nie8,, 
t*eh  aiciubcr  ii  unwilling  lo  take  th«  rtsponxibilttj  of  ouggEatog  onj-thinit' 
new,  for  fwir  of  fxilurr-  ^  I 

Upon  an  cxaminittion  of  (he  report,  as  woll  w  our  rrfnronccs  lit  a  bnnerl 
arUcIp,  it  will  bo  Mtn  that  the  only  KiijCRmtioiui  lieretofore  nude,  and  ibcmrd^j 
BoAeiMtt  to  randrr  vut-iron  mils  cntirvly  witablo  for  nulwvya,  were.  (Irrt,  to. ' 
Itj  them  on  continuoiiR  R<K>di.'ii  silla ;  woondlf ,  to  incrrwc  the  wviuKt  of  ttiu 
aUt-iron  over  the  <rrouj;ht-iron  rtil,  in  Ihn  prnportion  of  6  to  7;  and,  Miiwkv  ' 
UMnnM  doubly  sure,  ax  H  ii  exprmKd,  lu  n-it,  a>  Ku^gcKtcd  by  Mr  Mom»,  'i 
•  mall  irrougfal-!rnri  roil  in  tlit.'  top  talilti  of  Ihc  cMt-lron  rail,  do  n«  to  kcup^J 
tlie  parti  together  in  the  tri-nt  of  ftiicliire. 

il  first  view  ihii  «.>cmi  a  smt  additional  aafcguard,  and  ought  to  have 
imiurcil  the  iwlopli<>[i  uf  caitt-iron  niila ;  but  wo  arc  aainirtil  by  one  who  bav* 
paid  a  gwit  deal  of  attention  to  U»  «iiliJeRt,  that  the  inijntnilion  won  imprac- 
ticable— thi'  rod,  upon  camini;  in  rontact  with  the  tiir1it>d  iron,  bring  twialedj 
b^  rxpanslori  out  of  line  with  tJiv  ni.il  iron  at  ni*ny  poiiitft.     BmiiIm,  il  far' 
qvcUionablc  whether  wi  tm*H  a  rod  would  not  ItMlf  boconir  so  miirh  )innl> 
aned,  aa  lo  import  but  little  additional  Klrvn^th  to  the  eait  iron.     I'hnt  the 
would   not  be  kept  in  linr,  one  liniv  in  ten,  when  mvrvle  laid   In  thi) 

nld,  he  wtlfdltn]  hiniwlf  t>y  actut)  exiMrirnvnl.     Thii;  may  hnve  Tiad  itfi 

!rt  on  Ihe  rccoinincndatlnn  contnint'd  in  tlie  report  wf  publish. 

But  tKc  ullimuggnliollii  retlderthe  U4e of  ejLit-in)"  railit  irntirrly  iintrliCA- 
ble ;  ami  wu  hoTe  lately  Men  a  wi'tiun  of  i^.il-irun  DLiIti,  with  u  u  p'u;:hl'iTun 
rad  out  Ihronghont  ihrir  etntrv^ — -a  fitil  uliii-h  liaE  )ie<n  rvndt'ml  prortirablv 
by  a  Ttry  »iiiiplc  dcticc,  and  which  cnnlilrji  th*  road  lo  bt!  ko  fonvtrueted  that 
It  fa  inpwalblti,  OKU  in  the  ereot  of  a  fnieture  of  one  of  the  mlU.  fnr  it  to  ^t' j 
oat  of  piaoti.  K,  thoreforv.  the  mlU  ho  laid  on  continuiMKi  wooden  lieorinjp,! 
the  fmctarc  of  the  mil  would  only  mnkv  nnolher  joint  tu  it,  and  nothing  in urv. 
There  L«  ihus  prorided,  wiiat  we  bi-lieve  rvery  practical  nian  will  prnnoitoce,^ 
who  will  oxnminp  it,  a  fur  ImIIit  nnil  more  iFanoniionl  material  for  our 
poadu  than  the  pmcnt  wroiiKlil-ivon  rails. 

We,  Uiepefore,  in  thin  miljulilLiliiML  'if  CNSt-iroO  fiir  wroiiRht-ilOn  tails,  pl^^ 
pow  a  pfMocliTC  tariff,  such  nx  no  oik  enn  rcasonnlily  oppow.  i 

W«  i*y  the  State-,  in  buildins  her  railronds,  kIiouM  iwe  for  that  purport' 
her  Own  iron,  eorliciiiiirly  nhen  niic  has  oftiTi  lu  rlii;  it  up  out  of  her  way  t4' 
Ionia  lb*  Iracli,  of  a  far  bi'lttr  rpiidily  thnn  ".h*  esn  im|hort. 

And  while  *ho  HMjr  not  ileny  to  her  railroad  companim  tlie  priTileee  of! 
using  what  irui  lliey  plense,  or  buying  tl  uliLTe  they  choose,  ahe  can  Himpiy' 
My,  1  fannoC  tie  a  partner  with  yon,  unlcM  you  i^oo  to  use  cast-iron,  aitcr_^ 
domonstntion  of  il«  Klnew  for  rail*. 


coAi.  A«t3  luon. 

rV  tkt  Hdit^  of  thf.  Miaing  ^ayaiine. 

The  (lay  is  wiihin  the  couipius  of  luy  rvcolleclioD,  In  wblch  fcw  of  tbt,, 
irOBiittUera  knew  that  |iudil11n|c  uns  t.il.iiij>  out  of  U)0  pi|;  iron  the  earVHi> 
Ikiu  the  bhul  furnace  put  into  it ;  nr  that  there  it.  no  lo  xpeak.  only  i>«*  frmt^ 
■ith  rarioua  impurities.  I'hcy  knew  Ihnl  only  irhile  bhIi  coal,  with  <'i)ld  hi* 
would  prodtice  hijihiy  earliOnnlvd  or  foiin-irj-  piir,  n  ith  a  jiooii  "  hnrdon" 
hnvy  proportion  of  or«i ;  Ihst  ralcnri'oiw  iron  hlone  proiiiieei  the  tinent  foun-1 
dry  iron  aad  Ibtcit  aw&ce  uo  cuttugs;  argilkccuiu  iron  ttoae,  t^o  "  nroi*t>- 


hvH  and  Zinc 


bodied"  tuftlluiblo  iron,  and  xiUcitiui  iron  ntoae,  infcriar  iron  &ir  nU  fivt\xmeK 
It  uinr  bu  worlhy  or  lh«  noticu  of  gTolugitlii,  u  lliu  kurliu;i;  v(  lliU  country  ih 
to  nmcli  iib-'vv  or u  loudj  tiaturv  tluiii  ILiiinio,  u littlior  vUy  ilitfU-iiU  liiv^'  iron 
tiloiio  of  an  aTgillnci'Oiu  ■iiialit}'.  It  iH  iinfural  that  cl>y  )>}-  it*  liiiv  tcxluni 
ehniild  KiriiurtiiL-  (ram  the  irnn  of  the  ore  more  ((crfi-ollr  lluui  nlcx,  cuiiibinmg 
iqfirc  pafcctly  wiih  tin-  limo  lo  fono  rindw.  Siii-i  m  tuu  liiixwUiiW  i*  ~^" 
.jhjtiiuoiital,  and  uiiiitra  gtvai  wiulv  of  fu«l  in  ifii'  (^iriiutw.  It  is  u  xnJKti 
O^oC  wtiitc,  fjHii,  and  decprr-fiolorvd  Mb,  vlilcb  produce*  tbc  fatgo  p: 
Wtlle8.  Ko  qiiickl;  convvrttd  to  miillcablc  iron  by  giuddlitig. 

At  Louruioor,  in  thi'  north  of  Liiglnnd,  by  ttio  uu;  ofK  U'udor  cod  cakiMl 
OTCtiJi,  tJiu  tiiicsl  (lU'Mlfl  liar  ii'uu  id  [iiadi-,  iv]iii:)i  tvUe  for  axki  >ind  tirrs,  M 
treble  ttic  price  of  thv  WcIbIi  bu' ;  but  frain  that  plncc  tliiuuRh  Ritsluid,  tutA 
to  tho  vt'st  of  Waiui,  Uic  "  r^d  Kbort"  quality  of  bur  iron  nicrcnMH,  and  iIm 
"  (xilil  Hliort,"  witli  au  I'qual  uiiiuuiii  of  labor  in  thu  maaufiGtUTV,  dtcrtMUiL 
TliB  ImA  caldu  bolts  arc  iiiaJc  of  Moiiiijouthiiliirv,  or  WvUh  iron,  thouxb  >t  a 
r^  bcftt  more  opt  to  "cmck"  in  bcniiinK  (red  »hortJ.  Thi:  brittle  or  cold 
ii1io«t  iron  uf  tli«  Slieflicld  diitrict  will  bear  any  UBounl  of  "  bniumcr"  at  aojr 
beat. 

Thug  "good  Iron."  kad  "bad  Iron,"  I  thlak  an  unniMninji  term.  Tbe 
()uc>tion  Ik.  tbc  imrpoee  irbich  it  is  for.  StalTordiiliiru  and  Sliropxitire  (raid* 
war  of  the  liiiu  aicntionod)  produce  the  belt  iron  for  gvwntl  puipoiw,  botag 
tuidway  an  lu  "nnl  abort"  and  "coldnliorl."  Walus  dous  not  pniduot  IrOB 
fit  for  making  lior««''«lii)V8. 

Thmuitb  the  midlond  diHlrirtu  of  Kii);knd,  in  the  line  mentioned,  tber«  ia 
only  one  nbilu  aah  M-uin,  lli«  »litc  cunl  ur  s^liriL  It  will  nut  lakt  tbc  tarban 
fr«iii  I'ig  i<i  Ihv  n:fiiiiTy,  and  rvd  asli  •.-uku  in  iisciL  It  hIU  bo  at  oncv  Mon 
that  if  imddliii;;  he  tbr  abdraotiiiii;  of  carbon  put  in  by  the  likut  furnace,  that 
the  qu'iiil'iin  na  put  iiiLu  the  pig  is  a  nice  puiiiL  About  lidf  a*  niucli  iron 
could  In'  i>iiddl<-d  per  rnuii,  daily,  in  Yoi'k4hir<'.  as  now  In  Wali». 

It  uill  U^  for  pnu'tioitl  ni<.'n  to  aKi-crlain  wliich  of  tbu  coid  iivldii  from  (^r- 
bondult  wo^tnard,  and  whieh  of  the  t^;ainE,  or  uluit  amalKonialion  of  tbuni,  aa 
in  Wulii!*,  will  be!  "  tile  umrk"  for  foti^u  i>is  of  the  bc*t  nature,  and  which 
may  bv  pudilk'd  nltli  tin.'  Icwt  labor,  fuel,  and  naslu  of  Iron.  Tbu  color  oif 
the  anil  iM  the  only  pnutii'ftl  ^iiidc.  At  a  f>irnac(<  I  creclvd,  I  IhIiI  oci  the  bank 
fbur  heap*  or  KtackK  of  four  lu'aiiis,  and  fiin.ti>1d  that  (hey  iroulit  carry  wclxbt 
of  lire  largtr  in  proportion  to  tbi'ir  dii.tniicc  from  lUv  furnace,  and  it  proved 
aft  Thviu!  were  of  the  inforiur  anlhracile  of  Wales,  a  free  burning,  mora 
tender  roil  than  the  scnmn  at  Piltxlon.  The  more  m,  the  h-«s  Is  iha  wotkly 
make  of  pig  at  eanli  ftirnriFe,  A  tliir<I  of  coke  of  bltuminou.t  cool  trebled  tho 
make  at  oni'  mill.  It  is  u  uii^laki;  lu  siippoitv  tJiat  profit  at  »  bbuit  furnao:  U 
Id  priMMrtion  lo  tho  maki>.  Mr,  Hill,  whom  Sir  Uuinpbrcy  Davy  ooinpli- 
inenteil  on  his  knowlclge  of  rhemiiitr}',  and  w)io«c  coal  and  iron  ulonc  aro  tho 
inodt  coolly  of  any  ul  Mcnthj-r,  Walf.i,  uuuld  only  allow  li  Ibn  per  imch 
lirmaure  of  blauL  Olli«r«  lli^ni  allowed  3  lbs. ;  but  Huinu  would  ^ve  antlira- 
eite  from  10  lo  30  here. 

The  bnil  coal  fur  making  pig  iron  in  Watea,  (the  "  old  coal,")  n  too  alow 
drtvinj;  In  the  funiocL-.  One'lliird  of  thai,  irith  one-third  of  the  tiirre-quar- 
tots  enal,  allon-f  of  a  third  of  olb^r  seiinM ;  but  innrk.  tliu  best  puddliiiu  coal 
(tbo  DroydiRl  ii  quitu  unlit  for  making  pig  iron.  Tho  use  of  anthracite  l»  ■ 
nilutc  ia  WiUui.     It  is  too  frinbU  in  the  funiaM,  and  the  ban!  in  too  valuable. 


HMii;  rACTs  or  tiic  (itni.tsn  trtr.v  tiiabk. 

Th«  total  export  trade  of  the  irniird  Kingdom  exceeds  £T 3.000, IHIO,  of 
which  itun,  In  iU  raHouB  branches  contributes  not  le«  than  £IA,(kmXi>00, 
FVoie  S50,UI>a  loiiH,  >l  tho  beginnin^of  the  present  eeiilnry,  the  peoduclion  of 
iraa  ba*  increased  to  nearly  S,S(}l>,00[>.  There  are  7,lttia  uiiles  of  railway 
MBpltttc*!  in  til*  United  KingdMn ;  and,  on  a  uodenito  oomjiulatio^  i 


JHa'MM' 2iiic 


dun  W,(MO  mll««  of  nJlH  bve  iMaed  from  the  VRrSaiu  (ran  wovlu  of  the 

'  eoaaUx  to  ftirtn  llio  rMd  for  IhU  new  syiitmi  ot  intnTonim^mirilion.     Ilcrt 

'  U  •  veriUtiln  pnllo  far  the  Mrlhl     MflliutoKy  bvHtottvil  u|>Bn  it«  ;;gtliau  of 

httnljr  th«  loTn^xcitiiig  CiNilm;  inilR^li^  aiid  uUncv  liittc  iHvcn  ti>  Tcm, 

ftikc  notlHr  nf  tho  Titans  and  lh«  Kanis,  a  iflrdb  of  iron  of  IVom  ')>  llis.  to  80 

Jbt.  wtigbt  for  cm)-  jrud  of  itn  U-nGlb,  to  Mr  nothing  ot  llic  "  chnitw"  and 

("bolts"  rnjuim]  10  KtniTC  tliBt  ui'kIitu  " ■'caius"  lu  ila  plac«— a  prdli!  mot* 

than  HilBricnl  toeouiKlv  tli«  idiotic,  nhtk  iU  agzKgtUi  wtijchx  rannol  1>«  lew 

Ifaan  l,lu(),orjij  ton*.     Hiat  frMtrat  triumph  Si  nodcm  ccpriprriri;  tricncc. 

'IIm  Mtnai  lul'iilar-brhlge,  rcqnirtd  to  fono  iu  giaat  tiili-s  3.154  l[^l^  iu  tup 

B,96S,  aixl  iu  boitou)  i.iHt  loiia  uf  iron  ;  irhilo  onv  million  iron  rivcU  Mcuro 

|b« '%■<' ■'■'iicluni',  the  entire  mif-ht  of  which  Ih  ll,4ri8  Inns.     The  roinrs  of 

£d  Kinplora  have  alio  bun  oallci!  upon  (o  furnish  tlm  mntcrinl  fur 

■I  nB|ionaion  hridsts  over  llic  I>nl«iicr — a  bridgv  hnlf  ■  lullt-  in  k'n^li. 

matloircil  np  in  Uh  ronstrnrtiiin  8,000  tons  of  Iron,  which  rcfjuircil 

iixtecn  rcwcU  to  convry  the  material  fruni  Liverpool  to  OJeiva,  and  from 

'that  port  the  bW  of  oxcu  dnw  il  n  iltiitMH.-e  of  400  nilvii  o»cr  a  countrj 

dcttifnto  of  motU.    On  tin-  I'lyil'',  1 0,820  pcraona  are  emptojod  in  thi^  rnn- 

itnKlSan  of  iron  EtcamrrE,  whom  ycarlj  ««min)tx  amount  to  nrnrly  liaif  a 

Oillton.     Of  133  stiTBincrx  Luill  in  (ilasK'iw  ami  lirvi-iiiK'k,  123  arv  uf  iriin  and 

en*  only  of  wowJ ;  Ititir  tonnaRti  is  "0,411,  »nd  (hi'ir  liorsc- power  2i,406. 

Of  tiS  Ktcitmi-r>>  i-iinstnicli'il  at  Pnrt  (iliUKOo',  A3  arc  of  irnn.  and  their  tonnage 

b  47,300  tans ;  and  Dumbnrton  buildi  C8  iron  ftUiauicni,  with  a  loniiagc  uf 

SD.TflO  tonit. 

We  miffht,  if  liispoacKl,  trace  the  rxtendtsl  nsr<  nf  iron  In  the  prcRcnt  day 
through  numerous  other  channels,  aflWiing  in  n  thousand  nitxits  tlic  iMmfurt 
tnd  happiiii-!(K  of  the  cummunity,  tit?  we  rrtU'?nibiTi'<l  tliat  the  ]fn  with  which 
we  writti  wan  but  one  of  18'),('iH).i)00  tnaniififliirfd  liust  y<-!ir  in  a  single  cs- 
taHlinhmcnl  at  nimiin|;faRni,  nhrm  nnr  IlKnisand  ]icrtniiK  wcn^  conatantiy 
employed  in  conTertiiiR  2(18,iJ0if  Ihs.  or  lio  tons  of  metal  into  steel  pen*. 
But  wliMi'  conaiderin);  the  vxtcndrd  in<es  uf  irun.  we  eunld  not  f<)r);i't  that, 
ROtiClth»tnnilin|:  lite  vast  incriuiu  in  lliu  demand,  Ihc>  prices  of  the  article* 
produced  have  £illcn  within  the  present  century  from  60  to  SA  per  cent. 

(.■nsTKKTs  or  ri.*it.t4ce9i 
The  lulal  prodiiee  uf  pi;;  iron  (■>r  the  yi-ar  ISSO  has  bvcn  estimated  at 
S.SWi.OOd  tons.  In  or>liT  to  [iroiliicc  this  ipiantily  there  wire  ronsiimcd 
B.BOO.IWii  Ions  of  oonl,  2,ft(t(),(J()()  tons  of  limeslone,  and  the  orc-s  operated 
upon  could  not  hare  been  lets  than  T.OOO.^KtO  toix  But  thu  ninst  retiiarka- 
bJo  fact  in  cunnet'tioii  will)  ihv  irun  Iraile  in  the  iiiiinensc  wc-iicht  of  aliuos- 
pUeric  air  reJ)iiired  in  the  vniions  blast  fiKiiacc*,  and  whieli,  nllhonjtli  g«ner. 
ally  conjiidered  hk  m  Yighl  in  its  nature,  has  vet  considerably  execedcd  in 
wcieht  that  of  all  the  oilier  ninterinl.i  cuukuincil.  One  of  the  tatjirr  furnaom 
of  SonUi  Wah-A  oonaumea  13,S08  i-nbic  fof-l  of  air  each  niinuie  in  supplying 
tlw  iMtyRcii  noceiMiry  (o  the  loin bunion  of  the  fuel.  To  supply  the  air  eon- 
maed  on  an  avrnif^  in  each  fiimncc  requireit  an  engine  of  S5  honic-pawer. 
bglnea  of  ritnTtr  IS,000  lionse-puwcr  arv  conslAntly  i-rnployvd  (o  ilrii*  the 
*•  hrralb  of  lifu"  Into  the  glowing  maswti  within  the  fiimaeca  of  the  I'niled 
Kingdom  Eaeh  ftimaee  on  nn  aveniKe  tucks  {n  17,000  gallons  of  air  per 
minute,  or  abunt  flre  tons  weight  pvr  hour.  Tlie  number  of  fumaiVK  in  blait 
b  1800  wan  45)1 ;  lUt  sgRrigalu  wi.ijilit  nf  air  lliervfori'  rcinired  during  that 
]»«l4od  Id  kei'p  life  in  iIicm'  flvry  innnttert  was  not  leu  than  00,080  tons  dailr, 
or  30,(H0,O(JO  tons  during  the  year— a  quantity  exceeding  in  weight  ifio 
Mala  of  the  (loal),  ore,  and  liineKlonu  consumed  in  tlw  prooau  of  amolttnt;. 

SOUBCM   OF   SUPPI.V. 

Tha  distrlel*  whkb  produce  (be  largest  quanlitiea  of  iron  are  South  Wale*, 
Shropahirc,  StaOotdiibire,  and  the  northern  di\trieli.  The  clay  irunstune  beds 
of  Uie  oOol  mcavuTM  furnish  liie  grealvr  proportion  uf  tb«  oxv  iv<iuu'i;d.     The 


Ttwt  an4  Ziit. 


carbonifhrouK  *ntl  mounlain  HmcstonM  of  lAncashire,  (Tumbcriond,  iJurliiun, 
Porckt  of  Uvan.  and  Ihvbvxliin-  I'oiitaia  roluable  bcdii  mnd  vpinjt  of  licmatite, 
fcom  whii-h  Hrff^  ^iiniitlHM  of  iron  are  obutned.  The  grt^n  san<1  of  Siiiuex 
aJiw  coiiUino  iron  in  »uch  i^iiniititirs  as  (a  Irad  to  Ihci  opinion  that  «re  long 
that  cauntv  will  become  the  Ktal  of  n  oonMdernblc  iron  (nde.  ironatono  in 
m]«>  found'in  Die  COUiiIjr  «f  Nurthtmpton,  In  Irirliuid,  in  lli«  oounly  of  Lvi- 
(rim  anil  near  Llraerick,  iIm  orm  tquaJ  io  richness  those  of  St«lCaribhir«  Mid 
Gciuth  Wnira,  and  dovclf  apnroacb  Ibocc  obUJnrd  from  the  SdOUiafa  "  Rlack 
Hand."  In  tlia  ootiiitio!  of  l{o«comnioti  and  Wicklmr  iran  04t«  tnaj  a^M  bo 
obtained  in  largo  quanltlii.'!^  uid  of  GXMlIent  quality.  One  of  the  grtalcM 
•dTialag^ti  which  this  country  poswgws  in  conn  eel  io'n  wilh  the  iron  trade  la 
Ihe  existence,  in  cIotc  proximity  M  tho  ore,  of  the  fuel  required  for  it*  naolt- 
ioR.  In  the  South  SlairorJ.iliire  diitritt  Nature  ban  been  la'ish  of  it>  gifbt  in 
tiiis  rcegii.i.-t.  a«  the  eoni,  Ihi'  iron  <in;  (lir  linji^Ktone  for  llnv.  and  the  refne' 
tory  clay  rrr|iiirod  for  the  construction  of  thi;  fiimnRei,  ni^  all  fonnd  );miiped 
iojtelher  in  the  wunc  localiU'.  At  Dudley  is  found  the  fnmoiii  "ten-yard 
•tnni"  uf  coil,  belli"  thirty  lect  lliic^k;  and  In  Home  of  the  coul  field*  oritoqth 
Wules  tlifi  jirf«liice  i«  not  leM  than  'J,OM  lima  jier  acre.  In  the  ridi  h\tA 
,knd  af  Scollnnt!  nonl  ift  aUo  fanni  Knariated  wilh  the  iron  oreiL  The  ATerAga 
yield  of  irtm  from  the  <ire»  of  the  South  Waki  dih-trict  ia  abont  33  per  cent-, 
the  !^<>ut}i  KNiU'unlstiiri'  dtitrictSO  {'ur  evni.,  wlille  in  Biime  partd  of  Lannahira 
Kid  W,.(j  i.'iiToberlanil  (he  ores  are  bo  rich  as  to  ylelil  from  CO  to  68  per  cenL 
The  fnllowinjt  tabic  show*  the  production  ofeach  ditiiT^cl  in  tho  Rverttre' 
W,  I8S5,  183C,  1&40,  and  I8S0:^ 


I 


DWrioU. 

UK. 

ToiMi 

Bflaih  Wilea  . 

]S>,SUO 

titaSbriliihlrc    . 

1».fi<M 

ftlitefnliln 

M.»(K> 

Y(irlii.hifv 

IT.W.'O 

9i»rliiiil  . 

»i,MO 

Detl-vtliirB 

u.«xt 

Norlr  W.lo.   , 

_ 

K->nli[im1>irlniiil      . 

1       — 

Vnrr-A  of  Ilrdll 

>     i,m 

Lannnliiro 

I 

ISO. 

ISN; 

IMt 

1S»0. 

T<™. 

Ten. 

Tdiu. 

imi.  ' 

SJ»,!«) 

iTT,«oa 

sn.v»xt 

lAi.t'Oft, 

iT!,roo 

sia,«oa 

<I7.«50 

o<^5,Oal'' 

ii<i.»ia 

T«,wn 

BtIM 

UO,MO< 

St.SiM 

SS,lhM 

M,00« 

40,000! 

tni^)0 

mJM 

eti.DOO 

CWI,OU, 

m.ioo 

IT.JOO 

ai.ooa 

sa,oo* 

IS,  100 

— 

SR.noo 

lo.ooa' 

— 

-^ 

M,(mo 

M.OOI> 

\<K0 

&,*iO 

U:W> 

w,n» 

*— 

— 

— 

10,000 

Total* 


uifioo      5si,3vo      esi,too    i^at^m    a,ss«,ooi> 


Some  interestinit  results  may  he  fcH-CTtalned  from  ihwn  tables  by  i 
pari«Mi  of  (he  nuniber  of  rurnaeex  in  «ach  year  with  the  amount  of  iron  i^ 
'diio(4)  and  Um  mranga  produce  of  vauh  fumaw.    '11i«  resultM  arc  shoim  aa 
'Mow*:— 


ins  . 

1»0  . 
IMO  . 

IttO  . 


Nnmbnof 


set 

lot 

4St 


ProduHb 
Tool. 
44J.OO0 

Sill, 300 

«S»,400 

I,»li«,4(W 

a,s*o,*«o 


Anrur  rndtM 
ctt^A  Furanta, 

Torn, 

i.mo 

t,tO(l 
1,30(> 
S,4W> 
«,«M 


Prom  tliit  it  iriU  bo  Men  thai,  while  the  production  «r  iron  liaa  incrtBKod 
STO  |H'r  evnl_,  the  number  of  fumaecE  baa  increiMctI  ISO  per  cent,  aad  Uwtr 
*ycnsv  jield  not  k'M  ihon  370  jrcr  rent. 

The  pnjprrrl  km  ^^f  pcivi'nUscBf^f  iniTi'Me  in  the  number  of  flimnce*  in  the 
ondtrinetilinni'd  diilrieli,  sinee  IS?^,  aK  eonipnred  itilh  the  total  quajntMn 
of  iron  prudiicci  Ihtr-rin  liurins  the  lame  period,  in  thug  shovrn : — 


Iron  and  Zinr. 

as 

BMrMi. 

Incnw*  fa  rrni. 

In  ■■mbH  tl 

ttrtatm. 

dnellun. 

K(«Mi  an«Mia.<f 
pT«JueT]i»n  frTTf  1ll< 

BeoUnd 
StdBMdiUle. 
DerbnhiM    . 
8«al(i  W»lM. 

.        .            HO 

aoo 

WO 
400 

l.SUO 
BSO 

uo 

100 

to 

«1 

■Ric  extMoniliuirjr  dcvclopmant  of  the  power  of  production,  which  h» 

'taaUodScotlaDd,  n-ith  nn  addition  lo  li«r  fumacnt  or  1,!A(I  per  ccnL,  to  in- 

crelM  (ho  quinlily  of  iron  |'r<>duoeJ  bv  luore  Oian  2,800  per  cent.,  U  wkinly 

to  bo  attribiitci]  to  the  almost  iiniviTMil  luloptlon  or  tli<i  hot  bisnt— A  KjMttiu 

men)  gcncrBllj-  in  ate  in  Scotland  than  in  oilier  parts.    Tho  tiion>  cxl^-nded 

rIkUion  of  cbemical  niid  infclianical  ncivncc  itiajr,  however,  be  tmccil  in 
foctof  th«  Inereiised  priHliiivlivcTi'-MC-riach  dibtrieL  In  tbv  cane  urShrop* 
•biro  Ihodocvrtw  In  the  imiiiber  orfiirnnceu  ii;  no!  ciuily  aceoiinted  fur,  wlieu 
taken  in  oonticdion  witli  tho  ineruaied  qunnlitjr  of  iron  pfodiiced.  The  orr 
b  this  (lislrict  is  cXi:ce<liii{;I)'  rieli.  and  tliu  hut  blast,  wc  are  informed,  b  in 
nr^  pntral  us«  Iti  the  roimly.  It  ninnins  on  tills  pan  of  the  MibkLl  tut  lo 
Boboe  Die  (oUl  quantitici:  of  iron  produced  and  the  number  of  larr>*c«ii  In 
Um  diflcrent  iieriotki  foi'  wbicli  «nj  record  exisbi.  The«e  will  be  found  in  the 
MIttwiBsUbie:— 


Thix 

KnTDKH. 

TtPTH 

IT40 

M 

1I,«.W 

ITW 

— 

ji.CHVi 

Iran 

«s 

fi»,o«o 

ITM 

1«l 

»A,P1I0 

VM 

IM 

110,000 

UM 

ts» 

ito.ooo 

■\tm 



«on,0(K> 

IMS 

tss 

M3,W» 

leu 

tfll 

B81.000 

U«  »T!t 

leso  mv 

i*»i  — 

itte  — 


IB4T 

lUO 


us 
us 


Twii. 

i.pw.iyo 
i.ioo.ouo 

l.MMOO 


Tb«  »lao  of  the  enormous  i]iianlitj-  of  pij;  iron  iirodiacwl  in  isno  mny  In- 

■UiNtlcd  Rtkbout  50<.  piTtoti,  wliicb  uuitid  pvekt  the  value  of  (be  rou;^  imn 

Jted  >n  tbat  }-«ar  ii  stini  of  £It.!>r><i,(i»a     Thi>  tkIiio  of  the  ii:nteriiil  >in<^r 

r  fkirther  •ppUi-atinn  of  Inbor  is,  of  roursc-,  very  ennsidorably  iiierensetl.     Id 

no  few  inKtancr^  niich  in  nuiount  of  Inbor  ii  bculon-cd  upon  iron,  irben 

1  into  rteel,  is  to  eniiw  il  to  riMlixu  as  mueb  on  Uic  iiioim  preeioiu 

A  pico<  of  iron  riuaII  in  weijibt  will,  by  \k\u^  (iitilt  into  waleb- 

_     vietd  a  mry  largo  return  for  (lie  bibor  expended  upon  il.     A  Uiit 

.  (H   ctiiniatint;  the  value  of  a  porliuo  of  (be  raanufactured  inin  may 

obtained  from  ibu  t»bte  of  eiporttk     Thus,  in  18C0  Uie  exporU  of  Itoi>. 

and  wrought  of  all   deturiptions,  excliuire  of  hardware,  eullvry,  and 

liiMTT,  amoiimtvd  in  qnnutitf  In  Ani,TSS  tonii,  and  the  deeUii-il  value 

1  £3,flW.O00,  beiiiB  at  tbe  rate  of  £i   Hit.  per  ton.     If  we  rctiniatc  the 

)1c  of  the  iron  nianiiruc(iin.-d  in  thix  eountry,  at  lliia  rate,  it  will  |;ivts  ail 

iralueofthtiiroii  innniil'iietiire)!  in  IHOManuni  o(  SU.SO&.Otf).    This,  bnw> 

r,  aa  we  have  loiJ.  lim^  not  ineliidii  machinery  ur  milU'itork,  or  tbc  finer 

KpKVmiMiH  of  the  miinufneture  involved  in  Ihi-  production  of  bnnln-niv  and 

f  catle^ ;  and  it  will  ppobnbly  not  be  too  much  to  pliiee  Ihu  entire  rnluo  of  tbe 

,  Iron  innu&etumi  at  a  Huni  of  £S0.O00.0<»>. 

liie  averaice  print*  of  "  pig^  and  "  bar"  iron,  »  far  at  the  ivturtis  enn  be 
tncod  hack,  arc  i-hoim  in  the  following  table,  in  part  tnken  from  "  Porltr*) 
f  PnfPMW  of  (be  Kation"  ;—  _     ■  ■    *    _  _-_■_:. 


-__  r%l>«a  Butt""  V—        rutf-ft         EBbto 

imn.  jwlM.  iMliA.  ^^^         p«««.  pMtan. 

)»»«  —  £11   10    0  IMl        fit    T    <        £3    •)    0 

HIO  —  li  la    0  IMS  9  10    0  «  10    0 

i«iB  —  IS  s  0  Jua        s  ts  0        a  a   0 

16M  —  n    0  0  isw        a  li  0        « ]»  o 

IBU  —  It    0    0  IMfi  4    0    0  «  10    0 

ISM  —  e  IS  8  IMC       s  la  <       s  is  o 

1SS»       £4    1    e  S  10    0  IHT  •    S    0        10    «    0 

ait        sue       10  10  0  IMS       It  <  •       s  ft  0 

ISSr  4  II  0  10  10  0  1849  S  8  0  4    4* 

)«M  4  lU  0  k  )»  0  lUO  1  10  0  B  10    « 

IMS  4    A  0  lU    5  0  ISA)  £  4  a  »  IS    t 

IHO  S  U  0  0    V  0  IMS  >  (  •  G  IS    0 

Thft  monlhlj-  trade  and  iinvijiatiiMi  «-tumii  jiwt  printdl  iJavri  thsl,  ilitrtns 
tkc  tvri  luonlti.i  i-ntling  November  S  of  ISG3,  tlic  ciporU  of  iron  of  all  kinida 
cxcivJ  ty  tiLun>  lliftu  60  jiur  ckiiL  tliu  uxporls  of  thn  ten  monthH  tn<ling 
NoTifinbtT,  l»:,I ;  Uicy  rcicli  allOKi'thcr  tO  Upwards  of  £13,700,000.  This 
oiortDOU*  »uin  U  maih  nj)  as  follows; — 

llnrdwwvnnJatitlnry lES,vai,800 

Miii-liliuiry  anJ  luill-vrurlc          .          .          .          >  lr^T4.740 

I'in  iriiii     .......  890,400 

Itiir,  bolt,  ud  rail 4,9ei,»l> 

Wii« iTa,aM 

OHt 4n,no« 

Wrauaiiior»nMm i,M«,io« 

&I«el  uiiwruiiglil  ......  St't.lOO 

fivovoo 


rtirNcn  tnos  and  no*L  dittisl 

The  docrec  which  has  been  pnUiKhrd  to  rciliice  tho  impcrt  dutic*  upon  iron 
Mid  otjal  ix  M  follows: — 

Nnfiolcon,  by  Ihofirnw  of  God  and  the  will  of  the  Nation,  l^mperoroTUia 
FVcnch,  (o  all  pri'M-nl  nnJ  to  couic.  our  |;rt'('tiiig. 

On  the  report  of  niir  Minister  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Di'partnicirt  of 
Agriculture  and  Public  Works, 

With  nfi^ri-ncc  to  the  In'v  of  the  17th  uf  December,  1830  (.Vrt.  34), 

And  nflcr  taLln;;  thi.'  a^riei-  of  our  Supot^  Council  oJ  Coiiiiiicrc*',  AgH- 
Gulliim,  and  liiduiilry,  wo  hnv<^  deerred  and  decree  as  blloirf : — 

AuT.  1. — The  dulic*  Ut  bo  luviud  upon  foreign  coal  and  iron  are  fixed  aa 
fuHowH : — 

roAt.  m  100  Kit.or.KAMuei. 

Goal,  by  tea.— From  Sables  d'Olonnc,  cxcluwvely,  to  Dunkirk,  tneliinTdj, 
ta  Ftwieh  TMScta,  SOr. ;  in  foreign  vtaMlt,  BOc. ;  by  all  other  ports,  in  FlTOcfa 
vtmalfi,  ISc. ;  hi  fgrvl^ni  Tcsaote,  Goc 

Coal,  by  land. — Prom  the  sea  to  TTalhiin,  osdusivoly,  80c. ;  by  all  other 
porbi,  ilio  eiisltng  dulie*. 

Coke. — On«  ha?f  nbure  the  dutk'S  on  coaL 

CJoal  atihcn— Th«  exiting  dutlr*. 

IKON  rrx  iriO  K[UKiH.ui)it9. 

Pijt  iron  imghifls  lA  kilnjirammes  or  moir,  by  m^  in  French  tcmbIk,  tS ; 
in  foreign  TMsoItt,  f.A.SO;  dillo,  by  land,  from  ISanc  MiaKrori  incIuaHwIy  to 
MoB)^nvrra  vxclasfvoly  from  ttiu  adjacent  countries,  i.A;  from  all  fltbar 
ptaeeis  f.(t. 

In  bin  (-siirf).  irrlhuiit  rejranl  to  the  tnod«  of  fi^irication,  in  IVcnch  Temeh 
[uirl  hr  land,  flat  \«in  of  466  mnKmetrcH,  and  nan,  Ihu  Irnclh  imilliplleil  by 
the  l^iekncMi,  f-t^i  21M  millimotrca  IneludTo  to  46H  millimctrra oxcIiialTf, 
tl4i  IcM  tliaa  213  iniliimetreii,  i*metbicknca»,  ditto,  llfi.     In  K^uan 


bu«      ^ 


Inn^  vnd  Ziite. 


aft 


of  S3  millimrrtmt  iinti  tnotr  on  rmeh  (Mb,  Tit;  IS  miTlimfltfM  iDrlushvo^ 
S3  millTinrlni  PXctu!>iTp,  diitn,  CM-  lew  tliui  IS  millitnctrrit,  HHtA,  f.l6.    If 
roiiDd  li«rn  of  15  uiillimptrcii  nnd  more  in  diunctcr,  til ;  Imi  lh«n  15  ntillb 
tD<1rT»,  ditto,  f  10.     By  forv!^  reKKls,  the  >bov«  duties  and  onc-Imlh  ma 

In  nuli).~8«m(^  dniit*  ««  iho«c  on  b»r  Iron,  arTOrdinc  lo  tholr  dlmcmiloni^ 

In  pUtw,  or  taraini-noir-tHf. — In  French  tomJi^  f.iS;  In  foreign  tmsoIi 
nd  hy  laTid.  rsT.sa 

Rwc!  iti  burs,  «»t  or  wrooghl. — In  Krfnch  tmsvIs,  £40;  is  fiwcign  vcim4| 
Kid  by  Innd,  t4l. 

Art.  i— Krom  the  1st  of  January',  1855,  the  duty  on  iron  shnl!  be  lerlof  I 
Mcordlng  (o  (he  IblloKing  tabtv :—  J 

Raw  pijcs,  vruigtUng  15  hllosminnii'H  tiid  mf-tv.  ptr  100  kilogmniniw,  b^ 
mm,  in  French  tc«mI«,  f.4 ;  in  for^-iftn  'fnwln,  r4.-I0;  dido,  by  land,  f  4. 

Bun,  without  ri-^rd  lo  thf  nioiii-  of  llibri<^tion,  in  French  Tcjawln,  and  '  _. 
hnd,  in  Si>l  Ixtn)  of  458  lutllimvln-*  umi  raorv,  the  Icnjith  multiplied  by  Uia 
thitknua,  f.l<i;  218  miiliniHrcs  inHuwvcly  lo  4fifi  miliittieln-n  i<xcliiMrcly,ll 
CIS;  luM  than  313  miliimetn*,  213  mil li metre*,  dilloi.  f  14.  In  ariiiiirii  Imm 
•f  SS  ndlNoMtrM  and  tnoir  on  each  aide,  flO:  15  [iiilliinetres  incluxiTc  to  SI  I 
nuOiniclPes  cirlnsiTdy,  f  13;  lem  than  IG  uiillimctrcs  dillc^  f.i4.  If  round'J 
hMVof  15  millimEtres  and  move  in  diam«lrr,  f.lS  ;  Irxa  than  15  milliincIrc^J^ 
ditto,  f  14, 

Thf  same  by  foreij^i  vi«M)fi — the  aboTC  duties  and  oiic>t«nth  iiioro. 

Iron  in  railii— the  iwdic  diiticA  M  on  bar  iron,  according  to  lh«tr  dlanan-  _ 
sionx. 

Iron  jilJileB— In  French  vriseU,  fSO;  in  forrign  tcwictii and  by  land,  f.S 

Strd  in  bars,  nut  or  wrought.— In  French  fcMt^  f.ZO;  in  foreign  ' 
aad  by  Und.  l.az. 

Akt.  8. — The  law*,  di-creen,  and  ordinancca  which  are  not  opposed  lo  Um  | 
prnnni  decrve  reninin  in  full  furt-'O, 

A*r.  4. — Onr  Milliliter  of  Agrifullure,  of  Commerce,  and  Public  Workfc  I 
and  our  Minister  of  Finance,  In  their  rcKpirtii-e  dep&rlnicntK,  an-  inlruKlcV') 
villi  (he  cxccation  of  IbiH  decri'e. 

Done  at  the  Palaco  of  FuiitaiiK'bleau  on  the  9!d  of  Norrmber,  I8SS. 

KitroLxoit. 

Countcrxifmcd  by  the  Minister  Secretary  of  State  for  (ho  Diitmrtcient  oP  J 
Agricuttun-,  Oiinmerw,  and  t'ublii;  Worlis.  P.  ii*axt. 

Iho  rosalt  compamtivoly  Is  as  follows : — 

Farntri  Dirlln 
£  >.    rf. 

Plflrea s  16    t> 

tlnD  In  hM*  aceorilioc  to  di- 1  from    C  13    0 
nMMioiN>*  .)u>        S    4  10 

Iron  BbrtM       ....  IT  IS    0 

SWtl  In  hMK-oirt    .  tS    A    0 1 

Do.  «roii)i:ht    .  M  10    0  f 

Britinh  iron  is  not  at  prtacnt  Inrpfcly  oon»umod  iii  France,  but  liencrforth. 
It  is  likely  to  be  uicd  to  ■  lai^e  extvnt,  («pi'i'i«lly  in  1  S,'i.'..  when  a  further  re 
diiclioti  is  to  lake  pltc*.  The  imporLition  of  KnttlUh  coal  inlo  Frnncc  is  large 
at  thk  innntent,  and  employs  a  great  numlwr  of  vc«wls  of  both  countrioit,  II 
f»  Ulcelr  to  be  miKh  pmmo'tcd  now,  and  E[i|;tiHh  coal  reaching  Routn,  l)f«pp^ 
or  Bouio^e,  will  only  pay  a  burtax  of  U  4l<^.  over  Jtclpui  coal,  imitMd  o^ 
8<,  SltJL.aabofbni. 

MronATioM  or  toiL  aso  mos  into  pk^xce  ra  185S. 
Tfae  followiotc  6gtirr!(  rrgardinc  ibo  French  imports  of  nonl  and  iron,  es^ 
tnctod  froia  offidal  douuoivnla  published  by  the  Fren^  ciurtoma  dvpartmvnl,. 

*  BaiU,  the  Mme  an  iron  biua,  noMriling  to  dimcntttina. 


T>ntl*«  nrr  l"n, 

till  .lll>.  1. 1KU. 

£    •.    i1. 

a   *   0 

IS    .1  10 

J7   n  10 
II    o    0 

IT  11   0 


Aftn  ■!« 

1.1, 

£    t 

1  IJ 

14  « 

15  S 
4  Id 

A. 
4 
0 

4 
0 

13    i    0 


330 


Quarritt  and  CAry*. 


wIU  bt  fbwid  iat«r««tin|[  U  Ui*  pNoent  time,  knd  BSbrd  inqwrlMt  d>U  br 
future  rcfcrenco.  The  import  of  ^-onl  from  Englkiid  inlo  t'nncc,  in  1859, 
•mounted  to  6MfiVi  tons  of  1,000  kilogtwiinea  (2.210  lti&>.  Miid  thttuf  cuko 
to  8,738  (onx.  In  thu  saini-  year  t'rance  Tvc«iv«d  l.TO^IU  tons  of  coal,  Mid 
IIS.SUS  tonti  of  coko  IVom  Bi'J^ium.  CoaJ  wM  aIm  obUtncd  in  miwidmblo 
qiiaoiitirs  front  Rlimiuli  PruMU.  Xk  r^iffnnli  pK  iron,  tho  total  amouaT '~  '' 
poftril  into  Pnini^y  in  ISM,  w«  ^<(,2^^  ton*,  of  irhith  IS.OCS  wwo^ 
Eugbiid,  ami  20,410  ft«m  Belgium.  Slic  alsn  rweivc4  I,&tl  tonH  cf  ll 
bara^  ana  ZTO  Uins  of  Mwl  (taiw  Enit!ai»i.  In  rDnitcction  vrith  thtao 
montii,  it  nuiir  be  rcnuirkc<l  tlint  it  n-;i.s  only  Belgian  pig  iron  wluch  (ezcep* 
tionally)  enjoyed,  un-itT  tbc  forinpr  Krcticli  inrilf,  iLu  reduced  chnrgts  that 
are  now  made  geovral;  uiiJ  Itiat  iiuii  in  liars  or  nTOiiglit,  irh^lbcr  cxnnlag 
fVom  RolciLtm  nr  frvni  P.ii;(titi'id.  Max  nlll^c  mil'jei^trd  to  Ibc  esocMiTE  rate*  tbat 
prevailed  up  to  the  publicittitm  of  Uic  recent  ducrct. 


QUARRIES  AXD  CLAYS. 

ntK  nnrint  QrAwnaa. 
Thnv  qiitfriM,  located  it  Ruilfoni.  Vermont,  belong:  to  a  ernnpany  mtillod 
the  Ken-  F.iiKlind  Mining  and  Quarrying  ('o.  Its  ofliocn  ore  Cko.  Kendall, 
IVetident,  A.  It  Barnard,  Treasuper,  R  P.  llarrit,  Sccrrlary.  The  re|iort  of 
llio  ofllccrH,  Jujit  madi;,  votiUini  tiie  folluurrig  statement  respecting  Ibu  orgai»> 
iiaUon  of  (ho  Comfuny  and  ibrir  properly  ;— 

Tliu  enpital  •'lock  of  tliu  eor)>oration  Is  dirided  into  tiTcnly  tiiounad' 
nharea  at  un  •i«11ar«  cneh,  eight  ihoilHiiiid  and  «ix  bundrod  of  wbleh  AvM  , 
the  Company  now  hoI<b  in  rr<uTve,  an  a  ir<nkiiii[  capita). 

An  cjcamiuation  of  the  charier,  to  uhicli  allention  i.t  invited,  will  thavr 
thai  i(8  provi«lon»  luv  eti>ce'lin;:ly  lllieml,  giving  tli«  CuiiipsTtr  puwiTs  rarelv 
poNWJVe'l  liy  oorporative  luxlles.  In  a^lditiaii  to  ita  capita)  of  S^UO.tKfO,  wbk-n 
in  already  locnteii  on  vnliinl>li>  j^ijito  [|iinrricK  in  Soutiicm  Vermont,  the  Cotn- 
paiiy  baa  poivw,  by  iU  cliartcr,  to  tm-ulc  and  work,  outnde  tile  limits  of  Ver- 
iiionl.  any  i>uinbi.'r  of  branch  luineH  and  r|lln^rie^  at  tfjiar-ile  anil  dintinfl 
inttratf.'Xb  the  nmnimt  of  ♦lOII.OfiC  eneh. 

Ko  individual  lisbility  ii  ineurred  by  any  xtockholder  in  Ihia  Cooipany  or 
any  of  Us  brani:))(«. 

Th«offlecofth«  Company  in  nt  tlnitlcboro'.Vcm)(int,whcr«Ui»  Secretary 
ceaiilM,  and  when)  Uiu  buukx  of  record  nTid  tntniifcr  arc  kept;  but  the  Com- 
pany baa  a  genera]  agcney  offli-e,  at  Nun-  Yc-rk, 

It  ia  the  intention  of  thi'  Compariy  t.i  lofst*  braneh  mines  and  quanwa 
fiDDi  time  to  lime,  w  Ibey  mur  be  oifcr^d,  and,  on  rigid  invoiitigalion,  pror* 
irorthy  of  piirsiitL  The'  Coniimiiy  docs  not  owe  a  dollar,  and  the  pNScnt 
board  of  rfireelors  do  not  propwie  to  ineur  any  dthla  wbateicr. 

The  >lnle  jiropeKy  of  the  Company,  in  Vtrnon  and  HuIIford,  TTIndbaTa. 
county,  Vmiionl,  eoicM  an  area  of  about  fonr  hundred  acres,  cmbnicing, 
it  \t  condiltntly  U-lIeveil,  all  the  valuablu  iiUl«  furmations  in  the  ConiiKticut 
BircT  Valley.  These  (juajtiea  have  brcn  giieee«sriil1y  worki'J,  to  a  greater  or 
Iwa  «Stent,  by  in'liiidual  enterprise,  for  the  liwt  flfly  voarR.  A  roomont'a 
COnddtntloQ  of  the  fiiPt  that  hdividuaU  hnve  been  able  to  realise  hnndsnmo 
profit*  from  tlie  inniiuliu-turc  of  ttic-si'  xlnle  in  yvnt  pUBl,  without  ratlmad  or 
inter  fodlHiw  for  Iraiixportatiuii,  and  when  wooden  roonng  niatorial  waH  far 
inoiv  pl«nty  and  Im  axMnrive  than  now,  irill  eonTinw  any  «ndld  mind  that 
IW  mvc  vxitnaV^W**^  hjr  Vn  dBcicat  wtsaninUoa  on  a  large  ai^e,  with 


^*  Qwtrritt  and  Claji$.  ^^1 

tke  tnMt  Ikranbic  tmiuporUtion  l«cmti«i,  nuioct  fail  to  be  bighl}  rMnnneni- 
Im. 

The  ixp«iuw  oT  ulat*,  ooinptircil  wiO»  oUiar  r<»ollnfc  tuaUrlitl,  mar  he  brieflr 
HMmL  It  ii  IwlicTeil  thit  the  oltlo  &om  thCM  qu&rrirs  tan  be  furnUhed, 
kamc  ft  libtnil  marfcin  for  iiroUla,  contiacandca,  do.,  at  a  prioe  Init  litlln 
•MNding  the  oMt  or  fin't  qiialitj  shlMlcA.  Tin  roofing  cods  |»  per  sqearc 
—100  Mi — wUli  an  intiual  cxpoom  oi  about  (I  tb«  Miiian  for  \>uM.  \  wliilo 
alato  can  ba  Atnuolitd  ami  lai>i  on  the  roof,  trilhin  tvn  himdrrU  tnileii  of  the 
quairv,  at  Ikhb  tS  to  (7  the  vi<Mn ;  anil,  wlwii  «ih.p  iki  lli«  rtKif,  thvy  oixture 
Tor  all  tine,  baidea  beinjt  ft  %K»ik  protection  agniiinl  dtK. 

Of  llieiw  <]iiam'ea  C.  R  Adams  (Tvrmont  State  Goologitt)  H^,  In  hU  flrat 
rtport  on  the  geology  of  Vermont,  in  Ifttil : — 

TUo  MUth-iMIt  part  of  this  *!Me  haa  juslljr  b«cii  oolebntod  (iir  ibt  roof* 
loc  *U<-  There  ate  aevur«l  quarriva  in  the  anplbiceaiM  atatc,  which  kr«  nton 
Vt  Um  wrauglit,  but  the  espon*«  of  inusporUtioQ  to  narkct  t«nil«n  them  »t 
"  imt  of  compiimtivcly  Htllc  rstliio  rxi'ept  for  thn  (ii|>]ily  of  th«  vicinity, 
•jiealas  of  t!i«  Brat  tic  >i  lira'  Ikllroacl  irilt  tloubltes'  adJ  ipvMy  (n  their 

De.  Mid  liou'i'ver  vxt^'tioive  the  •leiiwi'l  inn)'  bc<oouw.  the  wipplr  cannot  lail 
SrT<Tal  of  the  luknini  prraenl  the  r«marhuilp  appMrance  of  having  btait 
oiubcd  orer,  by  a  force  nctinz  from  atiorc  to  the  north-west 

■  •••••••a 

Brvco'it  Quarrr  ha*  been  very  eittnsiTcly  wrought,  but  at  prewul  only 
OM  pemon  in  «inpinyr<l  in  eotiin;:  o'lt  Hiatc,  Thi<  taiiiinte  (atrata  very  rrxt'Iar 
— harinir  a  liircction  of  North,  ft"  Eait.  anil  dip  7!"  Wetil)  MWtitutiiiK  nn  elc- 
inteil  ri'l^t  p.nralli'l  to  ni:i|  within  fiic  to  ttn  rods  of  nti  excellent  rood.  They 
are  cinarritpJ  anil  rcTiiOTnl  with  grvttt.  facility.  The  layera  are  Wty  uniform, 
■nd  sUt(<  of  any  ivi]uirMi  dimensions  >nay  be  obtained. 

foKnAn'a  rArDT  sLATE-rusiiia  MAcnue. 

Mr.  JnrLlan's  ohjcot  in  ihio  iiiTpntioii  iii  lo  fiffect  a  «■nlti■le^lbh^  «aiin|r  both 
ef  cxponso  nni)  time  in  the  npemtioni  rif  |  .laninj;  elate.  Th«  eompleta  KnwMi 
of  his  attempt  may  be  gatbereil  ftvni  the  fdlowinit  description  of  hn  machiDF, 
•Ueh  liac  two  or  tarn*  aela  of  cuttem.  ur  I'joIk  of  diflerenl  chamctem.  whleh 
act  iit  Biuc«a>lon  on  tho  plate  or  alab  of  able  to  be  p1nn<Mt,  und  pmdnee 
Hwracfi  a  amoolh  and  oren  aiirlhco  wbllat  it  la  pandcf;  oncv  only  thrnuch  the 
J^diine.  lie  i^nerally  tmplora  l<ro  aela  of  loda;  the  lirvt  wl  hvln^  eom- 
p*wd  of  ([TOOTiciz  erittem  of  the  ordinary  coTmtructiuii,  and  the  weoml  M  of 
lining  oattcrs,  which  are  aUo  of  Ibe  ronstniction  commonly  naed.  tho  depth 
la  wluch  theac  enHcrs  bto  to  work  being  pc(ttiiBtcd  t.y  menmi  of  a  ncrcw  or 
OIlMr  contrirance,  which  ia  arranged  m  as  to  ni^t  un  tlis  ftwiie  in  whicti  the 
aid  cultirg  are  mounCcd. 

Thn  fooiidatEon  or  bod-plai«  la  famished  with  rollers  on  eAch  Ndp,  oi| 
which  tfac  moricg  table  i»  cupported  and  traTcIs ;  tho  top  Kitrfiiccx  of  IhoiiB 
rollcfS  an  a4i<t>>1*d  lo  the  Mine  horiiotilAl  plane,  and  tlio  bottom  lurGicca  «f 
the  nliiA  which  are  eait  undemeulh  the  lunviti-:  laMi*.  .irv  plu'icd  truly  pnrallot 
to  the  top  of  the  taldi' ;  the  outer  *ide«  of  lln-scc  mils  nnt  «lw  pUncd  to  Mtt 
tha  dktaaec  between  the  ^nidc  Riirfaccx  of  the  bi^l-pUtc,  to  at  to  preTvnt  any 
lattnl  notion  of  Iho  raoring  (able,  und  at  the  Kuno  time  admit  of  its  hnitn); 
ptrfcet  freedom  of  notion  in  a  longitDdlnat  dirvi-tion.  Tlu'  tniversinK  move- 
ment  of  th«  tabi*  b  obtained  by  a  ncrvw,  or  liy  a  mck  and  pinion,  or  other 
tquivalctit  amuiRemcnt  Tho  «!nh  of  tkle  beinfi  pinned  it  operated  on  by  the 
tMbi,  which  are  caHnl  grooving- toolii,  and  l>y  the  plane-iron <i.  iH^lh  i^rli  of 
tools  brine  mounted  iti  tho  fame  brldv-e,  which  i»  cnp«Me  "f  filidlnj;  up  and 
down  between  Ih«  utandardx,  when  arrud  on  nn  hrn-inaftor  rxplninctl.  The 
gliioHnfi-lotili  in  front  M  the  liridjfc  form  a  leries  of  grootc*  orer  tho  Mitfro 
wjdlb  of  ibe  rmtcfa  iNtb,  the  cslninv  depth  of  all  the  groovt*  comspon^K 

Vol.  II.— 16 


233 


.VtMwf&micr. 


to  (fan  moe  horisiantnl  phnc  bjr  prcrJOQii  adjiistmcnt  or  tiM  IooIk.  Ttn 
cutting'«lg«s  of  th«  )i|iiDc.'-iroti«  ari^  aclju»ti-d  also  to  tliv  minv  liorixonla]  plin^ 
but  M  as  lo  cut  a  lUtlo  dcoiier  thun  Ihe  ^roorbji^lools  un-l  thus  rcmave  all 
tnetn  of  the  {(nMVcii,  ntiil  at  t.h<!  mmi'  limn  char  awa;  lite  part*  IwtwMR 
th«in,  tMTins  a  pcrfttU^  planed  (urfacc  M  ono  cut 

Th*  tool-bfii^  is  raise'!  and  lowcrsi!  'tdwi'i-ii  Uic  tUii»!nr<lii  liy  ths  tfr*iw*, 
which  work  thrau^h  nuts  tapped  in  iho  hriilRc,  and  are-  tuniwi  by  the  bcTi!- 
wbMla  raountcd  on  the  tJiaft,  which  in  Kct  in  raoli-m  l>y  tbe  liaod-wli«l.  By 
(bii  saeaiis  tin-  uiucliiiie  cun  l>u  adjustod  fur  idniiiii);  slabs  «t  dlferoitt  Uilck- 
Dcsses  1  but  when  it  is  CTiiplnjCHl  on  ono  fnrticiilar  thicknc*)^  the  bvidse  !■ 
tlampcd  to  the  alaiiclanln  by  the  w'rcw.i,  and  Ihu  tooU  have  no  movciiiMl 
wbalOTOT  until  that  tlii<:k[ii>BB  of  vmrk  is  (.'oinplctud,  or  until  thoy  raqvin 
aharpening^ 

It  will  roidily  be  seen  that  acrardri'R  la  ihcic  nmiQEvRivntit  the  operaAion 
of  Blat«-planing  i-an  be  perToruii'^l  with  tuucli  Kriatcr  OiBpatch  and  certainty 
than  by  the  ilhua]  caethods  a<)i>|>l<.'d,  nil  ini>vi'iiii*nt  of  llio  cultei*  during  n 
oonrae  of  work  hcinK  avoided,  and  i-arh  iil.ili  Unishcd  on  ont  aide  at  a  lea  ' 
atraka  of  the  mautiino,  while  the  pu«-cr  rc<|iiiiiil(i  to  prodiire  this  affect  i 
raadily  obtained,  a  largv  ]tropcn'tioii  iif  tlio  rvKiAllne  (hrco  of  the  luaterial  ' 
daatioyed  by  tiio  grooving  of  it«  surtafx — iMuiUn  Meefmnita'  ifujritniM. 


Vr.  John  Tlctlierinston,  of  Hanclicnicr,  and  Mr.  John  and  RdwanI  Dun- 
dnle,  of  Itliu'kburn,  hnru  jiatviitt-d  some  iiofirovi-invnta  in  (^onxlniclin^  and 
applying  mwJi^U  ur  patU'rnn  fur  luuulding,  prtiparatory  li>  uaxliii^  iron,  braiB, 
Mud  ollior  nirtnls  for  varioiKi  purrioaes.  Ilii*  inT<'n[inn  conaiHU  of  (wrtain 
itnprovtmcnt*  on  a  mclliod  of  foiiniiiit  modcU  or  patttm*  pnlenled  by  Pwct 
[''airbalrn  and  John  Hullieringtoii,  in  ISIil.  Acrardi<i<i;  lo  Uiesit  impruTtoienla, 
iht  paKurn  or  iiioJol  ri^iiiirt'd  iii  uiouldoii  in  the  ordinnry  inannir,  so  that  one- 
half  of  it  is  in  one  )>iirt  nf  Uici  lioi,  aii'l  tlie  other  part  in  the  oUirr  half.  After 
the  paltt'riii>  or  muduln  hnvc  hccn  removed,  thi-  box  i*  put  to^-tlier  i^iit.  the 
two  halTi.'4  liein;;  koi)l  scparatti  l)y  a  disUnce  ui)iia1  to  tlio  thickncM  of  tlie 
plato  rrqiiircil,  and  tlic  HiJ«M  of  the  box  oru  then  itupjicd  before  the  imiltMi 
metal  ia  poured  Uu 


KKSDiKdii  narr  simi. 
Sotomon  O.  Booth,  of  New  York  t'iiy,  has  intentcd  an  iroprorcmeot  in 
machinery  for  b<?ndin|f  or  c<>rriii;iitiTi<;  sUvvt  uiclal.  lo  make  the  beams  known 
M"ll9nt80Rirry'K  Pnlrnt  Rhrct  Iilitn!  lic.ini,"  or  for  foniiinir,  on  sheet  me.tal, 
cwrugationa  of  greater  depth  tiinn  <'an  be  rornicd  hv  any  tneanit  now  in  nac, 
Tl«  machiiitry  employed  i.-0[ikIi>1«  of  n  nwagi?  and  die,  und  t!Li>  nature  of  the 
InTcntion  oonalotii  In  lorminn  tho  die  in  Iwn  or  more  partx  illt>-d  to  wnrk  ono 
within  tlie  oilier,  no  as  ti  unkc  the  forru^nllonii  of  any  required  depth,  with- 
«ul  btvaklii)!  or  in  any  way  injurint:  the  xliei't  ni'.'tal.  It  also  eonsiHta  in  a 
cerUin  arraiijieineiit  of  the  mechanism  which  operates  the  die«  whereby  tha 
different  parts  of  the  die  are  enabled  to  he  conTonieotlr  brought  into  cperatioa 
aiKCCiMtvely  upon  the  metal.     A  patent  ha»  been  applied  for. 


BTf.iM    ilAUllKK-1. 


lloar*  Balinforth.  of  Oliiyton.  I.monler,  England,  iron  maatera,  hare 
fttmlti  fame  itnprovmu-nts  rcktin^t  to  attUB  Ult^aiuiava,  and  which  con- 
,^_mri|ljr  W  (be  einpluyment  of  an  oadHattac  MvtO  ^jrliMdar,  batUis  iU 


iTuttUaititt.  HV 

elan-Tod  eoutiteteA  dbtct  t«  th«  holrc  of  tlie  iMmimiT-bMil.  knil  beiiMik  Ibe 
*«  in  toA  a  DOtilion  m  Io  alloir  clear  acrru  In  ihc  li.iiDnii^r  bnm  nil  tldm 
Hm  uro*o«  wmch  the  liaminer  tilti  are  furniibiil  witli  jh-tuw  )mu'liigit,  (■> 
tfiabtp  one  tide  U  b«  nlMd  mor«  tbttii  llic  other,  kiid  ttum  all<>w  of  irrvKuUrlj- 
fcnnod  niaiscB  bang  fcrpdi  A  modificMiwi  of  tlia  machine  Goabl«8  II  to  b« 
mkI  fcr  rJTvtiag. 

vncniAL  HAmm  n  n^ncnuK 
The  KCTcnUi  Kpon  of  tbo  Isle  Slats  fvnIofDXt  contains  xn  nccount  of  tho 
P«cn  *and  orMcXobrcDunlv,  which  i«  skid  to  bu  "in  the  fnrm  of  umall  d>rk 
CnJMof  the  *itx  ofgiMipowifvr,  ofao  olin  or  blarliUh  gmn  culcir.  not  ip'iltv, 
but  cafBf  fninibletl  between  the  ftn^ora."  Somctlmi-fl  llirae  fcraina  lurrvlj 
adhere  bother  in  lumpK,  but  llicn  ii{;iun  arc  ircinenled  hy  the  oknivxu 
nnttm  of  the  marl.  The  uiialj'sis  uf  llm  preva  MiiJ  shoir*  it  Io  be  a  Inio 
Hiieats  ofpotasli,  llie  iiriiid|>al  ini^'ilii<i)U  hoiiie  (.iVic\,  \i<Aaeh,  carbonate  of 
liiBC,  akuntna,  uiil  prntoxidi?  of  iron.  The  morl  itlso  rDnuinii  an  Isipo't'M 
pfOporlion  of  <3il>onate  nf  lime,  lh«  Iwu  dtpoaitu  in  this  naprcl  difll-rinp:  bnm 
tin  Nev  Jemey  nmrl.  In  IhcKi;  tuarU  and  gK«n  snniK  <"  *'tll  •**  '<<  A«r 
«finMil|r  fovdaelirf  miU,  consiiitH  tbo  wealth  of  West  Tenneuce.  Thu  imtno- 
JhU  Kp^  whrn.-  tlicy  fonu  the  xurTaco  nwk.  may  be  uii|ir«duclirt,  but  tt  in 
Uh  niipnMlni:ilr«ni>tis  of  vxecKsiTo  futnvt^  i<r  rifhrniw.  Marl  nnd  erotn  Mnd* 
onlj  dEtpUy  their  wondcr-n'orkinjc  pro(>mi»whcn  placed  within  the  bfliKnot 
of  orgiuiio  matter.  Tlivr  iru  mineral  miinurrn,  and  to  promote  the  grawtk 
of  typ'talkin  Ifaoro  mmt  lii<  in  tlii;  soil  a  prupurtion  of  dvcoinpo«lnK  vr^-Ubio 
■■atter  with  which  it  rradilj  tanait  iwluble  cooipoundH.  Their  bcntflcial  cl&cia 
arv  obuemblc.  a«  well  in  rvnovatins  worn-out  kodii,  an  in  tempering  thaj 
^«alUy  of  blni'li  alluviut  MiAfh  To  tbe  flnl.  (hey  will  rcstor«  tlie  pronurtim 
oflimo  and  patai-h  which  an  rlhangtlnt:  sytiUrn  of  lilk);(i  hnd  rrmoveil  In  IImJ 
brm  oT  eropn — to  Ihc  wmnd,  lliep  will  nerve  to  open  the  niniu  of  vejtetabit  j 
maUer.  an<V  by  furmint;  new  conipoundis  vum  up  tlia  cold  aljuviuin,  and] 
mdcr  It  Bt  for  cultl  ration. 


xrnrRAt.lAV    TIK. 

Tt  mwara  (hat  tho  dark  glua-Hkc  enunit  gcn«nlly  aunpoHcd  (a  ht  troa* 
duft,  which  were  found  to  be  ho  dilBmlt  (o  be  ficp»mto(t  Iram  (ho  piiins  ot 
^M  by  tho  OTcns  rtiEcrpi,  hnvc  been  fated  at  the  AdcUido  .lutiy  Ofllea, 
ud  foond  to  coniiKt  of  a  valuable  otido  of  tin.  Grains  ofa  KiiniUr  naltirc  ara  I 
aaid  to  have  boen  frequenUy  found  In  thbi  colony,  pirlimUi'ly  *(  th«  Ediungft 
pdd  Acids. 

■siitmcniKii  n'uitKM  at  noi.vuEtv  mhhoh. 

In  the  Oetobcf  number  of  the  ArrMtuft  Jovntal  we  find  lumu  facts  ia 
r^ard  to  the  extent  of  tli(>  H-orka  now  in  proMCUllon  for  the  protection  aii4 
unpTOTcment  of  the  llulybt^d  Harbor  at  tho  wottcm  terminus  of  thoOhest^] 
■ni  Uolybtod  link  of  the  ^ruat  I^niion  and  Doblin  railway, 

The  nniknakinK  wao  conimenreil  in  Ii4l!l,  and  in  intended  to  nocitre 
total  arr4  of  3IC  mrts  far  t)ie  purpose  of  a  harbor,  Iwo-tbirda  of  that  wpmt  i 
tutting  a  inintmnm  deplh  of  seven  &Uiom8  at  low  water.  Aivotnmodatiea 
will  b«  thus  prorMod  for  about  400  veisris  of  all  clnnsea,  including;  TO  nien> 
of^war,  aa  larRB  an  the  I)vt*  ef  WtUinyt/rn.  Tlie  north  or  gri'al  broikwaler 
will  b«  6,000  feel  long  and  ITO  fii-t  wide,  end  ofthiH  linioeii8«  work  4,ai>0  fntt 
haTealriiadrbecnoomptetod  to  low  wnter  mark — n.riW  fuplofit  bcin^  from  14 
(o  IK  U*t  aooTe  hi|th  water.  The  depth  at  low  water  thus  llllud  >ip  i^  fmm 
45  to  48  (vet,  anil  viuie  iileii  inny  he  formed  of  the  mairnltudo  of  this  mole 
fma  Iho  fact  that  lb«  aUavwork  whioh  titiRnottnbi  it  if  ^utjSO  fMt  jJ>OT« 


334 


MitnUaiiiet. 


d»  founilklioii.  Tlie  aniaUvr,  or  ttuicrn  brtokiratcr,  which  protecfai  the  fatr- 
bor  on  tho  Undward  aAv,  vill  be  li.lOO  f«et  long,  anil  1,000  feci  of  il  har* 
already  been  Ebraod,  in  a  iltptb  of  SO  feet  at  low  n-aicr,  and  to  a  width  of 
110  fe«L 

TbR  iBtUiod  that  has  been  adopted  bj  tit.  Rctidvl  fur  carrying  out  the 
breaknatcr,  and  nhidi  i«  under  the  iinmcdiaU  aufierinUiiilence  of  itaa  rai- 
donl  etiginecr,  Mr.  (X  Dobtwn,  ia  hy  mniu  of  a  limber  Maying  of  Bve  ra*di^ 
to  l«ot  aboro  tha  water,  and  ISO  feet  u  idc.  supjiorl^  on  tiilcs  80  r««t  long^ 
■hich  piles  remain  buried  in  the  bnnk  of  Klonc  «$  tho  wnrk  ailviiiicog.  The 
loaded  hIuiio  waeona  are  Uikcn  down  llicite  live  roods  by  lorconolivc  cnpnes 
then  lilUd,  dUctMrflng  their  L'OMii>ii[ii,  each  of  thorn  ci^-bt  to  tvn  tout  of  sIoim', 
through  the  alagiiw  into  the  mil,  rnrmiii^;  a  hank  of  rulibk-tunr,  from  th«i  bot- 
tom upon  whieu  the  pik-a  rest  lo  above  the  surfwv  of  the  water.  Whole 
IniiM  of  wagons  can  thus  be  made  lo  ilcpu-iil  iriinuIUiiCOuKly,  aiul  vrtth  a 
rapidity  and  certainty  that  no  othir  systiui  would  ailniil  of;  D.OOO  tonsof  (be 
rock  obUined  in  thi!  qiiorriex  are  1!iiih  with  caie  depoKiteil  in  the  day  in  tbo 
breakwater,  at  thi-  %\'iA  itidk-utcJ;  mid,  by  thi:(  lutanrt,  ahout  8,000,000  tona 
of  Monn  hnie  been  brotighl  ikiwii,  run  oul,  and  tij>ped  into  Iho  se*.  Ttie 
staging  i»  connlantly  kept  in  advance  of  the  work  by  means  of  crane*  unoa 
the  Mage  ilsflf,  which  lift  lb'?  pile*  (SO  feet  in  length)  froiu  the  water  till  Iher 
brcomc  iiprighi ;  ihey  aru  th(iii  properly  adjusted  in  thoir  pUw  by  the  aid  at 
a  lillipiition  «crcw  utenmer  00  feet  Ionic,  when  tho  fhuning  and  rood*  arc  then 
placolupon  tlicm,  and  rails  Inid  to  receiTvibe  wngona;  toe dischamd  wagooa 
M«  agsin  drawn  op  to  the  quarries  for  afrcsli  supply  of  stone,  nndihe  monj- 
inent  front  the  quarricn  to  the  end  of  tha  lUaging  goea  on  conlir,i:aIly.  Tbbi 
flTe-nud  litubtr  atnj^e  of  tho  nurtti  pior,  aborts  dcBcribed,  has  now  adnooed 
4,00i>  fi'et  lo  *"-n  out  of  the  (5,000  reoiiinil  to  eoninb'te  it,  and  IhU  lengtli  of 
breakwater  already  fonued  lias  lirurdecl  Hbelicr  lo  iiunilredii  of  vtAMis  for  ttw 
lut  tbnM  wlntna,  and  CO  lo  60  sail  al  a  time  of  wiiiddiound  cteMls  may  now 
occationally  bo  aeon  anchorrd  wiiliiti  the  area  of  tlionew  bartior. 

In  order  to  obtain  ko  lar^re  and  impreredented  a  aupply  of  roek  tw  R.OOO 
Ions  a  day,  blajiting  with  gunpowder  uimn  n  lurgt  scale  has  been  intrudnced. 
and  at  (h«  foot  of  tlie  mountain  callud  llolyheod  Mouiilnin  (which  is  ufa  hard 
•clitgtiM  Qiiartx  rock)  qnarrieii  have  been  opened  and  formed,  which,  for  ck- 
Lcnt,  beiebt  of  (ace  (about  300  feel),  and  yield  of  stone,  arc  certainly  unpAral- 
Iclod.  t>iny-nin«  lu  sixty  HhafXs  aiid  gsllerks  am  «unk  or  diirvn  into  ihu 
rock,  which  U  of  »o  hanl  and  impel ittrxUv  a  nature  that  only  one  foot  upon 
an  avt-rag*  can  be  ilri^cn  in  In-enty-four  hoiiri  by  tlic  thivu  rvlayti  of  uiinm^ 
who  coMtintuUy  go  ou  dritingdayatul  nigirf.  After  lbt>  chambers  or  gallorica 
are  compleU'd.  t'«oor  throoof  them  arc  sometimes  diue.lilrited  fiimultajicoualjF 
with  cbargaH  of  gunpowder  varying  from  3,000  Ibi.  to  10,000  Iba.;  Ihoinalant- 
aneoua  ignition  of  tho  charges  ia  )>ruug1il  about  by  uioanaof  Uio  galranlc  bat- 
tery, and  the  reaalta  are  an  Krent  aa  from  S0,000  to  DO.OOO  tons  of  rock  at 
once  We  witncucd  upon  thin  oocwnon  the  ellect  of  four  of  thvic  tarjn  ux- 
plefiona,  in  wliicli  about  l}.000  Ibd.  of  gunpowder  was  diHchargod,  dispTadng 
and  throwing  out  several  lhoii>and  tons  of  -lone.  About  30,000  Iba.  of  ^a- 
powder,  or  10  tona,  arc  thu*  expended  weekly,  in  large  and  small  blaaU. 

In  the  quarriiw  appenrw  the  largnt  amount  of  activity  of  any  part  of  thta 
grval  work^nity  naovMhle  cranes  (BOini'  with  Bt*am  power)  (or  raising  tba 
(done,  tmni  two  hundred  tci  three  hundred  wrought-iron  wagons  for  cODvej' 
ing  il,  Ptgbt  iDeuniotitcH,  and  about  CAy  hones  for  tbo  movement  of  it ;  Umm^ 
logrlhvr  with  aNUtrof  men  on  tha  work  of  about  1,400,  are  dally  ccDployed 
br  tho  eoiitrai-lon,  MeNHT',  .1.  nnd  T.  lEigby,  in  prrding  forward  to  tin  oon>- 
pielion  thU  great  national  undertaking. 


I 


Htmnuu  i\  Kinv  uiit'Hiwm:. 
Wo  have  been  Kbown   fmoe  x|ieriniena  of  iron  ore  obtained  from  tbla 
qiiartn,  and  in  the  po»w)uii:>n  of  Tlion.  U.  Gordon  of  llua  dty.    We  ar*  iS' 


Mucetlaaia. 


m 


fom«l  Uttt  IU«  tixation  of  Uie  depoiit  from  which  tlie  Mmpttn  wrrc  taken  li 
well  Mlaploil  for  nwiiuracturing  pur])u»i-s,  being  HilosUtd  on  tltv  by  oT Pnadf,  I 
to  k  cowstrr  thickly  tlB)btn<d,  pwtlcalwl/  tiilb  Ui«  vrhitt  tiitcb,  vrLkh  hu  ] 
h»g  been  %  (>Torite wMi  Irm  biimIMm— Dm  or*  lUolf  Hot* rich  qulit^, 
ndrting  in  u>  uieihftiutiblo  tjoanli^r.  Bi3<t  ronl  licbg  t\Da  obtiinMei  ftt  ft 
nodcrmto  rate.    TIm  Mine  gmtlenua  liojt  aUo  ijiccimciiii  of  plumbngo,  «r 
bhck  1««(1,  (rooi  th«  Mune  region,  which  «c«m«  of  good  qiMtitjr.    'iliia  ii  s 
Miaonl  natty  itorked,  and  thougli  nc^tcted  b«re,  hw  fiT«n  large  ivtuTn*  l»  ' 
the  «pentora  In  tttlirr  ccnnirica.    Few  miuea  hAvc  jicklod  moro  to  Utrit 
tnntn  than  iha  l>lack  lead  minvs  urCumtiarland,  G.  & 


riK. 


Tin  bclongpt  almoit  excliwircly  to  primitlto  monntatrM,  and  !«  found  la  * 
Tcuw  tniT«r*ing  granite,  gnci&t,  irnct  mica  *htc     On  Iho  Riimpran  continaat ' 
H  it  met  with  abunilaiillv  on  Iwlli  thv  Ihilivmi&n  and  Kaxoti  tHua  of  tho  i^ 
l^tboTRf,  panicularty  at  V-inwald  mid  Sohlarkviiwolii,  when-  it  frfjui-ntly  OO" 
cim  in  marled  crj'itUla  of  coiiKidcnkblc  mnj[nitiidc,  wcijiliinj;  Bcvrrnl  jmundu 
It  in  also  round  in  Galii'ia,  in  Spain ;  in  tho  granite  hilU  of  Puy  lea  Vignei^ 
IJaut  Vionn«,  In  France;  in  Gtvvniand,  Su'cdcn,  and  t)iu  Unituil  Slakii;  in 
Asia,  on  the  MXt  coiat  nf  Kumntn),  In  the  island  of  Itanoa.  and  OD  tho  pcntn- 
nla  of  Malacca  -,  in  Ucxlco,  amonf;  alluiint  drpoxit*  in  Chili,  etc.    The  ehUf  *] 
repoiiUiry  of  lliis  oic  a,  howcTrr,  in  Cornwall,  wiicri-  il  occum  in  v^tnn  ti» 
Tenting  frranilc  and  Khlsl,  OcCDnipanicI  hy  chlorilt-,  npalilr,  uhorl,  wolfrain^ 
and  birndc ;  alto  dJKicminittcd  in  granite,  an  ta  that  of  SL  Michael's  MounL 
Generally  vpcaUni^  [be  Comiili  rariuticjiarvnotDf  large  lixc,  though  Mtreoio- 
ly  perfect  in  form  and  symmetry,  nor  do  tlity  to  oRcu  ooeur  marJod  u  thoH 
•TBobniua. 


*  mfTii.ATr'in  kikis. 

*  'Ifr.  G.  JonM,  engineer,  «f  Birmingham,  has  patrntod  aercral  methoih  trn4 
ajran]t<'tncnl>  for  ventilating  minea  by  means  of  exhauateraor  Uowcrx  in  can- 
nMiion  with  pipes  iirHl  bnncbes  for  witlulrairing  tlie  fiiul  or  ritiatetl  air  from 
mcli  pans  an  may  bi'  itclrahlt,  or  wh«r«  It  mar  b«  prtwnl,  am!  thus  cniisinc 
a  constant  Umiin  of  fivah  lir  to  flow  into  aucb  parliL  to  lunply  the  ploos  cc 
that  M  exhautted  ;  alsi>.  certain  arrnngnmenl*  for  forcing  ur  blowing  a  HtrvaB 
«f  fetah  air  into  plaocH  vlicrc  fcnil  <yT  vi(i»tcd  may  In  pnnwot,  by  luuns  4f  ', 
Mowers  and  arrvigcnMnta  of  pijics  and  branches,  m  described. 


■mn  m<ii;n»  5*nrrr  Lxnr. 
In  a  roccnt  dtMouion  before  the  Society  of  Arta  in  Xiondon,  a  paper  was 
twd  dMM:T%ii>g  the  early  hiitory  of  tlic  safely  lainp,  and  calling  atluntion  to 
Iha  draintilai>c«  thitl  an  individtuil  HC^Moni  Huccooibi  In  carrying  bis  pHniilirs 
Ums  to  p^rrftclion,  bnt  it  is  iihiinlly  allnttcd  to  hit:  mcreswini  to  render  thcnl 
thoreaghly  effrctivc.  TIic  first  mfoty  lamp  wn*  inrcnlMl  by  Dr.  (^nney,  and 
■llboagh  cninbTOV*  w*«  ijnitc  tufc,  llin  plan  vne  to  inKnlite  the  light  hit 
■nna  of  water,  and  to  supply  tho  lUinc  vvilh  air  by  means  of  a  bcllown.  Sir 
Bnnpbray  l)a*yMihaoqtienIly  proposed  four  otiier  lamps,  all  niodiflcntions  of 
lUa  on*.  At  hst  bin  attention  wu  drawn  to  Ibe  n-iu-archm  of  Turinant  oo 
Sme,  who  it  M-emii  bad  dijKor«rc<l  that  flame  wonUI  pn>.«  ihronith  lii1>c-«  in  % 
ratio  CMriiii'iindvil  of  thi'ir  lirvadth  and  length  ;  the  smaller  their  cnlibre  tho 
ahoritr  dtrtance  irould  the  flanic  traTcrae.  Dary  improved  on  tiiia  idea,  and 
came  to  the  oundusion  tint  win.-  gnuKv  furnislicd'  (nbc8  of  tlie  Hli«rt««l  pofttiblo 
length  and  Ibe  narrowest  dJanictwr. — Ilunca  vow  his  invention  of  lAe  aafetf 
lampL 


236 


Rtttut  PvblicationM. 


Itut  Uie  nUI-Ij  lamp  of  Itanr  is  br  no  mnns  [Jfrrwl,  Amonj;  iU  fault* 
iM>r  ba  enuineralMl  *  ir>nt  of  uifflcMut  light,  And  ■lniig:(^r  of  oxplMlon  in 
"Mowom,"  or  corrcnW  of  rbr. 

Another  iMn])  Iim  boen  Kccnllj  pfttcnlcd  iti  Enjj^nnd  which  ii  doctinod  to 
remetlv  thvM  tle^■^cl&  In  thbi  luiu|)  tbu  (Ltxtw  U  Mirroundcil  by  *  dovUa  flMM 
cylinder,  tlw  tOD  of  which  «n1y  i^  covrn.^  with  ebum.  The  >ir  piuw«8  U  Um 
flBinc  tbrongh  lae  wire  g&me  *t  the  top  of  tiic  lamp,  doirn  tbc  tipuce  bctvccn 
lh«  cylinders,  ud  Is  theoe«  condiictecL  after  ooiaDtislion,  liirnugh  b  iloublo 
pkt«  of  gniii«  at  tho  lop.  Er«n  nhould  ono  cyliiidn-  bivak.  tbc  Ump  uill  n- 
miiine  a  wfc  oinc  until  It  cui  bo  cxehan^c^  for  motfacr.  A  tin  cone  >I>o  IR  w 
■irangcd  in  Uiv  iqipor  portion  of  tho  oylindtr  u  to  regulate  tlie  innanl  carrcnt 
«r  air,  and  Mcnpol  (ho  lamp  to  become  self-extfngiibibing  in  an  cnplo«Fve  al- 
mo^tirre.  Varloac  other  Mfely  lamps  havi'  bctn  inrrnti'd.  ono  of  wbirh  has 
alma  doublu  c}'linderof  glum,  the  annular  spnco  of  which  in  lilkil  with  vatcr, 
airangfl  willi  a  tngsertii  Kucti  a  manner  tlint  in  luic  of  accidvul  !l  i*  iDSlanUjT 
pourwd  u|ion  the  light,  irhivli  id  thuii  exti[i)fuiaheil. 


RECENT  rUllUCATIOXS. 


nUtorieai  CoUtettotu  «f  Gtorgia.  Containing  the  moRt  IntcresUiig  ftcls,  tradi- 
tion!^ biojzmphlcal  i^etcbeK,  ■□tx'doti'ii,  etc.,  tclatins  loita  huilorr  and  anti- 
quities, from  ita  earliest  settleincnl  to  tlie  prt'iii'iil  liuie.  Comiiilcd  from 
oBlcial  docuincntH,  illuttntlcd  bjr  nearly  one  hiindreil  eiigraiin^  B/ 
GsOBin  White,  U.  A.     8x0,  pp.  068.     hew  York:  Pudnt^y  aivd  RohoIL 

Thiii  cxiMiiaTC  Toluino  a  tho  renuH  of  len  yenr^i  of  labor  awl  tn««l 
Ihrouitbnut  the  Stale  of  (Georgia  to  (collect  the  innleriaU  of  which  it  is  com- 
pOMsL  It  poKiciHci  botii  a  local  and  general  intvresL  The  local  interat 
arwra  (him  llie  rant  amouiit  of  information  relalin;;  to  Iba  early  biitoty  of  tho 
Stale,  ila  eminent  i:itizutia  and  Its  nolcil  localiliiM.  Bui  ibertorc  largo  portiana 
<ir  Ilia  work  Important  to  vvrry  rrailer  of  hibtorj;  such  a  relate  to  (bo  pro- 
ptflB  of  Dm  Hate  as  a  mcmher  of  the  Cotifcderacy  and  tho  Union.  Above  all. 
the  work  i>  valuable  m  a  npecimen  of  what  mob  a  rolumc  Hhonlil  be,  such  ai 
no  hope  yet  to  aoo  prapucd  rt'HpiTliitg  ercry  state  of  this  Union. 

It  I*  printcil  in  a  rerj  handsome  Myle,  tuid  with  tho  cmbcUiRlimcBtt  aiakcs 
a  Tery  attr«cliT«  roluinct 

The  Amrrkan  Mining  Chronlfh.  /rwi  ifanufyelurer't  and  liailieaj/  JovmaL 
Robert  F.  Browku,  Kdilor.    No.  1.  Weekly,  $3  per  annum. 

This  is  tlic  Iron  Manvfaetvrtr't  Journal  of  this  city  enlarged  and  iro- 
prcTcd,  BO  a«  to  embrace  mining  iiubjc«ii  and  infonnation — its  eonteiita  «r« 
both  oriKinal  and  nelecled.  We  are  gratified  to  nee  this  entcrprisinff  cffiirt  oai 
tbctiartoftbe<!di<or,aiid  wish  htm  tliat  success lowbiubhu  is  xojuftly  entitled. 

Th*  WM  Strttt  Journal  aiut  lUal  HtlaU  Gtn«Uf,  of  IhU  city,  >•  (Wotod 
lo  a  Acid  of  inlHIigenco  which  is  strictly  occupied  by  no  other  jottmaL  It 
|»  published  weekly,  and  Is  well  stored  irlth  interesting  and  raluable  in- 
■nnation,  and  is  likewise  one  of  tlie  most  »piril«d  and  enU-rtaining  of  our 
dtyjoimals. 


THI 


MINING    MAGAZINE. 

fflLLIAM  J.  TEKNEY. 


CONTENTS  OF  NO.  III..   VOt..  II. 

ARTICLE 
•>r.  **•• 

1.  Tilt:  KKnUCTtOK  OF  AUKIFKHOUS  OBKS.    By  OuUi  F.  Stun*- 

■UIIT       ..........  tit 

H.  MANUFACTCBE  OF  IRON  BL00M9.    By  Pwr.  J*»»  T.  Popttt     .  M4 

ni- THE  LAKE  SUrSRIOB  OOPrES  MINES.    By  J.  A.  CAumoia,  a  E.  Ml 
IT.  THE  COAL  LASl<6  UN   UR»  B[V£S,  NOKTU  UAKOLINA.    By 

Om-CuauaT.  Jaiikk Wt 

V.  THE  »ANrFA<-TUBC0FTHE8LAQS0FSEDUCIKn  FTJKNACER. 

Kffx'rl  nr  thn  AiDtriwa  L«raC<HD(aoy      .....  IM 
VI.  TttK8LATEgrABB1KB0FVgBI(0KT.    By  Ckuu* 9.  Riohammoh, 

i.!i>ii  iiiil  ^[iaiTi;:  EaglnMr    .         .                   ■         ■         ■          .  tfl 

VU.  Tilt  BlUtriiH  GOLD  FISLDe IW 

VIU.  TitE  VENTILATION  OF  MINES.    By  J.  Eiktoh  Bucinnaj,  Oovtm- 

DMcU  lii>p«(jlor             ........  884 

JOirS.VAI,  OP  mXINQ  LAVS  AMD  OODLATIOKS 

lUntiw  Diibivnt  of  Frimca     ........  M9 

Blat(«  Oia  UulKt IM 

COXlEKnil.  ASPECT  OF  THE  IRJIIHO  DtTEBBST. 

r  Jorin  UiDbur  HUck  Usrkel n» 

>  ill  Miiiini;  Rtouk*  in  Nnw  Tnk  .          .          .          .          .          .  M 

I  HSaiiu  Stook  UnrkM »t 

MB  in  Itkilur  Stooki  in  Boalon SS6 

r  Tort  lfo.1  U>r£«t M 

LoodoD  l[««id  Matkct Ml 

JOUBK.ll  fff  O0I.D  KINtltq  IH^RATII»[& 

ilMCaltfornUdDtliuilSES tM 

lUwttlxIpredlnlSfiS W§ 

■•   ill  «Mh  monUl  or  ISSS ■>» 

I  ^IsMil  OuntlUn  Fn&ciMu  In  ltS>      ..•.•-  IM 

TItMnfnciiatn  RiimninlUS «* 

Quia  Vna*  in  (.'^[ininiia         ,....>.•  Mt 

Sonark  CiMk  Caful (M 

BtmUct  ud  Od.'i  Cuul IIOO 

€»darwiillll<)lanvlUaCUtl KM 

Pilot  CrtMh  CUiuil MO 

Di|gri^[*  ill  El  I>onda  Oonnty                                                                            •  WI 

^1        ill  OJavftiu  (bmity  ........  101 

ilolirv  Bvi>»r(un  IliaOolil  FialdHuf  Violorb,  Autnll*                        .            •  Sfrl 

,n«  at  lb«  Di^inm         ........  SX 

I  Ubcrty  Minlni  Compkny            .,..,..  SM 

ion  and  Vlrtriniu  (iold  C«mr>eny  ■          ......  tW 

llNlclaahurr  G«ItI  auJ  Copper  CjoiiiAnir                    .            .            ,            ,            .  HT 

*Vta  Devil  Uine  ..........  Mt 

TU  U«huni  UuM  llino Wt 

I  OB  tlm  lloM  iu  Uie  VandtibiiF);  Ulne,  Kortli  CnroUoa      .            .            .  M* 

I  in  Xiw<aiiil MO 

1  Auwrior  In  l*om1i  AiDorin  .  .HI 

oved  OoM  8r|Hnit<<r                   .......  til 

jnoaSAL  Oi-  C01T811  BISIMti  DPKRITWW 

Uc  EoTitc  C«pT""  M>no *" 

NoiOi  Anierifac  Mnic  .........  <M 


Cmtmi*. 


nam' 
HlsMMia  Mm»  .......>.■]) 

r»llM  Wna  IIS 

Pcncntaccorinks  Bnpi?iiorCopp«  .......    tt< 

Ancrtcan  U!ning  CompaQjt     .  ....,,.    sia 

Kamioh  Him    ..........    da 

WiiiilUDr  tl'in*   .....••...    tIT 

Bhwon  HiiM air 

Warwick  Uin«  ......>...  SIT 

No*  London  Uino       ,.,.••...  SIT 

Uabnmin  3(<a«   .,,-•■•-■■  tIT 

B«n  Auirnitiii  Uln«        ,....■■..  BIS 

liviiiouUi  iCanii.J  Copper  Uln*         .......  SIS 

ftn  KxrunplB  of  IJaMmtM  Mining     .  .  >  .  •  .  .SI) 

SmilHnr  WMlnc/FUian,  SmdMi M(> 

ICnmal  IVadnotii  of  8nuth  Au«calit  .......  t» 

Xntlj*ha>l«aorC<>i>T«rOr* SM 

Oap  Miu,  Lauoutci  iJomit}'.  rancurflTaai&  ......  ni 

JOn:KAL  or  5II,VKK  AKD  I£AD  VUnxg  aPBBATtQ)t& 

Shlpmoot  oT  Lad  [Vom  till  Kortli-Wvu        ......  W 

Lewi  Vvlnn  of  (liB  NorUi-WMt TOI 

Ik-ikI  Mlnct  of  CholH  0>unlT.  PetuiiflTania            .....  HS 

CbarleM«>n  Uln *M 

UonteOdwry  Ulu*          .........  Stt 

ShdTWOOii  Minn «M 

TIm  Wh«Wl*y  M>nq ttl 

C0Ar,5  .VND  COLIIBRIMl 

Anthcuita  Con)  Tntdo  Cv  IBM                        ......  n§ 

SliipiiwiiU  of  Caul  rinni  IVbin  lo  th«  IIn!l«d  SUt«B             ....  iu 

naqMOtoof  tl»  MiiivJklil  Ucifion  In  1864   ......  a|s 

WMd  Tup  MoniiUin  ItultTUtii  mil  t'oal  OomlHUij    .....  tfgl 

llHBpiihir*  Coal  will  lRu^Cii[u|unj    .....           .          .  MS 

Tbo  winlft«rf«  Mininit  Oimpunjr         .......  SSS 

laMnoroTaCiwI  Mlui'.           ■.,,..,.  StI 

AnlhroclU  for  )it«iitni?r>            ........  SCS 

ijtml  for  Iturning  Uriok              ........  SM 

Kcniarlu  «a  tilt  Working  of  Cod       ...... 

mm  AND  mic 

Tlia  3fiuiBlkctnrt  of  Irtuutona  Sl^    ...... 

iron  UuinlbolarM  of  Oliia       ...,,., 
tntci  Muiufnetiimi  of  lh«  Wnrld  ...... 

TlmJIanttbatiirtorOntStMl MO 

'  Itoo  tndv  tf  BsoUnnd .Sit 

ImpivroniMttt  in  the  Huiufhoturs  of  the  VTbiu  Odd*  of  Kno     . 

■•  Incmiinji  Wuttl'TDductiolilaiued  inSmaltinf   . 

"  In  Uuhint  namiiieri  ...... 

Ytia  rotoD  lron<^inpiin7         ....... 

(UJAttRllH  AND  CUT& 
Cbqrin  Wlacooaln  ..■•.,,,,    M4 

Kn*  MtrNw       ..........    (44 

Ifarhl*  QiuTriaa  of  BotlMul,  V«nni>al  ,  ,  ,  .  .BIT 

JUbol'*  E.iok-ltonf      ........ 

AKorkDrin 

AnlBdlalBKnM 

IbelitncB  tUi  Dr«a*iux  Btana   ......  . 

AiUSdiJ  SlUdflcrtfdD  WUinutono 

][ISCE[.I.A!im, 

'Ototeji7  of  Kalny  Lil>«,  Tinrlli  Am^rJn        ......  siS 

AnioiiniandivlfloofQoli'VillTnrrtporlvdIVDinSaoFrtBobeodaitaf thij«arltM  SSS 

ArtiBdd  Frodnclion  of  Diamond  Powder     ......  m 

«(itwt)nffa SSa 

Awn  and  Analnia  of  Oraa  and  MlneFala        -...,.  tU 

AMUaiLtM  of  Hannlkolurad  Put  to  thn  Ana  .....  SW 


TRB 


MINING  MAGAZINE: 


MtVOTW  IV 


ISthifs,  pining  ^$mikr\s,  giclaliurga,  it.  h. 


VOL.  IL— MARCH,  1854.— No.  lH 


Xn  l^TBB  RRDCCTION  OF  AURIFEROUS  ORBS.*— Br  Cauus  F. 

ST*!OtDniT. 

Befohb  proci««(iing  to  di^'u.'ut  the  inon:  promincat  idMiu  now 
in  use  for  oxtra<;tin^  the  Doblc  metal  from  Hw.  -lubstancca  n-itb 
w)ii<rh  it  it  foitnil  n.<i.<u>i';iaU!d,  it  will  be  well  (vorv  bri<^lly)  to  con- 
ador  the  conditionfl  in  which  gold  presents  itsell'  in  the  various 
luca)ilie»  whvre  it  k  foutnL 

It  has  often  been  remarked,  as  an  evidence  of  the  wiae  care 
of  Providence,  that  irhile  gold,  which  pomcMod  ft  comparatively 
aitilictal  value,  existed  but  in  small  quantities  and  in  few  locali- 
lie*,  iron,  liu:  mottt  lueftil  of  mvtals,  was  distributrd  in  vast  qnan- 
titJeaineveryqiiarteTof  the  fctobe,  and  V88  every  when-!  acoetvuble 
to  man.  The  present  ii)ipi-iinLnoo  of  thine))  would  utvin  to  tlirow 
some  donbt  over  the  truth  of  tbia  reroarx,  which  would  appear 
to  K-  mon>  piuus  than  jnxl.  'i'ho  fiict  is  that  gold  18  found  in 
every  quarter  of  the  world,  and  every  day's  research  opcna  new 
fieldk  to  the  entcrprtite  of  the  gold-seeker.  The  auUionty  of  a 
year  on  this  subjeot  is  already  out  of  date.    California,  whose 

Sid  fields  were  opened  only  tax  yean  n^,  hnd  hardly  Bucoesa- 
ly  aflseited  its  claim  to  tho  title  of  the  Kl  Dorado,  heforc  aba 
finnd  a  pow<.Trful  rival  in  your  own  Aiii(tndi»;  and  even  this 
seems  desdood  to  share  attractions  with  Devonshire  and  Wale*. 
Tho  most  ancient  «>urc«  of  thetiriwious  nivlal  mentioned  in 
^ueied  writings  is  "  the  land  of  Ilavilah.  where  there  is  Bold," 
I  of  which  it  B  wiid,  "the  gold  of  that  land  in  good,''  Of 
Ophir,  w©  are  told  that  "they  fctehcd  from  thoneo  gold,  and 
broaght  it  to  Solonion,"  and  that  "  Jeho:<ophnt  made  Khips  to  go 
to  Opnir  for  gold ;"  but  wo  know  not  with  certainty  the  situation 
of  Opbir;  nor  have  we  the  mt^ans  of  iwenaining  in  wliat  form 
the  metal  prcacntod  itsclt;  or  whether  the  diggers  of  those  ancient 
days  rcduwd  it  by  means  of  cnisherst,  cradles,  or  lotig-inma. 

In  latCT  times,  Africa  wns  long  a  noted  source  of  pold,  which 
give  a  name,  indonl,  to  a  larg<'  purtion  of  il«  eoa-ttv     The  metal 
'  Fron  Um  Prfte«oding«  «r  tbo  Sodetjr  of  Art*,  Londoa. 


^340  T^e  Rfduetion  <^  Avriftrmu  Ont.  ^B 

VRn>and  ill  saaSl  particles,  known  in  oommercc  as  "  gold  dnstt" 
ooUedecI,  no  doubt,  by  ttomo  rude  jjrocoa  of  wa^in^  from  the 
nnds  in  the  beds  uf  tho  iuturmttUni;  streams.  The  region  od 
the  south  of  the  Sahara,  as  also  Soiiila  and  Kordofan,  vrere  pro> 
lific  Hourccs  of  thf  pn>oious  metal.  Sofida  has,  indtvd,  by  some 
beea  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Ophir,  and  waii  long  tlio  chief 
umporiuni  of  the  gold  brought  Ironi  tht-  iiiUrrior.  But  ATiica  is 
now  entirely  edipiied  by  our  modern  Kl  Daiadoe.  It  is  said  to 
yield  about  5,000  lbs.  weight  annually. 

Asia  haft  Ions  been,  and  still  continuoa  to  be,  an  important 
Miirou  of  gold;  indixid  it  was  brought  ^m  the  Indian  Ltlsnds 
in  remote  timea,  and  more  recently,  gold  dopcats  have  been 
«xteu»ivclY  worked  in  the  Sibcrinu  and  XTral  district*.  In  the 
Ural  it  is  Ibund  in  small  pieces,  embedded  in  coarae  gravel,  and 
in  veins  of  quartz  In  hard  rocks.  It  is  sometimes  found  onociil' 
tod  with  ^il.itinuiTi. 

America,  too,  has  made  her  full  coutributiou  to  the  stock  of 
MbferviKlble  metel.  Brazil,  Chill,  I'oru,  Ecuador,  Iscw  Oraoada, 
niJM'lil  yielded  rich  suppliL-;*.  Tht;  ittreonw  which  run  fVum  the 
moontaina  bring  down  their  precious  freight  in  their  pebbly  beds. 
These  wen?  for  a  long  time  the  cliief  sources  of  Brazilian  gold, 
bat  it  is  also  found  in  veins  in  the  rock,  which  modern  capital  is 
making  available  and  profitable. 

ITie  quantity  yielded  in  Mexico  is  comparatively  small,  and 
is  always  found  there  assuctat>.^l  witii  silver. 

The  Atpalnchian  chain  of  tho  United  States  sends  down  in 
I  acme  of  ite  tftrcanis  tiuuiitilies  of  auriferou^s  deuosilti,  which  have 
■been  worked  with  advantage  in  Virginia,  the  CaroUoaa,  and 
Georgia, 

But  all  the  ffold-fielda  of  America  sink  into  comparative 

[^  uungnifieanoc  bciore  the  iminonsu  yield  of  the  »ngle  state  of 

I  CUilbmia,  which,  in  six  years,  has  transformed  n  wildoroeas  into 

a  populous  and  wmllhy  xtate,  with  agriculture,  arts,  and  com- 

[meroe.    Tho  gold  discoveries  here  took  the  usual  course.    It 

I  originated  in  accident,  got  wind  against  the  will  of  the  fJnt  dis- 

'  covcrcrs,  was  kept  alive  by  ricli  findings  in  alluvial  depoala 

and  at  last  snbtadtid  into  something  like  a  regular  branch  of 

.  industry,  into  which  more  perfect  methods  were  introduced,  aa 

the  eugerly-sought  wealtli  began  to  demand  for  its  alloiomeDt  a 

[ttinv  steady  and  laborious  indu:<try-.     Rich  Rssds  and  nuggete 

Eive  place  to  ouartK  ore,  wbii-'h  required  to  be  minc<]  with  great 
boT,  crashed  oy  heavy  machinery,  and  ama]K!"naled  by  c&refiil 
I  and  expensive  procoees. 

In  Kurope,  gold  is  found  in  many  localities,  the  principal  of 

I  which  are  Hungary  and  Transylvania.    Hut  Kugliuid  and  Wulctt 

'  seem,  from  recent  evcotM,  to  bid  Giir  to  Uikc  their  place  among 

'  the  roost  im|>ortant  gold-producing  countries  of  tho  world.    The 

piocious  ou^ oceiin  liero  ID  a  slateofnunuto  division  in  quarts 


7%f  StAKtioK  (jfAwi^nm  Oru. 


Ml 


rook.  Id  Dcvonnhin!,  thft  red  and  brown  gosuins  oonUin  a  per 
oontigo  which  will  amply  repay  the  oc>at  of  reduction,  by  the 
beet  iii€thot1»  now  known.  The  following  stutcincnt  of  the  re- 
mits of  ei^ht  recent  experiin«ni»  with  aome  Mtrifcrou!)  quarlK 
from  Herion<:tliHhin>,  Wales,  will  show  the  grounds  of  thuopinion 
above  oxpreatied : — 

OoL  SOl— 363  lbs.  yieldud  \h\  gn.,  li  the  nUo  ]>«r  tOD..l  ox.  19  dirt  IT  git. 

«k— SSO  lb& 

TSIb«. 

Nov.  T.— 16S  iUt 

10eil>«. 


OO-gw., 

188  gw.. 

81  p*. 

73  gw., 

11.— TMItn.  (lMa)SOign., 
TW  «)«.  (pyriu)  173  gra., 


.8 

9 

20 

..« 

0 

« 

-.1 

IS 

u 

.1 

IS 

0 

..B 

s 

IT 

..1 

16 

18 

..1 

1 

IS 

IHic  Bribinnia  ^oeson,  from  Dcronshire,  yioldcd  by  recent 
experimcnbi: — 1.  J  ton  nrodnoed  7  dwta. — 14  dwu,  to  the  too: 
8.  1  ton  produced  I  oz.v  dnt.  20  grti. :  and  from  the  ArundoU 
Umled  Mines,  2  ox».  2  dwts.  1+  gn*.  to  the  ton.  A  iipecitn«n  of 
Oomish  ore  yielded  at  the  rate  of  11  oza.  IS  dwts.  8  ffre.  to  the 
loD.  'llii!  Poltimore  goiwin  has  yielded  from  17  to  32  dwta,  to 
tho  ton,  aod  other  Devonahiro  ofo  it  ozs.  to  the  ton.  These  re- 
Bults  have  been  obtainiHl  within  tho  lastt  month,  an<l  go  to  ehow 
that  the  lonff-chprished  dreamof  finding  gold  iji  profitable  quan- 
tiUes  )u  England  is  about  to  be  rooli^.  The  cxpcriiDunts  just 
mentioned  h.Ave  all  be«n  inado  at  an  cxpcime  not  exceeding  bt. 
Uio  ton  for  the  nxlut^tion.  The  same  orws  have  formerly  boon 
smelted  at  a  eoirt  uf  Sft»,  per  ton. 

A  word  on  the  subject  of  England's  great  f^old-produeing 
colony  will  coucIudi>  tlufi?  hasty  pivlimiiiary  observations. 

Australia  has  only  been  known  as  a  gold-producing  country 
since  1851 ;  for  although  nhephenLi  an<i  others  were  known  to 
""  ivc  picked  up  s^ray  pieces  of  gold-bearing  quiulz  for  some 
,  ears  previously,  it  was  not  si«<necled  to  exist  in  quantitiea  auffi- 
tdeflt  to  rep-iy  the  labor  of  collfction.  until  Mr.  IlarpTPtivcs,  a. 
pmctiud  inuier,  who  had  gained  hi.s  experience  in  the  California 
goid-field-s  showed  that  the  metal  could  be  obtained  in  large 
luantitios  on  the  wtiftcni  nlopcs  of  the  Hlue  Mountain  Range, 
subawjuent  researches  have  proved  the  metal  to  exist  in  larger 
""  iinaller  quantities  throngnowt  iho  !>ettlod  districts  of  Soath- 
iBtem  Australia ;  and,  from  the  character  of  th<;  rangM  to  the 
Qortli  of  >f^'w  8<.iuth  Wales,  it  is  susiiecled  thai  they  will  prove 
squally  prolific.     Hitherto  the  metal  hiw  bt»n  obtfiitR-d  »olely 
ll^  the'  jitinple  process  of  wnsliing ;  for,  although  machinery  has 
rleen  introcluoed  by  public  companies  for  the  purpose  of  extract- 
ing it  from  the  quarts  rock,  no  imjwrtant  rewuita  have  yet  been 
.attained.    Indeeo,  in  the  first  inatancc,  the  metal  appears  to  have 
Ibecn  sought  for  only  in  the  alluvium,  until  the  discovery  of  a 
monster  no^et,  oonaiflting  of  nearly  1  cwt.  of  gold,  in  a  quartz 


4 


^ 


Tkt  RtdMti^n  of  AHtriftTOut  Orti. 


Lodge  Dear  Bathurst,  oalkd  «U(Mition  to  Uic  parent  rocV ;  and  the 
I  BuWxiuvnt  i\ae«\Oi«  of  llie  Government  seoUwittU  brought  to 
I  UghlvttiDsot'aurilcrousquartx,  so  extensively  difluscdtbatquarte 
I  iDuting  must  WMTii  beoonio  ntte  fif  tbc  chief  iiidustnal  cmploy- 
.  Bieola  of  Si)utli-Ka0terit  Australia. 

Notwitlistunding  Urn  cxi^iisivc  dUtribution  of  jiold,  and  tho 
I  great  dcRire  of  man  to  befwmc  possGLssfd  of  it,  the  methods  which 
I  btunan  invention  has  hithorlo  dovi.»ed  for  Ihf  purpoao  of  obtain- 
ing it  Have  bc«n  but  partially  succeaafut 

There  is  ubutidiiiil  evidence  to  Kbovr  iJiat,  tip  to  ihc  prvjwnt 
time,  no  method  that  haa  been  apjJied  hiw  sm?oeedpd  in  extract- 
ing all  tbc  precious  ineljd  from  niiriferoua  on.'*.     A  fricml  of 
Eny  own,  who  has  travelled  extciurivelv  in  Russia,  »latai  that  a 
'very  larf^  proporUon  of  the  wealth  of  the  Itii^iun  on-*  i»  tort 
l~-by  coufetwion  of  the  mining  men  themaolvca — in  tho  procem 
<&  roduction  now  employed,  and  which  has  bi'<ni  cited,  \tj  an 
oninent  geologist  and  mining  engineer,  as  the  most  perfbot 
proccK)  now  in  \x^. 

We  might  add  voiumeaof  evidence  on  this  Hubject,  all  of 

the  same  tenor,  but  tho  simple  faet  that  there  has  been  so  mtteh 

inventive  ingenuity  applied  to  ikn  last  few  yeus  to  the  {Hodtte- 

\  tioit  of  maehiuery  for  extraotina  g^ld  IVom  it»  or«%  is  soflicienfe 

I  to  show  that  a  machine  for  uc  purposo  of  doing  this  woik 

!  effectually  remained  a  de^rideratuin. 

Thia  leads  us  at  once  to  the  conuderation  of  wme  of  the 
mcthodK  hitherto  employed  for  this  purpose.  The  prooesscs  for 
aecaring  gold  mav  be  divided  mainlv  into  washing,  smelting,  anct 
amalgamation.  Of  washing,  that  of  punning  mav  b^;  considered 
the  type ;  in  another  apparatus  the  hide  of  animals,  with  tho  bur 
on,  and  turned  against  ihv  couriM!  of  the  stream,  is  em])loyvd  to 
secure  the  fine  auriferous  particles  as  they  6nd  then-  wav  to  the 
bottom  of  the  stir^am.  'Iiie  hide*  are  oecafliunally  wjlfidrnwn. 
and  freed  from  their  precious  loiid  by  washing  in  proper  vatB. 
The  protxuts  of  lunelting  will  not  bo  alluded  lo  in  tho  pn.'^eiit 
paper,  inasmuch  as  it  is  uvi<lonlly  not  apptieabie  to  the  general 
wants  of  the  gold-sfckers  of  the  present  dav,  l«!i'aii.-»e  ii  ro<(nire» 
means  and  appliaiiix-.s  not  within  their  n.-iK'h.  Next  in  order  wo 
come  to  consider  the  method  of  amalgamation,  whi<h  is  the  one 
motft  relied  on  by  prActiciil  im-ii  for  w«urinc  the  desirtd  product. 
The  process  of  amal^'amatlon  involves,  ot  course,  thi!  previous 
reduction  of  tlie  oiv  io  a  finely  diviiUnl  state,  in  which  alone  the 
mercury  can  seize  upon  tho  gold  and  secure  it.  The  question 
betveen  the  miu^tiinoj'  hiihertu  invented  is  simply  one  of  the 
qoaDtity  of  work  done  with  a  given  amount  of  power.  In  (Wi- 
femia,  tlie  prinripal  ones  in  mc.  have  hiilicrlo  been  tho  Mexican 
arrastra  and  the  Chilian  mill.  Itollet^  are  sometimes  used  for 
crushing  uiid  reducing  to  a  ^xiwdor;  tlio  objection  is  that  they 
do  not  crush  the  ore  sufficiently  line.    All  machines  which  ' 


7%t  KtilufHMi  of  Avrifintt*  Ortt. 


of  produdnu  nu  iinjiolpable  powder,  maj  mfoly  be  eon* 
siilered  as  failing  in  iKo  most  essential  pre-rcquisiw  for  at-caring 
all  the  golil  fa>i>i  the  ore :  llie  (iunlili««(  w-litcli  »  poritKA  Kold  ord> 
reducing  appiaratm  it  ia  tlioaght  should  poaseas  are— 1.  It  ehoold 
srind  tlw)  ore  to  nn  impnljiuWo  povriier,  in  order  to  which  it , 
nwold  have  a  combined  railing  and  robbing  aoUon. — ^2.  It 
shonld  Mnalgiiiiinio  iir  ihc  ini>taiit  of  mwbine. — S.  It  «tioald 
araailgamalo  at  ilio  pwiit  of  omshtnjf,  or  below  ine  surface  of  the 
tuen'tin.*,  wliii'b  mast  W  ki-pi  (.-oiL^tsintly  at  tbu LTusbing  point — ' 
4.  It  eliould  beigtiK'n  the  aifiiiity  of  the  mereury  for  the  gold  by 
tfce  tpplicsrtion  of  beat— 6.  It'thould  lose  no  niercury  in  Uw 
prooesa. 

Tbo  only  method  vbicb  iwcma  hitWrto  to  Tiavt-  anawerod  all 
the  five  conditiona  neneRaary  to  amMg&matiitg  apparatus,  is  what 
is  called  nt  the  diggtn^x  thv  miuer's  ai»ay.  In  thia  proccas  fbo : 
mortar  and  pestle  arc  emnliiycd:  merrury  in  put  in  ilie  mortar, 
tlie  ore  to  be  t^tcd  ie  Uirown  in  and  coveretl  with  hot  water, 
when  the  operaUon  heginst  On  a  large  scale,  the  e.-iert  of  beating  i 
cufficittiit  water  lo  attain  tke  ixsult  licrv  iu'Jieatcd  would  of  i!OUIB0 
tc  a  great  prao^cal  dilfieulty.  Tiio*^  who  liavo  seen  Mr.  Ber- 
dan'it  inatihine,  will  at  onco  perorjivc  that  it  cmbrawa  every  prin- 
ciple of  the  minera  a^QV.  while  it  avuidi'  t1tc  exjxMiaive  pmoeai 
of  Itcating  water  in  larpc  qoantitics. 

Prof.  Tenn.int  sftiil  there  was  an  unpressiou  uuon  the  pnblio  ' 
mind  for  whicli  he  thought  there  wa.'*  no  po-<ilive  mundation.    It 
VM  mid  by  «onii;  onthusinst^  that  we  are  to  have  a  California  in 
England.    Such  statement'^,  however,  were  in  hi.i  opinion  falla- 
OHKIK,  Qo  iiixtanee  of  auriferous  ore  ever  hjiring  been  produetivo 
of  pro&t  in  thia  country.    In  every  case  whioh  had  been  attempted 
lo  procure  the  precious  metal,  it' bad  cut  SOs.  to  40j.  to  got  1L 
worth  of  gold,  and,  in  every  instance  in  which  he  had  gone  ftilly 
into,  it  had  been  a  very  unproductive  speculation.    Undoubtedly, 
gold  existed  in  l)ii.-«  Diuiiiry,  and  iLl.«o  in  Ireland,  8eolland,  aitti 
Wale*,  but  under  very  different  circusuitancee  to  those  in  whicli 
it  waa  found  in  Califuniia  and  .\ii3tralifl;  there  they  hod  nothing 
more  to  do  than  to  crush  the  ground;  but  even  in  ttat  countiy  I 
be  knew  of  no  company  thai  was  paying  a  dividend  from  thd) 
production  of  gold  obtained  from  quartz.     Under  these  cireum- 
siancea,  the  opmion^  of  those  who  entertained  a  belief  that  gold 
oould  be  prodoocd  in  this  country  at  a  large  profit  ought,  he  I 
thought^  to  Iw  reiwivcd  with  eaution. 

Mr,  CltYKKT  said  that  siiiee  hi.-«  rctuni  from  AuRtralia  h« 
had  tumiid  his  atlontion  to  this  inijwirlant  subject  lie  had 
feond  Ihc  giMilogical  }H»itioiia  lavoruhK-  for  jiold  in  England, 
and  had  laKled  ujiu-aMs  of  800  spc(?imeuH,  He  had  not  found 
richer  sppeimena  m  <jther  piirta  of  tin-  worM  thnn  lii>  }m\  in  this  ' 
country.  IJui  a  skeplieiam  prevailed ;  jiartiea  were  a^ost  tbo 
opinion  that  it  waa  to  bo  met  with  in  large  quantities  here, 


944 


Mann/aetaTt  fif  Irwi  Mtomt. 


because  tber  live  here.  He  vas,  however,  of  opinion  that  the 
gold  ormi  of  England  wer«  far  more  important  toan  the  gold  of 
Anstraiia.  The  qMomens  before  the  meeting  wore  equal  in 
qoaltty,  and,  in  fact,  pmzisely  the  wuiie,  n.'*  tluwe  found  i»  othvr 
parta  of  the  world.  Ib  a  very  short  time  h«  hoped  to  see  tho 
gold  mines  of  England  fully  developed ;  and,  huvrevcr  xkeptsckl 
parties  might  be  oti  to  llie  result,  he  had  no  doubt  that  ores  would 
be  produced  that  would  yield  from  5  to  6  ozh.  U>  tiie  ton.  It 
was  an  astonishing  &ot  that  we  had  been  blundering  on  for  ao 
nuinyycara  without  thi'  aidof  |>roptT  miicliiinTv ;  but  he  had 
great  bopefi  that  with  the  macliimrry  coming  bcforo  tho  puUio 
It  would  be  wx-n  that  his  upiinoris  would  1"^  i>mfirnicd.  TiiBC 
would  show.  It  had  been  tlie  study  of  his  lifciime,  and  ho  onJy 
asked  them  to  wait  for  a  very  short  liiue,  and  they  would  SM 
what  he  had  stated  developed. 


I 


Axr.  U.— UANDPACrOBR  OP  IRON   nr^OKS-— Br  Paor.  Jamh  T. 

ilOIHllt. 

The  mAnunicture  of  wrouifht  iron  diwct  frvim  the  ore  is  a 
more  ancient  process  than  that  of  smelting,  and  is,  to  this  day, 
rudely  oonducied  by  barbarous  nations  who  luivc  uuvcr  loanted 
our  modem  improvements.  In  some  localities  of  rich  mngnctn 
and  saeculur  ores,  where  hard  wood  charcoal  is  furnished  in ' 
abundance,  the  business,  except  in  times  of  great  deprendoa  iu 
the  iron  cuLrkct,  is  still  successfully  prtwijeulcd.  Not  requiring 
the  hcavv  capital  which  \a  involved  in  the  building  of  a  blaiit 
fiimace,  blooming  fires  may  be  r^lablisJicd  on  n  small  scale  by 
mCD  of  moderate  mfanfl,  and  the  region  where  the  orwi  and  fuel 
suitable  to  them  are  found,  being  generally  mutint^Linous  and 
well  watered  witli  swiftlv  flowing  brooks,  small  e^tbtt.4li meats 
of  three  or  Ibur  fires  eacfi  may  be  «?en  itcattercd  here  and  there 
between  the  hills  tliroughout  extensive  districts,  which,  but  for 
these  rcfiourocs,  would  have  been  left  iu  their  ori^nal  wildnessL 
Essex  and  Clinton  counties  in  Korlhcrn  New  York,  and  tbc 
highland  eountrv  about  the  Rainapo,  and  thence  extending  past 
the  other  brancncs  of  the  Tassaio  towards  the  Dclitwarc,  owe 
their  prosperity — llicir  settlement  indeed — to  numerous  veins  of 
rich  iron  ore  found  near  fretjnent  watcr-faila,  and  fturmunde4  by 
mountain  lands  fit  only  for  the  prowth  of  wood,  Theae  re- 
flouroee,  each  one  of  which  is  essential  to  the  value  of  the  othcis, 
might  still  be  worthless,  were  not  the  re^on  and  climate  both 
peimliarly  adapted  for  tJiat  persevering  and  hardy  toil,  npon 
which  thtt  busiQCKt,  like  that  of  lumbcnng,  also  belonging  to  the 
same  rc^on,  is  especially  dependent. 

Thooros  being  reduced  at  a  temperature  much  below  thatof 


■SK^n/hfttin  1^  frvn  Blooita. 


Mft 


IVw  Itlwl  ^maUiii,  the  canhir  impurities'  thcj  cnnlaixx  arc  sot 
jltiMd,  W  which  the  iron  protiuc*-*!  is  rtrongiT  iiiul  of  better 
lunlily  Uiiin  the  stima  onif  would  miJic  hj  fimt  smelting,  and 
nen  converting  the  pig  metal  into  Imrs  liy  the  pmMling  furnace. 
_1mj  oompanitivc  economy  of  the  two  proc^-'iwca  cli-jK-iids  upon  a 
[mie^  of  drruRUitances,  and  lu  two  of  tbe  no^t  important  of 
|1]k«c  a^!'^  ViTft,  thi:  peculiar  quuHtin  of  the  Q^Ws,  and,  siicomlly, 
uf  the  nterchantable  producki  nMpiirpd,  no  u^Hfersl  prineiplo^  up- 
[plicablc  1^'  uli  looOilicv  can  be  liiid  down,  hf  which  one  proocas 
MC  proved  more  ndvanta^tou^  tliiiD  iho  other.  Tiiolmrs,  hiun- 
k1  outv  li^rni  thi?  blooms  in  dnmand  f<ir  the  TDnnufocturc  of 
I  and  Ibr  nvnt  of  the  uses  to  wbidj  liar  in>n  i!>  fut.  Being 
InidiMl  at  th«  f<>r^i);  into  those  aliaf""^  rc'iDtrcd  for  purtic-ulij 
larpoaes,  in  innreaaed  value  admhs  <if  Iranaport^tinti  from  nr- 
note  iK>inM  in  the  iutrrior,  while  pag  iron  mnoa  at  i-ut-h  localilifa 
rotila  not  pay  Ut  semi  to  market.  i 

In  the  two  northern  countica  of  New  Toric.  bordcriiig  <1W 
l^ake  Champlain,  the  numVwr  of  forj^-dros  wei«  not  less  th^i 
"i'W  five  yt-Jirs  ago.      Each  fii-c  ia  capable  of  makinj;  u  ti>u  <tf 
acd  iron  every  twenty-fmir  bount.      The  ex]n-nsea  of  Ok 
[inanufucUuv  do  not  vary  much  from  ibc  followiiq  cKliniatc :  — f 

Two  uid  ■  qunrlor  tarn  nt  cM,  eic,  ctt. .        .       t9  I 

WOba«hcb«rehanw(d 1&  \ 

Blooimva'  wtgM  per  Inn  11  —  tM 

In  working  the*;  bktoiih  rics,  it  is  generally  fbnnd  that  from 
f  H>od  magiiotic  oTca,  well  tn^panil  by  ern.-Oiuig  and  wa-ihiiis, 
I  (unless,  o»  in  some  eascH,  ttto  ore^  are  rich  enou;;Ii  and  coarsely 
^granular  at  the  same  time  to  rfii<lei-  tlieir  pi^jmration  imnecos- 
lury,)  a  hundn-d  pounds  of  Spdd  arc  producwl  every  Imur,  or 
I  twenty- four  hundred  iiouikIii  every  twen^'-four  lioorg.  Two 
[and  ft  quarter  Umx  of  prepared  ore  are  Hi<ed,  find  about  2W 
ia  of  charcual  to  the  ion  of  iron.  This  shows  a  considcra- 
\Vt  kiM  of  ore  in  the  proccM, — mnch  more  than  in  making  pig 
Tron  in  a  well  eonJueted  biW  fVinia*», — for  Has  prepared  ore 
most  average  not  far  from  ft5  per  cent,  of  iron. 

It  in  found  miiT"!  tcodoiuieal  to  use  the  air  for  th«  blast  at  a 

ftcnlWnHurc  c*timiitcd  ;it  about  600";  the  fire  being  properly 

[l>uraened  with  ore^  Ic.-<t  oharooal  ia  oon-tunied  to  the  lon;df 

.blooms  than  when  the  blast  ia  kept  at  a  lower  temperature. 

[       The  heating  oven  cfmnivted  with  some  of  the  lHooming  flfea 

TWjwin**  more  than  one  of  thew  to  keep  it  at  a  suPficienl  ICwpCT* 

atnre  for  re-healing  the  lilm.tn.-;.     The  fircjt  an^  so  arran;fod  thaj 

I  two  inipply  the  e^'apc  ^^wiefi  to  eoeli  oven.     Small  blow-pipOK 

I  are  more  eifeclu-il  in  riiii«in/  n  tlioniugh  mixturt-  of  ili>'  hoi  air 

[and  the  {p\.'*?f.  and  consequently  a  more  complete  coinbuj-linn, 

than  largi"  om^n;  but  the  smalh-r  the  blow-pipes  the  greater 

number  must  be  employed.    The  pressure  of  Vk  blast  is  cslima- 

l«d  at  from  two  lo  tiir&e  pounds  to  the  inch. 


S4e 


Manufaeturt  of  Iro»  Bloom*. 


The  Mioptcdt  form  of  the  bloomery  Ore  ia  represented  in  thr. 
sectioDS,  FigH.  I,  2.  3,  luid  4.  "Die  same  letter  tiulicatea  the  same 
put  in  the  uiScreut  figures. 


ri^i. 


1%.  1  fa  UlB  IVoM 
(Mtw. 

oaa,  hM-«lr  plpta, 
btMlDf  Oio  Ual  hj  U* 
mil*    b*tt   tliM  iMHw 
IhTOiijiJi  th«  beating  oven. 

i.  LinD  of  liig  loo  bvd- 
|rtp»;  ODD  pIiKOd  ftcrawi 

tha  lAaolcoTUiooven. 

e.  miln  t>l»i-pl|>«  fmn 
111*  Hpufan  rrtlndir, 
pbOttl  rniHer  Iho  Ore, 

d.  Wk-plBte  oriha  Gf*. 

*,  lln-plito. 

/,  pliU  iliKiujHi  ohicb 
Um  Dlndcn  m  dnIiMd, 
Oft 

r,  bottom- pliila  «f 
Sro. 

i,  wRleT-box  plaMd  I 
<l<ir  iho  llfv. 

I,  until  pipe  fbr  MUa|P 
ill*  wiute  wMw  «at  e« 
Ui*  b«l.  _> 

J,  wOM-trnjan.  tH 

*,  pipa  (br  ■appl^iic  '■ 
.■.III  Kutor  to  ihe  l«7u«. 

/,  vnliic  flit  iJiutling  at  ■■■ 

<  hot  bliul.  iVl 

HI.    iliruiilvvalTa     far  '*"' 
rcLTuUitlnjr  (he  ■>ippl7  of 
(■old  lir  to  tha  hot-UiM^ 
plp^ 


hicb 

I 


JBwH/tttfwrf  of  horn  Bbtmu. 


3i7 


tig.  I  <•  *  hoHtoolal  MctioQ  of  Ihs 
m  lk<  Itm  ofth*  tujrvra. 


^     4 


n^  Ska  ildt  (ioncloii  of  till  Mow. 


S48 


Jfanvfiulurt  of  Tron  Shomi. 


I^.  4  herijonUl  Metion  od  l«t«l  «f  b«<i- 

The  throe  remainii^  flaiuresu.. 
pf^pcscntations  of  iho  blooomeiy  ■ 
lire  wilh  the  recent  improvemcntj 
of  an  oven,  in  which  tne  btooii)a4 
are  rclji'tiwd  by  combuslioo  of  the . 
Wines  of  the  iacape  heat,  which  ] 
ticrc  nn.'Cl  a  current  of  hcatud  at-^ 
iiii)-*|iheric  air.  By  tliis  arrango- 
mciil  the  blooms  are  prcpaiod  (orl 
liitmmering  or  rolling  into  banj 
without  consuHiption  of 
fuel. 


rig.  a  I*  I 
•ill*    tIavB- 1 
tion  of  cut  J 
of  ih««  trot  ] 
■nil  o'wi*. 


n»-i 


tv.  •  1.  ■ 

boriaastal 
»Mtiau     of , 
Iha  Hkow  M  I 
th*  Uval  of 
th*     blev- 
plpca      Mid 
o*«n. 


Tki  Lak*  Suptrior  Copper  Mina. 


j;  flf.  T  b  •  front  deniim  ofUn  mm*.  '  n»  T. 

•  In  UiesG  figures  th«  htica  repre- 
Bent  as  follows  :^ — 

1^  beeuni  of  hMing  fanuM,  ea  whieli  th* 

^  «ui<l  hnnh. 

4i  ^taufflDg-Aaar. 

t,  vind-box. 

/,  VNDcbt  iron  blow-pip*. 

f,  pipM  (br  Mimyinf  hot  iJr  l»  tha  wind- 
thM. 

1.  plpa  ihroQg'h  which  tho  hot  air  j»t»m  to 
tMd  III*  bloaniary  lln  bdow. 

iii,  hot-blul  iiijm  Ijiuc  lioriionUiIt)  in  th* 

^,  cMt-Ino  iloor  Uosd  with  flit-briok;  Uu  ap  nd  down,  end  nn  da*  tb*  front 
fln,  to  ■*  !■>  krap  onl  tho  cold  *lr. 


An.   m,— THR   t.AKB   StIl'GRIOR   COPPKR   HINES.---nT  Jomc   A. 

C&L1.IKEIIJ1,    C.  EL 

Thk  nincntl  rogion.t  of  Tiakc  Superior  hnvinfj  become  &  sub- 
ject of  much  interest  to  ccolofjists,  mintTslogiatfl,  and  mining 
men  in  this  country,  as  well  as  in  America,  a  fttw  particulars  res- 
pecting them  may  not  prove  unacccptalilc  to  the  public.  TTw 
owtrict  to  wbicli  I  um  about  to  refer  is  in  the  Stati>  of  Micbigao, 
extending  along  that  portion  of  the  south  «ido  of  the  lake  em- 
bracing a  promontory,  oalled  "Keweenaw  Point,"  tlirouch 
wVicb  llie  nuneral-bcarinp  rangi;  rxtt^nds  in  a  westerly  and  soutn- 
WMterlT  dirvctiiTi.  but  little  explored  beyond  a  lake  CAllod 
Agogcbec,  which  was  the  limit  of  mv  own  observations  during 
last  summer,  wiu-n  I  made  a  general  tour  throtigh  the  n^oo, 
inspecting  every  mine  of  importance,  and  numerous  locations 
whcrw  TCins  li»tt  jnrt  been  diBcovered,  and  on  which  operatiODS 
were  about  to  be  commenced.  The  formation  of  thiB  mineral 
country  exhibit'*  llie  result  of  frequent  volcanic  emptions  and 
disturlinners,  which,  canging  upheavals,  have  cxpcecd  alteniate  ■ 
lyrtenw— plntiHiie  and  aqueous:  the  fonner  prcsicnting  tb$ 
amygdnloidal  traj),  crystallinf  gnoeiistone,  and  porphyrv :  tli* 
latter  aa  a  oonj^Umicrate  iit  found  in  belttt,  varying  in  thieknesB 
flpom  fifteen  feet  and  upwards,  bearing  with  the  range  from  east 
to  west,  and  forming  with  the  adjoining  oandstonc  the  base  of 
the  Silurian  system,  Tho  character  of  country  which  there  hai 
proved  bo  metalliferoas  ir  the  amygdaloidal  rancty  of  trap-4j 


^IP*  Tkt  iMkt  Snptritrr  Copper  J/tntf.  ^^| 

being  travened  bv  veins  from  one  inch  to  ten  or  twelve  feet  wide, 
and  oompoeod  of  quartz,  fuUpar,  cpidoU.",  Iimionitc,  prchnitc, 
Mrbonate  of  liitiK  and  t^lorite,  etc,  through  which  native  oop> 

rr  is  shot  in  fttnall  particlcB,  or  in  leaf  copper,  where  th«  matrix 
of  more  compact  texture,  yielding  in  etainp-work  from  two 
to  ten  or  twelve  per  cent.  The  moat  renuurkablo  feature  of  these 
mines  U  the  vnorcnoua  masses  of  pure  copper  which  oocasionBlly 
form  the  whole  lode  between  the  walls  to  the  thickneaa  of  two 
or  three  ft-ct,  and  extending  in  length  and  breath  for  »c\-crul 
fiithoma.  When  I  vialed  tne  North  American  or  South  Clifl* 
Mine,  a  huge  muss  tn  the  twelvc-fiithom  level,  measuring  forty-two 
feot  long,  twc-nly  fe«t  wide,  and  averaging  two  feet  thick,  wan 
being  cat  in  pieces,  soch  as  might  be  conveniently  raised  through 
the  Siaft.  .Thia  ma»*  was  estimated  by  the  captain  to  weigh 
about  IftO  "tons,  which  1  consider  was  a  moderate  calculation, 
making  libe'ral  allowance  for  vciuous  matter  nttacht^d  to  it,  as  one 
cnbic  f(x>t  would,  I  believe,  weigh  650  lbs.  Out  of  thie  mae 
was  cut  one  solid  piece,  measuring  two  fwrt  thnw  incites  eube, 
and  wciKliing  0,300  Iba,,  which  waa  sent  for  exhibition  to  the 
Crystal  Palace  at  New  York.  In  the  stopcs  of  this  mine,  and  of 
the  "  ClilT,"  which  lies  north  of  it  on  the  j»ame  vein,  were  to  be 
seen  many  fine  masses  of  copper  clinging  to  the  walls ;  but  it  is 
not  in  thetw  only  where  such  are  to  1h'  expected,  llie  whole  re- 
gion is  evidently  rich  in  copper ;  and  I  sliould  not  be  surprised 
to  hear  of  even  larger  masses  occurring  in  the  Copper  Fatla, 
Miniictota,  National,  or  Norwich  Minca,  and  many  otner^  which 
are  oxcecdinglr  promising.  At  the  Copper  Falls,  whore  a  shaft 
waa  being  sunk  on  the  ''  Hill  vein.'*  ulxnu  HAeen  tons  of  ma»  ] 
copper  waa  rai.vd  from  a  depth  of  only  six  fathoms ;  it  is,  how- 
ever, more!  profitable  when  these  maiwe^  are  found  of  such  dimen- 
loans  m  will  admit  of  being  raised  without  cutting,  which  is  a 
tedious  and  cxpcnsivo  operation.  Ati  opinion  is  entertained  by 
many  in  Uie  reKion  that  tlio  deeper  tlieae  minea  are  worked,  the 
ridier  they  will  become.  I  cannot,  myself,  concur  in  such  a, 
theory,  fly  belief  '»  that  the  vein  may  jjrove  a.^  rich  in  copper  ' 
near  the  surface,  where  it  has  not  been  shattered  at  the  outcrop  i 
nor  suffered  from  dcoompoaing  agcncie.-*  atV-r  the  upheftval,  aa  it , 
nifty  do  in  the  deep;  but  a  variety  of  impreasions  exist  amoi^  i 
Kcoloeixts  who  hjivc  visited  tlic  n^iona  as  to  the  manner  or  law 
by  which  these  masses  have  been  aoouraalatcd— a  subject  which 
I  cannot  enter  upon  in  this  letter. 

From  the  eastern  division  of  the  range,  for  about  fifty  mile* 
west,  the  main  veins  run  ueross  the  fomiatlon.  bciring  aboat 
north  and  south ;  and  tln^y  gradually  Ixyir  n>und  in  goinx  west 
till  the  lending  veins  of  the  Ontonafran  division  bear  nearly  eaat 
and  west  with  tlie  formation.  Iliose  which  have  their  striik« 
across  the  formation,  arc  generally  well  delinpated  on  tlie  surfaoe  ' 
by  a  natural  dcpris«uon,  OT  valley,  no  doubt  formed  by  the  great 


Tit  iMkt  Suptrior  Cvpptr  Mitm. 


m 


cnrrent  of  water,  which  at  on«  time  pmrailvd  from  tlio  north, 
actbe  upon  tliu  more  destructible  Temstone  at  its  outcrop,  and 
theieby  forming  a  channel,  whiuh  gradually  bcounu  wider  as  it 
increased  in  depth. 

The  explorers  ore  now  maefa  aided  hy  these  gmdisg  featorM, 
also  by  pitB,  which  indicate  where  an  nncient  race — probably  the 
Aztecs  or  Toltec* — have  carried  on  their  superficial  operations  on 
the  veins.  Some  of  those  I  saw  were  tweuty  or  thirty  feet 
de«p.  whi<?h  niuat  have  been  the  result  of  much  labor,  conaidcr- 
in^  tneir  tools — the  only  tmce  of  whiuh  we  find  i»  the  sliajn:  of 
ovi-fonnod  rrton«t,  with  a  groove  round  the  centre  for  the  poi*  ; 
pose  of  securing  a  hatidk>,  then  to  be  tuMd  as  a  hammer  to  sha^ 
MX  the  vdnstone  after  it  probably  had  been  reduced  by  the 
action  of  llr«  and  water  on  the  Mdcarcous  muUcr  cutoring  into 
its  compositiou.  In  favor  of  this  conjecture,  quautities  of  chai^ 
cool  have  bf^^n  found  in  tin.-  boltoTii  of  some  of  the*ie  pits,  which 
are  almost  eflaced  by  tlie  aocumulaticHi  of  timber  decayed  and 
foli^  of  ngoA  iKUt. 

In  tracing  the  veins  across  the  range,  it  is  intereetinr  to  ob- 
serve the  ehaiigu  which  ta^cs  place  as  they  pass  tlirouKh  aifTereat 
fonnations.  Beginning  with  ttie  conglomerate  on  the  Lake  shore^ 
the  vein  pren-'Uts  little  native  coppc-r,  but  is  charged  with  black 
oxide  ana  green  carbonate.  Pa8.4ing  south  into  the  amygdalca- 
dal  trap,  th«  cwpcr  a  found  ramt  abuiiduntly  in  the  native  foria, 
as  before  dflsi^iilwd;  iheii  into  the  crjsrtalliiie  tr»p,  or  greenston^ 
where  the  vein  exhibits  little  or  no  copiicr  in  any  shape;  again, 
in  the  amygdaloidal  trap,  it  appears  iw  tiefure;  and,  Ift-itly,  in  the 
porphyry  it  assumes  the  form  of  a  sulplmret. 

I  observed,  in  a  recent  number  of  your  Joumnl,  an  interetfr 
ing  extract  from  the  report  of  the  Hon.  Trumau  Smith,  Senatcrt' 
in  the  United  States  Congress,  wlio  was  visiting  the  mines  da- 
ring summer.  It  would  appear,  from  his  experiments  in  tfa« 
icdoction  of  mass  copper  from  the  Nortb-WcBt,  Cliff,  and  Isle 
Royalc  Mines,  that  it  eontfuncd  a  largo  quantity  of  silver  pw 
ton.  I  would  wot  have  wupponcd  wjch  to  be  the  case  in  any  spe- 
cimens which  I  examined  with  the  naked  eye ;  but  where  sUver 
was  visible,  it  was  gent^rally  in  solid  pieces,  sometimes  crystal- 
lized adhering  to  the  ma£8  copper — several  fine  specimens  of 
which  I  Kiwat  the  ilinnnota  Mine.  Should  the  start!  ing  results 
of  Mr.  Smith's  analysis  prove  to  be  but  half  correct,  theee  minsB 
mmrt  be  rich  indeed. 

It  is  only  within  the  last  two  or  three  years  that  mining  pur- 
suits in  thiji  interesting  region  have  been  carried  on  with  spirit; 
for  raining  tliere  is  sdll  in  its  infancy.  But  some  estimate  may 
be  formed  of  this  vast  field  for  entcqirisc  when  it  is  known  that, 
with  all  the  disadvantage  attending  such  operations  in  a  new 
Oountry,  from  the  opening  of  the  navigation  up  the  Lakes  last 
spring  to  the  close  of  this  winter,  about  3,000  tons  of  copper 


253 


Tke  Latt  Suptrhr  Coj^tr  Hintt. 


I 
I 


viU  have  beoa  sent  to  market.  Wfaat  maj  be  the  amoont  of 
shipment  next  8«u«oii  iio  onv  can  calculate ;  but  tb«re  is  much 
CDOourageDiont  to  expect  that  from  9a  nmny  minea  recently  ^ 
opciiod,  and  \>y  the  cnx;tioii  of  cffidvDt  miujhincry  at  those  mtffO  fl 
fally  developed,  «  large  increa-w  in  the  amount  nised  roust 
follow,  and  at  much  Icsa  cost  per  too  as  labor  becomes  U-ss  cx- 
pcasive.  Oootl  roadi?  are  formeO  to  tlio  differetit  pointit  for  ship- 
tneot  and  txtlor  management  is  introduced. 

Ttie  incri-asi;  of  population  dunnj;  tho  lutt  two  years  is  a 
convincing  proi>i'  of  tlio  proaperity  of  the  first  adventurera.  The 
littjc  towns  arc  rapidly  extending:  and  at  tho  moutli  of  tho 
Onlonagan  River,  where,  thn*c  year*  ai^,  tliere  wero  only  two 
log-housea,  a  complete  plan  for  a  town  had  been  laid  out. 
Wn«n  I  was  there  m  AugUMl,  about  fifty  hou*0!<  were  in  process 
of  erection.  The  population  amounted  to  between  400  and  600 
inhabitinlA.  There  were  two  coinftirtabic  hotels ;  nnd  I  believe 
a  tliinl  will  be  0[)ened  in  spring.  Moi-eover,  there  are  lai^re 
stores;  where  every  neccaaaiy  can  be  obtained,  though  at  hi^ 
pnoOi,  from  an  easv-ohair  or  a  drtsw-eoat  10  a  frying-pan  1  And 
tikere  is  an  incredible  dentand  for  preserved  irm\&,  lardines, 
and  such  luxuries  for  the  table — the  inine-rs  requiring  thctie 
dainties  to  coax  thera  to  romiun  in  their  baekwooa  retirement. 
The  Miimcsota,  National,  Norwii:li,  <^)hio.  Trap  IWI;,  Forest, 
Toltec,  and  Douglass  Ilaughton,  are  al!  within  a  rcaiwnable  dis- 
tance of  Ontoiiamm,  and  niuat  contribute  largely  to  the  trade  of 
tJiai  town.  I'liigie  Kiver,  Eagle  Ilarlxji'.  and  Copjwr  H*rl»r,  are 
also  becoming  pointa  of  ooufliderable  import,  in  consc^iucnice  of 
natural  advantages  as  liurborg  or  their  proximity  to  mines.  The 
fortutiate  pre-cmptors  of  the  land  tlmiughoul  the  region  arc 
growing  in  wealth ;  and  what  will  tend  much  to  jjopulat*  the 
country,  and  entiance  the  valine  ofpntperty — mineral,  agricultu- 
ral, or  for  building  jjurposea — ia  the  conirtnietiou  of  a  canal  at 
the  S«ut  Ste.  Mari.i,  Iwaween  I^ke  Superior  and  I-ike  Euroo, 
which  promiacB  to  be  so  far  completed  next  autumn  as  to  admit 
of  the  parage  of  veMels,  and  thereby  e<lubli:^h  uninlerruptod 
sailiu''  fnim  Lake  Superior  to  the  Atlantic,  The  great  expense 
at  pTC«eiit  alteuding  freight  to  and  from  the  LnJce  will  thus  be 
materially  leasenod  oy  saving  the  unshipment  and  resliipment 
of  all  goods  passing  from  one  lake  (o  tho  other.  The  monopoly 
at  present  enjoyed  and  taken  advantaffe  of  by  the  st^am-iiackct 
oompnniefc  will  also  be  done  away  with,  and  a  superior  class  of 
vedsela  will  uioct  the  wants  of  the  pt?opl.\  and  tempt  the  South- 
erners during  summer  to  Hvk  iht;  cxijiiiKite  climate  and  cool 
br«eses  to  be  enjoyed  on  these  expaiiJtive  wcanof  fWwh  wat«r. 
The  cxtraoniinaryj»nci'<-!w  which  has  been  attending  the  develop- 
ment of  so  many  of  the  T^skc  Sajxirior  minfw,  offers  great  in- 
daccmcDt  to  capitalists  in  this  country,  as  well  aa  in  America ; 
but  I  would  caution  against  any  sjtcctilation  in  these  rc^ona 


n^ona    h 


77m  Coal  Land*  on  t>tfp  Hivtr,  NerA  Chre&'M. 


^3 


'■in(E<mi  tTi«  m<wt  ft«lhffiui(;  inri)ririVt!oii  ilf^rivcd  from  oompeteni 
and  rcliaV.c  jwrtics,  pithi;r  rMid-'iii on  iho  spot,  or  sent  from  thb 
conntry  Ui  iiis[^>i>ct  :»iiil  n-nort  on  any  loc.itioii  offt;r«l  for  sale  in 
the  English  iiiarkrt.  I  rH'li.vi-  tlmt  onv  company  has  alrcadv 
been  or;giuii:^il  bv  inffucntia!  men  in  England  and  America.  It 
is  to  be  h«ped  tlieir  operations  will  mwrt  witli  imoceifii,  and  be 
the  mc&na  of  directing  noth  oapitnl  and  flkill  to  those  pureaits 
which,  pr»piTly  coiiductctl,  in  a  country  of  such  mineral  wealth, 
cannot  fail  to  oe  followed  by  ample  reward. 


Aw.  IV.— TIIK  OOAL  LANDS  OF  KGYPT,  BELMONT.  EVANS, 
PALMKR,  AS\>  WILCOX  PLANTATIONS.  ON  DEEP  BIVBaL 
NOKTU  CAKOLLNA.— IUpo«  or  Da.  Ctux  T.  Jacmos. 

Sot: — In  acoonlaticc  with  the  instructions  which  I  received 
from  you.  on  tlie  13th  ultimo,  I  prooeeded  to  examine  the  coal 
taod  on  Docp  Kivcr,  North  Carolioa,  which  I  had  partially  and 
wixorily  cxplonnl  with  you  in  April  last. 

Having  now  ajicnt  a  mouth  in  examination  of  the  coal  lands 
in  uiustiun.  I  nm  ]ircpaR-<l  to  i^vc  a  prvtty  fnll  acootint  of  their 
probable  value  for  ooul  mining.  In  tiit!i  Min'er  I  was  most  abJT 
aonated  bj  your  agent.  William  McC'lani',  1^.,  to  whcMn  I 
would  present  my  tniink><.  I  sluill  iilso  call  your  attention  U> 
the  large  deposits  of  valuable  iron  ores  thai  occur  on  the  aame 
territory,  and  make  some  suggestions  as  to  the  use  that  mar  be 
made  ol'your  small  ooala,  in  the  nianulaet\irc  of  iron  fVom  these 
orea. 

North  Carolina  has  been,  perhaps  unjuMly,  reproached  tar 
waot  of  enterpri.-u^  in  allowing  her  vast  mineral  reeiourvM  to 
remain  lor  mj  long  time  idle,  and  the  public  gencrallv  have 
not,  to  iliis  day,  bw-iime  fully  aware  of  the  fiict,  that  tVus  Mate 
may  jutitly  claim*  the  very  highest  rank  as  a  mineralliferooa 
country. 

The  former  want  of  rsilwairs  and  of  canalji,  and  of  good  and 

*  Nortli  Carolina  iru:  the  first  ttate  thnt  oiuiimI  a  grologtca]  surc'cy  to  b« 
■ml*  ander  order  «r  hor  Ijcginlaitiiv— ProC-swr  Ulmiituad  haring  bi-on  com* 
nWotoBd  hj  th«  Qovemor  to  vxpton'  thi>  ^M  t^^lon^  of  the  eMv.  Partial 
«sptaralfcMM  wer*  «l!W  tmnAn  gnWqiienllj-  tv  ProfrtvnT  Mitchrl.  who  pixipired 
a  geoloitiol  mvp  of  the  aUtit,  repracotin^  panii^uUrly  <lic  grent  bed  of  Mind* 
•tone  MonsitiR  In  the  etmi  tents  of  rockA.  At  llio  |>rt»Mit  time,  l^rafMBor 
E.  Kranxiiu  u  L-u<iiiiit'»ioiicO,  in  Slat?  G«olcglM,  lo  itmki*  a  ^[eologlral  eurvoy 
•>f  (bo  niliri:  ituli'.  ll  noiiTil.  thoi-crorr,  appcnr  ihnl  Xnrlh  OBrolbit  Ku  taken 
■dfiqiwli^  mfmuroi  for  B  full  cxpoiiun;  of  hi-r  mitirmi  wealth,  'ilic  fxct  thai 
Jew  oflhc  dtiwnt  of  llic  ituti.-  ha.iv  «ng&£H  in  nitniiii:  tiitcrpriMR.  is  drinfr. 
probablf.  tio  tlMir  itUnition  bdiic  dwoUd  OMMly  hi  xjcrirulturc,  and  ttuUUieT 
Vtrt  anwUWoa  'o  tntvr  opoa  bunineiui  which  (bej  >rc  generally  but  lituil 
•rqotintnl  <ritli. 


9M  .-i\.  ^WtAffi^lkt  Coal  DUlritt. 


d«ep  IiBrbon  £:>r  luK^  sliipping,  prevented  the  due  derdopinent 
of  toe  intomal  wcalm  uf  ui<;  state;  nud  her  cxporU  finding  lui 
onUct  moMly  IVom  the  ports  of  Cbarleittoa,  South  Caroima,  and 
Norfolk,  Virginia,  led  forci^u're,  and  maDr  of  our  own  people, 
to  undcrvatue  the  coinmoroe  of  North  Carolina. 

Hecently,  a  new  spirit  of  enterprise  hm  manifested  itself  id 
duB  state.  Riiilwayit  and  plank-roadd  are  now  laid,  and  are 
rapidly  extending. 

The  rinck-water  navigation  of  Deep  Bivcr  ia  to  be  completed 
by  next  spring,  bo  that  barges  may  nin  to  Fayctteville  with 
their  londit  of  coal.  A  new  port  ia  rapidly  growing  up  at  Beau- 
fort, where  the  largest  class  of  ships  may  enter,  and  from  whence 
they  may  go  to  ma,  let  the  wind  dIow  which  way  it  Ii»t«th. 

These  are  among  tlic  few  improvements  that  have  accom- 
panied the  new  devolopraenw  of  her  mineral  rosouroes,  and  will 
tend  to  excite  still  fiirther  to  develop  the  vast  mineral  and 
sgricultura.1  produce  of  the  i<tute. 

Copper,  gold,  lead,  silver,  iron,  and  coal,  are  among  the 
most  valuable  of  the  minemls  that  will  be  largely  exportou,  and 
quarries  of  exoelleut  soapetono  and  of  gray  sandstone  will  also 
lie  opened,  when  n-tviy  ineaim  of  exportation  are  provided. 

The  agricultural  produce  of  the  state  ia  well  known  to  be 
equal  to  that  of  any  other  state  of  equal  anc^  in  the  Union.  T 
have  premised  these  remarics,  because  I  am  aware  how  little  is 
nerallv  known  at  the  North  of  the  resources  of  North  Caro- 


ina. 

The  immediate  object  of  this  report,  is  to  bring  diKtinctly 
iuto  view  the  importance  of  the  coal  minn  of  Deep  River, 
which  are  dcetined  to  furnish  no  inconsidembla  amount  of  ftwl 
for  iiteam  navigation,  and  for  vnriouti  manufacturing  estabUsh- 
meota. 

The  existence  of  large  beds  of  good  bituminous  coal,  in  a 
region  ocoessible  to  boat  navigatioD,  is  a  matter  of  universal 
eoogratuiatioQ ;  and  no  one  can  at  first  fully  ipprceinte  the 
advaotaffes  that  will  ultuualely  arise  from  a  discovery  of  this 
kind.  North  (Carolina  is  therefon^  |^>cculiarly  fortunate  in  p06- 
sewing  eucb  minoss  so  eouvcuieutly  situated. 

OKOI-OOY  or  THE  OOAL  DlSliUCT. 

The  Deep  Ittver  coal  formation  is  believed  to  belong  to  the 
new  red  sandstone  series  of  rocks,  such  an  opinion  having  been 
formed  by  most  of  the  geologiat^  who  have  visited  it,  and 
examined  the  fbtnils  whii^  occur  in  the  strata.  By  some  H 
has  Ijeen  supposed  that  this  coal  waa  of  the  same  age  with  that 
at  Richmond,  Yirginia,  which  has  been  dewribed  a«  belonging 
to  the  oolitic  or  lias  group. 

Tbifl  opinion  ha«  m  its  furor  the  ^sograpbieal  jKwition  of  the 
two  deponta;  while  the  former  view  is  niaintaiucd,  by  reference 


W  thteriptim  ^At  CoMtariiv  Sotki  i^Dtef  Bkvm-.         U6 

to  the  peculiar  foniU  that  have  been  ibui>d  in  the  Deep  Bivw 
shales,  and  saadstones.  However  this  mooted  auction  maj" 
ultimutoly  be  docidvd,  tt  is  oortain  that,  whether  Itie  rooka  nra 
of  the  new  kA,  or  oolidc  (fixmjiw,  the  oocHrrenoe  of  workable 
beds  of  ooal,  in  such  oomparatiTel;  modets  rocks,  is  a  most 
curious  and  interesting  exception  to  concluMOiis  arrived  at  in 
Eagland ;  for  no  worlublo  c<j«l  has  ever  been  found  in  either  of 
llMMe  formations  in  Kuro|M>.  Thu  Richmond  coal  mines  have 
been  wrought  for  mor«  than  a  century,  in  rocks  regarded  as 
ooUlic,  and  now  we  are  itbtc  to  »how  more  extenave  beds  of 
ooal  in  rocks  which  arc  cither  the  new  red,  or  oolitio,  in  the 
nei^boring  «tAte  uf  North  Carolina. 

It  was  regarded  a  marvel  loua  exception  to  the  order  of  super- 
poxttioo  of  rocks,  thut  tbt:  Richmond  coal  shouUI  be  foana  to 
rest  in  a  granite  basin.  Not  less  remarkable  is  it,  that  the 
iadepuodeiit  ooal  formation  uf  North  Carolina  rests  directly 
and  unoonfbraiably  upon  the  auriferous  taleoee  slates  of  that 
MMe. 

It  would  be  veiy  interesting  to  scJenoe,  and  of  no  small 
practical  utility,  to  institute  a  ngid  comparison  of  the  ittnita 
and  of  the  feeails  whicli  occur  at  the  two  above-named  ooal 
niincai  of  North  Carolina  and  Virf^inia ;  but  my  pniscnt  duties 
will  not  allow  mo  time  to  do  tins,  nor  would  the  diacoasion  seem  ' 
U.>  be  fitly  plftcwl  in  a  report  on  a  purely  pructiciil  questiotu  ■ 
111©  mcrc}uinl  leiivos  all  such  matters  to  be  di^jwued  of  by 
scientific  men,  and  looks  chiefly  to  the  practical  bearings  of  the 
nawltD  of  their  deliberations. 

A  simple  and  plain  descriptioo  of  the  rocks  which  contain 
the  coal  will  of  course  be  expected  in  this  report,  and  such  I 
Hball  endeavor  to  give,  so  ns  to  enable  others  to  know  the  tnic 
position  of  the  coat. 

DISCRtPTIOir  or  TOK  COAL-BEARIN«   ROCKS  OF   DEEl'  RIVKR. 

The  bottom  rock  of  the  ooal  basin,  which  rvsts  uoconforma- 
bly  direi^tly  ulhhi  the  iiurif<;rou»  talooxe  slati.>.i,  is  a  conne  oon> 
^omeratc,  made  up  of  pcbbks  of  pre-cxistcnt  rocks,  which  bav&  i 
jfen  worn  routi<l  and  snii^ilii  by  lite  aciion  of  the  ocean's  waves'  i 
^psing  attiitiou  among  the  fm^nents  of  rock  at  the  bottom  and 
^E  the  ancient  «bores.     These  [lebbles  are  now  consolidated  into 
a  hud  rock,  bv  cementing  of  the  pebbles  and  line  detritus,  so 
that  they  are  finnly  imbedihil.  and  the  nyrk  is  siiilnblc  for  mill"  i 
slonesL     Up<m  this  coarse  tongiomcrato  or  mill-stone,  rests  a 
liner-grained  gray  sandstone,  made  up  of  smaller  [Hirtiules  of  the 
some  materials.    This  rock  is  kiion-n  as  grindstone  grit,  and  isn 
used  for  griml<l"ii<-.<     Inteixntated  with  thii*  grit,  we  find  beds>  i 
of  olay  smte,  which  was  originiilly  tine  blue  clay,  but  is  now  a 
fissile  »ii<l  ^Ile^ubly  hard  nxrk.     lted.4  of  ihia  .tlate  ul.tu  mrerlie 
the  gray  grit.     Over  the  slater  wo  find  a  finer-grained  Mudstonc,  * 


HIP  Drtoription  a/ At  (■ooi-lrariny  Rotkt  <^  l>*rp  Jtittr.  ^H 

eeoerallj  colored  red  bv  pemxido  of  iron.  Tbon  rrmtett,  cnMr 
iuH,  ft  bed  of  banlcDcd  clav,  called  firo-clay,  or  under-t-lav  of 
(bo  coal.  It  18  MippiMied  to  ImvC  tionstitiitcd  the  botlom  ai  the 
Ikkc  or  rstu&ry  into  which  the  coal  plants  sunk  in  the  formation 
of  wal,  or  it  jimy  have  been  the  »oil  in  whioh  nuiny  of  the  ooal 
plants  grew. 

In  Uio  tirf-eliiy,  hands  of  day-iron  8lon<!,  earlKinate  of  iron, 
itnd  stfsta  or  banasof  iron  ore,  occur,  and  this  fmda  its  analogue 
in  depoiutit  ai  irxni  oren  iii  inodeni  peat  bopi. 

Dutclly  upon  tbn  lire-clay  lifl  the  first  Wda  of  coal,  with  a 
covering  t>f  thiii-?!ji1ittia^  itlat^?,  charged  with  bituminoiui  mat- 
tr.T,  and  called  coal  slmles.  Hevcr.'il  silteruatjona  of  «oa1,  flie-olfty 
aD<l  of  shales  occur  in  these  oocti  lieldH, 

It  is  obvious,  both  fix>iii  the  alnic-.tuTQ  and  tainenl  oompotdtkm 
of  coid,  that  it  was  derived  from  plants,  and  has  rwulled  from  a 
peculiar  change  in  vegetable  flhre,  called  bitumi nidation,  m'hich 
R>ult«d  from  a  kind  ^  jermcntation  of  rogotable  matter  onder 
water,  analogonn  to  the  liitutniniKatton  known  to  take  place  in 
vegetable  matter  a%  iJic  bottom  of  peat  bogs. 

'I*here  aro  live  lieda  of  coal  in  the  Deep  Kivor  series ;  but  the 
two  nppcr  on«t  arc  tof»  thin  to  be  worthy  of  exploration  by 
iheraselvea.  The  aggreoate  tliiokiie.<»  of  the  two  workable  bedM, 
which  arc  parted  by  a  thin  ei-uni  of  shale,  is  not  less  tlian  six 
feet,  and  in  some  places  it  ikp)x>»rri  to  bo  eight  feet  io  thickur^t, 
ttccordinj'  to  I'lonsaor  Jolins<in'a  re{)ort  on  the  Farmersville 
mines.  It  lia.s  been  obwir^iiil  that  the  beds  widen  M  HaVf 
descend  under  cover  of  the  rocks,  the  parting  shale  gradoally 
beooming  thinner.  This  i«  generidly  tlie  cawc  in  ooiu-beda  so 
dividctl,  and  the  coal  beconies  more  pure  as  it  departa  from  the 
exposed  outcrop,  and  goes  deeper  under  its  roof. 

The  indications  of  enal  in  tiu8basin,aro  the  occurence  of  thio- 
splitting  shingle  of  shide  in  clayey  M>i1.  This  generally  is  a 
guide  in  finding  the  outcrop  of  a  coal-bed. 

FoMtl  plante,  common  Ui  tho  iirhuI  crmi  tonnation,  ore  not 
(band  in  this  wale,  but  anuill  diamond-shaped  shining  black 

rlciareaeenin  rarntlabumlance,lMtli  in  the  shales  aniT  under- 
a.  These  are  uie  scales  of  ganoid  fishes,  either  the  catoptenM 
of  ISedfield,  or  aome  species  of  paUconiAi^iui.  No  cntin;  tisb  has 
yet  been  discovered  in  these  rocka,  though  the  scaler  and  tlie 
teetli  are  very  ahondant,  as  are  also  the  teeth  of  sauroid  iubca 
and  their  coprolitoa 

It  would  sci-iu  that  tlie  fishes  all  iinderwont  putrefaction  bo- 
tbre  they  wens  inclosed  in  the  nind.  now  oonstitutinfr  tlie  ahalea 
ami  lin:-el»y,  siru«  thry  wntild  have  been  pres^Tved  entire,  had 
they  been  enveloped  helbre  decomposition. 

Oo  working  the  coal  niine-i,  it  L')  not  improbable  that  perfect 
fiabw  will  yet  be  di^ntonibed,  and  then  we  may  be  able  to  de- 
scnbe  tbem  more  accurat«ly. 


\A 


llmia  nftlu  Coai  FUtd. 


m 


~*  FoMtil  pLintii  arc  fimnd  In  th«  ditM  and  gta.y  grits  that  fwin 
the  lower  aeries  of  the  baaiti,  but  ihey  cannot  be  hen;  described 
so  as  to  conv<-y  a  distinct  idcti  of  them,  without  iithogn^hic 
plates,  which  l' preswme' will  not  be  prepared  for  thia  report. 
lignites  also  occur  in  the  gray  grit,  and  sonw  of  them  am  fine 
jet  suitable  for  ornaments. 

LUtrrs  or  tuk  goal  riKU). 

On  the  west  we  find  the  limits  of  the  coal  at  John  MurcJiiaon's 
and  George  Wiloox'n  mitii^ ;  on  the  cast,  a  little  above  Rocky 
River,  when  the  coal  croaaes  Deep  River,  a  little  to  the  east 
ward  of  George's  Creek,  It  is  possible  that  after  crosging  the 
river  to  its  southern  side,  that  it  may  extend  a  little  to  the  moth 
of  Haywani;  but  no  mines  lia\*e"been  opened  so  fiir  to  the 
eastward. 

The  whole  length  of  the  line  of  outcrop  of  the  coal,  following 
its  curres,  is  not  less  than  luxtcen  miles,  and  its  direct  length  is 
not  far  from  twelve  miles.  This  outcrop  iqjpcani  to  bo  esclu- 
BJvclr  the  northern  majgin  of  the  basin,  as  will  bo  seen  on  in- 
i^-ction  of  the  ucoompnnying  map. 

It  is  obvious  that  aucii  an  extenwve  outcrop  of  coal,  dipping 
wnthwanlly  at  various  angles  of  from  ten  to  thirty  degrees, 
indicates  a  most  powcrl'iU  bed  of  eoa!,  and  the  dips  all  go  to 
prove  thai  the  (.■oal  licH  Ix^^noalh  I''gj'pt  and  Bclinimt  plantations. 

We  cannot,  until  tin-  btiriiigs  rt-aeh  the  coal,  give  the  depth  to 
which  it  extends  bcncatli  the  soil  of  those  plantations,  bceaam 
w«  do  not  know  where  the  s'trnta  turn  to  become  nearly  hori- 
TiODtal,  as  the  auger  indicates  the  strata  are  in  Epypt,  where  they 
liave  been  bon*d  into  in  several  places. 

When  the  FarracreviUc  slope  is  worked  to  the  turning  point, 
w«  shall  know  the  .toot  when.'  vrc  can  n-iich  the  same  wd,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  tin?  river  in  1*^511;  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  aimrr  will  settle  ihi.t  ipuwtion  before  long,  by  penetrating 
the  bed  of  ooal  itself,  for  the  last  borings  indicate  the  proximilj 

ioo*l-b<d. 

iS  THE  COAL   IS   A   BA81K  OB  THOUGH  ? 

Tliis  qnestion  ha.^  been  raised  by  thase  who  doubt  the  fact  of 
the  cxistenec  of  the  bod  of  eoal  south  of  the  outcrop,  and  there- 
fore I  i»liall  devote  a  few  lines  iu  exposing  my  views  on  the 
mbjecL 

We  find  one  margin  of  a  coal  deposit,  extending  not  less  than 
twelve  miles,  parallel  with  the  line  of  strike  of  tlir  stntta,  and 
the  coal  ix  found  lo  bo  regularly  included  between  the  strata, 
of  sh.'ile  and  firo-clay,  and  to  dip  with  them  to  the  •outhward. 
Following  this  line  we  find  it  to  converge  towards  the  ends,  or 
the  north-ea^cm  at>d  north-western  extremities,  so  That  the 
arrows  wo  put  on  the  map,  Tieprie«enting  tho'  true  direction  of 


»n 


A  tit  Coal  m  a  Amir  or  Trmtgh  f 


tho  dip,  point  towarcU  tbc  centre  of  a  long  nftnrow  or  trou^li- 
sbiiped  basin.  Kow,  althougli  no  southern  edg(:  of  this  baeip 
haa  yet  been  discovered,  wc  may  sofcly  assumv  that  the  ftml  deposit  j 
hu  abtuiin,  or  trough-like  slinpe,  forRvch  a  form  is,iadicated  by 
one  of  its  sides,  alr«id;  wel!  known.  Agsiin,  wc  know  that  this 
trough -I  iko  form  L*  the  usiin!  xhnpe  of  »  «oal  field,  and  althougji 
ve  may  never  aeo  the  other  rim  of  the  basin,  wo  haw  a  right  to 
aMnm«  th«t  it  will  huve  oiiotlit^^r  side,  sjonmetrical  with  (he  on«  | 
we  hftve  discovered,  a»  much  so  as  we  nave  the  riglkt  to  msume 
Uic  eidstenoc  of  sjmmctrii^al  planes  in  a  cryxtal  one-half  only 
of  which  is  expoRCKl  out  of  its  gangne.  ,  j 

In  many  working  coa\  minei^  only  a  small  portion  of  tho  1 
basin  a  known,  but  ?lill  the  ooal  is  regarded  as  in  a  basin,  or 
dough,  such  hciaa  the  general  law  of  dvponils  of  the  kind. 
Profewiw  Silliman  na.<  well  d(-wribe^^  the  anthracite  coal-bedaat 
being  "like  a  series  of  canoca  set  on*  in  the  other."  Such,  wft 
{feel  oonfidvut,  will  ultiinatoly  prove  to  be  the  form  of  the  Deep] 
Biver  coal  depoenta.  ] 

It  IS  sufficient  for  practical  purposes,  to  know  that  tlicre  is  wi  j 
adequate  supply  of  coal ;  enough  to  warrant  the  opening  of  1 
regular  mines,  with  thu  roquisite  machincrv  for  piunping  out  thA 
water  and  hoisting  up  the  coal,  and  such  1  am  satisned  we  h«v«j 
proved  on  Deep  River.     The  coal  certainly  d(«ceuds  with  thej 
strata,  and  there  is  no  instance  known  of  such  thick  beds  of  ooul 
eivine  out  at  a  small  depth.   The  linearextcnt  of  outcrop  is,  as  be- 
fore observed,  l>omlw(-lveli>!<i.xU*uiiiJliw;  hcncethcrcmastbcanj 
abundontsupply  attainable,  oven  if  it  cxb-ndsoulyamile  in  width. 

To  what  depth  beneath  the  surfucc  soil  t>u  I'^iypt  plaqtation 
we  muftt  descend  to  tind  the  coal-bed,  is,  as  before  inenttonedi 
yvt  unknown ;  but  sines  wo  see  the  coal,  not  more  than  half  a  ! 
mile  dij«tant,  dipping  down  beneath  ilmt  plain,  it  i.^  obvioua  I 
enough  that  the  coal  must  be  there,  and  we  can  easily  reach  it  j 
by  mining  nearer  lo  the  outcrop,  if  il  should  be  found  to  bo  toq] 
diwp  at  t&  point  where  the  auger  ia  now  penetrating. 

On  the  Belmont  estate  the  coal  must  be  near  the  suriaoe,  if ' 
it  continues  to  follow  the  !;light  inclination  shown  at  LaureacS'l 
llaughton'ti  npiwr  pit,  where  the  cml-bcd  w  nearly  horisontaLj 
Thcru  arc  Scxurea  m  the  ooal  strata,  without  doubly  and  henca] 
it  is  iropo«i«ible  to  predict  the  exact  depth  of  the  bed  frcnn  kl 
given  point,  though  wo  may,  after  proper  sounding  with  the] 
auger  m  numerous  places,  form  a  probable  estimate  of  its  depth  I 
for  a  limited  dtstanoe,  e.'*i)fs;iftily  ii  there  are  no  protru(l«^  trap  i 
dike*  near,  which  would  bo  likely  to  have  disturbed  tlie  iXMiI-beda  I 
at  the  epoch  of  their  eruption.      In  many  places  it  is  obnoufl ' 
that  the  eruption  of  trap  dikes  has  brok-en  the  continuity  of 
the  ooal  strata,  and  jmiduced  kIiiIIm  or  faults.  These  are  common 
in  most  ooal  districts,  and  (he  effect  of  such  dJktw  is  well  unden 
flood  by  minei^  as  well  aa  by  geologists. 


''  The  dikes  of  trap  on  Deep  River  are  numerous;  but  they 
ftiu  generally  vory  narrow,  and  henoe  they  have  exerted  Ijut 
little  mechanical  or  chcini<-al  power  ovur  the  conl-bod.  The  ooJt* 
renionorsomcof  the  ooata  into  seini-bitiiminous  and  anlhntcit4V 
is  commonly  auribubiil  tu  the  beat  of  the  tiap  rocks,  given  out 
during  their  eruption,  and  the  dietplneemeot  of  (lie  elrala  is  xup- 
pOMd  to  hare  been  cffoctcd  by  the  uplift  that  took  place  dttrin^f 
Uie  eniption  of  these  igneoux  trap  ruck«.  ' 

OwiUf^  to  the  smalbesa  of  the  dikes  of  tmii,  their  chemicaii 
tS«ct  on  the  (xmU  >»  quite  limited.  Good  and  highly  bitumiDoua 
coal-beds  aro  found  quite  near  to  the  seini-bitiiminou^  and  ao' 
thTaoite  coals,  a«  itceu  at  Murehison's,  Bingham's  and  Evans'  ooal 
miiMa  >' 

At  the  Otilf  the  most  bituminons  variety  of  ooal  is  foand  at 
Aoghlon's  mined,  and  the  same  kind  i*  aliK>  found  at  the  Far* 
meiBvillc  mine,  opposite  to  the  Egypt  plantation. 

PBTRB   O.   KTASS'  COAL  MISK,   AST*  WILCOX  ANTUBAC1TB. 

On  the  plantation  of  Peter  G.  RvaMi,  a  fine  exhibition  of  the 
OQtcrop  of  the  coal  is  Bccn  on  the  borders  of  Indian  Creek,  where 
it  is  expoaed  in  the  natural  embankment  of  the  stream  for  aeon* 
eiderablc  distance.  The  coal  dips,  nnth  its  accompanying  ahilM 
and  firi>clay,  twenty  degrees  south-ea^ward.  This  ooal,  near 
the  sorCace,  is  not  so  bituminous  M  tbat  got  out  at  Haughton's 
mines  at  the  Gulf,  some  of  the  beds  being  antJtTacite,  but  it  is  a 
solid  and  good  coal,  capable  of  bearing  transportation,  without 
toeaking  more  than  u.iual  into  small  ooala.  It  iit  proposed  to 
opcD  these  mines  in  htosou  to  send  coal  to  market  when  th« 
uack'Water  navigation  is  eompleled. 

After  cxamimng  some  dikes  of  tiap  rock  vhich  intersect  the 
strata,  in  an  east  and  weitt  direction,  on  tli«  road  between  P.  G. 
Kvaos'  and  Wilcox's,  we  went  to  Wilcox's  anthracite  mine,  •  i 
little  beyond  the  trup  rocks  seen  on  the  road. 

The  antbrainte  dips  at  an  angle  of  twcntv-Qve  degrees  to  tbo 
•ootb-eastwartL  This  coal  i«  supposed  to  Save  become  debitur 
meni/^  by  the  action  of  the  heat  from  the  trap  dikes  near  a^ 
hand ;  but  it  is  reraarkable  that  on  Bin^liam's  etttate,  a  little  lo 
the  north  of  thii<  niithracite,  a  coal-bvd,  with  the  usual  proiiurtion 
of  bitumen,  is  seen  dipping  below  the  anthracite.  Whatever 
may  have  been  the  cause  of  the  formation  of  anthracite  at  Wil- 
cox's mines,  it  is  certain  that  the  influence  of  it  wnM  quite  local. 

There  is  some  sulphurct  of  iron  mixed  with  the  anthracite, 
which,  if  it  continues  to  occur  througfiout  the  bed,  will  injura 
the  value  of  the  coal  (or  smelting  of  iron  orca. 

PALMKR    ESTATE. 

Palmer's  estate  contains  the  same  bod  of  coal  that  ia  exposed 
at  Peter  G.  Evans'  min<«,  as  ii*  obvious  from  the  linu  of  the  onfr- 


MO 


Coai  Min*  at  FarnumUU, 


OTDp  of  the  bed;  but  no  sufficient  opeiungs  have  yet  been  made 
to  explore  it,  tlioogb  tbc  coal  diolcs  arc  seen  iu  llio  »oil.     Iroa. 
orv  \a  abundant  on  this  locattoa,  and  is  of  good  quiility.     Soma] 
of  the  ooiil  obtained  near  the  surfaco  ia  a  true  anthracite,  and] 
much  of  it  i^  diy  coul. 

By  aid  of  the  niap,  it  ii  ca^y  to  Ree  exactly  the  relaUooa  of  ' 
(be  ooal  to  each  plantation  dvliucAU.'d,  and  therefore  it  will  btt  I 
unncccatary  fur  me  to  cnt«r  mV.>  a  repetiiiou  of  remarkit  at  eaoli 
locality,  that  are  generally  applicable  to  all  of  them.  1 

I  have  the  itnprvHston,  ttuit  when  miiiiii};  o^xjiutioud  extendj 
ezcavaUon»  into  tlie  debilunieiiized  or  anthrai^ite  coal-bed,  tb^J 
it  will  be  found,  when  the  ooal  reaches  a  certain  depth,  it  wiUJ 
OOQtftiu  bitititiinoiut  Tiiiilt<T,  as  \i\  other  pnrt^of  the  Aeld.  If  nol^l 
I  should  attach  but  little  value  to  that  kind  of  coal,  since  bottoel 
varieties  of  anthmcite  are  readily  uroourod  from  PenD:iylvaniA.i] 

The  excellent  bituininouii  coals  of  Deep  Hiver  will  alwaj 
oommand  the  highest  priccA  in  the  market,  and  I  should  advi 
that  the  best  coals  only  Hhi>uld  bo  »eiU  to  a  distant  market, 
the  poorer  qualities  bo  kept  on  the  ground,  to  be  used  for  driT>-J 
ing  the  steam-cogiDCS  of  the  works,  and  for  lucul  u».«  at  i 
MV-milU  and  forges,  there  being  a  large  local  demand  for  i 
coals. 


OOAL  HIKE  AT   PAIIUKKKVII^IC. 

Witliin  an  oxbow  of  Deep  River,  nearly  a  mile  JVom 
Egypt  plantation,  a  regular  xlopin^  shaft  has  been  sunk  into  tb^l 
OCMu-beu,  and  the  working  of  ui\i  mine  L^  tiuw  about  to  be  ns^l 
oommenced ;  a  Bteam-en^nc  having  been  provided  iot  pumpii 
out  ^e  water,  and  for  raising  the  ooals. 

Since  this  ooal-bed  dcacends  beneath  the  rirer,  and 
beneath  the  plain  of  Egj-pt  plantation,  it  is  important  to  you 
OompanT  to  tnow  what  can  be  learned  alKrnt  it.  The  rfopc  ■ 
filled  with  water  while  I  was  there,  so  that  !  ivas  able  to 
only  the  outcrop  of  the  coul,  uivl  the  abates  and  fire-clay  that  had^ 
been  got  out  in  working  the  mine.  This  slupe  now  has  n-jichcill 
Uic  extent  of  eightovn  yardx,  on  a  dip  of  twenty  degrees,  and  con 
aequently  readies  a  perpendioular  depth  of  16i\(  feet  The  coal>| 
beds  at  that  point  arc  stated  in  Profeasor  Johnson's  report  xA\ 
have  the  following  dimcusioiiK : — 

iBt.  Botlom  CmI.  9  feet  S  inclie*. 

9>).    IntcTmndlab:  Slain.  1    "    S      " 
Sd.    Top  Con!,  4    '•    6      " 


B  feet  a  inches. 
ShoirinK  an  AggregAte  of  7  fuet  8  inchva  uf  coal. 

In  the  Upper  part  of  the  fllope,  the  thiduieaB  of  the  ooid'^ 
I  follows : — 


Coal  Milt*  mt  FaitMrtvUU. 

laL  Bottom  CmI.  9  iMt  6  inebw. 

M.    Intomodii,to  SlUc,  S    " 
Sd   I^Gotl,  S    <■ 


Or,  S  (bet  fi  incfacs  of  eotL 


V  ftrt  6  fncbMi 


These  meaaorcmetila  prove  that  tlie  cxwl-beds  widen  its  tlief 
dMcend,  by  tfao  diminution  of  the  thicknoaa  of  the  shalGs,  ana 
the  Ruhstitutifn  of  poa!  in  piaw  of  tliem. 

Most  coal-licds  arc  thin  and  poor  at  the  imrofKliatfl  outcrop, 
•od  become  thicker  ujkI  more  solid  as  Ihcy  eater  under  oovcr  of 
the  rocks. 

It  is  obvioua  that  when  the  eo&l-bcd  reaches  beneath  the 
plain  of  Fgypt,  it  will  be  more  compact  and  of  better  qoality 
than  it  is  at  FarmepsviUe,  near  the  etmace. 

If  the  di.<ilariou  from  the  line  of  the  Farmotsville  outcrop  is ' 
one-fbunh  oS'  a  milf,  or  four  himdred  and  forty  yards,  if  ibf.  ootd 
contiiiaca  lo  dip  at  !in  angle  of  twenty  degrc«a<,  the  depth  of  the 
bed  at  the  Ixirings  in  Kgypt,  would  bo  two  Imiidrfid  and  thirty 
yards  nearly,  or  six  hundred  and  lUDOty  feet;  but  it  is  no( 
probable  that  the  cool  coiitinuett  to  dip  nt  such  a  bold  atiglc,  fo^ 
the  suocessivc  borings  in  Egypt,  in  a  line  toward  the  outcrop, 
indicated  nearly  horizontal  strata  of  shales  below  E^ypt.  The 
present  depth  of  the  boringa  is  two  humired  and  eigbly-two  feet, 
and  several  scama  of  "iwne  coal."  or  a  mixture  of  coal  with 
shaleti,  have  already  been  pcnetrutcd,  aud  t)ic  1iu>t  perforstcd 
Mrata  oonsiRtcd  of  a  highly  earbonaceoua  black  ahale,  like  that 
over  the  eoal-bcd.  We  may  therefore  expect  soon  t«  hear  tha| 
Mftl  has  been  reached.  ,j  i 

At  Belmont  the  coal  is  probably  still  nearer  flic  sui&oe,  fcif  j 
the  outcrop  at  Huughton's  movr»  the  coal  jihuiging  beneath  Bel-  j 
moot  eatate,  at  angles  varying  from  ten  to  thirty  degroca.  If  thv 
angle  of  the  dip  should  prove  lo  be  ten  degreeK,  then  atfouf 
hundred  and  forty  yards  south,  twenty  decrees  east  from  th^ 
outcrop,  tho  coal  would  be  eighty  yarlu,  or  two  hundred  and 
forty  Kiel,  friAiH  the  surface,  and  at  one  mile,  or  one  thousana 
seven  hundred  and  sixty  yards  distance,  it  would  be  three  hun^ 
^ed  and  twenty  jard*,  or  nine  hundred  and  sixtv  feet  doept 
while  if  tlie  angle  was  twenty  degrees  in  one  mile,  tho  dcptli 
would  be  six  hundred  and  nfly  yards,  or  one  Uiousand  niDO 
hundred  and  fifty  feet. 

It  in  not  provable,  however,  that  the  coal  will  continue  to  dip 
at  a  high  angle  lar  from  the  out<TO(i,  for  we  find  in  other  American  ' 
ooal  fields,  aa  in  that  of  Wyoming  Valley,  that  sltbough  the  coal 
begins  at  the  oatottp  with  a  bold  dip  of  twenty-five  degi'eea,  it  I 
BSBumes  an  early  horizontal  Hue  when  it  has  reached  a  depth  j 
bfaxty  or  seventy  feet  bfli>w  the  surface.  This  seems  also  tobdj 
a  general  law  iti  tne  formation  of  most  coal  basins,  and  we  have 


nc 


Coai  Mint  al  FarmmrrpiOt. 


good  reason  to  beJievo  it  will  be  found  to  l>e  th«  lav  in  the  for- 
mation of  tho  deposit  of  coal  in  Deep  Bivcr. 

It  is  obvious  that  if  u  bold  dip  was  long  continued  benetuli 
theiitnUa,  that  our  coals  would  koou  pass  beyond  the  readi  of  dkal 
miner,  and  th«  coul  would  oiil^  be  atUunftble  near  tlie  omorop.     I 

It  ia  a  ouiious  and  pro\ideQtisl  arrangcnK:nt,  that  co&l  is 
always  Iband  in  Ludlow  trouKhtiha)>ed  busiiu,  and  that  it  is  Tciy 
rarv  lor  it  to  sink  to  inaccsSBible  deptli&  '1 J 

Prof<^»or  Waltvr  B.  Johnson,  in  bis  admirable  r«por(  08  ] 
FarmeriiYille  ooal-niine,  aaya: — 

The  thli^knrxK  or  rvcn  hix  feet  In-n  inrhci  of  conl.  icoikcil  in  ft  duunbor 
MVen  r«t  nine  inchcn  iii  liviglil,  or  nl  the  point  wlien?  I  lut  pifasuied  tha  , 
bud  iii  ■IjuikUiiU}'  Mifficii^Dl  for  rrry  |iralilat>K'  novklnga. 

Thu  whol*  omI  will  not  of  ooursR  be  rcmoTcd,  but  with  cbivAiI  miniitc  H  i 
would  not  be  neccxunr  lo  Icove  more  iban  c>ii<:-fourtli  in  th«  ground.  Tha  I 
gnduol  iiicliiiatiud  of  tuu  bvdii  duoK  not  lead  to  tho  niippuiitiun,  tliM  fM  willH 
(Ttf  hav»  to  deacwd  to  m  •xceHivc  dopth,  and  be  thor«bjr  compelled  to  Itav 
a  Itf^  pntfortima  of  oo*)  hr  pillftn. 

In  working  uool  mines  it  ix  generally  found  to  be  mott  <_ 
nomical  to  sink  shafts,  and  to  drive  levels,  and  tben  to  tnit  i 
chambora  in  working  llie  ooal.     The  advantage!)  of  tbis  mctbc 
over  that  of  working  by  elopes,  is  obvious.     Drainage  and  ve 
tilation  an;  more  eany,  and  a  larger  extent  of  {ground  can  bal 
opcnod  by  the  miners. 

Il  woiild  be  most  desirable  to  have  at  least  one  hundred 
of  rock  overhead  in  working  these  mineH ;  and  ihcrvforo,  wl 
wc  hare  asccrtainod  the  exact  position  of  the  coal  by  the  augerJ 
shafts  will  be  sunk  in  Hucb  places  as  will  injure  that  thiclcne 
(^n>of  riKks  to  the  mine.     Com>idorable  time  and  laborwill  _ 
have  to  be  expended  in  explorations  witU  the  auger,  before  th< 
mines  can  be  advanti^cousty  opened, 

I  beg  leave  to  refer  to  the  late  Professor  Walter  R.  Johnson^ 
report,  nir  a  series  of  chcmiciil  analyses  and  researches  on  th( 
VUUis  of  Deep  River  coals,  and  would  rcoommeod  then 
your  careful  conaidcralion  tut  models  of  correct  analytic  wtffi 
on  ooaU.* 

I  wotdd  respectfully  call  your  attention  to  the  large  de 
of  excellent  iron  ores  tnat  aie  found  in  tlie  ooal  districts  of 
BtTcr. 

They  are,  the  "  blackband"  iron  ore,  carbonate  of  iron,  clAJ 
iron  bafls,  and  brown  hematite.  ,- 

Tlieae  ores  occur  in  suflicicnl  qtmntities  to  warrant  the  cretyl 
tion  of  a  blast  furnace,  for  the  manufaciuro  of  cast  iron. 

lArge  fiiuntitiwi  of  iron  ore,  K{ial«.t,  and  strata  of  car 
(tf  iron  will  be  thrown  out  in  working  your  ooal  mines;  and  ii 
addition  U)  this  supply  you  r^n  obtaui  readily,  from  varioi 
plantations  in  the  vicinity,  a  large  amount  of  iron  ores  obtainc 

*  Soo  Ulnbg  Ibgazliw,  Vol  L,  fp.  867-041. 


Ooai  JfiM  ai  SbrmtrtvilU. 


&oni  the  surface  soil,  b)  working  r  cool  mine  large  qunntitiGs 
of  Himll  coal  arc  prcxlufxd, — at  least  one-thinl  of  the  coal  raised 
ttam  the  mine  being  broken  loo  small  to  send  to  m:irkct. 

Thisooal  aboulu  bo  made  into  coke,  and  may  be  eoonomicallj 
emptoyad  ia  smelting  iron  ore. 

Ah  the  pig  iron  that  can  be  produced  from  one  blast  f^iniaco 
can  readily  be  aold  ou  tho  ^>ot,  at  prices  that  will  be  proStable 
to  the  Company. 

Be-invUmg  furnaces  will  employ  this  pig  iron  for  costiDgs, 
and  Ibrgca  will  consume  a  lai'ge  amount  of  the  pig  irou  in  tne 
manufacture  of  bur  iron,  all  of  which  may  bo  sold  on  the  spot 
where  it  is  made ;  for  it  will  be  cheaper  than  imported  iron,  that 
wotJd  pequiru  so  much  c-xpcu»}  to  be  paid  for  transportation 
from  the  seaboard. 

Limestone  suiUiMc  for  fliix  U  found  in  the  wcatcrn  margin  of 
your  coal  field,  and  tlie  red  sancUlone  will  make  a  good  etack  for 
the  Airnaec ;  and  the  L-3;cellciit  »}ap«tonc  found  at  W amble's  and 
Clark'.i  quarriei  will  make  the  best  hearthAtonea,  tymps  and 
Ihiiug  fur  it,  IIS  the  firc-(^Iay  of  the  coal  mincn  will  make  fire 
bticks  for  the  interior  of  the  I'uniace. 

I  am  !Utti;$tied  ttiut  iron  can  be  manufactured  profitably  oa 
Deep  liiver.  If  the  limestono  fi-und  th<Te  dot^s  not  answer  the 
purpose  for  ilux,  your  bouts  roliirLiug  from  Cape  Fwtr  River,  after 
oJacDaiviDg  their  loads  of  coal,  could  bring  back  loads  of  shell 
marl,  wnicn  is  nearly  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  and  will  make  a 
belter  Qux  than  any  limestx>iie,  sinoe  il  i^  moro  divided,  and  will 
therefore  act  more  promptly. 

There  need  be,  no  fear  enlertained  with  regard  to  the  pracli- 
cabiU^  of  manufaeturin'T  iron  on  Deep  River,  and  if  the  present 
prices  are  maintained,  the  iron  coulu  be  made  at  a  very  high  , 
percentage  pro6t. 

I  have,  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  McCIane,  called  your  atten- 
tioa  to  a  branch  of  business  not  menliotieil  in  your  lelli>r  of 
iostruotioiis  to  me,  and  am  informed  by  Him  tliat  there  will  be 
no  diJSeuIty  in  finding  eupitid  in  tlie  neighlforhood  to  carry  on 
the  workjt,  if  ilslionld  b*?  decided  to  creel  them. 

With  regard  to  tlie  value  uf  coal  lan<l  per  acre,  I  bog  leave 
to  refer  you  to  tlie  excellent  State  report  of  Professor  Emmons^ 
mgea  1^2-8,  in  which  you  have  an  estimate  applied  to  the  Hwp 
ffiver  coal  that  is  obvio'usly  correct: — 

If  Ibe  tbkkot  Mkin  o(  etnt  in  n'nrWM,  which  lins  a  thIeliDeas  ot  six  feet, 
u(cliun*c  ofB  Ikin  b*nd  ofiUtc,  it  iriH  i;irc  fur  every  nquNrt'  run]  ot  GiirTiirr, 
two  AquiTV  yards  or  cmI.  A  nqunri;  nvre  hai  4,000  iuiwrflcial  J^ardi ;  h«nco, 
there  vill  bo  9,900  Kquaiv  ynrrlii  oC  iiin\  in  i»ch  ftcrg,  kdiI  m  •  wjuiro  yard  of 
mal  weidia  a  Ion.  tlii-r*  vill  hn  for  tJtry  aov,  9,800  tcni  ot  c«aL  A 
tbousaiidacru  irill  gim  9,e(iO,000  tons  of  coal,  ur  a  xquare  iit3v,  U,9T9.000 


t«M. 


TruBting  that  your  enterprise  in  opening  the  coal  mu)ea<^ 
VolTII.— 18 


Jiamifiielurt  <^  the  Sla^*  i>f  Rftlufing  Furuattt. 

North  Carolina  wil!  be  duly  n-wardwl,  I  hare  ihe  lionor  to  W| 
your  obwiicnt  scrvnnt, 

Charles  T.  Jacksos. 
T.  A3i»ww^  Em). 

P.  S. — Siuw  tlie  above  mporl  was  set  ay  in  type,  Mr.  McClanrfl 
lias  (liscovpreti  a  bod  of  conl,  four  foet  ten  inclii'S  in  tliiyliiiew,  inJ 
Egypt,  on  till!  south  side  of  the  river,  where  he  jierforalod  thai 
c^  (itadepthol'Sfil  leel  from  the  aurfaa;.  Our  pri!dii;li'jns  ardj 
therefore  fiiliillcd,  and  the  oonl  has  bocn  found  at  a  conveoiuntl 
place  for  mining.  C  T.  J. 


An.  v.— TKE   M.^KUFACTURB   OF  THE  SLAGS  0?  BKDUOWf 
FVKNACBS.— ReroKT  op  the  Amebicas  Lava  Coxrisr. 

In  th«  iitilizntioii  of  tho  initicrsl  proiJiicts  of  reducing  fur 
oaoea,  a  new  channel  of  productive  industry  is  created,  vqual  in 
ext4:nt,  interest  and  imjwjrljiniv,  to  any  that  has  prov iouslj' 
afforded  cinploytnent  to  the  capital  and  liibor  of  civilis 
nalionit, 

A  company,  called  the  American  T^ava  Company,  has  bee^ 
formed,  tlie  oLjpcl  ol'  which  is  to  ntiii»e  tlie  slags  of  nslucir 
ftirnaoee,  by  manufacturing  them  into  ware ;   and  also  to 
rights  under  the  patent  alreadj-  granted  to  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Smitt 
in  tho  United  States  and  in  Kurojje,  and  haa  scoured  for  itscH 
full  pOiWCiWion  of  the  entire  rifrhl  and  interest  in  said  patent 

The  manufacture  of  !n>n  and  nilipr  metals  has  pmgrwwed 
rapidiv  n-ilhin  the  last  ecnlurj',  n«  to  render  it  an  object  of  pri«| 
mary  importance  to  oapiwlirts  iiilen.>slt'd  in  this  ilepartn>eni  of 
industry,  to  avail  themsf.'lvcs  of  every  ivnwible  means  of  eeono 
mb.ing  the  processes  and  ntili/.ing  tli^-  products  of  a  bittine 
whieh  re(iuire«an  investment  in  buildings  nnd  machinery  of  i 
greater  cajntal  than  is  employe<l  for  the  development  of  th 
reaowrops  <*f  any  other  maiiufoctnring  or  eorameroiu!  enterprim 

In  mctallurgic  operations  considi^rable  improvements  nav 
been  made  during  tlie  Inst  *ixty  ye^m^  both  as  regards  the 
atntction  of  furnaces,  the  econoniizing  of  heat  by  the  uiw  of  be 
air  in  the  Wn!*f,  the  mw  of  anthracite  coal,  and  the  cmploymen 
of  suitable  8u.\e8. 

It  lias  not  yet,  however,  been  deemed  safe  or  wise  to  invest 
capital  in  the  reelaimin({  from  wastj-  of  that  vaft  anunint  of., 
mtrifrat  mntrrinl  wliieh  constitutes  by  far  tho  largest  product  n( 
the  smelting  operation.  In  Amerii-a,  and  in  all  parts  of  Europe 
n  vaA  soiia-i'  of  wealth  has  in  this  respcet  been  almost  entirelj 
overlooked.  Mat*?rial  ha.'*  aecuninliiled  us  a  waste  pi"o<lHct,  wbic 
if  cooQOmizcd,  might  bavc  enhanced  the  value  of  melallut 


Xmn/ttture  f/Ae  Shfff  of  ftaluciny  FtrnMm. 


«SB 


I 


r rations  to  a  fiir  greater  extent  ttiAU  ban  been  cSc-ded  bj  iklt  I 
otlK-r  improvcmontit  tiuit  hnvc  been  adopted  during  the  laatj 
century.  ] 

Tu  utilize  tJiosc  vitrifiablc  miiteral  protlucte  of  rctluciDej 
fortuiipe*.  bv  thoir  nianulact:iin<  into  various  kinds  of  uaeful  ana! 
flmamcntal  mineral  ware,  is  tho  object  conii'niplulcd  by  thai 
Americfiii  and  Foreign  Lava  Coinpiuiy. 

'      The  term  tava  has  been  applied  to  this  clww  of  products,  b©- ' 
BMne  this  tcnii  aplly  dcKigiiaU-s  the  very  peculiar  pr(ii«»rty  of 
these  produew,  viz.,  ihfir  remarkable  Jlui^il^,  and  coiiBcioiiently  i 
their  miperiorily  ovgr  all  other  mineral  preparalionit  lor  the  i 
proc«aeB  of  casting,  rolling,  pressing,  tU-..     This  rtmarkable 
fluidity  is  owing  to  the  elevated  temperature  of  thft  bot-blaat 
ftmiace,  which  not  only  insiirft*  a  pcm-ct  fusion  of  the  mineral! 
ingredients  contained  iu  and  funiinhed  by  the  ore,  fuel  and  flux,  I 
bat  presents  the  resulting  min<-rnl  coiti[;oundinastateof  liciniditrj 
the  iROSt  favorable  for  subHequenl  treatment  in  »ianufa«turing  it  I 
into  ware. 

Had  the  experiment  never  been  tried,  of  refiiiinfr,  oolorinjtl 
tnouldin?,  casting,  9itmi-:iling  and  poliehing  rcfuso  .ilags,  it  would  I 
be  hazarding  but  linle.  lo  attentpt  to  dotnonstratc  the  practica- 
bility of  the  undcrlakiiip  upon  purely  philoeoplncal  principle* 
All  the  ai.-etinin)»t(Hl  locts  and  Cittablivhcd  itrinviplcs  of  modern] 
scieticc  that  ahed  light  u\mi  the  mineral  deposit  and  formatioDs] 
Ofourglohc  clearly  agr>.e  upon  this  fundan:icntal  truth,  tliat  tiierol 
has  bet'U  from  tht-  I'.iili^-st  age**,  ami  miwt  .still  exist,  some  rnudtU'.] 
cperttuili  by  which  ignfouBly  fused  mineral  compouiidn  ciiii  be 
moulded  into  shapi',  and  so  annealed  an  to  rc-xilt  in  dcairable 
building  iimtt>rial. 

The  lava  of  the  volcano  ha-s  by  fome  agency  exerted  in  the 
laboratory  of  Kature,  been  moulded  and  annealed  so  aa  to  forml 
some  of  the  most  durable  and  bcauliftd   ixx^ks  of  our  elobQiJ 
Chemistry,  g<'ology  and  eleotricity  all  harmonize  in  bringing  to  J 
light  the  agencies  conecnicd  in  delerminiiig  the  form  and  general] 
propcrticH,  as  t'j  hnnliiess,  (lexibilily,  etir.,  of  mineral  fomiatiootL  I 
Tft  the  niincralr-jgisl  who  is  acquainted  with  tlie  valuable  proper-  i 
tics  of  the  large  class  of  \}w  roi-ks  (if  our  glolie  known  to  be  ojf 
ignciitu  origin— to  the  chemist  who  knows  that  the  mineral  in* 
gredients  of  a  reducing  furnace,  wberi  muUetl  together,  must  I 
unite  in  definite  atumie  pi-oportions,  determined  by  invnriablei 
and  fixed  Liws  of  aifinitv — to  the  electrician  who  is  ac(]uainted  f 
with  tile  power  ami  iiifKieuco  of  clcclricity  in  iiKMlifymg  and 
regulating  the  crystalline  tendencies  of  rocks,  whether  formed 
by  aqaoous  solution  nr  igneous  fusion — the  nmltcn  .^Ings  of  iroa ' 
furnaces  affnrd  »n  iiu-iting  field  of  research  that  must  prove  both  I 
fertile  in  scientific  discovery  and  of  iirinii.n.*c  pmeticul  utility, ' 
CTihancing  the  profit.*  of  metallurgy-. 

Bnt  aside  from  all  ihcoretica!  considerations,  the  American 


9ee 


Manu/atlurt  oftAt  Sla^  <(f  JUdueinff  J'^rmam. 


imd  Foreign  Lav*  Comf  Any  arc  prc[i[irc(l  to  prawnt  to  the  public 
sUia&ctory  facts,  the  result  of  jtrotracted  adq  careful  cxpcnnieot 
irhicJi  convinciDgly  AlU'dt  iho  valwc  of  tlio  molten  mineral, 
product  of  reducing  fiimaoeti.  According  to  the  anolysia  of  ] 
Bi»1hier,  the  slag  or  cinder  of  tlte  DowUus  furnaces  consists  • 
aJico. 40.4;  lime,  3S.4;  magneitia,  5.2;  alumina,  11.3;  protoxid 
of  iron,  3.8 ;  and  a  trace  of  sulplmr.  Slags  fmm  the  D«  "' 
Ainiuce,  und  otbem  from  Saint  Kiienue,  iii  Franoe.  pTeae&k 
similar  anatytiml  result^  varying  slightly  aa  to  tlie  relatil 
quantities  of  niaiiKano^^  ami  t<ii1))l>ur. 

The  alaga  of  the  antliraciw  fiimacea  of  Ajnerica  generallj 
OODiuHt  of  ^ilvx,  61 ;  limi.',  21 ;  ntutiiiitu,  15;  magncmia,  4 ;  iron,&j 
with  traced  of  sulphur,  oarbon,  manganese,  pota^  and  sulphur.^ 

Kow,  it  is  known  to  wi^'rv  inincraloi^t  that  the  above  in.-J 
gredieut^  form  the  most  de.tira'ble  iniiioriu  oompouiid  tliat  oould 
be  deaired  tor  the  artificial  fonnation  of  a  durable  material,  to  I 
vued  for  uruliiu-ctura]  purposes.    The«c  ar«  tlic  wry  dcmont 
iogredienta  out  of  whicli,  in  the  vast  laboratory  of  Nature, 
moulded  and  wincalud  m-arly  all  the  solid  ix^kn  of  our  globe. 

"  The  Todin  of  our  globe,'  saya  Profe»*or  Dana,  in  hi^standu 
work  on  Mineralogy,  ^'arc  muduup  of  .ibout  thirtocaof  the! 
nine  elementary  substances  found  in  nature.    Thctte  are  the  gi 
miyffen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  (hiorine;  the  non-metallic  element 

*  OonrofmiM  or  Ciitnn. — Taken  fVnm  thi-  Report  on  the  MAriufactura 
<rf  Iroa,  li}-  Mr.  J.  U.  Akxandcr,  Boltiinora,  Md. : — 


cnjAcoAL  rrxiACBL 

rum  wnmumi 

""*"■"■ 

PmiUg. 

Sparrjr  CtcWnU*  On*. 

ChI  PeoMbn. 

t 

■ 

0 

4 

a 

« 

T 

t 

a 

10 

HiUM 

ai.M 

4K.a 

m.] 

:•*.<) 

r\.n 

tt* 

4«,il 

I0.« 

Ul,« 

KM 

Uma 

11 .1 

94.(1 

14.1 

W.i 

T.3 

Al    t3.« 

M.4 

UacnMla   . 

«.n 

i.a 

94.9 

It.! 

r,,i 

».* 

lll,t 

4,n 

1.il 

Aldminuia 
FroL  of  tron 

ia.» 

t.s 

B.» 

E.IJ 

!.B    1  9.1 

■  .0 

IM 

ISO 

IS1I 

a.Ta 

l.T 

i.n 

l.« 

i.O    -il.i 

o.t 

\i.t 

4H 

u 

Pni.  at  MMi|[taei« 

1.18 

s.s 

4.4 

4.1      8,3 

yc.s 

2S.S 

UK 

Oxiif  tt  'niudum 

11.0 

Siilphar 

^nui'i 

uso'> 

11 

Fhq*f>hDr1c  Add  . 

lini*>        1 

• 

ooKPCsmoK  or  ntK  4imtSACfn  ctxDBB  or  (mnnvAXu. 


SIlME 

Alumin* 

Proloxiile  of  IrOa 
HanguiQse . 

IhgDMU     . 

Umo 
Sulphur      . 

FMMdi 


Ko.  I. 

SO 

IT 

« 


30 


.  Tncra. 


« 
t 

10 
29 


« 
15 

5 
tmm. 

4 
SI 


Tmcw. 


Mant^utur*  ^iht  Sl<ijt  of  Rritieiitg  fwn^Ktt. 


I 


earion,  ntphur,  tiliccn ;  the  metals,  calcium,  vadium,  potatrium, 
mofftuaiuni,  aluminum.     The  filenient,  aitiam,  combined  with 
oxygen,  Fumis  sWica ;  oomltmLil  witli  Ume.  it  foTins  umrlj'  h11  lh« 
oluer  raineral  iiign^Jipnta  of  i/raniU,  mica-MaUs,  volcanic  rook*, 
Aala,  witiilona,  nnd  van'om  soils.   No  clctQCot  is  therefore  mote 
imporunt  timn  tlnn  in  Uie  constltiittoii  of  the  e.arl)i'i<  strata;  and 
it  10  especially  filled  for  this  pre-cmincnco  by  its  superior  hard- 
oeas,"  (see  sjx'cimen^  of  lavn  vxirf.,)  "  a  diaracler  wliicli  it  com- 
□ranicatis  to  the  rocks  in  whicli  it  prevails.    Next  to  silica  rank  I 
Ume  and  rnrbim,  for  carbon  with  ox_vk<;h  eonslilutt'a  cathonic  add,\ 
and  this  eombined  with  lime  produces  carb&nate  of  Ume,  tlnj 
ingredient  which,  when  oiM^tirnng  ia  extended  bcus,  we  call] 
Hmeakme  and  marbU."  1 

Profi-Ksor  PIiil!ip»,  in  his  treatise  upon  Mincralofry.  rcmarksM 
— "  But  if  we  look  more  narrowly  into  itie  conipoiiition  of  the"^ 
crust  of  the  (jlobe,  as  consisting  ehiclly  of  the  earths  sod  earthy 
mineishi,  we  shall  find  that  only  three  of  the  eartlm  which  have 
been  discovered,  viz.,  silex,  alumina  and  lime,  arc  found  to  oon- 
stitute  its  great  bulk." 

A  fiirnple  refercnee  to  the  ably  compiled  auagraph,  page  26Sjid 
(extraoted  from  "  Overman  on  the  Manufaclure  of  Iron")  is 
lul  tliat  is  needed  to  wmvincc  the  most  skeptical,  that  each 
redaeing furnace  for  tiio  .•nneltin^  uf  orew  !.■<  ft  curnplofe  laboratory, 
fumithcd  with  all  the  ingrcdienta,  and  in  just  suitable  propor- 
tions, for  till-  eonipoiritiou  of  artifieiul  etonc,  corresponding  in  all 
essential  fi?atiirei<  and  propertiei)  with  the  tnoAt  valuable  natural 
rocks  of  the  filobe. 

But  the  mail  powerful  arjiO>ment  that  could  V>e  advanced  in 
advocating  the  expediency  of  utilizing  elain,  is  afforded  by  the 
econoniieal  eonKideriitions  pres»ente<i  by  the  facilities  afforded 
for  working  these  mineral  uroduet*.  Under  the  present  im- 
proved fiirnis  of  wriiclling,  tne»o  injrredients  are  reduci'd  to  a 
Btate  of  fiisioii  whieli  allows  of  tht-fr  formation  into  solid  and 
hollow  ware,  with  eoinpanitively  little  adilitioiiiil  labor,  and  but 
s  trifling  cost.  Let  it  be  remembered  that  the  iron  manufac- 
torer  who  now  exj>i>nd«  $100,000  per  annum  in  reducing  6,0(KU 
tons  of  metal  from  its  ore,  fuses  from  12  to  15,000  tons  of  mine-  ■ 
ral  in^^lienU  in  order  to  obtain  the  pure  tnutul.  The  meltinc 
or  fuaon  of  the  mineral  compound,  then,  when  connected  with 
the  rc<luctioii  of  mc^s,  eostK  nothing,  and  if  regarded  as  waste 
rontenal,  subjects  the  iron  manuGieturcr  to  a  coat  of  ftwro  $1 ,000 
to  $8,000  per  year  for  its  removal.  Hi-re,  then,  is  afforded  annu- 
ally l.l.OOrt  toils  of  mineral  material,  fiiscd  at  a  cost  of  $100,000, 
and  not  only  thrf>wn  away,  but  accompanied  with  a  premium  of 
from  $1,000  w  ^.t.OOO  to'  any  one  who  will  remove  it  from  the 
innclting  furnace. 

Now,  inordertoe/jmpulcthe  valne  thM  may  be  realized  from 
these  minora]  ingredients,  let  us  briefly  present  a  few  statistic 


"■*^ •iBIlfan, /  yj    I    //j~f- ^0%       <S'     fh«pto^«^ 

I  /  /  Ififr  I -4- — ^r^»  "i  ■»=    '•'""• 

-»-  t-tr-rr—T—f  .^     ^-         j,^ 

X*-?     ProloA 

«»* JoSSi::: 

■**' low^.... 

*-. 1""^ 

(aUkon. 

.o«.^. S<"^" 

i  AloinliiDfa.. 

■  Tb*  tbQM  front  udt to  t1i«<*)wB»an1U*d  b^  Die  onpuvK^ 


P  Manufiitlurt  <^  (A«  iS^of/i  of  Stthminy  Furttatti. 

oonaected  with  the  reduction  of  but  one  class  of  metals,  viz., 
the  sintiUiiig  of  iron  ok.  It  is  cslimatoc]  Llint  nn  imu  funuioo 
that  yields  5,000  toDS  of  pig  metal,  aa&aall  v  ^idda  threat  times 
this  umoiint,  ur  15,000  tons  of  eIqj;  uitd  i<coruc.  At  Ico^t  one- 
^liid  this  amount,  or  o,000  tons  of  etag,  is  available  for  being 
cast  whilrt  in  its  molten  xtaU?,  as  ejected  &om  ike  n^ducing  fur- 
nace, into  waiv.  By  the  Kimjile  prooeos  used  in  manofiuturiDK, 
lava  wan;  is  ai  once  caiit,  without  •  re-meltin)^,  into  suitable 
moatda,  and  aAorward^  annealed.  The  rcitiilt  of  expenmenls 
made  \i\^n  an  ext^iidcd  st-alc,  shows  thai  the  cheaper  and  sim- 
pler articles  of  lava  ware,  viz.,  tiles  for  paving  mid  building 
fiurpoSKS,  can  be  nmnufaeluncd  at  a  eost  Uiat  Ticcd  not  exceed 
rom  2  to  4  centji  jter  sfjiiart;  f'lot,  if  a  capital  be  invc^tted  iu  the 
manntoctun;  of  from  $20,000  to  $50,000,  varj-ing  according 
to  the  »\7.e  and  yield  of  the  reducing  nimttcc  'Hiese  tiles,  when 
manufncturvd,  are  worth  from  10  to  20  cents  per  square  foot, 
aocoiding  to  llie  puriMiiteit  Ki  wliich  they  njay  bo  opplied. 

Estiiiutcd  aceoriling  to  wL-ifiht,  5,000  tons  of  slag  will  cost 
about  $5  per  ton  when  inuiuifiicTurt^d  iiit<>  wui%,  aod  will  be 
worth  lor  building  purposra  about  §20  per  ton. 

Now  if  wo  e.itimalc  the  umiuul  jTciiluce  of  pig  iron  in  tl»c 
Uoitcd  Slates  at  600,000  tons,  the  production  of  slag  Bsitable 
for  manufacturinu  purpottes  will  at  least  equal  in  Amount 
600,000  tons.  A'aluing  the  sJag  when  manufactured  into  ware  at 
$20  pT  Ion,  it  realizes  twelve  million  dollars  a  3'ear  for  the 
United  States  alone.  If  even  an  approximation  to  thia  amount 
of  wealth  be  reali/Aid  from  the  utilization  of  slags,  its  cfTeet  up<m 
the  iron  manufacture,  both  in  augmenting  profilii  and  dimin- 
ishing the  Go«t  of  tile  manu&ctorc  of  iron,  must  be  such  as  to 
render  the  manufacture  of  lava  ware  an  object  of  primary  impor- 
tance. For,  if  the  cait  of  600,000  tons  of  pig  iron  is  twelve 
million  dollara,  and  the  profits  upon  600,000  tons  of  available 
slag  are  nitu-  million  dollars,  there  will  remain  only  an  expenw 
of  three  million  dollars  njKJu  the  proiiuetion  of  600,000  tons  of 
iron,  worth,  at  $30  jjcr  ton,  the  sum  of  $18,000,000.  Dedueiing 
three  niiIlioii.«  frvnn  eighteen,  and  a  cU-nr  profit  of  twelve  million 
dollars  (cquid  to  the  whole  cost  of  the  iron  at  $20  per  ton)  will 
remain  to  ihe  iron  maiuifiiettuors. 

Even  u[>on  the  supnogition  that  the  amount  of  sla^  has  been 
ovcr-cstimaled  in  the  .irH)V(-  .■ilatislie.t,  and  tliat  but  onc-fourtli  of 
the  value  assigned  them  be  realized  in  the  practical  result,  the 
profit  iiocrniuL'  fmin  their  iililizaliiiii  murit  prove  of  immense  im> 
portancc  to  the  iron  interest  of  the  world,  according  to  reliable 
statistics,  which  s}iow  Uie  extent  luid  iiicreuse  of  tlie  iron  manu* 
facture. 

The  following  fables  nhow  (he  most  recent  estimates  of  the 
ftumtx-rof  tons  of  iron  annually  manufactured  in  the  United 
Sta1(r¥  imd  Great  Britain  : — 


970 


Manti/attHT*  of  A*  Slay*  etfRtduKiny  /VimoMi. 


TABDLAR  eTATIsncs  OF  TUB  PRODCCnON  Of  KON. 

rXTTKD  tTTATSS. 

In  1610,  anniut  ;ield  of  iron  funiawsi,        54,000  tons  of  pig  netal. 
"  Iftas.  •'  "  130,000  " 


1«S«, 

"  1880. 
■■  1MB, 
"  lft*<^ 
"  IBM. 
"  IWT, 
■•  IBSi, 


1T4Q, 

1788, 
1TO6, 
180S, 
1606, 
1818, 

lesD, 

18SS, 

isse. 
law, 

1884, 
1898, 

1840, 
1848, 
1848, 
1848, 
I8B4, 


1SS,000 
900,000 
86,000 
t«.O0O 
800,000 
1,000,000 


aRUT  BRITAIH. 

uinu«]  produce. 


■I 

•I 


17,860  tool. 

«I,l»0  " 

l»4.e7»  ■* 

170.000  " 

368,908  " 

800.000  " 

400.000  ■' 

46«,0««  " 

681,367  ■' 

678,417  " 

1.000.000  " 

1,4*8,791  ■* 

1,896,400  ■* 

1,618,600  " 

l,Ma,0«8  " 

8,000,000  " 

a,!60,000  " 


At  leant  6,000,000  lorn  ofaln^  will  r«iuU  fiv>m  the  reduction , 
of  3,260,0(Xt  tons  of  metal.     Rcsnrdiuff  one-half  lliis  unttre 
amount  availabto  for  casting  nii<i  annealing,  then?  will  remain 
8,000,000  tons  of  minersl  product  suitable  for  being  manuSic- 
tuied  into  ware. 

Prom  lie  above  lablos  it  will  readily  appear  evident  lliat  that 
amount  of  Iuva  ware  tliiit  can  Iw  reatizi?d  in  Great  Britain  and] 
the  United  States  (without  taking  into  considcrntion  the  larga^ 
nunuGLeturtfl  of  Svri;<den,  l'>fitip>-,  [klgium,  Itiii»ia  and  ihn  Ger-i 
mao  States,)  will  be  HufRcicntly  ample  to  mn^titutc  a  branch  of 
induBtry  tliat  will  profitably  employ  at  Iea.il  100,000  laborers^ 
and  yield  an  annual  pr»tit  of  at  le:i3t  thirty  millions  of  dollars. 

Id  utilizing  iilags,  the  American  anil  Foreign  l^ava  Componyl 
imposes  to  restrict  its  finst  operations  to  ihc  maoufacture  of  tbe] 
cheaper  kinds  of  ware,  t«o  an  to  luytten  the  consumption  of  tho_i 
immcnise  amount  of  stags  that  now  encumbers  the  iron  manaiao- , 
lories. 

As  time  and  opportunity  will  allow,  the  lava  will  be  applied'^ 
to  otlier  \LVi,  »uch,  fur  oxuiiipic,  a.i  the  roannGicturiiig  of  man*  < 
tlca;,  table-tope,  architectural  omamcnis,  bath-tubs,  sarcoph^i 
and  ooffinti,  uasini*,  counter  slnbit,  oolumnit,  slaba  for  lining  ci8*l 
tents,  rcgiatcFB  for  furnaces,  refrigerators,  plates  for  clectricain 
maobiiK«,  galviutic  buttery  cups  ami  troughs,  etc 


Tkt  Stale  Quarria  of  VertwiU. 


I 

I 
I 


km.  VI.— THE  SLATE  QTIARRIKS    OF  VEKMOST.— Bt  Ciai 
RtcnAKiMOii,  dm.  4)ni  Hmiia  EsaiKRBR. 

Pbbsoks  nQaci^uniDled  with  !<1»tf  an<i  tlio  »Iat<>  tra>l«^,  will  tiro* 
bably  feci  interested  with  the  following  brief  Jescriplion  of  its 

nral  fealures,  and  more  imrticulwly  so,  wIk-ii  xwy  uro  iii- 
od  that  there  ia  in  ibis  country  sufficient  of  that  valuable 
article,  not  only  to  supply  thwir  own  want^,  but  to  moct  the  ra- 
qoinMncDts  of  one  haii'  the  ci\-ilized  world.  Slate,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  covering  rooGs  of  hou-soe  to  a^mall  (^'xtont,  tiiui  bcvn  used 
m  England  for  the  last  five  hundred  ^cora.  It  wati  not,  how 
ever,  until  the  early  part  of  the  lust  century  that  its  durable 
properties  became  generally  known,  or,  at  all  ovenla,  api>rRcialed. 
At  thin  period,  a  quarry  in  Cornwall,  and  a  few  in  North  Wales 
and  Westmoreland,  were  opened  on  a  aniall  pcale.  IJke  all 
other  incipient  works,  they  hod  to  struggle  with  the  dillicultics 
con.sequent  on  inexperience  in  the  nature  of  its  development; 
but  want  retarded  its  progress  more  than  any  thing,  wii«  the  want 
of  capital,  anil  the  ready  and  ch«np  means  of  tranfut.  The  (|uar- 
lies  were  situated  on  Uic  stormy,  iron-bound  coast  of  the  north- 
west  side  of  the  i.tlaiid,  la.*hed  ty  the  leijijwstuous  billows  of  tho 
broad  Atlantic.  Vessels  in  those  days  could  not  always  bo  ob- 
tained to  eiulxirk  in  so  hazardous  a  carrying  trade,  and  even 
those  H'hich  did  venture,  were  only  coasters  (small  sloojw),  of 
seventy  to  ninety  Ions  burden,  and  then  only  for  about  six 
ntonths  of  the  year;  confliyiuentlv,  tlie  expenses  of  freight,  d»< 
lays  and  loaacs,  made  the  article  become  very  expensive.  It  it^ 
therefore,  not  in  any  way  suriirlsing,  that  we  find  slate  used  only 
ou  the  nuinsioiis  of  the  nobility,  or  buildinjs  b<>Ion^ing  to  the 
government,  excepting  in  the  locality  of  the  quarnes,  or  auffi- 
cicntly  near  to  places  where  a  direct  internal  eomnmniciition  was 
to  be  oblain<.-<l  without  niueh  labor.  Dut  such  an  important 
ootomodity  as  state  was  not  long  destined  to  rcin,ain  in  olseurity, 
for  we  And  that  about  iho  years  1780-1 79(»,  I^i>l  Penrhyn,  who 
owned  extcnave  cetate.'i  m  the  county  of  Caniar\-on,  North: 
Wales,  opened  a  quarry  in  a  flue  runof  ."lato  rtwkon  his  domain 
at  Cae  Braicb-y-Cefn,  near  Bangor,  conistructcd  roads  to  the 
water,  and  erected  jetties  for  loading  the  vessels,  and  his  opera- 
tion.'*, although  beset  with  many  trying  difficulties,  eventually 
ftroved  very  successful ;  and  having  once  set  the  example,  Other 
audowners  in  the  princiiuilily  fallowed.  In  1815,  there  were 
more  than  twenty  quarrit's  at  work,  some  of  them  eiiton.'jively. 
About  tlii.i  litntr,  th.tt  clohralt'd  military  road  from  Shrewsbury 
to  Holyhead  was  oommcnrxid  under  the  direction  of  the  eminent 
«vil  eiigiiiecr,  Tliomas  Telford. 

In  1826,  the  Banjror  Suspension  Bridj^o   over   the  Mcnai 
Strmt^  ooun«cling  the  btland  of  Angfesea  with  the  main  land — 


arts 


TJu  SiiUe  Qitarnu  <^  VttvuML 


a  KtnicUirc  that  was  oooradered  one  of  the  wood^rs  of  the  world, 
and  wJiich  now  .itaiK)»  a  lu^liiiff  monument  of  tlic  itVill  of  thi 
groHt  man — was  opened  to  the  public  This  bridge,  under  whid, 
TCBselH  of  a  tlioiuand  tonM  bunk-ti  can  mW  without  striking  tbei^ 
top-fnUlant  isofitA,  bccania  an  objuct  of  ttuch  nniverital  intereitt 
thftl  jK-n«onB  from  nearly  every  part  of  the  globe  came  to  visit  i^ 
This  circiimstanw,   [  lliiuk,  contributed    vory  !argi-!_v  to  dnrt 
public  attention  to  the  quarries,  as  most  of  the  visitors,  (Toingoi 
a  tour  up  the  nioutitain.*,  were  shown  the  groat  l*cnrbyn  imc 
other  fiuarrica,  which,  at  this  period,  were  becoming  works  o^ 
imporlaiKje.     On  iht  doiniwi  of  Lord  Pcnrliyn,  ilic  prowrlj  fcu] 
Into  the  hands  of  his  i-oii-in-law,  Colonel  Pennant.     TliiB  gentle^ 
man,  aidt^l  by  a  Inrgo  oiipitnl  and  u  dLlcmiincd  spirit  of  perec 
vcrance,  comfiined  with  ekill,  has  mado  the  IVnrhyn  quarry  of 
such  magnttudc,  that  al  the  pmK'nt  time  it  gives  empIoyTiient 
2,600  working  people,  and,  at  tlic  same  liniP,  renders  to  its  i»' 
aUgable  proprietor,  a  yearly  profit  of  XfiO,000.  or  ^50,000. 

Aliout  lliirly  yeais  wnw,  the  Oelabole  quarries  in  Cornwall 
which  bad  Ijcen  worked  at  periods  on  a  small  scale,  for  nearly  oni 
hundred  and  fifty  yenrs,  were  opened  by  Mr.  Avery,  a  ineivliaui 
of  Boscaetle,  in  that  county.  These  quarrica  are  of  a  dillercnl 
kind  fmrn  the  Bangor  quarries.  Tliey  an^  ivliat  i.'*  twhnicalh' 
called  "sinking  auarrics,  which  implies  a  large  open  pit.  mini 
by  means  of  macnincr\-  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  wliich  il 
much  more  expensive  to  work  than  those  quarries  whieh  are  c 
into  thecidcofa  mountain.  TVith  a  like  creditable  [>cr)wvcrane 
Mr.  A\ery  brought  his  works  to  a  high  state  of  jwrfi^oi] 
'fhcy  arc  now  above  three  hundred  fout  deep,  and  give  empltn 
tnent  to  about  nue  Ihoiutand  jienfons.  I  cannot  say  wbat  may  f 
tli6  annuid  profit  derived  from  these  works,  but  it  may  jiufficc  I 
My,  their  proprietor  hai»  ii:tired  fVoni  busincsj*  with  an  timf 
fortune.  The  quarries  arc  now  in  the  hantlK  of  u  public  ■ 
pany. 

Slate-veins  present  themselves  in  throe  different  {MMtione  i 
stnttiJlcation,  and  three  diHerent  colors.    The  vein  is  sometime 
horizontal,  often  vertical,  but  generally  oblique ;  in  color  it  it 
blue,  puii>le,  an<i  green.     Their  relative  values  depend  on  thfl 
taste  and  requirements  of  the  consumer;  in  quality,  I  conuderj 
there  w  but  little  apprivi-ible  difii-rince.  T 

Quarries  are  of  two  kinds:  the  tally,  or  roofing-slate  quarrie^J 
and  the  rock,  ur  Alab-slate  quarries.     Rooflnp-J'late  quarrieii 
diosi!  wheiv  tlie  vein  is  finely  laminated,  which  projwrty  in  ■ 
slat*  admits  of  its  being  split  inu>  plates  of  any  require  thick- 
nese.    The  rock-slale  qunrrics  arc  of  a  more  coinpaet  or  granular'] 
character,  tlie  vein  is  clciveablc,  but  with  an  uneven  course,  and  I 
rough  surface.     Ii  will  not  genrrally  split  thin;  therefore  il  m  I 
only  fit  for  slahs,  which  are  Bcldoni  required  le-w  than  one  inch 
^ick.    The  gr^-at  Delabolc  quarries  Imve  a  nearly  borizont  ' 


T^  SbtU  Quarria  1/  KfrmM/. 


ttR 


reiD :  the  slate  is  of  «  somewhat  coarse  nstaro,  but  dxoixsivelj 
■loTAlile.  I  know  of  ati  instance,  where  «  toinbotoiio  liiat  faH 
been  standing  in  an  open  churchyard,  exposed  to  th«  atmoephere 
for  two  luiiiim'il  and  tlitn^  yoars,  Uic  engraved  kttcis  ua  which 
are  as  plain  as  the  first  dn/  they  leA  ths  inason'ti  chisel,  aad  the 
Aufuue  of  tho  »ton»  hiis  sciinx^ly  a  truce  of  corronon  upon  it.  In 
the  town  of  CaracM'tird,  North  Cornwall,  there  was,  until  a  few 
rcare  a^o,  a  ruuf  covt^rud  with  ttiis  gniy-grocn  t<Jatv,  that  had 
men  up  for  one  hundn^I  und  litVy  rears,  and  the  slates  wera  ap- 
paronlly  quiti;  .st^>uiid  whcu  takuu  oowd.  Tho  color  of  iLc  alates 
iVom  tUe^  quarrit's  is  of  a  grayiah  ra«en,  (aintlv  appixiaching  to 
a  blue  tint.  Tlicy  produce  both  watett  aad  elab^  and  have  « 
r«ftdji'  sale  for  all  pivxliicvd. 

The  Carnarvon  q^uarries,  North  Wale9»  in  the  ndfihborhood  of 
Bangor,  have  a.  vi.^rlicaJ  vein.  It  is  loaoT  milffl  in  lenglli,  and 
variRs  both  in  quality  and  color.  The  pioduoe  is  moatly  roofing- 
dal'^  of  a  lilue  and  purple  color,  nitiinmting  in  sliade,  lighto' 
or  darker,  very-  finely  laminated,  metallic,  and  durable.  The 
princii«il  quiirries  in  Cariinrvon,  iiru: — tho  Fcnrliyn,  worked  bj 
Colonel  IVuiiant ;  the  Llanberis,  which  prodiicc  an  annual  profit 
of  £48,000,  or  $240,000.  by  Ashlon  Smith,  Esq. ;  and  the 
Royal  15an;for,  by  a  i.ond<>n  Company,  under  Mr.  Dixon.  The 
Maiitllv  Vule  quarries  arc  on  either  side  of  Nant-Mnntllc  Lakc^ 
nine  miles  from  the  ancient  town  of  Carnarvon.  Hero  there  are 
j^nM|  many  works  goin)?  on :  some  of  them  am  becoming  extcn- 
HBBwn pin V i iij;  iiiiuiy  titiudrid  Ditriilies;  a  few  are  wurkixl  by 
pnvalo  individuals,  but  nm^t  of  them  by  companies.  Those 
which  liiivi-^oi  iiil'j  lull  .■sui'iri-s.-tfiil  o)>cration,  ari>  making  annual 
profits  of  thirty  per  cent,  on  Uieir  working  capital ;  oUiers  are 
young  and  barely  pnying  crisis;  1ml,  taking  an  average.  I  slioald 
think  they  pay  annually  about  fifteen  per  cent.  The  principal 
quarrict  in  tlic  valley  am  the  olil  ami  m-w  (Jylgwyu,  under  the 
management  of  one  of  tho  direclora,  Mr,  iliiyward,  assisted  by 
Mr.  Serril,  junior;  the  Tal-y-Sarn,  by  Mr.  IJonna;  the  Uorotheai, 
by  Messrs,  Jones  and  Comijany ;  the  Tyn-y-Worfilodd,  by  a 
I/>iid<.>u  Ci^nipuny.  Mr.  .TciiKiii*",  ir^idoat  agent;  Pcn-y-Brvn, 
Mr.  IIurIks;  the  Pen-y-()rf«dfl,  pnvate  property,  under  Mr. 
John  Williams ;  .iiid  the  TvMiiur,  a  London  Compnnv.  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  John  llurn.  There  are  many  others  in  thig 
BDCtioQ  of  the  country,  but  with  tho  above  1  am  most  intimal«ly 
acquainted.  The  lai^t-named  quarry  is  one  of  a  very  unusual 
character.  The  vein  is  pood  up  to  tho  very  surfecc,  the  foot-joiiitt 
are  [)erft.-etly  straight  and  horiiK>nlal,  and  the  hemling-jointsonly 
four  to  five  feci  apart.  This  enables  the  works  to  be  prosecuted 
with  a  flin^ll  amount  of  1alx>r,  an<l  as  there  is  but  htUe  waste, 
very  large  profits  arc  the  rcjiult.  One  vein  in  the  quarry  adjoin- 
ing tlie  iMiintry,  c^Idl  the  ''Silky  Vein,"  is  so  Diicly  laminated, 
that  slates  cau  be  split  as  thin  as  a  coarse  piooe  of  popor,  « 
projwrty  I  never  sow  in  any  other  cjuarry. 


S74 


7%^  SlaU  QMTTia  f>f  VitfikonL 


The  next  Inrzc  qauriM  nre  in  Mcrion«Uisliirc,  the  adjoinuig.' 
oouniy.  In  tlie  Vale  of  Fcstinioa^  arc  some  very  largo  works  w 
one,  «JI«l  "Loixi  Pnlrocwton's  Quarry,"  wti<.>rc  ft  large  cii[rftalii 
liae  been  expended,  gives  a  fair  return.  Measrs.  Oaaaon  and 
Tomer's  quairion  are  exUinsive.  Tills  firm  have  inadc  u  luige 
fortune  bv  quarrj-inu;.  The  vein  ia  of  a  beautiful  light  blue 
color,  splits  froe.  anu  Is  vcrj  eliu<tic ;  it  dips  into  the  muunUun:! 
at  an  angle  of  fnrty-flve  degivos.  These  niiarries  cannot  be  80  ^ 
profitable  iu)  those  oeforc?  named,  for  to  follow  down  the  vein,  ai 
very  heavy  overbunlen  has  t^i  be  removed,  which  increases  av, 
the  works  proceed  in  depth.  To  remove  such  nn  inunensei 
amonnt  of  deads  Nitninies  ro  xeriouit  an  item  in  the  wurking^ 
costs,  that  eventually  the  expenses  must  over-balance  the  profitu, 
and  the  quarries  be  abandoned.  Higher  up  the  valley  are  othonu 
now  opening.  The  Cromorthin  is  one,  and  promii-vs  good  rc^j 
turns :  xonie  roofing-sIaU-it  arc  made,  but  it  is  principally  a  sla^ 
qaarry:  it  ia  owned  bv  a  London  Company,  and  Is  under  thai) 
fnamigenient  of  Mr.  Serril,  a  gentleman  who  has  recentljrt 
patented  Bonie  improved  slate-sawing  machinery.  The  shipmcot^ 
of  the  produce  from  these  quarries  is  at  Pnrt  Madoc,  aislanfc; 
thirteen  milea,  which  is  connected  by  a  railroad ;  every  fucilityj 
for  shipping  lias  lioen  made,  the  veasels  lie  perfectly  safe,  and  n 
large  trade  is  earned  on.  j 

In  the  ra\-ine,  or  mountain  gorpe,  on  tlio  caslem  slope  trf  ^ 
lofty  mountain,  called  "  Cadir  idris;"  near  Tal-llyn  laKC,  b<M 
tween  the  lowns  of  Dalgeliy  and  Mai'hynlleth,  nii'  tlie  qunrrie^ 
Abenhcvelly  and  Owywen,  the  property  of  Mr.  Howland,  an^ 
tfevsn.  Jones  and  (Company.  'Ilie  liiriner  is  a  slab  quarry,  aoJE 
i.1  very  productive  :  the  latter  produews  ro'-iliug-sUitcs  of  a  most 
cxevllent  quality;  it  has  an  oblique  vein.  An  exj»erinient  baa 
been  made  to  mine  for  the  slate,  that  is,  without  tiiking  do» 
the  top,  but  I  am  of  opinion  it  cannot  eventually  pay.  Tl 
shipping-place  ia  at  Derwcnloss.  on  the  river  Dovcy:  the  slate 
carted  uiere,  a  di>7tance  of  ten  mi!es,  ivhich  much  incroa-sea  tliflr 
cost,  but  a  railroad  is  projected,  which,  when  eonstrucled,  will 
muclt  incTCrtso  the  valne  of  the  quarriea.  There  are  otht 
opening  higher  up  the  mountain,  some  of  which  are  lookii 
v«rv  well,  Abo«it  ten  mile*  norlh-ea.'a  of  tliesi\  in  tJie  pariidi  ■ 
Mallyrod,  near  Dinas  Mowddy  on  the  side  of  Moel,  IHnaa  moa 
tun,  are  throe  slab  quarries.  They  iin?  are  nf  a  eonrse-iialunj 
stone,  but  are  very  large,  strong,  and  durable;  the  color  is 
light  blue.  At  preiwnt  ihey  arc  siwpcndcti,  the  cost  of  tran; 
bangtooexponsive  to  enable  them  to  be  wrought  ata  rcmunei 
tivc  pRifit,  Of  the  Wwlmoreland  qimrrios  I  know  but  litll 
The  slate  ia  green,  coarse,  and  very  heavy:  it  was  former! 
much  used  in  the  midliiml  couniii.5*,  V>ut  at  the  pivsanil  tii 
Welah  slate  has  the  precedence.  In  Ii-eland  there  arc  a 
qoanics;  X  am  only  acquainted  with  two  of  them — the 


baa 

% 


fe^ 


Vert»oiU  SltUe  Qtiarritt. 


3T& 


quarry,  in  Watcrford,  aod  KUpatrick  quarry,  in  Tipponiy. 
Tlie  sUtes  (n»n  iliu  former  wero  quite  ofumf  to  'Weliili ;  both 
votka  are  now  stopped,  nothing  seems  to  fiooriab,  however  good, 
in  this  bcauiijW,  itiuugh  ill-(at«(]  countiy. 

TERMOKT  SL\TE  QL'ARBtKS. 

Thiiji  far  have  I  fll(etchi.'tl  the  history  of  the  English  sUte 
qiurrying  trade.  Thero  may  prnbably  be  some  errors  8S  to 
dMbes,  tile,  which  mtut  be  vxvuscd,  as  I  have  no  notes  to  nsdst 
my  memory.  I  will  novr  enter  into  a  brief  de»cri))tton  of  tlio 
American  quamcA  in  Ycrmont,  the  details  of  which  must  be 
tieferred  until  1  can  liave  lime  to  iimke  myself  more  generally 
aoquftiotcd  with  them. 

About  iwehe  iniiea  from  Rutland,  in  the  tovnuhip  of  Poul- 
teoey,  is  eituatc-d  the  Kii^lc  Slate  IJuarry,  the  property  of  Mcsars. 
Holluis  &  Co.,  of  New  York.  It  luis  Iwcii  opened  m  a  valley  about 
ibe  ocnire  of  a  most  splendid  vein  which  is  dippii^  70  nortb- 
ewt,  at  an  angle  of  about  13'''  with  the  horizon.  The  width  of 
tlM  vein  has  not  as  yet  been  ascertiined,  but  I  have  traced  it 
over  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  It  !>;  of  great  magnitude,  and  run^ 
many  muea  in  length  visible  at  the  surface  ;  it-<  straliiication  is 
very  rt-f^tilar,  and  tho  stone  is  of  a  fine  quality,  even  up  to  the 
v«ry  surface.  The  coh)r  is  gn-^^n,  purple  and  blue  alternating; 
not  by  gradation,  ns  in  some  of  the  Welsh  quarries,  but  witli  the 
nereral  bodi^  It  yplibi  well  and  makes  largc-uzed  slates,  which 
are  parallel  in  their  cleavage,  straight,  not  contorted  or  wind- 
ing, full  of  mclal,  and  ncsirly  free  Som  spota  They  are  quite 
equal  to  the  generality  of  Welsh  alat«s,  and,  I  am  of  opinion,  m 
durable.  As  a  matter  of  eourie,  at  so  shallow  a  depth,  they  can- 
not 1x1  expected  to  have  arrivifl  at  a  state  of  perfix»ioii,  for  date, 
like  mineral  vcina,  incre,<wic  in  quality  as  they  increase  in  depth. 
It  is  a  well  aitlhenticatiHl  TiK-t  t)i:tt  the  greater  wvight  there  ts  on 
a  bed  of  pure  slate,  so  is  its  propertied  and  value  increased. 
Thill  quarry  wiw  eoniinf^'nced  about  the  middle  of  la«t  summer, 
and  slates  were  made  from  even  the  surGuMt  rock,  il  is  at  present 
about  twenlyfive  fwt  deep.  At  the  dip  side  of  the  quarry,  at 
which  point  tlie  slate  is  of  a  most  excelleut  quality,  there  has 

:  BCToral  hundred  tons  of  roodng  elates  made,  which  have 
fiiTOrably  received  in  the  Bo«tuu  and  New  York  murkcta^ 

extensive  ordere  arc  now  on  hand.  The  works  are  lookiiw 
very  well,  Tlwre  arw  at  pR-scnt  about  fifty  men  employed,  anu, 
from  the  nature  of  the  slone,  if  ihe  works  are  projxsrly  conducted, 
they  will  prove  very  profitable  to  the  proprietors.  I  am  informed 
it  is  iheir  intention  to  opea  the  quarry  on  a  much  lat)^  scale 
in  tlic  ensuing  spring,  and  set  on  one  hundred  extra  nun. 
Some  of  the  stone  eomes  up  large,  a  pjoJ  deal  of  wiiich  is  top 
rock,  and  ahhou^h  but  little  used  for  roofing  slate,  would  make 
excellent  slab,    'lliC  prc«ent  mode  of  working  is  by  the  common 


wa 


Wett  Cattle  Ion  ^HarriM, 


derrick,  a  macliine  veir  ofleful  for  working  a  small  pit,  bi 
totally  unfit  to  in^ct  tlic  waiibi  of  a  i^liiti-  qiianr,  wlii^re 
apeoflj-  remnvftl  of  iho  alate  rock,  and  waste,  aii(I  deads,  is 
nutter  of  sorious  importance  to  tlio  wtcct'saful  pixw.-ciilion  of  tl 
works.  Like  nil  oUier  ^ouiig  works  of  the  kind,  they  hm 
difficulties  to  contend  witli,  and  thoBc  aro  au2wicntc4  tliroufi 
the  absence  of  pnietiiMl  fixju^ricnoo ;  nevertlu>fe."8,  in  n  qoi 
where  there  is  sncli  an  abundance  of  aoo<i  iTorking  rock,  wii 
BOarccly  any  overburden  lo  remove,  ana  very  lit  lie  waflle  in 
fltouo,  iho  undertaking  eannot  very  well  fail  of  bcinj(  a  suec 
one.  1  am  told  that  iIk*  work*  have  iilrwidy  made  snflie 
profit  to  enable  iln>  pi-oprietors  to  declare  a  dividend  of  ten 
cent,  on  the  eight  months  work.  Tiiis  orrlmnly  is  as  mnch 
any  shareholder  witld  rea.sonnbly  desire,  and  argues  well  far  i 
future ;  in  fact  very  few  works  ovlt  do  so  much  as  thi*.  Sbo« 
the  owiiPrs  nwjlve  to  open  the  quarr}'  largo  €nongh  to  empk 
five  hundred  men,  erect  the  necessary  machinery,  and  jilacc  tb 
workings  under  a  proper  system  of  management,  I  have  not  i " 
least  doubt  hut  that  a  yearly  diiidcnd  of  25  per  eetit.  on 
working  capital  would  if  niilized. 

TOE  IIVDEVdXE  QLABRY, 
Working  by  ft  New  York  connwny,  ts  »ituitled  in  the    . 
^p  of  Castlcton,  on  the  ed^e  of  tliat  charmiiic  piece  of  wat 
known  as  Bombazine  Lake,    llie  quarrv  i.*  bciiniifully  loca 
for  working ;  the  drivings  are  with  Ine  side  of  a  hilt,  and  aU 
tip  can  be  run  into  the  water,  thus  keeping  the  vein  clear 
rubble  by  mean."*  of  a  train  road,  although  I  saw  no  Hiich  i , 
pcn<lagc  licre.     There  «wm»,  at  nesrly  all  the  quarries  I  bai 
visited  in  this  country,  a  determined  predilection  for  lionw  or  > 
power — a  process  nuiny  yeare  e.\tinct  in  Knchuid  and  "Wales, 
being  found  by  our  forefatliers  to  !>e  exccetlingly  tediwts.  sloi 
and  expensive.     There  is  a  considerable  ivip  of  sparri,'  waate  < 
the  outcrop,  hul  Iielow  the  vein  is  of  goo<i  qimliiy  unci  of  a  vcr 
pleasing  color.     The  slate  is  somewhat  thick  at  present, 
upliln  rather  rough,  but  ihia  defect  will  wear  out  in  depth. 
was  somewhat  surprised  tlie^y  should  have  made,  fksn  an  i 
cropping  vein,  cx[<<)Hed  with  ils  Dank  to  the  surface,  any  idatc  i 
all  fit  for  the  marlcet,  at  so  shallow  a  working,  although  a  I 
quantity  of  second  quality  jdah  might  have  been  rt-lnruwj. 
proprietors  may  consider  theni.«clves  very  fortunate,  and  it  _ 
to  prove  the  vein  uuisl  be  a  gtxtd  one.     The  quaixy  rvquirra 
be  sunk  below  water  level ;  if  it  is  done,  there  is  every  n-t 
to  anticipate  tlio  works  will  arutume  a  pix>fitable  chiirscter.     i| 
quantity  there  ia  enough  rook  to  employ  a  thousand  nteu  for . 
many  yeara 

WEST  CAffTLETOS   QCAHRtGl, 

Iiocally  called  the  Screw-drivers,  are  worked  by  s 


The  .*Cft>fcA  Rill  QaarritM. 


an 


compaor.  They  arc  aimalcd  at  ihe  head  of  the  same  lake,  down 
whiwh  llii'ir  prcxlnw-.^  is  traiisniitted  hy  bouts.  The  qiwurics  arc 
the  most  exlensivp  I  hav*;  seon :  Un^y  wtisist  of  three  or  four  open- 
mgj).  Th«  first  is  a  slrttc  (juarry,  althotigh  not  essentially  a  rock 
slate ;  it  U  of  a  light  pitik  color,  and  coinns  away  in  lurgc  hloctc«. 
I  saw  w>mo  slahs  one  and  a  guartPT  inch  thick,  split  to  eighteen 
fret  in  length  virry  true  aiia  cU-iin.  In  the  i[uarTy  wer«  wnie 
Mocka  that  woiild  make  from  ihirtv  to  tbrty-livo  feet  superlicial 
in  a  »\vA\  They  are  uiso  of  a  ifood  wiilth  lo  imike  .-'labs  in  tlieir 
pmpiT  proportion.  I  t>hould  think  ihoy  wonM  work  wi;ll  under 
tlic  pl.nin." ;  aii'l,  fr'>iii  the  aV-soiico  of  wivt^T  sjjlitK,  I  have  rcueoi) 
to  think  they  will  stind  ihe  wefither  very  well,  Tliere  was  so 
mnch  suow  oo  the  CToniid.  and  it  being  very  slippirrv,  I  could 
not  very  well  ascend  the  rock  to  examine  t£e  line  of"  heading- 
joints,  bnt  from  the  ap|}caraiitc  of  the  blocks  lying  loose,  I 
should  think  tiicy  were  at  a  working  distance  aparL  If  tliey  do 
not  cxc*M;d  u.-ti  or  twi-lve  feut,  then  Uiis  qnany  will  some  ilay  be 
oi>e  of  great  value,  as  Uic  slkiue  is  denser  line  in  grain,  and  suffi- 
cieutly  laminated  to  ndmit  of  bcijig  split  into  any  kind  of  alt^ 
'Fliers;  is  nn  n~giil;>r  slab- quarrying  niachin<?rr  on  tlio  works,  but 

a<i  sawing  mill  baa  been  erected  where  blocks  arc  cut  for  the 
of  making  school  tAiAiv,    The  upper  quaniei)  nrc  for 

Sng  slattrs  «"d  they  have  eortainly  a  fine  vein  to  work  upon. 
A  very  mo-lerale  amount  of  capital  would  PufTiec  to  place  tuoso 
works  in  a  good  and  piutltablo  »tiile. 

HUGUKS'  urAKRT — 

So  called— b  r  small  opening  made  on  the  edge  of  a  small 
lake  abtive  the  Wert  Castleton  quarries.  It  is  sunk  already  below 
the  water  level.  The  slates  are  of  cxwllent  quality,  being  true, 
]Muallel,  free  from  spf)ti,  full  of  metal  and  of  a  most  lit-iuiliful 
color.  The  rock  tM)sse-«<ies  all  the  requisitcji  fi)r  making  the  best 
kind  of  riwfing  slates.  The  qiiarry  was  full  of  wftt<>r,  therefore 
1  could  not  form  any  judgment  of  the  nature  of  the  vein  below, 
A  whim  is  ere.ct»-d  and  a  tram-road  run  down  on  an  incline  into 
the  quarry.  This  is  the  firat  quarry  I  liad  seen  that  had  any 
tiling  like  a  workmanlike  ap[r<^araitce  about  it;  and  althoughl 
did  not  sea  tlic  mauager,  I  rather  guoss  he  bns  been  in  data 
quarries  bi:foro  ho  came  to  Castleton.  There  is  a  differcnoc  in 
the  appearance  of  this  alatc  from  that  which  is  worked  abovo 
water,  and  I  am  of  opinion  that  eventn:d1y  all  the  In-et  part  of 
the  vein  in  this  run  will  bo  foun<l  Ih-Iow  the  bed  of  the  lake. 
Next  to  tlic  ^liite  from  tlie  Eagle  Quarry  tins  is  the  best  I  bavo 
ii>und  in  tlio  district.  The  quarry  is  f>eing  worked,  I  am  in> 
formed,  by  a  private  individual. 

TitK  sccmm  nii.L  ijrAiiBiES. 
Here  an*  a  string  of  five  or  six  qu.irrio8  close  togetJier.   They 
art;  worked  on  the  side  of  a  hill  on  ihc  outcrop  of  the  vein,  or, 


27a 


1^«  Arte  Ptnrhyn  Qvany,  or  Qtmrry  Sett. 


AS  it  is  culled  Uicrc,  the  lolge.  Tliojr  all  pottcw  excelleot 
voiking  sdvantagett,  tliere  lieiug  n  volley  to  talte  all  the  refuse, 
and  the  tip  may  w  almost  close  to  the  qnarrius.  They  WB 
cnrned  hy  various  partiet<,  but  rU  are  working  on  a  very  limited 
tmUx.  lapprchcnu  it  is  irom  the  wont  of  capital  they  wik  oot 
WOK  extensively  c^ncd,  Tor  there  i»  an  abuooance  of  fine  rock, 
and  very  easy  to  he  obtaiaed ;  the  OTcrborden  is  trifliog.  "Hi© 
vein  liea  at  an  ansle  of  twenty  degrees  and  prodooee  green, 
puiple,  and  blue  slates,  of  a  very  line  quality,  I  lawr  no  «lah 
roaae,  aUhnugli  there  was  plenty  of  eiirve  rock  (it  for  ihe  pur- 
pose. Some  of  the  quarries  are' more  than  twenty  feet  in  depth 
m  the  hi!l :  they  arc  all  wurkud  on  a  level ;  iwme  have  a  tram-, 
road,  but  KcnerallT  horse  and  cart  jiower  seems  the  favorite  way 
of  takinj^  away  tue  rubbish  imd  rock.  From  the  very  smoU 
quantity  of  stock  on  hand  I  should  think  the  quarrymeii  find  a 
ready  sale  for  all  the  slates  their  quarries  produoL*. 

boot's  quakby. 
This  quarry  is  close  to  tJio  railway  in  Poidieney,  and  is  dko 
property  of  Mewn«,  Hoot  and  Compaiiv,  a  local  tlriii.     lliere  it 
teic  some  most  excellent  slate,  as  well  as  blocks  for  working.] 
slab,  Thcv  are  yet  shallow,  but  the  quany  looks  very  promising,  * 
Here  we  tlnd  some  geological  phenomena  that  are  interestinK, 
aad  which  will  nmve  tho  wubjeL-l  matter  of  an  article  expressly 
devoted  to  the  slate  formation  and  other  secondary  rocks  of  the 
same  Mcriey.  as  <lirL-(;tly  or  otherwise  bearing  upon  slate  veins  or ' 
quarries,  and  whii'h  sjiaiii^  will  not  admit  of  at  Uiis  time.     The 
wcsks  arc  let  by  contract  to  some  Welsh  quarrymen,  at  a  price 
per  tJioiL'uind  wliich,  ailer  j)aying  thom»«lvt'».  the  opening  008t,j 
the  wear  and  tear  of  machincrv,  interest  of  capital,  etc..  leaves  to! 
the  proprietors,  T  nm  told,  sonietbing  like  a  net  profit  of  Ihirtjrj 
percent,  on  the  capital. 

THE  NEW   rEXRHTX  QrARBT,  OR  QUABBy  SETT. 
Adjoining  Messrs.  Hoot's  quarry  is  an  estate  of  about  ono . 
liundrcd  acres  that  has  been  recently  pnrehased  by  some  gentle-' 
men  in  New  York,  for  the  purpfwc  of  opening  a  quarry  on  an 
extensive  scale.     It  is  proposed  to  have  it  bear  the  significant 
mpellation  of  Pen  rhy  n,  aDtr  the  monarch  tjuarry  of  North  Wales. 
I  nope  ii  will  be  half  as  .lucceaa^il  as  that  to  ils  promott^rs.    I  ant 
informed  by  one  of  the  interested  parties  that,  in  the  spring  of  | 
the  year,  a  company  is  to  be  organi7.t*d  with  a  "  real  capital" 
commensurate  with  the  requirements  of  the  undertalcing,  that  the 
works  arc  to  be  carried  out  on  the  most  .-wienlific  and  improved 
systMn  of  modem   English  quarrying;   every  description  of 
machincrv  usdVil  to  such  a  work  w  to  \k  providi-d,  and,  con* 
astCDt  with  economy,  no  amount  of  money  is  to  be  spared  to 
render  ihc  undertaking  not  only  one  of  the'largot,  but  the  best  > 
tn  North  America.    This  is  toe  premier  ROd  only  true  way  in 


7VU  JV«w  P*»rhfn  QutoTg,  or  Quarry  StU, 


STB 


vbich  qajmryiiig  should  be  carried  out,  nod  if  it  sliould  be  oon- 
dacted  ad  proposed,  capitalirts  may  embark  ia  such  an  otitcrpriae 
with  advontaffe,  or  those  who  hitvc  money  to  ffparv  nifty  invest 
it  with  a  perfect  dcf;n»c  of  safety,  for  I  am  positively  certain 
then  is  do  kind  of  property  which  eenenUly  admiw  of  paying  ao 
laurgie  a  bona  fide  profit  as  wdl-conauctcd  elate  qtianies.  Tmre 
arc  two  or  tlirw  olher  (luiimps  in  thin  section  of  country,  whicl) 
I  had  not  lime  to  visit.  They  are  the  Aliens  Qimirj-  at  Fair- 
bavcn,  and  tlm  Qraoville  Quarries  in  New  York  State,  Iwlh 
vork^  by  private  firms.  They  are  well  spoken  of,  ajid,  like  all 
tho  otlierH,  eonunaad  greater  orders  for  their  produce  than  they 
oaa  supply. 

ShUu  qiuurying  may  l>e  wiid  to  be  a  very  simple  and  e*8y 
bwineas.  So  it  ta,  in  the  hands  of  tboee  who  understand  it ;  for, 
like  the  lancet  in  the  hamlt  of  the  siir;geoi>,  the  mallet  in  the 
maacHi'B,  the  pick  and  gad  to  tho  miner,  or  the  helm  to  the 
marisin',  «o  is  aquiury  in  the  hands  of  a  quarr^-miui :  every  man 
to  his  trade.  If  ve  were  to  make  an  analyas  of  the  ^iluree 
oommoD  to  works  of  this  or  a  similar  kind,  we  should  find  more 
thui  one  half  of  them  atlributable  to  peraona  dabbling  in  things 
tbey  do  not  undcratand. 

"Advice  gratis  haa  no  weight,"  ia  a  .laying  in  England.  Nover^ 
tbelces,  as  I  am  now  upon  the  subject,  I  must  for  uncc  votuntoer, 
and  my  advice  to  companies  or  pri%-ate  individuals  about  to 
cmWk  in  .loch  undertakings  aa  mines  or  quarries  is,  on  the 
most  reliable  data,  lint  to  ivttimutv  the  cost  of  the  proposed 
works,  to  lay  down  a  systematic  plan  of  operationa,  to  provide 
twcuty-iive  per  cent,  more  Ci\pit(d  than  is  supposed  to  be 
wanted,  to  mtru-st  the  works  to  none  but  the  most  ezperi- 
CDccd  monagenv  and  to  sec  the  end  of  the  works  bcforo  they 
oonimenoa  By  adopting  these  ample  nilea  a  great  deu 
of  care,  anxiety,  tiuublc,  and  probably  ultimate  loss,  may  be 
AVoideo. 

In  the  Gngli^  trade,  slates  are  sold  by  the  thouBaud  of  1,200 
slates,  and  at  the  quarries  (M>  alkten  extra  are  allowed  by  tbe 
quarryman  to  the  merchant  to  cover  breakage.  The  American 
system,  h»  far  «.-<  I  have  set^n,  is  to  sell  liy  llie  squau!  of  100  feet ; 
tots  is  a  slater's  business,  not  a  quarr^'man's.  I  consider  it  a 
very  bad  plan  for  the  quarrie.-*  to  adopt  such  a  system,  it  lea%-es  a 
gap  open  for  nnfoir  dealing.  ITio  number  of  slates  required  to 
cover  a  square  of  roofing  is  aeeonliug  to  the  ^uge  or  lap  of  the 
slate  one  over  the  other;  some  slates  would  be  oetter  with  one 
aod  a  half  inch  dead  lap  than  others  with  three  inches^  '^g<un, 
a  roof  covered  with  Duchess  slato,  viz.,  24  by  12,  is  worth  20  pet 
cent,  more  in  v.ituw  than  one  t'ovcn.-'l  witii  Doubles,  viz.,  14  by  7. 
A^iii,  ftUtes  should  be  claA.-Tilit;d  into  three  kinds — best,  seconds, 
am  inferiors.  A  square  of  inferior  slates  will  take  n  prtat  many 
mwe  in  number  than  a  square  of  best  slates — the  one,  being  tru  •, 
.    Vol.  11^19 


280 


n<  Sl<»t»  Qmtrrift  a/  Vtrmont. 


cah  be  laid  on  with  scarcely  any  bivAknge,  while  ihc  other  b«ag 
windinR,  {.Tookod,  rough,  unajaal,  and  often  Btripy  and  knotty, 
will  iiol  bed  solid,  c6iiw<iuoutly  there  is  ft  great  wa«t«  frwn 
brcakace.  I  do  not  think  the  slaters  tliemselvca  approve  of  the 
modv  we  qiuu-tT  ownem  have  adopUKl  for  ttelling  sl3t«.  It  has 
been  mtroduoed,  I  apprehend,  in  ooneequenoe  of  rooft  being 
covurcd  willi  tin,  whica  i«  known  by  ovx-ry  body,  at  a  fixod 
pri«» — pood,  bad,  or  indiffewjit — so  that  it  'is  at  no  inaeh  per 
square  the  public  nre  siitisficd.  SlaloM  ehovld  be  SKild  from  the 
quarries  by  the  thousand,  either  net  or  long  tnle,  and  the  price 
ref^latcd  by  the  qoalitv.  The  following  tabic  will  giro  an 
ai^I^roximate  estimate  of  the  superficial  area  covered  by  1,200 
slates  of  dilTcrent  dimensions,  allowing  the  ordinarv  gauge,  also 
the  usual  weight,  and  last  year's  prieea.  Those  of  our  reodeis 
unaocustomcd  to  the  slalc  trade  may  fc*:'!  an  inclination  to  smile 
At  tlio  ariiitocratic  oamcs  ^ven  the  diffeinent  sizes  of  slate,  but 
they  ara  very  andent  appellations,  and.  for  want  of  better,  are 
Btill  universally  u«ed  in  the  Bnglish  slate  Irode:— 


riuen  LOT  at  tiie  iivaiuuo. 


DoBrtiitkia. 


Kaff  ■  - 
Omim.  . 
PriiKV«scs  . 
Duehc»ivii  . 

CoiUtlMMM  . 

ViscountDca 
LkdicN  . 
DotiblcH 
SingtM .      . 
tMon  SlilM 


ISeutl 


Nmnbw 
pa 


1,2(10 


A- 

avtrago 
320 


Siu. 


36X18 

31x10 

2Sxl4 

24X12 

22x11 

20X10 

18X9 

IflXS 

1*XT 

ISXfi 

ISX8 

10X71 

Tuioiu 


will  (DTM 
IB 

Bmiflnt. 


24  Kiuarw 

19i  " 

HJ  " 

U  " 

0  " 

7i  " 

ftl  •■ 

4i  *' 

SI  '■ 

U  " 

»  " 

u  ■* 


w«Kbi 

paf  unof 


3U 
61 
G 

H 
S 

li 
U 
1» 

lA 

» 

U 


Enclhk 

prlM. 


*  "Hie  pricM  here  quoted  for  Antiricnn  Kktn  Rrc  nvliiivY)  (Von  tialen'  trade 
liats  in  New  York  uid  Itoston,  nUk-h  linia  imludp  ihc  CRrHiig*,  whuftfc,  tU. 
I  hits  ftdjusUd  them  to  llicir  reegiLclire  talucB  st  Ui«  quurf,  at  what  T  efln- 
dder  a  kr  viluiitioii. 

f  Bou^  *U(M,  cut  bir  on  ihrcc  v^ide*,  miulo  (Vom  icuite  rock,  nudi  vtti 
laStMlwd. 

I  SmnU  poeoe*  made  from  tho  trimming  of  sinte,  not  drnaw),  naod  {a 
Omwsll. 

f  Co«no  sbto  from  two  to  (Ive  fi^rt  long.  vuiouN  width*,  ncl  dttwtit 
TTicy  «rp  vofy  Klranr,  nnil  hftvr  Ihc  ailvnnljipoof  nol  rfjuiringany  battaiMun 
the  roof;  if  b«dd«l  U>  iDunnr  tliov  ln^l>r^  an  cxctllont  covcrbg ;  in  iMod  to  a 
WJ  grwal  «xtonl  in  tii«  Wmi  of 'Rugland. 


TV  SiaU  QuarrUt  o/*  VcrmiML 


m 


%>. 


tLAB  nucK  AT  Tne  qujkiiT — atikais  noBL 

EiCllibwiBN  r«  too 

A        A  £   $.    d. 

1  to.  thldc  Kiugh       .       .    3    to  Sf 

8 

4 


fool 


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Pttning  tlabfl  dn  one  Aice    . 
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Sab*  roueb  andcd    . 
"    ndibed  clom  tod  pdi^eO 


a 


to  4 

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a 
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8 


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usr  or  HiNvr^cn'Riit  Aimcun  n  futa  Kum 

tn«l)rii. 


i  i.  A 

(Uom,  wiy  diw,    ■        .        .    p«r  foot  n|Kr,  .019 

Siaks  tnppod  iritb  hnMgniU*  "  .  .010 

fltutvMMM,  pil«nt,  mdjr  for  flxing       "  .  ,010 

PonnifatiMi  eoT«n  "  ,  .    0    0    14 

SbMt  pAving  pluicd  Atit  of  whide        "  .  .    0    0    Si 

QMrdai  c^np^  per  100  fbet  ran  ,  ,040 

Wiiid««^lii,TOu^h,  34X0,  per  foot  ran  .  .008 

"         "    pUood  Knd  thn)i»4    "  .008 

011111007  picMii,  plrun  mantle  uui  JimbK,  taeh  .    0    £    0 

"  "      plun  bgxed,  with  niue  inch  muitio  .    0  10    fi 

"      nioulJed  piluUn       .  .  .    0  Ifl    8 

CUmntT  flip%  Mr  nt  .  .030 

Coptnc*.  pkncd  »ni  throated,  Z4  x  14,  por  foot  niD  .000 

Hip  and  nSgt  roUs,  patent  .    0    1     O 

Drain  boUem*  and  fOTora  I!  inchca  wide         .  .001} 

BffliiTia  trap*,  each  .070 

~^teK,  acconliiijc  to  biiv,  fiam  .  .  .     0  IT     0 

I  huniliwil  niKl  fifty  tvtl  of  onc-iocli  stab  U  usaalt;  estimated  as  a 
teubie  foot  of  Rood  tiato  wHi  n-Ngk  lllS  lbs. 

The  bI)oi-«  arliclM  are  nianufactand  at  the  quarrica,  for  the 
btMbion,  aod  Mid  wholcaalc. 


aoitdeu. 

to  M 
0  M 
0  80 


OS 
10 
60 
10 
18 

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«  00 
1  00 
0» 
0  80 
005 
3  00 
TOO 

ton. 

bailding 


Such  U  a  general  outline  of  the  state  q^oarried  and  th«  slate 
trade.  The  Hmretki  mo(l«<  of  working  qunmcs — rs  kBowa  by  tho 
Gear  Cima  system,  the  Pcrpendioulnr  Jafi^  the  Wnter  Balnnoe, 
the  Iiiclinci  Plunc.  nnd  the  Crc»L-cnt  Form — I  ehoU  treat  on 
in  some  future  chapter  devoted  expremly  to  the  subject. 
Qoorrying  in»cbiiuTy,  in  it«  vnriois  fonns  and  auplicntions,  wiH 
also  form  another  aniole.  llul,  for  the  [ii'e»ent,  I  niUBt  conolude 
by  informing  the  reader,  that  t«ctityfivc  years'  experience  la 
mines  and  quarriea,  and  some  nf  them  under  every  conceivable 
difflcuHy,  has  titught  me  at  lcu£t  one  very  Lmportnat  &ct — that 
quarries,  however  promising  lliev  may  appear  at  surface,  or| 
oroa  when  partially  o])enc<I,  seldom  realize  wlmt  mining  en- 
gineers make  of  tnem  on  pa]>er ;  as  «  member  of  t)mt  oody 

lelf,  loy  sentimcnto  may  perhaps  appcir  Eomcwhat  inooii* 


282 


Tht  BritUk  Gold  FUldt. 


groous,  but  wbat  I  n-iah  to  infer  is,  that  often,  in  maldiig  aa 
eBtimate  of  expenditure  and  rtrtumii,  casiialtii's  ure  nut  taken  inf" 
ftocount.  It  i»  not  a  vt^ry  difTlcuU  mntt«r  to  calculate  what 
will  cost  to  raise  a  hundred  yarda  of  slaU:  rock  from  a  hundred 
fiset  in  depth ;  but  to  tell  the  number  of  tons  of  state  fit  for 
market  that  will  be  produced  from  that  hundred  jardi;  of  i 
is  quite  another  tliia^.  The  more  piactionl  information  in  c 
wotla  a  pereoo  by  expeiienoe  obtains,  so  much  the  more  do«8 
know  he  has  got  to  learn.  Well-oonductgd  quarries  are  worki 
by  bargains— eontracta  to  gangs  of  men.  If  you  look  over 
cost  sheets,  you  will  find  the  labor  ai',oount  gives  on  a  g 
vein  a  profit  of  over  cent  per  cent. ;  yet  the  manager  finds  . 
grenUtft  difilculty  in  maiiitjiinin^  a  regular  annoal  twenty-fi' 
per  cent,  dividend.  Whcro  the  discrepancy  exists  can  very  « 
be  i>hown  if  we  go  inl<i  the  minutiie  of  a  mine  or  (loarry.  & 
however,  is  inadmisHiblo  in  this  article.  Quarries,  to 
profilable,  niuHi  be  wroueht  on  a  larue  scale,  and  consequeai 
are  only  suitable  for  public  eompanios,  where  a  lar^ge  amoi 
of  capitjd  can  be  rai.ie<l  with  convenience.  The  nsk  is  tin 
borne  by  a  number  of  persons,  and  shotdd  any  delay  OOeor  IB 
making  profiu*,  or  the  undertaking  terminate  ansnccearoiUy,  tbe 
loBB  is  not  iimtvriiilly  felt  by  any  single  individual.  I  tberefore 
do  most  earnestly  advise  those  who  are  sanguine  eooagli  to 
expect  to  make  h  fc^rtunc  out  of  a  qnany  or  uune,  witli  a  small 
capital,  to  pause  and  well  oonsider  the  end  before  they  go 
&r  to  return,  fur  it  ia  nine  chances  out  of  ten  but  the  reward 
theii  labors  will  be  disappotatment  and  loss. 


eaaiu 


An.  TIL— THE  BRmSH  GOLD  FIELDS. 

That  gold  has  been  found  in  England  from  a  veiy  early  period, 
is  a  fact  well  known ;  but  that  there  should  exist,  at  the  preseal— 
time  in  that  country,  an  excitement  akin  to  those  produced  bdB 
the  discoveries  of  gold  in  Au.nraliaand  California,  and  sc«Toe]|^| 
less  intense,  created  by  recent  developments,  is  surprising  wi^H 
nov'jl.     Knfjlish  minent,and  Kngli^hminingJouiDals,  mu-nlooK^ 
well  after  U»e  reverence  winch  experience  and  success  has  at- 
taohed  to  them  in  llie  eye  of  the  publie,  or  mcb  duiooveries  at 
SDch  a  late  hour  will  tarnish  tlieir  laurels.     With  us,  the  subject 
is  one  of  interest,  not  only  in  so  Ihr  aa  relates  to  the  fact  itftel^f 
but  more  particularly  as  the  investigation  of  it  gives  good  promis^B 
of  fumi.<)binK  many  valuable  bints  relating  to  the  united  efforts 
of  capital,  skill,  and  Inlxir,  in  obtaining  the  gold. 

It  is  onlr  within  a  year  and  a  htit,  that  public  attention 
been  turned  to  the  investigation  of  the  extent  nl  which  gold  < 
'Med  in  England.     At  that  tune,  the  first  modern  company 


Tht  BrilUh  &old  FUm. ' 


'  a  sold  mine  at  Itame — the  BritAoniA — wu)  MtablUhed, 
wd  in  OctoDCT,  1852,  six  tons  of  gosEan  were  forwarded  to  London 

rirtiottfl  of  vrhicli,  wbei»  nsayeii,  pro<iuei:;<J  au  avenge  yield 
promscd  handsome  rciuros.  At  this  period  the  PoItimOTO 
Oo[n])aiiy  appeared  in  the  lleld,  and  ml  about  the  latik  of  bringing 
the  question  whether  English  aurifcroufi  ores  afforded  adequate 

SofilA  to  a  convincing  t£sL  A  caigo  of  flftjr  tons  wax  aent  to  SL 
elcus,  in  Lancashire,  to  bo  reduced  in  a  reverbeiatoiy  furnace. 
Thereeult  waaa  vicldof  loz.  7dwt».  (d'goldpertODcrf'red  got* 
«an.  ThiK  wax  followed  up  by  GxpchmcntsooaimgbtofsoTonty- 
two  tons,  and  finally  by  others — the  total  amount  t6»tcd  having 
bc«n  upwards  of  one  Itundred  and  eighty  tonn.  Some  time 
before  the  formation  of  the  Britannia  and  Poltimore  oom- 
ponie*,  tlie  gooloetcid  probability  of  Britiith  ^Id  Q/AAb  had  en- 
gaged the  attention  and  study  of  an  expeneaoed  Australian 
ttxplorer,  Ifr.  John  Calvert,  between  whom  and  the  proniotcn 
of  tbeao  undcrta^aga  nothing  of  coocen  or  mutual  understand- 
ing existwl^  fiicl  worlbyof  obwrvalion:  and  when  tbi<gi:nt3©- 
man  proceeded  to  ihc  practical  prosecution  of  his  researches,  bo 
lounii,  beaidvj*  hi.-<  own  imi>i>rtAtil  diHooveries,  two  KiiKli-"*!'  gold 
mines  considerably  advanecd  in  their  preparations  and  works  to 
affurd  tangible  confirmation  of  his  view*.  Tlie  result  of  hi> 
investigations  was  laid  before  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vanoem«nt  of  Science,  at  Hull,  an'l  \\a»  sinoo  be«a  publtfihed  ia 
an  octavo  volame  on  the  Gi)td  Rnxka  of  Qrtat  liritatn  and  Ireland, 
and  he  may  be  siud  to  be  the  originator  of  the  movement  now 
HO  veneral,  and  which  has  been  so  madi  aaustcd  and  promoted 
by  Bcrdan's  cnuhiiLg  and  amalgamating  maohine. 

Mr.  Calvert  imagined  t^t  gold  would  be  foand  in  most  of 
the  roeka  of  En^and,  in  coniiequenoe  of  their  similarity  of 
atructore  and  position  to  the  rocks  of  Australia,  and  says  that 
wbon  he  first  engaged  in  lii»  inquiries  in  England,  ho  found 
nearir  every  one  against  him,  and  littlo  to  encourage  him. 

'riie  work  of  Mr.  <'aU'erl  we  liave  not  seen,  but  from  ex- 
traotB  and  notii^cs  of  the  English  press,  we  arc  extensively  in- 
formed of  its  oontents.  In  regard  to  the  a-tsociatton  of  gold 
with  eoppcr  and  iron,  which  arc  the  two  great  mineral  prodao> 
tiouM  01  England,  he  uhow.*,  that  in  former  centuries  it  vas.  found 
in  the  copper  wrought  from  tlie  mines :  he  (nvea  a  list  of  mines 
in  which  tt  is  uiii^ueaiionably  to  be  found  in  combination  with 
oopper,  asserting,  "  lliat  so  far  us  the  evi<lenoc  of  practical  men 
goce,  a  great  deal  of  oopper  is  produced  and  sent  into  consump- 
tioD,  containing  gold  1ar}^Iy."  He  also  staloi,  that  "  copper,  in 
it<  original  direction,  is  not  a  favorable  medium  for  gold,  hut 
sometimes  becomes  so  in  its  Kubscsjucnt  deviation.  Qold  may  be 
cxtraclod  from  certain  copper  ores  vcrj-  pnifltably." 

With  rej[Kc1  to  the  presence  of  gold  in  combination  with 
iron,  hi-H  obAcrvations  and  ^  testimony  are  very  distinct    XLa 


Wt  71^  Briiiik  Gold  KMt.  ^^H 

statee  that  be  had  axami&od  nearly  two  boBdrcd  spcoimms  oA^| 
the  Bulphuret  of  iron  from  (lilTc'rvtii  locsliiioA,  and  fixind  tliatb;^^| 
&r  the  greater  part  4»ntaiitcd  gold,  varj'ing  of  course*  conatdcr^H 
ablv  in  quaatity.     In  an  appi'Ddix,  he  giv«<  A  Ibrt  of  ore»,  itt^| 
which  gold  was  not  visible  bj  tlie  microscojK',  but  which,  trhei^H 
treated  bv  two  proucAses,  chemical  aoalyras  and  cicatrical  analy^H 
nn,  cU'Jxrly  exhibited  it.     In  that  return,  there  are  HOme  sotj^H 
phurcts  of  iron,  proved  by  both  species  of  analy:^  to  cont^l^^ 
gold  exceecling  «ix,  seven,  an<l  even  eight,  orr.  to  the  ton ;  alM|^| 
oxides  of  iron  which,  when  subirotod  to  similar  processes,  wcrj^^ 
found  to  contain  lhr<K',  four,  avf.,  and  even  Kven,  oxa.  tn  th^H 
ton ;  also,  femiffinoua  quartz,  exhibiting  upwards  of  four  ozs^H 
and  deoompoBeu  granit«  at  Icuvt  four,  to  U:e  same  quantity.  Hi^f 
Cftlvert  very  justly  remarks,  that  geology,  as  a  science,  is  tl^H 
erestion  of  the  last  half-tientury,  an^  that  it  is  a  branch  of  li^H 
Brian  prognsH  in  which  finality  hm  no  place.    Attentioii  vfi^H 
attntctcd  to  thvsc  )>tntiL-n)enti°,  tuid  iniicb  anxiety  began  (0  ll^H 
raised  in  tlie  pulilie  niitid  to  nscertain  the  auri{<?T0Ufl  value  of^B 
different  strata,  whcu  Mr.  Bcrdau  prc»cnt(.-d  to  the  public  hi^H 
crashing  and  atnalgnniating  machine.      Various  mining  oodhH 
panies soon  forwarded  Knmptes  to  be  tested  by  the  machine.    At* 
firet  liie  experiments  were  made  dtiiing  a  imrl  of  one  ih»y  in 
each  week  ;  the  patentee  ou  the  one  ^anu  beuig  desirous  to  ex- 
hibit hift  machine,  and  the  ])roprietor3  of  mines  oii  the  other,  to 
l«(it  their  samples.    Kow  the  demand  has  Woome  so  great,  that, 
at  the  la»t  accounts,  it  was  neoeesory  to  run  the  machine  night 
and  dav.     Moro  than  seventy  of  niese   mnchini-.s   have   been 
ordered  by  different  mtuing  companies,  and  rumor  reports  that 
the  pnltnt  has  been  sold  for  a  large  sum.     We  stale  the  fact*  as 
an  illusb^tion  of  the  excitement  in  England  relative  to  the  ex- 
istence of  gold.     The  experiments  with  BenlnnV  machines  have 
been  made  by  scientific  profesaors,  committees  of  learned  socie- 
ties, iwlect  partict  of  private  individtiala,  and  on  e\-cry  oocwnon 
gold  has  been  produced.    Sixty -tlirco  experiroenw  were  made  in 
one  week  upon  quartz,  gussim,  nnindi<^',  etc.,  and  ttic  result,  as 
published,  shows,  that  if  a  ton  had  been  criLihcd  at  each  experi- 
ment, the  gros»  proiiiiet  would  have  been  forty-two  ozs.,  sixte^^ 
dwts,,  two  gTs.  In  one  instance,  some  Cornish  ore  gave  un  oqu^H 
vnlent  to  ten  ozs.,  twelve  dwtsl,  two  grs,  per  ton,  and  auouiJ*^ 
puoel  from  the  same  mine  gave  at  the  rale  of  one  lb,,  four  oaa, 
aix  dwts..  sixteen  grs,  troy,  per  ton.    This  was  "the  greatcat 
vield  obtaintKl  from  Englitui  oru  where  the  precious  metal  was 
not  viajblc," 

It  would  scnroely  be  possible  in  human  affairs,  th|t  a  machine 
which  r^wrtcd  such  results,  should  he  long  without  a  competitor. 
Accordingly  we  find  one  announced  in  the  following  style,  the 
conclusion  of  which  must  extort  a  smile: — "  Wc  have  iiupectod 
die  arrangcmeuts  making  by  Mr.  Perkes  for  u-sLiig  auriferous 


7%t  SrUUh  OoU  Fitldi. 


rocks  on  A  large  scair,  and  they  will  prove  of  a  nunt  efficwnt 
character.  One  macliine,  with<vin««w«ghingl,000  )b8.eacb,«ad 
which  will  reduce  ten  toos  a  day,  is  already  oomplcted ;  and  the 
buver  one,  the  cani^  of  wliich  weigh  ubout  6.000  lbs.  each,  and 
will  becompk'U-  in  a  fortnight,  will  crush  1,000  toDS  per  month; 
and  it  is  intended  to  keep  it  working,  when  pncUcubte,  for  such 
period  without  drawing  off  the  amalgam,  when  it  is  expected 
masses  of  gold  will  be  produced  which  will  give  a  tolerubly  oor- 
met  idea  of  tlie  extraordinary  importanoe  of  the  'gold-  dia- 
ooveriea  of  GrcAt  Britidn.' " 

Wo  arc  not  di^Kiscd  to  dianrodit  the  general  rf«ults  of  these 
COiperimeiitg  from  any  canm:  whatever,  Thfi  great  varictj' of  lai^ 
AUnstsoccs  nndcr  which  they  have  been  made,  entitles  them  to 
dSs  respect.  T)kt  !°how  an  cxtennivc  diffusion  of  the  prcciotu 
metal  in  the  BriiiBn  isles:  whetiier  it  coxi  be  extracted  with  proQl 
remain!*  to  bcprovcd.  To  mcc-t  this  question  properly,  requires 
the  solotion  of  three  or  four  points,  the  invcutiffation  cfl  eitiier  of 
which  cannot  liul  to  he  both  inatruetivo  and  profitable ;  tou, 
what  in  the  ooat  of  eximcting  it,  tlie  probable  supply  of  the 
m&t4:rial,  and  what  improvements  can  be  made  in  the  treatment 
of  gold  ores  and  minerals.  These  quertions,  we  hopf,  will  re- 
ceive an  interesting  investigation  in  ttie  discussion  already  own- 
roenoed.  One  very  respectable  wrilor  give*  the  following  new 
of  the  supply  of  materials : — "  IQitheno  a  '  kwnly  gossan'  has 
been  the  pride  of  miners,  as  generally  indicating  pood  ores  be- 
neath; but  as  it  is  now  about  to  creati:t  n  revolution  in  thcannabi 
of  mining,  and  cnecndcr  a  nigc  for  gold  spceolation  at  home,  as 
ftercd  as  we  have  for  some  time  had  il  abmad,  it  may  be  as  well 
to  examine  a  little  more  into  its  history.  Gossan  (oxide  of  iron 
mixed  with  qunrt:^)  varict  in  appejimnee  and  snbfltanocaecordtng 
to  the  metals  beneath  it ;  for  instance,  the  gossan  of  copper  lodes 
dilloRt  very  much  Oom  the  goitsan  of  lead  or  tin,  and  the  goRSann 
oonlaining  most  mundic  Oi'on  pyrites)  appear,  from  the  experi- 
ments hitherto  mode,  to  lie  most  productive  of  gold.  In  general, 
the  gossan  in  lodes  docs  not  continue  vciy  deep,  though 
instanct^  have  boon  known  where  it  hn«  held  to  fifty  or  sixty 
Giihonts.  The  average  depth  is  about  twenty  to  thirty  fkthoms ; 
then  comes  capel  and  ^ar,  and  next  copper,  tin,  or  lead,  as  tho 
case  may  be.  This  having  gpnerally  proved  to  be  the  oaiie  in 
most  of  the  mines  in  Cornwall,  I  do  not  see  how  any  hrge  sup- 
ply can  bo  calculated  upon,  uideti.<)  &om  a  regular  goitsau  lode, 
and  fibould  hesitate  much  before  going  to  tlic  expense  of  costly 
machineiy  for  trying  exporimeutit  on  any  one  mnie,  until  suffi- 
cient qtiantitics  had  been  actually  raisodf  to  put  the  supply  be- 
yotid  (jticstion." 

In  relation  to  improvements  in  the  treatment  of  the  oree, 
something  is  to  be  expected.  Gold  itself  furni»h!.-i(flu  iustaacc 
'  a  oomoination  of  metals,' each  of  winch  may  be  individually. 


poor,  and  yet  Uic  airnvgatA  result  of  tho  productioo  maj  be  val- 
tublc  There  are  dmonnt  olaaaes  of  sold  ores  ot  very  HiMmilar 
dieinical  coiuiUtatioiu,  affiirdiag  a  wide  field  for  the  expcnenoe 
of  scientific  skill. 


Aw.  VnL— THB  VENTILATION  0¥  MINKS.*— Bt  J.  Kimtoh  Blaokw, 

GOVKRHSIKT  iKarnCTOVI. 
LOSS  OP  liFK  F»OH   EXPLOSlOlfS. 

In  ooDsidcntig  tho  loos  of  life  uri«iiiK  Irom  explosion^  the 
drcuinstanoc!*  under  which  so  much  larger  nuinbeis  of  the 
pcisonis  involved  usually  perish  by  lli<?  afWr-damp,  than  by 
either  tlie  huroing  or  coucusiuons  ooca^ionod  by  the  blast, 
demand  the  most  careful  uttoitiou. 

KxjikisioDH  are  of  two  cla^utcs — partial,  that  is,  coiiflued  to  a 
particular  district,  or  geucral,  trxtcnditig  tlirough  the  whole  of 
ilio  luiiie.  If  the  first  explosion  ho  heavy,  it  is  &B»}uo.Qtly  fol- 
lowed by  others,  ouuM^l,  fithcr  by  tb«  aotiou  of  the  flame  ou  tho 
sur&oes  of  coal  exposed,  liberating  by  docomiKisition  lar^quan- 
tiUcs  of  carbureltod  hydrogen,  or  from  the  shock  and  ruah  of  air 
which  occurs,  disturbing  accumulations  of  infianunable  gas  in 
Bomo  oilier  jwt  of  the  workinf^  which  again  i^xplodv  as  tHxio  aa 
thoy  become  mixed  with  the  air  currents  of  the  mine. 

If  the  BloppiiigH  which  divide  the  differ«ut  diatiicls  and  air 
correnta  in  a  colliery  are  weak,  they  are  all  overthrown  hy  m 
explosion;  itt  the  .-tiunu  time  tho  ruxh  of  iiir,  and  the  inflammable 
gas  formed  or  set  in  motion,  spreads  the  action  of  tlie  fire  every- 
where.  The  extent  of  excjkvatioiiit  which  stand  open  in  aome 
mines  contributes  greatly  to  this  violenoc.  The  imperfect  sepa- 
ration which  is  so  olWn  allowed  to  exlHt  between  tho  vanou«  uis- 
tricts  and  currents,  arises  from  the  fact,  that  the  arrangement  and 
means  adopted  have  been  devised  with  reference  only  to  the 
management  of  the  air,  under  the  ordinary  circumstanoes  of  its 
motion.  The  conso({uence  is,  that  weak  stoppings,  or  even  doors, 
arc  employed  to  separate  and  guide  ihc  most  important  currents, 
soch  as  the  main  ingoing  and  outcniatng  coUimiiH  of  ur,  the  ab- 
iiolut«  division  and  permanent  security  of  which  involves  the 
lives  of  all  who  are  in  the  mine. 

The  greatest  modern  improvement  in  ventilation  consists  in 
ibedivision of  tlie  works  intodtntricts;  notonly  in  onler to aflbrd 
purer  Mr  in  each  section,  by  a  larger  ngga-^tc  volume  and  a 
sliorter  run  in  the  air  eurrenti*,  but  for  the  purjiose  of  isolation, 

•  Ttc  c*DcltnKnf  pBRM,  "  On  Iho  VcnllUlioii  ot  itinet,  ttt,"  were  omu'tttd 
in  tbe  lut  numbo-  of  1I14  Mlntnc  Mtgariiifv  »i<l  *•  now  mm^cl*  Ibe  paper 
H  pwawiadta  both  (Ioiibm  or  [^rliuaaBt-'pSn.  U  Uja. 


^^^^  Tk4  Ventiktiifm  of  Mitm.  ^MH 

io  caae  of  woidenL  To  aUnin  tho  latter  object,  the  burien 
Mpiaratiiifi;  the«e  districta,  md  th«r  syttcm  of  air  ways,  must  be  of 
a  nature  not  liiible  to  deraogemQDt,  wludi  m»y,  without  dif- 
ficulty, be  cffcL-tcd, 

Tfee  loss  of  life  from  nfler-damp  is  generally  found  to  ocour, 
to  the  largest  extent,  in  tho  roads  which  tJie  men  have  to  trav- 
erse on  their  way  to  the  slufbi  by  which  the  mino  is  entered. 
This  fikct  points  unt  the  necessity  of  making  these  roads  the  main 
inlake  air  courses,  and  of  secnrmg  these  intftlre  column.t  of  wr, 
both  from  the  contact  of  fire  damp,  and  also  from  their  being 
distarbed  by  the  shock  of  an  ezpIosioR,  until  they  reaclt  thoM 
points  in  the  mine  where  ihcy  enter  the  workings  in  which  the 
men  are  engaged.  It  is  oslv  in  caae  of  the  pennanenoe  of  tlie 
arrangements  made  to  cetdiiish  this  di^-ision,  and  to  conduct  col- 
mnitfl  of  pure  air  to  the  extreme  districts  at  all  times,  that  the 
men  can  escape  after  an  explosion,  or  that  iielp  van  be  speedily 
conveyed  to  the  Hurvivora,  who  may  he  saScring  from  it,  bot 
tmablo  to  etftct  their  own  escape,  Tiie  system  of  using  the  main 
roads  for  rotnrn  air  ways,  in  which  the  currents,  after  they  have 
received  all  the  explosive  gases  yielded  in  the  mine,  are  brought 
or  kept  in  contact  with  lights  (and  thus  both  propagating  an  ex- 
plosion and  cutting  off  ev<^iy  avenue  of  escape,  xinoe  these  roods 
aw  sure,  tinder  such  circunislances,  to  be  ewcpt  by  the  fire  or 
speedily  Sited  with  afterdamp),  ought  not  to  be  adopted  except 
in  smau  collieries,  in  which  inlianmiable  gas  ta  never  seen. 

Tlie  foregoing  eonaidenttioiui  also  point  out  the  strong  neoes- 
rity  for  two  mdepcndcnt  sh&fls  in  all  coal  mines ;  and  of  provi- 
ding for  the  occeasibili^  of  the  downcast  shaft  to  all  the  men 
engaged.  Subsequently  to  an  cx|ilo.<ton,  it  is  generally  imponi- 
ble  to  descend  or  ascend  in  an  ufx^ist  shaft,  until  after  the  It^iao 
of  some  time,  on  awount  of  its  heing  fillfd  with  tlie  after-damp. 

If  there  be  only  a  single  shaft,  and  the  division  of  the  down- 
cast and  upcast  currents  he  of  «  Rlighl  nnture,  nturh  ii»  by  a  brat- 
lioo  partitioD  or  pipes  fixed  io  the  shaft,  the  dmuajje  which  is 
ptoduocd  by  nn  explowon  generally  prevenw  cither  cswapc  or 
the  rendering  of  awstancc  to  the  Eurvivors.  The  number  of 
bratticed  shafts  b  fortunatoW  dimini«hing.  Where  they  are  still 
con^Qued  to  be  used,  it  ought  not  to  be  permitted  that  any  other 
light  tiian  the  Davr  Uinp  should  t>e  taken  below  the  xiirface. 
TTie  employment  of  a  furnace  for  ventilation  is  objectionable  in 
such  cuiw». 

OTHKB  i:f  JI^RIBS  A?n)  accident  TU  WEtlCU  MINRRX  ARE  LIABLB. 
Tliere  is  another  claw  of  injuries  resulting  from  defective 
ventilation  to  which  miners  are  exjinsed.  The  circumKtopccs 
protlucing  these  injuries  are  iflow  in  operation,  and  from  uieir 
effects  being  diite-aat^,  and  not  immediate  and  sudden  de«th,  their 
existenoe  has  boon  little  corisidefwl.     A  careful  cxflinination  of 


77,t  Vrntilation  o/JtflMtt. 


the  State  of  mines  leads  to  the  coDclusion,  that  the  ultimate  low 
of  life  U  greater  lix>m  IKU  cau»e  thuit  cvfiii  from  exploaions. 

Vn'lATKl)  AND   ri)l:l-   AIH. 

,  Tbesu  cGToctri  »r«  the  rutiult  of  an  iuadcqualc  supply  of  air, 
whicli  ihus  hocomes  vitkli^d  and  unlit  for  breatliinKi  "^i  aocooat 
of  ite  liuviug  lost  it»duc  pruportion  of  oxygen,  whii.'h  is  replaced 
by  the  fonnatioa  of  carb^>nic  acid.  l^liLt  aaa  kas  its  houtccs  from 
rwipirutioD,  tin;  lights  of  the  miDc,  the  decomposition  of  i^iuill 
co&l  in  tlie  goavcs,  and  of  timber  in  tlie  workini^.  Air  in  this 
state  is  »t»o  usually  found  to  be  loaded  with  carburi;lt<Hl  hydro- 
gen, yielded  from  the  whole  wai  nr  in  the  uonvi-ii.  .Sulphuretted 
hydrogcD,  arising  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrltcJr,  is  somutiiac« 
found  lo  bo  prc-senl,  enpecially  in  ooiil  seams  liable  to  spontane- 
ous  ignition.  Tlie  gases  formi-d  by  blasting  arc  also  allowod,)^ 
load  the  air  of  mines  to  a  very  iiijurious  extent 

This  state  in  the  atmosphere  of  mines  arises  from  the  want 
of  the  neocs^ry  air  way;*,  and  uth.;r  arrangements  to  diachar{^ 
riM^  pQrtioDft.of  the  air  in  ei[>:;uIation,  as  may  have  acquired  this 
SudltioDj  and  to  aflbrd  a  frenli  and  pure  supply,  at  any  part  of 
the  workings. 

Tho  air  m  llie  leading  driflSj  uod  in  the  extreme  workings 
of  mines,  is  often  found  to  be  in  an  iniurioiia  and  dangerous 
state,  from  tlie  carburetted  bydrogno  and  earboiiie  aeid  yielded 
or  formed  at  thoitc  points,  not  being  diluted  and  removed  by  a 
proper  circulation.  This  maybe  cauaud  by  dcfeetivv  ventilation 
generally,  or  only  loeally.  The  latter  case  is  of  frequent  oocn^ 
rence,  nnd  nri«e«  from  the  main  air  currents  returning  to  the 
shaiti  by  leakage,  without  reaching  the  distant  paria  of  the  mine, 
or  froiu  a  want  of  the  requisite  mcuns  to  carry  the  uirculatioa 
folly  up  to  the  face  of  the  drit^  and  works. 

Thoeo  districts  and  seams  of  coal  least  afic-cted  by  inDauunablo 
gaa,  are  generally  tho^te  in  which  the  ventilation  ia  allowed  to 
bo  in  this  imperefct  and  injurious  slate,  on  account  of  attention 
not  having  been  called  so  imperiously  to  the  subject,  as  it  ia  1^ 
the  violent  catastrophi-s  resulting  from  explosions. 

Asthmatic  disemes,  at  an  uiiusually  early  penod  of  life,  are 
theuufaiiing  resulu  of  \'«nlilation  which  is  deficient  in  quantity. 

SPBCIAL  CASi:a  OK  UKPARTURK  FROM  CORRKCT  PRtXan.EU  WHICH 
DAVE  KEarLTKI*  IX  EXPIjOSIOSS. 

In  reviewing  the  case*  of  e.\ploi<ion.-*  in  minivi,  of  which  the 
attendant  iMiviuastanccs  can  be  ascei'taiaed,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  gnealer  part  have  been  tlte  result  of  a  clearly  dcieotivc 
system  of  working  and  ventilation.  . 

mio  larger  part  of  the-.se  ease«  show  detiieta,  arising  either 
from  a  want  of  a  proper  system  in  the  musaoemont  of  the 
vcntiliilion,  or  iliat  of  tlic  ueoesaoiy  volumo  in  the  quantity  of 
air  supplied. 


Cemmtmal  Afpttt  ^  Ike  M%m»g  InUrtH. 


JOtJRIUl  OF  KRISG  LAWS  ASD  REGIIUTIOXS. 

IDNITIl)  RIVISIO^B  >ir  rsiXCB. 
fnnoe,  for  mmfnt;  nnrfiOfeii,  is  dlTdlnl  into  rfght  dhtricU,  «ch  oT  which 
IAD  iM|>«ctar-eeaerai — thtto  are  the  north,  ncrth-ctwt,  eMt,  centre,  mnUi- 
.  woth^tn,  WMt,  uid  nortlv-wcHt ;  tii  «Mh  or  tho  itercnl  ainndiaMiiMAli 
MM)  dwlficta  ihoTQ  it  bciidc*  ui  engiiMW'in-clilitC  i'l  sdiilllloa  to  *  nuntbor 
tt  ot^try  impoctont,  according  to  Iho  extant  Mad  impnrUDCc  of  the  »nna- 
dlMemtnt.  . 

In  the  Court  at  Queen'i  Bench,  ko  action  wm  btongbt  (O  rccow  the  mn 
«f  ITS^  IlA  erf,  (i>r  coniiuinnun  oii  Uiu  purcbaM  and  mIo  of  rfiarW  in  llu 
C«^lon  Imd'1  Compaii)'.  Sir  J.  Milky  Doyle,  ArchJbaU  DoukIm.  John 
Witham,  and  William  Whiit  (Ifip  <!rr«i<innti)  were  dimcloM  of  the  Cninpanr, 
which  wu  «(ilsl)li»hi.<<l  upon  l>iv  votl'book  principle,  with  •  capital  of  300,O0Ot, 
iniihkreiorUcaeh.  It  ^ppearwi]  tha  tk*  sham  did  not  ga  vlT  w«Ii,  and  f^ 
coanu)  vas  bad  In  what  i»  cnlled  "  riniiut  (he  nurkcL"  A  reaolution  wi* 
paaMsl  bj  the  dirDctors  in  th«  uobUi  c«  llarcb  l»t,  InsUuctiiie  Haesra,  Uo- 
uiom«  &  Tripp  to  make  purehfixc*  of  th«  aharts  of  dw  Ootnponjr  acoonfiog  to 
Ibtir  diacretion,  not  csceedinK  300  ahant^  at  a  premiuni  of  J.  nnd  to  i»I1  the 
■■ir  a^ln  upon  such  tonna  as  thty  mlriil  think  fit  Th->  •li^fi^ri'laniH,  I^o^la, 
Doogha,  ».nd  Witham,  aiKned  tho  raa^ution,  and  Whithomc  aipied  it  on 
bahalf  of  While,  wliu  was  aliroad.  Hr.  KoWn  (the  plaioUff)  waa  «Hi[iJi)j«d 
by  Messrs.  I.inthornc  A  Tripp  to  Mrry  out  this  re«olut!on.  and  nov  »ouf(ht  to 
noa*«rthoan)aiinto(biacomnt)nHon,aRd  themanef  ctpencieilby  him.  Lord 
OmmiWI  in^uirMl  whtther  the  ahaiM  bought  hr  Uic  pUrntilf  were  lli#  Cora- 
pwija own  stinmt,  and  was  anewerfd  In  Iha  aarinatif«,  and  that  the  objoet 
VM  to  mlH  the  value  of  tlie  Khorrii  in  the  market.  It  waK  mplaiuixl  that 
thii  wHK  callej  "  rigsing  Ihc  market" — a  procucding  which  Lord  Campbell 
taid  wax  dearlf  tllegal,  Mr.  Wood  then  3{>pliod  to  ho  allowed  to  amena  tho 
pltndinfpi  by  aildiaK  a  plan  of  illet[a1ily.  Mr,  Crowdcr  xaid  it  waa  the  ddbnd' 
ant'ii  own  illc^l  cunduct  which  wax  ouuipluincd  of.  and.  of  conrM,  timj  eonU 
BOt  bu  allowi^d  to  take  ndvanlaKc  of  iu  Lord  Campbell  taid  ho  would  nnt 
■Uaw  aueh  an  amend mi^iiL  The  jury  then  gave  a  Tcrdict  for  Ihc  plaintiff  for 
UMamounl claimed  nmiiist  at!  tliederi.'Md.inLt,  (<x<ypt  While,  who  va4  abroad, 
and  had  not  alicnod  ihe  rc»u)!iition.  Lord  Camjibell,  at  the  rlosi?  of  the  aae, 
■  i|iiianiil  bij  hope  that,  ofter  the  expuiure  wbicli  had  lakcn  place  on  this  irU, 
the  practice  of  "  rigginj;  the  [iiarket    would  never  bu  attempted  again. 


COMMERCIAL  ASPECT  OF  THE  MINISQ  RTERKST. 

Ni«  YoEK,  Feb.  Mt  ISB*. 
Wo  have  a^ln  to  r«cord  quite  an  actifc  mnrket  In  mlslng'  Meda,  hat  not 
at  an  adTancc  in  ntM.  .VorfA  Carvtinit  Ktanda  at  abo<ut  %i,  at  which  figure 
eooaidcrablo  atnountn  eould  at  pr«*cnt  bo  cold.  I'snntyltania  and  LtXigK 
ZiM  baa  hem  dealt  in  largely  at  about  $.3  per  ahare  caah,  witli  congidenbia 
•dtaaoe  on  this  flgure  for  time  purchasora.  !t  la  nJd  that  lanto  Iota  of  tbi« 
Mode  have  been  bouKht  for  Philiulalphla  aocoitM.  (Tbter  itock  In  dull  and 
atitioaar;.  There  ia  little  dltpofftian  to  invest  in  it ;  and,  taking  all  tilings  (O- 
getb«r,  the  price  at  whioh  it  ia  now  Bclluig.  !uty  H,  ia  full  as  uiach  as  (t  will 
baar.  The  aocounta  from  MrC'dlmi^k  and  linekay  an  exccntingty  tnw 
able.    Some  gentlemen  conoGctod  with  these  mbMs  hart  just  retunied  irann 


^^^^™  Comuurtiat  Atptet  o/  rt#  Mining  InkrttL  ^ 

•nit  to  tbem,  txiA  ropoH  arvrTtbiog  conductod  to  (heir  Mtisbctkai.  Th«  on 
from  the  UcCullougfa,  'Cbey  »v,  U  abuniluit  In  qmatltj,  tmd  rcry  rjcb  Jn 
qiulilf .  The  Lindwy,  though  but  partly  dcnlopcd,  promises  to  be  m  rida 
U  tho  UcCullough ;  and  the  stock  hw  riwn  rapidly  Iroin  75  dj.  to  $1,  «t 
which  UUor  Ogore  Ikfge  aiuomita  hsro  changed  liknds.  It  Is  now  aboat 
M  <a.,  and  is  a  dicap  purchMC  xi  ihit  flgnr*.  ffitU  IIiU  is  BUCinnarr  at 
•bont  8  to  S}.  The  prodiicbi  of  tfap  mine  continue  richer  than  ever,  and 
frOM  the  pr«Bent  appfMraucL-  of  the  property,  tlirpe  ow  be  few  better  iuvgtt- 
Bient«  than  Gold  IlitI  at  the  prtaent  llguro.  Tbu  only  nuOD  w«  ran  ifive  Ibr 
ia  proient  law  flgurc  in,  that  the  public  appear  to  lu  to  be  afraid  that  it  ia  too 
good  to  be  true.  In  PJianii  Gold  a  ebango  haa  been  made  in  tiw  dirtctioD, 
by  tho  regigiiatJoD  of  the  Preaident  and  the  dection  of  a  aev  one,  trbo  on 
pTc  laoK.  time  and  attention  to  tliu  uOiiire  Of  the  Company.  Two  additional 
directors  have  aiso  heca  cho»cn,  and  all  tbo  naorvod  stock  taltce.  All  tlu^  it 
ia  Kupposed,  will  gire  additional  cncfgy  to  the  management  of  tlie  Companj, 
ftnd  ilcTelup  its  renourcca  more  Mpecdtly.  The  stock  of  the  Cuinpiui/,  howerar, 
is  Blill  at  about  T5  eta.  ratth,  and  ia  not  very  lutivo  at  that  ttgiirv.  HIgbar 
prices  are,  bowever,  coofldently  looked  for  before  long.  Defp  RiMt  contunoM 
McadyataboutSOcts.,  but  wo  have  no  tranxartinna  to  record  ia  iL  In  Parker 
Vein  there  hu  been  great  activity,  and  the  itock  reached  SJ,  a  higher  point 
than  it  liad  touched  for  niontbg.  At  present,  however,  ii  is  about  7)  to  Ti. 
JJiuajMc  Cofrprr  has  alao  boon  acliTo,  and  tho  prtea  has  risen  to  IG,  at  irhkli 
flgnn  it  ii  in  eoniidcrable  demand.  Tbii^  frnni  all  aceount*,  U  deatiood  to 
Inm  out  an  excellent  diridcnd— paying  more,  and  that  before  Ions.  '^  W 
managed  by  men  uf  commercial  chancier  and  abili^,  who  direct  ita  a&in 
with  syatoiu  and  ocoiiomy.  In  Potomte  Capper,  both  old  and  now,  then  bas 
been  peat  actiiity. 

The  traniacdons  in  the  I^kc  Superior  mining  ^tockn  haro  bnen  quite  largSi 
particularly  in  ToUcc,  Atgomah,  and  Ktpley.  The  former  utock  touched  \%% 
kotne  twenty  darn  Kinirc,  but  now  lUnd*  at  about  12i,  12J.  AljimuiS  ia  in 
dunand  at  4j,  and  from  tbu  demand  for  tlie  stock,  we  tliink  it  is  Mvtain  to 
rise.  SipUy  is  hrary  at  (4,  at  which  figure  some  fow  lot*  were  cold  a  sbtvt 
time  ainco;  but  much  could  not  be  Bold  at  over  Sf,  cash,  tn  Dmiffltu 
Boa^hten  tberw  have  been  acveral  Iransactianii,  and  the  ttock  i«  in  demand. 
We  bave  thus  noticed  all  the  miniug  stocks  most  generally  dealt  In  here,  and 
Bunt  lean  them  hy  Mylng  thai,  on  the  whole,  there  is  no  great  change  ia 
price*,  and  no  new*  of  importance  tn  commiiniiiate  in  relation  to  them- 

We  llnd  that  the  eiewM  expressed  in  our  laiit  with  rcftard  to  the  adfant^(M 
to  b«  derited  Irom  organizing  irilh  a  moderate  bona  tide  capital,  inatead  of 
(bo  nominal  millions  we  constantly  hear  of,  arc  fully  participated  in  by  our 
nore  experienced  mining  men  who  bare  tried  both  systems,  their  experienoe 
having  led  tbem  to  conclude  that  the  principle  of  Ktarting  with  a  capital  JnM 
•nfflcient  to  d«fmy  the  pronpectire  working  cxpennc*  (which  by  competenl 
.  men  ohi  be  Teiy  accurately  eeliiaatcd),  and  to  allow  a  reawnabla  margin  far 
taafbreaeen  expcnac*,  etc.,  etc.,  would,  if  geiicrally  adopted,  wrve  perfaapc 
BHm  than  aBytliing  else  to  place  mining  property  as  It  should  be,  ia  )ta  proper 
plao*.  at  the  head  of  all  ineostmentii. 


fjbmaurtial  A^tet  of  tit  Mmii^  InUrtit. 


I 


I 


As  s  ioltable  candn^D  to  our  obMmtionj  on  Uiia  sulfBct,  m  appmd  fa 
nArcooc  Uio  divIdtDdB  on  toma  ot  ibo  British  mInM  intt  IMS,  prMoUng 
dut,  vith  two  w  Ihrco  exceptions,  the  caiutali;  of  >II  Am«  U»  not  onr 
$200,000,  while  bj  tu  Ibe  htrgtr  number  of  them  we  muoli  under  Ihtt  nsn : 


T«M«idiu  IMS.  hi  It  nliM* 

UU,  ia  n  " 

"  lUT,  iit  SO  " 

■*         IMa^  In  t»  " 

«  18W,  In  U  " 

lato,  ta  U  ■• 

isn.inw  •• 

IBSS,  In  69  ■' 

18S«,  In  «0  '■ 


tl,OM,t«D 
TSMN 

»iJ6a 
LottLisa 


Hie  fividMidi  declared  slnoG  our  huit,  bkve  hteo  (bt  iVnMyhanM  Ctal 
Otmpaiif,  vbkb  p*/a  8  per  cent  in  ntock.  This  CompBnj  btre  publiNhed 
tlwlr  sUtemcot  of  the  buainvaa  far  the  put  ytts,  which  showi  a  profit  <^ 
|tn,lW,  being  over  11}  per  ctnt  on  the  capital  Mock  ;  larxo  Rims  having 
b«fn  cxptndcd  in  ■ccarinK  the  means  for  doing  (he  adiTitiooal  buniDea  of  Lut 
jtar,  in  the  ahapo  of  extn  con,  Mnal-boabi,  etc,  etc,  the^  hare  devmed  it 
•dlteble  to  nuke  then-  ilividenil  in  stock. 

Tfco  fniVn  Irtm  Cirmpant/,  of  SL  (rf>aia,  h«Wi  made  a  diridend  of  40  p«r 
ea*t,  proftt  on  their  btinnem  for  the  last  jrtttr. 

The  Old  Pol^rmae  Ctipper  Company,  u  it  ia  («rmed,  hu  attached  lo  H  ft 
dividend  in  (ho  slock  of  th«  IitabrlU  Mine,  ndjoinintc  thn  Hiirufiee  Jn  Tmiimi- 
tee^  and  aaid  to  be  c<]UBl!;r  >"  good.  It  will  alKo  KOon  rcoejre  a  diridend  of 
Bw  Dane  Mine,  another  of  the  rich  Tcnnciscc  mines.  The  new  Fotomae  is  % 
latw  iwaa,  and  Is  enlitli'd  only  to  tlie  dividi^nd  of  the  DuvEa  Mine.  Tbo 
IbfBir  b  MUinf;  at  ^.  and  thn  latter  at  1 }. 

Tha  AH'on  Mining  Company  hnTc  called  an  (uuewDnent  of  TS  conts  per 
ifaan  on  the  lubMriptioii  Kt/ft:l(,  payable  t-ltb  of  March. 

The  Amrriean  Mining  Company  baTe  called  for  an  asseuowot  of  |3  por 
shB^^  p*7able  the  1 0th  March  nut 

lb*  CtnnbtrtiMi  Coat  Cvmpa^y,  in  wlndlnfc  up  it*  aflUm  for  the  halfTMr 
tadfaig  1 1  at  December,  aetidown  the  valao  of  it*  propertyat  $l,OG9,0U,and 
its  Uabiliticc  at  1693,674,  learing  a  tiiupltui  of  t3S4,3S9.  The  arailable  prop- 
er^ oooaiab  of  :— 

Onh  bill*  ttcelvable,  uiil  oaUtuDdln);  coal  acooanM  collectablo,  *ad  *tosk 

of  «■!,  URiinnline  M tMS,00a  00 

Staaman,  twhIi,  and  bufM SU.OOO  40 

LBinbar  md  other  Frop«n]'aiB*liimore,Cuail>*rluiil,AlnaDil/ia,(l».  .    ilo.ODO  00 


TeW 


tl,0TD,l)00  M 


Tlie  prinripal  lialMlItf  of  the  Company  Is  the  rimded  debt  of  (537,000, 
pajibi*  in  two  ycariL  The  other  llabiUtieH  of  the  Pompanjr,  miLttanding  at 
the  eloae  of  tbc  year,  har«  sinoe  bevii  liquidntvd,  leaving  the  Coapnnjr  froo 
(tori  all  floating  debt. 

Tht  leng-pTOtraclod  strikes  of  the  miners  have  opcratud  vurj  much  to  the 
iqfiuy  of  the  prospects  of  this  Company.  Theao  dllBculliM,  at  prosent,  |^ 
•Twy  prMpcct  of  a  fitvorable  lertnination. 


Oommmiai  Aipeet  of  M«  JRiUmg  InturtM. 


A'«w  York  Stodt  StOtanft  wd  Minix-j  Boanh,  tAat^inf  tiefr  Ilif)u»t  OMd 
LMN*i  PtnnU,  and  ti*  DaU,  via  Uu  MarkH  Fata*  m  JUnuwy  SOO, 
Qaui«r  iMi/romJaMiarfiiOOt,  mtdmmUr  ^  Sharm  *»ld  intatk. 


tStkOoOt 
OtetamOMi. 

OliduliM  CuOBM. 

*  Cknnd  BUI 


MlBWlMB. 


iUshimA 

Amaliu  WItta  llB>:. 
B<i*klnit«>  — 

lU... 


OHHrnUk 

OwiiiMtaaoBX 

Do.    TrgrHDl.BM^.. 


OUfblOD,, 


_  ■IBM  Omw. 

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MdHiU. 

feif^:::::::::;; 

Utter  

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PtoaliaiiU...,.^,..,.... 

ntaniHt 

rolaii  L«d 

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•  Ki-dlTMind 

t  Cteiiii«Ui*DiTl>iuial«Aan*<IlHd>i(iib:  vIlbvMlbMBltMMiKaiadUill^ 


r\  MWfox  iriMNO  RHAM  aiRKn. 

Bo«iw>,  F<)>.  10,  list. 
.  Since  our  Usl  mt<t«I  nuili  baio  b«vu  twcIvvJ  from  I^v  Siip«rior,  bring- 
tng  odviccii  of  tbc  moHl  chciTint;  untinv,  »nil  fvWy  irunDrminj;  Ili«  >iiUcip«ti«ii 
of  (Hendt  of  [he  inining  intcivnU.  Tbc  ifiarki-t  U  frnortlt/  "rm  for  all  lb* 
Modctt,  Hill  DO  UDMint  of  Hli&rra  in  my  of  then  oonU  ba  obtained  at  th*  pfw- 
■nt  cuntfil  niM.  Everp  lUy  Htrvogihem  Ibc  hold  tbui  cIom  of  KUck«  ji 
DbtainioK  on  lb«  good  fiTor  nf  the  puUif ;  aiid  itiurv  iii<juiry  into  their  mcnM 
i«  being  nnde  b^  (hone  vbo  >rc  raekini;  thrni  u  InTMliiwnU  We  wifl  vbd- 
tun  lo  predict,  iliat  tn  iavcxtmcnl  jtidtctoui'lr  inii4o  in  tfao  ndning  ttockt  of 
tbc  I^ke  !*ijprrior  rvgiuu  will  givi'  a  threefold  better  inlciviit  within  Bvo  Jtarm, 
Uttn  any  olhor  *wiirit/  tbal  can  be  obUiiicd  in  this  oountfj-.     This  bdlcf  Is 


CbmjMrcM/  Aiptet  of  lit  Mining  TnltrtiL 


I 


butd  upon  taett,  mkI  not  from  my  Imtyomf  ««i(caient,  emaseA  by  ipceo- 
IktiTv  aclivltj.  The  r«mlu  oT  s  ysar  ptet  tfo  mOdonl  (o  Mtisiy  any  wlio 
•r*  irilling  to  be  eoaniMod,  that  tbc  nimcom  of  ooppcr  tnbiait  in  no  tanker 
■  niitttGr  of  uoccrtaioty.  It  jipcolu  far  it«eir,  muI  (be  f oppcr  litcrwlty  "  aticks 
out" 

Cirpptr  FbIU  hu  lmj>roT«d  from  68  lo  £9,  and  it  obo  i)u>t1cr  IliU  wo  hMC 
of  U  it  trtie,  Ihu  niin«  hltb  fair  U>  b«  pwtoairtly  aueontfuL  There  mhm 
to  be  huiQf  mom  for  a  ilouht  as  to  tb*  bDnuMO  ridxarat  of  tfa*  veLns,  and  now 
dHcoreries  are  coatinaally  being  made  to  iitrcngthcn  pant  kucccmcil  Work 
«■•  Unt  GOnuneoaHt  on  tlut  tnino  in  June,  ISfil,  aad  tke  irhulo  acnoanr 
uranMUJan,,  16U.  (a  $107,000;  of  which,  tlSO.OOO  has  been  >Memd 
on  10,000  aliarM.  at  tl<1  per  Hharr,  and  137,000  n^iMd  from  tbe  uIm  tf 
OOpfwr.  In  1SC3,  the  net  jiroccedi  of  copper  mM  m*  ttT,TOO.  It  it  Utid- 
pftted  that  (ho  Conpaay  iritl  iiliip  500  (ons  of  mineral  dimnit  I8S4,  th*  a«w- 
^  [xretat^o  of  pur*  eoppiT  \iv\n%  about  To  pi-r  ccnL  Then  will  be  an 
MMMBMwt,  diirintc  tho  rnminK  spnnK,  or  prubitlil;  %^  [ler  -iLiirv.  wbtcb,  it  to 
PHiOCtwi,  will  be  tho  lut  required  by  the  Company  ;  and  tbe  toansgora 
bope  lo  make  a  dividend  in  th«  apring  of  18SS.  Nvrtk  jlnwrtMA  b  In 
belter  demuid,  asd  tbo  iUm.-k  liaa  improved  from  To  to  80,  atthouRb  no  aalea 
h«<V  been  Mlila  blfb^r  than  tlie  ilnt-Mniixl  j^rieu  ;  but  M  would  >»  paki 
iMir  if  any  shsrra  eoiild  be  obtained  al  Ihnl  tl^iiri-.  The  UiMst  aoooimta  from 
Iblo  nine  arc  even  mora  eneouraging  tluui  vlicn  thr  nttcnt  >tal«d,  nomamootlM 
idnce,  that  "  the  rcsulu  worp  such  as  lo  plaoj  the  Company  beyond  the  noM«- 
Atj  of  calling  further  asw^aicnla,  and  lo  inxurc  large  and  Rpcinly  dlfidrDda." 
It  w3l  be  recollectt'd  that  tbl^  Company  found  a  mua  of  not  leax  than  «»t 
kmAnd  anif/ty  tont  in  thn  tir<t  level,  only  about  forty  teat  from  tho  surbci 
«f  rock.  TolUe  n  firm,  vrith  bat  fcir  tranucliomn,  lioliltrs  of  stock  IMlo  ift- 
eBfl»d(0>eII  at  ruHn;;  prii^eii;  uiil  thi?rc  U  at  t>r(Mc(itnodi«pOii!tiDn  to  pill  tbc 
{irtce  up,  olthougli  recent  aci'miiilo  fii>in  the  mine  iin*  of  so  bvorablE  n  nature 
a*  lo  wamnl  an  aiKanen  r>f  %Ti  p<-r  >ihitrt>.  at  which  point  tho  slock  would  be 
one  of  tbe  etii>ap(>st  (n  this  market,  takinff  it*  trne  moritn  Into  riow.  Wltbin 
a  riiort  time  the  Company  took  out  a  "  uium"  of  ot<v  1 ,300  lbs.,  nnd  the  KtopM 
ar«  yMiSng  a  great  deal  of  bafrel  and  aUinfi  copper.  The  mine  hu  improTed 
wonderfully  of  M«,  and  Its  stiro  mecOM  fa  on  a  firai  haafa.  It  ranks  u  first 
dan*  among  t1i«  Mw  minm. 

Kationitl  la  iIm  makinK  a  iq>lendid  ithow,  and  the  stock  Is  gcartw  at  SI 
hid,  Tlit>  sihares  come  into  the  murkel  hut  little,  and  a  demand  for  a  bw 
hundred  could  ool  lie  met  wilhnut  a  niatt-rial  advance  in  price.  !formeh  Is 
looking  up,  ami  bida  feir  to  b«  a  mine  of  great  promise.  The  Company  hare 
jiwt  called  bi  an  a)t>r«inicnt  of  no  eontu  per  Khnrc,  and  thpiv  la  no  stork  tar 
aaJeat  $11}  pcrahare,  for  $I.S0  paid.  Fi^rttf  i.i  Rrra  at  II  hU  for  nnall  Ma, 
and  DO  ftock  prennng  upon  the  marhoL  The  n)in<.'  Is  aald  to  look  belter  now 
Htm  ever  befbrr,  and  with  the  prcment  Judicious  mnnajcrnKnt  there  in  a  Bur 
ytoapccl  of  a  fooetnfol  mtutt.  Mr  JbijpUt  \»  firm  at  20(  bid.  for  lar^  lo4a, 
although  an  aMMwmont  of  $1  per  iJiare  will  be  doe  March  •.  With  th«  pres- 
ent hvorablw  acODiintK  from  the  mine,  however,  there  Ik  no  probahtlitr  of  any 
nerioiw  lifeline  In  th«  market  value  uf  the  simk.  Tlie  mine  In*  thus  br  boM 
piorrd,  lo  an  extent  which  leaver  lUtli^  if  any  doubt  of  xucei«s,  and  the  stock 


^^^^"  Oammareial  Atptel  of  fib<  Jfmtn^  Inltfut.  ^* 

bidt  bit  U>  |uy  dividends  w  iKxin  Mt  uij  otbw  noD-pAjing  oompa&j,  if  ve 
«xe«Tt,  perhaps,  the  CiJppiT  F«lls  md  North  Anxricaa. 

VoTtA  Wttltrn  hu  be«ii  mor«  iniuirod  for  of  lata,  and  IT  la  now  oflbred. 
Tha  mind  is  loakibf^  rtmarkablj*  well  at  all  polnta,  and  ia  rich  in  at^nip  and 
bami  work.  They  hare  a  auuia  in  Mghl,  catimAtcd  to  wcitth  3.IIO0  tba. 
Phania  ia  improring:.  and  tlii'  aiinc  HhowH  much  better  than  fbrmorlj.  Star 
la  In  good  deiaand  at  6^  bid,  with  ^nj  few  aalas.  AccouDta  tram  the  iiiiM 
tn  IknaMr.,  and  their  vdn  is  consldcrod  a  ralnahlo  oiio. 

Amoni;  tbo  tciw-pricnd  ctocks,  Atyomah  is  the  most  actiTR,  and  in  demand 
U  4|  bid.  Thiji  Company'  has  the  Toltcc  vein,  and  promUc^  cxecedinglf  wdL 
Hie  friends  of  the  atock  Ihink  it  wilt  largelj  adnooo  within  a  few  nMotlML 
JBtplqr  is  firm  at  Sj ;  and  although  iho  Compaiiy  have  not  aa  yet  diaooTMwd 
lfc*U«  Boyale  T«In,  there  is  Utile  doubt  hut  tbey  irill  erentuallf  atriko  It. 
Wlitthrt>p  has  (ieelined  to  i\,  but  tho  demand  h  not  KUpplied  at  that  fifrora. 
Wtitttr  ia  firm  at  2  bid,  and  arcounbi  from  tho  mino  are  promiKing.  Aqr 
8M*  »  in  better  dctnnnil  at  1}  bid,  harine  been  heavy  at  li  for  MTeral 
mODlhii.  Dana  it  in  fair  demand  at  S,  nSfM-aanii'Dt  paid.  Idle  btten  from 
thia  mine  api»k  more  favorably  than  for  sorno  tlmo  past  Alton  is  Btmfytit 
l^bSd,  llftskcvl.  The  larico  number  ofshareii  (100,000)  operate*  a)[ainsttlM 
Mock  of  this  Company ;  and,  although  the  aiivicea  from  the  mmo  are  &Totm* 
Uc,  it  ia  hard  to  gel  up  the  market  vahie  of  the  Bharvt.  Accouiita  (K>m  th« 
QUn  aTe  verj'  bvurahle.     At  a  meeting  of  the  Direetora,  hold  Feb.  IS.  it  w«s 

"  roW,  That  all  thoaunJ  sham  oTtho  roMrvcd  itoek  of  thia  Company  b«  Isauad 
to  Iha  alockhulilam  of  m<nnl  i)f  th'n  ilaio — in  proponiun  u>  their  napeotiira  ahaiw— 
bateg  one  *bm  tbr  «Tery  Ivo  now  hold  by  Ihvin,  il  the  prlo*  of  (9  par  ahJut;  u  ba 
paid  at  the  Traniarar'a  alSot  on  oi  before  lh«  VM\  day  or  tlBoh  nt«t ;  and  that  all  of 
aaldalixfk  nol  then  ttktu  ihnltbsfbrtliwItliduiiioHd  of  by  tbe  direeton,  a«  Ihay  ahdl 
daam  beat,  a  preftrenee  being  iriicn  ti  iu<i>i  of  ch«  pNanit  nueUiddaTa  n  nwr  ta*a 
Idiea  tliair  nroportioa  nrnooli  new  Iiith,  md  who  tiiay  have  madeapplioalioaiora  ' 
be  iima  miy  to  Uha  a  portion  of  auoL  retiiliia." 

The  Glrn  was  orleinnlly  a  part  of  the  Forest  territory,  and  ia  eompoced  ■ 
SO.OOIl  shan-ji,  of  which  10,000  are  issued  to  and  held  by  the  Forest  Compaajr, 
in  payment  for  the  land,  to  be  evinlually  diBlribuled  among  [he  itockholdors 
of  the  latter  axu  dividend ;  S.OOn  sbarvs  of  0\vn  have  been  previounty  iamed, 
tlieholdvrauf  wbirh  are  <^ntitled  to  1,00(1  shares  of  llio  new  issuo<at$£>,and  tfae 
stookholdcra  of  the  Forvit  K.OOO  aharcn,  in  tho  proportion  of  one  share  (hr 
every  two  now  held  by  them.  Two  Ihousand  aharca  are  Mill  to  bo  isaued,  at 
tin  discretion  of  tho  din.'Qtonk 

Bhavmut  is  6na  al  1  j,  which  includes  the  asseasracnt  of  SO  ds.  per  atiare, 
due  Feb.  10.  Tht  prospcr:ts  of  this  mine  are  looking  belter,  and  the  wwk  la 
bdng  puahrd  Torward  with  firrat  ri|[or.  AMtnmts  from  ifae  Summit  uv 
very  promising,  but  the  stock  has  not  yet  been  inlrodnced  into  this  maritct. 
The  vein  is  about  H  feet  in  width,  cariyini;  a  tuir  amount  of  stsmp  and  banel 
voA.  Jfialirt  ia  lieavy,  with  nothing  particularly  bvorablc  lk>m  the  mine. 
Jlbmtoa  is  •cMoni  offirvd  in  this  market ;  butSOcts.per  ahare  waa  bid  to-day. 
'  ifannwni  we  hear  but  little  said  about,  and  Its  maricet-value  ia  very  tow. 

Diviwnma.— The  PilUiburi!  and  Bojfnn  (CMtT)  Mining  Coingiany  hare  de- 
eland  ■  aonf-anatiaZ  dividend  of  f  10  per  share,  payable  Ftb.  3T.    Tbid  Com- 


Comm^rrial  Atpttt  of  Ik*  Mining  InJemL 


295 


pan^  hu  bom  T«fj  ineMaAil,  ud  pttid  the  folloiring  rsuIw  dtTldaniU  ainM 
ndng  t»  p*7  in  IMS  :— 


Ho.  IM»  . 

TtotntTj,  IMO 
Aumt,  ISM 
Ttbnasj,  lUl 
AtwoM,  lasi 
FatiTDUT,  IMt 
AiMPuU  18$) 
F*bnuTT,  is«t 

Ptbnury,  18M 


Tot^  Ant*  M>f,  1U» 


llOMrahm. 

T  " 

t  « 

■  ■ 

t  » 

rt  •* 

»  " 

we 


I  u  ft  Trrj  fair  tquWalcint  for  f  1S.K0  per  fhut  paid  in  on  the  stock,  uid 
•  llioutd  certainly  fH-it  ntliKractiun  to  thow  who  ara  looking  for  proHtii  in  tii« 
Mpp«r  mining  buslnnis. 


Slit 

•91 


X  5 


sa 


fc 


-  ~-*^sS=^^a  "-  £  iSe  ns*  a  ^~n"'=2'"°' 


•^!i 


r.'^x   K    ■'■'*        gjs  gg      is' — zz" '^ " 

ell   l«  I -la  I  lee»l  I'lee t  I  I  U !e I  I  I . 


>a'ii*"<»-s— ' 


,¥r*_;j=„s^5  -«5-gJ*»S-"-2*s--' 


.'^ 


]J 


*=»"*^»**  1  i-**"^— 


■ISi'=Sn= 


1  IS*S3I  ISai"*)  l-"EK 


i"r  iz 


T   [  W'-a-^wt- 


S3  I  ISR-gl  l-*l-    1  Is*-* 


Ij  I  isisis''3t--*asi  !=:«:«  I  is'issi  tsssia 


k 


i^r^'SF-r-^ssi  ISC-SI  i^s  i'")  i3*'f»* 


-* 

^ 


|ssaias8s-'a322''gs!JS'=igi  t5aa2ss*ii 


llllllllllilllllllllllliillllll 


||g;llil 


■  5  r-E;ll 


C(mM«reiai  Atpeet  o/ Hm  Jltninjr  AtttrMf. 


NEW  yOBE  HSXAX.  HABKET. 


oorm. 

Sooth  Anitr(«an     .      par  Ih.  Slo  a  — 

U.  8.  Sod  Usot     ...       .  t3   a  ~ 

ShMlhlng                 .        .        .  ait  a  St 

Brum' .              .               .  S£   a  — 

Tallovmatal  .                    .  M  a  — 

tnoM       .      <-      .,               .  i2   a  — 

Tobiux *4   a  — 

Iran  orai,  iiuwnMle  ko  J  bcmA- 

liu    .       .       .    per  toil.  tS   1    < 

Iran  (tins  Aoifrtoui  liiuiiiicnd  7A    a  4ft 

Di)'  Arnarit'«ri  mfifiod     ■        .  Aft   4  W 

Do-  Sitpi7ri(»r  TjnuiilH       >        .  —   a  ff7 

Do,  Eualiah  vomnioii      ■       ■  Tl| '  Tl 

Do.     da.     bMt    .       .       .  ^   a  V: 

D»,  girtdsi  rafloed        .       .  —   a  91 
Do-Korwnr  lHn>.rbrk  A  Nlf  K 

braiKli      ....  IDS]  a  lot 

UiiHiaii     .        .        .        .  as    u   Hi 

t>a.  ilb«l  Aworloiti      uci  l!i.  Ito  a  — 

Do.    Jo.  KoBli"li,  No.  1  to  SO  3    a  - 

<]o.         11  to  It  14  n  — 

du.          U  to  N  8    4  — 

Do.    <i<k  Bnulnn   .       ■       .  1!   a  ISf 

Itmr  Tou.  /VbrwryHt.  1«l 


51 


Irm  SliMt.  JMfUdi,  DwiMnd 
Do.  OilraniBid 
Da.  R.K.  ban  brconCmai  p.  un 
Do.  riff  AmortoMi  rait  tbon  . 
Do.  WMM  Cbarvial  Ibr  toaai. 
Do.  ijo.  do.  lur  uitl-  (Mil 
Do.  for  oiT  vhMlii  .  .  . 
Do.  ticoleh,  Tor  cnh  . 

UUD. 

Qalau  (Nc,  m  par  wnutinr  . 
BTHUiidh  ■  .  '  .  . 
Bfawl        .       .       .  '     .       . 

Pi™ 

OldScnT>         .       .       .       . 

■raucKi 

Ktislltr,  M  p*!  qiiultilr  • 
l>a.  in  iIaTh       .... 
IVi.Sliect         .       .       ,       . 


lU'xkBiHiM 
I>o.  Strut* 
Do.  Spinlnh 
Da.  Uar*  . 


•10f«lt 
,—  •»  ' 
M  «M 

46    a« 
45  a  M 


6toa   I 

tI   4  — 
i|  «_ 

S     a  — 


.  —  «  «1 

.  —  4   Wl 


I  , 


LOKDON'  UKT.il.   KAKKKT. 

.Uirimi  m,  lau. 

'     The  Lond/in  Mining  Jn-iTaat  give*  lli«  followinft  quolaliona,  (■>  which  ' 
add  the  duty  **  btbrerM,  United  Statn  Currency,  nilo  oT  frcighU,  tod  F« 
Exchange. 

nrauwii  mo". 
Dalji  (0  pm-  omf.  «<  Nrorna. 

B*r  Bud  bolt  d                  .        .        .        .        .    per  ton.    1C9  10    0  MI  S9 

■  la  Wikl»a S  10   0  «l  u 

■  III  L>verpiH)l4 eiDO  tSM 

■  InSUITorJiJiIrsa lOlQO  tOn 

Sb«at^  miiiio  u la  Id  0  la  ft 

"       iloubls  B 14    0    0  <7  T< 

Hoop  a It  IS    0  CS  tIT 

Mkil  rod,  rodiul  « II    00  UU 

"       Manre  a 10  10    0  M  IQ 

Ball*  ( Whltn) » BOO  nn 

*'     (Sinfforilalilro)  ft R  10    0  II  1( 

Ball**)'  L'liarii  tliJi  A f  JT    <  ■s  tl 

Pig.  No.  l,ajdoi 1  IS    0  18  a« 

S  Mill  M>),  1.  and  I<Stlu  Su.  J        .        .        .        ,      g  IS    0  IB  M 

No.  I  in  «'■!«  * 4  10    0  il  T* 

floMch  Itii  Nu.  1  in  I.(inclan S    0    0  U  to 

HV'laoAl  S.irfa.:n  R)>U  f        ■        ■        ■        ■   tit  la  »    H    0  j  ,„  ;„ 

I  ■  C«td-Uut,  Ho.  1  Koondry     .       .       .       .  «  la*.  to  fl  lo    o  j  JJ  JJ 

f.Ohmo^lMn 14  I«    0  7i>IS 

DitM.                Wain  t* .                                          .4S0  lOST 

&■*}  10 /<r  onl.  kf  miopia. 

Saodi'h nrloii,  113    0    0  tMl 

Kanln  CCMD IT    0    0  n ! 

[niliiB  Cbarwal  PIgi  Id  London COO  MM' 


CoamtrtkU  AtfKt  «<  At  iRnin^  fnttmt  ^ff 

nw»v  nKBLo. 

Dl^^^p^rtmLadrale^m. 

R«adUh  k*c,  Duninal        .       .       .       .    p*r  ton.    £u    n    0  t7T  M 

IKUo  fSnPM 

WKLnn  f. 

DiOi/,  Ufigt.bari,  and fIottt,i  I  tItMit,  U /ht  aiKt.  nd  ralartm. 

Od  the  ipot  Id  bm     .  .     pM-ton.    £000  W  M    4    0         tlU  «B 

«•">»• JOOOioMIOO  llVl  41 

JMy  11  ^  <™^  Oct  >tt'i>'vni- 
tiKbMUJ. per  ion.    £S)    0    0         VIU  Ot 

■RaiMii  t'orran. 
l>wif;ialf«iitlml»*',iO:  plf,iar,oitaeU,l>r^nnl.«dmtbnm;  AajcU^mKl*] 

Vle14totSlbt,a parton.  £19«    0    0  |M0«  M       A| 

TduA  Mke  a 13(00  «OVM 

ehtitUng  Ibr  mbip*  14  1>7  48,  an<I  bolu  a       [Mr  lb.          CIS  Ml 

8hMt  a ■<              Oil  Ml 

BHUMaa ■•              0     1     S  wl 

Old « «             _" 

Tallo*  H«M  4 "             0    10  M 

WMUniUd'a  PU.  Ital.       .       .       ,       .    pu  owl.       t    0    0  »  M 

Ai^  to  fr  tmt.  a-l  ratvrmt, 

V^g       . per  Mo.  £ti   0    0         till  SI 

&1imU MOO  118  14 

KMUMIt  Lue  a. 

JhOy  VI  pf  ""I-  ad  mbtwm. 

Sjaaith  in  bond pm  Iod.    £33    0    0         |to<  4S 

■■•lUIill   TtS  f. 

Dutj/  i  ftr  fHit,  ad  mformi, 

B(«dc par  owl.    M  10    0           ttl  44 

IlI«M ** 

Bm "            e  11    0             «1  70 

IUflD«d                « 

munan  ns. 

Dvtfiptr  unl.  «d  talortm. 

Iknca perewl.     <4  10    0  ttl  4f 

Butila  [cinn«rtla«d) "  4    7    0  00  Tt 

MM  tuLim.  *1 

LM)/  U  fir  ttil.  ad  ralamn. 

IGGbifoail          ......    per  bOE.  £1  t4    0  |s  sn 

TX  DitW "  100  944 

lOCUto "  ire  4  44 

IX  DIM "  I  14    (  tm 

t>n>(l>  ItaM  a  ton '•  lA     0    0  4t  40 

(iniekttlvcr/ per  Ik.  0    3    4  SI 

T'rm*'  a  »[  Mr  cent. -lii. ;  K  ooli  c,  S.'lil«i:rf.  1)  pcronnt.-ii*. :  f^  1  AtM; /,  1} 
<iltt>;  tlBtivnrri  lO  liTifponl  loi.  prr  l<>ii  te™.— f  T)i(mtint  «  p*r  »eiit. 

■  D«Iii«r»d  ill  Llittv""'  '^-  (U.41)  rvr  Cn  In*- 

Kiaums.  Rvw  Y(-tIi,  Fth.  4, 1S5I.— Kutt*  nn  nniri»(r  '^m  ^t'-  M  •&  pmniDRi 
Iti  bvor  of  LoMnn. 

fKnown  at  I^rariKiDl  iir*  ■bout  30f.  0-i.  (tlM)  jier  wn  fbr  linn  In  pit  or  ban. 


soo 


Oonmtrcial  Atptet  of  iht  STiitiny  TiUentL 


Tfalt  to  tbero,  ftnrl  rvfwrt  ovot^tlung  wnductcd  (o  tlwr  Mtu&ctioQ.  Tlie  «m 
Gram  the  McCuFloiigK,  tbey  t»j,  is  abnitiduit  in  giunlSty,  and  T«ry  rich  1& 
iliMlitjr.  The  I.indwy,  though  but  pu-ti&Uj  developed,  promUcR  to  be  at  nch 
w  the  HsCullough ;  and  the  stock  hu  rUcn  npidly  from  TS  ctit.  to  f  I,  «t 
wUch  Utttf  fl]^ru  Urge  ftmountii  hare  ab«ag«d  bvidfc  It  to  nov  kbovt 
M  eta.,  uid  >s  a  cht*p  purchase  at  that  Bgure.  Oald  BiU  to  stationary  at 
about  8  to  Bl-  The  products  of  th*  mine  continue  rWicr  than  ever,  and 
ftom  the  prt«mt  appeamnce  of  the  property,  there  can  be  few  better  inrcat' 
BUBti  than  Gold  Hill  at  thu  prexect  figure.  The  only  r«aw>u  we  can  giie  far 
hi  pwwnl  low  Qgure  is,  that  tha  puUiv  appvar  to  us  to  be  aftaid  thU  it  is  too 
good  to  bo  tnic.  In  Phnaix  Oald  a  t^hanite  h»»  hcon  made  in  the  direction, 
by  th«  T««ignation  of  the  President  and  the  delation  of  a  new  one,  wbo  can 
girc  more  tiuie  and  attention  (0  thu  affutni  of  Iho  Company.  Two  additioBal 
dfaveton  hftw  also  been  choseo,  and  all  the  reserved  stock  taken.  All  Uiis,  to 
{•  nppoatd,  wm  give  additional  rnrric  tn  the  mnnofteraent  of  the  Compaaj, 
and  develop  its  Teaourocs  more  speedily.  The  iUk-'Ic  of  [he  Company,  bowaTCr, 
is  still  at  about  T5  ctn.  cwb,  and  in  not  very  aciivi;  at  that  flgw*-  Hlghir 
prioc«ar«,  hoiruvor,  oonfliiently  looked  fur  before  long.  Dttp  Sittr  contioiMS 
steady  at  about  80  eta.,  but  we  have  no  transactions  torooord  in  it  In  Partur 
Fm'i*  there  ha*  been  peat  activity,  and  the  ntock  reached  9j,  a  higher  point 
(ban  it  liaa  tonobcd  for  nionUiH.  At  prctcnt,  bowsvcr,  it  ii  about  7  j  to  Ti. 
flIlMMM  Copptr  bas  also  been  adivo,  and  th«  price  has  risvu  to  iC,  at  vthicb 
figure  it  in  in  considerable  demand.  Thin,  IVoni  all  accounts.  Is  dodincd  to 
tarn  out  an  excellent  dividend— paying  more,  and  that  helbro  lonj;.  It  u 
nwnaged  by  men  of  commerdnl  chariictcr  and  ability,  nho  direct  its  aAilS 
with  systtni  and  uconouiy.  In  I^Umae  Copftr,  both  old  and  tunr,  Vbmt  liM  < 
been  great  activity. 

The  transactions io  the  Lake  Superior  tn1nlDgstodE8luiT«b«tn<lt^laliig^ 
particularly  in  Toltcc,  Algomab,  and  Ripley.  Th*  fcraMratoek  touched  1S( 
some  twenty  days  ninec,  but  now  standK  at  about  IS],  I2j.  AlgvmiA  is  la 
deuianil  at  4j,  and  from  the  demand  for  tlie  ntock,  ne  think  it  is  oertain  lo 
rise.  Riplty  is  heavy  at  %i,  at  which  flgurc  loiuu  few  lots  weni  sold  a  afawt 
time  sinco ;  but  mucb  could  not  be  sold  at  over  S},  cash.  )n  Dovgla* 
Boughion  there  have  been  Mveral  tranaaetiona,  and  the  atock  14  in  dcmaniL 
We  bave  tliua  noUcod  all  the  mining  stocks  most  generally  dealt  in  here,  and 
must  leave  ttmn  by  saying  that,  on  the  whole,  tbero  ia  no  great  change  in 
prtCM,  and  no  news  or  importance  to  communicate  in  relation  lo  lh«m. 

We  find  that  theriowaexproieied  in  oar  tost  frith  r«.gml  to  the  advantsgea 
to  bo  derived  from  organiiic);  with  a  moderate  bona  ftde  capital,  instead  ef 
(be  nominal  millions  we  constantly  bear  of,  are  fully  participated  in  by  our 
mot*  expeH«noed  mining  men  who  hav«r  tried  both  systoms,  their  experieiMC 
having  led  them  to  condnde  that  the  principle  of  starting  with  a  capital  juM 
mffleient  to  defray  the  prmqiccliva  wotUng  cxpenuM  (whieh  by  cooipotMil 
■MR  can  be  very  accurately  eatiinatrd),  and  lo  alloir  a  rcuconablc  margin  fbr 
nnfbrcMen  cxpenncs,  etc.,  *tf.,  would,  if  generally  ndopicd,  icrro  perhapa 
mors  than  aaylliing  riw  to  place  niinltig  property  as  it  should  b«,  In  tia  proper 
plica,  it  Itia  hiid  of  iU  innstmenia. 


Journal  of  ffoU  Miaiitp  OptraAmt.  2W 

vAYmnn  ov  ooih  hah  if  mi  kt)  aud  mmBi  tmcw  tvs  MRt  or  a^Jt  tvjufCMO^  pvmnm 

nis  yiAk  uuQHi  onuuasa  )1,  ISti. 

For  C«nlnl  Atntria            ......  latiOOO 

(>il*> SI*.SM 

TiJunlw «,«M 

KtoJuolra        ■•.....  MO 

Sanilvioh  hhnda M,U1 

CaiiM MT.ttf 

«iwi»n a,n« 

M»nin« )M,aM 

CUculu ll^( 

Fandleh«n7        ....,,.  14,IH 

Aouniliit M,t6t 

%'an>vitivar'>  Island         ......  1,004 

P*<i«ng MM 

Totd trtOiin 

I  exjunbation  wfll  show  a  (li;ci<I«il  tinpi«T«nierit  in  iho  ahipincnU  of  1 
'  over  thoiic  of  mny  proTiouB  jetr. 

BfalpmnitafdnKifoFissi tM,4*a,ow 

SUpinoDt  or<tiut  fbr  ISaS          .....       4G,TTt,000 
SbtpmoolarduUfbtlW* M,»OT,000 

Aboat  ten  millioo*  incrcue  <aoh  joir,  of  dtut,  nuuiifuitAJ. 


mui  or  ooLD  a  kdmu. 


Td  Ruwiih,  (ho  roincA  belonging  b)  th«  SUt«,  In  ISGS,  (brntabed  to  tb*  Unt, 
I40T  poorin  iu><t  2A  [loiindH  nf  gold,  reprcsantinx  a  Talm  of  19,002,888  roublw 
(TS^COMSSC),  and  18fi7  poods  of  cflnr  (4,079,524^),  or  in  all  ai,U7,«l» 
fiMbl«(84,6M,ST6f.). 


CALiroiunA  cni.D  riEuw. 

Tfao  progTtax  of  operatioiui  during  tfa«  flnti  part  of  (h«  winter  wb«  taocea^l 
hi  in  (bo  miccnl  dislrict&.  Jloro  nin  m«tiis  to  1iftv«  fldlen  along  th«  coast 
thui  in  tbo  interior— ihat  which  has  M«n  in  tlie  mines  having  boon  in  a  grtU 
ilHTW  abecrbod  by  the  p>n>hcd  {[round,  Icftring  Uttio  or  none  to  How  through 
Sm  dry  gqkhen,  where  the  miocni  had  made  prepanlions  lo  wash  tho  i&t 
wbich  bad  hccu  prai*iouBly  thrown  up.  The  want  of  wal«r  a-vi,  to  some  es- 
Unt,  Nupuliei)  by  the  iliffi>rcnt  tvat^r  companint.  whoM  works  spread  in  nmtf 
dfaMtlong. 

The  Prai  mcntionH  the  disrovcry  of  (juartx  vcini  in  Calavenw  conn^,  and 
one  papw  makes  the  fullowing  nlotemenl; — 

We  hsvE  bet'n  pn-wntcil  by  Mi-wirK.  Lang<lon  a>i>l  Wiivi-ler  wi(h  a  fianiph 
of  gi>lil*bi.'(irinit  inai"!',  I.ilwti  from  Ihcir  newly  djjirovprt^  lc*'I  In  C*l»T«ra« 
MunCj,  on  the  rirljce  IH-In'evn  Amadorc  Occk  nnd  Rancheria,  near  the  Jaek- 
.lon  ■lAge  road.  The  lead  i.i  frum  two  to  two  and  a  hnlf  taot  wide,  of  an  iin- 
knownTeogth.  aod  ti»s  bw-n  iirrrsptictwl  to  the  doi'th  of  thirty  feet,  nil  of  which 
pami  wolL  Thit  HMrimcn  liofore  us  in  xrty  rich.  The  propricior»  ha»c  on 
•xhiUtioa  at  the  L'resci'nl  ('ity  Hotel  a  Biii(;li-  lump  of  titin  luarti,  weigUng 
S6T  Otta.,  and  which  '»  rHtlntklcl  to  oonCain  Ihre?  lh«.  of  gold.  Tho  nectloa  V 
the  county  front  vhich  iIiir  was  Inkrn  lit  proving  to  tic  rich  in  (|Uiirtx  leadi^ 
and  i*  now  second  onlr  to  tinus  Vulley.  There  iro  seven  quaitr.  millK  in  auo- 
coarfal  operation  in  toe  vicinity  of  Anudon-;  three  of  th«««  ar»  driven  hf 
watM-,  and  the  oUwra  by  steam  power. 


s»s 


Otmmemai  Atptci  o/  A*  Minmg  I^itntL 


J|iiHM«[(wt»/.tf-  AAra^y  sort,  ISM,  tnUf  d^mf  Jfiajiv  AacJbMUof  UU 
Alt  rori  .aiMdt  jSmIm^  m>d  Miaii^  Boardt,  tLt^inf  tkeir  Hifimt  mi 
LomM  At'itta^  niti  On  DaU,  trilA  the  JfnnUC  r<Uttt  «n  fitrwarp  SOO, 


OtuautfthMi 

Cbiriiiiu  (^tvoM ■ 

l-cnrirl   111(1 .. 

WntoHUHl  OhI ...:. 

DiaUilB  uid  Soiqaaliinna. . 
In.    t  nr  ««iL  »HHla. . 

EWIrnHx-     

I!b}ii((w  llaujflilau>.'" 

ytltan  Unpw :.. 

Qvllim  OiiibH' 

eSdKHL 

Biw— II  Cnppn 

uujui^t.r". 

Unlimr 

MKultoi^li  U«U 

KmUmi. 

XmIiMiI 

)t«niM.,.. 

)(.«Cr«kC>rf 

TIta  Jtntf  Bat 

MaMh  Amurlcu 

Honii  Unlliu  OmMT. 

Olilv  Uad  Hd  U^Ua . , . , . . 

PvhHTflii 

PM>ki  JIUlH  mt  Muol. . 

PHiiia;lt«lii4:«l 

Paniujrlnnli  *  Utilrli  Ztac. 
PhaMx  UlnlBf  nil]  iibnuf. . 

rtnMiOnld 

Potomxt 

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Bdulslph , ...,. 


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t  <kfr7lB|  lb*  DnK  tod  IhUIU  ilMd^ndi: 


•rUtiaal  tbm  th*  «Ml»  Mill « l|. 


KSTiw  xnuia  uaxs  maiubt. 

Bwiac,  Fab.  M,  laiS. 

Since  our  Unt  (cT«nI  null*  haro  Wn  Rwlrcd  from  Ijikf  5!iipnrior,  brfn^ 
log  •dTiOM  of  lliv  muit  diccriag  niturc,  uiJ  full;  cnnltnmiiit  the  nDticipttioM 
<if  ftMnds  of  th*  nlab^  liiUrucbi.  Thr  itinrkct  i»  f^ni-ntly  iJrm  for  ^  tiia 
Mocks  and  mi  wnomit  of  tharcflln  *iiy  of  tlicm  oouM  Im  odlaitinl  at  tbepTM* 
ant  CMrrent  ratc&  Evott  day  ttr«n]{t)i«M  the  hold  IhU  cI:l^  of  Htodu  i« 
obtaiDing  oti  th«  good  fuTor  of  tlic  public ;  and  morn  iii(|iiii7  inUi  tbtir  morils 
ia  bcJAg  Biailv  by  Ihone  who  mv  aorkitis  them  u  invrttmcnbi,  Wc  wfll  Vmd- 
Inre  to  prtdivt,  ihal  an  inrtKluMnt  judiciousljr  tniKlc  in  Iha  miniDX  otiyka  ef 
tho  I^tio  $ii|>nior  n>^oii  will  jpw  a  tlircvfol J  livUcr  inlercitt  withio  flio  J«an^ 
than  aaf  other  HccuHty  that  can  be  obtained  in  ttiin  country,    'niia  briid  in 


Oaauiureial  Atptctofti*  Jlining  InUrut. 


I 


baM^  upon  ftctj^  Mid  noi  from  anj  (aaqxiniy  wtdtoMaV  onMd  l>f  ipecO- 
ktiTa  activity.    Xh«  tMaba  of  a  yew  pwt  m  MlBelaDt  lo  ntia^  *nj  who 
•re  willing  to  ba  MnHncad,  UtM  Ibo  sucmm  of  copp«r  mlniiig  b  no  longoi  i 
a  RMlUr  t>r  uiKcrtuntj-.    It  (peaks  lor  ItMlf,  ani)  tfa«  «opp«r  liteMltr  "  «ticftt  \ 

<Vf>fw  /U^  hai  iiDfirOTed  fronfiO  to  49,  and  if  one  quarter  that  vohev  i 
of  it  ia  true,  the  nunc  tihb  &Ir  lo  1)«  pt»«iiitecn4f  neeoMAiL    Vmv  aton 
to  tw  huJlf  room  fer  a  doubt  as  lo  tfao  faMMBMlMuHH  of  Hm  vtlna,  a»d  nam  \ 
diaCOTVta  an  oontiniull;  bcbf;  nude  to  FtrcflRtbon  past  mnMsm.     WoHc 
MM  flnt  commenced  on  ihic  tniiw  in  Jun«,  18it),  and  lh«  whole  ■fnotuil 
expended  to  Jan.,  1S54,  ii  $167,000;  of  which,  tISO.OOQ  haii  been  aMcawA  , 
on  10,000  diana,  at  $13  \wi  nliarD,  aiid  tST.OOO  ruatiMiI  ttom  ilio  E*l<a  of 
copper.    In  IS63,  tha  net  pmoecdK  of  copper  mM  was  tKT.TOO.    It  i»  antkt* 
patod  Uwt  Iho  Cdwipanj-  will  chip  I^QO  toiu  of  mincnl  dorinft  IBM,  tha  avoik 
^a  pmcntaR*  of  pun  copper  bnug  abuut  TO  per  cent.    There  will  be  a* 
tmemattat,  ihiring  th«  ciHuing  ^ring.  of  prabatilf  %&  pvr  shan,  wbioh,  it  E(  I 
Mqwolcd,  will  be  tho  bst  rtquirod  hy  tho  Company  ;    anil  Ilia  maniprt  I 
bop*  to  mak«  a  dividend  in  the  cpring  of  ISSS.      yorik  Ameritan  ia  in  | 
bMtrr  dranand,  and  the  nlouk  bu  ioiprortd  from  70  to  80,  allfaeugb  no  nil 
have  been  xnaio  higher  than  Ihu  flr8l-tiaiiUHl  prit^ ;  but  BO  would  b«  pul 
now  if  aji^  slian^tould  boohtainod  at  tliat  Agnr*.    Tho  latest  attounta  fiwn 
tlu*  nino  are  *jttt  mora  ctioaanginit  than  whvn  the  agrnt  tWod,  aowia  naoattiB  \ 
tfnoe,  that  "the  results  were  lucb  liIo  place  the  Compinr  beyond  the  naOM*'' 
fHf  of  calling  l^rther  iKiosmcntii,  and  lo  inmire  Ur^-  and  speedy  diTidcDtb." ' 
It  will  ba  rooollodtd  Ibat  thia  Coiaponj'  found  a  idom  of  not  Icm  than  oit^  | 
AuaJmil  andfiflji  (oni  iu  Uie  firal  tent,  odIjt  about  fortj  Uci  Trora  tiie  *uifitci 
i»f  mek.     Totlfc  ia  fttm,  with  faiU  Ibw  tntncacltneii^  holJera  of  slock  tittle  iii> 
ermcd  to  mU  at  mltng  prien* ;  and  there  U  at  prencat  no  ditpotition  to  pnt  tbtf 
prioe  up,  althou^  nottit  accoiintit  tewa  tlie  mine  arc  oita  brorablc  a  natnrt ' 
■a  to  warrant  an  adTano«>  of  %S  per  aharo,  at  which  point  the  stork  wWd  be 
ooB  of  Ihfl  cfacipcxt  in  this  markol,  taking  its  true  mtttis  Into  vi«w,     ^ftlldif  | 
a  abort  Ume  the  Company  look  out  a  "niMn"  of  oT«r  1,900  Ihs,,  itml  tho  slop«l^  * 
afw  yielding  a  pvat  deal  of  baircl  and  itanip  copper.    The  mine  haa  improroA  i 
womterf^lly  of  latr,  and  ita  auro  MOOeB*  ia  on  B  Snn  h%At.    It  ranka  as  BrsV 
daaa  amonK  the  new  niinea. 

yalt^nal  ia  also  niakiog  a  Splendid  show,  and  (bo  stock  h  scvm  at  81'  ' 
bid.    The  aharM  come  Into  the  market  but  little,  and  a  demand  for  a  feir' 
hmdrcd  coabl  not  b«  nut  wMiont  a  maUrial  adi-anoo  in  price.     Nontieh  is 
looking  Tip.  and  bidM  hirto  be  a  mine  of  great  promise.    The  Company  har*  i 
jtMt  called  in  an  uaiBiinatt  of  CO  conta  per  shar*.  and  thwe  Is  iw  stock  fcv 
Mk  at  111}  per  *^>'>'«>  *'■"'  t^''^  V"^     l''^'**  <■  "'^  >>(  '  1  ^^  ^'^  "Oiall  Ml,' 
and  no  rtock  pn^ng  npon  the  mnrkot    The  mine  ia  md  b>  look  better  now!' ! 
(Iwn  erer  lieforv,  and  with  the  prtseat  judicious  maiMgvnieat  tliere  m  a  tutf  I 
pMipMI  <d  a  SDOOMMfiil  renlt.     Idr  ItotfoU  ia  flrni  at  SO)  hid,  for  laige  lotaj.  I 

altboucfaall  twii iiif  offl  per  ^arc  will  be  due  Unroh  6.     With  th«pK*;^| 

eni  fcvonible  aeominU  fMm  tlw  nine,  howoror,  tS^re  in  no  pmluhaitr  of  any 
acHon*  decline  in  Uie  maricM  value  of  the  atoek.  Tlic  mini-  Ibs  tbu*  iar  bean> 
pTOTcd,  to  an  extent  which  leavea  liltk  if  any  doubt  of  suocrs^  and  the  Stock 


301 


GoM  Sfininy  OptrMfia. 


£l,  Car  oiM  month. 
£>,  for  thr#4  months. 

£A,  for  nix  manthi. 
£5,  for  t«-elie  mcrnths. 

nr«m  thonicMMwIuoli  butttcndcd  the  premnt  tnn|ioruT  OMWiun:,  your 
Oommiltcc  have  been  iDduced  tautupl  it  as  (lie  bstiiii  orth«  soileof  t>ii}'iiieuU 
to  be  propoNcd  fbr  perrnvtont  cnnctmrnL  II  will  b«  obaarred  tint  tno  foe  for 
three  mouUis  in  idonticBl  with  that  noiv  cxtabliibcd ;  the  ntc  for  ono  uonth 
bclnK  Himnn-hkt  in  execm,  wid  that  for  tlie  longer  period  being  proportionUelj 
(liminUliHl. 

Tile  iiiicort«intT  iltcniiinp;  iho  oriliimry  BTiwatitms  of  the  workinB  miner 
htw  indiicnl  jnur  Cnmmitlcc^  to  Hx  u  si^ntc  no  low  u  cut  seaKclj  bo  fntt  op- 
prcMlivc  cTon  by  thv  uitxucf^iwiiful. 

Your  Coiiitiiltti.'-.'  tvoiiM  rcc^TriiDViiil   that  several  iilrknliigM  iiliould   b« 
ItTtnlf^tl  fi  thi'if  who  may  bi'ponip  anniinl  iii-cnapps.    Thny  ixineiiipr  it  mwD- 
nbk  that  the  l^!ct:livc  friuii^hisff  should  be  Mitcnded  to  thlM  class.     But  u  any 
bill  phnkmI  by  your  bonorabli^  flouse  for  thiK  purpose  mint,  preTiotuiIj  to  itt 
beooriiioK  Ihw.  (ill  laid  bi'for«  lH>lh  House*  of  Parliiuneot  for  itiifty  days  prior 
to  rccoivlnit  tlio  royal  nawnt,  and  m  no  time  would  bu  gained  by  introducing 
m  Mpwftte  mcwmrc  for  thin  obji^ct,  your  t^ommittuc  irould  rcwnimead  thtt 
the  iwcoKVy  pruviaion  nhould  bi-  nuiJc  in  tlii>  nr^w  Constitution,  the  prop*n-  \ 
tfon  of  which  now  engi^s  the  atloiitlon  of  your  honorable  Kouw.     At  tho 
Skmo  time  your  Gommlttoo  fuvof  opinion  that  thosn  who  will  not,  by  obtain- 
ing kycorly  Itccn.'w,  afford  a  guirantcc  for  tiicir  Kcllliniicnt  in.  and  attscbment  1 
to,  tbe  I'ulotiy,  am  nut  entitlcit  to  bi'  iiitriixd'd  with  no  impottanl  *  priTil(f|e;,'] 
ud  that  a  migratory  population,  nuny  thoiinandii  of  whom  «rc  not  rfsideat  j 
for  more  than  a  few  montlui  in  the  country,  should  not  hire  power  to  inlecCera 
in  permanent  It^inlulioQ  fbr  its  iuternnl  g;ovi-rniiii.>[it 

They  would  fiirtbtr  siiiomt  that  n  riicht  uhoold  bo  coDCedod,  vltbiiat  >d>'.J 
ditional  charKo  to  annual  liecnaees.  to  oultivatr  i^imd  for  gardoDiit;,  sut:gaet  1 
to  iluch  resulalioni  on  may  I>r  nrccssary  to  prevont  any  intnforencc  with  tb* 
nle  of  t^icultural,  or  the  working  of  auriferous  lands, 

Ily  cranlin);  Huoh  idi'&ntsgL'^  and  by  iiukliijj  tlio  propowd  reduction  to 
thoxc  who  lake  liconKo^  for  the  longer  period,  your  Committee  tru;t  that  eii ' 
long  the  cvtlH  bilherto  atti^dant  upon  the  wandering  and  uiuietUed  habits  of 
the  miner  may  be  removed. 

It  has  been  »U,lfA  li>  your  CominittC'.',  Ilmt  It  would  hv  rogarrle<I  m  a  hwd- 
•hip  by  the  warkinjc  min.'^r,  if  bi>  slune  i,f  all  the  nuidentH  on  the  gold  fUIdl 
were  called  upon  to  pay  lowarJs  tho  e.iigcnciei  of  tho  Slate,  wbiUt  othern,  whg 
in  truth  derive  iii<>[v  '"'iivnt  from  his  labor,  wer«  not  required  to  conlributa 
their  hit  proportion.  Your  Cominittro  as«cnt  to  tho  Junticc  of  this  view,  and 
would  rEcommend  the  impoiiition  of  an  annual  charge  upon  all  ptnton*  «n-.  | 
gaged  in  trade  on  tlie  gold  Qelds. 

They  als«  advise  that,  witli  a  riow  of  Oirthcr  dcTcIoping  ihe  resoureati  of. ■ 
the  colony,  erory  e[icourM;emnnt  not  delrirocnbi!  to^  or  antagonistic  with,  1^^  \ 
puraalla  of  the  indiTiduir  minor,  ihouhl  be  field  out  to  i:oni]>anict  to  woril ' 
Roeh  portion*  of  fond  wt  would  not  r>^pny  private  enterprise.     A  Tktt  Bmouat  j 
of  WCliUh,  oUienrite  anavaiUlile,  nould  by  these  means,  bo  procured,  and  A 
hme  field  for  emploi merit  inaured  to  many  who  may  not  liare  Kuccecded  in 
their  oncorofiincd  effiirtfl.     I.anil,  limilororc  imperfectly  worked,  or  too  poo^ 
for  rudu  and  uuBeicnlilic  labor,  would  be  rondfrcd  a  prolific  source  of  prospe-  i 
ritT,  and  thus  it  1*  eonceivcd  that  the  optmlions  of  eompanlci^  no  ftr  froiq  i 
hmig  pfrjudicial,  would  he,  gtmmiWy  ftdifsnlogeou*  to  the  indu.ilrial  clmaL 
Companies,  or  lutiociated  miners,  ought  alsn.  In  the  opinion  of  your  Commit- 
tee, to  r«T!ive  I'TCry  Itgitiiriate  eti courage m en t  in  working  nimrlji  veins.  Lanil,  j 
»iitabfe  fbr  both  these  purposes  mieht  Iib  lyl  on  lea§e,  or  even  li)  Korac  in-  ■ 
nancca  sold,  tubjei^t  to  proper  rcgulatinni.    In  no  caoe,  howvver,  doM  it  Mem 
desrable  to  disturb  tbc  opcratioiiu  of  the  indlriduil  miner. 


Jiovmai  of  Oold  Hfiniuy  OpfnUoiU. 


So^  Mtlic  cnnBt  rort%ln  made  ofiijctitiiyini^ft  poopio  irlth  tlM  oountiy,  tnd 
UndEns  tb*m  to  xupport  Uie  law,  ix  U>  gin  thcnt  k  mtcd  Inlvrugt  in  the  tioil, 
|«vr  Gomntltlm  would  reeommood  that  •  lureo  amount  of  lud  iromcrliatcly 
oontiguoas  to  tho  gold  tlelds  shnnU  b«  offur«<l  for  uto  in  iiliolinentJi  uf  rorioiui 
ihtM,  and  tiut if  thoaecomplialimriit  of  thU  object  ibould  bofoond  toinUrfora 
irftt  existing  risbta,  oompenuliua  uliuuld  b«  atrarded  Talh«r  than  that  th* 
cUoM  of  the  occuimqI  gliould  lie  permlttoU  to  impede  llie  p«ntuneot  acttlo- 
mtet  of  th«M  disinctci 

Your  Cotnntittce,  in  tlitw  rioffinf;  thn  w.Ulcmcnt  nt  the  (cold  flelds  ai  a 
matter  of  the  ulnie«t  moment,  hA>o  ounsidi'rod  the  expediency  of  furthnr  fa- 
dlitaling  Die  occupation  of  iaod ;  but  rcj^ardlng  Dm  propuiiliotiit  oo  Uiui  point 
alrMdj-  nlludnl  to  u  ■tiffli^ii'n^  if  carried  out  nitl)  vnur)j:y,  to  niMt  eXMtiag 
wanta,  do  not  propow  to  olTcr  any  funhnr  sU{;KCKtionA,  or  at  this  period  ta 
adriae  leeislalion.  avowedly  imp(Tr<x't,  on  a  subject  wliich  yoiir  Comrailtco 
Irasta  will  at  no  oblAitt  day  bo  brought  fully  unctur  the  couaiduraliou  of  the 
coftnt^. 

Bnoroachmcnti  upon  mining  ctiitua,  wtiich  cannot  practically  bo  rodrcMed 
hf  ttie  ordinary  legcil  ineatix,  nuJ  diapiitea  biitwu^ii  parlnuni  in  mining,  Iho 
Isw  rMpcctinjc  wolcb,  even  were  thi>  tribunal)!  ninro  accosi^iblv,  iil  too  cum- 
bnxM  for  rradj  aMdicalion,  appear  to  your  CummitU-u  to  requiro  apocial  lefb- 
tMton ;  Ui«y  woud  thcrcTore  recomiutiiU  pinvrally  that  a  simple  and  wgiodH 
(loas  mod*  of  detntnliilng  such  caws  should  be  introdiiced- 

Thoy  would  al«a  miggcM,  that  cnoouragemeiit  iihould  bo  giTcn  to  ihonn  who 
may  bo  dixpOMid  to  "  prospect,"  irith  the  view  of  discovering  new  cold  floldc 
Some  induci^tiient  appi^an  Decenary,  aa  the  niin*r«  aru  naturally  nluetHit  to 
McriSoc  certain  gain,  by  undortakinjc  a  tuk  which,  wliaicTcT  benoAls  It  may 
pramkc  to  th«  public,  n  too  often  unprolilablo  to  tb«maelT«s, 

Tour  CumiuIttM  entertain  tlie  Iwlief  that  all  reaaonaUe  dcinandi  hare 
been  birly  m«t  by  tlili  Report,  and  they  ani  cnnAdi-ni  thtt  the  liberal  policy 
^ttf  rccommcRd  to  your  bononblc  Houkc  will  bu  productive  of  the  beat  eAct. 
That  any  legulation  can  be  looked  upon  ox  pcrmaricnt  in  a  Male  nf  thinn 
dkanring  ao  iSpiiBy  from  day  to  day,  is,  purhabs,  more  than  can  be  expocted ; 
^M.aiB_pTM(at  proposals  hmu  lo  rcmovo  aU  the  chief  ground!  of  t'omplaint, 
^^pvridtv  aa  Br  aa  postible,  fbr  the  fUtiire  development  and  settlement  of 
J  eoantry,  and  fcFr  the  enconragonent  of  the  grvat  source  of  her  proaperitT. 

Id  oonclusioii,  tliuy  would  adriso  that  the  bill  mibmlttcd  to  them  ahotud 
be  remodullcil,  wit))  a  view  of  embodying  the  Eiii^citioiut  contained  in  thia 
Raporl 

A  ntrnmary  of  the  jirograa  at  tUe  digging*  may  be  (boiiid  in  the  following 
parafcntphx : — 

Tbc  intcttismco  from  the  diffiirnit  dif^s^nj:  localltiea  continutis  g<Md,  al- 
llieagh  on  the  Billaral  side  thay  cnmnlain  of  thn  late  heary  mine  havinf 
0Muy  ImpMlod  openflinDd.  The  late  aiicoveriea  there  hiivi>  been  at  a  mnoo 
bn  depth  ihon  lutherlo ;  in  Gtot,  cxtensitv  rar&dng  has  bccii  met  with,  thua 
bdlding  out  aome  enoouTaeement  for  the  diggt^r  of  small  nn-ann,  Thu  line  of 
dM  hut  dlicoterles  Is  towards  Buninicyonir.  That  which  hru  brm  long  Hlaeo 
prodielitid  Li  now  prtthr  weU  esrtablisihed,  that  all  tlie  ground  between  (loldcn 
raint  and  Uuninfcyong  is  ool'  continuoas  field.  In  the  week  endli>t:  Oi^Uiher  8, 
ttere  bad  arriftd  by  ojcort  st  Geclonx.  43,503  cm.  from  Castlcmain  Mount, 
M^wr,  the  Oven*,  nnil  Bailnrat  di^ngi. 

liie  Jf«Moumf  Aiyvt.  of  O^tobiT  10,  says: — "During  the  vrtek  biistnMS 
has  bwn  dall.  but  very  pxleodve  trade  Ilu  ncTnrthcleHa  houn  donn.  capccially 
for  the  di|0(i''iP*  and  the  country  gcnemlly,  aiul  sliould  tho  weather  prove 
modfrntcly  dry,  there  will  ba  a  considerable  rMWtioci,  Niiiijbors  are  now  be- 
ginning Ui  inove,  both  ttvm  the  neighboring  ci>lr>nies  and  from  town,  Pit  ttio 
summer  digxiiRii  cantpMgn,  and  tbix  movement  hs't  caused  an  Incrcaied  de- 
mand particolarly ;  but  there  appears  no  clinnce  and  nu  expectation  that  the 


3d* 


JiMtmai  of  Qold  i^aing  OptntioM. 


ttxcitenwnt,  sp«ciii*liuD,  arid  liigb  t>ri>:ui  of  furuuir  j««r«  will  b»  Kg*!)!  u. 
ricDcod.    The  Ubor  nuuki^t  vas  rtry  actjit-,  Uicr*  iKUag  >  RrBOt  dunuid 
oU  kindft  or  labor,  it  iocruucil  vrngittL.     Stamen  for  Ibv  ocoHt  abnailant, 
for  bume  rcur." 


jteo.oM   0 

0 

a.wo  » 

0  — 

BO.ilOO     0 

4 

10,648  10 

0 

i,iiea  « 

s 

9iS  U 

6 

Ma   4 

« 

U    T 

• 

IV    • 

I  — 

♦  »■ 


^lis  Is  )m  English  CiTnipiiiiv  n-hosc  mmcK  urc  loratcd  tn  Tirgjnik. 
vore  DOlloed  »t  i<iig«  1 1D,  Vol.  I.,  Mining  M«g*unc    Wc  nuko  the  (bUoiriii 
•xtnwU  irma  ibo  jiiw^ccilinK*  of  the  Rnt  meeting  of  the  utockholdini : — 

Tho  nnliccconvuninfl  themocting  hftving  hcrni  rt*d,  the  Secretory  iniliaiifi 
tod  the  subjuiucd  MstDOWnt  of  Kcounbt,  frotn  the  3d  Apnl  to  th«  SOtfa  S«g 
Umber : — 

"tano  «r  <0,«(n)  ilisru        .... 

'' LsHi  on  Mue  of  S.OIM  ahnrM 

Piir«b«»c-inono)r  Tea  ViucluM  And  Orjuiai  Mined 

KomlluooM  lo  AmorlM      .... 

lSi-KiT>hriiiT>',  tmi'tlUiif,  and  «ii|j:Inn«r'ii  pj(p«nHS» . 

^                   ■  rent       ..... 
(/Jhcv  iuTiutiir«         >            ,            .            .            . 
jBcUaatal  c)uuk» IV   •    I  —   <3,AlT  ID    I  ■ 

Iiuviiig  biiluKo  iu  ttvn  ot  Co<i>p<>n;ri  ^<"'  K  £     *tt   )  lA 

To  whicb  t*  to  be  nidud  a  remitlanou  of  £1700  to  tli«  local  man 
and  not  charcecl  in  llic  above  i^coiint 

The  S«crctai7  then  nod  the  l>irM:toni*  rcpovt,  of  which  tli«  fetloving  ic  I 
suiDmarv  : — 'I'bu  Vauduse  U!ii«  bait  long  borno  ■  high  rtoulBtton  in  the  IK 
of  Vlrpnla.  <ui<i  the  piirchaHo  of  the  aiiyoinin^  OrrinM  Mine  lias  •nablod 
Company  to  ii^iu:  tuc  idea  of  unitinf  the  two  prapcrttta,  and  warklan  the 
M  opo  uoiK-urn.  Tin-  a*«nee  yielil  of  Uie  ore  at  thote  miiMa,  nftcr  being 
sUmvLMl,  was  ftscijrbiinet!  toliti  8  dollars,  or  83*.  per  loil.  The  yield  i 
Bulphuntt,  tAlL<-D  i^i^pnrRlctjr,  and  enViloctcdlottdoconipO^ICpronst;  i 
£M  per  ton.  By  duini;  mruy  with  the  Ohllian  tnfll*,  and  crr«tinft  40 1 
of  KlamM^  ISO  lonaof  ore  might  br  crushed  in  a  day  of  twenty-two  hou._ 
EitinatiaE  the  net  yield  of  thiH  quautity  lo  be  £190  a  d»v,  the  clear  nradaa 
WtfuldrMlise  (h>m  £80,000  to  £Slt,OI)<>a  year,  wUirh.on  ncntiical  ofJTOQ.ODO^] 
would  pay  CO  per  ceaL  per  annum.  Our  nuadcnt  director  at  VaucJuai 
had  to  encounter  many  m-rious  diflicuttius,  whieii  bav«  couliiyiutud  lo  rot 
opsntioiw  froui  Ihv  oiibtoL  Oi>  lakuig  possiidslon  thcro  werooiily  t*u  Engl— 
mtnors  on  the  property ;  rI  Clirif^iimui  tho  whole  of  the  \iaaaa,  whli?  an 
colored,  nmimnlcd  lo  forty-live  only.  WirL  ro  inadeouatv  a  force,  minin 
opcrationii  on  the  unW  w«  had  (-oiiieiuplaUd,  cuutd  not  ou  eblered  upon,  i 
wtw,  IhvrHoriv  poslponol  lill  tbi'  eommcntMincnt  of  tho  now  y**!-,  by  whli 
time,  aRi-r  great  excrtioEu^  a  vcr)-  ciBricnt  carp*  bad  hern  ^t  tasvlher. 
this  iieriod  the  worku,  bolU  abuti:  aiil  beluw  Kroun'l,  liufn  hci-ri  pushed 
wanl  *A  rapl'lty  as  pofslblr.  By  the  end  of  Miin-h  fully  8U0  feet  had  I 
driven  in  lunnvlt  anil  croMt-cutt,  and  upwnrdi;  of  lOiJ  foet  mink  in  dilTfVBn 
sbafU,  A  grtiil  number  of  good  reinx  hod  been  rut  through,  and  th«TO  wa 
ono  in  altnoBl  crery  ttitiiicl.  At  Die  Wirinciing  of  Ajiril,  Ifav  r«Niiknt  direcb 
wrato  as  follOHn: — "  T  tliinli  onr  pr>w])v«t«  nro  T«ry  eowl.  Aiiotb«r  lari^'i 
cat  into  to-day.  ^Ve  have  mini-  enough  here  to  la«t  100  yenris.  Then  I 
■faiHidanco  of  ore  here,  and  a  good  locution ;  and,  if  the  mine  w*rG  opene 
proporly,  t  btlleve  tinccrely  Uiat  we  niioiiM  |>av  htavy  tlir|ilenil>.  1'ho  m 
I  BOO,  u>«  strengw  boeonws  my  iinpremiioii  if  llii-.  In  Mny,  the  nri^ei 
difcetOF  wrote :~-"  I  smaanKuiae  of  a  splendid  aui^eiiw.  Cikj't»iii  Phtllipa  i 
1  led  confidence  in  rtatios,  tlwl  in  three  monthi  hcni'c  nc  Mhall  bi'  able  I 
niee  from  180  (o  IBO  loos  of  ore  a  day  frotn  the  leviJ»  diivm  and  thiTing.* 
Die  loul  amount  of  gold  produocd  during  the  yvar  Irou)  tihoob  vid  Tciiu,  met 


Jovntal  of  Ootd  Mining  Openliont. 

irMi  ir.    '-  ir.J  einliinK.  bu  been  S5G  on.  tt  dirtx.     Tbc  Kiild  proilntcd 

AaHn;;  I  ,  :  -i  ..nr  hu  Wn  ccrtiflwl  bv  tlio  United 8t*(M  Miul lo  l«  MSJ 
deKTRcx,  or  mor«  tbdn  ?2J  mnts  flno.  Tbe  vti\u>  would  Omt  lie  miD««liM 
OTcr  £i  ptr  buon.'.  In  huTcmbtT  Lut.  tho  i&rcctors  JiiKtrucUd  Mr.  UacduiM 
U)  \nf<rna  hlnnuH  of  (lie  copabiliUd  uf  the  new  lii*«oU(Ma  tubmittcd  M  Um 
minini;  pub'Ir,  H-t;>i  ilir  Hew  or«upcnedin|{  Riaiiiiis,  kiid  be  b*d  «ttl«nd  iBwt 
cordialljr  Tiito  tbe  vivwn  of  Die  board,  ucuoiaod  Ihe  iM«bini»,  |t«T«  tlw«n 
Hipl«  trials  irilh  ore  bmiigiit  fiMm  our  own  nuiMii,  utd  reported  on  Ibe  open- 
tion  of  the  ditfrrant  (-nubvrx,  scfiarntori,  and  amal^mntunk  Acliug«fil)U 
adrice,  the  dirtctoni  derided  on  rjivcllnj;  one  oT  Coctirui'B  lutfe-alwd  puhoriB- 
bg  moctiinoi^  wlik-h  n'rJuci-x  or  KrimLi  the  ore  to  on  imjialiMblo  powder.  TIh 
Biuhin«,  In  i:r>nj\iiictio'i  witli  n  iiuw  apptratiix  for  ratthias  Ui*  free  gold  tad 
xefwrmtinK  the  Kiilphurds  (Iho  invention  of  tfitir  rt'siJuit  tntntWPT).  promlsM 
lo  mliae  reniMii  whicb  will  render  ihn  Hharc*  or  thin  rofiipnny  one  at  tho  iumI 
tahiaU*  jnveUiDMits  of  the  d>v.  On  thv  Sth  of  Oi-tobrr,  Mr.  Ma«>laiM 
writes ; — '•  I  do  think  the  yield  of  (lie  «r«»  miy  b«  lairlv  set  down  at  £3  per 
ton,  and  with  thi.i  yi<Jd  the  mine  will  maWn  a  fortune  for  thn  shnn-holjcra," 
Hie  DrvpHulorB  arc  aware  that  the  capital  ma  orifcinalljr  fixed  at  £100.000^ 
[b  £i  tiiMttn,  of  which  not  more  than  6S.0OO  were  then  to  bo  (mood.  TiM 
nvmber  isiiitcd  ira*  60,000.  and  in  Dti-omber  last,  the  board  decided  on  !•• 
dacin^-  (he  capital  (umpornril/  lolhnt  umount.  at  the  mbio  tine  nurriiif  IIm 
power  of  isniii'i^  tho  ronaliiiug  C,<JOO  shares  ahould  it  become  nrceaBaiT  to  ilo 
«o,  but  providing  ni>  further  inoNCM  sbould  (ako  pUee  without  the  ««netton 
of  a  gcnerul  tntuling.  Tho  necean^  «/  iaiminft  a  limited  numbor  of  ft«tfi 
»h*re«  b.iA  ftridvri,  iii  order  to  euabla  tbe  reiidoBt  director  at  the  mlnm  to  HMOt 
tlie  extra  cxpensoii  which  bave  been  occasioned  bf  llie  delays  already  men- 
tioned. Those  dflaya  have  nubjeclnd  the  Company  to  the  payment  of  thrw 
Pkootlm'  extra  n-a);i'»,  added  lo  nliich  are  bilU  nut  yd  reudervd  for  (bimdon^ 
wMk,  fliinipi,  «tc-,  n:iiiiiTiid  in  the  enclion  of  the  new  machinery.  The  board 
bc%  tiiereforc,  btiiu  c^ompcllcd  to  imiie  3,0<h>  additional  i^r««,  and,  as  it  maf 
be  iwcewary  to  i»ue  tlie  balance  of  £,000  abarea.  thejr  recuniDiind  ibal  tM 
Mpital  be  iucrtdscd  to  1(8  original  amount  of  £00,000. 


lotrDOK  .1X0  viBomu  oout  GoxPABr. 
TMi  il  an  English  Company-  owning;  mtnes  In  Tlrginlo.  Their  proportf 
(I  known  an  the  (iarnrtt  and  Mosely  Mines,  noticed  on  page*  164  and  B14, 
Vol.  L,  Mining  Uogiainc.  From  the  proceodinga  at  the  meeting  of  (be  iiloek- 
holdcni,  we  extract  «o  much  aa  will  inform  the  r»der  of  tliclr  tpHaa  of 
epetationa. 

Tbe  foUowing  h  tbu  Report  of  tbe  Diroeloni  :— 

Ab  (lib  la  the  Itrtt  meeting  of  the  stotlbolders,  it  will  be  proper  to  SMt 
tbortiy  Iho  CoBMitiition  of  the  Company,  and  the  stepti  whli;h  riavc  boun  pro- 
eWonally  taken,  in  oriicr  lliat  the  objcet  and  procccdinsi  ofthn  present  mcctioj; 
IMT  be  rnidenii  intvIUiriWp  to  nil.  Tlit-  toinpany  wa.i  eslabliaihcd  in  Vir- 
ginia nniler  an  Act  of  lner}i'pnrnllnn,  <ib(.ilned  (torn  the  Leglslalore  of  Oit 
State.""  tlie  ^th  day  of  Mnreb,  Ik53,  The  Aft  ronfm  apon  the  ttockhold- 
CIS  the  umal  powcrn  and  iuddcnljc  of  a  corporation  (moot  important  an  limit- 
i^  indi^dval  liabilily),  Inelniiinir  power  lo  make  by'Iairs  ami  refutations  for 
Ita  own  piTcmmcnl,  nnd  to  hold  tnnda  to  the  extent  of  A.tlOO  acrot  in  the 
oounty  of  Kuekinpbain,  in  Virginia,  and  fmr  ai^oining  eountle.t  Tii»  only 
corponlorr  iiained  iu  Ilie  Act  Ik  Mr.  W.  M.  MiWly,  aud  he  is  uuthoriavd  to 
awoclatc  nkh  him  the  other  parlliiiholdiiie  ntork  In  the  Company.  Allhou^b 
tbo  Company  iii  ineorpnrated  lor  (cncral  minint;  purpuiiai,  the  principal  object 
contemplated  by  the  prtnnot'.T'i  of  lii«  Ad  wan  the  working  of  the  Eldridgt 
Ifoo  Iqr  aa  el&cionl  Joinl-moek  cor'ipany.    With  reforcnec  lo  lucb  part  of 


Jammd  o^  ffofd  X/tninff  OpfraHoH$. 


A«  apIU  u  ma  la  Iw  subiccribcd  here,  it  wu  obrlou.tlj  aoctatarf  tbkC' 
•omc  jmrinionftl  •tcps  i.IiuuM  b«  lukcn,  fur  lliu  Eii;;!Uli  tuibaciibcnt  could  iwt 
b*  inoorpontcd  until  thvir  iiuoeB  wtnt  uc«rtAm«d,  Rnil  it  wu  MeMittal  that  < 
thtlr  JntonMc  diould  be  rlntrly  defined  uid  ivcurcd  before  th«):  gare  in  thoir  I 
•dhomon  to  the  Art  or  Incorpomlion.  Accoriliiiglj'  tlic  directurK  nwnnl  m  tbt  j 
[ntwpectiu  wi-rr  niiiudAtcil  ui  ■  proTiaiona)  board,  and  [n  AugUHl  last  tlM^I 
N|Mfft«d  (o  the  shanholdora  thair  procvedingp,  Inclmlinjc  ihn  rontract  for  Qm  ! 
pvcblM  oT  the  mine,  and  the  tamv  and  report  of  (^uplnin  Jclm  UitdiiDA>  1 
At  the  date  of  that  rqwri.  the  depotit  of  Sa.  pur  share  had  Wti  paid  upOB  I 
^  th«  30,000  dbarM  iMued  to  the  public.  The  shareholdcrg  wore  then  tnvttad'l 
to  accept  iho  Act  of  Inoorpontion,  and  the  aisKcnticnta  were  rcqueated  to  pi^'l 
a  fsKhor  KUm  of  5a  per  sihare^    The  mult  haa  bi'en  in  under  :— 


AiKintiont  . 
DiwcniioDt  . 
Kol  deelBTcd 


lihanihaldon. 

7 


No.  of  Sharaa. 

.     SS,«20 


The  iocond  instalmciU «r Da  hasboc^npaM  on  S<,lSn  aharea.    T^e  < 
ticnt  ■harcboldcn  have  rceoivcd  back  their  dcpoiita,  ioa  If.  ptr  nharv,  »hl 
amounta  in  the  whole  to  961.    The  aaaenting  tharvholtluM  hiivu  tH<ni  asMtl 
dated  by  Ur.  Hoaely  with  himwll)  as  etockholdcra  under  tb?  Art  of  lncor|>(t-J 
ration,  and  a  powv  or  attorney  has  been  Riven  bj  that  Kctitlcnum  to 


directora.  nuthoriiint;  them  to  eacrciHc  for  him,  in  tbia  counlrr,  hi-i  poi 

I  uroiHTty  has  been  inTe8l)^(«d  l>y  an  Kng 
lawf  (rr,  and  found  uneX'"<tr'Uonahif.    An  abittnct  of  thn  refftpts  and  payment 


under  the  Act    The  title  to  the  ' 


la  auhjoincd.  It  ni!I  lie  Men  that,  aftrr  paying  fbr  the  mine,  nnc!  elt  cxpee 
t^i  to  Ihiit  time,  the  balanL-e  in  hand  will  be  79811.  St.  Od.  This  balasoc  < 
M  BOinvwhal  Incr««Md  b^  fitrthor  reeelpts,  mi  acetiiint  of  that  pail  of  ' 
aeoond  instalment,  which  ii  nt  preaent  napaid.  BtiimntM  of  the  cast  of  i 
elunerjr  and  working  have  been  obliunt^d  by  the  direclom,  and  lh<^  euniidec 
bi^ie-^founding  their  cxpeclatioiia  upon  Ihese  estiinatea—thal  without  t 
hnher  call,  ih«iy  uhall  he  enabled  to  carry  on  the  works  at  the  mine  until  r»-J 
tuma  arc  obtained.  PiopnoUn  have  been  received  luiil  entertainrd  by  Ifai 
directon^  for  the  enga{;cniont  of  Mr.  Juhn  F.  Utller,  a  geiitlmunn  very  hi|[ht] 
recammcndcd  for  his  acienee  and  cxpiTJence  in  gold  iiiitiinji;.  to  lake  tli«  chargi 
of  the  works  ai  the  Etdridge  Mine.  Tha  pn)C«Mlii|C)i  of  (he  present  meeting 
will  eniiKiiil  of  the  election  of  prrsldcnt  and  ditwdon:,  and  the  juttaing  of  till 
by-lnwK  and  regulationn,  which  will  be  proposed  in  detail,  and  llie  pruTirioo 

rK-eedI[i{p>  up  to  thiii  linm  will  be  eubroittcd  for  eonflrtnatlon.  It  was  alale 
the  last  report  that  aomo  amendmenta  were  coniddercd  deatrahle  in  the  Ac 
of  Incorpomtion.  Inatrvctiona  to  procure  thRccandotheriiaefiil  nmendmen 
hare  been  sent  to  the  United  States.  It  may  hIho  become  neoeiiaan-  by  tlu 
taw  of  Virginia,  that  the  procredinjta  of  the  pr«Hrn[  meeting  nhonld  be  «0 
ftrsed  by  a  meeting  to  be  held  there,  [n  conduainn,  the  directors  beg 
npaat  to  the  stockholderH  their  iinahateil  confidctiee  in  [lie  soimdDesi  of  : 
mdertaking.  They  hold  thrmsclrec,  and  their  fhierids  hold  aho,  a  large  \ 
tion  of  the  ahart« ;  and  tbey  have  embarked  in  the  undcrlakinj;  not  with  g 
vUir  of  realiiinK  acddeolal  prolltjs  but  Iwcauiie,  in  their  opinion  at  lowt,  i 
Oonqiany  may  blrly  hope  that  (he  operations  at  th«  niine,  when  proporly  i 
velopcd,  wilt  produce  remunerative  profit*  aa  a  eomrocrcial  cnterpriae. 

Tlie  statement  of  aecounta,  of  which  the  sutyolned  n  a  copy,  waa  tbol^ 
tubmjtkid: — 


Depalt  of  &>.  nr  •iiare  on  tO,000  ilmrra         ,          ,    frsoo  0  0 

OUlorfe|->r>hM*,  onSClUahnre*     .                                SS8I  S  0 
la.  par  than  on  4TS  »lun*,  the  <tcf>Mi»  on  wliicli  vara 

Nlami»1,  Biid  the  ubiK*  *ftoT«aMt  n-allolted        .         3.1  it  o 

iBlmM  on  muiiexin  Iwiik                                          .         TS  I  T  — <14,ltS    1 


Jourmat  of  GoU  Mining  Op*ralion». 


307 


C^Je)ian'>tol>tR>>,Bami)rwdi«nni>f  tli«iiilri«  .  <  ISO   0  0 

bpWiMin  AmoritaoriilTaMkttlDf  tills  IM  IT  0 

■ lOfwBMi Mir  0 

'  mnmiutoi]                                                  .  160    0  0 

__i«bo>unMetiiiur7an<tMtabliBhmuit    ■  41  U  0 

lAinilRir*                                                             .  II    8  0 

t«rolBM<t*«qtiaiton).BndoiMU  .          .          .  II  10  0 

^•ior,  priotiDg,  lad  nallonBiT    .           ,  (0    8  0 

Toftrrip    .                        ....  IB  IS  « 

r'B  oSm    ,            .                                      .            .  IH  IT  « 

m  •  I 

^tUlda>IH(H  til 

■lUh>oa«  ■«t)c)nt»  md  wBr  dldinntmontt  U    1    0 

Mum— In  buh iLne   4   f 

PMtTiwh lit    0- £14,119    I    T 

niMH*  hmcR'lit  don     ....      £tt,Hl    a    9 
OriDCt  pqrmenl  lo  tur  iiixli  to  tb*  noitots  .  9,000    0    0  — itT,tgl    I    0 

Tb«  QiatriMn  said,  it  now  b«c«mo  hia  dutr  to  render  iin  aecaont  of  tba 
pMtprocecdinft>ofth*  undertAktuf^,  and  in  so  doing  lie  hud  only  lo  state  &etB 
l^Uwy  bad  oecuTTcd;  and.  tor  lli«  future  nvaim^mont  of  the  Company,  to 
lit  cvruiii  nilM  and  bj'lavs  to  the  ««i«d«ntion  of  Ibv  tn«-txne.    In  tbo 
"  I  of  iltij  but  a  pttwpeetiis  was  puUidied,  which  stated,  iu  raihvr  glow- 
he  miml  conf««,  tbs  prospwta  at  thci  undertaking,    Tlie  opinions 

Mix  in  that  proapcctiw  vrer«  Qiom  of  the  ccntlcmen  who  wen  Oirmerly 

tt  poOMWion  of  lh«  property;  and  the  xta(cin<>nta  wore  placed  hefijf*  tM 
poblk  H  Ihey  cams  before  the  promotora  of  the  ComtAny.  It  then  bwuM 
iha  dutj  of  the  dirccton  to  vcrirf  ihc  rfprriwntAtinnK  of  th«  rrndor* ;  and 
Hr.  Hiotnaa,  aa  eminent  broJtcr,  wax  consulted  ai  to  the  bciit  person  to  snid  to 
America  in  behalf  of  the  Companr,  and  upon  hU  rvcoitiuK'iidation'tlic  dtr^c- 
ton  engaged  tho  aerricBa  of  Mr  Jchii  Hitching,  and  in  Aiignet  Inat  the  report 
of  tbo  ■arTCf  made  br  Ihnt  tr'^ntlrnuin  wre  printed  and  clmiliited  nmonf^t  tha 
ihanboIdcrA.  In  comparing  lliat  rtport  with  what  had  been  formerly  pe- 
etivad,  Iho  directors  found  cu(ii<i durable  discrvpanc)-,  and  it  became  a  ijupstlou 
■faethcr  they  nhouM  rescind  the  orijtinal  contract- — in  fact,  they  callisd  npon 
thv  TMidon  to  do  »(i.  The  direclon  bad  carried  on  thlK  negotiation  upon  a 
rery  indnpcndent  fooling:  and  he  thought  the  ahari-holdi-rs  would  agn-e  with 
Um  board,  that  thqr  had  not  rnadn  a  vdry  dixadTantageoiis  arrangcnicnL  The 
bimin  Ibcy  cn'ercd  into  with  the  rendors  was  for  um  pariiMnt  of  B.OOOJl  in 
<aiB  for  the  |iur<'liaiie  of  the  etilatc,  S,OO0t  in  shares,  with  certain  eontingen' 
cite.  'Dio  vc'i'lorn  wtrv  perfectly  uli8fle<l  with  the  liarirain,  and  having  a 
large  interest  in  the  undl^^(■kinl[,  they  would,  no  iloubl,  themsclTM  dcri»o 
eontfalet^le  advant^ea.  WUh  regard  to  ixaaya  which  bad  been  lately  made, 
be  D^bt  ftirif  statu  that  the  average  produce' waH  from  3)10  1 1  OU.  of  gold 
to  the  ton ;  although,  in  xonic  insliinceti,  it  had  hern  double  that  amount 


UKCEi.imnFRi:  iioi.n  avd  coppm  com-*  St. 

niemtnosof  this  Company  arp  located  in  Hecklenhunicotinly,  North  Oar- 
dina.  They  arc  known  na  tlic  Rbca  and  Cathi  Minn),  and  eonaict  of  two  tracts 
of  had,  «o(itainiosrc«pcetivclyflve  hundred  and  seventy -fire,  and  one  hundred 
■nd  twenty-Ore  aerta.  The  ofliccr*  of  the  ('oinpsny  are  J.  D.  f!patkman, 
Pniideat ;  Paul  Orool,  Vice  I'riMtidtnl ;  and  S.  W.  Armstrong,  Secretary. 

The  foUowing  ia  the  Report  of  Profeaaor  Emniona,  the  Stale  geologist  of 
Nerth  OaroUna,  apon  these  mine* : — 

Sm: — In  purauance  of  my  duties  to.  ([eologiit  of  North  rarolir.n,  I  han 
tnade  a  surrey  of  the  tUiea  prupcrtv,  xituate  in  the  county  of  Mecklenliurc. 
XUa  pvoperty  constats  of  fire  hun(ir«d  and  wfonly-Ric  acmH  of  land,  win 


3oe 


J&arital  of  OoU  Minifuj  Optnldw*, 


vdns  of  mlnenilg  CAnTinj;  ImUi  eoppor  and  mM,  •nd  the  neccMau;  bwQ 
for  tfao  McommodaHon  of*  jiUnUlion.  Tlic  land  in  wvll  loratoilon  a  tn*«llt 
route,  ond  U  plmaaMlr  aiwatrf  an  ft  scmwy,  beauty  »n4  Iwaltb. 

Tilt  vcinortbcin'tlalcoocurBin  thnpcliigivrs.  The  finrt  and  moat  i 
dnstrr  it  mailci  up  of  ftur  vcitui  parallel,  lokon  in  pain  thu^— 1  ami  S  panJIi 
to  each  other ;  S  tjiA  4  also  iiawlol,  or  iicarlj  im>. 

The  i-ou«*  of  i"i«  nnrl  too  is  N.  70"  E.     No.  1  h«#  howi  wo»krf  to 
dapth  oi  gevRntf  TuoL     It  hait  rtimlshc'l  tcveni  pnclicl*  ilalc4  to  haro 
wwth  from  tfl  lij  t'i'or  huibul.     lu  avtrnge  j-ii^ld,  lakiiig  liw  whole  vein,  I 
fixwedett  oiiu  dullar  p«r  biiHLcl.    Tin-  « iJlh  of  iXw  vein,  which  U  now  f 
l^c  10  twelve  inchei,  hox  JnerviUi->d,  c-ic. ;  with  it*  merrnsc  In  width,  it  haa  i 
inercafed  very  perixptibly  iti  tliv  unminl  of  cvf^a  pvritts.    Tbl*  »r«ounl^ 
Cbr  an  uii|iorLiTit  fnci,  Ibf  th«  yteM  of  p^ld  \ait  apparent!!;  dimlaiiiheJ  w(th  tl»n 
daptli.     Not  linRaii«4  tiK  rain  curirs  \rxK  tfi\>i.  but  becaiiHa  iLe  ore  baa  paaMtf 
from  tiM  hrciwn  oxide  aborn  to  the  i^oppcr  prritm  bclcnr.     Tliiii  in  now  a  wcH-l 
ktiOWD  cliaoEC.     It  would  tc  aii  iii;£ur  rvpresriilatiou  of  tlie  vnlue  of  tli«  vda| 
tf  m  omittuil  to  iiierillon  IIil-  fti<~t.  that  ttiu  only  metho'I  purxueil  at  t>iU  tl 
fiir  obUlninit  the  t(o1il  hM  Ikiti  hr  tlic  ilrnK-niiII,  a  mndc  which,  while  it  i 
Mwoni  a  vcrr  guod  and  iixcfiil  purpote  tix  «iiial};iuunti';a  wben:  lbi>  quarts  ^ 
alreuJf  pulvcriieil.  ia  nul  at  all  B<Lipted  to  the  work  of  rvdgciin;  ft  to . 
powder.     We  liai'i-,  Uii'rtffun',  fluiBcii'iil  jjrouinl  foi'  hpliKvinji  tliat  con 
{old  still  rcmaini;  In  the  tand  wtiidi  hii*  pak.it'd  tlirough  miU. 

This  vein  i«  wvll  formed,  iiid  travcnicn  a  haril  rotk,  with  regular  and  db 
tiacl  walls,  &nd  so  (ax  Ihe  (a^U  go  to  prvvu  that  it  will  coiitiin^  in  Its  pr 
coiinic. 

As  this  vein  has  chmigcd  its  ooad-tion  milvriallv  fitioi  llie  Atylh  of  fill 
fijct  to  »MT«iily.  l>y  an  inor«wt  of  copper  pjriUs,  vi)uoli  \n  wsatifly  inixod ) 
all  with  iron  jijiikK,  it  u  highly  pmhahlL!  it  will  i^tHI  eui^liimc  to  cnan^  i 
finally  10  het-'otne  u  k"<"I  copper  veiu.     Thix  may  iie  rxpoctol  it  tbo  depth  < 
OUe  lltlildnd  feet 

Thfi  third  wia  runs  !a  an  oblique  cour^  to  thu  Ib'st,  and  for  a  distance  ( 

Ecr«l  hundred  f-iet  Itr*  to  the  weet  of  Xo.  1,  which  it  lat«r»octaa«  rapfifr 
ited  in  the  diagram.  Tiiii  vein  upon  the  hiU  hm  been  worlud  oiu  huiMlrod 
t  du«p.  PortiouK  of  this  rein  were  found  tu  yield  i^i  to  $7  per  biudid :  vein- 
stone r«»ntb1i'a  tb«  rurnacr.  At  thu  bottom  of  tlio  hill  at  tliu  Imnch,  it  n 
worked  only  to  the  depth  of  elx  fvict,  and  tho  vein  u  stAl  all  )^taniUn|;Miithof 
(he  branch. 

SouUiward  these  vciiui  luay  be  trailed  about  one  uiitc,  aud  north  of 
branch  oiic-rounh  of  a  [iiile. 

Tlietc  (wo  vcinE  fvustltiite  a  miiio  ia  thdniiCilTeti,  and  irill  warrant  tho  i 
lion  uf  a  iitcatii-cnKiTii;  for  worVlnz  thvta,  n'heo,  Lf  the  mining  wvkc 
properly  con'tuclrd,  (licy  n  rll  pny  a  )iii<id»uiiiu  pnilit  to  the  owncn;. 

The  >cc«nd  cln^ter  in  about  onc-thlril  of  a.  iiiiK'  i^tlwar^l.     There  is,  ! 
CTCr.only  one  vein  which  has  been  woikrd.     It  in  thrcc-fourtha  of  amil«la  ^ 
Shafts  hare  been  sunk  upon  it  at  various  places  and  uiucb  gold  tibtuinn),  but^ 
the  value  of  Ihls  vein  !s  not  yet  rnlly  Ui^ud ;  its  leriL'th  and  regular  eounte 
riww  that  it  ha  utrotiK  vrio.     It  Iiaa  hern  wnrlLtd  o«ity  tn  the  depth  of  tMrty- 
0V»  CmC  at  one  Khali,  portions  of  the  rein  yielding  here  thrt^  In  fMC  pennjr- 
WclchU  to  tbe  buiiliei.     It  hiu  been  worked  in  the  aano  rude,  unpcrfoet  wn^    , 
as  tno4)(<  nlrvtuly  nollovd.  j^^ 

The  thiriJ  clustir  of  wJns  iji  Bouth-we^fTly  from  the  !:i11<t.  Tliu  veii^^ 
here  ia  narrow,  bcinK  only  ftum  f'lur  lo  •!<  in<-hc>  wide,  ft  i«  wnrkH  thirty 
ftet  dMIK  and  bM  yiehM  tJiim  dullnrs  to  the  buihel.  Tlw  wnlls  of  thi*)  vdn 
art  hard,  and  nol  m  easily  drilltd  m  lliu  furiucr.  ll  is  like  lli<]  other*,  Itow- 
over,  sinkinji  down  verticnlly.  U'jihniil  pl*.'lng  rni  undue  valuu  U[mhi  this  Inil 
vein,  tberv  is  scin-ely  i  dniibt  TWpn'tinjj  tlie  pcrmnn-jm^  and  value  of  tbo  two 
(Irs*,  which  I  bnvL-  l>r!.dy  noticed.  Tbe  first  is  like  the  olticns,  a  decided  iii- 
dintion  that  tho  fvtn  will  be  permanent.    PtrvinH,  llierefure,  who  fed  di«- 


Jountai  vf  M<t  .ViitNt^  OpenSw*. 


potad  to  «igBfce  in  nbing;  maf  mI^  mitra  an  tniMtmenl  Id  th«  Ith«a 

nie  capaliiKtiM  or  (be  soil  ai«  not  lo  be  ovetioeiked ;  fbr,  with  •  tUhgc 
kdaplod  to  lb«  n*am  »f  th«  notl,  tiM  pUnUlkm  tMIT  will  Gnvlah  i  »ource  oT 
pin.  Itc  ■gricultitnl  and  tnininK  capaeitieit  tIi«rtforr,  tm  nvommqciditions 
■ot  ahrajn  tMinrctMl  togctlicr.  or  not  met  irilh  npon  one  plantation. 


TBS   DOR!!    lUSE, 

To  tli«  p»TticuUra  nf  ikils  nifne,  la«l  mvitlioMd  at  pi^  SIS,  Tol.  I.,  MJning 
Mafaiinc,  we  now  ivM  a  few  rarthcr  fiuta. 

A  virin  hix  b«n  ojipncd  m  Iho  Talbot  fih.ifl.  In  whtch  (Itc  nro  la  raportod 
bjr  Ihc  Su)>('Hitt'.'iulL-iU  1.1  rich  ndiI  cnsllv  nrorkoij.  Tbiro  arc  now  tight 
Mp«rat(i  ofiPnineK,  or  fhnllE.  nn  the  tcId.  nil  ricMing  ore.  Thv  nmi)  worked 
bf  Mr.  Dom  Bikini  ihr  Companv**  trtrt,  oti^  is  noir  yS«1'l!ng  iiiorti  (oM  Uiao 
bafcre.  Tlic  Dom  C<iin|»nT  liau  rfc«mtly  complctcil  itK  orpnimlion  bjr  Out 
HJMIion  of  Ih*  fnllftwlni;  Ih^ii'I  if  irmrtw-s  aiij  ofllcen:  Loiifn  ITollirook, 
PMMmt;  JftMb  llcrlJn.  Sci^cUrynml  TrciistirtT:  SmiiticI  J.  TiMi;ii.  William 
II.  Applctnti.  Wiilinm  H  I.loyii.  TWilcc*  Tlic  rapical  at  Uic  Company  U 
IMN^OiM— «r  irliidi  tbclar^BBiounforiuvirl/ODv-fuitrthifrFicrvtO  Mwork* 
tnseaptOJ.  j 

.1 

HiJ3  mint-,  lontfrl  In  <!»ort;<a.  '■^'^  not  Iwvii  Iwfore  luentJooed  in  oor  p*CM 
It  b  !it'int'>'l  in  rli«  rxlrcin«  snuthmi  put  of  I'nlon  couutj,  at  tbc  btM  oH 
Out  Blue  lliJgp  on  t!w  N.  HV.  »icie,  in  the  VaUcy  of  "  Shilorac,"— »o  naoMd 
hj  frpncrsl  l^whom,  filUr  he  itisoveri^d  Uie  rirh  rein*.  Tlio  mm  oouaialt 
d  Iwi  Toiiia,  HTnnlng  ncirly  pnrolld  wlOi  i»(li  ■.■IhiT,  but  of  qurl«  diAnnt 
chanuitJ^Uti--*.  Onit  i«  a  quartx  »<In,  travurslng  nilra  whisl  j  t«ng*t  N.  B. 
and  S.  W. — dip,  S.  E.  nomc  Iwinty  Atgnef ;  thickncR^  vtry'ian  from  oi»  la 
one  anil  a  liolt  fn-t ;  aii-t  in  )i'ii;;l)i  Uiv  iviii  ha<  been  traced  for  more  than  a 
toflr,  tnA  ii  rpilU'  ilisiini-tty  miirkcii  mvi  iiitlfv'irm  on  the  fcurfaor  tfaronehMt 
IIm  ithotc  didnncr.  Nar  t«  the  koI'I  r«nSncd  to  llio  Tela  proper,  it  I*  bond 
alM  in  hije  ipianlities  in  tfip  ailjuoeiit  .■Jstc.  wliirli  pays  largely  for  urorkingi 
T\m  vv\a  tt*»!f  I*  cjvsily  piilvcrincd.  bdtig  a  Borl  of  rottun  quarti. 

•nin  other  vein  i«  (tuind  some  two  hundri-d  vBrds  to  the  cast  of  the  naar|« 
Tcin.  II  is  imiM»l'IcJ  in  thi-  miiut  fortiintioii,  iiut  is  ncnrly  pprpimlicalar,  if, 
■Dylhiriy;  (<iti.-hi'ii;  ii  1III!l'  towiirii-i  thd  olhiT  tdn.  and  irouid,  at  vaii^itlvrabla 
d«|ith.  n>nr>'r^i-  to  the  Eame  point.  ThJR  Is  a  taW-QiukrtKiiin  vain,  tbotalc 
([•eenlly  pmloniinatini;.  and  nt  tiii^  line  of  juticlion  u  gvaanUj  foand  tii« 
bhmI  pild.  T)its  ti-in  irt  itbout  tu'o  (Vcl  in  itH  widc't  put,  and  in  tidier  iu 
snotM  than  th«  rejtnlu'  quvtx  vein  ;  ibou^b  I  apprv'hoiid  the  latter,  on  account 
of  iut  nnilbrai  rjchncsi,  it*  {rcat  length  and  rtgular  fonnAlion,  will  be  found 
tbc  iDMt  productirf. 

Thv  irivat  rcwmblani'i.'  bt<(uc>(<n  the  gvoliv^ii-al  fcaluru  of  t^c  ooiudt;  in 
the  vicinity  of  thcA>  reinA,  wid  In  ntllfornla  initio  neighborhood  of  sonw  of 
tbe  riebcit  plncts  there,  stnick  my  mind  tno*t  forcibly ;  the  foid  in  both  ko> 
liOR't  bi-iiiE  found  in  tbemi-.-a  M.-blBt  MTioa,  eilbiT  in  reins  of  quarts  or  talc  ia^ 
bedded  fn  it,  or  In  d«trllUK  rvsulttng  from  lh«ir  disiKtegration.  i 

') 

RKKAsiu  OK  me  uoi.n  in  m*  VAVDnnriu)  arvc,  fiotnu  c*Koi.ni«.       ? 

Ur.  r^.  T.udn-iK  Rirhlcr,  a  pnHiril  mctallnrgiiit,  in  famn  reniarka  on  the 
^1^  of  the  VandeibnrfT  Mine,  nlludcs  (»  one  or  two  pointx  in  relation  to 
pyritr«  found  there  whii:h  ore  worthy  of  nlleiition  :— 

Tiie  ooEtirrDiieu  of  KoiUi  in  thi«  inino  if  wideiy  ditfimnt  from  that  in  the 
dl|tgji>^  0f  CaUfornia,  and  the  inrfiMiii  itilBiirl  to  e  ttraet  tlw  itoM  of  the 


810 


;/  of  QfiU  Mining  OperalianM. 


California  nnd*  nnd  quarts  an  iniuiffieient  lor  (bo  extraction  of  ths  gmttott 
part  of  tbe  anrilnDuu  ore*. 

It  U  oasj  U)  tho  pncllcal  Ritullurgiat  to  show  that  a  nry  Rirat  qoantitf 
of  ^Ift  nrcrxMrilf  c«ciipc«  in  llie  roujth  proorau*  of  fforkinfi  whirb  are  bow 
in  OKc,  mid  thai  by  oih«r  jirocvKMis  and  better  caiutrutteil  uiMntlus,  adapted 
(o  thiMo  ur<!3,  Tut  grtutcr  proU  U  could  be  obtained,  without  nittag  tho  ox]i«nM« 
[d  the  Huno  rnilo, 

Tiiorockn  through  wlkich  thcrciiui  run  in  the  VandftrbuT|[  mine,  arc  talcOHe 
elate,  lu  tbo  hiDjiiiiK  wall;  grecii>il(in«  KTat«,ax  the  foot  walLoni^ii  nitb  Hliup 
avparatlon  of  th«  t«)iis  from  (hp  rock,  tiliuut  throughout  tn«  «)iote  maw  oi 
thn  ror.kiL  Iron  pjrili-E  rtc  diKiombnlrd  In  anull  bnu-yclloir  crriitak,  agp^ 
gating  in  grenltT  number  where  cjuarti  Tciiw  occur,  and  at  tbe  borders  of  the 
raetaJlI<;  rnm. 

The  ores  of  thf.  rr\as  in  Konernllv  coppvr  pyrltM  (sniphiirct  of  copper  and 
iron,  tuffcrkies),  iutiinstclj-  mii;rd  milh  iron  pyrilen  and  copper  Klance,  of  tbe 
most  bcautifut  pcBcutk  <:oIun<,  And  frequently  in  n-ell-furuii'd  iTyiitnld,  8anM 
nmctmens  Biion*  tho  valuubii.'  rvd  coppi-r  ori%  but  onl^  in  Hinnii  ^timntitioa.  I'  j 
obtained  Kpecimcni  nf  brown  gparry  and  ctaycf  Iron  ore  (cBrbonntc  of  coppor, 
^nlcupfeitrx),  aa  well  oi  cnolachito  in  neitx.  < 

Iron  occurs  as  pyriiui  in  miuses  add  single  crvslols,  as  carbonate  and  almi- ' 
nttc    The  latter  bdow  vorv  ft^Muentlv  a  gr^st  <l«^(ie  of  dacoinpoRlioit,  KitaL* 
Iriobilit^v,  a  cellular,  comctimca  iBTa-liKe,  Ktructiirt^  with  Doabt  of  fine  cryaU). 
Uied  auaita  and  other  nuneraU.    Some  iqieclincnx,  which  contain  Iron  oiidM 
aikd  Mspar  logathcr,  Illaalnio  a  matur  uf  the  hlghosl  mineraloRical  intorwft; ' 
tha  iron  oxide*  arc  in  the  ahapc  of  Tcrj  Ihin  laaicIliD,  inclosing  an  unp^ . 
rtioaiblc  ocll  of  exactlf  the  Mine  angles  ns  tlic  cryiilalline  fissure*  of  tlw' 
nrajUh  spar,  which  latt«r  thovii  a  very  adiancvd  fiUtii  of  ■icooniporittm, '' 
Th»  nrnplent  explanation  of  thin  very  Interesting  bet  in,  that  the  iron  oxida  i 
in  Nolulion  liltered  into  Ihc  crystalline  litwuresof  the  spur,  and  combining  viUi 
its  oonMlitueiit^  Ibrmed  theno  kiuellw,  completing  at  tne  nuno  time  its  dccom-  ' 
poflStlon.  ' 

Wherever  tho  iron  oitdos  occur  in  tliat  IKablo,  poroiu  sUte,  lining  th* ' 
boles  of  the  qnarlE  or  pyritea  (what  the  mincre  call  honey-eombi),  they  are 
highly  auriffroiM,  and  yield  a  great  quantity  to  ximiile  wa»liing  and  aDialg»> 
mating  pioceM. 

Anoiher  farm  in  which  tlic  Iron  occure.  Is  a  black.  litaTv  powder,  diMcm*^ 
inated  through  the  imn  ort-H  and  anrifcrotid  tandx;  it  ia  mngnctic  iron,  and.j 
eccum  so  gEnerally  along  ^ Itli  the  gold,  that  the  digger*  of  the  I'nil,  in  Ruai ' 
BoboRila.  AiitAria.  nnd  oIliOT  cOuiiIriM,  conddcritatiLudicator  of  the  ^Ul  ICMlf. 

The  quartz  nf  the  mine  shows  Tory  ft'eqUMitly  bcanlifiil  parliclcn  of  gold, 
mONtly  in  liunirea  colori'd  by  fi-rrnginoiiii  inflltrntionsi,  and  near  the  jundkm 
with  the  adjacent  rucks,  ii«ldoni  in  tlie  middle  of  the  siliceouB  uiaa^ 

WherevtT  Ihf  quariji  occurs  io  a  cluR,  rujjKCil  and  broken  state,  inttmlXMl 
and  lined  with  cnrUir  Iron  oiidra  (t'oni^y-cnniliHi,  Ihrrc  the  richest  harrcct  of 
gold  can  hv  txptticd. 

Tho  gold  it«tir.  dii::iviu inated  through  oil  the  rocks  of  a  wide  district,  is  Cor 
tlic  greatest  pan  invisible,  and  bolii  in  close  combinations  with  tho  pyritas  of 
iron  and  oopjior,  nnd  i>i  found  in  inimcnso  quanlitics  at  thlfi  locality.  It  k 
among  (liu  g:<:i1d  mincn  of  I^urope  long  ago  welt  understood,  titai  ercn  Uw 
richoat  of  tho  aiiriferoiiH  pyrites  yii-ld  only  n  com pn rati vely  sinaU  oaaatlty  of 
their  gold  to  direct  amalganintion.  Other  proccs^u's  arc  needed  todofolopllw 
golden  treaconai  from  the  pyHteo,  nnd  these  proecsicE  are  neither  oomplleatod  , 
nor  expeuaivo  compared  with  tlicir  certain  results. 


OOLD   IK    lUULANO. 

Tbe  existence  of  gold  in  England,  in  largo  ()uaiilitie«,  is  a  snIyBct  wUeh  I 
baa  agilaltd  the  public  mind  there  for  some  months.    Tho  astonUhing  result! 


Journal  Pf  Gold  Miuiti^  Operatioiu. 


•It 


1  to  the  openlion  of  Mine  of  the  nev  erathcf*  ind  kiiialj!»mator«  upon 
(ks  gOMla  of  torac  of  the  minoi,  tecias  to  lure  oonvinoed  exen  tbe  most  tktp- 
iieti.  Amons  oUicn  who  bivu  wrillcn  upon  th«  nbjKt,  frot  CiilT«Tt  hu 
pulitiklitd  a  mtk  on  the  "QolJ  Rocks  of  OrrU  Briuln  uid  InIukI,"  in  which 
b*  DttiatalM  0»  foUowing  poallions: — 

1.  Thttwtlwm  cold  in  this  country  in  Urgo  quuiUtlcJt,  and  spread  orsr 
a  (Tcat  extent  of  mirucc 

S.  That  maohincry  h  n«w  produced,  capable  of  extracting  gold  at  ao  tn- 
'WBiMtraMe  coat 

t.  That  lh«  NMilU  of  thn  nucbini^  during  the  last  few  wneks  havn  boen 
moat  extraordinary  and  ntuiractoiy. 

4.  ThMe  facts  are  at  piTvnat  reputed  fablos. 

Anolhir  writer  upon  the  Bubjoct  prcsenU  the  foUowtag  poIoU  in  niatlon 
to  amalgamatoni  and  criutbcni  :— 

Tho  thing  to  bo  tried  i*.  how  manjr  ton*  of  faard  qmrte  or  (Hablo  goema 
will  anj^of  tueae  patent  mUlii  grind  to  a  powdcrof  aKlnn  degree  of  Bnenen, 
wUi  an  CDEino  of  a  iiivrii  sIti>.  nilli  a  givim  qntnthy  of  oon),  and  in  what 
tlBal  And  what  will  s  ntainpinj;  mill  do,  luppliiMl  wilh  i-miiliir  mntrrial, 
pounding  it  an  fine,  and  wotIim]  by  an  piiglnc  of  the  aiami;  siic.  with  the  xaine 
<)uantily  «f  Kiel,  and  fur  Itii^  oainH  tini«  1  A  stamping  uitl  ia  cli«apor,  lighter, 
oMr*  vaitlly  tranEportvd.  and  more  caHj  of  repair. 

Foir  producing  a  large  niianlily  of  dry  nowder,  however,  a  crushing  mill, 
drirtn  bj  lui  eii^int'  of  ptjual  [lon'i'r.  will.  I  belivvv,  far  exceed  any  of  tbeae 
[«|«nt  mlllg  or  Klampa,  hut  a  t^rrnl  drgrcp  of  flncmcw  i^  not  readily  nhtiinod, 
and  the  ET»t  desideratum,  al  preiienl.  is  an  improved  dry  grinding  mill,  aorae' 
Ibimg  wmplor  or  cheaper  than  atone  ruimcru  or  conical  inilL't,  and  something 
wlildi  vlU  do  larger  qinntltlas. 

Aa  lo  grinding  and  anialgi mating  aiiniiltancounlr  wilh  any  adranta^  or 
aoofwoay,  I  am  most  ikeplieal,  the  proecc*  having  Wn  Irfed  ovirand  orer  ; 
igun  in  various  parts  of  the  wurld,  and  fouud  to  be  a  bad  nnd  wastcfu]  one, 
aa  I  atn  uiaurtML 

Semral  of  tha  mills  will  proliahlv  bn  fonnd  tiHefiil  for  grinding  the  otr  to 
an  impalpable  powder,  after  having  been  crushed  to  a  moderate  degree  of  Hne- 
neas  ill  a  nrcpaniUiry  luacliine,  and  (hey  inuNl  therefore  be  looked  upon  sa 
valaaUe  additions  to  this  class  of  implements.  ' 


aoLi>  AasAvtNR  rx  sorrn  jiinERica. 

t  pNcem  ot  gold  assaying  amongst  the  nntire  minion:  of  Smith , 
■  MBide.    A  fi«gment  of  i^uarts  U  puiinded,  nnd  rubbed  to  nowder  1 
two  pieces  of  granile.     A  hiilluck's  li<>rn.  of  a  binok  color,  la  the  onl/^1 
aMiJ  intitraiaenl.     It  Ih  ml  lijnxlliidlnidly  iiiln  tw>)  ci]iinl  |>i<.'i'i>t>.  ptiKly  on  tha  1 
ctirec,  «ft  that  one  half  fomifi  a  kind  of  long  njioon,  Ihi-  inmdv  being  polishnd. 
The  powder  bcins  placed  in  thu  siiooti.  wiitcr  is  poured  in  it  and  shnkcn.  and 
thto  poured  off.     A  Bucond  and  a  tlilrd  iTnt''r  being  applied,  nothing  a  left  ' 
bat  ifie  cnarfii-r  partlclea  al  the  iMjltom,  nnd  at  one  edgn  of  lh>tin,  conspicnoni', 
on  the  black  horn,  in  (oen  a  fringe  of  gold  powder,  if  gold  be  present     With 
a  lug  of  water  al  his  liock,  and  bin  "pooii  in  his  valid,  and  a  lilllc  pnrcheit* 
meaC  the  mine  lnmltTr  wander*  anmngKl  llie  bnrren  rocks  in  var^^h  of  a  treas- 
ure, which  he  sells  wlien  difcovrrcl,  nnd  »etks  another;  tlip  rlaims  of  labor' 
being  practirally  regulated  by  nalui-.il  aptirudvi.  Jnnl  !ui  Ihe  Norlli  Amrrican' 
•■laatler  «elh  his  *' WtlcrtnrnU,"  and  Iiiovih  Itito  anulhiT  looalily,  not  M  ' 
"erowdy."  with  a  netghimr  only  live  inliei.  otT. 

The  man  who  buy*  ibc  mini;,  dij;*  the  ore,  brratu  il  ay  into  the  *w  of  waU"* 
nuta.  loiids  il  inl't  his  ht'l'j  «ick«.  liomc  iin  in<ile<.  a'>'l  ^■'ll^  it  !.•  ibu  hnutfleia- _ 
dor,  0»  beoeftiter.  In  the  vallev  Ulow,  wlui  paw-j.  it  through  lil*  roill.     Con-- 

Vol.  ri.— 21 


91S 


Jotttmal  of  Gold  Mi^tig  Optf^ivnt. 


sidwng  th«  ways  vid  mouit  lit  lili  diNiMMul,  hia  mill  i>  moKoft  mvrel  thu 
Mr.  BcnJftn't  mnchinc.  . 

llnYi'iig  MitUd  ujivti  a,  tmatl  Klreaiu,  uitb  a  fall  urixoiu  (bur  to  At*  Ttet,  Wl 
bulUa  up  tw«  wmlb  to  tn«to»c  it  ak  tstcK  tide,  (nil  a  back  nail  xa  form  a  muUf 
IMiiliiili.  wkh  ■  ftpout  and  plas  lo  kt  out  the  water  at  hi.i  pkruiiirc.  Ornt  | 
the  Kidc  H-allK,  vr:t)i  i'uiiiri(li>rablL'  labor.  Iiecontr!vM(«1ajal!alr1ri-iil»rgTanM| 
«f)iit\  f<m\v  liv«  fvi-l  ill  diHini'tvr,  witli  a  hole  of  Bftwn  inchi'M  throaRh  tltal 
middle  Th(^  middle  of  the  tttinc  Is  hnopr'il  rnrnid  with  itaTcs,  irliidi  slaom 
up  eighteen  inches  in  the  forui  of  a  tubo.  Tile  outiide  is  surr'tundi'd  wilhj 
nmitar  Htnvto*,  m  that  a  nuler*t>Khl  rlri-iilar  ttvncli  is  foniMd,  with  a  Jtnnlti 
boltAm.  Through  the  rx'iitnl  holu  ix  pak«>d  thn  KtmlKhl  ntcin  of  a  tre«,  *bod1 
with  an  iron  pirot,  itnndiiig  in  an  iron  shoe,  faxl  to  a  block  below.  The  upp«n 
part  uf  thi'  troe  is  titcudivd  in  n  Ijciiiii  abuvv.  lupporttd  by  tiro  iipri;;ht  posta.! 
Thrnuich  thp  middle  ot  the  ri-rticxl  Bbnlt  Is  n  hnriwntal  hnIi',  with  a  bortMntall| 
nhafl  projecting  on  each  Hide.  In  this  horixonUl  shaft,  it  nearly  the  Icrel  oH 
thu  fiMl  bi'luw.  are  nlGied  in  a  circle,  like  tlit?  npokei  of  a  whe«t.  a  uumbtr  Orl 
tfoodcii  spoviti.i,  iiboiit  threw  f-'Cl  in  lyiij;t'i-  To  the  horiKontal  arms  abnroartj 
tied,  by  raw  hide  ccirdHge,  a  Kort  of  l-vgc  ling  pnrinj;  stones,  with  liicir  far 
bearing  oci  the  (lat  gran'te  below.  Thi^  water  being  turned  on  the  spoorm.  tli_ 
paving  MouMaredrawn  round  by  llie  motion  of  Iheiilian.aiid  giiml  ttic  i^iiitrtk) 

AnlmproTenicnton  thiols  to  iiw  two  vertiei!  rolling  «(onci^  eighteen  incli~^ 
tliick  and  live  feel  in  diameter,  milh  n  circular  hule  in  the  eentre,  thr 
which  the  hurir^'ntul  .Oinll  or  am  paBict,  and  furvvii  Ihfin  roun-j,     \a 
■toRM  inty  111  their  Hpevd  on  iho  Inner  nnd  outer  udgen,  thero  l«  a  ^niHi^  I 
well  a*  a  cniihint:  procew. 

Wh<<n  the  ninehini'  is  at  norli.  a  qiiantily  of  iitiicksilrer  i«  thrown  into  I 
croni-h,  and  the  ijuartz  with  it     A  ^nmll  stream  of  wntrr  ruiii  in.  xnd  at  on 
poirtjon  of  the  rim  there  i«  a  hole  far  it  to  run  orer,  whloh  il  doeH,  rarryild 
ibc  Uoatlng  iiiMd  with  it.     An  il  runsoicr,  il  fulls  into  a  goal-skin,  wilh  rjaic 
AWkt  bX  Die  b'jlloiii.     Out  of  1hi«  (;oat-!.kiii  it  (all»  into  n  second,  with  mo 
^JckKllvrr,  Hnd  1.0  f>ii  fioni  one  to  aintthcr,  ni»-orditic  tu  thu  amount  ofiitll. 

^Vhen  tlie  quickrilver  i»  supposed  lo  bu  Mturated,  the  mill  is  ^tdpped,  If 

Suicksilvcr  in  taken  uul  of  nil  the  rcccptneica,  and  poured  Into  a  linen  bag  ■ 
ne   leilurv,  atid   tbree  or  four  thicknoRes.     Th«  (jnickiilver  ia  aqueMti 
tbroiJith  lliia  bnit,  and  the  thickenhig  aiiiiili;aiii  iittnally  rammed  down  wltlil 
aort  of  rolling  pin. — Journal  tj"  lit  Sorit'-^  0/  ArU. 

A%    INPKUVKD   IMIJI   nal'^IUTOH. 

Patrutfd  liji  hi.  C.  OiitTUKK,  WaiMualon,  JJUK  nf  CobarMa, 
The  nature  of  mj-  invention  cnnMli-ln  in  Uie  amnic«tnvnt  of  two  or  I 
KiecnL  one  having  obloog  and  the  other  square  mesbeE,  the  square  RiMhl 
10  be  of  tlie  tmaie  ttze  of  Ibe  i>ho«t  diameter  of  the  oblont;  mcnbM,  for  tfa 
pur|>oitc  of  »eparating  nnd  ivtaininK  ihn  luaf  or  rlake  of  jwld,  and  pcrmittiti 
the  balance  of  the  tnateriol  to  be  subjctcd  in  a  hlnn  in  iinifomi  or  neartj  NO 
m  iizep,  M  aa  to  Iw  diirnently  opLralcd  upon  by  ihcir  different  itpodfl 
avitleM;  aleo.  In  Uie  Inlerpn-iiiioii  of  ;,'uidc  roller^  or  cbeir  emitvalent<;  bi 
■ccn  the  *hakinj[  hopper  and  ihn  blnst,  for  iho  piirpORC  of  guidiiig  or  brill) 
ing  the  material  in  a  proper  umnnir  tn  the  bliwL 

Ctitim. — ^^Vlint  I  einitii  li,  liie  arrangement  of  llie  scrceni  (two  or  1 
onu  liavlriK  oblonK  and  the  other  »i|iiarv  iiU'^bca,  the  oquarp  niv.ilic«  being  1 
tbc  Mune  aiite  sit  the  xburt  liininel'  r*  of  thf  oblortf;  inwhex,  Ihr  the  purpo^  1 
(Rporatine  and  relnintii^  the  lenfor  tliilic  Rold,  and  ptrmilliii);  the  l>nlnii<v  i 
Ibe  flstarvil  I"  )h>  MibJ'-eli'd  to  llie  blnut  ill  unlfunii  or  ncnrty  unifurm  Kixi-*,  1 
OK  to  be  difTeri'iilly  opi.'i'nU.'d  upon  hy  their  ilifferenl  >>prcillc  i;rs(i1ies,  sututal 
lially  an  described.  I  aW  rliim  tbi-  iiiterpCMiiioii  of  the  K'lide  rollnis  or  the 
<'q-iiialeii[«,  bduve"  lite  r.hakir>!;  hupjier  and  Ihe  blaA,  fortbo  p«r]io«n< 
^iilinit  or  bring:i»(;  the  material  in  a  proper  manner  to  tbo  Uult,  iiubvt 
tiall^  ax  decciibcd. 


Jownal  "j/  Copptr  ifmiity  Op«miuu. 


JOURNAL  OF  COPPER  MIXHG  OPERATIOM. 


Tbo  ran  opportuntUtu  far  infunrnlJuu  tram  the  Lako  rtgioa  during  tiw  | 
wliib-r.  ranDnc  ituciition  clikflr  to  l)iv  roiulte  of  lh«  operations  of  dlfraTant 
compAnic*  duKnK  the  |>rr<icihn^  rniiiiiig  bmsoil 

JtU  HogaU  CvppfT  Mint. — TttlA  mtiir  mil  nntioci]  on  pftptiAdll,  Vol.  L.hij^I 
198,  VoIlL,  ofthoHioingMai^inc.  Wo  find  a  vnjfuti  tuOcniciit  off^rtm' 
tlooa  then  daring  tha  last  y*v  in  the  BottoK  Journal,  whioh,  both  on  Moount 
of  th«  qiMrttr  w1i«dc«  it  appeani  uii!  ib  origin,  w«  n^ard  u  vntitied  lo  oon^ 
rfdnubn.  Th«  Pn<iidGiit  «r(hi>  Coiii(i*ujr  in  Tvumu  SmiUi,  wtt  tfae  mining 
■gent,  C  C.  Doiiglash 

Th«  RiinuiK  opRTailons  of  this  Conpaiy  ww«  fir*!  I'ommtiniMil  on  Inle 
Boj^e,  irh*re  Ihej-  were  engand  tor  wvernl  year*  willi  but  iiiili-  juccoji*. 
Id  IS6S  ll>«  Coni^iiy  puroliMed  hnds  oti  tliu  m}uIIi  aide  or  PurU^  Lakv.  and 
b«gan  work  at  IhiK  new  locailon  in  AiigiiKl  of  lliat  ye«r,  wlMn>  tlwr  Ii«t9  tiinoo 
bora  actively  and  xucceudiilly  eiapWeo.  The  Company  ova  within  the  Ptirt- 
Uo  LiVe  iltelrict  tlirec  Iracls  of  laiia,  cotnpriuiii;  itOl  atroi.  l>ii  one  of  ibemt 
ttie  northwest  qwiiu-r  of  itri'tioci  I,  (uwn>i)ii|>  54  iiurtli,  niiig^  34  WCM.  coa* 
talninx  1*^''  ucrc^  thoy  ntx-  nnvr  niinin);,  Tlieiv  nxv  three  larft'  ttIim  nittnln|| 
ob1i<iiicly  ncruH  tbii  tract,  about  200  ftvt  aiiart  On  the  mkldle  vein,  luually 
Otiled  (ht>  Ute  Rayati.-  vuiii,  t,\w  miriiti^:  itorV  ix  now  proerwirinK  tim  ft&n, 
«htch  Kitonds  throiii[h  the  Inifl  a  di«.wi-c  of  lii-lwoen  3,900 and  S,:iOI)feal,k 
bv  far  the  largcsl  whii'h  hiui  evir  Wen  opcDfil  on  Ii«k«  Superior.  btdnjE  frOM 
twelve  to  liniifji  fi^tt  tride,  olih  re);uUr  wallK,  and  well  ehaTKcil  with  copficn' 

Tliisy  urf  nun*  .^inking  live  tliufU  on  tliii  Tcin.  ()u  ttie  ItX  of  iummxy. 
Nob.  J  nnil  2  shnfts  «■<•!.:  down  to  tlie  teii-fallioni  Itivcl ;  Kofc  5  and  ♦  to  tM 
twenty- fathom  Icvi'l,  nnd  No,  S  down  to  near  the  ten.  A  drUl  bad  bc«n  «x< 
tcndeil  on  y\v:  leii-fiitliutii  leii-l  fMni  No.  D  lo  S'u.  j  Bhalt  300  feeCnorUi  of  Ko. 
3  ftbntil  ISO  fiel,  and  m'H\i  -if  No.  4  atHinl  H)l\,  niakiiif  in  idl  alionl  CJO  fett 
on  that  level.  In  nd'Iition  to  thiv,  they  have  drilV>d  each  way  on  their  twenty- 
fiklliom  level  from  No.  i  ahnft  alitnit  25  ftet.  Tile  whole  amoutit  of  work  d(Hi» 
U;   in  driniuit,  60n  feet;  abuftinir,  t'i'i  fwt 

The  amniint  of  enpper  sent  fom-ard  during  th«  lart  year  vm  81,783  Ibia. 
or  about  IB  (on*,  irhidi  yielded  18,Ti!S  lb«.  of  inpot  copper,  and  roaltioil 
(4,534.13.  after  i!<^<IiiL*tii>i:  the  price  of  smelliiig.  Tliin,  oveonlin^  to  th«  |(alO 
ment  of  tlie  |irindpal  of  the  Knielliiiu;  works  at  Detroit,  iff  flilly  the  aTWafCa 
yield  of  the  harrel  ore  reeeired  from  llie  I.nke,  beinu  52)  per  eeot  Thcyhav* 
now  upon  the  lur&ice  nl  the  mine,  not  lew  than  1,600  tonn  of  copper  rock,  at 
leaitt  cue  half  of  which  Im  rieh  i^taiup-ivorh,  and  the  r««idu*  will  pay  a  good 
profit  on  Mainplnjc.  The  aj^nt  \a  eoiiftdcnt  of  being  abl«  to  ship  t3A,000  irath 
of  copper  next  scaxon. 

Tiiirly-i.>x  iiiinerN  and  f»riy-l^ve  •mrfacu  men  were  employed,  at  (bo  latt 
advWA,  nnd  it  is  slalcd  tlmt  tho  mine  will  *oon  be  lufllclenily  advmieed  (o  em- 
ploy tirrnty-finir  additional  ninerc.  On  completion  of  tho  iitanipa  the  raino 
viU  probably  employ  two  hundred  men. 

They  hare  ervcl*d  al  the  wine  -aw  \nrp-  and  forir  small  hoafijlnj-bonaoii, 
ono  framod  ham.  thirlj-  by  forte  feci,  two  ehnnije  hoiib-s,  a  blnekiimith-whop, 
and  Devenil  other  nmatl  dwellins-houtcn  nnd  buildJnf^  A  lot  on  Poringe 
Lake  bad  been  eoatr^cted  tar.  whvre  a  hoarJiny-bouie  and  oSco  ha*e  bnnn 
vTorted,  and  when)  the'  inAni;i<i  are  to  he  [ml  up  during  next  tcnson.  A  con- 
tract ban  boon  made  m  Detroit  tor  an  engine  capalilc  of  driritig  fbrty-oight 


Jomntal  tjf  Coj^mt  Jdiniiuf  Optratmu. 


b««d«  at  NtATnpa,  tuid  ihU  is  to  bo  completed  b>*  tho  lit  of  April  It  it  in 
«ant«mpUt[OTi  alM  10  build  a  nhorr,  »torc  >nd  vftKhouM  at  the  Uik«  diirioi 
tbu  nvxl  si'tu^in,  and  also  several  dir«llii>|;>ti<.iu»es  Tor  the  ■ocomtnodaUon  u 
thoM  wlici  will  bo  omplofcd  at  Ihn  M9iiu|h, 

Thi'  lilv  Koyatc  mine  iiiu  liovii  pravcl  lo  mi  fxtciit  vrhiuti  iuavei  but  Uttl«^ 
if  anv,  doubt  i^r  ^u('iM.-»i«.  Tlic  uiiuiiual  widlli  of  vein  til  Rrst  induetd  nrnj 
wlio  bul  licfn  long  fniiiiiinr  with  the  copper  minit  in  Uic  Ontonkgon  and  Ke* 
wocnair  dUtrivlM.  U>  raise  doubts  as  to  tbc  oonlintinnM  nnd  nt^luttr  of  the 
nin;  but  further  dwclupiiKuts  hare  aUiafipd  the  tnoHl  skeplicAl,  andittttiBV 
bdlioTod  to  liR  an  trim  and  rvKiiIar  ■  vein  an  fan  bv  found  in  Uic  copper  rmott. 

Thx  Company  is  organined  under  n  Kpceinl  ehnrlcr  from  tbu  State  of  hCcln- 
_Hi.  Tlie  whole  DuinbtT  of  sliana  i.i  13,000.  and  the  amuuiit  lald  in  ^It^i'MO, 
or  (4  on  each  sbar*.  Another  aaaessinenl  oft  I  pershaivbaNjuiii  brenlcricd. 
and  otbnr  aHeMmciitii  trill  doubtlow  be  ealti-d  for  durinR  l!w  scaiOQ,  aa  it  m 
iiitooded  by  the  managtrx  to  pu^h  tbc  cnterpriw  lo  u  divideiid-payinE  concH- 
tlcn  as  q)e«dily  aa  nossible.  The  prKsriit  market  value  of  lb«  «tock  U  fW  pcr 
libatt,  and  it  is  hold  with  jcrcat  confldencc. 

Tht  HirrtK  AnurUvn  Hint. — Thb  (nine  has  lioon  pnriooily  nMtitiaacd 
on  pages  C37,  Vol.  1.,  and  7fl,  nnd  lOS,  VoL  II.,  Mining  Magazine.  Frocn 
the  MIDI!  iourco  a«  tli«  preecdiiig,  we  linve  the  following  particutnr*  retii>eclinE 
it  duriii);  the  last  yoar : — 

The  vnin  now  workfid  by  the  North  American  Minlnjt  Company  is  an  ex- 
tnnuon  of  the  binouii  "Clilll"  and  the  ramc  IVnni  which  Kuch  rvmarUbb 
rOiulU  have  been  obtained  by  the  Boston  mid  l^tlnburg  Miuinu  Coiopwiy. 
It  la  known  as  thn  "  Sontli  riilF  Mine."  The  Corupany  cornnicnrud  optraliau 
■tthii  iMino  in  1853,  and  hnTi.-  thus  far  mnt  with  brilliant  surecu:.  .\coonlin|; 
to  the  annual  rvjiortof  ll1t^  Supvrin  ten  dent,  rei^enlly  iieiueJ,  Die  rntirc  amount 
ornlnkinR  lioaa  up  lo  July  I,  I'j'i:!,  in  MialV.  is  106  fet't;  drifting;  3!)0  foot; 
win*™,  I  lift  fpct ;  PToss-enttina,  M  fi'el ;  and  in  stoping  there  has  boon  only 
70  &tbom.-<  opened,  from  wbich  havi.-  been  taken  out  and  blasted  down  raady 
for  cudinj;  into  pieces  over  SOO  tonx  of  copjier,  leu  S3  per  cent  Ibr  adiwring 
rock,  whidi  fc'TcsSiXi  toi>8  of  pure  cuiipcr.  vntui'd  at  over  one  hundred  thou- 
Hand  dollnrii  at  the  mine.  "  The  rejiuitjj  of  mining  at  thcMi  worlw,"  ay*  tho 
Superintendent,  "  are  such  un  la  place  the  Company  beyond  the  neccuity  of 
calling  for  fiirtber  assi'seinrnLt  upon  llie  ^.tock.  and  to  'ms\m  llinn  larg«  and 
apiM^ly  dividrnilit  upon  the  moiit<y  iMvttHttd,  1'hc  mine  north  of  shall  !Io.  I 
ik  nothing  but  ■  bed  of  mauips.  The  v.-in  will  be  opened  an  fiir  north  ai  thn 
poxseuiotm  of  tlie  Cumpiinv  extend.  wliiclL  will  prouably  r«aeh  nearly,  if  not 
quite,  throiiith  tho  Rtrata  of  rook  which  U  found  lo  earry  thU  copper. 

At  tho  dale  of  thin  Report  there  were  about  1-lfl  men  employed  by  tl*e 
Company.  Stninpx  ure  lo  be  (erected  during  the  next  aprins.  and  the  agent 
calcnialeii  upon  Kmdinft  AOO  tons  of  copper  to  market  during  the  prtseni 
ytar. 

The  uuiubiir  of  shavM  tn  the  canital  stock  is  IQ.OOO;  amount  paid  ioi,  (17 
per  share  ;  present  market  Tilno  Of  the  stock,  $6i>  -i  TO.  The  Company  k  or- 
pniiwl  under  a  Kpccial  act  of  incorporalfon  ftom  the  St«t«  of  Mir:higan. 

The  asaeta  and  liabilitieH  of  the  Company,  November  SO,  IdOR,  werirJa 
UMowa:— 

Bllla  roMinblv 


Coppar  nniold 

SrIuico  Id  Tmwurer's  luuidB 

Inrleblodneiw  tt-f  nierelinndlac,  etc  . 
Win*  dnH»  yet  odi     . 

tUaao*  .... 


I1.0M  4fi 

BkOOO  M 
B.llOM— t«0.9M  at 


«ii,«u  on 

E,M1  TT-«IT.1»  n 


•»,«M  01 


Journal  of  Capper  Mining  OpfratvMi. 


315 


Tfic  mining  O|icntloiiit  of  lh«  Korili  Americiui  Compuiy  »r«  much  1«m 
txteiuire  than  tliMc  or  Uio  Co|>|icr  Falls,  but  [fau  tlcvclupincntii  at  iha  mine 
have  bt*n  extranntinary  for  ihn  nmount  of  H-ork  pi]rroi'[ui>il,  auil  llicra  can  be 
'  fitlle  if  any  iloubt  of  ita  prorin^  uno  of  Ihc  nioiit  prodiictlTc  mines  ou  Lake 
Buporkir  The  managcn  are  inoetljr  fituburg  men,  in  which  pliu-c  tlin  fJHitk 
'  I  prin<ripalty  owned. 

The  Minn<tat»  UiM. — Thifl  Diino  has  betrn  prarionaljr  noticed  on  pagtn 

1 1S4  and  <htfl,  Vo4. 1.     Later  iKcoonts  fmihti  the  following  additionnl  fitctH : — 

At  thr  bcginnloR  of  1  B<t3,  four  fchafU  liad  becu  sunk  upon  thu  win,  one  of 

IjrUcb  had  reached  a  depth  of  2(17  feet,  and  the  other  tliroe   but  IIIIIh  lea*. 

fibe  longnt  adit  level  wu  1,138  feet,  and  tfao  lobil  leii|[lh  nf  UiittM  3,540  (mI 

In  the  yeir  IMH.  with  20  mtn  employed,  the  mineral  ptmiuced  wax  Oj  tons, 

{  nlucd  at  |1,T0U,  wiifa  an  expindilure  of  ll-I.OOO.     In  IfMS,  villi  60  men, 

"  B  Hums  jklded  Q2  tons  valued  it  $14,000,  at  nn  «xpen<lilurc  of  t38.00<X 

1880.  80  men,  103  lon«,  valued  at  i39,000.  expenditure  l-W.OOO;  IMl, 

[176  mon,  807]  loritL,  valui'd  u I  $90,000,  cKpcnditure  $89,000 ;  1653,  31S  men, 

"  toiu.  Tallied  at  $iaO,n(Ml,  «xpundltur#  f  108,'10().     Tho  result  •jrCvej'uarw 

'line  wa*  a  yield  of  il'i2  tons,  valued  at  t3n>'«,700,  at  an  cipcndituro  of 

l,00<X     The  product  of  1838  was  c»linioted  at  750  lona ;  and  from  the  ec> 

fniants  notlvcd  xt  various  limcK,  it  ia  probablo  that  tliis  is  not  far  from  Ibfl 

a1  rault.     irpAanlij  of  Tn  building*  have  been  orerij^d  by  the  Company, 

iing  S3  dtrellinft-hnuH's.  and  a  rnmfortablc  bnitdinjf  domgncd  and  occu- 

at  a  church  and  scbool-houiie.     One  hundred  aen>K  of  land  liave  been 

rc«)li*Uion,  proiindii);  hay.  turnips,  He,  In  gnn.1  abundance.    At  tb« 

.  IK  on  the  river,  they  have  n  Rood  dock  and  imrehouiic,  with  a  road  of 

lyo  iDUea  lonsth  to  the  mini'i,  and  arc  fram  the  In  Iter  («  the  Laki:  a  dintuioe 

«f  Urelre  tntln;     They  have  aliio  1.300  feel  of  surfnce,  and  1,100  feet  of  un- 

4W90iifld  railroad  connecting  the  dilfcr«nt  i^halls.    The  resident  population  at 

Ibis  nkininc  rilla^,  in  (he  uutiimn  of  ]K2.  whh  CIS,  of  which  313  n-cr«  nuft 

md  bovi  employed  at  the  mine,  and  100  women  and  ebildren.     The  vein  now 

VOrk«(l  lit'  thin  (-'ompanv  in  one  of  the  riehest  opened  in  the  mineral  diolriM 

•f  Lake  Snpcricr,  ond  tfie  jield  bids  fsir  to  eijual,  if  not  encced,  that  of  the 

OUff  m  a  few  jeart.     Thn  whole  number  of  Kliarcx  iitmed  ia  3,000,  and  the 

flnt  dhidmd  of  $30  pa  nharc  wm  declared  in  January- 

Bcride*  the  diiideiid  of  $80  per  shar«.  Il>«  «lock!toMors  have  rccclTod 
■lack  dMdcmLi  tn  uiintti.  mt  «tt  trnm  the  ponnt  mine,  with  «omo  $7,1100  for 
(Mb  criminal  ahaic 

nilea  ifuiL— This  mine  wan  Ual  mentioned  at  page  I9S,  Vet.  IL  The  aub- 
jooied  beta  In  relation  to  the  mine  and  Company  are  added  to  tliOM  already 
KiMrled  in  our  pagea : — 

The  p^at  metalliferous  ranj^  which  embraces  llio  mining  dlntrictn  of  lAke 
Suptrior.  oomn)en<:es  at  the  extremity  of  Keweenaw  Point,  and  continnca 
HOilth-wcsttrtr,  crosiin;;  Purlagc  Ijike.  and  thenco  turnn  in  a  more  Huuthorly 
direcci-Mi  aerow  tin?  I )nii>iia;i>ri  ICrver.  wli«re  it  is  fourteen  milei  lh>n>  the 
tikon  of  the  l.ako.  The  rnniiy  li  divided  into  three  diitrictH,  known  among 
■nlninic  men  at  Keewronnw  Pmnt,  Portage  I^kc,  and  tlie  Ontonagon.  Of  tM 
■linea  to  vhicli  xec  have  alludi'd  in  previous  arti<:k-ii.  the  PiltMburg,  Copper 
VaIIh,  and  North  Ainerioaii  JiriT  located  on  Keweenaw  Point,  while  the  llinnc' 
Mta  Iswilhin  llw  Ontonnaon  diiitricl.  The  vcini:  worked  upon  Ibe  Kvweenaw 
Point  and  Ontonagon  distrirln  ore  of  mutli  the  name  ciiamoler,  l»jt  those  of 
Pwtage  Lake,  bronglit  more  reeenlly  iot>  nolii-e  by  Ibi,'  suecew  of  the  lale 
|{i>7*le  C-ompany,  we  in  niHiiy  rcspccl"  entirely  diffcrerL 

The  Tollec  Conaolidnted  Mining  Ciimpnny  bu.<  its  location  within  the  On- 
tMugoti  dii.triet  The  mineral  land  owned  by  tbis  Camnany  was  formerly  the 
pn^Hy  of  Um-  Tdtu'c  and  Fann  Mining  Compnnica,  which  in  the  spring  of 
186$  vera  merged  into  one  company,  under  the  Utlo  of  the  Tollee  Consoli- 


316 


^(mrwii  of  Co^rt  Mining  OptraSom. 


doled  Mining  Companj.  The  two  compAnic*  hftd  boon  woTldng  apon  flw 
mme  vein,  wuh  lontlKiia  adjoining,  urid  tnu  mcuure  or  unituiE  ""*»  dMibtleM 
•  Ttryjudlcloasonf,  ax  a  \i,rf.':  •:\|H-tt<lltiir«  fortcpUHUi  bulldogs  and  mrtchl-  ^ 
ncTJ  WM  thcnbjr  a«iudcii,  and  the  i-;(pcnMii  of  th«  two  mmpnniM  in  nn«nl 
nanagenient  much  rednued.  The  tmot  compriMs  iA,o\\\  l.OOOncrtit.  llinhix 
WM  ci;tiMn«nc«d  in  I8SI,  «nd  hns  shof  bwn  pr«o*riit*<i  »rith  «  »!«"■  of  doTot 
opinjc  Ihp  mini!  ntcnsiTtly,  upon  Ihc  ihwIpI  of  the  t'oppcr  Knll*  Hioe. 

The  vein  i>  coiwidertd  one  of  llie  rnoit  prutnisiiig  of  the  nev  nrinM  Uiion 
the  Ontoiugaii,  a.w\  imonvtm  as  the  work  o(  sicikinjc  Klun*  and  ■Irivin*  loTals  , 
prone HBfs.     It  I'uriet  iVnm  one  to  thrra  Arct  tn  iridth,  and  •!  MvenlpMnte  i 
■itoTl*  to  Ibroo  nnd  u  half  or  fuur  feet,  well  Aarctd  with  maaaw  of  2,000  IbiL 
dowiin-ard,  to  banv!  and  rich  sinirip  eojiper.    The  vnin  crosses  th*  lerrttorx  ' 
in  B  santh-wciilcTlf  dirt^rtion,  .ind  hiw  been  Inu-rd   tbr  A  dittUMft  of  (liK* 
qiiuim  of  a  mile  llirou^jU  the  Ciimpinv'n  liind. 

Th«  Ouiiipany  hnti  not  vi-t  made  any  iiliipiiiaiit  of  cupper  iroiih  mcnlloain^ 
nor  (iM  it  iK^cn  na  mnch,  lh>;  .tiin  >'>f  thi^  nuns^vn  In  ntiKo  minrral  nt  prctca^ 
it  to  prove  the  mine  tlioroushij-,  nnd  to  jjieimrp  it  Tor  wfirking  ndvaotageoiulf, 
in  R«(tin«t<H  fur  thu  iiiaj:hiiiE)'_r  n  )ir*)l  nifl  ))i'  n'L't'tcd  during  the  noxl  boibiboij  , 

An  (iiaminaiion  of  ilio  v.vicdt  of  "ti.tlllri;:  mid  driviii|t  levels  uliowii  Qutttlw  i 
mine  in  conniiicnvbly  developed,  nnd  ihp  nianni[eni  are  ponfldc-nt,  from  tSo  o*- 
odlunt  ctiaraclrr  of  the  vein  and  the  retitltx  alrvady  oblnined.  Ihftt  thu  ToltM 
wfll  prow  *  wry  proDlAbli;  eoncvrn. 


^  mKti:HTA«E  or  1.4x1:  cvncmoii  cni-rKH. 

^  The  pr«aent  *vcra([e  yield  of  pure  metal  to  the  ton  of  mctalUfcrouK  nrodtwt  I 
Id  th«  KiigliHh  ni'inu»  u  but  Oi  pur  oviit,  The  at ongD  yield  of  tho  (.^iff  HiiM  ' 
last  year  ww  til  per  cnnL  The  BVurag?  of  tlie  seventy  toiM  »ent  to  inkrlcifc  j 
bv  the  <'i)pper  Falln  wa«  TO  per  cent,  of  pnre  mrtal;  while  the  yield  of  UmI 
Nalional  Miiif  thiriiutiit  of  Inst  9>eB--ion  wa-i  75  per  c<^nt.  The  yidd  of  lbs  Utt] 
Rovale,  with  a  vcm  from  20  lu  SO  feet  wide,  of  barrel -work  and  Binalt  inuMd^ ' 
Is  16  to  ao  per  MnL  of  all  tho  roc^  and  c«ppur  itlmclcii— the  Isle  ftof«lf  1 
having  no  Urge  moMrx  inioIviiiK  n  heavy  expense  in  cutting  up,  anil  00  MBm^  ] 
work  yielding  a  siuatt  pvreenlagr. 


Thb  C'OTiipany  htiit  under  ils  dirwrtion  numt^i'ous  luinet*.  located  at  I^lce  Su-  ' 
pMrior,  Uar^land,  Nortti  Carolina,  Cuba,  and  (ilsuwhore.  Some  of  Ihetn  htv*  ' 
already  bscn  de«cr<hcd  In  (hcao  pafre*.  We  eontinac  a  report  of  tho  propva  j 
of  Ibrfr  oficntlonii. 

Tbt  Ktneieh  Mint. — Thia  mine,  located  in  the  Lake  Siiiwrfor  n^va,  ■ 
notiocd  at  iMfiVH  S18  and  fi34.  Vol.  1.     We  Rather  the  fallowing  fiutn  Irmi  tb»  j 
rvpcrts  of  the  Agent,  A.  C  Uarii: — 

Sent.  0,  ISaa.— Wo  havu  tt  number  of  fine  mataM  out,  nod  more  in  tfaa  1 
f[roiind  to  come  out  VTe  nm  rxtcndinjr  sfonil  level  west  from  nhafl  B^  mi4^ 
stoping  between  lirnt  and  icoond  Icvelf  wett  of  shaft  li— have  as  flnti  1  lojt  ■•  | 
»M  evur  w^n  of  nia^.  barrel,  and  nlamp-work.  We  hare  a  number  of  tanCJ 
of  copper  that  wr>  rauld  ship  this  fall  if  the  road^  were  passable.  At  prastnl  T 
wo  hari!  cighty-flrc  men  nt  work.  I 

SflpL  IT.— -Tlie  adit  i«  complcteil  and  in  (rood  iroridng  order,  and  contracts  | 
W  to  drive  both  ewt  a'ld  «i'*t  on  the  vtiii. 

Sopt  25.— The  drifts  from  the  aiW  level  are  xlaried.  Tho  vein  Is  large  ati4  ] 
ricb.     No  maw  copper  shown  ilccif  y«t,  but  j;ood  indiealionc 

Sept.  :t(i.— Wo  hare  tho  drtds  in  eight  feet  eaM  and  wnt  from  adit 
«itba£oodT<1n,nnd>good  showfornaweoppersooti.    Th(^8lopntinl 


Jmtnal  of  Copper  Mining  Opfntiont. 


md  ^nH  M«  lureing  out  Qmtif.  Tba  wut  iJiafl.  or  iilun  D,  u  iookiax  wdl — 
BO  bmv^  copper,  but  ROod  bairol  vork.  W*  Krv  burning  ksiis  and  getting  ■ 
fine  lot  of  ixiiipcr  ready  to  be  cent  fonrard, 

Uct.  3.— nc  baio'jugt  col  oar  boltoro  lerrU  Gurtr  ttutod.  Tbe  lode  if 
Ufgf,  nu<i  rich  in  litanip  knirbanvl'WorV — ww  ilo  nul  Imik  for  iuaM«  undar 
tvcnty-flTc  feet  fVom  tlic  crowinx-  Wc  h>To  &  mus  Ln  lh«  boUom  of  finl 
IcTcl  treat  t lint  I  miinotvUimate;  1  tbiiikil  coniidc^rnbly  lon^r  thna  any  tnui 
•T*r  nlseil.  .'^baft  U  looks  woll.  Wu  now  shool  all  cuppur  iLiid  ruck  to  llm 
botUiin.  load  it  into  it  car,  and  run  it  aiil  of  tlir^  miim,  Wc  Iiav<i  lh<  roof  on 
(be  mill ;  hnvu  i-umuivucud  framing  Uiv  xtnmp-hausii:.  The  engine  ha*  arrlTcd 
al  thu  Ian 'ling. 

ITiniAinr  ¥hf. — This  wine  is  rtferpcd  to  on  pago  1T8,  Vol  I.  Tli«  follow- 
lug  »i«  IntcT  and  morw  full  particutam  from  iHp  rrporU  of  Ihu  Agents: — 

Sept.  1.  18.'.8,  The  ilrift  from  ihnft  Noi.  a.  west.  ira»  driven  <H|;ht«en  ftet, 
and  moitt  uf  tliul  distance  llic  v(>in  l'>i)k(i  very  wuli — good  tinmp-woric  and  a 
Utile  barrel -work.  The  litopM  tast  of  abaft  Sa  8  tiaiu  not  biwii  Tory  pro- 
duetivp,  but  arc  now  looking  mucb  better,  and  irill  probably  turn  one  soma 
Ttry  good  t'uji|ii.'r  IbiH  tnontli.  Shaft  Ko-  9  is  plankod  and  ready  for  tlie  whim. 
Shaft  No.  1  I  liavii  Himk  ihnv  fi-ri — it  Is  now  down  140  fc«I — and  1  am  now 
tn*9  <Tul1.int(  >oiiih  to  rut  the  main  rdn. 

S«|iL  12. — I  am  niakinr  prtparationv  to  work  the  mine  Ihinwintcr  vith 
rigor,  anil  I  tiuAC  we  shall  narA  mine  copper  to  ship  in  the  itpriii)^ 

OcC  *.— The  tnino  hn*  improvMi  unncwhaL  The  west  drift  waa  driTci) 
f*"**-""  fevt  i-ight  inchi-s,  wil)i  a  pxA  n-in  Ihe  wholu  dUtuncc,  coti.iidcrabte 
hwnl-voric,  *na  Tvry  ffood  8ta.mp-work,  Th«re  are  now  in  it  two  amaH 
mutm,  wbich  will  b«  l«kcn  out  in  a  few  dayi*.  To-mormw  I  ihall  ttait  (h*  ' 
■ocmd  l«TcI  wwt  from  slua  No.  3.  Shaft  No.  1  U  planked.  The  rein  oart 
ftviB  abaft  Ho.  I,  at  (he  dqitli  of  140  feet,  looks  very  promiaiug,  bring  about 
MM  foot  wid*,  of  piod  idamp-imrk. 

Shaivn  Mint,  Oct  ».  18.^3.— The  shaft  fa  but  ten  ftetdeop,  The  rcga- 
bfity  of  Iho  vein  U  unqucatimtnble.  It  it  exposed  800  feet  in  length.  lUn 
eomniFnci.'d  tiliaft  No.  1,  io  that  tlinw  ahun^  will  opun  (hu  vvio  for  tb«  800 
IM. 

Watwfii  Mine,  Ptnnns/lTania,  Oct  14,  10M.— The  vngino  «haft  in  14(i 
IM  4  In^ca  deep,  in  hard  blasting  roc^k.  Hare  aunk  4  inchca  in  twnn1y-lbn#'| 
boanL  Th«  rodt  bat  a  regular  dip  ntdl,  and  lit<a  In  afaully  Soars,  but  ia  ecn|(1 
pact  aod  aotid. 

A'irie  lonAjB  .Vim-,  Marytatui,  Sept  au.  180.^1.— dare  taken  out  some  TctT 
nle*  ewpper  ftom  the  scrond  and  third  tcrcli  on  the  ca.it  side  of  the  iniun  HhalL ' 
I  am  adn  catteaning  for  (be  vein  Hcst— anil  am  opening  a  new  ahart  a  little  , 
ooilli-iresl  of  Ihv  flr«t  shaft    Ilari?  hml  .iu  men  at  work  thrcu  taxt  dajA. 

Sept  W. — W«  am  takinic  out  tomn  very  good  copper—the  be!,i  that  hM  ] 
bom  broke  here.     The  bcrt  vein  is  in  third  Ivri-1.  irtiit  of  main  sbufL 

Oet  18. — Hiciw  are  about  t«*nty  tons  of  ore  cobbed  ready  tov  market —  J 
and  wejwdgo  there  h»*o  been  SBO  tons  taken  out,  of  pretty  good  copper,  sinoo  J 
I  Mvaienoed  here. 

Oabarnit  Mint,  NorOi  Carolina,  Oct  10.  I85S,~Tho  Agent  report* :— T 
hare  commenced  operaliunii.     Our  fiml  object  wa«  to  discover  the  lode ' 
of  M««w*.  Finks'  loaw.     The  firet  pit  we  sunk  about  SO  yariU  to  the  ' 
when  we  diwoTcred  a  rein  7  incbei  tliick,  cunipused  of  qnarlX'pKHklcin 
gold.     This  pit  ii  T  feet  deep.     The  lu-xt  pit.  i  j  yards  further  wtat,  ia  S  f 
tteep,  trlieru  we  di«coT«riMl  a  vein  8  inchcJi  thick,  compnitcd  of  quart!,  tnlph 
and  1^.     Tiie  third  pit  is  8  feet  deep  and  30  yards  further  west,  when  ' 
tUseoTtvod  a  vein  6  inches  thick,  voinposcd  of  quarts  Roid,  yellow  aitlpbu 
of  copper,  and  tulpbiuot  of  iron.    Ths  fourth  pU  in  ^ul  44  yardi  f 


SIS 


Joiimai  t^  Coff*t  Jiiiting  Optnttiom*. 


The  Tcin  here  is  4  inches  or  S  inoliM  Uiiek,  eompoatd  ofqairtm.    Tfai 
Mxt  pit  it  aboul  441  jauls  furthvr  wuct 

San  Augiutin  J/iiu,  Cuia,  SnpL  O.^-Tha  rnino  tt  preitent  is  looking  Tcry  ' 

«tonii*in)[.  Tho  Muthcm  iiido  of  the  caxtcm  end  in  pivriiig  qii!l«  tha  tUag>  r 
fa  bare  driT«n  in  tome  91  f&ltioiu-H,  *11  thu  my  throu)(h  good  cower  mi;  : 
brMking  Mme  tltrs  lis  much  as  k  tou  of  jii'l<3  » livr.  Both  side*  of  the  oiR  , 
txt  looking  IS  well  M  where  we  hate  bcrn  through.  The  Itwt  of  the  week  1 1 
sb^ll  U-gin  to  <irivc  southerly  tirom  the  wlnxc  down  4  fathoms.  The  )odt  laJ 
to  ctiormouH  that  wmething  must  riiakc  liclow,  for  it  is  ImpOielMo  for  man  I 
thui  10  bthonia  or*  vein  in  width  (ihrou^;)!  ihe  whole  of  which  wo  hare  niaed  \ 
mort  or  Tcju  «f  cnppor)  to  diminish  in  goodness,  when  the  cpor  and  )od«  itoff 
continues  oo  rich  aji  it  doc*  hen. 

Sept,  17.— We  are  reiving  ore ;  it  in  quite  good  >l  Ih*  16  ftthoma,  itnd  «i^  j 
tremely  promising.     W<  trt  now  driring  from  th«  wincts. 


TBB    nTMOtlTII    COPPBK   MDI*. 

This  mine  is  loCAted  In  the  State  nf  Connecticut,  anii  is  a  t«i7  promiidng  j 
ono.  We  invert  at  full  )cn{;th  thn  ICi^port  of  Mr.  C.  S,  nichanlson  reqioctincl 
it,  u  it  prcKcnts  all  the  points  worthy  of  particular  notice : — 

Thin  mine  it  situated  in  the  township  of  PIf  mouth,  in  Connecticut,  and  j 
embraces  in  Ihii  sett  enough  laiid  to  make  a  very  eitenirirc  mine,  harmg 
run  of  thn>u  quarltir^  of  a  milv  on  the  lodi<.  The  sirola  !a  principally  goeiM  j 
rock,  of  a  nature  cons^nsnl  for  the  production  of  yellow  and  gray  oOppoT  <lT%i 
oridcnces  of  which  niay  be  iwi;ii  wherever  rfgu tar  lodes  have  Scm  opened  oa,  J 
in  the  same  fonnstioii.  It  has  little  or  no  inclination  ;  the  elearnge  jointai — ' 
iMwrly  north  and  south,  slighlly  dipping  to  we>l ;  and,  although  it  is  a< 
compact  atone,  yet  in  working  it  giics  freely  to  the  drill.  Thia  is  an  f 
tant  feature,  m  it  will  enable  the  minert  to  d'xcu  fhe  lodi^  in  sinking  I 
abaft. 

The  lode  is  one  of  a  itnj  promising  character.  It  carries  a  hiack  luiwiiM 
at  surface,  and  at  ten  feet  deep  is  in>pregnal«d  throughout  with  mundic  andl 
yellow  ore  in  lincly-di.isu  mi  noted  particles.     The  leader  pnrt  conKisIa  of  a  oODi-l 

Set  quarli.  tolerably  well  pilmtitied,  allliough  notliinc  can  bo  expected  lol 
regular  at  this  shallow  depth.  Its  dip  is  Inclined  n  lilllo  to  the  north  ;  il>  I 
bearing  apparently  ia  TA*  noAh-wcxt,  and  may  ho  elsmiflod  as  an  oast  anil  w«fltj 
loda.  It  travcnicx  th«  entire  length  of  (he  xetl,  which,  aa  bofoire  described,  I 
thrto-fburthnof  a  tnile  long.  The  "Ldlliof  the  lode  has  not  ret  been  perfei 
dcdned,  neither  wall  haTini  hern  eiit  into ;  or,  if  it  has,  ln«  country  Ckr. 
M  mtieb  ore  as  the  lode.  But  I  can  ace  nothing  to  show  like  the  walls  of  cJ 
lode. 

A  shaft  ha^  been  snnk  about  twenty  feel  (loep,  at  which  di^tb  the  lode  MJ 
much  more  slronjjly  mini'raliied,  and  rertalnly  looks  vcrv  prouiising.  Sbodcl 
pita  have  been  put  down  Ui  the  eoitward,  in  several  placen,  to  prove  tho  0(nt>J 
tinuily  of  thu  lode.  At  the  prvsenl  stage  of  ila  deTelopracnt,  but  litdo  1 
can  be  sai'l  of  its  proprrlies. 

ThoHr  unacquainted  with  mining  will  be  apt  to  say,  there  are  no  rich  sp 
■nana  of  ore  yet  di!ioovered,  and  would  iiiftr  that  it  mu«t  ncGcsmrily  he  a  i 
lode.     In  th»  country,  sucti  Is  s  lery  cuiciinonlr  received  e>pinion,  but  notningl 
ia  more  ertiin eon B.     Productive  nilnc«  very  Mldom  throw  u[i  rich  Bpecimi-nlj 
of  ore.  in  their  lodes  to  the  surface.     The  fact,  in  the  iirtsonl  inilance,  nf  tht] 
ore  being  fuund  iiupregnuti-d  in  finely  divtiiibic  partielMi,  (hrnueh  the  matrii 
of  the  lode,  iri,  in  my  opinion,  a  much  belter  index  of  itt  future  riches  or  i 
dncdTcnea  Uian  any  other  feature  it  could  pomiUy  powcsSi 

At  tfie  place  where  tho  present  explorations  have  been  made,  which 
nearly  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  and  which  in  3QT  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  Na 
gobick  river,  an  adit  hiTil  could  very  easily  bo  driven  ia  from  tho 


1«B«7.  on  tlia  count  of  Um  tode ;  but  sii<.'h  >  mo<Je  «f  trorkbg  irouM  not  bo 
mItMiUl    I  Kpprrhend  noproBuibla  n-orkina  backs  irOI  bo  ibuiul  nndcr  tironqr 
UboHU  below  the  valley,  on  Iha  taMent  liae  of  present  *haft.    I  NhouM  nr'L 
eMdMfld  Ui«  crKtion  ofa  Kttain -engine  in  tl^  Taller,  at  (h«  placo  wtine  lb»] 
nOfinR-Hhift  i«  tolic  mink;  but  thtennsot  be  tMrrtauieil  Wron- (!>•>  trlut- AaJt' 1 
on  the  hiil  i*  run  <loirn  some  Un  or  tttlttvn  ftthoms  dcrpRr.     Tlx^n  the  iindoT>  ' 
lay  of  tho  loJe  will  bu  {jrovml,  iind  tlic  proper  site  for  the  permanent  enfrfno- 
\A»H  accunild)'  ascerUiiieO.      E'er  Ui«  «pve<l}'  xinkiiig  of  the  trint-^haft,  I 
tronld  recoiumenc!  thp  nw  of  a  thri-n-horse  portable  enii;iiic,  nnd  »  lift  of  nix 
inch  pampiL     Th«rc  vill  not  be  miii-h  wiit«7  t<>  contend  with  !□  ronjiequcnao 
of  ill)  elevation,  and  tbia  mall  powi-r  will  keep  the  Hlinft  in  fork.     Thi'  cxpoiiHV  I 
of  Ihifl  rimple  DMcUMtT  wfll  b('  vi-ry  tritlin^.  as  no  buildings  or  olhiT  prrmv  i 
nont  flxlurM  are  rcij^islt*.     I  haTc  not  the  l4a8t  doubt  hut  that  twenty  fnth*  j 
oma  may  he  run  down  thii  way,  which  would  pni«c  the  lode,  and  Mt  alt  ] 
Rirthor  doubta  at  rtsL 

In  MttinR  out  your  plan  of  machine^,  let  roe  caution  you  atn'n^t  the  In- 
uodaction  of  Don-cond«n«n|i  engines-     Tho  find  coat  of  ihem  is  much  leal 
than  tb«  proper  eoeine.  but  the  conaumption  of  fud  to  drive  theni  i^  waateful 
in  the  eatreme,  and  becoineft  T«ry  eipeiMl**  in  the  end.    The  Corni«li  enj^ne, 
•rilb  the  intrmal  flue  flr«-plac«  boilers  are  now  brouf;ht  to  ■nioh  a  slate  of  pei^  < 
fbction,  that  the  enormoua  weight  of  eighly-Src  mllliim  pounda  of  water  eon  I 
be  raised  wiib  the  oonaumptioa  of  one  liundrtd weight  of  good  Welah  coal. ' 
Small  hljch-prenura  en^nes  ara  very  faluablo  for  proving  lodes,  but  iniiet  not  | 
bo  naod  for  working  mines. 

The  local  posiliim  of  Una  mine  is  everything  thai  i*  deaitable.  The  Nau- 
pUck  Railway  riiiiM  llirou^-li  tbt<  sell,  and  lliu  depot  i«  within  500  yards  oT  i 
ill  north -u'Cstvrn  boundary  ;  thus  atTordlng  tvt^ry  Ikcjlity  for  the  ready  and  ' 
ditap  tranaportation  of  mining  ninlcrials,  etc,  and  the  produce  from  the  mine,  j 
It  i*  licit]  on  a  lease  tbr  a  loiiglena  of  yeare,  without  rent  or  royatly,  and  tik-] 
ing  everything  into  coniSdcraiJon,  the  de*«lopm«at  of  th«  mine  muat  b«  i 
gHrdad  as  a  fair  sp«culation. 


aK  KcaurLa  or  ixamuAn  xiicnra. 

In  onr  last  wv  briefly  allndi-d  to  lh«  important  iliccnvtry  which 
taken  plaeo  in  the  llayle  diatrict,  and  we  feel  i;rent  satisfaiHinn  at 
alluding  to  it ;  inaarnuch  a*  it  abowK  thai  n-lien  mining  in  conduclcJ  oa  an  en- 
l«qirW,  Uif\  not  as  a  speculation,  in  ntarl^v  every  instance  saiiNfnct'iry  r««ulto 
an  arrlveil  at.  In  fnrmcr  years  this  dlstriet  wna  known  as  one  of  tite  moat 
pradnctire  in  the  (Country;  llie  great  Wheal  Alfred  boa  given  toitaproprictora 
upwarda  of  300,000'.  |iraati  iii'xl  to  this  i«  West  .Mfred  Consols. an  improffng 
mloe,  which.  If  sunk  deeper,  aceordine  to  the  counlr)',  and  the  run  of  lh« 
loaks,  must  bo  a  profitable  mine.  The  mine  adjoining  this  Is  Weal  Wheal 
AHrad,  which  at  a  ahallow  depth  baa  nlrtody  produced  n  larEe  quantity  of  or«, 
■nd  sirtd  every  indication  of  a  prospi-rous  det«1o inner. L  The  uiiiie  next  to 
this  U  TrelowHh ',  this  has  now  been  worked  for  upwards  of  imxt  and  a  half 
yews,  with  a  rhallow  adit  in  the  first  plafc,  ami  ollcrwanls  drained  by  means 
of  a  nater-wlieel,  when  but  littl«  ore  u*a.>>  produced;  Huh.vquently  an  engine 
wa«  creclcl,  and  the  works  prospculed  with  rigor;  (he  relurim  were  out 
miall,  but  the  advrnturtrs  eontinued  the  workings  with  greal  Kklll  and  indo- 
mitable persercTanirc ;  the  shaft  bai  now  been  sunk  to  80  bthoin.i.  and  then 
large  rodta  of  ore  have  been  met  with  of  a  bi^rh  percenlage.  The  atonea 
wiitdi  w«  lia*«  Dwa  from  tlifre  givti  i-very  imlii'ailoTi  dial  this  in  a  onlinuous 
lode,  and  will  incrraH  in  pmdiiciiTcnesx  and  riehncsn  se  it  gets  deeper.  Tha 
mine  is  situated  within  a  tnile  of  the  nlii]>ping  port,  and  the  carriage  of  ore* 
and  cool  does  not  ■momil  lo  mom  thnn  uni^  shilling  |irr  lou.  PrDtii  the  fcdlity 
of  ahipping,  and  other  •dvantagas,  there  can  be  but  little  qnrslion  that  thi« 
mdw,  it  carriod  on  in  the  aamc  pcnicTcring  manner  in  which  il  haa  been  done 


no 


Journal  c/  Copper  Mining  Optntiom. 


bf  Uio  pmirnt  idTcntitrcrs,  will  bccnmc  one  of  th*  mori  preAlatilo  in  tlw 
county  :  w«  do  iiol  Si>ftr  by  lliin  tlul  it  iliall  l)c  a  Uuvon  Or«*t  CcAfok ;  Mieb 
inMuicm  ani  but  fvit  snil  Arbelworn;  tiuljudginc  ttma  (bo  chttnetcr  of  th* 
dLMrict,  nod  Uic  qualitj'  «f  tlic  on,  if  llip.  prcRcnt  proprkton  continue  tbelr 
dferta.  therr  is  urcn'  proapcct  tii»t  tlwir  cntciprute  will  lie  erowued  with  mov* 
thin  rvmuiiarativc  [Ka\x\lii.^ London  Journal. 


txantQ  WORKS  op  r^uiTit,  ivKDim. 

In  SwviJiMi,  at  thv  Gtneliiiigi-worVii  of  Pahim,  ttiv  amy  Is  clwayR  t*lt«a  bj'J 
an  iron  bar.  About  SO(i(oris«if  cooper  *r*prodnoedth«fouitiunllv;  tli«iiun<» 
u«  tho  vmmt  ancient  in  Kurope,  baring  beon  worked  ortr  1,000  yrnn.  It 
WW  h«rc  Ihal  OiutSTiui  Vasa  ma  ooncoaled  while  under  the  ban  of  Chrl^itiui 
It.  of  DeiiTiiark.  .Much«d  to  tli«  mines  b  t,  Ubontor}'  and  fwhool  to 
StudcnM  in  practical  niininK  nucl  mineralogy. 


atKciiAL  pRODi-ii:  or  snirrn  AimtuMa. 
The  foUnwin^  is  a  oomparativi.'  ^luteinunt  of  thu  i-xpoK  Af  nriiwral 
duc«  from  South  Auhtmlia,  for  Ibc  y<«ra  undtng  Juno  '25,  IBoS  and  1SSS  :- 


1889— Cepixir 

Rtfcula* 
Coppor  ore 
1am  on 


IBSB— Copper 
Rcjulni 
Ovpmr  ore 


Total 


Total 


<)alnl)l)'. 
4S,TM  «wt«. 
on  ton* 

10.<»T4  loM 
ISloo* 


SS,1M  cwU. 

M  Uiu 

«,T9S)  ton* 

sol  lo"* 


Tdu. 

.  £i70,«at  0 

IT.09O    0 

.     1M,M0    a 

ESQ    0 


.  £igi.iu  0  0 


.  £]is,m  B 

»\1*T    0 

set   0 


.  £aio,fl9i  t  0 


Tbiarctamahon-it  AKTcat  Mingoirin  the  exports  of  copper,  owing  to  &o 
disturbance  of  the  lobor-roarket  caiuod  hy  the  gold  di«co?vrli'A. 


RfciLnu  sit.Ei  or  c:opran  ona. 
Tho  following  are  ibo  partiirulani  of  the  copper  ore  wlcs  nt  tho  Cornwall 
Tfcketinga  during  the  qnarttv  crt-ling  31st  DctKmbcr,  I8o3  :  — 


I9U. 

Oot.  e 
••  » 

-  «r 
Rov.S 

«    10 

"  II 

-  M 
Dee.  1 

"  8 
•■  tt 
'■    » 


Ar.  SUdO. 

i«a   * 

lU  19 
141  13 
1*9  • 
l«l  I 
141  U 
I4T  0 
IM  II 
IM  IS 
14S  U 
U3  14 


rrad. 

1 


?■(!«. 
«i  II  0 

EDO 

0  10  0 
a  14  0 
t  It  0 
7  1  (J 
T  13  I 
BIO 
ISO 
T  0  S 
t  lA  0 
6  it  0 


Tctal  ftir  t))fl  qtmrter 
.  fet  Uie  qtiirur  onditift  8epitaiti*r 
Ditto  Jane 

Diua  Mnnih    . 

T«1ld  for  (Im  jMr 


Or. 
4.4H 

«,3«.; 

S.11U 

*,iIR4 
».94T 
3,S1S 
1,«M 

4,c»a 

8.051 

tt,TM 
4>,TM 
U.BM 


Pino  ooEh 
KSI     J 

BM  If 
IIB  14 
1W  1« 
»1    0 

isa  T 
ifin  t« 
MS  11 

tar  » 

■M    « 

lao  i 

B,<)4«    4 

MSI    0 

B,1TV  U 

3,t;i  u 


ADimuit. 

ij.no  ii 
iMoi  i« 
«,»»  t 

iti,a(i4  14 
R1.4M  T 
8MS>  * 
«l,TfiS  ) 
1S,43»    I 


£*ig.trTi   «  • 

»s,i«a  IS  • 

E(t9,«a9  10  « 

31S,54a    4  • 


lftl,BI4 
4S,4M 


ii,ei»  in  £i,i.-.\7C   s  4 

»,ttr*    It         S«!i.TBl  U  10 


Bj-  the  forrgoing,  It  will  be  leen  (bit  the  BuctuaiioDs  during  tbo  paat. 


Jovrn^  of  Goppir  Mining  Operatiemt.  % 


twalTC  or  RRMn  inont)M)i«TG  been  tery  ccnvidenible;  for  insUim,  during 
the  Bret  qiurtar,  fndlnK  Much  1&M,  iht^  vera  wld  «t  lli«  Cornish  lIcketinM 
4S,IM  loDK,  onnlaiiiint;  3,771  tonx  14  «wL  of  fine  rniipnr,  which  jioldtul  the 
nnor  31^513'.  i*.  t'l.  A  nriouHfkU  look  plftcc  iiDraodktoljr,  mnd  the  !*• 
suh  of  the  inartor  ciidini-  Jiitip.  although  ihowtng  an  tncrtoMd  quantl^  of 
vit,  and  4ul)  tons  adiiitinnal  in  ftiie  copper,  raallstd  onlf  969,089^.  lOii..  a  lUfr 
ftnnce  ia  muiu-y  tqual  lo  19.4601.  lii.  0^  Owing  to  a  dJuiirtUhnil  <)iiantiW4 
MBlng  lijrwftnl,  tlio  Sepl«TnW  <iuartcr  ihowcd  a  much  Letter  rcuiilt,  nU*' 
Tlion  tho  prkcofimlaland  Btandard  has  b««nadnuioins  toilllplnwntIlwl^7 
tttkfactoryrondiiion;  fnr,  on  tho  3Sth  of  DncembM- the  produce  of  el»td4l 
ISSL  |i>.  Ktaaihrd,  or  &n  arcnjcc  of  6'.  ISi.  per  ton  of  ore.  Thi>  arerua 
■Uadard  for  the  frar  bfinu  higtivr  than  at  any  pcricxl  since  1800.  and  the 
aawiunt  rrAliied  (ctt  copper  on  beyond  any  yiAr  upon  record.  Tlie  iliffl-renCQ 
in  the  6nt  and  loxt  (juartcr  of  the  year  is ;  — 


<lu*rUr  endinsc  Mnnb,  lUS 
(lnBTler  eudmi;  \>ee.  ISU  . 

InrroMA  . 


Ox.  riMceh. 

«S,l£a  mi  H 

M,T2«  SMS    4 


Anwoal. 

et\^.fM    4 

tlB^KI  11 


S,E«C 


STt  ID       Deorcgso  £t,\1\  IS    i 


Labof  miftpliaa  of  eeeiy  dotcription  and  proTisIong  havo  In  IhU  period 
n$en  to  a  teiy  connidcmble  extent  Eiiit);raIion  of  a  viist  niimbpr  of  our  b«4t 
mining  population  to  the  "jtnld  d!i'jr'fi(ri"  n»lur«lljr  rreiilcil  a  v»ci)iim  in  manj 
of  the  biTgest  dlBtriel.i,  and  the  conHrqucnce  hut  >><--vn  that  a  v^t  tiuiuber  of 
pildici  haTd  btirn  laft  itnivrou^lit.  Oa  the  other  hanil,  n  eoni^idprnVrle  number 
of  improdactirc  speculation]!.  foi-ilvJ  into  pnblie  notice  diirin|{  the  last  throo 
or  four  yita.Ts.  moit  of  them  at  iiiith  premvumii,  hare  sunk  Into  oblivion,  4nd 
the  "  tools,  tuekle,  and  materials"  bdn}t  <«>ld  and  remored,  thii  laboring  man 
that  iTFTc  employed  therein  are  now  oblninrn);  vork  in  othct*  of  a  more  laiit- 
Id|;  character.  It  is  lo  iwh  mines  that  wc  rail  tho  attention  of  our  readen^ 
tttd  we  entTtkt  Uiem  lo  tealeli  the  nionlhly  and  cjunrlerly  relumii,  rather  than 
ran  after  every  nuw  aehetne  that  \\  daily  set  forlti  in  danllng,  tiut  Imaginaiy, 
if  not  deliuaeo,  colorg.— £eni^  Jvunuil. 


A  van  TO  1SS  axr  wn  or  LAXCARmi  couktt,  pnnnTi.vAiitA. 

'niH  mine  la  sltnatnd  about  four  nnd  n  half  mileK  frem  Chriiiiana,  in  Ihfi 
county  of  Lnnciuiter.     It  was  flnt  worked  in  Hit  rear  1733,  and  »ubHe<iaentl]r  j 
■rruiij-tit  aii^aiii  by  a  coTiipany  in  the  yi-nr  1797.     The  only  partlculan  now  I 
ktiOH'ii  rtl^itiiitt  to  thot-c  oppralionH  cnay  he  t.ftn  in  a  pamphlet  in  the  Phila-  | 
dclphia  Library,  Nol  I>,I3S,  from  wliieh  it  appear*  that  the  produm  at  that 
Ijmc  was  cot)peni»  and  predp«late  of  copper,  from  lb«  vitriolic  witcr  whiob 
Issued  fruiu  lilt  vfins.     At  thai  perio"!  the  leinK  were  not  eiplorcd  to  sny  eon- 
siderablii  ntent,  and  the  irork  chiefly  consisitd  of  mrfiipc  exploralion*,  al- 
Ihouph  they  Kiicctcdcd  br  Uic  aid  of  the  impcrfwl  niacbinc-ry  Ihoy  then  had, 
in  Kiiikln;;  a  slmn  td  the  ticpth  of  from  sixty  to  eighty  fuet ;  bill  the  water  vat 
such  an  im|H''lluicnt,  that  the  reins  roiild  not  be  pursued  at  thai  depth.     lAt-  | 
lerly  Ihese  mines  hare  been  purchnstd  by  a  company  of  Beatlemen  of  the  city 
of  riiiladelpIiiA,  wbu  have  a  t'iiarl<.'r  fruru  Ihti  Legislature,  under  the  title  of 
the  finp  Milling  Coni)>any.     They  have  rrrctnl  a  sleam.engine  on  tbn  icorlt^ 
and  >unk  the  originaJ  shaft  to  the  depth  of  100  feet,  from  nhich  a  gatlery  It  j 
extended  iHiino  300  or  300  feet.    Tliev  luive  also  MlemJcd  t)lu  old  works  at  *  | 
depth  of  silly  fi;et,  atid  sunk  •Miveral  shaRs  to  doUrmlno  tlie  eiti'nt  of  tha  I 
vein*,  f<'<r  there  appears  to  be  wTeroI  veins  running  pamllcl  to  one  another,  anf 
one  r«ii  running  Iransrene  to  lliene  paoltel  vertii.     Theoe  Trins  are  all  frtm  ' 
ten  to  firieen  feel  wide,  jireduciiig  rnpper  and  other  ores ;  hot  as  Ihey  fdnk  I 
deeper.  Il  rhances  intn  nickel  and  cobalt  eeeK,  of  which  there  appcan  to  btj 
an  inexbaiutiblc  supply.    The«e  ores  eonlain  by  anatyus: — 


S22  Jovmal  af  SHImt  <tnj  Lead  Jtfiii/n^  Optratitmt. 

Rolphar        .                   ,         .         .  X7'tT 

Iran M'41 

Hldul s-n 

AlnmlD* I-M 

SitlM  ......  13  Sf 

Tbcy  are  now  bdng  token  to  Philaddpliift  to  be  MneitoiL    TherouvMiM'J 
buMKds  of  Una  now  Ijrjng  on  the  aurfacc,  tod  tonw  thouHuida  of  ton  ■" 
«mrwl  la  Dm  aalao,  ud  aztuwlve  onMnUona  ar»  b«log  niado  Tor  na  ' 
Ike  mine  on  k  lir^  Kate. — Jbtimial ^  Frvntltn  InttituU. 


JOOBSAL  OF  SILVEB  AND  lEAD  HISiSG  OPEIUTIONS. 

niiii-HKimi  or  t-exu  rnox  nis  scoktu-webt. 
TTii!  (ablca  liiTctuforc  publinlivi]  conlaiii  Utu  ahipinviitH  of  lead  Iroai  VFiM 
oonaiii,  lllinoiit,  nnd  towa,  >.ubscquuni  to  ItMS.    Tliv  fulluwiiig  funusUea  all] 
the  atolutif*  which  nsut  previous  to  that  period: — 

1SU»  .....        KtA.IM 

IBM iit.no 

leU «$4.MCI 

laet Sag.sii 

la^ G.ias.iso 

tusa ii,ws,6io 

Ii3> ie,VW,lAO 

Dere  rol1i>n-ii  an  intcml  of  clovim  jcan  for  which  no  tUd»tio  end,  oirin 
to  a  chanj^  of  mining  n^ulationa. 


UU    VRIM*  or  TDK   KOKTIt-WOT. 

ProfrwOT  Dulicls,  Stale  Oeolo^t  of  Wiacoiisin,  has  msvie  a  roport  to  Um 
L^slaturc  upon  tli«  "  Geology  of  Wiscan>.in,"  which  is  soon  lo  be  puhluhad. 
Vkxu  a  notice  of  It  is  the  Madimn  Jimmal,  we  Had  the  folluning  beta  Mfttod 
aa  MtabliKht^d  in  Uie  Report ; — 

Milting,  until  <|ui[c  rvocnily,  liaa  buun  confined  to  the  "  upper  mafcncslan  , 
linMSlone,"  ur  Owi-ti,     This  ii  known  as  (be  "  t«id  rock ;"  iininecliateljr  on*  j 
(htljiiie  n'hirh  in  the  blue  rcaj;i1li{i.-r\iuK  litncAtonn,  dilF«ring  tVom  It  cetlrtly  iili 
composition,  tcxturv,  etc    Now  it  liBit  betn  eentriLlly  auppowd  tbnt  the  loa 
talh'c  vpiiia  would  bo  lost  when  Ihu  bluv  liini'.ilunt!  niu  ri;achei],  with  tM  I 
«f  Dnding  th«n>  brncnih.    Th«  aiirrcy  h.ix  ealJibliKbcil  Ibv  &ct  tliat  exloisii 
Teins  ar«  now  bcinit  worked  below  thn  blue ;  in  a  bufT-rolorcd  nmcdoQa  ii  I 
laforof  wndtlone,  above  the  Imvcr  mngni'sinn,  and  the  question  haa  lon^;  I 
iounljr  bctn  asked  by  luiniTu,  whi'Ibcr  the  inlerpoacd  sandHlone  wan  noti 
tfl^lual  bar  to  all  hopi'  of  finding  nilnrrnl  below.    Tho  auney  haa  B^tabUaf 
the  fai't,  not  only  that  tho  lower  nin.cni't.lin  la  lead-iMuring,  hiit  that  at  ono  ICk* 
cality  alone  orer  300,(iOO  lb*  of  miiienl  have  been  niisc<l  within  a  yt*r  or  |w4 
the  lnincr^  llieni»rl»*.i  not  btini;  uwiin;  of  llie  tlepoiit  they  were  workii^  1 
Thui  then'  lire  tlirre  riitilead  of  onv  kiubbearirtg  lii'jiOBit,  aa  fomtrly  sal 
||Owd.    They  may  be  thus  arranged  or  claNiflvd  :— 

Mvulliruroiu.  Jiuii'DKiUlUftrou. 

Oppar  iiugnoilaii    .  .    tM  fuat.  Bliie  llinatonB      .  .    GO  I 

off-aolantd  llmauolie  40   "  Upper  Miidaloiu  .  .    40 

■nwfwalin   .  .    9MI   " 


Jovmal  of  fShtr  onrf  Lead  Mining  Optntiom. 


8SS 


In  R  practical  *icw,  tUa  Haamwr  mere  (htn  douUs  tlio  ttineral  grmuid, 
M  to  xpcak.  In  otbor  itoi^a.  It  h<kKb  out  deflniu  ioducriMEiU  to  Aatf  mi&- 
iog,  rcTiikricig  a  profitable  rtturn  mMy  prohtble.  At  pment  tho  a««i|Mtt 
•halt*  8CHr«ljr  eicced  160  fiwt. 


I 


THE  LCiii  Mi!(X3  Or  I'Hnm  coDsirT,  rB(MiTi.r*Mi*. 
A  eOTTMpondtrnl  of  Ibe  Joumat  nf  the  Awni-lin  IrutUuU,  Dr.  TumbuII, 
■  jljwibw,  in  brief  ttriua,  the  opcnlioni  >t  Uickc  miiwit  at  lliv  prvtwiit  time. 
V  iJtm  ns  lattr  liiforuuiliou  rtspvi.'tiiig  loiae  of  tli«a  tlun  that  of  our  laM 
■mUm  on  ptg*  8TS,  Vol.  t.,  Mining  IJagaxlue: — 

Within  a  TOvIo  of  tach  other,  in  the  Tidiiitjr  of  tho  licauliful  Htrcam  called 
PicktrinK  Occk,  then  lead  minca  are  dliiateil ;  bul  I  wan  norry  in  find  that 
tbcf  added  nothing  to  the  comfntt  of  thn  farmrr  in  whogu  rrpan  tbcj  vrorc 
pbmdt  ftr  upon  iii<juiry  I  was  iiifonupd  that  every  spring  in  their  vicinity  wia 
mtlrtq'  dri«0  up,  and  XhtA  vtcn  tbe  railroad  company  ti  Hupply  litd  I'litirely 
lailtd.  Thin  thnuld  alwayi  be  provided  (or  by  a  special  a^m'-mrnt  by  the 
fcriDcr  on  whow  iand  ibey  operate,  for  it  is  a  very  Hcrious  evil  to  tlnd  that 
Ui  tpring-honae  is  iio  longtT  fitted  lor  tho  storing  of  milk,  creain,  and  butter. 


» 


cnam-nroWN  Mns. 

The  dm  mine  wliich  I  vlttitvd  In  <«lli.'d  thi<  Charl«Bto<ra  Uinc,  and  Is  aliu- 
atcd  on  Ih*  fl»rni  of  C«pl.  OiTia ;  it  h.iji  hci-n  in  npemtion  about  Sftem  moutlw, 
tad  the  product  is  cir.ln^ivrly  Irnd  ore  ;  thn  iwltn  of  lead  are  the  tulphiirctor 
niena  tvbonatc  and  [>bu!;p)inU'>'>r  IcdcI.  Tlicy  have  sunk  rt  iJinll  u(  ISO  ftet 
The  Tela  Is  about  two  fveC  widt',  but  i»  a|)t  to  bi'  filled  up  In  many  plicen  with 
inferior  drpn«iC,  ronlsininc  vi'ry  lillli^  trni'  lead  ore.  The  mine  la  owned  by  a 
company  of  (^piialiEts  of  PiiilncklphlB,  under  lh«  Bupcrintcnrtrnce  of  Mr, 
{?h*ri«  Wheatlcy ;  the  rhief  mintT.  or  captain  of  the  niine,  is  Mr.  W.  Perry. 
Tu  keep  the  mine  frv<  from  walrr,  ihej  have  in  upvratioii  a  beautiful  Camixh 
whim  or  loir-i>r«8aure  condtntliig  engine,  of  )>ixt^  honw  power,  built  by  Mr. 
John  Wrat,  of  KorriMown.  In  thin  form  of  cnjiinc  there  is  a  ((reat  mvinjc  of 
fuel ;  it  ia  nrraogod  m  a«  to  «ct  a  eruxhlng  njacliinv  in  operation.  They  hare 
alio  a  bono  whim  and  cnpvUn,  and  outliouHeronuininj-lwoieiir^in  machJnw. 
The  price  ginn  l»  the  miner  is  (Voni  ihirty  to  thirty-ilie  nollnri  a  month. 
Above  (^und,  they  had  a  man  and  n  boy  ;  in  the  mine,  they  had  eight  or  ten 
mincni  at  worL    Thin  luinc  haii  violded  but  a  (en-  tuns  of  ure. 


» 


MO^rnKIKIIKT    NIICB. 

After  eroining  the  em-k  a  tteeond  lime,  and  iLScendiiiB  the  hill  about  ■ 
quKterof  a  mile,  at  the  I'onicr  of  the  wood  I  camo  to  the  HontiKomery  Com- 
plD^  Mine,  irhich,  before  i-nlcrinK,  prc.icnltd  an  active  cpiril  of  industry, 
TCIT  diflfcrcnl  from  the  ntiict  of  the  niaTle!.lown  Mine,  lin'ri-  bi-ing  kouw  four 
or  five  ni«n,  irlth  aevtral  boys,  at  work  abov«  gjntind  :  the  [lUll'  of  the  steam 
also  causinji  it  to  be  wen  at  a  cnnsiderablc  dislAneo.  Upon  inquiring  for  the 
raptaln,  1  found  htm  to  be  an  SKreeable,  intelligent  man,  nhono  name  wu 
tieTraric. 

Tlii*  minv  bus  only  been  In  operation  for  about  laietre  months,  and  has 
sunk  a  shaft  Mime  i3o  feet,  The  eneouraitrment  to  progreis  faai;  been  very 
KOOd,  tho  ore  is  ftbun<Unt ;  but  they  have  been  eon.iidorably  annoyed  with  the 
large  ouantity  of  tine  ore,  whieb  ban  to  bo  separated  by  waHhtnz ;  lli*)^  bad 
some  four  or  five  tons  on  band.  They  bnve  a  Miiall  horitonul  bT|th'prcwur« 
engine  at  irork,  and  the  lioriw  whim  was  in  active  operation,  drngxini;  up  ore, 
trnlch  it  priodpally  galena  and  phoipliate  of  lead,  Tbey  had  tome  fifteen 
ninen  at  work,  arid  one  of  theiu  won  complaining  of  Iho  oant  of  projwr  ven- 


8M 


Journal  of  SUvtr  tntl  Ltad  Mining  OperaliOKt. 


Iflation  in  the  mine,  to  (hat  thtir  Uni|>  or  candle  woold  not  bora,  ind  tli«y  1 
twd  U>  come  up  *n(r  <*oh  bUat  ti>  gvl  rid  of  the  tmolte ;  Ui&  1  kif «  KMMk  1 
ft  groat  dcfort  in  most  of  [be  mbcK  tbu  1  h«vo  viidted,  Mxl  sonM  •adwwn 
slwuld  be  made  to  obviate  it  -^■1 

tKinwoou's  tana.  ^^H 

The  third  mine  visitMl,  bvtng  ibout  liair  i  inilv  (hmt  the  Montfomcry  llS^ 
(tcalll1lt^blImo(HlX  but  CTcryltiing  *bout  tlii'  mini;  looks dacokle ;  Mkllqie- 
mtions  hxrc  been  stopped  for  wvcrnl  roonlh*,  the  iron  work  is  ruiling;  lb« 
only  miner  at  work  was  &  Cornis>i  man.  who,  with  n  liltle  boj'.  waa  wuhtng  I 
Mrefidly  oitb  a  builiUu  lhi>  refiiHc  wn.^.hini.'u  nt  roniier  opun lions ;  he  wan'l 
mtlflng  about  a  ton  of  ore,  wllh  nitii'h  citrr,  in  n.bniil  ttm  weekx,  yieldiiw  irix^« 
per  cent, ;  tliis,  he  raid,  ariis  poor  work,  as  Ihty  only  gnvt-  him  'lini-eii  aolhtH 
a  ton  fori*.     He  liad  b«en  a  na;>)icrof  4re»  in  Ournwall, and  UIh  TiUher  hrrorsil 
Wm,  commcnrinn  at  the  agt-  of  tieht  years ;  but  ho  wns  rery  dcuroui  «f  ,1 
eetting  to  Jtincral  Point,  whore  he  had  twotmclcs;  he  Mid  be  tihonld  Ifaen^J 
wet  at)  if  he  wi-rv  at  homo  in  one  soiuf.  'Jj 

I  then  pniisod  ovvr  iiiii  Mr  Sherwood's  Hoielllng-hoiiBe,  whpre  he  pn>i)uot«  ^ 
about  fifty  to  fiftj'ti»c  of  Imd  from  ercry  100  ponndxof  rieli  ore,  and  if  the, 
Of«  la  nlent  they  then  can  cxtrKf  from  twemtr-flve  to  thirty-itereo  ouncot  of  , 
stiver  ftmn  (hetonafmelanicleadby  cup^llaiion.    They,  I  And,  areorectlnf ' 
the  brick  work  for  a  aerie*  of  boilers,  so  a»  to  ko  iitto  operation  and  extract 
the  aiivtr  by  th«  new  proi^-M  of  Palteniion,  hv  nking  adviiiiUgp  of  the  eira- 
talliMliuii  of  (Lu  h'Jul,  so  as  to  remove  it,  and  leave<  the  lead  ubicli  remain* 
with  a  inFfiP  quantity  of  siiTer,  and  by  viifMillniion  thriv  im  leM  of  lead  oxi- 
diced,  end  fewer  of  liie  cupcU  employed.     The  clicniist'n  name  is  Mr.  W.J 
Johnatoti. 

The  fourth  mine  is  tituated  on  Fnnkn'  plo^ ;  their  sli^ft  has  been  KUi)k| 
(>Muo  ttinety  feet,  and  tbry  are  about  ino-ejuin;;  the  dvplh,  iJiere  bcins  nomej^ 
llUle  encoun^iueTit  to  tlo  ito ;  they  have  aho  a  atcaiu -engine  in  aoirt  open-,^ 
tlOD  i  this  mloa  has  ockly  been  open  n-lthin  the  year  1S52. 

TBB  WnSATLET    nXt. 

AeroM  a  stngla  Held  is  lilnati^l  the  ^Vhemley  Mine,  the  deepest  lead  mine? 
la  Ihii  region,  bdnft  tome  300  feci,  with  levels  run  In  seientl  dlrerciona.  Tbei 
old  or  Bret  nlmft  la  emnloycd  for  raising  rcfiise  tnatter,  but  nt  thr  fihnfl  back  of  J 
tbe  blaclniniith's  shop  tney  are  rai^iinj^  ore.  lliere  an'  aume  four  sliafbt  at  dilTer-T 
•nt  points,  and  tlie  orn  in  (he  iwnie  rk  that  found  at  the  rharlestOWD  Mine.  In' 
Mr.  Whmtiey'a  rollcetion  of  ores  of  !cad  from  this  mine,  tl»ere  arc  two  varie- 
Un  of  galeuoK,  Dbroiifl  and  st<'eI-;Enmed,  the  latter  bcin;;  rieher  in  KiWer  tbati* 
tl»  fcnner;  there  are  alao  phosphat(«.  chromn-in'ilyli'liiial'',  with  beautifal  . 
cryatala  of  Kulnhite  in  Ihi'  eintrc  of  ^eodca of  Ralc^nn ;  alw,  line  EpcdnoiM of  ' 
can>nnate.  They  hnve  a  hrar  buekvt-wlievl  diivcti  by  water,  which,  drmng 
too  laroc  iron  wbeeU,  crushed  th4  ore ;  the  nuinbi'r  of  [iien  acd  boys 
ployed  Sti  waahiiiR  and  bcTting  being  greater  than  at  any  olhcr  of  tha  mtaatl 
in  that  region.  They  are  aUo  diggiiiB  nil  over  the  Held*  in  tlic  immediate  »i.  j 
cinity  for  ore ;  their  *teanieni;ini>  Is  high  prcwiire,  nod  the  proepecls  of  tbi* , 
miM  ar*  Rlatcd  to  be  good ;  but  of  the  amount  of  ore  raii-Hl,  eost  cf  raising, . 
•tc,  I  oonM  not  Bnd  any  account,  allhough  I  desired  the  information-  IlaTing , 
■pent  some  time  at  this  mine.  1  sliwtfd  for  llit  eupjier  mine  on  Judge  UotriM^ij 
Iwautirul  farm,  wiiich  is  Kitnnted  about  two  miles  from  Wlicnlley'A  Mine,  and 
a  quarter  of  a  nilte  south  of  l»ho?nixville,  a  square  off  froro  the  Slate  r<rt»d,  itt„ 
a  grove  cf  frees.  The  uiinv  is  owned  by  a  Now  York  ctimpanv.  who  ean- 
menccd  working  lait  suninieT  (185S).  and  bmiiirht  out  a  good  deal  of  ore,  bu 
found  that  the  itt^iin -engine  employed  by  them  was  (on  imall,  the  water  hit-" 
ing  inermscd  lo  much ;  they  are  now  erecting  one  of  IgO-horiB  power,  wltb^ 
a  fly  wheel  twenty  Rve  kvt  In  diami-t,T,  in  a  v.-ry  luUlaiilial  manner.  Tha'* 
TWnorMilphiirel  and  eitbonnlc  of  copper  runs  in  ancBBt^riy  diivi-tion,  ilirectlj, 
under  the  Judge's  huiiKe,  and  Tariea  fivm  eighteen  incln*  t*  four  fertj  tllty 


Coalt  and  GtlUeriM. 

liM«  Upon  the  grmmd  Mne  twcn^  or  thtrtf  ton*  of  ore,  wliicli,  as  br  u  I 
Maid  /wls^  «««  nol  nry  ricli ;  but  Mill,  \t  (bey  hnvo  an  abundanoe  of  It, 
tbara  will  tM»  no  Ajnbt  It  will  pay,  at  thy  prvwnt  priccii  oJ  copprr  ore  ia  iha 
mutet  The  oinncrK.  workmen,  nm!  ihp  |>pnions  krounil  the  worki,  tpMk  ill' 
Uh)  hif;licsl  (cniM  <>r  tlic  I'licuurifiti);  prunpctt  of  lliu  lulno  ;  still  I  do  not  con- 
rider  t>>«  or*  M  ripb  m  th«l  or  tho  PiTiVioinon  Minintc  Compiny,  bot  th« 
upena«  of  nunng  the  arn  will  be  murh  leiK. 


COALS  AKD  COIJ.lERr£& 

AMTDIUCItR   COAL    TKAfrB    FOR   16M> 
lahipiHiJ  frnni  Rirhinoiiil  to  clMm  nf  wtvk  tndiu^  foil.  I  lib    .    TI,nt  lOIMb 
ililDlllBOtJDW TT.Mt    " 

.tHoant  tent  bf  KMidlciff  ItallroDiJ  loel«M  of  wt«k  ending  F*^  Mb    .  tlfl,SM    'h 
tkaie  Uine  !ut  r*>' lOMll     •' 

IiKm*«  .......    81,111 

Tfae  PatmilU  BtgUUr  mikra  (li*  following  romarkii  on  tho  praqx^u  < 
thatndo:— 

The  iihiiimcntK  from  thi«  region  wnac  Dpp,  Itt,  the  bc^tininf;  of  rulway 
Tcnr,  haT«  iiiiiiitaincd  a  i^ood  tlgriri' ;  bving8),13S  ions  in  «i<;m  of  shipment* 
ImI  yofir,  'I'lrii'it  winii.'  tmi--. 

In  ihe  Shamnkin  diilrict,  we  nrc  nilviwd  the  Biic  Mountain  Coal  Onmpany 
have  luBBcd  Miv  of  llicir  eollicrica  lo  Mesars.  Blai-k  &  ShealT.  nt  (Kirty-fiTo 
wnla  per  ton,  the  lessocn  binding  themM'lTVfl  toiuiiwnot  less  tlivi  TS.OOO  toiin 
during  the  year.  RfSj^oTiHiUf  jmrtii-M  oflV-r  tbo  luinic  prtco  per  Ion  for  Ihe  col- 
liertMof  Ihe  Susaoehaiinii  Cool  and  Coal  Mijimlaii)  Ce4n)iany.  This  ccmpuiy 
l«  being  orgakniEOu  under  a  itry  fnvorabk'  h'jI  of  iiieur|)uratiui),  Ihe  larger  por- 
tloii  lA  the  ttock  1)«lntc  snlwcrMied  by  BaUlmor*  MpltalistA. 

Th«  reniuylvania  Coal  Ccmpany,  at  Pitlnlon,  we  preparing  n«ir  openinfra, 
in  adiBtiOQ  lo  ihove  worked  U&t  luanon-  Th«y  PttLiiiatu  lliinr  produclion  for 
tho  pTttM nl  year  at  T00,000  lonj^  which  tt  an  inmnuc  of  237,000  tons  on  lluir 
last  antMin*!  bnidncM. 

In  ibc  Cuniberlancl  dit1Hi;t,  Ihe  "atrilcc"  (uoiis  mjncrti  •dFII  <ontinaM; 
»n<1,  M  a  cnns^mwnw,  almost  total  Knspcnsion  of  bnclnas.  Th"  niin«n  Still 
demand  Ibrly  ccntA  per  ton :  and,  in  the  mean  time,  n  meoting  ha»  been  held 
by  th«H  rt]irMenting  nil  tb«  cool  companies  of  Alleghany  coilntr,  and  the 
t«ti«n  of  ihc  Snporinlendcnts'  Aasodalton  coiisidvrvt  and  MidMs*)],  dedaring 
that  tbe  pricea  for  minini;  ahoAM  be  those  Hxcd  by  them  until  chanRod  by  Uh 
nip«rintendeiili  Uienutlvttt.  Tliey  aUo  nj-rred  upon  ibu  folloiriHg  prices  of 
coal :  ftnu  uwl,  fS.TG ;  nin  of  thi'  luini',  %i ;  lump  coal,  $4JiO.  A  ooiRtt- 
pondent  of  the  Cumberland  Journal,  in  refcrrinK  to  thia  diilieulty,  saya : — 

TiMn  !>  awidodilTcnncn  btitwioii  BliatainEntr  eiinda,and  what  ho  hananoppoi^ 
Inniiy  nrdniiitr. 

T>.r  inini^u  "f  "-list  1  min«r  ourlil  t"  <io,  u  ■  fnir.lut'*  irark,  tiu  bo>n  varloMity 
■talaii  M  Tntir,  flrv,  nni!  tix  ton*.  Fivf  ion*  ini>;  "fm  eoii«idiir«il  a  (Mr  aiorngt,  when  i 
ibtn  h  IM  inlarrnp^'on.  by  a  lliiliire  of  11i<  can  t(>  urleo,  or  (iMpanilun  trt  ant]  nnvl- 
pdoo. 

Uy  (HimnMof  theacla«l  work  by  Iti*  rDlmr  lai— 
For  nix  iiwiitli*         .......      s  toRK  par  day. 

II  14  I.  ...  SI  **  *'        ' 

Tliii>gin«anaTeni|ra*f  SI  ton<.«hlob  amonnu.at  XS  cvltM,  to.  •).$* 

DediiM  Cir  tbupti>hi]{  :im'i,  plck-tundlea,  ta\,  elc.  .  .11  'i ' 

An.!  t>>BTe>j|«lttbr«iichtIay'i>wotlE  .  .  ,  .  |l.ll         .la  «rtw 


8S« 


Coalt  trnd  GtlHerU*. 


■  'Vio  wbolsdiatiTDl^lIuln  t)i*r«  being  nothing  to  bind  niilMt  puRf.    Sappowlb* 
cokl  wmpuilcB  would  Huilnct  Hlth  tba  minor  •!  llilri)-->av«n  «anM  »r  ton,  brlte 

CMT  is:>4,  jiD.l  liu'ii  n  forftitura  for  non-oDrnplisnc*  of.  uj  tho  price  or  ft  month**  iw 
y  uni'li  piirii'.     WtiLild  11(11  till'  wrUialy  ^  tttaJjr  «r«rk  iiu>r«  titui  compteMls  ibf  IM 

Merifiu)  fini'li  wnuU  taiite  I 

It  luui  bi'^^umc  a  icttlcd,  fixed  ftct,  thu  Xorth  Otroiins  conbuiu  tlmMt  In- 
ezhkUBttlilu  KUpiilii's  uf  biluiiiiiiouK  ccoL  Tbrco  7BU8  Ago  the  LeglBlstnc 
nude  a  siiiiUI  aiiprojiri.idon  for  a  ucolo^kal  stirvoy  of  that  Ktatc  The  diaeov- 
cricn  of  the  first  year  drvtrbpni  the  cxintcnic  tit  copper  and  gold  orM,  draw 
to  them  thu  attcutiuti  uf  FDpiuUtiitx,  and  hnve  ftlrcaidy  iiicrMScd  lh«  nvamiM 
of  the  stale  to  Eivu  tiiiiM  tii«  coal  of  the  irlialo  Burvcr.  In  tho  second  y*v, 
atUDS  of  the  purest  lituminoiu  voaf,  gome  of  them  flftcfm  fbot  in  thkkni**. 
exIeBcUng  thmuah  »  rcKion  of  some  for^>flv«  «qiurc  inilcK.  reiiuded  Ibdr 
bvMlkstionii.  It  a  o.tiinatcd  that  ciciy  tbouMDil  ariva  of  th«M  scanu  will 
yiM  thirtj  lailliotia  of  totis  of  bilumiiioug  coal  of  ihc  Ikki  (luatitj-. 

■mpimn*  or  coxi,  rRcm  picToir  to  rut:  meno  nATu>  to  Acmm  3fl,  ISSft. 
PrepMtd  hy  W.  n,  Shock.  V.  S.  N. :- 


Tmm. 

BriCIA  Hbl|H. 

AmtrliMB  Sblpg. 
Tom. 

Te  nmlV  Id  Amnlen  UtpL 

Tun*- 

1S«      . 

Sl.,000 

•0,IIW 

1841      . 

.      *B,13S 

4I,SU 

1B48      . 

4»,iSfi 

s),an 

MO 

IM*      . 

.     «,sea 

Sfi,3flR 

1H0     . 

.      <S,iBO 

SI  ,90s 

iiai    . 

.      U,IT4 

8,6G8 

un    . 

.      M,STT 

iK,m 

1,070 

UM  to  dale. 

M.eOD 

>.000 

iBe,soa 

Total  . 

.   s«a,eii 

i,sio 

PBMracrs  or  tab  scHtrTLiiiLt  Hixiiox  in  ISS4. 

We  notice  a  corrviipDiiilcnce  Iwtween  a  mtmbur  of  the  Punnsytiank  Lapl 
iKlalura  and  Iho  editor  of  the  Schuylkill  J^nti'*  J«urnaJ,  in  which  Ui«  praW  1 
blejidd  of  Mai  (luring  1894  is  touched  upon.  Th^  rta*ons  nrged  in  I^Torof  . 
or  agatiuit  the  hicreancd  sU]>plf  ara  worthy  of  attention,  ns  xhowins  the  af 
cunutancM  lOtriy  to  operate  upon  the  roanlts  of  the  year.  Ur.  Ilenry  Stronj; , 
of  tlie  Legislature  thus  writes : — 

The  <ounly  of  ^huylkiTI  trill  not  (end  one  more  ton  to  tide-wiM«r  in  U 
Hum  it  hu  in  186$.     JUrk  tlx?  prediction.     Sct<milI  new  lolliericii,  it  In  Irac,  1 
wil  oome  into  operation,  but  th(-n  several  old  oneo  vtlll  lure  levi'U  worked.  ■ 
out.     One  hiinilri'd  thoiiHuid  tons  may  pn~ltively  be  firnl  to  ninrkrl,  but  (ha  1 
«tcn  new  nnthmcito  funmctn  Ihnt  liavp  this  year  been  erected  In  Ih:  valley  of 
theflchuylkill  nitl  ri'riitire  iCS.noo  ton><(if  ijonl  to  supply  lliem.     five  hundradj 
thonslLnd  ton«  of  oofll  will  he  ri.'rjiilrc'l  in   'i'iZi.  tin  llip  lino  In  thu  vaUty  of  , 
tho  Schuylkill.    Where,  IJien,  v'i\\  the  i>iipplv  rami;  from  to  supply  the  dfimuid  [ 
for  5,e0O,OOO  Ions  of  nnthrnritc,  wliich  i»  an  Increase  of  600,000  tons  r     VtotX 
from  Schuylkill,  not  frtfiii  thv  Lehigh  ;  tho  incTeaxc  liiero  cauool  ruKJi  74,0 
lorM,     Not  from  IhL- Lmkiirnnna  1  ihi' PcnniiylvaaiaCoalCoinpany  andf 
non  and  Hudson  rnrmt  Cmiipany  have  ne.irly  mtrlied  the  maximum  of  ttia 
otpacity  ;  not  from  the  Wyoming  Vnlley,  us  all  tlic  inereaw,  and  more,  will  bo 
Bent  uorlliitard  to  a  new  market  upon  the  o|wninR  in  the  spring  dtbe  Noeth 
Branch  Ciinnl.  to  Wex(«rn  New  York.     Tin-  eotlii'ricH  upon  the  Malianoy  and 
Khamakin  ore  now,  and  will  do  very  little  the  present  year. 

The  grvat  lupply  of  anthracite  coal  ik  in  Schuylkill  roxinty.  The  who)* 
■f>ace  between  tlie  !^harp  and  the  Broad  Mountains,  is  underlaid  with  thoficat 
while  ash  seams  that  crop  out  on  thu  norlhem  rim  of  the  basin.    Th4(  portkn 


Coal*  and  CoUimn.  Wt 

at  tho  cmnliy  (ailed  twrren  land,  and  whn«  tlie  mall  red  uli  MAtu*  lutre 
bcdi  worked  out  aiHl  tli«  tnwU  klwidoned,  tru  the  ridiest  cool  Undit  in  Poniw]r)- 
vania.  Hnv,  m  in  Knebiiil,  grot  cuUleric*  iriil  bo  Mtabliibvd.  Ik-ra  grert  | 
MrpMidicuIai' Bbaftii  irill  he  »iink,  some  of  which  irill  W  iiioru  Uiuti  1,000  lee^ 
OMp,  to  ttiH  cn«t  twomii  which  iiadcrlie  the  coal'Dtid.  Sonic  of  ihcso  gnat 
oontcriM  vitr  aiiniully  Mod  haff  a  mitlMn  of  tons  of  coal  lo  market ;  and 
before  it  on  be  Aant,  tha  ooneuiupUui  of  cod  in  thia  ctmI  mudUt  will  d»- 

To  lhl«,  the  iTplf  is  as  follows ; — 

We  nicTM  with  Mr  Strong,  that  \a  inimaK  of  GOO.OOO  toes  of  aDthraelt* 
wSI  bo  reciuirwl  ihis  jcar  ;  but  the  iiswrtloii,  th»l  " Schuylkill  county  will  not 
tend  onv  ton  idotd  ID  tide  nlcr  in  ISM  than  the  did  in  ISiS,"  *bowii  that  h«  is  - 
totetW  un»ri)u*i»tcd  with  tliu  capabilities  of  thi«  region,  and  baa  btwn  miKM 
hj  tbc  few  advocatra  of  coal  corporationa  among  us,  vboin  <*«  havo  heard' 
iMke  UM  of  mnilar  ajURrtinnR  bora.     7^  aHUi;/  n/cur  eollUri**  t«froiue» 
tt^h  nov,and  hat  ban  /ur  thela»lfi/ttm  yeart,  ahr/td  ^ iJu  demand ;  i 
wb  can  usnro  Mr.  S,  that  <rc  hare  collieries  prcparod  and  under  pr«fiua(loB,  ^ 
which  could  be  madt  ivady  during  thin  year,  to  IncrvaM  the  supply  not  leta  ' 
than  half  a  million  of  torn,  pmvidtirf  wc  ha>I  tiio  working  potrcr  to  taino  that 
additional  •juantily,  and  Ibc  faci1Ib*r.i  In  Iransport  it  tu  market.     AW  Ihu  prin- 
cipal nftionHarcal  7>rv«t>ut  in  a  similar  condition.     It  id  tiot  tho  want  of  col- 
licnr  cajMdty,  but  the  dclldcncy  in  working  and  transporlinj;  poircT  llint  will 
linitf  tbe  supply  this  year.     Thia  is  w<-!l  known  to  the  trade ;  and  they  know 
ttiat  thr*c  di  ID  ('111  tics  can  onlv  be  purtially  overaoDie  llie  prv^tnl  yuar,  anil 
eowoijucntly  ihr  supply  will  Se  within  tho  demand,  which  fiU  \w.\>  the  Irada 
hcaltbr  through  the  nhnle  year. 


iniia  Company,  of  which  Lcwia  T.  Watsun  ii  I'realdcnt,  are  conatrac.ting  . 
thrir  works  in  order  to  dcliecr  cual  at  lluiitingtun,  I'cnnxylrania,  whence  it 
win  reach  a  market  by  the  Slato  Cinal,  or  perhaps  the  Puiinsylvania  Kailroad. 
The  Dirtclora,  in  their  Report,  tlius  describe  the  character  of  their  coaLj 
lands:— 

TtMM  lanils  hare  been  tixsmined  by  two  of  the  moat  nnincnt  Kcoloicisll  > 
fo  th«  i4atc,  ,X.  K.  Simntc  and  W.  F.  Roberta,  who  conclude  their  report  In  | 
th«M  worda: — "The  KU|>eriorily  of  the  llroad  Top  icminnthracitf  coal  for 
mana&rtuHnf;  iiMn,  fur  gvncratlni;  atvani.  and  fur  doni(»tic  noes;  ila  abun*; j 
dasoe  to  One  largo  BvaHw,  nhovo  the  water  liivel :  lt&  proximity  to  market,  iu  < 
pnri^,  and  its  «x*niptioii  from  pyrites ;  all  unite  in  cetablliihinjc  the  Ikct,  thabl 
tba  laodaof  the  llimiinglcii  and  lirond  I'op  Mountain  Railroad  and  Cool  Com--, 
pany  will,  if  properly  managid,  yield  a  princely  rcrenaa,  aurinally  and  cob« 
tiiMOua." 

T1i«  miantity  of  cm]  ict  our  lands  Is  estimated  b^  them  at  SA.OIM  tons  per  ] 
aer«^  ta  that  from  the  t'umpany'ii  lands  alone  wc  nunht  nfely  calculate  upon-  j 
taking  46,Ci00,000  tons,  an  ainonnt  nuflirieiil  to  raiploy  the  capacity  of  lb*  i 
mad  Sir  one  pTncralion,  at  lean.     When  it  in  ^tatrd  Diat  (he  coal  liasin  con-  i 
takis  eighty  iM)uarc  mile^,  wc  may  fairly  evjiii^  all  Inijulrr  about  the  (jtiaDtity  of 
cmL     tlpmi  the  sut^^t  of  ica  (|ualiiy,  the  test  of  expcrimenl  liiu  l>een  adil*d<^ 
lo^  and  hai  tiitulned  IIkj  xcit'iiiiflc  opiniono  of  Mooro.  SUuns  aii<l  KcbvrtH, , 
U  W.  Bnldwin.  the  etntnvnl  inKinecr  of  Philadelphia,  )ia«  umiI  !|  tot  tba4 
purpeM  of  txtwraling  stcani,  and  pronoiitiorH  it  of  the  bmt  i|nallty  for  that<j 
pinote.     Tt  haA  alw)  been  u«ed  in  the  enginra  upon  the  PMincrirania  Rail- ' 
nao,  and  the  enpnem  unite  in  declaring  it  the  best  ccal  tar  that  purpose 
thcgr  have  em  tried. 

Vol.  n.— 22 


S38 


Caahaad  CbOkri**. 


BAMnunE  coil,  A3ci>  iimh  oeiMri<ir. 

The  posM-MSnns  of  this  Compiiy  con^!§l  «r  800  ■orei  of  land,  mnlabibie  ' 
tile  f^ttat  vein  on  Gcornc'*  Crock,  immciiuitplf  oppositn  tiic  rituaWc  tou 
cKlntc  of  Aspinwiill,  ('unsrd,  and  olherw.  This  in  »lrcady  cpwu'd,  »iul  Um 
pwxfriiity  or  IhcGriiTjte"*  Creek  fUilroailgirM  the  Cwnpany  (lie  tiic^itftor  im- 
medixto  ojirrntion.  Thn  tvtiiMiir  of  their  laiub  an  in  VlrRiniii,  nnd  t^oniaM, 
flwt,  of  3,000  fcfTtti  oT  coal  land  at  Pedmont,  all  of  irbicli  in  underlaid  l>r  tbc 
sis-fuol  and  utht'T  vvi^is,  nni.l  rvTcnil  liundn*)  ox.tv»  hold  ttiv  gi'CHt  vvin,  irliivli, 
at  tbis  md  of  the  bu^in.  is  thl-'ki-r,  avid  vif  t>c(ttr  ([Ualitj-  than  Mt  the  I'VcMt-  | 
burg  end.  This  is  thi-  only  piiriioii  tf  ihc  Inrgu  vein  tb»t  iifs  immediately 
upoD  lh<^  Ba)t>nii>iv  i<ni]  Olii<>  Itiiilrund  ;  nnd  tliu«  jioawssea  &c!litUr8  anil  M- 
ranlnipit  which  no  other  cunipnny  rnn  eUim. 

Col.  Ha^ci,  the  I"rr»i(trnt  of  the  Company,  and  Oeii.  Tyson,  and  oOwr, 
direclon,  ar«  (low  in  lh«  fivtd,  dcTiuiig  th»  beat  mode  of  lut  t«rly  opening  of 
thfApor[i<)n  of  Its  minoii, 

The  (^ompnny  oim  an  iininen.'in  itjwrre  of  coal  land  in  Hardy  counrt', 
•rhich  awaits  the  eonipk'lion  of  the  Alv.Tanilriii,  Loudon,  and  IIaiu[i«liin>  Rail- 
road, to  contribute  Crtiia  Iii  ini-x)iiiii^lllde  r<-u>iir(;i'ii  to  thn  eiinl  markcU  of  thtt 
(oimtry.  This  body  of  biid  in  Hardy  county,  liie  cxistsnec  of  which  haji 
Iiith^rlo  been  alniosl  uiiknovn,  conNiKting  of  vusae  8,000  acres,  has  nwaliy 
baou  canfully  and  ni^ciirtddy  BiHT<yed  by  oomnclcnt  enjtino(T«,  nho  r«pert 
duU  Ihnte  land*  lit-  on  lh«  north  brineh  of  the  PotAinae ;  that  from  th«  loea-. 
lion  of  th«  ManwHon  Onp  Kailr>»il.  and  the  .Alexandria,  I.oudon.  and  UaiBp- 
Rhtra  Railroad,  now  In  progiwe.  «a  wpll  im  llie  positinn  nf  thr  Haltininrn  and 
Ohio  fUilroad,  the  mincnii  and  other  products  of  thcxc  lands  mity  be  fniried 
to  market,  by  tlie  fanner  to  Alexandria,  snd  by  the  latter  to  liallliriore ;  and 
that  St  jirewnt  a  I'oad  of  twenty  mlU's  extent,  witb  a  dpsccndlnit  f^nAe  Dram 
(ho  mines  of  leu  than  sixty  feet  to  (he  mile,  would  connect  with  tiKne  worku,  . 
and  place  Ibcsc  mines  lll^y  ur  -<i.ity  miles  nearer  tide-wnli'r  than  lliOM  of  tbt  I 
<J«Ot^'s  Oeeh  end  of  the  cxi!  li>Ad. 


Tna  wi<[i)-Ri!i)R  HiMKn  cokpanv. 

Fram  the  Report  of  the  Pr#)iident  of  this  Company,  we  lAe  the  aniiexetlj 
particulars  rclntiTe  to  the  location  of  tlielr  proporQ',  fadlfticA  for  sending  coal 
to  market,  and  thn  ijunlity  of  thn  roal : — 

The  property  of  the  Winifrede  MininK  and  Manufacltin'ni;  Company  lica  . 
nrtly  in  Kananba  and  parity  in  Boon  coiintieit.  We-item  Virginia,  rvniAic' 
frtxu  near  the  wriit  bank  of  the  tiroat  Kanawha  River  to  the  taut  bank  of  Coal^ 
lUvcT,  covoHnf;  an  art*  of  mine  10,000  acre*. 

There  ar«  four  nimn*  of  coal  upon  the  etilati!  that  are  wiwtlty  of  rMOMlE,^ 
alt  of  which  are  horiiontAl  and  piraJUI.  The  flri^t,  a  vein  of  IhrMi  fort,  wliMij 
dip*  under  the  watnra  of  ('ields  Creek,  three  mid  n  half  miles  from  tho  Ka- ' 
nawha  River,  it  entirety  frru  froiri  stiite,  ^nd  nti  I'X'.'etleTit  article  of  coal.  Tha  t 
HOOnd  iallie  oannirl  vein,  which,  with  rlifht  inches  of  liiiiimlniiiiscoal,  meunTMl 
from  (op  to  iKilldm  rock  three  feet  eight  snebes ;  and  in  poiition,  llcK  Ulty  feet 
abon  UMflraL  Tb«coal  in  the  entry  is  notaf^ood  quality,  and  I  apprehend' 
will  not  bo  worked,  at  least  for  the  [wisent;  it*  position  for  ininiiiK  is  viirv  mI-  . 
eantaKcous.  and  further  rindc^r  the  tniuntnin  llur  conl  will  no  floubt  he  toutid  I 
in  belter cunditiun.  The  third  or  priiu'lpnl  seain,  and  Ihu  one  npon  which' 
you  iflunt  nity  foi"  tin-  nrVKt  yii'M  of  Ihi'  v-Ute.  In  pnHlti.io,  In  'iOn  Jrwl  abofo' 
the  canoel  vein.  Tlii-  *tani  ui.-ii>.iirv!j  frcini  four  Icet  six  Inchns  to  Hr«  fi*!  twaj 
inebes  in  our  |)rt.'<eiii  opeTiinE<.  Tbc  Iioll'.'im  "  benrh  "  it  "  splint  coal,"  andl 
lueaaxifM eiK'itei^n  inehrs;  Ilie  rvuinindi  risliiliiminoTis.  Tlw imlilieHOf  l)u«^ 
njol  will  hi;  a  •■j(.j<'rt  of  [larliciibr  'iisJ-rijilian  ln-njafter. 

About  200  <vet  abiire  the  tnain  r«atn  we  dlseovcrvd  in  July  Inst,  a  vein  nf  ' 

Del  and  splint  cml — eijjlitern  inches  of  cannel,  and  tixtocii  inches  of  ^|n 


Ooait  ami  Ooiiierie*. 


tfa#  cann«l  Iwing  tho  boUoni  "  bench."  Thii  acwn  in  vatiroljr  five  from  date. 
Tbp  cannd  ooU  is  ttic  hvist  tbnt  I  htro  wen  in  tho  rv^on,  nn<\  tbo  aftint  coal 
ancxreptioniblc  Ai  >aon  as  the  workit  an  eitendci]  higher  np  the  cmck, 
IUh  •u«m  will  be  lunde  niniliibli.-. 

Three  permtLnent  npenhiKti  hnvu  bcvn  made  into  the  main  anitta :  'i>«.  T  har- 
inc  been  HriTCO  eCrS  (at  i  7^.  3,  T<U  ftot.  and  Nix  A,  eJ>0  feet.  Tliosc  ratri<s 
«i*  drir«n  ujwti  wlint  iit  tenucd  ihc  "  end  ol  the  conl,"  which  is  the  guide  of 
the  miner ;  anil  to  iihoii  the  rcmirkxUe  rtguliirit}:  uf  Ibti  strats,  the  Uirue 
rnlries  wern  found  upon  >  plot  of  the  norkings  (tliimgb  driTcn  with  spacM' 
or  900  ft«t)  to  btf  airallel. 

Thbi  Hcam  hm  Wm  opi-ned  ul  eif-ht  liiirireiit  points  uiioti  the  properly. 
Mine  of  them  tlircn  nnd  lour  miles  ii|jnrl,  mid  (he  »in*  uii'listurlioil  condition 
of  Ibo  (trala  i*  disi;oi*nible.  It  prcwntH  n  dcffrep  of  iTKiilsrily  llial,  in  mjr 
etpiricnoi.',  I  have  ni'vcr  met  wiUi  c1c«wlier« — a  conditiuti  uf  the  ntnila  ititt 
l«  nowhcsv  found  upon  the  borders  of  tlie  Knnawlia  River,  tiiid  \xvcti  it  ia|i 
thu  th«  cod  ontetpriwE  in  IbU  n£ioti  inrnlrc  llic  necruily  of  building  nil- 
rHtdH  four  and  Itvo  inileM  in  ten~th  to  rvseh  thi<  ttnilinlurbnl  district*. 

I  have  «tatpd  that  the  Winifrcic  Mining  and  Mdnrifwliirii^  ComjWOjr^ 
[HMUwaonx  covered  an  ana  of  10,00(1  ncrev  TH-a-thinU  of  thM  ar«a  u  un- 
derlaid irilb  this  stani  uf  coil  which  prtnents  such  reninrkablc  fi-alureti  of^ 
XlnrtiT,  and  it  i>*  (rvcrywhorc  accessible — a  circimiBtanci'  that  iniisi  detf^ 
■  any  ([uestion  as  to  the  tnininff  mpftcily  of  tlio  catate. 

The  Kaiiawha  Kiver,  at  the  lerminu«  of  the  milroad,  olTt^ri  a  fine  basin 
rtf  d«p  water  nt  the  lowest  stage.    litre  iiir  fixtores  for  loailinK  •""  ercvtcd. 
\  dam-  train  ia  now  being  wnt  ftwm  the  tnincc ;  and  irithin  the  laat  for  dnji 
■hrea  farse  bai^'eivid  one  Hat-boat  have  bven  loadud,  oontainiDg  Miiic  83,00' 
hwhth. 

the  terminiiR  of  the  railrond  U  SflS  miles  ahoTe  Cini-innali,  BSTcntf-thrrf 
taikM  BboT«  the  mouth  of  ibi"  Ktnaiirha,  tliirtecn  mi!«  above  Charteiton.  and 
t»o  miles  above  the  tipjicr  Suit  Furnaeis.  ' 

Tlie  Kanairha  salt  ftiriirieen  are  ecattereil  alone;  on  either  baiik  nt  the  Ka- 
nawha River,  nnd  all  lie  betwern  the  tcrminun  of  oiir  raitroad  nnd  (riinrlcstoni 
TT)«  Virginia  Cculnil  Kailroad  inlenccbi  our  railroad  on  tbtj  bank  of  lUi 
Kanawha,  within  a  few  himdrwl  feet  of  the  basin, 

tUvinfC  ihiK  dcinibed  the  loealittcc,  nK  alto  the  eapnbilittci  of  the  ettate;' 
and  the  voriu  erorterl  thtrvon,  I  procci-d  to  u  deHrripliuii  of  the  qualitia^ 
of  the  coal,  vrhicli  I  present,  fir-t,  in  [he  nhnpe  of  a  coioparalivc  nnalTii*^, 
mwle  by  Profewior  Locke  nf  the  Hedicnl  l'olIe[,i!  of  t'inritmati,  whono  celobr 
ritj  Bn  a  chembil  iia  aulBcient  cviarnntee  for  the  truth  of  the  rcKiilU  presenlcd. 
Tlie  Ohio  Eiver  markets  take  aitno't  eitchisi»ely  Pomcroy  and  PittsburK  coal, 
T  have,  therefore,  taken  HpedmcnB  from  these  point*  for  compariaon ;  I  have 
not  taken  the  Pittabui^  cual  proper,  bitl  the  Youghiougheny,  which  hu  tho 
highest  diaractor  in  th«  market. 


anju-vRiK. 

TuUf li  kvuchail  J'. 

Pdnmrny. 

WlDlftBlfh 

01  wattr 

.       1.77 

a.49 

I.H 

or  volilila  inatMr 

.     3S.10 

M.HO 

tT.Ot 

Of  wlw 

iM 

UM 

s.n 

Of  liiod  earbon 

.    «S.«ft 

4T.IS 

tB.H 

ll».10 


lOO.OO 


IW.OO 


TRR  DfTEKIOK   or    A    coat.   HISK. 

A  v«ryple*»ant  account  of  a  visit  to  the  interior  of  a  rnai  mine  is  (riven  by 
a  mrreapondent  of  lli«  Jauraat  of  Voinmcrf*.  who  writi!ii  from  the  Wyoming 
Valley.  \*  it  contains  wmo  Ihcta  of  imjiortanee  relative  to  colliery  operntionn. 
and  mt^-  be  gratll^tng  tomme  of  our  rcaderi  but  Utll-:  acquainted  with  the 


S30 


CWt  anti  CollierUt. 


inaoatr  b  frbkb  thin  valu&bt«  vticle  u  obuinvd,  ve  tniwx  Uie  faUowing 
«xtae(8:— 

W«  ti>rm«l  a  p^rt^  to  visit  a  coal  mine,  vid  sclocUng  those  tit  Wilkctl«rro 
u  moat  diu^irnUe  on  account  of  clcuiltnwu,  vd  filled  two  comuea  with  our 

Suly,  uid  drove  down  tli«  -nMey  road  ttirough  Kingston,  uij  acroaa  Ihs 
usuuclinnna  of  Wilkvsliarrv.  tlcra  m  rtslej  nDir  Ion;;  finoiigh  to  dctmnlna 
wbiJh  iiiiiip  to  onUr,  oiid  hnving  clioson  Ihiit  or  Mr.  Itllliard  «nd  Captain 
Boimuiii,  about  halT  a  mile  Ihim  town,  wc  jirfiwiitcil  ouReclvci  lo  Mr.  UirCul- 
lough,  llwir  tiiergctic  huod  uiinur,  who  iiiiinediHicI;  iirovid*>i  US  with  ll» 
me&nH  of  trilsrinj;.  ^J 

Then)  were  ittrce  lodJcH,  four  i^ntlt^mcn,  and  ono  boy  in  tlio  partjr,J^H 
Mioueh  to  fill  a  cur,  wliich,  hciiig  ciuptivd  uf  iU  loDil  of  cjnl,  hml  tiro  twoiBHI 
pIftaM  l«tigtliwU>>  in  it,  on  which  wo  sat,  four  and  four,  bring  each  other, 
twb  gantliinmn  i-nrrring  a  lamp,  and  the  Indies  covmng  tlwlr  heads  with 
erery  avaibbli!  prntti'tion  from  i]ri|ipine  w*ler. 

Thin  iiiinu  in  oik-  of  thv  ftiivst  in  the  Tallcj;  tb»l  la  to  sajr.  It  peuctratca 
Ihf  rlrhcst  y\n  <ircr  found,  being  the  same  vein  with  that  worked  by  the 
Baltimore  Compunj',  and  b^wecn  twetilv  nud  lliirlr  feet  in  tbiclcncw.  Tbn 
CMttraticM;  wan  uKunlly  cxpi^naivc ;  and  probably  liad  tuo  [iroprictora  tntjcipatod 
thu  dil^ciiUy  Itii.y  <':qii.'ritnc('d,  Ih^y  would  never  have  att«in(itad  ibe  ofioliltig.  \ 
Tho  Ti'in  of  coal  wax  reached  only  afler  penetrating  Mlid  rode  for  one  ttMUsand  ' 
and  forty  fptt  - 

Through  lh«  lunool  thus  constructed  our  car  was  drawn  by  a  luutt^  driven 
by  an  imp-Iliie  boy  who  carried  the  never- miNiini;  lamp  on  his  cap,  and  yaUtd 
OLod  tormciiled  thu  mulu  witU  truly  diabulical  Kplrit  and  luccew.  Curiooa' 
eiclaiiiations  of  wondvr.  Iott<>t,  laughtiT,  friirht.  xwl  fun  CAcaptd  fratn  the 
ladieo,  who  began  to  wii>h  thcnmclves  out  before  the  iiimlighl  disappeared ;  but 
Uieir  courage  intTraiicd  (h  wl<  adrariun),  and  wiLi  up  at  fuil  hviglit  when  tho 
guide,  stopping  the  car,  informed  us  wo  irero  nl  tliv  coal.  It  looked  very 
much  *s  tf  we  were.  Prof>iiu<]  lilacktioss  tne  nil  around  us,  and  he  might 
have  told  iiu  that  wo  were  at  the  coal  a  hundred  fuct  baek,  and  it  would 
probablv  hav(.>  lookvd  as  mui^li  like  it.  But  a.i  our  eyoi  bccamo  B(>cust«iiMd  , 
to  the  lauipllght.  wc  could  sea  an  occasional  gleaui  from  thu  walb  of  th« 
cavern,  which  hail  now  greatly  enlarged,  and  at  Ivn^ih  we  approached  tlie 
sidcjt  and  admired  the  cbwiii^  ebony  walls  and  uhming  pmnla.  Wo  now 
vKlked  on,  with  ratlier  daui))  fuoting,  in  a  confuu'on  of  mulos,  and  can,  and 
miners,  out  of  which  chaos  it  g«emsd  impossible  for  any  one  to  uxtnct  order.  . 
But  a  brief  view  Rhowed  that  all  was  going  on  rcguUrty,  and  we  began  ta 
uadentand  ounKlrut. 

The  VOID  lay  on  an  Inelination  of  perhaps  thirty  dvavis  wttli  tbo  horinm, 
Mdofcounepart  oCthc  mine  hue  on  a  higher  Icvd.  From  this  higher  gang- 
way, or  mine,  the  eliutus  wen-  conslAntly  pouring  dowa  their  niasioa  into  the 
nrs  below,  and  thiMo  an  liiKt  as  tilled  were  arranged  in  trains  of  Ave  ot  aevcn  , 
and  Kent  out  to  daylight  thiuugh  the  [unnel  by  nhicii  wu  liadedtereiL  A 
large  furaaee  uluwed  in  the  upper  k'Tcl,  kcDt  constantly  buminK  for  the  par- 
pOBM  of  Tunlifstlon,  while  the  inteiMO  blackne**  mui  relieved  by  the  glaring 
lights  in  the  caps  of  the  miners. 

The  roof  wan  supported  by  enormoux  pillars  of  eoal,  left  gtandlng  as  they 
worked  around  them,  aud  the  lloon  were  everywliere  intcrwclcd  with  tracks 
for  the  ear«.  Pursuing  one  of  tlie  gangii'ays  to  iti  entnrnity,  we  found  the 
men  working  at  the  actual  labor  of  gcttmg  out  tlic  coal.  Some  were  picking 
at  it  with  heavy  picka,  otheni  driiline  for  blaKta,  aud  othcre  loading  cars  with 
the  scaltercd  masses  that  lay  around,  SatinDed  with  viewing  n'riythiog,  w* 
returned  to  our  ear,  ronoiintcd,  and  afialn,  under  tlie  guidance  of  llie  aane 
blaek  and  yellir^g  imp,  who  now  urged  hii  mule  into  a  gallop,  were  drawa  out 
into  the  Mimhine. 

There  are  a  great  many  matters  of  iiilerwat  connected  nilh  the  coal  I 
In  Iha  Valley,  which  1  have  amused  and  initruetcd  mjavK  by  collodlng^  \ 


Coal*  ami  Ool&triM. 


I 


■  put 

■  eoni 

■ft 

I 


vktcii,  I  feftr,  will  proro  loo  dull  knil  Matislic&l  Rw  a  Mler  of  tbis  lort ;  but  1 
ir3l  T«ntar«  to  »M  a  few  beta  that  trill  mUrost  mm*  rtadcra,  and  which  thorn 
iAm  Ibink  ibMH  Htupi-l  ma/  pam  over. 

Oiw  gr^cral  &c(  nf  intcrcat  i^  that  tlie  coal  minca  an  Hcldom  wurkod  b7 
thrir  owncm.  They  arc  opcniH]  al  mow  or  )c«8  «ipenB«,  aiid  after  llii.'  vein  is 
reaebcd  and  prOTca  good  and  plcniifiil,  thn  owner  lets  thn  minn  Ui  a  ront.ractor, 
who  a^TMs  to  worit  H.  payloc  i«  much  per  (on  to  tho  owner  fw  every  ton  h* 
takes  out  Tho  value  of  Muil  lanils  may  bi^  CRtimaM,  wben  yuu  team  that 
tn  pntlcman  nociru  fifty  ccnW  per  ton  fof  every  ten  taktn  oiHtifliis  mine, 
ud  the  yield  U  a  gproai  luany  tliouKOnd  tons  pnr  annum.  But  iWia  \i  an 
•naaually  large  payment,  the  iii^or  porlion  of  avraerx  rtoctviaf;  IVum  ten  lo 
tUrtr  tenia  per  ton. 

The  effect  of  the  coal  dcpwit  Ik,  of  coiimp.  Brent  on  the  value  of  land  la 
tbavaller.  and  *alM  arc  not  uiifn-iiiently  made  of  large  (ract«.  wUh  a  rciwr> 
ntion  of  all  HeliW  of  mminic.  na  well  as  sale*  of  thv  right  of  mining,  witliout 
■dSng  the  nurilwc  of  the  soil.  Produce  of  all  ItinHfl  CMnmanilH  the  Mehert 
ffioM,  «vrn  higher  than  in  the  oitj'  inirkcti,  and  althoojjh  the  Valli'y  in  ono 
of  the  tichtsi  lEirain-growitii;  rv^iorm  in  thn  Btalr.  as  you  might  judge  from  it! 
brtMtd  fldda  of  noH  and  ([reen,  j-it  nil  that  It  iirodiiccs  U  consumed  li«re,  and 
nanty  ax  muoli  nf;nln.  tl  i^  prnlialilc  that  nuirly  the  whole  Vnllcy  in  iindor^ 
laid  with  toiA  glrnta,  and  in  innny  placin  llic  upper  vein,  nhlcb  in  very  thin 
md  poor,  crops  out  on  thn  Kiirfiipfi,  Thi'  own^r  of  th"  xoil  horts  for  coal  in 
On  UMul  wny,  drivinR  a  liar  don-n  into  ihe  rock,  dritlin);  deeper  and  deeper 
dtrtil  Ilic  tar  i.-i  entirely  down,  ivhcn  a  joint  i.i  added,  and  the  iinr  i«  lifted  and 
Mdrop  in  tlie  handi*  of  n  man  until  Joint  al^cr  joint  Iia8  hum  added.  The 
dnt  la  taken  nut  of  the  hole  tram  time  lo  lime,  and  the  horinf;  conliniicd  until 
tba  diwt  i«  either  coal  or  conglomerate  rock.  If  Ihe  Inlltr  be  thn  result  tho 
mrit  ia  abandoned,  Conl  is  never  found  bi'low  thiii  funnation,  ((  am 
ptrttenlar  h)  f iviiiK  Ihe  mrnutiiR  or  thi?  pmccsA,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who 

M  ijcnorant  aa  I  wnji  a  few  yearv  n^.^     Ijirm  tntcU  of  land  are  owned  bT 

ipMUCi,  mich  aa  the  ("ennsylvanin  ("onl  Company,  which  arc  not  worko<L 

intended  to  be  for  yeara,  but  wViIeh  will  in  liuie  yield  luilliuna  of  ton*  of 

to  the  ninikcL 

You  caiuiot  fait  to  notice  tho  immense  heapit  of  coal  lylnt;  nround  the 
opetnpgs  of  minet^  and  hr  (ho  aidM  of  tlie  mi1road«  loailliig  from  them  (o  Iba 
eanala  and  olafwherr.  These  an  the  acrumulntion  of  winter  work,  when  tb( 
eanaU  arc  cloud,  and  arc  very  important  to  tho  proDriutom  aa  a  mean*  of 
jireventing  tlrikM  amoii);  laboRrA.  tf  there  be  a  diidden  dvu>and  for  coal  itt 
tha  Biarktt.  and  an  unnsnnl  anxiety  to  Ailfti  orden;,  tho  mmen  are  ready  to 
aaiic  the  opportunFtv  for  n  utrike,  and  demnnd  hicher  wagts.  The  readl, 
however,  ia  only  lo  throw  (lie  projirielors  back  on  tlieir  renerved  heaps,  froin 
nbich.  with  a  hft1(-dnxi-n  nipn.  thvy  can  loail  bnnta  as  fasc  na  thev  come,  and 
snpply  a  demand  for  bundreits  of  Ihousandii  of  lona.  The  ehccV  in,  aa  yoo 
pcrotive,  a  Terr  iixcful  one,  and  uosts  nothing. 

It  niay  lie  inlin-ftini;.  berore  I  flnish  my  letter  on  coal,  lo  mention  th« 
nriouH  routca  by  which  ibe  nrticlo  reneiie.*  the  markeL  The  Wilkesbarro 
eoal  ROrt  BOUth  by  tbc  North  brancL  Canal  to  llw  varioua  l'ennsy!vani« 
marfccU.     The  I'flinton  c<<nl  foTlowH  the  name  roitt«  lo  aome  extent,  but  th« 

Ctindpal  portlnn  of  It,  as  well  ns  that  taken  nu(  of  tho  rainea  at  Port  Griffith, 
,  bt«uftht  ovtr  the  Penojiylrania  Coal  Companv'n  railroad  to  ilawlcy,  whcro 
it  takea  the  [V-laware  anil  Ilud'on  Canal,  am)  then  via  the  iludaon  RitoT  ' 
nachea  Kew  Vork.  Thk  rallrnad  la  a  imrious  ttnictitrp,  bdng  laid  up  and 
down  the  mauntninn.  cfoiaing  aometimea  bv  high  trwtle-work  over  tbc  top< 
of  loAy  trcot,  carrying  nnthin;.'  hot  coal.  The  propwllin;:  power  conslata  of 
itationary  eniEinta,  which  draw  (he  ears  up  inclined  plnnea  to  high  points, 
whence  thoy  jjo  down  long  gradeit,  sometime*  for  ^liIc^  by  their  own  impclna, 
nid  when  they  reach  the  lowest  part  of  the  gradM  are  drawn  tip  by  other 
engioM  and  again  startod  dowD  tiill.    Ity  thia  cxpenairo  route  the  piice  in 


S3S 


Coait  and  ColHtria. 


tht)  niMktt  fa  kept  up ;  tnA  C&rbotidale^  ualne  the  Mmp  iwrt  of  MnTefuiM  to 
nonesdtlo,  tnd  thftncc  via  ncilawarc  and  IliM!^<iri  (knnl  and  Hudson  ItUer  t« 
Hew  York,  u  of  coune  unable  to  supply  the  iDOfkel  at  uijr  i^tiuapur  rate. 


ANTUKACiTit  ran  steamkri. 
The  uM  of  uithracite  MftI,  not  only  u  *  hvi  for  stiitioniir^  8l(«m<tnglnw  • 
on   laiid,  xnd  inuino  steam  nkTisation,  but  vrvn  Ibr  domMtic  peirMMs,  i|i| 
•t  the  iirnwnt  momtnt  cxdlmg  very  mnxtdtTRblc  ntUaliiin,  attributable  in 

rit  mowuro  to  nuuieruiu  loval  Acts  which  haw  rwuiitly  uoiiw  into  opDnUoD  I 
pr«T«nting  Iha  Dulmncd  of  thv  ^Action  of  vast  voluitiM  of  aTnoko  Into  tba  1 
•tmoephcTCi.    The  quistion  ax  ta  ll«  capabilitica  and  raluc  u  a  fumaco  ftid, 
and  puticnlarljr  for  skam  navigUiDn  purpoMA.  Diiy  be  cunmilered  as  decided,  ' 
th*  Ortat  BriUtia  bnviii^  laki'n  1,000  tooa  in  lii^rlaal  voya^>,  nhlch,  froio  tb* 
ropoit  orCnpt.  MitthcW)!,  appcaTs  [o  have  ansirrm)  the  moU  aacguinc  cxptc  | 
tattonx,  quirkly  Kcttiu):  up  mcam,  burning  clcoiily,  and  promoting  no  injiutoiMj 
action  oil  [ht  lln-'hitm.     It  \e  in  ita  iiMi  for  dimieJitii^  and  eulhiary  pur 
that  the  pn-Jii'iipos  pf  thy  p^tblicreQuiro  coinUaiinji.  and  ooircci  iiifi>riu»t 
required.    It  must  bo  nckiion-1iKlj[4Hl  thai  aoll^ndtc  is  more  diilicuU  lo  kS 
than  bilaminoos  coal,  but  a  Tery  little  rxpericii<.'r  uroutd  prcrt'iil  any  incon* 
ronicnce  on  this  account,  ani!   when  oncu  burtiing  aiirl  lufl  lo  llaclf.  It  hi 
undonbl<idly  the  nioEt  *nip(-rir>i'  l^id  of  the  two.     A  wcl1-«clcclcd  anthracit*  j 
Gtr  aurpa»H  for  culinary  piirpowK  crcry  other  dciicription  of  fuel,  be 
clttnlr,  sTtiokfk'M,  ecuiiuiniuil,  and  firing  great  bust,  kvA  It  it  highly  nc 
ujrr  Uut  the  public  should  lie  iiiidti.'(!iTud  as  to  Homa  nroncoiu  elateiiMnl%  | 
published  l>y  M'Culloch,  and  others,  an  to  the  inuppUmbility  of  antimdtBJ 
coal  lu  a  doiuwtib'c  fuel.     Tht>  great  dopodlta  of  tinllintcite  ia  Pttmbroli 
and   C»niinrlhen»biro  will,  we   have  nn  donbL  very  shortly  proTc  of  great  j 
national  impottanci',  ami  so  convinciiiK  bnvc  been  rrctnt  cxpvrimentii  an  to 
ite  Tilue,  that  the  Weil  India  Itoyal  Mail  Ktcani-packrl  {'ompany  liare  been  < 
Induced  to  lake  a  colliery  In  IViiibrckeahirv,  fur  tha  purpuve  of  aami lying -| 
continiiniixly  their  large  nteamers  with  anlhraclli:  coal,  and  thiu  avoid  anj  i 
deJayii  wlii<;h  nugbt  ooour  uliould  they  be  depemlent  on  ollien.     Kvcii  at  tbo 
port  of  LlatioUy,  largo  •tcamera  arc  nun  continually  l&kiiig  iii  ouguca  of 
anthracite  coal. 

Although  nnthracitu  coal  Is  found  in  other  parts  of  Britain  and  in  Ireland,  ' 
the  belt  depont,  ouilo  cqtul  to  the  bncr  qualities  of  IVuniylranian,  crops  oat  j 
from  Iho  PemWoKtsliiru  bai^in,  within  (bur  milc«  of  (lie  north  ihore  of  tlM^ 
barbor  of  Milford  llavcn. — tjmdan  Journal. 


COAL    POH    BtTHXIXl    UKICK. 

fiecent  experiments  made  with  Ciinibi-rland  and  anthracite  coal  in  thai 
bnming  of  bnck  have  nhavn  tlint  this  fuel  i'  iicc.ullarly  Kdn]>tcd  for  Ibis  pui^' 
poac,  and  ibal  it  can  be  uNcd  i(dvanta;{L'Ouiily  and  c(»noinif»1ty.  ttn  coroparod  j 
wftb  pine  wood  Three  ecveriil  L'xpi'rl incuts  were  made  in  BaltlmoTB  aodj 
Philadelphia  by  prrsoitE  ensnt^d  In  tho  uiuiiiiriicturc  of  bricks,  and  the  renlul 
wen  tlie  saTing  of  three  day.i'  time  in  liic  Imrninji:  of  such  kiln,  and  0«o  dol-j 
lar  and  ten  cunls  per  Ihuiisand  on  each  thouutnd  burned. 


REMARKS  OK  rns  vroMKDHi  or  coai. 
Tn  woiUng  s  colliery  the  owner  is  nniioiiK  to  ralM  the  grotoat  \_ 
of  round  or  largo  doxcription  of  eaat,  at  the  tnwett  emt,  eonrialfoOy  ' 
proper  manuenent  of  Ine  mine.      Large  coal  rcitlixca  a  better  priec  than  Ibifl 
hdmII  kind  of  the  same  ijuallty.     The  labor  of  the  miner,  and  tbe  n>ettiod  of  1 
working  a  mine,  have  an  important  bearing  on  tbo  yield  of  large  or  round'] 
coal,  and  to  tliii  coDsidonlion  I  would  here  direct  the  attention  of  undorgreund 
managers. 


CaaU  emd  CoUitm*. 


Thcrv  a  in  kII  con)  dititricbi,  it  must  be  xltnitUd,  *  pvM  iruil  of  Improro- 
mat  in  Ibc  akill  and  Ubur  of  ibe  miner,  T-ntailins  a  oonndcr^le  Jimy  low 
b  ngwil  to  tU«  >'i«ld  of  large  MttI,  and  icliicli  aSahl  be  avoided  li;  r*n  and  i 
^gMiCo  on  the  pari  of  und^rgroiiiiil  nuuu^ore.      In  the  cooraa  otraj  expeit-'f 
cnce  1  luiTc  bad  occaiJan  to  obocrrc  (bat  thu  loM  haji  ecnorally  bom  pnrtnt 
wbere  Ibu  iii«o  liavu  hvvn  uroperly  Inined.     It  ■>  to  be  regretted  that  node 
ground  luana^r*  do  not  MStow  more  att«mtion  to  the  tniniOff  of  their  p)ti 
■ncfl,  to  an  to  incrcwio  tbR  nambcr  of  f;ood  irorkinrn.  V 

The  cntiilitiun*  ia  which  mmw  ura  placed,  with  rcgud  to  the  roof,  floof^  J 
MkI  DAtural  bntullou,  and  the  dieUnoe  of  workable  tnuat  abore  or  below,1 
He  so  rariouK,  that  it  Im  Impowlblo  for  nil  to  be  proftlably  worked  after  ttifrl 
■BO  ph(i.  The  mctliod  of  working  Hliould,  therefore,  bti  adapted  to  circun^J 
aUnoM ;  and  it  luu  lo  a  great  exienU  «rilb  relerenoe  to  Uie  qualitr  of  the  coalg-J 
k direct  inflii(Mii-o  on  Ita  conuncn^ial  value,  one  STstem  of  woikliij;  producing 
fma  Ihinjr  to  (brtj  per  oent,  or  about  nno-tbird  mora  of  rnonil  iwal  than  an-j 
otiwr,  the  roand  coal  luving  the  preference  in  llio  marki-L  One  scnni  trill  I 
iTorkh->J  lo  tlw  i7Mtt«t  advantage  by  th<i  bonl  and  pilkr;  aiiulli«r  bj  ! 
work ;  annllicr  hy  nvroir  Lordfl  anil  by  long  iroi-k ;  aoothnr  l>j  narrow  S 
and  the  pillari  gut  in  jenldn^  riliN  or  bets,  nix  U>  eigtit  yard*  wldlb^ 
■nd  havitr,-  one  end  looMi  to  thof^f.  or  where  the  coal  Ih entirely  ezoaratedi'l 

Tli>^  >'l>iur  csplorod  coal  flold«  have  cot-h  their  peeuliar  ntodca  of  worklng'.'j 
modiUod  to  kiuI  the  uircuiii^tBiictH  and  coudiliOHH  of  the   rooTii  and  floor* 
uf  the  u.->in9.     In  Ihi:  inori?  n-t-crillf  txplored  coal  fields  diodilJcatiouH  of  Ul» 
lai'llioil"  of  working  mlnu  pracli»d  in  tho  old  working  oool  fields  are  ood- 
mnrily  adopted. 

■■'Uonl  and  pillar"  or"  ijoatand  sUIl"  workilis«are  pwulkrlotbeNewcMitte 
or  NijrthiTii  CoalKidd.andin  that  district  the  UTanjEenie-nt  of  Iho  workings  the 
principle  of  ventitotioii,  and  the  snod  dji^ipliiic  cxlabliidwd  in  the  well  retrnlalill 
coUicriu  should  hn  more  genenuly  itnilnltil  \iv  thv  colliiTlcn  in  other  coal  flddSi 

The  "  long  wall"  or  "long  work"  muUv  uf  working  ia  peculiar  lo  the  Derby* 
tUre  and  (Mine  ofthi' Southern  Coal  Field",  liy  [liiMnivtho(lili«wluileofthooMl 
b  gM  at  one  operation,  by  werkin;,;  in  bank*  of  varioui  wldlltn  toward*  the 
riK  from  the  KliarL.  an  j  uiaiiilniiiini:  ruudn  throa^h  the  f^oaf,  or  beeken  by 
building  Bltotig  sUinv  coiUlmioiis  pillnrK  nltli  llx^  fallen  mof:  aldo  by  driving 
aarrowr  bnrda  to  the  extremity,  and  nt^rkins  tlie  (.'»a1  toward*  t)ic  aluift  ce 
homcwardit  by  lung  worlt,  leaving  thi<  ^<iif  buhiud.  In  this  latter  ca.>is  no 
roAiIi  are  oiainlaini'il  thomtfVi  ihi^  K'^al. 

"  Wido  work"  ii  a  mode  of  workii>i;  peculiar  to  llie  Yorkihirc  Ccal  Field ;  a 
tuic  of  bord*  treni  nereii  to  ten  yardii  wide,  nenaniled  by  n  pillar  of  coal  obg 
yanl  thick  (and  not  ku[  oot).  form  a  bunk,  wliii'h  h  notkcd  lowanlt  the  rue 
ofthv  luliiti  or  fmm  home,  pillarc  nf  coal  [ncnty  In  forty  yardx  wide  being  left 
btCwecfttwoKiich  Links,  and  workt'd  lotratds  tfie  iburt or  lionicwaTd.1,  after  Aa 
bank);  on  each  Mv  nrv  driven  [hu  di.-tvriiiliie<1  di^binci'. 

It  has  liecii.  luvi  in  still,  the  pra^tiri!  in  ninny  mining  dittricU,  in  woiUag 
BMBia  by  the  bord  and  pillar,  Ui  leave  largo  U'cos  of  piilem  alanding  until  a 
oonddnrable  porUon  of  llio  royiilly  it  c-xonvatoil  i'l  borda  or  drifU.  Iiong 
ttuiding  pillant  do  not  yii^ld  >ui  gi'cat  .1  projxirltoii  of  larf:^  ennl  an  tliOHB  wlnon 
are  tiMr>?  expi^ilioiiKly  wnrkcd,  and  In  ninny  instances  I  have  known  pillara 
of  long  (.Lindiiis  '''  be  entirely  I uBl,  The  e.Y]".Biire  of  wnii;  reofs  to  the  at- 
moA^ere  for  a  length  uf  tli'"'  in  tlm  rxoainlid  honJi;,  ianu:n  a  general  HvlUins 
of  the  roof  on  tbn  ]iillar»i,  ami  erushi'i:  them.  Tiie  lost  by  ^luhed  pillars  is 
great,  and  'w  well  known  to  l>e  so  ijy  lliojc  wini  bavu  txpiTiunced  it. 

A  grejidy  improved  inctliud  ••(  HrirkiiTj;  nunro  hnf  now  for  suuiu  time  heoa 
prattUcd  by  the  vii'wurg  in  lli<.'  Kuwi'aaiU'  Coal  Field.  The  coal  Is  got  li 
dislriclK,  pnneU  or  divii>ionK,  and  whole  coat  and  pTtlam  are  worked  inmulta- 
noiiKly  in  the  uime  diilricl  or  dlvlBtun.  TIiIh  arranguciKint  of  tho  working 
is  adapted  to  a  Ilat  siatn,  niid  ri-duei'c  to  ax  grcnl  ati  cxlcnl  on  jioscihlu,  con- 
■iatcntty  with  the  proper  warkiiig  of  the  tuiar,  the  area  aiandinsin  pilla' 


3S4 


Ooah  and  Ontlimtt. 


IheM  pUbn  rcnuning  uogot  from  tiro  to  four  monthly  ■n«rdine  to  the  I 
between  lb»  botd  or  drift  b/xs  and  thu  rtocn  of  lli?  wording  yman. 

fioitu  vilh  an  inclination  cannol  havu  whole  1:011  an'i  pillnrH  wnrki>d  am- 
idUncnndy  in  th«  lumo  district  ax  rhcaftl}*  as  fiat  Ki«m> :  Ibi  inorcoMd  rout 
eonrvjing  tha  coal  up  bwDk,  or  up  Ibo  ri««  of  the  mins  from  lli«  faiiiM  of  th« 
piBan  U>  the  hnd-waira  or  ond,  along  wliicb  it  I3  uk«n  to  thf  main-roadi^ 
iroiiM  be  condden^lc,  and  th«  onTCf  nnrc  would  be  imjimcticablo  in  stoep 

SMDMl 

The  op«nliou  of  r«ino<ring  tbe  pilinn  bcgliu  at  iheriio  part  of  a  diBlriut  or 
^tiaion.  Adran(*g«  is  taktn  of  thv  inulinatlciii  of  tlii»  seam,  (n  narking  both 
bordii  and  pillnris  to  ronrcy  the  roal  by  mcchaniol  TruiiTis  fVniU  tho  pnncl  to 
ibo  nuiin-raad.  Mr'hvn  incline  or  cndni'  |ilDnu  nrr  ii<«d  in  a  mine,  a  .nutlicii^ut 
nidth  fov  a  tnTtHtag-nMd  afaould  bu  left  ilMr  of  the  paauns  wsgOM 
•rtubs. 

In  the  coune  pf  my  «xpcticnrr.  1  have  woikril  miiiPt  by  th«  Tkriooi 
moddt  trwted  upon  in  this  work,  und  I  hatu  inrnnnbly  found  tliat  the  produetf 
of  largo  or  roond  coal  Las  beuti  llie  pwt«M  by  working  bn^-  work  v'tiorava^ 
drcuniaUiKCS  w<r«  bvonible.  Many  are  of  (heoi'lnion  thnt  di^p  vam^i  cftu* 
not  bo  worked  with  adrantago  by  Ions  work.  The  deep  itam  at  Jfontweai^' 
VWHlA  CVHfcryt  Jt^rtutm,  3600  fttt  belme  lAt  tur/aee,  ia  how utr  now  eao.* 
oMifliUj  workM  by  this  plan,  and  is  producing  a  conaidcrabl)  ^rvatur  yiol4 
of  IvM  or  round  mol,  thnn  h  nbtainpd  by  working  banl  and  {>i1lar.  A  mo* 
dcfatcly  atrons  Kaui,  at  any  ilvpth  from  the  surfiicc,  mny  he  goi  by  long  work^ 
if  tbe  roof  i»  suitable  for  building  iIji!  DPcciiMir)-  pucka  or  walls  lliroujth  tht 
Roaf,  and  Icm  injury  in  done  ti>  upper  xcaniH  than  by  other  mcthniU  of  work- 
uig,  aa  the  packs  or  walls  through  tbu  goaf  caiKc  lar][e  artui  of  tho  rouf  Ir 
Mttic  gradually.  Tliis  method  of  working  in  not  liiTonble  for  a  tvndcr  acud 
bavinjt  a  bcdty  roof,  aji  (ho  weight  on  (ho  bank  face  tn  siich  casr^  crushes  lh« 
ooal. 

If  a  mine  in  Umt  cut  out  to  the  boimdnrirs,  and  lh«n  worked  towards  tb« 
Bhaft,  Icaiing  tho  RiiKtf  entirely  behind.  Icxi  raal  will  be  rrushtd,  aii'I  a  ainalTer 
eoat  incurred  in  mnlntAinht:  roaih  tliaii  by  ntting  (lie  f<M\  iVoio  the  nhall 
lowaniii  (be  boundariex.     This  iiirthnil  ii(  w'orkbi;  n  mine  may  be  puniaml'ill 
a  colliery  of  limited  extent,  an  only  a  Khort  period  will  tbtu  bo  required  to  _ 
efioa  Ibu  mine;  but  in  an  extensire  royalty,  where  a  mine  ha;^  (0  bi'  gal  witT 
apairofchafU,  tho  nceesaary  tircparaHoaawfll  obxtmct  thn  Ttgomui  workin 
of  it  for  iwinc  year*,  involve  a  larRc  outlay,  less  of  intrrett  on  capital,  and  ft 
tlio  ttDie  delay  a  rclum  ofprotlt:!  on  tho  mine.     If  Ihe  getting  of  an  es(«iU)T 
nftilj  ia  btcun  at  tho  ithafl  and  continued  towards  (li*  «x(r«rnIllM. 
lucouatj  workinjx  tn  open  out  tho  mine  (o  the  boundaries  can  be  puahcd  '. 
wvd  at  the  aitme  time.      Ity  working  the  mine  after  lliii  niL'tiiud,  und 
Judtdoua  ro&na^inaot,  whatever  Iok»  mar  bo  STUtained  by  the  coal  bein 
irushed,  and  by  the  extra  cost  of  mainla'ininic  tho  roads,  will  bo  mora  (* 
oompemtcd  for  by  on  earlier  return  on  l!ie  outlay. 

When  the  Diode  of  working  a  Beam  is  determined  upon,  a  plan  of  oper 

Aoiild  bi:  laid  [lown,  with  an  arrang-'nivut  of  the  worktngti,  Buitril  to  carrrlfi 
ODt  the  best  Kyuteni  of  ventilation.     Tho  ichaftH  should  be  well  xiipportod  1 
kftving  avOicicni  aolid  oool  around  Ui«m.    The  rondx  of  the  mine  «hou1d  1 ' 
ba  protected  by  Btrang  pillan  of  coal,  proportioned  to  tJio  depth  of  lh<  1 
balowtho  KnTlhcP.    When  ibesr  jiillari  aro  left  of  insnfflctcnt  strvngtli,  and  ih 
coal  i* )t«t  antiind  them,  the  mnkinit  of  tbo roof  miihcx  them,  anduMdao 
the  roadi,  whervby  n  eouBiderable  addition  is  made  to  thi:  expciweit  of  : 
Din*.     When  at  U'liglh  (ho  pillars  arc  g>>l,  ther  yield  bvit  a  iniall  propi 
«f  ronni)  coal,  and  much  Iwxide  of  the  coal  is  lott  iti  tlii^  mine  thnxiB 
bniken  atate  of  llie  roof,  which  rrcjuircH  a  eontiderably  increased  quanti^  ■ 
liinbor  to  support  it  during  the  working  of  (he  i>itlar«; 

Tho  wnrllnga  should  bo  q-«t«autii»lly<»rri«d  forwani,  and  Ihv  norkniun 
■Vthr  BO  circitiiuttaoQe)^  allowed  to  drire  phtcw  in  (b«  inin«  without  prop 


hon  and  Zmt.  H^ 

dircctioni  bring  givta ;  Md«r  tmd  Kt^luriljr  bdn^  no  kdw  ccaentinl  to  thtt 
mfrlr  nf  *  mine,  tli&n  to  the  ecoiioiuic^  *ad  profiuble  ir«rking  of  it. 

That  hiuito,  vhicU  ift  common  luiionii;  incxi>«ri»nc«d  adrentitrere  in  th«  cMl 
tnd?,  to  niLto  1iir)[(^  i^iiantitim  of  mhJ,  in  an  inercdibly  nhort  timo  atWr  Chs 
ehkftif  are  sunk,  mnmit  bv  tw  atronglf  condemned :  luch  pcntcina  cannot  not 
whjr  they  slionld  not  al  oaw  commence  r^ing  large  quuititi«j^  and  Ibink 
Out  otbcn  ani  Kupins  who  do  not,  m  snoti  u  iho  ebaRs  •»  mnlc,  b«|JD  ft 
wbolesale  niKiagof  «aal.  Tbcexpcrioiced  coal  owner  or  manager  in  howurer 
•vara  thai  Dii-re  is  SMnepreparalioQ  abMltitdj-  ncocMHjr  befbre  lliii  can  bo 
doon  with  proF-ricty.  This  hMtj  wImIomI^  nfiinjt  of  coal  b«lbr«  the  n»- 
oentarj  prcpantianii  arc  maiir,  is  (rcqucnlly  allrndr^  with  dinstmui  mnilts. 

There  U  no  difliculty  in  working  a  utam  syjtrmalically,  and  T«nlikttng  it 
on  the  h<«(  fiHn(.'i|>le!i,  when  it  is  uiiinterruDtcd  with  dtktK.  ihnyws  or  limTu: 
and  it  is  obvious  ihm  any  wAm  may  bft  worlird  In  thn  mamifr  her«i  <loacribM 
with  much  l«M  anxiety  and  care,  than  one  worked  witliuut  plan,  onicr,  or 
9>tMU>  Wlien  dikeft,  tbnxwx,  or  lautlH  are  nutnrrouti  in  a  Mam,  tbcjr  ollur 
grckt  ohstanle«  to  the  carrying  out  a  gooii  »y»leni  of  Tcntllntioti,  and  ihr  ro- 
aourots  of  ■  tnanflfter  may  bo  IW^nently  taxed  in  working  iiuch  netms ;  but 
W  biui  be  awured  that  cxtnordinary  dilGcultic*  mny  be  orerooioe  by  a  plan 
mnctricd  irith  <«re,  aid«d  by  auch  means  as  practical  expmcnco  and  sonnd 
ncnt  may  auggesL 


IROS  AXD  ZIXC 
TTtK  MAjcrrArrnBK  of  nurnvTom  it,  ah. 

I  to  convert  to  ii^riil  pai-paKf,  the  va^t  hca|>«  atiiMg  producod  at , 
,  in  nlrcndy  atlnictiiig  coosidcniblc  attention  in  Bn^lond,  M  well 
■sin  tliincotmtry.  In  the  formw  country  we  And  a  noleixdiEtinicuishcd  nam* 
Uiaa  ifasl  or  Mu!lIl'^t  writing  lo  the  piiblii!  pnae  Upon  the  lulyect  Ilcne  Dr. 
Vpa.  11.  Smith  hai  »  |iat«nt,  upon  the  haai*  of  irhtnh  a  company  has  been 
organned,  and  iii  known  a*  the  Amcricnn  lAmf'ompnny,  for  the  mntiii facta ro 
ef  alajp:  The  olBccr*  of  thi*  company  aiv  (.'liriilopbcr  Morgan.  I'tpsidcnt  j 
WiB.  S,  I)e  Zuni-,  Vice  I*rvai(Iunl ;  Jerome  Lolt,  Socrrtary  ;  C.  Y.  Witoplo, 
'K««auri:r;  aii'l  Wm  II,  Smith,  Superlnteudunl  of  HnnuTacturoi. 

In  pm  ioitu  I't^rk  •}{  tills  Martin*  their  views  will  be  found.  In  England 
the  patent  of  Mr.  W.  0.  Rlliott  ia  tho  one  at  prcsfint  under  coniiidiTalion,  With 
reganl  to  itx  nature,  we  liiul  the  pntcntt^c  writing  in  tlie  following  ntyle  respect- 
ing  it  in  one  of  the  public  Joiimalx : — 

TlwTo  being  now  Kercral  coiDpaniea  fonning  for  mnciling  Northamptonahira 
tiiiiiiliiiin  nil  the  ipot,  imiwtlhMifliidlne  ihn  high  prli?eorfiieT  and  tabor,  and  tba 
dMtriKtlon  of  tlie  land,  n»  in  .SlntTordthlrr.  I>y  throwing  the  (lag  away,  wfil 
yon  allow  me  to  put  tile  following  qtimtiiMi*  to  your  rciidcni  and  com- 
mondenlii,  in  tbe  liojie  thnt  Hurnelhlng  niHy  lie  fticlterl  to  indtico  Mine  one  in 
tile  iMislnnw  to  emiK'  firu'ani  and  awisl  me  in  prnrlicalty  proiinjn  what  It 
is  admitted  I  have  Htniiiiicnlly  iihown  to  ba  of  so  much  national  value, 
particalarl V  at  the  [ireiii.'nl  lime,  a^  thcrv  ia  an  imliniile<t  ilemnnd  for  MnltaiT 
pipM,  aii-I  all  iin(U-ri;rviiiii<l  luillilinic  ninti'iinl,  which  lli-i  n'n^  is  m  w(4l 
calciiiatnl  to  unpiily  in  any  form  or  ihapc,  plain  or  omanientaL 

I.  Is  it  not  Our  to  )ire«ime  that  in  the  inanufacluringof  evpTT*  I'm  of  pte 
■t.  hwU  one  ton  of  earthy  material,  commonly  nailed  da;,  may  be  can 


836  Ir^M  (uuf  ZiiK.  ^H 

ilirecl  ft«iu  the  furuacc  in  s.  YuniUi  eUU,  so  ss  to  punlj  RM  ui  iron  brick,  «• 
pipe  mauld,  of  any  form  or  ■hftjic,  u-bicli  only  Kqulrw  to  be  pivKtoJ  and 
p«dually  (tiohd  ta  U-  lit  f^r  u«cl 

S.  Arv  Uiuru  iiol  iiinnj  iiulfioit  ton«  «cttii«!!y  llirown  >iiAy  I 
it,   Ifavi:  not  bricki;  nr  Ittrgc  lumps  been  liuulc,  or  run  into  moulili,  i 
years  xincv,  direct  fnm  tht  TuriiBcv ;  but  bvitig  full  uC  guvs,  lu  Iliu  »ir  utfaiiaj 
cold,  grvally  rulucud  in  btilK,  (KTriilt^  ihu  aliiioi<i>burii:  prcsKurc  (o  b«»ragali 
the  outM  f'UrfiLcr,  tkvc  thi-y  not  grnvrnlly  founil  (o  be  cntrlcrd  in  ooolingit 

4.  ^Vitl  not  my  gistuitcU  i|yticm  ol'  (jiiacing  and  prcwing  ibu  lluki  n^ug,'^ 
whcii  in  ttiD  uioulu,  rtmeily  (bit.  by  Kivirij;  vt'iil  to  lliv  eonltui'd  xir,  rtiiduriii) 
liie  vholu  nin»s  mon:  solfa  ■ml  unitorm,  and  Iniseciilng  lti«  <i>ntnu:tion  t 
«X}>iinKion  of  tbc  parti  at  different  builB  when  cooIinK  t 

5.  And  if  b\  U  not  thv  pivrciiig  uixl  ^ivwing  i  crcnt  iniprov«ni«ul  on  ' 
oM  &ytit<'iii.  u  it  not  only  llgliti'ii^  ibc  luxlcl*  nvarly  onvhalf,  but  b 
ft  miipii  Ktron^ri  by  thun  man u&c taring  br^Ekn,  jilfict,  tileii,  ctii.,  ia  _.. 
biiuition  nlili  pis  '""o",  a  much  belter  aiiJ  cbtupcr  article  mity  b«  produc 
for  tbii  I^iiilori  rtiiirkvt  Ihnn  by  any  otlivr  gy&ltiii,  and  tli«  iiiat»rkl  whkh 
now  thrown  away,  nt  a  grrikt  rxpi'iiuc  in  labnr  and  dcktrurlion  of  land,  nu 
be  nunuDwrlurtd  into  articles  uf  uiilimitcil  dvmuiicl  (or  oil  sinitAry  and  buildin 
puniosoii  bving  particulaHy  ttdaptcJ  Itir  oil  undur-ground  tud  v»l«r-wo(l( 
euch  OS  thn  bonks  of  llio  l7iam(«| 

On  thin  articlr,  Mr.  Muwhct  nibuquoRtty  wrllot  la  tlia  following  intcIIlK 
manner  :— 

I  am  gild  to  stv  lay  friLiiil.  Hr.  Elliot,  cnlling  attention  to  his  {latcnt  pr 
ccsB  fur  I'uiiKTiirie  Into  mi  arik'lv  of  coiuiuvrt^itil  value  tbe  cnormoui  wtc  <if| 
tbo  rlngt  of  our  iiiin  umtUiui;  IiirnoccE.     I  liavu  not  b««n  ablo  lo  ocqmlnt  i 
cclfso  iboruuirbly  ;i»  I  could  wish  u'iih  ibr  |>ra<itiral  dctaiU  of  his  operation, 
is  vrry  [HM.liiiblo  roiisiiicniblv  tictscvtrHUcc  u:id  cxju-rimtnt  may  be  rcquir 
with  Ibii  hoiitiiiKftious  and  variatU:  c<)iiipi-iii(«lii  riBuUitiy  from  ■  blast  funiaa 
in  ordinary  work,  before  the  cuating  o(  ihe  kIor  ean  be  br>iii)ibl  under 
SiUnu  certain  coutrul  nn  tlie  coaltn);  uf  Ibc  iron.     The  quallly  of  ida|{  lit  c 
stonily  variing  :  sciini'limci.  l*nacii>us  in  cootinp,  and,  witti  core,  to  be  n» catil] 
maniiScd  lu  the  ordinary  product!)  of  lltf  t;lii>i4-boiia« ;  HiinutNites  \iMf 
npid  decoinjiOBilioii  ia  llu;  attuaKphifre.     Hut  1  cannot  wo  but  that  llic  cxlc 
b1t0  pr»vikion>)  of  Mr.  Rlliot'x  pntvia  arc.  nr  limy  be  made,  ad(M|u»to  to  III 
tnatmcnt  of  all  rartelics,  ei>pci:ial1y  with  lJi<^  attention  which  oill  l:>r  ^ircn  I 
Ktwi  any  grvat  irrtguUrily  of  prmluct,  whtn  the  charjpng  of  the  furnoca  fiX 
bIo^  shall  btcomn  a  iiwttvr  of  ncarlv,  if  nut  ci|Uul  imporlanoe  aa  lli«  char^n 
for  iTon.    I  intend,  when  ■  littlv  at  libcr-Iy,  to  look  vert'  vliist^lv  into  ihiM  iD*tl« 
for  it  ia  not  cosy  (o  onmta  the  importance  of  convtrlinK  into  dreinap  AD 
s«wcra)ce  pipes,  tilrt,  abnokt^ly  Hnt<'r-[> roof  bricks  and  olberarditlMtariloh 
J«cts,  fi,OI>0,0(X>  or  T.OOO.OOO  loiiK  of  vitr<-ouit  niatlrr,  now  lhr«irii  lo  mf)  ■ 
Boma  cott  lo  the  mMufBCIurcr,  iiuleod  of  adding  to  the  profit  of  hi«  ofirra^ 
Hon*     Totmpart  a  ridiic  of  10,00(1,000/,  to  SP.OUO.OOO;.  sterling  ye*riy  to  M 
worthltiu  and  inconvenient  molerl.'d  it  no  (light  propOMl.  but,  on  lh«<  cMilnrKi 
duiui[id*  (be  bust  efforis  of  pcrsevcrarcif  and  inReniiily  to  rraliM  a  loir  aw 
COndu^irn  trial.    It  may  nlliiiiiitily  produce  vxtraiomiinary  economical  chanst 
uid  lUvclop  in  a  striking  ninnncr  tlie  rc»clion  of  resource*.     The  ultima 
affect  oftrlabliBhiiig  Ihis  proc<-iu  would  be,  by  a4dinK  another  Mnrcfof  pa 
to  tbo  nia»iir;u'iuM'.  to  ihiviu'  •I'lvii  the  cost  and  market  price  of  iron,  i 
proportiaiially  increase  its  aln-ady  vastly  inrreasiiig  application  tbrou^ 
whole  ntiigv  of  tta  vomiiiercial  utility,     .^nd  this  would  bv  actually 
pliabod  by  (lie  very  nci^chiitica  of  a  thickly  peopled  cuuitlry  haiinit  i 
■n  enormaux  demand  for  lh<i  arlicJn  prijiluctd,  in  crowded  towiij,  and  in  Ihi 
«xigmciM  of  agricultural  improrcmcnt.     ttiinicHlic  whilIs  nould  lb<»  ix-rptHihl 
ate  anil  enhance  our  position  as  iri-'iiinakers  to  the  iriirld,     Th<-  bij>h  prices  of 
labor  and  oomluodititA,  cniuisg  or  lli«  dibcovery  of  the  gold-lields^  woold  1~ 


JrOM  oim/ ZuK. 


m 


■DOM  counlt«pelu  tn  tlia  Mcctttkn  of  Mt  enonnoiu  yt*t\j  taTa«  nMtA  liMa 
ixixlcnco  kl  hi>mf .  I  Irtiht  (be  Iron  coinp«iii««  now  on  fool  in  Noitbitiaplon- 
sbire  wtlla«oandnppiTciDtcUiaMlnnUK*alftv>iIinj[IiieiniKl*Ho(lKispKtent 
prootaa.  Though  lronston<>.  I  uiiderstantl,  of  38  to  35  p«r  ceoL  rut  b«  put 
mto  bhft  AmuMs  on  th«  *|k>I  xt  iIk-  iininiralK'toil  jiric*  of  St  per  ton,  uid 
thej  sMcn  >tj)a  to  obtain  tomI  iron-makmi;  coko  at  ft  <a<it  not  cxcccdtns  8(Mi 
ptr  Ion  of  pig  Iran,  J*t  (h«jr  miul  ulill  be  at  er*at  diMdvaalagfa  in  tlia  ib- 
acnce  of  tbiii  <liotp  cwl,  iHUiout  c&magT,  for  all  th«  uilfior  opcnKons.  And 
■■  the  abMiKO  of  dicap  tutl  for  bar-iron  making  on  a  Uajic  kmIc,  tlicj  will 
kaidlj  ti«  able  to  emj  out  tbe  nndtioi;  bnnch  to  Ibat  cxtunt  ohicfa  per 
fecU  and  MMfM  the  nnourcw  of  Mtabt  i*hud  dialricta.  The  thtorcilcal  Qgww 
of  tnm-inakiug  are  alwaf  b  buod  to  (all  far  lidow  Uio  pntctical  fljptrca^  in 
wUch  coniinsvncNS  and  wajite  «on«tilute  fonnidablu  it«ina.  It  in,  tberrfon, 
inmomiblo  for  these  now  undtrl^ing*,  nitb  a  viuw  to  Donnnncni  proKpority , 
IB  bestow  too  mucb  attention  on  llr,  RIllot'B  process,  whicii  will  eniiblc  (bem, 
bwMw  It*  loimodiate  product,  to  make  thn  mort  of  tbrir  fuel  in  the  iron  de- 
pirlmMit  A  )itiht  burden,  villi  nialerinlH  proporllobtd  for  ilie  BMatfoiindrj 
tron,  will  yield  ibv  matt  rtgukr  and  perfect  prodnct  in  tbe  aJag ;  and  I  conceive 
ftundry  Iron  for  thu  London  marlcet  will  commiind  lb«  but  Opening  for  tbe 
BWHflietnre  of  tbo  coimlf . 

UKiK  XAXi-rALTuan  or  onm. 

He  extcnl  to  which  tlie  uianu&ctore  of  iron  h  carried  on  (n  Ohio,  wU 
awptfae  tho«o  irho  haro  not  watched  iU  progress.  From  (ho  latest  and  moM 
cueTil  returns,  the  following  Kummar}-  has  been  compiled  by  tlie  Jiailiea^ 
Utevrd  of  Cinoinaati : — 

We  sinll  not  exai^^tate,  *bcn  we  My  that  in  Cintionati.  an<j  its  subartx^ 
than  aro  not  1ms  than  sixty  Iron  lactoriM  of  the  Urgent  iort,  whicb,  with 
UhIf  dependent  work-sbopE.  eSrv  ecnploymGnt  to  fuU  fi.UOO  opnatitea. 

nit  immeniodeTctopmcnt  of  the  iron  nianii&Ctiire  ha*  nrlwa  cblelly  (hm 
llw  nMraoHi  and  eii'i'lUiiici'  of  llio  Ohio  iron  miiiet. 

Tb«iron  ore  of  Ohio  ih  rimntnlinogt  entirely  east  Of  the  Scioto;  and  OOC*- 
idonally,  tn  the  foiin  of  bo^  orr.  in  the  north.  The  prinofpal  di^poiitorlM  aro 
in  the  cottmieiinf  Adainx.  Sciulu,  Litvrence,  Jackicn,  Vlnlon,  llui!kin|i,  Gallia, 
Atherus  Jluikingntn,  I.i.-klnc.  nnil  In  the  lame  geological  wcllon  cnnlinnod  t« 
the  Lake.  Tlic  funinccri  arc  fonnd  almost  cnlirclr  in  Atbinii,  Scicitu,  Law- 
rence, Jacktjon,  arid  (lallia.  t)nc  ha3  recently  been  built  in  Uouking,  and  one 
on  (bo  tAgff  of  AthniE. 

The  iron  works^  nod  iron  produce  of  Ohio  art: — 

no    DtOH. 

Fumniw        .......  tS 

Tom  of  iron  or*  Hint          .....  1M,niO 

"      jHitlron  iiimtn           .....  AS,056 

Bueljtftit  tjirt'til  coi\niiii\oA    .          •          .          .          .  AOAiOOO 

"          coke  *»<!  alivecal            ....  ft,tSS,*0O 

OptrnTlTH  (DiBlsjad             .....  il,tia        • 

CMitniliivciled M.eoo.noo 

Veliicof  pr<>liL0W(itil9!3)              ....  (a,Cn».l»0 

la  the  production  of  nig  iron,  Ohio  is  the  second  slate  in  ths  Union,  belnc 
next  to  IViioH^rNiuiia.  Pcnntyltania  produces  half  the  p«g  iron  of  the  UnlttA 
Statea,  and  Ohio  about  onc-i«nth. 

OKHI  cuniKo*. 

FeetorfN IU 

IV  motil,  if«D,  and  er*  iwed                           .    uni,  41,0CO 

CWilog-oMde "  »»,000 

OuleexMuiuMl          .....  bneh.  SU.OOO 

Coh<  nnA  tbieiMl "  SSS.IU 

Opanlivn  ■nnAeied             .....  S,TM 

i^al  eRiplond ftOOOtOOO 

Vdet  of  leaihKla      ...                         .            .  IVOO.OOO 


M 


Am  anJ  Zint. 


traODMT  noK, 

PiuMriM        ..,,.,,  It 

ri((  situii  luad         .....    looa,  IS.STB 

JUaomi "  1;»W 

Coot  i^uunurmiJ           .....  bi]«b.  COO.OMI 

i'ok*  mid  '.'biiri'nil      .            ,            .            .            ,       "  4CV,>00 

OmrMivw  vniployH             .            ,            .            .            ■  TM 

WroDsbtinin  produotd      ....    lon»i  U.tls 

GWpiW  illTwMd «;«0.<iOO 

Valuo  df  |it<NjuoU (I,S<M,(K>a 

In  tba  MitnoftcUiRi  of  cMlbgs,  Ohio  Is  the  thin)  ttftic ;  ±vA  in  nr 
imi  lh«  lixlh.    The  rsUiltllfJiinvnti!  f«r  tli«  in«nub(^ui«  cf  cwtingM  iti;  aina>'] 
•ennUi  b  numbn-  of  IIiool'  in  tliv  lliiioii.     Tlic  fullowiiig  )^'uml  ricw  ' 
glrc  th«  r«!atiT«  suniliagof  Ili«  pfmriptJ  ttt»,Us  in  llio  manuGictiirnof  Iron: 

Irsu  Wurki,      Ttlns  of  PHdneW. 

Ftannlmii*           .         .         .         .    «9I  IM.stT.om 

Vw  tmk «0l  7.9(1,000 

Ohl» f39  8.700,000 

Vinriniu isa  s^uo/bm 

N*w  Jtnay lOS  l.ttweo 

TanuewM BL  1,«10,«00 

Tb«K  xMbs  producv  moro  tbitn  tiro-tliirtlii  lli«  iron  ore  u)<]  iniQ  mtnnbe*! 
turM  of  tlio  United  SutM.  Both  TonnwsM  «nil  R«nliicky  ar«  <l«8liti«l  ta  j 
Droduco  Bud  mmiulacbiro  in  immcniw  Amount  of  irqn ;  bii^  at  prcwnl,  Obto 
M  much  nlKod  tn  that  dq>arttnviil  of  indu-ilrr,  and  linn  nw  muIcrUi  (o  "upfilf  ' 
hnr Mutufaclurea  Tor  Ktnt'nitiqns  to  tomf.  II  Is  i)t»liiicJ  (o mivr  very  lai~^jF j 
Into  the  biwincw  uid  consCruction  of  railroads.  It  i*  >  vcrj  cxtnonllii 
thing,  in  Tiew  of  the  very  crvat  Bujivriorily  of  .^mtriiTan  iron  nitc  in  w«i^ 
ihftt  our  r^TOitd  c«iQp»nk«  nuTe  not  obuinod  tiioiv  lit  Lotitc.  The  tyabtm  i 
bujing  iron  for  bondit  will  prove  •  vtry  had  aiic,  if  it  divert*  Otc  nipf 
which  ought  to  hiiTe  been  given  to  American  induriry  into  fonif^n  cbtiniuh 
Wa  unditrUike  lo  sav.  tint  if  Ihe  English  did  not  sell  their  iron  fur  buntb^  o»l 
a  T«ry  long  crt^iilt,  they  would  not  hnvo  hc«ii  nblc  to  soil  oiw-tlflh  lh«  uuoudI  ' 
which  liM  been  brougnt  lo  ttiiji  country. 

Uarin^  given  an  imu^Uu  view  of  Ohio  iron  maiiulkctUTiE*,  it  may  be  wcH  . 
U)  note  ll«  gvonth.  This  i"  quite  rxtrn-.-rnliniiry.  Th«  compariaoiu  of  rMBlU^  { 
under  the  ccnRUKs  of  ISIU  and  1860,  were : — 

IMO,  im. 

IroDwurim     ....  M  tn> 

oparaUvM    .        .        .  3,s#t  a,m 

V^ne  of  pradiwU  .         .    tS.WI.OW)  (a,;«o/ioo 

Tlii«  comp«ri)K>n  nhown  thet,  in  the  Bugrepite,  lire  iron  buiincw  of  i 
incrvnaed  100  |ier  mil.  in  ten  yturi,     i'ruiii  the  )k^|<cctll  of  businvsi  in  tliel 
■hrcc  ycam,  wc  luny  Hafely  antiripalt^  thut  It  will  increase  y(^t  m»r<i  ra|<idly  ll 
time  to  come. 

Looking  tqiwmlly  to  Cincinnati,  nc  linJ  here  iin  inimenH;  and  rmjiidly  in>l 
crtwlng  iron  irmniibrtiin:'.  An  Ihe  pl|f  iii'tnl  and  blivirn  brought  to  Ctndn-  , 
niti,  with  tniirh  of  the  iron  bar,  is  ii;ied  In  various  mnniirarturrs,  Ih«  anttna]  ^ 
ImportH  of  iron  from  ihc  iron  rrgioD  is  a  fair  te»t  of  the  prugre**  of  iron  nianti* 
fcctuTo  and  consumptlou.  Herr  w«  rdracl  llie  following  return  of  Iron  in-< 
port*  into  Cincinnati,  tttvm  the  Prire  Ciirrent : — 

isu-«.  itBO-n. 

boo,  t>in*      ....  i.yi-.f  u.lM 

■'      piMM     ....  lit.'.tM  3H.MI 

"      biiDdln.  .  .  al>,*fiU  W,lll 

••     plgi,  lou*  .  10,803  »),in 

We  then  flml  that,  In  the  llhl^rt  spacn  of  four  yenr«,  tho  Import  and  maait- 1 
future  of  iron  in  Oincriinnti  hiu  incrviued  at  IfWit  ISO  pcrccid.  W«diaoo*er  j 
ftirther,  that  while,  at  the  preseut  timi-,  about  C.%000  tona  of  iron  ar*  pro*  [ 


hon  and  Ziite,  H^ 

iaaed  Ja  Ohio^  44,000  tonit  ant  iiiiport«d  into  OJneinnkli  A  jwrt  of  this 
import  cumoi  from  KettliKliT',  Pcnwjlnnik,  «nd  Tcnnctaec :  but  much  t)M 
tvstr  pMt  fron  Ohio.    Il  Im,  tlicnftir*,  vtry  tvidrnl  Ihtt  Ciiit:i]i)iaCi  in  the 

C  market  tad  nuinii  bet  tire  for  Ohio  iron  ;  and,  indoed,  for  that  of  upper 


mas  xuirrACTcus  «p  tbk  wouldl 


The  Mbwing  aUtfaitf c«,  m  br  u  they  ntote  Ui  Great  Briteia,  an  eompiltd 
ftom  tb«  ratnrna  «r  19&0,  and  fivm  th«  r«c«nt  tndo  uid  iiAtigalton  rttima : 

In  19nO  there  ircm  4Sd  furnaces  in  the  UnitH)  Klugvloni,  xnd  lltf  annny 
jield  ofiroa  vai  S,SSO,000  lon^  Ttic  foUMrins  tigurai  arc  nid  to  rapntHiH 
lh«  prodoM  of  the  nepcctirs  countries  natnad : — 


I'mdaotd  la  Ihc  Coitod  Ringdem 
rrodnoed  In  thcUnltod  Btales 
rfodnoed  in  Viioee 
I'rodDcod  Id  lEiiuln 
Fi«dac»d  in  Aaiiria 
Pmtootil  III  Htrwlen 
PkkIuwiI  in  f  riiwU 


Totil 


t,t80,«W 
400.400 
»4S,0W 

iia,ow 
i«o,««o 

118,100 

na,oM 
R,Ts»,eao 


In  1850,  thcTclbrf,  while  Own*  Britain  prwiuw^d  2,380.000  tooa,  and  &n- 
ptnted  38.000  (unx,  hn"  total  rxiwrtof  iroD  and  hardware  BEnoanM  to  800,100 
KMia.  Si»,thcn>fo«i  had  left  for  homo  iiiiirkd«.OTer  1,500,000  tOTK.  In  ItOD, 
Ihc  qunulilf  of  ItHtish  iron  roado  wiw  I^Ii.OOO  ton*.  Thr  quanlitjr  of  foreiiip) 
iron  retvMil  fur  home  consuuiplion  wan  ilifiQO  lon^  The  tola!  exports  of 
iron  and  banlwan-  ainoiintod  (o  406  tonK.  The  totnl  homo  cnnsunption  to 
170,100  long.  Thn  rontrnKt  in  1S50  u  striking;  indcnl,  m  CBjcuUt«*I  10  show 
llio  prafptga  of  thi»  mnnuEvrturv.     The  tigurex  stand  Ihuii  :— 

Tom. 
Btiililj  \™\  i,iuHp s,tao,MO 

Vbriilli:  irnfMcIulllMl        .....  40,000 

troll  ind  Linlitiirn  Piporloit        ....  AOt.lOO 

Inn  TonKiimvd  al  li'iinn  ....  1,£la,}00 

tn  eomtctian  with  the  Ibir^oing;  the  tbilowing  table  will  show  not  on\y 
tlio  rate  of  iiicreaM  In  tho  exporia  of  iron,  »toel  and  machinery,  but  alio  the 
liTwludly  Incrcaiinx  proportion  which,  tn  th«  period*  giren  below,  the  value 
of  tbcae  usporti  bore  to  ilit  lulal  cx|>orla  of  tho  country.  In  IHH  they 
tmoanUdonty  to  i.M  |>rr  (^cnL  of  the  whole ;  vherew  in  the  preMnI  yrjir  they 
wfU  probably  exceed  2iJ  per  cent,  amouutias  aa  they  do  to  16.85  per  cent  on 
the  ant  ten  montlu  of  ln«  y«ar. 


T'Aail  nJnAoriinA 

Prri|h,r1lcA  pe 

T«BV 

TMal  ratna 

**bL  Io  tslat 

ofMpvU. 

Uld  BMbblH7. 

»naa» 

UI4      . 

£4n,MT,Wl 

«i,nt,«oo 

4.0* 

UM 

U.«3t,<H« 

3.«00b000 

tM 

twi    . 

(T.lM.000 

S,R  4,000 

*M 

mi    ■ 

tl.AM.OOO 

S,OW,000 

hn 

wo    . 

TI.SST.WO 

«,oett00o 

i>.«e 

Tan  mnntha  end- 
lac  Ho«-  S,  ItM. 

7»,  1 59,000 

lt,TH,0O> 

IMS 

In  IS96,  the  United  Kingdom  exported  w  foUowit: — 

Iren  *iii)  «Usl,*r»nakl  anil  nnwTonght                   .  £1,HS,000 

Hardware  and  ontlen'             ....  1,191,000 

HacUiMiy  and  mlit-worln       ....  au,O0O 

iMai ajuajm 


$40 


AoK  and  Zinc, 


wliicli  allude  fetlwfMnioiilhK  ending Kov.  &,  ISAS:— 


Iron  anil  itocl,  wroaglii  lad  Uiiirrjiigtit 
Uisliliiery  nuti  uiiil.Huikii 


9,1IM.I>M 
l,n(,TW 


ToUl £1»,;m,tw 

Of  couiitrifs  wlijch  recfivi-J  tliv  UrgBrt  portions  of  ihi*  i-noraioun  moat  o^I 
tspOTtt,  the  Unitol  StHtnti  look  nM  only  Vy  fiir  the  1us«>t  I'laiillly  of  1n>ql 
uid  Jitccl,  irTOught  and  luiwroushl,  but  al.w  iHk  Inraetc  qiuuiUly  of  pi);  iroB  I 
— 4b«  quinlitjr  i'xportcU  iu  1830  lielngSi.OOO  ton*,  Jiexl  lo  llw  IniU-J  SlAl<4l 
■teDds  lloUand,  1:1,100:  li'nnc*^  ll.TlOi  PnLuiii,  10.UG0-,  Cm-nrln,  10,800;T 
DoiHiuu-k,  T&TO;  lul)-,  T400;  and  tliu  Ilono-alic  ta'AHi,  T37U  tim<.  RhkfIM 
(alCM  only  813,  and  Turkey  03i>  Ions  of  j.is  imn.  Of  bsr.  bull,  nnd  rod  iron,'] 
111*  UnlUil  StMU-fr  is  alM  lliu  lui'iii'el  DiiMluitii-i' — ^likJTig  in  ISriO.  VfJS.SSO  UMJ 
Nc«  in  order  stands  Canada.  -I'^rUO ;  En.'it  rndii-.*,  3'!,a'J0;  Italy.  S«.7T<lf] 
Turkey,  H.880;  Uanstntip  lowna,  1CI,-W0;  ilolland,  6830;  «nJ  Portupl,[ 
IWSO  loiM ;  Ru»iu  tttkitig  only  706  lone.  ] 

Tho  following  tabic  Ktvcs  tho  lolal  mliira  of  Uwso  thraa  bnindiMoriroi|| 
maniifitcturtB  exported  to  each  country  ;^ 


Vafdd  of  Inn 

V^lu^nfh■^^ 

OonnlrtM. 

WIVU^I  ftQ4 

wu^  UI<1 

un«itiii<JJU 

cuUcrf. 

United  SltttM 

K%na.«io 

£I.OM,»00 

)trti<>li  a.  Amcrln      47H,iag 

IW^SO 

Xml  ludiw 

XtbMO 

tSA.UTO 

IlBn*EatieTi>»i» 

m.KO 

1.^,170 

Knllknd  . 

ass,aro 

sr.oBw 

1U9,4<I0 

Hfio 

AmtruIliL             . 

1M.W4 

livso 

TurlKj   . 

111,060 

«0,i70 

Wci  Indlon      . 

S^4lM 

6!l,liMI 

Bnuil       . 

TS.100 

HO.VIO 

8f»in 

7T,a;o 

*S,flBO 

FtnuM     . 

«9,7W 

«8,i»a 

Frnwin    .          . 

ST.IilO 

9.040 

Ponugwl  . 

M.IOO 

ll,08u 

BtlgiuiD  . 

M,6T0 

ti.euo 

ItiiiuiA 

6*,T«J 

Dunijiiilt 

tC&KV 

IK,»V 

Villi  tar 
inAclilnor>'- 

£37,S10 

a,  ISO 

h9.9ie 
iMvo 

SO.Sfi} 
1«,I70 
M.STO 

iSI.OW 
TS,1M 

sa,ioa 

&,M0 

i«,Tie 

10,110 


TMll. 

MMM 
37CtM 

neo^iM 

i«.i« 

1TMQ0 
]W,OTO 
1M.10V 

MT,no 

t9,«» 

M.8M 
lOMOO 
M»,TIO 


oir  Tint  BAitvrjiOTVHt  or  casi  dtkcu— by  dh.  KAunoi. 
In  the  proce»M  ciup!oyi;dfi>ri}«(wlionUIfls  pis  iron  and  coQvurting  it  into  I 
MmI,  It  bm  not  bithcTio  bcon  jioenibto  to  obtain  a  proilacl  of  pt-rfM(ly  homo-  i 

SnMua  nature.     It  ix  alwsy*  noocjMiry  to  tort  the  vt^Rl,  in  order  to  up«n[«  I 
0  harder  parl^  i-oiitainiag  taor*  carbon  from  tli«  softer,  and  (bcw  n^n  frvia  1 
(ho  «(iH!l-tiko  iron.    Thin  abscfico  of  liomoeon^lly,  in  (hu  product,  rMuUtecl 
from  the  imperfection  of  the  procniiic*,  led  tn  an  attrnipt  to  (jiro  (bo  Mml 
gTMit  uniibmiity  of  texture  by  inolliii);.     Tliv  tto-callod  cost  itcd  ic  Ti!«ny  si 
IBVeli  nura  homogmooiM  uid  tncrtwortliv  product  Uiaii  llll^  nv  steel,  or  that 
obtained  l>y  rrmi-ntation,  altbonf;h  its  rliaractcrH  lil(c:\n»>  dnjiDnd  itpoo  lh« 
proper  and  rjircrul  election  of  the  ronlcriil  irout  whi'ib  it  is  made    fa  oomc-I 
<|uvnc<^  of  lli>i  fm't,  tliut  Htvct  may  bt-  pri'pni'vd  I<v  fuuon,  vhicli,  tooethcr] 
uith  a  \aipr  per  r<'iiURc  of  carbon  and  con!.fi<iiivnt  iurdncAS,  |iosswt«8  nomo-J 
gciiily  wlmt^vcr  may  he  the  d-.-grrp  of  liitrdneM  dciiri^d,  ta't  «ti>rl  has  annninitj 
Bucli  a  will-mvrilvU  repntatioii,  ibot  it  i«  now  alnaya  etoploycd  for  aiiidcs  ml 
which  ^vtX  banlni.-'ri  i^  indikpRnsaUi.'.      UowvTer  pi-rfnt  the   proccM  iar\ 
inakine  caat  kIccI  may  appur  to  br,  it  U  atill  open  to  th«  ilt«ulT«ata^  l)iM 
the  scteclion  of  the  suitable  material  inu.<it  be  inlruitcd  to  tbt  JadfUcnt  of 


Tnm  and  Zine. 


th*  workman,  aoil  coiiscfiuoiitly  that  bowcTcr  liomogenwun  the  product,  the 
per  ccniaicn  of  rarlion.  this  h»rkiiie«s  flud  solidity  of  tlii'  slvcl  c«nnot  be 
dctermincil  with  pM^Liion  hcforfhanij.  Siicb  impraftrtlons  In  tlic  [jmcLico 
uT  mrtallBniol  i^fmlion«  are  in  CTcry  rn.ic  unaToidnblf,  wiinn  ticttrmin*- 
tlOM  or  VoighC  iuii»t  ):«  n'[>laov'i  by  the  nnctixi^d  eye  c>r  Ihn  workman.  Th« 
ptf  omiBjccof  rarhnn  in  Ih^:  iQiilerlal  ciiiploy^il  in  iiiakliig  CUBI  siltcl— otmcnt- 
tlioQ  slccl — U  liiOercnt  in  every  jiort  of  tht-  (H-clion  of  Ih*  hfirs,  w  thnl  tha 
ttcngir  p«r  cciita-i.'  of  tarNin  in  ibc  rhnrjre  of  n  iTuciWi-  md  the  product  of 
Itwcaslinfc  c«i"ini  lie  dctiTraliicd  nilli  ]>ri.'s;i5loii,  AUhnrigh  thu  hlntiicKi  of 
tbo  EofcliHli  ni'd  good  <!rriiinn  (.ant  »%vc\  ronvhnnrid  tntrrablr  wi;)!  w!lh  thtil 
vliieti  ia  reqtiirud,  tliis  rtvilt  is  soltly  nltrihutablo  to  tlio  pcrfcct  »ccniniiit»nce 
of  tbe  icorl:ni«n  irllh  (heir  iimlrrinl^  and  ttiiir  earcful  ArlectJoii  of  it  for  thif 
|>ractiral  purpose  Thrrn  icoiild  be  no  iirici-rtnialy  lut  lo  ih*  rrsult.  If  ire 
inamMd  a  Aiuloml  applicable  to  the  pre |iara lien  of  mil  slctl,  in  which  the 
|itr  MntatP  of  urboii  could  bu  mlctilal^.  Thi>  whil«  pfg  bon  niada  from 
pui«  rpaibic  and  lirown  iron  wr*  ftro  from  diswiniiiAtnl  copper  pyrttM,  and 
the  per  ccnloKC  of  carhoii  in  «hi<:h  may,  without  any  ttniHidcrable  t- rror,  bs 
aMuiunI as  Sfi.  is .1  innUrlal  of  (hiA dcMriptlon.  Th«  per  ccnlaee  of  carbon 
in  Um  hoiA  ktndx  of  Kircdiah  bar  iron,  nnil  the  iron  which  t(  nindc  in  Qi^rmaBy 
froiB  llw  pun  »palliic  and  broiro  iron  ores,  may  ven-  ufi'ly  lie  amitiiK^  an 
0*86  on  llie  avcni-;!-.  The  nbovo  \n«,  iron  and  this  bar  lr"n  are  llie  parert 
kwda  knovn,  mntainlnK  only  traoirs  of  lilicon,  from  w>ii<-h  likcwiso  tha 
nmwntation  slcel  uwd  for  making  cut  Kltcl  in  nurcr  ft«c.  Itoth  tbv»  kinda 
if  iron  arc.  (hi-rc^fnri'.  cf  ^U'.-b  a  ii.itvirv  as  lo  cnnbte  the  ui^ralor  (0  di-tcnniiie 
befordinii'l  irtib  precision  the  |>vr  cKntigp  of  carbon  tn  a  inirjbic  charge,  aud 
to  proditcic  cB*t  sltel  of  any  dvnrcd  dc^e  of  hanlncs*  by  mean*  of  n  »iniplo 
niculation  of  Ihc  rciiutsilv  |>roponioD  of  the  two  Itiiiilx  of  raw  mulcrial.  If 
Ihn  p<r  ccn1.li;'?  "C  carhiin  in  the  mrltvd  prodncl  ohta!nii<l  in  Ihis  ^^y,  wnd 
tho  cbarictcni  Ocpciidcnt  upon  that  per  ccntate,  Rbould  be  ftiun<l  to  igr«o 
pcjftcilj  with  calculation— a  question  |o  be  detcrminctl  only  by  cxpcrimcnbi 
tm  a  large  scale — it  iiit|;bt  bv  rxpeclcrl  that  Uio  production  of  cast  ntccl  from 
theM  iHftlcHals  vou1d  eonjitituto  a  nt'w  pbam  of  Ihlit  bntnch  of  imbiBtry  ia 
Gvn«ny;  for  bcaidc*  liic  tmEtwonhinexk  of  the  operation,  by  which  cast 
rteel  CQuM  bo  made  of  any  degree  of  bardiieM  and  tciincily,  it  poadcnca 
cconoiuical  adnuitaf^  in  Ilia  cheapness  nf  the  raw  mnlerial. 

Hut  the  production  of  cart  atcel  by  raclting  tocher  white  iron  and  puro 
bar  iron  appearol  to  bo  liable  to  an  ot^octioii  far  gma!''''  than  (bat  bunded 
upon  the  iiTipiiritr  of  the  rnw  mnlmal,  and  thiit  arotc  from  ihc  donbi  m  (0 
wltotttcr  lb*  product  of  the  fusion  would  he  iioinos""-'oi-"i  llowerer,  the 
queation  of  practicabililv  could  only  Iw  decided  by  direct  cxpcriniciiL  Such 
UEpcrioienlit  w«re  mad*  in  Ihii  yi-nr"  IP4ii  and  IW.. 

Tho  nicking  cruciblM  employed  were  of  s«ch  cnparity  that  from  thirty  la 
thirty-firo  pounds  could  be  mcIttrJ  at  a  time.  Tli«  nii'lleu  metal  wtis  nit  unial 
run  oCf  into  caal-iran  nionlds.  Thw  follow  ing  is  a  brief  Rtiilcmenl  of  lh« 
nuuIlM  obtained  in  a  (crrat  number  of  melting  and  the  Riib«.-qucnt  ti'eatmcnt 
of  tho  cast  steel : — 

1.  In  the  seledion  of  the  pl^  Eron.  it  i*  of  eront  iinport-inco  to  employ  mich 
U  prMCiits  perfect  Innii^nnr  Htfticlrn'c,  and  not  such  ni:  in  partly  tibroua  or 
COmpacL  Tho  u»c  of  lamellnr  iron  it  neceraary,  and  not  only  in  order  that 
IhD  per  centan  of  carbon  in  Ibu  charge  may  lie  f&lculalcd  wltli  .iccuracy, 
wliioli  cannot  bo  done  with  tlbroua  nr  compact  iron,  in  whieh  Ihc  per  ccntajN 
■if  carbon  raries  jtrcally,  but  likcniM  and  especiallv  becau.ta  the  Inmcllar  iron 
exercian  the  grealcHt  nulvmt  action  upon  lh«  Imr  truTi,  i<o  llint  even  a 
(oaipAmiiicly  iiiiirh  lar:;>'r  i-|iifliiiitv  of  tbcw  kinds  ia  hut  an  imperfect 
uiWtitiilo  r>>r  the  Unicllnr  iron.  (?on.'cqiitnliy.  gotd  ca»t  Klecl  cannot  be 
prodnred  in  thin  wnv  without  lanicllar  pi^  iron. 

3,  The  eitn^iJiify  liinb  li'injirratnrc  which  bar  iron  rri^uircs  for  dwlion 
ttppcarrd  to  ni&dcr  it  neecsmry  that  it  should  be  added  lo  the  eharjce  in  amyi 


9«lt 


Iron  and  Zine. 


&wn)eiH».    On  Ihw  awouul  tbe  Ami  ruHiuDii  were  maJu  with  bar  Irao.  vUAJ 
haa  been  rolI«d  luU>  modvntely  tkick  bIiccU.  Kod  Lheii  cut  into  jiiooM.    IIaw>f 
eror.  It  w&b  cub«>qii«iilli'  uccrulncd,  thnt  tlie  enliitinn  of  the  bar  iron  in  I 
llijuld  piff  iron  tAKM  place  n-ithoul,  an/  difllc.tilij,  and  that  tlio  pradwt  I 
equally  good  wlicn  tliitk  pivcw  wv  uswl,  no  that  fiimlly  iiuisscs  or  »  cubic  if 
in  <liuU'Ui)i»ii  *rwv  vuiploywL     B<r  tliia  luuaiM  tliu  cxp«iiM  or  ciitiing  tfao  I 
Iron  is  obviated ;  at  tho  Hin«  timo  the  iron  is  l«a  oiddiMi^  and  low  nMm  I 
taken  up  in  tbo  crudblo  (ban  when  it  u  in  email  fragmnnU, 

3.  [n  ordur  to  ptoducu  4  bontogvneouB  cut  stMl,  tbo  biriioat 
lompentiuro  ia  aeamaij  tot  the  ftieloo.    ConBoqmntly  wy  inlhoble  a 
wtuofa  are  not  liable  tu  crack,  arc  ■  much  p^rvatcr  tlodderatum  in  tlw  pr 
tioa  gf  c«at  »loc4  Irotu  pig  and  biir  truu,  [ban  even  in  tlie  melting  of  i 
lUelt    Of  eoureo  the  greater  (he  number  of  qiultinga  which  can  bo  made 
one  cmdblc,  tbo  greater  ia  the  economical  adrantage  guned. 

4.  The  luelted  iui-U1  must  be  run  olT  into  the  caxt  iron  moulds  as  nf\i 
aa  ))08&ibl4,  in  order  that  llie  wholu  uul><ii  uiuj  cool  unlforuil^.     At  the  H 
tiaio  care  muii>t  be  taken  that  nonn  of  the  alag  is  bUow*<I  to  pafit  £raiB  i 
crucible  into  the  moulds,  for  there  in  not  time  lor  tho  alog  to  sqwivte  f 
tbo  metal ;  it  solidifies  in  thu  luidiit  of  the  ateel,  and  rcndera  the  cat 
defocliTe,  and  causes  tho  bur  to  nmd  In  rolling,    Tbis  may  be  most  oiItobd 
oualy  obrialcd  by  taking  the  corcr  from  the  cnicibic  while  it  ii  atitl  in 
Ainuce,  and  Ekimming  off  the  alag  with  a  lBdlc-iihBpi>d  iron.    The  an 

auantlty  which  tlien  reuiaina  uay  Msilj-  >ii>  kept  back  in  the  oitlinary  w^ 
uring  the  Mating 
fi.  Tb«  east  steel,  when  allowed  to  ooOl  slowly  in  the  crudble,  loMS  i 
calu(«DC<^  and  bre&ka  down  under  tbe  bammer  or  rolterg.     The  cause  of  i  ~ 
tjfpaux  to  lie  in  tlic  formation  of  carbutvls  of  iron,  whi>:h  tin  not 
combined  with  tbii  rcdt  of  the  steel  containing  le«s  carbon. 

0.  The  «ast  bars  must,  afU-r  thi-y  have  cooled,  be  fived  from  all  wIlMrll 
granules  of  metal  by  means  uf  a  eliisel.  If  this  is  neglected,  (bo  edges  i 
(bo  bars  become  broken  in  rotllog. 

7.  In  bealiug  the  cleaned  bars  for  tbc  purprnwof  further  workiaK,  a  br 
i«d  heat  Ritist  be  employed.  This  cnniial  bo  etfecled  in  a  saliiloctaiy  manna 
before  a  blo/il,  beeauM  tlio  lempcniture  Ih  not  sufHclently  iinifurm,  and  i 
uniforui  hcut  is  in<liKpcnaibl}'  neecjuwry  for  the  favorable  result  of  tlie  rolling 
or  liaTiimeriiig.  This  can  only  be  clfeclcd  in  a  wcll-conntructcd  rererberKlor; 
Dunacr,  and  uuwt  S'lvanlagvouidy  in  uae  fed  wiUi  gas,  a  nliglit  cxoeas  uf  whie 
is  prcicnt. 

8.  It  is  prvf.Tablc  to  roll  the  heatod  bars  rather  than  to  hammer  1 
bat  If  IL  li:iiiiiii<T  iti  usi-(l  il  iiiiial  be  of  contidcrable  weight. 

0.  The  coft  bars  prvsentod  a  jwrfeetly  humugeneoua  appearance, 
aRer  rolling.    The  ban  went  Brst  roiled  out  square  to  a  lon((tb  of  lour  < 
and  llMin,  after  rebealing,  brought  into  the  deKtrcd  form.    They  admitted 
being  rolled  into  the  tliinnest  sliecia  without  cracking  at  tho  edgefi. 

10.  Kveo  in  making  «oft  steel,  for  wliicli  purposu  tbe  cracible  wan  eh 
with  tHi'rily-fii'u  pounds  of  Imr  iron  and  two  pounda  of  pig  iron,  a  perfect 
solution  of  the  bar  iron  was  effected  by  mc«ns  of  a  strong  heat.  Tbc  product 
waa  a  homogenroim  stei'l,  although,  oocurding  lo  ealculalioD,  it  could  not 
coulaia  woie  Uian  Ofi  per  cent,  of  rarljon.  The  beel,  harilest,  and  IMM 
taaacioits  steel  was  obtained  by  fusing  mixiiireH  in  which  the  calculated  per 
Mltts^of  carbon  waa  1^  or  I'fi.  For  this  pur|)(Me  tbc  crucilile  wasebaiged 
with  tw*nty-f»urcn-twenly-flve|>ouii(lsorbariroti,a]iiI  eight  bounds  of  pig  Iron. 

11.  Tbc  citAt  steel,  cren  that  which  I4  soft,  and  in  which  tbc  pereentafle 
of  carbon  is  only  0-0,  difTeni  ewcnliolly  from  tbe  raw  or  melted  steel,  &r«n  tbc 
dreuinatancc  that  it  cannot  be  welded  without  greet  diflieully.  Vr'itli  a  hiolier 
per  cenlago  of  carbon  il  can  only  he  welded  luider  a  coating  of  bonui.  With 
a  per  cenloge  ol  1-liS,  it  can  n«  longer  be  welded  at  all.  Although,  oa  thoono 
hMi4^  ikb  behavior  of  the  cait  steel  obtained  in  tlus  way  iodicatea  iU  f 


Iron  tmd  Zimc. 


MS 


ndljr,  still  it  is  a  defect,  oM^JodNl  vUc^  !■  likeiriM  poueased  hj  ttio  Eogliid) 
e*M  6t««t  In  It  Himrwhat )««  dogrw. 

IS.  The  cut  tied  bear*  only  tow  tnmpcriiiK  hot,  and  nrquirrji  a  Tary  high 
dcgKC  orhinlntai,  although  at  the  mat  of  lis  tcoadly.  Thu  proper  node  of 
tenperinK  it  >*tUl  rcinalnd  to  he  asecrlainol. 

IS.  The  Mottl  may  b«  used  for  making  the  fiiieHl  kinds  of  cutlery  for  fllaa 
lad  diitck.  For  all  purfioMsi  in  irhicli  it  ia  mibmiitnd  tci  Middoii  and  violent 
blam,  it  has  pronrd  dcililule  of  Ibo  nsjulsitc  tenacity.  While  very  hard,  it 
[wmiiiilfii  curuiilcrabli^  tirilllt'iivas. 

14.  Th«  Ust-mcnlionrd  chnrarttr  of  the  steel  aOWds  a  Kroiind  tar  doubting 
In  eprtainly  Bjipnrcnt  honioxe"f  i'y.  «"d  this  conjecture  is  confirmed  by  the 
fc««,  that  il»  Ifiiacity  and  cauabilily  of  being  weldtd  are  considerably  incrcasmi 
bj  nniclting,  IC  howeivr,  it  should  pror*  to  be  impoadble  to  proiiuoe  a  good 
cut  ateol  in  one  lorltinK,  llic  economica)  adraotagw  of  (his  procws  would 
poiwbly  be  attogcth«r  lost — Scimtijk  Ameriean. 


■ROH  TsaDS  or  scotlaiRi. 

KotwtthstaBdin^  the  f'xistiincc  of  1ef[|[iinnt«  causes  tOr  timulalhg  produe- 
Uou,  lb*  average  price  of  the  year  being  20m.  per  Ion  hishcr  than  the  av^raRt 
iqfaaof  theliwt  ttvc  ytora,  the  inaku  is  60,000  loiia  Iocs  tSnn  in  the  yoara  1601, 
1881,  owioB  to  the  scarcity  of  labor  and  the  raw  luattriaL 

ScoUana  possrased,  flfi^  yean  offo,  only  13  furnaces,  the  small  produc«of 
wfakli  rcalilM  10^  to  HI.  per  Ion ;  lit  furnacei  arc  now  in  bUst,  tiio  <ralu* 
oT  the  production  of  which  at  iho  price  amounts  to  the  large  aunt  of  3,S00,- 
000^  per  anuum,  about  onc^-Iinlf  of  nhii-h  is  expended  in  wogto.  Tbeie  (Ma, 
taken  in  ooitj unction  with  the  aiitiual  labtilar  uateiaant  tDn«zed  to  the  make, 
Uocks,  priccx,  tc,  will  gill'  an  idt^a  of  the  extraordinaiT  growth  oT  tlio  iron 
inde  of  Srotlaud  to  its  pn.'scni  gigantic  dlniensiuiiii,  aud  of  itH  grent  national 
importance. 

Tdiu. 
Stock  on  huiil  Slu  of  Dcccinbor,  iSit               .          ,          .     iSfifM 
Siodc  in  warvhoiiM-kecMn' and  inaken'  storwon  Uia  Slot 
Doeembcr,  IftM. 310,000 

Decrouo  ofilock  ......  SM.OOO 

Sxpurtail  tdKlgn  and  «out*l>c  from  Otngon',  Firth  of  Foctli, 

Aynbira  porta,  onO  pur  railway         ....  (tSO.OOO 

Oraaamcd  In  low  foittxIHo*  uml  milleablo  Iton  woika  her*   .  300,000 


Tcid  lUIlratlM 
IMuoidaertaM  in  (toek 


960,000 
M0,000 


Cmnpettd  niako  iu  13H. 

lUk*  In                                  Tona.  Stack  DM,  la 

1SU    .  .            .  4IS,000  19W 

1IU4     .  .  fTO.OOD  ISM 

IMT     .  .  E1^000  134T        . 

IMS    .  .  BM,D0O  1»M 

1M>    .  .            .  SM,«00  IMS        . 

IB»   .  .         .  tta,«oo  laso 

lan   .  .  T«»,ooo  lasi     . 

I8ta  .  .        .  ns,i>oa  iset     . 

ISU    .  .  710,000  l«U        . 


710,000 

t;o,ooo 

Tool 

su,ooa 

IM,Ol» 
80,000 
*B,OVO 

1110,000 
»TO,000 
S30,«00 
1M,000 


wmomcXTa  r*  nc  MAiEvrAcrCKH  or  writb  oxins  or  mC — paTmrrxD 
■T  o.  K.  TaTRi.iv,  cir  Hinnt.nEX,  SKat.Aien. 
Aeie  boproTOramtit  rotate ; 

I.  T'>  a  novel  Ibm  of  retort  uacd  in  the  proce-A  of  mibliiuation. 
S.  To  a  particular  amuizcment  of  KtMts  in  n  liicU  they  arc  placed  in  oon 

Vol.  n.— 28 


944  /rvM  an4  Zint. 

Inet,  M  thtt  tim  h«nt  ouinol  pnnt  up  bc4ir««R  Oiotii,  bvt  mnct  fint  more  i 
their  und(T,  and  ibtii  otiT  Uivir  upi^vr,  sorfaccH  Mfnre  it  pwtta  BHay  to 

S.  To  a  tnHiicd  nf  admiUitiK  jrU  of  liUam  or  vkpoir  inlo  Um  ntwu, ' 
I««ililatp  DX  illation. 

4.  !'«  certain  ineuis  of  feeding  thu  nimacM,  tn  vhidi  tli«  favl  is  heated  t 
a  chair^  |^Io  bcCjiro  it  cnl«ni  tha  furnuw. 

iHrnOTUEiRii  i»  tokatwd  waiiti:  fuuut-cis  OBTiintK  is  uiklttso. — rar- 

KSTDI  BT  W,  A  1,   l«y<7HAII<,  KSOLAItll. 

Iliia  inT«nt!oii  xeter*  to  the  lAnlii^^  or  Hlags  aii<]  oth«r  wuto  produrtt  I 
such  mRiinrr  a,<  to  prailiioc  a  h%ni  toiJt;>i  slRg,  which,  when  Ibnniid  into  cniti 
hiv  sUii'cs,  inaj'  t-t'  u|>)>licd  ila  i>usi'ui;iit  in  tv'ajn  uid  Htrci-ts,  tu»d  for  oth 
racli  I'lirpi-^.'s ;  ani]  ihc  iiiT,-:iti0ii  ixiivii^ta  \n  fiuiiiig  audi  id«^  tai  pr~  **  ~ 
siiil  lA«n  miiiojt  them  nith  (Ivucn  irlim  ncccnttry. 

■XrKOVKIIIDIT   IS   MAOIIKe   l>AW«rK<l. — rArCVTEb   hi  I1AKIBL  NOVO,   ABIH8- 

TOS,  KAM. 

The  fwMitisl  f«itiir»H  r>f  [IiU  impmvttnpiit  oiulit  io  u  novri  amnj(c 
(■riiKchnnica)  dwid-s  for  (inmini'tir'tfijrro'^iii^iraii,  nlitrebj'  it  can  btWuii^il 
inWany  dcBin.Hl4haiJi;arfonii  niiji'li  ninfvupi-dilii'ujl^'aiiil  wtlh  miicli  j:ns»I« 
repibrity  than  hj-  any  of  the  modes  <^ointnonly  pmrtibo'l  in  trip  himnii-i's  h 
Ibe  p^rjinM.  ThJK  Trsult  iii  cfll-dnt  br  iniN'mx  uf  IiiitiiniFr!!.  wlii^h  an  so  pUivi 
and  actualrj  n't  (n»tHk«  Ibu  iron  in  tirshniii'il  liolh  on  Ihv  t'-jiaridt-ii  thvli 
riiltS  tlic  upi'cr  hKRiiRi^'  bnvinf;  moticni  tiujinrti-d  ti>  it  from  a  cmnk  on  tb 
rnnin  driring  ^^laft,  nnd  thu  I"'.'  'Mc  lisiiiiiip.r!'  moving  h('riitontill_v,  ta  i 
Io  dlriku  lli>'  t<id<-h  nf  tlip  piDtv  In  lin  forgrd. 

^irtim.— ■'  Wh«l  I  elnim  \*  :■ — IsL  A  mnchinc  for  lianimcrinit  imn,  »(rj 
haHnft  (be  distinguikbirij;  fniuivi  liciv'm  nbovecnmni'istod,  vii.,  a  huntnorl 
faring  llie  blow  ajioii  (lii-  uppiT  niirlii'.i'  of  tht  iioti,  acling  in  itic^uiiition  villi  i 
tii«  Ijjininieni  whk'li  t>iiiiiilliuiraii>1y  virikii  tlii^eldrsof  Ihelrwi,  eubebnlisllfU 
above  BTt  forth  1  and  I  ftirlhcr  cljini,  in  n  ronchiiiii  Tor  hamnK-rina  inio,  IheJ 
tus  of  tliMC  tw'>  Hide  haniuitTB  upcrnti'^f;  ta  apvciliui,  irhethrriued  iii  coniKC- 1 
tion  u-itb  itto  uiipir  hninintir  »r  iiithmil  it.  £d,  I  claim  fo  »mLn<pnf,  tlioj 
rrialivv  poolti-'in  of  the  fiili'm  of  the  hammd  licnina,  and  the  end*  of  thi:  eon-  ( 
ncfctin);  rods  nlluchcd  to  laid  beaiun,  niid  to  (ho  <TanI(  ifaalt  and  swri  ftmnj 
which  they  dciivr  (ht-ir  motion,  m  W  liring  llio  nid  fiilors  and  rniinc'liiig  rodl'1 
in  ararly  a  b(rai):ht  line  at  l)ie  time  nf  ft'viiK  the  blovr  far  the  imryoMi  abort  ] 
^odAra.  ihi-  oppaMlecndsof  ilic  i.-urLiie>:iins  rod*.  jui.t  b<dor«  giTine  the  blo^J 
mavins  in  oiipmitf  diivlloniif  80  ns  Io  )!>*o  *  rapid  niid  ixivcrM  Itloir.  8>LJ 
I  cUiiTi  causiiiK  lhi>  nnvil  to  descend  Tram  the  iron  jo.'il  hc^fore  the  blow  of  [ 
thn  Mde  hammipi,  nnd  to  Mfcnd  jtwt  befoiv  the  blow  of  th*  upper  haintiMr,  bj  I 
mean!'  uf  a  rod  uIUicIuhI  al  one  inid  Io  Iliu  onder  Hid?  of  tht<  iippi-r  hamntr  J 
txttiM.  Hiid  al  th**  Dihi-r  rnd  In  a  iDtinji  bitii,  which  uinbracts  lii«  anvil,  gubatui-  ] 
tially  as  abofC  den-lnbed.'' 

THf.  I\i0»l  IHOS  «i*P»!rr. 

The  alliovm  of  Ilii~  Coiiij<iny  »n>~I>^nnanl  Hunt.  PrHidnit ;  J.  T.  Hanii^ 
8t«reUi7;  J.  W.  Siniih,  Tnawinwr;  J.  W.  Smith.  J.  A.  Warner,  Ltonard  , 
Uiint.  Jnwpli  T.  Ilnrriis  and  Bdn-anl  K.  IK-Ltnccy,  Tnuteest. 

Tlieir  properly,  eunfutlr)^  br  iht  t'iidier  Tc\n  of  co«n(«-graiitc(I  blkdc  on^  ' 
)•  looalcd  about  fuur  iiiilrH  O'^jiii  \jtVc  Champbin.  forty  uiilus  oortb  uf  Wliitt- 
M^anct  »boQt  one  ht>iiilr.4  nitU%  fWrni  AlLiany.     Thu  «r«  iaoHiTcyvil  over  %{ 
[>Iank-ma<.l  to  Poit  Ilmry,  dihtant  ahoul  bur  tiitlBt,  ttven  wlicnoe  it  mi 
dli^ipeilwuiy  partnrihe  Unitod  9ut««. 


^«H  ami  Xine.  '^ 


tM 


I 


Tli«or«  bisincdand  ddiTcrcU  nt  I^rC  Uenr^  «l  r  ooct  notucMdin|[f  1^0 
Mr  (mi.  Tlw  pvicM  ot  tba  ordintiT  ont  of  IhU  county,  dvlivernl  on  the 
L«ic  shore  for  IranEporlitMn,  r«»^  from  fUt)  (ft  ttHO  p«r  On.  It  Ifi  ll> 
DMItmptttioD  to  Ci4a^luib  fargc*  in  Krv  York  for  the  manufacture,  frnm  thm 
cm,  of  right  tons  of  1>Ioobi  iron  pur  ila}|,  at  n  coit  whioli  intl  not  vxtxrd  $iO 
too.    The  prlc«  of  good  bloom  iron,  froiu  Uit<  onliiwry  ena  of  tliis 

Rtrj',  ruign  fifom  fJO  to  t^SS  per  ton. 

Of  (he  charactcriitiot  of  the  nr^  foiinil  on  thi^  propcrtj  of  IhU  Companjr, 
Profeiwor  Rromons  thus  nptdbi.  in  his  Gcoioglnti  Rt^nrt  of  tlie  Stete  of  New 
ToA:— 

ClicmicaUy e^nsittertil,  the orv  in"  iniitiiroorthejirotoxicU-  »ik1  Daoxidt. 
in  thi-  pmporlton  of  one  nloin  of  thi"  fi'miir  lo  I  wo  of  the  l»tl)T ;  It  Ix.  oooM- 
qaent)/,  le<«  itujioiwil  to  past  to  m  stale  of  prroiidalion  than  tfny  other  ore  of 
tilt*  oountv.  It  preMnti  a  high  degriH^  of  iiiiiCmnitjr  in  (i-Tlure,  in  mode  of 
watkinji.  anil  In  the  i]iialil7  of  th«  ivxultlni:  nwtal-^  hli^lily  EinfMrUtit  bet 
A  large  prnportioa  of  Ihr  rein  h  Mliiatcd  above  the  wUen  of  the  I.ake.  and 
iiniJn  i-ircvuiKlanueB  an  fuvurahlu  tee  drainage  aa  can  b«  lieaiml ;  w>  that  water 
will  form  ni>  nhnaclo  to  unnliix  nr  qittfi^'lng  Uia  oni.  In  nonaui^tiiij:  the  ore 
lo  the  lake,  the  tutiufc  Ih  iiurh,  that  a  gradual  dcMoeat  in  ohiained.  Tlie  err, 
*^M,  XkU'S  uniDixFd  nilh  rvolt,  no  labor  i.t  IunI  iti  reoiortii^  uiirlblcH  aluna. 
The  oiv  III.!)!'.;  li.i-ik'  in  eharaclw,  or  iiadiratly  iik-parst«il  livW  lajrtmt,  maaaM 
•n>  reaiHij-  dvUrht'd  br  aid  of  the  bar  alnne^ 

Ttiat  no  injuriuui  Kub).taTioc  exiits  in  tlie  cuara»-Eraia^l  liluck  uiv,  in  full; 
ihown  bv  tliv  <|ijii1ilj'  'if  t)i>!  In»n  pro'tuemi  front  it.  Tbia  lit  riiilvnce  of  (ho 
bcrtlLiniianii  DUpen^'diA  thi'  neriistity  of  making  any  further  rcrnarica  on  tU» 
point  Tile  Tein  i.t  ukrc?  tliau  TOD  feet  wide ;  and  hy  ni-^Kur^DienL,  on  a  Kne 
rannini;  riuarlj'  ni)rlh  atiJ  iMiith  in  the  dlivetiun  of  iu  ntriktv  It  U  fouii'l  to  vi- 
ttod  3.1  frS  fitct,  f\irnii4iirij  mucnal  for  the  manubcltir*  of  iron  for  ccotutriM 
tococnc. 

Expentoice  c«tiibliahe«  the  fact,  in  rdatlon  lo  the  nuKnctio  oxidtv  that  ere 

,  whifli  thp  i-loitey  ninH-:T  li.tj*  ln'cii  (H'parali^il,  [irodticv*  iron  pc>-8e*Mcil  of 

tnl  ]>rvpi:i'tii'>i  iVoiii  that  irliit:)!  has  been  ■iio'k-  from  the  unmuthed  or  (in- 

ttrd  ore.     An  Itu-lBnce  ot  thi*  kind  u  furDiiihi.-<l  in  the  iron  fomicrix 

of  lbi>  orv.*     WIkil  fir-t  •i.'ieil,  it  irafi  wr^itjfliC  uitbixtl  »>:|araiion. 

tlron  then  rnait«  was  rvmarknble  for  itji  linrdnc»  and  t'^nni'ity :  it,  in  laeC, 
eed  Rti'tl  of  the  be»t  qiulitr ;  ami  tlic  bim  wliitli  wm  nl  thai  period 
___  and  left  in  ralber  a  damp  plJK'c.  preadrvrd  tlii-ir  jinooth  ap]4t«niDC*, 
■Mioat  aiiy  dUpotiilion  to  rust  or  oxiilnle.  This,  pciliupK,  may  be  neeountLiI 
ht  by  wppMiug  the  foRnaliun  of  aii  alloy  uf  iruii  and  KiliL-iuui.  Whetbtr  the 
explanatuMi  ii  eorrecl  or  not,  the  bti  in  iniporlAiit  and  inUiwtin^  and  Kvrtbj 
of  btiiiji;  preB«ivi."L 

Lr«ring  con^ilcrfttians  of  IhU  kind,  I  havr  only  to  rvinnrlc,  that  probaUj 
no  ore  in  thiicuutitry  hax  yimiiKe'l  iron  of  a  l-ttliT  ij'ialily  than  Ui»  rein  nmr 
WhIut  eoiuideraliuii ;  or,  p<;^h:l;'^  it  vi  oulil  lie  bnui  lo  say,  id  eapnblr  of  pro- 
(hcioiC  hette*  Iron. 

!n  cooelni-Hri);  bis  i>b»»rvaliiiiii,  Pr>>f  Eniinoiia  nay*: — 
III  many  [iinluict^.  in  the  maniifni'I.iirv  of  ihit  AdirondarJi  Iron,  bar*  have 
been  rnadv  whieh  roiiUI  temper  or  b:u-dcti,  anO  which,  aiade  intn  hammeni  or 
ehUcI*,  elr.,  trrre  runiark.ilite  for  itiiir  ;ip>"ln<i'S  and  (he  ability  with  which 
tliey  wilbhliXi"!  the  »eix-ii-.(  tMiga. 

Such,  at  any  rate,  I  coneeivo  ,to  be  (he  (jtialilicx  of  Itiia  inn,  that  it  U  * 
nattttr  uf  national  iiuvorl.-int'c  that  l-ii'  opi'rali'-nn  in  it"  iiuuiulkeitm-  abould 
be  c<>nil'i«tcd  in  tlw  tH-'t  portBlblr.  wl':.  Tlu-re  are  nome  pirlli-ulnr  iiitm  (0 
•hirh  iM«  can  bu  npptii-d,  and  for  wliitb  lltcn;  ii  notlitiig  equal  lu  It  mnde  in 

*T1it> ixInhK bMii  purllnlhr^^aueJ  fur  naaHj  Iul/anqA«ry. 


346 


Quarrhi  amd  Chyi. 


UiiH  omintrf,  via. :  lAlHttin  Ib  miieli  mv,  or  IHctlon,  and  u  the  sune  timo 
gTMt  tenacitj  requirad;  ■■  flio  ftilce  of  loconotife-on^iia^  nutroad  can^  <r 
duuB  abiM  for  aUps  of  wv,  large  fpUtM,  nailw,  elo. 


QUABRIES  ASD  CUTS. 

CUV  IX  tnxDJWix. 

Tn  k  notico  of  a  Report  of  Proftwor  Dat)]«)a,  on  (lie  Oeotogr  of  TTbeon- 
an,  in  Uic  Ha4ittm  J<ni  rnol,  m  niMt  with  some  tocU  n-lfttlTv  to  tho  cbj  btdt 
of  th4t  RUtc  :— 

P«rhapii  the  most  intcrutinK  dcpcwil,  gHilogictJIy  conitidvred,  and  wfaicli. 
M  yet,  likH  btfciL  but  litllv  stutlit^d,  tit  th«  einy.  It  allaiiiH  iU  luaiimiini 
ihicKDom  tn  the  *oulh-»re«lerii  portion  of  tho  mslriet,  where  it  anmincs  the 
fbnHofpipn'clnr,  prffioniing  wrcml  tliiitinct  beds.  Tbcineluded  (bnol*,  irluob 
are  ntlua  fuiiiid  in  great  ttbunilanw,  proves  this  lo  be  of  frwh  mUr  ortgta- 
ltd*.  Itie  f46>>i1s  uf  ;;ri>uteKt  in(»r(-st.  pi'(-al!ar  to  this  deporit,  U«  the  gfic^^tk 
bancs  which  h.-ivo  aCHoviral  plareH  been  found  imbedded  in  it  Tbo«e  found 
at  i'aii'plttj'  bcbngwl  to  an  cltipbant  and  martodon,  and  iimilaroneawwe  dng 
up  at  Potoiii,  Thi'  retimiiis  of  an  «lcphant  have  also  been  diecovotw)  tX  Sex- 
tODvinp,  Richland  county.  Their  diiwavcriei)  prove  that  in  a)[Mimrae«URiniUy 
ranote  111'?  elephant  and  ino^todaii  roatiied  over  Wiseonidn,  and  found  bvufile 
phccK  of  ivfri--!hinciil  and  rr'posn  on  our  hlllg  and  T»Iloy»,  and  erwi  upon  the 
tata  of  our  populous  towtiR.  T!if  aniiquiiy  of  their  era  may  be  imagined 
when,  to  ouou-  the  language  uf  ilie  iE«jK>rt,  "  llie  Inkc*  and  nTcn  ^m  vliivb 
th<j  dnnb  aro  novr  dry ;  and  Ibe  foretU  amid  nliich  they  wandered,  and  UpOB 
wluM  laxuriant  vegotttion  their  colofBal  fonns  were  fed,  have  dUapp«md 
forever." 

The  clay  teomH  to  have  been  formed  by  the  deeompooition  of  Ibo  rodl 
whose  place  it  oocupleji.  Il4  peculiar  cbaraclerlBlic  is  Its  (Vosh  water  erlgfa ; 
and  renders  it  ijnitv'  >'>'rtJiin  that  a  lake  once  covered  a  large  portiin  of  the  A»- 
triot,  whiMie  bottom  was  two  or  three  huiidn-d  feet  higher  than  Ihc  preMCit 
lorel  of  the  HinaiMippi,  Theri.'  in  no  "  drift,"  properljr — lliat  I*,  tand,  gnvel, 
bowldem,  ot^. — In  any  part  of  tho  district ;  nor  any  evidence  of  diluvial  action, 
so  manifest  over  a  Urge  portion  of  tho  ntnle.  Had  sueb  depontioiia  eovtred 
llie  mining  country,  llii'  iliseov'iTy  of  mineral  hnd.  possibly,  never  been  made. 
It  ii^  indeed,  prohabin,  that  at  the  drift  pi-riod  thenitnin)[rc)[ion  waaancxtcn- 
■ivc  iiland,  upon  n-hoic  iburm  impinging  iceberg  dtvpped  their  loads  of 
igBMUa  debrii^  Judging  from  the  prtscnt  appearance  of  that  deposit  along  it* 
caatam  margin. 

tiXVX   HAHtlLE!. 
Ih  IM  Edit^  t^  Ihr  Mining  Magatine:— 

A  slnriilar  quanr  of  rarr  mnrblc  )ia«  recently  been  opened,  on  the  ahorea 
of  Lake  Champlain,  thai  deserves  iniieh  attention,  not  only  from  Its  grttt 
beauty  when  polished,  which  tci'es  it  an  intrinsic  vahie  in  the  fitbricatioa  of 
ohoico  marble,  Hreplacps,  msp*,  etc.,  but  alwi  in  a  acientifie  point  of  view, 
atWng  fro[ii  the  precunei-  in  Ibis  laurblii  of  the  remains  uf  the  coral  insect  fn 
the  fbrni  of  di^acjipd  pinoi'ii  of  coral,  Khowinj;  In  the  ^eoloe'^  11"^  *''*  tiake 
Champlain  dUtnct  wa«  nt  some  former  period  tho  bed  of  an  ocean  of  aall 
water. 

The  qiiarrj-  rifurreil  to,  is  situateil  is  Che  town  of  Ch**y.  ClioWn  county, 
New  York,  about  four  milts  dislant  Utoib  the  lake,  and  ix  known  aa"Stou^- 


QuorrUt  anJ  Cia^.  S47 

Tbc  li>ulitv  v>ii«xamiM!i]  in  Janr,  I&&0,  b,v  Ur.  flcnry  Wnts. 
lit  C«r«Uinr  iftirbU,  u  it  ja  coiapoacd  of  innamenUc  IrnsnicDtK 
of  fbad  cncriniUit,  coral  romiMJon  mhL  o(h«r  nwjina  ahellB.  It  I&ys.  gunenlW, 
about  four  Km!  below  ttio  Rurfkcc,  uid  ckn  be  ijiuurrieil  Bevm  th«  *tnu  in  bio«s 
at  any  cIm  dwinbtu.  The  inarbla  Iim  bcon  mid  to  a  nunibor  of  manufiietn- 
nn  in  Ibo  city  ot  M* it  York.  Tli«  color,  when  polished,  b  a  enylsb  moaaic, 
mottled  with  nd  of  tbc  coral  k  in  vonhv  of  mnark,  that  th*  workara  m 
marbU  who  have  uaed  it  are  unanimou*  in  the  upiniuti  that  it  ia  the  bcrt  eol- 
«(«d  marble  to  work  ever  introduoiH)  into  tlici  Nvw  York  tuarket. 

Tha  cbciuicoJ  uotnpotdtion  of  this  nULrblo  in  u  followe,  Jn  100  pllta: — 

CnhmaXK^  Vitnr »a.U 

Cwiboiui*  of  munMia         .....  l.tG 

SUitm 1.H 

PcTOitlde  of  tfon        ......  LOT 

One  block,  on  exhibition  et  the  CrrElal  Palan-,  elicited  from  th«  Journal 
ff  Ciimswnw  tlie  following  n:iimrk\' uiiOvr  dalv  of  thit  Uth  of  November 

"  In  luatemiK  for  buildini;  and  oroatn«ataJ  rocks,  tlic  resource  of  this 
country  an-  lianlty  ixi  well  illuBtratn]  %a  ![i  our  public  nlm-l^  ind  it  Bcenm  un- 
neCMsar7  to  njcapltulalc  tiw.  li«  of  faniilinr  obj^cl*.  A  new  txpirsnit  for  pub- 
tie  bTCT  appcnnt  in  tcxae  vcrv  pretty  rvdJiih- brown,  spotted  marble,  boat  tbo 
(own  of  Cliaxy,  uii  Like  t-'linuiplain.  It  is  coinpowd  of  iuiiuuicn^le  fras- 
meiUs  of  fossil  cncrlnitrji.  and  rvMinblcc  in  its  uppfturanoe  the  Tarlvimtod  invtw 
of  Lodipori  The  Iwnlity  ui  about  four  miles  dixtunt  from  the  t^ako  nhorc ; 
and  k  has  b<Mrn  cuniidcrcd  an  viiEirvlj'  new  UiiKOTory,  both  in  au  vt.'uiioiiiicaI 
and  ^logical  poiiU  of  licw.  W«will  stMt,  from  a  personal  InHpcclioD, 
Ihkt  it  appear*  to  mi  upon  the  Htratum  commoDly  oiled  or  known  ax  the 
hooidal  layonivf  tli«  ralciferous  miitl'rock,  uid  is  referred  to  in  Prof.  Kmniunii' 

,  ftoallUporl,  ptgcSlO." 

In  tbc  late  award  of  piiieK,  liv  the  committcea  on  the  Crystal  Palace  Rxhl- 
Utloo,  il  apDcam  that  itic  exhibitor  of  Uii«  marble,  Mr.  A.  L\  Stoughtoo, 

,  Ttcdnd  a  ulvcr  ruvdal.  ji.  a.  b. 


Titi:  ii.iitaLi:  ttcAHUira  or  iiuTLasd),  vt. 
TlicseqiurriMofmu'ble  were  mentioned  on  pagefi].  Vol,  I.  Weaowpnieot 
lome  additional  facta  r«1ultve  to  t)ic  nuoitivr  of  mvn  t'oiptoyed.  the  prodoM 
obtafakft^  and  the  cipenacs  of  their  oprralion,  far  which  we  arc  indebted  10  tb« 
JTrnt  Ym-i  Traung;— 

West  nf  the  nrrnn  Mountalna  and  within  the  itatc  of  Virmont,  there  arc 
at  thii  time  rLunicrouH  irointianiea  nnd  individuala  utlvaljr  engBKi*d  in  mining 
nkarble.  from  aii  extensive  dvposil,  ivliich  underllea  the  mountain  and  aliows 
ilMlf  about  four  miles  from  its  western  banc,  mQ<lly  in  the  mllcy  of  Otter 
f^vctc.  The  rauci  exteniiitc  and  syKlematieally  worked  ijuarrriw  are  in  the 
I  part  of  lEiitUiid,  thw  ihirv  Wi:  of  Bii'tUnd  ■■oiinty.  T]n<  ninrlilc  of 
ceiion  hat  proTnd  of  better  tjuality  than  any  oihcr  Ameriiran  marblp, 
oiighout  the  whole  mrific  i^i  <Ippu»ited  in  strntn  uf  from  cightec!ii  inohta 
kl  Cwt  in  IhickoMa,  with  a  dip  to  lh»  vhM  of  nbiiiit  forty-tlv»  (li-jip-eee, 
J-OveHaid  by  an  iinnirntv  liody  nf  limrtfolic.  Thfi  whole  thickneM  of 
vtiite  marble  lyinR  tojrcthcr  in  ttie  inini-j  which  art'  no*  worked  in  about 
.  Iliirljy  feet,  rvHliitg  upon  a  bcly  of  mixed  llincHtoite  and  ciitirt'd  inarbU'>i.  which 
to  aspcaranev  ie  of  itrcal  tbickncM,  cllcndinR  nmny  (va  Imnc.ith  ibe  white 
marble,  and  i-onitng  V>  the  aarface  In  many  place*.  Thete  mixed  marbltti  arc 
quarried  exltnstvvlT.  nnd  in  crtat  demand  for  biilKhui;  purpor>i;s. 

The  cltt*'"  of  ibc  l»yfr4.  In  Iha  deposit  of  white  loarble,  eomc  to  ihc  aitt^ 
lace  on  the  slope  of  a  tmall  elevation,  which  iiks  ruliicr  abruptly,  faring  the 
irt«t,  and  exletidtng  north  and  aouth  about  ihree-fourthn  of  a  mile.     At  the 


34B 


Qiurrinand  Cla^t. 


I  of  tliw  bill  coOKOOiMcii  kn  oxtctuiTo  Kwamp,  vluoh  it  daw  uniJs  .. 
piocMt  of  improvement,  uid,  vlien  dciucd  and  ililchvd,  iiMkuiK  1>mj>  a 
ntnoslfcrtililv  luitl  iirododiTciMss.  Acrou  tb«<«wiiinp  b  now  run  Ibe  maia  lin 
of  Uio  RiiHana  mmI  Wanhinjcton  ICiSlroad,  and  ^wkeMineding  branoli  Uodin 
to  all  tho  diSbmit  ninoa  looitcd  upon  thU  nnc^  Ihm  gi*ln);  Hw  owntn  < 
tluM  UMMO  great  fiiciliHiA  for  tlie  aliipoicril  of  their  pimluclft  to  all  pwta  «M 
Um  oountrjr.  The  czunt  of  Ihca*  produnU  can  omI}-  be  known  br  a  tMaBMl 
itatonient  of  fiiots  and  Ktetivtica  ooniteetad  with  the  maiblu  Iiuudom  wkleb  k| 
htfo  carried  ook. 

W«  win  eouinenco  at  (bo  toulh  mine  upon  this  iJciiMit,  in  tho  town  i 
Rutlariil.  whioh  i*  nboiil  tm  cxtcn«vftlj  varkcd  at  nny ;  prodacins  annua' 
fiftr  tlioutand  cubic  feet  of  excellent  marbb,  «l)nut  tlim  ihuuMuad  (tct 
wluoh  in  lavii  into  two-incli  ttlabii,  urudut-ing  one  hundred  nod  flAy  tfaoam 
auperficlat  fwt,  whicli  ih  rtiadllj  solti  nX  prii^cs  v.iryiiiK  frcnn  thirty-foor  to  fillf 
6tB  tmtg  per  foot.     The  remaindur,  or  t<vo  tbatusod  cubic  fetl,  Hnda  U_ 
IMi1[«t  in  blockH,  or  is  tattn  intu  i)iap(.>  for  moiiuin^nls.  or  cither  VicaTj  "^"^l 
sdKnii;  M  from  two  dnnnn  M  four  di)llar*i  and  tlfiy  ceiili  per  cabin  IHoL    Thiftj 
mine  hus  been  in  pTOdiiclivc  opt  rati  i-ii  for  nbout  ^ix  yean ;  atcftdilj  ittcr 
in  ilj  prcxtuctirtnL-iu  nud  in  tbi'  <|UiiIity  ut'  niiirblu  produced. 

TtiB  pTXiprietors  nf  tlil*  niiiio  un-  Mi-semi,  Slifldnn.  Morjtftn,  and  SlaMn,  i 
hare  now  in  uin-CKifiil  operation  an  exi^nsirr  mill  for  sitvinK  marble,  ritia 
within  lifty  feet  of  the  muulb  of  their  mine,  conlainiiig  tTmty  Bang* 
Stmi,  h'^Hi'k'H  w)iiu-MiwA,  fur  Hiiiliiig  out  nnd  filidinK  down  monnment 
and  Oth«r  alAbs  all  driven  by  a  powerful  steam -enBine.  There  nre  eTOp 
in  the  mill  anil  upon  tbc  ynM  ibuiit  nixty  men,  in  from  ninety  wnta  to 
doDtr  per  rlay  eucli,  and  on  Ihv  yurd  in  a  ^nj;  uf  mi'n  eonHtiinlly  at  irork  I 
iag  tho  marblR  iipnn  the  can,  n'Uirh  arc  ilriv<n  up  nli:>r)|i:ii'ln  by  thr  loci 
tire  A  long  trein  of  landed  cor*  is  taken  away  nlmojt  daily  al  the  aoaaoo  i 
th«  y«ar  when  Ibo  Imdv  is  nio^I  hrhV.  The  mill  ut  tbiH  place  in  kept  runniag 
ni^t  and  day  for  «i|;ht  months  in  tl)o  year,  con^nuiing,  in  e>iiipirig  tho  marblt 
to  «cl!,  nboitt  tTTcniy  lonE  of  coni  and  one  Ihoniuind  and  tvi'o  hnndrrd  rontt  of 
wood  annually,  tugctber with  liro  tlioii.iand  and  live  UimJred  loads  of  ami, 
•lid  len  t'.'iiH  <:y{  aaws. 

The  iiiin(i  frill"  which  the  alioTo  marble  is  taken  is  now  worked nbout  on* 
hundred  fei^t  b^'low  thn  KUrfncR  of  the  rock,  the  main  drift  being  about  OM 
buadrcd  and  >.ixlv  feet  bnad,  and  a  hurixontat  chamber  eitending  JIAf  ftM 
fkirthcr  kou1)i,  uiaking  ibe  wliulv  length  nou'  uocuvert.'d  about  two  hunilrad 
CccL  Ttie  inrlineil  <)rlfl  hay  )<e>'n  cut  over  the  top  nf  the  inarVilc  and  under 
the  liine*1one.  leaving  the  rock,  of  which  the  hill  i«  ccmpni«d,  projcctinjt  ot«» 
at  an  an^teof  forly-live  di'ij^es,  and  presenting  an  opening  at  tho  surAce  of  but 
IW  foot  more  in'widlh  tbnn  the  tblcknen  of  llio  white  innrbl«  dopcuit,  lliut 
freeing  and  laying  bare  a  toxt  nmuunt  of  marble,  triibont  ihn  delay,  trouhit 
and  expeniie  of  removing  llie  Hii)<crincunibeDt  nuuu.  Tlie  nuirble  ut  ninoii  lo 
the  lurfuce  by  meaiu  of  pcmerful  i-ntnes  or  dcrrickv  conoected  with  bonift- 
power  Hppliances  to  aiovr  them,  and  t!iR  u-alir  whicb  fill*iv  through  the  rooki^ 
qr  blh  into  tho  pit  from  raiiic,  iii  Ufled  and  throivn  out  by  tnennd  of  a  diatn- 
puBm,  driven  by  a  sIcam-enKine.  Tlie  iiiarbl«  in  raised  from  llic  mfaie  \» 
blocks  rtrj-iogjn  weight  from  live  to  ten  Irans.  Fn>in  the  crane*  It  ia  takcfi 
to  the  nsill,  where  it  undur^ors  the  pmeeu  or  iicinK  iiawn, 

Thix  mine  f^iveii  entployiitiiit,  btilii  summer  and  winter,  to  about  one  hmt- 
drud  iind  ten  men,  at  wnttes  varying  ftom  iii;hly  oenti  to  one  dollar  and  twen- 
ly-flve  cents  pi-rday.  Thi*  Company  pay  annually  for  lAl>or  twenty-flee  thOQ- 
Mfld  doUara,  and  nolwilhhlnn'Jiiig  the  larRe  outlay  and  thp  absorption  «f  ii*- 
nwHM  capital,  arc  now  realizing  a  hxiidn'imc  reintmention  fbr  their  formOT  ox- 
peiolilures  and  ficnwverancv.  Their  n-orko  are  carried  on  tystenulioallj  nad 
eonstantly,  and  alllioiiigli  produdn^  yearly  an  ImmciiHr^  luantll.V  of  mal^le, 
^icfa  iBOilly  finds  conBUinen>  at  the  Soulli  and  in  the  (ircnt  Wol,'  they  w«  un- 
able ftilty  to  Mpplj  the  steadily  IncroMing  demand.  I'raoi  thu  nine  isobtalmil 


I 


I 


Qmut^m  and  ffbif$- 

lb«  AttimtJlf  wWn-uteJ  Aintii'Wi  rf«1o«rv  m«ri>lc,  Kp«rliiienfi  of  wlooh  haw 
tint^f  bMit  wroo^il  aivl  plmyyl  on  r)ihi)>i'liuTi.  Tli«Bi«rti|n  U  this  mint  wai^ 
to«pfieM«noe,lbnMra  into  m  Jnclinod  piKilInn  Iit  fomo  ln1«fiifll  itiinml^n  of 
iwtnra,  kiid  baa  aono  owriEa  of  Totamic  action. 

Tho  olbw  mora  «xtcMh«  ttifaiiM,  nortli  of  the  on«  klnodr  doMribod,  art 
owned  And  Rurrird  «n  hr  Mr.  Wtn.  F,  Rarnfti,  wbo  cilmnii'iiriv]  biwincw  upon 
what  is  nowoallcri  tlii^  "oici  IcdEc,"  noiat  Vnelvv  or  thiHtcnjctTt  u'ncc.  For 
MTPntl  yetrti  Iw  Inboml  iiri'lcr  i&anv  dinilvanuga  on  aci^nuiit  of  tbp  scarcitj 
of  milk  for  ttwtng  Iho  mvU*  prodncKl,  md  trvai  oth*r  •?ir>-iim'tJincM. 
TbtTc  kre  bow  laboring  tipon  the  mioca,  rnidcr  Ibe  (wntrol  o(  Mr.  1)aTii««, 
about  two  bumlrMl  racD,  alan  arcraTvofonpcloUar  pur  dar,  produciiii;  in  lh« 
TwiouR  «faofw  in  wbich  narble  la  vara,  about  aevenlj'-ffve  ln«iiain'l  cimiR  ftirt 
amnali):.  Thci«  ia  paiil  fiir  htior  to  tbo  men  nnployml  upon  ihb  mine,  in 
CMtiPC  it  ont  and  {iitTiarinfc  it  for  ul«,  irama  thirty  tliouiUDd  ilollarii ;  tlioj-  alio 
flMaaBio  InriK  i)iMQtiti«a  of  powdM".  Mvcl.  ^oal,  iron,  anil  ollxr  Ih'mgi*. 

Tbcnt  Mc  KTvra]  oibcr  mincK  in  oprriHon  upon  this  clupanic,  iwaUcroil 
atsiiK  the  biU-iiide,  irbtf  li  aic  worked  tnorc  or  ttM  «xtcniiirdf ,  pToduciog  in  all 
•boot  lovonty  ilMiisaad  cubic  fe<rt  of  nurble.  anil  s(v4ii^  ei>|»07imnt  to  on* 
faMulrcd  intn  at  am  dollar  pM"  dny.  and  dbrtri^iuiing  U>  th*  «<vklnj(  men  of 
ihia  distrirt  a  (urthar  ininor  twcntir  tliouand  doHan  a  yur.  The  bu)in«« 
laoiw  of  ennsidcrabla  luatnitiMli?  and  {niiMrlancc,  sinre  ti^n  (liis  small  ladg*. 
of  but  Utile  marc  lltin  lialf  n  milv  in  Irniclh  ncuriy  Hic  hiiinircit  Inbonn  aro 
•■■ptoftd,  rcccirini;  nnminlli'  from  A^vrntr-Hvc  to  ciitbty  (liimsiiiid  dotlaia, 
aad  produdng  inartik'  tu  tho  vatup  of  niuaj  UiuumiiiIh  mare  Itmn  h  txptniled. 
Upon  Ibta*  daop  nnrl  *xtiin9ir«  works  labor  Is  In  constant  and  incmwloK  do 
Bind,  with  a  mrc  and  <tcai)y  incrcMK  of  ritmuncration.  Tht  men  who  arc 
•nr  tnplaT^  tlwrc  at  tliis'branch  of  indutlry  orr  inotUy  Irink.  who  liart 
tatgrtui  to  (hianoiuitry  within  Iho  la«(  fewyMir*,  and  inanyor  Ihrni  arrived 
even  llie  paat  yiar.  The  i^arac'tcr  of  the  labnr  in  titc  proilurtion  of  miubla 
M  the  moat  aevwv,  eMng  into  fall  piny  muscular  )>trcn)[th,  nclivity  and  power 
of  cndunaM. 

Tbo  boursof  labor  upon  th«w  rotneaarv  gradualfdai^cordinii;  U>  th«kngtll 
of  the  day  nt  dilTrroiit  KeamnE  of  the  yetir.  The  cni;>loycni  have  no  general 
rule  eslaliliabvd  t>y  cummun  coiiicnt  for  tin;  ii'sulalion  uf  all,  but  cauh  tin- 
ptojrtT  niali'8  rr(;ij|utloris  for  iho  eo'ornaaonl  of  nix  own  viurV.  This  is  no! 
a*  u  Rhoiiid  lie.  an  upon  ihiii  plan  tho  rcftulationn  differ  upon  tlio  larious  minca 
•oootdiii)*  to  tha  vir^-ing  nwgnanimily  of  umployvre.  Time,  liowuTer,  will 
roBnly  ihii)  n  i<  ntid  iiitrodue*  one  gvncral  tuIo  ofishor.  Bui,  nu(wilh«Uod- 
ing  lb*  u^Kl^nt  nnnt  of  rvftirm.  tho  rclalionE  now oxiKtin;; bctirern  tho  employ- 
a*  and  the  einjifoyed  ia  of  (ho  mont  (nendly  and  hanooDiou^i  kind. 


TAj.nor'a  rock-borr. 

it  Ibr  tliiii  inn^ntion  wan  made  in  a  fbrmer  number  of 

Subjoined  is  a  dci^.riptinn  of  the  invention,  uid  its 

node  or  cpcrauoit  "^-* 

The  machine  U,  in  effect,  a  huge  Berentrtn-frcl  nagcr,  iilowly  tuniine  iX 
(banleof  one  roi^lulion  per  hour,  mid  ndi-nnciiiK  at  thp  wvtne  lime,  froin  four 
10  dgjit  inehwi  prr  hour,  oemrdin^  tu  the  KoliflitT  of  the  rork  ppi'furalr.il.     Tho 
donamon  anger,  on  every  one  know;*,  i*  tillnl  witli  two  Uied  eultert,  rerticml  to 
t1a«t«itre.  «9ch  cutting  iu  n-ay  !<|iinil1y  into  (be  uooiL     The  riitttn  of  (hit  ' 
atigvr,  (V>iir  111  ninnbor,  aro  likewise  fltteti  vi-i(Iealty  lo  the  centre,  and  eiit  their  ' 
■  H|Mmlly  inlo  (be  roek,  with  the  coinbiiieii  reroliilion  nnd  ndvance  of  (ba  J 
bine.     The  unly  dillerenre  \n  in  the  eon<lructioii  uf  tliv  cuKcrx,  which  *V| 
llbrMMII^  attempi  (oevploin. 

'Tbt  priacipal  pari*  of  the  mnchine  are  a«  fbltowi :  —  A  eaTTiaice  of  maiuirm  ^ 
iron  rcntinE  on  way*,  and  ptwheil  forward  at  the  rate  above  nnnii?d,  by  ■neana' 
«(.§.  acrew,  Uuned  hf  a  abnple  conlTirance  aiinQar  to  thai  vMrh  profwla  tiii 


SCO 


Qttairia  aitd  Cbfti. 


^Moiage  of  •  uw-njIL  whuA  ix  readily  graduated  to  prtMhiM  tvy  dMlni 
^«ed.  from  two  10  t«olT«  IncliiM  par  boitr.  U|ian  tliU  Rwmito  rest*  M  lht> 
auehtnery,  cnj[ino  inclaiM,  and  Its  total  might  <if  ICO.OOO  Ibct.  »8MU  » i 
Hciuully  >t(«(l]r  banit  of  opmtbiu  to  prerwit  tho  difdttott  pwotfilibls  liwn 
t,  A  gnat  6c«-pUl«  liko  thU  of  a  latfaa,  circuhr  and  Turikal,  nMltiR  and  nfi^ 
volvinKon  a  holW  Hhaft  Ur)(«  ooough  toiuliiiil  Ihejibjr  of  a  horaoolal  bi 

elMon-blcc,  tlmueb  it*  cavity.  8.  Pour  srctors  (as  if  •  wlieul  were  dl« 
ito  ^uailmj,  ititti  (lieir  apaSM  bin;^  upon  tLc  lacp  of  tlia  plato  )d  SoeM 
po«itMn«i  o^uidiKlant,  as  to  brinjc  their  M«£uioitls  of  circunilfaKiMe  at  righl^ 
aag^  to  taeta  other,  mcctias  at  Ifac  ocntn  Sc  tho  plate.  The  liotiMulol  I 
tlaott  lueiitioiifd  comiovtA  bj  an  arm  <iith  rach  of  thwt.'  segiaooUt  Vt 
«Cim«ra,  which  moct  at  tho  cenin-  of  Ihu  pUl4^ ;  and  in  playing  back  and  I 
^maca  tadi  to  vibrato  in  a  togmant  of  a  ntrvlc  whii.-h  poiiics  throngh  half  I 
diameterof  tfa«  tUDmel.lliefourinoetingat  ili<;<;vnlrr.  4.  ThodniBnfeni 
of  each  sector  is  nroMd  with  lime  Small  ii)ici'l<i  haiin^  t««t]>,  not  nnlilm  ■ 
oular  aaw»,  mt  obliquely,  so  a»  to  ttrikn  tli«  &ce  of  th«  rock  in  tha  same  dirafr] 
tton  a*  a  ktonu-cutt«r'H  chine),  and  to  act  upon  it  in  iiulwtautiaUy  Uio  laMiJ 
tnannor,  as  tliej  oro  roUed  upon  it  back  and  forth  by  thu  vibratory  nvinginf  1 
of  tho  (ccton!.  Ear.h  cntlor  In  EUCRMSion  thu«  »tcldfly  rarvei:  away  iln  propw  J 
(bickiioNi  of  rock,  a%  it  iiwinfp  back  and  fbnh  from  llic  ccntn  to  the  circu 
(er«nc«  of  Ihc  luiuii'l,  urged  aninut  th«  rock  by  the  >low  advance  of  th«  < 
rUffc,  and  liornc^  iLrviiiid  by  iTi«  revoluiinn  of  tho  bco-plata.  The  thieki 
of  the  :>haviiif;  cnrrcd  avay  by  eofh  cutter,  Tnricx  from  one  to  two  incbr^  M>J 
corvine  tu  thu  liardntBM  uf  tlic  ri^rk. 

pAiir  diitors,  puuinjc  tmiitid  once  in  an  hour,  and  each  cntdnn  ono  and  i 
half  incbet  deep,  inakc,  of  counw,  a  proKTc**  of  sis  inchM  per  hour,  whickr 
tho  rate  now  luadu  at  Uarleiu.    It  i*  wuiTthat,  after  allowing  for  all  neoi 
iniormptionii,  the  machlM  may  bo  run  steadily  fur  tw<<nty  boiirs  out  of  l« 
foui;  niiLkiiigaprogrnuoftcnfoet  pcrday.    Sixiy  hnrsc-powcr  ofKteain,! 
englni-cTs,  and  two  in«n  to  ihovel  out  tho  broken  rock,  compnhend  the  < 
pcnsnofu'orking  the  niiichin'- at  thill  rail- ;  to  whii:li,tbo  i;i]ic<nw<>r  keeping  i  _ 
the  cutting- wheels,  is  (ho  only  additional  Item  of  iinporlaiicD  which  soi«M  ii^| 
o.-i»ary  to  be  added. 


\    KUCK    I>KU,L. 

Anthony  Praiaor,  Sault  Sle.  Marit-.  Mkh.,  ban  iuvciilcd  cvrtain  impr 
menli  in  machines  for  drilling  rock*,  on  whitli  he  has  applied  fur  a  piit«nt( 
Tli«  inreuiiun  coniiKti  in  placing  the  drill-bikr  in  a  short  ■liding  box,  harin 
one  loow  and  tliree  fiswl  Mvs :  llie  loose  tide  being  «0  arrangol  wid  opcrat<« 
by  a  crank  movement  Ihrniigh  a  pllinan.  roclting  pawl,  and  turn,  that  ils 
whole  Burfiicc  i*  cauivd  to  exert  fHclion  in  a  straiKht  lino  upon  the  drill-bar, 
whieh  is  llius  firmly  held  between  this  and  the  remaining  sidei  of  the  bos, 
and  is  elcmted  untu  ibo  tipper  end  nf  lliv  puwl,  conilnj;;  In  conlaci  with  aa  In-j 
dined  jilute.  rtleuis  llic  bar,  and  it  d-'wi-nJu  by  its  own  weittbL     Tho  T 
holding  llic  btu  Ls  sli^'hlly  tuniwl,  during  it*  upward  moveinunt,  by  an  «yo-p 
kxMcIy  inserted  In  its  Ma,  and  the  drill  ia  thus  rulatvd. 


aRTinaiL  stoSK. 

Mr.  B.  lUrrctt,  leulptor,  of  Tpswieh.  Rnfc-,  has  patoaltld  MOM  InifHraf 
m«nts  iu  the  Imlinrnl  of  natural  and  nrlilirial  stone,  and  of  artiolM  oompi 
of  pnronn  <vnii:nls  or  plaster,  for  ibu  punmsp  of  luirdi'ning  Wid  Doloring 
*amc-  The  iiiTentor  introduocs  the  liquid  indurating  siibslMco  into  an 
liausled  cliauiUrr  cunlaining  the  stone  to  be  indurated,  tho  Itnttid  sa' 
being  preiiouily  bested  tf  n  tmipLTnture  of  about  50*  or  60"  Fab.  Whg 
the  atone  re<niir™  to  be  colored,  lb.-  color  it  laid  on  with  a  bnisli,  and  alio' 
Is  dry  before  tbe  Indurating  procesK  In  commnnced.  Tho  mbctara  anploji 
by  tho  Inventor  for  hidurahng  Ktune  is  composed  of  ^y-«ix  pans,  by 


B^  Qi^rritt  attd  Ciagi.  tffj 

of  sulphur,  diBW(>*d  by  the  aid  of  itMin  or  iIt7  Iwat,  »nd  rorly-four  ports  of 
dQuta  rioeipr  or  aoolk  >ctd,  conUinin)i;  scrcntMn  parte  of  kcIi!  to  rigbt  of 
watM".  In  prepvioE  iniltukliDg  mixtiut*  to  be  applied  to  the  nxtcrioM  and 
htwiom  at  buildingM,  whether  tho  surfiwe  tc  vf  brirk,  Btmir,  cement,  or 
plwtw,  he  raiployK — Uuiture*  1.  FouTt««n  part^  b;  wci^lii.  of  stivUae,  fout- 
Icen  parta  of  iccd-lac,  one  p«]t  of  cowso  tiirpcntiDc,  nrnl  Kirty  parte  of  pyro- 
Itenvoas  spirit.  3.  Oiilta  pirchk  diuiulicd  in  coal-tar,  nsplifhn,  or  oUicr  Kiiit- 
abla  solntit,  in  Iho  proportion  of  lhr<*  p«rt*.  Ijy  weight,  of  iiuHn  pcrvhu,  an<t 
4ght  parts  of  tho  MlTcnt.  8.  One  buxhcl  of  liino«tono  or  cbalk,  Iwvlie  ^• 
maeiwater,  lir«)v()  poatnln  of  olucu,  half  asalluc  of  bccTKraund^,  and  half 
•  )t*Ilonof  Rail,  well  wxmX  togotlier.  ThfiM'SolutionH,«rIivii  1i«atiNl,are  lo  b« 
laid  on  with  a  bruKh  until  the  sur&re  will  absorb  no  niorti.  Claiim, — T\ia 
•bore  mcanit,  or  any  iihtp  luixUBoationK  thwicof,  tvt  hardciunx  and  (olorlnjt 
natiml   and   adinciAl   Mone,  and   »niclcB  oonifMMiM]  of  puroux  cc(neDt«  or 

pluttT.  

tucHuiB  roK  DMMBDCu  von. 

K.  U.  HaUicws,  u(  Troy,  N.  7.,  bat  pttanted  an  impuvraomt  in  nachiiMii 
for  ilrening  Bloiie.     nia  cUim  thus  dMcrfbM  tt : — 

What  1  cliiin  in :— Ut.  The  driving  ntiparatiM  for  driving  the  cult(?r«.  Hid 
anpantiu  bclne  formed  and  con»tniL-lcd  of  the  driving  wheel  and  friction 
*b«el,  amiij-tO  ^.tibitantiall^  as  hcre-in  ^clflcd,  in  the  muie  atlAchcd  to  the 
•lri*ing  ro-i,  by  mcnnii nf  whteh  rod  a  recir>roentinj[  motion  is  giwn  to  tho utd 
ftntnc,  irhich  eati«cii  the  dririnf;  wbvel  (o  roll  hack  and  forth,  on  and  over  tho 
lieadi  of  tht  cutter  stoAH,  thereby  rtiusinK  lli«  cutCeni  to  make  the  deUred 
cot  in  the  utiinp,  the  friction  wheel  me&nvhjle  Mtllnji  on  lh«  periphciT  of  Ilia 
drnrinit  wheel,  and  nlM  in  a  eroovc  in  the  crou'bar,  ta  before  dcscrlbrd.  I 
do  not  intend  to  conlliiv  or  limit  iriTMlf  in  llii-i  rlaim  exclusively  to  tho  dm  of 
tnv  friction  whi'tf'.  but  hold  myself  nl  liberty  to  nso  one  or  tamt.  and  to  T»ry 
the  arranKcmcnt  of  thctn,  while  Ihe  r>rinciple  of  ilrivinr  the  ciitterii  aa  bcr«iti 
dMi:HI>ed  and  shown  is  siibstantinlly  adher^  tA  iA.  lelum  the  toeklng-bajr, 
vitb  inclitieil  planea  at  each  end,  in  coiubLiialioii  with  iLd  cutter  slocka  and 
llie  roller,  or  ltn  tncehimit'itl  equivalent,  attacbcl  lo  tho  frame  of  the  diiring 
»pparatUN,  for  the  purpose  of  rolling  or  striking  on  the  inclined  p!nnr4  of  Um 
liar  an  the  drivini;  npparalun  rvachiii  lh«  end  of  itd  stroke,  >u  a*  to  rock  or  tip 
the  lar.  tben'hy  iiiiii>iTij!;  iIia  inner  edec  of  the  bar  to  catch  ot  strnke  under 
tliu  filioiddem  in  the  cutler  ttock«,  und  raise  Uicm  up  in  poirition  for  the  drlv- 
inc  wheel  to  act  upon  them  in  its  return  stroke,  suWanliallx  as  hi-rein  spe- 

dfled.  

AtttrririAi.  (ii.inrirATios!  or  LiHBnOTts. 

It  Is  soini^  ycnrs  since  U.  Kiihlmann,  of  Lille,  prnMNied  to  iircaerrc  pieces 
of  M:iil|>tnrr.  etc.,  by  iinprcgnating  thmi  n  illi  a  sninlfon  of  ailicate  of  potaah. 
This  proowt  hag  been  iiutd  on  n  icmnd  sesle  in  certain  parts  of  the  callitdnd 
Notre  llano.  Tho  arrhileci  of  thecntbriiral  n-portniis  follovs  : — 1.  That  th* 
inAttrstion  of  silica  has  preserved  Ihe  stone  from  llir  green  most  that  coicrs 
stones  in  moinl  placM.  8.  That  the  gutt<r«  and  tlagitin^  of  liniestonv  sub- 
joeted  lo  tiiis  procew  prtwnf  eurikeps  perfedly  dry,  florered  n-ith  a  silirlouB 
CTOiL  U.  That  upon  the  ttoncji  su  prepared,  dust  and  spider  webs  arc  lew 
Mtnmon  than  upon  the  bIoii«  in  ihv  onlEiiaiy  stat«.  The  rvpurt  also  states, 
that  tender  utoncs  Itave  bei'n  rcndcrvd  hard ;  ibey  haie  lost  part  of  lh«ir  po- 
rosity ;  and,  aRer  being  washefl,  they  dry  more  rapidly  tlino  Klonca  not  sibd- 
IM,  The  process  ha.-i  saccenied  ouiBplet«ly  on  all  calcareous  blooks,  wliether 
iwflsted  ur  fonuii'g  pirt  of  the  8tr«ctnrr,  new  and  old. 

It  is  nnl  vi-t  kn-iwii  how  this  pmceiM  will  net  on  mortars ;  but  if  sitc««M»- 
ful,  the  aillclfteaiion  of  an  entire  monuiiicnl  may  \>o  accomplished,  and  ilft 
mOi^ation  when  old.  Tiit>  old  exlvmir  ai\ii\i^  be  Ihiis  eavcrtd  with  a  thick 
hild  of  artificial  wilicsleof  lime,  mid  a  whole  edi lice  bo  nrolected  hy  this  meana 
^t  BtniOK[<herie  enufies  of  destruction, — SUlinum  t  AvmaL 


332 


UISCELUNIES. 


OBCHiOav  <ir  kaikt  lake,  nohtii  ahbkica. 

At  K  recont  mootins  (if  Ihc  London  Oeolugicil  Sociciy,  «  p*ptt  ma  ntiti 
by  Dr.  Itlgsb/  cm  Ok  UMlogy  of  lUIoy  1a\hi  and  tivt  r^ion  norlh  of  l^f| 
Supcrifir. 

CUIoritic  iind  crPcnKlonc  Hlatn,  midiu  Hiif)  tnifM  Al.ilr,  appeir  aact:  U>  bi' 
oucupiiti]  tht!  kko  husiii.  wilti  nil  K.  N,  tl  ntribi-,  kdiI  a  N,  N.  n'.  dtp,  at  «  " 
tagle.  Bill  siiliBi  r]u(riitly,  ■  Ti^rv  cjii«ii>>ivu  ombtiMt  of  jcrai.lu-  nod  syeol 
bu  taken  place,  to  thi  Rfcat  distiirbLiiicG  of  tlic  liUta  rockK,  tmil  pcnotrnr 
theiu  boll)  in  intcT^nlutiuiis  and  cruun'iWf.  TbnH]  intmiavc  riKrkfi  oL'uupjr 
larp;  portion  <>f  itm  lak.- ;  iiicif,!  of  (L*  wi-^lijm  nh-jw^  n*art!f  all  (he  MsWrq' 
troiilc'i  <"'  BiTo,  and  much  of  the  rnxlrrn  end.  An  t'p|icr  Siluiiiin  limMtona 
occurs  oti  tiie  noulli  shore  of  liie  tattP,  at  the  mmilh  of  ilamy  llivcr,  which 
RMiablM  ft  dimilur  litnu&tone  In  Uio  Litkc  of  llip  \Vouil>t.  Tha  rockx  of  Bain; 
I(«kc  nr«  ft  con  tin  nation  of  ihononn  th«  Miil>i.  liirtb  toyardii  th>  h— d-w*t«W 
tb«  MiMiiwippi  «nd  tlio  Kond  da  Idc  of  [jikc  Superior.  Dr.  Norreood  tonA 
the  ertnt elinm  nortli  of  IaIlu  Supi-rior,  and  mniiin";  null}'  paralK-l  Mith  iU 
fiorlu  Hliorr.  fruiu  N.  RloS.  W.,  lo  Wllip  main  itxlsof  dislo«aIii.>ii  fumldtro- 
KionJt  in  thig  pari  of  America.  Tliis  opinlim  In  ntrenglhcncd  by  Undtng  in 
llainy  Luke  and  alons  lliv  chain  uf  Ukci  (Hi  iniU*  bn^')  which  Icaii  to  lbs 
Grand  I'orlafiu  uf  Liikv  Supi.'i-iur.  tliat  Ihv  dl^i  of  all  lh«  iilratifi<-'il  rui-kn  la  al- 
uiMtinvarla)>ly  to  the  nnrtti,  irhil-i  thai  of  kindred  roaks  in  WUi'onsin  aul 
Uichisna,  muiIi  of  l^ikc  Suprrior,  i*  nrrth  cereal  coiwtanc]'  to  the  Mulh, 
thia  OTw  •rcoH  of  iiiony  ihouKiiid  mjuare  mdtw. 


4)iin>irr  akd  valui  or  quicuit-vn  RirotmiD  fbm  sju  pbaxcuoo 
Ddutm:  TMK  ri.tH  IHA3. 

l>nnR([  the  year  1(1.13,  the  loU.1  export*  of  c|uiekKi1vcr  fh>ni  S*a  PrancIaM^ 
amounua  to  16,300  flni<ly,  talucd  lirrL-  at  f  GB3,IS9,  All  this,  together  with  i 
the  Urj^'  amount  aicil  in  this  Male,  ttiii  (hi-  prndocl  <>f  tho  "  Not  Almaifeii  *] 
mino  in  Sanla  Clara.  The  following  )ih«u-ili>  whit  poinu  t)ici{<iick8llrert 
axfoned :— 


WlmkM. 

TiluB. 

BhippOd  to  Knntr  Xoni; 

s,at3 

»lsn,»r2 

N19 

xi.iva 

"           Oiiiton 

«ei 

Ti,I» 

■•            Wl.impoa 

soo 

II.SOO 

"             CnlcutlB 

M 

ijat 

"              Unitflaii 

I.1II1 

M.Vt 

X              lUullau  aud  ean  Dlat    . 

»6 

ID;«<iD 

"             «Hi>  Illat 

l,9tl 

Tt,4M 

"             TilUn 

1.810 

ee..'«io 

"             VhlpnnuHO             ,            , 

i.wr 

II.8T5 

'•              Svw  VflTk 

1,MC 

n.iw 

•*             lliiliidclphln 

1,000 

eo.000 

Toi>l*xpont          .         .         .          , 

»,«oa 

(An,iM 

AHTiriCTAi.  rnunitin'iox  oi  iiiAHom  roWDsa. 
U.  DcKpTttx  hiut  maJe  two  eoinmunioatiDnE  to  ifac  Ai!Bil6K>ia  <!«■  ^Jcneus. 
apoi)  carbon.  In  Ihcifi-  he  RlAti'i,  lliiil  pUrin^  at  oni?.  tlio  inforior  pole  of  s 
TolUlc  baU«ry,  a  i-yllmlM'  of  pum  vharcunl  |,iti  Durily  hvitic  Mcorvd  hy  pre- 
parinxil  fhimcryKlAlJitcd  nliiU:  Kitttar-cnncljl^imnnt  %M  suprrlor  poln  nliuridja  ' 
uf  flao  pinlinuin  viirc.i.  w>  aml^l^■'l  l)iat  the  charcoal  irw  in  the  red  poition  | 
of  lb«  tttctric  ari-.  and  IIk  plaimuin  in  thL>  riolvt,  tu>  found  the  carlion  ' 
lillwd  and  collected  on  tite  pktiouui  wlrva  in  »  cliaKC*d  iUt«>    In  IbeM 


puiiuMnU  the  eunvnl  ha>  bMU  oontiuued  during  •  month  in  aftiTitr.  and  the 
poirdur  coJIacUd  on  the  vinra  haa  b«eii  found  lt>  be  sul1)i;icnl)y  liara  to  pollBti 
rubid  irith  bkhc  »Didky,  uid  when  burnt  ii  ltd  no  rrviJix'.  M.  Drsprets 
ibIu  liinscir,— lU«e  1  ubtolnol  <r;>Ul«  of  carbon  which  !  cnn  sqwrate  and 
weigh,  ill  H  hich  I  can  deWnnlnit  llie  lnil«s  of  rc&«eUon  and  the  an;;1e  «f  [»>■ 
Uniation  itithoiil  dflubc)  No:  I  have  *inipl}' producci, by  tho  electric  U^ 
anil  hj  woak  vt^luii-  ciincni.i.  carbua  crpttallixcd  In  Uodt  Mtohcdronii,  in  obi* 
erlnSK  and  lr>i)«l>i>^viit  '.'L'totiuJrDnit,  in  piaiiB  alw  ■Mlorlest  and  tranducaiil, 
vbicli  poMCM  ilic  hnnlDuss  of  tbu  |>oi>'i]er  of  Aa  diamuinl,  and  which  <lln]r- 
pcar  in  oaul>ualkin  iriibaul  any  wnnbla  rraidun.  A  nimiliU'  result  has  beta 
eblaincd  ))]r  dvcumpoiing  a  inixturaof  eUorideof  cvbon  and  alcohol,  bjr  mak 
galvanic  cum-nl&.^.lMi'itivuni. 

KACOnHdJI. 

Sacolinea  i5  a  Bnuflian  term  furaniiciUKOUaMhiRt  (vntaininxRold.    Oapd.j 
it  a  Comian  Irrin,  and  mmiA  tliv  l!n!ng  strnU  of  Ibo  walls  of  Uie  lode,  ga»-  . 
rally  rainjtvt^  of  qii»rt«,  schorl,  and  hornblende,  and  more  frequently  acooin* 
panjing  tin  thnn  copper  lodtx. 


I 


AMAV    AMD   AMALTsn   Or   OKtd    AKU    KIHEKAtd. 

We  are  gmlifinl  to  notice  Itiat  the  intercut  tuken  bcre  io  the  awaj  and 
aaalr<a!i  of  otia  and  niitienlH  U  siicli  as  to  iiidiii'u  Dr.  Clia&  T.  JacksMi  tftj 
MUsUlfi  an  olHro  for  (hat  object  in  thin  city.     I>r.  .Iitrkiinii  bag  bun  too  lOQlJ 
and  loo  well  known  in  thi.i  caiiinry  and  in  Kurope  far  hii  cbaMca]  and  geiM 
logical  invc&ti^ti'ins  and  \t\gh  attainini'tila  in  Kienuc,  to  need  any  compli* 
moms  at  our  huidii.     Th*  fnct  ihnt  ^ucli  an  office  U  eelabb'stied  1i*»  unoMT' 
his  sapcnision  will  be  gratifying  to  all  inlcRKtod  in  ■gcicntiQc  or  nunlog 
puniniiii. 

AprtJCAnov  or  uAnvrxctrntat  piat  to  thk  AHts. 

Kinneroualy  anJ  extt'nMiTely  dUiribnttd  as  are  the  minnnil  product!  t^  I 
lliaaa  blandly  the  ubc  of  which  fnr^gcx  hnMCDnlrlbiikd  to  the  wants,  lb«coili-| 
fbrlii.  and  the  prngjcu  of  mnn.  thers  i*  yet  one  production  of  the  smI,  which,  i 
*lthouj;h  known  fbr  c«nturli;-i  an  a  dorn'>«(ic  fiivl.  poiw-iHU«i  ninuy  peculiar  ana'j 
tape  qualitic!^  w'lich  hnve  y^t  t"  be  fiitly  dfTi;l'>pc(i,  and  whioh,  nc  bplicvu,  st  i 
no  Twy  distant  divy,  will  lie  prcdoclire  of  mnny  new  stmrct*  of  induntiy  of  ■ 
the  ulniQtt  mine  to  matiuftcturt*  and  the  arW.     Ptal,  by  dtvlructJTe  djictill*-  I 
tion.  rield*  niimcrong  valiinMv  pn>dn.-tj\  li^hl  »nO  hciiry  oit!!^  tnr  of  a  pecil-  | 
liar  c)ianicl<^.  ardatc  of  lime,  ammonia,  pnmtlnp,  or  HtcarinB  of  the  piin«t  j 
kind,  Icavinjj  behind  »  rabiablc  Tv^uliium  of  pure  cbarcoal.     The  rhcmioal , 
emdition*  allcn'btit  on  tai-h  nf  IIitiu  pMilufLi  htv,  hawwur,  I'litrcinely  varl- 
•bir,  and  Tii3Nyn.iha»»  been  thi'  pslcnr«  laki-n  out  for  jir'Ciiliar  niodc*i  of  man- 
Ipulalion,  it  h  ttil)  an  open  question  wbcftbcr  tlic  nwti;  of  tlic  Kcrcral  guo- 
CBWM,  each  rtquirin-  txpcnilrc  mconii  of  refinement,  will  allow  them  to  b» 
rendcrtd  coininfri-lAliy  ntnnhlc. 

Am-mit  the  a<-viT«l  oomfnniefl,  which  we  have  (Vom  limr  to  time  noticct^ 
wait  ihn  (in'at  Pwt  WotkiD^  Comjiany  of  (rclnncl.     Although  the  company 
may  bave  been  cunxidvml  ilt'fiiTV't  {or  the  want  of  Hupjrort,  and  the  diHicultJ 
of  raiinii!:  Ihp  nec*r<s.'iry  esfiitn!  fnr  c.irrrinK  out  thi;  wrfl-kj*  on  n  hrfx'  scal^  ^ 
ofwralioiM  h«Te  ni^ver  been  soHppndcl.  but  bn»c  hern  carried  on  by  priral*  j 
enltrprlKC;  the  chatt'-r  reinaiiis  in  full  Pjtcc.  with  all  it*  priiiieces  inlact;  t]i*' 
company  in  ritiil  in  cJiiBlcnce.  nnd  \g  now  Mnj^df.-aiuljro'iBhtbyrini  the  public: 
tbe  proeeiw^  of  the  patcntci-i^  Me-ehhs  Iwync  A  Co.,  givatly  improved  and  j 
perfeded,  and  a  narkct  lucuped  for  any  quuntily  of  produce  for  wliich  ma- 
chinery may  be  erected  to  execute  at  iiighly  reiuuncratiii-  price-.     The  pro- 
ducts onikr  IImm  pUcnla  are  peat  coal,  peat  charcoal,  pout  l«r,  acoialf  of  luar, 


SM 


Afisrtthnia. 


and  nulphatc  of  kinnwiiiiL  in  a  eniile  ultM;  (trodncod  entircljr  hj-  niMhtnital 
Opmtioiiti ;  uiKt  allhi>u|;li  cJivininl  clun;^  oitcur,  and  afltnitiM  take  plM« 
doriDg  tiKfkc  procffiatii,  it  U  not  oan«idert«l  •  chriBkally  w<>rk{ii^  ttmtfMttj. 
In  the  nuiniifActarc  oT  pMt  «■>]  the  tnrf  in  iu  wcl  ttate  w  put  into  •  cm* 
trifugk]   uiai'biiii',  nlicii  bt  twpiA  motion,  aiid  hot  air  or  titfiini,  tt  ix  dried ;  or  I 
the  liirT  hnvinK  hwn  drlocf  in  tli«  usiul  inknner  !n  the  onen  air,  bj  which  balT ' 
its  luoiKturc  U  driven  off,  h  plitcod  in  a  mlN,  and  i^iina  to  potrdvr.     An  otid- 
leju  tmiid,  tiuvl[i|!;  iitlaubrd  lu  it  s  urrivs  of  sbelrc-i  or  Itftx.  poiaes  tiniief  Ot^j 
spoilt  of  tltcwill,  aiti]  contiitnally  rs!»o»tbo  ground  liirf  (ft  iSenivvMar^' 
trom  whvncv  ji  £tUii  into  the  top  «n«  of  k  •crips  of  ryiindcr^,  rot&tin; 
fitmiuiv  cliauiljrr  it-mliii;!:  to  a  <:hiinney.    Tliese  evlintli-ni  vo  pUced  da 
etch  in  .in  NltiTnutcly  dllTiTi^nt  ilirK'tion,  nit-1  Ifept  in  rolatloo  bf 
gtuiaa ;  nnd  at  the  pon-dcr  fillii  throuRh  from  one  to  the  «th*r,  it  Iw 
lower  one,  in  thi-  huKcst  onrt  uf  the  furiiaci-,  entirely  free  from  bygroKiotrig 
moiclnre.     In  this  hrnCod  Ktnte.  and  in  full  poswaaran  of  all  (U  bituwi 
matter,  it  pane*  to  the  preuing  oir  briek'forrains  nMchim,  lehcro 
wntu  are  «oiapnm«il  into  one,  uiid  on--  iiiBuliinv  produoiiig  GO  fuur-pound 
per  niinnle,  forming  a  tav\  pipis!  in  di^nsity  lo  i-oaJ,  iiitiri'le  frt*  fnwu  i 
lornui  no  clinker^  stands  the  bliul  superior  to  conl,  and  holds  many 
advanlagen  cv«r  lli<:  Iu(Ut  fuel  in  the  tnivttin);  uf  iron  and  other  neb 
iU  chemical  oriJfitiicntH  and  it«  bi'havior  under  fmmbuttloii,  promising  : 
«ztcniiiTc  and  important  changes  in  thos«  important  mctaltargic  opcti  ' 
Large  and  contlniu>u>i  cuntrn':t4  cun  be  iiDiiiediati:ly  enlt^^ed  into  as  noon 
Company  is  sijfflclcnlly  prtpaini  lo  carry  out  ibe  workc  on  an  adcquai 
tsnslTCMftlc. 

The  Taluable  qualitioa  of  peat  charcoal  nr  eoke  for  varioua  puqioMi^ 
filr  Kcurliint:  iron  oorcc  has  lone  been  rccognixcd  in  Uernwuiy  and  FYanM^  aiJl 
Sir  R.  Kane,  in  lii*  Indiutriiil  Et^aurrta  </"  Irtlaiut,  girts  many  ibtcreatii 
details  it  Mii-i'twfiil  rvsnttfi.    tender  the  Company's  pNltntm  tho  CMtvoal  i 
parvd  th>ni  thn  comproBiR'i  pent,  or  jioat  eonj,  forminK  a  highly  deniH>  cck* 
great  purity,  k''''"S  f't  »  powerful  lieat,  and  free  from  nil  nosious  impi  ~ 
or  alloys.     Tliev  do  not  {irofvaa  to  Heparalo  the  KWaiii  oroily  lualten  A 
lar  proiiiii'e'l,  tut  obtain  th«  <'narc  product  in  a  highly  reftoed 
containing  all  the  properties  of  irood  tnr,  with  many  itnporlBtit  oim« 
and  is  coming  into  eateiuire  use  fur  the  prnuTralion  of  tlinbiir  tiya  new  , 
cetH,lpperUin!T)gwl(']y  t9  (ho  Company ;  and  fat'thoinanuliuturvof  sntpmar. 
gaf<.  bavin;;  lu'o  and  a  half  limes  Kreattr  illnminatjng  power  than  «mI  eM     A 
flj^iter  drwriptiim  uf  rliarcoul  is  also  nianufactureil,  msily  pulnrixed  for  afri 
evltanl,  'Icodorisiniiu  and  tanilary  purposes, 

In  eortniiellon  wiUi  tfais  siibjret,  vc  haT«  to  iiolicr  a  sinjcnlar  pHkldgioildi 
eamy  at  l>ep(ford,  in  Kent,  a  dislanec  cif  only  four  miles  from  [.oDdaii,  wli; 
if  it  Uiould  prove  of  any  •.'Kent,  ii  ill  tona  a  ■pii'Htiiiii  of  uoiiHiderabJe  im, 
anco  to  the  Crtolopi-al  Sonicty,  bh  irell  a*  tu  atl  those  vho  ideiiiify  theniM)' 
with  this  truly  inltrrjtiug  rciinre.  Mr.  (iwyne  in  the  pali'ntec  of  the  [ 
anrod  Ccnlrifujral  Pump,  nliirh  cjiiwcd  so  miicli  atlvntion  in  t)w  iiriM  Kal 
bition  in  lA.Vl ;  and  hnving  rccmlly  rc>.-L-ircd  nrdcrv  for  tlie  t-nvtion  of  one 
an  eatablisbinrrit  ul  Ueptford.  about  linlT  :i  mWe  frvm  the  banks  of  the  TbatM& 
die  men.  In  commcnf^ing  in  sink  Itmngb  flrtTi  l^oniton  eluy.  i-aiiK  at  a  depth  or 
three  feet  from  surfnce  upon  a  btcl  of  ppiil,  npparvntiy  pOMi-xsitri;  mrv  ubwrae- 
leristicof  the  generality  of  piaitliog)!  in  diirrrent  parts  of  the  country.  conpoMd 
principally  (if  the  ivj;itible  tphiynvm — (he  tru*  pfst  plant.  Vttsta  a.  "" 
iiMnta  made  at  Mi-.urs.  Onryne,  Son  k  Co.'s  prcmineH,  Emex  Wliarfl  the 
ha«  ptoved  vciy  satisfactory.  Whether  lUis  should  prove  a  bcii  renUrw  , 
ohall,  or  in  a  liSBin  of  tlie  T^nilon  elay  iiB»in  eorereti  by  Ibat  dcpowil,lt^ 
rise  \o  a  iJiWKtion  of  aingnlar  import— Hoir  eaniu  a  jmrliou  of  geoloKicBl^ 
cent  alluvial  deposits  benvnlh  the  upper  stntum  of  tho  tertiary  ptriodi 


THE  ^■'^ 

MINING   MAGAZINE. 

■Dens  Aan  ooshcotcd  *t 

WILLIAM  J.  TENft'EY. 


OONTliNTS   OF   NO.   IV.,   VQL.  II. 

iRTlCLFS 

LKOTES  ON  TIIK  ii(11A>  RK«H<>X  «F  N0UT1I  ANI)  SOUTH  CARO- 
Lift  A,    Tnkrn  ilnriig;  fruiir  inouthi'  mtidciicQ>     Ma  V-~   Hj  SrviKn  P. 

].tii«.  Gc«l?eist                                   ■            .            .  -         .                        .  m 
PKOfiKKSS  oy  KNULISH  MJMSO  0PERATIUS8  DUBISli  THE 

YK.VII  Ij^    By  J.  V,  Wathoh 8t> 

m.  EXAMINATIONS  AND  KXI'WRATCONS  ON  THZ  (iOLD-BKARlNO 

BKLTSOKTHK  ATl.ANTrO  STATES KS 

IV,  T11E  LACKAWANNA  COAL  BAHIN,  ITS  GEOLOGY  AND  UIXINO 

RKSOUROK  AKulTNU  BCBAXTOX.    By  Pnor.  U«™r  ».  K«>n  »8 
V.  THE  NORTHAMPTON   DIBTRICT,    TUB  WILLISTON   MINE.    Hy 

<:.  a.  RmuaDMs,  CtTlI  md  Mining  EoftiMer                                        .  S9S 

VL  PRACTICAL  AS8.VY1N0 SH 

jmiit>'A[.  OK  inxixa  laws  anp  oiioAimAnaHS. 

OlSUlxttiou  of  till)  AtnariuBii  Mining  Coiaauaf  .  .  .  .Ml 

^'      "             •*        I<1«  R<.y.ifl                "                   «M 

■•             "         ilinno-oU                 "                    IH 

■  "            »       PhTTin                    "                  401 

<■           •'       Wellington  SUM   "                 4IH 

JliniiiK  ^tpifuliilion        ...•••••.  tM 

the  Coniiiiuu  l-avr  on  Uiulog  Lioeiuoa            ......  40S 

COXHERCtSt  .ISPECT  OP  THE  HISIXO  ISTBJUST. 

rY«<l^  MininrKlockMnrlcDt Mt 

I  ill  MtiilTiK  Muulu  ■(  tha  >'<*  Vork  KlDhangq  Board  .            .            .  4tt 

Ilmtie  !'i'":1i  MnrLi'l    ........  4|1 

onn  nt  lln.iDii  Excti«Dgo  liuird          ...            .            ,            ,           ,  4t< 

Xav  York  iStta\  DUrkM 414 

Lindoii  Mcul  Uarttt   .   , 414 

KVtLSU.  or  OOLD  VISINO  OPEa.lTI0y& 

Ovolosy  of  Gold 411 

A«Mnnc*  or  NkAv*  Onid                           41* 

)(i<lM<l*o''AxuTlntGaM 4H 

Kib«iwlibi1Hy  dfUlc  C>lifbrnln  (l«U  Ftaldi 41T 

QnaHi  V«iii*  in  (.'allfomla         ....••..  4|t 

-      mlian  Ooia  Ficldi MO 

iht  Alamndcr  (luld  FinlJ    ........  41] 

rst  Gold  r>t<l (SI 

jod  wul  Vlrtrlnia  Gold  Company  ■           .           .           ...           .           .  4M 

KnII«  Gold  Hliw   .                     , 432 

vrUaon  Oold  Ulna     .       .          .  ,       •          .          •          .          .           .  4M 

"lusrGold  Cotapiny           ........  US 

G«M  in  llw  CliU  Kli'or  ......,.,  4U 

TouRhoiiiiiK  fold           .........  4JS 

Qiwrti  Cru'liiiia  Uif  liinei        ........  4W  ' 

HBcky  Bu  Uinlng  CoinpHinr    ........  49T 

joifttKAL  OP  corru  visiso  omaiTioHS. 

1k«  Coiq>*r PtvJuol  oflS^S    ,  ,  .  .  ,  ,  ,  .431 

I«k«  8n|l«rinr  Copptt  )f  ioM    .            ...            .            .            .            .            .  41B 

Ptnbld  Minr 4M 

Porligo  Lak*  llina tM 

AUAon  UiiH 4S9 

BbiUon  liln OM 

WtbMar  »>■« «0 

UonUamk  HloB 4110 

B«nniH<»* 4M 

titUt  Uln* .          .  UO 

(P^StUUm 430 


S56 


ConltHU. 


Koroii  Stiiin       ..... 
HJ(inf>oU  Mintt .  .  .  •  • 

Kiii.'U°i>4  Mino    .  .  .  .  • 

Flint  Sl«l  RivmMJm  .  .  ... 

Bhavmiit  Ulna   ..... 
Itlitgii  Mine         . 
Kite  Stiiul  MiDB  .  .      ,     .  • 

Di>UitU»  tlw|i''^<>  U'Qb        •  •  • 

,  Enrcnan  KliiirUiaa    .... 

Muniloo  Ulna    .  ,  •  ■  . 

SUrUina 

Kinplra  Mioa      ..... 

BlnirUUM 

Kortfa-WHt  Ulo*        .... 

Saniniit  MUio     ..... 

Kortb'Wwwni  Uia*    .... 

BriMo]  Hinco,  UaiuiKtiful 

Kawouuw  FeiM  Ctipftt  *nd  Silver  €oin|iiiiij 

l'»kfluni<iii  Valley  Copp"  l."i)mpi.'i< 

&apin  Hiniug  Uompanf  of  L^kc  Supciior    . 

JOUIINAI.  OF  SII.VKK  XSU  l-Mf  BISW6  OCnuTIOM. 
I«kf  ftupfrcior  itilvtr  MlikS 
Silver  in  Callfumii  .... 
Lod  On  in  TennMMO  .... 
Ptnaonlli  Letui  JUn*  .... 
Uliunl  rroduou  of  Chill.  South  Amc(i<>*  , 
Valieaillo  fiUvsr  Mlaiag  Compnii}>  ofUlaiieo  . 

The  Aiit1ir«^la  Cd.1  Trwle  Ibr  1»U    .  ■ 

P«nii!i)(Iy»iiii.  L'-)ul-Ooinp«ny    .  •        .  ■        .  '        . 

iUiirram  Coliinry  ..... 

r.lun  rarban  Collioi-f     ..... 

Bruail  MoiiHtain  Colliirr;  ..... 

Utlwure.  Irfirkn'T^inii*,  ami  Wmtofn  R^lros^  nnd  Coil  Coiapin}' 

Sii>i)iicliar>nii  'onl  «n<l  Ir->i^  Mnmiracturitig  Compuiy 

Wiuivi  CLiiil  rit>l!l«  ol'>.'i>nl  Mining 

The  Moiitevoe  l^niipoqy  .         .  •        ,  -        .  - 

Tlie-i^nle'luuin  Utulu|{  Compuiy-        .  '       .  -       . 

Arillirni'itii  hi  TA[irtiv>tea  .... 

lU^Tipfehirr  t'ofi]  ntui  frun  (^nniffAiiy     .  , 

AtiUjrin  (if  Mnnlaiiii  nil.!  P«iiniiy[viiiii»  Coil  . 

Bonfiind  rsilor  Wnrkinc  .  ■        . 

Hu>  Cool  l-'iolib  or  AUrgitij  Cotuity,  Hai^luiil 


Enrakt  Irm  CnRiiiniijr 

Iran  Moiinuiii  iiiiil  I'llnt  ICnab, 


i«i)s  AND  asc. 


The  develnn^l  Imii  ''omp«iy 
yorait  Iron  ConipHiy     . 
Ifiiea*  ar  Iron 
Ixtn  Trwie  ofUreikt  Drllalo 
Analftiol  A»ay  of  Iron  Ur«> 
WiMonniii  Itfln  Om 
InpiavemonU  iii  HiimiuMa 
'*  in  Kiuiuglioa 

riutabic  ]Sd« 

SoeWlilu  FnniMM   .    ,  , 

'Wwhinff'n  Sitta  Commoy 
UuUo  ulU  Quarry,  Indiuii 


Uluonrj 


QPAItntES  ASD  CLATi 


ri' 


iscEij,Asrm 


m 


PUB 

Ul 

Ul 

ut 
ut 

4n 

Ol 
«M 
4U 
4tt 


4H 
Ul 

ut 

US 

ua 


us 
u« 
us 
ut 

Ul 
4M 


Ul 
Ml 

4a 

443 
441 
Ut 

«44, 
*M\ 

4tt 
«4S 


4MJ 

44*1 
iU 


*srJ 

US 

us 


I 


AapfialW  Hlnlnt  anit  Kerowne  Compwti — tflj.    M^a  Id  Dia  lal*  S'»Mlor  Cbppw, 
BBelfiii^-44&.     A  Chcniioal  Cnui>s  of  Change  in  tlio  CoiaF-o-ilion  of  Bocllit— iff. 
1h*  QalckdiTOr  MlniM  of  Aimbiftn  tOUl  <<[<ii'iti)— t^^.     PJailno— «>.    Heeoraliml 
«r  Kklitl  fruiii  Cotiall — M».     Min»r»'  Kii-oo— i;n.     A  Kew  M«(al~4Tiir    Im*] 

fimi'eTiiuiit  ill  Siarnii  1liunmnn>— 410.     Tho  (Inmi  Snll  tike — i'l.     funkAUoaJ 
I     If  Ornpliilo~(ri.     An  Artaiiait  W(ll  in  I<ow  Orli»n»— KI.  -r  ^  .• 


TfIR 


MININCt  MAGAZINE: 


MIVIKV  to 


^iiu5,  glitiiitg  C)ptrations,  ^ittdUurgn,  it.  &r. 


VOL.  IL— APUIL,  1854.— No.  IV. 


I.— NOTES  ON  TUB  GOLD  BEGTON  OP  SOBTII  ASn  SOtTH 
CAROLINA :  Tak»  t>m\a  Vova  Uimtib'  RcuuctciL— No.  a.*  Br 
SrarmtM  P.  I.tiet,  Gkolouut,' 

Txi  aome  instanoes  tbo  doomposcd  slato  baa  rcsuliod  in  a  pun 
vhito  silicioufl  sand,  frcv  fTv>tn  oil  mincnil  iinpn.><^iiition9  che- 
mically, but  occa^onnlly  holding  a  tnechnnictl  aclmixttiro  of 
Sanufar  gold;  as  if  nature  liad  totiductcd  a  ijimpic  asgay  by  J 
e  humid  procc**,  and  n-niovisd  all  tliu  readily  soluble  melal]i«l 
giibcttinoftt,  and  loft  otUy  the  gold,  fmm  iLt  BeioR  insoluble  in 
the  nipzi5tmiim  employed,  di»icniinatod  tJirougli  the  equally  re- 
iractoiy  lolex.    Tins  jjure  while  sand  extends  over  Iriti^ts  vuryins  1 
&oin  a  few  feet  m  width,  to  a  surface  of  country  of  soma  mil^j 
jn  transverec  cxtt-ut,  and  liolds  »  depth  from  a  mere  Jsurlacc  filml 
to  bciU  of  ^vcral  feet  in  thickness,  which  fro(|ue[itlY  overlie  Itio 
deep  red  fcrru^nous  soil. 

Whvrc  veins  pcrini'-ite  this  areiiacoous  9oiI,  tbcy  can  very 
rrequi*ntlv  be  distinguishpd  at  a  distanoo  by  the  iron-tinted  cha>  I 
actcr  of  their  Hiirfikov  and  the  a^jncciit  earth — the  supcrabuudnnos 
of  oxidi^  of  iron  alwaj-a  accompanying  a  vein  ever  producing, 
the  deeper  color — and  caii  frequently  bo  traced  near  at  hand  by  1 
the  outcrop  of  angular  fraginftnu  of  "  lionoy-comb"  quarlx,  whiuLj 
in  iiunieroua  instances  ]>ro[|ucc  beautiful  and  valuable  hand  spe- , 
dmens  of  native  gold,  <li!i<ieininiited  through  the  cellular  msies, 
in  immediate  juxiii|K»ition  with  the  dark-hrown  oxide  of  iron, , 
More  frequently,  however,  these  veins  eany  the  gold  dissominatedl 
in  such  minute  jwrticiesi,  tliat  lliey  aW  invtcililc  to  the  nnVcii  eye.  | 
Whoi-e  a  trap  dike,  a  a,  has  cut  through  a  gold-bearing  elata 
vein,  it  genorally  ocums  that  the  vein  on  the  Tower  side  of  the , 
dike  is  excessively  barren  of  gold,  to  the  extent  usually  of  Rome  ' 
two  or  three  feet,  ft;  but  beyond  that  point,  the  greater  accama- ' 
latjon  of  gold  ia  the  vein  produces  an  arnplo  ousel  agninut  thai 
|>Au«ity  iupxrcr  the  dike.    The  number  of  instaoocs  ia  which.] 

-..       ..  *  Continaod  from  Vol.  It.,  Ko.  t.  p.  S4.  .  ■■.  . 


358       tfoUt  on  Ikt  OoU  Reyitm  of  Kvrtk  aW  Sovttk  Carolina, 

tliis  CaoI  mnnirests  itself,  are  oT  too  frequent  ocourrcnce  to  far<. 
the  impreasioc  llial  they  may  be  merely  accidental.    Beyond, 


stnAll  iliAUiiice.  the  vein  regains  iu  usual  cliaractcr,  and  general!; 
maintains  the  averagfi  production  of  gold.     Above  tliu  point 
intersection,  nt  e,  the  vein  ia  aiwiiys  more  rich  than  in  any  oth< 
inttnedial^  porlinn.     Thiit  faet  ia  bo  indubitably  eatablislti><l,  tlv 
the  csperioiicfld  miner  is  always  aware  of  the  character  of  thft 
vein  at  such  po^ilion-s,  nnd  oaii  prt-dimte  uiwii  tlie  compnrntivo 
rcmill  of  his  labors  with  a  full  degree  of  certainty. 

The  quarlr,  veins  vury  very  mntoriatly  in  ll)<:iroon«tructi' 
not  only  in  their  diincuBiona  but  also  in  mineralogical  featni 
ITicir  extent  embracer  a  riirige  (if  width  from  a  mere  thread 
thirty  or  forty  feet.     Their  dip  is  usually  to  the  south,  ai 
assumcj!  all   angles  from  ten  or  fifteen  degrees   to  a  vertit 
noailinn.     Their  strike  is  generally  North  20°  East,  by  Soa 
20*  Went,  which  in  fact  h  characteristic  of  the  mineral  vcina 
this  section  of  cfnintrv.     The  wall  rocks  are  either  the  dcooni' 
posed  Irappean  granitie  rocks,  or  the  hornstone  slate. 

In  some  eitsi.-s  the  vein  (wtisi-slfi  of  the  pure  milk-white  (jnartE, 
holdiiie  but  little  of  the  goasan  in  the  cavities,  and  cirrying  tha 
gold  dia«!minated  in  coarse  grains  tlimugh  the  body  of  the 
quartz:  in  many  iiL-iUnees  the  gossan,  or  ferniginouii  oxide,  it 
more  abundant  than  the  quariK,  and  in  such  veins  it  is  thia 
inineral  that  \»  the  vehicle  of  the  gold.  Tlie  cavcrnooSi  cellalar, 
or  honey-comb  appearance  of  the  vein  quaitz,  is  duo  to  the  d 


IfoU*  on  tit  GM  H^iou  tfXortk  and  SauA  Ourotiiw.      SfiO ' 


I 


conipcsition  of  tlie  iron  i>yntnt  wbich  m  nbuDdantlj  intcnnixcd 
entirely  tlirough  it.  This  tlpcomjxiajlion  Li  HonieUniea  «o  com- 
pleU'  tiiiit  uot  a  trace  of  the  irun  ran  be  discovered,  and  tlie 

auartz  appears  clear,  white,  and  free  iVom  tint;  but  fwqiieiitl)- 
ic  dark  brown  oxide  parlianv  AIIb  the  eellular  cavities  with  a 
ferruginous  powder,  or  adheres  to  tiwir  widcft  in  n  stulnctltical 
fiHmatioa;  and  ooeaBionaJlv  do  trace  of  tho  pyrites  remains 
except  a  small  ([uwritily  of  native  flowers  of  isulphur.  Where 
the  iron  mjiintains  tho  peroxide  or  hematiler  character,  the  hand 
specjmcn!*  are  very  frwiucntly  singularly  iwuiitifiil ;  moru  jjiir- 
ticularly,  those  having  the  botryoidal  and  niammiUat«d  form, 
beitig  brilliaiilly  irridcsccnl,  and  delicate  in  »itnietnre. 

In  all  these  varieties,  the  gold  is  irregularly  diaseniinatod  in 
the  vein,  varying  in  value  from  five  cunts  to  ten  or  fil^ceii  dollars 
per  bushel  of  ore;  while  instancef^  tbouKh  not  ofU^n  oet^urrinjr, 
Bra  still  not  uncommon,  in  which  the  yield  hsix  been  equivalent 
to  eighty  or  ninety  dollars  to  the  bashel ;  and,  in  soniu  extraor- 
dinarily rich  section  of  the  veins,  a  sinjik'  half-bushel  of  ore  has 
afforded  tweaty-fl\'e  himdrod  dollars'  worth  of  the  •pnx-ioua 
metal. 

Tho  quartz  is  often  very  broken,  and  niifpilar  fragments  per- 
vade tho  entire  vpin,  the  appearance  resembling  that  of  quartj; 
which  has  undergone  a  suuilcn  ehungi,"  of  teni|>eniturc,  and  ex- 
jwrienced  a  jwrifts  of  fraclnren  con.iequenl  upon  the  irregularity 
of  OHittTtction  or  of  expansion. 

In  addition  to  tlic  »lul<>  and  the  riunrtj!  veins  that  have  been 
described,  the  gold  is  aleo  found  in  depoBit  beds.    TJiese  looali- 
tics  are  most  frequent  upon  ihu  banks  uf  UuUiraiichesorstTcanus 
tlie  erosive  action  of  which  having  produced  valleys  of  denada- 
tJou,  which  have  cut  through  «mie  gold  ^'eins,  the  metal,  by  itsj 
ffreat^r  specilic  gravity,  has  escaped  the  more  extended  removal  ^ 
tltat  has  falloa  to  the  deslinv  of  the  oommoti  uud  and  gravel, , 
and  luui  remained  at  tlie  depth  of  the  valley  through  all  ils) 
ebangci!.     &imc  of  the  richest  and  most  valuable  of  the  gold  j 
locations  have  Iwcn  of  tljis  character.    Over  eighty  dollars'  worth  ; 
of  gold  was  washed  from  a  quart  of  earth  talccn  from  a  small , 
dcfKV'iit  of  tliL<i  natiir«t;  and,  although  the  ravine  in  which  it 
was  found  bore  but  a  limited  extent,  the  vein  which  primarily', 
yielded  tlie  gold  ha'5  never  \yi-u  di.tcrtvcred.     It  most  probably 
was  a  small  niiw  vein,  wliich  had  been  fijlly  removed  from  its  3j 
original  position  bv  the  furtnaliou  of  tho  ravine.    The  accoia- 
jianyini;  skctcli  will  illu.'itrale  this  fact: 
I    a.  a,  Tho  original  level  of  the  surface. 

a.  h.  Being  thw  presftut  form  of  the  ravine,  produced  by  the 
erosive  action  of  a  small  watcr-eotirsc. 

c  e.  The  probable  posilioo  of  a  pipe  vein,  now  entirely  ; 
qjovcd. 
u.A.Tbc  cavity,  o^'pockc^  in  which  the  gold  was  diflcoTerei 


Hdi^:    Jfota  on  Ike  Gold  Jte^ion  o/yorA  and  Sovlh  OtrolimL 
i-a.  b,  Tbe  present  position,  vbicli  gives  gdd  by  panning. 


A  TtKKleTOte  qimniiiy  oT  gfAA  has  been  found  in  all  parts  of 
the  ravine,  from  almut  one-third  of  the  way  from  the  Kiifnniit  to 
the  low(^8t  [loint:  and  although  ut  present  tinworkcd,  it  still  con- 
i  tains  no  i«M)n«i»Ii;nil)le  omoiint  of  this  valuable  material. 

Other  deposit  beds  arc  formed  from  the  disintegrntion  of 
thn  (lunrtK  veins.  In  ihcsp  cases,  the  silit-a  is  in  n  slate  of  tha 
finwi  powder,  ao  impalpable  that  its  eharatl<?rifitic  bnn>)inc8S  or 
grit  is  searcely  disceniiblo  to  tiic  touch.  It  is  free  from  forrugl- 
,  nous  jiresMH^o,  iiml  white  as  a  hcd  of  reeent  snow.  Some  frag- 
ments of  partially  disintcRraled  quartz  arc  scattered  irrffjularty 
Ihrmgh  l.lirse  bed,"",  which  not  nrirn'tjiieiilly  arc  coven'd  with  a 
Lrioh  profusion  nf  gold,  making  it  diflienlt  to  decide  whieb  is  the 
Iter — ^ihcir  beauty,  or  their  value.  A  single  specimen,  curried 
IV  location  of  this  description,  vras  received  at  the  Mint  at 
a  valuation  of  upwards  of  five  thousand  dollara. 

Many  of  the  true  quartz  veins  appear,  upon  inv«tigaliilg 
;  their  inmoral  qualificaljons,  ut  dcptlis  var>'ing  from  sixty  to  one 
'  hundred  and  fifty  fi^et,  to  have  n  strong  an3  determined  tendencr 
to  eventuate  in  copper-bearing  veins.     Tlic  yellow  »ul]iliurrt  of 
topper,  which  l"  tin:  predominant  ore,  first  apj)pars  in  .small  do- 
Idulcs,  or  minute  threads,  at  various  distances  from  the  sarfacbX' 
[and,  as  the  cxuminntion  progrciwc*  downward,  th«  quantity  or 
rtlie  ore  increases  rapidly;  until,  erowding  out  all  other  mineral 
ttntcps,  it  becomes  the  leading  ore  of  the  vein.    Tlic  Kurfnec  rocks 
on  the  course  of  lhc*c  veins  are,  many  of  them,  indicative  of 
the  vicinity  of  copper;  one  pariicularly  so,  it  being  that  pccn* 
iliarly  tinted  ciit'w  of  fragments  known  to  the  c.>:]>crienced  miner 
[\>_f  the  common  appellaiioii  nf  "Copper  blood."     Even  where 
f'prescnce  of  eoppcr  has  not  previously  boon  msjicctod,  this 
iwe  imliculion  li.-llis  iilainly  of  il.i  e.^istene'e ;  and  it  is  question- 
[able  if  the  absonee,  of  this  trait  from  the  surfaeo  of  a  eoppcr  vein 
does  nol  in  reality  form  the  exocplioii  to  the  general  law,   Thoso 
veil!.*  which  are  productive  of  eoj>pcr,  pnssesa  some  features  pe- 
culiar t-3  themselves.     As  n  more  prevalent  rule,  tla*y  embrace 
a  stronger  chitmcter  as  regards  dimensions,  and  assume  a  nearer 
I  appro.viination  to  the  vertical  in  their  position.   Tliey  also  usually 


I 


I 


JbM  Ml  1^*  Oald  Regime  of  AVA  aiti  South  CoTolina.       »6t  - 

esrrr  a  grenter  qimntity  or  tho  brifftit  sulphurct  of  iron,  the  lode 
in  jfrequcnl  iastuucoi  tcciomrij  formed  of  thut  miucnil  suWy ; 
ftiul  wlicre  the  pyriles  of  iron  he»T  tlie  strongest  away,  the  clumge     • 
to  the  copper  pyrik-a  i»  very  oftvn  sudden  und  abn\pt,  much  .  | 
more  so  liuin  wliero  it  is  moiv  B[>.irwly  scattered.     Trkics  of  tho  _.  I 
red  oxide  of  copper  arc  prevalent  iu  many  of  the  veins,  accom-    ^ 
panicd  by  greater  q^itAiilitio«  of  lIi'-  j^-en  and  blue  carimtiates, 
and  sonw  minute  evidcocea  of  the  blaek  oxide.     From  the  gen- 
eral loalunwof  the  copper  veins,  iho  oo»vk,iion  cuiinot  but  bo 
derived  that  Uiis  portion  of  the  United  States  is  destined  lUti- 
matcU'  to  afTonI  an  miliinitod  supply  of  copper  ore  to  the  world. 

Mnnganaw  ore,  the  black  oxidi\  or  pyroiuaite  varieW,  is  very 
nbundstnt  in  :«omc  portion-t  of  tbix  rcgioD.     One  belt  ui  couotryi 
which  extends  from  Korth  OaroHna  through  the  northern  part ,  j 
of  South  Carolina  into  Georgia,  holds  large  quRtiliti<.'s  of  thii)  ,  \ 
mineral.    Some  locations  afn*rd  a  compact,  Iiuitrons  and  valuable  , 
variety,  in  ample  quantities  for  worltitig.    On  one  portion  of  this 
Tttogev  the  immediate  vicinity  of  a  t)etl  of  limestone  points  to  the 
numuacturcr  o-dcnrftblc  position  for  the  preparation  of  a  desira- 
ble coirnnercial  product ;  tuid  when  tlii,<t  section  of  the  country '  I 
]i3£  auakened  to  a  full  sense  of  the  nceexititr  of  homo  mtinu-  '  I 
fiutiin^, — when  the  iioi«e  of  tho  shuttle  and  t1ie  loom  is  heard  '  I 
throughout  the   land, — then  such   mineral    positioa'*  will    bo 'I 
eagerly  sought  alVr,  and  points  liko  the  ook  referred  to  rfiull  i  \ 
be  deemed  of  no  small  value. 

The  term  "ore,"  applied  to  gold,  is  in  reality  a  misnomer,  as 
the  gold  IK  alwavs  found  iit  a  meiulltc  or  native  8t»t>\  with  an  'i 
aociaental  or  mceuanieal  intennixture,  and  not  a  chemical  com-  fl 
btiiation,  with  the  gan^uo-stone ;  still,  custom  luw  sanctioned  ita^l 

'ication  to  gold  mming,  and  it  may  therefore  pr^»rly  ba-u 

I  iutbi.tdepartincnt  of  mining  operatioiii>  lis  a  technical  tcnn,id 
,us  Ikr  the  process  of  seftarating  iLe  gold  fn.im  tho  accompany- 1| 
ing  rock  lias  uueii  excecrhnrfy  primitive  and  simple;  the  hand-  «| 
rocker,  the  stamps,  the  Chilian  mill,  tJie  circul&r  iron  mill,  and  il 
the  araiter  mill,  though  far  from  meeting  all  tho  requisites  on' u 
the  acoro  of  ec>:>n(iniy  :iiid  time,  liavc  proved, of  mora  practical  ll 
utJUty  ihau  any  of  the  more  costly  and  complieatod  machines  J 
that  have  been  jilai'^l  u[k>u  the  milling  propertint.  It  ifl  to  bod 
hoped,  that  as  the  attention  of  practical  maohinista  has  beea  in 
turned  toward  Ihisbruneh  of  mining;,  that  iheitkill  and  ingunuity  >l 
that  has  herctoforo  been  displayed  by  thom,  and  has  been  pro-  J 
diictivfi  of  .'•ueli  proctieal  and  lieiiefieiid  results,  will,  ere  long,  lU 
develop  some  course  which  will  effcctu.illy  supersede  those  m 
means  now  in  use,  and  place  the  m(x.-hanical  part  of  ^Id  mining  ■ 
upon  an  equality  with  that  more  advanced  state  to  which  other  J 
mining  operations  have  attained.  •  J 

A  unef  deseription  of  the  simple  machinery  at  preaeot  in  a 
use  may  not  be  out  of  place  at  this  point.  4 


iV'ofn  ON  M«  OoU  Jtej»H  of  Kctlh  and  Sontk  CarohtM. 


PAMKISO. 

A  common  frying-pan,  divpstod  of  its  handle,  constitutes  tlie 

i,Bmp1r-.''t  iinil  most  t.-fTv^^tu.'iI  mikliino  for sepiirating  the  eold  npOD 

'a  small  scale,     Tlie  earth  in  which  the  {told  is  diHecminatcd,  or 

thp  ^>ok  (vnitttining  it,  which  hiL*  heen  enwhod  to  a  powder,  is 

placed  iu  thia  pan,  and  hy  i\  frce  use  of  water,  cither  in  K>mc 

riinniiifT  slrcain  vr  .-etiinditig  jiool,  the  loose  and  lighter  particles 

are  washed  away,  the  coarser  pebblea  taken  out  by  hand,  and 

bj  «  m'ciiliur  lateml  and  pralory  motion  combmed' — which 

must  be  seou  biit  cannot  well  be  described — the  heavier  parti- 

'  olw  of  gold  fall  to  the  lx>ttom  of  the  pan,  and  tlic  remaining 

Band  <ran  he  fully  reniovi:tI. 

Whfn  the  panning  is  accurately  and  carefiilly  conducted,  a 
perfect  wjiariilion  of  the  metal  from 'all  foreign  ittibstances  is  pro- 
daccd.  In  tlio  hands  of  an  experienced  operator,  no  bettor  test 
of  the  valuu  of  anyclass  of  gold  ore  can  be  required  or  obtained. 

STAMPLVO. 

When  the  work  is  conducted  ujran  a  more  extended  scalp,  a 
net  of  stamps  are  used  to  reduce  the  vein-stone  to  a  powder. 
These  wo  formed  of  iron  weights,  varying  from  tii'ty  to  one  hun* 
dred  pounds  each,  attached  to  ihc  lower  end  of  an  uprifrht  shaft 
of  wood,  which  by  a  simple  frame-work  is  retained  in  a  vertieal 
position;  some  six  or  eight  of  these  weights  lliiis  attached  are 
ranged  «dc  bv  side  and  constitute  a  set. 

From  each  of  tliese  upriglit  .'ihnfts  an  onn  projects,  which, 
coming  in  contact  with  a  similar  projeetion  upon  a  horizontal 
shaft  moved  by  maciiinery,  generally  by  water-jjowcr,  the  stamp 
is  raised  to  a  moderate  licight,  when  the  contact  of  the  two  arms 
having  oeaswl  the  stamp  fall^  and  by  its  weight  cnishc*  the 
quartz  or  other  stone  containing  the  gold.  By  the  varintinn  of 
the  position  of  the  arms  upon  the  horizontal  ahafr,  the  stamps 
are  raised  and  sufFeretl  to  fall  aUcrtiately,  preventing  the  full 
Btnun  of  their  combined  weipht  from  falling  upon  the  shaft  at 
one  time,  and  producing  a  nion?  clTecluiil  erusbing  than  if  suf- 
fered to  fall  in  unison  together. 

The  ore  to  be  stmnpod  i.t  jilaceil  in  an  iron  trough  Mrith  a 
grated  bottom,  through  which  the  fi-agraeuts  fall  when  broken 
BUfrieiently  small  by  the  KlampH^  Sometimes  the  ore  is  placed 
upon  a  platform  of  solid  stone,  ami  as  it  is  cruslied  liy  the 
stamps,  a  ktouU  atrcain  of  water  washes  the  line  particles  of  cold 
and  rock  over  an  iiiclinwl  plane,  v'lieli  is  eov(-^■d  widi  baine; 
this  retains  the  gold  ujton  its  rough  surface,  and  allows  the  dirt 
and  sand  to  paas  over  it.  When  rc'iuij^itc,  llnibriiwim  tlioroughly 
rinscil  in  a  vessel  of  water  to  remove  the  gold,  and  replacct) 
upon  the  inclined  plane  to  gain  a  new  supjily.  The  tonocr 
plan  is  designated  the  dry  stamping,  and  the  latter  the  wet 
stamping. 


I 


I 


L  A'oM  on  At  aoM  Rtsiou  «/  tforlk  and  South  Caroiitta.       363 

^B  TBK  CIKCULAB  CAST-IBOK  HILL. 

This  mill  consists  of  a  drcalur  gutter  or  trough  maiic  of  cast- 
iron,  in  tvhicU  some  three  or  fonr  solid  cast-iron  wheels  ap8  kept 
conatanily  moving  forward  by  «  revolving  vcrticail  shaft  to 
irluch  they  arc  cx>niicctcd  bv  an  arm  or  axlo  to  eacli  whdei.  In 
tills  iron  gulkr  is  j)iiicoil  thi!  quicksilver,  and  as  the  fragmonts 
of  ore  from  the  stamps  arc  thrown  into  it  ihpv  are  ground  to  fine 
powder,  thi^  gi)lil  liberated  and  «i>mlgatnat«d'  with  the  mercury ; 
the  earthy  matter  w  wa^hoil  away  by  a  stnMun  vhich  is  cauilod 
to  flow  into  tJic  trough  over  its  nm  on  one  mde,  and  foaaea  out 
of  a  bole  a  fcw  incheii  below  the  rim  on  the  opposite  extreme. 
As  the  wbouls  pass  on  in  their  oontinuod  rouno,  the  mercury  is 
Itcpt  in  n  constant  state  of  agitation,  the  gold  is  brought  into  im- 
mediate contact  with  it,  and  the  wave  of  tin;  water  keeping  the 
finer  partiolcs  of  the  crushed  and  broken  rock  suspended,  they 
ore  borne  aivay  with  the  flowing  stream. 

THK  ARASrER  HILL. 

Tliis  mill  in  different  i!i  fonn  from  the  circular  mill,  being  a 
atone  bed,  surrounded  with  a  circular  frame-work  of  stavo^ 
funning  a  large  and  shallow  tub  with  u  slonc  l>ottom.  A  rcvoW- 
iug  uprij^ht  shaft  wit]i  horizontal  arm.<i,  draga  ibrward  co».<)t£nt]y 
a  uugs  piece  of  flat  stone,  attached  to  each  arm  by  chains,  over 
tbe  etooe  bed.  The  quicksilvi-r  is  placed  in  this  shallow  tub,  a 
slieain  of  water  made  to  flow  through  the  tub,  tlio  crualicd  ore 
thrown  in,  add  by  the  weight  of  the  stones,  being  more  finely 
cniJ^d,  the  washmg  and  aiiudgamation  proceeds  as  in  tlie  oir*. 
oalar  mUl. 

THB  CniLUN  MILI,. 

Thia  i»  upon  the  same  principal  as  the  Circulsr  C-wt-iron 
Mill :  the  bed  is  formed  of  stone,  and  surrounded  with  a  box- 
work  like  the  Araatcr  Mill,  and  it  carrier  one  large  stone  wheel 
instead  of  tlie  lhn-i>  or  four  iron  ones. 

In  all  of  the  above-named  miils,  when  the  work  has  pro- 
gressed for  a  KiifTicienl  length  of  time,  the  ojM-ralions  nro  sus- 
pended, the  quicksilver  removed  and  strained  either  through 
Duckskin  or  a  closely-woven  piece  of  bedtiirking,  which  r(;tains 
the  Bnialgiim ;  tiiis  is  suKscpiently  pL^ced  in  an  iron  retort,  and 
the  mercury  diatillcd  off  from  the  gold ;  the  quicksilver  can  bo 
repeatedly  used  until  the  gradual  losssliall  prciluoo  the  neoeasity 
of  a  renewed  supply. 

Such  ari'  the  simple  apjiliancai  for  extrat^ing  the  gold  from 
the  earth  and  rock  by  which  it  is  accompanied,  and  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  hand-rocker,  a  cradle-shajied  box,  or  .lometimea 
merely  a  hollowed  log.  with  a  covering  of  Bhcct-iron  perforated 
with  holec  about  lialf  an  ii>eli  in  diameter,  upon  which  the  tartik 
or  pounded  rock  in  thrown,  and  washed  by  a  small  sticant  of 


804'      Ko4et  OH  d«  Ch^  Segion  of  North  vhJ  Smith  C«ro/ina,'. 

vater  caused  to  flow  upon  it ;  ooiitninin^  im>gu1aritie^  of  .lurtACe 
nt  the  bottom  of  ttic  box  or  log  into  whk'li  the  quicksUvn'  u 
{)1aoed,and  the  gold  ainnlgamati^il  l>y  falliiiji  llimugTi  t3io.  f >eifom- 1 
tions  into  liic  nacrcurx- — wltli  ibis  exception,  noolner  mncbioery  . 
is  in  ge"<^ra]  use,  flw!  iiui<;hi[ii.tt  Iitvn  espcmlwl  liis  ii)g(>iiuity,. 
and  tnc  inventor  bas  tbcorir^l  and  labored  thns  fur  in  v.iin;  but 
with  pnwlical  men,  Uio  bo[H;  siUl  pn'.diniiiiiuli.w,  that  the  dcvidura- 
tum  will  ultimately  be  obtained,  and  a  scries  of  raacbinory  be 
produced  ftduquatc  to  the  roonircmcnts  of  tho  coutingcnvy, 

IiL  manr  of  the  miRonil  ligations  of  tbiA  iiil^rviitinfr  fMK:ti(^ 
frequent  sfidca  arc  discurnibic ;  some  of  them  of  sufficient  pa- 
tent to  throw  tb»  veins  from  forty  to  sixty  fuet  fi'i^m  tlieir  origi- 
nal position,  and  Eomc  of  them  of  sueh  meagre  inOuencc  as  to . 
J^e  pnoduped  a  qbang«  of  l)ut  o  few  iiiehes,  or  oven  les*  than 
ll^inch.  Where  tbcsc  cbangca  have  occmrod,  and  the  rock  bas 
caWquently  iinderj^nc  that  dixoni position  before  alluded  lo, 
the  tracing  of  these  elides  is  a  matter,  in  many  eases,  of  easy 
■work — the  soft  and  friaV>lc  material  of  the  onimblinH;  r(x;k  rcn- 
d^^ring  its  removal  an  (^ration  nf  j>orfeet  fheility:  ibe  feuU  in 
these  cases  being  easily  porccptiblo  by  tbe  block  metnllie  luUro 
ever  ftoeompanying  it.  TItese  fnulU  are  neldom  in  the  line  of 
stratification ;  most  frequently  they  occur  at  an  angle  of  from 
nxtv  degrees  to  eighty  degrees  to  \\\c  \wnmn. 

Keariy  all  the  gol<l  found  in  this  auriferous  region,  bas  more 
or  less  silver  usstx-iatod  with  it.  The  quantity  of  t'lc  latter 
metal  diifera  at  various  loealioiis;  m  somo  pliicra  Uie  gold  bears 
a  value  of  only  seventy-three  cents  per  pennyweight,  while  in 
other*,  it  risea  as  liigh  iix  vw  hundred  and  two  eeiiU;  the  dif- 
ference in  value  arises  generally  fi'om  the  intermixture  of  silver. 
I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  esliiblish  the  fact,  that  ouc  terminus 
of  the  gold,  region  is  more  higlily  argentiferous  than  tbc  other, 
althou;^!  a  number  of  observations  ta^en  would  apparently  lead 
to  sudi  a  ex>nchi.iion.  It  is  to  l>e  Imped  tliat  a  connected  series 
of  examinations  will  cro  long  determine  this  important  point. 

7'lit^  geolo^i^.st  who  A'ifiti  this  region  must  not  endeavor  to 
condense  ilic  time  requisite  to  produce  the  facts  which  at  CVWT 
Ktcp  present  tb(ni*;]vfit  to  bis  oWrvaliou,  int^j  too  brief  a  penD^ . 
He  must  allow  a  long  space  of  time,  whoso  numerical  represen- 
tation ifball  count  tens  of  thoasaiidi  for  thu  yean  necessary  for 
the  protluction  of  that  sedimentary  formation  which  now  stands 
with  its  upturned  edges  beneath  tiis  feet;  a  traiisveree  section  of 
which  oosls  forty  miles  of  travel  to  follow  fntm  iU  coniraence- 
ment  to  its  termination;  and  if  a  moderate  upheaval,  or  a 
gndual  Auljoidenoe,  hiLt  changed  ilic  potition  of  this  vast  belt 
from  the  horizontal  to  the  vertical — and  lis  unbrolccn  cbaraeter 
would  )>ix'ak  loudly  in  fjivor  of  total  absence  of  violent  and  sud- 
den commotion — his  notation  must  be  extended  perchance  to 
another  like  period  of  time.       ,  ,.;  ^  ^..i,,  t:  3^ 


Xokt  (M  lU  GoU  Rtgitm  «f  North  and  SoulM  Canlina.       365 


I 


Tfoi  mnrt  thcso  eamc  fiwto  wliich  meet  hU  A-iew  he.  taken 
)^)lely  in  roganl  to  the  evideneo  they  iiow  prciWDt ;  tbc  previou* 
changes  which  have  occurred  over  the  extent  of  this  n'gion 
must  be  carcfiillv  ootistiderfrd,  Hml  th«  &ct»  before  him  taken  in 
the  Bflcondary  position  which  ihey  should  occupy,  when  i'lslly 
cxAinincd  tui  moiliOcutions  of  those  previous  mutations.  Many 
vaJleys  of  erosion  now  exist,  whose  present  a«niil  itpaoe  wwtcrst 
filled  with  compact  Bolid  matter ;  many  dikes  now  rising  above 
the  snrroundinK  saif&oe,  onoe  reposed  in  ([uietude  beneath  the 
IcTci  of  the  adjiiccnt  soil,  and  valleys  and  depressions  now  ex- 
ist where  hilU  and  elevations  oncfl  arose,  "ft  ilhoiit  n  due  con* 
siderntion  of  tliwe  changes,  many  aeoming  contradictions  could 
not  be  made  plain ;  without  an  allowanoc  for  lhej«c  mutations, 
dotibta  and  antfiRoniBtic  views  would  coniiniially  arise  to  min- 
icad  aiul  Iwwilder,  instead  of  pointing  the  course  to  the  clear 
brood  lif^ht  of  truth. 

The  influences  of  denudation,  wKicfa  have  heretofore,  in  Agetf 
long  anlec«dont  to  the  preaent  time,  been  oxerltn],  have  placed 
this  gold-bearin)^  portion  of  the  country  iu  an  almost  seemingly 
anomalous  condition.  At  the  first  glanoe,  while  making  sumoo 
cxamina^ons  of  the  numerous  moderately  rounded  hills,  the  idea 
would  bo  impressi'd  uiM>n  the  oliservor,  that  l!ie  ineounlitie*  of 
the  surface  level  was  the  result  of  diluvial  action,  liut  a  more 
clo»5  inspection  would  immcdiatelv  evince  the  error  of  sucli  a 
conclusion.  The  amoolJily  rounded  surfaoe  of  the  hills  \s 
clearly  proof  that  they  have  boon  produced  during  a  long  scries 
of  years,  teaehiiig,  perchance,  a  perioi!  antec*Kient  to  the  ad\'«nt 
of  the  human  race,  by  tho  surface  washings  eause4  by  rains  and 
Kpring^  No  betf^r  evidence  of  this  fact  can  l»e  ncede<J  than  will 
meet  the  view  at  every  slop,  of  the  same  causes  now  in  active 
ofMnition;  the  lemoolh'ly  poimd^'d  hills,  the  deejiening  ravines, 
the  extending  valleva,  and  tho  vast  amount  of  earthy  matter 
held  in  su^peiwion  W  the  slrcams  and  river*,  a"d  contiuwally 
carried  fnm-ard  by  them,  are  ineontetitible  fiww  that  cannot  be 
controverted,  that  point  effectually  to  ihe  conclusion  above  de- 
duced. That  denudation  from  such  iiiflueaoes  only  has  been 
exerted,  is  manifest  from  the  (act,  that  rounded  pebbles  ara 
found  only  near  the  larger  wal'T-eouweM,  and  then  most  fre- 
quently Qpon  the  summits  and  sidefi  of  the  highest  htl)«  within 
a.  dii^nec  of  half  a  mile  from  Iho  prcwnt  be^l  of  fucli  wnter- 
owrae;  sJiowing  th,-il  the  river  h,is  flowed  in  the  same  ireiieral 
direction  in  part  !igc!<  ns  at  the  pr^ent  day.  but  has  d'-iriiig  that 
time  eroded  to  its  jirescnt  depth  ihc  chanwd  it  now  o<wiipies.  It 
is  also  proved  by  the  absence  of  rolled  and  rounded  iwbbles 
from  any  othej  pontion  than  that  of  ihc  ininicdiat*  neighborhood 
of  the  streams ;  the  surface  pebbles  of  other  secoons  of  the 
coontry  beinc  formefl  of  frngnient^  of  rock  of  sharp  and  angu- 
lar fiactaree,  being  the  natural  abra-^nres  of  existing  reins,  and 


I 


S46       Kotr»  Ml  ih*  OolitJit^on  o/y^or&  and  South  CitroUna. 

slioviDg  that  ^luvtnl  action  oould  not  hnre  been  <>xert«d  upon 
ihero,  and  had  no  agency  in  placing  thorn  in  their  present  poa- 
tion. 

The  extent  to  wliicli  this  denudation  has  boon  effected, 
almost  Htae^rs  the  belief  by  its  magnitude.  In  aaceDditie  any 
of  the  iiighoat  jToini.i  that  arc  elevated  above  the  general  leva 
of  this  vast  area,  tho  Kummits  of  the  Iiilti*  or  mountninx  sJiow 
tlio  suiie  rock  t)iat  conipiMw^  the  bod  of  the  broad  plains  hflow, 
B^g  more  indurated,  or  having  been  fri-u  from  the  disntcgrat- 
iog  cnnses  so  imivt-rmlly  present  in  the  adjacent  rocks,  toey 
have  withstood  the  action  tnat  hos  worn  down  the  surrounding 
eoQDtry,  and  Rtand  w<  rnontimentK  or  landmarks  of  what  wnn 
once  ln«  level  at  their  summits.  It  is  not  tinprobablo  that  the 
original  level  wna  at  au  clcvution  fnr  niMive  their  present  ex- 
treme point  of  alliliide.  Kisinc  abrupt  as  these  hills  do,  from 
the  broad  level  of  thousands  of  sfinare  miU-fl.  thev  appi-jkr  like 
upheavals  of  ro<;ky  mat^riaU  that  liave  been  forced  by  volcanic 
agency  above  the  contiguous  strata;  but  the  dip  of  llic  rock  fl 
being  the  same  in  (ho  hills  and  in  the  plain,  the  composition  ai  fl 
the  iwck  bein"  also  similar  in  both  positions,  the  natural  concla*.fl 
Rion,  and  in  met,  a  sclf-evidenl  one,  iis  thai  their  present  eleva-  ^ 
tion  is  the  result  of  denudation  of  the  remainder  of  the  region. 
StAnding  upon  Crowiler**,  King\  Pardon's,  or  any  of  the  moun- 
tains, at  an  elevation  of  some  five  hundred  to  seven  hun<Ired 
feet,  the  whole  country  appeal*  like  one  vast  level  plain,  the  ^ 
minor  irregularities  hoing  scarcely  perceptible  in  the  distance.  V 
With  an  extended  view  of  about  one  hundred  and  twentv  miles 
from  iiortli-eust  to  !«jutii-we*t,  by  nearly  eighty  miles  in  a  directly 
tnmsvcrse  connw,  a  vast  tract  of  counlrv,  covering  nearly  ten 
thqnmnd  wjuare  miles,  is  spread  out  like  a  chart  befl^re  the 
gaze;  and  this  is  but  a  small  fwrtion  of  this  vast  mineral  belt.  It 
is  iiero  ihitl  the  magnitude  of  denudation  can  be  most  clonrlj 
comprchende<],  when  the  mind  becomes  eognizant  of  the  fact, 
that  tliejM?  ihousnudfi  of  square  mites  havC  been  «nc«>vcred  by 
slow  and  gradiud  opt-rations,  until  their  surlaoo  has  lieen  de^ 

tffcwed  to  a  point  at  lonst  one  thousand  feet  below  the  orif^nal 
evel.  Soims  slight  approximation  lo  the  periml  requisite  to  pro- 
duce such  change  can  be  derived  from  the  fact,  that  in  compara- 
tively shfltertxl  situations,  the  corn-hills  are  still  plainlyevident 
in  many  parts  of  this  country  in  old  fields  that  havo  been  de- 
serted for  ov«r  thirty  years :  if  that  lapse  of  time,  exlendin^  to 
one-third  of  a  century,  has  not  been  adoqriato  to  the  obliteration 
of  thew  slight  elevations,  how  lon^  a  pi.Tiod  must  have  trans- 
pired during  which  the  stupendous  vicissitudes  oixnirrcd  that  are 
■o  evident  over  this  extensive  territory.  In  leas  Bhcltrrc(\  situa- 
tions, ibe  soil  wears  away  mon*  rupidlr-  An  instance  wan 
ohaerved,  ■where  the  necessity  arose  to  diango  the  road  from 
time  to  lime,  over  n  surface  oi"  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  to  avoid  the 


I 


F  jV'afw  on  iMe  OoM  Jtryiim  c^  XarA  and  South  Carolina,       3li1 

deep  fciillics  which  in  about  foitj'  yean  luid  rendered  tfaat  ex* 
tent  iiuiia^Biiblc,  reaching  in  some  portiooa  a  depth  of  over  forty 
feet  Tiiv  Jnstaiicett  uf  Ui«  com-hili!*,  and  the  »urfiiv<^wiishiiigof 
Uie  roadside,  may  bo  conaidcred  as  i^A-incing  the  two  cxtivmCB 
of  time  required  for  this  dentidin^;  influcnof. 

At  iicatl«red  intervals  over  this  vast  extent,  isolated  hilU  or 
tuountainx  risCi  breaking  the  monotony  of  thv  universal  level; 
(mm  their  auinmits  can  bo  aceu  wide  forestii  waving  in  their 
native  luxumnoo,  and  sprcoding  away  into  the  Car  off  dietanco 
with  a  iravivlike  appearance,  resembling  huge  ^urtfes  ou  an 
ocean  of  vcf^'tation.  The  uniformtty  of  the  dense  fiMiago  is  oc- 
cwionaliv  r<;li«ved  by  the  lighter  a&pecl  of  a  cu]tivnt<:d  planta- 
tion ;  and  the  n.y»  of  the  sun  glitter  back,  at  timca,  froni  the 
oountluu  panet*,  and  whiw^ned  liiiildingxof  quiet  vdtagca,  while 
wreaths  of  smoke  curl  graocfulty  upward,  from  the  hairiiiclden 
and  flctludt'd  li>f;i'jilmi  of  the  hardy  and  adventurous  miner. 

The  people  ol  this  section  of  eountryare  awaking  to  the  sub- 
ject of  internal  improvenienlK  in  Uie  ways  and  means  of  travel 
ami  traUHportalion  of  freiffht.     A  system  of  railroad  operations 
haa  already  covered  thiK  hitherto  scumingly  iitocccaaible  territory,  I 
with  a  net-work  of  railway,  which   hat  opened  ttome  of  the 
richest  and  most  valuable  portions  of  it  to  a  ready  market  for 
their  surplus  products,  .iiid  hy  rondiring  the  mode  of  travel  easy 
and  expeditious,  lias  already  brought  an  influx  of  slninyere  and 
capital  into  sucli  portions  as  Iiavc  hcM  forlli  the  niait  allurina  i 
and  promising  inaucements  for  the  operation  of  energetic  and  I 
efBeicnt  plans.      As  this  work   progresses,  as  the   influx  of  i 
stranger  among  tiiis  jieople  increases,  aa  capital  and  energy  aro 
dtssoniiuated  among  thein,  and  their  true  destiny  becomes  ap- 
parent to  tiieinselvea,  they  will  rists  in  their  tttrcngtli  and  power, 
am!  take  their  true  position  in  the  great  progressive  worka  of  tha  ] 
age;  but  unlesw  i}it*y  arouse  from  tiioir  lethargy  ere  long,  thoT  I 
will  awaken  too  late  to  derive  those  immediate  advantages  whiott  \ 
others  are  alnisidy  commencing  to  obtain  fVoni  the  rich  mincrsl 
positions  which  exist  in  their  midst.  1 

Already  the  tretwun-s  which  are  conljiined  in  their  mines  are 
being  developed ;  the  sturdy  arm  of  the  miner  is  wiehling  the  i 
pick,  the  sledue  snwU  fnrth  iM  dull  »nd  surging  sound,  as  its] 
ncavy  blow-t  abrade  the  massive  rcKik,  hundreds  ol'  ftvi  bciieutlii 
the  surface  of  the  soil,  nnd  tho  wealth  that  for  countless  agcsj 
has  lain  buried  in  the  earth,  is  being  brought  to  the  light  of  day,  i 
and  made  to  perform  itn  part  in  the  amelioration  of  the  conai- 1 
tion  of  the  human  race,  ' 

The  future  operations  in  the  mines,  must,  if  they  would  b«  J 
pennanentlv  productive,  be  carrie<l  to  a  far  greater  depth  than  ' 
las  hcretoforfl  generally  been  reached.  Titc  most  prmluctiv©! 
veiiw  will  ultimately  W  di.<covered  to  bi!  lho«!  which  penetrate- i 
to  ibo  groate«t  depnli,  and  from  their  continuation,  the  fullest  re- 


S69       Xolts  on  Cht  Ovid  lUgivn  i^  Iforth  and  Sotlh  Carolina. 


lisnce  cRn  be  plaocd  upon  the  yield  thoy  may  be  caused  to  afTord 
of  nn  unfailing  supply  of  meLiI.     Tlioso  companies  that  nork 
the  dccptat  upon  tucir  veins,  will  learn  to  their  own  advantage, 
that  their  course  has  been  the  only  true  aud  judicious  one; 
and  the  more  bold,  energetic,  and  fearless  their  movement*,  pro- 
vided always  thai  wiW  sjHiculatioH  is  uol  undeistood  by  the 
term,  the  more  favorable  will  be  the  appcanince  of  their  balance- 
sheet.     Still,  a  due  de^reo  of  camion,  and  n  total  avoidance  of 
all  undue  haste,  must  ever  bo  observed.     A  great  error  iu  the 
opLTution.'t  of  iniiiiiiK  eompnuies,  is  thu  impiLtiviivo  they  u-^ually 
manif^.-st  in  their  desire  to  get'  out  their  firet  shipment  of  o«. 
1^0  ore  should  ever  be  attempted  to  be  rui>ied  Ibrxiile  until  the 
mine  is  in  that  advanced  stage  of  maturity  that  a  conUnuous 
Bnpply  can  be  uDinterTuptedly  gent  forward.     Kvory  ton  raiacd, 
previoufi  to  tlie  niin«  benig  m  such  good  workics  coudilign,  i^ 
so  much  of  a  rctartlinc  influence  on  ita  general  we!tar«  and  piOB- 
peritv,  as  ihe  time  ntiu  cost  of  raising  liiat  ton  will  amount  to. 
'       When   the   busincM  men   of  the  country  who  embark  in 
'  mining  enterpri-ws,  will  iliitplay  in  thi^ir  niiiiin^  operations  that 
same  degree  of  good,  sound  common  sense,  whieh  beara  the  ap- 
pellation  of   shrewdness,  which   llioy  e\'er  iitairifcst  iu   ibor 
Aocuslomed  tranaaclions ;  when  tliey  exorcise  their  weH-foiroed 
jtidgmenl,  in  all  niattiira  appcrtjiining  to  mineral  <lcvelopnicnt)i ; 
.when  their  expenditures  arc  based  upon  a  system  of  ngid  and 
careful  economy ;  then,  and  then  only,  can  we  look  forward  to 
finding  the  mineral  character  of  our  country  anauming  and  main- 
taining that  high  and  proud  position  which  her  true  and  actual 
mineral  wealth  so  ju.-'tly  oritilU'.s  it  to  duini. 

Thus  far,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  mines  of  this  valuable 
belt  of  territory  have  been  worked  but  to  a  very  limited  depth 
and  extent ;  in  but  a  few  instances  to  suilicient  depth  to  develop 
their  true  character  itt  mineral  veins,  or  llieir  cspabUltT  of  pro- 
ducing ore.  Compared  with  the  mines  of  some  of  the  buropeaii 
districts,  thcv  have  Kcarcely  gone  bt^yond  surlacc  c x run i nations ; 
■  and  yet  with  a  character  upon,  or  near  the  surface,  uneqtialed 
by  any  niini-nil  region  of  the  world,  wo  have,  to  this  lime,  re- 
mained indiilercnt  to  thi'ir  inexhauslible  treasures,  and  unprofit- 
ably  paMCil  over  long  yaare,  sinlply  satisfied  with  brief  and 
desultory  explorations. 

Long  and  arduous  toil  awaits  the  friend  of  lh«  American 
mining  mtcrests ;  hard  .-druggies  must  be  held  with  those  wboac 
.  acts,  perhaps  uuintcntionaliy,  are  retarding  the  advaneemeui  of 
this  source  of  iiatioiml  ciitiTjirise  and  prosperity  ;  but  still,  with 
the  prospect  of  difficulties  to  come,  and  through  llie  detj)  gloom 
of  many  di-sponding  hours,  he  has  no  fejir  of  lh«  contest,  no 
donbt  of  the  ultimate  calm,  for  he  know.t  that  his  sensations  of 
cfinfitliMn;!;  are  based  upm  no  false  foundation,  but  are  fixed 
TUtoo  those  vast  aud  cnduriug  treasures,  whoHv  uuignitude  bean 


4 
4 


1 


I 


JUmltt  ^  Cepptr  Mmimff. 


Uto 


a  ndstiTe  corroxpondencc  witb  the  tmmenge  mountain  elevations 
and  oxKnded  plains  of  hit  fitrmcul  Iftml,  nnd  that  th<;ir  future 
dcvclopmont  is  no  longer  a  problem  of  liict,  or  expcdiencjr,  bat 
simply  u  qucetion  of  timl^. 


I 


n.— THE  PROGBKSS  OK  ENfJLlSl!  JIININO  OPERATIONS  IS 
1853.— Bt  J.  y.  W*T«os.* 

To  give  n  correct  idea  of  the  progrcaa  of  mining  advcntnroi, 
benomos  e^'^ry  yesr  a  more  inU;r««litig,  ns  well  ns  n  more 
difficult  "imlcrtflkinj:;,  iw  few  commercial  purauiw  have  growti 
into  fluch  importance  in  w)  short  n  time,  or  hnve  been  so  nniver- 
sally  taken  up  by  liic  RL'ncnd  public,  as  the  "searching  for 
rainea  for  minerals."  The  spirit  of  speculation  would  appear  to 
bo  infcctiotis,  nnd  the  most  cautious,  as  well  as  the  mostapecu- 
lalire,  embark  in  that  which  '-faitcinates  more  than  it  deter3."t 
Besides,  w«  all  like  the  idea  of  making  a  good  "  hit"  in  a  mine ; 
and  altttou^i  it  is  rather  too  much  \x>  suppose  that  every  one 
Vc  take  in  hand  must  succeed,  I  do  certainly  believo,  that  with 
ordinary  dL^criniinatlDn  in  the  choice  of  mim-s,  and  the  neces- 
sary mc;ms  to  carry  them  out,  few  Hpeculaliona  in  general  pay 
bctior,  or  in  some  cases,  so  enormously. 

RESULTS  or  COPPKR  Sll^^!^0, 
.  To  show,  moreover,  that  thw  increase  in  the  s[urit  of  specula- 
tion h^t  had  good  pnicticul  result.*,  in  discovering  and  opening 
out  the  mineral  resources  of  tliis  country,  I  would  remark  that 
the  firal  Rule  of  copper  orea  in  Cornwall  on  rircord  was  iu  1729, 
when  2,21<i  tons,  oeing  ifie  produce  of  twelve  months,  wcm  aold. 
In  1732,  the  produce  was  only  1,714  tous  of  ore.  In  1764,  the 
(Quantity  increased  to  16,437  tons;  in  1300,  to  55,981  tons, 
jii'lding  5,187  tons  of  copper,  and  JCooO,fi35  in  money.  For 
'flome  years  after  this  the  quantity  varied  frc>m  60,000  to  78,000 
tons  of  ore  per  annum.  In  1822,  it  was  100,564  tons;  in  1880, 
141,263  tons;  in  1840,  147,2flrt  tons;  in  1848.  iri.^,fil6  tons, 
yielding  in  money  ^525,030  2s. ;  and  in  tlie  year  ending  SOtli 
of  June,  1853,  I'SO.OOr.  ton.i  of  ore,  of  21  civla.  each,  j-ielding 
,11,889  tom  14  cwts,  of  fine  copper,  and  m  money  Xl,124,561 

•  /.aiuliin  Journal. 

f  Ac  olil  writer,  in  the  (ithp  or  QiiMn  EIJKihftTi.  Mj»: — "  A  minvrd  mut 
rfUMhl  he  a  tiAurd  wlT«ntun>r,  not  nmeh  eiHcctntni;  whether  h«  hit  or  mist  If 
be  htppen  hi  win,  hv  must  wtn-in  >t  an  nothing:  if  he  I'.>mi  all,  ytl  he  mutt 
.think  he  tins  j[ot  GOnicthintc.  If  her  lliid  *  rii^h  Vrin,  Ivt  liiio  not  r.«tc«n  it,  for 
ft  i*  lilB  n  man  ilung  with  n  ntltlp."  .\noliicr  says:—"  Whtn  mlnu  hit,  it 
U  Ihv  hcHI  £11  Ei-tr  in  ilii'  ivurM,  it  Is  »o  prolltnbtp  (u  all.  aii'l  hurlt  none :  anil 
when  they  hit  not,  thou)-h  it  tf  lost  for  n  liiiu'.  0<m1  <§  hertby  b»QOTod  in 
iwarctiiiis'  bii  litddoD  trckiurai  out  of  tho  depths  of  the  oarth." 


in» 


Silver  ai>d  Ltvd. 


2t.  The  fialcs  in  Wales  duriax  the  same  period  (naoethr  of 
fi>rcifra  ores  Lrought  to  EngUoa)  were  29.244  tonit,  vivldiaf; 
4,S62  tons  19  cwu.  of  fine  copper,  und  in  money  X452,S&1  t2>. 
Tho  total  amount  of  money,  therefore,  rccdrcd  for  eoppcr  ores 
sold  iu  England  and  WaIcs,  during  the  twelve  ntontiiit  ending 
in  June  last,  was  Xl,5"6,952  14*.  In  1764,  the  averagi!  pro- 
duce of  the  ore  sold  (16,487  tons)  was  llj  twr  ei^nt.,  and  in 
tracing  the  sales  throujih  subsequent  years.  I  find  a  gradual  de- 
cline in  the  richness  nf  the  ore*,  from' which  it  may  l>e  inferred, 
either,' that  the  rainera  of  those  davs  sold  the  rich  ores  only, 
leaving  tlie  pooR-r  ns  hid\-uis  or  rci'iuc,  or  tliat  the  orex  found 
near  ttic  surface  were  tlie  richest,  and  as  tJie  mines  became 
deeper,  ho  their  ores  became  poorer.  I  incline  rather  to  the 
former  oninion,  inasmuch  as,  at  Alfred  Consols,  the  ores  appear 
to  ^x  ricncst  at  tho  deepest  lcvcl& 

SILVER   AND  LEAD. 

The  Tctiinxsof  lead  and  tin  have  uleoinoresscd  in  proportion, 
la  183&,  Cornwall  yielded  only  140  tona  of  lead  ore ;  since 
which  one  mine,  the  E»<t  Wheal  Ro^e,  has  rcturneil  an  much  m 
6,000  tons,  and  although  this  mine's  produce  has  fallen  off, 
othent  more  than  make  up  the  deficiency.  The  returns  of  lead 
ore  raised  in  England  for  the  year  1852  were  62,411  tons  S 
cwt.,  yielding  43,813  tons  7J  cwts.  of  lead ;  Wales,  18,379  tons 
of  or«,  yielding  13,708  tons  of  lead;  Ireland,  4,493  tons  Uewts. 
of  ore,  yielding  8,222  tons  13  cwts.  of  lead ;  Scotland.  8.499 
tons  of  ore,  Yielding  2,881  tons  7  cwts,  of  lev! ;  Me  of  Man, 
2,416  tons  of  ore,  and  1.S35  tons  6  cwta.  of  lead :  total,  91,498 
tons  of  ore,  and  64,f60  tons  of  lead.  Of  the  above  quantitieik 
Cornwall  produced  8,llflS  tons  14  cwts.  of  ore,  which  yielded 
6,220  ton.'*  of  lead,  and  250,008  ounets  of  silver,  the  average 
being  85  oka.  per  ton,  and  the  silver  realiwid,  nt  Ht.  per  ounce, 
£62,502.  Devonshire  yielded  2.921  tons  19  cwts.  of  lead  ore, 
1^78  tons  1 1  cwla.  of  lead,  and  91.340  o««.  of  silver,  the  latter 
realizing  £22,H36.  Tlic  average  pmducc  of  silver  in  the  lead 
of  Devonshire  is  40  ozs.  to  the  ton,  the  highest  average  of  any 
county  in  England,  Ireland,  or  Scotland,  The  total  quantity 
of  silver  produeed  from  the  lead  mines  of  Great  Britoiii  and 
Ireland  in  l>i5'£  was  818,325  oxs^  yielding,  at  6s,  per  051^ 
£305,080.  In  re^rd  to  tin,  the  produce  of  black  tin,  irom  the 
roigns  of  Charles  I.  to  George  I.,  averaged  1,600  tons  annually. 
From  1750  to  1837.  2.500  to  3,500  tons.  The  present  returns 
I  should  think  more  than  double  tho  latter  quantity.  I  have 
given  enciugh,  however,  to  show  the  great  imixjrtance  of  the 
mining  interest,  although  based,  as  it  is  necessarily,  upon  spoctt- 
lation. 

I  do  not  remember  in  any  one  year  aueh  great  an<l  frequent 
flnctualions  in  tho  value  of  mining  property  as  we  have  hod  in 


4 


Silvrr  I 


271 


I 
I 


Uie  year  ISfiS.  In  tlte  enriy  part  of  it  wc  had  a  period  of  great 
Boccefls  amatigst  tbo  productive  minea,  a  state  of  cxcitcmont  in 
the  market  liir  all  c{e:*cripti<^iis  of  sliarcs,  and  a  run  of  higli 
prices  for  dividend  stoc-lcs ;  and  the  latter,  if  not  th<i  former,  baa 
continued  to  Uw  eiiiL  Almwtt  nnvthing,  too,  in  the  sliape  of  n 
new  mine  would  sell  at  a  premium ;  and  it  rnay  be  supposed, 
without  any  great  stretch  of  the  imagination,  that  the  inurkct 
was  well  supplied  with  speculations,  all  of  thorn  of  "  the  greatest 
promise,"  so  long  as  the  furor  lasted,  but  few  of  which  surrirot) 
iba  effects  of  the  panic,  brought  on  by  ovcr-spccuIation  in  the 
first  instance,  and  made  worse  at  last  by  wars  and  nimors  <^ 
wnrtt  in  tlie  Kant.  So  great  was  the  dread  during  the  latt«r 
period  of  holding  speculative  property,  which  was  liable  tocall^ 
that  ituiny  »bar«^  wiitcii  bore  good  prciniiims  a  few  months  he- 
fore,  were  given  away,  when  parties  could  be  found  to  take  the 
risk.  The  «ilU  upon  the  new  shares,  as  well  as  the  old,  were 
ruiaoujly  heavy,  and  parties  were  disheartened  fritnj  paying  at 
all  when  they  found  that  no  sooner  had  they  jpaid  one,  uian 
tlieir  sharcri  were  depreciated  in  value  at  once,  lully  to  the  ex- 
tant of  tho  call  HO  paid. 

At  the  close  of  1852,  a  great  imjietus  had  been  given  to  mi- 
ning by  the  high  price  of  copper,  the  standard  boin^  theu  £132, 
ot  A  produce  of  7^.  On  Jan.  13th  it  ro:«e  t^)  £15'2  5*.,  with  a 
produce  of  6|  per  cent.  On  the  "iZth  of  the  same  month  it 
mched  £164  Hs.,  with  a  pni-luce  of  6J,  this  being  tho  highest 
standanl  for  many  years.*  The  price  kept  up  pretty  well  for  a 
few  monlhji,  and  the  mines  made  large  profits.  Even  the  rofu.ie 
ore,  which  had  been  laving  upon  the  mines  for  years  at  value- 
lem^  was  sold  at  a  prOlit,  and  many  now  bargains,  too,  were  set 
in  mines  wliicli  would  not  previously  pay  for  working.  It  is 
acamely  to  be  wondered  at,  therefore,  that  larger  dividends 
wore  declan'd  than  liad  ever  iwfore  been  paid.  About  March, 
copper  began  to  fall;  in  April,  the  standard  had  receded  to 
XISO  10.'.,  produce  OJ ;  May  12t!i,  £118  17*.,  produce  &}  ;  and 
on  the  J9tli,  £113  "«.,  produce  "1,  this  being  the  lowest  poinL 
Afl«r  a  time  it  slightly  recovered,  although  it  rcinaincu  low 
fijT  some  monthii,  out  in  October  and  November  it  made  a 
decided  advance,  and  has  now  reached  £143  144,,  produce  6| 
(December  22). 

T  am  thus  particular  in  noticing  the  fluctuations  in  the  price 
of  copper  ores,  m  tliey  bear  sueh  an  important — I  might  say, 
the  most  iinjiortaiit — relation  to  the  prosperity  of  our  laT;gcst 
ntinea.  A  tow  standard,  with  high  prices  for  matcriahi  and 
labor,  would  be  ruinous  to  many ;  but,  looking  at  th"  fact  that 
in  tbo  early  part  of  t\io  year  most  of  the  refusa  ores  were  sold, 
and  that  at  many  of  tho  mines  the  reserves  were  toudicd,  owing 

*  tilt  hl«hwil  KUndknl  on  record  wax  in  1903 — ris.,  £I60  It*.,  prodeM  T( 

Vol.  II.— 26 


m 


j}i9idtiuUo/i6sa. 


to  the  high  price  obtainable,  and  now  tiuit  the  euppl  j  of  ores  is 
nocl)  umallcr,  aod  likelv  lo  oontinue  acy,  the  <<hanoee  are  in  fovor 
of  a  nil)  greater  rise  in  coi)pcr.  It  vrns  rcmarkH,  ns  a  rather 
peeoliar  fe&turc,  at  tliu  ticie  ine  dUtiidanl  for  the  cop|>er  in  the 
ore  was  eo  high,  th«t  the  smcllcd  nrtiislf!  did  not  bear  a  propor- 
tionate jirirtc,  and  many  opinions  were  jiflofit  na  to  the  caiue  of 
the  diflerenco,  the  most  general  Iwinf?,  that  the  monojxily  of 
niHilu-nt  wished  to  drivo  a  few  of  lh«  stmali  buv^rs  fmin  the 
market,  and  in  this  thry  appear  to  have  partially  succeeded. 
The  mouopolisUs,  when  ihcy  have  llie  whole  marlcrt  in  Iheir 
own  bands,  raiae  or  lower  the  price  of  ore  aw  they  feel  disposed, 
and  great  complaints  havt!  l>coii  continually  tnade  as  to  the 
unfair  prices  obtained  by  the  mines  for  their' produce.  l>uring 
Uhj  past  vcar.  several  plans  have  been  jsroposcd  for  the  forma- 
maUon  of"  a  miners'  and  consumers'  amelting  company,  but  noth- 
ing at  present  hoB  oomc  of  it,  although,  if  properly  farrii.-d  out 
and  pruperly  managed,  it  is  estintated  tliat  it  would  pay  enor- 
mously, and  be  a  great  boon  to  the  mining  interests  oi"  Corn- 
wall 

The  prioeof  lead  and  tin  fluctuated  with  the  price  of  copper; 
but  now,  I  am  glad  to  gay,  wi>  have  a  good  and  remunerating 
price  for  all  metals,  and  as  both  labor  and  materials  are  some- 
what cheaper,  the  new  year  will  commence  with  good  prospects 
tor  the  productive  mine& 

PiviDKXt)!)  or  195S. 
The  dividends  this  year  (always  the  best  part  of  mining) 
luivc  been  unu*nally  large,  and  in  the  fwllowing  tabic  w411  be 
seen  the  amount  [>aid  by  each  mine  from  the  Sr&t  of  January 
to  the  Slst  Decomber,  18o3,  in  comparison  with  those  paid  in 
1862:— 


imiTtRiT  vintL 


Nan*  of       .1 

■nliw- 

Whul  ItuUor. 
Whwl  Bwiet. 
Mtni  Oiiiolk 
DniMd  Uinm . 
8o«Ui  ?niiw* 
OtfnDrw.    . 

North  r<x.\   . 

Wf«l  OiTKlon 
South  Qmdan 
TnbwnT  .  . 
■VaUUntk  .     . 

South  Tuiiar. 
I^vnix.  .  . 
Omdarrow  . 
BMlfonl  Unlt«d 
asath  Tclgiu. 
B*U*K«t<lJen. 
Vhwt  Owlat 


Lmonpt 

MukM 

niTi4'i)4 

TdUI 

Di>bltndi 

ptU. 

Tlluo. 

|irf  thAfa. 

IBISK. 

lnlW». 

tl 

£{$0 

1-7 1 

te,:;frH 

i;4<,oso 

.  s 

lOon 

*iMi 

!t.»«0 

:'S| 

«w 

IM 

»0,*SO 

ll.TBO 

u 

i^l 

S(P,7il« 

!«,ISS 

.40 

iio 

Si 

11, firm 

R.itOO 

.  TU 

M8 

3*i 

t.tnt 

ii,sne 

.  n 

id 

10 

10.000 

s.ooo 

.  ») 

HO 

M 

n.ooo 

T.000 

10 

1 

4,000 

l.UO 

.'so 

aRo 

41 

ICi,4S« 

7.4H 

;  Jl 

ttO 

!E 

«,4i<0 

l.SSO 

40 

10 

K,WK> 

— 

!l91 

400 

41 

4.000 

t,aso 

•   a 

40 

«1 

«.«ail 

10.TW 

■    U 

» 

1 

T,8TS 

4,(00 

. » 

no 

10,000 

10,000 

.  an 

ISO 

la 

4.4P* 

»,OTS 

■    M 

T 

£1  8 

4.700 

4.(100 

.  IS 

149 

» 

S.S04 

:,ie8 

.  11 

101 

Jtl   It  < 

»,*/:  1* 

1,W« 

.TO 

:w 

Ml 

4,040 

tnt  1* 

loliU. 

i:ii.9u 

S0,4Si) 

4,di>S 
4,000 


tiO 


4.000  — 

4.300  — 

3,071  -T 

Mil  -£ 

A,3i>0  .^ 

S.UO  ... 

—  4004 

».Ka  _ 

l.r-s»  _ 

100  ~ 

—  4S«4 


jxriitHdt^wsi. 


iffi 


!t 


}iaih«  of       .AracmBt 

Par  CoDsolii  .    .    1 1 
Nmth  Kokwr  .    S} 

Wh.  FrieudabipISB 
Whod  Seton.      107 
Pcribarro   . 
OiHt  Work .     .too 
Tramuyiie, 
Trshana   . 
nncraft  ...    7 
Whcil  Jam.    .    i 
Dalcoiub      .    .3ST 
Trumpet  Coua. .  S5 
But  Hole*      .     ,     1 
Drake  Watli     .    7 
ItarkaVtllcT    .    t 
llBDdlp  Hilfa     .     8 
West  Trauur; .  10 
Harodnfooc   .     . 
Elmonth  ...     4 
Mary  Ann      .     .     A 
Traihikef  &c.    .180 
Laront.    .    .    .    9^ 
FrortdBnce   .     .  BO 
St.  Ivu  Coiuoli  80 
SpMrno  CoiudI*     1) 
Kix  ilill    .     .     .     B] 
Wlimr  aiflbrd  .  — 
Vhoal  Proctoi'.  — 
Whnl  Junes   .  — 
BoKWeddin   .     ,  — 
Wheal  Loval    .  st 
Tntyon  Coasola   T 
Wh.  M«r([iii^t .  79 
Wt.  D:ir];iigtoii  IS 
Peak  U II  lie  J 
flrwt  Leiiurs 
Trawathii    .    .  ii 
Wlieul  ArtUur  .  S 
I]«m  lliiies     .  8| 


Bun»a  xran,  conmrxD. 

ut       Dlfldtal       Totil 
•.         per  ibue.     In  1H8. 


% 


4,800 

1,880 

S,BM 

S,8M 

8,S50 

fl,08H 

l,04r 

l,DtS 

^lBo 

1,7»S 
Z|fl9S 
IJKW 

s,«n 

4« 

750 

«,500 

1,0U 

1,»» 

1,OT0 

1,T2» 

TM 

SK 

WO 

4T0 

TM 

T7» 

eesi 

8J0 

eoo 
«»> 

1,07S 
t» 
951 
tH 
MO 
U« 

1,000 

(li 

1,700 


DlTMeBda 

lolEH. 

1S,8«I 
(10 
1/Mt 
S,tM 
1,877 
•,U1 
S,BM 

Its 

1,130 

8,000 


1,«0S 
1,0U 

t,m 
s» 

1,974 

1,048 

SS9 

£8*010 


4,100 


In  IBM. 


DM. 


—         10,U0 
1,470  — 

1,BW 


:,B7t  — 


1S80 

1S«A1 
—  MO* 

l.MO  — 

\fi*»  — 


TM 
1,600 
1,0M 
1,9*0 


—  40M 


—  118d 


BW  — 

«oo  — 

uo  — 

—  aau 

4S9  — 

eoo  — 

600  — 

V,t  _ 

1,000  — 

414  — 


Total £819,014  ISiL  «d. 


Black  Craip .     .  — 
Kirboiidbi&l>t .  — 
Total 


i* 


SCOTCH  xms. 

tsss 
G89 


ei,siL 


WELSH  AKD  omsK  HnBa. 


XJatinme .     . 

Utrllyu    .    . 

bat  Damn. 
Bbieniivon    . 

Nantlle  Vsie 
Wry>gim. 


.  TS 

en 

X8 


1 

ISO 


9>. 
15 

1 
1 


16,000 

l,t>0 

l,fl30 

100 

9,000 

936 

700 


9,000 
6,600 

100 


1,000  — 

—  8160 


Total £10,441. 


nuia  KinB. 


Wloklow  Cop 
lAikaniora  .     . 
IVevtQwaurdi . 
KaiiTiiBni 
HhnroJe 

Total 


1<.B({. 


18,T(M) 

1,000 

8,740 

1,600 
£i,SM  II  4 


13,600  — 

—  1,000 

—  8,760 

—  1,600 

—  £9,««4  18  4 
St,871  18<.  id. 


INtuHtrino/lSa^ 


JtlnM.                                                   Vfithm.  JUMUL 

Cob™ Jt*    0     0  KTMOO  0  0 

St.  Jnliii  .lol  K«t      .                        .400  44.nci0  0  0 

Mmqnlln      .            .                        .      0    «    0  10,000  0  6 

ClPnonil  Miiilnjt  A"ooiiili'in                 0  Id    ii  10,000  0  0 

UdiiMiTi  iiiit  Smilh  Amrricni              H  It    il  13,50i>  0  0 

j.;>miM  .  .ISO  lo.TAo  a  o 

Allan  Uininif  AHtclallan  .  .      0  15    0  3,TIW    O    0 

ttnitwt  Maiii^;in  .  .040  S.tM    0    0 

Otwmhnr      .  .  .010  I.SOO    0    0 

Tirtul £lT8,m    0    0 

OIAXD   lOTAU 

BrltUb  HiMk £mfiH  U   t 

7di^ 1T8,IH    0    0 

DeoMh 1,tl4    0    0 

W.l*li S»,*li    0    0 

ToUl £U6^  It  10 

For  the  iuike  of  onmparison,  I  give  the  dtvideads  from  profits 
paid  in  British  mines  since  ISiS : — ■ 

TorttiJing  IMS,  in  13  ininu.  ....  £9IG,4S0 

"  IMS,  in  E8    " Iie,t»3 

"  IMf.taSO    " l(iS,S11 

"  )»««,ioH    ■■      i  .  .  .  .    tA"-'t 

"  1M«,  in  W    " IM,Ml 

"  IMO.  in«    "       .  .  .  i  ,    S»,5T0 

"         i»M,in«   "..,;;  tlMM 

"  laSB,  In  M    " MI.SUT 

"  1S8*,  In  80    " 829,(11* 

Trom  the  above  list,  we  find  that  the  dividcnda  paid  this  year 
ou  60  mines  amount  to  £829,014  1^'.  6<A,  ami  cxoecii^t  ihr  sum 
jmid  in  any  o^he^  year  since  I84S  hy  £07,747.  Two  mines 
alone  (Devon  ConsoiBand  Bullcr)  have  paid  this  year  £110,464, 
and  Riissel  X30,720 :  tlnTie  throw  making  together  more  than  was 
paid  by  22  mines  in  1848,  although  in  that  yt-nr  East  Rose  jiaid 
£'25,50(),  and  thi.i  year  the  latter  mine  ha.<t  not  paid  any  profit, 
but  has  been  making  calls  for  extra  machinery.  Somo  yean 
Kuitt  Rose  paid  aa  mucli  as  .£50,000  a  year  profit,  and  divided 
altogether  nearly  £600,000.  ^ 

nii^covKBlEs  OP  1858. 

Wc  have  not  had  many  woTiderful  di:;covcrics  this  vcar ;  id 
fiict,  wo  had  been  singularly  barren  in  discoveries  at  all,  in  tbe 
way  of  rich  depoaiU  of  either  lead,  tin,  or  copper,  until  the  lost 
few  daytt,  when  a  discovery,  .said  to  be  of  great  value,  waa  made 
at  Sortridgfi  ('Onsolx,  near  Tavistock,  and  the  mine  rose  to 
£24,000  premium  in  a  few  iays.  A  flue  lode  i«  said  to  havo 
been  met  with  at  Pcndcen  also;  this  latter  mine  being  in  St. 
Just.  Last  year  we  had  the  Hot  Lode  at  Uniusl,  whii^h  went  up 
shares  fronr£40  to  £450  each;  hut  both  the  heat  of  the  loife 
and  the  ardor  of  the   stiareholdcrs   have  since  considerably 


DittonrriM  o/ 1B&3. 


3To 


I 


I 
I 


nTjated.  The  mine,  however,  has  divided  XU,600  profit  during 
Uio  last  twelve  moutli^  and  i^  i«porU.-d  us  looking  lu  wvll  as  it 
has  ever  done. 

The  lluctualioua  in  tlic  prices  of  sharoi  huve  been  very  great. 
United  Mines,  whicU  this  time  last  year  liad  risen  fivm  XSo 
per  400tli  to  £47'),  liavc  receded  lo  i'210;  Basset,  risen  from 
£525  to  XC50;  Buller,  from  £S0O  to  XI 100;  We*t  Carudoa, 
from  £200  u>  X280;  Soiitb  Cantdon,  from  X140  to  X400;  Al- 
fred Consols,  from  X13  lo  X28,  and  now  X25.  Trwuiiyne  fell 
from  X33  to  X7,  and  then  rose  to  Xl'2 ;  West  Provideuoc 
dropped  from  X57  to  X32,  and  then  rose  lo  X40 ;  South  Tolgue 
receded  from  X250  to  £125,  and  then  rose  to  XHO;  Boscvau 
rose  from  £20  lo  £120;  Blivck  OmiK  down  from  X4  to  XI  tw. ; 
Trevi»kcy  down  from  X12U  to  X36 ;  AVe«t  jUfred  Consuls  down 
from  X38  lo  £8,  and  then  up  to  £20 ;  G.a>at  JUddern  down  from 
'  Xi  IOj,  to  lOs.,  and  then  up  to  XI  5s. ;  Cupid  down  from  X14 
loXi;  Kiwt  Rose  down  from  X250  lo  X80;  Miirv  Ann  up  from 
£80  to  X45 ;  Condurrow,  !>om  XlOO  to  X130 ;  "Tiucroft,  down 
from  XU  to  X8:  Wwt  Friinwy,  from  XIO  to  X30;  Bedford,  X6 
to  XIO.  Among  the  smaller  by,  and  especially  the  new  »iin<.vt, 
which  burv  high  promiums  on  coming  out,  the  fall  has  ta  many 
instances  been  from  [>oun<ls  to  pence. 

At  Wheal  Unity,  a  striking  instance  of  tlic  sudden  chanxe» 
wliicb  aomelimc^  take  place  in  mining  has  liilciy  occurred.  lo 
all  the  working  from  a  considerable  distancic  ea.<A  and  west  of 
the  cngioc-sliaft,  and  tlowii  to  the  ilcpth  of  82  fins.,  with  the  ex- 
Oeplion  of  an  occasional  bunch  of  copper  ore,  nothing  but  poor 
arsenical  tin  wsia  found,  leaving  a  muntlily  lou  lo  the  advca- 
turei'it.  Still,  from  the  flrat,  expectations  were  entertained  tliat 
eastward,  nnd  towards  tlie  Cluwuncc  aiuntcr  lode,  a  regular 
Oopi>i;r  aepiwit  would  be  met  with,  Thia  expcctaljon  was 
strengthened  by  the  opinion  of  Kcveral  eminent  miners  of  the 
ndebuorliiXKl.  Notirllii-iUindinK  this,  however,  several  tJiarc 
holders  resolved  to  throw  up  their  idtarcs,  leaving  little  more 
than  half  the  original  number  to  pn^ceed  with  the  undertaking. 
A  few  weeks  since,  after  passin;;  a  second  crosa-coureo,  the  lode 
eastn-ard  li>laHy  changed:  and  in  tlie  30  fm.  level,  which  is  20 
fins,  ahead  of  any  other,  necamc  productive  for  copper,  and  was 
wortli,  when  last  reported  on,  X30  wr  fathont.  Tita  improvc- 
taent  continues.  A  sampling  of  40  tons  has  taken  place,  and 
sanguine  hopes  arc  cnlcrlatRod  tliat  the  concern  will  soon  be- 
uomc  a  protitable  undertaking. 

Last  year,  speaking  of  the  Camborne  iltstrict,  I  referred  lo  the 
exucclatioti  that  Dolcoath,  the  oldest  mine  in  Cornwall,  and 
wliich  has  been  worked  for  upwards  of  n  century,  and  yielded 
nearly  £2,000,000  worth  of  copper,  would  a^in  pay  profits  j 
and  tlie  mine  has  done  so  to  the  amount  of  £2,595. 


3T6 


OoU  Mining  in  Sn^iand. 


rOBElOS    HIKES. 

The  Imperial  Bnudlian  Mining  Associiition  was  established  in 
1325 — llie  ahaice  being  usucil  at  £.b  prcm.  There  were  10,000 
diaree,  of  £35paid,eqQAl  ta£.^TiOfi(X).  In  ten  years  the  associa- 
tion extracted  from  iu  mines  35,000  pounds'  wdehtofgoldiSiKl 
liiu  paid  to  itjt  Ahftreholdeni  to  the  present  j>crioa  jC38O,O00,  he- 
ridea  psying  X864,000  to  the  Brazilian  QorcrnmcDl  as  duty. 
The  du^  lilts  jntit  been  aholiAhcd. 

'■  This  ttssociatioD,  independent  of  its  reserved  fund,  cstablish- 
ftienl.*,  etc,  pOjAiiMCs  nwftrly  thirty  aiinjtrn  uiiics  of  tlie  richest 
land  in  (he  world,  in  a  climat«  perft-ctly  salubrious  from  \Xa  de- 
vntion  abovo  the  U-vc!  of  the  Rsa ;  and  pnwfierity  appcan  now 
returning  to  this  old  mining  cojnpury  under  the  attapioes  of  Mr. 
DuvaI,  who  wn.'*  Mevenil  ycsirs  ehicf  eomin»M»ni;r  in  the  Bruzilr, 
and  durinft  whose  administration  the  concern  was  so  highly  re-, 
muneralivv.  New  life  lies  Imwii  dilTuwd  into  every  dt^uarlmeut, 
the  returns  of  gold  have  considerably  incrcasecf,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Camuru  lode  ]ead»  to  the  tno»t  sanguine  anti- 
cipations. 

The  Company  having  decided  to  dispose  of  «ich  portions  of 
their  landed  property  as  tlipy  do  not  rttilize,  are  now  endeavoring 
to  sell  two  estalos,  coiiUuning  t<^lhor  6,000  aicrc^  comprising 
two  valuable  mines,  "  Antonio  I'ereira"  and  "  Catia  Prcta."  The 
price  asked  is  £20,000;  and  in  the  event  of  it  being  obtained, 
It  will  bo  di^ributcd  a»  a  bonus  on  the  shum — vix^  £2  each 
^are. 

The  Linares  Mining  Company  has  thi«  yrjir  divided  X7,500 
pioflt,  and  have  a  large  aocumulalion  of  lead  on  the  mince. 

The  New  Liiiurcs  Company  wiw  starit^d  early  in  this  year,  fof 
the  purpoie  of  working  eight  concoaaions  of  valunblo  lead  nutien 
in  the  immediAle  neighborhood  of  thu  Linarra :  and  from  the 
InteMt  reports,  the  moal  favorable  results  Arc  anticipated,  erne- 
cially  at  S«n  Roqiic,  whore  the  lode  in  the  20  fin.  level  is  ykld- 
ing  2^  toiLt  of  lead  [>cr  fin. ;  and  a  winze  einking  below,  S  tons 
per  fm. 

Tho  San  Fernando  Mino-i,  in  the  district  of  Linares,  liavc  iusi 
been  introducud  to  the  public.  The  pR^scnt  rclnnis  of  the  mines 
are  250  tons  of  lend  ore  ]>erntoiilli.  The  i^meltingfurnaceic,  with 
Patterson's  dcsilvcriug  pans,  etc.,  all  in  full  operation,  are  cal- 
culates! to  (imi'lt  4(K'  ton.t  of  loin!  monthly.  A  cotiirad  for  2,000 
tons  of  lead  has  been  executed  for  ^[cKsra.  t>c  Ituthschild,  of 
Pari.*,  and  a  further  wnlroel  ciiU-rcd  into  for  tho  deliveiy  to  them 
of  4,000  tons.  The  Company  at  present  pays  the  shareholders 
12  percent. 

OOIJ)   MINIKQ   IS   EXOLANUi. 

In  the  year  1851  we  had  a  mania  for  gold  mining  iii  Califor 
nia,  in  18J>2  for  gold  mining  in  AuslnUia;  and  calculating  the 


I 


~  OoU  Mininy  in  Sitgland. 


wn 


I 


r^miums  nt  wliich  shurcs  were  sold,  I  am  within  bounds,  when 
state  that  £3,000,000  Hterling,  at  leant,  liuvc  bw-n  spont  bt 
John  Bull  dunnjf  the  ^Id  fever,  of  which,  I  calculate,  ho  will 
see  but  littlo  again.  ThiK  time  Iwt  yi'.ar,  kx  Auslralian  com- 
p«iii6:<  rvprcscntfid  a  market  value  of  Xl,285,000 ;  seven  Call- 
ibmiao  companiejt,  X1,-IU'>,0<K». 

Then}  is  no  denying  that  gold  haa  lately  been  found  in  dif- 
ferent goeaan,  and  iron  ore»,  and  qiiarl;>.  rockA,  and  in  larger 
quaiititK-g  than  founti  in  many  of  the  Urazili;in  mines;  and  wo 
could  not  w<-il  cli«e  witliont  referring  to  «  matUT,  the  event  of 
which  upon  onr  commercial  relatjona  it  is  impottsiblc  to  foresee. 
Lord  Bucon  )(ayv^  "  There  are,  moreover,  inventions  which  two- 
der  it  probable  that  men  may  paaa  over  and  hurry  by  thi^  most 
noble  diwoverif*  which  lie  immediulcly  before  thrm.  It  rp- 
pears  at  first  incredible  that  anysueh  should  bs  made;  and  when 
made,  appmrs  incredible,  agAin,  that  it  should  hare  so  long 
flraded  notice ;  but  when  error  \a  ao  fundamental  that  it  lead^ 
men,  not  so  much  to  think  falsely  as  not  to  think  at  all,  it  is  by 
no  raeana  strange  that  what  wa.t  never  sought  should  never  have 
been  found. 

And  there  are  many  now  who  disbelieve  the  exislenee  of 
gold  in  England,  although  testimony  the  most  positive  has  been 
produced  to  prove  it.  Whether  or  not,  however,  it  can  be  found 
m  sufficient  quantities  to  pay  the  enormous  proUts  calculated  by 
many  excited  individuals,  is  a  question  I  shall  FL-fer  to  hereafter. 
In  the  mean  while,  it  may  be  a5  well  to  tntce  the  history  of  gold 
in  En|,'land;  and  in  doing  so,  wc  find  the  mort  indubitable  tes- 
timony that  nt  the  earliest  peri<xht  gold  abounded  in  this  coun- 
try; and  this  in  a  great  measure  tends  to  explain  the  remarkable 
floies  uf  invasions  continued  bom  time  to  time,  by  one  nation 
and  another,  during  1000  years,  and  which  in  showing  the 
abundanoe  of  the  precious  metalu  aa  one  of  their  main  inoon- 
livea,  throws  additional  light  on  the  whole  introductory  period 
of  O'lr  annals,  while  the  n-coitis  of  history  they  furtlier  main- 
tain are  confirmed  by  various  antiquarian  rvlics  of  inili#})Utuble 
origin.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  commenced  a  liNt  of  legis- 
lative cnacUnents,  that  sufficiently  attested  the  presence,  and 
obstructed  the  development,  of  gold  in  England.  Id  llio  Mth 
year  of  the  reign  of  this  king,  a  writ  was  issued  to  John  Jug;g, 
and  Henry  of  Wislxacli,  as  follows: — "  Whereas,  wo  are  in- 
ibnoed  that  certain  minci  of  lead,  mixed  with  gold  and  lead  ore, 
are  found  in  the  county  of  .Salop,  we  will  that  tlirt  Barons  of  the 
Exchctpier  and  the  'rrx-:i.iurer  may  be  certified  of  iho  manner  of 
finding  the  said  mines,  and  whether  any  motal.t  hath  been  trans- 
ported, and  bv  whom."  (Sir  John  IVttiis'a  Fodin/p.  Rfyalcs,  p. 
84.)  Uenry  tV.,  by  writ  of  mandivmus,  dated  1  lib  May,  in  the 
aocond  year  of  his  reign,  commnjida  Waller  P'ilzwaltcr,  upoo 
information  of  a  concealed  mine  of  gold,  in  Enscx,  to  "  bring  all 


«n 


0M  Xmimg  in  JOtshmd. 


rOREION   MINES. 


The  Imperial  Brazilian  Mining  Association 
1825 — the  shares  being  iasucd  at  £o  prcm. 
shares,  of  £25  paid,  equal  to  £250,000.     In 
tion  extracted  from  its  mines  35,000  pouoda' 
las  paid  to  its  shareholders  to  the  present 
sides  paying  £354,000  to  the  Brazilian 
The  duty  has  just  been  abolished. 

This  association,  independent  of  its 
ments,  etc.,  possesaes  nearly  thirty 
land  in  the  world,  in  a  climate  pi 
vation  above  tlie  levo!  of  the  sea; 
returning  to  this  old  mining  com' 
Duval,  who  was  several  years  c' 
and  during  whose  administration 
nunerative.     New  life  has  been 
the  returns  of  gold  have 
velopment  of  the  Camara ' 
cipations. 

The  Company  having 
their  landed  property  as 
to  sell  two  estates,  coi 
two  valuable  mines, " 
price  asked  is  £20,000; 
it  will  be  distributed 
share. 

The  Linares 
profit,  and  have  a 

The  New  lA: 
the  pnrpose  of 
in  the  irami 
latest  reports, 
daily  at  San  ' 
ing  2^  tons  of 
per  fm. 

The  San 
been  in 
are  250  tons 
Patterson's 
culated 
tons  of 
Faria, 
of  ■ 
IS 


lth« 
It 

ICUQO- 

gold 

its  on 

k 

William 

dropped 

Htional  pur- 

(his  result; 

after^ 

■Ht&la,  in  the  ■ 

the  imperfect 

"  Sod  the 

of  which — 

tiWliim  the  past 

gold  soundfl 


OK  TaS  GOLD. 

STATES. 


vmaimk. 

rf  Buckingham  county, 
A  ABjnilar  geological  fea- 

cKrizes  this  section  of 

)r  vbich  it  was  produced, 

Tatkaeta  and  superiori^  of 

Tk  eountiy  around  is  of  a 

^ad  numerous  indications 

kvatcd  within  two  orlhree 

Kw  owned  by  an  English 

than  most  other  mines  in 

_  dS^t  l.tSOO  acres,  and  there 

*  rro  ct  Ihem  being  explored 

MB*  tor  ncarlv  half  a  mile. 

wvrted,  runs  N.  35"  E..  and 

»  iy »/  about  40°  to  S.  E. ;  the 

ivia,  al  a  distance  of  80  or 

«W  pnn  in  Xo.  9,  Vol.  I.,  at  tho 
additional  remarks,  ui<] 


k  and  tkt  Eldritfyt  Stinn,  Vtrffinia.  870 


I 
I 


10  to  12  fi»;t  vfide,  and  clips  ftbout 
I  will  unite  nnd  form  one  lode. 
ei«>»i>4»  of  aiirir«rou«  pyrites,  which 
'  iiaid  mciamorphic  slate ;  but  there  arc 
^^uurtj!  interspereed  lliroughout  the  vein, 
ifpild  in  numeroDS  ^ainH  aiul  HpnTij^Ies,  and 
r  «>iuiidcral>le  siw,  furnishing  sptvinten*  of 
.   is  met  with  only  "in  hriio<?s.    Tbe  main 
t-plh;  ihf!  galk'riw)  extend  to  about  400  feet, 
uil  of  Sloping  work  has  b(?cn  done.     For  crusliing 
|ii|ia  have  iicrutoforc  Ik-cu  employed ;  but  since  tho 
new  mill,  wilb  a  poncrf'u!  engine,  72  stlainps  have 
Minn.     A  itiifticicnt  aupply  of  water  for  stainm  and 
tiisbed  bv  the  pumpa  From  below.     The  nmaigfttna- 
■A  on  two  »Ki»  of  shaking  tables.     As  the  onj 
the  mill  without  boing  roa-tied,  it  is  rca*>mible  to 
n  coiwiiKTiiiile  amount  of  ffM  must  remain  in  tho 
bluul  an  examination  of  ihi'.m  justified  our  conviction, 
t quantities  of  tiiilin^  arc  spreiut  over  the  ground,  and 
of  Uiera  arc  tbe  result  of  the  rude  working!*  of  former 
...  J.     Now  the  iron  pyrites,  havin}*  been  cxiKjscd  to  the  action 
>f  iiimfl«pin;ric  acenls,  liavo  partly  become  decomposed  ;  we  are, 
berefore,  satisfied  that  it  would  pay  handsomely  to  work  them 
1  over  aj^in.  by  the  use  of  Chilian  of  ting  mills. 

Sinoe  tiie^ginningof  the  present  year,  the  Company  has  era- 
ployed  about  one  hiin<irod  handx,  forty  of  whom  arc  working 
underground.  These  mines  arc  now  under  the  .superintpndenoe 
of  Captain  Thonuis  Phillips,  a  pTnlleman  of  long  experience  iu 
cold  mining  operations ;  we  anticipate  that  their  prosperity  may 
bo  sudk  as  to  induce  Knglish  capitalists  to  augment  their  lurest- 
ments  in  our  mineral  regions. 

THG   BUCKINOUA^U  AXO  TUE  ELDnuWE   MIN£^,  VIKGIXIA. 

Tlieso  two  mines,  »ituat(;d  only  a  few  miles  from  the  Oamett 
and  Most-ley,  arw,  nevcrtbelo.'B,  of  quite  a  distinct  character. 
They  are  IkiUi  on  one  vein,  upon  mljoining  prf>pcrtie=,  and 
nnderKTound  are  ix>nnccted  by  a  gallery,  although  belonging  to 
two  different  parties. 

The  vein  lias  a  counto  25*  E.,  and  an  inclination  of  75* 
N.  W. ;  it  is  from  10  to  15  foci  wide,  increasing  in  depth,  and  of 
ft  truly  promising  ohanicter.  There  are  extensive  surface  cxca- 
Totionai  on  tho  counw  of  the  vein,  which  the  former  owners  of 
the  properties  worked  out  to  ix  depth  of  from  20  to  40  feet,  where 
thcitlate  WiW  become  banl  and  solid  on  account  of  the  uncom- 
poaed  auriferous  pyrites  in  it.  The  "  soil  ore,"  taken  fn>m  lho»e 
bolca,  and  al-io  the  ore  rai-vd  from  the  shafU,  was  said  to  have 
yielded  from  fifty  cents'  to  five  (loHars'  worth  of  gob)  p-r  bnMhel. 
la  one  pit  we  found  severul  sjwclmena  of  fibrooa  (aabcatif^ 


isn 


7^«  Oarittlt  and  Motetey  MiMt,  Virginia. 


such  pcnoiis  ant  he  in  his  jiiiJginenL  thinks  fit,  that  do  conceal  the 
amid  miDoa,  and  briuR  them  before  tho  king  nnd  his  council."  It 
[n  ctutci]  al»)  by  Hir  J.  P^-ttuR,  in  his  Fvdunf.  liffftles,  that  Cuno- 
f  1>cline,  Prinoe  of  the  Trinobaiitcs,  coiucd  at  CaiBclodunum  gold 
'obtained  from  n  mine  in  Ks^-x. 

After  850  jeara,  the  ruinous  cfFocta  of  these  cnnctmcnts  on 

mining  enterprise  rendered  their  continuanoe  in  the  8t4itut«-book 

BO  inaurterabfc  tliat  they  were  rci^alcd  in  tho  rdgn  of  William 

and  Mary;  nnd  hen-  thtr  curluin  may  lie  said  to  have  droppe*! 

on  the  almir  as  a  matter  of  jjubtic  recognition  and  national  pur- 

aoit.     There  were  no  essential  reasons,  liowcver,  for  this  result; 

but  it  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  oxehisiro  attention  after- 
devtitwl  to  the  iiift-rior  and  more  wn?c,ssib!i!  nielids,  in  the 
^wiMonary  notions  entertained  by  aldieinisti!,  and  in  the  imperfcot 

WnatODOc  affonled  by  metallurgy.  Here  wo  &hall  lind  the 
,  oausesof  that  profound  oblivion,  under  the  influence  of  which — 
Ffoon  stealing  over  the  human  intellect,  soon  dn>wiiing  the  past 

in  the  present — the  indigenous  existence  of  British  gold  sounds 

lU  a  fnblc  or  a  droam 


Jaa.  m— EXAMIXATIONS  AND  RXPLORATIONS  OS  THB  GOLD- 
BKARlN(i  BELTS  OF  TUK  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

THK   OARNBtrr   and    MOSKLKV    minks,    VIRGINIA. 

Roeently  wc  visited  the  mining  district  of  Buckingham  county, 
Virginia,  wuth  nf  the  .litme,t  river.  A  singular  goologieal  fea- 
tur«,  called  the  Willis's  mountain,  characterizes  this  section  of 
countty,and  the  volcanic  convulsion,  by  which  it  was  produced, 
aeeraa  to  have  been  the  cause  of  the  nchncas  and  superiority  "f 
several  mines  in  itt  neighborhood.  The  country  around  is  of  a 
mnarkabty  metalliferous  appearance,  and  ntunoroua  indications 
of  veins  an^  met  with  on  the  surface. 

The  Garnett  and  ifosclcy  mines,*  located  within  two  orlliree 
tniies  of  the  Wiilis'i*  monniain,  are  now  owntnl  by  an  English 
ompany,  and  workwl  more  extensively  than  most  other  min<»  in 
^tmnta.  The  jtT«i>erly  contninK  about  1,600  aen-s,  and  there 
are  five  or  six  different  veins  on  il,  two  of  tnero  lioing  exjilorcd 
by  a  number  of  KhaHa  and  excavations  for  nearlr  half  a  mile. 
The  main  \*ein,  which  is  now  chieflv  worked,  runs  N.  85°  K.,  and 
lis  from  14  to  16  fei-t  wide,  with  a  dip  of  nlKiut40'  to  S.  E. ;  the 
[other  running  panillel  with  the  main  vein,  at  a  distance  of  SO  or 

•  An  a  (kbiilm!  rrjiort  on  lhw»  mlnM  ir««  f}vim  In  No,  S,  Vftl.  I.,  of  the 
^jUnins  Maffnxirir,  are  nhnll  confine  ourwirc*  to  Mm«  additional  rcmBrkn,  Bnd 
r  to  nid  rq)urt  for  particulu*. 


■  Tht  JJiKlinffiam  ai*d  thi  ElJriJ^  Minn,  Vtrffinia.  879 

40  feet  on  the  surfaco,  is  trom  10  to  12  f«!t  wide,  aoct  dips  about 
85  S.  E.,  BO  Uutt  l>olIi  wills  will  unite  imd  form  one  lode. 

The  bulk  of  tho  oro  oonsiRte  of  auriferouB  pviitca,  which 
abandantlj  iinpregnntus  n  hsnl  mctamorphic  xlatc ;  but  there  aro 
td»o  rich  porliona  of  quartx  interspersed  thn>U)(hoiit  the  vein, 
which  contaiu  luitivc  gold  in  numcrotu  ^ains  and  spangles,  and 
BometimaBinpioceaof  coiisidereblesize,  fiirnislitng  aj>ftci!iienaof 
mat  value.  Copper  in  met  vfith  only  "in  brat-cs.  ITic  main 
khaft  i»  1 16  feet  in  lieplh ;  ihc  galleriea  extend  to  aI>out  -WX)  feet, 
and  a  good  dcid  of  ^toping  work  has  been  done.  For  CTu-fliing 
the  ore,  24  stamps  have  heretofore  been  emplovod ;  bttt  since  tho 
erection  of  a  nrw  mill,  w-ith  a  powerful  cngioc,  72  stamps  have 
been  in  operation.  A  snfhoient  supply  of  watvr  for  .tlampa  and 
bculcrs  is  furnished  by  the  pumps  from  below.  ITie  amafgama- 
tiou  is  iterfornied  on  two  aels  of  shaking  lablc«t.  As  the  ore 
passes  throu<rh  the  mil)  without  bcinfi^  roasted,  it  is  reasonable  to 
expect  thai  a  eonsidemble  amount  of  gold  miuit  remain  in  tho 
tuliDgs,  and  an  cxaminalionof  them  justified  our  conviction. 

"Vast  quantities  of  tailings  iiro  spirad  over  the  ground,  and 

tOOBt  of  them  arc  the  result  of  the  rude  workings  of  fonncr 

yeaj*.     Now  the  iron  pyrilcM,  having  Iwen  ex[Kfsed  to  the  action 

I  of  atmospheric  agents,  nave  partly  become  decomposed ;  we  arc, 

'  thcrofore,  satialicd  thai  it  would  pay  hand.Homcly  to  work  them 

over  again,  by  the  use  of  Chilian  of  drag  mills. 
L  Since  the  beginning  of  the  present  year,  the  Company  has  cm- 
IjiloTed  about  one  hundred  handt,  forty  of  whom  are  working 
I  vnoerground.  Theite  minc«  arc  now  under  the  t^pcrintendenec 
I  of  Otptain  Thomas  Phillips,  a  gentleman  of  long  experience  in 
I  ffold  mining  operations ;  we  anticipate  that  their  ]iroHpcrity  may 
I  be  sudt  its  to  induce  KngtisU  capitalists  to  augment  their  inrcsv 
raents  in  our  mineral  rcgionii. 

TUB  BfCEIMOnAM   KStl  THE   KI.DH1D0E   UtXES,  TIBOtNIA. 

I  Tlieae  two  mines,  situated  only  a  few  miles  from  the  Garnctt 
I  and  Moselcy,  arc,  nevertln.^ie.'W,  of  quite  a  distinct  eliamcter. 
I  They  are  lioUi  on  one  vein,  upon  adjoining  properties,  and 
f  nndei^ground  arc  connected  by  a  gallery,  although  belonging  to 
two  <lilt'erent  parties. 

The  vein  has  a  course  25*  E.,  and  on  inclination  of  75* 

Jf.  W,  i  it  is  from  10  to  15  feet  wide,  increasing  in  depth,  and  of 

a  truly  promising  character.     1'herc  arc  exti;nsive  Hurfocc  exoa- 

vationii  on  tho  course  of  the  vein,  which  the  former  owners  of 

the  properties  worked  out  to  a  depth  of  from  20  to  40  fcet,  where 

tlie  .ilate  nas  b:xxjme  hard  and  solid  on  account  of  the  uncorrt- 

l  posed  auriferous  pyrites  in  it.     The  "  aolt  ore,"  taken  fmtu  those 

f  nolo),  anil  also  tlie  ore  mi^d  from  the  slinfls,  was  said  to  have 

I  Yielded  from  fit\y  cents' to  five  dollars'  worth  of  gold  p"r  hitshel, 

I  In  one  pit  we  found  several  sjtecimena  of  fibrous  (aabcsiiform) 


Tie  AAni  Mine,  iW(A  C-aivtuM. 


actinolile.  Fifty  or  aLxty  feet  from  the  sarfacc,in  some  pamof  tb« 
win,  llio  iron  pyiiUs*  an;  alrwulv  slnuijrly  intermixpa  with  otjp- 
por  pyrilos,  and  at  a  depth  of  less  than  a  hundred  fi-n-l  i»  fine 
copp«'r  ore  maktw  it»  itpp'^iirunoe,  aixoiDjiauied  by  a  rich  bronii 
and  blaokiah  goM-beannji  gossan,  while  auriferous  pyril««6tili 
coiiliuiic  in  iiVnindancc.  Specular  iron  of  UKreat  variety,  in  form 
and  color,  is  frequently  met  with,  ThcTo  were  §hown  to  us 
)H'rf.ly  s|)ccim(>n*  of  liuavy  spur  (MiilpbAle  of  batytcf)  aud  talcite, 
tttkcii  also  from  tbcae  luincs. 

Sovcnil  »ihaftti  hnvc  Uku  mink  on  both  miiAt-jt,  front  70  to  180 
feet  in  dcplh,  and  galleries  driven  to  some  extent  on  the  TCiu. 
At  tlio  Huckuigliiini  Mino  th«  main  shall  is  now  bt-ing  sunk  to  a 
depth  of  about  200  feet;  and  a  atcam-enjijino  of  40-horse  i>owcr 
id  U)  b<!  iwt  up,  and  uIku  a  xl  of  24  stamps,  xhaktii^  tjtbles,  and 
other  machinery.  Tho  owners  of  the  KldridRe  Mine  are  iike- 
wi.sn  making  improveincnlx  in  maohincry,  and  proiMCUting  the 
development  of  their  valuable  lode. 

Itotli  iniiiei*  will,  at  pro»:nt,  ohitrfly  be  worked  for  gold,  and 
they  give  giiod  promise  to  pay  well  with  proper  management. 
The  om,  K\cn  hy  bvtng  lrc4ttcd  in  thu  mannirr  intendwl,  will, 
without  doubt,  yield  a  handsome  per  centage.  At  a  depth  of 
250  or  SOOyfcel,  wv  anlii'ipalv  that  iv  piod  copper  lode  will  bo 
made,  and  compel  iulcreslod  parlies,  to  their  advantage^  for  the 
futurt!  to  make  gold  by  means  of  copper. 

The  same  vein,  on  which  ihe  DueKinglmm  and  the  Eldridge 
tnine«  arc  locntcdf  wi?  tniecd  into  the  adjacent  plantation  of 
Thomaii  Eldridge,  Ktq.,  and  lliu.4  found  three  other  parallel 
VM118  on  thcsr  lands,  which  liad  partly  been  explored  by  a  num- 
ber of  pits  and  euti,  and  were  witd  to  liux'e  yivlded  gold  wher- 
ever  they  hatl  bocn  tfsted.  The  surface  appearances  indicate 
that  tli'-re  ai-i-  uwn'.  vein.-*,  yet  nndt-velopcil,  on  the  wme  pro- 
perty, which  contains  about  250  acres.  There  is  also  a  fine 
water-power.  which  ban  been  employed  for  driving  a  mill, 
wherein  Mr.  Eldridge,  the  former  owiicr  of  the  Eldridge  Mine, 
for  about  15  years  worke<i  all  the  ore*  tjikoa  from  that  mine,  and 
at  lca»l  200.000  bushels  of  tailings  are  lying  on  the  ground, 
vrbich  miglit  now  be  worked  over  a^aiii,  in  a  proper  manner,  to 
great  advantage.  This  valuable  mining  tracts  we  understaud, 
has  lately  been  s«!ured  by  an  enterprising  gejilleman  of  New 
Tork:  awd  as  there  is  scarcely  a  chance  to  embark  in  mining 
operation.1  with  nioi*  siifeiy  llnui  at  this  plaoe,  one  vein  on  it 
being  largely  proved  by  the  explorations  of  two  neighboring 
min«.i,  wo  expect  that  niiollK-r  will  soon  be  added  to  Uie  already 
vvU-cstablisiied  mines  in  this  part  of  Virginia. 

TRR  ItnKA   MIKE.   NOBTD  CASOU.SA. 

Tho  land  upon  which  this  mine  is  located,  which  consists  of 
575  acra^  is  about  nine  miles  f^om  Charlotte,  and  wil^  the 


I 
4 


Tht  AAm  3Hnt,  North  Carfliaa. 


m\ 


Oatha  mine  fonns  the  property  <rf  tiio  Uccklonburg  QoM  find 
Copper  Compwiy.  Charlotte  w  a  ranidly-KTou'iiig  tovm,  in  th« 
oetitrti  of  B  ricQ  mining  dietrict,  whtuli  is  nuw  connected  br 
railroa:)  wttb  Wiltnin{[U>n,  North  Carolinn,  and  Charleston,  South 
Corwlina,  to  wliich  will  soon  be  aJilcil  n  direct  railrogxl  commaDi- 
cation  to  Hiobmond  and  Nortblk,  Vii^iiiin. 

With  respect  to  till?  frcolosicai  I'orniation  of  tWa  locality  it  is 
only  iiwessary  to  state,  thai  ft  im  witliin  tiie  limit*  of  \Xw  ^ufxntA 
metal lifL-roua  belt  croasinR  the  State;  iho  tvature  of  vbich  has 
been  .iiifiicierilly  >ct  forth  by  othi'ra. 

On  this  property  there  is  a  cluster  of  v^oa,  threa  of  which 
(No.  1^  A  B  C)  arc  sufBcimtly  ilcv^lopcd  to  Khow  the  following 
courses:— A.,  N.  66'  K;  IJ.,  N.  62"  K;  (1,  N.  70'  K.  They 
»n)  vf-rtical,  and  run  ihroush  the  property  for  a  distance  of  about 
1,1)00  fcot.     Veinii  A  and  B  form  a  junction  within  its  limita. 

IWidos this  cluster,  there  arc  two  other  veins.  Ono(No.  II.) 
running  N.  fiO*  E.,  cm.t.se.t  t!io  projjerty  in  ita  centre,  for  alxjut 
9,900  foct  in  lenjrth.  This  vein  has  been  extensively  worked 
by  numeroas  cuifHCc  diggings  l>elween  tiie  vein  walU,  with  au 
av«rBj^  width  of  18  inches.  Several  shal!^  have  also  been 
sunk  m  this  voin,  and  abandoned  on  account  of  the  prevalence 
of  ct^per  or«,  of  which  specimens  may  bo  found  in  the  refuse, 
near  an  old  wliini  shaft.  A  former  owner  of  this  property 
stal^  that  largii  ^nnia  had  been  Tv^UiK^d  from  the  surface  work- 
ings  at  diScrcnt  periods,  and  there  is  sufficient  "soft  ore"  still 
remaining  to  1«  highly  rcmmiemtive,  if  worked  with  KuitaUe 
machinery.  The  walls  of  this  vein,  being  vertical,  arc  visible 
in  many  places  to  a  depth  of  from  10  to  20  feet.  They  anj  well 
defined,  leaving  no  doubt  as  to  their  permanency,  and  I  am  of 
opinion  that  a  more  extensive  exploration  would  develop  a  eop> 
per  lode,  which  must  increase  in  depth,  and  may  be  depended 
upon.  At  a  short  distance  south-ea.it  of  tliia  vein,  there  i.s  a 
small  parallel  vein,  on  whicli  two  openings  have  been  made,  and 
it  was  stated  tliat  it  rich  "  brown  gold  ore"  had  l)een  obtained 
there. 

Vein  No,  IIL,  on  the  south-ea»t  side  of  the  tract,  runs 
N.  60^  K.  abonl  1,0'>0  feet  through  the  property.  It  was  for- 
merly worked  for  gold  by  a  shaft  and  auil  level,  and  also  by 
sevend  surface  di^^ingx.  Th.*  yield  of  the  ore  is  reported  to 
have  averaged  $8  to  the  bushel.  On  examination  of  this  vein 
I  found  very  hnmlsome  specimens  of  copper  ore  oblaine<l  from 
the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  which,  in  connection  with  other  indica- 
tions, jiivtilie^  the  conclusion  that  this  also  will  prove  a  licli  and 
reliabU-  eojijipr  lode. 

There  arv  iiumerouH  indications  of  other  vans  yet  unexplored 
onlhft  pnipi^rty. 

All  former  operations  have  been  exclusively  dircct^^'d  to  the 
pmduotioii  of  gold,  anrl  it  is  stated  tliat  Llie  ore  taken  fi\>m  the 


Tha  (kAu  JtTtae. 


backs  of  ilio  veins  lias  yielded  from  $1  to  $5  per  bushel,  witli 
very  itnp<;rri.ci  luiivhiiiury  for  iL-*  cxtraLiion,  and  freimently  ft 
hutgtr  amount  Iiaa  been  obtained  This  ore  must  still  be  very 
■buiidaiit  to  a  depth  of  SO  to  60  foot,  where  oarbotwu  (mnlacbite) 
tmd  sulphuret  of  copper  begin  to  predominate.  The  aulphuret 
of  copper  isof  Hsu]KTiorqiir.lity,  atiil  will  be  the  reliable  IreMoro 
of  these  veins. 

The  pKWMit  miiun^  ojicrations  od  this  properly  arc  confined 
to  veins  A  oikI  B  of  elustir  No,  1.  On  vein  A  tha  excavations 
liRvc  Ik'cu  most  cxtffusivf,  iind  tbc  ore  is  txken  out  beiwi\-ii  the 
walls  to  the  deplliof  50  or  60  fetit,  and  about  130  fbet  in  length. 
The  apL'^rttity;  lias  been  partially  timbcrt-d  ami  filled,  Irjvinf^K 
communicati<m  with  four  shafts  which  bavo  been  constructed  in 
it.  Al  tlii«  place  the  Company  eoinmcnoed  their operuiions,  the 
progrexHof  which  will  be  more  fuUy  underatood  by  refcrenco  to 
'  tiic  following  engraving. 


(.  U44-  aMI,  U IM. 


•■  Wliii><tin,UM 

4  ou.u^.asiMd 


•.KmwgMKf. 


Th«v  «re  now  driving  a  gallery  in  asouth-wc^i-rudircc^on 

I  on  the  vein,  wlicrw  it  jircsents  a  very  promiwng  apwanince,  aiwl 

■Jds  a  handsome  supply  of  copper  ore  iiiUTtnioKied  wtlli  Rold. 

*y  have  a!i«i  coinmo.nwd  extending  the  working  sbafl,  with 

"the  intention  of  sinking  it  to  the  d<^|ith  t»f  SOO  f-'et.    The  plan  of 

operations  adoptod  is  in  follow  vein  A  bv  iliis  gallery  to  it» 

"  junction  with  vein  II,  wiiere  another  shaft  w^dl  be  sunk.  "On  vdn 

X rations  have  also  bcvn  commenced,  by  sinking  a  wliim  shaft 
depth  of  100  feet,     Thid  Ih  nearly  completed. 
Upon  the  property  there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  wood  and 
[water  for  working  the  mine  and  iL*  ores. 

THK  CATIIA   HIK^. 

Tbifl  mining  property,  oonsitting  of  120  aeroa^  it  ^xint  five 
I  miles  from  Cbartott*^  au<l  wltbin  one  mile  of  a  platUC'.nMdi 


Thi  Hall  MifM,  Soutk  Cantina. 


Mt. 


» 


There  aie  two  veins  partiaUy  explored.  Hie  pnndpal  one  roov 
N.  lio"  R,  Willi  n  tiii»  of  45°  to  llie  S.  E.,  aud  yiclcU,  at  a  depth  o£ 
about  20  f«!t,  a  rich  "  pold  noesan."  and  sbows  a  atnua  of  copper 
ore  Dvurly  dim:  ft»t  in  thick  n<.^»)(.  Upon  thb  vein  a  abaft  13  now 
being 'sank,  which  ia  intended  to  sthks  the  vein  at  a  depth  o£i . 
aboat^Ofoct  TheolhcrvcinnmaN.d6'>W.  Both  will  be  foundi^ 
to  unite  not  tiir  from  tl>o  preitODt  op«;ninga.  -i 

Tbo  proapccrt  of  tbo  aoovc  mcntioiii-d  Company  are  very  flat» ' 
tering:.  lJpouthpirproi>orlii»therttia,  beyond doubt,anabiitidiiiii)e 
of  nurtcriai  for  very  extensive  and  highly  n:tnunflmtivoopcnition&. 
Two  cotapfttit&4  could  advantagi^niLiIy  be  mail«  of  tlic  ono,  anftj 
by  division  secure  to  each  the  enci^-  they  merit.     The  dirocton* , 
state  that  an  en^ne  and  suitable  inachitiery  is  on  ilfi  way  to  Ukl] 
minca,  and  ihey  tiopc  to  put  it  in  opcjauou  in  about  two  montli&*f 
With  tliw  ami  skilful  niatiage'niRnt  the  !itookhoMt;n  inunl  at  aa-J 
early  period  receive  that  earnest  from  their  investment  which  isn 
always  iifccptablo,  and  ciinri<li.^nt!y  oxpeeted  from  all  eiilerprist-at, 
The  borapany  have  been  eminently  successful  in  securing  the 
8(tn-icL-s  of  iir.  James  RichanU  n»  mining  captain,  tut  upoti  liie 
competency  of  tho  nuiager  depends  the  success  of  all  mining  < 
onterpriscs. 

TOE  HALS  MIXE,  SOLTH  CABOMNA. 

'  The  tract  containing  this  mine  was  once  oelebrated  as  a  vast  I 
deposit,  whose  treaaurea  attraolod  hundreds  of  persons  to  obtain 
with  ease  a  golden  liarvwt  fur  exceeding  llic  liard-eameil  tmvps 
of  tlieir  rtoUU;   then  the  picks  sounded  there,  and  the  miilri 
Jtcd,  and  htimnn  voices  rchf^ied  thmugh  the  Mjlitu<lc  of  th4ttJ 
.,sts.    This  mine,  however,  suffered  tho  same  fete  with  manjri 
hcra  in  tho  Southern  Piatricti* — it  wa«  gnulually  nbandoneir^rj 
it:t  iiarnij  and  reputation  only  survived  in  the  memory  of  th«f 
miblic,  white  th«  statistics  of  Uiu  large  »tiiounltt  of  gold  derivedj 
from  i(  (lan  Imi  frond  on  record  in  the  bank  at  Camden.  S,  C,  a[\ 
permanent  witness  of  its  richnnw.     Strange  iw  this  fact  apfX'iuiS" 
this  mint!  affords,  at  liie  same  time,  the  best  key  for  exp)ai^ing^ 
that  soemin^lv  secret  fate,  and  shows  evidently  that  mining  is  a  I 
bustnc^  wincli,  to  bo  tft»ting,  must  be  underslooii,  and  that  thft*] 
boat  mine  can  bo  made  worthless  to  it»  owners  bj-  rude  work'^^ 
ing»  and  the  want  of  the  necessary  skill  and  knowledge.     The 
Southern  jKoplc  worked  their  mines  as  tliev  do  their  fields,  fron 
which  they  sock  to  get  as  much  an  pooaible  without  troubling 
tlwmaelves  n-ith  improvements  lor  future  dayi<.  well  knowing 
that  they  powejw  an  abnndance  of  unlilled  virgin  ar>il  to  bit} 
dearcd  in  place  of  that  which  mav  be  worn  out.     But  it  is  csaatrr 
to  find  new  soil  Ihiui  new  and  rich  mines,  and  hence  the  decline, 
after  a  short-lived  vigor,  of  mining  enterprise  in  the  Southern 
^tes,  until  Northern  men  entered  the  field  and  started  upodi] 
the  rains  of  abandoned  places  new  mining  cstablishmcntv,  witb 


Tie  Hale  Mine,  &mth  Oaralina, 


thatvneiy;  an<iHkin  winch  resoltafrom  titdr  habit  of  struggling 
with  Nature  for  her  treasure 

Tlic  Hiil«  Mine  is  situated  in  I>ancAstcr  District,  S.  C,  about 
twentv-five  miles  north  of  Caindciif  on  the  route  w  Monroe,  N,  C, 
mkI  vifchteun  milt^  from  I^nncitfiler  village.  Th«  ininin)^  limA  in 
mid  to  contain  one  thouKind  cij^ht  hun<Irc<l  ncrM ;  it  fonns  nearly 
a  parallcloj^m,  and  was  seiiaratcd  from  a  larger  plantation  vritli 
iq>eoial  regard  to  the  mincntl  \n\ns  and  vouvcnictiucs  Ibr  mining 
opcmtiontion  it.  The  ;|;Tontid  ia  tirokon  and  fonnn  two  nclgcs, 
each  of  them  carrj-iiig  a  vein  Itnpthways  tlircntirh  tlic  property, 
wluch  covers  their  extent  tor  about  two  milfa.  Both  veins 
-bear  a  course  of  N.  biy  E.,  and  run  about  two  hundred  yards 
^flitant  from  each  other.  They  arc  crossed  by  two  trapp^-jin  dikes 
hi  A  direction  of  north-west  and  south-cast.  There  arc  regular 
outtToppinjwof  a  thin!  vein  alonj^  the  nortli-wi-^rn  slope  of  the 
ridge,  on  the  sonth-east  aide  of  the  property.  This  vein  has  not 
yet  bctrn  explondl,  and  vre  feel  iiielineil  to  b<:liev«  ihiit  it  ik  no 
independent  one,  but  will  unite  in  depth  with  the  main  vein 
embraced  by  that  rid^. 

A  crook,  with  a  Biir  supply  of  water,  runs  tlirough  these  lands, 
luid  it  was  ill  one  of  itn  Itrancbe.t,  ^vhicl^  enw.se*  tin-  north-west 
vein  in  its  course,  where,  in  the  year  1827,  Ikojamin  Hale 
dtaeovcred  the  fir*l  gold  on  his  proiwrty.  For  tin;  nuxt  years 
fbllowing  the  search  for  that  precious  metal  was  eontlncd  1<) 
wo^hinir  the  banks  and  bottom  of  thi»  hnmeh  and  the  lower  end 
of  the  ercek,  until,  in  1882,  gold  wan  found  on  the  back  of  lljc 
vein  south-west  of  the  branch,  wlieru  the  first  pits  were  then 
dug.  Soon  ftfterwartht  Kvana,  a  relative  of  Hale,  opened  the 
same  vein  on  the  other  siilc  of  the  branch,  on  an  olevatinn  called 
ChBM!  Hill,  Ixiing  guidt^l  by  washing  the  surface.,  which  is  auid 
to  have  yielded  there  fifty  pennyweights  per  bushel.  Muoh 
working  was  done  for  mow  than  half  a  mile  on  the  countr  of  this 
Tcin  and  considerable  pold  was  obtained  from  a  number  of  pit« 
dn^  there.  Knoonrnged  by  .luch  resulw,  ihey  soon  vxlendod 
'  their  search  over  the  other  ridge,  and  gold  wais  also  discovered 
rOn  the  back  of  the  south-ea.it  vein,  jui*t  at  that  jioint  wh^rc  it  i» 
I  iotenectod  by  a  cross^ike  and  where  explorations  i:ould  be  ex- 
]>eeted  to  bet^ime  hijilily  remunerative.  .\nd  in  liu-l  ihe  extreme 
richness  of  this  place,  as  well  as  the  facilities  olibri.'d  to  lUeir 
mde  workings,  by  its  l>eing  plevnn^l  about  Bi."tty  feet  above 
water  level,  soon  made  it  the  centre  of  o|xrration8,  and  here  the 
nwxt  extcniuvc  diggings  and  also  the  .thght  iM-ginnings  of  8y» 
.tupatical  mining  nave  taken  place.  Thu  circumHtane«a  and 
^amditmns  under  which  thi:4  mine  was  tlien  wrought,  (Icservc 
liere  a  particular  notice,  as  they  caiisckl  partly  the  rniiKnia  way 
of  exploring  which  was  adopted,  and  aeoimnt  for  the  fmnl  aban- 
donment of  ft  mine  of  inexhaustible  weahh  and  productivenent. 
Mr.  Uale  pennittod  inj  individuid  or  party  to  work  indflT 


^^^^^  7%e  mtt  MiM,  SouA  Carvlina. 

pendentlr  on  it  distinct  portion  of  the  voios  on  hia  IoikIr,  undec^ 
the KtipulAlion  UuU  tliuy  »liouli)  di-livvr  to  bim,  every  Inrcnty -one 
days,  all  the  goH  tiicy  might  wllocl,  for  which  he  paid  ihcni 
sixly  cc-nlH  per  penny  wpig lit,  Thw  real  value  of  it  was  from 
niiHty  to  nincty-tlircc  t-cnts.  Ho  c«vo  no  mining  leaseit  for  ocp- 
tain  pcri<xlit,  and  kvpt  liiniHiiirat  ItMity  to dismiiH  tmrtics  at  any 
timo  he  found  llicm  puilty  of  violating  hi«  roguWionR.  Tho 
(tbKocca  ofTi^rtxl  Viy  such  iin  arniiigt-incnt  drew  people  from  all 
aoarten  to  tlic  Ualo  Mino,  and  nambent,  varying  at  diflerent 
tuocs  from  SHy  handit  up  f>  ttcvoral  hundrcifs,  were  gathered 
there  in  search  of  gold.  Tho  place  &bove  mentioned,  on  tli« 
ioutliCAHt  vein,  aliont  tho  cross-iiikf^  jirowntiug  peculiar  attrac- 
tioQH:  the  ground  there,  on  tho  back  of  the  vein,  vm  laid  out  in 
lots  of  Kix  feet  muari!,  cueli  lot  of  which  was  worked  on  byi 
separate  partic&  The  n.>suH  of  their  diggings  wan  twveml  lami 
boles  extending  tJown  l<i  wak-r  l«vi.-l  and  exhibiting:  "ow  the 
appemncti  of  ojien  miarries,  one  of  which  is  nhoni  two  hundred 
ieet  long  and  from  forty  t<>  filly  feet  wide.  There  arc  also  ex- 
tensive e^viliea  hollowed  out  under  tlie  Hurtace  ground,  which 
remained — plaeca  looking  mtLer  dangerous  for  workmen.  Most 
of  the  stufl  dug  out  from  those  holm  hn.i  been  worked  and 
yielded  gold,  «t  different  8{iot«,  though  of  different  rates.  Near 
the  eroiW'dike,  {>x;kets  of  an  extraonlinary  ricline*!  were  frc- 
quently  met  with,  a  week's  lahor  there  so'motinies  allording  a 
fortune  in  return.  Those  who  were  fovored  by  finding  a 
"leoder"  or  "feeder"  on  their  lot,  beeamp  aliui  richly  rcmu- 
iicratetl  for  th'-'ir  exertions,  while  those  who  by  chance  got  their 
lot  on  tho  back  of  a  "  horsu"  or  a  "  eapel"  were  leas  projiperons. 
Tlie  vein,  in  lhe*o  excavations,  hiut  been  explored  to  a  widUi 
of  about  forty-live  feet  near  the  surlaoe,  and  twentv  test  on  the 
bottom,  and  w  chiefly  comjio.'tcd  of  tlireo  hig  br(iiiolie:<.  By  tho 
interitection  of  the  cros«-dikc  the  shape  of  this  monatrou.t  vein 
hafl  there  becDinc  iwinewhat  irregular,  but  much  \<yt-t  so  than  it 
is  iwiial  under  similar  circumstanoesi  The  foot-leader  which 
bear?,  foulh  of  the  ero»Mlike,  a  course  of  N,  40°  E..  shows 
an  average  dip  of  6.>'  N.  W.,  and  is,  at  a  depth  of  about 
twentv  IcLi  from  the  .^wrlace,  twelve  feet  wide.  Between  this 
and  the  next  branch,  which  dips  .7l)°  N.  W.  and  has  a  width 
of  eighteen  inchi^M  or  two  feet,  there  is  a  insHt  of  ground  from 
twenty  to  twcntv-five  feet  wide,  which  is  richly  intenningled 
with  pyrite.*,  and  i.-*  saitl  to  have  yielded,  by  direct  amalgama- 
lioii,  without  wasliing,  nt  Icisi  one  pennyweight  per  boshel. 
But  as  the  pvritiL^  *]>i)i!ed  iht»  mercury  so  much  as  to  cause  a 
loss  of  .ibout^ialf  a  pound  of  tho  latter  in  working  five  busliels 
of  the  stuff,  an  abundamse  of  it  wif*  left  leniaininc  around  tlie 
excavations,  in  heaps  containing  hundreds  of  tliousandd  of 
hosbels,  wailing  R>r  a  new  and  mure  perfect  metbotl  of  extract* 
ing  the  gold  from  it.    The  dead  work  represented  by  these 


ne  JTmU  Mint,  SouH  OanliM. 


BittineB  shows  for  itself)  that  tbere  must  Itave  been  »oiiietfatnff 
veiy  faulty  m  the  oi>orutio[iH  performed  nt  thin  mine,  and  indeeu 
tlie  BTeal^T  amount  of  that  atuff  would  never  have  been  thrown 
out  D»d  it  not  bcfii  in  coiLtc'iiiciioc  of  such  n  rudo  mADner  of 
working  that  thoj-  were  comiiclled  to  raise  it.  Itv  cxtnictjng 
the  ore  from  the  K-mlvrs,  anil  following  them  right  down  fruto 
the  suriuoe,  in  their  sloping  dip,  ihey  liad  always  a  iiaiiging  body 
of  earth  remaining  over  tht'in,  and  to  prevent  the  dangt^r  of  its 
eaxHng  in  upon  tiieni,  they  were  obliged  to  remove  it;  or  the 
oanh,  being  toa  depth  of  thirty  or  forty  teet  pretty  soft,  was  wMbed 
down  by  heavy  rants  and  flued  up  Uie  diggings.  The  fntttlees 
labor  beooming  iieccesary  under  such  circumstaoces,  and  con* 
Rtaittly  ein1>arRi«ting  their  o^ierations,  consumed,  of  counw,  ft 
great  deal  of  their  gain,  the  more  so  as  they  worker!  de<T)cr. 
Ilenuc  the  n«ml>er  of  han<U  at  tlie  mine  lx»;anic  gradtutlly  re- 
dnoed,  and  many  of  them  returned  to  their  cotton  tlelda.  A 
third  leader  to  ide  lode  of  tliis  vein  was  not  suffieioiitly  aocrao- 
ble  to  permit  a  close  examination,  but  from  the  report  of  a  niiii«r, 
who  formerly  worked  there  underground,  il  beais  a  still  greater 
inelination  to  the  horizon  than  the  other  two,  and  unilea  with 
the  next  one  a  little  under  wuler  level,  where  tlicy  (ann  a  lode 
from  ten  to  twenty  feet  wide.  Aa  there  arc  at  least  two  other, 
and  probably  more,  branches  leading  down,  at  a  iirojwr  depth  a 
lode  of  a  most  extraonliiiary  size  may  be  expected.  Il  i^hoald 
here  be  mentioned  that  tlii^  vein,  like  many  others  in  the  same 
fonuations,  exhibits,  above  water  level,  no  solid  wails,  ihe  whole 
of  it,  and  also  the  ti'ljoining  eounlry,  being  in  a  soft  and  decont* 
posed  state,  and  intermixed  with  auriferous  pviitjM  or  the  results 
of  their  deeompoeiticn — ii  fact  which  frequently  puzzles  the  prac- 
tical tniner,  who  is  not  accjuainted  with  tJiis  kind  of  metalliferous 
deposits.  Ab  the  former  diggere  got  nwircr  the  junction  of  the 
Icadcri^  the  ore  became  richer  and  richer,  and  iIk'v  were  k>  well 
remunerated  as  to  ntlempt  to  eontinue  their  operations  even 
below  water  levoh  Now  the  consoquenCRS  of  their  faultv 
method  ofworking  began  to  bo  most  fUTidUjily  felt;  wherever  tliey 
dug  down  the  spot  became  aostcrn  for  all  tlie  water  uecumuIatiDg 
in  tlie  exejivatioHs.  At  this  period  QuittavSidcr,  aOcrmaiiRiiner, 
with  remarkable  good  Kcnsc,  nm  a  tunnel,  about  iwu  hundred  feet 
jrom  the  hill  side,  near  the  creek,  to  the  bottom  of  the  tai^gcMt 
excavation,  whicli  it  enters  fifty-four  feet  from  the  surface,  for 
the  purpose  of  dniiniiig  this  a.s  well  as  the  adjoining  excavatioo, 
botli  being  connected  by  a  cut  through  the  crostwiikc,  which  bad 
been  Ipft  Ht.iiiditig  belwecn  Ihetn.  Sloping  galleries  were  now 
driven  by  several  parties  on  the  eoureo  of  the  \x'm,  and  thoir 
entrance*  secured  by  walls  iigiiiiiMt  the  direct  influx  of  water. 
Bni  nn  there  was  no  chance  for  draining  by  whim.i  and  bn<^cot«, 
they  were  comjH/Ued  in  rcsi'rt  lo  "  btiitinp,"  .ind  tlien  abandoneil 
ibespot  aa  soon  as  this  wofk  became  too  ttnl^ome.  Wc  ncro  iit- 


7%«  Mite  Jfiji^  SomA  Cantima. 


m 


formed  that  Utc  ore  in  some  pbicos  iu  Hkosa  gsUeriea  yiolcM 
from  lliirtv  to  lifYy  pennyireighbt  pL-r  liu^kul.  and  tbat  in  onvof' 
thorn  a  quartz  vein  was  struck,  whicii  wiw  richly  iiit«rspewod 
witti  nutivi.!  Kolil.  Il  wuM  al»>  KtnU^I  that  another  li^adcr  was  cut 
y>y  driving  the  tunne].  In  the  drj  soa-imi  un  uttcnipt  wik.-<  made 
to  (ink  ftytav  Hhnfta  iu  the  bottom  of  the  excavations,  and  whims 
were  erwtcd  on  the  top  of  the  hill  for  draining  und  hoisting. 
One  of  the  vhafli!  was  xunk  eixl«cin  and  another  twenty  feet 
uodei'  water  level.  In  a  third  shai^  which  was  sunk  at  the 
DorUiweet  comer  of  the  largest  excavation,  and  timbered  down 
fimn  the  aurfitcti,  the  working  i»f  the  mine,  after  being  abouidoaed 
fof  several  years,  was  recommenced,  about  three  yearn  ago,  W 
'fhoiiuw  Unit!,  »  *>ii  of  Berijamin  lIuU-,  who  died  id  184d.  He 
had  emploved  some  £n;^'tlgh  miners  and  they  »unk  down  to  a 
depth  of  ciglity-four  iVet  fr<>m  the  surface,  whence  they  drove  a 
cross-cut  Houllkcast  thirty  feet,  and  another  westward  eighteen 
fisct  in  length.  All  the  stuff  tnkcri  from  these  cuts  was  worked, 
and  yielded  well,  and  near  the  end  of  the  longer  one  a  stnng  of 
"a  ycUowish  green  ore,"  about  two  inches  thick,  wos  stnick, 
which,  to  use  the  expression  of  one  of  the  minersi  who  worked 
there,  "was  nearly  all  gold."  Two  short  galleries  were  alao 
driven  from  the  soafl  in  opposite  directions  on  the  oourw  of  the 
Tein.  After  eighteen  months,  however,  the  mine  was  again 
abandoned,  on  account  of  the  inability  of  the  minew  to  overcome 
the  water  by  whims  and  buckets — a  steam-en jfine  being  na  yet  a 
mcKi  thing  of  imagioatjon  in  this  section  of  the  country.  It  the 
straneer  now  approaches  this  lonesome  sjKtt,  hts  ear  is  struck 
only  by  the  coll  of  a  black  Ixjy  to  his  mule,  and  the  jarrinc  sound 
of  an  old  ciroular  mill,  wherein  a  man  daily  works  u  fcA'bushcls 
of  tailings  from  a  place  at  the  lower  part  of  the  creek. 

Tlic  gold-bearing  rock  of  this  mine  it  ohielly  a  horublendia 
schist  of  various  colors — OTay,  black,  green,  and  yellowish.  In 
some  psirtj*  of  the  veins,  taJcose  schist  of  a  dtirk  color  is  predom- 
inant The  (bluish)  gray  hornblendic  and  the  taicosc  schists 
contain  the  golil  in  mvisiWo  jxirticlcs,  a8»x;iated  with  iron 
pyrites;  in  the  black,  ^een  and  yellowish  varieties  which  are 
toe  richest  on  jrold,  neither  gold  nor  iron  i;t  visible,  before  the 
ore  is  jialvwiiWKl  and  washed.  There  is  also  a  white  earthy  rock 
of  the  lime  and  magnesia  family,  which  vicMs  gold,  and  dc- 
loniid^  a  closer  examination.  Anotlier  ricfi  ore,  which  is  very 
compact,  and  changes  from  black  into  reddish  brown  and  pale 
yellow,  appears  likewise  worthy  of  investigation.  The  ore,  in 
imteru,  resembles  mostly  that  of  thu  Washington,  Winlt  and 
Huey  mines  in  Union  county,  N.  0.  It  is  of  the  richest  and 
most  reliable  kind,  improving  iu  dcjtth,  and  there  ia  no  fear  or 
hope  for  an  early  intervention  of  copper.*     Above  water  level 

*  Th«  KHitltii  of  AnaJjrsM  to  be  made  on  avvnge  Muiplas  ittmi  this  mine, 
will  be  gircn  hcreafttr. 
Vol.  IL— 27 


aM  The  LatJtttttmM  Ooal  Bmun. 

As  BchUt  is  BoQ  and  of  paler  colors,  and  Romctimcii  stainrd  vritti 
n»t,  ill  4'oii8eqa«aM  oi"  ttie   ci(v^>m|iosilio»   ol"  tin'  nurifi-roiin 

[(yrites.  One  of  the  leaders  there,  whieh  is  the  "  path  of  the 
ode,"  carries  \\  oelhihir  iiuttrlr.,  with  a  goM -bejiring  fi'miginoiis 
clay  (^oiean).  As  already  stated,  the  gold  la  not  confined  to  the 
Tcins,  but  isnlso  foundin  thcg«ngiie,nn'l  to  Si.nnu  <'xt«iit  in  the 
strata  on  cither  tiide,  whioh  presents  in  thia  region  a  change  of 
the  talcotm  stAlc  into  feldspntnie  rock& 

In  the  narly  period  of  llii.i  inino  tlio  or«  wan  worked  by  bund 
rockers  near  the  ereck,  la  1S3~  a  Frenchman,  bv  the  name  of 
tiuETiiot,  buiU  ihu  first  null.  Soon  after  olherinills  were  erected, 
And  there  have  been  eight  or  ten  near  the  mine,  and  tive  upon 
neighboring  pluntations :  most  of  tlicm  wrro  dniular  initio  vriili 
iron  wheels,  and  some  drag  mills.  At  the  lower  part  of  the 
creek  a  dam  was  built,  which  in  now  lirokcii  \\i\,  nnd  the  greater 
port  of  tlio  tailiiiKB  settled  in  the  pond,  fonaod  oy  the  baek  water 
of  the  creek.  They  Ue  there  in  n  bed  from  two  to  five  feet  or 
more  in  dcptli,  covering  sttvera)  arr^  and  seem  to  amount  to 
millions  of  busltcls.  We  tried  them  by  "panning"  on  the  spot, 
and  found  more  or  lr.<u  gold  in  thorn.  If  we  consider  tliat  by 
the  conslaht  motion  of  the  water  the  goM  hiis  had  a  fiur  ehanec 
to  settle,  and  also  that  at  the  flrttt  mining  operations  the  work- 
ings were  t>f  the  rii<iest  kind,  and  most  rf  tlic  gfjkl  was  lost,  it 
will  be  appnn'nt  thnt  tlie  nuder  layers  of  thwo  leadings  miist  in 
BCHueplaccsbo  very  rich.    They  deserve  a  thorough  examination. 

Tliiit  extensive  mining  tract  undoubtcilly  contains  one  of  tbe 
richest  natural  gold  deposits  in  the  Atlantic  States.  Vast  amounts 
of  IJiat  precious  metal,  which  all  men  are  moNt  desirous  to  obtain, 
lie  there  eoncoaled  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  it  is  tinift  that 
Anj-rieau  enterprij?{i  and  industry,  with  the  wand  of  science, 
nXtii  Uiose  trea.surx^  so  long  left  undevelopoi  tlirough  want  of 
energy  and  knowledge  A.  P. 


Art.  IV.— the  LACKAWANS.l  OOAI,  BASIK.  ITS  OEOIXWY  AND 
MININU  RESOUHCES  AROUND  SCRANTON.  rSKN.— Br  Phot. 
Oxnax  D.  RonuM. 

Tkk  valuable  eoal  and  iron-ore  Mlatc  of  the  Delaware,  Lacka- 
wanna, and  Wi^b^ni  Itaitroad,  and  Lnekuwiuina  Iron  and  Cool 
Company,  at  Scranton,  a  brief  descri])tion  of  which  I  here  pro- 
ipoBc  to  submit,  is  siliialcd  in  the  Ivackawann  a  Valley,  south -west 
of  Cobb's  and  Ivcg'^tt's  (laps,  and  cast,  south,  and  souih-weet  of 
the  village  of  Hyde  Park,  the  town  of  Scmnlon  being  approxi- 
mately in  its  centre.  One  portion  of  these  lands  lies  outside,  or 
to  the  south-cast,  of  the  niUunil  boundary  of  the  I^ackawanna 
■«oaJ  field ;  and  this  division,  iniiwrtant  cliiclly  for  an  extensive 


OtMral  T^^to^rvphieai  FMlirtt. 


S8» 


I 

I 


bod  oTexoelleat  iron  ore,  and  for  its  timber,  is  esUnutted  to  ooDt&!ii 
about  2,000  acreit  of  surfoice.  The  otWr,  ttod  tta  more  valuable 
p«it  of  the  estate,  cmlMVCCS  all  the  BOUth-easl«ra  fade  and  <M!Dtrul 
tracts  of  tlic  coal  basin,  extending  up  tbo  vaU<:y,  nortlfca^t,  to 
within  a  mite  or  60  of  the  villages  of  Dunmore  and  Providence, 
and  in  th«  opposite  direction,  south-wost,  witti  iKimc  iiilcrrup- 
liona,  two  mites  and  a  half  from  Scranton — ^iti  northern  and 
nortli'Wci'lvni  boundary  Iwing  on  the  table-land  north  of  the 
Lackawanna  meadows.  Tho  amount  of  productive  ooal  lands 
thoa  tttuatcd,  bclonipug  to  the  Companies,  Ja  estimated  at  about 
8,000  acres.  Uofore  proceeding  Ui  a  more  flpccia]  dewrijition  of 
the  eoait  and  ore  bcda  embraced  within  these  estates,  some  brief 
preparatory  general  remarks  on  tlio  geological  fi-JittmM  and 
Htructurc  of  the  W^mine  and  Lackawanna  Coal  Basin  seem 
called  for,  ivt  tending  the  ndtar  lo  exhibit  lh«:  relative  portion 
which  the  Ktmta  of  wis  district  occupy  in  the  whole  coal  field. 

OENERAI,  TQPOnBAFBICAL  fZATVUSS. 

Like  the  other  »nthra<^itio  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  litis 
large  iind  rich  basin  of  the  LackAwonna  and  north  braitch  of 
the  8u.«]uehariun  iit  surrounded  by  a  double  hf.lt  of  mounUiin 
summils ;  but  insten^l  of  that  usually  entin:  separation  of  the 
inner  and  tiie  ouut  ridwyi,  wliich  i»  so  conspicurtiu  in  the  PotU- 
vill<!,  the  Shamokin,  and  other  coal  valleys,  ttie  intervening  deep 
narrow  valley  of  red  shale  is  herv  only  a  high,  sloping  platform, 
or  bench,  on  the  side  of  the  exterior  mountain,  and  tlio  inlenor 
crast  but  a  Eubordinute  rldgc  or  nhoulder  between  thi:«  bench 
and  Uie  main  valley.  This  featum  in  the  encircling  high  lands, 
of  a  coalescing  of  the  two  parallel  ridges  into  one  mountnin 
maiw,  grows  more  and  more  obvious  as  we  a^lvaoee  north-enst- 
ward  along  the  Wyoming  and  Lackawanna  Basin,  inoreo^ng  n4 
the  Kjft  shale  fonnatidn  wiiiuh  produona  the  valley  between  the 
ridges  lessens  in  thickness,  and  M  the  dip  of  the  strata — another 
influential  condition — Iwcoines  progressively  flatter.  Towards 
the  west  end  of  the  basin,  where  the  easily  excavated  red  shale, 
and  tlio  soft  Kan<lisIone»  Vielonging  to  it,  hold  a  ihickneai  of 
several  hundred  i<:et,  and  whare,  moreover,  the  inclination  of 
the  stralsi  is  tw  steep  n«  from  thirty  to  forty-five  degrees,  we  niny 
discern  from  any  high  point,  like  those  overlooking  Solomon's 
Gap,  the  distinct  division  of  Uie  inclosing  uiouiibun  into  its  two 
cresld;  but  fmm  Wilke-'barre,  north-eastward,  and  especially 
between  Piltston  and  CarboinluK-,  vf\>cr<:  the  shales  thin  down, 
»oA  at  last  almci^t  dbtnpjiear,  and  the  dip  declines  to  no  more) 
tluu)  ten  or  twelve  degrees,  this  separation  grows  to  bo  verr{ 
dimly  ddined,  except  ju.st  when-.aa  in  the  upper  valley  of  St»f-J 
ibrd  Meadow  Brook,  and  its  prolongations,  the  walt'rs  lliat  iiavoi 
plougheil  the  .-(urfuce  have  boon  ».tsi:ited  in  cuttine  a  deeper  ihanl 
ordinary  longitudinal  trough  by  the  extm  strength  and  keenness 


MO 


Oeneml  View  o/tiu  Stnlii. 


^of  carreut,  imjiarted  to  them  throngh  the  existence  of  traitHvcrae 
lotelios  promoting  their  rapid  outUovr. 

The  coal  fleld,  or  trough  of  the  ooal  containing  stnta,  cncom- 
«cd  by  this  picturesque  mountain  riin,  Ls  n  VMJ  elongated 

frailey,  some  fifty  railea  in  Icugth,  from  Beech  Grove  to  Carbon- 
laic,  and  not  mon;  tliau  five  iniK>»  widv  in  its  bn>ade«t  ocntral 
ortion,  betweon  Solomon's  (lap  and  the  entrant  of  the  Susquc- 
a»  at  Pittttton.     It«  form  is  tiiat  of  a  very  regular,  sytnnit-tri- 
al  cresoent,  curviuir  iu  ila  course  as  much  as  tlflv  degrees — the 

'northern  bom  at  Carbondale  poiuting  nearly  Xorth  twcuty 
degrees  Kast^  while  the  wcnteru  one,  at  Itcoch  tirove,  is  directed 

.only  twenty  degrees  South  of  West.  In  its  intcriOT  fuatures, 
liis  valley  Is  extremely  diver^ifted,  and  it  is  iiill  of  laudscapna 

lof  uncommon  beauty.     From  Pittfiton  to  Nanticokc,  or  between 

fthe  potutK  where  the  SiisquuliannaentiMs  and  leaves  the  basin, 
the  northern  half  of  the  main  bed  of  Uie  valley  is  a  wide,  level. 
ferlilr  plain,  or  low  diluvial  (lour,  walen>d  by  the  iree-fringed 
river.  A  similar  but  narrower  belt  of  low  ground,  underlaid 
in  like  manner  with  a  deep  deposit  of  drill  or  gra^'el,  windii 

llhroogh  the  whole  length  c«  the  upper  north-eaatem  portion  of 
the  valley,  or  tliat  oeouj>ied  by  the  J-ackawmina,  Kverj-whero 
oUo  between  these  river  plains,  and  the  Hanks  of  the  bwindiog 
nn>miljiiri.<,  uti<l  tliTOUjfhinil  the  wc.>=tem  end  of  the  basin,  )t« 
surface  is  undulated  with  a  innltitiide  of  approximatdy  parallel 
chains  of  bills  and  deiiudc\i  ridges,  which  arc  sharp-crested, 
ateflp,  and  mmih  raviiied  and  eut,  iu  nearly  nil  the  district  be- 
tween Beech  Grove  and  Wilkcsbarre,  but  show  wider  summits, 
and  softer  slopes  and  outline:*,  progressively,  aa  we  follow  ihem 
in  the  direction  of  the  Lackawanna  and  aacond  this  valley.  This 
change  of  feature  is  very  sinking  when  we  citnlnist  tfie  long, 
steep-sided,  narrow -backed  ridges  from  the  south-western  end  of 
the  vall<-y  lo  Solomon's  Gap,  with  the  wjcle,  flat-U^)pcd,  or  gently 
sloping  plateaus  from  the  tails  of  the  LackawanuA  nortn-east- 
Wiid  lo  Carbondale. 

OKXKKAL   VIKW  OF  TUB  STRATA. 

Taking  now  a  comprehensive  glance  at  the  several  rocky 
strata  whicli  surround  and  are  embraced  within  the  Wyoming 
and  Lackawanna  Baiin,  they  will  lie  found  to  constitute  four 
distinct  groiip^  ditfcring  in  their  positions,  composition,  and  the 
ralue  of  their  imbedded  dejwaits. 

1st.  The  firal  and  lowest  in  the  order  of  stnitidcation,  is  a 
thick  series  of  gray  sandstones,  oci^.'i.sion.illy  jxibbiy,  nnd  in* 
eluding  beds  of  shaEc.  This  outcrops  high  on  the  inner  slope 
and  summit  of  the  outer  broail  mountain  ridge  uf  each  border 
of  the  bann.  The  formation  is  several  hundred  feet  in  thick- 
fpeas,  nnd  is  the  lowest  or  oldest  of  our  Amcrienn  carboniferous 
HrtiBb^  but  in  thii  part  of  the  mountain  chain  of  the  country 


fftutrai  ritie  ofllie  Stjvla. 


391 


'contains  no  coa]  nor  any  notable  amount  of  iron  ore.  It  in  called 
"thfl  Vp>!jwniTi(>  Serien,  in  lh«  nomenclature  adopted  by  Profcaaor 
Wm.  B.  Itogers  and  myself  for  tlie  rocks  of  the  AlIeKlmiiicK. 
Some  of  tlw  cxlrt.'ine  »oiith-cMtom  tnu^  of  the  Company  s  estate 
'extend  into  thin  formation,  where  it  forni»  the  hl^fh  inountaiD 
^Vovdcring  the  upi»cr  reach  of  the  valU-y  of  Slaflbrd  ileadow 
Brook. 

2d.  Next  iti  sneccMision,  overlying  the  previous  set,  and  out- 
npping  to  form  the  Itenoli,  or  wjincliincs  valley,  wiiicii  followH 
c  inner  slope  of  the  out«r  or  main  mountain  all  round  the  coiil 
'lMt«»,  id  a  mixt>d  group  of  i<tratft,  red  slialcii  in  the  inferior  por- 
-tion,  gray  sandstones  and  buff-oolorcd  slates  in  the  middle,  and 
n  peculiar  hone-like,  verv  close-grained  calcareous  sandstone  in 
•tiio  upper.  Such  is  the  c&aracler  of  this  formation  in  the  \iciiiity 
(*f  StTiiuton,  and  elsewhere  on  the  bordcre  of  the  Lackawanna 
3ivision  of  the  basin,  where  its  total  average  thicknesu  tloes  not 
lount  to  850  feet,  and  where  the  red  sliale  of  the  lower  mcm- 
ar  of  this  nia.^  is  extremely  thin,  and  in  i>lace.i  altogether 
bbecnt  Bat  further  south-wcstwar^l,  especially  from  Solomon's 
ran  to  Beet^h  Orove,  tlie  red  shale  aiwumes  great  relative  bulk; 
na  the  middle  and  upper  divisions,  as  at  Nanticokc,  ore  com- 
»T»tively  quite  reduced — the  whole  formation  being  here  from 
ro  to  tliree  times  as  thick  as  where  it  bounds  the  Lackawanna 
fifallcy.  It  is  among  the  layers  of  the  lower  or  t^hale  group  of 
Jiis  fornmtion  that  we  i-ncoitnter  the  i n te reitti njr  m&anwui  iron 
Veof  the  StalFonl  Meadow  Valley,  now  ex  tensive  ly  mined  there 
1  tb«  Lftckuwanna  Iron  and  ("oal  Ounpaiiy's  Inndti,  and  largely 
leltod  in  the  furnaces  at  Scranton.  Tlie  whole  formation  is 
lie  Umbral  Scries  of  mine  and  my  brother's  claitsificaLion,  or  llie 
liddle  Carboniferous  formation.  To  the  easily-worn  nature  of 
le  shaly  beds  of  thi«  mass,  contra-stcd  with  the  fhr  Huporior  re- 
tting power  of  the  Vespertine  sandstones  beneath  tnem,  and 
the  equally  hani  middle  and  upper  nieinbcra  of  its  own  for- 
nation,  supported  bv  the  atill  more  masaivc  and  cohering  con- 

Slomeration  of  the  \iase  of  the  coal  mea.'iures  jniit  overlying 
_  lese,  mu^tt  we  attribnt«  the  prevalence  of  the  mountain  valley 
r  broaii  bench  on  the  mountain  ^fide,  already  descrilted,  as  no 
oneral  a  feature  around  the  outer  edge  of  the  coal  field. 

8d.  Immediately  over  the  linc-gnuiicd,  hone-like  sandstono 

'  the  top  of  the  Umbral  Series,  rests  the  coarse,'maBsive,  white 

knd  gray  conglomerate,  whiah  constitutes  the  base  or  supporting 

biemlter  of  the  productive  coal  measures,  or  Upper  Carboniferous 

[Series.     This  is  the  Serai  Conglomemtc  of  our  classifiontion, 

Ul  round  the  Wyoming  ami  Lackawanna  coal  field,  this  well- 

renown  and  easily  rev^osnized  rock  is  conipoacd  of  two  sets  of 

Tata — a  lower  group,  made  up  in  large  part  of  extremely  coarse 

ebbles  of  nut  siiic,  of  white  quartz  nud  gray  sandstone,  com- 

tly  cemented  into  thick  and  ponderous  beds,  and  an  upper 


(hwnl  VitiB  irftht  Simla, 


sot  of  IcM  nuUNTC  layers  ofa  !unal!cr-gruine<I  coiiglomemta  and 
I^S^b  gfay  sand-itonea,  the  pebbles  aeldom  exceeding  the  size  of 
n*  pea,  or  stnyill  luizi^l-nut.     Tlic  nvi;ra(je  thicWnc-u  i>f  the  lower 
[ina.'iti  on  the  south-east  aide  of  llic  basin  la  from  seventy  to  eighty 
f  iixt,  whereas  «o  tli«  norl!i-wcsl  widi.'  it  w»n»i  nowhure  to  cxfievd 
Plorty  feel ;  that  of  the  upper,  fine-grained  rock,  varies  from  sixty 
to  ninety  feet,  but  shows  iu>  mirh  niarkwl  rwluclion  in  psttsing 
fnwn  its  douth-eastern  to  its  north-western  outcrop.    At  S<^ntoii, 
(HI  Koaring  Brook,  the  ooaraer  rcx^k  is  about  eighty  feet ;  and  the 
Fjflner-grained,  which  is  )icre  quarried,  and   makes  a  valuable, 
[-Strong  buil<line-stonp,  is  about  tbu  same  UitL-kness.     In  somo 
parts  of  the  anUiraoite  coal  region,  and  jwasibly  in  eerlain  looali- 
I'lies  on  the  bonicrs  of  (he  Wyoming  Basin,  indiciitionii  exist  of 
I  'the  presence  of  a  bed  of  coal  in  the  sliaies  whioii  Ronictimeii 
lecparatcH  theao  two  divisions  of  the  conglomerate.     Tliis  fact, 
'  And  the  identity  in  oampa'«ition  of  the  upjier  member  with  the 
coarser  grits  of  the  true  coal  measures,  induce  me  to  class  it  as  » 
part  of  tlx'.ie.  though,  as  it  usually  1ie»  beli>n'  any  workable  eoul, 
It  may  ecjually  retain  its  place  as  a  division  of  the  conglomerate, 
rj^pon  which  it  directly  rfipoMCK,  and  into  which  it  in  many  places 
■)n«daates.     In  fact,  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  lower  ooal 
«tr;tt!K  and  of  the  conglomerates  inleralralified  among  them.  di«- 
tinctiy  shows  that  cren  the  mMn  undermost  coarsest  puddins- 
I  ^tone,  or  Serai  Conglomerate,  is  itself  pn>i)crly  but  a  member  « 
>}ho  true  coal  measures,  and  in  no  sense  an  independent  fonna* 
lion.    There  are  districts  in  Penn»vh'ania  where  productive  cool 
"08  occur  imbedded  within  this  coarsest,  lowe-st  mo^  and 
indeed  where  such  exist  even  beneath  or  outside  of  h. 
It  hwi  been  the  supnrior  flrmneaa  of  cohesion  or  solidity  of 
[  this  rock,  compared  with  that  of  tiie  softer  overlying  eoal  meas- 
-nrv''^  and  iindi^rMna;  Umhr-il  (j^uups,  both  aliounding  in  slates 
and  shales,  whicn  hsis  cnitblcd  it  better  to  resist  the  tremcndoaa 
furrowing  action  of  the  waters  that  carved  the  land  into  its  pre- 
aetit  inequalities,  and  to  stand  out  above  the  deeper-ploughed 
surfaoea  of  those  formations.     Wherever  a  notcli  or  broKh 
through  the  conglomerate,  and  a  considerable  steepness  of  dip, 
have  permitted  a  deejjcr  than  usual  grooving  of  the  irnibril 
'  shales  behind  it,  this  coarse  rock  rises  forth  in  a  more  or  loss 
t'ngg^  and  naked  crest,  the  inner  of  the  two  mountain  summits 
^already  mentioned  as  bounding  the  coal  basin:  but  where  the 
denudadon  has  Itt^en  more  even  down  the  inounLiin  .tide,  and 
tbo  inclination  of  Uie  strata  is  gentle,  tt  forms  rather  the  front 
or  supporting  edge  of  a  horizontal  or  sloping  shelf,  than  a  sepa- 
rate ridge.     The  edge  of  this  mountiun  shelf  or  ridge,  as  it 
may  be,  is  the  rwidily  distinguishable  boundary  of  tlie  nroduc- 
tive  ooal  measures,  the  lowcjtt  notiibtc  coal  bed  usually  out- 
cropping on  tht?  valley  sJiic,  ami  some  distance  l»olow  the  Hlsiiting 
todgo  of  naked,  coarse  pebble  rock.    Whcro  the  dip  is  oxtremfily 


^^■■■■■P         Gtitentl  Vitif  o/ the  Strata, 

flat,  howov«r.  whI  die  conzloniuraU!  uncommonly  tUiii,  the  Isit 
Dual  aeuiit  wilt  ofU-n  have  ibi  marfpn  or  outcrop  almost  aa  high 
on  thi;  mouiilaiH  mde  as  the  piiddin^-stoiR-,  but  it  then  outcrops 
at  a  still  vfiilcr  iiilt:rvKl  in.>uilti  nf  that  rock.  Tliis  InlUir  state  of 
things  prevails  in  the  vicinitv  of  Scmnton,  on  Boating  Brook, 
ami  oliMswliiiro  on  the  KOutfa  «Kle  of  llio  coal  btuun.    The  average 

»dip  of  tho  strata  north-weatward  does  not  there  c:toeed  front 
thJ«o  (o  iiva  dv^recs ;  and  an  about  100  feet  of  lower  eoal  mms- 
nreti,  entbmcin^  two  or  thr^  thin  coals,  intervene  batweim  the 
top  layers  of  the  upper  conglomerate  and  the  lowest  acam  worked. 
the  hori7A>ntal  s[>»;t!  between  the  [^icbltly  rock  unci  lliitt  i^ud  bed 
tt  often  800  and  sometimes  1,000  foot  To  determine  therefore 
the  true  limits  i^f  the  available  coal  laMd;4  of  a  district  by  the 
podition  of  the  expoiiod  outcrop  of  the  conglomerate,  in  default 
of  Kuftieient  openings  in  the  eual  itself,  deinaiulx  a  nioc  attention 
to  the  aeveral  oircumstances  of  the  rate  of  dip,  the  thicknena  of 
the  interposed  strata,  and  the  features  of  the  denudation,  or  of 
the  washing  away  of  the  overlying  eoal-containing  rocks  itom 
off  tho  barren  floor  of  conglomerate, 

4t!i.  The  liut  and  highest  of  the  forraationa  of  the  regioii  ia 
the  order  of  stralifieatioh,  is  tho  coal  formation  proper.  In  the 
Wyoming  and  Lackawanna  biuiiii,  ihU  •vnsiHt.^  as  is  well  known, 
of  coarse  and  llne-grainod  gray  micaceous  sandstones,  pebbly  in 
•umc  of  their  beds ;  and  of  argilluccous  sandstones,  shales,  slates, 
ftnd  fire-ctaytt — some  more  wlieions  and  gritty,  some  more  alumi- 
nous and  smooth ;  and  betwoon  all  these  are  interstratiticd  beda 
of  anthnu-ile  uf  all  dimensions,  Irom  a  few  iochen  to  many  yaids 
in  Uiieknesa.  All  the  ooal  scams,  with  one  or  two  very  local 
exceptions,  yit-ld  either  while  or  gray  aahes:  ami.  as  in  tho 
Pottsville  and  Shaniokiu  basins,  the  coals  of  this  character  are 
overlmd  by  a  grtiiip  of  beds,  priMliicing  red  and  brownish  a»hf^ 
Btuk  as  are  not  here  mot  with,  it  is  fair  to  infer  that  in  this 
Wyoming  Valley  we  have  the  repr<-*;ntative«"of  only  the  lower 
or  White  A.th  series  of  the  other  great  basins.  Denuding  action, 
which  lias  been  eepecially  powerful  here,  may  liave  swejit  off 
the  once  overlying  and  more  expostxl  Ited  Ash  soriua,  or  these 
possibly  may  never  have  been  formed  in  this  northern  district, 

it  IS  impoMKiblo  lu  e.stiniate  with  precision,  until  Teseorohea 
DOW  in  progress  arc  completed,  the  total  thickness  of  the  ooal 
measures  in  the  deepest  parts  of  the  Wyoming  and  Ijackawnnns 
basin,  nor  to  count  with  accuracy  the  number  of  the  available 
hods  of  coal  in  those  lucidities.  For  my  present  purpose — that 
of  a  general  akolcb  of  the  geology  and  vast  mining  resources  of 
this  valley,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  here  that  exact  measure* 
ntent  hart  already  di-^Joaefl.  in  the  vicinity  of  Wilkosbarrc,  the 
widest  and  apparently  the  dcepi-st  portion  of  the  coal  field,  tho 
exi.'^«;iiw  of  fi-oin  1,000  to  !,20i>  or  oiotc  feet  of  coal-bearing 
strata,  and  tho  presence  within  these  of  sixtoeo  or  cightoon  sepa* 


SM 


Getural  Vita  of  (A*  StnUd. 


rate  botU  of  oo*) — two  or  three  of  them  beinf;  conipoand  scams 
i*f  ^rjit  WW,  and  about  ten  or  mow  of  tho  whole  Rerkw  being 
'  ©crmanpnlly  of  &m\Ao  dimensions  (or  profitable  mining.     This 

aopth  of  the  ooa]  niciisiuxx,  and  Uio  nu[n1)cr  of  the  oont&iued 

ooal  Rt-ainH,  grow  lem,  of  cnurse,  from  Uio  centre  of  the  basin 
I  towards  its  two  m&rgins,  and  also  towards  its  two  contracting 
^CxUreinitici*. 

As  t%  provisional  classification,  for  present  convcnicnoo  of 
f  Tcfi-rctioi.-,  T  will  divide  the  whole  body  of  tlie  ooal  measurse,  or 

ooal-containing  strata  of  the  basin,  into  two  groups :  JvrM,  a  Loteer 
\Seria,  compn.Tionilinj^  all  the  cnaU,  w>me  nine  or  ten  in  miraben 
tRreat  and  small,  Jrom  the  serai  conglomerate  to  the  highest  of 
fflic  set,  embracing  the  fr^c&%  WilkcBburre  or  Baltimore  Com- 
I  pany'fl  seam ;  and  secemMif,  an  Uppn-  Group,  of  about  seven  ot 
'  eight  beds  in  all,  commencing  as  a  base  with  the  largo  Piltston 
I  or  fourteen-feet  bed,  and  terminating  with  the  four-feet  coal  of 
I  Ae  immediate  vicinity  of  Wilkcsbarrc,  the  uppermost  whose 
Hiion  I  liave  yet  posilivi-ly  iieterrniTied  anywhere  in  the  coal 
Id.  It  is  jiropcr  to  observe,  that  while  the  lower  group  oon- 
fi&ins,  when'  il  is  fullest  and  beirt  exiKised,  «ome  ten  independent 

eoaU,  there  arc  usually  not  more  than  five  of  these  of  such 
'  dimensionKand  jitirily  iw  to  fit  ihcmfor  profitable  mining;  while 
[from  the  great  flnctuations  in  both  of  these  conditions,  to  which 
Jthi«  •erioi  of  coals  is  liable  l>eyond  nil  other  divisions  of  the 
[vhole  coal  formation,  there  are  dislricta  where  no  more  than 

two  or  three  of  the  beds  are  large  enough  and  good  enough  to 
MBrove  of  anv  commercial  value.  In  like  manner,  while  the 
[■upper  group  includes  of  large  and  tri^nal  beds  as  many  as  seven 
rW  eight,  there  is  no  neiirhliorhood  whert-  more  than  four  of  these 
ftre  of  suitable  size  and  (juality  for  working,  and  in  some  IocaIi> 
!  ties  the  number  of  wuch  is  even  fewer. 

As  regards  the  limits  and  dislrihulion  of  these  two  divisions 

of  Hie  coni  nienxurcK  within  the  basin,  it  suffices  for  our  present 

purpoM  of  a  general  comprehenaive  survey  to  recogniMj  the  fiict 
I  mat  the  Upper  Oronp  is  reslrictod  to  a  compoiativcly  short  and 
I'Varrow  elliptical  belt  in  tlie  very  central  traets  of  the  coad  field. 
I  jta  southern  margin  pawiing  through  the  low  grounds  south  and 
I  BoUth-ea.-tt  and  east  of  Wilkesbarre,  and  by  the  valley  of  tjaurcl 
f  Jtun  and  White  Oak  Hollow  to  the  south  of  Piltston,  and  the 
I  -whole  of  this  basin  of  the  upper  measun's  temiinating  some  two 
I  miles  to  the  north-cast  of  the  mouth  of  the  Lackawanna  river. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  I^wer  S<-rii^  oiwupie.s  tlie  entire  area  of 
'  the  coal  tield,  underlying  the  small  central  ba«n  of  the  Upper 
'  Group,  and  emerging  to  the  surface  all  round  it — ^nc  broad  out- 
l  erop  filling  the  whole  south-eastern  Bide  of  the  valley,  from  th« 

margin  indicated  to  the  south-eastern  conglomerate  barrier,  and 
laDothrr,  the  north-western,  to  the  same  temiinaling  roek  on  th« 

opposite  mountain ;  while  below  Nantieokc,  and  above  the  vioin- 


71if  WiUulom  LtttJ  and  Copper  ifine. 


aw 


ity  of  Pittston,  tlirouahnat  the  Laokawanna  basin,  th«ae  same 
gmt  lower  umlH  lill  the  whole  tTvadtll  of  thu  vtillcv  from 
mountain  to  mountain,  un«onceale^  by  any  overlapping  bedfi  of 
the  upper  set. 


I 


I 


I 


^xt.  T.— XORTIIAHPTON  I>ISTRICT,— THE  WTLI.ISTOX  I.KAD  ASD 
OOITWt  MEMK.— Bv  C.  S.  Richahdsok,  L'ith.  iSD  M»i;<u  Eyuneeii. 

TuK  »urvi!y  of  tlio  minerBl  landn  of  tliia  district,  which  liaa  been 
gwng  on  (Uirlug  the  pi^suiit  winter,  has  XaA  to  the  dcvi^lopincnt 
of  a  liirgt!  iiiarw  of  vaiuahlo  tniiicriil  property,  and  tliere  itt  every 
rcasoQ  to  bclii;vc  that  tliis  is  u  men;  tithe  of  what  will  he  found 
in  thi.H  (xirt  of  M!»s.sachu«ctta  in  a  very  short  pcrioti  of  lima, 
Indeed,  it  is  already  known  that  valuable  lodes  of  xiam,  le*d, 
ttud  copper  exist,  whicli,  from  tlieir  surface  indicalioi^  offer 
every  promise  of  producliveneas.  The  mine  which  forms  the 
subject  of  thill  lutic'k-.  was  discovered  a  few  montlM  itiuoe,  or  wc 
should  ratJter  say,  ibi  qualities  were  re-discoveiod  and  nuul« 
known  to  the  present  gcncralioD.  It  will  be  remcmWred  that  in 
the  descripUou  given  of  the  Loudvillii  Mine,  the  lode  \a  .laid  to 
bo  known  to  run  for  several  milts  in  almost  a  direct  Hoe.  In 
Uuciiitj  tliis  ludu  through  the  woods,  some  aneicut  shade  or  mine 
pits  were  found;  the  altle  heaps  near  them  were  examinedt 
when  it  was  discovered  they  coulaiued  very  rich  stores  of  silver 
I«ad  ore,  oh  well  as  copper ;  one  of  tlie  old  pita  was  tlieu  cleaned 
out  and  the  debris  removed  from  the  place  whcr*  the  ancient 
miners  itpjmar  to  huve  lell  olT.  Here  a  amall  leader  of  aoltd  lead 
wu  found  in  the  lode,  which  was  hollow,  down  as  far  as  Uie 
men  could  go  for  the  watiir.  At  ihiit  stage  of  tlie  proceedings 
nothing  further  was  done  for  a  time ;  sub^uuently,  leases  for  a 
large  tract  of  litnd  uu  the  course  <if  the  lu<lc  were  purehnscd, 
flomc  tackle  put  up  over  one  of  the  pits,  and  the  result  was  M 
follows: — 

THE  rODR. 
This  lo<le  is  nothing  more  than  a  continuation  of  the  Great 
Loudvillc  lode,  heaved  a  little  from  its  course  by  a  counter  cop- 
per lode  lliat  iulerseets  it  at  the  old  shaft,  on  the  road  leading  to 
Southampton.  Its  apparent  bearing  is  30*  north-east,  or  IC 
more  eauw-riy  than  tin'  lode  in  the  other  mines.  It  is  20  feet 
thick,  and  is  oom{>nscd  of  friable  quart::,  gneif$-eapel  alternating 
in  veins  of  un^^iual  tiiicknes.*;  throughout  this  It  ()i»*eminatea 
spolji  of  yellow  copper  and  blonde,  preen  and  blue  earhonato  of 
ooppcr  and  silver  lead  ore.  The  Ifrader  or  pith  of  the  lode,  is  not 
in  its  centre,  but  nearly  on  the  foot  wall.  It  is  «  vein  of  about 
2  feet  6  inches  thick,  m  a  compact  capel ;  it  appean,  at  6  £e«t 


im 


Prattitat  Attaginy, 


ttfiom  tbo  surface,  2  inchett  thick ;  at  10  feet  deep  it  is  6  inches;  at 

20  feet  9  inches,  and  at  the  lowest  part,  viz.,  30  fcot,  it  appears  to 

be  I'i  iri«lie*  iliii;k.   Tbia  U  ucarly  awlid  stilvi-r  Iwad  ore.   I  am  of 

opinion  the  ore  will  continue  to  widen  until  it  fiUs  the  entile 

■wi<ilii  of  the  vein,  iifWr  which  the  other  veins  in  (he  lode,  of 

which  I  believe  there  are  several,  will  unite  with  it,  and  the 

whole  Ro  down  together.     The  lode  itself  becomes  contracted  ia 

si7A%  and  the  niineraLt  concentrated  in  one  vein.    It  holds  out  at 

jiresiuit  very  promisinj;;  features  of  productiveness,  and,  I  must 

uny,  enticing  to  the  mining  udvcnlurcr,  for,  apart  from  any 

exneusive  mine  works,  there  can  at  the  present  lime,  with  half 

a  dozen  men,  be  5  tons  of  ore,  worth  fmni  $?5  to  $100  ]>cr  ton, 

Taisod  monthly,  and  if  an  engine  wa'i  ereeled  and  a  shaft  pot 

down  on  the  course  of  the  lode,  I  think  10  tons  per  month  could 

W  very  t'a.tily  n-lnnicd  above  the  10  inch  level.     The  country 

in  which  this  lode  is  embedded  ia  granite.    The  set  is  three- 

qnartcn;  of  a  mile  in  length  on  the  course  of  the  lode,     l^c 

county  road  runs  through  the  properly,  and  is  within  2  miles 

of  the  new  Oanid   Railroad:  it  is  partly  in   the  township  of 

'Wcstbainpton,  and  partly  in  Sonlhainpton.   The  mine  at  present 

l.fwIoRgS  to  some  private  local  parties  who  purchasctl  the  mineral 

1  lrighl«  for  over;  oonHei^iientlv  there  are  neither  n^ntjt  or  n>yalucg 

\  to  encumber  the  property.   1  am  informed  that  a  repnlar  Mining 

Company  ia  in  cour«c  of  organization  ut  New  V'ork,   whouc 

I  Qbiect  is  to  develop  the  mine  in  a  spirited  manner.     Ilicrc  'u  an 

\iAa  stwy  current  that  in  sinkinc  the  old  I<oudville  shaft,  a 

feftiiTsic  of  ore  wbs  opened  on  2  feet  solid.     Thin  diMovery  at 

Williston  goes  far  to  prove  tlie  accuracy  of  this  tale,  for  the  lead 

'  fit  the  latter  mine  has  just  the  same  appearance,  excepting  that 

it  contains  mneh  mow  «ilvcr.     Several  asaayH  have  been  made 

of  the  ore,  and  it  is  found  to  pive  an  avcraRe*  of  T2  per  cent,  for 

I  lead,  and  19  ounces  of  itilver  to  the  ton.     Jfy  next  article  will 

I  jive  some  account  of  the  Northanj]iton  Mines  at  Northampton, 

Of  which  two  have  been  opened,  and  one  in  in  course  of  vorking. 


1 


Aiir.  VI.— PRACTICAL  ASSAYDJO.* 

r*rHK  term  assay,  as  commonly  used,  is  applied  to  different  and 
'  almost  distinct  operations.     In  the  one  ease,  it  ia  intended  to 

*  Manual  of  IVartksl  AMijrini;,  tntendiKl  ttt  the  mw  of  motilluiKHta; 
['•■pUfaia  or  niliiefi,  knd  utfajifn  in  i:cn<'ral.  With  (fiiious  laUcK  Tor  tJM 
'  purpOHo  <i(  uofTlaininf^.  in  suays  of  f,a\A  and  illicr,  thn  prci^Jw  amoiunt  fat 
piuiccit,  pcnnrwciplilK,  mid  i."TBtii!(.  of  iioUlu  iiu'tij  (■oni»inucl  in  one  Ion  of  or* 
from  ■  givi-n  ()uiiiitilr.  By  J"hii  Mitclivll,  P.  ('.  S.  2d  «<:)itioii,  mtirolr  r«nM<l 
'at)]  rrciUlj  rnlnrcvd.  with  S60  lllastntionii.  flva,  pp.  fiSS.  H.  BalUcre,  MO 
~      dnr,  N«r  York,  and  tlB  Regent  (L,  Landon. 


Praeticat  Ana^utf. 


an 


I 

I 


I 


designate  tho  mcUioJ  bjr  which  tlic  precious  iiK<taU  ato  scparaU-d 
from  Uioir  alloys,  and  agnsh^r  Ji-irw?  of  juiritv  otrtained.  In 
the  oUior  case,  it  is  applied  to  tuv  analysis  of  a  compoand 
mineral — the  i-molution  of  it  iiito  iUt  coiixtitiiciit  parti.  T\ta 
might  strictly  be  designated  a  chemical  analysis  of  a  miucral. 
It  in  performed  either  t>y  snwlting,  and  is  tcrnjG<l  llic  "dry" 
anal Y-<ii^,  or  by  solvents,  and  colled  tho  '* humid  or  wot'' analysis, 
and  its  ohjoct  may  ho  cither  to  determine  the  kind  of  matttr  of 
which  a  Muhstance  is  compo^  or  ihc-  quantity  of  oiiuh  kind, 
and  it  is  thus  rcspcetively  knowu  as  tlie  qualitative  or  quantita- 
tire  aiudywM>  But  thti  diatiiititionit  havo  ulrcady  been  noticed  in 
theaena^;e& 

Wo  arc  led  to  these  remark:*  by  an  examination  of  the  exten- 
sive and  practical  work  of  "  Mitchell  a[x>u  AKi<Avi»{{."  which  iian 
reached  a  second  edition  in  Kn<;lnnd,  and  is  alnMKly  somewhat 
known  in  tlm  <»untry  as  one  of  ilte  most  oxt«>n/ive  and  vulunblo 
works  upon  the  subjeet  in  our  language.  Previously  to  the 
appeonuice  of  Um  volumtr,  tlie  most  iintMtatil  work  upon  lh« 
MiE;ieot  was  tltat  of  Berthier.  entitled  "  Trailu  dcs  KasaiK  par  la 
Vote  S^lie."  It  was  both  a  lur^  work  hikI  written  in  u  laugnugtt 
unknown  to  many  desirous  of  uoderstanding  the  [mxesses  of 
assaying.  Under  thc«c  circuinstunves,  this  author  entered  apOD 
his  task,  with  a  design  of  preparing  a  suitable  tjxt-book  Sot 
pupils.  This  idea  was  »o  far  enlarged  as  to  lead  to  the  very 
excellent  Manual  1>cfuro  us,  embodying  informalion  in  evciy 
bnuMjh  of  aasaying,  either  by  the  wet  or  the  dry  nrocessea. 

The  author  has  very  cluaely  followed  the  plan  adopted  by 
Benhi<-r  in  his  lurge  work,  and  abo  derived  inueh  valuanlo  mat- 
ter from  his  pa-^cs.  The  plnn  which  he  has  followetl  has  been 
to  treat,  Firstly,  the  mechanical  and  chemical  ofwrations  of  a-way- 
log  in  full,  inclusive  of  a  description  of  the  appeuntus  requirnl, 
their  mode  of  use,  clo.;  Seeonttly,  furnaces,  tuel,  and  erueihiea, 
together  with  a  description  of  the  best  pyrometers  and  their 
appHuktions;  Thinlly,  the  fluxe^  their  prc>pcrlie8.  preimration, 
use,  ete. ;  Fourthly,  an  essay  on  the  use  of  llie  biow])ipe,  and 
all  ite appurtenances,  as  (luxes,  stipjxirts,  etc.;  Fifthly,  (heaelion 
of  (iuxt'S  on  .'^)me  mincru!  substances:  Sixthlv,  a  method  o!'di!>- 
criminating  many  minerals  by  means  of  the  blow-pipe,  aided  by 
a  fvw  tests  by  the  humid  method ;  Seventhly,  the  humid  unai^-sia 
of  many  mineral  substances,  their  compoeition,  locality,  etc.; 
Eijfhthly,  the  complete  OHay  of  nil  the  e<>mmoii  metal.*,  m  addi- 
tion to  which  the  assay  of  sulphur,  chromium,  arsenic,  henting 
power  of  fuel,  etc.,  is  fully  dijwiissed;  Ninthly,  a  cc>])ioii*  table 
IS  u<Idi;d  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining,  in  assays  of  gold  and 
silver,  the  precise  amount  in  ounces,  etc.,  contained  in  a  ton  of 
ore  fmm  the  a-tsay  fif  a  given  qnantity.  Full  instructions  for  the 
discrimination  o(  all  the  more  eommonly  occurring  gems  and 
piccious  iitonc«  are  aildud. 


fraetieiU  Anayiny. 


Ic  the  preliminary  rciniirks  on  l]te  intnxliicUon  of  tJi«  blow- 
jHpp,  ami  uio  improvements  and  extonsion  of  its  use  in  cliemical 
'auiUysis,  and  aIko  in  thv  wbolc  iirticl<!  on  blow-pipe  luwayfi,  we 
weK  Domcwiiat  !)urprifi«l  to  miss  entirely  the  name  of  the  great 
blow-pipe  operator,  and  founder  of  tlic  quanlitatirc  analjrEis 
b^  means  of  tlmt  instrument,  C.  T.  Plattner.  In  1853,  the 
t![ird  edition  of  his  admirable  work.  Die  Prabirkiinst  mit  dean 
Lothrohrc,  {TIk-  Art  of  Aiwiiving  with  the  Blow-piiv,)  olix,  WM 
pab!i»lie<l ;  it  is  not  yet  translated  into  English.  The  article  on 
this  Bubjcet  is  chiclh'  bii*ed  upon  the  work*  of  Bi-izvUns  and 
<3rifrcn,  ulthoufjh  enriched  by  original  remarks  and  investig^ 
lions  of  the  aiiUior, 

Thi!  subject  of  crj-stallogj'  i«  very  ftilly  elucidated,  and  with 
numcroua  iUustrationA  The  reader  will  find  this  a  veiy  dear 
Tin<l  sfltisfaolorv,  though  brief  portion  of  the  voIum«. 

We  have  looked  over  the  pages  devoted  to  the  anoljsiB  of 
gold  for  the  method  of  ila  extraction  from  pyrites.  TTiig  is  atu 
int;>n-:<linj^  and  important  lopio  at  this  time,  and  esjieraallv  so  to 
thoan  engaged  in  the  gold  ininM  in  the  Southern  States.  "We  do 
Jiolfmd  any  thinj:  worthy-  of  s[)edftl  note  or  comment  in  r«lfttioa 
to  it,  or  we*  should  here  msert  it. 

'      The  importance  of  tin  uh  a  metal,  and  the  few  tntocs  of  it 

["  Vhich  have  yet  been  noticed  in  thia  country,  induce  us  to  extraol 

I  'the  writer's  able  and  clear  article,  both  for  the  sakcof  exU'ndtng 

more  widely  a  knowledge  of  the  mineral,  and  ihft  at>pcct«  under 

which  it  isibuiid,  as  well  as  to  lay  before  our  readers  a  specimen 

of  the  manner  in  which  all  the  subjeett*  of  thia  valuable  volutne 

'  'arc  treated. 


n 

4 


nm  juhat  or  t». 

Thin  moUl  is  aln-nyg  Tound  by  the  atmja  in  the  Ktate  ^taxiit. 
Ofi'it  of  'tin  tSnO,,) — Ttio  app«aimne«of  Ihis  mineral  gircii  n<i  indication, 
excrplinK  to  on  cipirii-iici'ij  eye,  that  nictallio  miiltor  viilt'ra  Iw^'ly  into  its 
composition ;  yet  its  g'***  ilcnsitv  woiitd  lend  one  lo  suppoec  liuch  to  ho  the 
IlH  culur  vHrii^g  from  limpid  jpllowiKh  whilr  (o  troimiih  blairli  inij 
que  piniintc  froin  one  to  the  other  by  kII  lnt<-nnr<Iiate  ohidi^N.  It  uhubU]' 
'qnweMicii  a  ppculinr  kind  of  tuiitre,  which  nuinot  be  rcndily  licscribtid,  hut 
ones  tUKXx  Mn  ncarwly  hv  iiiistukcii,  II  uocurti  crvKtalliii'd  in  Kqiinrc  prismK, 
.l«Tmlnn)f(!  hy  morp  or  Ir*s  roniplinatfii  pyraniiilii.  Tlieso  crjBtals,  derived 
from  the  oclahctlron,  ore  often  inided  or  licinitropic  f«co  p.  47-8),  co  tlial 
I  'till')'  otli^ii  poHSL-iu  rc-entnirit  iiiglrs,  wliicli  in  to  %  certain  extent  chnrnclcr- 
iatfc,     Tho  principal  varieties iirv  thu  folli>wing: — 

lutly.   CryttaUittd  Oridr  of  Tia  u  round  in  mors  or  IWB  roluniinoua 
I  -cryalAlf  of  llic  color  and  form  •■  aborc 

I        Sdly.   Diiatiniuiit<il  Ot'uU  of  Tin. — Tliis  v*riv4y  occun  in  sriinx  of 
',T«rioua  eIxt*,  aomclimea  no  (mall  u  not  to  ttn  visible  to  th«  nakt4  eye.     It  is 
I  ^IbiBid  in  the  primitlre  rocks, 

8dlj-.  Saitdg  Otidr  of  TVn  forms  pulrcTul<nt  mwawi  oRco  of  great  oxt«nt  [ 
in  appoarancc  it  iu  nKrrvly  a  Ix-own  aaad. 

4lbly.  Conct-elianarff  Oiidt  of  Tin,  Wood  Tliri.— This  rarictr  orcur*  in 
small  mam  ell  Died  mnMex,  tlie  flbrotm  texture  of  which  rtAcmhl«S  that  at 
irood;  ben»  liie  uame. 


I 


I 

I 


^^^^^^^^  Praclical  Auagitty.  SM 

Thi  fbUowlng  is  ui  ukljvs  of  a  Hnplc  of  oxide  of  tin  from  Oontwalt:— 

•nn  n-M 

^__  OijK»n Si-» 

^^t           lioa            1         ....         .  "IIE 

^^  SIliM -TS 

Amos  ^f  P*'*  O^nrf*  «/  Kb. — Poio  oxide  of  tin  mny  be  Trry  re»ilily 
a«urci1  in  th«  foHowinp  manner; — Wdgh  off  *00  |ir»ins ;  pU«  in  tithcr  ft 
black-Itaid  or  rliarcuol -lined  crucible,  Cement  On  a  C(>t«r  br  iiiMiia  of  Stour- 
biidg«  cl«y,  and  siibj^el  li>  the  flrr-.  Th*  hpnt  should  for  the  flret  qnirter  of 
u  hour  M  a  dull  red,  after  which  it  may  be  nisrd  to  a  fiill  bright  red  for  ten 
mtntiteii,  and  the  irrucible  removed  trith  carp,  xo  ta  not  to  agitate  or  divHrb 
llio  eoiilctits  :  Ujipiiig.  in  this  cow,  must  not  be  rtsorU'd  to.  When  tin-  cro- 
dble  iH  cold,  reinoYo  the  cover,  ancl  a  button  of  pure  tin  will  rwmJt ;  this 
weighed  and  divided  by  four  gives  the  percentage.  If  the  operation  ban  not 
been  carfftilly  coriduclwl,  it  wmttitnes  liajipen.-i  thp  tin  in  not  in  one  button, 
bill  diiKPmin»f<d  in  (■'<''' i' ''"a,  cilher  on  the  ehnrewil  llnitiK  or  on  th*  sides  of 
the  black-lead  pol ;  in  this  case,  the  eharcoal  on  the  one  liand,  or  the  black- 
lead  crucilile  on  tbu  other,  miiHt  be  piilvcrixed  in  Die  mortar  and  poxied 
throiiKh  a  %\t.v>- ;  the  liatleni'd  panideii  of  tin  will  bo  retained  by  the  sicre, 
and  can  be  eollectrd  and  weighed.  If  any  umal!  pnrtielrH  eseapn  the  liew, 
ihcy  may  b«  aepanted  from  tlie  lining  or  crunble  by  vanning,  a«  described 
al  pw  B4  tt  tq. 

ita  charcoal  or  blnek-lead  cniciblo  ho  not  at  h&nd,  an  ordinary  clay  pot 
tnajr  be  oscd,  but  not  so  nicecwftilly,  excepting  under  eertnin  cirritmstanccB 
to  M  hrrealler  dcHcribed,  Indeed,  In  Cornwall,  Ihe  ordinary  mode  of  con- 
dading  this  aAHy  is  in  a  naked  i.Tadble,  Ihua  :  About  9  oiiticci  of  the  ore 
■ro  mixed  with  a  imall  cjuantlly  of  culm,  and  projected  into  a  rrd-hot  frnciblp. 
If  tbc  ore  icemt  to  tast,  or  work  Elti|z;giHhty,  a  little  fliior  spar  ix  addvd,  and 
after  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  fusing  st  a  good  biKli  temperatntr,  the 
reducvd  and  fkisiHl  tin  i<t  poured  into  a  small  in;rat  mould  and  the  slag  ex> 
anincd  for  metal  by  pounding  nnd  vannlnj;.  Thin  melho'I  never  pvrs  the 
wbolc  of  Iho  metal  To  elFuet  this,  without  fenr  of  miKehnnee  in  the  njnay 
SMnatinies  occurring,  as  already  deBcribrd  with  both  black'lead  and  charcoal 
tllMd  wncJblea,  It  may  bw  thus  eon<lueled.— always  sit[>po»iiig  the  oitid*  to  bo 
inire,  or  nearly  w>;  or  at  least  containing  little  or  no  «iliciou»  mntler. 

To  ■100  grains  of  ore  add  100  grains  of  argol,  300  grains  of  carbonate  of 
soda,  and  G(i  grains  of  lime ;  mix  well  ^)gelber,  place  In  a  crucible,  which  the 
mixture  half  tlllii,  cover  wllh  a  Email  quantity  of  mrbonate.  of  luxla  and  SOO 
grain*  of  hormi.  Place  ilie  whole  in  the  furnace  with  the  ncccwinry  prerati. 
tioiis,  miw  the  licnt  very  gently,  and  keep  it  at  ur  below  a  dull  red  heat  fur  at 
least  twenty  miniiti-*;  then  giailrially  ini'r«a.4ii  imljl  the  whot(i  flows  freely. 
Remove  the  crucible,  lap  it  as  Ibr  copper  n.way,  and  allow  to  cool.  When 
coM,  break  it,  and  o  button  of  pure  iiietnllic  tin  will  be  found  al  the  bottom, 
and  a  flux  perfectly  IVee  from  glubuleiit,  and  containing  no  tin. 

There  in  yet  another  proeew^  which  ia  more  easy  of  execution;  but  tlie 
rtagent  employed  U  more  txpcnxive,  not  so  reodilT  oblninable,  and  more 
ditUeult  to  keep  witliout  decompo^nc  than  any  of  Ihe  substances  above 
employed.  The  rfajrvnt  now  to  b«  cllsniteied  has  been  introilucvd  (o  the 
notice  of  the  student,  in  another  port  of  this  volume,  as  a  blowpipe  flux,  and 
is  the  wwkj  of  copper  on.'*  by  standard  solutions  as  "  cyanide  of  potaadum." 
me  lelhe  laoat  eorctlve  reducing  flux  for  tin  orr»  yM  known.  It  ana  by 
tlieurbiDg  Mcy^n  to  form  a  compound  known  ns  cyanalo  ol'  pota«h :  thus— 
8nO,+KCj-Rn+itO,CjO. ' 

The  a«say,  by  bcmui  of  thia  cnbiuace,  may  be  made  in  ton  MiaiMM; 

tin*— 

To  400  grains  of  ore  add  £00  grains  of  cyanide  of  potaasiiiin  and  SOO 


nmeHetti  Attayiny. 


crainc  of  ckrbonit*  of  soda.  W«n  mix,  plaM  in  a  nuciblt^  eobnilt  to  Oae 
I'Sinacoi  nia  th<i  hp»t  m  rupMly  its  is  ooiisistent  wiih  ibe  safrty  of  thn  mi- 
dUe,  and  vhcii  thn  wVioIp  mnlcntj;  hare  brcn  in  a  sUtc  of  fusion  for  about 
lire  niinutcii,  ttic  BBiay  i:i  oomplclc.  The  crucible  may  bo  n.'inuri'd,  tliu  proper 
prwauliuiift  takoii  to  histirti  tbv  iiijb§i<l<<iii:n  of  any  globules  of  Cin  whir^i  may 
cilhvr  be  floatinK  in  the  ll>ix  or  adhering  to  th*  sides  o{  thn  crucible,  and  the 
whole  a!Iovti!<l  to  cool.     When  cold,  the  crucible  in  to  lie  broken  as  uiual, 

Ataf/  v/ Ox'ule  of  Tin  admixtd  teith  Mliea. — Although  oxide  of  tin  la 
cotnpli'ttl^  reiliiclblo  by  charcoal  or  other  carbonoccoui  matter,  yet  it  haa 
■inch  an  nffinily  for  «ilira,  that  whenci-M  timt  lubKLnnce  u  prawnt  the  tnctal 
cannot  be  wholly  rpdoL-ud,  excepting  at  the  highcii  li'mpcntara  of  a  wind 
fu^lla(^ti.  Thu  fuUuwing;  cxprninvnts  will  uliow  ttie  intlueuM  ot  silica  on  tho 
Ktiim  of  tin  in  an  assay  of  oiido  of  that  mutat  with  black  llua ; — 

Of*  100  loo  100  100  100 

QuBtu      an  en  iw  mo  aoa 

The  first  par*  G2  pvr  cent  of  tin ;  the  second,  49  per  eeuL ;  Ui«  tLM,  98 
percent;  the  fourth,  liipcrccnL;  and  tho  lait  nothinjc. 

The  NlagN  alto  produced  in  tho  tnatm«nt  of  (in  urei  in  th«  larse  way,  gira 
tttfcntm  tafk  blauk  lluz.  Thiii  mode  of  aasay,  howeror,  has  k>Kn  rteon- 
*<KIBd>fl  ^wme,  but,  thim  the  foregoing  vxpcrinicnCs,  is  proved  to  b«  per- 
fectly bllacioua;  that  Ik,  unlem  the  iiiiantity  of  nlica  present  be  very  small 
in  coDipariwin  to  the  amount  of  oiiJ«  of  tin;  ami  CTcn  when  the  latter  i* 
prv«mi  in  four  times  thu  fjiini\lity  of  the  silica,  as  in  vxpunini^nt  Xo.  1,  a  Ion 
ot  ii>  per  cent  of  tin  Is  sustained. 

Auag  of  JVii  Ota  entilaining  b'ititii  anJ.  Tin  .SVajw.— It  hnTiii;;  jost  been 
shown  how  Ir^iiriously  tho  pruaence  of  silica  iii!liicni;«s  the  j>roduce  of  tin, 
both  in  ores  and  sIsf^K,  other  methods  of  aiuaT  thsp  those  just  described  must 
be  odoiitcd  for  Kucb  nubitanccK,     Thcuc  will  \k  now  detailed. 

Tin  ores  containing  tilica  muy  be  treated  by  two  methodaj  in  lh«  drat, 
tho  silica  muni  be  carvfiilly  M«purat('d  by  vanninic;  if  tho  or*  bo  wtll  pulTcrixed 
thin  Is  the  b«Kt  and  nio^t  rxpeililiooK  method.  In  conducting  thioany,  take 
400  or  more  Kniinn  of  the  pultcrizcd  ore  acconlint;  to  its  rl^ntea  (If  poor,  aa 
much  «»  2,000  ErainB  may  bu  taken),  vbti  in  earefullv,  dry  tho  tnriched  pro- 
duct, u'hiah  will,  if  tbc  opcmtion  hiu  been  ptxuierly  coadueled.  be  nearly 
piiru  oiiili:  of  tin,  and  naiay  it  as  already  deiieri(>ed  for  orea  containing  uo 
ailica.  Tbc  other  prorrsH  of  assay  tn.iy  be  thus  conducted,  and  is  dcpcnili^nt 
npon  the  Gut  thai  iron  diBplaces  tin  in  itK  c.iinbiiialiun  with  liliea:  (husi,  if  a 
compound  ofoiido  of  tin  an'l  Mlics  bu  h«at4d  to  whltenns  with  metallic  iron, 
K  portion  of  the  iron  oxldixcs  nnd  rcplaoH  tbo  oxide  of  tin,  nliioh  km  pn- 
viouKly  in  combinaliun  with  the  silica  as  a  silicate  of  tin,  and  mctallir  tin  and 
lUicat*  of  iron  rvsull,  the  tin  Ko  reduced  combining  with  any  inFlalllc  Iran 
that  may  bo  in  exeru;  and  the  button  thuR  obtained  U  an  alloy  of  tin  and 
iron,  whilnt  the  itlag  is  entirely  deprived  of  tin. 

In  this  kind  of  assay,  mix  4()(>  i:ntins  of  the  sllicat«l  oxide  of  tin  with  SOO 
l^ains  of  oxide  of  iron  (cither  pulvciixrd  hntmstiCu  or  fofe-BCalcs  will  nmiwer 
thin  purpose),  100  grairiK  of  pounded  lluor  Kpor,  and  IM  Knlns  of  charcoal 
powder;  tilaee  tli«  isixtUTC  in  a  crtiribtc,  and  corer  with  a  lid;  ftradnalty  hcjit 
to  dull  renncsK,  and  k«ep  at  that  temperatiiro  for  half  an  hour;  then  heal  to 
whiteneu  for  another  half  hour,  and  remove  tho  ernclble  froto  lh(>  fumaoo: 
allow  to  cool,  and  bruak.  The  button  so  obtained  is  to  be  treated  In  tlio  bunld 
way.  OK  hereafter  dewrlbed. 

Th^  assay  of  tia  dagK  '<a  rnndncltid  in  Iha  unie  manner,  or  simply  by 
mixing  tbo  palTcrixcd  idag  with  20  per  cent  of  iron  filings,  and  fuHing. 

Amov  ^f  Tin  Oi-'A  mrilninlng  Aririiie,  Salphar,  and  Tunyiirn  (  Wolf- 
ram).— In  the  assay  of  such  orrtv  tt  is  necessnry  to  remove  nrccnie,  sulphur. 
Mid  tun|;<lcn,  before  attcmptint;  to  obtain  the  tin  in  a  pure  slate  by  dry  wnay. 
Orea  of  tin  nhtirh  coTitiiri  either  one  ur  alt  of  the^m  i^nbatancvs  arc  luovt  GOm- 
DKut;  htoe*  Ihls  mod*  of  treatment  will  b«  ^nenlly  required.  • 


Pnctietd  AttOj/iuff. 


•m 


Ui)«t  uftym  amullf  nbink  lh«  «iv  to  tSo  bum  nodo  of  tmtin«TH  <t 
Btidor^^on  on  the  large  iwdc  by  eddiulion,  or  nthtT  rowtlnK.  hf  which  iho 
neater  p«rt  of  tli«  wacnical  uid  pvrilk  matter  Ui  romovcd :  5»*  proccis  bila 
faoirevcT  to  rMTiiovg  tlie  wfaDl«  of  ilm  •uWtancM,  and  ilom  not  at  all  atlcdt 
Um  tunfpiUn.  Tho  rollnwing  procca^  adoplMl  br  ttio  autiiur,  its  ibi-retor* 
prcfcroblc,  and  U  Ibundcd  oii  the  bet  that  ararniC'.il  luid  other  pyrllvs.  u  well 
M  tmigiitntu  of  iron  (wolfram,  u.iiully  ncconipaiij-ing  tin  ant),  nra  roinplcttly 
di'ooinposed  by  nitro^hrdr&chloric  aoid  (of  uo  rryi/t)  nt  the  boiling  ti'mpcni' 
lure,  llic  osidc  of  tin  nlont  not  boing  alfecud: — Take  40O  grains  or  more  of 
t]i«  impure  tin  iwinplr,  pWv  Ihcm  in  >  tlo^k,  and  odi)  I  i  oiiiicfi  of  hfilrtK'hIanR 
■dd,  and  i  an  uunco  of  nitric  u^id;  hul  gently  lor  about  half  an  hour,  and 
tbtn  boil  until  tbu  ^'at>.T  part  ofthv  uiixed  acidn  have  evaporated.  The  kuI- 
|fa«ir  and  arsenic  will  by  thig  time  be  ronvrrttil  Into  Hulplinric  and  arMrnic 
»dd,  and  the  wolfram  tforoplclelj  deroniposed,  its  iron  Atiil  nianjconcsr  harinit 
become  soluble,  and  iU  lunpstit  wid  remaining  in  the  insoluble  »tate  with  the 
oxidu  of  tin  aud  any  niUon  that  inay  be  |>re«eriL  Allow  the  fluk  and  coDtcatS 
to  c«ol,  add  ^t'atc^.  allow  to  seltlr.  nnd  decani,  and  »o  on  until  the  water  pUMS 
off  taitelm.  The  iniuiluble  matter  in  tlie  flank  is  now  oxide  of  tin,  ailica,  Uld 
tamntic  ooid.  To  removv  the  lallor,  dige-sl  fur  an  hour  td  a  very  gentle  beat 
witu  one  uuncu  of  solution  of  caustic  aiunionia,  with  0>:vaBiuRal  agitation ;  odd 
water,  and  van  tho  rcniaindrr  to  Mparatr  siiira.  Xothinj;  remains  now  liot 
«xidc  of  tin,  with  perhapN  a  Hltle  nlica.  This  in  now  to  be  dried,  and  anaytd 
■S  directed  fur  ores  euntainiiig  little  or  no  silica. 

If  only  an  npiiroxinialivi'  ohsny  he  nvediid,  it  luay  be  nccoinplitihed  albir  thb 
treatment  bv  takinK  the  nperlHc  ijnantily  of  thi;  remalnini;  oxide,  bo  that  all 
ores  of  tin  mav  be  thus  roughly  oimayeil,  it  beinft  premiiM-d  that  the  above 
flpcratioD  haa  bveu  ao  carefully  performed  that  nothing  but  oxide  of  tin  and 
Mica  mniain.  Tho  opMiRc  graTJly  of  the  thus  puriflvd  ore  U  to  b«  taken  in 
thu  botdo  OS  daficribtd  st  pp.  -KtH  and  it)i.  All  now  that  is  nooeiiMr^  (o  bo 
knowD  is  tho  tpenUp  )cmvity  of  oxide  of  tin,  itH  percentage  of  puro  un,  and 
Ibo  ipcdAc  Kmvity  of  silica,  and  a  xitnplo  calculation  give*  tbu  raiulL  The 
bllowiog  ia  the  formula ; — 

Lit  a  reptcjent  Uic  •peolSo  gravity  of  OKld«  of  tbi. 


••   4 


■nte*. 

*■  *■         iha  mixton  kft  aflcr  itnttneiK  with 

■rid.  dte. 
walxbt  of  rooi^ii  oxido  of  liu,  or  mixtivr*  laft  cftir  tiMlmcni 
«iUi  acid,  Ae. 
■'       oiids  of  tin. 
■•       atUca. 

Tb«Di •,' 


Aitdr- 


c  (a  — ») 

Or  in  oritfatDctieal  Kvm,  tbn:— 

1.  From  tbo  specific  gravity  of  the  rough  oxide  of  (in  (iniilure  of  ocide 
of  tin  and  silica)  deduct  the  spcciltc  (gravity  c-f  the  *3ic«. 

S.  Multiply  tho  mnsfnder  by  thi<  i^gieilflc  ^vity  of  th«  oxide  of  Un. 

3.  Uuttiplytbawtifirt  of  the  roii^hosido  of  tin  by  tho  but  product,  wbleh 
will  moke  a  second  pndnct,  wbicb  may  be  called  P. 

4.  Protn  the  gp«ciltc  gravity  uf  oxidu  uf  tin  deduct  the  specific  ^Tily  of 
■IUm, 

5.  Uultiply  the  difference  by  the  specific  Rrsvity  of  the  rough  oxide  of  tin. 
4.  Take  this  prDduct  for  a  divisor  (o  divide  the  above  product  I*:  the 

qootieot  trill  be  tho  weight  of  purv  oxide  of  tin  in  the  rough  oxide,  and  lb* 
^uatilJty  of  metal  eon  now  ba  reaitily  calculate^l. 

The  following  u  on  OMay  worked  out  in  thin  manner: — 


4tt 


Praeti«at  AiMfiny, 


MOgrmiiuiDf  thoOMare  trMt»d  withnitro-hjdrochlinict^aBdunmonia 
Iftbotvdoicrilml,  wmIkiI  tnd  dried.    Suppose  Uic  dried  mfkttcr  weighed  350 
'  |nibi&    Tlw  flCD  K^ains  tlius  nbuincd  ora  jilaci-d  in  tlio  iipCM;iSc  gravit}'  lN)tU«v 
and  the  ipociflc  gruTity  ii  fuimd  to  1m  S-^. 


fliMMjflc  rr-i*ity  of  tin  oiido  {u^proISl^^w)     . 
*f  .Hi™  " 

j)p.  Or.  Pnr*  Oildc 
X         «-9  — 


8-S 


lS-82        - 


tt-  Or.  Fan  OtU*- 

6-9 


On.  Or.  aniw. 

-         3-B 


4'8 


8  p.  Of.  EaUEti  Oilil*^ 

uso 


it-aa 

p 

4-S 


I'iB  thenfom  the  wdght  of  pure  osldc  in  ttio  400  pwnit  of  or. 
"  till  OtntilfU  78-01  p«rt8  of  pare  tin,  and  k 

808-*XT8-«l 

MB-TS 

IM 

8o  thftt  400  gndns  of  rough  tin  oro  contain  16S73  gnina  of  pure  tin,  and 

l«'Ti 

40-98. 

4 

Tho  rough  sample  flret  opantcd  on  contsinti,  therefore,  44>93  por  cent  tf 
DKtnlllc  tin. 

Eitiinatitm  qf  Tin  hg  lie  Jlumid  MrlAod. — There  an  tennl  methodH  of 

.  «ff«Ctlog  this  aoalTtla,  the  chief  (limi'iiU^  beiiii;  fuunil  in  the  inlnrlable  lutuiv 

!  rf  th*  oxids  of  IJn,  It  reeislinE  tho  action  of  nil  ti-'xXi.     This  howrver,  may 

be  orereome,  ■«  first  nhown  by  Klaproth,  trim  found  that  Trry  finely  IcrtRsIdd 

oxide  of  tin  WOK  lulubk-  in  oydrOchluric  ai'id  nller  a  prolungiNl  fuiiigu  with 

Ca>utio  potasli.    The  following  h  bh  j^tocvs  -.^ 

to  ffma  of  the  tin  ore.  reduced  to  the  most  muiiito  statu  of  dirision  by 
Urigation  or  otherwise.  i»  niicil  iritli  four  tiinci  iLi  wciifhc  of  miiKtii:  polanh, 
Tht  bwt  inodv  of  niixiii);  ii)  t'>  ulnoe  th«  ratiKtiu  pota«ii  in  a  lulver  crucible, 
add  Its  own  wclxht  of  waUr,  and  apply  n  Rcntlu  h(iat  unlil  the  pulahli  in  die- 
■olved;  then  atir  in  tin  ore,  and  gradually  erapomtn  tadrynr-xs  BtirrJnK  all 
the  time  to  prennt  Iobk  by  Kpittini:,  us  in  the  anatysiK  of  iron  itonn.  When 
thoroujthly  dry,  inclono  tho  silvpr  criioililu  in  oiii*  of  rlny,  und  .lubniit  tho 
whole  to  a  dull  rrd  heal  for  at  Unxt  hnlf  nn  hniir:  rather  iimri'  than  k'M  rcn- 
den  tho  pnfcct  aolution  of  the  oxide  of  tin  tnoro  certain.  ^VIten  raid,  art  on 
'  the  Contenla  of  the  crucible  with  dihilt  )>ydruclilonu  acid,  Iranufcr  the  liquid 
'  and  any  undifiBOlTcd  matter  to  aflniik.  ndd  sonin  stronR  hydrwlilorio  acid,  and 
boil  for  hnlf  an  hour.  If  al  the  end  of  ihin  time  any  of  ihc  tin  oru  remains 
unacted  uit.  it  inuKt  be  ivpartilt^l  by  dct'antjitiuti  or  utheriri.'H:  friim  ihu  solution, 
drietL  iinnin  fiiFwd  with  (loiath,  and  then  Iriialcii  wilti  hydrothlorie  arid,  in 
which  it  will  now  be  fniind  tblaily  ^oluhlit.  Thin  Reeond  optiration  will  nut  li« 
needed  If  care  liax  been  taken  to  reduce  the  iiru  to  the  tincst  poutiblci  8tal«  of 
division  ut  fir^t.  The  M>ltition,  huwevi^r,  cibl.tiiied,  is  lo  be  evaporated  tt  dry* 
neBa,and  whrueold  Irral^d  wiili  a  sttinll  i|iianllt.rorhydroehlori(^  acid.  Allowed 
to  stand  for  half  an  hour,  then  water  odiled,  bciilnd  and  flltend  i  the  whole  of 
tho  tin  will  paas  through  In  solution  ok  chloride  of  tin,  and  any  filiea  or  tnn|e- 
utic  acid  thai  may  be  preicnt  will  remain  in  the  fdter.  If  (he  or«  coataiuod 
copi>cr,  lead,  and  iron,  iImm)  motals  will  also  bo  hi  solution— al  all  cnoti^  the 


JovTHol  o/  Mii^Hy  Latn  and  Orffanitatiotti. 


403 


I 


kad  partuUjr  •>;  but  if  tba  ore  hkJ.  preriiMuir  lo  its  fusion  wfUi  ckosttc 
pota&h.bom  trtRloiliritb'ifun  rtyiij,  lu  almiil v  ilrAcri W,  then  it  wiU  eorntun 
lit)  alone.  It  In  klwuyi  better  Ihii.i  to  wp»nitc  furdgn  tnuttcm  1icr«T0  aUcaipt- 
injt  the  soliilion  i>f  th(i  lin,  Mlhoflcr  jiroctssi.i  thereby  niiDplified.  Supposing, 
howerrr,  that  thn  Toimh  ore  liKil  hum  Kubinlttod  to  rnstoti  with  pOlMh  tod 
ttion  dituolvvd.  the  Mlutinn  miiEt  be  thas  trmted: — \  h*r  <tl  unc  mvut  be 
BlMtd  \d  (liu  Hututiuu,  which  will  in  eoumc  of  timo  precipitate  tin,  coppvr.  and 
iMtL  Whrn  xll  llti>  melala  are  thus  tliixm-n  duvrii,  (!io  xiiic  U  waMieil  and 
niDOTcd,  the  prpr:ipit*l^^  metals  well  washed  and  (!ri«<l.  To  the  dried  metals 
Btiwg  nitric  acid  in  novr  to  bo  added,  thn  main  (crntly  hrAtcd,  and  tlicn  mm- 
ponUcd  to  drrnew;  when  cold,  it  is  moiMened  irith  dilute  nitric  acid.  waUT 
added,  and  tho  while  Sltered.    Lead  and  copper  will  paaa  tlirouch  th«  Rlter 

_  InUo  oitralr*,  and  lh«r  tin  will  >>«  T-iund  in  the  (liter  M  insoluble  peroxide : 

.Ib  lo  hv  well  washed,  dried,  ii^nitcd,  and  wnighed.  It  contains  T^'41  part* 
ttallic  tin.  Tho  amount  of  tin  thua  obtained,  when  multipli-wl  b^  2,  will 
repreneot  thn  pcrccnt*||«  of  (he  ore. 

It,  before  the  action  of  rauitir  potaah,  thr  orv  had  Iic<:n  Rnbmitted  (o  the 
action  of  Ofva  tvgia — sulp  hurt  tied  hydrocen  may  be  pnowd  tlirougli  tlic 
adulionof  ehloride  of  tin — aulpburut  of  tin  will  IJe  precipilatol ;  tUh  h  lo 
be  waafaed,  dried,  gently  calcined  In  a  plallnnni  micilile  imtil  all  tmcU  of 
aoIptiUTOua  acid  haa  cenacd,  allowed  to  oool,  reheated  irith  a  fnij^ient  of  etr- 
bonate  of  aiiiTiioiiia,  aa  in  the  cow  of  nxuting  fulpburel  of  (upper,  and  When 
odd  wcif^bod  as  pure  oxide  of  tin.  The  ulndfttJOD  for  ntelal  U  made  as 
above. 

Evmul  Aaaiytit  qf  tfu  Alloy  nf  Tia  and  Iron  <U  ehtaia^  in  tk*  TtmL- 
RWnf  tf  !?itiflout  Ortt  and  ^Tojt.— The  alloy  obtained  as  already  directed  Is 
dSawlTcd  in  tioilinj;  hyrlrochlorir.  ncid  dlliit«il  with  water,  and  the  aolatian,  if 
iMGet«ary,  liltcred.  To  the  Bltcred  tiolution  add  n  little  hydrocliloric  acid  and 
paat  aa  cxceaa  uf  Hulphureltcd  hydrogen  thrauRh  it.  cullvcl  tho  precipitated 
aalphiiret  of  Uu,  and  pr(H'«vU  according  to  the  dir«ctu)i»i  already  );lv('n. 

Ettimation  of  Tin  l/y  mtarM  ^  a  Stan^rd  Solution. — TniH  ]>rocess  in 
dm  to  U.  {iaultier  dc  Claubry,  and  may  be  thua  perlbrroed :  — Thi^  nUndard 
aotntieo  la  made  by  diaaoMng  100  pnina  of  iodine  in  I  •juart  gf  [iroof  tipirit 
tonU  of  wbi«  harinit  a  cpedflc  RraTlCy  of  '9!0}.  and  i«  thus  Gtandnrdizsd. 
Tan  mifiK  of  pure  tin  arc  disaolvcd  In  «xccs>  of  hydrochloric  acid,  tiie  (olu- 
tien  boiled,  and  allowed  to  rool ;  lli«  burtll«  \*  [low  llUt^d  with  IIj^  Dolutioit 
tt  Iodine,  which  is  gradiiaHv  added  t')  that  of  tho  tin  until  the  former  ceasps 
tobedecolori»d:  tx  noon,  tfiercfore,  as  the  tin  aoltttion  iwjiumua  faint  yellow 
Ibin  auffident  iodine  baa  been  added;  the  quantity  (faua  found  Hufliiient  in 
(MuiMX(d,andUieaniouutof  tin  eacbdiTisionful  of  Iodine  soUition  iii^qulTa- 
l«Mt  lo  b  calcubted  as  for  iron,  copper,  and  the  other  Mandard  BolutionH. 

In  the  actual  anuy  of  tin  ore  by  meanx  of  thin  solution,  i[  is  neceiwary 
tba  wbole  of  the  tin  prewnt  be  reduced  to  the  Htnle  of  pi\itooh!>>ridt'.     T^ia 

Sbe  reiwlily  effvi-lid  by  boiling  the  solution  of  tin  for  n  qiiwlirr  of  an  hour 
•XCfw  of  mctallie  iron,  and  RltfHnj;.     To  the  Holutian  so  obtained  the 
iodine  ic  added  an  above.    Hie  tin  ore  in  diB8olT«d  by  any  of  the  netbods 
MJMdy  ilteoribed. 


JOPRNAl  OP  MISING  LAVS  ASD  OBGANIZATTOSS. 


Al>taiCA<C   MDICIO   OOVTXSf. 


I  annual  meeting  of  tho  American  Mining  Company  was  held  at  the 
lof  iheOetnpeny,  in  WtndMr,  Vennoot,  oothe  IStliday  of  Uaich,  instant, 
'  o'clock,  p.  K. 
Vol.  n.— 23 


4lt  Journal  of  JVinii>j7  Lam  toid  Or^nita-tionM, 

Tht  follomng  pmmw  tctn  duljr  clcct*U  lMr«cb>n,  rii. :  Enitiu  MrbuUca 
■nd  !!orKP  PDildock,  of  SU  Johnsburj ;  Unity  EejM,  N^pirbury ;  Abel  Utid«r- 
wooJ,  Wells  Kiver ;  l-iuc  W.  Ilubliard,  Joovph  D.  Hatch,  and  G«ot^  Ward- 
Mr,  Wmdiior,  VcnnOTil;  r>Ariil  A.  Siinnieiu,  Bortou,  Mutt.;  Willum  ^ 
Tnuk,  Nalliaiilvl  Htrdcti,  «ti'l  Vmtvn  E.  PhalpA,  Ci^  New  Tork. 

At  a  mocllng  of  the  Dircccan,  on  tho  nmc  dajr,  F.  S.  Phclp*  wa*  nnani- 
luously  rc-«lcct«d  PrciddcnL 

ULE  B9TALB  COKPAHT- 

Truman  Stnltli,  PrcHidcnt ;  Cbas.  t*.  Pratt,  Secretary  and  Trtasurer;  taA 
Ittw)  and  PfTkins,  Tnnsfi-r  Agtiiit^  in  BoAtoti.  Dirvcton : — IViUoan  Smtlh. 
Waahiiigtoii.  D.  C. ;  Clvment  Marsh,  Ni-w  York  ;  Chas.  ti,  NkhoU,  Wodhing- 
ion,  D.  C. ;  C.  C.  Douglass,  Portage,  llkhigan  ;  Thomas  a  Tratt,  Wasliiug- 

ioo,D.  a 

MixmsoTA  cofi^R  omtpavr. 

At  th«  animal  iii«u(iag  r>t  the  utockholdon,  held  Haruli  Sth,  th«  Mowing 
olBnn  were  elected ; — 

ProiJunt,  John  C.  Tuftker :  IKrectors,  John  C.  Tucksr.  Wra.  pMrsall, 
Juii.,  MosPS  A.  iloppock.  Win.  E.  Dodge,  Win.  Ilickok,  o/  Nbw  York  ;  Cliaa. 
P.  WoodruiT,  Michigan :  Treasurer,  Moaca  A.  Hoppock :  Sccretaiy,  Samuel  i. 
W.Barry. 

rnonti  MiKtm)  cohtant. 

At  (he  annual  mooting  of  the  Ktockholdtr^  of  tlio  Plusnu  Copper  Coe^ 
pa&jr,  of  Lak«  Superior,  tho  following  Board  of  Piroctots  waa  choacn:— 

Chw.  D.  Head,  Itoston;  0.  A.  Farwoll,  ditto;  J,  A.  Du|)ro«,  dllt*;  J.  W. 
Ward,  New  York;  Samuel  W.  Uill,  Lake  Su|tcrior.  Iloratio  Billow,  of 
Jlotton,  WM  rc-clccted  SetTclary  and  Trcuunr. 


WAaniKOTON   U.ATB   COHTAHT. 

The  organisation  of  thia  Company  r.on«isU  ofCoiirtiMr  SdicDck,  PiKeidenI ; 
Alexander  C  irnwn,  S":rctary;  Alexander  Wlson,  Trtasuror.    Dirvctorai 
Merrill  Clarke,  Courtnc;  Schenck,  Bviy.  0.  Wamn,  Fnneu  IL  RugglM,  J.  EL 
Wwnirright,  Alexauder  C.  Wilwn. 
ODm,  N«w  Tork. 

xniKO  arMci:i.*TioR. 
A  nwo  wafi  rMcnlly  decided  in  the  t'ourt  of  the  RherifT  of  Cornwall,  at 
TVnro  (Mr.  P,  P.  Smith  prtaiding  ts  under^hcriETI,  wbiob,  to  nomo  extent, 
.held  up  fur  public  {tifoniiatlon  (be  manner  In  which  mining  advenliircg  haro 
been  pot  up  in  I.and(in,  and  h»w  the  promoten  take  ndTuitn)^  of  any  sucrou- 
ftil  rrsiulta  which  may  arise,  but  are  aliravB  prepurtd  al  any  momcnl,  in  caae 
of  indications  of  an  advcrsu  nstiin.',  (o  induce  the  public  to  adopt  Uiu  acheine, 
and  mthially  to  "  pay  Ihn  pijicr," 

Mr.  Ohi!n>tt,  in  opcninf;  the  caxe  for  tho  plaititifT,  said  that  aince  IhR  cstab. 

Udiment  of  the  county  courts  tho  proceeding  before  the  sheriff  bad  become 

mnch  more  rirv  thnn  lieforci.     In  th«  cam  under  consideralion,  the  coimtj 

■  conrt  eould  not  be  availed  of,  aa  the  i^laim  wna  for  nrrvicc«  in  Ireland,  and  tho 

-defendant  rriodod  in  London ;  and  to  bring  it  within  the  JoritdietioB  of  tbe 


Journal  of  Stining  Lawt  and  Orffixnixationj. 


405 


sherifTg  court,  pUIntifl"  h»i  reduced  hii  claim  from  3U  IGa  Sd;  to  19t  191. 
lid.     It  WM  an  nation  bfMght  by  Ur.  Joseph  ChampioB.  «on  ofCapL  Obam^ 

Kn,  or  KasC  Wtical  Rcmt,  to  rceorer  from  tlcrtMidanl,  Ur.  Rabart  Snrith,  dFj| 
ixloii,  for  halniicu  of  nUry  and  expvnjiPK  ns  rcaidrnt  mani;^  of  Crov  tl! 
Uinr,  ill  IrrUiid.     The  muM  wm  unJijfciidvil.     Ur.  Chilcott  produced  two  • 
three  lolttrs  in  mpport  of  Ihc  jiisilr*  of  tlic  t-hlin,  out  of  wliich  w»«  particu-^ 
larly  gmpliic  and  foiilidentiiU  ;  it  iirRcd  upon  plafntilTthencicesslly  of  sinkinf'l 
MMaiii  xliiflij  wilh  ill  NjHi-d,  and  to  y\xsh  on  tnv  n-orkinip  u  much  a«  piuiid>* 
blc,  for  if  thrj  cut  tlic  lode  [iroluciivf,  »»J  ooviM  bring  W  market  about  200i. 
wotUi  of  mint-Tal  in  three  or  four  ninnthn,  llicy  foiihl  do  belter  hy  krcpiiig  it 
lo  thtrniBclvtn  ;  but  if  it  turned  out  a  poor  bare  thing  for  ivipprr,  and  not  much 
iMd,  and  thug  required  tnoni^j'  for  machinery,  in  tliat  caip,  bdbr«  tbey  calcu- 
Utod  on  anj-thtiiK,  or  even  mad*  a  Bal«  of  mineral,  it  iTDuld  be  brttM- 10  make 
it  publk  frwn  th*  cotnincncpmenL 

Mr,  Jowi^ti  Chwiipion,  tliu  plaintilT,  »«id,  that  in  July,  isn2,  ho  wa*  nn--i 
ptoy*d  by  dl^^cndaIll  to  be  resident  aptnl  of  Cronr  Hill  Mine,  but  bin  aalarT  waa  J 
not  flxt'd  at  the  Irme,  bring  told  it  iboiil<l  bo  aettltd  aftcrwarils.     lie  cotidouvd!' 
««it  to  April,  1853,  when  he  was  told  by  defendant'*  broUwr,  Richard  Smith,' 
tnat  tbo  mine  vt»  «old  tn  anotbi-r  otnpanr,  and  that  the  services  of  neither  of 
tben  were  rnKher  rMguircd.     Tn  Janiiarv'ho  n-ccivc!  a  ItttfT  from  dtfpndant, 
with  axi  account  annexed,  tn  which  he  h.-id  put  him  dnu-n  at  !il.  tii.  per  month ; 
after  which  plainlllTalu'ayA  charged  that  xum  ax  hi.i  lialaiy  in  the  cont-iibecta. ' 
He  had  often  mnt  dpfendnnl  on  the  mine,  and  had  frcquenliy  honnl  Mm  raj 
he  had  the  wtL     One  of  the  defendanl'a  li-dcrg  fiirtbfr  f-howcd  di-fi-ndant  8 
connection  with  the  mine,  n»  in  it  he  ordered  nil  work  to  eeMo,  with  the  ex- 
ception ot  six  men  only,     I'laintitr  cUitncd  for  one  muntb'd  fmIstv  aflvr  hil 
dincbarge,  tt  wan  the  cuatoni ;  l)ic  amount,  [ncluiling  salary  aiul  pi<«la;;e,  was 
581.  13a  2./,,  frrnn  which,  deducting  the  money  paid,  the  balance  was  SU.  lf«i''J 
S<t(  Bhich,  M  before  itau-d,  wa-i  reduced  to  191.  lU.  llii    The  brother  of  thai 
plaintiff'  conobumteil  innny  poinla  of  hii  evidence,  and  the  deputy -■bertlT  v 
sumnicd  up.  when  the  Jury  fmiuediatclr  gave  a  verdict  for  the  pUiatilT-' 
^atvcctlK  19*.  lid. 


Tint  couHOM  LAW  OK  wnsn  tiCExais.* 

In  the  aboTC  cues,  there  »'■«  simply  a  right  cither  to  control,  pra  tanto, 
the  TKht  of  ownenliip  in  the  lands  of  anotlier,  or  tu  use  and  occupy  the  land 
fije  a  ucHiiilc  purjiow,  and  without  any  liberty  for  conrcrting  or  appropria-  | 
ting  the  land  for  other  purjiowJC     Hut  a  license  to  work  mines  is  of  a  vvry^' 
dilKTent  de«criptii>iL.     It  cuiifcn  not  only  a  right  (u  enter  and  occupy,  but  Ui 
eoDiniit  wasle,  and  carry  away  [wrt  of  the  land   Itself-^vii..  the  minctali;. 
liiis  right  inay,  nn  we  f^hall  afl«m-ards  arc,  be  in  some  inttanccs  revocable  at  J 
tli«  will  of  the  party ;  but  even  then  it  will,  of  course,  exist  in  full  force  tjH ' 
revocation.     It  n.-cn»^  thcrvfore,  impoK&ible  tocontciiil  that  this  right  In  not  an  . 
iQteri-fil  wilhin  Ihe  Sintiit"  of  Frauds.    To  aawrt  Ibat,  it  would  be  iicccaaary* 
to  maintain  that  the  minerals  arc  not  part  of  the  land. 

An  iiitereit  in  land  mov  exist  where  there  is  no  actual  estate  in  ihetand.Jj 
And  it  hax.  in  other  <iBec;Wud«tvituinod  that  such  an  InterMl  U  within  tho 
meaning  of  the  Ktatiiie. 

Thus,  it  ha»  bei^n  dtciiled  that  sales  of  growing  poles,  of  standing  under- ' 
wood,  of  a  crop  of  mowing  grtu>i,  are  all  within  the  Ktatute.  It  is  true  tha^ 
caMu  upon  this  Kubji-et  «ri'  vi  ry  eon  Hie  tin);,  anil  that  the  leaning  in  the  later 
deeihiong  is  certainly  in  Givor  of  brinsing  the  produce  of  the  land  not  within ' 
tbo  ElM  and  fourth  section.',  but  Ibu  ice  vent  ec  nth  section,  wliicb  enacts,  that  J 
no  contract  fur  the  sulv  of  gooda,  wareH,  and  mircliandiM,  for  the  price  of], 
tan  pounds  or  upward)^  ^all  be  allowed  to  be  good,  except  the  buyer 

*  Oeolinned  firom  pnE*  ITD,  vol.  ii. 


Journal  of  Mining  Lawt  and  OrffaairalioM, 


MCBpt  part  of  lh«  Efods  so  sold,  anil  nctuaily  njccivo  lh«  Mim,  or  gjTo  smm- 
thin);  in  oniegt  lo  bind  th«  bargain,  or  in  part  or  pa^mtnt,  or  IhMmaie  not< 
or  mnninraniitim  of  thn  harjcain  bo  midR  and  iiiKn4Ml  br  the  pwti«t,  to  be 
churitfd  by  such  tontract  or  Ihcir  ngcnts  thcrpuntu  lawfaily  aulboriwJ,  Bu^ 
nottcilbiitaiiilinK  IbtH  mdiiiati'vi.  it  is  nut  to  bt'  Bii|i{>OHi-f!  thiil  tha  fsiirts  wQl 
DTiir  rvpudl:itt>  (bi<  •Iit(lin<>lion  n!  I^n!  F.ltontioroiit;!)  in  the  cuo  of  Crosby  h, 
Waibworth,  nhrrn  he  .uiid,  with  rcHiw'^l  la  a  ^n^xrifg  '^">P  "(  srlMi  UuU,  !■ 
the  Outaet,  be  fcil  bimsolf  warmntpd  in  laving  vrbutly  uitluf  lht>  ■.■aw,  til*  pro- 
Tisioii  contnhfd  in  tbo  wvoiil^cnlh  Rt'Otiiio,  as  not  ai>plici>l>lo  to  tha  icubject- 
RUttc.r  of  that  aRrocmcnt,  whirb  could  not  be  coniidcroii  in  nny  proper  aciun 
of  the  trord*  u  u  xalo  of  ^udji,  tnrcs,  or  mcrchandiM.-,  Ib(>  urot)  bcmg  at  the 
tiiuc  or  tbo  barmin  {uml  with  r<.-fi<rpiioe  to  irliich  Iig  agreed  with  Mr.  Jiwlica 
llcatb  in  Waddington  r:  IlriHtotr,  that  the  fiul{[«ct-tnattor  must  bo  Ukon) 
an  uiiEcrcrtd  portion  of  the  freehold,  and  not  movable  good*  or  penooul 
diMt«ls. 

la  •  late  ra««.  irtiero  a  brm  wM  iijcr«oil  to  be  let  b^  parol,  and  tlio  iMtMrt 
irw  to  take  the  ^^mng  ernps  and  pay  for  them,  and  also  for  the  irork,  hbor, 
fttul  laalcritU,  in  preparing  tliL>  land  fur  tillairv,  il  vnA  di;fide4  that  thit  caM 
WM  within  tbv  fourth  «i^<:tion  of  tliu  «taIutt^.  It  was  liutil  by  the  court,  that  at 
the  time  irhrn  Ilt<^  eontriict  ma  made,  tho  frops  wrro  fpatiitig  npon  the  land, 
the  tenant  vma  to  hare  bod  the  land  as  well  at  the  i^opa,  and  tlw  work,  labor, 
and  malcrialii  wrrv  no  iccorponitod  with  the  land  as  to  be  Inxparable  fron 
it  llo  wonld  not  hare  tho  benefit  of  the  work,  labor,  and  Diattrials,  nnleM 
he  hod  tho  land,  and  they  wore  of  opinion  that  the  ricbl  to  the  crop)^  and  th* 
bon«fll  of  tfao  work,  labor,  and  inoterialu  irt>n^  both  uC  tbeiu  an  intvrett  in  tho 
land. 

It  nraiit,  therefore,  bo  concrluded,  that  a  licotuto  to  work  minos  ia  witiibi  Ui> 
first,  third,  and  fourth  sectionBoflheStatuleofFraudi:  that  it  muMtbeinwritinit, 
eilhcr  from  tho  grantor  or  nn  aKonl  lawfully  aut)iorii!^.il  by  writing  under  the 
first  aection ;  that  il  minht  bo  transferred,  or  enrronderi'd  In  writing  i-itbcr  by 
the  anisner,  surrendcrrr,  or  *orao  agent  alao  lanfullr  authoriwMl  by  writing, 
under  toe  third  Ecctiun ;  anil  that  undi^r  the  fourth  Keetion  a  bw  agreement 
only  for  a  license,  if  in  writing,  may  bo  ^nter^d  into  cither  by  the  Intended 
grantor  or  his  agent  lawfully  aiithnrixed,  and  the  authority  of  the  agent  need 
not  be  in  wrilini;;.  But  a  h'ccnuc  cannot  be  within  the  cxoqitlon  of  tho  aocond 
section,  whieh  appliea  onlv  tu  leaaeft. 

It  was  decided  in  the  adove  cask  of  CarrinKlon  '».  Roots,  that  an  igreement 
under  the  fourth  m-«ion,  though  altogether  void,  may  have  some  operation  in 
OMDUiu  id  eating  a  licenHe,  no  far  na  to  cxcuiw  what  would  otherwiM  be  a  trea- 
pau,  but  Rui'b  a  license  could  confer  no  interest,  and  ivould  be  always  countw- 
inandablo  at  tlio  will  of  the  party. 

It  ia  a  general  rule,  that  a  bore  pcraonol  right  or  a  bare  power  cannot  bo 
awigned.  We  have  s>'en,  however,  Innt  a  license  to  work  niiiie*  confers  a  dis- 
tinct intcrej^t  in  the  land,  irhi'ih  may,  tliercfore,  bo  as<i)picd  in  the  wuno  man- 
ner as  a  power  couplwl  with  an  interest,  or  a  power  to  cut  down  trees.  But 
tho  rlffht  or  liberty  must,  of  course,  he  esoivifl»d  by  the  oasigiior  in  t)iu  man- 
nor  pointeil  out  by  tho  original  gmnlor.  A  liooiiM  oAon  expicasly  extends  to 
tba  aoKignH  of  a  granlM. 

An  agrecmeni  was  trnterv^d  into  by  the  committeo  of  ■  lunatic,  tinder  the 
fallowing  circumxtanecs.  The  lunatic  was  tenant  for  Utk,  without  iu>|>«ach- 
tnent  of  wa.ite,  with  remainder  to  hix  fi»t  and  other  SDinn  in  tail,  with  olhar 
romaiaders  over.  The  lunatic  was  uiiinarWeil.  Coal  woi  foand  upon  tbo 
eetate,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  justify  tlio  sinking  of  a  shaft ;  btit  Ibe 
coal  might  bo  worked  by  means  of  n  shaft  in  the  adjoining  land.  Port  of  tha 
estate  of  the  lunatic  was  inorlgap.-il.  and  tho  mortgagee  wa*  in  poaacflmon. 
The  income  of  the  lunatic  was  rnnsiderably  redueeii,  and  tliere  were  other 
dobta  whirh  ci^uld  not  bo  aatisfiod.  The  commitleei  therefor^  agreed  with 
the  owner  of  the  atyMning  land  to  work  the  oool.    The  niaiter,  who 


4 


Journal  of  Mining  Laws  <Mt  OrgatiitaSana. 


Am 


tlteaAeA  by  tli«  n«xt  of  kin,  refMrted  tbb  to  b*  Ibr  th*  bcosQt  of  the  lunatia 
LonJ  Eltton,  on  oonHmiijii;  tbo  r*porl,  mid,  lh«  drenniMaDCM  war*  rioguUr. 
The  next  of  kin  hud  »ii  intcrcsl  that  Iho  co«l  nhould  b«  worked.  The  heir  kt 
kw  luul  00  intcrriit,  Ihrni  bi-ing  vuioiu  rcnuindeni  oTcr.  He  thought  it  mi^t 
b»  done  by  ih»  commlueoi  it  wu  IiLe  cutting  timber. 

TKAHSriR   m   DEID. 

All  contnicis  and  coTircyances  effected  b;  de«<I  or  Bpeciatt)^.  must  be  l>Oth 
signed  anil  upalfil.  SiRnnliiTc  i»  not  irfi'liivil  in  •!!  r*Kr9  by  the  staliitj,  nnd 
MUine  IK  required  i>j  the  rommon  kw.  But,  of  course,  when  SP&tinK  iii  not 
reqtiired  by  tlie  common  law  for  giTiiig  validity  to  anj'  ioKtruineDt,  aigtialure 
•lone  will  Ini  GutlldunL 

ThuK,  IcoMH  itfTB  oriKinoUy  gnui(«d  for  ft  very  Rnatl  term  of  yconi,  uid 
lliougli  adcrwatilK  granted  for  longer  periods,  they  continued  to  be  ercated, 
lM(bt«  the  slAliite,  by  imrol,  for  Kny  numberof  years.  It  follows,  tlieref<>re, 
UmI  dnee  the  fitalnti',  Itwutcs  fnr  yntm  may  both  bo  created  and  assigned  by 
liniple  rigtMtUTC  vitiiout  scaling.  But  they  will  not,  fn  thi«  stile,  acquire  the 
fill)  operation  of  an  indenture  or  deed,  and  lh«  eoTenuita  which  usually  uecuui- 
pany  ihem,  an  specialties  whli;h  rciiiiirc  the  pmper  rormalitics  to  tic  ohsi-rrt'd. 
Leuea  and  Minitnmciibi,  therefore,  arc  usually  made  in  the  onmo  manner  u 
deeds  in  general. 

When  llie  mines  form  port  of  the  jfuneral  inheritanee,  they  will,  of  courat, 
be  tnuufcTTcd  along  with  the  lands  vrithout  being  cxp«u«]y  mentioned  in  the 
ooiivcyanee ;  but  when  they  form  a  dislinet  iKMsiession  or  inheritanee,  a  title 
to  thrill  niu<>t  tw  eKiablished,  without  ruference  to  the  general  tltl«  Ii>  the  Lands 
in  which  thiy  ore  situal^ 

In  the  latter  siltmiion,  thn  mines  will  «tiU,  of  course,  retain  the  quaiiticji  of 
Ntl  eattte,  and  will  be  trniiKferred  by  conTeyaoees  applicable  to  Ilifl  particular 
dttposillon  uf  tlieui  iiileiided  to  be  made.  . 

They  are  cnpabl*  of  livery,  and  of  bi'ing  made  lJ»  But^ectsof  ejcetiuentj 
"By  the  nameofininm-.i,"  iiayn  Coke,  " or /odiiia  plambi,  etc.,  the  lanii  ilsclf 
shall  pass  in  a  grant,  if  livery  be  mode,  and  also  be  recovered  in  an  assize." 

It  has  lieen  slitcd  that  if  a  gmnt  of  mine*  be  made  withonl  livery,  the 
grantor  will  only  take  a  pnwcr  to  di^  and  work  tlicm.  Rut  ellliough  the 
<njitor  would,  in  such  o  case,  take  du  iegnl  estate  or  rigiit  at  all,  except  the 
ttbtrty  to  work,  yet  his  title  might  be  jicrfccted  by  a  court  of  equity,  on  tbo 
groiBid  of  contract 

It  haa  been  utated,  indeed,  that  a  common  recovery  could  not  have  been 
aAnd  <4a  ouarry,  or  n  mine,  becau.ie  liiey  ore  not  in  dciuvsno,  bul  in  profit 
only.  Rnt  xinee  the  later  coses  upon  the  tkibjecc  of  mines,  it  may  be  dearly 
laiid  down  that  tlicre  is  no  distinction.  VCnea  and  minvralH  are  parts  of  the 
wry  lands  or  demesne  theawclrca. 

A  distinction  lias  been  attvinpte'l  to  be  tak<ri  between  the  transfer  ot  I 
opcBtd  and  of  unopened  mines.  Unopened  mines  hare  been  lhout(iit  no  fori 
to  n*tnib1e  an  e«tiac  in  remainder,  as  to  be  inennablc  of  livery  of  Bci.sin,  and 
to  b«  only  plAsed  by  grant  This  opiniuci  has  U'eii  founded  on  the  decision 
that  unopcnod  mines  are  not  liable  to  dower.  It  will  he  altcrwardi  shown  that 
that  dodrine  rats  mon  very  diflercnt  ground*  from  those  founded  on  tho 
notion  th*l  unoiicned  mines  bear  any  TCMembtacice  to  an  estate  in  remainder. 
All  min«s,  wbetlier  opened  or  unopened,  arc  (larts  of  the  freehold  and  inherit- 
ance, and  th<Mr  are  •qiinlly,  in  all  rates,  in  the  poKseuinn  of  the  tenant.  It  hoA 
baen  caprcasly  held  that  mines  do  nut  lie  in  grant.  As  real  beredilament^  j 
ttisy  pass  by  lirery  cf  ireisin.  Unopened  inincH  nre  not  lix^pablc  of  livexy. 
T^  mine*  are  not  th«  sut^ectsof  transfer,  but  tlic  minerals  which  ore  an|uire4^ 
y>f  ntining.  These  minerals,  or  the  mineral  ecins,  nre  almait  always  so  fori 
kMMBible  from  Ihe  mirftee  aa  to  be  capable,  either  by  ortlinary  or  mechanical  l 
msiiii.  of  tivtry,  williout  the  actual  operation  of  mining.  It  Is  Btibcnilti>d,')| 
therefore,  that  tboro  is  no  distinction  in  Ibis  respect,  between  opened  and 


408 


Jovrnal  o/ Mining  Lmn  and  Orgitnitation*. 


unopened  miiMs;  but  it  a^oald  ctrtainl/  •ppear,  that  tlie  motlvni  foTDi,  br 
Icuc  *i;J  rvloAM.  'i»  luoru  ft[<iilical)lv  iu  Uoth  casv^  than  •  uonTcy utc<  dvpcDa* 
Ing  upon  livrry  <i(  i-i'iirin. 

It  uinv  here  be  ulucrrcd,  that « liccnic  for  n  grtntcr  mid  bin  licirx  to  «XBr- 
cIm  ■  righl  uviT  \\\p  Iknds  it  unullitr  ptinun  aril  vunler  u  Tri'vliuiil  iiitiinBt; 
and  H'ill,  IhiTiilijre,  rti^ilre  to  bu  I'ri'iHoil  \>\  iii'c<i,  without  refcrtnoe  to  it* 
bcini;  an  intrrfjit  in  lanil  under  thn  SLitutn  of  Frauds. 

It  in  H-arcvly  iii-tf-iiary  to  add,  that  nil  Icimh  and  liceiuca  for  lives,  or  tnj 
OtIiiT  IVt'vViold  iriK-rvit,  wil'  rvijuiiv  HJniilor  fonnftlitii^^  A  llci-niiu  hcinj;  an 
incorporeal  !icrislit*nicnt,  iJiouliI  be  created  b^r  jpunl ;  but  a  license  fcr  yttn 
may  Ih-  cri'nltd,  like  a  lease  fur  yars,  by  »iinplc  Mgnaturo  under  tli*  llr*l  aw 
tlon  of  lliv  Stnluli.'  of  PraitdK.  sitiitxigh  it  ti  a  UHUal  praclicu  (o  t'ocifcr  it  iu  thti 
form  nf  a  drmisc,  ttccoinpanitd  witli  the  ordinary  roirnanlt  and  ulipulationt. 

Tde  lubject  of  Icaacii  anil  licciifici  will  bo  rcaumcd  in  the  next  chapter. 

MiricH  are  Tvry  frequeoUv  excepted  in  b  cunvcyancv.  ^^'hl■ll  t}io  fxceplion 
conlnini'iJ  in  a  deed  (-f  fvoHlitent  is  In  favor  of  the  gmnlor,  (here  can  Iw  no 
necewily  fur  liTcry,  bccan**  the  Rrantor  will  tieiet  Karo  been  outof  posscnaion 
of  the  thing  expct'led.  ]iut  when  ihc  exception  it  in  faroo-  of  third  ptrsuna.  or 
BtrangvrH  to  tlie  Inpil  estate,  this  liviTy  ratinot  \w  'liaiienscJ  with. 

A  ennvi-yanco  In  fee  wts  mailr  by  a  mortt^or  and  a  morlxai^c',  in  fee  of 
tertniii  landii  to  a  purchuer ;  •nd  the  puvcha.wr,  by  Ilic  same  deed,  coveoaated 
and  {filled  in  ibu  mortgngor  and  bia  h'^irit,  that  it  shuuld  be  lawful  for  ibon 
to  tiiivr  and  work  eoal  or  otliiT  niincR,  with  a  proiiio  that  deduction  for 
damages  done  ithmiM  be  made  fWiiTi  a  yearly  rent  vrbicb  wai  ■Lm  granted  to  tbe 
tl]orl^p>r.  The  minr!!  were  worked  undtT  the  avithurily  of  pvtMIM  riaiining 
undiTTa  title  derived  frnin  the  piin:ha)irr -,  and  an  action  of  trover  was  brousbt 
•gain.ll  thein  l>y  one  claiming  under  a  title  dtrivi'd  from  the  mortgagoc.  The 
qncblion  iit%.  wbctheT  the  murtga^r  had  an  cxclusivi'  right  to  the  coal  under 
tlic  lands  conveyed,  or  only  a  roncnrrent  right  with  the  ti'irvhaiM-r,  from  whom 
jth^  ()eli-ndant  clniiiu'd — and  it  wiut  conli'niU'd  for  th>i  plaintilT,  llut  Um  cot»- 
"^DIBt-Uld  giant  amounted  tn  a  rAtrvalion  and  ex<-ci!tion  of  tbo  coal  ia  tii* 
mnt  (0  the  purchaacTi  the  leBnl  ealnli.'  and  inheritante  of  which  remuixd  in 
the  mprl^^r,  and  Uioso  claiiiiii>^  under  him.  It  vins  held  by  Lawretice  J., 
that  the  <<oeenanl  cniild  not  oprratu  aa  nn  exception  or  rirservaiion  in  hTor  of 
Uiu  iiiurlgagur  wbo  had  no  lecat  estate  in  him  at  the  time,  but  only  tlic  cquitjr 
of  redemplfun.  lis  waa  in  law  no  ninrv  than  n  Kiraiigvr  to  the  nstate,  ud 
CAuld  not  exempt  or  rvstrvo  that  which  ho  hail  not  before.  Thoeovenant, 
tlierefore,  could  only  operate  a*  a  grant ;  but  a  grant  would  not  pan  tho  land 
It»elf  wllhuul  livcry. 

It  inuht  aUo  be  obaerTeil,  that  there  must  bo  an  cxprow  ezeopthn  or  roear- 
THtion  of  Ihu  mines,  or  a  clear  intention  Uiat  they  ant  not  to  pwn  under  the 
conveyanev,  sv«n  when  the  grantor  is  in  poMeisiun  of  the  legal  catnle — for 
othcrwiao  they  may  bn  granted  over,  and  a  mere  licensu  to  work  for,  and 
oarrv  away  the  mijitralx,  may  thuK  bn  only  reacrved. 

Thin  was  the  caao  of  Lord  Mounljoy,  who  was  aeised  of  two  parU  of  a 
manor,  and  who  corivM'i'd  them  lo  purebnHern,  with  a  proviso  and  covettant, 
that  it  ahould  bi-  lawml  for  tlie  grnnlnr  and  hix  heirs  X"  dig  in  the  heatli 
ground  of  the  premisi-s,  Kuflicicnl  orcx  (bf  tbe  making  of  altiin  or  copperat, 
without  interruplioH  of  the  purchaser:!  or  their  heirs.  This  was  no  cxccptian 
of  the  nlnerala. 

mr  vit,t- 

There  in  nothing  to  cngtge  particular  attention  in  tho  tranafer  of  minMand 
tntncraiii  by  uill,  bnt  tliere  are  aomc  CDnsciiueneea  ariaing  from  tbe  dutiea  of 
exvriitora  and  truxtccM,  which  it  will  be  proper  lo  conaider  iu  thid  place. 

Mints,  und'ir  almost  any  circumstances  are  of  variable  and  uncertain 
value.  Tliey  are  described  by  Lord  [Iai\Inicke,  ai  being  in  the  *natar«  of  a 
trader  Uines,  therefore,  cunsliluie  part  of  the  ptriahable  property  of  a  testator, 
which  is  subject  to  particular  regulations. 


Commtrrial  Atptet  of  tha  Uining  IiMrtiL  409 

nMH  ngalation^  horever,  can  onlr  \Tfp\j  to  iwriMnal  proper^,  op  to  tmI 
r*dil«iiM*iu  which  lira  >lirtet«(l  to  bv  mIJ  «nO  convintvd  intopcnMnal  oMito; 
Iftid  which  >r«  in  rqiiily  lainnxlEalHy  upon  ihv  (Iralli  of  ■  (Mtitor  iiiVMted  with 
iBi  the  qnttitica  of  pcrsomlily.  MTicn  ininrit,  thproforr, — B'hrtfitr  woiIhJ  or 
Wiwcvhtd,  and  irhcttirr  furmtng  a  clixtintl  inhcriutnce  or  not.  arc  Atx'iaA  w 
th«  frMhoM  or  copyhold  hvimltlunotilit  of  Uio  UkUIot  without  anv  ilirrutioni 
fiir  conTLTKion,  or  If  Ihc^  descend  in  IhUi  Mat*  to  lh«  hvir,  tlivy  «'ilt  ruUow  thu 
eoune  of  ilicnntion  pnintcd  out  )iy  Ihr  Imtnlar,  or  liv  t)ic  <k\\\  ot  the  law, 
irithoiit  bciiis  siitiji'ct  [u  thu  ruIcK  applioiblc  to  pcrxonil  property  of  ft  pcriith' 
^Ut  d«iirriptton ;  for  In  siii'h  cnstd,  ruinci  mill  it  plai.-tJ  bt-yoiiJ  lh«  Eontrai 
control  of  truatsci:  and  prmonnl  n'prownlAllvt,  Thvy  itiiusl  Ihi  enjoyed  in  t)ie 
Uumcr  in  which  thry  devolve  or  <li.'iicciui. 

If,  again,  the  miiivH  fonn  part  of  the  ptTMital  proper^  of  the  (cstator, 
dlbcr  in  ronnrcllon  wllh  thv  Iniwts  in  which  thvf  »r«  tilluatr,  nr  lu  a  «[)nratB 
BMMMiion  in  the  lancU  of  olhrrs,  and  ant  di^vlsrd  as  n  ^icrlflc  Wqiicsl,  I'ilher 
{■inBdiately  (o  the  partien  entrusted,  iir  ihroiijch  the  Inlcrrciilion  of  Ini>t«Gi 
Ar  Umdi.  Iha  sutyect  of  dcrine  niUBt  alHO  be  takwi  and  et^oycd  in  Iho  mode 
appotatod  by  the  lesiator. 


COMMERCIAL  ASl'ECT'  OF  THE  MINISG  LMERKT. 

Nn  You,  Ufm*  Wk. 
Sfaica  our  laat  report,  there  ha*  hc«n  gr«at  activity  in  Iho  mining  atock 
mrkrt,  but  generally  at  a  dcdinu  in  ratcA,  Thii  decliRC  haa  been  occanioned, 
U  much  by  the  unfavorablo  iitate  of  [he  money  market,  ai  by  any  olbtr  taune. 
-All  stocks  hnvc  htfcn  more  or  le«a  unfuToraMy  altclvd  fur  this  muoii,  and 
^tenlstinn  for  a  risn  for  the  moment  at  a  stand.  Thti  nwoiinU,  liowcver, 
rWRTcd  from  the  mining  inlcrcit  generally,  arc  very  favorablp.  From  tfaa 
I^e  Superior  Region  the  neivK  iras  never  better.  TolUe,  AlgomaA,  tad 
SmUoo,  nhich  are  metit  dealt  in  licrc,  have  been  heavy;  but  in  the  former, 
tk^  arc  getting  out  large  maiiKfa  of  copper,  and  a  great  deal  ol  barrel  and 
ttanp  woik,  and  lh«  mine  Is  advancing  rapidly  to  the  condition  of  a  diridvnil- 
ptying  concern.  Tho  Algocnnh,  which  hii«  the  Toltcc  Vein,  ii)  also  proving  up 
fMjr  rich ;  as  likewiw  the  Fulton,  which  more  Chan  equnU  the  cxpectntiona  of 
its  friendn.  In  the  Toltcc,  an  aiwesstnent  of  one  dollar  per  Khorc  haa  btcii 
odbd,  payafab  on  lift  of  May.  The  itock  hu  fallen  fram  I2{  to  10},  and 
aow  alanda  about  lOJ,  with  an  apward  tendency.  Algomah  may  be  (]tioted 
ataboot  4f,  and  Fulton  at  If.  In  tli«  other  Laka  Snperior  ninu*.  Iho  prieM^ 
eftlw  stock  are  uteody,  without  much  dlapcaitlon  either  to  buy  ofmII.  t. 

In  iforik  Carolina  SiDf-l*  there  have  been  lance  tranmctions  within  a  fbw 
days,  bwMd  upon  a  rtpOTld  diitcavcry  of  grait  quantities  of  alver  in  their  cop- 
per orc;  This  ia  nid  to  have  been  cxlroclcd  by  a  very  economicul  and  oitginal 
pneMi,Ma8toiaak«  the  product  of  ^^at  value.  The  report,  huncrer.  Deed* 
CMttmadoa,  and  >t  would  bo  belter  for  all  pcmonx  to  be  on  tbcir  guard  bow 
tbay  bvy  ihc  atock  at  big^  firieeK,  baaed  vpon  thia  report  Thia  is  not  iIh  Arct 
&0Q  oHpnal  and  economical  procc-wcs  for  eitnicling  ore  have  been  praacntcd 
to  tbe  public  Tbo  (cat  oriratb  i»  rvaaon,  and  not  rui'on.  It  ii;  atxn  reported 
that  (he  Mineral  Company,  <eboM  property  fii  adjoining  Iho  North  CWrolimi, 


AO 


Cemnurrial  Aipfet  o/lk*  Mining  InlerMt. 


liATC  rtradc  the  Tcia  of  Um  UUer,  ud  tbe  slock  bM  taaattptmHj  udmitxd 
npidt^r  tro^  33  ets.  M  65  eta  pcT  shuvL  AUlK>uf;h  now  h«1d  kt  Uw  latter 
figure,  tt  trouM  b«  diffleult  to  make  ale  of  kny  unoitnt  kt  t)uU  &gtir«.  From 
the  ifeCvlUvyh,  the  bo^moU  ue  ill  thftt  could  be  wUbsd.  TUeir  nwcbiaoy 
it  all  op  and  warkioj;  wcU ;  m  bet,  (o  tlio  full  nUtbction  «<  tbe  tiaMiMw^ 
It  ii  oxp««tcid  that  thU%fll  sMD  be  &  diridced-paying  Mock.  It  Rtuidi  iboat 
7},  *nd  U  held  bv  a  Tow  parties  who  ar«  content  to  keep  it,  In  anticipation  of 
mucti  higlicr  mtts.  In  Lindtay,  there  is  no  change,  the  price  remaining  aboot 
80  da.     Front  the  PhtrnU  Gold,  the  Prcradent  writa: — 

"  Efcry  tiling  i«  varking  vkW,  txii  to  my  entire  ntiit&ction.  We  tihall  hftn 
both  Chilian  milhi  and  «is  hcsd  of  Btampii  at  work  rer;  soon,  when  we  atiall 
be  making  a  very  snug  little  sum  jwr  divm  orvr  and  above  all  exjiuniics."  "  W« 
faaTCJuttgOt  Iho  water  out  of  the  Orrhivril  Vein,  and  hare  commenced  break- 
ing out  oro  to-day."  "  Phmnix  haii  paued  through  thn  ordeal  nil  new  com* 
panieB  are  subjected  to,  and  promiuM  nhortl;  to  take  high  ntnk  a.i  a  dfridcnd- 
[  ptylng  stock."  It  hax  a  imoll  capital,  which  ii  much  in  ibt  [aror.  Th«  price 
continacc  to  awnigc  from  T5  da.  to  80  «tii  per  aliare. 

Gold  JHU  continues  about  (bt  aame,  and  paying  its  ten  per  cent  diridend 
crery  sixty  day*,  with  promixo  after  June  next  of  making  the  amount  larger. 
Should  thin  be  the  cue,  the  stock  will  doubtlcu  advance  to  par,  $!i. 

Tbo  traniacUons  in  Peiin^lniiiiii  anri  Lthi'jh  hare  been  large.  Uoat  of 
the  *tock  is  now  held  by  Philadolphians,  and  thv  office  of  the  l?Mnpany  will 
probably  bn  remoTcd  to  Philadelphia.  They  hare  comfldenoo  In  ita  "I'JTintlt 
valae  as  an  invcatmcnL  There  ix  acarcc  any  liiclt  to  thk  ttk  of  itnc  paint, 
wkich  in  K^wing  daily  in  laTor,  and  bid*  bat  to  aupcrwde  whit*  ImJ  entirely. 
The  Amfriean  M'hite  Zinc  Company  are  aaid  to  be  doing  a  good  bualnMB, 
but  their  stock  \»  heavy,  and  Tor  (he  inoiuent  almost  umaleablo  at  any  Ur 
ngurc 

n<  AtpluilU  Mining  Company,  «f  which  soru*  particulars  are  giren  in 
;  UMUmt  port  of  this  Kuniber,  we  Icam  ha«  commenced  OpmtloM  in  earnest 
Fnm  th*  demand  which  exists  for  the  products  of  thi*  Cempaiiy's  nanufao- 
tart,  we  ace  no  rewton  why  it  ihould  not  nliiry  tbe  cxpectatiom  of  the  pnH 
jecton.  Tbe  Company  exhibits  th»  lariou]!  products,  with  the  unci  to  which 
tbey  may  be  appti^  at  their  ofllcc  on  Broadway. 

7%e  M'Culloeh  Gold  and  Vepprr  Company  has  begun  to  gire  evidenca 

that  the  nnguine  reports  of  ibi  President  were  not  without  fouiidaliou.     W* 

Imm  that  a  sale  was  uiaili'  of  ono  hundred  tuns  of  copper  ore  last  wetk,  br 

the  H'Culloch  Golil  and  Chopper  Mining  Compiny,  to  the  llampHrcy  SnMlt- 

faif  Works,  of  New  Raren,  netting  (ho  Company  about  $13,000.    It  iaaajet 

uncertain  whether  this  Company's  mines  will  prove  richest  in  gold  or  copper. 

Pram  the  Chatham  Cobalt  Stina  the  news  continues  fnvorable.     If  tbe 

■fnduetof  mineral  come*  up  (o  anything  like  what  is  antii^lpatod,  the  nim 

,'  ttOft  prove  <]uitc  prolilable.    We  hod  nut  supposed  that  there  xxittcd  sucb  aa 

'  tSttmaiTC  deoHUHl  for  the  metal  u  a  oridcDced  by  (he  propoaaJa  which  tfao 

I  Cmpaoy  has  rt«ei*«d. 

itttiy  Sar  Ctmpanf  hu  rcriircd  alter  iU  loog  suspension,  and  under  tbo 
«U*  BUtaagcment  of  Ur.  Sattenhwaile.  «Tentual  succes*  is  looked  for  with 


Commtreial  AfKt  of  tke  Mining  laUmt. 


411 


Wa  haro  no  doubt  tlut  some  who  hiTo  GbrieUed  Ifaeir  Jihuu  hy 
Mtinetiaft  to  pay  np,  ilrMdy  ivgT«t  tuinng  lione  so. 

(Jnil*  a  MinibDr  of  new  oiininK  sUirkg  baTo  btcn  pUc«4  upon  tho  list  of 
iks  lOiHDg  Beard,  bat  the  tmuitcliiniB  in  tlicrn  Ii>t«  btxni  liioUed. 

IhicluatiMi  to  March  £0M,  1SS4,  in  (A<  <f{2r*ivn{  Jfinfn^  Stoefa  (oU  <■<  (A« 
Jk>«  T«rk  Sivel  JEx/iaiift  and  Miiti/tg  lioardt,  ihatting  (htir  JlSjkat  a»d 
Lottat  I'irinU,  and  tkt  I)aU,  mlh  the  Maritt  Yalve  on  Marrh  ifitK,  Gain 
tr  Lo*t/rom  F^tiarj/  iOth,  and  nttnAer  ijf  S\ara  told  in  tach. 


V-tmm  tr  SrM. 


Alliiclilnr 

UMimU 

Com*!  HITI  .,. 

<;aiaeMtinil  Uoal..,, 

Lwapljn  Mil  aiufOabpBU. . 

Doa^tt  liaufbtiOi). 

FalliDi  OobHr. 

SnUiKrOaU 
idHin 

NIVMH 

UKdiV    

MtMhickSaM-ni 

XtorniVQaM 

X*«  irntj  nee 

JCaRb  OualliH 

Oklu  I.Mi(uii1  Utfbla 

IWtrf  V<4i>-,- 

Ptnnij  lunli  Oul 

F«ifi«r^^^^^  L«blib£lH. 
rnnnli  Vinlnfuii]  MMuf.. 

nwHii  <}alil 

tMammt 

PnUI  Ua4 

KfUtj 

KMkrBB 

iatbii**a 

UWmi 


K/no    a      41 


«,o<n 


i«um 

M.DW 

ioa,«oa 

KOM 

mm 


ioo.m  >  b 


r-.  'Str'  Si  iST  £J, 


4 


f 


libMa. 


1     — 


-    ( 

\  - 

-f  r 


1  — 
- I 


KWTOB  mKIXO  MI  ABE  lUaKBT.' 
—  Buncm,  Jbr«l  °0,  ISM. 

Mtnlnft  Stocka  oonUnuii  In  good  dwiand,  but  Ihttt  it  Itss  ulirity  within 
k  w«k  or  two,  and  pripM  have  «ti([ht!v  tvcedcd.  Nn  large  nroounl  of  utock 
in  any  of  the  Compani™  whith  have  had  siufHciunt  time  for  dcTclopmont  could 
ba  oblained  at  ttio  prcaenl  quotatiouii.  Tliu  conGdeuoQ  In  Coppur  Mining 
8(ock«  la  becoming  man  general,  and  vru  liuar  lilUo  nld  now  of  "  humbug'' 
when  a|>cat(ii>f[  of  thin  dam  of  slocks.  ETrrymai]  ttma  1^*  Superior  brings 
renewed  proofk  of  the  general  eocctM  of  the  difTcrcnt  Companies;  and  many 
which  have  been  »cry  unaucccsuful  before,  and  hanily  brought  into  notice, 
■n  now  iRMting  with  the  reward  of  patient  penuvciance. 

/ab  B»faU  ba«  been  a  prominent  htock  of  \U*,  and  adiancoil  frotn  SO]  to 
H,  ineludinK  Iho  ammnierit  of  $1  per  share  due  ^tarvh  0.  Thin  suddfin 
■dtance  has  nuiwd  ctock  to  come  on  to  the  market,  and  the  price  has  Mton 
to  89.  Thu  real  uierit  of  this  Cunipany  will,  howcrer,  prcrtnt  any  Mrioui 
reduction  In  the  market  value  of  tlie  aharM,  and  we  look  for  a  hnudaotne 
wJtance  within  the  ncW  »ii  monlba.  At  the  ai^ourned  meeting  of  the  stock- 
bolderv,  bold  in  Washinii;ton,  March  (>,  the  DIrecton  were  aalhorimil  to  oall 


413 


Commercial  Atpett  o/  Ike  Minmy  JnUrttt. 


for  tltrthcr  aueMmmUti,  nol  unoding  $i  per  itutft,  lA  udi  tiwm  u  tb» 
w>ntK  uf  llic  uiiiiD  any  rvquiru.  Thu  proposition  to  rcoTR*"!**  tfao  Ooaifmj 
uaijer  the  general  mining  Uv  of  Uichignn,  and  incKAxe  the  number  of  st»ro> 
to  !iO,0()0,  did  not  meet  frith  bror.  At  tome  future  time  the  Oonpany  may 
orgtnim  under  the  gtncnd  lair  with  12,000  xlittruii,  the  prcwtit  number. 

Copper  FalU  is  in  good  di-iuand,  and  llin  kOMuoU  ftvm  th«  mine  an 
favorabk'.  Th«  aiiniul  nwotlng:  of  the  Company  to  to  b«  bald  In  Boaton,  Aprfl 
S,  whi'ti  an  v1n)H>rato  report  will  b«  pre«inl«<),  etvlng  a  detailed  account  ot 
upfraliims  Rt  Iho  mine,  [Uuntralcd  nith  important  mnps  and  ifiagnina. 

An  infornial  meeting  of  the  t'orait  stockholders  was  held  at  the  IVtaxura^s 
offlce,  Uarch  30,  to  hiiar  the  alatcnent  of  Mr.  Livingston,  tha  ageut;  who  haa 
jtut  arriTod  from  the  mine.'  The  dvtaiU  wbidli  he  prFB«nt«d  ir«re  highly 
bforahle,  and  holdvra  of  slock  li>ok  to  the  future  for  imporlant  ntmlCs.  The 
agent  racommnndu  n  l\irthDr  outlay,  in  ^inkinj;  new  thalts,  and  the  puRh&m 
of  ait  hundred  horse'powcr  cngino,  to  farry  on  the  work  more  anooeatfiilly. 

Jfiriimalit  i*  in  better  demand,  and  aivs  hare  been  made  at  180.    There 
jUeome  talk  of  incrcajiing  the  number  of  ihar«s  from  3,000  to  10,000,  but  the 
I  will  not  be  <vri«d  oat  for  aouie  months,  tboiild  it  be  finally  decided 
on. 

PitUbury  it  m  tut  demand,  at  144  to  liS,  and  at  that  prioe  it  ia  COB* 

Tridered  aafe  as  an  invertinenl  whieh  will  pay  IS  to  30  p«r  cenL  per  annum  on 

I  tbe  putvhaae  money.   Tliv  wonk  at  the  mine  in  pregiteaaiDg  brorahly,  without 

anything  Kprri^ly  Important,  tho  mine  baring  long  since  arrived  at  a  point 

^Wbieh  render;  its  value  a  mnttnr  ofcertainty. 

2faliotiatU  Brm  at  ltO,withocraHional  lulnt  at  that  ilgorc.    NortA  Amfri- 

y  Moady,  at  75  to  BO,  but  tiio  amount  of  stock  aotd  in  this  muk«t  it  com- 

itiT«ly  am  all. 

Phitnir  is  In  gwid  demand,  at  9j  liid,aiid  the  faxorablt  accjjunti  from  the 
^mino  woulij  warrant  a  much  higher  price.     In  coiiseijUflnce  of  thu  Siiperiu- 
tendent's  n^porl  not  haTing  arrived,  no  detailed  report  was  pnmentod  by  the 
Diruclora.    It  was  vol«id  that  &rthcr  aswsitineuts  be  autharixod,  not  exceeding 
I  per  Ktiare.  as  the  wants  of  the  mine  may  roquir*. 

The  following  aMeuinont  tuw  been  called  for  nine*  our  last : — 


Bftbemlati. 


SOot^ 


A].rii  10. 


rhllBdnlphia.  I'n. 


D.  D.  Ashley,  Esq.,  Is  transfer  agent  in  this  city,  to  whom  assescmenla 
■  Can  be  paid-  The  whole  number  of  nhnrvs  Is  111,606,  on  which  aa  aTerago 
['ef  $8.9*  per  aliarc  ba^i  already  been  paid  in. 

The  stOfk  of  the  Bahtmian  a  heavy  at  JJJ  per  share,  without  tmnwcllonB. 
he  mine  haa  %tttnA  good  locations,  which  arc  being  WM-kcd  irith  energy, 
Iwd  the  [ndicationa  are  very  Ikir  for  succew. 

Alg«mah,  which  ai^oins  the  Toltec,  and  lia«  (he  same  vein,  is  looked  npoo 
IVtih  favor,  although  the  general  deprtssion  in  stocks  has  caused  the  ahare« 
|3e  Ul  off  (o  %i. 

T»\tm  has  been  heavy,  and  declined  to  11,  at  which  point  there  is  a  flur 

I  demand  for  the  itock,     A  forthcoming  n»cxiiaent  of  il   prr  share,  tends  la 

cp  the  price  down  for  the  preaent    There  i»  tittle  doubt  that  thu  slock  ii 


Hhmmmtat  J^mtt  ^  (A«  Mining  Initrut. 


413 


T017  cheap  \i  tbo  prioM  nov  ralioj;.  W«  ihould  cUm  it  unODg  tho  most 
promking  of  tJb«  new  mini*. 

Ripley  baa  dcdiQcd  St,  but  IIm  Klock  w  louicc  kt  that  flgitn. 

iTtiiMr^  lio1<k  atndr  at  SJ,  and  aa  iherg  b  uow  bat  littlo  dnubt  that 
tUfl  Ccmpaii;  haro  tho  fimoiu  "Hill  V«in,"  the  stock  mint  be  <wnsid«T«iJ 
Tcrj  bw  at  tho  present  price. 

Wtbttfr,  SKaremut,  SlfiT,  Iktna,  (Jfrii,  nfu/J^Itoi,  areallduUatqiintatinns, 
with  gnatcr  dcairu  to  acll  than  bujr.  A  fow  wwlu,  luxrarer,  wilt  probnbtjr 
CBtirtly  chang«  tbo  aspect  of  things,  la  tha  present  decUno  i*  oceuioncd  bj 
a  iiliiDf[cocf  in  the  monvj  market,  which  farces  the  mIo  of  ibarn  hold  bf 
wtAk  partiM,  who  can&ot  hero  obtain  tbo  neccnarjr  fundi^  fur  canning  their 
dock. 

Bf  tho  fuUowiog  table,  it  will  be  aeen,  that  tlie  mIsb  In  Fobrtiary  have 
bMO  tomewhat  mailer  Iban  usual,  ami  ])ric«8  ara  lovw,  with  mme  wtcep- 
tieiM,  flw>  on  Uw  SOtb  of  last  month  :~ 


4J 


=  1^4 


tH 


14 


n 


-■•—>-?•  S^-t^^R  S"t: = a*»*SS**-S»  3- 


ill 


>   J 


U 


ir-z-ja 


Ki;     M     UIKIE 


-I  I  1=1-1  —  1  lo-l-oUl  I  l--t  I  U-o 


.1.1  i--sUr' 


_^  ■■*  —Q    I  40-H       _    t 


4 J    •■9'»*«— gi»»— flS'5|5*'*f»^i*g52*?'^^^'^**r^'^^" 


a 


II 


IS  I- {"•'•-2=8 1  18 18 1 1  isata-si"a-= 


)*  i'is~5^^ser  isi^n  I-5 


5;r3 1  ??i>i 


?i 


I 'IS  I'-KSfsa*-!  IS  13  r  I  f-i-ssis— -s 


-iti 


>!:■  1  ^A«b  h  ciJoitiK 


[■•t^|3*S=*5Sl  IrI^M  |2tt|'™»t2 


si 

n 


ISs83S88SSS?|8aS35S?gSS2?^5??5Sf, 


asa2gsiis-'8sss''§sas''  i«  1  issssii8-°s 


l|l§iHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiffiiii 


||llll||liililiii ^ 


414 


Coftnumitl  AtpMl  o/tAt  Jifinii*ff  fnUrat. 


tISK  VOEK  UETAL  MARKET. 


oorroi. 
Booth  Amtrima  poc  tb. 

0.  S.  Boft  tngot     . 
ShMthiac 
Bnuitn' . 
Yultuw  uioMt  . 


Inonl 


ilUJ[ 


»<«  — 

H  «  — 

«  o- 
S3  a  — 
4»  a  — 


IRUN. 

IroiiOTOi,  iiuiifDetlcanii  himn- 

tlt«    .  -per  lou.    (3 

Iron  Bnrii,Ain«KBUi  liiuamcred    TS 


Do.  Ami^riowi  mlliiBl 
Do.  Superior  bruiiiU 
Da.  Edtftkli  cominan 
D».     do.     beat     .       . 
lio.  Stroila  nflnod         ; 
Da.Kar>ra7  b<m,r<irk  ANIFK 
linuda      .... 
RuMinri     .... 
Do.  EIi«cl  Athk^riii      pnr  Iti- 
Do.    do.  Englltli,  K».  I  (0  !0 
da.  SI  to  M 

do.         3i  to  ta 
Da.    do.  RuoiMi   . 

If iw  Yvm,  Jt.it*  »A  l*M. 


100    a  — 


BE    a 

ID9I  am 

fin    a   »i 

g    a  — 

*    0  — 

e  a  — 

Ma- 
tt — 


u 


Iron  Sha«[,  Knaikh,  Oomutd  SI  u  4 
Do.  G*l<ni>l(ca       .       .       .Ilofsli 

Ua.B.It.  lianbfMntlMlp.lon  —    a  80 

Do.  fin  Aiiioriciin  rtd  ■lion   .  ta   a  *Oi 

Do.  Wlitli)  Cbamial  fvr  round.  3(    d4C] 

Do.     do,     di>.    for  mol.  CMt  U   a  Ml 

Ho.  Tor  AT  whMl*    .      .       .  iS  <i  Mf 

Do.  dooMi,  foi  ouU       .      .  W  a  — 

UUD. 

Gfllcnii  rii;,  u  par  uiuiitilT    .    A)««  7 

Bpu>i*h    .       .       .       .'.«[•«} 

s!-«« t    #  s] 


Old  Soimp 


Ap«1t*r,  u  par  ijuanlity 
l>a.  in  (liib* 
Do.  KhiHl 


IRocIc  Danca 

Do.  Sir»IU 
Do.  Si]uiii*li 
t>g.  iiatt  . 


.     (      «    7 


—  o   M 

—  a   M; 

—  s 

—  •  WJ 


LONDON  METAL  UAKKET. 

Mium  B,  ini, 

The  L&ndon  Mining  Jimrnal  i;ivi'»  III*  following  quoUlionfl,  to  wliich  wo 

«(U  th«  duty  «i  taUrvA,  United  Stat«a  CurMiicy,  t«t«  of  froiglitis  «ii(l  Foruign 

txoLnH  nnil. 
tMy  BO  ;v  emt.  ad  ratortiA. 

BartndboUa p«r  ton.    <fl  10    0  t*i  tS 

■  Ie  Walua 8  10    0  41  U 

*  111  LiivrptfOla >  10    0  4i  9» 

■  In  SunVinUliina 10  10    0  ;k)  83 

SbMto,  (iiiiila  1        ...;..,.     11  to    0  «0  M 

"       doublo  a 14    0    0  S7  TS 

Hasp  a     . II  »    0  <•  n 

Hall  cod,  round  a II    0    0  AS  M 

"        tniiaro  a  .                         .        .        .        .        .    10  10    0  SO  St 

R*JU(n'tlru)A 8    0    0  SS  Tt 

"     (t^isirufcUhirv)  A 0  10    0  41  14 

RBilm;  <:iiuir>  HlvitB  A (ITS  1944 

ri(,  No.  i.ciriiol til  0  i«»l 

SMht  Mo.  t.DiidS-SlliaNo.  S       ....      (.18    0.  1801 

Xo.  1  in  Wal«  e 4  10    0  II  TB 

Bmuli  rie  No.  1  lii  London S    0    0  St  !0 

Slirilii(("«  Koii-UrnlnMliii(or  t                                      i-»  in  a    a    a  I  *■*  M 

Huflened  Suffnoo  Uuila  (         ■        ■                 .  X9  u,  v    9    Q  \n«i 

Ooldblvit,  No.  I  Fouudrj-     .        .        .        .    «S  I0<.  t»  8  10    0  1  gj  S| 

ObvoMd  ban 14  10    0  TO  18 

!efe«oS"^sif«"^* ""  "" 

DltW.                Viitca  £4 440  UBT 

TnR«»ii  noir  a. 

Dulf  SO  f*r  etni-  ad  tottrtrn. 

tvediiA.^ par(«i>.  (Il    0    0  «M  M 

BqipmdOCND IT    0    0,  «a  ft 

Indian  Chmeal  Vig»  in  l^nilon 4    0    0  M  01 


Commtra^  A^ttt »/ Iht  Mining  SfUtntL  415 

rmuioM  antiL  a. 

Dtdf  Mfir  atnt.  ad  ^alarm. 

8«(<Uih  knc  uomiual        ....    per  Ion.    £IA    00           tTT  M 
DIUO  ^icM 

OaAtupM                  .                 .      pvrtoo.    iEOOOtoMOO  IlK  1« 

T«>ntt« 00  0  MM  10    0  IIS  M 

use 

In  abMts  tf par  Ion.    £n    0    0  |IU  OS 

■H*u(ii  oorrni. 

T1I«  14  to  Sf  lb*,  • p*rton.£lie    0    0         )<I0»  M 

TMiok  nk*  a 13(1    0    0  BO*  84 

RtMathina  for  (htn  14  br  4».  *iid  bolto  a  pw  lb.  Oil 

8h«c«« "  Oil 

Boltoaua "  0    t     S 

Old »    - "             _ 

Tallov  VLeUi  a ••  010  H 

'VwUmAnS'%  Pat.  U«.       .       .       .       .  par  cwL  t    0    0              t  H 

EMOLBH    LKID  O. 

JKIjf  a  j»r  emt,  ad  tAiitm. 

¥\t porton.    £W    0    0         llll  00 

SbMu ae  0  0         IM  H 

Ai^  to  ^  wnf.  oi  Tolimn, 
SpanUli  In  bond pertoti.   JtH    0    0         tlK  It 

HMUdl  IDC  A 

Bode per  <i«t.    £«  10   0         %t\  u 

InpM " 

Btr '■            •  11    0            SI  TO 

Kc&nsil " 

IMj  Sptr  dott.  ail  Mimtn. 

BtanA p4ro<rl.    £t  10    0  tn  40 

etrnlu  [nnMrtlAodJ "  «    T    0  10  78 

J)*^  IS  ;ir  oatL  oJ  VsbrVML 

irChumMl p«rbNL  £1  14    0  Is  SS 

IX  nilto "  100  9M 

aCf** "  IT«  «M 

Ditto "  )  3«  a  •  or 

CmiAt  PUu*  1  Ion ■*  »   «   0  4T  44 

tiflAAtiiict/ pwlb.  0    14  ST 

7>nn>— alt  nr Milt,  dt*.;  ^^•l!  c,  IdiUo;  AJJ  pwwnt.  >lw.:  «,  1  ditio;  / 1] 
tdinv;  <l»li«wdlti  LiMrwoIlOfcpertonlew.— t  Miiouiil  *  p»r  mnl. 

•  IMivotvd  iu  LIicrrMil  l«i.  <«9.4*>  pw  ton  Iwn. 

SscsuMK,  New  Yedi,  HnrthSl,  IBM.— ItMaM«n>nglnKfroRve)«.toO«.  prvmiom 
^l■ik<«T  of  London- 

•MS  at  Uv«ri>o«l  IT*  abaiit  SOt.  OJ.  <f4.U)  pn  too  Ibr  iron  in  plgvtbui. 


416 


i/btintal  0/  Qoid  Mining  Oprratim**. 


JOPESAL  OF  GOID  JOKKG  OPERATIONS. 

OCOUMT   Of  OOLD. 

Tho  gcalo^  of  Eol''  ■"■5  1^*  canK[(I«n>(l  ns  (olnrabty  veil  mi'lcntood.  In 
i((u,  it  ia  fount)  ill  tho  )jriniltlvo  rorkx,  graiiit''.  )r»<<l«i)i.  mio^lntn,  claj-9\tta, 
anil  porphyry ;  iinii  huTUijt  lipcn  freed  from  itK  criKirml  bwi  by  the  dMompO' 
Hllion  und  disicilcBrntion  of  Ibr  rotki,  ami  washed  out  by  tliP  raitiB,  it  i*  found 
in  the  beds  uf  uiixiiitnin  atn-amK  lU'l  Hvors,  anil  in  Tiiiiiy  klliiriiil  solte  in  flat 
cuui]  triVH.  throiiKh  which  ninuntAin  tatTcntB  oruwionaUy  Ili>ir.  It  U  rooxt  (iv 
qiii'nily  ■stociated  with  quarts  Mill  oxide*  of  iruii,  acid  nith  iron  pyrites, 
Romrtitnis  wiOi  Mcpiyi,  lioriistonc,  calcareous  sjinr,  l>aryti!8,  red  «ilver  M», 
(ulvi'i  k'"!"^!'.  Bulpbuiot  of  oopppr,  pPHCork  copper  orr,  niahirhilp,  the  varioud 
orm  of  lod,  Kulphurct  of  tine,  pny  on  of  sntiniaiiir.  cobalt,  muiKancu, 
copper  niciic!,  araenicat  pyrites,  aiid  or}iliiicnl;  mid  lUli  infunualiuu  will  enabU 

Crtits  in  po»8t'88loii  of  mineral  UniU  to  fomt  ajii<l):mi-iit  wliclhor  Hpodatens 
m  (hem  arc  worthy  of  n  trial  for  the  production  of  the  precious  mct^. 


ATrCkKX-ICKX  or   NATIVt  QOLD. 

It  h  ilivideJ  Into  thnc  aub-^pcciiA — tliv  tlrst  of  irhich  nay  W  oandcl«T«d 
the  pure  native  mntil,  of  a  bcnntiful  yellow  colour,  nnd  a  Rpecifir  gravity  of 
from   IT'O   to  la's.     llriiiiH-yclIow  natiire  i^ld   is  uf  a  bright  yellow  color, 
more  or  Ick^  b^ht,  or  pate,  and  sometimra  iiicliniii^  to  silrvrv  white;    It  oc- 
CUTH  dlHscuiinaled — maotivc,  oipilUrr,  niosuT,  rctii'utatisl,  an<l  in  Icavns;  and 
when  found  crystatltivtl  adopli  the  Cormit  ot  the  cub«,  octabcdron,  dodecahe- 
dron, and  donblc  f^ix-ikldcd  jiynimid ;  its  specific  grsTity  is  about  13*713,  and 
its  zTtttise  componenC  pnrts  nn) — Jtold.  flJ-O;  silver,  3'0;  iron,  VO  =  ItlCi-O. 
G my iBh -yellow  nsliic  pold  U  of  a  bnuB-ycllow  r^Jor,  verging  on  slecVpay  [ 
.  it  occurs  iu  very  small  [iatti.ih  graiiiie,  like  plslino,  fjlistening  at  aur&ot,  navcr 
IcmtalliMd,  heavier  ihnn  bntsD^yi'lloH ,  biil   lif^hter  than  Ro1d-y«11o*  native 
.  gold-     Ciold  Ih  found  in  another  fonn,  termed  by  niincndoglEts  "  clMtrutii" — 
an  nrgcntirerou^  naUre  gold,  whieli  is  iniwluble  in  cither  nitrauii  or  nltro-mu- 
rialic  nciils ;  its  color  ii  braa»-jftllow,  pasaing  into  silver  whilt ;  it  occur*  in 
■mall  [ilato*.  dentifiirm,  nn4  in  imperfcet  small  ciih<«;  but  little  Ktuer^  iu- 
foriimlion  hoi;  yet  been  obtained  of  thia  minernl.     An  artilicial  alloy  of  tills 
ptlcKription  >»  madi:  for  the  uianubclum  otdcliCftt«  pliilooopbii^l  InalnimcntK. 


KETnnns  or  awavijio  am.n. 

In  aimaying  ^1d,  a  portion  of  pure  Mtvrr  i»  necrwury.  suOScftnt  being  added 

to  produce  a  nitxtun;  Miitaining  twice  as  niuch  Kilvcr  an  fine  gold ;  tlw  mass 

in  thrn  wrnppinl  in  lead,  and  plv-itd  In  tile  fiu-nacu  toT  about  twcnty-flvo 

Iiilniit«fi.  but  experience  muvt  dictate  an  to  time :  by  thl«  op«ral)on  Uie  lead, 

with  wpperor  any  Other  baiw  metal,  wlU  have  descended  to  the  hotloni  of  the 

cupt'l.  leaving-  a^mall  button  of  pure  p>ld  and  silver,  which  muxt  be  hammered 

« itii  a  brijthl  hammer  an  a  brinht  anvil,  and  paxDcd  tlirouith  a  Halting  mill. 

when  it  is  calleil  a  "  ci)rtict."     It  is  then  dropped  into  dihilc  nilrlc  si-id,  and 

pinced  on  a  j-aiid  l)»(h,  honlfd  tty  lire  bi'iieatli.  when  the  Bilvcr  ii  disnolvcd 

out;  the  Roid  ialhcn  brnujjht  to  a  n^d  bent  by  thn  blowpipe,  teitncd  "anneal- 

ring,"  when  a  button  of  pure  ruUI,  of  a  rieh  yellow  color,  will  Ui  Ihi'  result. 

I  As  easy  aiid  convvrilent  uiollio<l  uf  away  by  tlie  wet  way  in.  to  luhjecc  the 

alloy  to  the  action  of  ooneontratod  nyrii<  riyia  (Ihrw  to  four  parlsof  mtiriatie, 

I  to  one  part  of  nitric  acid) ;  then  Hller  the  iioluti«n  with  i^vat  caro,  water  being 

F  added  to  the  insoluble  precipitate  to  wash  out  all  tho  diuolvix)  jcold,     Sat- 

|«mmo<ii«c  is  then  »dded,  and  if  a  prtciplUU  Is  liwinwl,  the  iaftuioa  U  again 


Jmtmal  of  Onid  Mining  Optrationt. 


417 


filtcrtd.  The  KolutMni  u  llicn  crafionitcil  U>  dipiM*,  and  olcoliol  of  0-Si 
^cciAo  gnrily  rcpritrdir  tddcd,  digeAed,  and  ponrcd  off,  unlEl  no  longer 
BcIwbJi  Su)|-)ifli>-  Kit  irun  t»  thi-[i  wldrd,  which  wfll  pr«cipltal(-  tho  pure 
mid  iit  the  farm  of  >  bmnii  powdtr,  which  la  than  to  be  wwlicd,  riltorcd, 
hotcd  lu  rvdiwia,  knd  wcigh«d. 


BXKJtCBTtBILITr  or  TUB  CAUrOHXU  dCILO  ricuis. 
Alt  Iho  iourcM  «f  tnfbrnution  to  which  credit  in  attarlicd  Id  lh«  publi«^ 
mind  jciTo  no  [xMitiT*  IniUcaUona  of  n  decline  in  ttiD  ^Id  j-inid  of  CallfoitlU  | 
The  unount  tDnt.tantl}-  (hipped,  nod  ftUtlstical  rutiirnti,  ililie.  show  «n  incrcM*  | 
in  the  yield  up  to  the  present  time-     If  wa  oiKtider  Iho  jncnmind  nuiiili«r  of 
■nlnen^  winpaml  with  twu  or  throo  ye*ni  *eo^  the  uierMtM  in  the  yield  hatf  j 
bMn  pnportlonitlolj  amkller.    Ttiat  W.  the  mbc  number  of  pvrwtis  tt  pntstnt  j 
mffflBA,  with  ill  tho'ir  skill  niirl  r«rllilip^  cOnld,  If  pinptoyeil  tliiff  yuan  ft^ 
have  obtained  a  srcxtEr  amount  In  twolVD  monthg  thnn  llivy  do  at  prcwnl;  < 
What  docs  tbia  prove !     Some  will  uv,  it  iihowE  a  decline  of  tho  yield  and  a^  j 
eiJiauMiOD  of  tlw  aouroc  of  xupply.    Wp  do  not  riew  it  in  this  lighl-     To  us  it  , 
■ppMis  as  an  Indication  that  the  mclhodit  of  obtaining  guld  at  pn-tf^ril  iii  ua» 
fai  Oalifomli,  and  which  are  adapted  chiellr  to  one  fonn  In  which  tho  predoui 
nttal  <pp«ar>4.  have  reduced  the  supply  to  b«  obtained  thrMigh  thrir  a^ney., . 
TW  apiilifation  of  Keienre  aiid  skill  throuRh  methods  S)tit«d  to  extrwt  It  from.) 
itaoombinationiwill  yet  yield  a  rich  Eupplr.     In  other  words,  there  are  <(om*'j 
indicatioiu  of  an  approai^hing  chani^  la  tr-iliforaia,  from  a  mere  eold-wnahing^J 
country,  to  a  scientilic,  intelligent  gold-mining  couritry.     ilow  long  such 
chlngu  may  be  in  taking  plncv  time  only  can  dcman<ttnle.     A  large  i<oriioii  of  <'i 
tlw  pwMnt  tnlnvr^  must  diMppear,  or  give  place  to  the  control  and  ^idanet 
of  1  differeot  order  of  m«n,  or  they  must  odncal«  tbcin"c!i'*«  to  meet  thf_ 
diaojCt^     [t  in  with  theK  vicwa  that  vre  citc  place  to  the  annexed  cxtracti 
fiMn  a  letter  ia  the  .Vno  York  Jfrrald,  cxjirciuiTe  of  the  tenlimenta  cf  a  dv«^1 
pondii^  goU  wuhcT ;  and,  if  it  were  nect^SMry,  wn  could  point  lo  the  sanMlJ 
cbang«  in  progrosi  in  olher  ilijstrirtj*  of  our  own  country  and  other  countrica,'! 
In  some  {laru  of  the  world  the  inliabi(ant«  beretofbrc  have  not  been  xulH* 
decUy  cnterpriiing,  wealilir,  ivnd  vdenlitic  to  adapt  tlieir  induntry  to  th«~ 
tiered  cirvuinxtunccj,  and  gold  itiinlng  ban  coiMd;  but  we  may  now  antia 
cipato  belter  iliin^     It  may  not  bo  anriss  to  uj  that  many  important  6nBD> 
dal  consideration ■  ppfsent  themwlvM  imder  siich  a  view  of  CsHfomia,  hut  then 
page*  do  not  fumi.ih  the  proper  plaen  to  ealar][e  upon  them ' — 

I  wouM  call  liie  attention  uf  your  reader*,  piirticuUtiy  the  commcrelalr- 
clMWf^  to  tho  future  prospects  of  this  State,  parliuularly  ttip  mining  portion.i' 
Hy  views  dilTcr  matcnally  from  those  of  mnny  othrrs  in  rvlnllon  10  th«  6itu 
yield  of  llie  mine*.  Stcatnahip  conipanien.  eipn-tsmen,  tMgB  tvntraeb 
Iraik'rx,  N[ii<ctilu(«rti,  ami  all  that  g«nif.  will  n(i|  oa\y  differ  from  mv,  but  de 
nounri?  any  writer  who  rony  exprewt  an  opinion  thnt  lli'^  mines  ari>  ncxrif-l 
worked  out,  and  will  not  continue  to  yield  a«  they  have  (umHrty.  <* 

I  have  workt'il  for  unwanl*  of  three  years  in  the  minai  ax  hard  ■«  anyl 
man  in  the  country,  and  titliev*  lh*t  1  am  an  eapahip  as  any  nuin  lo  eive  %  ] 
correct  opinion,  more  c^iperinlly  whun  derived  from  faris  and  perianal  exper 
enc*.     I  have  Imvelled  during  the  put  summer  and  fall  from  one  extreme  offl 
the  nilninK  region  lo  1h*  other. 

gf-  reference  lo  Eddyj*  nap  of  Califanilii,  (which,  by  Uio  by,  b  not  quite 


418 


Journal  of  Oold  Mirtinp  Optralioiu. 


aoDimte,)  you  irill  mw  ifakt  the  goUl  rvgion— or  nUiar  tbkt  portion  npou 
which  ^M  bus  born  (llwovcred^4«iiHii«noM  *t  tha  S«n  Jnaiiiin  rivnr  in  tlie 
wnilti  Axil  vxtvndu  to  Oregon,  ft  dintanee  or  about  llirce  hundred  and  fiftj 
tnilcK;  the  width  is  from  three  to  thirty  ni3eB;  not  ono  huudrodth  put,  how- 
ever, yioldn  gulJ  iti  KuUiciont  qiinntiiy  fi'r  n  niitn  (o  ntako  his  board. 

TliAt  (Kirliou  that  yii'his  t["l<l  han  bcon  n'orkcd  and  reworked  until  tu]gO 
portions  will  not  now  pn;  (itXj-  cenU  to  tho  dmu  per  day.  Some  or  the  richest 
fitrciLms  liave  beciu  wurkwi  uvvr  iiiiiv  nnd  Irt)  t>iu(^  and  liaru  been  entirely 
de«erted  by  whiti  men.  ThouwindB  or  ninn.  nmny  of  whom  ari?  fully  quililtcd 
lo  Bll  almost  any  puhlic  fiitiintion  in  the  State,  arc  thi*  (lay  working  for  wa^ 
tanginfC  li*"'"  '"^y  ccntu  to  two  ilullan  a  day. 

Ml  kiii'ls  of  aptiliuuces  are  used  lo  bolster  op  monopoliila.  The  tot«TMi 
jiajwrs  piihlisli  .ill  tli(i  ruuiors  oC  Hlrlkrt  that  they  r»n  hear  of— many  of  them 
crvaliona  of  Ihcir  own  imnpnatioos  (hoii~h  the  number  of  jitril;™  aro  getting 
beautifully  lest  The  papem  publishing  these  strikn  do  not  want  to  rIto  * 
fair  or  correct  iinpreifiiuii  of  (hu  actual  Mate  of  alt'uirii  in  llie  ininiog  ref^ion— 
thor  do  not  lelt  un  thul  while  one  compiuiy  make  .1  Hliike  of  a  fuw  liundred 
dolfare,  that  they  (the  oiinpnny)  hnvo  not  paid  pxpeiisci  the  liuit  kix  innnthii, 
■nd  that  thetr  are  fifty  eumpnniM  who  hare  np)l  mnulf  hoanl.  Some  tew  mouths 
■go  It  wan  said  in  the  dry  digKiiigs,  "  ifwi^hiwl  water  wii  ooulil  make  monej." 
CaaalB  wer«  cut,  nnd  Ihu  water  lot  in,  but  the  desired  result  wa«  not  obtained. 

Proiu  anionf{  inaiiy  hundred  instanoca  I  will  citu  Mo<:|UeIuinnc  Hill,  in  Cal- 
ftvcms  roimty  :  water  was  brought  on  and  not  otiu  eoinpiiny  in  ten  could  maka 
enough  la  pay  water  dut'S,  which  wcr<ifour  dJlarB  a  day  r>r  ^ach  Hltticc  stream, 
and  liU(iilrcd»  k'fl  for  other  diggingn,  (he  Atnawn  or  the  "  New  Republic,"  At 
the  lunie  lime,  and  with  the  facts  before  their  eyei,  subxiflixed  prrmes  wHl 
publish  nccuunts  that  "  A,  B  and  C  j  e^l^rday  took  out  of  Iheir  claima  thirty 
OuiioeB,  and  nioru  of  thu  iiame  (wrt  kfl "^Riving  [he  iniiiruBiiiju  that  there  is 
plenty  of  remiinerative  emplojmt.-tit  lo  be  hod  thcrv.  ffiu'h  i*  the  case 
.' throuyghout  tho  mines.  The  papers  nil  eomplain  of  the  "diillnew"  of  the 
IWt'*'*^  attribute  it  to  anythiu^elsc  tliuii  the  riglil  cau«e.  Want  of  eold  is 
laole  C«UM> ;  it  is  nut  in  the  i^round,  and  hundreds  of  spoculatoni  niUKt  ko 
Sawn.  If  I  htid  euiployment  for  men  I  could  obtain  thoiisuida,  who  would 
work  hsrti  on  rontraeU  that  will  not  pay  them  one  dollar  a  day  abovo  thuir 
board.  Such  has  been  the  ease  last  fall  in  Toulomne  and  othrr  mining  coan- 
lies.  Any  number  of  "  iUlibuulcrs  "  can  bu  obtainod  if  their  Mpcn»e«  M  paid 
10  SoBOn  or  lui  vwhero  el»«. 

The  Diets  of  tho  hard  timca  do  now  and  then  leak  out ;  papers  in  the  i(it«> 
rioT  contain  adTertisemcnU  of  banken,  whieh  read,  "  Owing  Lo  the  scarcjt/ 
</[  gold  dunt.  we,  the  uDderatgned,  aro  cuuipcllcd  to  miso  tiio  price  of  ex- 
tjbMT\ip\  on  San  Prtineiseo." 

The  atorex  in  the  minea  arc  supplied  with  upwariln  of  limlTO  TnonUw' 
Btock,  us  nru  the  warvhouaes  in  Ihu  citius,  to  say  nothiog  of  lh«  immenae 
number  of  ships  (torn  ra»tcrn  ports  now  due  hero. 

The  shipmentK  of  trenwre  in  this  month  (.lanuarj')  have  lallen  off  conaid- 
erably,  (oven  taking  llie  published  stalcrnunts  of  tho  shipments,  which  ha»« 
been  notoriously  Incortwl.)  from  pretiouit  months,  and  three 'fourths  of  the 
■mount  of  the  two  !«sl  were  in  coin  ;  and  mnrk  iny  prophn-y — the  yield  of 
([Old  for  the  next  twelve  monthii  from  Cnliromia,  will  not  exceed  one  half  of 

Uiat  of  Ip53.  and  that  of  1S55  will  be  decren.ted  in  the  juimn  rntli^. 

If  I  cau  stop  tho  tide  of  irmiiip^lSon  lo  this  Slair,  and  the  immcnao  ahlp- 
mcnta  of  goods  that  arc  in  contemplation,  I  should  feci  that  I  am  repaid  (or 
the  labor  of  layin;;  the  fiiets  Iwforc  yovir  reoidcni. 

I  hwe  been  here  Ihrw  rears,  and  have  made  nolhinji— unless  premature 

^'•^b«  called  »  i^in— but  *iill  eontinuy  l>i  hope;  but  if  the  eosning  KuininHr 

dooanot  bring  111*  long  livsirvicnnaummalion  of  (uy  iiopcs  I  shall  return  home. 

I  before  BUtcd  that  1  differed  from  hosts  tliat  wcrn  tnttTMted  in  keeping 
iqi  tbeexdtancnt;  but  nj  ttatoment  will  not  b«  di«putod  by  «a«  tuaa  in 


Journal  of  ffoU  Mininy  OptmtioHt. 


419 


ita  thousuHl  not  coan«ctc<l  with  Kpceulation.    They  will  nf:  '^  You  Imtq 
not  ^*cD  ft  KulBcicnDj'  x'M'^i'^  ilv«n{ption  of  the  e«unl/]r." 


^ 


N 


qUAKR   VEI»  IS    CAtiroUfU. 

Krorjlhitt);  rcUlinfc  to  Iho  eliancter  of  tli«M  t«iu  b«co(n«i  ot  interest  i 
llie  lnilic»iian<  in<TrciiM  that  th«j  miMt  ultimataly  ba  lookod  to  for  >  U 
unaQDt  or  thv  gold  vhich  Cilifnmfii  mar  at  some  riitun  dny  yield  anniullj 
In  (inm  Vsllvy  t)icy  boc  thus   Ur  probably  hern  more  taWy  Inrrstlglit* 
tlua  alatwhere  io  (lie  Sl«tt,  uid  wc  here  introduce  Knana  rcmuk*  u[>on  th 
ngt«n,  tWm  an  ext*ntSvD  work  upon  the  Mineralogy  M'1  Uoology  of  ('nlifar 
bf  ProC  James  BUk«— «  wurk  wliich  nnfortimately  itm  altnoHt  entirpty  i 
Buroed  in  nianugcript  by  onu  of  the  hte  dcabuctivn  Bnn  in  one  of  tiio  cities  i^ 

In  following  Dp  thb  ro(;LOn  of  country,  (be  n«xt  xpot  ir«  Uriko  whoro  Ifa 
rein*  of  (iiirifl.'roii«  qiuHx  h«T*  hi'iin  wnrkcd  to  any  *ztCRl,  i4  Orw»  ^'alle^, 
and  aH  mintni;  hiw  bi-on  auricil  an  in  n  mom  syKtcnulic  manner  there  than  tn 
any  olhvr  part  of  (tie  Ma[e,  I  xhall  direll  at  xomr  length  on  tli«  (icologioU  nt^i 
Mm«Taln|rii-al  fwiliir#8  of  (hp  ntriKiibot+iood,  illuKlratiog  as  th»y  do  the  prinei- 
pleii  to  Khii^h  I  have  iilr«iii>?y  alliidiMl  M  gorrmln^  tli«  distribution  and  rlcb 
new  of  these  mineml  vpin«. 

TSe  g'.-rwrral  rharncler  of  the  roi^k  i.i  porpIiyHti(\  ninninp  in  ftome  pla 

into  (rsp  nnd  in  olhor*  Into  ;-n.'L'nBt<>rn>  uii'.l  gmnitc.     This  Ml  of  priniltiwl 
nek  i«  nbcflit  two  milctrhrniid,  rimninc  north  and  nonth,  in  which  diroction  it" 
an  be  (meed  for  many  miles.     Iw  breadth,  h'0«rcvcr,  rariefi,  expandtnjj  U  wo 
procwtt  northwani  towari  Nevaila,  and  being  tmfroa^beJ  on  by  the  BlatEti  tO 
the  snulh.     ft  la  in  this  belt  of  primitive  rocks  tlial  all  Iho  rlchw  veins  of  ■ 
quartx,  ih»t  hn»o  bepn  worked  up  to  thu  presimt  tinio.  in  (ho  nt'iehliorhood^T 
src  found     Tlic  most  wfstwly  lodr  that  has  l*cn  opi-ncl  la  on  tiold  Hilt,-* 
which  has  fumishi-'d  Mtnc  very  valuable  nrc.     'I'ha  most  easterly  mines  tbaC*! 
h*T«been  worked  at^r  thoiii- un  Uaborne  Hill,  about  two  milfs vast  uriJukt  Ullt, 
Other  lodn  ar«  foiinil  lictwoiin  tiMMi,  many  of  which  arc  or  iiniioiibti^d  rich- 
new.     In  conneqiience,  however,  of  thn  rollinR  nutiirc  of  iho  nurfnco  of  tha 
country,  and  (bu  di'plhofslluTJut  n'jil  funned  by  thu  Burtencd  porphyries,  thvroj 
are  undoiif>tUi!ly  many  vtins  traversing  Ihiii  rej;ion  of  the  country  whkh  ytt' 
Tcraoiii  to  be  di«covfnvi,  and  which  can  only  bi>  fimtid  by  cari.-fu!!y  conducted 
Tvscorcbe*.      rp  to  the  pri-scnl  time  it  i»  only  where  by  some  pcciilinr  acci- 
dent in  thu  con  formal  i'jTi  of  thf  surface,  or  by  the  ruinoval  of  thfl  allnvial  wH'' 
tor  the  [lurpofic'S  of  pUi'er  mining,  that  Ilia  quartz  veins  have  licen  cxpoMd^ ' 
and  a*  the  places  where  Rueli  an  occiirrencp  can  lake  place  are  infinitely  rare,  ' 
in  OorapariKun  willi  tbelocalitieH  wherclheoutcTOppiriBofa  vein  would  not  pre. 
ntnt  Itself,  we  have  every  reinon  to  conclude  that  other  explorations  ROndnetef| 
oo  aclenlillo  principle*  will  k-ad  to  tlio  discovery  of  nnmorons  other  lodes.' 
The  direction  of  the  vein*  in  this  region  is  iwually  north  and  south,  but  occa- 
Bioually  ciosi  courses  arc  met  with ;  however,  bcri'.  a*  in  other  portions  of  lh«  ] 
country,  the  north  and  south  lode^  arc  the  bml.     The  I.afaycttP  lode,  the  OoM 
Hill  lo-le,  the  1odt«  on  Ophlr,  Ostiornc,  and  n»i>:y  ItilU  arc  rrj;iilar  loilct,  and 
all  ftimi.ih  ores  of  considerable  richnMs,     But  the  course  of  tlie  win*  in  this' 
portion  of  the  cuuntri'  is  suliject  to  the  Mime  irri'^ularities  as  have  licen  nn> 
ticod  id  veins  occurring  in  priiuilive  rock  in  other  partu  of  the  country,     la 
tho  volns  on  tiold  Hill,  fur  instance,  thr  k'"""*'  direction  i>i  north  IS"  irest, ' 
but  toward  the  north  aide  of  ihc  bill,  it  forms  an   angle  with  iU  former 
course^  Uie  outcrop  being  north  ^0".     The  same  deviation  from  the  rejrular 
roonte  inMCii  in  ine  lodes  in  Ophir  and  Osborne  Itills.  and  at  these  loealilies, 
It  i»  In  lh>>saine  direction  and  about  the  same  d<-Krcc.     The  csjilorationa  that 
have  up  to  the  prcsont  time  been  madi;  have  not  pointed  out  any  law  as  f  a*- 
cminit  iheso  deviattonii ;  they  ore,  howoTtr,  unoccoupaiiiod  l>y  faults  in  (be 
Vol.  11.— 29 


Jotmai  (^  OM  Mining  Optrationt,  H 

todt,  nhicti  can  bs  (need  caiiliiiuously  at  the  ptaoa  when  tt  cbuiKM  tta 
MWM.  t  harr,  howovcv,  eotlccd  h«r«  and  *U«wher«i  th*!  tho  ronvsiUy  of 
tbDangtcTonnetlirhcre  thUdcviMianUkMplacc  Udirectid  toth««BsL  It  would 
BccB  llial  tile  fisjuivs  Itirou^ti  whitli  tbi-  quarLi  wu  ii^ectcd,  did  not  in  liM«* 
kjnogcno  rocks  follow  so  dlrfi't  >  litiu  fruiii  north  lo  soiilh  ftf  wro  naionllf 
find  hfttbcMi  tbe  cuic  in  the  Klmttfii'd.  I'hodiporthc  lodeiiUinotTieriwU 
of  tho  counirv.  U  tlti'  im-gular,  atihuiit(h  u  a  guovral  nili)  they  arc  jnclinud 
Ims  ia  th«  fiTi'niiliTc  l!ian  in  [hu  stntitlvil  nxk^  It  Ttriui  IVom  forty-fivo  ta 
aightj  dcgrvcs  frequent  changcii  Uikintc  pikrc  in  the  Mnic  lode ;  but  m  a  gen- 
eral rule,  wv  find  lliem  iiioBt  iiicllni^tl  tho  lun-tr  vrn  ilcHceiid.  Tlit  t«ins  dlp- 
plog  to  th«  ca*t  uu  most  coinnion.  but  I  <Jo  not  And  any  eoiinocilon  bctwean 
tbe  direction  of  tbo  dtp  and  the  chonclitr  of  th«  ore,  analosoui  to  that  which 
has  liccn  noticed  in  tb«  cuunie  of  Ihe  rein.  Tiio  tireadth  of  tlie  iciii  'ia  itub> 
Ji'Ct  to  gi'Cftt  TxrlstiooH  rv«n  in  the  Haiiiu  lodv.  which  HOiMctim««  cxiiaitdt  from 
one  or  tvi-a  incht.t  to  us  mnny  &ct  within  a  very  t>hort  distance ;  llic  nTcrafto 
brcadlli  is  about  cighlwn  incliea.  The  chemcter  of  the  ore*  ia  difli-ninl  in 
Oitrvruiit  minims ;  In  -.oniK  Me*  ihvy  contain  a  Urge  |iorUoii  of  the  aulphiirals 
of  Iron  hikI  mniybilcniiin,  ivhilp  in  othc>ra  the  proporlion  ia  bat  utaU,  the 
pyrites  bring  found  priiicii'aily  in  the  cap  rock  uirroitinduis  tho  ore-  There  in 
one  advantii);!!  which  lh«  orva  in  tliin  region  pouK'»,  which  in,  tliat  thv  Kt4d  Is 
found  in  thi'ni  in  Kraall  particli^  wliit^h,  howrvcr  Ann,  do  not  conRiHt  of  Koch 
pxcensivvly  line  lamiiuran  ate  often  met  with  in  the  urn  from  the  Htatci;  thin 
in  a  great  advnntagi?,  and  the  txtractiuu  of  gold  by  quicksilrer  is  much  Nsiur 
when  it  is  In  Holid  particles  than  when  it  is  in  liiniiof,  ax  fine  frequently  as 
jjold. boater's  leaf  There  naii  be  no  doubt  but  that  from  this  cauie  the  ex- 
traction of  tliu  ^'A'l  in  (his  ditrtricl  is  much  marc  complete  than  in  uthtrr  b«c- 
lions  of  the  country,  and  we  also  sec  why  tlia  same  arranfcnnio'ils  that  auo> 
cccd  bcrv  in  uriot;  all  tho  cold,  Khuuld  ful  in  other  ptaoc«  when:  it  m  in  ft 
different  state  of  nMChanicaTdETiaion,  The  gold  U  mora  freignenlly  found  di- 
rectly in  the  t|uarta,  and  not  aseoclated  iritli  the  pyrites  to  the  ejitent  it  Is  la 
(be  ore*  from  the  Ststci.* 

AcmuLUH  OOI.D  ricLDB.  fl 

1,  On  the  CoW  FUMi  of  VkUiria  or  Port  Philip  :  1>t  H.  G.  WATuri^ 
Esq.,  Mining  Engineer,  (Quart  Jour.  Qeol.  Soc,  vol-  tx.  p.  74,  comninnicnted 
hy  P.  N.  Joiwios,  Esq.,  F.G.S.) — Oeneral  DcKripUon,  Gtographieal  and.  Geo- 
loyifal. — A  chain  of  mountains,  or  rallicr  a  Bcries  of  diBlincl  ranges,  runs 
round  the  so  nth  wast*  rn  cornur  of  AuBlnili&,  ncnrly  pfirallfll  to  the  coast  line, 
and  from  finy  to  eighty  miles  from  the  sva,  fonninx  part  of  the  main  chain 
of  the  continent,  and  rJBing  at  jl»  highest  xuininiL,  Mount  Kosciusko,  to  3300 
feet  ftbore  tlio  sea-tcvul.  This  mountain  chain  in  Yiclona  consists  of  clay- 
■Isteii,  mics-ilttei^  and  tlinty  ilate.i,  in  sncrcssiTO  stept,  forming  cuItectiTclj, 
a  recurring  striis. 

The  dates  are  nearly  or  quite  Tertical,  with  a  north  and  Math  strike,  and 
sre  tntenccted  by  numeroiu  ijuartz- reins,  ninnlnii  at  an  acute  angle  with  the 
slates.  V&it  plains  of  trap,  funning  higit  tableland:!,  run  up  to  the  base  of 
the  tnountain*  and  probably  rover  ttieir  lower  s1u|>('b.  It  i«  in  the  valleys  imd 
gullies  of  these  mountainii,  and  not  very  br  tl'oni  their  junction  with  the  trap- 

*  A>  •mm  mo?  b«  iiitorc«t«iil  In  kntn^Iug  tho  ricline**  of  ihe  orm  warkvil  In  this 
locallly,  1  have  iiiceniuiiod,  na  carcfulty  a*  paMitili].  tlie  wnounM  ihnt  hara  bton  ti\kun 
eat,  Wlien  tliey  bav*  been  worked  at  tin  uiitl*.  1  eivtnioc  viucli  for  the  ahselolc  eorr*^ 
on*  of  thno  ilala,  bnl  I  balloi'ii  iliar  tn  vary  iiesr  llio  irntb : — 
Ore  ftom  old  |>anlon»  of  Gold  Kill  vein,  ■•  oaleahued, 

the  pea**''  ("rt'iu  ln'iii;  wochod  hv  hand  t3,0iin  to  ttOft  per  tOu,  * 

Ore  from  Ooid  Hill  vriti  now  workvl     .  .  «0  to     ID      " 

Ore  from  Laflq:«lie  Lode  .  UO  to     G*      *■         ^ 

Ore  from  Delay  Hill  a>  w    B*     ••       fl 

OnAomOpUrllUl  Wio    W     "       ^H 


Jommal «/  O^ld  Mining  Optralioiu. 


4SI 


pnn  pining,  tliat  the  r!ch  d«po8it>i  of  i^olil  uv  round.    Th«  anriferoui  dirtricta 
SK  commonly  broken  by  deep  valleyi  and  jvmHmtoua  fltesps.     The  liill«  uvl 
thickly  foreiilwl;  tlic  noil  poor  and  graTuIly,  and  the  snrlkMitKwii  irithanpi-' 
Ur  ft-94ciu«nt8  of  whila  quaiia. 

Gold-JkUU. — Qold-  hM  been  found  at  Korcnl  pAinta  nmote  from  «adi 
OthtT  along  thU  eone  of  mountuins;  but  inniniparably  ihc  rirhritt  dcpoidlta 
hitbcfta  opened  In  the  Colony  of  VicUria,  and  iiiilcml  in  lb?  entire  continent, 
are  Umew  of  Dallarat  and  Mount  Alexander,  thn  latter  far  vxcveding  Ilia 
r<im«r  in  extent  and  riobnwa,  while  ertn  the  former  is  wid  by  (Ulifomian 
miners  to  snruaas  In  rleblKM  amI  yield  all  that  thvy  have  witneuvU  in  that 
repon  of  Rold. 

MotrntAkiander  06U-JldJ.~TAisMni  Alexander  Ilea  in  latitude  37*  South, 
tORsitnda  144**  20'  Bant,  and  In  about  TS  miles  north-wvat  of  Melbourne.     It'l 
WH  named  by  tho  flrxl  cxplorera  Mount  Byng,  and  ia  thus  <list>n^ui9hFil  oit-f 
niMiy  naps.     It  in  a  rocky  grvoitic  moiuitaia,  with  a  ruined  flatlnnrd  onllino, 
t«ir«r[nE  Mm«  hundroda  of  fo«t  aboTv  the  summits  of  tViu  forested  mnges  of 
dale-nicka  orhlch  nurround  It,  and  of  which  it  ia  thti  centre  and  nucIeiiA. 

The  toonnoua  amount  of  gold  which  Ihia  dijitn'ct  baa  yielded  ban  chiefly 
bveii  livrirvd  frMii  In'o  vallvya  irilh  their  lat«nl  cutliva  and  rovinex.     Theisa 
ralleyii  nrc  known  by  the  names  of  tbc  Htreamii  or  "  crnckK"  (bnt  run  throii;j!U 
thtui.     One  of  theiic.  Fafc9,t  Crvck,  takes  its  rise  in  Mount  Alexander  itKeif; 
thfl  other.  Fryer'-i  Cwok,  lian  iw  source  In  tlm  \\\^\\  nnd  hrokiin  rangOK  of  Hlata  "< 
that  envii-on  Ihn  Mount.     Both  cpccks  are  tributAriea  of  the  Rivrr  I..ocliJon. 
The  workinEH  extend  fire  or  six  mile*  alone  the  Talley  of  i'ryer'a  Creek,  and 
abdtil  ten  (ilcnK;  tlial  of  Foriwt  Creek.     At  Kryur's  Cnx'k  gold  haa  bi-en  found  . 
in  liir^  quanli'licj)  bnncatti  the  bed  of  the  itreBm,  near  its  lourei^,  in  the  up 
land  (tuUiea.     Forest  Crwlt,  on  lli^  contrary,  appears  Lo  grow  barren  a«  it ' 
•■■pruacbei  tli<?  liigber  ^ranltv  rountr?'.  whvrv  it  oriKinMiW.    On  the  IwdIu  «M 
thr  Rivor  IxKldon  gold  la  found  in  tmall  quantiLicK,  lodnd  ID  the  craTJoea  oC 
tho  rooks,  b<it  no  large  deposits  !i*<re  been  met  with  on  the  rirer;and  cv^n  Iha 
Mmini  into  whit^h  Fore^il  Crevh  ruiin,  Ihougli  ilavlf  only  a  feeder  of  the  \j>A» , 
dun,  proven  for  less  riolt  than  Porut  Cnwk  and  ita  mountain  atltaenliL     \tk,\ 
short,  It  would  HeciD  that  the  gold  had  bMn  arratted  in  the  unall  mountain 
nvinoa  and  guUic*,  and  waji  nevvr  wa«lied  down  to  the  large  alroamn.     Aari> 
ftrwu  Hilda  on  rivvr-bankt  or  In  alluvial  plain*  ar«  nnknawn  in  Ibu  Colony. 
Wb(tn  nithln  IS  [nchcaoftho  surfiiee,  the  gold  ia  diMominatcd  in  a  quortcoaoj 
gnvcl ;  when  found  at  lower  dcpthn,  it  is  atmMt  always  inibeddM  in  clay, 
wuaalty  uf  a  ven'  lenaclona  kind. 

RiiUrat  0«ld-JidiL~'\'U<^  Bnllaral  gutd-fietd,  which  U  about  fifty-lival 
miles  north-WMt  of  Oeeluiig  anil  I'ort  Philip  Bay.  lies  at  the  Jun«tioii  of  the' 
tdatea  with  lb«  lrap[>oan  country,  about  seven  miles  from  an  eitinnt  and  novri 
forwit-i-rown  volcano,  known  ns  Mount  Boninyong,  A  aeoond  ainiilar  black' 
Toleinic  mount  rites  out  uT  llie  iitat*.'  nTi|;r.'ii,  a)ii>iit  ti^n  milr^  dne  north  of 
Doninyong.     Ciranil*'  ero[is  out  in  lunalt  pnlfhcs  bctn~«>.-n  the  two  Mounts. 

Thid  aurifi-ro>i8  tract  is  oioXkA  to  lliat  of  Mount  Alexajider  by  a  aucceiirioii  J 
of  ainiilar  dark  forested  nuigodi,  raogh,  rocky,  and  abarlla,  stnwn  ovc-r  witIM 
(junrtx,  and  couniRtiug  of  tlw  same  ccriet  of  ^icaeeouo,  flinty,  and  daj-J 

VoUa»i£  triMC— At  the  wusti^m  boso  of  thrac  soinhre  hills  1l««  *  1*r^3 

Imct  of  tho  most  fertile  and  beautiful  country— tlic  garden  of  Australia  Felix 
— the  rich  soil  of  which  is  the  product  of  decomposed  lava.     These  |mrk-likO' 

Elains,  g(>rinklwi  oier  a'ilh  groups  of  trees  arc  diversified  by  numcrniis  domo- 
kv  lava  hills,  without  tms.  but  of  the  richest  verdure.  I  have  counted  no 
less  than  twenlv^fonr  of  these  rcmarknlite  bdd  hills  frvni  tJie  summit  of  one 
of  tlicui.  Tlin  'south  and  ea>t  sides  arn  coinninnly  sleeper  lllin  the  otlicrn. 
They  arc  usu.-illy  ttat  at  tliu  lop  i  but  in  one  of  ihein,  wliidi  1  nimeil  Mount 
Lyetl.  afliir  tho  illustrious  geologist,  ibcro  is  a  small  crater,  wliieh  had  the  ro- 
putatioQ  cf  Wing  lathumlesi^  but  which  I  found  to  be  in  fi?t  about  !i<S  feat  . 


Javn^i  of  Ovid  Milling  Opffntioiu. 


dNp,  coBsiHtinft  of  >n  uppnr  ciip  or  cratrr  xhnat  1ft  toft  in  diuncttr,  cnntrut- 
im  b«tOw  into  >  noTTOir  rnoky  Khnrt  or  irrll.  80  fc«t  deep,  *nd  ti)r««  or  four 
Wtda.  nie  rrmliiicH  of  Ihe  Irnci-i  of  the  lluir  of  tli«  lav>,  wbicb  in  of  •  »oft 
and  pcrl«hA>>tv  kind,  hidivalnt  ihat  the  tjxxb  of  IgncoiH  action  OBnol  Iw  very 
niDOlc.  AltoKctbor  this  volcanic  Tcjpon  farm*  s  ii»*t  iiUcrcatins  cabjcct  fur 
BMlo^cnt  rmtoTph  nnd  ipMuhtion. 

tT"  b*  wnUati*).] 


^0  pTac««idifig8  of  the  Rntt  in««l<ng  of  the  otockboldore  of  thifl  CoTiiiMnj' 
in  London  were  noticed  in  thcWt  number  of  thU  MoKudno.onp.  305,  No.  III. 
It  WM  then  *Ut«i  thivt  Iticir  pru[icrty  waa  kiionn  on  the  Unmctt  and  Jloadx 
uines.     Thill  ww  ad  L-rror.     Their  proprrty  ii  known  m*  the  KIdridge  nunc 


This  ntno  hflonjn  tn  tho  YoiVtiIIr  (Kniith  CAmlina)  Mining  Company,  ol 
which  yita.  Chtuincy  is  President,  and  Andrt-w  C.  Gelt;  and  E.  Ij.  Snoif 
TruNtcca.  From  a  report  of  Mr.  Stcphvn  V.  Lced*,  UcoFcigiiit,  wc  sntbcr  tho 
fgltvwing  iDlcrmting  foots  : — 

Tlio  Eit'llo  tifil'I  MiTio  in  loc-nted  in  lanoasttr  Wstriot,  South  Carolina,  im- 
mrdiattly  adjoining  the  Stttu  line,  which  fortna  the  bounilnrj'  of  on«  Bidu  of 
the  property. 

It  orriipics  ^  |imniln«nt  po«ilion  In  that  Hi:h  Hlat«  V-1t  which  rantaia*  the 
Oold  Hili  Slinc  on  i(K  nnrt)i-e:>iitcrn  poHion,  the  ITnion  Mints  In  lb)  centrKl 
Mction,  mid  liic  rL-iiciwn(.'ii  Dorn  Minc.i  on  the  nouth-westom  tcrminiiit.  Thia 
belt  of  niin-ral  wpnllli  liaa  never  b«n  surpiHHcd  by  any  other,  for  pcnnanvnt 
produrtivi-'ni'SA.  aii'l  hns  long  mninlniiicil  u  hi)^i  n-potaljon  boned  upon  thA 
fontitiHoii  rftiirns  frora  the  mines  nhovi;  cnomcrated. 

Tile  t[eo1o)^pnl  connection  of  till*  cilcnsive  ran^e  is  iinhrokm  and  iinifonn 
throughout ;  nud  tliuugh  not  equally  rich  in  all  pirls,  still  it  holdi  many  points 
of  i'iilrcini>  value.  »nd  ivlriccs  in  llicse  more  Important  portions  of  itd  extent 
a  certainty  of  rich  and  proHwblc  ninttrial. 

The  KmHc  Mine  i»  siloaled  in  the  centra]  port  of  thi«  belt,  aboat  li»o  or 
HX  milex  frutn  the  Union  Mineti,  nod  cbvvri)  a  surGKc  of  one  biiTidivd  ani] 
thirty 'til  r-ec  acres,  »o  bid  out  as  to  embrace  th.-  ({realnst  «xtenl  of  tiic  vein, 
and  formins  nn  nrm  or  elbow,  cilcndine  to  tile  watcw  of  Ttrclv^-  Mile  Cre*k, 
rendering  aiailsblc  to  the  property  a  vnluabic  water  privilege  which  ia  dcrivod 
frocn  tills  ni'vcr-lkiting  *tn«niL 

The  Tcin  U  composed  of  silicious  liorn^lonc  slate,  which.  In  common  with 
tno<(  of  [lie  Ivodin"  rockS  of  this  part  of  the  counlrr,  an  dccompond,  tod 
partly  dislntegralixT,  for  a  diKlancc  of  fifty  to  sixty  fiwt  Wlow  the  HurGus. 
This  frinMc  oliaroclcr  which  in  allachcd  to  thu*e  n>clc«,  rcndirs  the  ECp*ration 
of  the  ti'^'d  from  Ibonc  orcii  which  have  been  Hubjccled  to  it*  inFlitenco,  a  nut- 
ter of  cuniparallvi'Iy  ta^v  perform  an  ce.  In  Mnic  coses  no  completo  liiu  been 
the  digiiitcjm'ntion,  that  the  rock  ia  reduced  tn  a  fine  and  altnost  impoipabli: 
powder,  n'Iiit:Ii  reijuireii  simply  washing  to  jn-'parote  the  gold.  Bclwccn  th« 
tatninw  of  Ibu  slate,  nbcu  sepantvil,  the  particles  of  gold  are  otlcn  plainly 
vinihlv.  in  the  firm  r,[  minute  wales.  Sfn*  portions  or  this  character  of  ore 
will  yield  ax  hi^h  lui  uvcniy-flrc  dnllan  pcrbutihcl,  while  the  j^norsl  avcni^ 
will  maintain  a  value  of  from  two  and  a  half  to  llirre  dollan:  per  butheL 

This  or«  cnn  be  niiqed  nt  a  moderate  cxjietisc,  nhcn  ooiupored  with  tbc** 
ore*  of  a  harder  nnd  more  tenaciouiE  chnraeCfr  whkb  comp'jM  the  chief  roclcJ 
ofsone  Icta  tivonble  minca.  Wherever  llii«  di.iinteitration  ettendo,  the  ore 
can  bo  marked  out  irilh  &  pick  alone ;  do  bluUng  will  be  required  until  th« 


4 


Jottrnal  of  &old  Mining  Operation*. 

decMnpaied  portion  of  the  roch  faM  lieon  cut  throuf^ ;  and,  «Tcn  thtn,  the 
teuiiniitnl  ronufttion  of  ttiv  rock  will  render  thii  procMt  a  higliljr  vllfohul 
on«. 

It  k  r^iimali'd  thki  the  ok  can  b«  ralwd  trova  this  mine,  «nd  milbd.  At  an 
pxpi-nw  nol  ri««iiiig  six  ccota  the  bniih«t,  when  once  the  ininc  i«  in  Tull 
Opvrnlion, 

Rnrh  hftn4  rmplovr^  at  «xc*Tat!ni|;  ran  Kvt  nut  two  ton*  or  on  per  dif . 

Koch  ton  nill  coTitain  «ixlcpn  bu»he!ii  of  ore. 

Thv  avi-n^  wiiJlhofttic  ti'in  iii  about  three  fcvt,  and  itcxtendsorcr  tbrM-j 
faiirlhs  of  a  mile  on  thU  properly, 

A  lnrj;c  pcirtion  of  thi»  vein  hajt  nprtr  been  brokm,  even  upon  tho  mjrfac^  1 
Mill  wberc  l)i«  rfin   ha.>i  bMii   opened  upon,  the  vork  was  [i«v«r  prosociilea  I 
below  Ihc  "vatiT  Ifvfl — 111*  [Kiini  «t  which  nioet  of  thp  inlnini-  lahnra  (Taspil,  i 
otrinj;  to  the  inclBcicnt  mpann  M  the  comnuin'i  of  those  who  were  working 
tli«  mint  I 

SfTeral  pits  nwo  opcnpd  nc*r  (be  Stale  tin*,  or  bonndary  of  these  pram^  j 
iiex,  an-i  the  work  waa  also  earrird  forward  in  nnolhrr  portion  of  the  vein, ' 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  diaunt  About  half  a  mile  of  the  vein  ia  therefor*! 
in  Its  orlgiiiat  mmliilnn. 

Thtre  are  on  Ihia  property  at  various  plncea,  contisuoua  to  tho  main  vrin,! 
aevcrni  lutcral  reins,  whiirh  at  Mch  nf  the  rvspcrlive  shafts  opsned  upon  tbciiL 
hav¥  hticn  very  rich  in  goM.     This  is  a  characleriiftic  feature  of  the  wliolu  of 
this  alnte  belt ;  the  (ttnie  iieeiiliitrily  ix  witneutd  at  Gold  Hill  and  the  UntoQ 
Mine* ;  'and  wtiere  the  main  vein  carriiit  the  largoK  quantity  of  goM,  th«ao  ^ 
parnltvl  vein*  nlKo  eonlain  a  valuable  supply  of  ore. 

The  total  amount  of  ("olfl  which  liM  been  derived  fhom  this  min»  araoiinttj 
to  nearly  one  hundred  thtmwnd  dollars  in  Tnln«,  and  this  with  a  depth  of  ] 
working  not  exceeding  forty  f«t,  and  cxtendinR  at  intervals  over  one-fourtll  ( 
of  a  mile  of  ^larfac^.     In  thin  spaef,  wveral  shAfU  have  been  xunk,  atid  short  i 

eeHea  driven  nn  th<>  enupw  of  till'  vt'in  ;  but  so  Kinall  an  anioiiut  of  work 
b*en  done,  that  the  whole  might  l>e  eonsii(ered  aa  merely  proving  th( 
voln.     These  Khnflii  could  he  rendered  uiceful  in  working  the  mine,  an  a!r  sbani  i 
or  venttlalow,  nn'l  wniild  alsm  he  valuable  as  Indicallonsi  of  the  Imp  poaitloB  \ 
of  the  vein  aC  their  floors.     When  the  work  erased,  owing  to  the  presence  of  \ 
water,  wlilch  with  the  means  employed  could  not  be  overcome,  (he  vein  still  i 
prtwnlod  at  llie  lowtrit  poiiiU  atlHine<l  ns  fsvOrable  an  appcaranre  as  It  had 
manifcslod  at  any  pr«vi'>ns  portion  of  the  work^ 

About  half  a  mile  of  the  vein  upon  tliis  property  hna  never  been  oprnei  ( 

Al  all  Neclions  of  the  grvnC  mineral  bell  upon  which  IhiA  mine  lit  loratcd, 
wherever  the  lalwirew  have  penclmtod  to  »  considririihle  ilci)th  below  tho  but- 
flwe,  the  orps  have  eitlicr  increased  in  mine  and  rieliBoss,  or,  under  the  ino«t 
unfavorable  aspect,  Iiuve  maintained  their  surfuce  percentage. 

At  the  Uorii  Mine,  at  lh«  Union  MhiM,  and  nt  Gold  Hill,  where  the  deepFsi 
shafts  have  ax  yrt  boon  snnk,  the  ores  havi;  invariably  improved  na  the  work 
hoa  deepened ;  and  at  other  minen  upon  this  same  belt,  the  same  fatt  has  been 
Obseired. 

It  oMses,  therefore,  to  he  a  matter  of  speculation,  as  to  the  yield  whieli  j 
«an  be  drawn  from  the  remainder  of  the  vein,  when  its  whole  extent  shall  bfl  j 
wrought,  and  where  a  depth  Bhall  be  allained  cum  men  sural  e  with  ampl4  , 
power,  and  fully  adapted  (o  iiiachSnery.  All  the  work  upon  Ihe  mine  hilh«rt« 
pcrrotmi'd.  has  been  done  by  the  inatrumcntolity  of  the  simple  windloa-i,  anil, 
tiic  ootnmon  borne  whim. 

A   pxMl  dwelling  hoDw  is  on  tho  property,  with  a  blacksmith  ahop,  in  \ 

Tb«  land  i*  welt  atocked  with  limber,  from  which  at  all  time*  thrrn  can  ] 
be  obtained  any  (|ttanlity  ncccaaary  for  building  operations,  or  for  miningl 
nateriala. 


Jovrnal  of  Gold  MiHMg  Op»ratiout. 


71*  WUion  Ovid  JfiM.— Thit  luiae  U  ■lao  th«  propcrtjr  of  ttw  Yotlcrillo 
Mining  Company,  uid  Ihnn  Ihe  w»o  report  ft  Mr.  Lcodi  wc  make  tlie  foUow- 
trig  I'lljvcb  in  rvlaliuu  la  it  :^- 

The  min*  U  iiiluatcd  in  York  District,  South  Carolina,  aljoul  eigUt  auitu 
froni  Torkvitlo,  the  county  scaL 

It  conniitN  •>(  l«o  tracts  of  lanil,  on«  of  wliioh  L-ompri««*  an  ana  of  ftft; 
acrtM,  Ihu  other  eovtn  an  extent  of  on*  hundred  and  Tort^r-nine  acm.  The 
8urvry  of  bolli  titm  plots  of  jiroiind  \ra*  extended  in  nicb  •  manner  •«  to 
eo«npri«e  the  crcatoit  poxnibio  portion  of  Ibe  vuin  wliioh  irarcmM  each  plot 
thruu|;h  thu  tx'clioii  of  llicir  exlrt-iii«  Ivngth, 

Tin  f«In  Km  betwoen  va\U  of  scdimcntar^r  rock,  probably  belonging  to 
tbc  Silurian  Kpocli,  but  which  from  tlic  metninorphiu  inlluunceH  tlial  bavu  b««n 
at  work  upuii  ihoiii,  linvc  betii  ^rtatty  transpoMd  mid  nicHllllvd  in  tlicir  chaf^ 
«ct«r.  At  the  suriiieir.  ir"!  fyr  Ilily  or  sixty  feet  in  depth,  this  rock  it  no  fuBv 
or  nearly  decomposed,  that  it  18  r.ij-tly  roiiiicud  to  tliat  fraKniviiturv  nUtv  irlikli 
render)  the  sinking  of  nhnftit  comparatirely  easy.  ijolow  that  depth  at 
a  [loirt  biijoiid  wiiicli  tliesy  clu-iniivil  thndgM  have  ci^oscd  to  hf  nianifrtt, 
the  rock  assumps  a  hardvr  and  i')or(i  p.oiiipnci  form,  nnd  m  a  iiecessiry  ironse- 
qoenco  nhafting  would  projircBa  with  hat  rapidity — but  Iha  work  would  bi- 
iDore  durabk-,  and  irlierv  the  work  was  curried  down  tliroiigh  the  8olld  rock, 
much  of  Ihu  expeiuie  of  limborin;;  wiiuld  be  obviated. 

The  KDiiKiie  Btone  iA  fvrmKinoUH  •jiiartr,  cavernoii:!  or  eeiluUr  in  iU  fomui> 
tion.  the  cell.t  or  spaces  of  whti-h  arc  pnrlially  or  rivurly  fitlvd  with  tbe  brovru 
onide  of  iroii,  the  resultant  of  lliu  deconi  post  tion  of  tlm  iron  pyrites  or  iiul- 
phurot  of  iron.  It  is  in  thiE  mctallii:  oxide  that  the  goM  is  moKt  abundant ;  it 
bean  the  technical  title  of  " brown  ore,"  and  nlitii  properly  freed  from  the 
quarlxow  rock,  wiil  yitld  an  avenge  pnxluct  of  !,"oId  to  thu  value  of  two  and 
a  half  <!nl1arK  to  the  btishrl.  In  Komc  rich  porlionH  of  the  vein  lhi«  "  brown 
ore  "  will  yield  from  twrnly  to  thirty  dollar*  per  bushel,  and  in  the  pooror 
aectiunA  will  not  ri.ic  higher  than  twenty  cenU  to  the  biisbel.  The  quarti 
rock  is  improi^nnted  with  gold  in  many  portions  of  the  vei[i  where  there  is  no 
"  brown  ore '"  accompanying  it. 

When  raised  from  the  mine  and  carefully  drcwcd,  the  ort  it  divided  into 
two  portions— I  lie  "  brawn  ore"  which  requires  no  iflampiiw,  and  the  "Hint 
ore,"  a«  the  quartz  is  Cennol,  which  rvquires  the  abraslvo  action  of  the  Htoiup- 
ing  mill. 

The  matrix,  or  vein  stone,  is  higihly  charged  with  thi*  "  brown  ore ;"  and 
from  the  character  and  po^itio[l  of  the  wsll  rocks,  each  miner  could  probably 
aend  (o  the  surlkce  two  tons  per  day  of  win  rock,  compriiiing  tlic  •guartiuie 
Tock  and  "brown  ore,"  the  average  weight  of  which  would  give  froni  sixteen 
to  eighteen  bualicls  to  tbc  ton:  of  this  quantity  the  "flint  ore"  will  claim 
the  largest  proportion,  leaving  a'joiil  two  bushels  of  b'njwn  ore  to  the  ton, 
which,  with  four  bushels  of  waste  rock,  will  make  thi-  "'  llint  ore  "  amount  to 
about  ten  busheliv  Tlii.*  estininia  is  predii-atcd  upon  the  amount  the  vein  r«- 
lumci!  wh^n  worked  some  years  since.  It  will  undoubtedly  become  mora 
valuable  a*  the  vein  is  cut  at  a  greater  depth  than  hu  heretofore  bern  reached, 
since  the  uniform  chnraclcr  of  true  metallic  veins  i*  to  improve  in  richncM  a« 
Ihcy  d<-(ipcn  in  position. 

The  yellow  siilphiiret  of  copper  is  also  difueroinntcd  through  Uie  sansno 
stone — -and  from  the  oceonipanyin^  inditatlorts.  such  a*  the  prvacnep  of  greoil 
quantities  of  iron  pyrites,  nnd  tbo  linini;  of  many  of  the  crevices  of  Iho  roek 
with  the  cupreous  oxide,  known  to  itiiners  as  copper  blood,  there  is  every 
rcaaon  to  believe  that  this  metallic  oiv  will  prove  to  lie  »uf!icicnlly  abundant 
Bt  a  more  adtanced  stage  of  the  mine,  to  becomo  aaol^octof  high  importance 
on  titv  acoru  of  prolil.  Tliia  ore  j-ieidi,  under  analyaiA,  thlrty-thrM  per  cent. 
M  topper,  and  unrler  the  smelting  process  will  produce  from  eighteen  to 
twenty  per  cent  of  copper.  M  the  present  rale  of  copper,  this  would  make 
du  or«,  at  twenty  per  ocnL  of  copper,  worth  ninety  dollars  pw  ton,  Irom 


< 


Jewnal  of  Oold  Mining  OpenUioat. 


425 


I'iriiicli  th«  cost  of  tniMporblion  would  hart  to  l>«'()n1ucted.  This  Iktlar  item 
«f  wipcnditiiTO.  however,  will  nol  l>*  •  TEtyMiriouR  il«ii),  since  tho  mino  Ubot 
tax  at  (-i;(ht  miles  diiUnt  (rtno  Yorkrillc,  tlio  jirMcnt  terminus  at  the  "  King's 
UounUiii  KailriKu],"  wliicli  oomntcta  with  Ifae  whole  ctuiiit  of  rtiilroBdi  iater* 
sectins;  liii'  Soiilhtrii  SUIvs. 

Thn  '^haraoU'r  of  llw  vein  majr  prrhA[>«  bo  mnro  fiilty  c^niprchcndiHl  bf 
folloiring  tlic  old  irarkinipi,  beginninc  *i  the  mail  nonhcrly  shaft,  und  termi- 
natiiiK  at  [hu  jiotnt  when-  lli«  opmtionn  were  duaptindi.'^.  At  llii.'  lint,  or 
Stawttrt  shaft,  it  tlt-|i(h  of  llftj  feci  w«s  XtklnfJ.  At  lhi<  floor  of  thi^  sixth,  • 
|illet7  WHS  then  driven  along  the  eourec  of  thn  rein,  and  >  line  >indy  of  |tood 
ore  was  extracted  from  it.  At  the  ii«:(t  ahuft,  at  (lio  depth  of  Kixty-Hvc  fuct, 
tiierplu  Hiu  HOinawlat  iire^lar.  but  exceedingly  rich;  hvra  a  \evvi  won  driven 
uloiiE  the  eonrs^  of  the  T«in,  from  which  aim  a  h!)[hlr  valuable  on  waa  de- 
rived. The  next,  a  whim  nhatt,  sixty  feet  (ienp,  »til!  utands  in  Rood  order. 
Ttiis  shaft  could  at  once  be  made  aTtiilablc.  The  next  nhnft  wa.i  i^urrivd  down 
sixty  r.-ul.  and  hew,  loo,  a  Irv^l  vrm  driven  on  tlio  coonw  of  ihu  vein.  The 
decpral  ahall  coiaca  ncxi,  which  waa  carried  to  tho  depth  of  lixlj  feet.  The 
other  ihalU  reached  a  point  of  fifty  and  nxty  fcnt  K«pccti<rely.  .^t  these 
pointa  the  rein  had  not  failnd.  nor  boconie  inipovcriiibed,  but  held  ili  uniform 
tiu,  and  gave  arldenoa  of  a  lonx  conliBiunM.  A  ahaA  was  al§o  suTik  npoii  a 
■mall  branch  vein,  which  proved  cieoedlnglj'  rteb. 

Br  bearing;  in  mind  the  vatious  def>lhs  of  tho  different  shafLt,  it  will  at 
onci;  be  perceived  thai  the  vein  ha.>i  never  been  worked  below  the  water  level, 
and  tlial  from  about  sbctj  foot  tttm  the  surlkce,  tha  rtclne  it  contalna  n;maiu 
undifturbcd. 

There  are  few  properties  that  will  aurpawt  this  In  adoal  value,  and  not 
many  that  are  ruoru  ^varably  located  for  cunvenience  and  ractlity  of  bein^ 
imprnvoil.  Thnre  in  an  abiiodant  supply  of  timber  on  the  land,  and  f'tol  would 
coat  but  the  expense  of  cutting  and  draving. 


aanonncR  ciold  coaraMV. 

Tho  mines  of  this  Company  are  located  ot  the  extreme  northern  boundary 
of  Spottsylvania  county,  Virginia.  Tho  Company  aboTonicntiomedtsorKaniacd 
under  the  law*  of  Now  York,  with  a  capital  of  two  millions.  Tho  oflicer*  of 
the  Company  are  C,  Zabriskic,  jr_,  Prciidcnt ;  Charles  Ely,  Anthony  P.  HaUey, 
Charles  Tracy,  Frederick  G.  Wheeler,  Joitupii  Belknap,  I'erry  O.  Uardner, 
Traatoet;  Goo.  C.  Ripley,  Treasurer;  lUcliiird  Vose,  Secretary. 


OOtD   W   TIIK   OIL*    RITIEH. 

Specimcna  of  gold  have  boen  brought  from  this  distant  region  by  oiBceis 
of  the  Unitrd  Statui  troops,  rmtpuoting  wbich  one  writer  thun  report*: — 

We  liad  tlie  opportunity  of  exaniiiiin;;  noine  xpociiiicna  of  gold  brought  in 
by  Major  Sloi'n.  of  the  United  Stat'^s  dnicoonii,  from  th«  vicinity  of  th(  cop' 

Emmcs  in  New  Mexico,  in  tho  neighborhood  of  Fort  Webster,  where  ha 
been  stationed.  The  spttinien  j.-i  from  .turfaee  wasliingn.  but  sufflcient  to 
diowlliat  thv  preeio<u<  TTii>Ial  cxietn  thtre.  and  subiKqueut  uuhingn  will  doubt- 
less provi-  Its  existence  in  larger  lunntiiieH. 

Major  Siecn  has  alao  a  uimple  of  the  gold  found  on  tho  river  San  Pedro, 
wbich  empties  into  the  Gila  river  from  the  south,  in  the  Mexican  province  of 
SoDOn,  near  where  (hi>  boundary  line  between  thu  Cnitcd  Slates  and  Meiieo, 
•a  projccteil  by  Mr.  Rardelt.  strike.i  the  Gila.  Thv  San  Pedro  is  tho  only 
Rtrcant  entering  the  llila  front  the  south.  Beyond  the  mountain*  arc  the 
nncbci  of  San  Beniardinu  and  Santa  Crua,  and  on  tbu  other  aide  of  the  San 
Pedro  to  Tao«  Laon,  places  mentioned  by  Col.  Cook  in  his  Expedition  to  Call- 


«» 


Jownal  of  Ocld  AUniny  Opfratiwtt. 


Arab.    I(  is  frcm  Uiu  inui«  thkt  th«  gold  bullets  u<wd  hj  the  TRdtui*  trc  pro- 
Mr.  AubreT  allu4cs  tA  tliniii.  and  Dr.  .\ba'}ic,  of  the  Uoitcd  SUIcc 
ny,  none  eoin*  of  tticm  to  M^nr  Wklkcr,  of  thin  rity. 
In  thin  oonncftion  lh«  Mnjor  mvnlioriii  anutherfiifl  illustralWe  of  tho  sbun- 
doniK  of  )^1d  in  lliat  rv^ioii.     Aii  Inilitri  ai<[iliiiil  to  him  for  rlothinic.     Tlio 
Uijur  i>roiiii^'l  to  fiirni^  wluit  ho  wnnlnil   if  lio  noiild  brin^  him  guld  frtita 
llif  Gill.     Thii  rniiiRn  rcpHfd  that  if  hi>  hod  known  it  lip  could  hnve  tiroug:bt 
:  him  "hnndfiilx"  from  thu  lute  imsl  of  Uiv  UIIfiios,  for  it  wns  iilfniy  Ihnv. 
J  Jin  wi-nt  away,  Biiil  in  n  fi*  ilsj-n  ri'tiiriied  with  n  pound  or  more.    The  M^ttOF 
^"VHiri;  sl'snnt.  till-  Indun  sold  it  to  an  mti^rprctrr.     Of  him  tlic  Mnjor  oht«ined 
I  hiN  finniple.     It  is  in  lirBc  lumps  *f  grnins,  nnU  unlikt  the  washings  uhlainod 
-  In  California.     'Dicre  ■.-an  lie  uu  ijucKtiou  tliat  there  is  a  niini'ral  tntct  of  coun- 
ti7  on  the  Gila  that  will  soon  iittr«<-t  an  Immi'DW  popnUtion, 


TflVanBIUH)   O0LI>. 

Wolf  propows,  in  the  Pmftirn.1  llnnd-book  for  Ji-wtIImk,  to  ftiM  the  brittle 
pild  in  K  new  cmciblc,  and  when  mdit-d  to  throw  in  one  or  two  y\vac%  of 
mlphur  of  tlic  KJEi-  of  a  pva,  to  nhakc  th«  rnicibtu  *.  little  with  the  tongn.  and 
to  cut  it  nipidtv  into  n  hc-iti'd  mould-     III;  rIao  pfVpOffis  to  render  gmalt 

il(T.ru  niallcnlilc  ny  cnntinK  them  with  powdered  bor*x,  and  hutinx  thctn  in 

ho  blowpipe  fl«mc,  until  the  Fiurfnce  cornnivnceH  Aiaion. 

Both  of  theite  methods  ar«  rmortvd  to  \l  thu  Unite)  Slatcn  Mini,  but  the 
choice  of  «>{lher  depvnda  npon  ihr  natiim  of  thn  nrrompAnyine  motnlg  that 
jriT*  [he  gold  its  brittle  chnrncltr.  When  there  i«  n  cjuaTilily  of  iron  pfcscnt, 
tha  gold  is  fuml  with  a  inixturs  of  Bulphur,  puta.ih,  and  sodn,  whH'h  will 
nuDOTc  It  by  m>kin(!;  the  vorj  fiiBllilu  mixture  of  sulphnrrts  of  iron  and  alkali. 
If  tin,  invnie  or  antimony  be  prsKent,  h  good  flu*  is  it  niirtiim  of  horar,  soda, 
■nii  willpetre.  the  last  for  oxiiiiiliig  tlic  foreign  mctiils  into  their  respprtiTO 
■cidK,  Uie  soda  to  give  biH!  to  those  arid*,  and  llic  bomx  to  collect  the  slaj. 
In  both  llii'M'  cnMij  a  xand  or  day  crucihl«  in  t)ri'fvrab1«  to  n  hUck-kad  put, 
111  wlitch  Inst  the  (;THf.hita  ai-ts  rediicingly.  When)  lead  is  nrfitent  this  pro- 
KM  may  pnMinlly  eH'eel  ils  removal ;  but  it  i«  more  complntcly  elFoi'tcd  during 
quartation  and  by  washing  tbo  line  (cold  thuroughly  with  hot  water,  MfW  cx> 
biLi'ting  Iho  isilvtT  by  iiltjiu  at:id.  Another  method  of  removing  lead  would 
Tic  tn  fnsu  ih<-  gold  witii  a  little  saltjietrc,  bonii.  and  siUoa,  wlnrrcby  a  Fusible 
■logt  of  oxide  of  lend  would  result,  nnd  mifiht  bo  skirnmi'd  from  Ihi;  wirfnco  of 
iflie  gold.  I'nlla'lium  and  plilinuin,  rot  unfrc'iiicntiy  present  in  Califomi* 
goU,  ara  tlso  reaion<l  by  the  nitric  acid  in  ^wrliiie  lilvtr  from  gold.  Uninii 
of  tlMOBinin  have  been  observnd  in  t'ntifoi-nia  coH  i'l  digtinet  partld(>s,  uven 
nfier  three  or  more  fusionii,  and  seem  to  liave  no  tendency  whalnvor  to  enter 
into  an  alUy  ;  hut,  whilst  cutliig  cuch  gold,  IboM  pnrlielen  collect  .it  the  hot* 
torn  of  the  pot,  from  their  jtrtJiler  Bi-etirtc  gniTity,  and,  bv  remelting  in  a 
'  small  crucible,  and  carefully  ca».tine,  tbiy  may  be  obtaini'd  mixed  with  a  xuall 
Qunntiiy  of  gold.  The  latter  lit  diunlved  by  citromuriatlc  acid,  and  the  iri- 
ooamiu  ubt^ned  piir«. 


QCARTZ  cRCsniso  HAmniKt, 

tm  Hamilton,  of  New  York,  has  patented  a  quuti  cru.tbing  machioe, 
ng  which  he  thus  describes  hiN  claim ; — 

"I  do  not  ctaiiti  the  oylindricat  pestle,  orrollor,  in  ilMlf,  m  il  ban  been  uacd 
Ion  allAl  surface, and  I  aiu  alsoanare  tiint  tbecyUndriril  pcstl*  ha«boeii  used 
[.ia  ft  concave  dieli,  or  luuiii.  but  in  thia  cose,  so  fAi  as  the  rollin);  motion  is 
tooccmod,  tho  Mme  opemtcs  Mmilnrty  to  Um  ordinary  rollers  in  oil  millx,  ke,, 
but  the  sliding  motion  is  dependent  on  the  wnnht  of  the  poslle,  oiusirtg  the 
•amo  to  slip  on  the  inclined  part  and  rub  the  ore ;  wboroiuv  in  my  uiachittu 
the  ore  \»  ftrsl  crocked  by  tho  grooved  upper  surface  of  (bo  poOki  which  I  am 


Journal  «f  QiM  JlHning  Opemltoitt. 


4an 


not  awBra  has  tver  been  hHbre  used,  and  Ac  grinding  w  pMfOTmml  by  s  pool!*  i 
net  oil  s  shaft,  nnd  biTiiig  a  psTtiat  rotary  motion,  wlilcli  griliila  lh«  ore  again^ 
th(i  siiifn  of  tbo  liflgin,  n  ithoiil  hftTlii;*  finy  rolling  mnrton  \t  Ml ;  thrrcforc^  j 
wh»t  I  dalm  in,  tho  mrans  dci.Tibpd  anct  thown  for  erackiriF;  and  firindingl 
melnliit'  ores,  coninittng  or  the  eylindrial  [loctlr,  pniTidod  with  eroorn*  in  IlB 
upper  part  to  cruck  the  luiupK  or  ore,  and  Mt  on  a  sliafl,  on  which  it  has  ft 
partial  rotary  motion,  and  operating  In  conDcctlnn  with  th*  banin,  in  which 
Mid  pcsttn  maris  to  fcrind  the  ore  into  powder  by  tho  gradual  approach  of  the 
Kidw  of  xnid  bwia  lo  tlia  cylindrical  pvKtk,  laid  pi»t)o  being  abo  proridcd  Vitb 
a  scniwr  or  agitator  in  ita  lower  wir&co,  to  operalo  as  spectflod. 


BOCKT   BAB  MlXnO   COMrAXT. 

Th«  mining  m^nMTofthSa  Company,  Mr.  Scvlon,  under  date  of  Jun.  9Btll| 
writing  frum  CSrasi  Valley,  lliUB  ipealtB  of  liis  opvntioas : — 

He  state*  Ihiit  the  wratlier  hnil  been  unusually  cold,  which  had  intrrfcr 
irith  all  mining  operaUoiis  for  a  few  dayji.  Tn  rrpty  to  llin  PrcsldeoC,  li«  §ay 
"YoiiafiknulhoftpcclficqiiiMionof  what  l>ihoii1ddon-ilb  110,000,  tSU.oa 
uid  430,000  TCEpcclivcly.  In  any  caiv  1  should  in  the  fint  plats  raUe  f 
each  of  OUT  acparate  pari't'lii  of  dnliiiH,  an  ntar  m  pugHible.  100  tuiiK  uf  rock) 
at  the  sani«  tlini!  I  uliould  s!nk  two  «r  ihrrc  nhnfts  on  thw  line  of  the  pf 
noted  tunnel,  «)  ax  to  dFtrrminR  the  exact  pocition  of  the  "bed  mck"  at 
MasMchu.ieKx  Hill,  in  the  direction  of  our  lantut  lot  of  clalmt.  To  do  thig 
wftliout  chanca  uf  obnli'uction  cr  hindranci-  to  lliv  wurku  being  puHlicd  (luickly 
on,  I  mUHl  liatL-  a  slroni^  puinping  apparittiiA,  as  the  k'vcl  of  water  in  tbu  lim 
Ifi  conxiderably  nborn  the  er<'cn.^toi>ii,  nnd  it  would  be  impoGiihlc  to  reach  this 
last  without  efficient  pumping  power.  Say  that  our  pumping  innrliinery, 
fixed  and  rendy  to  work,  costs  ^l.PWI,     I  can  raise  400  lonn  of  rock  Tor  f6 

rr  ton,  but  I  will  nay,  including  hnulinj;,  {7  per  Ion — llirEi  will  take  |:i,.SO<IX 
pan  bavii  it  criijthi'd  (lepamli'ly  in  Alwoods  new  nillt  for  |"  per  ton— 
again  t^,$0».  Put  my  extra  sha'tbi  at  $1,000,  in  all  tlii,Ono  for  rxprn«cs — 
«ny  that  the  rock  will  average  $30  per  Ion,  thin  wi!i  gire  #8,000,  and  if  you 
add  to  lliiv,  the  value  of  the  [•uinping  machinery,  and  of  thr  aliafli  and  other 
wortt  done  on  the  property,  the  experiment  would  pay  its  own  vxpenMi  and 
lc«T«  unmelliinir  over. — TMh  I  can  do  far  about  $10,000.  It  in  very  pomiblo 
that  I  niny  Hnd  this  «y«lem  of  drainage  by  pumping  so  effective,  a*  to  WMrant 
me  in  luying  aside  the  tunnel,  either  us  unvletia  or  too  cxpetixive. 

The  only  part  nf  this  modii*  opfraaili,  that  is  objeetionahlc,  if,  tho  having 
to  let  out  the  crushing,  but  it  would  lie  impooiblc  to  get  a  mill  properly  (Ixod 
up,  in  addition,  without  going  considi^rubly  over  (he  sum  nicntioned.  For 
$30,000  I  would  [iiirnue  the  wiine  courtie  iih  T  have  alruuly  inentiuncd,  with 
tho  exception  of  letting  Atwnnd  have  the  erushlne.  white  in  addillon.  I  could 
M  alter  and  refit  the  mill,  that  it  would  he  a  sulReient  mnehine  until  wo  were 
warranted  by  success  to  oreet  n  more  nowerfttl  one.  For  $30,000  I  would  In 
•cldilion  (in  eane  I  found  the  hcil  roeK  lie  IvtM  than  100  feet  on  the  line  of 
tanntl)  rcommend  the  prosecution  of  the  tunneJ,  but  If  wo  And  the  green- 
atone  to  run  so  fiir  on  the  line  of  tunnel,  an  to  comitilute  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tain, it  would  be  the  best  plan  to  drix'c  a  level  at  least  forty  fcvt  above  tho 
present  one,  or  at  such  a  height  as  tn  preoenl  but  little  obntrnelion  fKim  tho 
gTMnirtono.  I  will,  however,  raise  and  crush  401)  tone  of  r«ck  and  have  their 
value  mrcriilly  tested,  and  iho  rcailt  ascertnined,  witli  all  poxj^ihle  cirljiiiity, 
betore  I  will  recommend  driving  a  foot  of  the  tunnel  or  expending  a  dollar  od 
IMW  tnaehini-ry. 

If  th(i  rock  is  really  worth  crushing,  it  "  ill  be  hest  to  shift  the  iiosition  of 
th*  mill.  .K  well-built  Chilian  mill,  of  iwo-thirdK  the  dinmclrr  of  Ihe  F'i'<'»'ent 
oiw,  uid  with  whceU  twice  the  breadtli  of  oun,  wotdd  he  .a  very  good  ma- 
ckitu)  fur  crushing 


*» 


Journal  t>f  Copptr  Mining  Optraluma. 


A  Joint  resolution  ui  dow  before  the  Lcgislalnrc,  etnbodving  the  idu  of 
tcnum  in  the  mtnefi  ir  psKwl  »iiil  sent  lu  Wuhiii^'luti,  t^iat  will  be  what 
eT(>rr  Honriblo  mini  kcknowlcdsni  u  tho  it''''''  iitLaX  in  this  manlry,  lEio  Rom* 
iiiori  law  uf  projicrl)-.  Lot  tliein  giro  holdi-rs  of  clainH  »  pali-nt  in  tit  lumple, 
•J)<i  ill  thrw  yuars  the  jrleld  of  gold  vill  bu  more  tbiii  iloiiblvd. 


JOUKSAI.  OF  COPPER  SIINISG  OPERATIONS. 

TiiK  corrKu  nioBL-cr  or  1858. 
«~;Vn  pise SU of  thin  numbar  of  (liaMiiiinj;  lUgtuinF.nill  bo  found  the] 
AlMoreopp«rrroiii  ull  i\\v  Hritiitli  iiiiiii's  in  1S59.  Un  p;w  830,  Vol.  IL,m 
Ibo  ntums  of  copper  »iiit  i'0{i]icr  or*  exi'orir'l  rrnm  Soullt  Auiitnlia  (luring 
Uio  nret  six  months  of  1SG3.  Tho  nnnn.il  prnduit  of  llic  tiiliioH  at  Fuhun,  la 
Swolrn,  IK  aliout  QoU  tons  uinuall)'.  Ko  rctimu  of  any  cxt<^t  have  at  prcn- 
tnt  come  lo  hand,  rdatlic  to  ihu  proJueo  <if  copper  m  other  countrici  of  the 
worli].  Wc  now  add  the  amount  of  copper  sent  down  from  the  mines  of  I^ke 
Superior  during  1B53,  and  r«i'iTed  at  the  Saut,  by  HcMn.  UcKnight,  utd 
Spauldtng  k  Child,  Ibu  t«o  forwardinj;  houstin  at  tliat  point. 
Oiipi»r. 

CUff  Ulni,  Ei^lc  Klver,    .... 

Viung*ola  Nina,  OnlDiiiuran.  ■ 

Konli  AiiiarioMi  Uiiis.  KmiId  SIvof, 

Korth  Wort  Uine,  £uvt«  IliTbar, 

OopmrrnI!*,  do. 

Kirtloni]  Ulna,  Dntoniuron. 

Konti  Wutern  Mind,  KiikI'  lUrbor, 

81>ItonU  Minn,  1>ti^  lluyulo,  .  . 

Kniwiiili  iliiic,  Viritiiii"if')ii, 

Fort»l  iliric.  rl'».  .  ,  . 

Iile  RoMilc  MLnF,  rnrtnif  l.nke,  ,  . 

A<ti'cnt\i»  Ming,  Uiitona^oii,       .  .  . 

RiiIl:'  UIiki,  da.  ... 

Ati'^'  MinH,  Uo.  ... 

ToUsp  Miiiu.  do. 

rarugc  Mtiie,  Porliiee  I^hfi, 

Pllti  km\  l<Ie  ttnyile  Mliir.  I»lii  Rnynl«, 

Doiiirliiu  lloii^hloB  Mint,  Ontonaiiou,    . 

Iluliviiiiftn  Mine,  ilDtanNf^ii.        -  .  • 

Ohio  Trip  Hook  Mla«.  do,  .  .  . 

Dnrhv  Uine^  do.  .  .  . 

PhooU  Minr,  K^'n  Hivar,  . 

Fal(«n  Mine.  do. 

K.  y.  and  Uich.  Mine.  Copper  lUrbor, 

Ohio  MliW,  Ouloiiwon, 

UbkIoit  Miua,  Eaglo  Biver. 


Total. 


Thin  Klatcment  iilion-t  the  amount  fomrarded  (O  mnrkel,  wliioh  is  the 


apMi  irhiuh  OTury  ostiiniitB  inu-l  root.     .At  many  of 


Wi. 

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tTM 


.ho  iitiiiM  there  are  ritaoy 


-  tons  eot  j«X  unt  (brward,  nhiuh  luust  be  p1ac«4  Jo  th*  roport  for  thr  prfsoBt 


LAKK   lUT-KlltOR   COI-m    KUin. 

Orttt  sctirilj  a  dUplaycd  amon^  the  mininji  companica  in  thix  dutunt  r«. 


JtMmal  of  Gopptf  J/utiAjT  OptraSoitt. 


439 


gian,  and  wu  continue  llic  record  of  the  progrtsa  of  opcrttions  at  Ihe  sevural 
mines,  and  Uie  nen  folurm  which  have  been  nnuiirectcd  tince  the  hat  men- 
tion of  eacrli  in  tbctc  page*  :^ 

ranTAnK  utKN  otnucr. 

iVwaSu!  JViiw.— Thia  mine  wa»  Uxt  noticed  on  paiso  ^I^  ^'ol-  '•>  Uining 
Ifagnxiiir.  Il  it  in  tho  Portn^  Lake  rej^on,  and  joins  the  Kiplejon  thewctt, 
■id  liM  immediately  upon  (lie  inlet  Work  was  coinmFnced  at  tho  mine  in 
June,  18fi3.  Tlie  following  aildiliunaWocIa  arc  aUtcd  hy  the  BupcrinteDdoi^ 
Mr.  C.  C.  Dooglu  r— 

Vi'e  ar*  iiow  ulnltiiiK  "haft*  on  veins  Nob.  !,  6,  6,  T.  and  8.  A  shnJl  89 
fe«t  de«p.  1)  nhaft  4 1  font  do,.,  C  shaft  1 S  feet  do.,  D  nhaft  30  fc«t  do.,  K  shaft  83 
Sect  do.  The  vein  in  Ashnft  is  over  3  feet  wide,  irdldcflnod,  has  perfect  tnJbi, 
ia  curepOAcd  uf  '(iiarlr,  cpid^le,  chlorite  and  eopper,  Thu  rein  is  now  in- 
ewaiini!  In  alxe  rapidly,  ami  i»  looki'd  upon  hy  all  who  haTc  so»n  It  as  a  Tcln 
of  mudi  pramiw.  and  [  consider  it  ns  such  my.iclf.  K  shaft  is  on  vrin  Ko. 
B^  and  is  41  ftet  deep,  and  tnucli  of  Ihe  ri'in.slune  is  well  cliarged  with  &no 
copper.  It  is  tuipposvil  lo  ho  thv  Monlexiinui  vein,  and  is  eoniposwl  of  spar, 
i}ua)rl7,  rpidnic,  trap  nnil  enjiper.  The  latter  is  inottty  in  fine  Specs,  hut  thoM 
•le  inrreosinf;  »n  sixo  with  depth.  At  the  prwent  limo  the  vein  is  looking 
well.  C  iliafl.  No.  0  rein,  contains  more  trystnlllfed  qiiarti  Ihnn  any  of  tho 
Other  T«!n>i,  and  carrUK)  qiiil«  an  inuch  enppor  for  its  dcpch  an  any  of  them. 
It  is  n  lortcc  TcJn,  *nd  one  of  much  promise,  lizc  nut  fully  detcrniincd,  but 
will  exceed  !i*e  fwt. 

Dor  No.  T  vvio  eortlnlns  a  Hne  amount  of  spiu-  and  upidotc,  and  lesa  quortl 
and  fiopprr  than  either  of  (he  other  voma 

Kor  No.  S  vein  has  a  cloiin  resntnblanng  to  that  bclon|tin(t  to  the  Montt-  ' 
Kama,  euriei  some  copper,  and  appears  to  be  improving  with  depth. 

I  have,  as  my  works  will  ahow,  thought  it  advisalilu  to  open  on  seven! 
Tolnn ;  hoping  by  that  mean*  to  determine  their  rMpcctivo  values  to  a  conaid- 
crablc  rxtcnt,  the  pretent  winter. 

I  shall  iticreiute  the  force  on  B  E  veins,  if  not  on  some  of  the  others,  uid 
^lall  endeavor  to  push  t)ie  work  forward  as  fast  as  thhigi  will  wartknt. 

Porlaye  Latt  Mim. — This  mine*  previously  noticed  at  pages  S55  and  116, 
Toi,  I.,iMid  p.  lOH,  Vol.  II.,  in  thus  described  hyacorresponderitat  tliU  time: — 

Four  shafts  have  been  commenced  upon  the  I'orlnge  vein,  tho  depths  of 
which  are  now  flO,  101,  TS,  and  80  feet,  niid  two  upon  the  Isle  Koynlc  vein 
that  am  down  39  and  73  fert,  making  in  all  418  fc<<'l  '^f  Khafts.  The  drifting 
is  yet  eonlined  to  (hw  llrsi  level,  and  amounU  to  450  feci.  Copper  lias  K-en 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  vein,  near  the  surface  as  well  as  nt  the  lowest  point 
rtttched  in  tho  mine,  is  a  general  thing,  however,  copper  is  fiiund  in  greater 
abundance  upon  the  foot  mther  than  upon  Ihe  h«n);!ni;  wall.  Ruth  the  shsfts 
npon  the  Isle  Royale  vein  contain  copper,  butnne  of  them  i^  partlcuhrly  rich, 
and  has  been  sn  from  the  rommencenicnt.  The  appearance  of  the  copper  and 
vein  slone  at  thin  point  is  the  Kame  as  upon  Ihv  Isle  Royiilc  looatloii.  It  is 
diOlcult  to  fiiriii  an  opinion  of  Ihe  comparaliic  richnera  of  Ihe  Portatti  itnd  Isle 
Roynleand  Portai;i!  veins.  I'hcy  run  pninUe!,  and  nrc  about  200  fi'et  nparl. 
Both  are  larae  veins,  and  contain  very  nearly  tlie  same  mineral  inftredicnts, 
iritii  a  very  aiiuiliu'  n[ipearanci.',  and  both  iinprovo  as  you  Kink  upon  them. 

The  force  employcil  numbers  C8  mcn^at  miners^  4  wheelers  and  fillers 
b«1ow  the  surface,  and  30  surfaec-meti. 

Albion  Mine. — This  mine,  a  report  upon  which  will  bo  found  on  pngc  414, 
Vol.  I.,  is  situoled  within  iii»ty  rods  of  tht-  north  shore  of  I'orlogo  Lake,  and 
joiu  Ibc  Portage  mine  on  the  noitb-ew.'t.    The  Company  commenced  opeim> 


430 


Jimrtutl  0/  Copptr  Mining  Oprratwnt. 


BioiM  (n  August  IkM.  The  Aatta  w  novt  65,  SO  Aai  40  r««t  de«p ;  Uio  drift- 
"^fagaffloniils  (0  I'JO  r«tt 

Tlie  rorcu  ciajiloyeil  cocislau  of  GS  rnon — 31)  minora  Mid  80  surbM-mon. 
Aconniil«r>b1ui|UBntiCy  of  copper  bm  bcfn  rniMH),  iind  ■  krg«  tmountor  ntr- 
Hkc  itnprovcmcnU  completed.  It  U  the  intention  of  tlio  Compuiy  to  oonunonM 
ninhirig  upon  the  IbId  Ituyftlu  vein  in  » iiLurt  time. 

b'hiltlaa  J/ifM-.— Tbi)  vuias  upon  whivb  thin  intii«  U  locil«()  ftrc  th«  nne 
i»  Uie  I»lu  RujtaIv  &iid  ths  I'cirUigi',  and  irv  dtiKxibod  on  p*gM  111^5  tiiid  41C, 
Vol.  I. 

Tliv  Compan)>  oominencnl opuntions  in  Noreniber,  Twotbarbt  linvabMn 
bfgun,  one  on  ili«  Portsji:*  irin«iHl  ihi>  o[ber«n  tli«  I§lo  Boyalc  These  shufta 
are  now  down  20  and  2A  fcrt.  In  both  copper  haii  been  found,  aconmpMiioil 
wiUi  MHnc  Kilrcr.  The  property  of  this  Cuiniinny  cxti^ndu  lo  the  Luke,  tad 
pWMKtM  gri^at  ■•lTaiila^i-«  tar  iiiluiiig.  The  Purta^u  and  lutu  Koyalv  vrin* 
estcnil  throu;;li  ihi'  t'Htin;  property,  and  art  a,  nulDcictit  tEiLintotvu  of  its  v»Iii«. 
Tbt  C-intpflny  «r«  working  a  iorcc  ofeij^ht  ininr^rsRnd  three  gurface-nlcn. 

WtUtrr  J/iD/.—Tliis  mine  U  cut  of  the  Sheldon  and  Albion.  Twoshtfts 
hare  been  iqiik  on  (ho  Mime  vein  and  an  doirn  30  and  28  fccL  Tbu  vein  in 
of  good  aixe  (live  to  ten  Sect  wide)  and  is  a  well  defined  and  rich  appearing 
Tdn.  wvll  elmrj^d  n  itti  copper  in  both  iib«n«.  Tbi'  r<>rce  now  uiuployrid  uoa- 
bIbU  of  sin  miiiern  mid  four  RUrfew-mcn.  The  work  wa«  bt^gnn  on  ihiii  lijoa- 
tion  late  ill  SeptL'inbcr.  and  bo  &r  with  encouraging  prmipcnt*. 

Monlrstima  Mine. — Tbiii  mine  is  noticed  on  page  *16,  Vol.  I.  OperotJonR 
wm  euiiiineiicvd  about  (.lie  llrnl  of  Coluber  last.  Tbu  ininu  in  on  a  piiraUcI 
v«tii  of  ths  Isle  Ro^jtle,  anrf  wmI  nf  tlie  Sliotdon  and  PortaK«  inincA,  and 
U  working  a  jcood  force.  Thp  work  has  hen  commi'oi'nd  at  the  I.iik*  by  driviii(( 
an  adit  f^in  the  Ij^e  (linrc;  alon;;  tlic  coun.e  of  the  vein,  I'hit  shnfti«  hare 
been  sunk.  Tlic  vein  lit  well  defined,  has  good  ivnlls,  and  has  yiehled  n  con- 
iiidvni1>lc  anioiiiit  of  tt4Tnp  work.     It  initiruves  n.i  tbi?  irork  pro^reMej. 

Huron  Mine. — Tlds  In  a  neif  piilcrprmi."  iipoii  Settion  3,  soulli'west  of  the 
liil«  Roy  a  tv  location  and  Joining  IL  Tho  Port.ij;iJ  ami  Isle  Rnjil«  v^'ins  ran 
Uiraugh  thoaeclion.  .\  «^aflhiL4brcnbc$;unnn  thelsle  iioyalc  rein, and nunk 
deep  cnotiKh  la  show  the  ehnra':lc>r  of  the  vein.  The  vein  has  aUu  been  un- 
OorcrnI  at  dilTereul  places  on  tbi-  »L'eti'in,*and  wilhoul  uxceptlon  il  lias  proved 
to  b«  rich  in  cuj>|ivr,  Tliu  iljafl  contiui^ncod  on  tbis  location  is  M  rich  as  has 
bocn  opened  on  the  Lake. 

Ripitg  Itinf. — Thia  in  comparatively  a  new  cntorprlw,  aoino  particulars  of 
which  arenolicrdon  p.  410,  Vol.  I.  Thecompany  UtboiiRht  to  pouitKii  t)ic  lalo 
Royale  vein  after  it  crcusea  J'ortago  lake,  and  on  the  nnrtli  nide,  wberc  they 
own  a  Urge  tract  of  land.  They  bavu  drifted  upon  n  vein  near  the  lino  of  tho 
Iiiie  Itoyale,  an  il  ha-i  been  run,  lliat  ix  rich  in  copper,  and  fartber  invcstigft- 
tioiiK  (nay  prove  it  to  be  the  l»lo  Hoyalo  vein. 

Tli»  ortiai»-eut  adit,  deiiii;ned  to  uut  Nos.  )  and  3  vein*,  haa  been  carried 
thTDueb  No.  S.  The  vein  U  at  tkla  potnt  w«n  flllod  with  copper.  They  are 
now  llndli^  copper  in  the  shaft  on  xa.  6  vein,  and  flpfclmeiM  broucht  in  from 
the  place  ivlicre  the  explorations  have  boon  made  for  the  Isle  Hoyalc  vein, 
are  very  fine.  Two  thafl.i  have  been  sunk  to  the  depths  of  47  and  S5  feet ; 
two  drin*  C5  and  4'i  fvvt,  and  one  croM-cut  adil  TO  feot.  There  haa,  in  addi- 
tlon  to  ihtM,  been  .1  ^reat  amount  of  pxploring  done. 

There  are  4'i  men  employed — 14  miner*  and  3ft  ^iirfaee-men. 

Qainey  ifiVic.— Thi»  mine  i«  on  the  weal  of  Portage  I.ako.     They  have 

(weiilly,  at  lliii  depth  of  one  hundred  fret,  driven  a  crosscut  into  new  ground 

that  is  proving  v.'ry  rich  In  eopjicr      No  Riwr  iip(ieini>^n8  of  euppor  liavs  been 

fband  upon  Iho  Lake,    The  Qnmcy  U  woridng  a  small  force,  and  In  an  eeonoin- 

ictl  and  jodiciouM  way  proving  iho  lumo. 


{^) 


^t:. 


H\. 


>xi-iH^ 


:i 


i; 


Jomniai  of  Copper  J^ntHg  Operatiotu. 


48r 


Wtuhia^tMi  Mine. — Thii  miiK:  U  noflbcriv  nbout  1 1  mJIcit  from  I\>rlam 
L«kc.  Th«  work  wm  do*  eoaitiicni-eil  until  recuntly,  but  a  Nhaft  bM  been  siinic 
about  kny  tevi  upon  a  rtiin  tbat  mns  trilh  ihc  funuktiOB.  TW  T«in  ii  about 
tiro  fcvt  wiiii^  and  trcll  SUcd  with  iitiot  and  lump  r«pprr,  produoiiig  rich  alAinp 
work.    Thi-  proiipvct  of  the  mine  \»  rcry  tncounigtng. 


» 


oxTwiKiH  Dnmttirr. 
ran  /I'lvat  JfinA— On  pttgo  617,  Vol.  I.,  is  a  suiiuDai7  of  the  flnuicial 
condition  of  this  Companj-.  on  Soptcmbcr  1st,  1663. 

Thr  Forest  Mining;  Comptnr  comincncnl  worJE,  in  tba  winter  of  ISffO,  on 
k  propnrty  of  t,3<IO  acK8  of  mlnen.1  tand,  Ijing  on  the  wnlcm  kiJi;  of  the 
Kim  Ontonason,  and  twenlv  inil««  from  iti  mouth.  It  ha«  th?  tifttiip  ninM 
of  iiillit  as  Lbc  Minnesota  and  National  CWDpaniei^  which  an;only  tntfmifrieiltn 
Ihoir  rtgular  courwt  hv  the  Talloy  of  Iho  riwr.  Tliu  riv«r  i«  n«ri{[nb!e  fof 
lafga  k<i»l  boats  (o  lh«  landing  nf  the  Forest  CompnnT'.  At  Uiix  laading  the 
OovDiianf,  tdt  the  ranTcnicnce  of  ifaipmcnt,  nod  a  TcIIabl«  lupply  of  wkt«r, 
have  inrctcd  a  large  slamp  and  saw  mill.  drir«n  hj  an  engine  of  vmtf  Imrsa 
iMWOr,  now  in  nuvcoaaflil  op«r»tion  ;  in  the  neigbboHiood  of  thiji  i«  a  inlncrat 
nonso,  alkrgvfrnma  vrnrvheiidf,  and  «ii  dwolling  hoiis«a.  liearing  lh« landing 
in  a  ffnod  rn»r].  sboiit  <>nc  miln  and  a  hdf  long,  with  a  zradual  rls«  of  about 
800  ^t  to  iho  iiiint^.  Here  L^  n  Inrgo  clearing  of  well  (niUinted  ground,  com- 
prising about  fifty  acrra  of  knJ,  with  Dft(«o  good  dwrlling  houw*,  mostly 
[Rtined,  and  aHbnling  sufQciuiit  a<:commodatii>ii  fur  upward  of  ISO  men. 
There  aro  \\m  Ibrco  whim  hoasM,  blacksmith  shop,  slablea,  etc. 

Thr  mini)  was  oponeit  by  sinking  a  diaft  on  a  row  nf  ancient  dljcgtn^ ;  tbv 
cariy  worka  woro  directed  mont  to  the  cadn-ard  from  the  shnft,  wlicre  wrcrat 
fecdiT*  camn  into  the  main  lode.  Whilu  ihc  work  wax  conflnccl  to  the  main 
lode  the  mine  wan  remarkably  pnxluclire,  and  the  yield  of  the  Hrst  year  bad 
only  been  cquali-d  by  thu  M>riTU'B<)[A  Mine  for  the  «anie  ntrnibrr  of  han<.l>  em- 
ployed, [n  urosecutiag  the  work  lolheeartwnnJthc  miners  wer*  led  off  t^om 
the  main  Inde  by  fiiedeni,  and  conaiderahle  time  was  tout  in  conncquRnce. 
The  last  ctRhlecn  monlhii  the  work  haa  bi-cn  direclfj  lo  llie  wvctward,  where 
two  sbafbi  iinve  been  sunk  on  the  tatin  lode,  and  connt'olnl  by  two  levels  with 
the  main  shaft,  and  nearly  80  on  the  third  IcvcT,  while  a  fourth  lift  hiu'bccn 
commeni'cd  from  shaft  No.  1.  The  rein  is  wide,  mrying  from  two  feet  to  ten 
feet,  and  U  eoiislantly  improving  in  repilarily  and  richnesauworke'l  indi'pth 
and  to  the  n-c^tn-nrd.  Its  prodact,  like  the  Toltec  and  Isle  Royale  veins,  Is 
in  small  nuiwuLi,  barrel  and  rich  i^tnmp  work.  The  last  letter  ttata  the  ngcnt 
says :  "  I  don't  think  It  will  trouble  me  much  to  Kend  you  1 00  Ions  next  aeii- 
son.  Kvery  working  point  in  the  mine  yialdn  more  ur  lesH  eopper.  It  hw 
never  hnppimcd  that  en p per  ban  held  iti  nchness  throughout  our  work  as  con- 
stantly M  it  now  does."  There-was  prepar«>I  for  shipment  last  year  to  Notch*. 
ber  1,43  tons  of  oopjier.  The  total  forre  employed  at  the  mine,  stamps,  «t«. 
Is  about  HO  m«n.  The  number  of  feet  opened  in  Ihu  mine  in  the  four  sbatls 
4nd  levels  is  4,8(i2  feet — llic  lowest  shaft  fai-iti;;  33U  fvi'l  'lei.'|.>,  Tlie  amount 
expended  ts  about  fl&O.OOO,  Totid  nmoiml  of  roppcr  ghipprd.  Tr>  tons.  Tho 
advanced  state  of  the  Coinpanr's  surfaee  improvements  an<l  the  appear- 
■ncu  of  the  niine  indieatn  (hat  it  will  soon  be  in  a  paring  condili-Mi  It  the 
present  Vfifi  oontinueii  it*  present  enoouraging  look.  Two  other  important 
voin«  bavo  been  diEcoTered  the  past  year,  fanning  parallel  with  tho  Ono  now 
worked,  and  botli  within  a  distance  of  900  feet.  As  they  are  to  bo  worked 
on  adjacent  Innd  belonging  to  other  nompanica,  their  value  will  be  teeted  with- 
out expensi!  to  this  Company. 

The  Company  have  «rt  oCT  to  four  companies,  to  cseh  32CI  acres  of  Ihoir 
minct^  land,  vii.,  lo  the  Glen,  Devon,  Tremont,  and  Sliirler.  Tlie  (Slen  are 
working  a  rich,  atrong,  and  reguUr  vcb.    On  the  other  loc^ties,  surface  ex- 


4ltt 


Journal  ef  Copper  Miniftg  OperalhtU. 


unhulions  were  commcRccd  tut  aninmn,  and  Mrtnl  T«inii  Bxpfond;  tfio 
ciploMtioiiH  wi-ru  ncl  ooiiipli'tcd,  but  irill  be  contimitdwhcn  Um  maw  la  gono. 
Tl>c  FoTi'st  Com panr  will  ivufn  I,Oi>(>>craaudoti«  toUaln  kn^hof  vein, 
Khich  witl  be  liulEr.icnt  tot  thcjr  purpnios.  Thfr  Cotnpanj  hu  %  tpccjal  chkr* 
tor  from  ihuSutcorMkbigan,  nitli  10,000  ahircii.  Stephen  Ball  i(  I'reMilunl; 
Uonlio  Big«tow,  SiKTctar/  and  Trtaaurcri  Kubtrt  IL  Liiia^ttOD,  Supwia- 
tMidtDt. 

Jflnnritta  Jfint. — In  tdiKtlon  to  tha  pufies&n  ^Npccting  thb  mlii*^  Int. 
Btatodonpiig«3I5;ToI.  II.,  thoSiiptrinUuduitllunportc^l  the  follmrin('i4* 
ditioniJ  factn : — 

No,  6  shaft  carrin  a  Ktrong  lod*  only  forty  fwt  from  tho  surfai:*.  which 
hu  eoiilinucd  down  lo  the  leTcL  The  trn-rnthnm  Urcl  cast  of  No.  3  xbaft, 
kw  a  good  loilo  iIbo;  ami  in  the  Iwenly-fnthom  U»fil  «c  are  ennSfd  in  ct- 
lln);  up  th«  large  ri^m  (of  over  100  tuiiH)  aln-mly  it^ritcd.  The  lode  MHt- 
ward  in  this  U'vd  la  wry  ricA,  corilainiiig  iiiJ»*ica  mkI  barrel  work.  In  (ho 
drill  west  of  thin  shan  (ho  rciii  is  two  fci^t  thick,  of  gnod  batrd  and  Htarap 
work.  Several  pitcw  in  the  bottom  of  the  thirty -rathora  Ic»»l  iihow  a  good 
lode,  mid  iii»»«-i  of  cnjiptr  extending  down,  from  which  it  ix  fair  to  judge  Of 
what  «c  shall  ilnd  in  thn  forty -fathom  level  bt^m-alh,  Swir  No.  3  al»lt  ttpn* 
cially,  we  have  just  come  upon  n  riph  loJr,  which  will  prnducc  nuutc*.  In 
twenty 'fatliuiti  k'vcl,  wv.it  of  Hhnri  No.  4,  the  lode  nppars  ltd],  with  soine 
DMSttits.  In  ti'ii-falliOTii  level,  also  we.it  uf  Nu.  i,  the  lode  in  wry  ri'.-h.  In 
tho  adit  level,  near  the  west  end,  wi^  hnvc  a  niii88  of  over  4i)  tons  still  fiut  in 
thu  vein,  thouj-h  wo  have  already  tried  t«o  or  three  bloits  behind  it,  and  wc 
arc  now  stoping  the  gruund  xlill  further  li>  have  another  trial  at  it.  Near  No. 
8  shaA  we  arc  otill  ciillinj;  n|>  (ho  olhur  hrgv  luasa  (of  orrr  100  lotis)  herclo- 
fore  advised,  whieh  will  rrqiiire  Bcveml  wfeka  yet  to  coinplcle,  some  of  tho 
cula  beiiiK  over  Uvo  fevt  thick  of  pure  and  Kolid  copper.  The  lode  la  lar^c 
■nd  rich  from  the  irrotarut  went  of  this  shaft,  nnJ  is  aiso  Rowi  in  tho  shaft 
uodur  llio  level.  The  lode  in  ttio  new  ^linfl  (No,  7)  waH  umatl  at  the  iilart, 
but  has  been  gtendily  improving  in  the  ilrill,  and  a  li-w  'lays  triiic«  w«  ruam] 
from  it  a  maKs  of  1 ,000  lbs.  On  tho  whnle  I  m.iy  say  that  Ihn  mlno  gvnoniB]' 
bus  now  more  copper  in  sigbt  than  hai  ever  been  seen  before,  cxpcdally  at 
this  neajon  of  the  year. 

Ii«<:i.l.-iHd  JfirHT.— 'i'h!»  tniiie.  Kitualeil  eoHl  of  and  Ruining  the  Minnesota 

vorka,  was  coiniiiflnc«rt  In  •Tiint'  laiL     Twa  shafts  haw  hocn  sunk  SOO  feet 

apart,  atid  to  the  depth  of  alwut  M  feet  each,  anil  tliey  are  now  driHin);  to 

■  connect  tliem  at  that  level.     An  adit  is  al.so  drivin-  u[i  midway  between  the 

IthaltM,  at  the  depth  uf  1S7  ftet.  which  is  expcclid  lo  ['nnnect  with  a  hImm 

from  the  level  abovp,  so  as  to  srcnr*  perfect  ventilation  by  sprinR.     Shalt  No. 

1  inlerwcts  the  vein  at  tho  depth  of  H  feet,  which  nt  that  point  ii  two  or  three 

tevt  Uiick.  carrying  barrel  and  atamp  work,  and  Kouie  Kinall  masses.     Kroin 

fthia  shaft  onf  niasi  of  8.0O0  Ibf.  and  wversl  frimi  Si'O  to  fliiO  lh«.  each  wem 

(taken.     The  drift  w«*t  has  just  eomtncnccil,  and  shows  an  improvement  in 

I  T«tn  already.     No,  2  ahafl  ban  about  the  uinie  j^neral  cli»racler  and  pro«- 

rftaaaNo.  I,  thoughauch  nuMuahare  notbcen  met  with.    A  fnrcii  of  3Hmen 
(inplOTed.    All  Uie  ncocMMry  buildin;^  ara  constructed  and  an  additional 
^«M  U  going  up  to  accoiniiMKlate  30  or  ^o  nioro  nten. 

nu  Flint  S!f4l  Hirer  .Vw. — Tho  lihftft  commenced  in  December,  1833,  and 
tho  adits  in  May  last,  lioec  been  «unncctcd  at  the  deplli  of  70  foct.  The  vfin 
~  1  the  adit  <a.il  of  the  thnd.  wm  nut  large,  tlioiinh  carrying  some  copper ;  but 
VM  of  the  shaft  it  has  improvfvj  rapidly— and  at  the  point  now  rcauhcd  <aboul 
'  40  feet  west  of  the  shall),  there  in  a  stronK  rvgular  vein,  from  SO  to  li  inc-hra 
wide.  Tlie  lode  i^i  so  ttrori'.  writer  the  Suporintundont.  that  we  ar«  unable 
to  Utfow  it  down  by  bluslin;; ;  wo  har<i  thcretbra  turned  the  drift  by  it.  and 
tbout  6  tt^t  of  tha*ain  thus  exposed  appeam  toW  solid  copper.  Iflliu  work 
■t  thin  mine  is  pimhcd  forward  tt  it  should  be,  (W)tn  present  davetopmeDti, 


Jotmtal  o/  Copper  i/ininj;  Operotiont. 


433 


we  di*U  htro  immediUd/  to  proricic  more  bniUings  to  aoMcnniadate  a  much 
larBcr  tone  in  Uig  cpring. 

JSkdiMuit  JfiM.— ThlmlneiadsacKbedoD  iween7,Tol.I.  TbcprognM 
oT  opcniions  i>  Ibw  nftortod  by  (h«  Superintendent  :— 

Wchavo  nude  thtifollowiiifi  Hiir  Alt' imitroTemeiita:  Aii  offict-,  18x30  fuel ; 
two  t>o&nliii(-  houuji,  2J>:'2'i  fitt  etch;  I  xtJible  and  cmior;,  JUxil  fvrl;  1 
Ukckwniilli  sdoji,  18X18  fct't;  t  eoal  houw,  18x18  fcctj  1  ctrpcnlcr  nhop, 
1SX'20  fi'iit ;  !!  (>!nnk*t>liiiA  liouttcs,  19x13  ft't[ ;  ■nil  oii«  pon^-r  tua^^szliui : 
inakinK  in  nil  (on  hiiiMin^.  uliirli  act  built  in  a  Biilistantiil  luaiiuur,  and 
prcBvnt  tho  appearance  of  a  ntcn  litllu  villajtc. 

Vailvr  ground,  llic  vein  looks  remarkably  well.  No.  2  ihad,  which  i«  800 
faotaul  or  ibttt  No.  I,  in  ili>u'n  11  r<.-ct,  and  sho'i  good  Ktamp  woik.  Xo.3 
abaft,  300  del  <a»(  of  N<>.  3,  i«  iloirii  .^0  (wL  Tli«  ruin  in  tLU  atiad  i»  weQ 
dcftiwd,  and  rich  witli  alamp  work.  Tliia  Tcin  U  pniri»<i1y  of  the  uiuo  nature 
•a  tli«  TuttecL  I  have  Ivt  a  contract  to  drivu  50  foct  on  the  courac  of  the  fein 
m  IJM  nortli  part  o(  tite  tocaliou,  tram  wlikb  1  liavu  taken  plecm  o(  copper. 
This  drift  i*  in  but  a  (uw  feet,  and  it*  appearance  ia  vnry  proriiiiiiug ;  and  (bera 
Me  now  haniinic  in  drift  mvcral  plccca  of  copper  the  wught  of  which  w«  art 
iiaabtc  to  eatimate.  Upon  the  whole,  the  mine  lookx  very  encouraging;  wo 
ant  now  working  37  men — to  miners,  4  wiiidlaas  lueii,  1  wbiwlvr,  1  carpenter, 
1  Uadfimitii,  S  ocMl  burners,  3  t«ani»t«rs,  and  4  surfacc-iuea. 

Sidy*  ilinf. — From  the  Mine  source  we  gather  the  following  parliculut 
rabliTc  to  this  n^ne : — 

In  a  day  or  two  the  fourth  level  will  be  connected,  and  the  sh*ftt<  i^om- 
meneed  mnkinj;  below  that  Ictc!.     In  driving  thin  IctiiI  thero  ha.i  been  a  lirRG 

Sintt^  of  copper  exposed,  much  morn  than  in  any  other  of  their  ierela. 
kpwn  taken  outweii;lied  a  ton.  .Sloping  will  be  commencml  in  the  backs 
•f  lUlleTol  as  soon  aa  il  ia  holed  to  ^ivu  vuntilatiun.  From  ihe  appearance 
•C  lh>  vain,  in  the  leTvl.  the  slopes  will  und'jubliwtly  t'iru  out  a  hx^v.  amount 
if  emppvT.  The  Rlopex  in  back  of  No.  !i  level  arc  now  jiroducin;;  copper  Jn 
y  mktc*,  barrel  and  stump  work.  Thurc  will  be  about  30  tons  of  copiier  shipped 
Ihtm  tbu  mine  on  tliti  opening  of  navigation,  showing  a  great  Incrrnsv  over 
)a)tt  jear,  Tho  flanipo  will  l>c  in  operation  nomo  tinici  in  April  next  They 
hate  a  Urfn  body  of  atamp  work  at  Kurfacc  ready  to  dre«,  and  a  largo 
^amount  of  ground  opened  ready  to  bo  sloped. 

^        T\t  Firt  Su<l  J/i'if.^The  thaft  is  iiovr  tank  fiO  feet,  ovtr  half  a  ton  of 
copper  has  ln>enUlcen  out,  andakncanuMOf  Xunp  WOilc.    The  vein  is  two 
'  Ibct  wide,  with  regular  and  well  defined  walla. 

DvugUm  ffovfhton  Jfhit. — Itcapcrting  thiit  mine  the  Superintendent 
writM:— 

Our  mine  ta  showing  more  copper  than  I  erer  mw  in  it  before,  and  that 
we  shall  inereaw  our  «hipment»  of  coi)per  this  year  over  that  of  last  about 
Unfold.  Our  stamps  are  working  wvll.  and  wo  are  able  to  stamp  all  the 
■woeral  aw  fast  ait  it  is  raised  to  tli*  surbce. 

n*  Errryrei-n  Blttjf  Muu. — This  mine  lie*  tntmediatcly  w««t  of  the  Bo- 
htoiian,  and  ia  reported  a*  yielding  aufflcicnt  copper  to  pay  expansas  during 
the  winter. 


corPaR  nAKBon  ntimuOT. 

ifanttou  Stuu. — Tho  report  tfom  this  mine  atatva  that  in  January  13 

laiBcrs  w«r«  employed.    In  tho  adit  lerel,  <30  feet  in  length,  tho  lela  baa  ta- 

fM  from  one  to  two  feet  in  width,  and  at  pre*«tit  is  Tny  well  dMhaad  irt& 

Btaatp  copper.  A  few  men  are  working  on  another  vdn  a  little  totb*  wttt,  wUcb 


tt« 


JovmtU  «J^  Copptr  Mining  Operationi, 


bM  rccvntljr  been  reached  hy  one  »Aii ;  u  j^  tho  nin  is  not  full;  exposed, 

nltboUBh  ihcrc  U  mhhc  copper  in  view. 

•S'tor  Mint. — This  Company  umplojred  in  JuuMty  21  xaea.  bdadinf  10 
Kiotm  Tllt^  upper  vllt  is  11^  Tret  id  IfiiKtb,  lL«  rrlii  «t  thu  poitit  Wng 
thif 0  fwt  wide,  ■n<J  rrry  much  diffusfd  wilS  flno  ccippor.  Thn  ioww  idlt  Is 
lOS  lect,  where  the  vein  ii  only  abotit  one  foot  wide,  «nd  betns;  nenr  (he  Ear- 
hat,  camts  but  liltiv  cypptr.  Ttii'  fliiad,  which  Is  uearl}-  vquidisUnt  ln-tweoo 
the  adits,  it  down  70  Aki,  where  the  vein  at  this  time  \»  a  litll«  durangML  TUi 
vein  ap]>c*nt  mrj  regular  and  irell-deStiec!,  and  bw  been  traced  ancl  <q)«Md 
kt  diilertnt  poinls  for  more  than  2,000  feet. 

Knipi'f  .l/t/ie.— Eight  uitii  ciiiploji'd  !n  JanuaTT.  Hiia  Company  com* 
munccl  work  late  last  fiill,  Biiicc  ivhii-li  two  houses  have  been  oroctcd,  uid 
some  work  bestowed  upon  a  very  pmrnfRinir  vein,  which  the  ftRcnt  rrproiontfl 
•s  being  two  or  tbrrt.'  fci't  in  wiilth,  and  well  IKled  with  stamp  and  burel  work. 
The  footojcinil  position  of  Uiis  tiiine  is  ntiout  the  ±anic  as  tbiU  of  Cupp«r  Falls, 
■boat  1^  tni\cn  nnrthi-Ast  ttom  the  Rliiff  Minn. 

Blvff  Mine.- -27  men,  indudinn  U  mincnt,  are  employed  The  Ai^nt 
Etalett  thnt  the  rein  awragts  aboul  llinie  fevt  tn  width,  and  uairyiii-  ^ood 
■tamp  work,  wttli  occiuiiuDnltv  n  liittc  barrvl  work,  at  meh  point,  iho  tcn- 
litbciia  letol  poing  norlh  looking  rnlhcr  the  bfj^t  nepth  of  shaft  Xo.  1,  Bfi 
feM;  No.S,  U3  fceti  length  ol  adit  Nou  1,  6rH  feet;  Na  9,  IM  focL 

J/iarth-feaC  Mine. — 116  men,  including  60  miatn,  are  ciuployod  working 
on  thrae  diffi<ri'[it  vcinr) — tbo  Hoj^iv,  Sloti'tihurK  a'ld  new  rein ;  the  latter  Is 
loolcInK  very  wi-Il  in  ihc  bottom  of  the  nhnlt  Thi>  north  part  of  the  StotCD- 
burg  vein  is  also  looking  very  well,  wheru  they  arc  Hiiding  very  good  atainp  ' 
tDd  barrel  work,  with  some  massee.  The  latter  ruin  bas  linurotca  souie  since 
ftlL 

fiammit  Mind, — 20  men,  intluding  111  miners,  are  employed.  The  rwn 
Tariuft  in  width  from  one  to  tlirvu  f«L-t,  and  eaniea  fair  ntanip,  witli  a  little 
baiTvl  work.  Sh.iJl  No.  1,  ou  t<ast  win,  is  down  85  feet,  which,  by  driving 
•bout  10  fvet  rnrlli«r,  will  be  int(ir^ot-l<"l  by  an  ailit  bvKl  £00  fool  in  length. 
'  They  are  alM  driving  north  nvm  said  sh.ift  i  this  tcel  has  been  extended  70 
fteL  Width  of  vRin  about  I  i  feet,  niicl  looking  better  tlian  futber  Houth. 
Serend  mce  an  employed  in  exploring  for  a  (vin  caul  uf  (his,  which  ta  yut 
has  not  Wen  diflt^uvi-rvd.     This  mine  h  dcscribi.'d  an  pngc  !W,  Vol.  II. 

!{itrt/t-irritem   Mitv. — 11)0  men,  including  30  minen,  were  employed  in 
Janimry,    The  AKcnt  reporln  Ibis  mine  as  luokiogreuurkably  well  at  all  poioU,  _ 
knd  rich  in  Jitimp  and  barrel  work,  producing  more  of  (he  lallw  than  for-  * 
nivrly.    They  have  a  luass  In  view  estjmatod  to  weigh  2,000  to  S.fiOO  pounds. 


BULITOL   HlXm,   COHSECTICDr. 

This  extraordinary  rich  copper  mine,  which  Iiaa  been  worked  some  Un 

year^  and  returned  in  that  time  above  $200,000  worth  of  lli*  finest  ore,  is 

J  BOW  being  Kurrcyed  and  valned  by  Mr,  C-  S,  Richardson,  who  is  to  prepare  « 

(..perfect  Mt  of  geologiml  pluns  and  sccttonaof  ihc  property.  It  may  he  remcm- 

1  bend  that  this  mine  was  always  considered  to  be  a  mere  dcpoEit,  but  from 

|.  tenna  circuuislancc^  that  have  reccnUy  tranKpircd,  there  are  groandx  to  believo 

I  conlrarj-  result  will  be  anived  bL  'VTc  lenrn  that  a  powerful  pumpang  wat«T- 

whccl  is  in  eouric  of  erection  and  will  shortly  he  set  to  work.     The  prodaM 

of  the  mine  is  now  paying  a  profit  of  about  $1,400  per  month,  and  whta  tbe 

m  niMlilncry  is  coniplctcd  It  is  anlictpaltd  the  uiiae  will  pay  rvmuMntire 

EdiviilMida  on  tli«  capital  expended  (vi  many  ycnrs  to  coni«^    After  tbe  fJiaft 

Lliaa'  been  nm  down  euniu  thirty  or  forty  fathoms,  which  it  IS  believed  ran  bo 

done  with  the  Bteam-engine,  tlic  dip  and  bearing  of  the  lode  will  be  proved  ; 


Jovrttat  of  Copptr  Mining  Oprrati/tnt. 


435 


Ibcn,  irH  thoulil  bo  found  doirablo,  a  pcr]KndioBlar  iliftft  may  bo  stink  and  i 

Comish  puniping  Mip'iic  crtrtcd. 

The  iiroperty  id  h«W  hy  priratc  particx  %t  prtsent,  but  a  compuny  U  In 
I  eoiine  of  erssnixation ;  (he  mintnil  righu  of  tho  Mt  have  boon  pivclinsod  {<a 
I  anr,  c«tuwi]tMnt1y  (hvro  are  nnllier  dead  reaU  or  roji]li«  to  encumber  iL  It 
r  b  con>ht«red  a  very  premising  spHubtiMi,  and  one  that  ibould  be  proMcuted 

with  spirit ;  ihit  U  ttM  Ibarth  in[n«  opuueJ  on  thU  craat  clinmpion  lode,  and 
'  it  wSI  ho  iturprislng  if  Ihf  ra  ar«  not  at  many  more  vet  to  work  wilbin  tvo 

jMn  ftwD  tbia  time. 


uimncAw'  roDTT  coptsr  a!(d  (arm  Kotrao  coiirAirr. 

I>uHaf  the  voek  we  \unt<  inapvrteil  tinmR  rich  Madnwiia  of  nalire  copper 
d  copper  en  in  larf^  maHca  vhich  haro  arrived  tma  tb*  mlnoL  The  cop- 
l-pcr  appcan  to  be  dilfiiiMd  throush  all  parts  or  the  rein-ctonc,  and  a  great 
[^ua&tity  or  atlvi-r  is  •lis»«niina(ed  through  it.  Prom  Ibu  mporls,  it  would 
Ikppear  tbnt.  tha>i|{h  Xhcn-  is  Knial  difllc^ulty  in  hrcakinK  Itin  sliiH^  more  etipe- 
/  in  euttinR  throiiRh  the  mnssci  uf  nntite  copper,  yrl  ihal  ttic  rhippinifS 
I  anSi'ienl  to  pay  fur  l)iv  labor  of  vxlraclion.  1 1  in  oot  tliu  inlcntion  of  the 
(OMtpsny  to  export  any  of  tlirir  ortA  to  this  country.  }>jiivlliiig  work  sure 
'  etttablitfand  at  Itetrolt,  on  the  American  side  o(  I.akD  Superior,  nod  a 
dy  imrket  i>  obtained  for  the  topper  in  the  United  Statm.  If  the  pro<iuo- 
llffin  ef  that  useful  ini'tal  yrofrvfaes  aa  it  is  auliciputed,  but  a  few  yearn  will 
:  bejbro  the  Ilniled  SUtos  of  Anierioa  will  not  ntily  be  able  to  supply 
dTel^  but  likeviKC  bocomc  cxpnrtcni. — Lmulan  Jo'iriuil. 


PKKKOMiy   VAI.I.KT   a>lTE«   CO%H.TfT. 

The  property  of  tbi*  Company  ji  located  in  FWdorick  township,  Mont- 
'  gomery  eounty,  IVnn*yI»nnia.  It  has  bei-n  noticed  in  the  Report  of  Profcwor 
Bogen  on  p.  BT6,  Vol.  I,  '"  I'erkiomBn"  is  the  same  loeiilily,  ii!thou|[h  ci- 
priueJ  with  a  dilForont  orlliography.  The  officvni  of  the  Company  are: 
A.  Oiknuiili,  I'rcsidi-iii ;  J.  W.  Howard,  Secretary ;  Frnlurick  Swift,  Treiw- 
BPer;  and  R  P.  Sawyer,  General  A(:cnt. 

We  arv  not  awnre  that  the  Company  hare  publUlied  any  extended  report 
of  explorations  on  tlielr  own  property.  The  Tiewa  of  Profeuor  Rofcers  on  this 
cHatHct  as  a  mlninf;  tcction  of  country —4  point  nnt  partiealu-ty  expressed  In 
hli  Gfolc^ieal  Report  above  mentioned — we  regard  of  xuI1ici<!nt  interest  to 
Insert  in  thii;  connection : — 

Yon  hato  asked  no  to  eTcress  frankly  my  iinpression*  rt*pectiiiir  thu 

Inloe,  m  a  nlnin?  district,  of  the  mitii'ml   bi-!l  of  counby,  which  mngex 

"lefeaa  the  SebuTlKill   rieer,  near  the   Pcrliionien  and  Pickering  ere«k'i,  in 

llontEOicrry  and  Chester  cAiintie::.     I  nillini;1y  comply  with  your  TfqiieKt, 

I  for  1  acero  it  butjiut  and  right  and  fnir,  that  I  should  candidly  avow  to  you, 

■nd  to  nil  perMmt  intereHed  in  the  prospnrlty  of  the  region  n^fsrrcd  to.  the 

convictions  I  have  arrived  at  from  the  «luiiy  I  have  thug  {or  been  able  to 

make,  of  tli4  mineral  veins  and  mine^i  of  yuur  neigh boirhaofL     Sloal  sinn'rcly 

do  I  eriah  to  «ee  the  rart  native  rptoiirct*  of  every  part  of  our  gifted  Stale  of 

Pencwylvania  reocite  the  teeognilion  and  dfvelnpTuenl  which  they  deserve. 

I  to,  therefore,  M  ft««  to  speak  hopnfuUy  of  a  mineral  district  which  oflers 

r  unquestionable  ccolo^cal  evidence!  of  wenltli,  w>  I  would  be  prompt  to  di«- 

nade  from  invcrtment  that  rest  on  no  such  [iriiofs. 

In  Riving  you  my  Ttews  of  the  probable  value  of  the  mluer^  lone  of 

Vol.  U.— so 


Jottmal  of  Copper  Mintny  Optratiotu;  ■ 


MontgomtTy  knd  Chc«il«r,  I  with  to  mj*  Ihit  t  hire  not  jti  eanipletcd  mj 

f  cxaniuiKlion  of  iLi  mining  rcxuiiroo,  and  thut  pouiblj  mj  ooooepiion*  itujr 

I  b*  MnMirliiiC  mudiltcit  upon  ■  clustir  aojUiiiitaiici'  willi  tliu  grouru.     I  tbiiilc, 

botrcvcr,  lliat  *  mora  d«Uiled  invuttlgation  wUl  leni  to  *trcn^hen,  not  to 

impftir,  (he  conviction*  I  Iuto  come  to. 

I  bv<titnte  not  to  il«dart  thai  t  (■ntcrlatn  a  tctj  flmi  belief  that  your  rpfcion 
li^tiiiud  tu  tivroino.  at  an  varly  liay.  a  t\\iitu  Important  mining  >li«lri<^t,  n'livn 
rejculnrlj  urotij'til  minify  of  the  oru  of  Icaij  and  conpcr  irill  return  Klcodf  and 
n-uiuneriilivi'  proUu  upon  the  cxcrciiw  of  proper  nkill  anJ  pruJi-ntc. 

This  opiniun,  now  iiiui-li  more  conndantljr  <int<?rtainf d  by  me  th»ii  In  former 

ycarK,  I  rest  upon  obwrvallons  1  made  laJit  apriiiK,  and  BKain  dnrinK  a  recent 

risit,  which  c-iposud  to  me  a  number  ol  important  faoU,  conncclcd  with  the 

Trinn  oantaioiiig  orvi  of  lead  and  coppvr,  Kuing  >I1  lo  indicate,  vrilb  more  or  Ivaa 

of  po*iti  vent's,  the  jicnnanoniiy  nnd  produrlivonws  of  the  jicld  of  the  veins. 

Th«  fjature  i^nile  ftmiliaT  to  yoiiroetf,  of  tho  rcmitrkabia  reirularity  and 

panll«li!im  of  tlic  miiicTDl  lodm,  in  itaelf  an  eicelliMit  indiuilion  of  their  con* 

«lHtency.  ■»  *ll  nnuUriry  with  slniBar  groups  of  mintvsl  ]od«s  pbiiilj  t«aehae. 

Anoihtrfact  irbich  should  giv*  you  nicttuiagemuit,  ia  the  excMdinj^y  ul^ 

J^fined  tharat'rr  of  thcM  mtneml  todn,  whicti  do  not  xprcad  and  loao  Uwin* 

•elvM  or  their  orv>  in  llie  •(^■>i»f«K  strata,  to  norv  than  a  rvry  trivial  extent, 

•I  Iriuit,  but  in«iilit«  themaalvM  nom  the  rock*  of  the  «anliy  by  plainly 

murkiMl  pamtlcl  mlln,  between  which,  as  betwocn  the  chookx  ol  m  mtaj 

gmt  lijisiirE^  all   the  inetallii;  onin  of  the  r>:f;ion,   and  aOBocaatn)  pttyi* 

,  atOBM^  ar«  cnnlaliit^d.    Thin  i-mcntinl  feature  of  prodoctira  ■■•Ulltferaiu  v«uw 

'  or  kde)^  M  here  displayol  aa  conipicuouKly  m  in  any  min«nl  eountiy  Icnova. 

Some  »f  the  virins  are  of  a  length  already  explorvd  and  opeaed  of  hvohI 

biuidrvd  yanU,  or  «T«n  sevnml  nnndred  fathoma,  and  dimlaylng  ntanuwtc 

all  the  well  Admitted  proof*  nf  being  trot  inlratitte  hde±,  havinir,  that  U  to 

.MJ,  regular  walla  filled  witii  iffm^ituH  mincral.-c  and  nictalliu  ons,  and  ahowing 

pMt  continuity  ai  Banurc:!,  !>oth  in  their  direction  and  their  dip.     Tb*M 

fcaloras  certainly  Jastify  a  belivf.  that  wtien  opened  in  grMter  length  ntd 

depth  r<)r  oxtniaiTe  and  economicai  mining,  the  veins  will  ha  Bl«atlily  r» 

muncratiTc. 

The  rtins  which  I  hare  seen  bear  all  Ibo  ijtornal  marks  of  true  and  rejju. 

Inr  mctsIliriTOiiH  lodca.     Th«M  proob  are  to  l>o  found  in  the  mineral  nature 

of  their  giumanH,  or  the  weotbond  vcln-ntonca  at  their  out«rop]i.     They  givo 

Other  indications  of  their  internal  metallic  wvalth,  by  their  rotainiiig,  over 

IP'eiit  Icngtiis,  not  only  their  general  ai-vrago  Ihicknves,  but  Ihu  average  pro> 

portion  and  dii^triliuiion  of  their  metelllc  orc%    The  constancy  of  the  mlnfrral 

nature  of  tito  materinlx  of  the  same  veini^  ia  jdao  another  qirite  cncounLgfng 

aymptom  of  Ihi-ir  riohne§e,     A  further  rery  huiHirlaiit  rcalure.  ia  the  i^ad*- 

tion  we  witnffls  In   pacains  downwardt  from   the  ouli-Mps  of  these  vein*. 

^nlt  »c  hare  only  the  vein-itones  with  nearly  the  uhole  of  the  metalllferoiu 

'.•ubatBoeeH  u'vatlivrtrl  out  or  diiualved.    Then  at  a  foiv  bthomii  below  the  sur- 

I  'fue^  m  Bnd  mlnxled  irltb  tlicse  vein-stonus,  those  metallic  eees  of  lead,  oop- 

'  Mr,  uid  line,  which  are  known  t>  be  the  most  rcei^ly  vsporftMt  itv  hvd;  and- 

(htperctnt  the  nine  vcb-etoneii  contain  thenelaxt  combinationjiorthe  metiii^ 

In  conitantly  IcMenlng  proportion,  united  whh  more  and  more  of  the  duI- 

pbureU  and  thow  other  permmenl  orvi^  irhfch  in  all  capper  Mid  load  ininfnft 

\  'Counttka,  ai«  rtnrdcd  oa  the  mont  ntiablo  and  pcrnatent  Ibrms  in  irhiob 

'  IhcM  meUle  an  known. 

I  need  not  eay  what  a  boon  and  hjeming  your  mlnbig  dietrlct  will  prove 

'  llMir  to  the  indumrial  prosperity  of  the  whole  of  lUi  qiurtor  of  P^muylvania, 

lihonld  your  eiSbrta  and  thiwe  of  other*,  who  like  you,  an  eob'tttng  tfaeir  best 

enernee  to  cell  nme  of  Ita  hidden  wealth  to  the  lurliioc;  Ralkg  tb*  bcipM 

wtuch  appeanncee  strongly  encourage  rae  to  tndulge  foT  yoo. 


Jintmat  0/  Copptr  Mining  Opera^nt. 


tm 


vnnit  Mnna  cowixr  or  liu  rnntiotL 

In  lh«  Jtiiiixry  No,  of  uur  Mogtsne,  Vol  IL  p.  7S,  wc  noticed  lli«  orguil- 
Ution  or  this  Comiranv,  and  th«  hronble  auspicN  under  irliicli  it  went  into 
ojicnttion.  The  mjno  U  slciia(<'i]  about  four  mllee  ttoiith-wcet  of  Copper  Harbor, 
liflki!  Superior,  on  the  north  tilopo  «f  th«  Mineral  Itange,  on  Stetiong  3,  tO, 
and  11,  Ton-niUip  AS  north,  of  itaoKc  29  wesl,  iin<)  conUinK  xomctiiinK  over 
611  acrvi!  of  iniiKrrLl  )aiu).  Before  the  work  va«  eommenccd  at  the  miDey 
we  Icnrti  ihiit  a  thureiugh  exploration  of  the  looitioti  von  made  by  able  mincra 
aod  geolo)i;i»l>',  wbieli  lirviuglit  to  light  one  of  the  largcal  anil  must  proiiiigitig 
native  copper  veins  that  liave  hcen  ciiicovvred  in  the  Lakv  Superior  country. 
S.  H.  Bmnuhton.  Eiir|.,  Siipnrintcnilcnt  of  tlw  Blulf  Mine,  in  a  letter  to  iho 
Stvn^taryof  Ibe  Company,  thus  speaks  of  thia  diwovcry:  "Your  cjipiorcr*  on 
8e<Hion  11  LaTe  Hiieceeiled  bcyund  tnr  muit  languinQ  PXpinrtiilionFt,  Yeat^r- 
ilay  sflcnioon,  we  wtnick  the  Iron  cltf  vein  near  tin-  Bluff  trail,  about  the 
fnid'lln  of  l\\f-  quarter  nrrtion,  whcrs  it  i*  about  two  feet  wide,  of  excellent 
chariKtcr,  containing  a  large  pcrccnuge  of  good  atomp  irork.  Tracing  it  • 
few  rodn  furtlicr  niirtb,  wr  again  opened  it.  and  the  ftr«t  thing  nc  took  out 
was  a  sheet  of  ropper  weii;iiin^  over  six  pounds.  Clearing  away  thn  dirt 
»hoat  llin'p  fpet  in  h-nRtb  nlonR  the  vein,  we  look  out  another  Kbeet  weighing 
about  llie  suniu  0.4  the  first,  along  with  a  number  of  smaller  pieccj. 

"  W'c  wuckedbotasliort  lime  upon  the  vein,  aKil  was  near  night,  hut  t^iiffl- 
riewly  |i*  bIiow  that  it  was  otie  of  the  best  surtnee  indicition*  ever  opened  in 
this  cnimtri-.  There  wax  another  muM  in  tlglit  miie.h  larger  than  cithi-r  taken 
(Hit,  wiiieh  will  weigh,  at  leant,  twcntv  pound*.  The  whole  matrix  of  the  lode 
ia  most  llioruiigbly  inipregnrtttd  with  eop|ier,  I  have  never  wan  a  better 
Bhow.  But  rommcnl  is  u(incce»«ry — the  E[)cciTncDs  which  Ur.  Uungerford 
briiWE  down  will  xpcak  for  thcmHelven.  tt  \K  im^KMslble  to  nay,  at  prcaoni, 
lioirlarite  the  >«n  is  here,  (t  evidently  doc*  not  attain  it*  full  widtli  upon 
the  iiirraee,  thoitjcb  i^  in  there  two  feet  and  over  in  width.  The  locntion  i< 
w«rtb  to-day  |i>0,OfiO.    There  j|)ould  not  a  day  elapw  before  It  U  worked." 

Mr.  Brodjhton  wricca  again  Nov.  SI,  ■  month  later,  an  to  hrthcr  discar- 
Clica  Ml  tbia  rein. 
L^  "I  take  tile  prevent  Opportunity,  which  may  be  the  ladt'tbis  fall,  to 
^M^oaini  you  hiIIi  wliat  has  been  dona  on  the  locatbn  belonKinn  to  the 
H«tro|ioUtan,  new  tlie  Kmpirc  Minin)c  Company.  .Since  Mr.  Hungcrford  left 
ftir  tfae  Saat  tn  procure  his  winter  aupplics.  we  have  opened  the  vein  some  six 
handred  fv.'ct  firlher  north  tliaii  the  upeciing  out  <>r  which  the  solid  copper  was 
Ulcen,  which  hii  lirouijht  down.  The  vein  hrni  ifi  larger  than  in  any  of  the 
previonii  openinirs,  hcinx  three  and  a  half  feet  in  width  and  richly  impregnated 
with  copper.  Vie  were  not  enabled  to  work  down  into  the  ruck  far  enough 
til  aec  tlie  vein  in  it4  most  favorable  aspect,  but  even  on  the  vxtreme  surtaM 
I  «its  appe«ranee  Js  hlj;h1y  enroiimginjc,  I  have  not  Men  ».  voiD  In  the  oountif 
that,  with  the  amount  of  work  which  haa  been  done  upon  tht*^  haa  ahom 
■ion  copper,  it  being  thoroughly  and  plentifully  disseminated  throughout  it* 
whole  extent  Winter  being  upon  u^  we  have  turned  our  whole  attention  to 
onctlng  a  house,  and  Kettlng;  iu  rvadineM  to  pronneiite  mining  work  upon  the 
nin  as  toon  as  possible.  We  shall  pit  ready  to  nink  upon  tbo  vein  in  about  two 
weakf,  when  I  hope  to  be  able  to  a<dri«e  you  of  a  Mcond  and  larger  addition 
of  noma  than  those  now  i[i  sIgliL 

"Taken  lni,-etber  the  vi'in  is  one  of  great  promise,  and  bids  fair  to  be  one 
of  the  most  vnluniile  on  the  PoinL" 

With  so'rh  a  frivorablc  '"  nhow"  of  copper,  nolwitlMtaodinj  the  latencM  of 
the  serixon,  the  Crtuipiinj-  sent  on  to  the  ground  va  Agent  with  men  and  aup- 
pliiM  for  i-oiniDL-ncing  mining  nperatloM  at  once.  BuHding*  were  erected  and 
minem  act  at  work,  and  recent  advices  from  the  mine  indicate  that  the  woric 


4S6  Journal  nf  Cnpptr  JVininjr  Ppfro/ttMU. 

hw  bMD  prMKUtcU  irilh  eiivrgjr  sod  nitk  g(«*l  suoc«>».  Ti\vj  are  taking 
ftom  Iho  Blitft  111'!  nilil  *xccll«nt  cUmp  uid  Larrel  work,  aitb  ttnnil  ti>xn««s 
of  copper,  and  cnnfidontif  expect  to  do,  what  U  ncldont  doiw,  ISftkv  ft  htind- 
som«  Hiiipuieiit  of  copper  the  ant.  j«*r  oT  ininiiig. 


JO0RSAL  OF  SILVER  AND  UAD  MINIS'G  OPEIUTIOSS. 


Lake  •itfkiuos  ntvca  niia. 


In  tht  iliipmenl.H  made  from  Ihe  mineral  reeion  of  LkVe  SuperiW  Id  1853, 
in  rejiorlinl,  oiiubami),oii«  box,  undone  keg  of  oro  from  th«  Htcntp0C9tta  mioQ. 


EiLrss  n  CALiroBaii. 

Soma  QkU  nliting  to  a  hItcp  mine  on  thi  S*n  Louis  ranch  (Autora),  !• 
furainlKil  by  one  of  the  printK  at  Storkton. 

II  in  iiiltiati<d  in  the  loner  part  of  the  yalhj  of  San  Joaquin,  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  south  of  Slotklon  wid  ninety  mileH  t»Jt  of  Montercr. 
lt<ras(Ii.-^ovi.T('(l  HOiDH  iiJOLiths  sini:i>  by  a  ps^y  orMexicaru  engaged  i[i  csitco- 
ing  the  Yfild  horefs  thi»t  roam  thruiigh  the  valley ;  but  has  only  bovn  partly 
worked  during  the  put  few  weckx,  on  account  of  snow.  An  intelligc^nt  JtUxi- 
ran  ncquaintiKl  with  the  mines  in  Mexico,  and  who  has  vi.titcd  Aurora,  states 
that  but  ou«  mino  in  Mexico  surpasaeii  it    To  the  cargo  of  tlirce  hundred 

Soundn  thv  yi«ld  h  ono  hundred  and  twenty  auiicv.4.  About  oiiu  tttuuMod 
T*  hundred  carsOTs  have  been  got  out  by  •  p«rty  of  thirly-nino  porgonti, 
AmcriranN  and  Me^icanx ;  but.  in  consequonco  of  the  enow,  hut  .tctt  little 
work  can  bu  done  at  nre^nt,  IVpirationii  arc  going  forward  for  workins  it 
on  a  luuch  liir;gtr  itti*.  It  la  thought  (.list  a  large  proportion  of  this  vaUey 
abouuds  in  ftihcr,  and  that  thr  itn^t  discovery  vf  silver  ore  Sii  Califoniia  triU 
he  followed  by  much  richer  diRi-overics  in  this  fnexplorod  grction  of  lh«  St»lc. 
The  ronto  i«  from  Stockton  ri»  Toulumnc  Tity ;  though  (Wim  the  liwt  named 
place  th«ru  iii  no  road  or  direct  trait,  tlio  country  being  wild  and  unexploT«d. 

tEAD   ORE. 

We  hare  on  our  tablt  a  couple  of  specimens  of  lead  oro  from  a  mine  of 
Carter  tonnty,  Tciinegwc.  One  of  the  specimens  is  a  simple  "  bloa»om," 
found  on  the  top  of  the  ground,  and  i.t  full  of  smill  particlcH  of  metal-  Tho 
Meoad  came  from  two  fcct  below  Ihu  surface,  and  ii,  from  appearance,  almost 
a4  purv  as  the  nic-lat  Itself  Wc  learn  Ibnt  many  of  the  hunters  uf  tho  re«on 
in  which  this  ore  Is  found,  a$c  it  as  lead,  obviating  the  nooessilv  of  purchas- 
ing the  article.  There  arc  ineihau.itiblo  quantities  of  this  ore  imtKidilcd  In  th« 
billi.  and  niuuntain-i  ot  Carter,  and  ibi  esisttncc  has  been  known  for  many 
Tvom,  though  from  the  diOlcuItv  of  getting  to  market,  of  counw  the  mines 
iMTu  not  to  any  citpnt  been  worked. — E^mrillt  Tinu*. 


pi.mocTu  LKAD  imct 

W«  auhjoin  a  brief  report,  by  Mr.  0.  S.  Richardson,  of  a  I«d  mui»  in  tiit 
neighborhood  of  Plymoutli,  Conn. : — 

At  liio  head  of  the  Tiiligc  of  Plymouth,  Conn.,  near  tlic  confluence  of  two 
roads,  is  MluatLd  thi-  Plymouth  Lrod  Uine.  The  discovcnr  vi%»  mode  through 
thi'  outcrop  of  a  mass  of  line  gos^n.  A  pit  wa.n  sunk  a  few  Ibct,  wlien  aomo 
small  stones  of  lead  were  met  with.  On  this  bceoiuiug  known,  sonM  mining 
gentlemen  in  the  neighborhood  took  a  Icatc  of  the  sets,  and  comm«nood  opor< 


Joimat  o/Siher  ami  Ltail  Mining  Optralitmt. 


430 


ationg  by  ninkinj;  ft  tiholt    Taej  \aA  nut  got  doim  more  than  10  f«ct  whan 

bflw  lode  opened  iLwIf  to  i\aw,  M\  vlulit  fi-et  lliick,  compiMcii  or  rieii  goMU), 

^Dundic,  barj-tc*,   friahlc  quulx,   Rifvcr   UtA  opt.  kiid  bvsuliftil  tluor  «pftr. 

Th«  rinkiiie  was  continued  until  they  hnd  rvHrhcil  34  ftcC  in  iWpih,  whurv  the 

wator  WM  loand  so  mii(.'k  tint  it  became  troubleiiimie  and  fjipcniive  to  l>o  kept 

jn  Toric  by  mctnit  nf  the  Imrrrl  and  iilnillsS!!.     The  work,  thcrrrore,  Tor  ft  time 

hu  bocn  luxpendeii,  nnd  will  not  bi>  re^iinivil  until  (lie  Coiiipany  hiTu  pre- 

partd  lh«  ncceaury  pumping  machinery.     The  Klrstuni   h  jcranitn  of  ibo 

qittrtSOM  description,  and  in  foiind  easy  (o  break,  thus  rendering  the  xinkinff 

fT  ftn  enj[ino  Ehftfl  not  «  malt(.T  of  very  si-rioiis  exptriuH'.     TIio  set  cnibrateit 

I  k-nglh  of  nearly  half  a  mile  on  the  ronrsf  of  tlio  ludc.      To  the  north  ia  a 

[hrw  sparrj-  mptiillirerous  trOKs-eourie  that  will  intersect  it,  at  which  point  a 

fcK  coiirw  of  orv  may  ri'isonibly   be  expected;   on  th«  weirteni  iidc,  tba 

jnrfus  formation  prevails,  and  n  junction  of  llio  two  will  octur  in  wniv  iiart  of 

the  »oL     Thill  ii  a  vcij*  Ctvorablo  cin^unisianrr,  for  if  th«  loda  flhould  con- 

Unue  in  th«  tine  of  the  inlerscclinn  iti  beinit  highly  productive  almost  amountM 

to  ft  ctratinlj.     About  Ihrvp-miartcn  uf  a  mile  (u  (be  veilwofd  in  the  Plv- 

nHratb  Copper  Mint-,  the  main  lode  of  which  bears  in  m  eftst  aiiij  w«8t  w- 

,  Rction,  ana  mntii  came  Into  this  mine  If  it  continiK^  it«  coune  in  ft  dircet 

thus  greatly  enhancing  the  value  of  IhU  mineral  property,    Thcro  aro 

rx  IndiMtlOns  ofthv  (-xistcncv  of  other  lixlvs,  but  an  [iothiii>!  hfisbei'uyot 

[iflone  in  the  way  of  shoding  on  the  main  Imlo,  but  litllv  can  \m  Mid  about 

JHwrn.     The  bearing  of  the  lode  is  apparently  ^i*   north-caiit,  underlaying 

[V>OUf  two  feet  to  the  fathciu.     At  present  the  excavations  have*  not  been 

rinade  deep  enough  to  get  Into  a  aettl^d  country,  therefore  only  one  wall  of 

['file  lode  is  found  to  bfi  rcKular,     There  is  here  evc^ry  requiMito  to  charactcrito 

|!t  01  an  orc-bcariiij[  lode,    lis  matrix  possesse*  every  thind  desirable  and  con* 

'  geni»l,  and  if  we  are  to  judge  a  good  lode  by  its  surface  indicatioua,  it  ia  here 

trcn  to  pcr&L-tiou.    I  ainuf  opinion  tliat  when  thu  lode  pta  into  A  tnoi«MlU»d 

eoTiniry,  that  it  will  lessen  in  8ixv,  b«corno  more  regular  in  its  ctratlflcatlon, 

[  and  auiiini«  lt«  true  courEc.     The  rcina  of  quartz  and  barytca,  which  are  now 

riiqnc  and  irtiRular,  will  fomi  a  more  parallel  bearing,  the  gnman  will  wear 

' ,  and  rf^iiltir  v?ina  of  Hilvcr  lend  oome  in,     Suinu  of  the  Htunu4  of  oro  that 

besn  takctt  out  nro  rich  in  ailver,  and  thdr  nH^iociitions  with  lluor  qiar 

HI  tncrauc  their  value.     As  an  infitnt  mine,  I  should  advise  the  vrectioii  of  ft 

ill  cngirw)  on  the  present  aliad — this  should  be  run  down  20  fitthoEns,  and 

cls  be  driven  both  ways  on  tho  couno  of  the  lod«  al  that  drpth  for  10  or 

.  IC  lUlioms.     tt  appear*  to  nic  that  the  main  |>art  of  the  lode  will  bo  found 

Sing  southerly,  and  thftt  the  site  for  the  permanent  en^n«  sbalt  nill  bo  in 
e  xat»Aoii  on  the  o^pusili;  side  of  the  road ;  tlie  todo  is  to  b«  very  plainly 
•een  there,  and  looks  proniinint.  !n  a  short  limB  I  hope  to  make  a  complete 
survey  of  Ihv  tract,  when  I  stiall  be  able  to  rIvc  ft  more  extensive  account 
of  ita  properticn.  In  tho  mean  time  siiould  the  Company  po  on  with  the 
prewnt  shaft,  they  cannot  do  wronj-.  I  beg  to  congratiitnti-  thorn  on  their 
present  diBCOvcriu",  and  my  opinion  is, .that  they  have  a  good  mine  iu  view, 
and  all  that  Ih  wanted  is  capital,  n  little  time,  and  patience. 


KiKtaiAL  fnouucT  or  cniu,  a.  a. 
Tho  mineral  wealth  of  Chili  has  long  been  regarded  as  immcniu.    Little, 
however,  has  been  known  in  detail  of  tho  product  of  the  mine*  of  that  country 
'  or  their  nature.    The  following  facts  arc  reported  by  Ur.  A.  Dillon,  a  mining 
engineer  al  Valparaiso : — 

Tho  northern  ppovinc*  of  Chili  bounds  Bolivia,  embrftfing  the  ontlre  lonR;!- 
iudo  of  the  State,  and  is  dcsignatcil  in  history  a*  the  Dewrt  of  Alacamo,  the 
term  desert  very  pmuorly  applying  to  all  ihr  territory  northward  of  thi"  " 
tn&ml  parsUof  of  Valparftiso,  all  c(|U»lly  rwiky,  impasaable,  unfertib, 


latl- 
ond 


440  Jbtirml  o/Silv«r  ami  htad  ifMmy  Optraliottt. 

tl«Toi(1  of  intfTMt.    Tlivre  are  thnx  (oiigiiit.-i  c>r  Innil,  froni  a  qiMner  of  a  nul« 

'"to  ■  niSle  viilf,  cxtvnitins  from  Ihr  wa  kniliranlii,  trom  Coi]<ilmbo^  lluascSi 

n^  C&Mcrn,  possculng  sunic  ri-rtility ;  k11  the  rcKl  ia  a  di-wrt,  cot  of  Muidit, 

ut  itcrilv  nwk*,  brokfii  ami  "^TaiWT  uiouTiiaiiis  of  tlic  priiiiiliVB  rornulJDo, 

}oo  which  ncilhi-r  trr*^  Rhruh,  nor  [il.iiit  irrows.      In  llilti  iit»rrt,  at  iliAtanoM 

f  from  Ivn  (o  briy  Icaguct  npirt,  and  l>-in;;  pnnllcl  whli  ttic  caul,  aro  wTarsl 

■minlnR  iiiiitrict'C,  the  exact  pcogniphicnl  po»iIi"n,  onitij;  lo  ibe  pMuive  chara*- 

'  tcr  of  the  inhnbiunU,  not  living  hnr)ffii.     Tlio^u  ot  Cuqiiiiutw  kiid  Hinaoi 

'  producu  roppcr  ore  the  rlclictt  in  the  rniintry,  vicUinjc  froio  tir^ntj  lo  forty 

'per  cent.,  and  prubnhlv  nrpragiti-  tweiitj-Qve  per  ceuL,  the  export*  hi  tha 

'■ggregilcariiuiintiii;:  piiibabljr  to  £il«i,<)Ob  a  yvur.     Tliv  iiiuil  important  itcni, 

"^o»-»»«r,  in  the  imiii^itrial  rooinnn'n*  of  Chill  U  the  wlvrr  of  thi^  ^iiftrict  ai 

►Copiapo,  the  t*o  pnncipal  ir;gi;ntiE.Ti>u«  rpgion*  being  Chnrnnfillo  wuj  Tr« 

FPuntu,  and  whieli  lio  in  >  »oulii-fa<lerly  and  north-ea»li;rly  ilireoliun  from 

"Copispn,  »hout  lwrntj--wi  lcaj;iiM,     Tli«  Oi/nruhridora,  as  ]ls  miiiip  impliol^ 

Wii  ihf  flr*t  silver  mine  UincnTerpil  in  llio  province  of  ClinniSL-illo,  about  IttiO, 

I'litiM  nhi(.-h  it  bai  never  Mojied  to  be  productive,  an  J  ho*  setiireil  large  nciltfc 

to  iU  pu!^k'^|>^H.     To  this  kuccewled  a  chain  uf  other  di^cuvericH,  situate  in  a 

■traijcht  liiii-,  irn  deKrves  cant  of  north,  contiiniallj'  unhrokon  and  iiiiiiil«r- 

-rupteil  in  two  dilTerent  hill«,  although  iirparat<:i)  by  a  deep  mvinc ;  the  *cia 

"dip*  westward.      In  addition  to  the  Deimiibridura.   the  whI  niiii«s  ara  Ibo 

■'Coloru'lo,  Manto  do  Osxn,  San  Pnini'iw?o,  and  Snii  Fninfiis<iiill«.     Tixeiv  inw 

b«  one  or  ttco  more  of  finl-ratc  cjuality,  alter  which  all  the  rcit  are  but  iKtoiuU 

•-ntc.     Ttje  nremgv  yield  itf  llicsu  lirsl -flaM  iniiivx  i.t  from  oiiu  biindnd  and 

I'lUij  to  tiro  hijndri'<l  poonds  iier  enjon  of  thrve  lon»;  occasionMly  the  prfiduee 

VIb  roocb  higher,  and  hu  nuichcil  ten  limc.'i  that  return  ;  but  «iicli  arc  extntor- 

rfinaiT  cmch.  whiti-  it  may  Iw  Kuid  the  pri>diii:('  rarvly  tiiiU  below  one  hundred 

l«n^  Bfir  poundn.     TreE  PuiitaH  containH  thri'i-  |ii-iiii'iii.i1  and  licti  mino^  tba 

rBiiena  hfijicniniu.  the  Solvadom,  ami  .\l  Fin  lUIUda.     Tlic  first  of  th«w  b 

I'tiiti  best,  yielding  ore  in  aburidance.  and  avcrapn^  «  produce  of  one  hundred 

■nd  twcnty-Q*e  pounds  pur  citjon.      Thu  Salnaduni  pTe»  one-third  uf  tha 

bnanlity  of  Ao  Al  Pin  Ilallnda,  liut  th^  ore  ronLiiiiH  (foulilv  thu  iiusnlity  of 

Hlnr.     All  the  other  mines  arc  equivocal,  yielding  either  nolhin;i.  or  aorta 

['than  nothing,  by  which  is  nii-atil  nuch  an,  wtthonl  any  produce,  are  ■  uunUnual 

drain  on  thi'  rurtimv>,  earning*,  or  cntvrprigu  of  thi.>ir  poiueMurit,  borne  with 

'Ihi!  hope  tliat  Dame  Porluno  will  nno  day  gmilc  upon  Ihero.     There  mfty  tw 

shout  twenty  good  llrxt  and  Ki-eond  doss  mines  in  a11,  inCupiapo,  pirodiicuig 

probably  ri.SW.OOO  annuiilly,  and  two  hundred  luiiiua  or  niorv  produuing 

nothing,  or  wursu  than  nothing. 


4 


Tlt«   VaLUM^IU-O   SII.VKI1  UIMKii   conrasT. 

Tho  property  of  thin  Company  contnina  tlic  silrer  mine  of  .h^aa  Maria,  In 
[  Jfnw  Leon,  Mo.xioo.  It  ha*  U-vn  iiiMi.-ri)H.'it  uu  tiogD  STti,  Vol.  L,  and  page  84, 
Vol.  II.,  with  unalysii  of  the  orct,  and  the  Mexican  method  of  extracting 
BilviT,  etc.  This  mine  wan  fonnorly  irorked  to  a  connidcrablc  extent,  but 
Opcralion?  wvrr  cu-ppiided  owln^  to  circuninluncef  in  the  country.  Tiie  old 
workingx  have  boon  cleared  ou^  and  tlie  great  HchnoM  of  the  luino  can  bo 
diuli nelly  Keen. 

The  proHunt  proprlelora  of  the  properly  are  devoting  their  cnergfo*  enfa'relj 
to  the  working  uf  the  mine  on  an  cxtenKive  and  HyMcinalic  plan,  and  on  k 
icalc  coniinen»nr«te  with  what  ipi  to  be  eipccteil  al  rich  Mexican  mine*.  W» 
hov*  alrt'aily  stated,  thai  lln^  lnrge--l  Coriti*h  enirini'  ever  made  in  thin  country, 
had  biren  nrnnufrictured  for  them  nl  the  works  of  MeiHOi,  Thomas,  Carson,  and 
IVcut,  at  Norriatown,  iV'iin  sylvan  in.  Tlitu,  with  the  pumpit,  i*  now  on  tha 
way  to  the  mine.  In  all  rotpreu.  the  operation!!  uf  tbi»  ComptMy  ara  on  a 
model  plan,  auch  lu  miatt  injure  BUcoeuHfiil  and  valoobW  MBultS.  Tbefr 
jiro/ier^  is  entirely  jiaid  for,  «a  well  a*  their  niMhiner;, Mdtiw iafsatnittttB 


Cq^  and  ColUtri4i. 


4M 


of  all  new  ctackholikn  ore  dorotoil  la  omr  on  the  operationti  of  th«  miu. 
^Thar*  tt,  M  we  ^ru  iDfurmcd,  only  a  little  a(  iliiit  stock  to  tie  hftd. 
Tho  Compsnj'  bavu  dn  offlcc  tX\\\  Brmdway. 


u 


COALS  m>  COLLIERIES. 

A?cTnn*ciTR  coAi.  TRADt  ron  I8M. 

Amoiiiit  ihippcl  from  Kiohmoail  lodoMoTtha  w«uk,  anilina 

Mareli  lllli,  IKll         ...  ...  H^CSOtoiM. 

Buna  Una  bnl  ynu-  ......  I1).SCI    '• 

lavmH ,  .  11,449    " 

Amannt  miit  bv  RMdlng  Hoilrotd  ....  SH.SM    " 

Ditto  SeliulfklH  Cwuil         ......  !3,AU    " 

T»ul *&*,»m   " 

To  Mm*  (torioil  lul  jrair     ......     1M.4I0     *■ 

InoraiH TG.S9»    '■ 

■jltb  or  toLi.  A.ia  rsiHroininoK  >T  luiUNiU,  to  loiT  lar,  IJM. 

ftom  Uaunt  rvtKni  tii  KicliiiioiiJ             .....  tl.TO 

(<«hii;lkUl  lliivoii        "...,,.  I.n 

l>nrtainlon     .           " l.tS 

MouDt  L^boD  ta  rililft'JtlphlB       .....  l.w 

i^olmylklJI  Uavcn           " \.lt 

I'UK  Clinton      .           -• \M 

■.im  or  10I.L  m  iuhai.,  ti>  ju(.t  1**. 

Ytdn)  PoitCubon  lol'lianil«1phu            .....  fO.TO 

-      Mount  Curlan            " Q.ER 

■■      Sohiivlklli  lluYmi       •• 0.«r  , 

"     Pi>riU>iiion  .           " 0.65 

The  fi.^i^liU  by  Csniil  ouoni-d  nt  the  nitc«  ftiiuJ  bjr  the  boaliDcn,  |1.80  to 
K«n'  Ynrk,aijJ  ijii  cents  tu  PliilaJuIpUlu,  Troiii  PutUrilleuKl  Poit  C(rliii[i,  tlt)d 
S  o«nU  li-wifroni  Schiijikill  llnvvti. 

T)io  tradi  ik  n-prcHcntpd  he  npciilnft  this  aprins  ttndcr  the  moct  TaToralil* 
Mmk«a.  Tht  niarkvLi  are  si!  boro,  and  tliv  Ui'iimji'I  Tor  all  kiudu  ur  cml,  p*r- 
;  flnuU'ly  whiti  Mil,  lump,  and  ctii'«tJ)Ut,  U  vury  brink  alrvwiy.  Tliv  prio«a  Ibr 
'  both  wbili:  uiu  ri>d  aKb  opens  itboiit  thirty-flvu  ccnLi  per  (cm  in  advanca  of 
Iho  oin'iiiin;  mtK  ln«t  *pring,  (wliicli,  by  iliu  by.  w'cnj  vxlrviiivly  U>«,  md  in 
mwiy  itiHtaniu'ii  evtow  tfiu  cohI  or  i>ru<liii'tlon.>  xnd  about  thirty  c«ntx  jkt  ton 
IcH  than  th«  hi^l  prices  H'liirh  riiW  taut  fall. 

MoniaTi.rAMiA  coal  cOMPA:«r. 

The  report  of  t} in  C^ompany  for  1652-8  will  bo  foun<l  on  pap.-  308.  Vol.  t. 
Out  of  the  buaiucas  if  1623.  tbi-  Cutiipany  Rimaonci'ii  a  xtini'aiitiual  di'vidoad 
of  B»u  p<r  ce»L  on  tw  e«pitaJ  atock,  payable  in  nloi-k. 

Thr  Coinpany  tiaiinp  incri'awl  itM  prodiii-tion  of  mal  duilng  the  lul  tw« 
jmn*  200,000  ton*,  aid  expt-nilfd  for  the  oeenMiry  additional  rani,  rami 
liOUR,  JK.,  laritaaiimoiit  of  Itn  working  tajiitnl.  hsvu  devmed  it  advitabte  to 
nptac*  the  Mme  by  a  litidfnd  in  itock.  TIm  MIowIivk  >s  *  otiitf nivni  of  the 
bnJiieM  of  ih«  ytnr,  ftlowiiig  a  n«t  profit  of  orcr  oleren  and  a  half  por  cobL 
on  tb«  caullal  slock  : — 

CR. 

Sulvo  nf  nml  iltilivupud  n  Jmiiiiiry  i,  ISM  .  .    |1,"1>,S1S  W 


Go%\  v^d  fir  VEiil/.r  i\v\  vpry 

CorI  od  hmid  fur  nniio    o  npi'iirnic  at  cinit 

n<Bl  on  liand  M  Unwliy  iind  nn  lint  of  «an«1    . 

Aiiiiicinl  rocfivtct  tbr  Innsportnliuu   a**r  Compnnj': 

*<■„  Ac. 
Briino*  c4  ijil«roM  aocoa  it 

total    . 


R<«ui, 


«,»t  g» 


.  •s.^u.tot  it  . 


4«» 


Cook  and  Ooili4ri*t. 


DB. 

OmI  on  Uad  lU;  I,  ISU   ....  KotM!  41 

CDKlof  «Mlmiaodiii  lUa  .          .           .          ,  mjM  TO 

Truupon«UanaDdr«i4cxpeDMi  .           .          ,  SM,Tm  BS 

OnnlMUwiiirNlghu       ....  Bio.SES  u 

PitftSiNnMiptttMa           ....  fiS.iiT  eT 

BipcDu*  of  nrdm.  olBoa*,  Ao.,  at  Kvk  York  101,6M'  01 

IttlUMC  oil  tJOa.OOa  morW>(«  Mndl         .  41.000  OO 

Bmu  tu,  du|iT«liiUoii  on  bHfgi,  tool*,  dte.  CSiUt  M 


I.SOS.IOS  u 

«aat,ivs  04 


For  tho  following  [articulua  relative  to  tumc  anthranto  collioriM,  w*  tn 
Indebted  to  the  I'otttnllt  BegUUr:— 

Tht  CoUrai'i  Callltrjf. — This  Mllicrv,  neor  Ucavrr  Mpatiow,  Mon^ng  •> 

I  tho  eotati!  of  John  O.  Cleaver,  ilo^cas^l.  h««  bi.M.'ii  s»UI  b>  Lctria  Au^tmrcil, 

I  £m.,  of  Philadvlphis,  for  the  sum  of  (TA.SOO.    Tho  Kala  nf  pKfperty  indadai 

•wu-breokcm,  icrvons,  tiire*  slutioiiary  uiigincs,  pump*,  BSij-Brrexi  drift  ear*. 

'  tiTCDty-als  miners'  houAcs,  ti  Mftaa  *iiW'iuil1  ai^uiitin)-,  and  k  lekM  on  die 

coal  veinn  and  tands  for  the  period  of  twcnt,v-))vc  yean. 

Gl*n  Carton  CoW(Vri«,— Tbere  are  two  pollicripa  in  Schuyikni  courty, 

known  by  Itits  name.    Th«r«  art  tlT«.  rv\ui  worked,  all  sbovv  iral«r  Icri^l,  ttid 

produring  white  aah  coal.      One  of  these  work*  la  driven  by  J<>hn  Stanton, 

operating  ou  veins  known  as  "  Black  VaDcy,"  ten  feet  in  thlcknciu,  aid  the 

"  Mammoth."  slxtMn  foct  in  thii^knnw;  l>oth  havinc  a  aouthem  drp.    <>n  this 

work  tiicrc  in  over  one  mile  of  gixnciray  driven,  and  ninety -tiri>  yardi  of  tiin- 

fWel      In  till"  breaking  of  coal,  a  twenty   hora^-poiTcr  «npne  in  foiptoyud. 

I  When  in  ftill  o[>enilion,  the  colliery  givra  employment  la  tome  hvndrml  and 

[  forly  handfl.  and  nxly  boracs  and  mulc&    The  capital  Invtsltd  Uput  down  at 

I'ibout  ttto.ooo. 

The  other  colliery  is  in  ■:barc(^  of  Omr  F.  Uoore;  operafEDg  on  thrM 
4ns,  lh«  "  First,"  seven  foot  in  thioknew ;  tho  "  Mirldiv,  tlr^e  ftet  au  J  a 
and  the  "Hack,"  ciRht  li-ct  in  thklincmt  Hf[v  thi-re  arc  two  milsR  of 
tneway,  and  one  buiidmi  and  si»ly-niiii:  janis  of  tunnel  drifn.  The  depth 
'  aiope  'a  about  thirly-vight  jurila  Tbu  lUKhnnioiil  powi;)  cni])1oyvd  con- 
Itt  W  two  engines — (me  of  forty  horse  power  to  hntst  loal,  ind  one  of  fifteen 
IbotM  power  to  break  and  screen  con!-  The  veins  have  a  nirth  dip.  The  in- 
iveabiicnt  in  over  $20,000,  Both  nf  (hc»c  collieries  are  cstnblc  of  produulns 
'tturaally,  ami  in  the  Bfcgref^tc,  about  eighty  liiouMnd  toiU  of  coal. 

Briai  Uauntnin  Colliery. — This  colliery  is  in  the  West  Branch  portion 
of  tha  r«^on.  The  mininit  husincHs  Iim  been  carried  on  by  R.  II.  Y.  Horton, 
Oprralinit  on  three  veinii,  all  nbovo  water  level.  »i»,  :  the  "Mammoth."  white 
•>h,  thirly  feet  thick ;  ■'  Blitck  Heath,"  tlilrtecn  feot  ihfck ;  and  "  Primrose," 
nine  feel;  both  the  latter  ro<l  ai^h.  These  T«LTisatt  havva  south  dip.  The  in- 
f  VtUmcnl  at  this  colliery  U  about  t!JO,n()0.  Tli<'rc  arc  fix  hundred  yards  of 
^ancway.  and  ihrwj  hundred  find  thirty  yards  of  Innno  driven.  There  ts  one 
Hncine  of  twenty  horse  imiver  eniployed  breakiiiR  coal  The  workK,  when  in 
rfciT operation,  can  fpTe  employment  to  one  hundreil  tnd  Bfly  hands.  Ttiure 
are  about  filly  tninen'  houiea  connected  with  the  works. 


WBUaVABi^  LACKAWANHA,  Aim  wEmiuT  NAtLnojo)  xv»  ooAL  coxraxT, 
This  lo  llie  name  of  a  consolidated  Company,  wlono  railroad  irilt  connect 
tlie  Great  Rend  on  the  Eric  Railroad  willi  (he  l)elaware,   pa»in|;  throu|^ 
fcnnton  and  Cobb's  Gap.     That  jionion  of  t!i«  nod  from  Scranlon  to  Great 


Coah  and  (MtUriet, 


443 


B«id  ii  in  opention ;  that  from  Scntnton  to  th«  Dtkwkrt,  uid  th«nco  to 
Yofk  City,  by  iho  New  Jwwy  CuntoJ,  U  not  yet  i:oiin)k'tciL 

l^iu  coal  ngion  of  Scnitloii  is  thus  Up|)i:il  by  ■  mad  wUich  will  transport 
its  coal  n«rthw>rd  V»  IIm  Riio,  aiiil  «*slfrud  to  Uie  ^tw  itnty  Central.  Tha 
geology  of  thin  coil  Hapomt  will  bo  fonnd  quite  fully  diwcribwl  in  tho  report 
of  Protcanr  Rogen,  in  tbo  preceding  pKftcit  of  thin  number  of  the  Jbgiteinc. 
We  refiT,  in  iliis  pliicc,  to  the  recent  report  of  thi«  onlcrpriitilif;  Cumiiaay,  to 
natico  ttiu  operalioiM  of  their  cofti  tlefsrltQeiil  during  the  lut  year : — 

COjU>  nrumaxt. 

As  the  charter  of  the  Comptmy  llndtt  them  ia  Um  pawmlon  «f  I,DM 
aercK  of  con!  \a,aA*,  can:  wai  takoD  at  •&  eariv  day  to  ncurs  aorae  of  tha 
choicest  Imcls  In  the  rallry,  lyiiij;  in  (be  imne&te  vt^nily  of  their  priodpal 
dfpat,  at  Scranton.  The  ■mount  i^ijieiiclcd  in  tho  pnrr.haiin  nf  these  laad^ 
the  cost  of  opening  mines,  and  electing  tho  neooBBry  mBchincry  and  DitarM 
fur  wurliing  them,  and  preparing  th«  ooal  fur  inark<:[.  iiicluiliny  atiK>  Ibe  cx> 
penile  nf  sundry  impravementt  at  Othw  places,  for  ttockinK  au'l  Khipplng  coaL 
is»ua,4!3  01. 

J)uriiif  ttiepast  year  (hoBloaiu-potror  co«l-bMak«r,at  the  Diamond  Mine*, 
(oomaicnccd  in  18S3,)  baa  been  oompleled  and  put  into  operatico.  Additional 
KMWia  and  achulea,  and  other  apptntua  br  prcpariii);  the  coal  br  nao,  and 
loading  it  in  cara,  hare  been  erecled,  tlie  IinpurUnco  of  which  nrill  be  itated 
bortaner. 

Contmcta  have  been  made  Ibr  mnkinft  two  sJopcn  and  ■  shaft  near  tho  pre- 
sent opniiri)^,  at  the  DiaokOnd  Uinci,  Tur  lht>  purpose  of  rcochinR  the  loutcr 
and  laritiT  reintj,  and  considerable  proKrefw  has  licf  ti  inaite  iu  tlie  work.  The 
neceuary  <^nKinc«  and  other  machinery  for  working  ifaoae  new  openinf[s  aro 
all  being  builL 

At  the  cumiueaeoinent  of  llieir  ooai  operations,  and  until  about  January, 
ISGS,  the  Company  worked  iheir  own  mines,  but  it  was  subscgiwrilly  deemed 
eipedicnl  lo  have  thiM  work  done  by  contract  Accotdinglv,  an  agrccmi.nt 
wa8  rnlered  into  on  1st  of  April  last,  with  Mr  Tboiupstin  f'Gckcns,  and  hia 
iMociates  for  working;  the  mines  of  the  Coinpany  for  iho  term  of  flrii  yearii ; 
tho  Compnnr  psyiog  him  iti'puloled  prieen  per  ton.  liu  coat  mined,  prepared 
and  loaded  into  Ihe  iraiisportaliirn  cars  \  and  (be  contract  has  thus  lar  bcea  ' 
pMrfixmcd  to  the  intiKfacUan  of  the  Hoard. 

10,TI»,(it  KinB. 


Thii  utouk  of  eul  on  hand  en  SUt  nf  Itaeemttgr,  1AS3,  vu . 
t>urin«  Ibe  put  yMT,  Vaw*  «er«  tilun  tram  tlin 

IMnmend  lune*  ....    TS,&l<,niS 

Parehimod  ftem  otitr  p*rt)»       .  .  .    ai,WO,lT 


»J,8B8.C0      " 


or  wtiieh  talei  were  msde  va  tho  extant  oT  . 


.    lM,tSI,W     <• 


lMvin(th«JlAckonhi«nd.IH«mtMr  Sl.iaes       .  «,Mi,tT     " 

Tb»  lalal  *»lai  of  ciiul,  v  atiovs  tutcd,  prueluued  tbe  gro«« 

eiiRi  af •tS«,iei  4( 

And  tho  MlimBted  vtlut  of  the  •look  remaining  en  hand  Deo. 

Bl,  1B53.  *!» 9,11T  IB 


tsaT,tos  ai 

The  Tilne  of  eoal  on  hand,  Doe.  31,  1BS8,  wsa 

mttlrriBtAd  tolid  ....       fSA.fifiS  00 

Thn  I^nl  cvjriiiiiir:*  l^f  iniiiiTiff.  lr»TiH|>urtblian, 
•         rvpiiirt  of  Atiuru,  (nptriDlendenoe,  eto., 

during  thvjinr,  «».,  ,  ,  Ut,809  U  01,U>  Bl 


SheviDfrthe  net  re'ennn  fTmn  Ihl*  department  le  iie 
J«  M  ooamon  t6  all  sew  anltrpriaex  of  Uiia  na 


,  aotiie  tmbartaMBMBt 


Coals  9nd  CoUittM. 

hu  ariiicn  fram  wniiC  of  experience ;  kod  in  tbc  conmcDMineitt  ol  tlie  CoD)- 
panr'x  uporiitiun.i,  not  having  (hv  necMor)'  aiiparetuii  for  prvparinj;  thuir  cool 
111  ™  i>i<i(iiT  iiianntr,  Ihey  were  un^er  the  nijccssily  or fonrajdlnn  it  to  nmrket 
in  thp  «>iidi(ion  in  wW«n  it  oimn  from  Iho  minciL  In  (wnscqoptioc  of  this,  t, 
pT^iidiL-(?  was  created  in  tb«  minds  of  ionic  consitmen  apaiiut  Uw  ^otliry  of 
till;  cunl,  but  tilt-  iiunagvn  hA  KUnirvil  lliat  tlii-y  b&v«  now  n^inovn-l  the  diffi- 
Citlllcs  lieif  toforL-  (rncoiinl^roil  \\\  IhU  braiicli  nf  thrlr  ofiiTiitinnK.  Tbcy  lure 
not  only  nuccwdtfil  in  rcsrliing  the  bcit  veins  of  co*l,  btil  by  thu  t:n.'Otiou  of 
Ktmin  coal  •break  FT*,  wi>(  rproliin--  mTcon*,   fur  prpparing  il,  tiniJ  exlenslro 

iiouki'ts  and  Ncbulcs  for  loadiii-^  it  inlo  thu  cars,  they  now  pMaou  ovciy  &ciliqr 
ax  ("liijipini;  il  in  Uip  best  poaribln  order. 

Bi-siJt-s  tbe  opvningc  nlreacly  made,  iinri  the  two  new  Hlopes  &nd  nbafl  now 
bolnK  i;inwtru:-ecil  at  the  tlinmoud  Mini-s,  ibo  Board  hnve  reaolvuil  U>  proceed 
•t  oniw  ID  the  «rtf  tion  of  nimilnr  works  on  the  (Ii-ilfin  Farm. 

Tha  nwittx  nf  tli«  poxt  year's  basincwi,  n-ilh  the  product  of  lc«i  Ihan 
lOO^OnO  tons  of  ooal,  hare  bued  already  stat«iL  It  iH  tliv  tiitrntion  of  Ihe 
Board  lo  iocrviM  tha  amonnt  Id  I  ■S>'S4  to  2ori,i)0ii  tons,  and  arransonrnfi;  have 
been  made  aciurdinirly.  JndicInK  from  thu  xaloi  Already  clfiTtcd,  and  theoon* 
BIMtly  incrwaKiiiK  detiiiLiid.  il  is  bclioTLsl  that  tiie  whuls  amount  luay  be  dU- 
|»08pd  of  at  naliiifKetory  [irkva. 

In  viuw  of  the  l*rp;c  prnKpnrtivc  demand  fbr  oureoal,  and  the  neoeiEity  of 
nakiiit!  titni-ly  aiTaii)!;('nici]ti  for  Kupptvin^c  [lio  same,  onil  ni  order  not  only  to 
Mcnuin  the  qnaTillty  of  eniil  on  t1i<.<  \ini\»,  but  alHO  to  Mtablish  ila  c|ii>lltj', 
the  Board  li-ive  recently  had  the  wboln  most  thorouj[b!y  mirvcyed,  both  by  Mr, 
Nceiiiinni.  Mining  Knuioonr,  mid  I'rof.  II.  I>,  Itojer*.  .Stale  (ieolugist  of  P«t>a< 
B;l*aiiia,  Ui«  ivhoIIs  at  w)itcli  fire,  in  all  rcsiwtn,  highly  tuitisfMoiry. 

FroM  both  these  Murvpyn  ii  will  npppar  that  lb«  v|unjitity  of  niinablo  coal 
an  Ihe  Company' K  lands  will  exceed  rinr  BiLt.ioK  or  tom  ;  that  the  dilfer- 
•Dt  Telna  ar.>  ailapleil,  reiiwctiviilr.  lo  thu  varioui  purposea  >A  gvnurating 
BicAm,  smelling  .ind  iiinnnffli'tiiiinK  iron,  .ind  fir  alt  other  maniiOwliiring  and 
domwtic  u>ei>:  nnd  tbnt  ibn  ^iia/ify  for  all  thcM  variniM  purpotcs  l<  taWj 
'  Vipli.  (o  any  other  coal  produi^d. 

Should  (he  t.up)>1y  of  ('<>al  from  tb«  Coiopany't  mines  at  any  lime  proT« 

'  ImdMgaalo  to  Ih*  capacity  of  the  rond,  ample  iiuanllties  will  bo  oHbred  b^  tha 

•  praprieCim  of  oth*r  calllcrii'S  in  the  vicinity.  In  aditition,  the  fjickawannit  nnd 

FBlMQslxirK  IlailnMil.  loon  lo  be  built,  will  open  to  niarkvt  eTCry  coal■lll^1d  in 

tlw ATjoming  Valley,  HU'ln-lmtt  llip  vjilnable  tvd  nsli  ™al  iif  Plymnntli,  by  llto 

shortii'at  and  rnnut  favorahU  route  [o  tide-wnti-r.      Upon  the  complellon  of  the 

Southern  IM»iaioii,  and  the  conneclioni  now  in  progress,  coal  may  bo  trani- 

I  porteil  rr<>'ii  (he  vamw*  nl  Scrantun  and  WilkTHl>ura  lo  Ellzatwlh  Port,  or 

J«r«y  Oily,  opposiln  Sow  York,  in  Ion  hoiirn'  lime.     An  ordmr  maybe  K'""i 

by  te!<:};raph  in  the  morning,  and  the  coal  delivered  at  tide-water  the  MOio 

avoning — 'laA  at  all  tfiitaa*  af  the  ytitr. 


auMiVBRamA  coal  asd  inom  KaKttrAnnrRora  cokfaxt. 

Tbia  ia  a  new  CompanT.  or^nixed  with  a  Mpltal  of  t^TtS.OOO,  and  in- 
tended to  operate  in  tha  Sliaiuokin  coal  rqiion.  The  cxpccUlIom  of  tho 
Compnny  are  briefly  noticed  in  Ihn  fjllowinz  paragraph  : — 

III  i«)n».^pK'rice  of  the  completion  of  the  North  Rranob  Canal  lo  the  State 
of  Ni'w  Vork,  the  Kfi-ati-r  portioti  of  the  coal  (him  the  Wyoming  rej(lon  will 
hercnfli'r  lidd  iw  way  Ui  Biiffato  iiiid  the  Lake^  wbert  the  atiliinidtc  c-oal  iain 
demaml,  .iiid  commands  enormous  pricw.  Tliii  wgion  of  tliu  Su  si]  neb  anna, 
Baltiiiiiire,  and  the  Southern  market  fccoonilly,  ii)u«t  tlinrefore  look  to  the 
Sluwnokin  coal  minea  for  a  supply,  and  lorlunnlcly,  tbnt  Bold  contahK  an  in- 

^  exhaustible  jiiipply  of  th«  pureed  am]   bij*t  iwil.  b'otli  for  inannriicliiring  and 
tU»me«ic  piirpowjit,  in  the  cnnnlry.   The  tpeeinuns  of  coal  nro  of  a  very  supa- 

''*?^'9*>*I>V-    It  Oin  b«  mined  abore  inKtt  lercl  in  iromenso  qiantitHiCi  tbt  \ 


Ooalt  and  CoUitrim.  440 

half  CMidiry ;  uid,  bf  the  SunqucIiBank  lUilrMd  runnini;  (rora  Bridgeport  to 
Sunburj,  whlrh  ojll  bo  ronipl«Md  in  eoana  of  a  ytv,  ud  the  Pcmuylrknia 
<and  tide-raltr  tsc«l^  will  haiv  bcilitfta  (brtutflcBl  anequaled. 


wAoca  AMD  Fnorm  or  coau  mxiso. 

_  A  ookl  agetit  of  the  Cumberland  reg;ion  thus  corrDcta  an  "  cfroneoua 

'  iblanwnt"  in  cirenlatiou,  re»pecting  tb«  profit*  of  intnias ; — 

Bathing  out  rrom  tlia  minoi  (honldb*?  nnu  iniuad  of  9,  amr . 
Th«  I  otnU  for  npalr  of  ronil),  propi,  and  Um  far  utlne,  doe*  not  inchiJo 
tli«  unllUnff  nnd  rapiirlnir  of  cur>,  onur  .... 

Tha  CMi  of  DUenti.  boiici,  uin!  ulirka  at  Ilia  niln**,  iMy  in  iiio*i  «*«> 
b«  lakan  at  4  o«rit',  f>uL  l^in  nHUfr  liu  rntiralj  omitMd  tlw  ooauai*> 
*ion  ami  aipflii>Hi  of  m^-nry  ni  ttii1lSTnc>ro  -  .  .  . 

[Ualto  «iniUi  votoF  iDndioK  vtnittd  )n  Uallimorv  .  ■  ■  •       _ 

Whurtcv,  ilksviH       , e 

Tn>unn««  and  jnianntio,  caininiHloa.S)  per  Sana.,  alM     .  .  .10 

Also  all  (Am  cipoiuH,  »U-tioaeij,  etc.,  (•ay)  ■  ■      ■ 

iS 

^V^lrb  re<liic(i8  hia  aifiin^  profit  of  49  ctmU  pertoiwloSl  <«[its.  I  know 
inore  than  one  Companj  that  tvnuld  bo  glad  to  compromUa  on  th*  bualnoM  of 
'  iut  year,  at  10  c«nbi  per  ton  jiro/lt. 


"1 


TAB  Honcrtra  oowAtir. 

Tb*  landa  ot  this  Company  pos««aB  innny  resources.  Thoj  an  located  !n 
ibe  Ooaibcrland  noal  lolnlnic  rcgHin.  The  propert/  contains  Hid  vcihh  of  coal, 
yis^  ono  or  tirtnty-*ighl  inchcn,  one  of  thteo  feet,  one  of  fortyTiiur  inchca, 
WW  of  13 1  fMt,  and  one  of  eiglit  irvt,  as  it  is  cnUmI,  coiiiiliiliri^  in  realit}'  uf  two 
TtbiBof  three  fwl  each,  with  a  la^«r  of  ttr«-daj  tH'twi'cn.  Thv  ntilnHtdruna 
tliToagh  tbc  small  vrinv  for  more  than  two  milas.  All  the  Tcinii  driin  tbocn- 
Mltn^  and  can  be  ca.ii1,v  mined.  The  Company  olao  own  u  portion  of  the 
Ug  *ctn  of  cual  on  SavB;;<;  Muiiiilain.  The  iron  oma  on  their  [irupcrlv  are  of 
n<eat  Talue.  Hvtwi'i'ii  t)io  i.iiia1l  vcln»  of  coal  on  thn  Bnllimnru  nii^l  Ohio 
Kallroail,  the  iron  ore  beds  are  from  one  to  foia  feci  thick.  They  are  ofthree 
aiidlti««i,  viz.,  L-lay  irori'nloni^,  red  hi-inatil<^.  ari'I  brou'ii  hviiialit",  Alniut  two- 
tliirdii  of  thciu  are  <*!&;  Iron-Ktone,  and  the  Tcul  hcninfitcx.  Theni  are  alM 
Other  OTca  in  the  larRer  cool  veins.  They  are  ntl!  adapted  to  the  manuliicture 
of  malleable  iron,  sheet  iron,  and  wiru.  The  tiiuWr  taiidti  of  the  Companj 
Brd  aUn  very  valiiablt.  Tlie  forest  is  very  thiek,  and  conniats  of  white  oak, 
jeltew  and  whttr  pine,  poplar,  wild  cherry,  chcitiml,  and  other  woods.  Hro- 
claj  aboundi  in  great  cjuantitien,  us  nlso  limeNtone.  The  sarlkte  K^il  is  lUm- 
wIMi  in  many  parts,  witll  a<la^ted  lu  ajcricultura]  purpoM-*.  The  uii^re 
[nvpcrty  of  llie  Company  compn^cii  more  than  40,000  a,avt  of  Luid. 

rut  caLEDDxiA  mwno  vourAity. 

Thi*  i*  one  of  the  independent  coul  ccinpanit;it  operating  iu  Gvwm't 
Creek.  Their  la^ds  coiisisl  of  about  850  lu-n-n  of  the  hi([  vein  eoil,  conslita- 
tiitg  the  "  Caledonia  Farm,"  recently  belonninc  to  the  Parker  Vein  Conipon/. 
The  inclined  plane  and  all  other  ncceiaary  works  wen:  complrled  and  In  par- 
ftct  order,  and  Ihe  uiines  in  oncration,  at  the  time  of  the  piireliisc,  and  the 
Company  is  now  fully  prepared  to  turn  out,  upon  the  resumption  of  ininine, 
Hir.  mineral  of  that  rec'on.  The  minei  are  Bilnated  on  the  Lonoeoiiinit  Rail- 
road, nve  iniTe.i  from  fiedtnont,  and  are  (hus  ainioet  In  imnieiliale  proximity 
wfth  (he  BalliinOre  and  Ohio  italtroul.  ThcCampany  hare  already  a  cunlraot 
to  t^rni^b  one-third  of  the  eo.il  coniumcd  by  the  Baltimaru  vul  Ohio  Kailroa^ 
C^tfptmj.  Avipg  tlw  Er?)Kiit  ;^pr. . . 


<44« 


Coali  and  CW/i'rriM. 
Axmiucm  nt  Tincnstti 


Tho  Knortillt  (Tcnn.)  Joitrual  montinns  llut  uiltinciM  cml  of  «xc«11nDt 

Sility  has  been  itiicovcrcd  in  Blount  county,  an  or  neftr  the  tine  of  the 
Ijiiii  Uap  RailrMul     Also,  tlikt  runbcr  diftcuTvriu  «f  copper  har«  Iwcn 
Dutdu  In  Knox  coviU;f. 


iiAirpHiiiis  caxi.  Aim  moK  cokpaht. 

The  property  of  thU  Company  wki  dciicri)>cil  on  pit{^  S38.  Vol.  IT.  From 
the  licpurt  of  the  PrcKidont  ind  Chk-f  Engineer  of  tlic  Company,  wo  tftke  tbo 
full»iviiig  exlroulB  ivUtirs  lu  tliiir  pluis: — 

Thu  prftctietl  qUMtlan  nrlfles,  hnw  arr  tliU80  rich  coal  dcpottita  (o  Ix!  ron- 
dcrcd  avuilablc,  anil  at  irhAl  coat  for  preliminary  arninxomentst  It  must  ba 
obrioun  that  tho  wolc  dlllicully  \*  in  reference  to  tho  hishcut  or  crnit  bed; 
■nd  to  th«  eolution  of  thi^  clil'Hoully,  wo  «hal1  now  addrnw  ounelvtw.  The 
othrr  sMms  lire  U.  such  modtrrato  elevation*  a«  to  be  roachod  by  oriliiiary 
Deans. 

As  KirfOTv  fctatcti,  the  13  fevt  bed  in  980  feet  above  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Rflilroad,  at  our  jirnposed  licpot,  and  at  a  horizontal  dtsCMice  tram  it  of 
only  fl.SflO  feel,  or  one  mile  und  fifty  feet.  To  overeoroc  Ihiv  gnAt  vertical 
height,  I't  niuKt  reiurt  to  rxpedieiita  advuntagrousty  employed  at  Qiiiny  1ocali> 
lien  in  Peniisylvani*.  MarylriDii,  and  (■lucahire  ;  that  is  lo  «*y,  by  wir-aetiiig 
inclined  plani'i  (in  the  Etveper  gradei.)  in  which  the  movini;  pou'er  i>  KravJla- 
tiun,  cheeked  and  regulated  by  whimii,  and  the  appliculiun  uf  btakeit;  and 
then  on  the  miytv  moderate  znAttn  liy  tram-roail^  of  ([r\tnl<7  or  sliorler  tencUi. 
Bix  companioji  in  (icorge'ti  Creek  succeMfnlly  operate  by  these  meann,  while 
OtlK-rx  nre  prepnrtng  to  adopt  them.  Of  those  above  referred  to,  bU  arc  at  a 
less  elevation  than  piir«. 

We  ]iropose  lo  convey  thn  eoal  fK>m  thn  great  bed,  flrct,  by  a  plane  2.000 
ftet  Ion;!,  and  a  deicent  of  TOO  ft-et,  then  2,600  feet  lonB  and  a  desetnt  of  ISO 
feet,  and  then  to  the  depot  or  dunip-liuune  \>y  another  plane  TOO  feet  Ion);  and 
a  denrimt  of  140  feeL  The  only  diwidvaiilJik'"  under  whiflh  «-o  labor,  in  com- 
parison n-iih  tbnic  named,  \f.  thnt  of  an  additional  plane,  which  wo  lielievc  Is 
more  than  counterl:>Blanred  by  other  KdvontogBS. 

Kreiii  the  workinf;  eallery  at  th*  hoad  of  the  upper  plane^  the  water 
ndt'irally  flowa  iiilo  Monlpjnicrr't  Run,  n  tribiitorr  to  the  Potumai',  cross- 
Inn  the  Bnltimore  and  Ohio  Itailr'aad  at  our  projected  depot.  An  euminatioi) 
of  the  mapH  will  show,  that  to  fullotr  this  eounic  of  druinage.  will  alford  oH 
great  fm'diiks  in  the  eonnlruetion  of  tho  planes  and  trnin-road,  Hubjeeting  ua 
to  but  little  expcnjc  in  the  way  of  graduation  and  masonry.  By  reference  to 
the  very  minute  and  particular  ralmiates  of  the  en|tinccr,  it  will  bo  seen  Unt 
the  whole  cost  for  (he  planes  and  tram-road  (double  track),  sidinps,  wliuel- 
house,  machinery,  scbulcs,  dump-housc,  equipments,  etc.,  etc.,  will  amount  to 
only  J35,31ti.Wii  and  he  koi'8  on  to  say,  "I  think  the  prioni  named  are 
llhernl,  and  the  whole,  in  many  particulars,  is  likely  lo  be  done  for  less  than 
caution  induced  me  to  nssUUie  as  a  tt.inrfurrf." 

The  abot'D  eBlitnale  Included  almoHl  everything  that  wilt  he  tiee«ssary  for 
the  rnmmeneement  of  business  on  a  larite  scale,  except  hulldlngs  Ibr  onlcea, 
BUperintendenti,  and  laborers,  the  number  and  exlrat  of  vhieh  must  depend 
on  the  exigencies  of  the  ease,  and  the  amount  uf  businesa  lo  be  tmiKacted. 

The  quality,  giiperiority  for  certain  purposes  over  all  ntlier  American  eoala, 
Ikeilily  of  acoi'M,  compnralive  chcnpnens  of  transportation,  and  demand  in 
proportion  to  po.-uible  supply  uf  (.'umberland  coal,  arc  ao  well  ktiown,  that  to 
attempt  to  set  ttiem  forth  in  tbiij  short  Report,  wutdd  bo  an  act  of  Biiperero- 
jption,  Tt  would  not  be  a  ■■  thr™"  bnt  an  "hundred"  told  talc.  In  It* 
nhysical  and  chemical  chnracteriKlieit,  it  is  nearly  identical  with  the  jurtly  celc- 
bnilMl  ^Vcbh  coaU  of  Mcrlbyr  Tydvll,  which  u  tmployod  In  Its  ulunil  slat« 


CaaU  and  OoUifritt. 


4ft- 


for  Ihe  reduction  of  iron  on^  ftndjritldt  cakc«r>R  excellent  qualil;,  for  cither 
locouiotivvs  or  nieUllur^ic  piirpoMB.  There  is  no  reaxon  wfiy  the  Piedmont 
Wfti  nhouH  not,  with  piwperly  rOMtniclrf  otitis,  produoe  an  nrlicle  or  ccju«l 
T>Iue.  In  tlii*  »*T.  the  Hnc  uid  *■«•  omIk  (ror  It  ia  propnncil  tn  nlft  thv  coal 
«t  th«  ili^put)  i.-uuld  bt  tumril  U>  proBtmUe  account  lijr  cunvcrting  them  into 
coWc,  ilonKsicip  or  thi»  Daltinxirc  idJ  Ohio  Knilrnd.  •k\ktv  lurj?'  (luintilic* 
will  lie  wnnltd  for  pas«nf;(i'  loponiotiTca  and  for  ollur  puTposi^a  Ri'sidci  this, 
it  mny  b«  conQdeiiti}-  aiitidpated,  (IlbI  b  i^rcitt  drmnnd  wttl  fprlng  up  at  this 
piMiil  Tur  the  rav  ooij,  la  b*  uMd  l>y  tliv  burden  locomoUTCl,  an^  lliat  at  no 
otiier  locality  can  it  be  aup^iMl  of  a  bt<t1or  quality  or  ats  chaaper  nilv. 

It  in  not  our  piirpone  to  inftlilutc  injurioua  pomparisonn  between  the  pro- 
perly of  Ihp  llainp^liirp  Coinpany  and  that  of  othi^r  Companic*  operating  in 
the  Bnmc  minini;  rcKion  ;  but  In  net  forth,  in  plain  la.TiKiiag«,  tlia  abolnct  ad- 
ranUKcN  which  <rc  beliero  it  pogtccnueit  All  am  ilouhl)«M  valuable,  and  ther« 
tttoulii  vxiiit  [lonu  other  tlian  •  generuuH  rivalry  betircen  them  nx  t<>  whicb 
thall  send  ihr  mojit  coal  to  market,  and  nt  tliv  least  expviiHi'.  Tbcru  is  inoro 
than  enough  for  all  to  do,  and  the  i>tati»tini  of  the  coal  tmdo  rlraily  dnmon- 
•Inle,  that  if  evn-y  railroad  al  prMcnt  leading  to  the  coal  formationa  on  the 
Atlantic  slope  of  the  Alli'(;!ianjt»  were  doiililu-lnn-ki'd,  and  en-ry  canal  douWe 
lockod,  they  could  not,  flrt  jrcam  henrc,  supply  the  probablr.  drniand  ralrulntcd 
on  tile  expiTiunto  of  tlit  paat.  Henidca  thlk,  wc  muBl  bear  in  mind  that  the 
dH'ui'fi  pn'«sri4  on  tliv  tvifiy,  and  would  cuntiiiuu  to  du  so,  oven  if  the  \f,U»t 
ahould  inrreaan  in  a  much  hidher  ratio  than  fiir  tlip  last  fiT«i  years.  Thin  poa- 
dition  of  thi/ig*  will  necMsirily  lead  to  the  opening  of  new  avenuei  and  the 
uidargeinenl  of  old  ^nea;  for  trade,  tilie  water,  UfvVa  ita  natural  channel,  and 
you  can  no  more  dam  it  up  than  you  can  roll  liack  the  current  of  the  Mis«is- 
idpiii  to  itK  sources.  The  Italtimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  Gri^urol  the  inenn« 
□f  laying  a  M'cand  track  to  I'icdmont,  and  stocking  it  with  ample  rolling 
power,  chiefly  in  rcferencp  to  the  coal  trstfic.  The  Slatfl  of  Vir^'inia,  fci'linyly 
aliee  to  her  domeslii:  intenists.  la  leiidiiij;  hcv  aid  to  extend  the  Aleiaudria  and 
ManOKMt  (lap  ILnilruuiI  to  tlie  ricinily  of  I'lalmont,  whiisi  another  and  more 
direct  line  ^)  AtcxaiiiJria  has  beeii  couimciiued,  to  coiini-ct  at  or  near  tlic  same 
point  with  thn  RaltiNiore  and  t'hio  Railroad,  Thti  latter  road  is  expeet<;d,  by 
a  short  branch,  to  connect  wiih  the  Chcmneake  and  Ohio  Canal,  by  n  navi- 
gable fi;ed[,'r  down  1li<;  valiuy  of  the  itoutli  branch  of  tho  Potomac.  Tbna  it 
may  be  tsaid.  by  a  tttc^rc  of  kj'ccch,  that  tltis  mineral  region  bans  towards  tha 
Atlantii:  watem,  ns  vef^tahlcn  growing  In  tho  shade  Mck  the  light  of  day. 
Thexe  work*,  at  leant  the  two  last  named,  will  be  completed  in  a  few  jean^ 
beyotvl  all  qiifttum.  This  will  result  from  an  incrllanlo  necessity;  for  the 
laws  of  trade  are  ns  im'pcnttivo  ax  the  laws  of  nature.  The  effect,  when  thc*« 
new  avenues  shall  hare  been  o|)ened.  will  be  nut  only  to  oOer  ua  incrtost^ 
(•duties  and  a  choice  of  xhipplnji;  ports,  but  will  plaeo  tu  much  nearer  to 
navigable  water  tbnn  many  parts  of  tho  cnal-flcid  in  Uary1an<l.  At  this  tlruo 
it  is  nearer  to  Ttaltimore,  by  the  eiUling  means  of  communicatipn,  than  the 
greater  portions  of  that  rvgion,  wilh  Ibc  vxeeption  of  th«  oomparBtirely 
BmaU  Roida  lying  on  the  dntnan  of  Bnddock  *  and  Jrnnlnt;'s  nun  -,  and 
when  WD  take  into  consideratiaa  ne  doM  proximity  of  our  mines  to  the  Itaiti* 
more  and  Ohio  Railroail — th«  nnall  oo«t  at  wliich  tliey  inay  bo  developed— 
tlie  ad'llliuiial  thickncM  of  the  mat  bed  (soma  bar  feet  thicker  than  the 
wnio  bc>l  on  those  waters) — the  large  demand  for  coal  and  coke  almost  at  the 
pit'*  mouth,  it  cannot  be  regarded  as  presumpluous,  if  we  claim,  not  withstand  ■ 
iBg  lh«  elevation  of  our  Kreat  be<l,  that  in  proportion  to  iU  extent,  our  pro- 
parly,  to  say  tho  least  'a(  it,  i%  not  inferior  to  that  of  any  other  company  in 
the  mineral  district 


MB 


Oaalt  and  CoUierta. 


A5*LTsn  or  COita: 

Annoitd  1PD  copy  fron>  th«  Report  of  the  Stinh  AnniuJ  Extilbltion  of  Iha 
"ibrjttai  liutitnle  for  the  Promotion  of  th«  Mechanic  Art*,"  Jturt  Usmd  ftt 
lUllliniW  tbi  •talcmcnt  of  Pnfowor  Horfll  and  tiic  f^ntlcmcn  Msociktcd 
with  him  on  the  CoDunittcc,  touching  the  relative  poircn  »nd  T»Itto(  of 
t«n  iliOerciit  nrictica  of  coila  nubniittwl  for  ui>l,VJii».  It  in  pivpvr  lo  pro- 
miw  thai  th«  "B»Itli»or«  Comptny'a  «o«l,"  u>  called,  Is  mined  (hy  a  Ootn- 
jjviy  bcBiinK  that  title)  from  tbo  Wjomlng  CotJ  Ff«Id  in  PennR^lntnia ;  and 
that  the  "Short  Mountain  ootl"  ii  mined  b^  a  Ccmpuiy  bearing  the  oor- 
ponktc  lumt)  of  Iho  "Short  Hountain  Cool  Company,"  from  the  "Short 
Uountain"  In  Lyktriis'  Valley,  Dauphin  county,  Pcnnaylvania.  Tlu  coal  Ot 
tha  flnt  is  a  b«rd  vblto  a«b  antbracltp,  while  tliat  of  the  )nit«r  in  a  fn-e  bum- 
in|f  red  nh  anthracite  coal  Both  thc*c  Cnmpiuiici:  arc  actinit  andcr  chtrtcm 
gratiU-cI  by  Pcniuylranio,  but  have  their  offices  ia  Baltimore,  aa  thai  dijr 
ia  ihvir  Khippiiig  port 

'  Tfaa  tanaat  hu  paid  large  and  regular  dividendii  for  taytnl  y«iira ;  th« 
Utter  Company  haii  Jniit  cdrnmcncrd  tending  conl  to  the  Biltimori!  market, 
and  owns  the  ncarcit  purely  nnthracitc  coal  lands  to  ths  city  of  Baltimoi*— 
bung  but  110  nulM  dixtauL  The  cualH  of  thew  two  Cumpanic*,  it  will  be 
paTcelrad,  hava  bt«n  prooouncod  to  ba  sujierior  to  the  olben  examin«d,  and, 
thev^  difffrinjc  in  chamrtfT,  are  shom  to  ho  noarly  wjual  in  fimrr. 

The  »cvfral  varielifH,  ftyleil  "  Honkcai'c  Black  Diamond,"  "  Blad 
Uiamotiil,"  and  "  not  labeled,"  aro  aUo  from  the  Wyoraing  Mial  field.  Tbey 
nte  hard  white  anli  anthracite  coala.  "  i'ompey  Sma»h,"  "  Wtlhcra,"  and 
"  Krostburg"  coals  arc  lemi-bituminoux,  from  the  Cumberland  region. 

Tliu  first  is  mined  by  Perpoy  t  Co.,  lliv  sccvnd  by  tho  "  Willurs  Uintng 
Company,"  arnJ  the  third  by  the  "Froslburg  Coal  Company." 

Wc  cannot  avoid  the  expression  of  a  doubt  wbMhor  ibcM  ipMimvnB  ftoat 
ti>  tho  CrOmroittoc  w<«c  lair  Mraplen  of  Cumberland  coal.  Tke  "SomtrsM, 
Ponncrlvania,"  and  tho  "Cooael,  Marion  county,  ^'ir^g^nia,"  ar«  higfaly  biu- 
minou*  coal*. 

The  ticport,  proceeding  ftom  such  a  source,  eomin«nda  itadf  to  tho  attse- 
tion  eS  ifao  pnblie. 

The  Bcport  of  the  Judge*  iit  a*  (blloira ; — 

To  tkt  GmumiltM  on  Awanit: — 

The  undersinncd,  JudnPi*  in  Glow  (Jfl,  haxe  exainlnfid  Ihf  Ch»iiticAl  R«porl 
of  Prolcwor  C.  Morlit,  un  the  coali  dtpositrd  far  competition  in  the  tatr  Rxlilbl> 
tion  of  lh«  Marylaud  loHlllutt?,  and  fully  concur  in  the  ttatemcmt  thcr«n  made. 
Vvry  rcHpectfully,  E.  Pit*rT, 

lloMjiCa  An  DOIT. 


The  following  is  the  Bepori  of  Professor  Morfit:—  ' 

ItiLTomiK,  Un.  W*  <MBt«p,  M 

Tmomax  Thihri.!:,  Eio., 

Chairman  0/  Com.  on  EiAiiitifin  vf  (he  MeiryUxn,>i  Jiulliule, 
t  hemidth  report  th«  folloirinj  Ublc  lihowinK  tliv  f.'iiultt  ofan.ilyisiA  of  lli« 
eoill  htodcd  rnc  through  Me&ira.  Lovcgrovc  and  Sdby,  for  Uie  piupOH : — 


rnMtnn  '.   i 

<^i^l,aMhi»CW.V» 


The  niecific  ^nttLiM  hare  btH.>a  utoer(atn«d  b^  *n  tpiMratiM  Mpcdallp 
■Jolpicl  (or  (ho  pirrpofc.  ami  ar«  I  Ihltik  more  r?iiaUi!  Ihait  ordtn«ry.  liiui 
charncti'iistii^,  however,  t*  t>t  little  ImpoKancc  a«  an  IniHnlion  <>r  llu  t«1ih  of 
the  cDtt!;!  othcnriiw. 

TIk'  fuur  ti«xt  columnii  givn  tii<!  tlciiiL-[itu7  conUitucnbi  of  Ihe  omI  aMir> 
Uinrd  a*  in  rtriC"'lc  »nalyiiia.  Thp  oiygtn  rni'l  nilroftn  have  bt«i  taken 
together,  for  jMur  inslnn-lions  did  not  Bulhori»«'  mc  lo  go  to  Ihc  oitririK  [laiu 
of  SFpamlins  theni,  ih  T  should  haro  |<refcfre«!  doing.  However,  ax  the  nitro- 
gtM)  ii  always  a  xtuitl  Trat'tiiin  of  the  agrtvgatc,  illitnototf  ■omuchioipoTtance; 
and  In  the  cnlr-itlatinnH  tor  lli«i  BUcoMaln^  coliimns,  the  irhola  aggrtgate  bai 
been  fotisidercil  it(  oxTijen. 

TliMj  Ruro.-ftlinR  pcJumn*  jfiw  the  heating  poww  of  the  MTsntl  coali,  tal- 
cutatcl  upon  the  netl  determined  ellecta  of  tlie  earbon  nnd  liydra^n  (in 
exccHs  aliovi!  wliat  in  reiiuired  witli  (liu  oxygen  g^mi  to  fonii  water)  wbicb 
Ibfiy  rontain. 

This  heating  pineer  i»  difTcrent  from  the  heating  effett  whieh  might  b« 
observed  in  cxperimpnt,  or  in  prartiee.  itltb  the  »*ver»l  coals,  and  'vhiall  , 
dcpMids  to  some  citimt.  and  Mmellmcfi  to  a  ooniddfirablo  «Kt«flt,  upon  Iba , 
farm  Cf  (hrnaeo  iiMd,  and  u(K>n  the  mfLnaf^-ment  nf  the  ftre. 

TTic  resuhi  here  grrcn  mn  freed  from  liii'Se  uncerlainti««,  and  are  intended 
to  liboir  tbe  utmo«t  poniblc  tri-al  Dint  cao  b^  f  volved  tnm  t)i«  BOTernl  ooall 
\lj  the  moat  pcrfoct  arr»ngemcnt.  and  hy  the  utmost  care 

Tbc  eafilioni;  of  the  tvo  fln>t  eolumnx  sufHoiently  explain  themwkeii,  and 
the  lant  eotuicn  nhowK  the  jinibablc  propurliunale  value  of  tho  coals ;  accord- 
ing to  xrbii'li  alw  (hey  liave  been  nnkra  in  the  l*bl«^ 
Beipcctf^lly  submitted  by 

CAWnitu,  Uoitm. 


In  Mforlting  seams  by  the  borl  and  ptttw,  the  must  approved  plan  prac* 
tiled  in  the  north  of  Rn^Und  Is  that  of  jcdintt  the  cool  in  dJKlncta  or  panal^ 
wilh  a  strung  pilUr  hwtwern  earh  panel  n-hieli  is  got  Ml.  Three  Ckpadona  , 
main  ronds  arc  driven,  the  raidJla  one  being  (he  main  tntnllln^-road  and 
frejih  ntr'road  ;  tlic  two  nido  ones  return  air-roads,  and  not  uicd  ftir  travelling. 
A  panel  of  bonis  or  drifts  is  worki^d  pamllcl  to  these  iiiain-roadion  each  tide  I 
and  at  three  or  four  piltnrB'  length  from  the  f*ee  of  <li«  bords  the  pracMS  or 
gettini;  tho  pillnm  i«  going  forward,  thiia  lM»  lug  a  very  limited  arc*  of  the 
aeom  standing  in  the  pillan,  and  only  for  a  ihnrt  pcriail.  ao  that  the  real  will 
b«  lesi  injured  by  bciiij;  crughed  than  if  large  areas  of  the  mine  were  loR  In 
(Ulws  for  a  length  of  time.  *  The  panel  on  one  sldo  of  the  Biain-mdi  !■ 


4B» 


(haU  and  OoOivrim 


.  fiirouBh  (ae  iloor*,  plarwl  in  tbi-  stentinc  or  opi'iiiiig  netl  lo  tho  ftco  of  them; 
\»txi  iXi^caaX  from  Hic  pitlkra  is  brr.>n;i;tjl  Uiroitjli  Itiv  il<K>n«,  i<1nre4  In  IhfisteDt- 
I  iBg  or  opvning  next  m  the  f«c«  of  the  [lillnrH.  Thi«  amngomcnt  of  the  work- 
lltiKH  IK  Biiajiti^cl  for  a  flirt  mkuh. 

I  In  vrorklng  kl-uiuei  whii^h  hvt  mn  incliiittton  ou  tlie  bord-w*]ra  mutiw  in 
[diKtriclH  or  ^mnelg,  a  paiivl  of  bonis  or  drifts  Is  worked  up  to*  dolrnnlnc.l  <lig< 
I  tanc<>,  yi\ii:n  Ihc  pronrnH  of  Kt^^'iiK  ^'^  piHus  begins  nt  lh«  rioe  put  of  tbe 
I  nanrl,  the  bordi  or  drifU  in  th<?  nc^xt  puiicl  beinc  cKcarBtnl  U  tb«  Mae  timc^ 
I  Strong  [lilloTiiare  Ivfl  bi'twi-tii  i-s^^h  pani^l  of  bonis  to  boarUi«  prcrauro  CAUScd 
1 1)7  tho  sinkinK  ro"f  whnn  tho  pillars  of  ihc  adjoining  psitol  arc  %o\  out  This 
•rrtngcmcnt  leaves  on  limitod  on  ar^a  uf  thv  ■cum  standing  in  [litUn  for  u 
•hort  ft  period  at  drcumKtsntx'ii  will  allow. 

Sooms  with  A  strotiK  nwf  sre  worked  in  bonis (biir  (o  fl»o  yanls  wid«,  and 
pHUri;  left  proportioned  to  the  depth  of  the  Ream  below  the  surface.  A  Rtrong 
roof  and  soil  floor  mjuirc  wide  pillars  to  be  leA,  to  prevent  the  hcaTing  or 
HHing  uf  the  floor,  whii'li  is  cniiiivd  hy  tho  jiressure  forcine  pMUrs  of  inade- 
quate strcDKlh  into  th(i  Hoor,  In  the  mininj;  lnn)[iia|C*  of  tl>e  North  tUs  in  calt6d 
I  %  orrrp.      'f  ho  csrjtpe  of  gaH  from  tho  tDcasuros  beneath  tho  oosl  win  lUo  fre* 
Muectly  forc«  up  the  Hcxir.  an  oooumnw  Ibst  uay  be  preTwted,  to  »  grMt 
[«xl«ni,  by  Jrilliiig  shuit  tiolvs  into  It,  In  onler  to  ladlitftls  tha  Mc«p»  of  tbs 

[  There  is  uintidcniblo  advantnee  in  working  s  iunni  with  a  tender  roof  and 
Ftefl  lluor,  in  panels ;  a  liinitcl  area  of  Ihu  Main  is  o^oed  at  once,  and  for  » 
lahort  time ;  ronneqiicntly  there  t»  loss  deslrnelinn  in  tho  bords  by  the  fUUng 
*  (if  tl>e  roof  and  hearing  of  the  floor,  und  lou  timber  required  than  if  a  larRe 
Lenta  was  lint  n-orkv<J  in  bonis  bvforv  gi'lliniioul  llie  piUarii,  and  ittso  lesii  ia- 
'ury  to  tho  pillon^  by  wcij-ht  upon  them.  Tho  long  standing  pillars  In  some 
I  only  yield  ftvm  thirty  to  forty  per  r^nt  or  about  onc-thlrd  of  largo  ood, 
Ivhilst  if  thcjr  were  cot  out  espoditiously  Ihoy  would  yield  seventy  per  cent. 
I  or  nearly  itirL'u-fuurtiu  of  largo  eoaL 

tn   working  with   wide   Lirds,  ullcntioii  bIiouIJ   bo  paid   to  the   nature 

of  the  iitmta  a  distnnen  above  the  seam,  «omc  wnms  having  a   thin  bod 

of  strong  roof  upon  them  with  tender  measures  above  ;   such  a  roof  raay 

I  (tanil  very  well  in  widu  bord.i  or  liriftH  wurkiiig  whole  eoiil,  but  wlicu  the 

Crs  aru  being  work«d  and  a  w«lglit  eoinvs  over  the  (see,  it  will  break 
uith  the  thin  bed  of  lOrong  roof  in  tho  bords  or  drifts,  and  partially  doso 
[  them  up  some  dLilance  down  ftom  the  Ihoo  of  tho  pillars ;  in  suoli  cases,  and 
Lin  the  partial  closing  up  of  Ionic  standing  bonis;  eith«r  by  tlio  falling  of  the 
Lnof,  or  hcairinK  of  the  floor,  the  piliani  have  IVcqucntly  to  bo  split  or  Jenk- 
laged  in  order  to  gA  them,  v«k  thia  &Ti|uentty  enlAils  a  great  Iosh  of  cooL 

Wh«n  It  bKOmoa  necessary  to  split  a  pillnr  in  order  (ogct  It,  luasooal  witl 

be  erunhed  and  lost  by  drivinjt  n  loose  Jonkinj;  or  a  portion  wnrucd  trwa  one 

'lido  of  the  pillar  when  it  is  pmctiL-able,  timn  by  driving  a  fwt  jenking  or  a 

'•laes  up  the  luidJlv  of  the  pillnr:  nevertlivles!<,  eaiies  inuy  aiisu  when  it  is 

Wtcr  to  split  the  pillar  op  the  ini'ldlo. 

(Tonxidcratinn  is  not  Kenenvlly  given  in  rejard  to  leaving  the  strength  of 
lAe  pillars  pronorlionvd  to  the  depth  of  the  Hcnni  below  the  nirfsce,  the  oon- 
quence  of  wnich  is  that  ttiey  get  crushed,  and  yield  a  smull  per  cctitsm  of 
_  I OT  round  caii\,  and  ihe  coxt  of  iltnbur  in  siipfiorling  the  roof,  and  of  labor 
.  1  nwintainingrosds.  Is  eoniiidenilily  increOBed.    A  creep,  moreover,  may  take 
btaCQ  and  buiy  Urige  areas  of  pillars     The  luuly  working  of  Ib«  mlnu  whvn 
I  shaAs  are  fltst  sunk  also  ohumih  pillars  of  iiiiulfieient  strength  to  be  left, 
|«biah  iMnngs  on  elTccts  similar  to  those  Just  •lescrihcd,  and  besides  renders 
t  ■hafts  insecure  or  probably  useless.    Theso  lost  consequences  fm)iii:ntty 
lilt  frosu  n  dvaire  to  gratiry  coiploTers  bv  raising  largo  qusntitics  of  coil 
I  it  is  either  prudent  «r  practicable  («  do  so,  and  in  many  instances  from 
I  u  M  cf  what  ilnncth  tbe  pJIUra  tbould  b«. 


CoaJt  alKf  Coltimtl, 


mb-' 


The  Bjiitcm  of  vcntilBtion  niloptoil  in  working  %  M«m  In  iHslriota  or  pnnelti 
IR  thiiR:  the  middle  mad  u  the  nuilti  tni*rilinj;-rc«it  of  the  mine,  and  nino  Ihu 
intake  or  fn-sli  nir-nnd  ;  tli«  twa  udc-itMulH  nre  return  «ir-ro«d«.  No  »ir 
doom  uru  filed  on  thu  ioaiii>r<iitil4.  Eftoh  panvl  or  ilUtrict  taUvs  'An  sut'P'?  of 
lir  from  thn  iniildlo  main'roai),  and  in  conCroIli-ii  Viy  n  ri'^iilatur  flxvl  on  th« 
rctiun  (iv>ni  tafh.  When  the  air  hiw  ventlUted  the  fnira  of  tbi'  iniin-mads, 
it  is  ronduL'ldl  (o  lb«  Ikces  of  [liu  bonis  in  i<i(-li  tiniir.'!  by  meani  of  hrntlidnK 
frOTH  tin-  hi'iiilHiiy*  or  end  neit  In  Ihc  furt,  sTii!  U  tlic  boUoiii  i>l  tbo  brml- 
ticiiiic  mlbc  hcndwa^f  or  end,  n  iwintcdoor  or  cloth  is  hung  to  nllow  x  [imhako 
for  the  tubi.  The  air  iiMHacd  from  llie  borda  or  whole  eoa!  workinps  to  the 
beta  of  llie  jiillArs  in  ttio  Mine  p&nvl,  slocjg  which  it  H«-eepii  and  prexwN  to 
wards  iho  pai,  forciojt  the  km  from  the  mi^n  nt  lh«  fncc,  and  Riiatly  being 
Mnt  over  a  part  of  the  euar  into  Ihe  rctuni  air-eourse,  it  Jx  conveyed  intotlio 

SCMt  «h»(l  without  goiiig  along  auv  of  the  IraTemiigtiuida  of  the  mine.  The 
nritsp!  of  this  «rraiijt«iniint  of  ln»  ventilation  over  [liat  vhviv  Ihi-  air  eir- 
culatos  thmo^fh  the  mine  in  one  current  is  eridcnt  when  hmlies  of  km  ara 
liberated  from  the  goavra  by  altiio-fpberic  clianiri's,  or  sudden  outbursts  lake 
place.  'I'be  iiiain-roKU  betwMii  the  p^iiula  can  uc>  s«]iarate1y  ventilated  if  the 
blalv  o(  tlio  mine  requiroa  it 

The  method  of  vcnliUtinc  mvnit  havin;;  an  inclination,  and  beinK  worked 
in  diiitrieb  or  [laiiels,  ta  as  follows :  thu  iniddli-  burd  and  tli<*  ujipcr  licadioyx 
er  eodk  of  the  main-roads  am  tbn  intakuA  or  tretAi  air'routx,  and  aW  Inu 
travdlbig-roads  of  the  mine  unolutrucicd  with  doom.  All  the  distrintii  arc 
SU]i|>liod  with  air  from  tUvsi-  inBiii-intaktM  or  freih  air-rondx,  by  regutatont 
placed  on  tbo  (l('lif<T^.  The  whnl«  coal  workingn  aru  Unit  Ti:nUlated,  tlir  air 
then  pamiiig  to  thn  pillar  workinirs  in  the  nr'xt  [lannl,  and  rotnmint;  ilown  ibc 
fcr  bords  or  driftji.  This  mode  of  ventilating  the  panel  has  a  tendency  to 
draw  the  gu  from  the  goaf  towards  lli«  men  ai  the  liici!i  of  Ihe  piUarii.  and  is 
nut  Ui  be  compared  for  oafcty  with  th«  pan«l  vvnlilation  bvfurr  mentioned,  or 
the  follow  iiig. 

Th«  paiinls  hate  each  a  acparatn  ventilation  ;  the  retam  from  each  Ja  d«> 
Ijircrcd  at  the  rioe  pari  of  tiiv-  panel,  where  the  gna  would  by  natural  drain- 
age be  given  o£  Some  preTiou!^  prcpurHti'iii  of  I li«  workings  io  here  i)ecca8arj>, 
befon  a  oancl  can  be  woiked  with  a  icparalc  ventilation.  The  headway*  or 
enck  at  the  low  .lide  and  top  »ide  of  Ibc  jjanels  must  first  be  driven,  and  con- 
nccUd  with  a  pair  of  drills  or  bords,  »i'parat<id  with  Ihe  panel  or  division 
pillar  aL  the  exlremity  of  each  pannl.  The  main  current  of  air  panwfl  up  the 
near  l-oni  or  drift  of  thu  panel,  and  sweeps  Ihe  face*  of  the  bords  by  moana 
of  bratticing.  Kach  of  lh«  other  borda  or  drins  is  vvnlilated  witli  a  scale  of 
air.  In  working  tlie  jiillam,  the  air  sweeps  nt-rons  the  &ce,  prtjwra  tawan)& 
the  goaf,  forces  the  (;n.s  Iroiu  the  men,  is  itcnt  over  a  portion  of  the  goaf,  and 
carries  any  libvniled  ga.-i  into  the  return. 

The  g'.avw  are  connected  with  the  return  air-courses,  so  that  a  drainage 
of  gas  will  go  fonv.ird.  The  exploring  driftn  can  each  have  a  sepimlu  venti- 
lation. 

If  packs  or  stone  pillars  ar«  built  along  tlie  panel  pillar,  a  current  of  air 
will  sweep  bctwccik  it  and  the  goaC  which  will  he  aonie  proloclion  to  the  men 
working  this  pillar. 


ns  ooAL  rtBLDs  of  AiAsaitirt  cot-^rrr,  xAHTLasio. 
In  the  Report  of  Ur.  Jamus  Ilig^nB,  Agricultural  Chcmiit  of  the  Stalo  of 
PlUr;land,  is  a  aketcli  of  lhi>  coal  Delda  of  Allvguiy  county,  which  is  an 
InlMMtkig  statmi«nt  :— 

Thrmaln  coal  field  of  Aneganyeountj^bembraenllielwMnDan'a  mountain 
m  Ibe  cast,  the  slope  of  Savage  mountain  on  the  wcfit,  the  Potomac  river  on 
tht  Mnih,  and  Mason  and  Dizon'a  line  on  the  north.    It  it  tbout  thir^  mile 

•Vol.  IL— «1 


4n 


Coali  and  CoUitrin. 


in  Im^,  iliout  Tour  in  b«vw]cb.  ant]  iniikc«  Kltogethn- 130  •qW0»*«R>M.  Tn 
flgun  it  airvi-*  alighlly  fmm  north  <ii  wulh,  rising  soiiirlini™  ftnm  It*  (jn- 
clinnl  axin  lo  i'*  nwUm  and  u-cEtim  banlci^  nitd  rru-mhli^K  an  Indian  ouiimi, 
exc«^l  lliikt  JtK  side*  >rc  ii(>[  no  pcrppiidii^iiliir  Un  the  nsli-rn  side  some  of 
thr  RuiiiU  veins  priii;lralii  \iM\\  ni"iiiitalii  and  overlook  Ihti  Pntomai;;  on  tho 
wot  it  Aor*  not  roi^h  thn  Kuniiiiil  of  K.\i'r]{p  mounLitn.  A  more  minute 
•I«8cripIioti  of  thin  litU  is  deemed  unticccHury,  lu  all  iLi  cliaract«n*tics  an 
famfliiirlj-  knon-n  to  tlie  publit. 

Thrre  ur_lifi*t.ii  veins  in  this  coal  IxMin,  sonw  of  which,  howcrrt,  haveaa 
tconninicHl  v»liic. 

Tho  chief  Tuin*  arc:  Isl,  ths  lipa-/ool  vein;  2d,  the  t^rtf'Joot  rtiii;  Si, 
the  ArJjt-iiiM  vein;  4(h,  the  tir-fuot  »(jin;  5lli,  thn  eiVAf-/<w[  Tcinj  Qth, 
the  W?  or  fi/ttfn-faot  vein. 

The  most  important  vcini,  however,  and  thone  now  worked  for  exporta- 
tion, MV  the  hie  vein,  iXw  Hix-fool  vein,  and  the  forty-inch  vein,  Tlio  hig  vein 
ia  conxideriMl  the  nioKt  vnhinblc;  it  eonUiiis  an  avi^mgn  thickneM  of  <I9MN 
/ttt  of  workable  coal. 

It  w  Mttmati'd  lliat  there  are  in  this  field  20,000  aorea  of  workable  bit 
win  coal ;  80.000  ncrts  of  the  six-foot  vtin,  and  80,000  aerrs  of  the  fonjr-indi 
vein.  It  will  Ihii^  l>r  w*n  that  the  smaller  veinn  rinhmoc  a  much  larger  u«k 
than  the  big  vein.     They  do  not  Buffer  xo  much  by  denudations. 

The  following  is  a  oalt^ulation  of  the  nniotinl  of  available  coal  In  Ihi;:  main 
coal  fleliL  The  l>ie  vi-in.  eAmpri*inii  SO.OOO  ncreK  of  workable  coal,  eleven 
fret  Ihiek,  contains  In  every  acre  IT.717  tons  of  coal,  or,  in  the  whole  vein, 
8SI,0S3,33a  tons.  Uwluct  one-fourth  for  wasluge  of  eri-ry  hind  uiiil  wo  have 
24A,S0(1.000  tons  of  nierehanlahlc  ci>al  of  iinsnrpsiucil  oxccllencn.  The  six- 
fiMt  vein  nrnUinx  in  each  acre  0,060  tonn  of  eoni;  thU  multinlied  by  itx  num* 
b«r  of  acres,  80,000,  will  invc  7-14,-100.000  tons  of  coal.  DeuuelingaK  before,  - 
W«  Snd  It  Is  capahlB  of  ^nnistiiiig  580,800,000  tons  of  coal,  Tlio  four-foot 
vein  conUins  niso  8'),00l]  aere* ;  each  actv  SiO/iO  lonn  of  coal ;  tho  whoh;  vein 
thetefotv  eontnin*  284,000,000  ions  of  conl,  Dcduetinn  one-lburth  for  tvantnge 
wid  wc  have  303,000,000  tons  ns  the  quinlity  it  can  fumiah. 

Thus  it  >HI1  \iv  neeu  tli.nt  these  three  vein^i  alone  will  supply  en*  hilli'm, 
(IM  Awrufrvd  and  trn  mitliit'i*  of  tont  nftonl!  In  all  conscience,  is  not  this 
enaufffa) 

The  ((uatlly  of  Lhig  coal  it  now  beginning  to  b«  appr«divl«il.  Aa  a  Itad 
for  the  generation  <>f  steam.  It  possesHi'>i,  in  a  higher  degree  lh>ti  any  other, 
the  three  important  qualities  quicknesi.  continuance,  and  steadlnos  of  eoni- 
huxlion,  ltd  lending  chetnical  conslittienis  are  a  InrRe  pcrccntajco  of  enrbon, 
a  aniall  percentage  of  bhIws.  a  trace  cif  sulphur  iind  nilro;;en,  very  liule  water, 
Mid  a  modemtc  quantity  of  bitumen.  Tltis  bitumen,  if  in  exeeM  as  in  the 
Richni'rnd  nnd  Piltsburtf  ccmls.  would  give  tt  rapid  fire,  but  one  of  hliort  dura- 
tion ;  if  it  lifH's  not  exitt  nl  all.  <lh  in  anthracite,  combustion  would  be  alow, 
and  each  addition  of  fui;l  would  deaden  the  flume.  The  Cumherland  coal  con- 
tains juKt  (DOugh  bitumen  to  securi'  qtiiek  coinbuHtion,  and  jual  enough  c»r- 
hon  to  prcHcrvn  a  uniform  lient.  It  is,  thercforr,  the  very  beat  known  fiiel  for 
the  generation  of  tieain.  Profi'ssor  W.  H.  JolLnson  eBtabli»lied  thix  point  in 
1844,  wheri,  afler  clnborntc  experiments  with  over  thirty  rlilfereut  vnriolies  of 
coal,  he  reported  ti>  the  Savy  IJepnriment  that  a  pound  or  Inwhel  (euusl 
weights  or  equal  butk>i)  nf  C-uniberlDnd  cuni  would  generate  more  Ktcam  than 
the  same  amount  of  any  oilier  coni  in  the  country. 

t'tiHiherls'ul  coal,  being  retnarknbly  free  fi'om  sulphur,  \ti  also  adinirnbly 
adapted  for  the  smelling  of  iron  nnd  other  orei.  It  makes  a  liennliful  compact 
coke,  and  in  thi»  shape  is  used  lo  grent  n'iva"tiif:e  in  the  nianufaelure  of  all 
kinds  of  uiclals.  It  is  nI*o  pre-eminently  the  I) I nel, smith's  coal,  and  for  doincs- 
Ik  purposes  cannot  bu  surpassed  ax  a'  fuel.  Tho  charge  that  it  is  liable  to 
apontftntdua  combustion  is  not  unly  not  true,  but  chemical  analvsls  iletnon- 
/4nt«  its  inpowbtlitjr. 


iM»aiwf  Zine. 


458 


Th«  middW  coal  fivl<l  of  AOtg^ny  in  lituated  b*twwn  Segr*  •nd  Hcodoir 
mnatMin*.  The  coil  in  iliis  region  ui  ■  fln«  campAct  mininil,  with  >  liirgeT 
propartion  of  biluoicn  than  that  ot  tho  mnin  Bcld.  Tho  vrias  «rv  ttikli,  and 
wh«[i  ricllilii'S  fur  Jx'Kbing  market  are  protided,  thU  cofti  nill  bear  a  vcr; 

lii^h  rhamrlcr. 

The  B-pstrm  coal  field  of  Allcicanf  is  «itnat»<1  on  the  ToiiirtiiOKhe'iJ  river, 
tt  contains  wmn,  two,  four,  fire,  and  tix  tett  in  thickni-M,  aiih  whir.h  nr« 
aesoctalcil  iron  "rt  in  targu  quantiti-;M.  Tlic  time  will  n>ini:  wlii-n  thin  will  be 
ono  of  the  moxt  imparteat  ndtMnl  districts  of  (b«  oountj.  Al  prrMtit  it  tiaa 
no  outlet  to  lairkeL 


IROS  AND  ZlSa 

RCNHCA    tRDOt   CftMPjlKT. 

Thi!  propeHj  of  this  Coinpanv,  and  the  UMyK  of  their  ore,  arcdcncribwl 
on  pagi!  541,  Vol.  1.  Tlie  otllwrs  of  llii>  Conipan}-  an::  K.  B.  Worth,  Pw»i- 
dtrnl;  T.  W.  I.^ckwood,  Trf Miir.r ;  and  Qvn.  Tlnirbcr,  Secretary.  Thoir 
office  in  in  DeirDit,  JilichiRnn.  Thn  rnjiital  of  the  Company  in  stated  in  Ihtt 
Report  at  JSOO.OOO,  of  which  |30,000  hw  been  paid  in. 

At  pn;»i:rit  thej  htivp  a  water-power  siw-mill  nearly  eompletcd,  and  quit* 
a  RiMiiI  forvfi  chopjiinj;  conl-wood  fur  eoaliiij  w\l  immiiier.  'I'brir  works  are 
about  two  mill's  frnm  the  vilUfc«  on  the  Inii  Mountain  road.  They  ar*  raising 
iron  ore  on  their  place,  and  intend  erecting  a  furnace  thin  Mpring. 


inoH  xorin'Aisi  Am  pilot  k:m>b,  vimociil 

For  tK>me  Interosting  particulars  r«spci-'linK  tliis  rich  iron  rrcioti  of  UiiMtiri, 
we  aro  indebted  to  the  -St.  /i^"M  Repubtiean.  The  treavures  of  this  re^on 
appear  to  be  almoKl  inexhauKtiblc,  and  the  proapcct  for  thtrir  rapid  derclop> 
mrnt  is  moKl  Hattering. 

The  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  are  thv  largest  and  most  ox tni ordinary 
dfpoiitn  of  iron  in  the  known  world — tlie  qiuuitity,  the  quality,  and  the  fncility 
of  ohtaintnK  the  orc<  are  the  dUlinguisbing  features  of  tliene  invxhauvtibte 
store*  of  wealth. 

Tin-  on'of  llwse  nionntalns  is  what  is  known  by  mineralogisbf  bk  specular 
OJidc,  Fair  specimens  yield  by  analysis  from  sixty-live  to  ^ixty■lux  per  cent 
of  pure  iron,  six  to  eight  per  cenL  of  carliiy  matter  (nhtniina  and  dilica),  the 
rcmainiipi-  oxyp-ii.  Then;  is  nothinR  combined,  therefor*,  with  tho  ore  in  ill 
natural  condition  tn  preeenllhc  proiiiietion  of  the  finest  metal.'  The  ore  from 
the  other  localities  it  ec|iiiiily  rich,  and  equiitly  ndnplcl  lo  llie  (production  of 
pure  iron.  Tlw  ore  nf  llie  Iron  Moilnlnill  i«  n.iimrK.ll'le  for  lt«  nniformlty  of 
ehsracl^T ;  Ih"  sniaile't  •pecimf  n.  accidentnlly  picked  np.  is  n  fair  i.peciinen 
of  Ibc  entire  mnss.  That  of  the  lllot  Knoli  is  mure  variable.  In  nomu  placca, 
particiilarlv  neur  the  Kuinmit  of  the  njoiinlutK,  it  aHsuineB  suuiFwhat  of  a  por^ 
phyritic  cfi»nic|rr.  and  eonsequently  involving  a  grraUT  ninount  of  earthy 
maltrr  than  above  staled,  hut  much  the  Inr^st  pari  of  the  Knob  appears  to 
be  ■*  pure  as  the  Iron  Mounlnin. 

Tlie  ore  of  Ih*  Iron  MounWin  corem  an  ar*a  of  about  five  hundred  ocren. 
The  mountain  is  silaati-d  in  the  valley  of  St  Francis,  and  risc»  about  two 
btiiulrcd  iind  nixty  feet  above  l!ie  pluin  of  country  thai  surround*,  aTid  entirely 
■qiaraleii  it,  fn.mi  all  ollwr  elevalioiin.  Tbi-  mountain  has  been  estimated  to 
eoDtein  Ito  hundrtd  •iit4  ttrdre  millioa  tent  of  ert  above  the  b««e.    The  ore 


*u 


Inm  and  ^ne. 


vmsStj  prownti  ita«lf  in  lumps  or  bouldon^  from  the  nee  of  p«bblp*  up  to 
tboic  of  liro  CT  tliTM  liuudrcd  (luuiiiLi  tu  wrigbl,  «tid  IboiManik  of  loiw  atn 
W  [licked  up  upon  the  mounUin  niihoot  tho  use  of  cnxr-bar  or  pkk.  The 
ore  it  CO  pure  and  ftcc  from  uthcr  luhitaiMM,  thul  do -dillicully  lias  b««a 
found  in  working  it  ^lirt>ctiy  into  bluoina. 

Th«  Pilot  Knob  •-nvi-n  nn  area  about  equal  to  the  Iron  Mountain,  and 
risnjt  to  an  dcvuliuti  abuvc  [be  adjaccot  vallej*  of  abciut  lire  hundred  ft-cL 
On  the  tionbvrn  sidu  of  lliu  I'ilol  Knob.  Ihti  or«  k«1*  upon  red  porphjrj,  and 
Is  bwo  S«vn  tn  dip  with  coniddcnkblc  npidity  tnwnrds  Uw  Nouth  from  the  cul- 
minating point  of  th?  mouiitiiiii ;  thcroforu  it  tiiay  be  aimuuied  to  he  iron  or* 
doini  to  at  iv«8l  a  Igrol  with  the  a())*cont  valley,  or  8ay  Arc  hundred  feet 
thick. 

Near  the  tliot  Knob  standa  the  Shepherd  Uuuntain,  abounding  in  rieh 
orex  tlmt  arv  lil^lity  ningnelic,  and  &nid  I«  pmliicu  steel  of  the  finei>t  qiialily. 
There  are  several  deposits  of  rith  iron  ore  in  the  neighborhood. 

The  I'ilut  Knoh  and  Shepherd  Mountain  Iwluu^'  to  the  Madimii  Iron  Hinhiz 
Company,  who  are  aettvt^l.v  rngn^d  hi  the  niaiiiifni'tiirv  of  pij(  metal  and 
blooms. 

The  Iron  Mountain  belongs  to  the  Auwriean  Iron  Mountain  Cumpaiiy,  who 
are  largrly  oncnKod  in  thr  niHiiuraclnre  of  pig  mi'Int,  whivb  ik  now  rjLrriod  lo 
8te,  (ieneYievp  in  wngonn,  a  di»tiuiei>  of  forty  miles,  nt  vrhith  point  it  is  worth. 
for  abipincDt,  from  Iwu  lo  Uirwe  dollar*  per  ton  mure  Uian  tho  TvnneHoa  and 
Obio  mcta]. 

The  ore  of  thoc  vait  formations  is  quite  in  demand  at  the  river,  and  iMiUs 
readily  at  8te.  Genevieve  for  %lli  uit  tun  for  Bhijiuieol  to  ibi?  t~>liio.  This 
paya  veil  for  tho  bauUng,  when  thi;  tctma  arc  not  enganed  in  transportiDg 
matal  and  lilouniK. 

The  Iron  Hounlnin  is  distant  from  S(,  IjOIiIs  seven ty-eJEht  tiiileg,  and  iho 
Pilot  Knob  in  nix  miles  aouth  of  the  Mniintnin,  and  eighly-foiir  mil™  from  St. 
Louin.  The  SL  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railrood  is  now  under  conlrBCt,  and 
wOl  be  camplctod  from  St  lA)ui«  tu  the  Mountnin  and  Knob  by  tlip  llrst  uf 
November.  18W,  n-bich  will  bring  tiioBc  gitiit  ri^ounxw  within  four  hours' 
traiiait  of  St.  Louid,  and  tlie  ore  ean  then  bo  furni^ht'd  to  manubcturcrs  in  St. 
Louis  at  throe  dollain  per  ton,  inetnding  all  expenacs.  The  common  or«a 
usually  eo!it  that  price  at  the  furnncc. 

The  Kallroad  rolloviH  thv  MimiKitippi  river  about  twenty-eight  miles,  thence 
lip  Joa^-him  (,'rcck  about  t*enty  miles,  crosses  Iliif  river,  and  follows  Mill 
Creek  about  ten  milea;  the  lut  three  streams  afford  an  xbundnnce  of  fine 
iraler'jwjwer,  Biuiablo  for  fhrfen  and  funin^.-w,  in  the  mid-it  of  line  tirulwr,  and 
we  may  toon  elpert  to  nee  such  cttabliiilimentB  dotirr!  ull  aloii]f  the  railroad. 

Bill  St.  Louis  iiiU5t  bi-i.'oiue  the  great  manulncluririg  jioint.  Itre  the  ore 
will  ^m  nivl  hy  the  tlanncl  eon!  from  the  l.lsaj;..-,  bruuKbl  ovir  the  IV'ilie  Rail- 
road, Eupcrimeiila  have  shown  that  this  eoal  can  be  aubtlilutpd  for  rhnn-oal 
without  lmt>airing  the  ijuality  of  tlie  iruii,  and  e.iperiencod  iron-nuutL-n  otd 
languine  of  making  rails,  by  tho  niw  of  Cannel  coal,  direct  from  the  on',  and 
b(  a  quality,  for  lougUnewi  and  durability,  mperinr  to  any  now  in  niw. 


THB  Cl.BVEf.AIID    IBOM   COHI-AXr. 

The  Clovelaiiil  Tron  Mining  Company  liavu  ex|)end<.>d  uboul  |I30.000  for 

ITarfoDspurpoNui  buying  a  town  site,  (Mnrijiietti',)  hnildlni;  piers,  wnrehouMii, 

ta^MBtft,  etc    Their  furnaw  was  destroyed  bv  tire  in  IK'ccmber  last,  and  now 

lltif  aMBdon  the  nianuCinnn^  of  Iron  on  LnK«  Su[iiTior,  anil  sell  all  the  ore 

they  c*ll  ([et  down.     All  tho  ore  they  deliver  comes  lVi>m  llie  .loekson  mine. 

'  Vith  present  fiirililieB,  it  costs  ^  lo  bring  the  ore  from  Marr]Uelle  to  Cleve- 

I  land.     U'lwn  the  Ste.  .St,  Marie  Canal,  and  the  milroiid  from  Liike  Superior 

I  to  the  ii'on  mines  am  llnuhed,  there  will  be  no  ditllculty  In  fiimiihinK  Ctevc- 

I  land  thouiuuidiof  tons  of  ore  per  year,  from  the  Lake  Superior  cuualy.    11m 


Iron  and  Zine.  ^R 

CHwdUHl  mine  w  kbout  twelve  railcM,  knt)  the  Jkckiian  m!fic  nine  mile*  tram 
tlxf  UArqutKc  laiidiitg.  TUe  line  of  milrtMul  it  oovr  parCiallj  emlnl  for  ft 
|>Unk  read,  and  will  W  about  bIxUivii  iuIIvh  loug,  U>  tliu  CIbtvImm  mino. 


TDK  tOMSar    IllON   OOUI-AKT. 

Tlic  Foivst  Citj  Iron  Company  of  ClBwUnil  «»  niiahing  ahcail  thoir  works 
M  flut  an  the  weather  will  permit  They  will  pnbabl;  ccmmenci!  manuGu;- 
timns  about  the  llml  of  April.  The}'  arc  a  very  cnvrKvlic  (Turnjiany,  and  if 
Ow  Riintoii  privvM  in  uhat  il  In  olaimrd  to  li«,  thcj  will  make  a  Krntl  dnal  of 
mtmey  oirt  of  it  This  Company  have  contracted  with  the  CievpUnd  Iron 
Hinltig  Company  fur  o[ic  UiouHind  toiu  of  urv  dtJiri'ri^d  at  Cli^velanct  fur  $19 
per  Ion,  whirh  tlipy  intrnd  to  mix  with  Ore  Grom  their  mine  at  SalincTillc,  on 
the  Cleveland  and  Pittaburg  K^lroad. 


pBicBs  or  non. 
Thn  Secn-tarr  of  the  Treasury  of  Virginia,  in  reply  to  a  rwolution  of  the 
State  Senate  adopted  a  year  ago,  hax  rrportcd  the  arerajtc  prioc  of  iron  for 
the  hut  (en  yean  preceding  1893,  at  markoti  of  prodactioa  abroad  and  at 
home,  an  followa : — 


AyoTKgr  lit  iner(ih»niahti!  Ijar  iron  Hi  Liviirpaal 

*'  of  oiirrliuutiiMu  bar  iron  at  Nvw  fork  . 

**  of  iQfroIiiuittidla  bar  IroQ  at  Pliubuix  >            ■ 

"  of  bcil  n.-lli)crl  Itonia  Uverbool 

«  ef  bcit  rirniicil  Iron  ut  Hew  York,  t  months  ersdit 

"  oT  lullroibi  lr'>F]  111  Wslet         .            .  .            . 

•'  of  RulriiU  Imii  in  Now  Vark 

"  of  fit  >">■>  al  UlaiKOw             .            .  .            . 

"  of  pli{  irou  at  Now  Vork        .          .  .          . 

"  of  pig  Iron  at  llttiburg         .           .  .          . 


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^XUmCAL    AM.lT   or   tROK   OKE). 

The  follon-ing  method  of  tiisay,  »yii  the  Micbnitcd  Bcrlhicr,  csnnot  li« 
loo  much  rccO[iimi:uilo<l  to  iruu  niusiers,  fur  all  (hu  lacta  nccduiarj  to  be 
gotten  ill  r()lati'>ii  to  (h^  oru8  tlivy  ninclt,  aro  itiipHrl^d  In  «  v«ry  »linplo  Wid 
•xpnditioiiE  mniincr;  and  hy  vnrymg  the  rxprrimvntc,  and  by  cmpio/i'n;;  m 
fluiCN  (hr  orditiuy  Hubituticci  lui'd  fur  thnt  purpunr.  ■  kiiuwlcdgp  of  tlic  mix- 
ttirM  which  will  aiiawpr  bvBl  in  tliu  hiyb  fiirimi^,  may  Ijo  obtailivd  without 
loM  of  niclnl  or  much  rxjicnKf. 

Bf  pcrfurminK  iiimplu  opentioiw  on  the  mineral  hcfure  IUmod,  a  double 
Kiuy  muv  bi<  [liii|)uii!ivd  with,  and  much  useful  knowlcd^  gftjiivi]  as  (o  tlie 
naliiro  of  the  bodv:  indeed,  thia  mrlhod  h only  ncennd  tn  an  analjiio  hj  the 
kionid  method.  Mkcxu  operatiunn  are  compriccd  in  roasting  or  enldniiig,  to 
drinoffkTi;r  toIhUIv  or  oouiSuAtiUv  mallvni;  in  tn'aling  t))e  orv*  with  i-urtain 
•ddii,  the  object  of  which  in  to  sBciTlain  Ihr  nninunl  nf  inKoluble  matter  by 
diDrrvuee  of  weight  before  and  afler  ibe  uction  Iibu  tnltcn  place. 

Thu  hydrated  ores  ar«  i^liiiie']  to  eBliruate  n-nter;  thuHo  i>rM  containing 
manjCnneiic,  tn  redu>'e  it  to  a  R\eii  l^n(>«ti  state  of  oviiJalinn  (ite^tiiuxidc). 
Tlie  carbonate*  arc  rousted  lo  cipcl  carbonic  acid ;  the  ores  ftum  the  coal 
formation)!,  tu  burn  the  cumbuntibte  matter  with  which  they  are  mixed.  Slagu 
and  drons  arc  masted  to  Ihiu  Iheui  from  clisiwiil,  A  siiiiiilp  ealcinatinn  some- 
timca  is  Kufficient,  an  in  the  cii»eof  earbonalex;  but  when  niixturex  of  per  and 

Erotoxide  of  iron  are  tu  be  auayed,  ibey  must  be  .lubjccted  lo  ■  lung  roBHling 
1  order  to  convert  all  the  contained  proIoTiilc  into  peroxide. 
Diluted  and  cold  nitrite  and  acrtie  acldn  are  employed  for  mItirrMla  whMt 
matrix  is  purely  ealeareoui  or  mngnciian,  u  thoe  acids  dinolrc  the  earthy 
carbnnatcg  without  attacking  vithcr  itontx,  ele«(,  or  tlie  oxidM  of  iron.  The 
tvKidiia  in  to  he  well  washed,  ilrieil  and  wciKhcdj  and  Ih*  amount  of  (srlnmatf* 
calciiialcd  by  the  difforcncc.  It  in  now  to  be  treated  with  boiling  hydrochlorii; 
acid,  or,  what  is  frefiirahle,  by  uguu  rcyia.  The  ona  wlilcb  conlain  KubHtiuica 


Iron  tiad  Zinc. 


467 


iniolufilc  in  IhrseBcidsftre  gunoMlly  ofa  clajrer  or  Gintj  naiuN^  ThoM  »re 
to  bi?  Hcifflicd,  >nd  BccaTilinK  tn  their  ni:i(;)i[  uial  of  tlie  flux  to  bo  addcU  in 
tht  iH-jij-  in  JvliTiniiicil,  an  will  be  nhon-n  hcri--all<f. 

It  inii.'I  III-  liDtiip  ill  [niiid.  liowcvrr,  that  th«  cU}'«  are  ahtolulcly  iiinolubU 
in  hjdrophloric  loiil,  hr  i  I'lTlain  iiuanlltjr  of  aluiijiiia  is  &1wnfi;  dixsolTcd, 
whicli  in  j;rvi(cr  in  proportinn  tu  tlie  proporliatt  cxiHting  in  thu  clir. 

Tlic  orvi  <x>iitaiiiing  liUiiiuin  m  boUod  with  com^ntrDtcd  sulphuric  acid, 
aft«r  lhi,-y  hnvr  iioi^ii  rrdiKiil  t^  Iho  fUiut  pUMiblc  stats  of  diriiion.  All  tho 
oxid»  of  iron,  titanium,  niid  in.inKiinrsc,  are  dittolvcd,  ainl  tbt<  stony  ji^nguvM 
whit-'li  rrKiKt  t)if  urtiun  of  ihiK  ncid  can  be  ulinutcd.  The  utility  of  (Tiii  csli- 
mallon  hiII  bf  |>oii>t(>d  out  hh  we  pnxrVL-d. 

When  nil  th(^  oiMrnlionH  luxetfarj  for  *ach  particular  c«M  haie  bc«n  com' 
plctnl,  we  knuut  the  proportion  of  vulatiTc  xuhiitanrvs,  of  subslanceii soluble 
Ell  aci'tii'  iK'iil.  ami  iIiusl-  iiisutublv  iii  hj'drix^Iiloric  and  xulphuric  acids,  COB- 
tatnrd  In  t]i<^  Kuhtlanrn  iiitilcr  ftuaj. 

The  iiiitnblc  llui  h  thi'n  added,  nnd  the  fuiuon  proceeded  with  u  uauaL 
Ici  y"-"''ral  wi'  have  a  choice  of  a  Twietv  of  lluiei ;  out  if  th<!  ninaj  h  taba 
vcriricd  Hiid  innde  an  accurate  as  ]iOtiiblv,  lixi-d  Duxva  mu^il  be  employed,  or 
fluxv^  whicli  loEw  only  a  dctcrminati^  amount  of  volnllle  ciiAllur.  Carbonate 
of  linit,  nnd  carbonttlo  of  rnngnesiii,  are  examples  of  thi*  sort  of  flux. 

1*1  A  be  Ihc  wciKhl  of  thu  roiiah  or  noii^akinod  oru;  B,  tho  vcij[hC  of 
the  EAine  etlcinrd ;  C,  the  weight  of  the  fluxes  in  n  roiitli  stjile ;  I),  the  weight 
of  the  name  calcined ;  P,  the  weight  of  matter  iiijtrfublo  in  hydrochloric  or 
■iilphurie  tu-'ids;  U,  the  wrljjhlof  the  flxvd  ^^ubxtancc-t  soluble  in  acetic  or 
nitric  acld^  a  «<ixlU  which  rjin  be  readily  cakulntFid  whan  wo  know  llie  Ioh 
which  the  ore,  not  treated  by  ocid-i,  suD'crH  by  calcination,  and  tho  T«gjclu«  of  " 
lh«  treatment  of  this  nubslaiici"  bv  nci.aie  or  nitric  ncidi ;  M,  the  weight  of  th* 
button  of  mi'Ial  and  scattered  globules;  S,  the  wxlgjhl  of  thu  hUk;  and  O,  Uio 
loss  of  n'ci)(ht  in  the  nsiay  which  represent*  tho  quantity  of  oxygon  dia- 
■njpiKed  durini;  the  reduction. 

The  following  in  the  dis)ju»ition  of  tho  data  from  whioh,  at  ono  Tiew,  all 
the  UM'ful  rcBulki  of  the  itMuj  can  be  dntermin«iL 
,,     1m  the  assay  hox  been  employed : — 

A,  niugh  ore  —  oildnM  on      ....  .  B  ~ 

C,  ottoagii.linti'  Kddcil  —  flsfd  Has  ....  D 

TuliJ  of  Axed  mattor Bf-D 

Tho  result  h(w  been ; — 

glS^**}        Total U^ 

LOM O 

Plaia*      ........  D 

TUrUnbla  mntUir *      .  S-D 

SoitataiHWa  InwiluUs  )n  liydroohlaric  aeU.  etc.            .            .  T 

flubitaneci  tolilhlo  in  lijiIronhJoric  utJ,  (le.   .                        .  g-D^T 

SutxlaDOai  *oIu)'>n  in  aciTlio  acid           ....  K 
tlut»taQeoii  lawilubl«  in  anlid  neld,  and  aolobla  in  kpir»- 

chlMiBOcld S-D-T-S 

When  the  inn  in  tlto  substance  unyed  ii  in  a  known  dcBra*  «f  oxtdatton, 
and  whrti  but  lltllo  Riani;nne>ic  ia  prcHi-nt,  lh«  quantity  of  oxygen  (0)  ought  to 
correspond  verj-  nearly  with  the  q\i«ntity  of  motal  (It)  produuvd ;  if  it  docK,  the 
aSKay  must  b«  corrvcL 

A  rigorous  corrcupondence  between  tho  two  numberj,  howercr,  eannot 
always  bo  obtslned,  becauiw  the  iron  is  not  puro,  but  always  contains  carbon, 
•0  tlMt  in  onlinarv  oNiays  Ihr.  peroxide  of  iron  la«cs  but  from  twonly-clght  tn 
tnntf-nine  p"  «uL  of  oxygen. 


4&8 


Inn  and  Zine. 


On  the  other  hand,  the  qiuntitjr  of  iron  rcnuiminK  In  tho  i^  niftkcit  up 

^|ln  p»rt  for  Ihc  I'trbon  eoinbineil  with  the  metal  reduced ;  but  when  Uie  *twy 

has  lici.*!!  iiLiilf.  will]  a  HiiitaMo  llui,  the  uuantity  of  uxygrti  nniaininc  {»  rery 

Hnul),  and  never  excfnlH  nne  per  cent  oi  the  weight  of  tho  %\»K-     \^1ien  the 

iron  it  In  nn  unknon-n  dcf^'ec  of  oxidation,  the  losit  CO)  prodncM  in  the  lumy 

SUti  Ihv  iloBT*)!.  U  it  hns  hceti  niiulv  urilhuut  nectdviit ;  but  If  then-  in  kny 
oubt,  and  U)a  raatilt  is  of  riofinrlmietf,  the  luway  must  lie  rcwinnienecd  for 
Twifieilion-     If  the  fcrrufcinoiis  inslter  I'onUin  manjtnnesc,  and  if  iliat  mctti 
Ih)  in  the  Sitate  of  protoxtde,  the  (erilieation  jiint  dtsrrihed  cnn  he  muJe  with- 
out mmli  Rest  ion.  beeaiiM  the  njaiigiaiiese  itiKWilviid  in  the  hId^  It  alwiys  nt  the 
tnlninvin  of  oxidation;  and  when  a  ftiifttdcnt  quantity  of  tlux  a  cttqAajtd, 
th«  aoiount  rcituool  ii  of  no  ooniccqucnee.     But  when  the  tnanganene  in  in  a 
iBtat«  of  ml  oiiile.  it  parts  with  ■  certain  quaiitity  of  oxygen  on  belni;  nxlueod 
Lto  tho  tninimunt  of  oxiilatinn,  anri  whl>-h  qnantity  l«  estimated  in  the  1mm  (O), 
that  a  perfeetly  aeriirale  veriftcjvtion  eannot  he  tnnle.      Nevcrtheleaa  lh« 
cnee  >H-lween  the  Ion  (<>).  and  the  quantity  of  oxygen  nloulHtcl  fr^in  (ha 
I'aolal  (II),  raintiot  Ix)  fury  (treal,  heranac  th«  tm  oxiile  of  manganese  1o*««  but 
I  '068  of  Dxyitcn  in  its  tnuisfornintion  to  protoxldo. 

Titnnic  acid  bcharei  in  iron  aiEmyH  exaetly  as  tho  oxitlea  of  tnang^nM^i 
It  dispnK«Kijs  at  most  but  '0(1  of  o»ygen  whendiiMoUed  in  ihe  earthy  gUmt*  in 
I  contael  with  rhar<v>a|. 

It  iwnielimes  happen*  that  the  assay  U  not  fused,  or  but  impwfectlr  WK 
''Tills  nan  liappeti  from  two  rauito:  DrHtiy,  because  thti  heat  tiat  not  ntni 
I  Biifflficntly  strong  or  rontiniipd ;  secondly,  beranse  the  tliix  hns  not  been  em- 
i. ployed  in  proper  proportion,  or  baa  not  been  calculated  to  fbrin  fu.tible  eom- 
pMinds  with  llii.'  r<in-i|;n  inatlerij  niiieil  ullh  lhi>  oxlije  of  iron.  In  both  cues 
I'the  oxide  a(  iron  h  eomplrtely  re  I  need ;  and  if  the  aaxajha*  been  tnade  witfa 
;  oare,  tlie  lans  of  oxygen  indieatuii  the  amount  of  iron  in  a  rery  approximate 
itnannrr,  and  nearly  always  with  an  exiu-riru.le  which  is  surprising  to  tho«e 
not  iiri?ti*lomed  to  this  kind  of  opiimlion, 

Tlie  B.-uay  bullons  which  are  not  fiiBcd  hare  a  gray  and  homogeneous 
appeiiraiice.  Tbey  Ilattcn  under  the  hammer,  takit  a  moUllie  lustis  by  friction 
with  a  file,  and  ilisengap?  hydro^'ii  nn  boinK  mtislDiwd  with  hydrochloric 
aeid.     The  Iron  they  contain  is  in  impereeptlbtc  particio*. 

In  the  imperfectly  fused  button*,  tho  iron  ia  dinwniinateit  in  globule 
^roiighout  t)ic<  whole  mass  of  sing.  It  forma  a  si'oriform  button  mixod  with 
much  slag,  without  tho  possibility  ofenmplrtc  sepanition. 

Somctimen  there  is  not  even  an  agglomeration,  and  the  mixtum  lubmittc^ 
to  Msay  fonns  but  a  grayish  metallic  nowilcr.  in  wliidi  case  the  aHaay  in  ua«- 
loM,  as  it  is  impossible  to  eoUect  the  whote  without  iimn,  crcn  by  washing  ths 
diarcoal  lining  with  the  greatnit  c*r«. — JfiCeheU. 


WDKVI'tltN   IROK   ORK. 

The  flrrt  Annual  Report  on  the  (ieological  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  by  Prof. 
Edward  Daniels,  ii  full  of  interesting  infonnation  relative  to  lh«  illogical 
fomulioiM  and  mineral  wealth  of  (hi«  pronprrouii  Stale.  A  brief  natic«  of  the 
iron  ore  of  nodge  and  Washington  counties  Is  eotnpriaed  in  >tx  pt|cei),  which 
precedes  a  more  extended  report  to  be  made  at  a  Allure  day.  We  inittrt  it  ai 
,  valuable  infonnation  ruxpecting  that  eitcn:>ire  dirpwit : — 

This  deposit  of  iron  ore  romtists  of  a  bed  of  great  horizontal  extent,  In- 
tclodrd  hetwi-en  layers  of  limestone  above,  and  a  bed  of  clay,  underlain  by 
limculone,  liHow.  It  pre«cnt»  an  oeeasional  outenip  alotij;  a  ilintanee  of 
tonrleen  niilcii.  and  may  he  traced,  with  frequent  interruptions,  through  tho 
,  whole  dlsbiHc"  from  Iron  Rldi^'.  Ilodip;  oouniy.  in  a  i«>uih*«Bt  dirBclion,  to 
bOia  town  of  Ilartford  in  Washington  eonnly.  It  varies  in  thickneM  from  8 
*1»  80  feeL    It  uadouUcdly  extendi  over  at  least  laci  or  twtdvo  aqunn:  miles. 


frOK  ottJ  Zite, 


4S» 


conslituling  one  of  th«  moirt  Mtcnrire  btdn  <.f  iron  ore  known.     It  Drewntc 
cvm-  cvMtmcc  of  bcins;  an  ineluilnl  Mrstuin,  li*viiig  a  disltnct  stnttSMtloiL  j 
nonRimabln  to  th«  rocks  «1invR  ftnH  hi'Ion-  it.     Th«  wholp  fonnnlion  of  rocksj 
dip*  diRhtly  towinh  the  vtM.     Tho  »truc7liirc  of  the  ore  in  pini*  in  unuallf  1 
that  of  small  llaltcnod  noilute!!,  cenifn(p<l  togi'llier.    Bjr  narlial  dm-Ciiiipoiiilioa,.  1 
the  o«t  on  tho  siirfnce  h»«  Wii  scparatwl  into  its  i-ormtllucnl  notiiilfs,  whtchij 
rMrmlile  flamccd  In  their  siiw,  mlor,  and  jrensy  fed.     Thi*  loose  material  [ 
called  *eed  orr.     Oreasional  luni|>!i  of  cnmpaot  hematite  occur,  whicli  itcem  i 
be  B  wi'Ofniarj-  form  of  tli«  or^,     Tlio  llinv«1onv  aiijoinlrip  the  hciI  of  ore  It] 
IVfqucntly  diftrnloivil  hy  it,  and  crj'f-titis  at  hrnmtllc  ooriir,  llnltii;  Its  pavlticn. 
Tnle  analyws  hate  been  madp  of  ihi»  oro,  the  dclails  of  wiiich  l  have  not  by 
me  at  tliiH  moment.    Tlivy  pruvii  it  to  ronlain  about  3<>  piT  cuiil.  or  iron,  cotn- 
UiMd  with  aJiuiiina,  sitli^  manitnnrM',  cli'.      Thk  iicrorntaur  in  cinlncntif  l 
bmrftbtc,aHBny  adilition  of  tr()n  beyond  fiO  jlrr  eent  diminUhc.f  tiie  working 
ralne  of  the  ore,  cxcupl  fur  Iramiportalion.     Tbv  coiiibinulion  iti  Kuch  in  lhi8 
etMe  l\M  the  an  rwlucos  readily,  n'iiliont  tho  nowKiiiy  of  any  Hnx  nxmpi  lh« 
Bcoompanyinfc  clay.     The.  ciperimenti'  recently  mnde  upon  the  ijiwlity  of  the 
mckal  produced,  prove  it  c<|uai  in  toitj^lmm  to  thi^  bvKt  Auii'ri<aii  iron.     Two 
CanpanicH  hivu  bscti  ot]t»iii7f  d  to' work  this  or*; — the  North- Wfntwn  Iron 
CoBpkiiy.  and  tho  Ilnrtford  Iron  Company.     Tho  North' Wcstrrn  t":oiiipany 
have  now  in  o[ierntion  n  Ktcnm-bliut  furnace  nt  Iron  Kidgr.  cupablo  of  pro- 
(lucEnic  from  nix  tu  ei^ht  Ions  of  pijc  iron  per  lUy.    Thry  conlvinplat4>  erecting 
two  farnacra.  of  a  iinpi'rli>r  raprfily  In  thin,  at  the  luunc  place      I  am  in* 
fiwmed  by  Churica  Iturthard.  ICiq,,  of  Wnukwha,  an  actiie  rocmber  of  tbo 
Company,  that  pig  iron  can  tw  produccl  at  Ih'.-sc  works  cbeapor  than  at  wny 
Aimacc  in  Americ*,     Tlic  ore  dtitircrfd  at  the  (\irnacp  coKtn  only  fifty  ceniit 
per  toti.     The  immcnw)  forcstK  amid  which  it  h  looted  furoiati  abundatit 
fuel.  «hi1«  it*  iieculiar  computiitlon  midi-n  it  TeiT  cheaply  r^ucod. 

Not  a  siiiglG  IVirnacu  for  (he  manubcture  of  pig  iron  exists  wwt  of  In- 
diana, rxcrjit  at  Iron  Ridge.  The  denianil  f<>r  tliU  mali'rial  is  vvry  fcrrat,  and 
'a  conitantly  incniaxinK.  Thia  depowt  nf  on  it  pra<:ticaUy  incxhaiwlibic,  and 
when  cxlcnsive  work*  are  erected  upon  it  a  iiour«i!  uf  wvaJlli  whose  value  can 
scarcely  hi'  ovirrat"!  will  lie  developed. 

Of  tlic  operatiimn  of  the  llartford  (Company,  I  have  no  delinite  inforniation 
at  hand.  .Among  its  prindpaln,  howcrvr,  am  nnmbi'red  Kynm  Killj'iurn  and 
nirain  Bartx-r.  Riujv,  whose  coiinc<:tion  with  Kuch  an  entcrpriitc  entitles  it  to 
the  eonfldcneo  of  the  public 

The  works  of  the  riortli- Western  Company  have  been  pUceil  under  tha 
Hiiporintendvace  of  Jamei  Tower,  an  franniMl«r  of  great  skill  and  large 
cjipexicnce. 

Thia  brief  notice  is  given  here  merely  to  cftU  attention  to  the  value  of  thia 
dopotdt  of  or«.  The  examinations  upon  wliich  it  is  based  wer«  tnudi;  two 
years  ago,  with  the  esc«ption  of  a  huty  reconnolaanco  the  present  season. 


IHPNUVmmTS    IN    nTnT<4CB!I. 

IJr.  R  Oordon,  of  llcalon  Norris,  Lancashire.  England,  has  patmled  a 
pfcnliar  eonsinietlon  of  fnmace,  in  which  (ho  litv\  Is  neposlled  in  a  hopper 
at  the  moiitii,  and  slowly  parried  forward  during  eombuEtion  on  tho  upper 

surface  of  revolving  cylinders,  until  it  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  ash  at  (ho 
hridce  giilc.  Th'.'  air  ni-cwowry  for  oniplf  le  ooinbu>itioii  tt  supplied  (hrougli 
hoUmr  (iiIh's  and  openinsfs,  in  several  discs.  Thii  speed  at  which  Iho  rvvolvin); 
bora  onuse  tlic  con!  to  travel  through  tiie  furnace  IK  ref^ulatcd  occordinj;  to  th« 
time  rcquifMl  for  coinpletu  oumhuslion. 


im-RnvEMFSTs  iTf  rrsiNO  ikoji. 


Mr,  Wm.  Ireland,  of  Leek.  Staffordjihire,  England,  has  taken  out  a  patent 
fbr  an  itnprored  mode  of  melting  iron,  or  other  metals,  eonstxiing  of  Improved 


«» 


Quarrit*  and  Ciufi. 


mMDE  of  feeding  the  funiMca,  by  whkb  flame  U  pTCTeBl«d  r^iptarine  abore 
the  chandn^  <Ioor  dtirins  the  time  of  clmrsing.  and  tiDttl  the  liiuu  of  uloving 
down,    itiv  cupola  ui  Ktled  witli  fufl  to  t«o  feet  k)>ov«  thu  li)yf<r<>  previoiM  V* 

Soltliiit  III  »ny  mtui,  whwii  lliu  pija  an'  nrrmiacjl  on  rnch  other  croMvaju^ 
lling  up  the  intePStlcM  with  licnip  inctnl  nnil  cikc.  The  fiimiiec  U  mnde 
much  higher  than  prcvioualy,  «nd  lias  a  lapti  fonu  iiiltmillj'  iibovc  the  co»- 
tracliun,  tu  i<r«T«it  the  mcul  sticking  to  the  Bi'lE«.  The  i^iitnirllun  has  » 
lar^e  f\'*t'i>  hclow  tn  alTord  room  for  %  large  quuitity  of  miJtetl  metal.  If 
found  too  laxjp,  a  false  bottom  may  be  inserted. 


ri.custC'xrxc. 
The  dtsrovery  that  a  thin  nhcct  of  lend,  allied  to  one  ofeine,  aeqni 
|>TO[)ertieB  of  enduntice  whieh  these  (liHlini-t  niolnls  do  nut  poMc.iii  uneci- 
noed,  ia  giving  rise  to  fxperlineiita  in  various  lalitiidi.^.  and  more  or  leM 
improRnatrd  atmospherci.  In  thcKc  trialn  are  inoliidril  all  the  nrdinnrj  iii^taJB 
used  for  the  covering  of  dome*,  rooft,  and  floors  of  hulls,  stiitrcjuwK.  ctn,.  and 
tbr  I'umpiiriKon  apiienni  lo  he  >imp:u1iLrly  in  favur  of  thu  phi nibie- line,  irpon 
tha  coiiipleliori  of  tlii-se  uperitiniil*.  olhthf  of  hich  dieinicsl  rmiKi deration 
are  to  be  enlonNl  into,  and  tlic  eonfliiKionK  will  lie  piililished  by  thu  di«.'nvrr- 
cr»,  Mewoi,  Morowood  and  Uorcts,  of  the  Slecl-yonl,  I^ndon,  who,  althonnh 
COinmerr-iiLlly.  cannot  be  diimv  tnrneiitlv  interestvd  than  the  icienliflc  world  io 
the  rraulln  adduced. — London  JvtimaL 


trsr-wiimt  »tkj(»(t™. 

Jmdm  Renton,  of  Newark,  !ia«  taken  out  a  patent  for  efnc-whlte  fumaet*^ 

of  whieh  the  following  it  the  elaim  : — 

I  do  not  claim  to  lart  Inreiitcd  any  mode  of  irralinn  the' oxide*  or  other 
aubvInnceK,  after  they  are  •*aporal«d,  bitt  I  rUim,  Ist.  The  combinnlion  of 
ait,T  minihcr  of  ore  tnbc*  and  (i|MCC«,  placed  sidp  by  side,  and  coinmiini<.iitinK 
with  each  other  throiinh  openlnpi  In  their  indeji,  the  nre  tube*  heinjt  fxjuiscd 
(o  a  dc)n'»  of  hcnt  iculEcicnt  to  evaporate  the  oxideji  or  other  siibtiances 
contained  therein,  and  make  lliem  pam  throii£li  the  opentn:;!!  into  the  spncex, 
the  said  spaw  Win;:  protcfli'rl  from  the  heat  by  the  ore  t'lbpn,  and  serving 
either  to  eollect  and  eondense  the  oxide*  or  other  vapor.i,  or  to  convey  ihem 
to  any  other  suitable  rteeptaele  KubRUintially  ui  set  forth. 

ii.  The  hood,  or  Irunk,  fiimiKhed  with  suitable  opcnlnEii  for  tbe  admii- 
alon  of  ail',  and  jilnccd  over  the  air  tube*  K.  and  tub™  or  Rpswa  M,  ■uhsliiii- 
tially  a.''  dcKeribed,  for  the  piirjio.w  of  rereivin^,  leading  ufl',  and  cooltnn;  lb« 
oxidua  or  other  vapors  escaping  from  the  orea,  as  described. 


QUAUitlES  AXD  CUTS. 

Thii  Comjianf  is  orttnniErd  for  the  purpose  of  (|uarryine  and  prepArintt  for 
market,  roofing  slate,  from  lla  i|imrrir»  In  Hampton,  Washington  coonly.  Ver- 
mont. The  rapital  of  the  Company  is  tSOO/JOO,  in  one  hiindrod  ihouwod 
flhareii,  sixty  thoimnd  of  wiiieh  will  not  be  in  mwket  prior  to  Pcbmaty, 
l(lGr>,  nor  then,  unletti  a  ilivldvnd  of  13  ]<er  cent,  it  earned  on  the  whole  capi- 
tal stock.    From  the  IJep«rt  of  thi;  Company  we  pither  the  following  faela:— 

The  quwT/  MoQgs  to  the  tract  known,-  m  tbc  "  SiMv  Bi^ou  «t  .Tu- 


Qttarrie*  and  Clag*. 


4M 


nenl,"  tohleh  estonJa  IVoia  tb«  nrishborhooit  at  Caatleton  wntthward 
thirty  mito,  (o  the  tlooiai:  mmintain,  covvriii^  an  *v«ng«  iridtU  of  three  anl  I 
■  biir  milci.  or  Ibis  Icm'tary,  the  pi>rtinn  upnn  lli«  iT«et  side  of  tli*  T»n«)ri 
rcBcIiin-  into  Die  ailjomiiie  tirctiona  of  New  York,  ii  aHrcrUm«il  to  pokmm  the 
ttiwt  quality  of  iil*(r.  H'lcTi  m  ohiaEim  llio  milicst  kiIg  iit  tlic  tnarkct  Unlr 
nccnsional  poinU  in  ihis  alnlc  j-tratoin  srv  feiiml  nTftilnUi-  fur  wurkinji.*  Much 
of  the  iiii'ntnil  is  diitoicrtd  in  llntu,  where  llic  ojicretiotis  r>f  ihc  c|iiiuTymcn 
are  ilirKlly  dowiiuiril.  iiuitond  of  horizuiiUl;  arr  iiii[>uil«l  br  vatd';  and 
wlicir  the  cost  of  rtevalinj;  Iho  ttooo  to  lb*  luvul  of  ihv  gruiinii  is  loo  cxi-imi- 
(ivc  to  admit  of  fWronibIc  iroikin);.  Yet  in  lu'o  or  ihrav  in>iLinf»  qiLiirint 
«f  thiadcamption  liarc  been  «-<irked  willi  profit,  wbi<^Ii  can  only  be  rcRsnlcd 
aammll  when  coinpftrci)  with  lh«  yield  of  luur*  adfinlagvotu  loculiori^  As 
a  Ttile.  hon'CTcr.  ntti'iition  in  chiclfy  diroi'tnl,  iinikr  tho  pn<(>'iit  (leiiiaiiil  for 
thv article,  to  puinlK  nlicre  tiie most  abimdaiit  and  imniHlialc  rraulis  may  be 
ohtuin«'l ;  nnd  liviici'  tlii'  raluu  of  the  prupiTtr  of  tbv  U'iiJ>bin^on  Conipanjr, 
which  is  roitri-fuii^dly  mlaptvd  for  rxtondnd  and  HiiccctHliil  opcRilioiia. 

In  the  prcparuiinn  of  ruofinR  slates  for  thi^  inorkot,  thorB  are  throe  »tii);cs: 
1.  The  eximclioii  of  lbr>  sialic,  in  I'unrcniL-nt  blockK,  frum  Iho  quarry.    S,  Tho 
Bptitili'i!  of  Hiii'li  blocks  into  nhei'ia,  or  Inn i in m.  of  Iliu  iiropvrlblcknnaL  8,  Tha  , 
reduction  of  thou  ahecU  to  a  rcctnn^lnr  form  and  oKtahliibcd  au*.     Tvcv  \ 
olaaaocK  of  laborvrx  am  nquircd :  lit,  an  inlcrior  claK^  cuiMiituting  tiro-thinb  i 
of  lliQ  wliolv  number,  wlioae  avera^  rale  uf  hh^-h  is  niaflg  ctalt  per  da^j,  i 
9d,  a  hotter  clasx,  comfioaci]  of  practical  klntcm,  to  nhom  (he  accnni  ani)  third 
utasmof  the  work  ore  enlrustctl,  and  wlioxc  tnnximuin  rite  ofwaj^  in  $1.G0 
per  day.     After  the  surface  of  the  uiiarry  is  laid  bari'.  then  lenytt  ointtUnU 
th*  toff  Koriing erjiriuf,  a  fact  which  enablra  ti^  to  riach  with  acciimcy  a  Ikir 
estimate  of  prtiliU.     The  workinR  capital  ia  only  applicable  to  the  opening  of 
the  'j'jarrr,  and  Ibe  erection  uf  hiiikliti^  for  the  fniiiiliui  uf  tiiiploy&i.     But 
In  the  wise  of  the  WwhiiiKton  ('oio]);iii)',  tho  tilmtiini  of  ctimy  rvrnorcd  Id 
unroTrriti):  ihn  ^late  in  H'oriri  the  flill  cipenx''  of  the  labor  ciiiployeii.  Ih'cxim 
indispensably  needed  in  the  conslruction  of  buildinR*;  and  »«  these  ImildlngB 
yield  a  net  annual  inlcrcat,  in  the  way  of  rvnl,  uf  twetily-iive  per  eent.  upoU' 
Iheir  i-o«i,  it  inur  not  he  timuife  to  nay,  that  no  |iarl  of  what  ia  tcniicd  the 
working  capita!,  is  needed  in  actiinl  operalioni. 

Tile  preticnt  market  pricu  uf  i<tBle,  rit  thf  ^varry,  irkiiges  from  (3  to  $1.S0 
per  hundred  n'piarv  feel;  dependent  upon  the  Krealir  nr  Inu  aixc.  Rut,  aa  the 
major  portion  ohiaincd  ia  of  the  larger  ai^w,  tht  nvemp  price  of  one  hundred 
aquarv  ieet,  or.  ox  il  ia  technically  lenned,  "  a  Ki)UBrv, '  may  bo  lilatcd.  h  ilbin 
boutido,  at  |1.  But  the  toweiil  avera^  prwtuot  of  flniahcd  slato  per  doy  for 
each  man  fmploycd,  ia  three- fourlhs  of  a  square ;  other  quarrymcn,  under 
more  farorable  e  iron  instances,  obtain  a  whali'  t'jiiare,  and  utlieni  have  im  dif- 
ficultr  in  making  a  wiuare  and  a  quarter  pur  day  for  each  hanil.  One  s/)uare 
pvr  iiay.  with  any  Jud|^i1.-nt  in  the  conduct  of  allain,  may  be  rc|[ardcd  as  4 
perfectly  hnfc  estimate.  •■»•»• 

It  will  be  observeil,  the  profit  iiiiTeaaev  in  dircel  ratio  with  the  tioiiibcr  ot 
men  «Tuployi!d,  and  it  mugt  aloo  be  remembered  that  this  latter  e»^tiinalc  if 
founded  upon  the  Mflietl  rata  of  itagt;  the  loaat  average  ot  produel,  ond 
the  loieat  avcniKe  of  market  prices.  /(  wi'H  u&o  Ar  vt-mrr/il  l/uit  M*  anl  of 
a  vjuarf  if  t!jilf  m  $1.60.  irAiT*  if*  prtiv  at  Iht  jvtrr^  it  (4,  Wild  anil 
eztravaeant  aa  It  iiniioublcdly  seems,  it  cannot  be  rnliiceil  without  doing 
riolcnce  In  fiicts.  It  may  be  augmented  without  that  iliDiculty.  If  opcrationa 
heoonlined  merely  to  t)ie  production  of  roofing  slate,  il  amouiils  pretty  lu-arly 
to  a  certainty,  ho  ni;>idty  does  the  demand  increase,  that  the  price  miiat 
advance  lathcr  than  recede.  Hut  it  lia.i  long  been  aicerlained  that  alatc  may 
be  cut,  dyed,  putiibed.  and  Ta^ni^^<d.  so  n»  to  cimnterrult  tlic  RneHl  marblea, 
while  costing  but  Italf  the  [iricc ;  and,  consotiuently,  an  active  demand  haa 


See  Article,  "Vtrmont  State  (laanioi,*'  Vol.  II.,  p^  KI,  Mluln^  Uaeaitoe. 


443  Qvarrita  and  Clayt, 

■tprung  up  fbr  it  fbr  such  purpoKcs.  The  Citstlclon  S1*U  Cnmptn;  hw  orMtcd 

4giMhimi7,  •od  k  cutting  tiles.  tnnnK-l,  »nd  ublc-topt,  slabs,  pavrmcMit  flag- 

*^g.  Mi  •iinlUr  ■nif.lw,  to  Vfry  urcnt  Kdrjnlnsp  and  proflL     Tlic  Wuhins- 

lon  roiDpiuij'  propoxf^  to  turn  iU  atUnitioa  to  the  Uiiiu  dupftrtinent  of  buB- 

iic»a,  at  tlie  earliest  practi'aWe  dsy. 

The  Blate  of  thv  Wishinct'in  Qnnrry  h  cither  purple  or  |[rccn.  Ihc  fi>nner 
color  hfjitly  prpitoiuinAtinc,  The  tlnie  lia^  b«n  ttiied  in  order  to  ilclcriDino 
Its  rcUtire  deiiiily,  and  (oiiseqiitnt  dumbililj,  Iti  coinpariMii  wiUi  Wakh 
cUte  from  the  liiiiiou*  Bangor  Qu&rry,  wilti  the  Mtoiring  result : — 

DoniiiT  of  Wilier  .  .  .  .  .100 

WiLlmlnW St3 

"  Turnle  ilui«  ffoiu  iho  Woalilnirton  tlaurr)'      .  .    Ml 

"  Ontu  ilida  .  .  .243 

In  other  wonlii,  the  purplt  atato  U  fuund  to  have  everr  adrantafio  Iq  tho  pftr- 
ticulara  or  hardnras  and  iodoMructibilltf ,  nhilc  the  gnxa  '»  but  little  uiMior 

to  the  Welsh. 

Another  imporlant  quality  of  good  rooting  Hiate  it,  it*  iiipapacily  to  abnrb 
thb  wulLT  wliirh  Ca.\h  upou  it,  the  iratvr  (l>u->  HbMrbed  t^ndinjc  to  dixioloj^nla 
Its  pirlii'lcs.  By  subji'Ctin);  luniplM  of  Wi'Uli  and  WBihi(t|[toii  slalc  to  Im- 
tteniion  in  water  for  a  day,  the  rollawing  rci.u1tii  were  ohtaiaed: 

Waiflii. 

WeM  (iMa   .  ....    iliy,  I,IKI0  n*.,     wet,  l.OOicn. 

Puri>ta<laUfh>m  WachiBcMiiQunrTT  *■     l.OOO      "         "    I.Mt    " 

timualiU       ■•  "  .      "     1.000      »         "    1,1X11    ■    ' 

Tfco  »dTajitiijte  bclni;  in  favor  of  the  Wanhinftton  slalc. 

The  Wi*hington  tjitany  ia  aitualcd  within  a  mile  of  the  depot  of  tile 
Albany  and  Rutland  ItiiilriMd,  M  Wvnt  Poultiivy,  Vcrinant,  and  within  HftceR 
miles  (mainly  of  raltruad)  IVom  the  canal  conncuting  tliu  iludimii  KiTrr  with 
LMiif  Champlaiti.  The  Company  alroady  owns  the  ri(;hl  of  way  to  llie  Albany 
ancl  Rutland  Itailnwd,  nnd  Iidk  the  most  conrhiNve  at^KUTanrvs  that  thr  R4I1- 
road  Onmpaiiv  will  at  onre  liirow  off  a  branch  tu  the  quarry,  wi  as  to  Rorurc 
the  fK'tjthL  By  thiN  trieunn  tliw  works  will  be  In  direct  communication  with 
tho  Canadian,  New  Rnjcland,  Southern,  and  Wvfitcrii  maTlu'lJi,  through  the 
variouK  diTcrficnt  roadx  with  which  the  Albany  and  Rutland  Railroad  coo- 
nce.tx  a(  either  end. 

71ie  quarry  occupies  tliu  face  of  an  eitenKiro  kill  aide,  the  alato  lying 
either  ui'On  or  iitimedialcly  beneath  the  surface,  thf  greatest  depth  being  fl«e 
feet  The  nupcrstnita  are  of  lonsc  earth  and  talcoio  roclc ;  the  latter,  as  haa 
bi!cn  preriously  remarked,  being  requisite  for  the  wurlciliop  and  bai)dinj{«. 
The  property  oflhe  Compatiy  enibrawn  the  whole  (|Uorry,  an  ailc'iunle  water- 
power,  a  larffi^  strrlch  of  level  ground  on  either  aide  of  the  main  road  leading 
from  Poultncy  to  IVhitehall,  srhicb  jiaiscs  directly  in  front  of  the  quarrjr,  • 
wide  and  deep  ravine,  in('>  which  the  wanle  ilate  may  be  diichirgud ;  in  all, 
about  thirty  acres  of  land,  *xclujiive  of  the  right  of  way  tu  (he  railroad  joat 
mentioned. 

riUBriiit'  raiuB  or  tun. 

It  bv  9    .  Mr  Kiuar*,  |£  tt  90  by  10    .  c«r  uuara,  tt  U 

I*b»«    .  '■  ftM  UbylS    .  >■  TM 

It  by  It  .  •■  B  T(  H  bj  14    .  "  8  IS 


■AitKLr  iiiLi.  qcAMir,  iKoiAxa. 

This  is  Mf  rtwnled  as  a  very  nrt  and  fine  qnalily  of  inarbta  After  an 
enmination  of  it,  IV.  D.  D.  Owen  dcucrlbes  it  in  igulte  flatlrrtns  lertns  : — 

The  rock  i*  referable  to  the  lower  silurinn  period,  and  Is  situated  toward 
the  top  of  the  bine  lineatone  formation.     The  upper  elilf  ia  crompoxcd  chiefly 


MitttUanm. 


4m 


of  ina^eiuaD  )iro«<toii<«,  and  aX  their  btuc  in  the  (bar-foot  bed.  It  i«  ■  waUT' 
lirovBtone ;  Mv«iity-llu«e  fi>«t  Wlow  Urn  ia  (be  »tidl-mwl>le  bed,  twcntj  foct 
In  thlckncsi. 

This  rork,  l>>-  reuoD  of  tho  whit«iKW  o(  the  shrik,  uid  tliv  purity  of  the 
cemcntint;  cak-.ipu-,  pwuanta^ on  the  "drm*  tur/nM"  •  CKtm  whiU-,  cnity  a 
nhailv  dorkvr  (Imn  tD«  ptirmt  white  Ktatuarr  inwuli,  and  pKucrrca  iU  appcar- 
aticf  hi'lter  than  iho  white  iinlliimire  iiiiirbU's,  *nf!  whit«  eiiougli  for  any  prac- 
tical purjiiuc.  When  poli.vhpi],  the  nHcIIs  appear  whitr,  with  li^ht  ibaiivs  of 
yellow  and  pink,  coiilrasti'd  upon  a  warm  gray  ground,  which  tP^c*  the 
tnartilu  a  darker  appearani'c  than  tliv  drove  surfaLi;.  At  tlic  upper  openiag, 
thu  whitu  fltliiijt  of  the  nhcll  is  fri'-ijuc-nlly  surrniindcd  by  a  zone  uf  pink,  the 
matrix  bcinf;  reddish  {^ay  ;  and  one  of  tho  iippermoiit  tayvra  of  thJH  part  of 
the  quMTy  contains  biralvm  of  coiisi durable  siic,  converted  into  mk-spar. 
.  .  .  .  At  the  lower  openiog;.  On-  irvHl  layi-ni.  tunard  the  bolloui  of  tho 
quarry,  are  froiti  two  to  ihrcs  tvet.  The  Marble  Hill  Quarr>|  is,  therefore, 
capabV  of  aflbrdinft  dinicnxiuti  utonea  of  almost  any  rnfjiiircd  niac. 

Dr.  Owi-n  Mubriiitlvd  (his  mnrble  to  Tariouii  appruximato  loabi,  in  compari* 
Mn  with  uther  well  kno«n  rork«.  Among:  th(<M  arv  Italian  Hlalimry  luarble ; 
Ura«etonf,  from  the  knoba  of  Floyd  county,  Indiana ;  S^ni-ca  (rvcstonc,  from 
Maryland;  Little  Fall*  frecstoDc,  from  New  Jcnwy;  linc'graincd  frcextone. 
Ririoto  Valley,  Uhiu :  Carbon ifi-ro us  saNditoiie,  I'crry  county,  Indiana ;  buff 
finu-eraiiK'd  uiaj^ncMS  limestone,  Scutt  county,  Iowa.  Of  lwi>lr«  varieties  of 
rock,  of  which  we  have  named  a  portion,  it  waH  found  that  the  Marble  Hill 
marble  stood  next. to  the  llojian  white  Ktatuai^  marblr,  la  cloKrncM  of  texture. 
It  roiiBC(]uen(1y  cannot  linbihi'  water  to  any  great  di'grcv.  lu  tliin  rutpcet  it 
St»ndi  on  an  cipiaUty  with  the  Italian  marble.  For  this  reason  the  Indiana 
marble  Is  not  liable  to  scale,  and  chcmieul  tests  show  that  ita  cohcMTC  power 
Is  TCiry  t^eat.  It  stood  No.  1  in  Uic  sulphate  of  isoda  tctt,  cicoUiDg  ortn  the 
Italian  niarble  in  Hoinv  poinld. 

llr.  Owen  Bays,  *'  I  hare  tio  heeilution  ia  pronouncing  it  the  best  and  most 
be»atiru1  material  for  conxtructlvc  and  urnainental  purpows  that  has  comt  t 
withiu  my  notice  from  any  Western  locality," 


MISCHIXMES. 

TS*  AsraaLTV  vnnio  akv  kehokkxi  au  toarurr. 

This  Company  ban  been  furmed  for  the  Kalnin^,  shipping,  manufacture  and  '< 
t  of  a*phaltrim,  and  a«iihnltc  rocks,  of  eTery  do8i;riptii>u.    The  ofQcu  of  tb« 

ny  i»  at  86  William  strei-l,  Nbw  York 
The  property  owned  by  the  Company,  conaiuls  nf  mining  Dccnwn,  (portions 
of  which  are  iiettirrd  by  K«»si's  from  the  owners  of  the  noil, )  compriiinK  nn  area 
of  Uiirty  aquarc  miles,  in  tho  coimties  of  Wnlmorvland  and  Alhcrl,  in  tlia 
Province  of  New  Rnmnwick,  and  coiitsin  within  llirir  limits  the  most  vslnnble 
mlniflK  diirtrirt  in  British  Nortli  America,  aboundinjiaK  it  does  in  ineahaustible 
depBAt*  of  wphalluui,  asphaltc  rock,  bitumen,  gypsum,  gTindxtone,  freestone, 
IunKMieat\  aiid  olh^r  valtuble  mineraliL 

Thew  seretal  deposits  are  freely  accesMbie  to  commerce ;  the  district  in 
which  they  an  aitualiKl  belnR  intersected  by  the  rivers  Peticodiac  and  Mem- 
ranrook.  botli  of  whieh  are  naviRuble  fur  Teasels  of  the  largest  claiui.  ' 

In  adiUtion  to  the  mining  lictrnsea  above  referred  to.  the  C'Oiiijiany  own  J 
9M  MTR«  of  land  in  the  county  of  Albert,  on  which  exiata  the  main  roin  nf  j 
■Spbaltum.  \ 

Hm  ^fplications  of  a^phaltum,  bdlunwn,  and  aaphalte  rode  lo  tho  pio- ' 


494 


Miie*liaitiet, 


faction  of  gw.  Mid  vftrioai  olUcr  maiiuraeturM,  tn  of  rMont  dtwo'erf :  and 
in  onin-  (o  tfaorou^Iy  ilt>vi>1iip  thr  cninvnil  HcImii  of  thrir  Ibtids,  th«  Compuiy 
htivtf  [iur«hu«d  th«  Tdi'i'iiis  rights  anil  invention n'concwFtcd  with  the  niKnttfuc- 
lurinK  of  the  nunr,  and  whir.h  cmbnoc  trmy  knowu  ippluiico  in  Uiis  new 
but  h:ghh'  imporUtit  ilupnrtrnvnt  of  indiistij,  m follows;  — 

lat.  Th«  patnit-ri^lil  graTHi-d  to  Dr,  Ahrahara  OrBn<T.  in  J«nn»ry,  IMO, 
,  Ibr  th«  Unitod  StAtvs  (I'xcupt  WijEhinittDn  Tit;  and  CnUrorniiv,)  for  th?  nuna- 
lutttM  of  KU  ttcaa  uphaltum  nr  mineral  pilcli ;  a  new  and  simpla  procon 
adapted  to  tli«  common  gw  retort 

S<I.  Dr.  (iisiiTr'!!  iiivnition  for  Iho  nn!u<d  States,  far  the  mamiGtctun;  of 
koroocnc,  hiimin)-  SnliU,  mtsticn,  and  FoncrctPS,  applioation  for  nrbich  for  the 
United  SUtcH,  wan  likd  on  the  2<Jth  day  of  Juiv.  1853. 

3d  Th«  Kiglit  Hon,  the  Karl  uf  Dundoriald'A  invciitiotia  for  tbt  Uaited 
State*  tot  the  coatini;  of  tvlpxraphio  wires  vrilh  a«phaltuni,  and  for  imprcwe- 
mcntH  in  the  panKtrurtion  and  nianiifnrCiirDof  Kcnrn,  drainE,  watcT'irayx,  aad 
pipes,  rccepliclp!!  for  lirjuid*  or  solids,  for  insidaling  tclcgrapliic  wires,  and  for 
Other  uH-ful  purp'jws. 

The  ftmt  iiivenlioH  referred  to,  tIk.,  the  maniiCactiire  of  illuminating  gM, 
calird  kproscnc  gas,  fVom  anpbAltum,  bitumen,  or  miucnt  pitch,  haa  bwn 
thoroug-ldy  trited,  u  eati  be  ti^^n  by  reference  to  the  appendix.  Ita  adrautagea 
may  be  bnvQy  summed  up  a»  follows : 

IbI,  The  iiiitnTal  ylel-is  oni^ third  more  the  <iHantity  of  gaa  than  canbe  ob- 
buncd  (rom  the  bcxt  rsnncl  coal. 

2tL  The  ilium  ill  a  ling  power  of  this  gut  i*  nearly  twice  that  of  ordinary 
coal  piA,  and  (he  liKht  is  very  aerveable  to  the  eye. 

3d.  Tlie  can  ia  obtained  in  tvra-thirdii  lea  f^time,  and  conecquantly  with  I«M 
fbel  and  labor,  than  eoal  gan,  and  by  a  cheap  and  irimple  proeea*. 

Mh.  To  make  the  kerosene  put  iu  existing  gaii-work!!,  but  Hlight  alterationl 
afc  rei]u[rcd. 

Sth.  Thi«  gas  may  be  aafely  and  economically  introduced  into  pHeat« 
bouMri,  liolcls,  man u factories,  prinlinR  oflicct,  thcatrci^  lighthoiKgeR,  chiin-hes, 
on  sugar  ptantaliunii,  ete.,  etc.,  and  by  a  peculiar  adaptation  of  it,  into  ferry 
botUn,  shipping,  loconiotieeD  and  railrosij  cars: 

The  mode  of  manufacture  in  chejip  and  convenient,  and  as  before  atatad, 
the  lands  «f  the  ('ompany  abound  in  the  material  employed. 

The  second  invention,  (that  for  the  rnanufocturir  of  kerosenB  burning  Suidi^ 
etc.,  etc..)  produces  a  number  of  new  and  extremely  Talitable  iiwitifaoturea, 
and  the  niMt  tfonomUal  llyAt  trier  offertdfor  pablit  er  prinaUi  tun. 

The  materinU  employed,  arc  aipliHltuin  or  asplu1t«  rock  of  any  kind,  an 
wvll  a«  naiibtha  from  the  iniiiufiictKre  of  keroiiene  gaa,  etc.,  (the  asphatlo  rock 
from  the  Comi'any's  quarrica  hcina  prefurahle.) 

Tlie  produclH  obt.iined,  are  a  serle.i  of  new  fluid  hyilro-cnrbon,  dcnomlnv 
ted  "  kerosene,"  by  the  diaeovurer. 

One  variety  of  l)ii*  fluid  hia  the  pna-or  of  rendering  atmoapherieairpasMd 
through  it,  a  hcaulilii!,  cheap,  and  lafc  illuminating  a^nt,  in  every  rcspod 
cqunl,  if  not  superior,  lo  common  gas,  and  capable  of  boinR  GUppticd  cm  any 
acjilu ;  liic  very  Btiuo*plivr«  wo  bre^e  contrihutiog  largely  to  the  production 
ofthulivlit. 

Th(!  a-lvantagcaof  this  liKht  ara  aa  foTlowa:— 

1st  No  nuriiicm,  condensers,  retorts,  or  furnaAM  are  necosMry.  Ko  fir« 
need  be  ueieil.  No  tar,  or  any  sort  of  impurity  or  residual  product,  fbnned  in 
Its  application, 

M,  The  lij(ht  is  of  perfect  whiteness,  of  great  in(«nBlty,  and  at  least  fllty 
per  cent,  cheaper  tbao  coal  Kas. 

3d.  Like  common  gu,  it  may  bo  readily  lighted  or  catingaish«l,  and  the 
consumption  may  be  regulated  according  to  the  varying  requirements  of  timo 
andplaice. 
_,Mh-.V>w.pndiuti«f  cotabuitioD  an  Mpun  utiMMtf  tb«  flacat  wu, 


i/itttlianiit. 


«£ 


Itjiirioii*  neither  to  health  nor  furniture;  and  ita  o4ar  not  uopItaiUDt,  bnt 
nafileictit  to  betny  it,  in  cue  «f  cefapo. 

5th.  ll  iH  *  chop,  tlinplo,  and  mh  Ufcht,  pcmliu-ly  adaiilod  for  l8oliil(»l 
anil  detAcht^d  dn-rllinRit,  tountr;^  rvKidmnc.i,  li~hthmwc]i,  piiblicfttioQ  office*, 
thcBtrci:,  raamifncloricj,  (.■ImrcheH,  ships,  t'lTy  (joala,  etc.,  etc. 

Another  mriptv  of  thin  lliiid  I'sti  lin  iiniif  in  the  Mtiie  inaiitier  nn  caiophcnc, 
and  is  wt-II  iiilaplca  In  wlfk,  cas,  r>r  iirBanil  lamps  of  every  dcs<Tiptinii,  the  fluid 
buinit  oapuhlfi  of  rarhonimtioii  to  any  dtsirtd  extent,  and  nor,  ezploiire,  whiio 
It  can  be  produced  ut  a  chL-aper  rati.'  lliari  aii^  licri'tururu  naid  in  the!  ttinrbct. 

The  kcrowiii'  llnidBilissolve  gnttii  perpha  and  India  rubber  with  thu  preat- 
Mt  foeility.  and  on  this  ari'oiinl  their  valiio  is  still  further  increased.  I'uro 
niincra!  naphtha,  lubrifntina;  oil,  or  railway  grease,  mineral  tnr,  and  a  bright 
varnUh,  aro  aim  products  of  th«  timnufiietdry,  whSlv  from  the  uhrs  of  thv  coko 
of  the  inatcrtal  nnyloy*d,  tniitcd  with  the  mineral  tar,  the  discoverer  produM* 
a  giiperirtr  hydraiilie  eement,  equal  in  raluc  to  the  Seisitcyl  stiphttlte,  now 
eitcm^iTely  Used  by  the  Britinh  g^ivtrn intent  >t  the  pricD  of  £15  pur  tun.  In 
6ct  every  part  of  t!ie  oriRinal  malorial  is  used  in  the  inanuf»etiir«  ;  (he  wko 
iftbrJiTiK  one  half  of  the  fiie!  reqiiifed,  while  the  uneondcnscd  %vs  is  suflieient 
to  siipplj-  the  manufaclorr  with  lipht. 

By  a  I'oinbiiiation  of  IJr,  Oesnor's  invention  with  IhoM  of  thu  Earl  of  Don- 
dunald,  a  ouiiiplvte  iii:isllc  is  also  formed  mtjtablo  for  faiindations,  pavnmanta, 
kilclK'n-cellars,  oiit-housen,  stucco-work,  roofing,  lining  itulteri,  corering 
arehes,  roDting  railroad  sleepers  and  lies,  preventing  wood  from  decaying, 
preretiting  the  corrosion  of  inetnls,  and  insulatinj;  telepuphic  wires  laid  under 
^ouiid.  lor  lliiinK  drains,  tanks  and  reMTvoira,  preventing  damps  from  rising, 
Cementing  all  kinds  of  marble,  stono,  brick,  xand,  pebbles,  Mid  for  rnanj  other 
useful  puriM)!tej«. 

Tho  peculiarities  of  thin  composition  nr«  lis  Rreat  adhpslrrnefia,  plaatidtjr 
by  heat,  and  solidity  when  roolcd.  It  is  capable  of  withstanding  llic  cxtremcl 
Of  heat  and  enld  in  any  climate. 

The  mw  materia!  rerpiiiiite  for  tli^  manufacture  of  the  abore  enumerated 
arliclea  is  botii  abundant  and  cheapt  the  extensive  mining  riphtH,  Iciwes  and 
purehases  of  thi:  (lompany  giving  them  an  unfailing  supply  nf  the  mineral, 
nhilo  the  various  inventions  assigned  to  them  give  them  eiclustve  righbi,  both 
to  the  nialerial  and  mixies  cf  inanuraRtiuv. 

All  the  products  are  obtained  by  a  few  verr  simple  operations. 
The  rwjaisitc  buildinp,  lixturw,  and  uiacliinery,  are,  compamlirely  iipeak- 
tng,  inexpunaiv^,  and  under  tlie  dircrtinn  of  a  suporlat^ndent,  thv  work  can 
be  carrlM  on  by  common  laborers. 

Tho  Company  have  secured  u  manufacturing  chemist  and  i>upcrint«n> 
dent,  Pr.  Abraham  Gcsner,  who  is  thoroughly  and  prMUcally  acfitiaintcd  with 
ever^  itivislon  of  th«  work. 

In  eonelusion,  tho  trustees  winild  obnervo  that  tho  passaje  of  n  lino  spheric 
tat  through  a  hydro-carbon  fluid  for  tho  jiroduetion  of  illuminating  gas,  u 
■  recent  diiioover}' ;  having  been  known  in  Ureal  Itrilain  and  Franuc  for 
a  period  of  not  over  four  ywim. 

ChaiL  IL  Mansfield,  Kftq..  of  Cambridge,  England,  nbtainrd,  in  the  rear 
IMS,  a  patent  fur  the  pa!iaaKe  of  air  through  a  new  hydro-carbon  (bentole), 
which,  in  eoiijunction  with  Mr.  Iiou'cs'  api>arxlus,  resulted  very  uuccemfully 
and  satisfnelorily  as  an  experiment;  but  the  subsequent difficiilty  experienced 
tn  obtaining  a  ciicap  and  constant  supply  of  the  fiiiui  (benioJe),  has  retarded 
tfaii  method  of  illuuilnalion  in  Kiigland,  Smnfii*,  the  article  now  introduced 
Id  public  notice,  while  possessing  all  th«  Inminifcrous  (jiialitiM  of  bcniole,  cm 
be  manufactured  In  such  nnlimltcd  quantitio^  and  at  «o  cheap  a  rate,  a* 
to  insure  its  general  uKe.  > 


KjUL«  10  nil  LAXS  scrxnioR  corrKn  xtxaan. 
Ttt  Llike  Superior  copper  region  mails  are  earned  by  Tndian  halPbrecda, 


bVTelUag  in  snon  shoeit  orcr  rut  rrotcD  epacM,  tccompvikd  bj  dog  tniaii, 
""  t  WOtlWil  bpinjt  thu*  describtil : — 

Then  U  DO  route  ur  tmil  uwr  nliiuh  there  U  tnvcl  enough  to  tread  down 
\tbie  Hi«v  >uii  muke  a  8o1i<l  lutlli ;  and  wiihuul  UiiH  s  hone  ic  uubto  to  In**!. 
N«liTithsUn<lln||;  iIiih,  tho  |[ovrrnin«nt  hna  proridod  Umm  nngta  moW- 
ilt>  witii  winter  on  well  UK  aummer  mstiln.     Ours  cmim  by  tha  wayof  Otmo 
7,  Eaouiairbi,  Murqui^tle,  and  llic  Anw;  niwl  often  tbu  trsi  trip  of  tfao 
kvuoD  readies  licri>  in  aWut  nig^hl  lityii  froui  Nkvarino.     ll  purporU  to  oonio 
fAnoe  A  fortnight. 

A  mm  catriu  from  HO  tt>  70  poundv,  and  irallu  30  to  SO  miles.  Iliii  two 
1  doKD  £0  \ithrc  him  with  a  iiMgc  or  idcd,  with  a  flat  board  bottom,  and  draw 
':  no  la  300  poutitln. 

Tbis  load,  liowvvpr,  la  not  all  lctl«n  and  jwckagM.    All  men  miut  «at, 

I  tnd  an  tndinn  in  particular,     llo  must  carry  a  half  axe,  nr  hatcb«t,  a  plenty 

of  blankets,  and  .somothiiiR  for  Uiji  dogx  t»  cat  at  well  as  hiniMlf     What  can 

ba  uiore  dcKulato  than  sut'b  ajounieyl     Vcl  many  pcr.-HXiN  frum  here  make  a 

'  frip  C'vory  winttT,  on  business,  in  corapuiy  witli  ttiv  niaiU, 

Soinctimcii  thcv  have  the  trail  of  a  previous  parEy ;  but  the  snow,  which 
&lls  almust  cvt-ry  day,  soon  obtitcratcK  their  Ibotxlep*.  Pcrhapc  there  ia  a 
llnu  of  bla^i-d  trvvi  which  tfaev  loUow,  but  more  oAcn  Ibcv  an>  ^^uidi-d  throvEh 
thti  taKtl  b/  thv  "  make  of  the  ground,"  or  by  (he  ^uti,  if  it  ahould  occaslon- 
■UtPMJi  out  thraugh  the  mixt^  and  Know  of  a  wintn  ftkr- 
I  l6uu  they  gu,  from  the  first  down  of  day  to  the  twiliKht  of  crcninK,  onr 
[  likef  and  luouatainu,  Uirou^h  Hwunpc  and  thickola,  thai  in  Bumnicr  woutd  lie 
faapaasablv,  Imi  now  nnooLhvd  tip  lerel  with  auow.  Tliu  iiiiivcrMJ  VTvrgr«Mi 
frtcs  arc  bcndinjt  to  the  ground,  with  a  load  of  snow  on  their  bninchet^  that 
frc(|Ucn(ly  obnlfuct  llii-  way.  This  dismal  procession  of  Indians,  white  men, 
and  dugs,  go  in  ein^ilo  A1«  a  few  feet  apart ;  and  for  houn  they  Irtitcl  on  at 
the  height  of  their  speed  witbont  a  word  or  a  laugh. 

It  is  toomuehofa  task  to  clejir  away  the  fn4U',«(ati  a  fire,  boat  (ho  water. 

thaw  tlic  breiid,  and  prc|iaro  a  forest  mool,  to  sto])  for  it  at  noon.     Rut  at 

cveuiug.  wliun  tJiu  shadus  of  a  liyperliorean  nixht  begin  to  Bather  anioag  the 

I  bmnchv^  of  thn  trees,  utd  the  ootihem  wiiub  uow)  more  earnueHy,  (he  «wa- 

I  puy  look  about  for  a  shcltcml  place,  in  wxue  ravine  where  there  is  water  Kni 

'•omo  dry  wood  for  n  lire,  and  there  di^ont  their  load  of  blankets  and  pro- 

TiKions.     Tlitiy  scrapf  away  the  snow,  with  their  snow  shoes.  do»ii  lo  the 

ground,  thus  niakJiiK  a  wall  of  Itost  aruund  iheni  (hn-u  or  fuiir  fevl  hitch. 

Some  eut  woo<l  for  the  nlKht;  Others  bn-ak  off  the  liouahs  of  the  piiM^ 
balsam,  or  eedsr,  and  lay  them  down  for  a  bed.  Another  procuTM  name 
blrcb  bark  that  is  dry,  and  muu)  dry  sticki,  and  xoiiie  unu  slrLkiiiiE:  lire  by  hb 
flint  and  «tevl,  or  his  matrhea.  has  a  cheerful  lliiine.  with  itii  grateful  heat 
etilivcning  the  place.  It  is  nlsu  ncrestnrv  to  build  a  ]adgc  or  Ikiiisc  of  boughn 
t.^""'**"'*!  to  ktvp  oil'  the  falling  snow,  under  frhifb  (bey  all  gallier  and  oook 
',  -IBpper  with  ereat  Kiev.  If  a  <.-anip  of  Indians  has  Xnta  patsed  during 
I'&y,  dicrc  will   bo  seen  some  fVe^h  venison,  that  will  occupy  tbc  best 

EMition  around  the  fire,  suspended  upon  the  sharp  points  of  limber  alicka  act 
I  the  ground  and  leaning  toward  the  boat  There  may  be,  how«i'«r,  only 
aomo  salt  pork,  or  liam  and  flour,  made  odiblo  by  means  of  a  short-hudled 
Ibrk,  and  some  watir. 

The  blankets  bein^;  well  Nprcnd,  the  fire  mode  for  the  niicht,  the  docM  bd, 

Vid  the  dij)bi'!j  nrasht'd,  the  crowd — animal  and  mortal,  Iiitlian  and  whit»— - 

_  doubles  itself  tojinthitr  in  nitwt  I'riundtj  eoiilignity,  and  govs  to  cle«p.     Loi% 

^ore  dayliithL  the  inmntna  of  thik  snow.t>ound  l(>dK>t>K  er«  in  moinii.     The 

•oundK  tl^t  issue  frum  it  are  Knglish,  Franch,  and  Indian,  and  all  Kradea  of  a 

^hngunge  composed  of  a  mixture  or  them  all.     TliC  moctuniBa  are  taken  down 

their  drjriiig  ptaoes;  the  hastv  morning  repast,  wliich  was  ooolud  the 

before,  is  swallowoil,  tho  paeks  mail?  up,  the  dogM  hamened,  and  all 

Iprat^forairtactMtheantlifhtffilv.   WhM  iHtMnu.fe(qiii9C(  tben 


i 


MuctUanie*. 


407 


does  set  up  M  thej  nre  attacKed  to  the  tnin  I  The  bumtn  part  of  tite  uval- 
I  caJn  sliiie  thfir  p»cki,  tuid  all  bulake  tiicnuvlvoK  again  to  tlic  drcarj  labor* 
I  of  Iho  day. 

It  IK  tliUK  that  tills  iMimmiininitinn  will  rc-arh  you ;  but  before  many  jttn 
I  we  hope  l()  liavv  an  of  en  road  from  thr  scCtlfincntia,  and  a  beaten  [MUi.  0T»r 
l%liicti  iheru  would  1«  tlie  bust  of  BlfiRliiiig  btitwccn  four  and  fire  manthn  in 
m*  y»«r.  As  yrt  Uio  mow  has  itol  U-t-ii  over  a  fool  in  depth,  and  tUc  thiT- 
Emomctcr  at  live  dcgrcca  bnlow  xcro. 


A  ciiEJOcAi.  L'AL'KN  oT  cHAiKiit  IN  mK  oaupoxmov  Or  nr«Kii. 

Hie  folIoninK  ii  anabitrai^t  of  ■  jinpcr  rrac]  bnfotv  tlie  British  AfCMcintiun, 
Vof  Prot.  Johnston.  The  fiml  cxnniplo  of  a  ohmitnlly  altered  rock  adiliic«d 
|4y  tho  PfOftsMir  was  the  potltn-slnne  of  Derbjsbirr,  a  light  nml  poroii!i  «ub' 
ance,  nurd  rhicfly  for  jiolishiiig  m<;t»U.  diid  slated  la  niillijis"  "  MincraloKj" 
VId  be  compaw)  of  nsMra,  alimiina,  nnd  carbon.  It  in  obtained  fmni  a  ridgo 
icorertd  with  "drift"  10  or  20  fed  thifk.coniiiiitini;  of  brown  clay,  with  mmM 
black  msriilc,  chert,  and  roHen-ntone.  The  rol(«n-iti>n«  i«  so  Koft  whiM 
I  the  soil  that  the  apnde  coea  through  it  readily,  but  it  hnrdens  on  cKposun. 
|The  holes  from  whirh  it  is  diiij  ore  Koinclimra  only  two  fi'pt  dv^ep;  nt  others, 
,  xix  to  eicht  feet  On  examinin-  a  seritu  of  specimens,  I'rof  Johnston 
und  that  whilst  HOln«  were  hoiiiO)n.'neutM.  olhere  hnd  a  [lucleiis  of  black 
lnartil«:  he  then  treated  spedinciis  of  ilie  binck  ninrblc  with  ueuk  neid,  and 
Jlbund  tbnt  on  the  removal  of  tho  carbonate  of  lime  there  remained  from  1J5 
tta  20  per  cent  of  n  silicions  wibstancc  perfectly  likt  (be  nnlurn!  rollcn-stone. 
|Bb  coneliirle'l  ihnl  there  exLited  in  the  suit  some  acid,  which  peiietrated  it  and 
tdlsiolnid  out  the  calvareons  mailer  of  the  rocka  below,  The  agent,  in  thi* 
f  iase,  might  he  the  enrbnnic  acid  of  the  air,  hrouuht  down  by  min ;  hiil  thenj 
Jircre  instances  not  capable  of  explanation  by  iliis  agency  alone,  and  nttribu- 
(ttble  to  otbiT  acids,  which  are  tiroduced  under  certain  conditioriK  nnd  cicrciiic 
I  much  wider  influence,  llio  bottom!  of  peat  bogs  present  very  dlrorig  evi- 
nco  of  the  action  of  noi-is ;  the  slone  and  clay  are  blear  bed  and  eorrodrf, 
nly  rilieioux  and  nilorlcBn  malerials  beinR  left.  Tho  source  of  the  acid  in 
I  tho  aame  as  in  tho  former  initnnce ;  the  regelible  matter  prowini;  on  the 
..*«•  produces  in  it*  deeny  acid  Bubstances,  which  vxert  a  ehetnieal  action 
Ibe  subsoil,  and  nscajif  tiy  subtermnenn  oiitletE,  rarryinit  iirny  the  ma- 
l.fariailx  dissolved  in  their  propciOL  Another  instance  mis  nfTurded  by  the 
Ittineml  pigolite,  Ibrmcd  in  the  cnres  of  Cornwall  by  water  drt])p!Ti^  IVoni  the 
Imof.  This  water  contnin.H  a  peculiar  orpanic  neirt.  derived  from  the  soil  of 
[thg  nifwtrt",  which  lilmolves  the  alumina  of  the  fTunile  and  comWtitH  with  it. 
[5T»  organic  (leids  -ire  rery  nnmeroiis.  and  different  in  eumposition.  but  agree 
[In  pt'odueLii~  chemical  action  upon  roek^.  Tiiey  are  prodnced  over  tho  entire 
lilnrface  of  the  earth,  especially  ovtir  uneiillivat'.'d  Irarts.  and  are  the  means 
fjrorldcd   by  nature  to  diRSnWo  the  niini-nil   f<h)il  i>f  pliinis;  they  are  aUo 

ronjt^t  the  chief  cniisesi  of  the  exhniislion  of  ioilit    The  author  then  alluded 
I'rof.  Wny'»  examinnlion  of  some  of  the  green  uiid  elrnla  of  Surrey,  known 
Lu  ftre-stone— a  light  and  poroiii  ri)i.-k,  containing  niHea  in  a  soluble  state.     It 
liras  well  known  tlial  common  tandslone,  quart*,  or  rock  cryitnl,  were  not 
liftctcd  upon  by  potash  ornoda  at  ordinary  temperature*;  but  of  the  fire-stone, 
Mner  cent.,  and  sometimes  GO  or  TO  per  cvnl,,  may  he  dimnlrvd.     In  all  such 
tub,  the  silica  must  have  been  originally  in  a  state  of  chemical  eombinalinn 
with  lime,  alumina,  or  ■oroethinK  else,  which  has  been  «ubseqtienllv  nmorcd. 
The  silica  in  the  rotlen-stonc  wn.i  soluble,  but  he  hud  never  met  willi  instunees 
of  bbck  marble  in  a  bedded  stale  converted  Into  roKco-sinne.     Tie  believed, 
however,  (hat  a  aimllsr  cause,  operating  over  n  wide  area,  and  during  a  long 
period,  htii  produced  the  ollered  condition  of  the  flrestone.     I'rof.  Ji'lirmton 
then  alluded  lo  the  nodules  of  pho^phale  of  lime  in  the  green  sand  and  cmg, 
ukI  suagexied  [hat  Ibe  pliospliurus  bad  been  derived  from  animal  remain*  in 
Vol.  II.— S2 


4 


466 


liia^Uanitt. 


ltit(btr  Ktmto,  iliiMlTeil  out  by  aciib,  an'I  tT*<ir|>Mitc>'I  at  a  lovnr  Irvd.  The 
Iwrt  c«implp  w«8  tlio  fipi'-cUy  of  th«  cn«l  mca^iirea,  >  Btratum  nlniost  unirir- 
Rallv  fumirl  licncatii  bed*  of  coal.  Il  diffcn:  from  the  other  claya  Ijulh  in  i»)or 
KiHl  compotilion,  bem^  wh\lcr,  and  L>on  tain  ins;  l<-'<n  Uf  (liow  SRKi<anR«>g  whScb 
Bcid  bodicx  could  diiwoltc.  rii.,  the  vartliy  lHi>ii»,  H'liidi  wniilil  t-rrxicr  the  clky 
tilKable  in  Or?.  The  condition  of  lliv  Air-claj  Tiiii;hc  bu  nccoaintnl  for  by  the 
aeUon  of  acids  duvclo^icd  tluiinn  the  pmduclioa  of  the  vcgctsblu  matter  now 
brming  coa]. 

Tint   UUtCaslLVEll   KniBS   or    tlMkVKS  (0IJ»  aPADl). 

Half  llie  irorld  knoivx  tliat  llic  <]uij;ki!tlTijr  mine  of  Aliuailciit  sixteon  miles 
'"Mitth  of  SwTill^  \i  Ibi'  flin'Ml  lliftt  cvlsts.  Its  ariniisl  proi)ii<;i>  Is  Xir\ii:  as  crcat 
ifBill  of  a1!  ihi'  mines  of  tho  Kiimo  kind  in  t'nrnioln,  llungnry,  the  PalatJoo 
SSPctj  pill  tof^Uipr.  Almaik'H  thrrufutv  i*  worlJi  visiting.  Tfic  place  ha* 
ita  lyirii  trallic,  niid  no  [>tht.T.  I'hvrc  'y*  no  hig)i  rond  in  itii  ncighburhuod,  am) 
th«  qwicksiUer  n»i»cd  is  oarricd  liv  imilvtetrs  to  the  (iovprnmiTit  st«rM  of 
S^vilw,  when  only  it  may  be  distributed;  not  bcinj;  delivered  at  the  mine  to 
Uiy  purohMcr.  The  mulrtfcrs  talic:  to  Aliniwlcn,  wood,  gimpon-dur,  provinoti*. 
UM  all  n«0HKiric« ;  and  thuH  the  tuwn  live*  aiid  inippurtt  its  I'isht  Ihoutiand 
InhabltanU  II  is  built  chli-fiy  in  the  form  of  oii«  vvry  tunj;  strvut,  on  tha 
d|te  of  B  hni  over  the  mine,  which  in  every  sense  forms  the  foiinibttion  upon 
lirtrieh  it  standi^  It  lined  to  be  under  the  rare  of  a  tlcepy  old  hidalgo  of  a 
□rcrnor,  but  it  is  now  controllni  by  a  scifnlil'ii:  oRlccr,  entitled  the  Kuperin* 
cndi'iit.  and  lher«  is  n  eoijd  deal  of  vijtor  and  [irnetii^l  sens*  displavod  In  t)i« 
tVTSii>|[cincnti;  of  the  plnce.  There  Is  a  ton-n-hnll  in  Almndon,  a  wcll-cndoircid 
cbool,  and  a  ho»pital  fur  thu  disea.iei  of  the  miner*. 

Slofvhoiisi'B,  M  men  Kim's,  and  workshops,  are  lii*  leading  fuiiliire*  of  the 
[Uttlc  town.  Kvcrylhini:  mj>niif!i--tiirod  that  is  risitd — j^ven  to  the  ropca — is 
Imade  upon  the  Kpot ;  and  the  n-orluhops,  like  tha  u'holo  cngtiitisrin;^  iletuls  of 
little  niiiie  itself,  are  planned  in  nn  unusually  ma.wive  way,  and  rarrcd  out  of 
Lthe  solid  rock.  Tliv  quichnilviT  ininu  belun^  lo  the  Crown  (under  wliich  it 
J  b  Irt  out  in  four-year  leases  to  coiitraetor*  rich  eiioujrli  to  pay  a  very  lar^ 

tEpnitit),  and  iln  detaiU  arc  all  soinenhnl  of  a  le^cal  ehnmeter.  There  uscj  to 
D  diaaitten'  frequently  occaKiiined  by  the  sinking  of  the  workK,  ami  by  fire<. 
ITIic  lant  lire  rn^d  fur  upurards  of  (wo  yi-ara  anil  a  half.  The  employment  of 
li^ood.  *xci;pt  for  ttmporary  purposes,  has  therefore  hoeti  abandoned,  and  luag- 
rjllflccnt  ar«hed  irallcnea  of  atono  ari^  built  through  every  one  of  thn  nci*  cut- 
T  tintp^  The  deposili  ar«  almost  vertical ;  and  g^reat  pains  arc  taken  to  supply 
Lthc  void  left  by  the  removed  ore  with  a  siillk'ii'iilly  stroii);  body  of  manonry. 
hllsl(tlii^  ore  is,  however,  every  where  left  slaridiii!;  una  resiTVU  In  caseofany 
( iUtiirc  accidents ;  and  the  whole  vearly  supply  drawn  ti'om  the  mine,  is  limited 
i-to  tivvnty  ihiiii'inrid  ([uintnl".  Tiii^  supply  is  drawn  by  mule  poircr  from  the 
tbowcls  of  thi;  hill,  throitith  a  gmiid  shaft  i-onstriieted  on  the  iuu*l  impn.'«si?o 
l.icalc.  There  is  not  much  trouble  given  by  ivnter  in  the  mine  What  water 
]  (liere  i«  lias  lo  be  [jumped  up  by  menns  of  an  eneinc  built  for  the  jJaco  by 
[  ^Vill  hiinstdf.  wliieh  wculd  be  a  vnlunble  curiosity  in  a  mii*eum. 

The  ore  lies,  is  I  have  said,  in  a  lode,  almnsl  perpend ieiilar.  There  krc 
i  three  veins  of  it,  called  respectively  Si.  Nichola*,  SL  FraneiBrn,  and  St.  Disffo, 
\  which  traverse  the  lengtli  uf  the  hill,  and  iiit<.'rHuct  it  rcrtically  :  at  the  point 
r  where  t!ii'yeo'ivi>rE\',cB!lerie9Ci>(meot  them  all  together.  Thelhickrwisof  tho 
lIoJv  varies  bulwceji  fourteen  and  sixteen  feet ;  It  ii;  much  Ibieker  where  tha 
[  Tcins  intersect,  and  Menu  to  be  practicnlly  inexhaustible,  for  as  the  shaft 
i  deepens,  the  ore  gjwwt  rich  both  in  quality  and  r|uanlity.  The  yielii  orwista 
IrOT  A  eomjiael  gray  <iii»rr7,  impro^fnatvd  with  cinMiibar  and  red  Icnil,  A«ao- 
|<fi(atod  with  it  is  a  eonj[1omeratn  called  by  the  minern  Frayieiear,  because  in 
1  color  it  rexemblcs  the  blue  gray  of  the  Guniliar  cansock  worn  by  freylet  (friars) 
'  tt  the  Fninsiscan  order. 

The  chief  Gtilnnco  to  the  mlno  Is  out  of  the  («wd,  od  tlio  blQ-aU*,  Ikdns 


XtttUanirt. 


469 


Ibe  MUth,  the  tonm  ibclf  bving  on  tli«  hill-tep.  Th«  main  •Jit  \*a3*  hj  a 
pjlcry  In  till-  I1r«t  laildcr,  and  by  gatUtir'.  ntii  vpry  itecp  lulden  the  deceent 
■Jtrrnxnti  rnntiniics  to  bo  imtdc.     Though  thi-  tainn.  it  ono  of  the  t«ry  oldeAt 

in  the  world  —the  oldest,  I  bulicvc,  of  nnv  kind,  thil  iliU  continues  lo  he 
WorbMl—tliu  workings  ba»e  not,  up  lo  lliis  time,  penrtnitod  deeper  tli«u  a 
ttwuMnd  fenL 

Tb«  4)iiiclc*i)vcr  ix  proi^urcd  oat  of  thn  nre  by  nuMimatlnn  oTtT  hrick  fur- 
nMM  about  Rve  Tcet  in  hciiflit,  and  \t  Iba  fumicen  are  fed  with  the  wood  of 
efatiH,and  olhvrarotaUiegljnibti.  tliipi  part  of  the  priKeMiiexIreinely  sratcful 
to  tho  »vns'».  Thtm  am  thirlccn  doiiblii  fiirnarcg  and  two  <[tisilni[ii(!  oiie», 
partly  elected  it  Almnden.  partly  kI  Almairleiiejon— little  Aliiiadi'n — ^in  th« 
Dciglibarboud.  Tliit  minerals  liaving  been  sorted,  are  plained  in  the  e)uimbeni 
over  tiiu  furnacea  airordlii);  lo  thi'ir  i|iu1ily  in  diirtTviit  proportion*  and  po»i- 
tionii,  the  beet  at  the  bottom.  The  wholi'  m4)vi,  piltd  iijion  open  tircbes  in 
tiic  form  of  a,  dome,  ia  then  ri>ofed  over  with  soft  briekii  mnde  of  kneaded 
clay  and  fmif  paHiclvH  of  iiulphiiret  of  inerciirj',  a  frei-  i<|hii:e  of  about  eighteen 
InmeA  heiiiR  left  bi-twren  the  ori'  and  roor,  in  whifh  the  T*{ior  can  collect  ud 
ciKulatc.  The  mercurial  rapor  llnally  condiietcd  along  stoncwan  tuba  lutad 
together,  con'letiBiiiK  as  it  goeii,  is  dcponiled  i[i  gutters,  which  eunducl  it  acroH 
thu  muonryof  a  IiTmcy  into  cistern'*  prepared  to  reeelve  it.  The  ijuifkaiUer, 
there  carefully  eollected,  ia  then  put  into  jnra  of  wroiij[!it  Iron,  weiKbinjt  about 
nixtccn  poutid.i  apieL'e,  and  each  holding  about  twenty-live  pound*  Kiigliah  of 
tho  flnishwi  prtidui/f  of  the  minea. 

Aa  for  Ihi'  antiquity  or  the  mine  at  Alniaden.  that  is  immenBC  Pliny  MVa 
that  the  Greeks  had  Vermillion  from  it  wven  hundred  years  n,  <*.,and  that  (he 
Etonians  in  hin  day.  were  obtaining  from  it  ten  thousand  pounds  of  cinnabar 
f«Brly,  for  uae  In  their  paintiiig^L  The  workin-  of  tlii;  luine  felt,  of  n>une, 
into  ah<'Taner.  in  tho  Darlc  Arcs  hut  waa  n-xumed  a^ain  in  the  tineenl!i  evn- 
tiiry.  >t(lcr  the  txpiiUion  nf  Ihp  Uonn,  tlia  minn  was  K;iF(>n  aa  a  pvrwnt  to 
t«ri)[iou«  knighta  «f  Caktran,  and  it  rercKcd  to  the  Crown  more  than  three 
ocoturieK  ago. 

Th*  prcwnt  woAinpi  are  not  unite  on  th«  «ld  apoL  Vngg^r  Brothera,  of 
Aos"'""^  &Tmc(l  it  in  these  past  days;  and  having  drawn  a  fortune  out  of 
it,  by  which  they  became  a  byword  for  wealth.  {"  Rich  as  a  Kucar,"  nay  tho 
Spaniih  minen  UJW,)  Ihey  |;nve  up  th*ir  lease  as  worThliM.  GovTrnm<.'nt 
tMXild  make  nnthlnf;  of  lh<'  mini',  and  therefore  caused  thcjtroand  to  bo  attcn- 
tiiely  fiplored.  Tlic  cxtmordinary  deposit  upon  which  the  nniem  now  are 
operating  waa  in  that  way  discovered. — Haiuth^ld  WtreU, 


pLiTtva. 


Uervin  t  Johnson,  Ilatton  Garden,  t^nndon,  snpply  pnra  platina  at  the 
yate  of  tfl.TB  per  or.. ;  the  priec  in  Parln  is  S*f. — (6,32  per  or,  ;  and  at  the 
jpwat  refinery  of  Alberiladl,  (lermany,  8)  thaiers— fH.87i.  The  crude  pla- 
tina (rninr  di  jililvia)  ia  not  worth  over  half  this  aiuounl,  as  It  <^nlaiii8  a 
heavy  per  centoge  of  osittiura.  Iridium  and  rhodium,  metalu  of  trilJiDf:  value, 
with  cna^iietic  oaid«  of  iron  and  other  foreign  ingredient:L  Tlie  coit  of  man- 
ubetiirc  ia  likewiae  henry. 

The  (^ahfurnia  platina  coTilains  *  largo  amount  af  a  refractory  alby  of 
rholium  and  iridium,  perfeetly  infiuiblc 

The  aolveiitfi  are  txpennive  a^'idi,  anil  aflcr  puriftnation.  tite  mere  act  of 
A>n>'"K  a  small  bar  of  platina  oerupies  (wo  men  utth  Tiiaefainory  inxn  thrM 
week*  to  a  month,  as  It  can  only  mecive  one  blow  nt  each  beat,  and  conM- 
^nently  1>ut  a  fuw  iavm  blows  per  diem. — I'lactr  Timet. 


an-aaATioN  or  nkhii.  tko*  cnBAt.r, 
IJobi);  has  found  that  when  a  oirrtnl  of  ehlorine  i«  paiMod  into  a  cold 
aolutioo  of  the  double  cyanldc«  of  cobalt  and  potauium,  the  liquid  being  kept 


470 


JHMwUttC- 


nlknlina  bjr  th«  ndditJon  a(  oinstln  et>A%  or  poKnIi,  llio  nidcd  U  rompltlcly 
ooiiviirtcii  inlo  >ic«t)iiioxido  nnd  prvcipiutcd,  while  the  ribalt  rcmniiis  in  solu- 
tion BM  uimttcml  dutiulu  c^Aiiidi.'.  Tbc  sciquioiiiie  of  tik-kcl  ma;  Ixt  wiuhc^ 
«nd  igiiilinl,  iiid  the  n)(-k«l  weighed  in  thv  Tnnn  of  pnjtwidc ;  il  is  pcrfePlly 
fri's  I'roiTi  c(>l>alL  TViR)iolutiiMUterpM«lii|[  thcrhlonni^RiUft  itiii  bcalka1in«. 
I'hd  fiinnllfKt  trace  of  ntcVi^l  gi*'^"  "n  I'lky  block  color  wbi-ii  ■3i-o>>lrvd  in 
cyanide  uf  polas.iiuin,  mid  Inhaled  Willi  chlurhic.  Tliri  iTicthod  of  ar|»ratinK 
cobalt  iiiul  nli'LpI  haM  perhaps  ■ninn  adranUmii  orrr  Licliia'D  wooiu)  method, 
which,  il  will  be  rummibertd,  pon.iisls  in  boiling  llio  mixed  double  CTuniilcMi 
with  osidu  of  uvruury,  wliich  prtcipitatua  the  iiickvl  but  not  thu  cobalt. 

l»^(Kl«'  riiKCiri. 
M.  Dary,  EnfiUnd,  piitenl«.  Tin^  inventor  proposal  coTering  IbeW  IhaM* 
with  $.  iiubiilanL-i)  wliioli  ^hall  be  an  vnicicitt  protection  ajpiiiist  tiioI<Iiir«.  "Hi* 
fbat«  bt^»K  insde,  it  in  plnecil  within  it  litntiel,  an;!  [riuMrK  ont  from  itit  top, 
which  I*  pierecd  with  a  xtnall  liolc.  Thii  tube  U  then  filled  will)  k  liquid  of 
the  folluning  cotiipositioii  :^1  pari  renin,  1  part  Burgundj'  pitch,  t  parU 
gnlta  pi'ri^h*.  Tins  iiiiiliirB  is  pliicvd  in  •  nimace  hc-nWd  bj-  Meam ;  this 
(Uami,  eondnetod  by  a  tube,  serves  atw  to  heat  the  conical  reservoir  in  vhicli 
the  liquid  has  Wvtx  lunied.  The  fusee  is  rolled  upon  a  l.irgc  bobbin,  and  by 
mmiiN  of  a  I'rank  il  is  unrolled  And  made  to  piut»  in  (hi^  lunncl ;  in  (juitline 
thid  it  is  pnssi'd  over  a  putlry  plunjied  In  n  rriiscl  of  cold  water,  Atid  h  rulleu 
upon  another  pulley  nhicli  ia  above  the  n-aler. — Scieulijk  Anurietui, 


*    M!W   KBTAL. 

A  very  romarkabtc  discovery  was  annoiin?i>it  lo  lh«  Acadpny  of  Sciences, 
hy  U.  bunuuL,  al  its  last  sitling.  ilc  iiUlrd  thai  M,  .Saint  Llsir  Devill«  liad 
Hllccoedod  in  obtaining  fVom  clay  a  utelul  as  nhitv  and  brilliant  an  silver,  as 
nallcable  as  fold,  and  Hb  lijj-h(  an  jAkm  ;  H  ia  fuaible  al  n  niodenie  tenip«ra- 
turc.  Air  and  clariip  do  noi  .itf.'^t  tiii^  motnl,  which  lit  ralk-d  aluiuiaiuni ;  it 
ntaiiu  its  brilliann,  and  U  not  klCictcd  by  niti'in  or  xulphurtc  acid.  ctlMr 
BbnnK  or  dilnti"l.  if  tli«  tumpentlurv  bt^  not  raised.  It  is  only  diiifnlved  b>y 
Tcry  iiot  1-hlorhydric  acid,  S^'vral  spi/cinicins  of  this  niv'tal  were  cihibttDil  to 
thi'  Ai;a<iemy,  and  on  the  proposition  of  Jtaron  Tiienard,  il  was  voletl  unanj 
mouslr  ll^ul  a  suttioieril  sum  s!i'>uld  bu  pUccd  al  llie  dispMal  of  U.  Saiul 
Clair  DcviUo  to  enalilo  hiin  lo  iu«k«  expifrinieiitM  on  *  lat^  scnlc^ 


amUVENE'IT    VI    nXAU    USHUEIU. 

Tho  advantajtc  of  stwicn  over  other  hainiULTa  is  in  thrir  jioirer  of  action, 
^■nd  in  tho  control  which  mar  be  hod  over  Ihcir  movi-invnis.  The  lalkr  p^nl 
lb  of  parllciilsr  imporlaiicu  in  finisliing  forced  work,  as  without  it,  aecuracy 
[of  ibrm  ennnot  be  ohtalnod,  and  tlwra  u  rrval  waste  of  iron  and  labor  in  turu- 
Ifbgand  planing.     IN:>wer  of  action  n  UM  tMcnIlixl   in   DuCcinji  sound  forg;- 

Hr.  Jtobcirt  R.  Taylor,  of  Reading,  Pa.,  baa  mitdE  an  imiKirlant  iinproro- 
Fmcnt  in  tho  riilves  and  pamdRes  of  steam  huninRTd.  and  has  biiOt  hammtn, 

with  tlww  improrenictitJ,  lo  sensitive  lo  tlw  valve  ns  lo  allonr  of  placins  a 
I  watch  upon  the  nnvil.  and  of  bre.iking  only  the  crrsial,  v  llhout  injnriiig  tho 
I  dial.     The  dniiii  altnehed  to  his  palful  slmws  lliu  iiuportance  of  tlio  points 

to  which  his  improvements  tend.     1:  is  as  folloivs  :^ 

•■  I  oUiin  the  irriingeioetit,  n»  described,  oC  the  sli'Oni  ports  and  ptaatfo, 
ttbo  variahlD  auIomAlii'  valve  for  direcling  (he  nteam  alteniately  ahmcanil  be> 
I. low  the  piston,  and  for  ndmitlinj'  a  vnt'iHihlc  '|iiiinlily  of  sleaiit  beocalb  the 
LplBton.  and  the  adjustable  hnnd  valve,  lo  e^eliide  nltogcllicr  the  ftttm  (mm 
[  febOTC  ibe  piston,  or  to  admit  a  greater  or  Ivwi  qiianlily  of  il,  both  vsItoi  being 
pi4JiUtablG  while  the  hainintir  In  in  operation.  80  thai  tl>e  iticain  nn  !>«  mad? 

to  act  with  ■  variable  force  on  cither  the  up  and  down  stroke*  of  (fao  [^tott, 


ititttUaniea. 


471 


<or  of  both,  Ar  prcrcnlf^  from  vting  on  thodown  etrok*^  williMt  iaterrupUii{ 
tlic  kdion  <tf  Uic  biMmcr,  »■  set  forth." 


Exp»Tiffi«tilt  open  Ihe  |>ropcr(ivK  of  the  mbw  or  lh«  LbVc  for  prtMrvtriK 
meat,  were  m»iW.  t.y  Mr.  SlMiWJury  and  lilfl  tmocitUs.  A  hqcr  pivot  of  fresh 
■bwf  WM  Buitpcndeii  fi^im  ft  (ord  und  iirnnenipii  in  the  like  for  orrr  twtlvo 
buurti.  nli<[i  i[  wns  furinil  to  be  tolenMj  well  euro].  After  thiii.  Sir.  R  xUtn 
rthot  all  th«  itiMt  llivjr  wishud  In  |irti4i>rvt>  wna  [uirkcd  int<>  bamrK  wflliout 
|'an7  Mftk  wbfltcTcr,  uid  th«  tVMcIs  wrn-  liicn  fll1«<]  willi  llit^  tjiUr  n-atcr.  Ko 
fuTthtr  ««»  or  prepamtion  wt«  riMPHmry ;  Bud  IIip  tnot  remainnl  pcrfortly 
[  flWMl,  kltlMiif;h  miMlaiitly  (XcoumI  to  Uh>  ntniosplicro  and  nun.  Tli«y  «rr« 
Iili|t^  to  mix  fimh  water  iritn  the  IIri«  to  ]in-v<.'Ql  Ihc  mpnl  ft«ni  hccotnlng 
too  mH  for  prcDcnt  unc. 

An  anal,vsis  of  the  watn  of  the  Lftke,  thoirii  thfti  it  conlninii  nitbcr  more 

than  SO  [hy  cent,  of  Ihu  pure  chloride  of  Mxliiiiii.  and  iiot  m<ira  than  2  p«r  rvnt 

.  of  olhct  lultK,  (brmintc  one  of  the  purest  and  most  cnnrcnlralci)  Iirinrs  in  the 

'vorld.     ttn  npi-ciRc  mvity  isi  thattt  ri7,  but  this  slightly  »oric«  with  tho 

,  AMMiL^  Wing  prubably  atti-rlcd  by  the  iinTn«tiKC  IIikhIb  of  fri^sh  u-ntiT  nhich 

come  nmhinic  dnnn  into  it  rmni  thv  nioiintaing  in  tli«  spring,  miiecd  by  the 

ncUint;  of  ihc  moir  in  the  (torjtcK. 

Ttin  s'ttli^rii  nhuri^  uf  lliv  Ijike,  for  a  conniderabtv  diKtancv,  in  hntsl  irilh  ■ 

[nbalanc*  aotiK-whnt  rcHi-inhlini;  in  appi'sniiii'i^  lh«  hrowti.  drii-<]  Mvuvvd  of 

rUiO  ocMti.     I'ndcr  thi)  ninenifrln^  ^'a^iS  ItinvcTir,  It  was  found  to  amKifit  of 

tluTKV  ordricdKkinNofndipterouHinuict   ThcycamiiriKedaEtratuiDiiomo 

lis  [bcIiw  hi  tliickoi'si^  nuU  had  cvjdctitly  been  drivcu  upon  l\ie  iitiorc  at  tiit- 

'  f>-rpnl  iieriotll ;  tome  appcariiig  frvith^r  and  uf  a  dilTvrcnt  lcxtur«  f^om  o(h«n^ 

the  irttei:tsbdnjC«raUrecrsiic    Whore  iheso  larvw  oriftinatMi  may  furnish 

'  A  theme  Ifir  cunoiM  qwcnUtlon.   Nnlhini;  living  Vms  errr  lieen  dclcrtnl  in  the 

,  Lake,  and  only  a  tew  huge  inaectn  in  the  biackisb  Kiir[ngK,  which  do  not  at  nil 

.  fORinble  these  iwmaliu^  either  in  lyhape  or  «iiti'.    That  ihi^y  havo  cxiKlrd  In 

'^•Inio**  uicrrdiUc  nuoibrm  i»  evident,  sm  the  nharoi  arc  lined  with  their  ikins, 

nnd  the  bottom,  in  many  inntaiices,  for  a  long  dintancc  from  the  shore,  is  cov* 

(.Ted  uilh  ihiiii.     In  KOnii-  places  llicy  lie  on  thii  bottom  or  the  I^ke  a  foot 

thick,  mixed  lip  with  Ihct  noiy  mud. 

On  the  tint',  niiar  the  west  shore  of  the  Lake,  Mr.  S.  nruj  his  pnrty  diKCOY- 
ered  alarm  '''-''<'  of  Mitid  salt,  n-hieh  wn.'i  bt'nulifully  crytiliillizcil  upon  thi<  Hiiiid, 
about  half  an  ineh  thick.  Tho  crygtals  wrr*'  fmin  one  to  two  inches  in  diamn- 
tcT,  and  *'Klilleml  in  the  lirisht  nunshine  like  a  hed  of  diamondi."  Tho 
evaporation  o(  (he  shoal  water  between  the  island  and  tho  main  ahore,  htw  left 
this  beautiful  depu.sit  of  salt 

Thi-rv  »ni  Kiine  large  island*  In  the  Ijike.  the  principal  ones  hcinj  (Junni- 
Min,  Antckipe,  and  Stinsbiiry  islands.  The  latter  ix  twenty  miles  jnntr  and 
Afty-scven  in  circumfcnnce.  It  i*  a  high  rocky  rid^,  and  attains  a  maxiuium 
rIeTBtiuii  uf,nearly  thm  thouaand  feet 

The  buoyant  properUpB  of  the  watcrx  of  the  Lake  arc  very  ranarkabl*. 
Mr.  S.  says  liiat  a  man  may  float  stretched  at  full  length  upon  hit  back,  tiarini; 
hii  head,  neck,  both  his  k'^  lu  the  kneen,  an<I  hoth  ariii»  to  thu  elbuwx,  out  of 
(L«  uutir.  If  a  Billing  podtJon  lio  auiunied,  with  the  arms  extended  to  pre- 
serve the  ei|i)il|l.finm,  the  shouldcm  will  retnnin  ahovo  tiie  surface.  The  brino 
in  so  Klmnj;  that  the  least  particle  gelling  into  the  vyvn  caiMes  the  nio«t  acule 
pain,  r pi'B  one  occaaion  one  of  the  parly  fell  overboard,  and  nlthoiiKh  a  nood 
swimmer,  the  KudUvn  inimciHliHi  enused  him  to  swallow  kouic  niouthfuia  of 
Hatar  before  riiiio|c  to  the  surface.  The  efTccl  wan  a  most  violent  pnvoty-ni  of 
'  atrangling  and  vomdlins,  and  tho  man  waa  nnHt  for  duly  for  some  time 
aflerwarda. 

It  U  alineat  impouible  to  find  ttater  fit  for  Ihc  ordinary  purpowa  of  lilb 


illB 


JfiaeeHanUt. 


•loiqt  lh«we«tern  Hliomof  the  LtAit;  and  ynt  surti  Ifl  tlwdvIijtlitruInoM  ofUia 
tUnuile  Ihnl  oofl  niay  slt'eji  in  Ihp  op<^  sir  with  pcrfucl  (onpitnt^. 

Oil  or  rivAT  ihc  cmUtii  tihorvs  of  the  1^1>c  me  a  number  of  hot  and  cold 
■pnnKn.  They  isjim; «  Ihc  foot  of  a  (Innfciiij;  toH-trofliillj,  anil  !i«t«  eicaTat«d 
for  thftnwlicB  a  i-tivular  \io\v  lUlcfi  (vvt  ihrp,  n  ith  dlopliijt  iid«  and  a  deep 
cbaai>«I  leoiliii^  into  thit  in<rado<r.  There  nn.-  (-iirrvntK  Jiuiimj;  Iwtvrccn  ditlcr> 
•nl  strata  of  conslomcriilc  nnd  limc»foiit,  within  a  fmr  fmt  of  lach  other, 
■of  which  onv  in  n  but  sulphur,  a  aecuiid  wanii  anil  ull,  nnd  (h«  tliird  cool 
drinkalilir  wat«r. 

At  niunrroiiK  plncca  flnfl  salt  is  brought  up,  and  jrt«  of  gM  emiftnl ;  th« 
wh  fiimis  on  incni'rtalioii  around  the  hoU',  and  U  flue  etiouuh  for  labli;  mm. 
Tbrrc  mites  frutn  (hi'  Salt  Lakt-  Cily  i.t  a  hut  nprio);.  Croui  titu  hot  «|irin]l  to 
lh«  city  arc  mtnii-nxiH  unriii  fi>>ifi[.il>iii.  that  depwilt  K^Biim  nn-I  olhc:r  ku]- 
phaU'i^  Tliese  irnlcr^  give  detighlful  liaths,  and  deacroy  the  f^-tlilitj  cif  Ihu 
khI 

Tilt  wol  on  the  bniiks  of  llwi several  rivvraon  tlM*aat«m  tihor«cif  the  Ijika 
b  Tcry  pmductive.  UvuL  Qiinni>inn  states  ihnt  a  roniinuoua  flcld  can  b« 
made  from  llic  Tcropetiagoa  hotlomi  to  lh<.-  ^Vn-ko'te-ki;  Creek,  and  tJiu  Ctah 
T«II«y  mad?  lo  Kuxtain  a  populaii-ii  uf  more  than  a  huuJrvd  lliouund  iuhabl- 
tuiis.     M  dlirerrnt  uojals  alonjc  the  rtvem  an  magnifloent  watar  poironL 

The  ihim  linn  of  the  lakt,  cxelusive  nf  ofEicIa  extend*  391  milea. 

nv  hare  «ren  no  niAtenicnta  oa  to  the  depth  of  the  Qrtot  Sail  Lake. 
—SUtubury'i  £fpart. 

puHiTtcinox  or  OHjrnn*  Km  i.kad  i-kkcim. 
Run!;e  propoic*  lo  purify  poor  Rmphilp  for  lend  pencils  by  iVigetiing  the 

Iniiivral  in  I5ml'  powrlyr  fur  -'iO  hnurw,  in  ab(>iit  tvripc  il»  weight  of  Htron*;  mil- 
nburic  acid  ;  ihi-n  dlluliui;  the  arid  wilh  H'nli-r,  nn<l  ua^ihin^  the  ncid  away. 
Urnphile  thim  pn^partd  i*  very  miifh  ehcaper  than  Ih?  ordinarv  Enjjlish,  and 
quite  a*  pure  nH  Ihc  bc«t  Borrowdnlc  lead.  Tho  dceanlcd  sulpfiiiinc  acid  coo- 
taina  in.vi,  Kulplmlu  of  iiluriiiiin,  etc. ;  the  Utter  may  be  iHT[>onli.'d  when  lusc 
^uantilivtt  are  cipirntvl  <i|ii.>ii.  ICiiriKc a?ao  proposes  lo add  a  little laTnp-btai£, 
lis  gite  a  dcepnr  lint  to  the  lines  mad*  by  the  piincjls.  Ctrtain  kinds  at  man- 
giii«*e  may  probably  bo  used  for  the  same  purpose^ 


AS  aarisuN  wki.i.  [s  hkw  ouLKAn. 

We  learn  (rooi  the  N«tr  Orlrant  lire  Ihat  the  arle\ian  well  recently  com-' 
■icnei;d  in  that  city  has  been  borud  *iid  Inbol  lo  a  depth  of  one  hundred  feeL 
This  ia  the  flnt  olabnrato  allcmpi  al  pirrclni;:  bgynnd  thu  nllijilal  ctuat  of  tho 
lliawwiippi,  and  will  probably  lend  to  valuable  fnwIoRieal  diaeorciirai.  Tbo 
'  Twiona  Hriiuilioiia  IhiiH  far  eiii'duiitered  have  Wcuinc  progrtaairriy  dentter, 
■■nd  indicate,  it  is  thouitbt,  the  prcaetipn  of  a  roi-ky  slruetur<i  much  nearer  Ibc 
iniriare  than  hai  been  nuppited.  Thu  laKl  formnlion  ennKinu  of  a  tenactens 
Ervriiitb  clay,  mixed  with  frafpneTil.*  i^f  Hinc,  Imnicdintely  above  Ihia  wn 
foun.i  a  layer  of  fine  sand,  liitersiicr^erl  wiiU  iR-aiittful  wbil^  shetlit.     The  com- 

Clion  of  thia  entcrpriw,  "hinh  has  luieti  rcndiTcd  di)ulily  dtlticiill  liitbcrto by 
nec«M(y  whkh  has  existed  for  luhinfc  tho  bore,  will  ultla  tho  giiMtloo 
trhcthor  aprin);  wal«»  can  be  foimd  there  at  the  usual  d«pth  of  arteaian  weHii, 
[  'Bad  Ikiu  atfbnl  othen  who  wish  la  dig.  an  opportunity  to  Judge  of  the  probn- 
'Ut  McccM  which  would  atlaiid  Ihcir  clforta. 


hui*  a  ansnn^  rniun  ul  *i«Mn«Mi  »wb  waun  WM,  tc  T. 


THE 


MINING    MAGAZINE. 


KDmn  ma  oxvduitkd  mr 

WILLIAM  J.  TENNKY. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.   V..    VOL.    II. 

IKTICLH^ 


K^BS  LACKAWANNA  COAL  BA8TN.  ITS  OKOl^OY  AND  MIKINO 

"^         RKOUBCIS   ARODND  SCEAXTOS,  PEKN.     K*.  S.    Bj  P»o». 

HmiiT  1>.  lCoaEii.1       ........ 

n.  UARTFOKIJ  COUXTY  MIMXO  COUl-A.VY'S  PROPKBTY  AT  BWS- 
TOt.,  OOXX.    By  Ciiu. ».  KieMUMon,  dril  uitt  Itiniuf  Bnirinver      . 

m.  TKB  LEAD  VEINS  OF  WISCONSrS 

IT.  THE  WKKT  OOIX'MUIA   MINING  AMD  UAKUKACTl'RIN'Q   COM- 

PANY  or  VIKUISIA,  TIIEIU  PROPEBTY,  OI'KKATIuNs,  tlx:. 

V.  THE  RtrnisEL  (lOl.D  lUKE  OP  KOETH  CAROUNA.    S!r  Sntnrai 

P.  Lmxm,  Oiologiirt    .  .  .    '        .    '        .  .  . 

JOraSiL  OP  MKKO  L.\W9  i.\D  OROANEATIOWa 
Tba  Jolnl  Stock  Law  ef  Ihn  Stntfi  of  Connccitietit     . 
Do^nion  ottlia  CaminlMlonDi' of  E*itODU       .  . 

Trunrit  of  Uiiiint;  I'mpcny  Bodn  111*  Oommoii  Iaw 
FvTMt  Mininic  Ciiin|nny  .... 

babttia  Copptr  Compuif  .... 
WcM  ColuiDDitt  Mininjt  uid  UaiitdMurin([  ComiitDy 
TtnatneU  Itlnlii;  Law  .... 

I^Tonlnir  Hiniiift  md  Imd  Coinpuijr 
lindMjr  (h)!'!  CoiiiiMmx  .  .  ,  , 

Hell  iUo  Gold  OompuT  .... 

Bniakonrldf«CuiielC«alCompBajr   .  .  . 

llnnfonl  Count;  Hhilnff  Compun;     .  .  , 


rumj 

tn 


COmEKCLVL  ASPEin  DP  TUB  XTSXSQ  DITiaBt 


N««  York  M>nlnit£»>ck  Unrket 
Flooluatiniu  iii     "  " 

BiMDMioiii  ill    ■'  "       .  . 

Haw.  Tork  Usui  Hntkct  .  . 

Jjinion  Mtul  Morkot  .  .  . 


JOtraKAL  07  OOU)  VntlKQ  OPSRATTONS. 

OtlilWnin  Gold  ndda Ut 

lAinp*  Kound    ..■•...,..  SM 
QnutaOiMlilng            .          .          .           >          ..          ,*.          .6tS 

QbanikOT  nm Ug 

Profit*  of  Coinpumu      ■•■•■...,  4U 

Sbatt  Pink\ni     ■..■....,,  ()? 

Ybldof  AiuttvlluiGoldFlolda  .  ._.(..•  .  .  .  SST 

OfAogyot     •■  ■'  .  ..•...,..  .  .  sHi 

nocbr  m;  Hininff  t-ompany    .  .  •.■.*.*%  , 

nia  Kliyiiier  (lold  Uiiia  .  ,  .  •  ,       ,■  >  .  Ml 

tiuld  in  T,nehui^i  .  ,  .  ■  ■  .  |  il|  .  .  HM 

To  TmI  Orp»  for  Gold   .  .  .  .  ,'         .  .      '    ,  su ' 

DtfMa  In  the  Proccsi  at  Anul^nniBdan        ...,,,  HT 

Xxinetliiii  of  Gold  by  Zinc       ........  MB 

JOimXiI,  OP  COPPER  HISIXO  0PKR.1TI0HS. 

Engliah  F.iportaofCoppcr       ........  M( 

Roport  oftlin  Mhinciota  Cuinfmnjp       .......  Ht 

A^te  lUrbor  Miiitnjt  liiyion    ........  GS4 


4fn 


Cbntentt. 


At[»U<  Kubor  UiM        •  ■  ■ .  • 

Ka^vB  CopfHir  Mitli)      .  •  >  • 

K«Ul}ioi  Minr     ..... 
Costlniintjil  Mine  .... 

Unndnii  Mino      ,  ,  .  .  . 

W]uliiMCU>Ti  Mine  •  .  •  • 

VitTth  U>>l*rii  Mino     .... 
}I«inli  Amgrioui  Uln*  .... 

FnltonMlne 

Uo  RoTulo  lllc«  .  •  .  ■ 

Shaldon  MiM 

BUrUins 

HuItDB  Min* 

Ilinina  LociittoTn  is  Upper  Cuisda     . 

Bri>Ml  Uinta.  Canticcti«Dt 

Hoiubl;  Bcport  oTtlw  Amtrlon  UinlntC  Compuj 


■M 

tu 

H( 

H« 
tM 
•M 
BM 

tIT 

ur 
sia 
us 

BM 

>M 
Ht 

am 

MO 


JODR!(AL  OP  SIT.TKR  AND  IJIAD  limNO  OPMATlONa 

Whtr  Caiiu«<> 

Anqr  of  ttiohiplootan  Ore       ...... 

Tdiw  of  th«  hiad  Minea  at  Vitoomia  In  regard  to  Uiiiliic  OpcnttoM 
UtMnlocF  ef  lb*  Wiiooniln  Lead  Bc^oD    .... 

ftmiQ*  orWia«on>1n  Qalsna     ...... 

Sll*«r  Kiua  In  (]voT|;ia 


OOUS  AITD  O0LUSKIE& 


AntbnelM  Cod  IVido  Ibr  IRM 
Dmbtrluid  Mtailnc  Oporalltiu 
)e«i  V*ln  Computy  . 

BifTtMiil  CiibI  (teinpviy 
_>ff<rrili  Hmiu^li  C^mpuDj    . 
^Hio  T>nljiwftr*i  unil  Hiul*nn  Company  , 
Tho  Hrp'li^nriiJir''  rniinol  L'cil 
Looluiiiuiim  Coal  Kc^ion,  t'enotjlTuiia 


fill 


*     ■  mOM  UfD  HHO. 

Imn  Intpreitii  of  the  tTnJ ted  Slate* 
IrjQ  MaiiufAotiirc  in  UisMud 
Maniifuctiira  of  IrDD      . 

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Enili'ti  and  Kaailaa  Iran 

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QCIKRIES  AND  CUT& 
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nSCELLANIK 

Prooadinp  of  the  houioa  Qtdogieii  ttucnaty         •  •  •  •  •  Hf 

Vaunt  SnviKo  Iran  CompKoy,  Ujuyluiil        ..».,.  HT 

Jdji^inff  In  Nnrwaj         •■*'.•*.  MM 

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Copper  K»II»  Coaipany  ........  I  (fj 


THE 


MINING  MAGAZINE: 


BSVOTBO  TO 


.pines,  pining  ^igtuikn,  pictallnrgg,  ^t.  ^t,\ 


VOL  n.— JffAY,  1854.— No.  V. 


I 


A».  I.~-TnB  L.\CKAWANSA  COAL  BASIN.  ITS  GEOLOG?  AND 
HINLVG  HESOL'RCKS  ARO^NU  SCRANTOS,  PBNN.— So.  S.  Br 
Pkor.  Bkhbt  D.  ItiflEii^* 

OEKERAL  STRnOTtrBE  OF  TOE  BABIK. 
In  order  to  convey  a  correct  ooiKVplioii  of  the  conditions  under 
which  the  coal  beds  of  the  vicinity  of  Soranton  lie,  and  their 
availability  for  mining,  it  is  vxpodiont  to  detain  the  reader  r 
little  longer  from  the  more  loctd  d««cnptivc  details  pertaining 
to  that  district,  to  oSer  a  few  preliminary  but  important  remarkg 
lemectinff  the  general  gt^logical  stnicture  of  the  whole  cod 
fielH.  He  will  he  thtu  pre]iiired  to  nnderstand  much  more  pre- 
cisely  the  degrep  to  which  this  structure  affects  the  middle  part 
of  the  Lockan'anna  basin,  where  the  Scrantun  lands  arc  situated, 
and  the  extent  to  which  it  influences  the  distnbutian  and  tbc 
mining  of  the  coal. 

In  general  configuration,  the  Wyoming  bflflin  is  a  wide  and 
shallow  trough,  somewhat  deeper  in  the  middle  than  at  the  xidai, 
jet  deepening  so  gradually  towards  the  centre  as  to  bo,  if  we 
dureganl  the  rtulxmlinnU!  undulations  of  its  strati,  approximately 
fiat  This  prevailing  Icvelncas  of  ita  bod  or  floor,  not  will  island- 
ing the  considerable  angles  of  dip — ftcqucnlly  more  than  thirty 
degrees — ta  at  onoe  apparent  when  we  compare  the  greAt  width 
of  the  valley — four  or  five  miles  in  its  middle  district — within 
the  very  mo'dcrntc  depth  of  1,200,  or  1,500  feet,  or  perhaps  1,800 
feet,  which  my  Kections  sc«m  to  aangn  to  it  in  this  ita  most  oapa- 
ciooa  portion.  Laborious  explorations  and  mctsurGmcnts  have 
enabled  me  to  bring  to  light  within  the  general  basin  the  exiat- 
enoe  of  a  great  number  of  nearly  parallel  lesser  troughs  or 
baana,  with  intervening  saddles  or  anticlinal  waves  in  the  coal 
strata,  and  to  trace  these  individually,  and  to  develop  the  law 
of  their  direction  and  their  effects  on  the  local  distributioi^of 

*  ppnlinvv^  Iron  p.  «SA.  Vol.  a 


«A 


Otntral  Strueturt  of  the  Ba*in. 


ihe  beds  of  oorI,  Theite  investigations  have  ftltown  me  Uiat  tlie 
same  cool  seams  and  other  strata  are  repeated,  within  certaiD 
limits,  bom.  odc  wave  to  aiiotlier,  so  as  to  matntaio,  dcH>itc  tbe 
locol  »l«epneMe!i  of  dip,  tliis  average  iiQifi>rrnity  in  :Ko  (Ie[>tb  erf 
the  coal  Beld,  at  any  given  cross  section.  This  general  levolneaB 
of  the  bottom  itt  indepeiidoiitly  established  by  a  comporiMXi  of 
the  vertical  tbickncsa  of  the  strata  with  ttie  breadth  of  the 
valley. 

1*116  whole  coal  valley  may  be  likened  to  a  flat-bottomed  boat, 
tapering  gradually  from  the  middle  towards  each  extremity,  and 
as  gradually  shoaling  up  in  thoso  directions ;  but  the  boat  is  not 
a  straight  one,  but  carves  constantly,  creKent-Jike,  towards  one 
side ;  and  the  resemblance  is  further  deficient  in  the  bottom  not 
being  smooth,  but  ridged  with  the  wave*  above  mxikcn  of.  Thia 
,iBhoaTing,  or  thinning,  by  superficial  removal,  of  the  ooal  meas- 
ures townrds  cither  end  of  the  trough,  though  locally  modified 
within  n-strieted  limits  by  Uie  undulations,  is  not  a  uniformly 
progressive  feature,  but  ivivances  morvi  suddenlv  and  then  more 
slowly  alone  certain  jiortions  of  the  vallwy.  iTiua  it  seems  to 
uooeed  rather  nq>idlv  from  Wilkcsbarre  north-eaitward  pant 
-PittBton,  and  to  he  alnioet  arreJited;  thonco  along  tbc  Lacka- 
wanna valley,  from  near  the  movth  of  Spring  Brook,  until  we 
pass  beyond  Scrauton;  wIillc  a  more  rapid  lifting  out  of  the 
strata  seems  again  to  coinme&ce  near  Lcggctt'5  Gap,  and  to  con- 
tinue steadily  to  the  termination  of  the  basin  at  Carbondale. 
This  lad  of  the  very  slow  rise  of  the  coal  rocks,  as  we  asoeod 
the  Lackawanna  from  the  Falls  to  a  mile  or  more  beyond  Scraa- 
ton,  would  seem,  at  firet  glance,  to  nearly  equalise  the  qioaottty 
of  available  cool  for  equal  arcaa  througliont  this  reach  of  the 
valley;  but  a  detailed  examination  of  the  comparative  rc«oarot« 
iXiitii  several  tracts  of  this  district,  will  disclose  qmte  reroarloiMe 
.difforences,  dependent  on  various  oonditions  not  cooocctod  merely 
'With  the  depLii  of  the  coal  mcosurea  Among  these  modifving 
eiicumstanoos,  it  will  suffice  for  th6  present  to  advert  to  such  as 
UQ  of  conspicuous  importance.  Th«8e  are,  the  variations  in  the 
number,  thicJiocss,  and  purity  of  the  ooal  beds  within  the  same 
mosa,  or  thickni.-:<d  of  ooul  elntta;  the  comparative  quantities  of 
minahlo  coal  above  the  beds  of  the  ravines  and  valleys;  the 
'aoces9)blon«S8  of  the  cool  to  economic  mining  and  ready  drain- 
age, AS  afieoted  by  the  direotiou  aud  decree  of  dip  of  tlio  strata : 
and  the  greater  or  less  extent  to  which  the  strata,  and  the  seams 
of  co:d  cspacially.  arc  ol>»ourcd,  preventing  succesaful  mintug,  or 
concealed  altogether  from  disi!overy  by  the  very  uncquiU  cover- 
ing of  drift  iw  gravel,  which  hides  from  view  large  patches  of 
the  ooal  fonnation  i»  this  part  of  the  baun.  So  uiflucottal  are 
Uieae  and  other  conditions  on  the  produotive  oqwcity  of  any 
given  tract,  that  it  may  be  said  that  a  different  mining  value 
ohaiacterizc«  every  difierent  half  aqnare  mile  of  the  valley,  rcn- 


tfmural  i^nUurti  of  At  UnAiJatioiu  of  th4  Batin. 


477 


deriog  ii  quite  oosate  to  infer  from  tho  asccrtftincd  geology  and 
fesnarces  of  one  range  of  land  the  commercial  vftlnes  of  groundi  i 
adjoiniDg,  unless  these  havo  been  themselves  carefully  and  ex- 
pcrinicDtullr  ouciicd,  and  the  specify  relations  of  the  uuknomi 
portions  lo  the  icnown  eat&bliHhed.    Ciicamstanooa,  aeemingly  the 
moat  trivial, — as  whether,  with  a  gentle  dip,  the  ooal  beds  lying 
above  the  water-level  of  a  valley  incline  into  the  the  bill  or  table  , 
land  which  bouuda  it,  or  ouiwartU  towards  the  low  grounds,— , 
determining  whether  machinery  mtutt  or  nwd  not  be  tucd,  will 
oftentimes  make  a  diflerenoe  in  the  economy  of  mining  the  coal 
equivalent  to  the  whole  laargin  of  average  profit  to  bo  anticipa- 
ted, and,  therefore,  no  Hpeculative  anticipations  beyond  toij 
ra^e  and  general  ones  are  to  be  built  upon  any  generalization!' 
cjctendcd  to  uncxploitd  lands  from  thoso  whore  the  geological ' 
structure,  ininerid  oonientH,  and  mining  oapabilitieii  am  already^ 
ascertained. 

gkskrjll  kkatl'rbs  of  the  u.vdulations  of  the  basix. 

There  are  several  tcaturoa  connected  with  the  nndulationa' 
of  the  coal  measures  in  the  Wyominj?  and  Lackawanna  vallw . 
whioli  claim  attention  in  any  general  surrey  of  the  structure  and 
mining  capabUities  of  this  basb,  or  in  any  compariaon  of  th«'j 
rosoorccs  of  its  dtOercat  soctione.  Some  of  these  ooncoTn  that 
directions  of  the  undulalions  with  respect  to  each  other,  and  tol 
the  course  of  llio  general  valley  which  ooutaiuit  them,  while] 
others  bclonR  to  the  forma  of  the  undulations  and  tho  law  of  _ 
tlieir  ttteepeiiing  and  mibsidiiig. 

lat  The  feature  of  widest  generality  connecting  these  aoti*] 
elinal  and  synclinal  waves,  or  saddleftand  troughs  of  the  strata^, 
is  their  remarkable  approximation  to  parallelism  throughout  the^ 
cntin;  range  i^  the  bakin,  iTToapcctivc  of  the  bending  course  of 
the  main  valley  and  its  iticluding  mountains.     This  conittaiMif  j 
in  the  direetiou  of  the  waves,  though  singularly  close,  is  notl 
8beolut<!v  when  those  of  distant  sections  of  tlic  valU^y  ore  oom'J 
pared,  there  being  a  difference  between  the  anlielinala  of  the 
vicinity  of  Wilkcabarro  and  those  of  the  Lackawanna  valloy  of 
some  six  degrei»,  Uie  former  ranging  about  North  Mixty-Kcvea 
East,  while  the  tatter  observe  an  average  course  of  North  sevenw*- J 
two  or  tteventy-threu  Kast.     It  is,  with  few  exceptions,  strictrfl 
maintained,  howeveir,  among  the  Hexures  of  the  same  difttrict. 

As  a  natural  consequence  of  this  approsimatc  pprmancncy 
of  dimotion  of  the  tmdulations,  and  the  curving  outline  of  tbel 

Sneral  basin,  it  is  only  in  thplowcrorwefitomond  of  the  valley 
at  thc«c  rollH  of  the  strata  toe  parallel,  or  even  n«u-)r  so,  withia  i 
the  main  course  of  the  valley.  There,  the  chief  groups  among  | 
tbo  ODticlinalfl  iipproach  to  a  coincidence  in  direction  with  lh«| 
moantoin  fortning  the  ooutliern  aide  of  the  boiun.  Advancing ' 
Qorth-east  to  the  Wilkcsbarre  and'  Pittaton  dtstricta,  this  paraUeF  ' 


jn 


Otneral  Features  of  At  Unduktiotit  oflH*  Sa$i*. 


tsm  with  the  mouDtain  border  is  more  and  more  departed  from ; 
and  with  ild  progioeivc  deflection  to  the  northward  along  ^ 
jtoiith-t^st  aide  of  the  Lackawanna  valley,  the  obliquity  ^  the 
undulatioua  to  the  line  of  the  basin  and  its  barrieis  grows  con- 
ffncuouiiljr  greater.  l'>om  the  vicinity  of  WilkeilMTTe — and 
probably  from  further  westward — the  wnole  way  to  CarbcHii^e, 
HoBC  anticlinubi  come  fortli  in  8ii[.'c<;sMion  from  the  mountain  sides 
of  the  valley  at  larger  and  larger  onglea  as  we  advanoe  towards 
the  north-east,  the  anticlinal  waves,  broad  and  fiat  on  the  slope 
of  th«  iTiouiituinH,  poiiilinjj  down  obliquely  westward  into  tno 
valley,  and  contracting  and  growing  steeper,  while  the  synclinal 
troughs  between  them  rise  out  of  the  central  bed  of  the  basin, 
flatteniDg  and  shoaling  up  to  the  eastward  to  disappear  at  higher 
levels  on  the  same  mountain  sides.  This  arrangement  is  diMcr- 
Diblc  on  the  flexures  of  both  sides  of  the  basin ;  but  those  of 
the  south-east  aide  being  more  nuineroiL'i,  of  stee|)er  flexure,  and 
leas  obscured  by  diluvial  drift,  the  feature  is  there  more  conspi- 
cuous. Each  of  the  two  mountain  barriers  of  the  valley,  Wltli 
its  set  of  anticlinal  spurs  iiasaing  oS  from  it  at  sacoesnTely 
increasing  angles,  may  be  likened  to  a  curving  fish-buik,  one 
concave,  the  other  convex,  .sending  out  its  spires  or  rays  at  in- 
cnaaiDg  obliquities,  but  in  mutual  parallelism  with  one  another. 
2d.  A  further  general  fact  connected  with  these  undulations 
of  the  cool  measures — interesting  for  its  geological  beings,  and 
not  Icnsofor  its  practicalconsequcnccs—ia  the  curious  declining 
l^radaliOD  observuole  in  the  sharpness  of  the  .successive  undula- 
tions as  we  proceed  from  Boiith-weal  to  north-ea.tl  along  the  basin. 
Not  only  does  each  antiulinal  of  the  south -enstcm  side  of  the 
Tillej  now  gentler  or  (latter  in  its  dips  as  it  slowly  rises  to  the 
'  MStvara,  but  the  succosaivo  ones  are  fainter  and  uunter  at  the 
Buno  proportionate  sections  of  their  length  us  we  cross  them 
obliquely  in  going  towards  the  north-ca.tt.  Those  of  all  the 
lower  or  western  end  of  the  valley,  from  Beech  Grove  to  Nanti- 
coke,  flhow  inclinations  tts  high  an  forty-five  degreai) ;  thoeie 
between  Nanticoko  and  Wilkcsbarre,  show  dips  cscoeding  thirty 
degrees ;  and  thaw  belwwn  Wilkwbarre  ami  Pittaton,  dips 
averagiDg  twenty  or  twenty-five;  while  following  the  Lacka- 
wanna division  of  the  basin,  we  have  no  longer  anything 
approaching  this  last  steepness  of  flexure — except  just  near  the 
onda  of  the  saddles, — but  rather  a  low,  broad  waving  of  tbo 
rocks,  growing  feebler  and  feebler  as  wc  advance,  until,  pasenng 
Scranton  into  the  district  between  it  and  Archibald,  regular 
undulations  become  almost  imperceptible,  and  are  lost  iu  tbe 
very  pmlual  dijts  into  the  middle  of  the  general  trough  &om 
die  two  borders  of  the  valley.  Accompanying  this  progreoeive 
RDoothing  out  of  tlie  waves,  or  corriigutionjt  of  the  strata,  from 
the  south-western  towards  the  north-eastern  end  of  the  whole 
basin,  there  is  a  like  gradual  transition  of  doolemdoa  in  the 


4 


4 


I 


4 


■  Qtntt^  Ftatwu  ^  th»  UndvUtiotu  »/ tht  Jiatin.  479 

ttl^gnipIiictLl  fcaturee, — from  aharp  and  narrow-cicsted  ridgBH 
and  deep  hollow*,  to  rounder  and  gentler  spurs  and  vallcya: 
aad  along  tho  Lackawanna,  to  wide-topped  sammita,  blu^  aoa 
open  deuudi.-d  plains 

8d.  Other  points  of  genend  Mructure  appertaining  to  the 
intaior  undulations  of  the  main  basin,  havo  reference  to  the 
prevailing  hrm  of  the  antidinals  und  their  troughs.  A  main 
feature  in  the  indindual  waveH  ia  a  progresjtivo  increase  of  flex- 
ure, or  a  stcicpcning  of  the  dipa  on  both  sidcfl  of  the  anticlinals 
aa  they  advance  from  the  inouutoin  sides,  where  they  originate, 
out  into  the  central  tracts  cJi  the  valley  to  near  their  terminations 
which  are  therefore  comparatively  abrupt  Bemarkably  clear 
cxemplilicationa  of  this  structure  pre«cnt  thcmselveti  to  uuv  close 
obacrvcr  of  the  anticlinali  between  Wilkesharre  and  the  Lacka- 
wanna. If  these  ho  carefully  tmccd  from  the  eastward  down  to 
this  distj-ict,  thev  will  ho  seen  to  grow  steadily  sliurpcr  and 
sharper  in  their  dips,  until  they  approach  in  their  oblique  course 
to  the  bankx  of  the  Susquehanna,  m  tho  neighboriiood  of  wlu<^ 
they  nearly  all  subside  oy  rounding  rapidly  off.  In  proof  of 
this  abrupt  cessation,  we  Itave  only  to  remark  the  contrast  be- 
tween the  general  Mcepness  of  these  undtdations  where  they  arc 
croaaed  cJantingty  by  the  old  ittage  road,  or  even  by  the  plank 
road,  and  the  extreme  gentleness  and  absolute  disappearance  of 
BUmy  fit  the  canal,  and  especially  at  the  shore  of  the  river.  The 
very  position  in  tlie  valley  which  the  river  has  taken  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Lackawanna  and  Wilkesbarrc,  is  an  evideiuse 
of  the  sudden  dying  out  of  thi^  southern  system  of  anticlinals. 
It  would  seem  as  ii  the  watera,  in  t«oooping  the  lower  valley  or 
plain  within  which  the  Suiuiuebanna  flows,  had  been  unable  to 
pom  the  succession  of  barriers  jjrc.ientod  t*)  them  by  tlie  ridges 
in  the  strata,  and  were  forced  to  recoil  by  the  northern  fianks 
and  bold  enda  which  these  saddles  protruded  iigiiiiist  them, 
fiwinging  off  in  their  rebound  to  follow  tlio  deflecting  course  of 
the  waves  of  the  strata  towards  the  outlet  of  the  i&ainage  of 
the  valley,  the  wide  notch  in  the  northern  mountiuu  bsirrier  at 
Nanticoke. 

The  northern  or  north-weatcm  side  of  the  valley  appears  to 
have  its  own  set  of  anticlinals  or  saddloii,  as  already  intimated ; 
but  whetlier  these  ol»erve  the  same  law,  in  dascending  obliquely 
into  the  valley  from  the  westward,  of  a  progressive  mcrease  of 
dip  on  both  their  flanks,  I  am  not  prepared  nt  present  to  main- 
tain, aa  the  stmcture  of  this  portion  of  the  valley  is  largely  dis- 
guised by  surface  drift,  and  as  the  points  of  masv  of  t^e  spurs 
or  saddles  are  hid  hv  the  deep  diluvium  of  the  Wyoming  and 
IjooJcawanna  flats.  All  analogy,  and  every  theoretical  consid- 
eration of  the  origin  of  this  curious  feature  >n  the  onticlinalii, 
would  intimate-,  however,  that  tlio  same  steepening  towards  their 
terminations  belongs  to  these  waves,  which  characterizes  those 


Gtntral  Ftvtura  <>f  Hit  Uitdtthliont  oflht  Bariit. 


oomins  from  the  opposite  mountain  from  the  eastvaid.  Whether 
I  fay  of  the  flcxitrM  of  the  upper  Btmta  croHi  the  bu«in  entirely, 
UBOsing  w«-stwarii  from  tJio  soutbem  moanUiiii  to  coinoide  with 
ItliidulationB  procccdiBg  cairtward  from  the  norlliem,  cannot  bo 
I  At  pnxcDt  known ;  bnC  Ute  getiernl  cessiitioii  of  both  wAs  towards 
I  tiie  mid<lle  of  the  basin,  is  a  strong  ooiitmdiotion  to  the  proba* 
iitnlity  of  euch  a  conditiou. 

I      4th.  Besides  the  lonj^,  parallel,  tapering  ftntiolinal  watm 
l«cnninj^  very  acutely  off  from  the  mountain  borders  of  the  basin, 
titiverc  are  unmcrous  shorter  uni)  nnrruwur  ones,  having  the  form 
Mf  oral  IcocId  or  saddles,  which  An  not  run  into  the;  inountaiiv, 
llnit  !ie  more  or  less  insulated  between  these.     Undulations  of 
IHua  class  are  more  frequent  in  the  ceutnd  tracts  of  the  ralltrf 
Ithan  toward:!*  the  sides,  and  their  relative  proportion  to  those  of 
1^0  longer  form  seems  to  increAsc  ^adily  towards  its  upper  or 
lliorth-eastem  end,  bceominff  beyond  8craiiton  to  Carbondalo 
tnther  the  preruling  type.    In  the  uppormost  parte  of  the  Lack- 
Ikwanna  basin,  ve  may  mdced  dcscnbe  the  flexures  of  the  strata 
pgenerolly,  less  M  continuous  waves  or  ndgi-K,  Lhnii  stu  itucoes.<aoDS 
of  these  elongated  elliptical  swells,  some  of  them  bulging  into 
oonsaderable  steepncM,  but  the  chief  part  of  than  low  and  gentle 
vaves,  often  too  obscure  to  be  detected  externally  in  the  topogra- 
phy, or  in  the  dipping  of  the  rocks,  yet  obvious  in  the  minmg 
ci  the  ooal,  over  which  the  feeblest  undulations  exert  an  almost 
tyrannic  control  as  reavrda  the  directions  of  the  levels  aud  gang* 
ways  of  the  mines.    It  is  a  consideration  of  thLi  practicarc<Mi- 
ooction  between  the  forms  of  the  cnist  waves  and  the  whole 
eoonomr  of  mining  in  our  undulated  coal  fields  ttmt  induces 
me  in  tltis  plaoe  to  depict  so  specially  the  several  shapes  which 
tiicsu  assume. 

5th.  Tliere  ia  still  a  lesser  oinss  of  undulations  in  the  coal 
rocks,  which  the  progress  of  mining  ia  the  region  is  constantly 
bringing  to  light,  and  which  demand  some  mention  here.  These 
ere  the  small,  irregular,  subordinate  rolls,  Jjr  short  and  narrow, 
bat  not  always  (I»tti.t)i  wavings  of  the  strata,  on  the  flanks  of 
the  principal  anticlinals.  In  some  diatricLs  of  the  anthracite 
basins,  these  secondary  flexures,  whether  on  the  backs  or  aides 
tef  the  mftin  .taddles,  or  in  the  troughs  between  them,  are  for 
ftiie  most  part  parallel  with  the  pnncipal  undulations  which 
support  them;  but  in  the  \Yyoining  and  Lackawanna  coal  8Mb, 
and  other  reruns  of  oblique  anliclinals,  they  are  themselves 
aontely  oblique  to  the  axes  of  the  great  waves  which  sustain 
them.  Tlieir  arran^mcnt  is  somewhat  annlo^rous  to  that  cd*  the 
snmll  featherit  or  Tilutiieletaon  the  itide  of  a  bird's  wing:  while 
the  whole  wing  diverges  and  tapers  from  the  bodv  of  the  bird 
— the  mounta.!!!  boundary  of  the  basin^-thcse  lateral  lesser 
plumes  diverge  and  taper  in  their  turn  from  tlie  main  direction 
or  axis  of  the  u-ing.    Wherever  this  structure  prevails  in  its 


4 


4 


JJtt  Ooal  JAuMu-n  mui  Iron  Ore  Strata. 


4n 


fhlleat  Bymmelry,  the  ininr;  Icvcla  or  ^ngwaye,  when  extensiv€^ 

will,  in  winding' in  and  out  on  th«  Miicx,  orul  the-  fout  of  n  chiefu 

anticlinal  ridge,  have  that  vaiich'  of  the  scallop  form  whirh  woJ 

may  cnll  obliqutf,  thv  <»nvox  loops  all  pointing  in  onu  dirtsrlion^J 

uamely,  that  towards  which  the  nuin  anticlinal  is  itself  MibtudiDgpil 

DluBQ  Eecoiidarj'  rolls  urv  numerous  in  the  great  mine  of  thirl 

Baltimore  OoiniKinv  near  Wilkpalwrre,  "J 

•  6th.  Viewing  the  unduIntiooK  of  the  Wyoming  and  I^tcka'J 

wonnn  cohI  field  traiiHversely,  or  in  proille,  they  exhilat  in  thM 

main  Ute  same  feature  of  a  p'rvpondciBDce  of  atoepness  of  dip  od  j 

their  north -w(»it".rn  sides  wiiicti  oharacterizM  the  chief  part  oftl 

the  Becondary  Hexurcs  of  the  Pott^ville  basia.     But,  inaamtiRM 

as  all  the  inclinations  of  Uie  rock.s  of  this  northern  diHtrict  tarn 

far  gentler  than  thoae  of  that  southern  coal  field,  in  the  RnmM 

proportion  is  the  incauollty  le«8  in  the  slopcx  of  the  oppoeitM 

sideii  of  the  anticlinala,  tiDtil,  in  the  Lackawanna  vulK>y  and'  < 

other  very  gently  undulated  districa,  the  diflferencc  in  an  averam 

of  several  waves  is  almost  impercejttible.    The  general  trouga* 

like  stmctore  of  the  valley  in  these  sections  disputing  its  ioHu- 

eoce  on  the  inclination  of  the  strata,  with  the  local  flexures,  th» 

ondttlations  of  the  south-east  aide  of  the  baain  show  thdr  ateepest 

dipM  to  the  north-wext,  or  toward;  tho  bed  of  the  vallfly,  wnilv 

(hose  of  the  norlh-west  side  exhibit  theirs  on  their  south-easfc 

flanks,  or  towards  the  same  controlling  ^nclinal  line.     In  ^e 

western  end  of  the  Wyoming:  valley,  the  undulations  being  there 

sharper,  the  ^neral  law  of  ineq^uality  in  the  slant  of  the  sides 

of  the  waves  is  much  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  Lackawanna 

valley,  where  all  the  flexures  are  flatter,  and  where  local  swells 

have  a  rclatiTely  greater  power  to  disgniso  tho  existence  of  any 

L general  law  of  lonn  in  the  ujidalationa. 
Having  in  the  foregtnng  paragraphs  unfolded  as  succinetly 
as  watt  <.:oinpitlil;K!  with  clearness  tho  general  cliaracteristics  <^ 
the  etrueture  of  the  cunously-fashioneS,  beautiful  ooal  field  of 
the  north  branch  of  tiie  Susquehanna,  it  is  incuroltent  on  mo  to 
ofibr  now  a  more  special  ana  minute  description  of  tho  better- 
developed  districts  of  the  valley. 
or  THE   OOAL    MEASl'BES,  AND    IHON    ORB    STBATA,  OB    MlSr 
ERA!,  RESOUBCES  OP  THE   IBON  AXD  COAL   KSTATKa  OF  TH8 
COMl'A.VIIlS. 
^  TkeCbai  Ucamdra. 

It  has  been  already  stated,  that  the  coal-containing  strata  of 
the  vicinity  of  Scranton  appertain  to  the  lower  group  of  tho 

*       white  aah  coal  iiie:L»iir(«  «f  liie  anUiracite  basins;  and  it  was 
also  lemarkcd  tiiat  this  group  cxhibita  greater  flnutuataoas  in  the 
dimensions  and  quality  of  the  coal  beds  than  any  other  sub- 
I  division  of  the  whole  ooal  formation.     These  fluctuations,  it  is 


48S 


7i&«  Coal  Afeatura  and  Irim  Or*  Strata. 


appropriate  to  add,  belong  eciually,  or  in  a  greater  degree,  to  the 

[tocks  which  fill  tbu  inlvr%-ab  between  the  ooal  bedii.    It  would 

om  as  if  the  phyfiical  conditions  under  which  these  earliest 

strata  wvrc  Jvpositc<l,  wciv  more  inconsUint  than  those 

rhioh  belonged  to  tUe  lator  stages  of  the  formation.    The  i^iaces 

Imrer  which  the  nearly  perfect  state  of  repose  of  the  surfiioc  pro- 

'^ailed,  necessary  to  the  accumulation  by  slow  growth  of  tlio 

vegetable  peaty  mass  producing  each  scam  of  coal,  were  cvi- 

'  deiitly  of  a  narrower  geographic  extent  than  afterwards;  and 

[ihe  currcnto  and  disturbanccH  of  the  earth's  crust,  which  buried 

jitbeso  suoceuive  pent  swampii  under  the  clayey,  sandy,  and  even 

soarse,  gravoUy  strata  that  rest  upon  or  between  them,  were 

obviously  miicu  more  %'ioleDt  than  in  tlie  middle  and  iinal  ages 

1^  the  great  coat  period. 

Nowheio,  perhaps,  in  the  anthraeite  country,  arc  tlio  proo& 
this  instaoility  of  the  surface,  during  the  first  slaves  of  the 
Lfioal  fonnation,  more  conspicuously  manifested  than  in  the  VTyo- 
ina  and  Lackawanna  basin.  Here  we  find,  in  certain  ndghoor- 
in  the  same  few  hundred  feet  thickness  of  these  lower 
strata,  ni<  many  as  ten  or  twelve  separate  beds  of  coal,  while 
other  localities  there  exist  not  more  than  half^  or  even  a  third 
thbt  number;  and  what  is  more  material,  the  very  same  in- 
Edividual  bed,  which  in  one  c^uaiter  poasesseB  an  ample,  or  indeed 
wnperabundant  thickness,  is  in  another  but  a  dwindled  scam,  too 
Lihin  or  too  impure  for  profitable  mining.  Without  attempting 
tWay  close  continuous  tracing  of  the  several  coals,  which  can  only 
be  done  as  the  consummation  of  an  elaborate  and  protracted 
survey,  I  may  exemplify  the  variability  of  th^^sc  coal  measures 
appealing  to  the  very  difierent  types  which  they  assume  in 
He  three  meridians  of  Solomon's  Gap,  south-west  of  AVilkes- 
Spring  Brook,  south-east  of  Pittaton,  and  the  vicinity  of 
(Soranton. 

At  Solomon's  Gap,  this  group  of  lowest  coal  mea.iures,  ex- 

liendiDg  from  tlio  foot  of  the  mountain  north-west  across  tho 

^hasin  to  the  edge  of  the  diluvial  flats  of  the  Susquehanna, 

includes,  in  a  thioknces  of  nine  hundred  or  one  thousand  feet, 

as  many  as  thirteen  beds  of  coal,  of  various  sizea,  from  one  foot 

to  nineteen  feet ;  and  the  total  thickness  of  coal,  fit  aud  unfit  for 

(inining,  embraced  by  this  section,  may  be  estimated  at  nearly 

nglitj-four  focU    But  out  of  this  aggregate  quantity,  the  thick- 

Dees  susceptible  of  being  profitably  wrought  does  not  probably ' 

mat  in  all  to  more  than  forty-tive  or  fifty  feet     Traced  cast- 

[vard  and  westward,  these  coat  beds  underm  even  in  the  space 

two  or  three  miles,  some  very  remorkaolo  variations.     Thus 

fthe  fifth  in  position  from  the  bottom,  from  a  tliickness  of  seven- 

[  teen  feet  at  bolomon's  Gap.  enlarges  in  that  distance  to  the  noble 

bulk  of  twenty-eight  feet  oppo^te  toWilkesbarre,  Iwyoiid  wliich 

'  jhboibood  it  seems  again  to  decline  even  more  rapidly  ttiaa 


n*  Coat  ifeaimrtM  and  Turn  Ore  Strata. 


48S 


■tovarda  the  soutli-weat.  These  fluctuations  uriao  portly  throiu;h 
the  (XMlcscing  of  two  or  more  beds  into  one,  or  convcn^, 
through  a  aplitting  and  divffrging  of  the  thicker  acaroa  iDln  two 
or  three  thinner  onca;  or  partly,  asain,  by  the  gradual  alterations 
of  size  of  the  same  coats,  mdcpvitacntly  of  sucu  unioii.i  and  teaiy 
divisiona. 

IT  w<>  turn  DOW  to  th«  district  of  Spring  Broolc,  wo  shall  find 
all  the  features  of  the  formation  ao  altenxfas  to  preseat  not  one 
SobdiTuiioD,  neither  coal  bed  nor  other  stratum,  which  w«  can 
recoTnize  or  idontiiy  as  a  member  of  the  series  visible  in  the 
vicinity  of  Solomon's  Gap.  In  a  total  thicknoss  of  several 
hundred  feet  of  coal  mejwureB,  embraced  between  the  outcrop 
of  the  main  Ptttstoit  xcam  and  the  coDclomcrate  of  the  mountain 
to  the  souLh-ea-st,  only  six  coals  in  all,  according  to  the  largwt 
catimatp,  have  ever  been  brought  to  light,  aAer  3o8e  and  perae- 
vering  rescArchcB  then?,  and  only  two  of  thi;*e  appear  to  have  a 
size  and  purity  adapting  thorn  for  aucccaaful  mining.  There 
would  Kecm  to  take  pio'W  heiwocii  ihe  S<domon*sGnp,  or  Wilkce- 
barre  neiffhborhood,  and  this  quarter,  a  progreasive  impoverish- 
ment of  these  lower  strata  in  thu  number  and  size  of  their  included 
coal  beds,  and  likewise  a  considerable  thinning  down  of  the  entire 
formation.  As  a  rtsult,  this  portioa  of  the  southern  skirt  of  the 
valley  maintainR  at  this  time  no  collieries  of  any  magnitude. 

Another  and  oppoeite  chance,  back  to  a  very  productive 
condition  of  the  coal  measures,  ts  exhibited  as  wc  continue  our 
nroKres.t  alou^  the  same  side  of  the  basin,  north-ea.<(tward  up  tlie 
Lackawanna  valley,  and  approach  tho  vicinity  of  Scranton. 

In  the  immediate  neighlwrhooil  of  Scranton — a  portion  of 
the  coal  basin,  where  the  coal  measures  arc  unusually  well  de- 
veloped by  natural  features  in  tlie  topography,  and  through  the 
researches  directed  by  tho  Companies,* — the  coal  rocks,  counting 
from  the  upper  surface  of  the  serai  or  lower  conBloiiierate,  to 
tho  highest  sandstones  of  the  plateau  south-west  of  Hyde  Park 
Villas,  distilusc,  upon  cttTcftol  measurements,  an  aagre^ttu  thick- 
ness of  about  soTon  hundred  feet ;  and  in  this  ifeptb  of  strata, 
the  whole  numljcr  of  ooals^  Urge  and  smnll,  amounts  to  no  loss 
^n  twelve,  not  estimating  as  aeparale  scams  any  layers  which 
might  be  rcganlcd  m  suDdivisionB  of  compound  beds.  The 
assembled  thickness  of  these  twelve  plates  of  anthracite  is  not 
less  than  seventy-four  feet,  taking  fbr  aome  their  mean,  for  others 
their  minimum  dimensions;  and  the  thicknefe  available  for 
market,  under  judicious  mining,  I  would  estimate  at  thirty-nine 
or  forty  feet  These  aggregal^  arrived  at  through  careful  poi^ 
Bonal  observation,  ana  many  patient  measurements,  exhibit 
certainly  an  unusual  amount  of  coal  in  so  moderate  a  depth  of 
strata,  bsing  nearly  eleven  foct  of  the  fonner  to  each  one  hundred 


*  SkilAiIlj  and  MUOcMfuDr  oonditotetl  \>j  Ur.  Wio.  Needhaia. 


484 


Tlu  Coat  MituHrta  and  Iron  Oft  Strait. 


feet  of  the  latter ;  or,  of  Rood  ralable  coft],  the  high  proportion 
of  six  feet  to  every  one  hundred  feet  of  rock,  Tiie  immediaU 
and  enoooragirie  inference  from  thia  incontrovcrtibld  etatcmeni 
of  thidotesse*  jr,  that  here  ia  a  tract  particularlv  eliaibte  for 
mining  by  perpendicular  shafls  or  pits,  «inoo  the  whole  iwdy  of 
the  coal  mctMures,  posseaane  generally  but  a  gentle  dij^  may  b* 
perforated,  and  the  coal  reached  to  the  large  amount  above  mon- 
tionoi],  by  shiifbt  dt«ceii<ling  only  a  few  hundred  ftet  from  tb* 
Kurrac&  An  inBpection  of  the  appended  column  of  th«  Scraston 
cool  mfiosurui,  ducloses  the  still  more  inlcrcstin);  fact,  ihat  in  a . 
depth  of  no  more  than  four  hundred  feot,  starting  with  the  lliir 
coal  from  the  surfACC,  or  thu  livc-fevt  iwam,  found  near  the  bof 
of  the  hilla,  and  ending  below  with  the  lowest  included  in  mj 
estimate  as  workable— the  six-icet  bed,  or  the  third  up  from  thJi 
bottom— the  thickneA.i  of  coal  amounts  to  fifly-eiglit  fe«t,  of 
which  the  quantity  available  for  mining  may,  at  a  prudent  esti- 
ttutitty  be  oolnpl]^'d  to  e<)ual  at  least  some  thirty-five  foet  divided 
in  seven  different  workable  beds.  These  seven  bods  arc  cqutva- 
Iu>it  to  RUKtaining  ivven  separate  eollienes,  cwable  of  delivering 
their  co:Ja  to  the  surfaco  through  a  singlo  wide  shaft,  or  better, 
through  two  shafbt,  neither  of  them  moi«  than  ibnr  hundred 
feet  in  depth. 

Of  ooutse,  it  must  not  be  understood  that  this  entire  body  of 
coal  measures,  nearly  seven  hundred  feet  in  total  thickness, 
underepreads  the  boiI  throughout  every  part  of  the  Scranton 
OOOl  field.  It  is  only  in  the  higher  hills  belonging  to  the  north- 
western and  western  sides  of  the  estates  that  the  uppermost  coal 
beds  of  the  group  have  escaped  destruction  by  deinidation,  and 
here  these  scams  may  be  advanlageoualy  cnterod  for  mining 
above  the  water  level  of  the  immediate  valley  of  the  Lacka- 
wanna. Under  that  drift-oovered  plain  or  valley,  the  highest 
beds  yet  mined,  thow;  designated  I  and  K  in  the  column,  and 
locally  named  the  seven-feet  and  the  Qve-feet  oo*ls^  descaud  to 
a  very  modernte  depth  in  a  narrow  trough  near  the  JjOcJcawanna; 
but  between  this  Iwit — which  is  a  little  to  the  south-east  of  the 
bsce  of  the  Hyde  Park  range  of  WufT  hills  or  table  land,  and 
the  aouth-eaetem  edge  of  the  ba^n,  at  the  outcrop  of  the  con- 
glomerate— the  lands  contain  only  the  middle  nad  lower  ooalK 
The  whole  basin  beiii"  undulated  in  four  gentle  anticlinal  tiravw, 
and  growing  more  shallow  on  rising  towards  its  south-coctcm 
side  with  each  succrsaive  wave,  these  middle  and  lower  seantt, 
after  bBAimng  between  the  anticlinals,  crop  out  in  their  turn  fur- 
ther and  further  in  that  direction,  as  they  are  nearer  the  bottom 
of  the  si^riea,  until  the  liwt,  lowest  beds  of  all,  finaJly  emerge  to 
the  surface  in  tho  sloping  border  of  the  valley.  In  iJie  gttntly 
slanting  plateau  of  UilU  norlli-wcsl  and  west  of  the  miaows 
of  the  Lackawanna,  tlic  upper  ooal  seams  awend  witli  sciutiely 
any  undolUiobs,  and  at  a  very  moderate  angle,  above  the  level 


^H  -Drnm^on  ef&e  Cbaf  Stoma  and  Biih  of  Iron  Ort.         4% 

of  Uie  river  flnts,  tite  ten-feet  bed,orco«l  H,  prcscnticg  itslowet 
;    or  dipwurd  edge,  or  outcrop,  just  a  few  feot  above  the  plttin,  lUM 

giving  u  frontage  lovritnU  tlic  valley  cxtrcmdv  favorable  £dt 
t  eoonomJoal  mining.  A  little  higher  in  the  same  hills,  and  equally 
I  acecMible,  lie  the  KveuK,i:t  luid  the  fivc-fwt  bods,  or  cc^  I  a&d 

K,  with  courses  of  iron  ore  in  large  oodulee^  The  ten-fcut  Ixsd, 
I  or  n,  reenters  the  grotmd,  and  inauitaina  itself  under  cover 
I  tliroughout  the  wide  belt  whioh  lies  between  the  tiorth-wmtwrn 
[  edge  of  the  plain,  or  the  Sweatlaod  meadowe,  and  the  foot  of 
I  the  Scranton  and  Dunmoro  rid)^.  Here  itbafts  between  three 
I  and  four  hundred  feet  in  depth  will  give  access  to  the  coal  of  the 
I  ft*-o  principnl  worWiible  becLs  of  the  »ric»,  namely,  to  11.  G,  P, 
I  D  and  C,  or  the  so-called  ten,  six,  twelve,  oiKht,  and  six  fett 
I  coals ;  or  if  only  the  fonr  middle  liirger  beds  should  at  first  be 
I  aimed  at,  theae,  beginning  with  U,  and  termiuating  with  I),  onn 
I  tc  all  reached  by  pitu  not  deeper  than  about  two  hundred  and 
I   filly  feet.    This  valley  tract,  underlaid  as  it  i^  by  an  a^re^ie 

thickness  of  coal  between  thirty-aix  and  forty  feet,  in  four  l»dfl, 

proved  by  actnal  mining  in  several  localities  to  contain  from 
.  twenty-seven  to  thirty  wet  of  excellent  merchantable  fuel,  b 
L  Mmrcdly  meat  adrantogcoiuly  circunutonoc-tl  fur  i-xtcnaive  and 
I  'BeoDomical  mining. 

I  I  shall  now  proc<^«d  to  give  some  account  of  the  individual 
L  coal  beds  and  layers  of  iron  ore  in  the  Scranton  coal  measureo, 
I  omitting,  on  this  occasion,  any  statements  respecting  the  inter- 
I  vcning  rocks, 

DSSCRirTION  OF  IHR  COAL  BKAM3  AND  B£L>3  07  IHON  ORE   OK 
THE  SCRANTON   COAI,   FIELD. 

I         Commeneing  witli  the  lowest  layer  of  coa!  in  the  sericB,  and 
I   Bscendittg  to  the  highest,  our  enumeration  will  comprise,  ns 
alrenily  stated,  twelve  ind<!pendent  t)cd.i,  not  cx)unting  as  sepa- 
rate ficams  certain  attendant  thinner  bands  which,  in  some  plaocs, 
tcp(ile.we  with  the  main  one*,  and  in  other?  thin  down  and  dia- 
■Impear,  and  which  are  generally  of  ductuating  axb.    In  those 
p4»*e«  where  the  beds  have  been  opened  or  mined  at  sufflacntlr 
I  namerous  and  remote  pmnta  to  show  tlteir  own  fiuctuaticma,  iif 
I  «uch  exist,  the  limltfi  and  nature  of  these  will  be  briefly  stated. 
I  In  the  absence  of  a  detailed  topographical  and  geological  map 
I  and  sections  of  the  cool  field,  no  attempt  is  here  made  to  deacrilx; 
I  with  exaclneiu  the  lines  of  outcrop  or  the  margin»  of  the  several 
[  coal  Iffids,  nor  to  estimate  more  than  in  a  loose,  a^^^iegatc  mauiicr, 
I  tlie  amount  of  coal  embraced  within  the  estate. 
I  ■       Coal  A. — Immediately  above  the  upper  layers  of  the  main 
or  ftoral  eonglomeratx',  we  tnice  on  the  »onth-eastem  aide  of  the 
basin  the  outcrop  of  the  small  double  coal  seam,  which  is  the 
k'lowesl  in  the  lAckawanna  wrift*.     Near  Snranton,  it  is  well 
f  •fe]q>osed  on  both  odee  of  Boaring  Brook,  the  railrcod  cuttings 


48S  Diter^ttioH  efOu  Coal  Smnu  and  BeJt  ofTro»  On.  V 

diwdonog  iu  true  position  in  relation  U>  the  other  Rtmta.  It  is 
ken  neparated  from  the  sandstonca,  tcnninatine  the  conglomerate 
by  about  fourteen  feet  of  coarse  rtigmaria  sliaic.  Tiio  ooal  a  in 
two  bands,  one  two  foot,  the  other  one  fool  thick,  divided  by  a 
bed  four  foc-t  thick  of  blue  Hligiriaria  shale.  This  coal  bed, 
•eldom  fit  for  mining,  is  neither  large  nor  pure  enough  at  Scrtn- 
ton,  bat  at  Dnunoro  it  Xim  bt'Cn  mined  on  a  modi^nite  w»lc  at 
Plane  No.  6  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  It  is  the  coal  there 
seen  at  the  railroad  biid^  across  Booriog  Crei^  where  it  dipe 
to  tlie  northward. 

Oxd  B. — Thifl  coal,  meamuing  four  feet  thick  at  Roaring 
Creek,  haa  not  hitlterto  been  mined  there,  partly  through  an 
impression  of  itit  unlitnees,  partly  through  the  prevalence  of 
thicker  ooal.i  adjacent  to  the  main  outlet  railroad.  It  r&stit  upon 
ive  feet  of  flr&-clay,  containing  the  rootlets  of  etjgmaria,  so  chai^ 
octeriatio  of  the  floors  of  most  permanent  and  productive  ooal 
seams.  Though  apparently  of  aveiagc  purity,  and  of  quite 
manageable  dimensions,  I  do  not  include  it  at  present  in  my 
estimate  of  the  economically  availablo  beds  of^  the  SorantOD 
estate  It  hai«,  however,  been  pmfitably  mined  at  Dunmorc,  on 
the  hill  near  Plane  No,  ft.  It  is  there,  as  at  Scranton,  the  second 
bed  ascending.  Two  mine  driftjn,  at  diffcrt-nt  levels,  penetrate 
the  bed,  and  m  these  its  thickness  is  from  Hve  and  a  half  Ut  six 
feet. 

Coal  C. — Next  in  the  seriea  is  a  coal  called  at  Scranton  tfafl 
lower  six-feet  bed;  and  it  is  the  lowest  which  has  been  opened 
as  yet  with  a  view  to  being  mined.  It  crosses  the  valfeT  of 
Bearing  Creek  at  the  Scranton  Rdlting  Mills,  but  is  not  there 
wrought.  PreparatoiT  openings  have  Dcen  made  in  it  a  mile 
IkIow  the  Scranton  nimacca  on  the  south  side  of  the  I^idca* 
wanna,  whcr*.;,  like  the  other  coals  below  it,  it  rests  in  a  gentle 
nortliward  dip,  making  it  aooeanble  for  mining  fW>m  the  river 
valley.  This  coal  haa  been,  and  is  now,  mined  to  some  extent 
at  Dunmore  in  the  same  bill  of  Fiane  Na  6,  wliere  the  other 
Kubjnocnt  bods  are  wrought  near  it,  and  in  that  locali^  it  ia 
about  live  feet  thick.  Near  Scranton  it  rcittt  on  stigmaria  shale, 
and  is  separated  by  «i  fuel  of  that  material  from  aband  of  coal, 
two  feet  in  thickness,  which  doej<  not  everywhere  follow  iL 
Neither  this  ooal  seam  nor  those  beneath  it  rise  anvwhere  to  the 
surface,  even  on  the  highest  upli^ed  anticlinal  riages,  or  in  the 
deepest  denuded  depressions  of  the  coal  basin,  between  these 
•OUth-eMtem  expwures  and  their  north- wc«tern  lines  of  outcrop 
along  the  opposite  margin  of  the  valley.  They  therefore  under- 
lie every  acre  of  the  lands  of  tlm  Scranton  etitalc  embraced  within 
the  coai  Geld.  I  think  this  coal  bed  may  fairly  be  estimated  to 
contain  7,000  tons  of  guo<l  mea-hantabte  fuel  per  acre 

Ooal  D. — ■This  valuable  wjim,  called  locally  the  eight-fiiet 
bed,  separated  from  the  preceding  by  about  ninety  feet  of  aUttta, 


Dtteriptiem  of  At  Coal  Statut  and  Bed*  aflrom  On.         4S7 


OadU  lA. 


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St  RbI  and  1^  CoBfl«ni«r*la. 


'  8m  B>[>art  at  Kr.  KMdlita,  nadM  tli*  Utl*  at  -  Cadi  ud  OoUlnla,"  ■■  lb*  blUr  pwt 
•flUinmbcr. 


488         Dtter^MoH  t^  04  (^l  StaiM  tuid  Btdt  o/ Fron  Ort. 


nets  on  a  bed  of  coarse  fire-clay  and  atigmaria  nUiilo  twelve  feet' 
!,in  thickness.  The  main  bed,  iully  eight  ffct  thick,  la  ovorlwd 
■  on  lionriiig  Creok  by  another  eeara  often  itself  four  feet  in  size ; 
but  thia  riaer  appcan  not  to  be  always  present  They  arc  sepa- 
rated by  II  layer  of  «httle  %-arying  from  one  to  four  feel  in  thick- 
ness. Coal  IS  taken  &om  the  main  ecam  on  the  north  side  of 
JEto&nng  Creek  above  tlie  Scranton  furnou.'s.  The  bed  has  also 
neen  opened,  and  a  mine  commenced  in  it,  at  the  base  of  the 
bluff  or  plateau  on  the  GrifBn  funn,  on  the  north  side  of  tbc 
lAokawAiina,  one  and  a  Iialf  miles  south-west  of  Scrantoa.  More 
centrally  in  the  conl  fidd,  this  hvmu  Is  lifted  high  above  tbo  water 
level  of  tlie  plain  of  the  Lackawanna,  on  both  flsnkii  of  the 
Dunmorc  anticlinal.  Pcswnding  with  a  gentle  north  dip  from 
itK  southern  outcrop,  and  uiakinc  its  first  basin  in  the  valley  of 
Roaring  Ocok,  just  above  the  level  of  the  etrcam  between  the 
Atmnoeii  and  roOing  mills,  it  rises  in  the  Scntnton  And  Duninore 
^ur,  arching  under  the  surface  near  the  first-named  town,  but 
oomine  out  to  the  day,  and  thereby  seiwrating  into  two  outcrops, 
'  with  the  eastward  lifting  of  this  saddle  in  ita  course  towards 
Dunmore.  In  the  vicinity  of  tliis  latter  Tillage,  it  is  the  highest 
of  the  coals  mined  on  the  hill  norih-west  of  Plane  No.  6.  On 
the  oppositij,  or  north- we^l  em  side  of  the  Lockawauua  valley, 
tlio  outcrop  of  the  eoal  bed  mav  bo  seen  on  the  Lcggetl's  Oap 
road,  tiK-nT  which  it  is  also  mined ;  and  it  has  been  opened  in  one 
or  two  other  places,  just  at  tlie  foot  of  tlie  moitntain,  along  this 
border  of  the  basin.  In  a  section  or  transverse  belt  passing 
tlirough  Seranton,  thi.s  .team  nowhere  rises  out  to  the  mirfaec  or 
water  level  of  the  Lackawanna  valley,  but  maintains  itself  under 
covvr,  even  on  the  backs  of  ihtt  nnliclinal  undulalioti,  an<I  this 
is  apparently  its  position  until  wc  approach  at  least  the  meridian 
of  tlie  village  of  Providence.  It  therefore  and«rlies,  as  do  the 
coals  below  it,  the  whole  coal  field  of  the  Seranlon  property,  if 
wc  except  merely  thi;  strip  bc-tween  its  sooth-etetern  Outcrop  and 
the  conglomera^  boundarf,  and  also  a  narrow,  wedge-sliaped 
tnot,  between  ittt  two  inner  oulcrons  o»  the  back  of  the  Dun- 
more  anticlinal  spur.  EsUmating  this  exoell^tt  bed  of  coal  &i 
I  iMawaung,  on  an  averaae,  *  six  feet  thickness  of  good  fuel — and 
Ukis  much  the  mine  at  Roaring  Creek  seems  to  iimicate,  without 
counting  upon  anything  from  the  rider  or  companiou  bed  shove 
it — each  acre  of  tno  property  embracing  it  will  cont^n  lf>,000 
tons. 

0.>al  E. — Above  the  last-named  important  bed,  at  an  interval 
of  about  eleven  lect  on  Roaring  Cnick,  there  lies  a  smaller  scam 
only  two  feet  in  thickness,  and  not  capacious  enough  U>  he  mined. 
It  is  immediately  underlaid  by  the  usual  floor  of  siigmaria  shale, 
which,  in  this  instance,  contains  very  larse,  irregularly  spheneal 
L, lumps  of  day  iron  or&  or  argillaceous  carbonate  of^n,  scattered 
through  it.    Thia  bea  of  shale  a  one  of  the  chief  hoiizons  for 


I 


JJmmptiM  0/04  Coal  Stmna  and  Btdt  aflrtm  On.         4S» 

tbifl  distnot  of  Uie  nodalar  mfiety  of  iron  ore  so  character  _ 
of  the  cxial  measarea  geneTallv.  l^e  eod  bed  is  not  iaclud 
in  my  cettmHte  of  the  avoilnblc  mineral  wealth  of  the  basin. 

Oxd  F. — This  a  called  in  Uie  diatriot  the  Big  vein  of  Scrari'- 
ton,  or  the  fourtocn-fcct  cosJ.  Oa  Roaring  Greet,  it  is  i  _ 
from  the  tiin^l  bed  U  below  it.  by  from  8t;ven  to  twdve'Sjet  i 
black  Hlatc,  b'liale,  and  roicaoeotu  shaly  naudstonc,  the  vari^  _ 
Uuokneis  nnd  compontion  of  v^tioh  imply  that  the  leuer  coal 
m&y,  in  eomo  localities,  approach  the  greater  so  clceel^  as  to 
uonstiluto  a  lower  bcuudi  of  thin,  and  tliiu  ftugment  it«  thickneea.' 
At  the  furnaces,  or  Itoaring  Creek,  where  the  large  seam  make* 
its  moctt  southern  flat  and  gentle  basin,  jnxt  nt  the  water  level  of 
the  stream,  its  size  la  about  twelve  feet,  and  its  yield  of  good 
coal  18  not  more  thau  iievcn  and  u  half  f^;  but  tit  the  base  of 
the  hill  of  the  Griffin  farm,  near  the  edge  of  the  Lackawanna, 
ilH  thickncM  is  almost  flf\een  foct,  and  Uie  oewly-opcncd  mine 
there  promises  to  produce  from  this  some  ten  or  twelve  feet  of 
cxecllcnt  marketable  coal.  North  of  Scranton,  where  the  anti- 
clinal next  north  of  the  ni&in  Dunmore  axis  brings  it  to  the 
snrfncc  <m  I^c  Brook,  it  is  suocctsfully  mimxl  from  the  water 
level  gently  upward  towards  the  south  in  the  Sandbank  mine; 
and  bore  the  l^d  in  of  itn  average  UucluieHs  of  foiulccn  feet,  and 
yield*  of  good  ooaJ,  some  bencnea  of  which  are  of  very  superior 
c^oaltty,  a  thickness  of  eleven  fi:et.  This  scam  is  mined  to  a 
limited  extent  at  Leggctt'it  Gnj^,  on  a  gentle  isouth  dip,  in  the 
ravine  below  the  railroad.  It  is  there  twelve  feet  in  thicknen. 
Wc  thus  see  that  it  sproad.'t  widely  tindemeatli  the  Scranton 
neotion  of  the  basin.  It  is,  however,  lilra  all  the  cools,  lifted 
and  depreiEKd  in  the  imdulalions  which  traverse  the  ooal  fieldy 
and  LI  oven  brought  to  the  Eurfaoe  and  washed  off  from  the 
higher  crests  of  one  or  two  of  the  unticliniil.<t.  Thus  the  Dun* 
more,  or  main  Scranton  axis,  lifts  it  out  into  two  oulerona,  the 
northern  one  ranging  eikHtwunl  from  the  Oiid  P'clluw.'s'  llall  nt 
Scranton  towards  Dunmore.  Spreading  largely  under  the  long, 
gentle  northern  slope  of  the  Dnnniore  untielimtl  ridge,  it  nccms 
to  reapproach  the  surface,  and  even  to  crop  out  above  its  Iiam^ 
eastward  of  Seranton,  by  a  second  upward  wave,  the  same  ii'ith 
tliat  of  the  arch  on  the  I^ckawanna,  weat  of  tl»e  town.  AlW 
being  thus  brought  easily  accessible  for  mining,  it  reenters  tho 
hill  a  little  lower  down,  basins  gently,  and  again  retippears  on  ft 
fourth  outcrop  on  Fine  Brook  at  the  Sandbank  mine.  Then,  a 
litlie  furtiier,  it  spans  flatly  its  third  undulation,  and  grxw  be- 
neath the  flats  of  the  Lackawanna,  on  the  Swcatland  meadows^ 
and  inake-1  a  very  wide  basin,  with  onij-  one  quite  gentle  nnti- 
clinal  wave  in  it,  whieb  barely  brings  up  to  the  surfice  the  coal 
U,  two  cools  above  UiiH.  and  Icuivai  this  larger  bed  at  a  depth 
still  of  nearly  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in  vae  shallowest  parts 
of  this  itti  main  central  trough,  trom  this  description  it  must 
Vol.  II.— 84 


i 


4M  Dfcriptim  of  lit  Odai  Staau  and  B«i»  of  Inm  On. 

ftppeor  thAt  8  IftTge  portioa  of  the  Scranton  coal  estate  is  andetv 
laid  hy  this  important  cool  seam.  From  twelve  to  fifteen  thoo- 
aand  tons  per  acre  of  all  the  lands  underlaid  by  t)iis  bed  of  ooal, 
may  be  fairly  counted  upon  aa  its  nut  product  in  merohuitAble 
ftiel.  A  more  detniled  examination  than  it  has  yet  received  » 
reqoired  to  determine  with  precision  the  nuinl>or  of  ocres  wbiob 
it  occupies. 

Oiol  O. — Between  fifty-five  and  sixty  feet  above  the  pnsce- 
dins,  licft  the  coal  often  called  at  Scranton  the  upper  Bix-feet 
be£    It  rests  on  clay  shale,  and  is  ovorUid  by  mieaoootw  sand* 

BtOne.  [To  be  ooDUauttL] 


Aw.  n.— THE  HASTFORD  OOtJNTV  MINING  COMPANY'S  PROPERTT 
AT  BRISTOL.  CT.— Bip*«  sT  Chm.  Simi.  Bicham.k..i,  Esa.,  Uucura 
BKonxKB,  MAHt-ii  18,  1891. 

AbOOt  midwuy  up  tho  mountain,  at  the  head  of  a  valley,  ia 
situated  the  abovo  mine.  The  stratum  is  gneiss  rock  and  mioa 
slate,  alternating  in  regular  parallels ;  their  general  t>eariQg  is 
7"  SO'  north-east.  The  dip  of  the  gnei^i  may  be  said  to  be 
almD.it  vertical,  but  the  mica  slate  inclines  to  the  Bouth>weRt,  at 
an  angle  varying  from  80'  to  66'  with  the  horizon.  In  the 
imniediate  vicinity  of  the  mine  are  some  very  peculiar  ccologioal 
formations,  some  of  which  Tivill,  in  all  protebility,  infiuenoe  tiie 
metal  liferou-s  characteristics  of  Uie  lode.  In  tho  absence  of  any 
plan  of  the  sett,  it  would  be  difficult  to  convey  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  various  stratas  as  their  bear  upon  the  minerals 
iodosod  within  them,  but  the  following  few  ssetches  may  give 
a  general  outline  of  Uieir  relative  positions : — 

TOE  UAIN  LCDS 
Was  discovered  by  the  outcrop  of  a  mass  of  gozzan,  finable 
qoartK,  and  decomposed  feUpar.  I'iie  shaft  was  pitched  out  to 
cat  this  lode  at  about  twenty  fathoms,  Imt  the  dip  being  flatter 
than  was  anticipated,  the  shsn  went  through  the  lode  at  Qfty-six 
feet  from  the  surfaca  At  ten  fitthoma  deep  a  crosH-cut  was 
driven  out,  and  again  went  throueh  the  lode  thirteen  feet  from 
the  shaft ;  this  cross-cut  was  extended  forty-three  feet  altogether, 
where  a  email  vein  about  ten  inches  thick  was  intersected,  and 
a  level  driven  on  its  course  sixteen  feet  to  the  Routhward  and 
eight  feet  to  tho  northward ;  also  another  short  cross-cut  into 
what  mi?ht)  under  usual  ciroumstonoes,  be  supposed  to  be  the 
country,  but  which,  in  the  caae  before  us,  I  shall  dmomipata 
dilTcrontly.  What  I  have  named  tt»  being  eiit  in  the  shafV  as 
the  lode,  ia  nothing  more  than  a  vein  of  flucan,  about  four  foet 


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thicic,  dippinffcaaterly  at  an  an^  of  46",  with  a  tnvcrM  of  45"  , 
nortli-ca£t.  This  6ucan  couree  » the  foot-wall  of  the  lode^  or,  in ' ' 
otlier  words,  it  is  the  boutidim*  Wlwoen  tho  lode  and  the  country, 
on  the  lower  side,  the  country  iteclf  fonuing  the  fool-wall  of  tlie 
lode.  At  the  pr<went  sliailoTir  depth,  it  ui  irregular  in  every 
respect,  and  it  will  not  get  settled  yet  for  several  fatlioms  in 
depth.  The  \«\a  that  lius  bc«a  iiitcnscctcd  is  of  a  very  procoiA-  - 
ing  character;  it  containa  fltican,  tnnndic,  soft  spar,  and  oopper, 
and  appears  to  be  inoreoang  iu  mineral  as  it  goes  down.  For 
sinldng  and  driving,  the  strata  is  of  the  verv  Ijost  and  cheapest 
kiiu), »«  it  will  stand  without  timber,  and  ia  highly  congenm  fcr 
the  production  of  rich  copper  ore.  The  bearing  of  thL't  vein  is 
7"  80'  north-cast,  and  forms  a  uiuntcr  with  the  flucan  counte.  If 
the  cross-cat  ia  extended,  several  more  of  tliese  Mi\all  veinxor 
droppcra  nill  he  cut,  each  differing  iu  their  bearing  and  iDclina- 
tiou;  tlie  ground  will  continue  Uie  same  until  the  country  is 
intenected,  which  will  be  found  to  be  a  blackish  gneiss,  stnped 
with  quartz.  This,  then,  is  the  width  of  the  mineral  chanuel 
from  which  will  proceed  the  lode. 

As  regards  the  deposiuon  of  the  minerals,  they  may  be 
looked  for  at  the  junction  of  all  veins,  whcj«  they  interaect  each., 
other,  but  more  paxtioularly  so  when  Uiey  full  into  the  flucan, 
as  in  the  instance  of  the  vein  shown  in  ihe  plan,  which,  at  eighty 
feet  north-oaslerly,  will  intcrecct  tt  unleaa  heaved  Dont  i\a  present 
course  bv  a  alide  or  splice.  Should  it  hold  on,  it  will  mak« 
either  a  ounch  of  copper  or  inundic  near  the  flucan,  and,  in  all 
probability,  go  down  with  it  The  section  of  the  shaft  (fig.  2) 
showa  the  inclination  of  the  droppont  iu  the  shaft,  tho  uucao, 
and  tlie  Qrst  vein.  The  droppers  arc  now  gone  down  with  ttie 
flucan,  which,  if  examined  ten  tl>et  ilecpor,  1  am  almost  certain 
win  be  found  to  be  mudi  mineralized. 

THE  MIKBRAL  CttANNEL. 

Having  just  intimated  that  the  lode  will  proceed  from  a  ran 
of  ground  below  the  flucan  course,  wc  will  now  examine  geolo- 
gically the  cauM»  that  lead  to  .luch  an  inference.  In  the  first: 
Slao«)  we  ftu<l  the  strata,  at  and  around  the  point  where  Uie 
ucan  course  has  been  discovered,  to  be  much  decomposed.  The 
medittin  of  this  decomposition  is  sulphur,  which,  by  being  ex> 
poaed  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosipiic-rD,  and  a  wet  strata,  de- 
stroys the  color  and  texture  of  the  atone  lying  above  it  Tho 
greenish  tint  in  the  stone  ii  causted  by  the  infiltration  of  water 
holding  copper  in  solution,  and  proceeds  from   the  lode  by 


very  natural  it  should  be  so.     A  reference  to  6g.  8,  which  givea 
a  tiansverec  section  of  the  valley  aoross  the  mineral  channel, 


4«» 


TA*  .Vain  LoJe. 


shows  that  the  said  chAnn«l  io  iu  a  strata  of  mica  slato,  bounded 
W  gneisi  Tocks,  which  stand  near  by,  vertically  on  cither  side. 
Tito  dip  of  th<!  mica  Hlut«  is  towards  the  north,  which  iutersects 
Um  fltwan  at  its  lowest  extremity ;  therefore,  whalever  ntitutrab 
may  bo  oonuincd  in  the  mica  slate,  or  flow  into  it  from  otbcr 
pATts  of  the  iietl  from  the  ^iieias  rocks  above,  it  U  very  natural 
to  suppose  muBt  all  flow  into  or  through  the  flucan  op  ground 
Oicar  it;  heuce  its  being  so  highly  mineralized. 

THB   MAIN  LODE. 

Tbis,  of  coarse,  has  not  been  discovered,  neither  will  it  ba 
until  a  depth  is  obtained  level  with  the  bed  of  the  river  in 
Uie  valley  heiow,  at  which  point  tlie  mineral  veins  will  become 
concentrated,  the  strata  assume  a  more  regular  and  defined  form, 
the  country  bccomQ  settled,  and  tlic  numerous  small  veins  and 
droppers  will  have  fiUlen  into  each  other.     Then  the  flucan  will 
form  tho  foot-wall,  and  the  block  gneiss  the  hanf^^ing  wall,  and 
what  is  here  now  outlined  as  a  mineral  ehannel  will  bcoome  the 
main  lode  of  the  mine,  which  w-ill  have  a  bearing  of  about  St5° 
north-cosL     llie  shareboldera  of  this  advunture  must  not  be 
dishcarteni-d  at  my  saying  it  will  probably  be  forty  or  fif^ 
liithoms  ill  depth  liefore  a  regular  lode-bearing  ore  is  ibutid,  for 
kthere  ia  every  reason  to  antidpato  that  tho  mine  will  bo  reluming 
ore  regulftfly  every  month  when  tlio  ground  is  opened  twenty 
lathoiii»  deeper.     In  fact,  I  am  nImo»t  positive  such  wUl  be  the 
case,  the  country  being  so  congenial  for  making  ore  shallow, 
flf  we  judfc  by  analogy  on  this  point,  we  need  not  go  out  of  the 
township  to  harmonize  such  an  assumption.     The  Great  Bristol 
copper  mine  is  situated  in  exactly  such  a  formation,  and,  iu 
.many  respects,   is  identical   in   its   geological  features  to  this 
ImuDe.     The  Great  Bristol  has  for  many  years  been  returning 
imtnenae  quniititics  of  rich  copper  above  the  flucan ;  and  it 
has  been  recently  discovered  that  the  flucan  itself  ia  so  highlv 
r xnincraliEted  near  tho  junctions  of  tho  small  veins,  that  it  will 
amply  repay  for  worlnng,  which,  with  the  veins,  and  the  ore- 
bearing  m«y  and  black  gncisS  that  lie  above  the  flucan.  there 
lU  now  between  the  forty-feet  level  and  surfaoc  already  dia- 
Bvered,  above  $500,000  worth  of  ricli  copper  ore.    If  this  pro- 
Iperty  was  situated  in  the  county  of  Cornwall,  in  England,  we 
Iflhould  not  think  of  its  becoming  a.  productive  mine  at  leas  than 
six^' or  seventy  fathoms  in  depth;  but,  in  this  country,  the  rocks 
being  older,  or  rather  having  for  a  longer  period  been  expoaod 
to  the  disintegration  of  the  atmoapbere,  the  metallic  compound 
of  the  I'xles  lies  nearer  the  surface.    About  the  centre  of  the  sett 
lis  a  somewhat  singular  formation,  viz.,  a  mass  of  granite  Ij^ng 
Pllpon  the  slate  and  mica.    This  is  a  phenomenon  for  the  geoiogistH 
tto  speoalate  upon — how  the  primary  should  lie  on  ibe  seoondary 
fwmation ;  but  as  my  report  relates  only  to  muterkli^  I  diail  at 


The  Lnd  Van*  e/  JRwomib. 


'«> 


pHBeiit  make  no  further  oomment  on  it  than  the  following  sketch, 
fig.  4,  will  show. 

MININO  OPKBAnOKS. 

The  present  enffioe  aliaft  U  not  put  dowu  in  the  right  place. 
It  has  gODe  through  the  fiucan,  or  assumed  lino  of  the  lode,  and 
tli«  deeper  it  ).s  sunk  the  further  will  it  f^t  away  from  the  point 
of  usefulDGSa.  I  should  advisa  the  sinking  of  a  new  engine  shaA 
A  such  a  distanuc  as  to  take  the  lode  at  the  fifty-fiithom  level, 
and  na  Uie  ground  is  easy  for  sinking,  the  cost  is  not  a  matter 
of  eoDsidcration.  On  this  new  shaft  a  small  engine  (ateam) 
should  be  ininiediatetj  erccte<l.  I  do  not  conadcr  the  water 
will  be  verjr  quick;  therefore  a  nine-inch  lift  of  pompa  ia  all 
that  will  be  required  for  a  long  time.  I  conaidcr,  however,  that 
it  is  absolutely  neccasary  that  the  (lampany  should  have  n  proper 
plan  made  of  tbcir  proportv,  and  their  works  laid  out  in  a  syste- 
inalio  niftiiner.  They  would  tlien  be  able  to  »ee  what  is  best  to 
be  done,  and  the  way  to  go  about  it.  Careful  eatimatea  ^ould 
also  be  made  of  the  cost,  so  that  the  Company  inav  be  prepared 
to  meet  the  cxigendee  of  the  case.  I  consider  the  mine  well 
worthy  of  a  trial;  and  if  due  prudence  i^  exercised  in  the  do> 
velopment  of  the  mineral,  it  promi^ea  very  lair  to  result  in  e 
profitable  advcatuic 


Aar.  in.— THE  LEAD  VEINS  OP  WISCONSIN" 

Ik  determining  the  Talue  of  a  metalliferous  distriot,  the  flmi 
pwnt  to  bo  setUed  ia  the  mode  in  which  the  ores  occur.  Deposits 
of  metallic  ores  arc  divided  into  two  clasaes:  First,  lbo«e  which 
oceur  in  b«l»,  biinche-t,  or  veins  of  Umitcid  extent,  usually  called, 
contcmpfiraneous  deposits.  Second,  tbe  veiim  which  are  defined ' 
to  be  "the  mineral  contents  of  fiasures  having  indefinite  length 
and  depth,"  The  former  arc  local  and  inepJar,  with  no  ton- 
stancy  of  direction,  and  never  extend  from  one  rock  to  another. 
The  latter,  on  the  contrary,  extend  vertically  to  great  but 
unknown  deptba,  and  traversing  every  variety  of  Btrata.  They 
may  often  be  traced  for  many  miles  in  a  horizontal  dinXtion, 
puiHuing  the  same  general  course  throu^oul,  and  retaioing 
their  productiveness,  subject  only  to  transient  intorruptionii, 
Tht-y  are  inclosed  betwcc-n  walltt  of  rock,  (separated  from  their 
oontaincd  substances  by  &  distinct  lino  of  demarkation.  The 
first  class  of  deposits  often  mve»  promise  of  a  large  vield.  but 
&il  when  pursued  for  a  lengtn  tiS  time.    Millions  of  douara  nave 

*  Tram  thc^  flnt  Annu&I  Itcpurt  on  t)ic  G»)]ogic4l  Survt;  of  the  State  nX 
Wbconelo,  t>y  Etlwkrd  Duialg,  Stu«  G««IogUt. 


4H 


Horitoutal  Eittnl  of  Ikt  Vtiiu. 


been  wasted  in  prosocntiDg  nuning  opcralioDS  upon  sitdi  depo- 
mUi,  wliicli  Retained  to  give  evidence  of  exhauHtless  stores  of  ore. 
The  cxpcrioocc  of  the  past  has  taught  the  noccasity  of  gruat  care 
in  tlie  flclectiou  of  niiiitng  ffround ;  &nd  while  it  has  proved  the 
danger  of  adventures  in  those  iI^o1lltod  and  limited  deposits, 
however  ricli  at  llr<t,  it  hu  equally  cotablished  the  safety  of 
liberal  investments  in  the  oxplorntiou  of  true  metallic  veins. 
AH  miticiiof  thegIol>c,  diKtinguitthedforpeimjuieiit  value,  belong 
to  thia  latter  claiffl.  To  this  clasi  also  may  bo  referred  most  of 
the  depoRits  of  ore  in  the  l««d  districl  of  Wisconsin.  They 
generally  present  the  characters  of  true  veins,  and  are  therefore 
to  be  treated  and  rcUud  upon  as  such.  This  will  be  evident,  if 
we  examine  the  general  phenomena  which  they  present. 

BBAKIKO  OF  TDE   LEAS  UINS3. 

The  most  general  direction  of  the  productive  veins  is  cast 
and  west  The  variation  is  usually  from  throe  to  twenty  defp«ca 
south  of  c»t ;  BOinutirnes,  however,  it  in  north  of  eiuit.  IxxMkl 
raiiations  often  occur  in  the  eecoral  bearing  of  the  lode,  bin  in 
meet  cases,  if  pursued,  it  n-ill  bu  found  to  resume  its  original 
ooDiM.  An  average  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  obeem- 
tioDS  npon  lodes  having  an  cast  and  went  dtrcctiofi,  gives  a  mean 
vaiiation  of  eleven  degrees  from  the  meridian  line. 

Another  sj'stem  of  veins,  of  le.is  frequvnt  occurrence,  are 
termed  norths  nntl  souths.  These  var\'  from  true  north  and 
sontb,  80  that  the  mean  of  forty  observations  is  fourteen  dcgroea. 
In  many  cases  these  have  a  direction  nearly  N.  N:K,  Still  another 
class  are  called  qaarterings.  They  intersect  the  casts  and  wests 
at  an  anslc  of  about  fortv-Hve  degrees,  and  arc  o^en  known  as 
"ten  q'<uoc1c  ranges."  llendes  these,  there  are  strings  and 
branches  apparently  flying  off  from  the  muinrangea,  and  baving 
every  conceivable  direction.  In  a  few  instanoee,  prodoetiveTeina 
fpioDably  by  a  sucoesion  of  thrown)  assume  a  curved  or  crescent 
jbrm,  and  are  hence  called  "  hone^hoe  ranges."  The  easts  and 
wests  have  probably  yielded  nine-tenths  of  all  the  ore  raised  in 
the  district,  and  must  be  regarded  as  the  charaoteristio  or  prin- 
cipal veins. 


HOBIZONTAL  EXTENT  OF  TKINS. 


m-t 


Many  of  these  veins  are  of  great  length.  Several  of  than 
have  been  tmc«d  throe  or  four  miles,  pursuing  their  gcncr^ 
eonnne  with  $iunh  oonittaTiev  that,  when  once  strurW,  the  oomraas 
m^  be  need  to  discover  their  location  at  a  great  distance.  The 
"Hciilh-Cock  range,"  in  the  town  of  I.indon,  has  been  worked 
for  nearly  a  mile  continuously,  and  its  extent  for  three  milce 
aaceitained  by  oocasional  shaits  which  have  been  mnk  upon  it 
'  The  "  Long  Range,"  at  Potoai,  and  the  "  Great  Blackleg,"  in 
town  1,  range  3  east,  have  each  been  worked  a  nulo  in  leogtb. 


Vtr&fttl  EtittU  ef  tht  Vtint.  MS 

The  breadth  of  the  reias  variea  from  a  few  iadies  to  fifty  Eset 
or  moro. 

VKBTICAIi   EXTENT  OT  THB   VKINa. 

TIio  depth  to  which  the  lead  veins  penetrate,  IR  altogether 
iJie  most  importAni  feature  conncctcil  with  th«m  in  a  practical 
point  of  view.  For  obvious  reasons,  it  i«  also  llio  niu»t  difficult 
to  be  wmertained,  as  it  can  be  known  only  by  following  them 
into  tho  profound  depths  of  the  earth.  The  (lecpcst  shafts  yet 
mink  in  tfac  lead  mines  have  penetrated  only  tn  the  dfpth  of 
176  feet  Few  even  reach  100  UxJl,  and  mo«l  of  the  shafts  range 
from  ten  to  sixty  feet  Shallow  aa  theae  woricing*  an>,  they  have 
nevertheUwji  reveah->l  many  important  facta,  tenoisg  stronglj  to 
establish  the  eontinuily  oi'  the  veins  to  much  gTeater  depths. 
Every  practical  miner,  or  owner  of  mineral  lan£,  ia  deeply  in- 
tereatea  in  having  this  queation  answered,  viz.:  Do  the  lead 
veins  oonlinuo  downwards  through  the  succeeding  beda  Wf  rock, 
and  carnr  in  their  lower  portions  etifficiont  or«  to  justiiy  the 
increased  expense  of  exploration?  To  answer  thw  quetttJon,  bo 
fiu-  aa  could  ue  done,  hiut  b(:<in  made  a  leading  object  in  the  work 
of  the  past  season.  The  gray  limestone  has  alfe4idy  been  men- 
tioned  as  tho  principal  BUrlace  rock  of  the  lead  district.  Tliia  ia 
(he  great  lead-bearing  rock  of  the  niiniM,  II  has  been  supposed 
by  many  that  the  surface  rock  always  earned  the  ore ;  and  the 
opinion  has  been  strengthened  by  tne  feet,  that  when  the  veins 
wo  followed  10  the  blue  limeatone  below,  they  nnifonnly  dwindle 
and  oeaae  to  bo  of  workable  value.  Discoveries  of  working  veins 
were  occasionally  reported  to  me  as  having  been  maile  in  the 
blue  limestone,  but  npon  examination  I  have  found  tlicm  to  be 
located  in  the  lower  beda  of  the  gray  limestone,  which,  from 
their  bluish  oast,  arc  often  mistaken  for  that  rock.  Mr.  Owen 
also  ol>8erved  this  interruption  of  the  veins  at  the  junclion  of 
the  blue  limestone  with  the  gray,  and  remarks,  "  ttiat  no  d«- 
ooveries  of  any  value  have  been  made  below  the  blue  limestone." 
It  ts  a  general  law  of  metallic  veins  that  they  are  affected  by  tin 
character  of  the  rock  throi^h  which  they  pass.  If  they  liave 
been  very  productive  in  one  rock,  in  passing  into  another,  thoy 
usually  become  unproductive,  or  of  no  workable  value.  Mr. 
Westgrath  Foster,  in  bis  treatise  upon  the  Pritisb  Strata,  men- 
tiona  numerous  instances  of  these  interruptions.  In  the  mines 
of  Cornwall,  the  vein.*,  in  dt^cemliiig,  are  twmetimcs  cut  olT  at  a 
change  of  strata,  and,  after  remaining  barren  for  hundreds  of 
feet,  again  resume  their  productiveness.  Ia  such  cases,  the  vein 
ia  often  followed  fijr  great  distances  llirough  the  barren  ground, 
the  practical  miner  looking  with  confidence  to  a  resumption  of 
its  productiveness  when  a  favorable  change  of  rock  is  encoun- 
tered; and  the  result  generally  proves  tho  adventure  to  bo 
jodicioua. 


IH  VtT^eal  Extent  of  &»  Vtiiti.  V 

;,    By  all  aoologj,  if  the  de[)oaitB  of  ore  in  oar  lead  district  are 

true  Tcinn,  traversing  roclu  similarly  vanoiu,  dod  cut  off  iu  tlio 

twne  w»7,  we  ought  to  expect  a  renewal  of  their  prodoctiveiieaa. 

That  such  is  really  the  fiict,  I  hope  to  be  nbic  to  prove  by  the 

xeSaltH  of  long-conUiiued  and  car&Tul  observation.    The  veins, 

oot  off  by  tiio  blue  limestone,  resume  aeuit  in  the  buff-colorod 

twk,  R8  might  be  e:q>cet«d  according  to  tae  law  jiut  mentioned. 

So^  had  Itoff  been  my  conjecture,  as  the  oir  in  the  dcsccnditig 

warn  gweralnr  ooatinued  strong  until  at  or  juKt  below  the  point 

of  junctioD  of  the  gray  and  blue  limestone,  whore  it  suddenly 

dwmdied,  or  became  dispereed  in  small  tuxhest  throughout  tlte 

adjacent  rock.     The  depcedld  of  ore  in  this  lower  lead-beahiie 

.xook  have  been  worked  in  a  few  localities  only.    Al  Mioeral 

I  Fouit,  Dodgeville,  Blue  Mounds,  and  some  other  places,  theaa 

I  depOsite  have  been  rcauhod.     At  thv«e  pointi«,  owing  to  the  dip 

I  fiS  the  rocka,  and  tlie  wearing  away  of  overlying  beds,  the  bun- 

[potorcd  limestone  is  found  near  the  surfiicv,  and  hcnoo  easily 

Moeesible  for  mining  purposes.    Deposiui  in  this  rock  are  known 

AS  the  "  glass  lock  openmgs."    The  glass  rock  consists  of  the 

I  lower  layers  of  the  blue  limestone,  and  is  the  cnp-rock  of  the 

I  opemiigs  below.    The  miners  seem  in  no  case  to  have  been  oon-r 

l^oiousof  their  true  geological  poailion,  in  working  tlieae  won* 

I  ji)g&    This  has  been  owing^  in  some  measure,  to  uie  fact,  that, 

I  in  the  vicinity  of  veins,  tlie  rocks  are  often  bo  changed  as  nearly 

'  to  obliterate  thoir  usual  iibaracters.    In  such  cases,  very  cardtu 

obst^j-viilion,  and  some  knowledge  of  the  geneiu  goology,  is 

requisite  to  intelliguit  exploration.    The  buff-oolored  limestono 

everywhcro  underlies  the  lead  district,  its  depth  varying  with 

the  altitude.    From  the  erroneous  impreanon  that  no  ore  exiutt 

I  beneath  the  blue  limestone,  the  veins  nave  generally  been  abon- 

doued  when  that  rock  Was  known  to  be  reached.     Hcnuo  the 

lower  openings   have   been   diacovered  only  when  the   rock 

I  apprtjuchcd  the  surface. 

I  •  The  richness  of  these  openings,  so  far  as  they  liave  been 
worked,  justifies  Uic  concltunon  tlial  they  will  be  lound  equ^lj 
.productive  with  those  of  the  gray  limestone. 

The  veins  which  have  thus  resumed  their  productiveness  ore 

I  Msaiu  cut  off  by  the  bod  of  sandstone.     Xot  the  slightest  trace 

m  lead,  zinc,  or  copper  has  over  been  found  in  this  rock ;  and 

M  extensively  is  it  exiKised  at  the  surface,  that  were  it  metal* 

[  ^£erous,  the  fact  could  hanllv  have  escaped  obscr\'ation.     In 

the  Buoieeding  rock  we  mignt  reasonably  expect  a  liivorablti 

I  chaogtx    It  is  the  lower  magnesiau  limestooe.    Its  texture  is 

I  ^ratl  adapted  to  the  reoeption  of  ores,  and  it^  position  (being 

[iiearcr  the  igneous  rocks)  is  a  circumstance  favorable  to  pro- 

[  ductivenefM.    From  these  facts,  and  from  tlte  discovery  of  small 

aoantities  of  ore  in  this  rock  at  its  outcrop,  Mr.  Owen  conjectured 
lat  the  lower  magnesian  limestone  would  be  found  to  oontaio 


n^Mfimp  efOu  VtintA 


m 


l«*d  on  is  workable  (^luintitieii.    Daring  tho  piwt  Heanon,  gpecii^ 
attetition  has  been  directed  to  tbat  formation,  and  discororiea 
hftw  been  made  whicb  streiigtlien  that  oorijectur«  int^i  certainty. 
The  depth  at  which  this  rock  lies  over  most  of  the  region  vhere 
the  lead -producing  force*  arc  knovfii  to  have  operated,  render 
the  ioTestigation  cxcocdinply  diiBcult     In  tho  northern  portion 
of  the  district,  ulong  the  Mi^iKKippi,  WiKOuaein.  and  their  tribn- 
Uriett,  the  lower  magnesian  rock  has  an  extenwve  exposure. 
AloD^  thtH  oxpooure,  nunicroua  occurrences  of  lead,  in  small 
quantities,  have  been  observed;  and,  in  one  instance,  a  v&pf 
important  discovery  uf  ore  has  been  made.    This  is  located  upon 
section  .^,  u^wn  7,  range  1  eiut     A  branch  of  Bhie  Hiver  nag 
here  worn  tlirough  the  upper  rocks,  and  left  a  terrace  of  this 
limestone,  risinf:  about  tw<-nty  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the 
valley.     DurinR  the  last  season,  float  ore  was  discovered  in  the 
valley,  which  watt  traced  to  lbi»  terrace  of  rock ;  ehaAa  were 
sank,  and  the  existence  of  heavy  bodiea  of  ore  was  proved. 
The  ore  18  found  in  large  mni«e«.  someUmes  weighing  400  org 
6O0  pounds.    It  is  KenoraUy  in  opeoinga,  sorronnded  oy  clay^J 
but  IS  sometimes  scattered  in  orystnlA  among  the  flinta  whicftl 
abound  there.     The  locality  is  near  Franklin  and  Centrevilla,  J 
where  heavy  lodes  have  becu  worked  tu  the  gray  limcatomkl 
Some  ten  or  twelve  miners  were  at  wnrk  at  tliis  .ipot  when  C 
visited  it.   Nearly  forty  shafts  had  been  sunk,  and  ore  discovered 
in  mo«t  of  them.    Probably  200,000  pouud!«  of  ore  have  boca  , 
laiaed  &om  these  diggings  during  the  season.    The  ground  iai 
very  &vorably  locateil  for  proving  the  veins  to  any  extent,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  mine  wul  be  opened  here  on  a  scale 
sufficiently  extCDsive  to  iwcure  this  result. 

After  those  discoveries,  I  can  hudly  regard  it  a  matter  of 
doubt  th;it  tlie  vein»  continue  downward  into  tlie  lower  niagn4^ 
sian  limestone,  and  may  be  profitably  worked  in  that  rock.  Th^ 
.additioii  to  the  lead-bearing  ground  of  the  buif-Golored  and  lower 
magnesian  limestones  is  one  of  incalculable  value,  and  one  which, 
if  properly  tiodorstood  and  appreciated,  n-ill  give  a  new  impetus 
to  the  mining  interest  of  the  lead  region.  Even  where  theso 
locks  are  at  the  grcateM  distance  ftom  fiie  surface,  their  depth  is 
flight  as  compared  with  tbat  to  which  mines  are  worked  witli 
profit  in  other  countries.  I  know  of  no  reason  why  similar 
results  may  not  be  expected  here. 

Having  thus  endeavored  to  state  the  evidence  bearing  upon 
the  verticil  extent  of  the  lead  veins  to  greater  depths  than  hav* 
yet  been  worked,  I  will  now  mention  some  of  tho  leading 
features  by  whioh  they  are  oharaoterized. 

QROUPINa  OF'  THK   VBJNS.  ^1 

A  vein  is  very  rarely  alone,  but  is  usually  associated  witbl 
several  others.    Amoug'  thetic  one  it  more  pioduotiTo  than  th»j 


Potition  ofOit  ttad  Jtinet. 


mt,  and  is  desi^ftted  th«  "champioa  lode."  On  either  xid«  ot 
ttoB  smaller  tbids  &ra  grouped,  like  sabordiBatea  around  tlieir 
.  BhieAMa.  This  group  ia  known  as  «"gu)g;ue"  of  wins.  Several 
'  of  these  gaogues  are  aenerally  fbtind  near  each  other,  and  form 
ioeeAee  whatiscatleo  "thebodyof  minaiO."  Thia  aasemblace 
ofVeina  is  bonnded  on  everj side  bv spaces  whioh  are  i^>p«rcntly 
barren.  In  passing  over  mc  Icaa  rc^on,  one  will  notice  that 
the  mining  opetntiouH  arc  nil  uoiic«ntralcd  at  a  fevr  pointe.  Be- 
tween these  stretch  broad  expanses,  broken  only  here  and  there 
by  a  Bolitary  piospeot-holo.  It  i»  imporlunt  to  know  whether 
these  fmacea  are  really  barren  around,  or  are  only  wailing  the 
himd  of  enterprise  to  develop  their  mineral  wcaltfi.  It  is  most 
in  accordance  with  the  past  nistory  of  mining,  tatA  the  known 
laws  which  govern  the  diatribution  of  metallio  ores,  to  suppose 
that  they  arc  ooUocted  into  groups,  as  they  appear  to  be,  and 
not  eqiially  dispersed  over  the  whde  district.  It  is  byno  means 
probable,  however,  that  all  the  spaces  apparently  barren  are 
really  so.  On  the  contrary,  we  may  reasonably  expect  that  rich 
diacovories  will  yet  be  niade  upon  these  unexplored  grounds. 
Several  expcricuced  miners  remarked  to  me,  that  the  bodice  of 
mineral  seem  to  have  a  nonh-eaaterly  direction ;  or,  na  one  of 
them  expressed  it,  "  socmcd  to  throw  around  towards  the  north- 
easL"  l)r.  Fercival,  the  di.'itinguinhed  scliolar  and  geologist, 
whom  I  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  in  the  mines;  rcmarkra  a 
nmilarity  in  their  shape  to  the  crescent  form  of  the  trap  ranges, 
which  he  had  observed  while  conducting  the  geological  surrey 
of  Connecticut.  In  the  disposition  of  the  individtud  members 
of  the  gangue  of  veins,  we  observe  a  very  regoJar  alternation, 
each  being  placed  at  nearly  the  same  distance  ifrom  every  other. 
The  gangues  are  also  about  tlie  same  distance  apart.  We  thus 
have  a  serial  order  in  the  arrangement  of  these  vein.'*,  giving  ns, 
'first,  the  ii)di\'idual  vein ;  second,  the  gangues  into  which  the 
vtins  are  combined,  at  a  parallel  equidistance ;  tliird,  the  group 
including  those  gangues  connected  by  their  croas-eounas  into  a 
great  network  of  ore,  called  "the  boSy  of  mineral."  The  rela- 
tion of  these  veins  to  each  other  is  a  matter  of  great  interest, 
both  in  a  practical  and  scientific  pirint  of  view,  and  oveiy  pains 
^Hmld  be  taken  to  collect  facta  bearing  upon  it. 

I  POSITION  OF  THE  hEXD   VKIN3. 

1  The  veins  of  this  district  present  almost  every  variety  of 
position,  but  thev  may  be  included  in  two  classes,  viz.,  ^ 
perpendjcular  and  honzontal.  The  perpendicular  vein  coiisisla 
of  a  fiasarc,  having  a  direction  vertical,  or  slightly  inclined.  It 
poTsnes  ita  way  downward  by  a  succession  of  tnrows,  which  give 
rt  a  zig-zoe  course  very  similar  to  its  mode  of  horiaontal  exten- 
»on.  Its  breadth  varies  from  a  mere  seam  to  a  hundrcil  feet 
Sometimes  it  b  entirely  oUiteratcd  ibr  a  short  distance,  being 


I 

I 
I 


FAlMlOftM, 


«ee 


I 
I 
I 
I 

I 
I 


cnMsed  br  aUbulftr  nuun  of  rttck, called  the  "cap-rock."  Upon 
aiDkiBg  tnroush  this,  an  t^xpan-sion  of  the  fl«ur«  occura,  called 
aD  "opening,"  These  openioga  are  usually  filled  witn  day, 
loose  roeka,  and  m&'wivu  ore.  Oocasionallj,'  however,  they  ait 
empty,  or  partiallr  so,  forming  caTes,  whosa  wall.i  are  hunz  with 
RlHiactili^t.  Thii  VoA  examples  of  vertical  vtans  occur  in  the 
south-west  portiou  of  the  district.  At  Faiqilay,  and  acrom  the 
liisBisinppi,  at  Dubuque,  these  veins  have  yielded  prodigious 
quantities  of  ore.  The  caves  here  are  noted  for  the  rare  beauty 
of  their  spara.  In  some  instances  they  are  partly  under  water, 
forming  .sulittTraaeaa  lakes,  into  which  boate  have  been  lowered 
and  voyages  taken  a  hundred  feet  below  the  surface.  In  these 
Oftvee  toe  ore  is  generally  found  attached  to  the  roof  and  udea, 
or  scattered  through  the  clay  which  covers  the  tlour.  It  is  nure 
to  Snd  a  continuous  sheet  of  ore  in  these  veins.  AAer  sinking 
through  the  opening,  the  walli*  come  together  again,  or  the  veins 
become  "  pincned,"  as  the  minors  express  it,  and  yield  little  or 
no  ore.  The  miner,  however,  still  ooiilinuea  his  work,  knowing, 
hj  post  experience,  that  another  openinc  will  soon  succeed  to 
Kpay  his  toil.  In  many  of  them:  eavc«,  tlie  ore  <>ccnr3  partially 
imbedded  in  the  wall-rock  on  either  side,  in  sjnall  6at  openings, 
or  pocket*,  forming  isolated  masses.  These  masses  are  sometimes 
of  great  frize,  weighing  ooca.sionally  from  A0,000  to  100,000 
pounds.  Good  examples  of  these  broken  sheets  may  be  (bund 
at  Benton,  Potoeii,  HilkcI  Greco,  and  Shulbiburv. 

The  second  class  of  veins  consists  of  flat  sheets,  continuous 
fcv  great  dintanccf,  and  running  between  the  Klrata,  parallel  to 
their  plane  of  stratilication.  Occasionally,  however,  they  incline 
downwards  or  upwards  lor  a  few  feet,  but  their  dip  h  very 
irregular.  These  flat  sheets  have  bocn  very  productive  in  many 
localities.  Good  examples  occur  at  Mineral  Point,  Dodgeville, 
linden,  Messersmith's,  and  Blue  Mounds,  They  are  usually 
connected,  bo^i  above  and  below,  with  vertioal  vcuna.  Both 
these  classes  seem  to  have  a  special  geological  position.  Thus 
the  perpendicular  veins,  with  lat^  openings  and  caves,  are 
nearly  eonfinwl  to  the  gray  limestone.  The  middle  and  lower 
beds  carry  ilat  openings  and  flat  chects,  while  flat  sheets  alone 
are  founu  in  the  bulT-colored  limestone. 

"Chunk  mineral,"  "float  mineral,"  and  "patch  mineral,"  an 
broken  sheets  which  have  Iwcn  ioit  by  the  decomposition  of  the 
rock  which  once  inclosed  them,  and  are  now  foond  in  the  loose 
material  of  ihe  sui&ce. 

TKN-STONSS. 

In  the  perpendicular  veins,  the  ore  is  usually  unacoompanied 
by  any  of  those  substtmoes  known  us  vein-aloues.  The  flat 
sheets,  however,  are  wiunlly  a»!«ociated  with  some  mineral  sub- 
slajMe,  which  is  the  matrix  of  ore.    Thu  most  common  of  tbew 


500 


r#Mv4'lHUfc 


sabstanccs  are  tiff,  black-jack,  dir-bone,  iron  pyritee,  ochre, 
bcu-ytes.  Thtjae  accompany  the  lode,  either  singly  or  combined, 
in  varying  qtuutilics — i>omctimc«  fillinK  tho  entire  vein,  even, 
and  Uikiiig  th^  ^jlaco  of  the  ore,  and  at  other  timeo  entirely 
absent,  or  very  slightly  dcvclopod.  The  arran^moDt  of  theM 
MbataDoea  is  often  in  pamllel  layers,  called  ooinbc<^  In  aucb 
eaaes  line  saocesaion  is  gaitu  irregular.  The  ore  is  sometimes 
upon  one  side  of  the  vein,  and  the  Tein-stone  upon  the  oth«r; 
or  it  nine  between  the  layers  of  its  matnx,  diridin^  often  into 
Bcvcral  brandiea.  In  other  cues,  the  ore  and  vein-stone  are 
mingled  in  one  mass,  requiring  the  prooees  of  roasting  and 
■tamping  to  scpcirat^  thein.  Tbe  vcin-Btoncs  prc^nt  often  ft 
neat  practical  aifflculty  to  the  working  of  min«8Dv  their  irre^- 
Tar  distribution.  In  some  instancca,  veins  have  been  followed 
or  a  dL^rtanee,  and  yielded  pure  ore ;  but  suddenly  a  vein-atone 
'set  in,  which  enlarged  until  it  "cat  out  the  ore,"  as  the  mincia 
express  it,  and  the  matrix  alone  remained.  Thia  horizontal 
alternation  of  the  ore  and  its  matrix  has  mined  the  prospect  of 
many  a  minor;  and  in  vcLdk  thus  aJTectcd,  groat  caution  and 
•cnmd  judgment  are  required.  Tbe  vein  in  quite  sure  to  yield 
pare  on  again  at  some  pmnt  ahead,  but  the  most  profitable 
method  of  reaching  it  depends  npoii  various  ciroumstAncefl.  In 
msoT  cases  where  this  substitution  of  the  vcin-etone  oecurs,  the 
ore  IB  found  dispersed  through  the  adjacent  rocks  in  small  cubee 
along  the  lino  of  the  barren  portion  of  the  vein.  Those  enbee 
arcofleii  very  abundant,  and  are  called  "dice  mineral."  Instances 
of  thia  character  may  be  found  at  Mineral  Point,  SIiulliAiurg, 
Wingville,  Crow  Branch  Diggings,  &c. 

\  It  is  difficult  to  determine  which  of  tlie  snliRtunccn  sywken 
J  »f  above  is  the  most  iavorablc  indication  of  a  good  lode,  ueavy 
[jdeponta  of  oto  hav«  been  found  with  all  of  tliem,  or  t-ntiroly  free 
[4tnD  any  aBsodates,  and  there  ia  probably  no  Qecesaary  connection 
[4Ktween  either  of  them  and  the  barrenness  or  productiveness  of 
I  veiuB  which  they  accompany. 

I  have  thus  far  endeAvored  to  point  out  thu  leading  cbarao- 

-terietics  of  the  lead  veins  of  Wisconsin.    I  have  confined  ni_v»elf 

to  fiictjt,  without  att4^nipting  to  account  for  or  explain  them.    I 

hare  endeavored  to  keep  all  theories  out  of  view  while  making 

Obscmtiona  in  the  flela,  the  primary  object  being  to  find  out 

I  'twhat  in,  rather  than  how  caine  it  to  Ihs    Ikith  these  inquiriu;  an 

'Uposite  and  important,  but  the  tirat  must  always  be  aimwered 

fully  and  truthfully  before  a  reliable  answer  can  oe  given  to  the 

second.     The  first,  too,  is  of  pressing  importance,  and  its  answer 

replete  with  practical  results,  while  the  latter  has  onlyan  indirect 

I  Sxnring  upon  the  economical  value  of  tbe  minw.     tf  the  miner 

is  iamfliar  with  the  rocks  amid  which  he  is  operating,  the  laws 

which  govern  the  veins,  and  the  most  fnigal  method  of  extract* 

[u^  the  mineral  wealth  from  those  repositories  in  vbioh  nature 


/bnwAm  0^  K<MH.  ^ 


CM 


has  Mored  it,  he  bas  fcnowlcd^  of  far  gKOter  valuo  thui  iny' 
abstract  theory,  however  satistactory.  With  this  yiew,  it  ba» 
been  my  Aret  objoot  to  ooUoot  such  '&clct  as  vroold  illustnit't  the 
ohaiaoter  and  extent  of  the  mineTal  resources  of  the  lead  liiatnct, 
and  Hlimulale  their  development  in  the  hi^hutt  poMible  degiMu  i 
Still,  the  origiD  of  theee  veiins  is  a  matter  of  great  inteieat,  anfl' ' 
ought  not  U>  be  entirely  omitted  in  this  icporL  I  ehall  therefore 
preeent  those  theories  which  have  beeu  mostKeneraliy  aocepted, 
to  explain  Ihe  fiwmation  of  metallic  veins.  Thus  every  obecrver 
will  have  before  his  mind  what  otliers  have  concluded  upon  this 
nibject,  iinii  be  enabled  to  decide  for  himself  how  fiir  these  viewa  j 
hfimonize  with  the  facts  of  whicli  be  i»  personally  cognizant. 

FORMATION  OP  VEINS. 

The  fiUinff  of  iniueriil  vi'ins  in  one  of  the  most  difficult  eub-  ' 
jects  in  the  whole  range  of  geological  studios.  The  more  careful  { 
the  investigation,  the  more  flilly  aware  iti  the  student  of  th*| 
difhcoltjes  to  be  overcome.  It  is  now  quite  generally  admitted  j 
atDoug  geolo^sW,  that  ecreral  uroocsscii  have  been  active  ia 
aapp\yiDg  veins  with  their  metallic  contents.  There  are  four 
tbeoncs,  each  of  which  has  been  xiistaiood  by  high  anthcmtjr^ , 
and  all  of  which  are  undoubtedly  true  in  their  piaetioal  applic*!  \ 
iiODa,  First,  the  crevices  or  fisBurcs  are  supposed  to  have  been 
formed,  and  mineral  matter,  dissolved  in  water,  to  have  bcea 
filtered  into  them  from  abova  This  theory  waa  maintained  b]f 
Werner,  but  it  probably  applies  to  verr  few  cases  of  veiub 
Second,  the  metallic  ores  are  supposed  to  nave  been  melted  an^ 
injected  into  the  rooks  by  Hubierrancau  forces,  similar  to  thotso 
eoQcemcd  in  the  protruson  of  lavas  through  volcanic  cratem. 
Mimy  veins  have  undoubtetlly  been  fllletl,  as  tliey  may  often  be 
traced  to  a  innas  of  rock  whicn  has  once  been  lava.  Ot"  this  kind 
ore  Uif  tin  and  ooi>pf  r  Jixlci  of  Cornwull,  England,  This  theonr 
was  tirst  taught  by  ilutton,  and  has  been  very  widely  adopted 
(Third.  Auotner  theory  is  thjit  of  subliniutiun,  or  the  introductioD 
of  the  metals  in  the  state  of  heated  vapor,  which,  upon  cooilngi 
oondeoBcd  and  formed  veins.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  meta^ 
COD  be  vaporized  by  heat,  and  that  when  in  this  state  they  natu- 
nlly  ascend,  and  condense  upon  cooling.  Crjatals  of  galena^ 
specnkr  iron  ore,  and  other  metals,  are  thus  formetl  in  the 
laboratory,  in  the  ilucs  of  furnaces,  and  the  craters  of  modem 
voicanoea.  Similar  i>n>ceiwe.'<  have  no  doubt  been  operative  to 
all  [leriods  of  the  earui's  history,  and  most  have  produced  similar 
retiults.  Fonrtji,  electro-fbeniical  action  is  supposed  to  have 
been  exerted,  causing  a  segregation  of  metallic  particles,  and 
thu»  forming  veins.  The  superior  productiveDess  of  the  east 
and  west  veins  is  aecounted  for  by  the  greater  facility  with  which 
the  segregftlion  could  take  place  from  norlli  to  south,  on  account 
of  a  coincidence  between  the  local  and  general  currents  of  elec- 


f\iirmalioit  of  V*ita. 


tridtj.  It  is  suppoaed  tlmt  by  thta  action  oooBtant  deocnnpo- 
sitioiiB,  recompOBitions,  and  transmuisions  are  being  efToctcd.  A 
wid«  vuietr  of  ofunioa  exista  among  practical  miMra  upon  tbii 
subiect  All  these  tbeoriee  have  their  advocates,  each  basing  bis 
opinion  upon  the  Bpedal  and  local  factn  which  he  has  obtMrved. 
The  theory  of  fiHTnatioQ  from  water  is  stoutly  maintained  by 
many  who  have  «ocn  the  ore  pendent  from  the  roof  of  carw, 
associated  with  stalnctiteR,  wliich  are  known  to  have  bad  snob 
an  ori^.  But  it  is  quite  certain  that  thin  opinion  is  incorrect. 
The  iiwohilwlity  of  gilena  in  water,  its  orystalline  charactar,  and 
nmigeinent  in  veins,  are  all  incompatible  with  snch  a  suppofli- 
tion.  If  we  iaku  any  '>n«  of  the  otlier  theoriea  mentionw,  it 
&ila  to  explain  all  the  phenomena  presented ;  but  each  receives 
support  from  some  of  the  pceuliaritivt!  which  these  veins  exhilHt. 
It  is  not  improbable,  therefore,  that  eaofa  of  theae  prooeeaes 
has  been  in  somo  dcji^e  instruments!  in  producin;;  and  unuiging 
tbese  deposits  of  otk:  They  may  have  acted  cotemporaoeously, 
or  BDCoeasirely,  or  in  both  methods. 

In  the  lower  deposita,  generally  arranged  in  flat  s)ie«t8i  m 
often  find  evidences  of  a  highly  heated  condition  of  tlieir  con- 
tents. Tho  rockH  iuclosiiie  the  vein  are  often  harder  and  more 
dystalline  than  those  at  a  distanoe.  The  ore  and  its  vein-etone 
ore  sometimes  intimately  combined,  resembling  in  texture  the 
ooane  Kranites  and  other  rocks  of  igneous  origin.  In  »om« 
parts  of  such  veins  a  segregating  force  seems  to  have  acted, 
K^iaraling  these  ingredient*,  or  some  one  of  them,  into  laycre 
preosoly  leaembling  tbe  veins  of  segregation  so  often  seen  in  tbe 
Igneous  rocks.  Almost  every  grade  of  texture  may  be  observ«d 
among  tliese  veia-atoneit,  m  among  different  betia  of  granite, 

.  Bienit^  and  porphyry.    These  arc  entirolv  confined  to  the  lower 

[  Adponts,  80  £u-  AS  my  ob«crvatiou  ext«n<Ix.  The  peipendieular 
veins  carry  pure  ore,  as  before  mentioned.  This  ore  is  attached 
lo  the  roof  and  eidc-walls  of  their  eavemous  opening*,  but  is 
ranly  found  in  place  upon  the  floor  of  the  caves.  If  we  suppose 
iba  fUsurct*  to  have  bee-n  open,  and  the  ore  injoct4.-d  into  tbem, 
Buch  an  arrangement  could  not  have  tnken  place.  Tlie  fissure 
would  be  cither  completely  filled,  in  such  an  event,  or  its  lower 
part  onlyoccupied  by  tlic  ore.  It  I.*  far  more  in  aecordunoe  with 
the  nhcnomcnon  to  believe  that  the  j>t^rj>endieular  veins  were 
Jllleu  by  the  process  of  sublimation.     The  heat,  which  perhaps 

L  melted  the  lower  flat  sheets,  might  be  sufficient  to  vaporise  a 
portion  of  the  galena,  which,  passing  upwards  into  the  vortical 
fi.<»ur^a,  would  condense  and  arrangi^  itself  in  their  upper  por- 
tions, OS  wc  find  it  now.  The  absence  of  vein-stones  m  these 
Tfflns  is  accounted  for  by  this  theory,  a*i  the  lead  ore  would  be 

'  volatilized  and  carried  upward  at  a  muob  lower  temperature 

I  tiuto  ita  assodates. 

Another  interesting  ovideooe  of  vaporization  ia  the  ocoiir- 


I 


9uif»ce  Indieaiitm  o/Ltad  Vtint, 


&03 


I 


I 

I 
I 


leoM  of  Uke  oasts  of  fcesils,  Tormed  bytlie  introduction  of  galena 
into  the  cavities  of  sfacUs,  corals,  kc  Tho  tubes  of  deiicate  oonl& 
8oinctinH.-s  DCurcaly  larger  Uian  a  liair,  arc  occasionitU;  foona 
Ailed  with  the  ore;  and  also  tho  atoms  of  enorinitca.  I  have 
also  a  apccimen  of  cr3rstallized  nlcnA,  wliich  has  been  formed  in 
and  ftround  n  mass  of  fosul  sheila  tliat  liavc  eviilently  bi-^cn  first 
womby  water  to  mere  comb.  Tbcorchad  then  been  introduced 
anKmg  these  diUi<'Jit«  retn^itA,  and  rt-cvivcd  the  imprc^ions  of 
ita  constituent  shells.  Evidently,  in  theae  instances,  the  Kuteua 
must  have  been  in  a  Mtate  of  very  minute  diviaion,  and  endowed 
witli  perfect  freedom  of  motion— canditiona  which  could  only  be 
realized  by  its  vaporisation.  In  the  absence  of  sufficient  data  to 
warrant  a  wncluaivc  opinion,  I  have  stated  the  prevailing  thco- 
rie&  and  such  application  of  them  as  seemed  most  in  harmony 
with  Acta.  From  the  desultory  and  irre^lar  tnauucr  in  which 
the  mincR  have  been  worked.  It  is  very  difficult  to  collect  fiicts 
upon  the  moHt  intricate  poiatti  prcsi.-.iitvfl  in  these  veins.  The 
ooMrvatiou!*  made  may  serve  as  a  nucleus  for  i\iture  facta  and 
discoveries,  which,  in  due  time,  if  foithtully  gathered,  will  paint 
out  the  tme  theory  of  tlieit  formaUon. 

8UHPACK  INDICATIOK   Or   LKAU  VEINS. 

There  are  various  indications  of  the  presence  of  Ieau3  vein& 
all  of  which  aic  more  or  less  reliable  The  general  character  of 
tbo  ground  i«  fintt  noticed.  A  Siu&oe  cut  by  frr^iucnt  ravines, 
or  presenting  longitudinal  depressions,  is  always  nrcforred,  aa 
tbeso  indicato  th«  cxistenoo  of  fitvture.i  in  tho  rock  Mow.  The 
diaooveiyof  "flotit  mineral,"  or,  more  properly,  "shovel  mineral," 
is  reliable  evidence  that  a  vein  exista  at  no  great  distance  from 
wliich  the  scattered  ore  has  been  separated.  It  is  usually  found 
in  valleys  on  the  8ide«  of  alopes,  or  in  beds  of  clay  upon  the 
level  surface. 

Scattered  piecea  of  tlfi^  or  vcin-stoncs  of  any  kind,  are  good 
iodicatioDS  of  tlie  aame  nature  as  that  just  mentioned.  The 
growth  of  Tegetation  in  a  linear  dirvctlou  is  also  relied  upon,  as 
pointing  out  tnc  location  of  a  crevice  wliich  may  liold  "  mineral." 
Cerluin  plants,  which  thrive  best  in  deep  soil,  choose  such  loca- 
tions as  fiimiah  the  grvat«-Kt  depth  of  Kofl  ground.  Along  the 
line  of  tiie  veins,  their  deep-reaching  nuucals  meet  with  no 
obstruction.  Ilcncc,  lines  ot  rank  vegetation  oAcn  form  a  pro- 
minent object  MOons  the  surrounding  growth,  and  mark  the 
location  of  fissures  id  the  rocks  beneath.  A  notion  prevails 
very  widely  tliat  a  certain  plant,  known  aa  tlie  "  ma.ionic"  or 
"lead  weed,"  grows  only  where  its  roots  arc  fed  by  lead  ore. 
This  pliiiil  in  noted  for  the  dt:pt)i  to  which  ita  radicals  are  known 
to  pierce.  They  are  often  found  from  forty  to  sixty  foct  below 
the  surface.  It  is  therefore  u.sually  foun<l  ^wino;  over  orevieee, 
where  iia  subterruicaii  proclivities  can  do  indulged  without 


WorkMjt  of  Ike  l»ad  VtiMt  -* 


ItttrsiDt.  This  mdicatioB  is  said  to  have  been  leumed  ftoxa,  the 
lodiaiui,  who  usud  il  long  before  Uie  lead  veins  of  this  district 
irei«  knowu  to  the  whites.  Thi^ae  arc  the  ordinary  taogible 
evidences  upoo  which  the  miner  reUes  in  "  pros|)ecling,"  They 
arc  foil  iiiteil  upon  the  well-known  relation  of  things,  sod  experi- 
eoce  has  proved  their  gcnuineni-es.  CerUiin  other  prooeeNB  of 
discovery  aro  pracli^^d  by  some.  Tiie  u»e  of  rariouii  forms  of 
the  "diviniDR  rod"  is  the  most  common  of  th«sc.  From  its 
cheapDCW  aud  «tmplk-ity,  it  ie  within  llie  roach  of  oil,  though  it 
nfiutca  to  exert  its  enchantment  except  in  IhvcR^  hands.  An 
instramcnt  called  k  "  tinkembob,"  much  more  exuentive,  but 
also  §iud  to  be  more  reliable,  is  occasionnlly  met  witu.  As  them 
methods  of  discovery  arc  cnlittlv  arbitrary  in  their  chAractez, 
and  have  no  rvfercnoo  to  the  tnilris  of  miniag  waeoces  they  uq 
beyond  the  Junsdiction  of  my  present  investagataoos,  and,  in  the 
abisencc  of  all  poeitivo  knowl(^^<,  I  cannot  venture  aa  opuuoa 
upon  their  practical  value  lo  the  explorer. 

In  prospecting,  a  general  knowledge  of  geology  would  be 
of  great  »cr\'ieo  to  the  practioil  miner. 

Untold  thousands  of  money,  and  lon^  years  of  toil,  have 
been  waited  for  the  want  of  »uch  knowledge.  The  lead  rogioD 
is  covered  with  "  prospect  shalte,"  sank  where  the  veriest  tyro  in 
neology  wouhl  have  pronounced  an  unconditional  negative  upon 
lae  hope  of  "sinking  a  iesid."  The  adventuroua  swanrei  of 
"prospectors,"  who  awe<;p  over  the  Tuiiies during  the  «xcil«nteut 
of  tirxt  discovery,  left  few  of  the  surface  veins  anopeiied.  Hence, 
prospecling  is  now  attended  with  i^roat  risks,  and  lequira 
superior  sagacity  and  extensive  knowledge  for  its  socoenfitl 
pioeeoutiOTi. 

WOBKIKO  OF  TDK  LEAD   VEINS. 

It  is  quite  certjuu  that  the  existence  of  lead  ore  had  lieen 
known  to  the  Indians  long  previous  to  the  contmenoemcnt  of 
mining  by  tlie  whiteei  Their  niieicnt  works  etill  remain  to  attest 
the  &ict.  These  consist  of  shallow  di^giag^  and  wide  furnaces 
in  which  the  ore  was  sincltt^.  The  natural  sagscity  of  the 
Indians  made  them  suocesHful  prospectors;  but,  des'dtule  of 
tools,  or  skill  in  operating,  they  seem  to  have  made  slow  prog- 
ress in  proving  Uicir  discoveries.  Their  working  consisted 
mainly  in  picking  over  the  soft  cla^-*  of  the  surface,  or  the  laiigiar 
crevices,  witlj  hatehets  or  rude  sharp  sticks.  When  their  ahafte 
became  a  few  feel  deep,  ladders  were  made  by  cutting  off  the 
bnacdies  of  small  trees,  about  a  foDt  lV<>ni  the  trunk.  Upon 
these  the  squaws,  who  performed  all  the  labor  of  mining,  de- 
scended and  ascended,  carrying  in  bogs  and  baskets  all  the  ore 
which  they  obtained.  These  rude  ladders  were  oecnstonallv 
found  among  the  old  "  Indian  diggings"  In  some  OMes,  they 
no  levels  a  short  dietaooe  into  the  .side»  of  tbo  hills,  upon  voim 


4 


I 

I 


■  Working  of  At  lead  Veitu. 

MMl'tbej  had  discovered,  using  mau  and  blanketn  m  sleds  to 
^sw  6ut  the  rubbish.  Whero  uxc  vein  entered  the  solid  rock, 
thc^  made  fira  upon  it,  and  when  heated,  pouted  on  water,  bv 
trhicli  it  was  cracked,  and  rendered  easy  of  removal.  Tneir 
metolluri^'  wait  equally  rude  and  simple.  A  rude  hopper  waa 
built  of  stoned,  usually  upoa  the  aide  of  a  ravine.  Into  thitt  the 
ot«  was  thrown,  tmd  a  me  kindled  beneath.  When  melted,  it 
was  run  off  into  a  bole  dug  for  its  reception. 

Such  rude  attempts  at  minini;  aeeni  to  have  been  made  pre- 
vious to  any  aoquaiutaucc  with  tho  whites.  lAtcr,  however,  the 
French  tnxient  tumished  the  Indians  with  toolv,  and  instructed 
them  further  ia  tlie  art  of  mining.  They  also  purchnaed  their 
orea,  and  gave  them  in  exchange  such  articles  as  they  required. 
^IM  stimulated  them  to  farther  exertion,  ea  that  trom  lol9  to 
1820,  considerable  quantities  of  ore  were  laiaed  by  them,  which 
WW  «oM  Id  the  ir-ideis,  and  fimnd  it*  way  to  St.  Louis.  ^Vmcri- 
can  mining  oommenced  about  1820,  hut  no  con^dernble  amount 
of  ore  waa  imsed  until  about  1827.  The  lead  region  then  began 
to  attract  popular  attention.  A  few  bold  pioneers  were  already 
in  the  mines,  and,  amid  all  the  perils  of  Indian  warfare,  remainea. 
As  soon  OS  the  war  closed,  they  recommenced  their  mining  with 
rMiewed  vigor.  The  Cime  of  their  diacoveries  went  abroad,  and 
brought  to  tho  mines  thousands  of  adventurers,  who  swept  over 
every  hill  and  viilley  in  search  of  the  mineral  treasures  they 
were  reported  to  hold.  Brilliant  discoveries  were  made,  tmd 
aplendia  fortunes  acquired.  The  ore  lying  near  tlie  snrface  waa 
of  course  firet  found,  and  requiring  little  skill  to  secure  it,  mining 
was  exceedingly  simple.  No  maeoincry  waa  needed  for  draining^ 
and  no  large  outlay  of  capital  wjist  requircil  to  insure  returns. 
Under  such  eirpwni.'tlanees,  no  regular  or  aystematie  mining  could 
be  expected.  Every  man  waa  a  prospector,  and  preferred  break- 
ing ground  for  a  new  lead  to  working  for  wages,  or  tuudcrato 
retorns  in  ground  already  proved.  During  the  twelve  yean 
fimm  1S30  to  1S42,  machiiierv  waa  hardly  thought  of.  It  was 
the  period  of  excitement  and  diaoovery  which  always  attenda 
the  opening  of  a  new  mining  district.  Since  that  time  very  few 
new  discoveries  have  been  made,  and  the  work  has  been  mostly 
confined  to  old  lodei*.  With  few  exceptions,  even  now,  the  ooijiea 
are  very  ineffectually  worked.  Tlic  liimtix  have  been  aunk  wiUi 
no  view  to  permanence.  Driftii  are  run  off  from  them  whorerer 
indications  of  ore  appear.  If  the  ground  is  soft,  they  are  sup- 
ptHted  by  temporary  cribbing.  The  rnhbish  and  orv  arc  raised 
Dy  a  common  windlass,  in  wooden  tubs  called  "  kibbles."  The 
digging  genendly  ceases  at  the  water  line.  If,  however,  the  vein 
ia  strong  enough  to  warrant  it,  a  lifling-pump,  worked  by  honea 
or  oxen,  is  put  in.  In  a  few  instances  only,  steam-power  has 
been  u^icd  in  working  pumps;  but  from  tlie  incano'^ity  of  the 
engines,  or  injudicious  maoagement,  it  has  ^cd  to  oe  profitable. 

Vol.  II.— 86 


S^   Wtti 


tm^  tmil  Ifakvjbettinny  Company,  Vk. 


During  tht^  pnvwnt  MMon,  two  engine  pumps  have  bsen  sUrted 
under  more  favorable  au^iccs—onc  at  Potoji,  by  Mr.  Lowie^ 
and  tlio  olh«r  at  FMrplay,  by  tho  Annirican  Mining  Company. 
Botti  these  partioa  have  ample  me&ns  at  their  dispowU,  and  are 
determined  to  make  a  fiiir  experiment.  Watiir-power  ban  been 
Ttaed  in  one  or  two  imttancea,  and  might  be  profitably  employed 
in  numeroiu  localities.  With  these  exceptionts,  all  the  labor  of 
the  mines  ia  performed  either  by  hand  or  borae-poirer. 


Amt.  rV.— west  COLOMBIA  MINI.VO  AKD  MANDFAOTUBINO  OOH- 
PAXY  OF  VOtOINU.— THEIR  PBOPBRTY.  OPERATIONS,  BTa 

This  is  the  title  of  a  coal  mining  compat^  which  haa  be«n  very 
QaicUy  and  successfully  in  operation  dunug  the  l^utt  year,  upon 
tne  banks  of  the  Ohio  river.  Their  enterprise  appears  to  be  of 
a  most  respectable  character,  and  in  its  results  auns  to  confrol 
the  Western  coal  market.  Although  in  operation  only  a  year, 
Uiey  have  dcdiircd  two  dividends  from  profita  alone.  They  ajre 
oonAned  to  the  profits  entirelyfor  their  aividend*.  by  the  statute 
of  Virginiji,  under  wliich  their  charter  is  obtained.  It  may  not 
be  amiss  to  notice  this  statute  for  a  momcnl.  as  it  is  one  the 
adoption  of  which  in  some  other  f^tateB  woUld  greatly  Mnrc  to 
cut  short  that  procUee  of  jpaying  dividends  out  of  capital  some- 
times resorted  to,  and  which  can  never  be  a  part  of  any  Icgiti- 
tnalc  business.  The  statute  is  nearly  in  the  words  of  one  of  ibe 
by-laws  of  this  Company,  to  wit  :■ — 

Dividends  of  no  much  of  the  profitt  of  the  Company  u  shill  appMr  to 
tho  UirucUin  ndviKabltf,  shall  tw  dvdiirvd  Mnii-ariiiually  by  the  Itou'd  duruiK 
the  months  of  Fnbrmirj-  «nd  .VhkhjI,  out  of  Iht'  proflW  of  l\w  half  ro»r  end- 
ing Pebnmry  first  and  August  finrt,  and  the  Jomc  shall  bn  paid  t^  trie  slock- 
holdcn,  it)  tliw  clly  of  Now  York,  upon  demand,  or  to  their  Irpil  rcprcwnta- 
tivM,  at  nnj  time  after  the  expiration  of  I«n  days  afl«r  tbu  dividend  hMboon 
declared ;  but  said  dividt^iid  shall  in  no  case  cxcrcd  th«  amount  of  net  profit 
which  shaJt  have  i»ocrii(jd  to  the  Company,  and  if  any  diTid«nd  Is  declared 
which  shall  impair  the  capital  siocV,  the  Director  or  Director*  consenting 
thereto  shall  be  liable  in  their  individual  ntpiwlty  to  aaid  Company  for  the 
mmount  of  capital  so  divided*  and  every  l>irccUir  present  shall  be  held  mxot- 
■anting  tliprvto,  unless  ho  shall  fjrthwith  enter  his  protctit  upon  Iha  records, 
and  Kivo  public  notice  to  the  stooJthnldcrs  of  tliu  declaring  of  aucb  dividend. 

We  are  not  aware  thiit  any  stouk  of  thia  Company  has  ever 
found  its  way  into  tho  stock  market,  or  that  it  wilfdo  so,  and  wa 
bavc  therefore  examined  the  ptirticulars  relative  to  iho  property 
and  operations  of  the  Company  with  moru  intorset,  and  cam- 
ciaUy  as  it  promiiws  rapidly  to  becomo  an  import^t  mining 
Mltei^rise  in  the  Western  Stales.  We  shall  notice  it  under 
both  ita  mining  and  commercial   a^tpects.     The  quality  and 


V  Wat  CVIuDi^ui  Mining  aad  iftav/acluring  Company,  Fil     50? 

Abandattoe  of  mineral  poaaeeaed  by  the  Company,  vritli  tKtt 
DuiUtio  of  mining,  may  oonstitubi  the  one,  whiLb  Ura  cifcom* 
siMloeR  of  its  market  com]wee  the  other. 

The  location  of  the  property  is  perhaps  its  most  strifeing  feft- 
tiire  as  «  cool  mine.  In  tins  respect,  it  \s  imusually  eligible.  It 
is  upon  the  great  bend  of  the  Qliio  river,  which  extend  from- 
Letart  YsA\»  ilown  to  lh«  nioutli  of  the  Kanawha,  in  the  ooon^. 
(rf  Mason,  Virmnia.  It  is  two  hundred  and  three  miles  above' 
Cincinnati,  and  two  miles  below  the  towns  of  Coalport  ana 
Foni«roT,  Ohio.  The  main  seam  of  eoal  is  found  La  the  river 
bluff  wnich  approaches  wittun  fifty  yards  of  the  water's  edge^ 
and  is  found  in  the  bluff  at  such  a  convenient  height,  say  forty 
to  six^  feet  above  high-water  mark,  that  the  poa!  can  be 
dropped,  in  cars  over  a  railway  of  about  seventy  yards  in  length 
firora  the  mouth  of  the  mine,  into  flat-boats,  barges,  and  on  floats, 
with  no  extra  handling  or  expense.  The  facilities  for  mining 
and  the  character  of  the  coal  arc  set  forth  with  considerable  f\ill- 
Qcss  in  the  first  annual  report  of  the  Company,  from  which  wo 
improve  the  opportunity  to  extract  so  much  as  shall  serve  for 
Ac  reader's  iuformation  :— 

The  nilronds  which  on  conxtruetod  it  the  Kreril  points  on  the  rirer'a 
front,  IT*  built  with  K  (louMo  Intck.  and  so  amBg^td  lliat  l)iv  nnptf  i^n  are 
dnwit  up  to  the  month  of  the  mines  hy  iho  dtitOMIilJnc  lo«ileiii  cm*.  T)ie 
ooct  of  oncafUicsonuIroMU,  with  compli^to  ciuipmcntit.  in  about  (liKKi.  ThcAc 
cnKuniittiinccM  wc  ccrlainly  the  most  ftvonible  Tor  chtap  and  conrcnicnt 
handling,  a  ciroumiilanM  of  nuoh  J<*ciHlvi<  Importaucc,  in  rMpcct  to  no  bulky 
and  weighty  an  artiolo  M  roal.  The  hcij^ht  of  our  n\%\n  con!  Rvatii  atwve 
biinh-watar  mark,  prvrents  nny  pfuuibilitv  of  submrniim  thini  the  riT^r. 
The  blulT  rcffircJ  to.  anil  the  HdgM  which  iiitvrsuct  our  back  landK,  arc  ro- 
markably  dry  and  free  from  sprinpi;  and  tho  dip  of  the  r/ml  biding  at  (ho 
rtl»  of  ahoiit  forty  feet  to  the  mile,  in  sufficient  to  carry  off  the  Bmal!  quantity 
of  water  which  seaps  in,  bo  that  in  Iho  important  matter  of  ilr'tii\fuje  we  are 
■utyectttd  to  neither  eipcnnc  nor  ineonvcnicnco.  Thn  din  of  the  ooal  in  r^ 
markably  uniform  over  our  cnlin;  tract,  being  at  about  the  rate  above  men- 
tionvtl,  and  falling  off  in  an  easterly  liirnetion,  with  a  very  gradual  slope, 
Tarying  but  !ilig:bliy  ft'om  the  horiiontal.  The  equally  important  matter  of 
rtntihition  1«  aiKo  conTcntenlly  and  perfwtly  secured.  Thc»«  mines  are 
nholly  exempt  froia  Jir«  damp,  ait  well  as  i^Aoil^  damp,  an  l!ii>y  are  all  driven 
upon  an  elevated  adit  li-vtl,  rh'i_^iny  hnng  in  no  nut  TttorUit  l».  Tho  rorifinff 
is  also  oxceitont,  consistinp  of  the  usual  lop  date,  varying  from  six  inches  to 
two  and  a  half  feet,  imtnedialuly  over  which  lies  •  tttratum  of  tetid  iitnditimt 
«ni  handrtd  feet  >n  Ihiehuan.  This  not  only  fijti  os  a  dry  rouf.  but 
dimininhci  to  the  greatoat  poBslbU  cWent  the  cxpcMc,  oflon  so  ronaiderahte, 
of  keeping  up  the  roof,  and  greatly  promotes  the  itafcty  of  the  workmen,  t» 
the  main  eotrirs  can  be  mode  almovt  onlircly  securi'  from  the  puasibility  of 
acddcnt  by  blasting  down  tli»  alatn  up  to  the  randirtone-  Tins  eouran  wo 
ha*e  uniformly  adopted.  No  fatal  accident  has  occurred  at  the  mincn  during 
the  pa«t  half  year.  The  floor  in  of  bard  slate,  which  holds  tlie  piupa  firmly 
without  tlieir  beinc  (brccJ  into  it  by  the  supcriniium'ii'nl  weight,  or  "sqooex- 
ing,"  as  (ernicd  by  lh«  minors.  All  of  the  cntriui  Ihuji  far  driven  ihow  a  perO 
feet  continuity  of  the  Ri'am,  wkh  na  faullt,  and  very  slight  variation  in  the 
thlckneM  of  the  coal,  except  a  gradua]  enlargement  IVom  the  rirt*  front, 
where  it  is  live  feet  in  thickness,  at  the  laurel  Oliff  rntrieji  above  the  town  of 
West  Columbia,  and  tho  Rock  llouae  entries  below  the  town,  whcr«  it  n  fow 


508     Wfil  Oohimiia  Mining  and  Sfanu/tutvrinff  ConpoHf,  Va! 

and  ft  hnlf  tfet  thic^k,  )>nck  to  the  ontriot  npcncd  on  th«  rtftr  tracCa,  at  •  <1I*- 
tnncc  of  about  unc  idiIi'  from  the  rirtr,  where  the  srsm.  bj  Its  cn^n*!  Ml- 
Urgumeiit,  liiu  atuiiiod  a  thlcknoiui  of  six  anil  a  quarter  TaoL  Th«  go«1  ul 
therefore,  at  ftll  poinls  of  the  proixrly,  of  tufflciont  IhickncM  to  be  worked 
to  DiivantaKc. 

The  quality  of  our  coal  is  similar  to  that  of  th«  w*ll  knoim  Pomtnj  eoal, 
wUiuh  has  been  mined  for  a  Bsrles  of  ^oars^  an4  is  hixhljr  astMmed  in  Ui» 
Clncioiutti  and  other  market*  when  it  has  been  tntmlaced.  Tbs  WMt 
Columbia  rein  bcitiK  n  continuation  of  ttio  mmo  rein  which  fa  workad  it 
romerOT,  t>rodiici;>i  coal  or  a  uiiatily  siniiUr  in  all  rospeclg,  un1c»  it  bo  that 
the  Hwi  Himie  ccui!,  ohtainini  from  th^  liiwcr  ]>nrt  of  the  Company'i  Landl, 
bcinit  thit  farthest  rcmorpd  from  the  I'onieroy  or  ('oil  Port  mines,  TMds  a 
qualitr  uf  coal  prcfi-m-d  by  manr  for  family  ubo,  whiio  Ihv  coal  mInM  at  the 
Latinl  Cliff  vntnes  in  foim<l  in  all  roapects  aimllar  U)  the  best  artidi;  pronded 
for  atcambotklji  at  Coal  Port.  Tha  quality  of  our  coal  in,  therefore.  nJI  tbatwa 
oould  wiab  in  ita  adaptation  to  the  leading  rcqiliMitionn  of  the  marlcet,  to  wit : 
for  domestic  nse,  generation  of  slciim,  anil  other  mauufauturing  purpofss.* 

The  propcrtj  of  the  Company  hafl  been  extended  un^  it 
now  oomnrises  a  frtintmfo  on  the  Ohio  of  ihreo  milea,  and  em- 
Inacee  all  tho  available  locations  for  mioing  and  shipment  on  tlie 
Tir^iu  Bidfi,  makuig  an  area  of  two  thousand  and  fifteen  acres. 
A  company,  well  known  at  ^e  West,  owns  and  controls  all  similar 
locations  with  na  equal  frontage  on  the  Ohio  side  of  the  river. 
The  Columbia  Componv  estimate  their  available  coal  in  the  main 
TUa  M  exceeding  two  hundred  and  tidy  million  bushda. 

TheCompany  attach  considerable  importance  to  their  freedon 
from  risk  of  competition.  This  is  a  weighty  eonsideration  in  a 
oommetcial  liew ;  and  to  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the 
ooufse  of  the  Western  coal  market,  we  present  these  views  for 
their  information.     They  say : — 

Our  advantafcc  in  this  imporCanl  respect,  is  most  decided  and  uoequiToeaL 
Thii  may  be  mutter  of  surprise  to  gomo  who  mortly  infer  that  there  are  nl»- 
morous  lavurable  lucatiuna  for  mining  coal  at  the  West,  from  the  woll-known 
extent  of  the  Wosturu  cool  banins. 


*  I D  lbs  jLnaJTib,  pgnlonaabauleqiul  in  anaality  were  taken  tiom  the  ecteial  Inmpa 
Woufftti  for  tlic  parpoM ;  ihaia  vara  pul*antad  and  intirattely  mixed  in  the  maaaic 
wblan  U  cultoJ  ''  Minplin^,"  in  order  to  baio  th«  nanlt,  not  of  a  uteclod  ipsollnGO, 
bat  of  an  averac*.  Of  tlni  miWure,  100  gtainn  wore  taken  for  analytU,  »nJ  tho  fol- 
towi&f  b  tba  nanlt:— 

Onha. 

1.  ■nniiMCnn  'Uw,  •Id*!  aul  br  ■  bHt  of  Sll  ittnm  .    4Ji 

a  Tebikmuin.  uptllolbriindbal «J>> 

K  OSk<  NniMnlu  *n«  Iha  htU »M 

4.0n>Dbia(Ril*BiUUrDHitalnMl»illia<»kt  .UM* 

a  InmnbaiUliI*  miltrt  or  uhi*    ......    ^Tl 

a  Whola  eanbuIlblB  mMUr.  Bi«l  uA  tqIuIW  ....  MJI* 
t.  laeMDbaaUM*  luUar.  eomtOHl  of  wUh  ma  wba*  .  .  1MB 

Th«  iinantil;  of  aahoa  1*  M  smalt  aa  to  ladieate  niber  Dniimiiil  pnritr.  Tbo  b«at 
oanniil  cnul  nBonlly  eontalni  UiMe  per  o*nt.  of  aha*,  andourcpmmon  coni  more  than 
■ii  ptr  nnL    Th>  aahoaaro  of  a%bl  dom-oolor.w  by  epeelmFn  Nd.  n. 

•  JoHK    IxwiK. 

P.  £.— Wo  diHlillarj  M  mini  of  four  coal.  ■!  ■  rvd  liut,  and  obkuned  U.T  euUe 
mehe*  of  seal  kb«,  vltb  the  am*)  ijiiaDlity  of  «oaI  tu.  too  maa  «ould  f  idd  71.4 
enUo  inchM  of  gu ;  tii<l  ■  cubio  foot  uf  tb«  aolid  eoal  M  Iba.)  irould  jlud,  at  tha 
same  rate,  liO  cobic  feat  of  bu. 


r  Wnt  ColtmMa  J/iniitff  and  Mani^/aelurirtg  Compani/f  V».     S09 

^  Tbi>  error  in  kdretted  to  by  I>nir«8«or  Mother,  Principal  OMlofflst  of  Ilia 
k^Ute  of  Ohio,  in  bi*  imoiii]  Annual  Report,  ok  fotlowx,  to  wit :  "  Tha  imprGti- 
Uon  Is  tDO  coniiDOa  anions  our  clliivni,  that  &.i  coal  kdiI  KdimIoiw  occur  on 
Cfiw  upper  and  loww  Ohio  la  aeveral  piauM,  antl  on  tijo  Minaiajippi  aliove  the 
pMtio,  that  tbcM  aaoM  ciilMtaiiCM  arc  common  ovor  the  whole  VftSUmi  wantrj. 
■This  In  far  from  bcang  the  owe.  The  loircr  MisEiiEippi  Valley  in  to  be  ouppliod 
rvrith  (\>al  ttom  Out  coal  rvgiuciH  of  tiiu  uppiv  Uhiu  riT«r,  iu  Uhio,  Kentucky, 
■Jinpnia.  and  PaiOBrlTania ;  tlroni  thv  lower  Oliio  coal  tuislnson  IV  Green 
Hna  Wabash  riren^  and  trma  the  coal  romiation  nf  niinoiH  and  Mii^iwiiri. 
EjTbtM  coal  baalna  unbrace,  it  ia  bdivvcil,  all  tlic  accmiiblv  coal  of  the  V&Iloy 
Etf  the  Hinbslppi,  ricMriit  the  coal  fomialion  Tar  up  Iht-  ArkaTiU4  riv«r,  in 
[^w  wctdcm  part  of  Arkansaa,  anc]  In  thn  Inilian  country  west  of  it." 
L  The  lands  of  this  Company  are  located  upon  the  outcrop  of  the  (i^cat  AUt- 
f'f^toy  coal  fi«1d,  where  ita  toirvst  luriivi  crussoa  the  Oliio  river.  Time  are 
LMfcral  vein*  of  tho  some  scries,  showing  IbuiusetTes  s  few  miles  below  us.  but 
Lthey  are  of  an  unimportant  character,  ciccptinK  tho  Ilanf^nK  Rock  vein. 
pThu  atlaius  to  a  workable  thicknesH  of  three  and  a  half  feet,  but  ii  located  at 
I  ■  distance  nf  six  iniles  from  the  river,  and  bcinK  niirii'd  ii>  moderato  quantllietl, 
[  ia  eonxumcd  almost  wholly  on  the  spot,  in  tno  manufacture  of  iron.  Thia 
I  tein  at  Ihi'  lowest  edge  of  tho  wrics,  with  the  West  t'olumhia  and  I'omoroy 
r&ain  seam,  compriae  (with  aevcral  inlcniiediale  suialli-r  vcina)  tho  liiieut 
nrevp  Of  wriaa  «  out'Crops  of  III*  pn?«t  AllcKbcny  coal  field.  The  Renpral 
Pnn^  of  thin  outcrop  is  from  northeaatcm  Oiiin  and  north- western  J'onn- 

gtvania,  in  a  Kuuth- westerly  direction,  acrojs  the  Stale  of  Oiiiu,  leaving  about 
ur-Htlhs  of  the  Stale  west  of  the  out'-ivp,  and  crossing  tho  Ohio  from  West 
[Columbia  to  Hanging  Rock.  Thcs^  points  am  distant  from  each  other,  upon 
Pan  eait  and  wcid  line,  about  twenty  mileii 

f       Puur-flftha  of  tho  Stole  of  Ohio,  lying  weat  of  this  outcrop,  is  then  wholly 
•dcatitulo  of  any  (oal  depoiiilit.     In  like  manner,  there  is  no  coal  to  be  found 
I  on  tho  Ohio  river,  from  lU  btorsectlon  by  the  outcrop  of  t>iis  lower  iierica, 
Lfcr  a  distance  of  ITC  mlleH,  to  wit,  at  Cannclton,  Indiana  and  lUwivillc,  Ken- 
lucky,  which  are  located  2TS  miles  below  CinctanBli,  and  123  below  Louin- 
Tille,     This  iuinietisu  interior  district,  south  as  well  as  north  of  the  Ohio, 
together  with  a  course  of  nearly  BOO  miles  of  the  Ohio  river  below  u«,  is  dc- 

Endcnt  wholly  upon  the  minc.i  of  the  upper  Ohio  for  their  miiyjly.  which  no 
aliou  can  so  cocirenieutly  or  cheaply  furnish  i»  our  own.     The  Cannclton 

and  IlawsTillc  mines  are  located  on  the  upper  limit  of  the  Indiana  coal  field. 

refcrmd  to  above,  by  Profuaor  Uather,  as  the  cual  basin  of  the  Orcen  and 

Wabaah  rivers,  at  the  point  where  it  crossca  the  Ohio  river,  and  pasMS  down 

Into  south-western  KeotucLy. 

From  tho  dividing  line  of  the  Statex  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  the  rocky  utrata 

are  found  to  dip  in  opposite  directions.  In  Indiana  Ihcy  slope  to  llie  weat, 
Land  in  Ohio  they  slo|)C  to  the  east.  This  gouenJ  arranccmeiit  of  tho  strata 
fliras  ascertained  bv-  examiciation  at  numerous  points,  by  I>r,  Owen,  of  Indiana, 
land  Dr.  Locke,  or  Ohio.  The  carboniferous  strata  of  each  State  conform  to 
[.this  ([encral  dip,  and  the  intermediate  district  between  Oaunellon,  Indiana, 
I  and  Hanging  liock,  Ohio,  consists  chiefly  of  a  coiitinuoua  limestone  formation 
[*W  stratum  of  great  thickneas,  (estimated  hy  geologists  at  one  thou.-uind  feet 
[  and  upwards,)  which  appears  to  have  been  protruded  hy  nn  upheaving  force, 
I  through  the  superincumhent  ktrato,  so  as  tu  cause  them  to  slope  oiT  in  opposite 
Ldirccllona,  an  above  described.  This  limestone  region,  lyine  below  tho  mineral 
■jdlstricl,  forma  tlie  baaid  of  the  great  agricultural  wealth  of  tho  Slates  of  Ohio, 
t  Indiana,  and  of  Northern  Kentucky.  This  district  fonus  the  convenient  anil 
[-Iiatural  market  for  tho  varioua  mineral  productions  of  the  country  above  iL 
L  About  ^Vfsl  Columbia,  thtrc  is,  however,  nn  coal  found,  on  cither  side  of 
■Cm  liver,  for  a  distance  of  two  hundred  miles,  to  Wheeling,  Virginia,  The 
PSlljnined  at  that  point  Is  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  though  extensively  used 
"Uflw  apot  for  monu&cturing  purpoaca,  cannot  be  shipped  with  advantage 


wo      WttI  Coittmhia  Mining  anil  Manufaetvnn^  Chmpany,  Va.        ^ 

BO  lonit  u  tbt)  mRrhcU  brinw  aro  supplied  vith  s  bAtfar  uticlc  Abore 
r-Wlie«1ing,  conl  »tin*  nre  occosionslljr  worked  Blong  llie  tittt  for  local  na&  At 
V'PiltabuT^  )iiiic[)r-8ix  miles  ttboru  Whmlinj;,  thvn  mw  numrrous  mints. 
vThelr  product  Ischit^fly  coiisiimrdintbcdiy  nnd  iU  vidnitf.fornunn&ctiiriiu; 
»lnd  other  pumonsL  Abovu  I*itbiburs  n  superiot  article  or  coil  U  minoa. 
BlcriMil  the  "  lotighuightny"  i-on1.  fniiii  th^  ti&inv  of  the  rir»r  upon  which  tt 
Ui  ftan^  b«inf(  1  tributary  of  the  Mnncincahi'lii,  irtijch,  hj  iu  conRiWDOe  vith 
IWi*  Allegheny  »t  PitlaburK,  formn  the  Oliia.  Before  tho  introductwn  of  the 
f 'Panert'y  eoal,  tbi?  city  of  ('iii<.-i;i!iiiti  ubUin«(I  its  chief  cupp))'  (bj  shSuDcat 
Vnipnrda  of  irix  humJr*!  miles)  from  tho  Voughioghony  mine*  oT  iVnn. 
■'■qrlranfi. 

I  Upon  the  riTcm  Huckitig,  Huikiugutii,  Guynndolte,  Sandy,  and  KknawliA, 
l*b»tng  tributaries  of  tho  uppur  0)iirt,  coil  is  to  be  found,  but  *t  points  m  n- 
l*liMte  ttma  their  mouthn,  the  chief  opcninK];  bcinx  lt>citcd  ftt  a  dUtanoe  of 
|*aeTi>nty  to  onu  hundred  miteK  up  these  ntnillcr  utruainfi,  tint  their  hinited  pro- 
I  duct,  *nd  still  more  liiiiitud  di-iirvry  in  Uio  gunvral  inarkft  on  tho  OhIOi  tto 
r  no*or  inlcrfcro  with  our  operations. 

p  So  fur  as  rc!at«3  to  competition  b^  railway,  thiiit  which  cAD 
l^ariae  by  the  connection  of  Cincinnati  with  some  point  on  the 
■QFcstcm  outcrop  of  the  Alleghany  bed  ia  such  ati  to  render  the 
Hwght  alone  greater  than  the  entire  <xifSl  of  mining  and  aending 
Wo  market  the  conl  of  the  Columbia  Company. 
p  The  bnaines*  of  the  first  half  year  paid  a  current  profit  some- 
rwhat  exceeding  three  cents  per  buahcl  of  coal.  The  demand  has 
I  ,been  rapidly  on  the  inerease,  and  the  Company  eatlmata  that  at 
|<a  profit  ot  one  and  a  half  c«nt,  their  main  vein  will  yield 
MS,  191,814. 

I"  The  contract  aystem  adopted  by  the  Company  in  mining 
I  their  ooal  \s  worthy  of  notice: — 

I  At  a  certain  date  annonlly  the  Company  Qxcx,  hy  Edlcetion  from  Its  tnen, 
l*|ttp(ni  ■  certain  number  of  cuntractora  corresponding  with  tho  number  of 
f'nonu  t6  be  worked.  Ttirsu  coiilniclORi,  haviiij^  eaoh  thu  ocintml  of  a  room 
l*r  "ditmbw"  wiih  i  hrpisl  of  roitl  GO  feet  in  width,  and  cip^ls  orMCommo- 
[l^thift  several  additional  digger*,  are  the  only  parties  under  this  STstem  em- 
P^loired  directly  by  tljt^  Conipany.  They  hare  the  privi1«|re  of  working  tbeir 
InroecliTe  rooms  to  the  best  advRntngo.  Tho  contractor  Is  in  etilict  entitlod 
rta  niis  control  during  good  behnvior,  or  so  long  as  he  may  be  annoatty  ae- 
I'lectad  by  the  Comiiitny  for  hi>i  skill  and  faithful nt<iis;  Ito  getd  the  e!itabli»hod 
■  'price  per  ton  for  all  tho  coal  thnt  is  turned  out  from  his  room.  If  he  emnlojTB 
I  Ibur  men,  liTedayn' work  is  allowed  for  the  room,  and  fifteen  toins  is  consiaered 
I '  Ibi  flur  a*eragB  daily  ^ivld.  The  cuntmctor  makex  a  profit,  of  ooowe,  from 
I'Ua  sabordinates;  for  it  becomes  his  interest  to  bring  m  raw  labor  to  do  th« 
I  tmllc  of  tho  work,  whirh  dncs  not  require  hU  mining  nkUl  and  eipcrione*. 
I  This  be  gives  from  time  to  time,  thais  contertins  common  Uborera  into  skillU 
I  miners  for  the  future  use  of  the  Company.  With  this  process  the  MDtrBel«r 
I  b  well  satisfied  on  aecoimt  of  the  rxtra  profit ;  for  be  can  hire  cOiRunon  bbois 
I  era  at  low  rates.  I'ho  subordinates,  with  whom  the  Company  in  the  ontatt 
I  has  nothing  to  do,  becoming  in  time  good  miner.i.  ore  liable  to  be  selected  as 
I  contractors.  This  system  keeps  all  parties  on  good  behiiior.  while,  by  a  soit- 
I  ftblo  division  of  labor,  the  cnpaeity  of  skilful  workmen  is  er«atly  economiiDd 
I  and  effectively  directecl.  The  tontraclor  starts  the  borings  for  hit  men,  ores^ 
I  jtew  all  their  woit,  keeps  the  room  in  safe  condition,  and  digs  himselfl  when 
^lia  hta  opportunity.  Tho  workmen  dig  the  coal,  load  it  into  cars,  delirer  It  at 
'    tte  main  entry,  tmd  Itarn  the  Ahhimm. 


Wttl  Colnmiia  Miaiaff  and  Miavafaatwring  Cb)n|Htny,  F«.       611 


^Thia  Ui«  Boud  coiuiilcni  to  bo  tbo  most  aOcctivo  (yttoin  of  worii,  combio- 

1  tlM  linporUni  inuiJBnl4lftdTAiitageH,Mitl  tlxy  «rt  tticref^rit  ddopting  it  it 

I  W«Ct  Columbu  miocH.     The  incmiwd  production  r*8ulli(ig  fiuni  lii«  em- 

plOTncnt  of  iDorc  mincni  »iUbo  tnatorial.    Our  rooms  tliu*  far  opened  t|a7a, 

to  M  aiUD,  ft  braaift  of  but  30  fiwt  of  coal ;  liut  Uiis  will  idmit  of  throe  digK«n 

^irorkinK  (a  odvantan  with  the  roqulsito  ehoicllcrs  knd  bftulera.  It  nuybirlf 

^  be  xuppo.ictl  that  llM  adoption  of  tbii  plan  in  tho  150  rooms  now  kvailabta, 

'  .wuuld  xt  IvsBl  doublu  thtir  production  upoti  tbo  preseot  «v*lcia:  and,  \/f 

^ailopting  this  rniirfc,  tbor«  ncnd  be  no  deity  in  brio^ug  in  a^ltiouai  diggeni ; 

for  the;  cvn  nil  get  employment  under  the  cuntnictnra.     II  may  agun  be  coo- 

Biderpd  a  modenttt  ctlculatiuii  (bal  tbu  nJiiUadur  and  ki»  two  diggers  would 

turn  out  from  c*clt  room  S40  biishi-ts  per  diein,  wbioli  would  iBaCe  Cram  the 

ISO  room*  nonr  opened,  39,000  buidicli^  or  1S80  tonn  per  diem,  wbich  ghoirs 

what  would  bu  Ibfl  etHtinicv  of  audi  a  ^Meta  carrwd  fully  into  opcralion. 

,        Whil*  tho  Board  will  laKe  tho  means  of  steadily  approximating  lliis  remit 

.  txA  continue  to  open  otf  new  raonui  to  be  Ibui)  worked,  it  is  not  conslduwd 

Lftqui^  that  anything  like  Ibis  rate  of  produalion  should  bo  iinm«rfide«^  at- 

I  tkldfld  to  «iwbl«  the  Company  lo  satisfy  all  rcwonable  espectationfk     All  the 

I  rooms  now  opened,  and  being  opened,  will  be  worked.  The  fallnwing  moderal* 

[cBtinutoof  the  pruJu-^lof  coal  for  tb«  half  y(<ar  tmding  SUt  July,  1804,  is 

t  tccordingly  Butaiitl^'d,  viz.  :— 


I  Avtnwfl  IM  dimn  at  80  buabul*  twli,  ot  IS.OOO  bualmU  <]■>!▼, 
_  It  1(0  vorkiuicdi}^  blluwod  jiur  moiitti,  is  ■vsnic*  muiilhly  jiulu. 


110,000  buhdi, 
1,MO,000       " 


Toraix  monlb*. 

But  there  are  other  mineral  treasures  ia  this  pronerty  too  im- 
portant to  \x  passed  over  without  notice,  Som«  of  tncm  »rc  «vcn 
now  yielding  arerenae  to  the  Company.  The  manufacture  of  salt 
Ib  carried  on  extcnfdTcly  by  them.  One  fumacc,  somon'bat  dcfbo- 
tive  in  uousiructioo,  has  been  in  o|>oratioii  Homv  monthit.  These 
defects  tliey  are  gradually  removing;,  and  at  the  same  time  are 
constructing  an  luldilional  furnace.  The  pnxluot  of  the  first 
furnace,  afwr  a  few  improvements,  ia  cstimiUed  at  120  barrels  of 
8  legal  bush<rls  (50  lbs.)  per  day.  That  of  tho  other  is  estimated 
at  100  barrels  per  day.  The  vntiro  product  which  may  be  maaa- 
factiirrd  duniig  1854  has  been  sold  to  the  Kanawha  Salt  Companr 
At  19  cents  per  bushel,  delivered  at  the  funiacoi^  whidi  is  a  pnmt 
to  the  Columbia  Company  of  10  cents  per  bushel 

The  process  of  salt-making  followed  at  West  Columl»a  ia 
precisely  tlmt  which  hw  been  in  use  for  many  ycani  at  tbe 
Kanawha  salines.  The  brine  has  the  same  chemical  companition, 
or  with  but  sliRht  difRsrenec.  Th«  quality  of  the  salt  made  ia 
the  same,  iiiid  its  value  the  same  at  Cincinnati  and  other  markets 
of  the  West,  all  of  which  aru  mwdy  supplied  from  those  sources, 
including  Potneroy,  Ohio. 

Acarefu!  analysis  was  made  ofconatderablcquantitiefi  of  the 
brinpi  by  the  State  Ajwayist  of  Ma-isachuaetta,  Pmil  A.  A.  Haye^ 
of  Boston,  whoso  report  is  quite  extensive  and  valuable ;  80  much 
BO,  indeed,  that  wc  here  insert  it  entire : — 

RfPOItT  OS   TUK    BttlSB  AMO  BrTtSRS    Or  THR   WMT   nOLClflllA  HmKI)  A.VI>  ««(«■ 

rKTruKiso  OKPAKT,  Ai  TKt  itiauLn  or  cuEXiCjit  amalttuol 
The  brine  presents  no  ununual  physical  cbarucl<r  when  firnt  eipowd  to 
air,  but  after  some  hours  a  yellowisii  bcown  0occu)«nt  deposit  take*  pUc«-r 


612      Wat  Columbia  Miitii*Sf  and  Manufaeturiny  Companif,  Fa. 


dae  to  the  presence  ot  a  minute  quantity  of  crciuito  cS  oxide  of  iron.  This 
ochrey  inntlcr  may  ho  trarod  into  the  salt,  fonned  from  the  brine  by  a  npid 
•vaporation,  while  the  bittern  is  fr*e  from  it  tmtireiy. 

The  subHUnceB  orcsent  are  commnn  mlt,  ehlonilM  of  nlcnim  and  ma^ 
neaiuin,  sulphate  of  soda,  bromide,  and  iodide  of  magncRum,  i^rcnate  of 
oxidoa  of  iron  and  manEanuc  I'otuh  was  ikt«cted  in  the  salt,  bc^dea  a 
adnata  quantity  of  alumina. 

At  tQ«  tcmperMiin)  of  flO  decrees  Fahrenhdt,  one  fcillon  of  this  wUcr 
w«t{hs  CI.MT  (T^in*!  *^A  hu  the  spcdiic  gravity  1.O0136,  corepared  with 
itca- 1.00000. 

One  eallon  of  this  wat«r  affbrdtd  :— 

OniM. 

Part  nur FT.IMT.W 

Chloride  of  audiom  (aomwon  Mtlt)  ,  .  .    (,OH.n 

"  mutfiKnium  I'bilttrii)  ....       tMJ>t 

"  ntiiiiiTii  Imur  linm)    ....        BSI.Sl 

KuTpiinld  of  fodn  (Glaubor't  wdte)  .  .  •         4t-40 

Cnnuu;  «f  Iron  uii!  inuig«iiaMi     ....        16.41 


Lon 


t\,nt.M 


TotiJ SI,MTJ]0 

Bromine,  idoinc,  and  orpiniKed  orpinic  mnlter  arc  alw  indtcalcd. 

One  gallon  uf  thix  water,  slowly  vvuporatvd  and  thv  residue  dHed  wllhoat 
decompoeiUon,  atTordeil  542U  KnXnn  of  «alin<i  mattor. 

One  ftnJIon  will  afford  of  dTji,  pvre  common  salt,  S867.9  grain*,  «r  S|*i 
ounoMi,  avoinlupoiii,  besides  tluil  niiuaining  in  tlio  bittern. 

It  will  be  ot^aiTod  thnt  lh«  proportion  of  cyoride  of  calcium  is  moro  tbau 
twice  as  largo  an  that  of  the  clilartde  of  maffnrnum,  while  in  the  iwft-wat«r 
brine,  cbluride  of  niagncHiuni,  (juile  fru«  from  chloride  of  calcium,  is  (buDd. 
Then  are  not  many  ult  springs  known  where  tb«  lime  compound  forma  m 
huge  ft  part  of  the  saline  matter,  and  the  perfect  puriflMtion  of  the  salt  is  at- 
tended by  unusual  diffleulticA. 

The  suggextionji  which  liaru  oriicn  during  the  analytical  trials,  hare  rcf 

erunce  to  Van  more  Cfunumicul  manufacture  of  tbo  ttalt,  and  the  auhaequent 

puriftiiBtion,  briefly  as  follows : — As  the  brine,  when  freshly  pumped,  contains 

ftbout  8{  per  rent  of  nlino  matter,  it  in  in  the  rijcht  CMidJtion  to  be  trcat«d 

I  KN  in  Europe,  by  the  pmcciui  of  "  graduation,"  by  which  more  than  lialf  tbe 

lra(«r  vioulJ  bu  i-vaporatvit  nithoitt  fbi-l.  and  a  lrari«pare[it,  clt<ai>  brine,  ol 

'  kbout  19  per  conL  salt,  would  be  obtained.    A  suitable  Kraduation  would  thus 

allow  the  liana  to  do  double  the  present  work  for  the  snnic  capacity.  Gradua- 

I 'Hon  would  rt-iuire  thi-  raising  of  tbe  brine  to  a  higher  Icrtl  than  lb<^  jiins, 

|'«nd  the  erection  of  bouuait,  or  mere  slicd  roofs  for  i)rnl<:Ption  from  storms. 

Without  raturine  into  detail^  the  general  plans  of  the  (iennan  sall-worlci: 

Jl^p'l  Applied  Cncm.  Vol  L)  might  be  applied  with  moUili coitions  adapted 

I  fdiniate  cbangcc 

Qr  the  pi'ocess  of  eniiuaUon,  tlioro  is  not  solely  a  ^rcat  sarins  of  fii>-!, 

Iitutul  depMltJODB  andcbangea  In  the  brine  lake  place  before  the  boiling 

I  oommeneiit,  henc«  the  nans  are  leu  subjoct  to  ir^ury,  Siside  from  a  grvally  in- 

iawed  production.     Tue  plan  aJn  inauiM  a  regular  production  of  a  particu- 

[Wmdoof  salt,  whioli,  once  Ilxed  U^n,  may  be  always  obtained. 

r        Undor  the  prrsrnt  plans  the  salt  la  largely  uiiiud  with  tlie  bittern,  which 

'Mug  nore  abundant  than  is  usual,  is  also  mnn>  deliquescent  and  injurious. 

An  •conomical  method  for  removing  thin  can  be  easily  put  In  practice.     This 

ooatMninalion  is  cxwsnivily  soluble  in  water,  and  is  contained  in  the  plane* 

fbnned  on  t)ie  crystnlii  in  layers.     To  rvinova  it  by  moans  of  water  wonld 

caiua  the  aoluiion  of  a  pari  of  the  salt  itwif,  but  if  ihr  liquor  umJ  for  wajth- 

J  (a  at  flnt  a  sUnnitM  solution  of  purilled  Kult,  a  lubiiituticn  would  take 

'  flHtb  Ilk  mdd  b»  d^taUtd  on  Uie  crystAls,  retiderin;  ibem  mora  tii&A,  and 


Wetl  OolvmAia  Mining  and  Manu/aehirin^  Company,  Vo.     518 


tlie  UtlMa  would  paM  ftway.     A  Mturatcd  soUttion  of  ult  would  of  couth 
iWmiA  II II  no  mora ;  it  may  be  oDod  1hx\y  wiUioiiI  lom  of  salt  thrrrfore.    !%« < 
ItWb  mftdc  here  wprc  iwrfcctly  Huccuafal,  uid  tho  mlt  on  cxpOHuro  did  not  < 
bMomo  moist,  while  the  lluid  which  pWMd  awaj'  was  niiirly  pure  bittern. 

To  CAtry  out  on  *  Iatkc  *^I<i  thla  plin  of  washing,  the  stoi^hoiisos  might 
b«  diTidcd  so  na  to  fomi  biiu  of  three  or  four  hundred  biuhrlij  nontent  cactk 
Tha  floor,  mutle  ti^bt  liy  incnnx  of  coal-tar  and  limc-moiiar,  should  slupf,  nitbj 
a  narrow  bonier  U)  kad  thu  bitl«m  into  a  receplack'.  At  tlie  hvrvitt  poinl  the 
side  should  leave  an  interstice  hctween  it  and  tho  bottom,  throu(;h  which  tho 
floid  would  drain.  Above  the  tops  of  tho  liins  the  solution  of  k[UI  already 
■iluTa[t<d  would  Oow  in  troughs  and  be  disperatKl  by  meana  of  au  ordinMT 
ahoworing  rtisc  over  the  wholn  surfaco,  in  quantity  determined  beforehftM 
bf  trial.  Tho  xalt  could  thus  be  left  twenlV'four  bourn,  or  longer,  to  drain, 
«h«a  it  would  b«  uiarketAblt!,  and  would  ratncr  iosu  w«ieht  hj  drying,  than 
attract  moigliini  on  cuposure. 

The  rapidity  anil  ccrtninty  of  tbin  plan  render  it  important ;  tbi  oompleto 
efllciency  will,  iu  a  measure,  dvpcnd  on  the  form  and  hm  of  tfae  cryxtal  of 
salt  raanu&ctarwd.    On  this  point  too  niurh  att«^ntion  oan  not  b«  kIwi.  for  not  I 
only  U  tho  marketable  value  of  the  aolt  affected  by  the  kind  of  cryhlaj,  hut 
its  applieation  in  reslrii^li'd  within  narrow  limit.i.  unlcxs  a  clean,  largo  crystal ' 
la  piwJnci^'l.     The  '■  keeping"  (jiinlitiM  of  salt  in  pnckini-  tiicat  really  depend ' 
more  on  the  form  and  size  of  the  iTystal,  than  On  its  r.heniicBl  purity;  nlthouffh,  I 
■a  a  genenil  remark,  the  coarser  and  harder  the  crystal,  (be  gruatcr  the  puritT  I 

of  the  ealL  As  the  coarse  crystals  ai«  n«Tcr  ohtaln«d  by  a  ra]>id  crystallt-J 
Ration,  whenever  it  hccnmcii  ticcemary  to  produce  that  dcKcription  of  tialt  ex-  1 
tensive  amuigements  must  be  made  to  increaie  the  Nurfacc  of  the  receptacle<'| 
for  boiled  brine,  and  Htow  evaporation  ntnst  be  pennlUed.  T 

It  will  be  ohsorv(>d  that  the  T>lan  for  purifying  doM  not  call  &>t  iw'ten  haa^l 
dling  of  the  iiDlt ;  it  calls  for  perhaps  twenty-four  to  faf^-ei|tbt  bount  lapse  oC  I 
time  in  the  storage  only.  The  hUI  liquor  fur  washing  ia  ootaincd  bj  Icttiag 
water  remiiiu  on  an  cicesa  of  Mit,  with  frv>|iieiit  agitation.  The  solution 
should  ho  satitrRtcd  fully,  that  it  mar  deposit  its  lalt  rapidly,  u  it  pssMi 
•iDong  tho  crrstaU  in  removing  Ibe  billeni.  This  pUci  is  eiguaily  appliolbto 
to  fine-grained  salt,  ftwh  is  tabic  8»lt,  and  should  be  resorted  to  aB  a  msau 
oi  partial  or  eomplvtc  purilication  in  all  casoit. 

JSittem.—Thi!  sample  as  received  was  of  a  pale,  joUowIeh  tint,  so  oHy 
connistency.  and  had  a  specific  gtftriqrof  1,8875. 

By  evaporation  a  few  crystals  of  nit  were  obtained,  but  they  re-duaolvod 
en  aipoKurc  of  the  fluid.     I'ractically,  tlierefiiK,  this  bittern  contains  no  salt 
which  can  be  separated,  and  may  be  coosidored  as  a  solution  of  hydroohlorata 
of  lime  and  hydrochkiraic  of  magnesia,  with  hydrobnimatc  and  bydroiodatt ' 
of  these  baBea. 

In  an  cconomici!  rieiv,  its  Tulue  is  dependent  on  the  presence  of  th«  I 
hydrobroinutes  Hiid  tho  mattnCKia  contained  in  it.  Tho  mrparation  of  the  bnK] 
mine  from  t)ic  hydrobromates  is  now  an  important  busineas,  and  the  bestl 
method  a>  adapted  to  this  billern  has  been  sought  for.  This  would  be  mort  i 
limple  if  bruininu  alone  wore  present,  but  an  it  occiin)  with  iodine,  and  both  ! 
as  conifiounils  in  the  bittern,  an  indirect  mode  murt  be  adopted.  Anollier 
body,  ammonia,  i*  ahw  present  in  this  bittern,  which  must  be  derompowd 
before  bromine  or  iodine  can  he  separated. 

The  bittoro,  contained  in  wguden  vcucU,  mutt  Srst  be  mixed  with  n  oloar 
joluiion  of  common  bleaching  puwdur,  when  an  efTcrvencciice  will  et;tue,  andj 
■  very  olfeiisive  odor  will  be  einiltod,  du«  to  the  deconpo^tion  of  ammonifcJ 
When  this  rejue.^  the  liquor  miiKt  be  uturatcd  with  chlorine,  either  prcpareAJ 
apart,  or  by  the   action  of  munatic  acid  added  lo  llie  lluid,  upoci  lluelj 
powdured  mun^ticse  onldo  mixi'd  viith  It.  and  the  whale  heated.     In  tn 
sample  sent  here  there  is  very  little  iodine,  and  I  found  that  the  fluid  might 
bfl  roUtd  with  k  qIok  witutt!^  of  tl<»cb)|iuciffdorj  piKvU  iiiK.lw4flu  rt^Bfi, 


514       Wat  Oolmubia  Mining  and  Mamtfiuluring  Company,  Va. 


which  could  be  betted,  and  on  ulding  muriatic  aoiil  and  applyinc  heatt  tha 
TCponi  of  bronuM  roM  Greil/,  aod  v«r«  coailcasMl  in  comvoa  cnl  of  vitriol 
kept  oold. 

A  Urgit  r«l  or  tub  lined  with  Itad,  luvinc  a  bead  or  oov«r,  with  a  pip« 
IcadiaifintaaloadiatTeawlofCBlorvibriol,  wouldbermulnd.aDd  Ihn  hvatcan 
bent  bi'  iip)>li>?d  wtlhin  hj  a  Itadon  ataaiD-pipn  coiled  in  the  TtHMl.  A  sola- 
tiou  of  blcArhini;  finwdcr  i«  to  be  added,  until  abuut  two  jicr  cent.  ofchlMku 
ill  prcHcnt ;  tho  additiun  of  two  per  cant,  of  muriulic  add  iriH  Umd  tlMOVpOM 
tlio  lij-drubrumata  and  color  the  lliiid.  B^  lM«tlng  tlia  maaiv  tho  n^on 
which  riso  will  bo  r.ondciwrd  in  tho  oil  of  vitriol,  from  which  fluid  bovaiiu 
will  be  produced,  and  can  be  decanted  or  drawn  from  below  and  washed  In 
water. 

Hon  8p«dfle  dinctioas  will  bofonrtmlod  whcDover  thirt  munuAaurcialn 
tMlBtrodlMOd.  ticijicctfuli}',  otc. 

In  coQnwtioa  witli  tlic  ubovo  thcru  aru  LiuurU.tl  in  tliit  report 
aasBTBof  iron  orea  and  limestone,  which  present  qiute  satisfactory 
nscuta. 

For  tho  purpofips  of  transportation  tho  Company  has  in  use 
50  flat-boats,  witli  a  capacity  of  6,000  to  10,000  biwhclis  each,  in 
whicli  t)io  coal  in  floated  iirom  the  miiics  to  Cincinnati  and  otber 
intermediate  porta. 

These  boata  are  provided  wilh  onrs  and  swecpit,  and  manned 
with  i  men  each,  bcsidce  tbc  pilot.  They  generally  go  lashed 
in  pum,  with  one  pilot  to  a  pair.  Thesa  flat-boats  are  of  a  verj 
Itgnt  conatruction  for  the  transportation  of  so  heavy  an  artic" 
coal ;  and,  being  controlled  only  by  hnnd  power,  there  i«  a 
Biderable  risk  of  loss  fVom  the  violence  oi  the  ourrcut  in 
water,  snags  in  low  water,  Ice,  and  high  winds.  This  rtsic  is 
indeed  small  from  We.st  Cohunbia  Ui  Cindnuuti,  oonipared  wttb 
that  which  is  encountered  by  tho  Pitlabui^  and  MonongaheU 
boats,  which  make  a  voyage  of  500  to  600  miles  or  more. 

It  has  been  the  purpose  to  use  aubsiantiat  barges  for  getting 
tho  coal  to  markvt,  no  an  to  n^duuu  to  lu;  unimportant  minimum 
tbe  risk  of  loss  on  the  river.  The  bailee  are  suUtantialW  btiilt 
of  4-inch  stuff  for  the  siding,  whtlu  the  flaVboat  radw  are  butoao 
inch  in  thickness.  The  barges  are  100  to  ISO  feet  long,  by  18  to 
20  feet  brofttl,  and  7  feet  deep.  They  contain  about  10,000 
bushels.  There  are  now  16  of  these  borgeo.  These  boigw  UQ 
fin-  lowing  by  the  Company's  ntcam  tow-boats  exprealy  fitted  vf 
for  this  use,  and  for  towing  back  the  empty  barges  to  tbc  mines. 

The  Company  Miy : — 

The  incrcaBcd  prodnction  (Vftm  the  minoi  renders  ft  indispenaable,  how- 
ever, that  we  should  bo  provided  with  another  toW'bMit  of  Roofl  power  and 
light  drsiiRht,  so  M  to  be  thoroughlj^  tfficiont  at  the  lowcat  (lagc  of  naviga- 
tmu  The  Itoord  ii  about  dixitn^  a  ne^liation  far  such  ■  boat,  as  well  as  fbr 
Mouriiig  nevL'rnl  idditionnl  barj^c^  for  tnunvdiate  iim. 

Thwc  two  bonis  being  ktpt  constantly  plyinx  bctwwjn  West  Colnmbia  and 
Oincinnatl  cjtn  rlrar  out  (bo  coal  us  Gisl  u  mined  duririf:  the  iprinR  and  tum- 
mor,  and  until  after  the  usual  Aiijiugl  rise.  Upon  the  reiiumption  of  narica- 
tiwi  for  lai^er  boala  in  Noveniber,  ■  third  t»w-t>oat  will  be  neomsaiy  in  ord«T 
to  plao«  ttie  mettlng  of  our  contracts  for  tbo  winter  of  1 8M-0  byroad  contin- 


4 
I 


1 


4 


Wt$l  CoSuwtbia  JIfiitinff  atui  Manujiieiunny  (hmpai**/,  Va.      SIS 


I 


gmey.  This  bott,  u  It  is  not  immodiiitelT  nnWil,  will  h*  built  bji  tho  Oom- 
n«knj  duHnj;  the  auTnincr  hstud  of  bring  bought ;  thun  enabling  ux  to  cnmbiM 
in  her  model  utd  iiulllt  oil  the  qualiljiu  milable  tor  llic  purpose. 

Al  th«^  thrco  r»il<Tq«  for  loading  oow  in  bm,  w«  can  kvtip  tb«  two  toir- 
bo«U  conBtnntly  nuppKad  with  IomM  barsM  durioft  tho  xprinji  and  nummcr, 
U  4,000  bushels  per  diem  e«n  be  loadod  at  eaoh  imilwkj'.  The  new  r»ilwiyi 
propeoLvil  at  Liiiri'l  ClilT,  and  at  the  l^>ot  or  Loritig  and  JshniOB  atTMts,  will  m 
MiDpletftil,  with  entries  ojirn  for  tho  dcliTtry  of  cool,  b]*  the  tlm«  the  third 
lOT-hoitt  is  Ilninbtd. 

In  addition  to  thesu  fneililivs  for  a  rapid  and  eRkieut  Iransportation  of  oar 
om}  to  miTkct,  the  Bo&rd  has  atithoriMd  tha  conBtrnctlon  of  a  number  of 
■raall,  tight- draught  barges  nr  HnitU,  capable  of  conlaininK  fl.OOO  to  4,000 
bmihehi  each,  aa  au  imporlxiit  facility  for  getting  doim  cool  in  tow  of  a  light- 
dMught  Ht«iSTQ(ir  at  the  l-ttcait  $la^u  of  viatiy.ui«n  in  SepU'iiiber  and  OctOMr. 

It  in  nnt  requisite  to  acck  aoj  market  below  Cincinnati,  and  no  arrangn- 
incotM  for  transportation  bdow  that  point  are  therefore  needed.  With  3S  to 
80barg«8  there  wilt  bo  a  8uflleiency,alloivin«siT  )oa[|4coii»tantl}'g:orng  down 
gtnaro,  nil  vmptj  bargMwitfa  fiats  being  towed  up,  af>  laKnj  mure  for  reload- 
tug  at  the  mints  and  unloa^g;  at  Cincinnati  or  other  ports  of  dettitiation. 

Loaded  lutriji'8  can  bs  safoly  moored  for  aiiy  rc(|ii<alte  period  along;  th« 
■hore  below  tiic  Rofk  tlouiw  entries,  or  at  the  Oompnny's  depot  on  the  Kon- 
tunky  shore,  1  miles  aborc  Cincinnati,  or  at  our  Cincinnati  wbsrvcs. 

No  lueana  for  Iranitpurtniion  of  the  saII  luanufsctureit  by  the  Company  ura 
DOW  needed,  as  under  existinft  rontraets  it  ts  all  taken  by  tho  buyers  at  the 
fiimaccs— they  proriding  their  own  mean*  of  tnutiportkUon.  It  i«,  howcror, 
probabto  tliut  tlie  Couipany  will  get  a  part  of  this  carrying  businvBS  on  ita 
tow-boats,  HO  ihrastho  salt  made  al  West  Columbia  is  destined  for(7innnruifi^ 
aod  intcrmediale  market*;  and,  at  any  future  time,  thin  mode  of  transporta- 
tion OD  be  adopted  by  lh«  Coiup&ny,  if  it  ii  thought  beat  to  dolirer  our  Holt 
ka  «als  iu  the  i^encraJ  market. 

From  the  report  respecting  sales,  the  Company  havo  moid ' 
oid«r»  tliHti  they  can  aupptj'.     The  aggreffate  quaQtity  delivei* 
abl(>,  under  all  toe  contreicto  entered  into,  is  limited  lur  the  present  <. 
by  n  vot«  of  the  Board  to  150,000  buahclB  per  month,  cut  it  v 
deemed  important  to  accumulate  a  fiiU  stocK  in  the  CSuciunatiJ 
yards  before  the  next  winter. 

The  Compnnif's  wholt-sftle  prices  vary  iVom  7  to  81  cent^t,  do* 
pending  on  the  stipulations  respecting  delivery  and  other  circiuu-  i 
Btaneea. 

We  must  take  ItMve  of  this  subject  by  an  eactrad  from  tho  wt  I 
port  relative  to  the  diTidends;,  that  sine  ^a  fwm  of  all  enteipriae&l 
In  doing  so,  we  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  a  regret  that  th(n:«  I 
is  80  much  valuable  and  interesting  information  in  these  exten- 1 
sive  document;)  which  we  have  been  obliged  to  pass  over  without 
even  a  notice  or  alliwion  to  it : — 

The  first  semi-annual  dJTidcnd.  declared  and  paid  in  August,  1S58,  wwj 
computed  upon  the  capital  stuck  of  JBOO.OOO  under  tho  act  incorporating  ths 
West  C'uluinbin  Uining  nnd  ManufaclurinK  Company.     The  rate  of  tlie  diri*  j 
dend,  j-on  will  recollect,  was  3  jier  ci'nt     The  »MOci«tion  with  \a  of  tho  Cla- 1 
danati  and  West  Columbia  Uining  and  Manufaoturinit  Company  has  inerraMcj 
theunount  of  the  issue  of  capita!  stodt  ocrtilioatee  to  $843,001);  and  it  iaopon 
thil  aggregate  issue  that  the  u-cond  scml-kiumal  diridcnd,  being  al  the  rate 
oft JMT  ceM.,  has  been  dectarv-d  and  paid. 

Tdt  the  purpose  «f  cqtiaKxation,  Eaatem  stodiboldera  are  paid  in  the 


B16        7^  Ruditti  Ootd  vnd  Copper  Jtfin*  t^  North  Carolina. 


Treaaiiivr'B  siRht  checks  on  Hew  York ;  wUI«  W«»tcra  Btoftkholders  >nc  ptid 
in  current  fundB  «t  Cincinnati,  tdding  1  per  cent,  bcins  the  curroot  nta  of 
exuliBugu  oil  Ni>w  YcTk.  Tli«  tenns  <>(  our  by-Iaim  rcqujru  Ihat  CBCb  dividend 
atull  Im  paid  in  New  York,  which  in  thug  rirtuilly  dtinc 

The  coinoliciaiion  of  the  two  Compjiaicii  is  prBcticoUy  complete;  j*t  tbe 
fomial  >cl  ut  lliu  Luginl&ture  ia  iviguisitv  hvl'im  tliu  new  ia&uo  of  ccrtifieatM 
Is  made  coTcrinK  tho  a)cgr«|[nt«  capiUl  of  |I,ij()(i,(J()U, 

All  future  dividciiilB  will  be  comimtcd  upon  the  entire  capital  oftliDOOiDOO; 
and  tliu  ratt^  of  our  prugrvM  rn  tLtt  di.-vi.'lu  pine  ill  nC  tlio  property  jiiltifiM  (ha 
bslicf  entertained  by  tho  Board  Ibat  the  third  semi-annual  dividend  Mjabl« 
in  August  uent,  triil  be  0  per  cent  upon  the  entire  capital  of  il,0(X),O0O.  Hn 
niuKoiludu  and  sttadinviM  of  lliu  demand  for  our  uroducta,  toMhor  with  tiM 
trininjt  competition  to  which  wc  can  bo  subji>ct<d,  and  tha  omcisncy  of  4Hir 
plan  of  oiieratioiiB,  justifir  this  cxpeclation.  Nor  do  wo  believbUiat  any  dr- 
cuiiielaiicv  or  inipodimvnl  can  !Ji-riou«ly  impair  our  ability  Iq  ateure  tor  tlw 
Company  the  most  faTorablo  results  whirh  hare  at  any  tima  bMn  tnllcipttoi 

By  reference  to  the  last  semi-annual  Iteport,  pp.  iO,  SI,  and  SB,  it  wil  bs 
aeon  that  whoii  our  mimri;;  and  inanufactunii);  opcntiona  an  rendered  Wtt- 
pletclj  cfllciant  in  all  respects  (limiting  the  buHincitii,  howtT«r,  to  eo»l  and 
m]()i  '"^  iook  for  Mich  a  rate  of  profita  ai  will  enable  the  Hoard  la  divick  10 
per  ctMit.  half  f«arl)'.  Tbe  busiiii'sa  of  the  Company  will  continu«  to  b«  it- 
ivlopod  with  such  c*r«  and  tnerjcy  as  to  steaiiily  approxtmata  tiila  rtaoj^ 
whicb,  a«  an  ulUmatuni  of  profit  from  the  propcrt^r,  will  dotiblltH  b«  Mtia- 
factorj. 

Tlw  Bcport  of  the  Supcrmtcndcnt  of  operations,  and  tbst  of 
tbe  Treasurer,  are  given  entire  in  these  documents;  alao  moob 
informiitioD  relative  to  the  coal  (supply  to  Cindntuiti,  and  an 
abalract  of  the  title  of  the  Company.  Kespectinf;  the  demand 
in  Cincinnati,  it  is  said,  "  In  1826  tlie  iroa  m&sa&oturts  had  got 
fiurly  under  way,  and  needed  coal,  but  there  voa  no  private 
consumption.  Iti  1835,  the  Pomroys  bad  got  their  mmca  in 
operation,  And  coal  began  to  be  u»e<l  iu  private  familiei).  In 
1846-6,  about  2,500,000  bushels  were  consumed.  In  1851-2, 
about  6,000,000  were  coasumed  itt  and  around  Ciucinna^  la 
I8M,  the  demand  will  require  not  leas  than  ten  million  ba:ihel& 
Considering  that  Cincinnati  is  increasing  nt  the  rote  of  twelve 
per  cent  per  annum,  and  that  tbe  oonaumption  of  coal  ^in  ooo- 
sequenoe  of  increased  conRumption,  commerce,  and  di^tnbutioa 

S'  lines  of  transportation,)  is  really  increasing  much  faster  than 
at  ratio,  the  demand  for  cool  in  1859  will  not  be  le^  thaa 
twealy  nullion  bushels." 


i 


Aw.  v.— THE   RTTDISEL  QOLD   ANT)   COPPER    MWE  OP  NORTH 
CAROt.lNA,'— Bv  STRPnira  P.  Lmms,  Golooist. 

Thk  Rndi.'wl  Mine  is  immediately  contiguous  to  tbe  town  of 
Charlotte,  Mccklcnbcr;;  county.  North  Carolina,  tho  north-eMt 
line  of  the  property  adjoining  tho  town  lota 

*  A  Report  upon  the   lUid   Minn,  and  alM  furtlicr  remarks  upon   tlw 
RodiMl  ULdoi  wUI  b<  ioMKtcd  in  thv  Juno  Kiuajbtr  of  this  Haguiuft, 


TV  Ihtdiiti  Ootd  and  Copper  Mint  of  NortS  CaraStta.       517 

It  18  situated  upon  a  liill,  ocar  the  centre  of  tho  pnqjerty, 
about  ORQ  liundrea  feet  in  eleration,  which  risM  Mmewhat 
abruptly,  nnd  is  intcreecteJ  by  tho  vein,  which  paasee  entirely 
through  it. 

Tho  tract  holds  an  oxtcnt  of  ninety  scrca;  some  forty  acres, 
being  thiit  portion  which  liea  next  tne  town,  i^  nearly  l4Td: 
the  n;m;iiniiig  iifty  acrci  oomprim  that  section  which  is  atuated 
upon  the  hill  aad  immediately  around  it. 

Tho  geological  formation  of  this  tract  ia  the  same  aa  that  of 
all  the  ffold-bearing  strata  of  this  rich  n^OQ — a  i^Ioritio  or 
tulooee  Mate,  Tcpoeiiif;  upon  granitic  rock,  and  intersected  by 
Teinaof  fomiginoua  (quartz,  carrying  valuable  working  quanti- 
ties of  gold,  terminating  in  yellow  sulphuret  of  copper  nighly 
chained  with  gold. 

iTio  ooUTBc  of  the  vein  in  NOTth  80'  Kast,  by  South  80* 
West;  the  dip,  or  nnderlic,  ia  ■46°  West.  It  varies  in  width  from 
threo  to  four  icct,  and  extcntls  over  half  a  mile.  With  the  ex- 
oeplion  of  that  portion  of  it  which  occupied  the  thee  of  Ibe  hill, 
and  the  immediate  wimmit,  it  has  never  been  worked.  This 
ODopenod  part  of  the  vein  ia  destined  to  alTord  a.*!  great  returns 
as  any  point  of  it  which  has  bc«n  explored,  if  any  rclianoo  may 
be  placed  upon  an  unbroken  continuation  of  the  same  favorable 
outcrops  over  its  lull  length.  There  is  also  another  vein  running' ' 
parallel  with  the  mtun  vein,  for^  yardx  west  of  it,  across  the 
whole  tract.  The  main  vein  is  a  continuation  <^  the  mineral 
lewl  of  the  Bush  Qill  and  Chitrlotte  Mines  on  the  north  conrao 
of  the  lode,  and  on  iho  sooth  it  continues  into  the  Wilson  Mines. 
It  cannot  be  pomible,  with  such  rich  extTemit4e\  and  a  proven 
rich  centre,  that  the  unopened  part  of  the  rein  on  this  tract  can 
be  othenriae  than  extremely  valuable. 

The  vein  can  be  wcffked  down  to  any  depth ;  and,  as  the 
formation  is  uniformly  regular,  it  is  highly  probable  that  the 
main  and  the  wcfit  vein  unite  at  the  dcpu  of  some  five  hundred 
or  jfix  hundred  feet  If  this  hypothesis  ia  confirmed — and  there 
ore  many  indications  to  believe  it  eventually  will  be — the  yield 
of  ore  at  this  junotion  will  be  beyond  the  bounds  of  computation. 
Two  such  veins  uniting  at  that  depth  most  nve  results  such  as 
are  but  seldom  found.  The  indications  alluded  to  are  the  eon- 
tbnous  contiguity  of  the  veins,  the  slight  variation  of  dip,  nnd 
the  absence  of  tlie  upheaval  of  the  granitic  rock  beyond  the  hill 
on  the  coarse  of  tho  veins.  There  arc  some  minor  facts,  anim' 
portant  in  thcnLielvea,  yet  held  in  connection  with  the  main 
evidcince,  which  tend  to  strengthen  this  conviction — such  as  ihoU 
peculiar  mineml  charaeteristica,  which,  like  individual  features, 
ever  appurluin  to  every  mine;  the  projwrtionato  adimxture  of 
vein  and  ^anguc-ittoiie,  and  others,  valueless  separately,  but 
powerful  in  ci>iii  hi  nation. 

The  branch  or  stream,  from  the  mino  to  Bissol'a  pond,  has 


U8       ni  StOiMi  doU  onj  Cof^MT  IRiM  0/  yorik  CanOu. 


been  worked  over  some  two  or  three  tintea^  prodocing  a  very 
liberal  supply  of  gold  each  time,  aflbnling  noh  wKgoi  to  tKe 
n-orkmcn  ongavvd  in  the  March-  This  branch  pAseea  at  the  foot 
of  the  abrupt  face  of  the  hill,  and  has  recfivcd  ite  fifold  from 
tho  gradual  wearing  down  of  the  hill  through  a  long  series  of 
jeara. 

The  line  of  this  tract  lies  for  about  half  a  mile  on  the  borden 
of  the  railroad,  and  the  turnpike  pasEes  through  the  same  portion 
of  it,  in  that  part  which  approximates  the  town,  rendering  about 
for^  acre*  highly  desirable  for  building  lots,  which  are  already 
in  demand  and  sought  afler.  It  would  be  a  matter  of  oonsidera- 
lion  whether  it  would  be  moat  profitable  to  acll  now,  or  retain 
the  property  for  a  ttill  further  aavancc  in  value.  That  it  must 
eventuiuly  attain  an  increased  valuation  is  highly  certain. 

Capt.  Pcnniiin,  who  limi  charm:  of  the  mine  some  Ofteeo  years 
since,  drove  a  level  from  the  hollow  to  the  mine,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  on  the  courne  of  lode  in  west  vein-  A  cxoas-oot 
was  opent^d  east  from  the  level,  and,  upon  reaching  the  main 
vein,  cut  into  it  four  feet,  and  drove  on  it,  each  way  taking  out  ore, 
the  vein  keeping  four  feet  wide^  On  the  north  end,  ho  foUowea 
on  until  the  surface  was  nearly  reached,  ttien  Runk  a  shaft  on 
west  side  of  vein  down  to  water,  and  worked  out  ore  on  back 
of  lode.  At  tlie  ftouth  end,  he  drora  on  Clieralier's  old  work- 
ing, which  had  been  worked  down  to  depth  of  eighty  feet.  He 
deaued  out  this  old  cugiue  shaii,  and  put  in  a  ouluum  of  pumpa, 
but  ooutd  not  trca  it  from  water,  the  feed<^r  being  too  stmng.  and 
the  engines  too  old  and  not  in  good  working  order,  the  boilers 
leaking  badly.  At  this  i)oint  of  o)>erali<)n.<t  the  mine  was  aboa* 
doned,  for  want  of  means  to  drive  forward,  and  it  haa  sot  been 
worked  since,  exoept  such  surface  work  as  has  been  oarried  on 
bjr  the  rough  and  imperfect  means  of  the  resident  mioera  in  this 
vicinity,  who  have  operated  solely  on  their  own  accoanl  and 
responsibility,  realising  from  two  to  ten  dollani  per  day  each 
man. 

At  the  floor  of  the  Chevalier's  shafts  when  tho  work  was 
abandoned,  the  ore  was  exceedingly  rich,  carrying  a  four-feet 
vein  of  yellow  sulphoret  of  copper  richly  charged  with  gold. 
The  above  facts  are  mentioned  lo  show  that  the  vein  has  boeo 
folly  FToved. 

It  is  at  thi.<<  point  that  operations  could  be  very  profitably 
renewed.  The  ore  can  be  readily  reached  by  suitable  macbi- 
noty,  and  a  large  amount  of  ore  ruiaed  from  a  veiy  early  date 
aflei  the  rc-opcning  of  the  mine. 

When  in  ojxjralion,  lliiw  wtut  considered  one  of  the  first 
quality  of  mines  in  this  State,  and  was  regarded  as  being  equal 
to  the  Copp's  Mine. 


I 


Joltmal  of  Mining  Latei  and  Oryanitatiant, 


610 


JODSNAL  OP  HIXING  UW&  AND  OROANIZATIO.VS. 

lu  jonrr  fmci  law  or  nn  arAT*  or  oomwCTicnr. 

TOIe  8,  a«p.  XIV.  of  RceiKd  Stai.,  1*19. 
Seo.  195.  All  oorpontionx  oiganizvd  ami  MULblisbeil  under  the  prorlidoiis 
oT  (his  chapter,  ah&tl  bo  «ipitblu  to  amo  and  be  tiuuJ,  plead  anj  bo  itnploodvil, 
answOT  t,na  be  ansvrrcil  unto,  >pprAr  and  pr[>«c!cii(«  to  Anal  Jiid^cnt  in  anf 
court  or  dscirhcrc  ;  to  have  a  common  luial,  and  to  attcr  the  amc  at  plcaxurc ; 
to  clwl  in  such  mamwr  an  tbuy  shall  Jel*nuine  all  nectssarr  ofiicurn ;  to  fix 
Ihcir  coiiipciiBatiotis  anddodnotbolr  dutlus;  to  order  awl  esUblish  by-taws  for 
the  fcorcrnmcnt  and  rCRulation  of  tticjr  :^in>,  and  to  alter  and  rnpcat  the 
MRic;  aud  to  tmpluy  all  such  agcntii,  mcohanicx  and  other  laboren,  ax  thoy 
a  hall  lliink  proper. 

Sei"-  106.  Any  number  of  persons  not  1ms  than  Ihrw,  who,  by  arllrles  of 
ai^i^mont  in  vFriting,  linvc  aisiodBtod  or  ahall  asuit^intc,  acnordio);  to  the  pro 
Tiaiona  of  thin  chapUr.  undur  any  name  aanumtd  by  them  for  Uie  purpose  of 
engaging  In  and  corryicig  on  any  kind  of  manuCtctiirtng,  mecbiBlcal,  mining, 
or  quarryuig  businciw,  or  any  othnr  kwful  hiisincm,  and  who  ahalt  eomp^ 
with  the  proviaiutiM  uf  thU  cbaptcr,  ihall,  with  tlicir  mtccesitoni  and  a.-uiKna, 
constitute  a  body  pulilie  and  corporate  undor  tbv  name  aasained  by  them  in 
tbdr  artiolcs  of  association. 

Sec.  I9T.  The  amount  of  the  capital  stock  in  every  auch  corporation  ahall 
be  fixed  and  Itmited  by  the  HloL'khuIdon  in  tbeir  artidci  of  a^uciation,  and 
•btlllDDOcasobeUuthaii  four  thou  sand  dollars,  normoru  thsn  three  hundred 
UlonMnd  dollars,  and  shall  be  divided  into  shares  of  Cwcmy-Hvn  dcillnni  carb. 
Sw.  198.  The  purpose  ftir  which  every  Kuch  corporation  shall  be  eitab- 
lUied,  shall  be  distinctly  and  dcAnitcly  xpei^ified  by  tbc  stock holiltri  in  tbcir 
JMclea  of  association  ;  and  it  ihall  not  be  lawful  fur  said  corporation  to  direct 
W^xratlons  or  appropriate  its  funds  to  any  other  purpose. 

Sec  199.  Wbtn  any  number  of  porions  Khali  have  associated  according 
to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  any  two  of  Ihein  may  cull  tlie  finl  inniting 
of  the  corporation  at  such  time  and  place  as  thev  mav  appoint,  by  ii;i*in|t  no- 
tice Uiercof  in  ariy  one  or  more  newspapera,  publisbEil  in  the  county  in  wliicti 
Mud  curporalionm  to  bu  vslAbllshed,  or  toany  a^oiningcouuty,  at  leAstflfteen 
liays  before  the  time  appointed  for  sncti  meeting. 

ScCL  SOO.  Tlio  stock,  property,  afiairs,  and  busincM  oT every  »uch  corporation 
dull  bo  under  the  care  uf,  and  shall  he  managed  by,  not  leas  Ilisn  three  direc- 
tors, who  shall  be  chosen  annually  liy  the  stneknolders,  at  such  lime  and 
Elaec  as  shall  bo  provided  by  the  by-laws  of  said  corporation,  and  who  shall 
c  stockholders,  and  shall  hold  tliejr  oQlce.i  for  one  year,  and  until  otbara  shall 
be  choKu  in  their  stead. 

Sic.  aCJl.  Every  siich  corporation  shall,  by  their  said  name,  have  nowor  , 
to  ac>iuirc  and  hold  all  such  lond^  tcncEncntk,  and  herx^ditomenta,  and  all  mch  , 
properly  of  every  kind  an  shall  be  neceKsarv  fcr  the  purposes  of  aaid  corpon-  j 
tion,  and  such  other  lands,  Icnetuonts,  and  hereditaments,  as  shall  he  taken  in 
payment  of,  or  as  security  Sir,  debts  duo  to  such  corporation,  ind  to  manage 
and  dispose  of  the  same  at  pleajruro. 

Sflc.  203,  TliB  directors  of  everv  snch  corporation  shall  choose  one  of  their 
number  to  be  president,  and  shall  also  choose  a  secretary  and  treasurer,  and 
such  olCcers  as  tlic  by-laws  of  the  corporation  shall  prescribe,  who  shall  hold 
their  ofDces  until  others  shall  be  chO!itfn  in  llu'lr  stend. 

Sec  203.  The  directors  may  call  in  tbc  mhsi^ripiion  of  the  capital  stock 
of  such  corporaliou  by  instalments,  in  such  proportion  and  at  such  limes  and 
pUees  as  Ihev  shall  think  proper,  by  ci'i'iK  such  noticv  thereof  as  tbc  bydawii 
sbtU  prescribe  j  and  in  cose  any  stocVboldcr  shall  neglect  or  refuse  payment 


530 


Journal  ofSIining  Laxt  and  Or^Kization*. 


tttajsoih  instalment  for  tho  iipocc  of  Mi(Td>;ri  *ft«r  the  nine  dutU  bocotu 
du«  t,aA  i.<iiyablr,  ttiid  mlW  he  shall  havu  iwi-ii  iiotLfltd  therMf,  til*  stock  of 
such  iicelig«nt  ginrk holder  ihtXi  \<k  roM  by  (ha  dirccton;  at  public  auctioB, 
giving  at  least  thirtj  Aay^  notice  thereof  in  Mmc  nemp^wr  pwi&hcd  ta  Um 
count)^  irbi'ro  the  buaincM  ofauch  corporation  i»  trenuctMl,  or  in  an  adjoimiig 
county,  vidthapncMde  of  such  sU«  shall  be  Brat  appllod  In  nyinent  or  (he 
[nglAlment  called  for,  and  the  cxpciiMC  attending  the  call,  and  the  Rfoduo  ehall 
be  refunded  to  the  owner  thcrcuf ;  and  mich  nl«  Nhall  «)ititle  the  DunthMV  lo 
■II  the  richUofa  stockholder,  to  the  extent  of  the  shtrM  lo  bouftsL 

SfC-  SiM.  A  majority  of  the  directors  of  nvery  such  corporatwi,  cooveiKcl 
occordineto  the  hr-Ian*i^  nhall  conttituto  a  qunram  for  the  traniMctJon  of  basl- 
new ;  and  a  luajority  of  the  stockholders  present  at  any  Unl  tneetins  dioU  b« 
OBpablu  of  tmnsacting  the  busine«s  of  that  mectln); ;  nnd  at  all  meetiiiE*  of 
nch  atockholderc,  each  Mharo  ahotl  entitle  the  holder  thereof  to  ono  vot«^ 

Sec  206.  The  directors  of  eveir  such  coniorutiun,  for  the  lima  bein)[,  lAall 
btTe  {lowvr  to  fill  any  Tacnncy  wnirh  may  happen  in  thcjr  board  by  deaUi, 
n^Ktiation,  or  otherwise,  fnr  th«  current  year. 

Sec. -206.  If  it  Khali  m  happen  that  an  election  of  directon  in  any  liuch 
corporalioa  shall  not  lake  place  at  the  annual  meeting  thereof,  in  any  yev. 
such  corporation  shall  not  thereby  bo  dissolved,  but  on  olecUon  may  be  Iwdat 
any  time  n-ithin  one  year,  to  he  Axed  upon,  tttxi  notice  thereof  to  bo  gieMl,  bj 
the  directors. 

Sec  SOT.  Tbo  books  of  «T*ry  such  corporation  containing  their  acoounta, 
shall  at  all  rrasonaWo  timen  be  open  for  the  inspection  of  any  of  the  stoci- 
boldcn ;  a&d  an  often  ax  onco  in  each  year,  ■  xlalement  of  the  aocounts  of  sucb 
coq>OT»(ioii  shall  be  tnnle  by  on)i<r  of  the  directors 

Sec  308.  Every  such  corporation  may  increase  its  capiul  stock,  and  llie 
number  of  (hares  therein,  nt  any  meeting  of  the  xtockhnlden  specialty  warntd 
fur  tliBl  purpose,  pr^vidtid  that  (he  aiuoiiiit  so  incn'Oiied  (ball  not  exceed  the 
omoxml  niitliorixed  by  ihn  provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec  200.  The  mock  of  evcrj-  snch  corporation  shall  be  docinol  p«ntonal 
property,  and  be  (raniiferTrd  only  on  the  book*  of  auch  corporation  In  such 
form  as  llie  directors  shall  pri'jcnbi- ;  and  such  corpontion  iball  at  all  timM 
hare  R  tien  upon  all  the  stocK  or  propi^riy  of  its  members  inrMlH  therein  for 
aC  debta  due  from  them  to  such  corporation. 

Sec.  aiO.  Before  any  corporation  formed  and  cBlabliahed  by  virtue  of  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  roninii^ncc  bitsincsn,  the  prcslderit  and  directors 
Ihereof  shall  cbum^  their  srticleH  of  aiecociation  to  be  publixhrd  at  f'llt  length 
in  two  ncwiipapcrs,  published  in  the  county  in  which  such  corporation  is  lo- 
aaled,  or  in  an  a<ljoiiiiii^  county ;  and  shall  also  make  a  ccrtiflcale  of  the  pur- 
powc  for  which  sur.h  corporation  \*  fbnncd,  tho  amount  of  their  capital  Ktoek, 
Uie  amount  actuallv  paid  in,  and  the  names  of  their  ntuckhoIdrrA,  and  the 
number  of  shards  V>y  each  reapectively  oarntd ;  which  certificate  shall  b« 
UKned  by  the  president  and  a  majority  of  the  dircctori^  ftnd  duponlvd  with 
tho  nccrelary  of  Uiia  Stale,  and  a  dujilicile  thereof  with  the  (Own  clerk  of  die 
town  in  which  such  corr>'>ratioii  is  lo  Iransacl  !U  busioeBS;  and  nid  secretary 
and  said  (oirn  clerk  };hall  rvspeetiiely  record  the  8a4De  in  books  to  be  kept  by 
them  for  that  purpoxc ;  and  n-ithin  thirty  days  ader  the  payiaent  of  any  instal- 
ment called  for  by  the  diteetots  of  mich  rorpunliun.  a  certificate  thereof  shall 
be  made,  t'igned,  dcpoAJtrd,  and  r<!coTdeil  as  nfi)reKuid, 

Sec.  211.  If  any  such  corporation  .^)l»1l  increase  its  capital  stock  as  belbn 
provided,  the  president  and  diretlors  uliall.  uilhin  thirty  day*  thcrcoAw,  make 
«  cartiUcaCe  thereof,  which  shall  be  signed,  deposited,  and  recorded,  ax  in  tbo 
prccecUnK  section  is  provided. 

Sec  313.  Kvery  such  corporation  shall  annually  in  the  month  of  January, 
W  of  July,  make  a  certilic.ilc  contiiiriiiig  llie  amount  of  their  capital  ooinaily 
paid  io,  tlie  amount  of  their  debts  and  crcdilv  nl  the  time  uf  the  making  m 
ich  certificate,  a.t  nearly  a*  the  same  can  be  ascertained,  with  the  oame  of 


4 


I 


P  Journal  of  ifininif  Lawi  and  Organitationt.  591 

Mch  tttockholdor,  and  the  numW  of  shkrM  held  \>y  him  M  the  (UU>  «f  such  . 
eerlifitatp,  wliich  ccrtifickU  rii»ll  be  sipncd  by  Hio  presidrtit  «nd  meertixtf  of''J 
(■kl  coiupAny,  an<l  cJvpMllcJ  willi  the  town  clvrk  of  thi<  t->irn  in  which  nucta  I 
ooiporatinnlraiuiact  lh«irbnsinws;  >nd  wiii^nQTcratiy  ntockhoMcr  shall  tf*nt4 
fcr  Kin  utock  in  anyjwcheorpormtioo.a  ccrtiBf-ftlc  ofsiirh  triumfer  nhnll  forth^ 
witli  be  dL-pusik'd  irith  th«  town  (d«rk  ws  afuivsiiid,  whu  sbnll  notr  the  time  oil 
Bid  deposil.  nnil  remrd  It  nt  fiill  iMIgtb  i'l  a  book  to  bv  k<[>t  by  him  Tor  than 
pmpOiic ;  and  no  tritiiKfcr  of  ttock  ihkll  be  vilid  u  kgKUiSt  uiy  creditor  of  BueS^ 
Slo^'Jcholdvr  ontil  sQch  ccrtilieate  hu  botn  m  depouted:  Mid  all  ctftiflcfttM  of ' 
(nnHfiTs  bf  8lo(-k  made  pursuant  to  the  prorlslona  of  this  Motion  ahall  be  valid 
without  being  TcriHod  by  the  oatb  or  afflnnatjon  of  the  pereon  suhaeiibing 
the  wtoic. 

Set.  318.  The  eertillcatea  raquiu-d  by  the  llirf>e  prcccdinf*  scetinnn,  except 
O«rtificat(sof  tranafere  of  stock.  Hhall  b<<  made  iinilor  outhorBtltrmilion  of  the 
pinon  (tibicnbin|[  the  Muno }  and  if  any  pcraon  nhnll  ah  tii  any  innltirial  fncis 
knowingly  aiTMr  or  affirm  falsely,  bo  iiball  be  deemed  Ruilty  of  pcT|iiry,  and 
ba  punched  accordingly. 

Sao.  914.  If  the  reipital  utock  of  any  siifh  corporation  shall  bo  withdrawn 
moA  nfianded  to  the  Ktockhnldcn,  hc[c«e  the  payment  of  all  the  dnbts  of  the 
oocpontion  for  which  said  ntuck  wuuld  liave  b«et)  liable,  the  ntockhuldcrii  nhall 
be  liable  to  any  such  crvditor  of  such  cnrporalloti,  in  an  ariion  founded  oti  this 
tiatuto,  to  thn  amount  of  the  fsiim  refunded  to  thc^m  tespeotiTcly  an  aforcAiid  ; 
prorided  aliFayi,  that  if  any  »nch  nlockholder  Bhall  be  eumpelki!  by  any  auch 
action  to  piv  the  dcbU  of  aiiv  creditor,  or  any  paH  thweol,  he  ihall  hare  the 
ri^ht,  by  bill  in  equity,  to  call  upon  all  the  Btocthotden  to  whom  any  nart  of 
aaid  atoek  hai  bcrn  roflindcd,  to  oontributo  their  proportional  part  of  ide  anm 
pdd  by  bim  ns  aforesaid. 

8«c.  £15.  If  tbu  diTMton  of  any  aueh  oorporation  shall  declare  and  pay  a 
dfildMiil  when  the  corporation  is  inKdvent,  or  any  dhidend  the  najDunt  of 
which  would  renJirr  it  inaolTmt,  knowinR  minh  eorporatJon  to  bo  Inmlvent,  or 
tlmt  luch  diridcnd  would  render  it  so,  the  direcioni  aaaentinK  thereunto  shall 
he  jeiotly  and  nereially  liable  iu  uu  action,  n>unded  on  this  eUtnle.  for  all 
debts  due  from  Bach  corporatirm  at  the  time  of  aiirh  dividend. 

Sec  SIS.  If  the  president,  directom,  or  aeerelary  of  any  iiuch«on>oration 
shnll  intentionallr  »eg;lect  or  refuse  to  comply  with  the  provisions  or.  and  to 
wfrrunu  the  dutliia  required  oi  them  rcapcctiToly  by  the  aiOth,  Sllth,  and 
SlSth  aection!!  of  tbiti  act,  such  of  them  so  neglecang^  iluill  jointly  and  sOTe- 
rally  be  liable  in  an  action  founded  on  this  statUtlK  rar  til  debts  ofsach  corpo- 
ratiuii  contrncled  during  the  period  of  any  such  neclcct  and  lefiKal. 

See-  21 7.  If  any  corporation,  organiwd  and  cutablished  under  aulhori^  of 
this  chapter,  iliall  Violato  any  of  it*  proviaiou^  and  shall  thereby  bKome  Insol- 
vent, the  <lire('lora  onluring  or  asentlng  to  such  violation  sh.tR  jointly  and  sev- 
erally be  liable  in  an  action  founded  on  this  statute,  for  all  debts  rentractcd 
•lUr  snch  violation  an  aforcstid. 

Sac  ait).  The  General  Aiaetnbly  may  at  any  lime,  for  just  cause,  reecind  the 
power*  of  any  corporation  created  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  diaptcr, 
and  prtHcribe  such  modn  as  may  bo  occcsury  or  expedient  for  the  lettlccnont 
of  >l8  dSiin. 


McuioN  OF  TUB  cownwiomut  or  tatxn. 
IisUr/vrtne*  bttvetn  liurrtuit,   WethenJl  tnd  Jbnti. 
8o  ftt  a*  two  of  tiie  pmcnt  parti<!n  am  conecmcd  (in  nlation  to  each  other), 
dllccan!  baa  before  been  conMilercd  by  the  Office,  bntsuob  was  then  tbf  state 
<f  Ibeevitlenoe  that  neither  parly  seemed  entitled  lathe  patent  for  the  Hubjcct' 
iDBUer  of  tliat  controveny — both  partiot  dcsirintc  permianon  to  take  fiirtlier 
taatuDony,  and  another  corapelilor  presenting  himselC  ■  sucoud  iulederence 
was  declared  and  another  trial  k>w*> 
Vol.  II.— S6 


4 


6S1 


Jbantal  of  Minitiff  Lavs  and  Orpanuationt. 


At  betncco  BuTTOirir  ftnd  W«iher«U  (omo  now  GkIs  aod  tinnuutuioM 
ban  boni  brought  uut  which  witl  kid  i«  fising  priorit/. 

In  tlir  Urciuon  civwri  oii  tho  pMrioos  oecMoti,  (t  wu  stated  thnl  Biirroiri 
could  not  bo  entitled  to  a  pat«nt  bccauM  h«  had  not  Htiown  that  Ik  had  over 
bean  auocewrul,  and  no  «oun>o  ina  painted  out  in  thu  tcatimonjr  bj  whioh  tlw 
<Mia»  of  Us  want  or  Nucreiu  tuuld  bi-  now  arDtded.  Th«  lama  difllcaHy 
wdMA  xiiU.  Aftw  havinfi;  his  attviitiofl  called  to  (hat  point,  and  after  a  fw) 
OMMTtunity  of  supplyinK  any  dcfvct  in  tho  prcriom  UMttnonf,  no  sulBatint 
dirtctiona  can  be  gulhrrrd  from  BurroWH*  tcstjinonjr  Ibr  mccaKTullf  making 
i*hit«  oxide  of  ainci  and  Burrows  liai  now  left  the  oMntnr. 

Th«  ctrcumsUncvs  whioli  inor«  tlian  unf  Other  smcnvd  (o  stand  In  the  Wty 

of  Wothcrcll's  pati-nt  on  Ih*^  forninr  oocasion  was  the  fact  sworn  to  by  Ptppar, 

that- Wcthereil  had  olicrcd  BurroiTH  that  he  would  paj-  the  cxpeiuca  if  the 

latter  would   lake   the   proper  steps  for  necuriri!;  a   patent,   and  pre  him 

{Welh«r«ll)  one'cighlh  part  of  the  inti-rest  therein.     Ttiis  amountail  to  Ml 

liwliiiiMion  of  Wetharvll  that  Burrows  had  then  tarried  bin  diiKOfnriM  ver; 

inearlr,  if  not  quite,  to  the  point  of  pntvntabilic;.     Had  that  point  been  •!• 

MfBCo,  althou^  Wbtherell  mif;ht  hare  made  great  imnrvvement  on  the 

lyncats  used  bj  Barrows,  the  latter  would  have  been  eotilfad  to  the  principal 

[:pftt«nt. 

I  But  I  am  now  if  Iho  opinion  that  Burrows  had  not  ATtied  his  iitrention  to 
I  the  point  of  patentability. 

I  In  the  first  place,  his  eiperimcnta  were  fonndod  in  error,  and  although  he 
I  who  unenaeolcdly  uiakes  a  discoreir  is  just  as  nmc\i  entitled  to  a  patent 
I  u  thnu)(h  he  hvf  l:«rn  tcnided  bv  nurnlatinns  founded  an  tbo  most  unerrhiB 

Erinciples  of  scicnee.  j-el,  if  in  propinj;  in  the  dark  he  fiibi  to  find  that  whiefi 
i<  BVeks — -vvcn  iilthoiigh  he  shuuld  stunihle  over  it— ht>  eontigully  to  the 
I  object  of  his  si^arch  Is  not  to  he  rr^^r'li.Hl  in  the  same  light  aa  though  all  hla 
I  BtovoRicntA  had  been  |[uided  by  mtfilli^ni^e.  and  hit  Gtilure  toobtain  complete 
I  pjcocan  ivax  attributable  to  other  caiiecA  than  a  want  of  knowledice. 
I         In  the  aeoond  place,  the  fact  that  a  necfOnd  opportunity  waa  pTCo  to  Bur 
,  li>ws  to  supply  tbo  defeolH  of  bin  former  teslitnony,  without  any  favorable 
result,  adds  to  the  praMmptioti  against  hint,  while  tho  factor  hU  being  in 
Oalifornla  or  Australia  nndon  it  probable  that  be  had  abandoned  bia  aup- 
poaod  discovery. 

Bat  finally,  it  appears  from  tho  teatimony  of  laanc  W.   lUmum  that 

WeUierell  had  xtated  thnt  Burrowx  could  not  kucccikI,  anil  that  when  he  was 

satiaflcd,  and  abandoiied  his  undertaking,  he  ( Wetherell)  would  make  jiomcthing 

out  of  it.     A  similar  slalein«nt  will  bo  found  in  gome  other  portion  of  tho  tea- 

timony. 

I         Theno  are  atatementa  of  Wetheretl  called  out  by  the  couawl  for  Burrows. 

I  and  consequently  legal  tcsliniony  as  a(i;ninHt  Burrows.     Aa  such  th«y  tend  to 

r  diow  Riilure  and  abandonment  on  the  part  of  Uiirrowg. 

I         If  then,  Burrowa  failed  to  make  a  paientablo  invetttlDn,  no  matter  how  ntU 
i  he  <xme  to  it,  and  no  matterwhat  wa»  the  caujte  of  hia  hilupc,  hia  experiment 
I  irlU  not  aland  in  the  way  of  Wetheretl's  pitent     And  it  niattora  not  in  this 
^Tiotrof  the  case  whether  WctherellaTailud  himself  of  the  result  of  the  experi- 
ments made  by  Biirmwt,  nor  even  wliDther  those  cxpcrimcnta  firat  suncetod 
lo  him  (Wol.hercll)  the  very  diseOTery  whieh  he  afterwanbi  made.     Bo  who 
(Inallr  really  makes  the  actual  discovery  ii  entitled  lo  the  patent     As  between 
Burrows  and  Wetherell.  Iherefore,  priority  will  be  awarded  to  the  latter.     Tbc 
I  «oatc«t  will  therefore  he  between  \Vcih?t^ll  and  Jonc". 

I  There  ii  no  doubt  of  ilnnes  havint;  first  uwd  a  furnace  similar  to  that 
Lwl^ted  bv  Wcthereil  fitr  the  purpose  of  making;  oxide  of  line  directly  bom 
Bjfefrtre.  llii  ori(;lnul  purposo  was  not  to  make  liiic  paint,  but  lo  bcHUMa  Uh 
^MMIlftiliui  of  the  metallic  Krnc  itself  Hu  nUtti  liimaolf.  In  a  eommtinieatim 
tMnswd  to  the  Ofilcf,  the  nWoct  he  had  in  view.  The  iron  in  the  lioc  ore 
-MTved  w  a  Dux  to  th«  materia]  of  which  tho  rctortt  tuod  in  tli«  reduction  of 


4 


Jountat  of  JUning  Laat  unc/  Ortfanitatmiu. 


S38 


liac  ON  were  oamposed.  Tliia  tooa  ruined  thoac  rclorU.  To  obriiM  ihia 
difficulty,  he  *ougbt  to  scpanU  th*  tine  rrom  ibo  iron  on,  and  this  wm  tin 
cod  for  which  h«  iniitilutfd  hin  expcrimcntii. 

The  bet  of  hla  hkriug  such  »  purpoHu  nould  not  prcjiidiM  his  rights  if  he 
had  mailt  a  duaopirp,  (tMuch  it  diirvrvd  «vcr  so  much  from  that  ho  WU' 
HEcJting.  But  after  ■  canAu  esamination  of  the  testimony,  there  doei  not 
aeem  ta\y  good  roasoii  to  oooolude  thut  tic  can  buriy  bo  con^dervd  u  h&Tiitg 
nuda  the  auhstantial  disoOTary  whicli  ia  the  kubjcct -natter  of  the  prwanl* 
controveraj. 

Tme,  he  may  in  tome  inMancc*  have  ■uccoedod  in  obtaining  tlie  white  uxidi 
Ol  rinc  in  an  imperfect  ibito,  dirctlly  from  the  ore,  liy  the  «»c  of  a  ftjmaee-. 
T«J  limilar  to  that  finally  uned  by  Wcthcrcll,  but  nlJll  he  was  not  KUCKMwfii!. 
Ha  ncvtr  discovered  tlio  preciw  mode  of  jirofCM  liy  which  the  reduction  of 
the  orvfl  eball  take  place  without  the  alagging,  whicli  in  wholly  incompatible 
with  any  Idea  of  aucccia. 

Even  rarrington,  hi,»  main  witness,  peemnd  to  K^wd  the  tiperimcnt  aa  a 
failure.     The  tf-^liiiioiiy  uk-arly  stjown  that  Jonci  himnclf  so  ranrd*'!  it. 

Richard  Janes  ataU'S,  that  liaTing  suj^gmledlheplacineof  l&cfucl  andr.inc 
m  oontiEaily,  he  was  assured  by  S.  T.  -lonca  that  it  would  slag,  as  they  had 
frequcnlJy  found  liv  «i;periuii>ii[,  and  that  from  the  whole  tfnor  of  hia  conduct 
and  convvrsation.  It  wag  evident  that  he  rrgarded  the  experiment*  as  failiirvi^. 
Thi«  was  after  he  seemed  to  have  roa»ed  cxpctimentiiig  on  that  mbjecL 

Nathan  Barllett  slatcK,  tliat  about  the  Istof  October,  18fia,  he  lieard  Jonea, 
Farriiigloii,  and  Curtis  elate  tliJU  tfiev  had  tried  the  name  plan  ae  Wctherell  In 
High'Slrecl,  Newark,  and  ahandati/id  it  a*  impnutkabte. 

Thexc  Ktatvnient;!  irero  fullnwcd  up  by  fact^  qiiilo  as  uneouiTOcal.  The 
funiacc!!,  after  many  trialH,  were  abandoned,  and  other  toodes  ot  nianaging  the 
liAC  ore  were  ajlopled, 

Jonui  ncrer  fairly  attained  success,  and  he  undoubtedly  abandoned  bia  ex- 
periments and  all  the  &iiit«  thereof;  and  there  is  nu  probability  that  he  would 
ercT  have  recoramenced  them,  or  that  the  world  would  ever  have  been  beneflt- 
cd  by  the  dincovery  (if  this  process,  had  there  been  no  other  discoverer  hut  hiio. 

Although  Jones,  therefore,  aj>proiichod  ver^  near  this  discovery,  I  see  no 
rcMon  to  conclude  that  be  ever  fatrly  attained  it,  and  am  therefore  couipelled 
to  conclude  that  WothoTDll  waa  the  prior  inventor  within  the  fair  meaning  of 
the  law.  A  jialent  will  therefors  be  ellow^  him,  unless  an  appeal  be  taken 
fma  thia  deowioa  wilfain  thirty  day*  from  thia  date,  Dec.  14,  1868. 

Cu>a.  llAioa,  CbmniiirimMr, 

nuMsniH  or  witrao  propbitv  vkpsr  ma  coxxon  i^w. — it  wiu,*       ■ 

It  will  make  no  difference  if  the  ohjccte  of  the  testator's  bounty  *n  directed 
lo  talte  abitolutely  or  in  auccesiien  for  limited  intcresti,  with  remainders  orcr, 
As  the  testator  has  not  thought  proper  to  direct  a  sale,  the  law  prenume:!  that 
be  intended  his  pr<i|H.'rty  to  nn  enjoyed  in  the  actual  condition  in  which  It  U 
left  by  him.  The  ordinary  principles  of  law,  which  will  be  presently  men- 
tioned,  and  whicli  ari.ie  from  the  propriety  of  avoiding  risk  in  windinf{  up  the 
aSbin  of  a  testator,  or  of  making  adequate  provision  tor  persons  succetuiively 
intcrcHtnd  in  the  tuhjcct  of  devise,  are,  thrrerore,  deprived  of  their  operation. 

U  remaina  only  to  consider,  therefore,  the  consiKjuoncBs  resulting  from  a 
devise  of  minea,  when  they  form,  ur  are  direcli'd  to  fiirnt,  pergonal  property, 
acid  •!«  not  the  subjects  nf  a  specific  devise,  or  of  any  (special  dlreclioiis. 

The  law  imposes  upon  on  executor  and  oiiminiitrolor  the  dutv,  and  affords 
him  the  power,  of  collectiiiz  tbc  a.isels  and  dintrihutinj;  the  euects  of  a  tes- 
Mtor;  ([cnotally  speaking,  tnev  have  the  coin|)l('[c  control  over  the  perMiUl 
property  of  tile  decowed.  It  U  their  duty  to  perform  their  trust  In  a  tuimer 
nort  advantagWHU  la  (he  estatf.     When  minea,  tbervforv,  have  been  Tesbed 

•  OantUmtd  fteo)  p.  ««,  Tfil.  U. 


SM 


Journal  of  Mining  Lautand  Or^aiaatioiu. 


In  an  eZMUtor  without  wiy  upccial  ditvctiotui  trith  rcitpect  lo  Ibtm,  or  m»  to 
thd  tulminiitratoT  bj  operation  of  law,  (fauite  pi>raoiia1  rvprvwDtatircs  will  hkTV 
full  powiT  to  di8[">^1^  of  th':ni,  withoiil  r^ftiriinw  to  Itie  Tm;!  of  their  bvlsg 
do^M'il  niQonttat  property  of  n  perishable  and  uncertain  nature.  It  lu.t  bocn 
held,  indeed,  Llint  dlnvt  actn  of  abuM,  miaapplication  oT  uwta,  fraudDknl  or 
neglectful  uiiamuiiagvuieiit  of  th«  wUt*,  inn  churg«  thom  witli  the  ««nB»- 
quoDceti  of  a  <fini(M(<ici(,  and  will  rrndor  thrm  pcnnnaKj  liable.  tUil  cntirts 
of  equity  havo  always  been  txtrcmclv  liberal  in  defining  the  duties  of  an 
tutecutor  or  adiuiiiinlratDr,  aitd  cnutious  iii  ninduriiij;  thi-in  liable  upun  S&glit 
grouiiila.  Thr.ro  do<«  not  apptai  lo  b«  any  raiMn  fbr  conehKlIitK  that  a  per- 
sonal roptxnentatiTc  in  obliged,  under  mich  eircumftanc^cn,  to  diiposc  of  the 
mining  property  of  the  deceaaed,  although  he  waulil  certainly  bv  liable  for 
oonsequetic**  Imlnwil  by  CArryiniii  on,  or  conciirriii^  In  carrying  on,  miotDg 
BtlpliUlioni)  in  an  nnrenannoble  or  ncf^lcetful  cnunv  nt  minRMDagnncnt.  U 
ha*  bocn  tufva  that  mining  i»  a  kinJ  of  trade,  thougli  it  woaH  bfl  iinpoiuible 
to  taUUish  any  coinplolH  aimlo^y  to  oriiinory  trading.  Now  Ihc  jivraonal 
nproseotntiTRs  of  a  di-Kenscd  ownir  have,  in  jc^ncnl,  no  authority  lo  carry  oa 
I  bin  buFincM.  And  with  respect  to  the  public,  they  will  become  ncrMnallj 
liable  on  fuihtre  of  aaeirts  to  all  debts  cuiitractcij  in  conneetion  with  it  moe 
tlie  dvath  of  the  ovrnor. 

It  may  br-  nbscrved,  however,  that  in  taunt  of  diatant  contract  by  Ihc 
deceaned,  the  rcpreaentatiTei  will  be  bound  to  carry  on  a  bunncci  Thi* 
tiotactiuicB  happens  In  aava  of  parlnerahip. 

Such  woiiU]  appmr  to  ba  th«  attuation  of  an  ^xerutir,  whvn  th«  ninca  ara 
destined  It)  devolve  immediAely  for  the  bjiicfit  of  persons  takinK  pcrmanttit 
intcreHta  in  the  TufkI^  itut  If,  on  (he  other  band,  they  ara  to  ferm  a  propertr, 
or  part  of  a  fund,  limited  fint  to  t«auita  Ibr  life,  and  (hen  (o  penona  m 
remainder,  it  may  be  clearly  deduced  ftwm  the  wi»es  on  thia  suhjcirt,  not  only 
that  a  tenant  for  life  may  call  upon  the  eicculor  or  admin tutnilor  to  conrert 
Iho  property  into  the  8  per  cent,  consols,  but  that  tlicy  wH!  be  persooaUy 
VMe  for  the  cnnsc<|n«nrei)  if  they  do  not  no  conrert  it  For  it  in%bt  other- 
wIm  happen  that  the  penmna  in  remainder  could  derive  no  boneftt  from  tb« 
devise,  by  the  entire  exhnustion  of  the  proflt*  and  property  during  tho  enjoy- 
ment of  the  tenant  for  life. 

This  pri[icl;ilo  of  lh«  courts  of  eiulty  iit  oftmch  unEversat  application,  that 
It  is  contained  in  every  decree  under  such  circiinistanccs,  with  nisncict  to  »ny 
wearing  out  funds,  or  any  fitnd  in  which  the  tenant  for  life  niifcnt  bavc  an 
kdvantagv  0*«r  thOM  in  remainder.  It  applies  to  all  the  public  funds,  except 
those  invariably  selected  by  the  courts  for  the  investment  of  minas,  vIe,,  the 
per  ccnL  consols. 

In  a  late  cane  of  imjjorUnce,  •  testator  nave  tho  residue  of  bis  pcmonal 
estate  to  trustees,  with  directions  for  Ihein  to  convert  and  kdveiit  liie  proceeds 
in  government  or  real  securities,  of  which  thvy  were  lo  Bland  possessed,  upon 
trust  for  a  tonanl  fur  life,  with  remainder  over.  Tho  trustees  permitted  ■ 
share  which  tho  tcEtator  had  in  an  IniUan  loan,  bconng  interest  nt  £10  per 
CSIiIt  to  remain  for  several  years  iinconvortcd,  and  paid,  during  lliit  tjmev  Uio 
whole  of  the  bterest  to  the  tenant  for  life,  ^e  loan  was  ahcrwards  paid  off^ 
and  tho  money  wafl  invested  in  thu  3  per  cents.,  at  a  time  tho  funds  were  M 
low,  that  tho  amount  of  stoek  purchased  was  coiiaidorably  greater  than  if  Ibo 
conversion  had  Liken  place  at  i)ie  end  of  a  year  (toiu  the  testator's  death.  U 
waaheldb^I.ord(ilfror<),  Ihat  the  tenant  for  life  was  not  entitled  to  Uwactaal 
Interest  which  the  money  yielded  on  tltu  Indian  security,  but  only  to  tbe  divi- 
dend* of  so  much  8  per  ccnL  stock  an  would  have  beon  purchased  with  it  at 
the  end  of  a  year  from  llie  tealator's  death ;  that  tho  tn»t4>ts  ou^bt  to  b« 
charged  with  the  whole  of  tho  stock  actually  purchased,  and  all  the  sOBa 
aclufdly  received,  and  that  they  oujtht  to  bo  allowed  in  their  diKhargW  U 
payments  to  tho  tenant  for  life,  not  the  sums  ai'liialty  paid  to  her,  but  only  a 
aum  e(|aal  to  what  elia  would  have  received  for  diridcnda,  if  the  UMoey  had 


JjaHHiat  af  Mining  Lawt  and  OrganitalUmt. 


6S& 


b«cii  tmuferrod  from  the  Indian  security,  uiil  inrtated  is  the  3  jper  cents.,  at 
tbe  end  Af  a  year  from  the  tcnUior'a  drnth^  Lord  Ljndburat,  on  appml,  con* 
Bnoed  tliu  judgment  | 

The  same  nriiidple  will  «qtuUy  apply,  when  there  ii  no  exprtus  ilirecUon 
■n  the  (tKtatnr  s  will  for  the  convnnioD  of  his  pummml  e^te;  for  it  has  been 
tield,  that  what  the  court  would  docroc,  it  will  o^oct  from  an  Ol«c<ltor. 


VErilL'EI-A    Hisno    LJtir. 

,  Bich  silver  and  icolil  mined  having  hton  dlscotered  at  Canpano,  Duaea,au(l 
Tiuiiario.  in  Vcneiacla,  the  OoagRW  of  the  Rcptiblic,  which  ntct  in  Juinary 
Udt,  hu  !>«■»  (lisoiiwirtg  a  law  U)  protect  the  mining  interest  and  to  promut« 
llie  working  of  the  mines.  Tim  law  h^g  passed  Ilio  Senate,  and  liad  then 
r«c«iTnd  two  reading's  tn  lh«  IIoujio  withaut  oppoution.  The  following;  ore 
the  partitulus  embnced  in  it : — 

Tho  Execoti»«  is  fmpowtrtd  to  gite  grants  of  mines  to  persons  applying 
to  work  them. 

Thin  Krant  inmirea  the  property  of  the  miner  for  ercr  to  the  gnntco,  and 
from  that  moment  the  mine  can  lA  trangferrod  or  conveyed  to  any  other  nial 
estate,  not  boing  subject  to  forfeiture  for  any  tause,  but  bold  as  any  other 
prwcrty, 

Th«  mine  can  bo  sold  or  disposed  of  in  parts,  or  in  uy  other  mtnoer, 
wilboiit  any  furthBr  consent  fVom  the  goremniunt 

Those  who  are  now  in  poiwcmion  of  minoi  by  coopjswtonit  or  d^elitrrtionii 
gircn  proviouK  to  tlie  paaisiiga  of  thin  law,  will  be  full  proprietors  without  uiiy 
further  rormaltllcB  after  the  day  of  Ibo  promulgation  of  the  law,  no  previous 
report,  messurcments  of  lands,  or  other  nrtiirtiinary  sl(^s,  being  necessary. 

The  tnincrt  and  other  persona  employed,  and  common  laborers  at  tbo 
mineii,  are  free  from  any  military  service,  nad  all  muuicipal  taxes  or  liervices. 

The  yield  of  mines  worthed  in  VcncEuela  will  be  firo  for  twenty  years 
IVom  til  duties  or  taistion,  national  or  miinlripal,  which  time  is  (o  be  reckoned 
from  the  day  this  law  is  published.  This  exemption  include*  the  toll  paid  on 
the  roadii. 

No  import  dulii'C  will  he  exa^'ted  on  machinery,  tools,  apparatus,  or  any 
athoT  ntcnsilB,  imported  lor  Uie  working  of  mines. 

Proprielom  of  mines  who  should  esialilish  in  Venecnela  mcltine  fomacm 
(o  work  and  soparat^  the  metals  (ram  their  ores,  will  reoeivo  from  the  Rxecu- 
tJvo  three  milcc  of  land  conliguouK  to  the  mine,  or  in  any  other  place  thoy 
should  prefer,  that  tbey  might  esubli^  on  them  the  necessary  olBces  and 
buildings. 

The  gold  and  silver,  the  product  of  the  mines  worked  in  Veneeucla,  will 
only  pay  when  coined,  as  mint  duty,  five  per  cent  for  the  gold,  and  two  and 
ahalf  per  cmLfor  theailver;  no  other  duly  is  ever  to  be  exactod. 


roRKST  xaata  cohfut. 


Stephen  Ban,  PrMident;  Horatio  BIgelnw,  8«crotaTyBBd1VeuilTer;  Robert 
R  Livia»;s(oti,  Mining  .\Rcnt ;  ('.  M.  Sanderson,  Clerk ;  Stephen  Itall,  Williaiii 
Hey  wood,  E.  D.  Uriaham,  Charles  Scuddcr,  G.  Winthrop  tJoffin,  Augilitiu 
Coburn,  lKn«tort ;  John  Simpkins.  Transfer  Agent  in  New  Xork. 


laanKLLa  oorean  cokpaht. 


Isabella  Cooper  Company,  of  Poik  county,  Tcnnnaee.  Hio  Dtfwctws  art 
taaac  Otis,  of  tliu  Atlantic  Bank,  Alexander  Hamillon,  Willian  HidtBOn.  John 
3(snton.  and  I.yman  W.  Gilbert  Ur.  L  Vf.  QUbvrt,  President;  and  tlcnry 
Adaau,  Treasurer  and  Secretary. 


«w 


Commercial  Jtpicl  of  tltt  Minin/j  Tnttrtil. 


man  coi.tnratA  mMmo  Am  vAscrAcrvHixu  c^*rxsi. 
W.  B.  Robbitis,  Presidpnt ;  S,  E.  Mack,  Srcretary  and  Tre»i(iir*ri  H.  V»i»- 
bcf];cn,  S.  E.  Matk.  J,  U.  Wilby.  CiTnit.iiali.  0. ;  J.  R,  Payson,  W.  R  RobWiw. 
Ontoelon,  Ky. ;  Thos,  A.  Itnitcr,  BokIoi,  Mbih,  ;  R  A.  Johnson.  New  York; 
B.  K.  Robin*.  Klishn  Colt,  Hartford,  Coiin..  BosmI  of  Dirocton ;  £lialiB  Mack, 
Superintendent;  H.  VanbcrEvn,  Ag«iil;  R.  Q.  lU<:k«y,  EoginMr. 

IIAVKMmiAW  KliltHa  xtio  iNon  L-ourjiHT. 
D.  0.  KctlogR,  Praud«Dt ;  Thonuu  A.  Browii,  S«cretUY ;  Wtn.  A.  Pairdd, 
¥rawuKr:  D.  0.  KvIIo(;g,  ThoTruis  A.  Brown,  Henry  Mills,  Ooorg*  Ktmll, 
"Vta.  A.  FiunJd,  all  of  New  York,  Directors. 


LnllKIAT   OOLD   COBPAffT. 


T!w  offlccm  elected  last  week  «rc,  S.  0.  Davis,  Prtmdcnt ;  H.  iSclioontnnker, 
Samuul  i^mitb,  Tliomaa  0.  bunnt,  J.  L  Colby,  F.  Osgood,  and  W.  W.  Palmar, 
DinctoTL 


Mn.VlU.N   COLO  OOKPASr. 

The  ofBcvri  are,  X  0.  Uallory,  PrMidunt;  Oordon  Bumtunn,  Tiihiutct; 
and  D.  W.  iDgersoU,  Secretary.  The  DErvcIors  are  Oordon  Bnmhasi,  i.  C. 
Mallory,  G«r»rd  Crane,  J.  N.  Wyckoff,  and  D.  W.  IngerwU,  of  N.  Y. ;  Ool. 
J.  B.  UoTgau,  of  Va.;  and  J.  iL  Johnirton,  of  N.  H. 

Ti»  nnccxtsRinnit  CAXHin.  cOAt  COKPAIcr. 
Jamas  W.  John,  Pmident;  Charles  T.  Pionon,  Tkc  Presidcut;  Jobn 
Tliompaon,  TiMSurer :  Saiuuul  P.  Ucadluy,  SecrcUir;  Luther  W.  Badger, 
Attlttaot  SeCTDtv;.  Dirpctors :  John  ThoQipsoit,  James  W.  Jolunion.  CharUfl 
T.  Piamn,  Samuel  F.  Jleadlcy,  Jnmiih  M.  Brown,  G<»rg«  W.  Hite,  AM 
BnuM^  Jr. 

BABTroRD  ooywrr  Hurraa  tuxaxn. 
J. Burrows  Hyde,  Prcsidant;  H.  11.  Sheldon,  Treasurer;  A.  R  Jerome. 
Bicretny.     Directora:   Edward    LanEdon,   Southinp^n.   Conn.;   Edwin  O. 
Goodwin,  Bristol,  Conn. ;  A.  S.  Jerome,  Now  York ;  Elisha  B.  IVatt,  BMton, 
MaaiL;  J.  BuirMraHyda,  New  York;  L.  W.  Coe,  Irtous  Adkins. 


COMMERCIAL  ASPECT  OF  THE  MINING  INTEREST. 

Niw  Y»a«,  Aptii  9SJ,  1B64. 
TlieinaTliet  for  the  put  month  has  been  one  of  unusual  duUneaa,  aDd«T«rj 
■todi  on  the  lint  has  lallen  olT  miteriatly.  This  tmi  been  particularly  the  caM 
With  N^rlh  Caroltnn,  wliii:b,  aflor  the  failure  of  Hr.  Borneo  to  fumiib  tb* 
r«sults  so  confldontly  [iroinlsed  fn>m  his  expcrimi-nts  to  extract  bItct  from 
their  ore,  fell  rapidly-  to  2J,  where  it  now  stands,  Hanj  beliaren  ill  tUl 
fiction  have,  no  doubt,  paid  dearly  for  their  rrrdaUty.  We  DOW  (oepMt  19  BM 
the  Company  EOTigoroualj  to  work  andderclop  thereMurCMOfthdrinineand 
send  tlieir  copper  rapidly  forward  to  market,  ao  that  the  stockholdtft  xaay  ha,n 
aome  tangiblo  eridence  of  their  long  promised  diridends. 


Oonnaerrial  Atptel  of  th*  Mininy  Tnlensl. 


5S7 


Im  Pmmyhania  »nd  I^high  u\4  HUUr  Hocka,  th»  prices  Iuto  bean  7wj 
mman^,  altlniURh  the  accnimtt  from  both  Cocd|moIm  w«n  ncnr  b«tt«T. 
IboM  of  th*  kttcr  arc  Mid  to  be  cxe«sdinj(ly  cnoonngiBg. 

MeCvlioMgh  «Cock  bv  fellcn  off  coniiidcrabij'  from  the  point  »t  wWoh  it 
Stood  Kt  our  )ut  Ubu«.     The  ituclc  hix  h^ntoforo  bceu  in  fcvr  huiJa,  Biid  the 
price  bw  been  chOj'  nuiul^n«d    Tlio  <li«poul,  Iiow«*er,  of  com pir&li rely 
'few  8bftr«8,  liu  CAUsod  Iho  prico  to  fall  off  froui  TJ  (o  0],  at  which  figure  it 
now  stwidtL    This  prico  is  ercn  high  for  a  stoclc  whinh  hu  never  paid  a  divi- 
dend, being  J  abore  par.    Lindtay  han  oIko  Ekllcn  <tS  connidcrablf,  and  fram 
the  quantity  of  stock  offered  upon  the  murki-t  Kocms  dmtined  to  go  lower,    tt 
is  Mud  tu  be  a  ^od  miu«,  and  its  IHi'iida  predict  tlint  it  will  provti  u  produo- 
tire  as  McCiillongh,  but  the  price  &t  which  it  is  setting  VMiars  no  sort  of  com- 
'  parison.   The  price  of  Dftp  Itiver  ii  coniluttly  rcooding,  the  xtocic  being  duly 
offered  at  3S  ctN.  per  ahve,  witb  no  better  bid  than  10  cto.     Gold  Bill  con- 
tinues to  pay  its  dlridaod  of  two  per  cent.  OTtry  sixty  days,  but  the  grvat  litult 
In  th«ors>nixationofthcM  Campanica  has  been,  oa  wc  itatod  at  the  com  men  ce- 
ibcnt  of  our  Mignidnc,  their  large  uominal  cipitaL    The  profits  an  reaped 
principally  by  tiie  projector*,  and  the  stockholders  who  comu  in  later  have  to 
wait  a  k>ng  wtiilu  before  tticy  rcc«ivu  any  dividend,  if  tv«r.   In  addltton  to  this, 
U  the  Grvt  prcssiiro  in  Ihe  money  market  shows  their  emptiness,  and  they  Ul 
^Tcry  rapidly  to  something  like  their  real  value.    The  only  stock  on  the  list 
^wfaich  has  maintained  its  price  without  fliictnation,  is  Phanit  (hid.    Hie 
'Pretidcnt,  who  has  recently  returned  from  the  mine,  gireM  a  rooxt  fiatlering 
Account  of  iU  condition  aud  pro«pecls.   Willi  its  present  machinery  it  is  mtk- 
itig  over  $50  per  dny,  above  all  cipcnsus,  and  in  six  weeks'  time,  with  llic  addi- 
tion of  the  new  machinery  they  will  put  up,  tbor«  will  be  a  net  pruGt  of  $lfiO 
tpur  diem.    Tlii^  upon  a  capital  of  only  (300,000,  will  bo  a  very  handsome 
rotum,  and  upon  the  present  prioe  of  the  stock  will  pay  well. 

In  Lai*  Superior  Stock*  tiicrc  has  been  nothing  doing  in  this  msricei,  and 
therefore  we  have  scarce  any  remark  to  mako  upon  them.  In  the  Boston 
market  they  have  fallen,  but  not  more  in  proportion  than  Other  stocks. 

The  desire  manifested,  more  extensively  now  than  at  any  time  before,  as 
we  have  opportunities  of  knowing,  by  all  those  classes  of  the  community  who 
have  surplus  funds,  tu  iiiruAt  lh<m  in  mining  property,  renders  il  [teedleis  for 
ns  to  set  forth  its  superior  inducements.  It  becomes  more  particularly  our 
duly  toalludeat  times  to  "operations,"  OS  they  arc  called,  by  which  flctltiona 
Coropanies  arc  got  up,  the  unwary  deceived,  and  discredit  thrown  upon  even 
those  enterprises  which  in  the  highest  degree  merit  the  public  conddeitce. 
What  the  public  cannot  too  constantly  bear  In  mind  Is,  that  It  is  neither  a 
spacious  office  luxuriously  furnisbod  and  located  b  the  very  heart  of  Huainosi^ 
nor  a  splendidly  got-up  certtBcate  of  stock  bcarini;  on  its  ftiro  the  number  of 
millions  of  capital  In  the  Company,  all  paid  up,  nor  an  eUborati!  cslcuUtion  of 
tbe  amounts  of  the  Mtpcutaf  profits,  nor  the  beautiful  specimens  to  which  atten- 
tion way  b«  called,  that  necessarily  constitUtM  a  good  mining  enterprise,  one 
that  may  be  relted  apoa  to  make  bandsoina  Ntum  during  a  lifetime,  and  to 
nnutln  •  valuable  property  to  heirs. 

•1 


■Chnanereial  Atpttt  of  Ikt  iHning  InUntl. 


7iittmtiaiu  to  April  tid,  16M,  i'a  tAt  difertnt  Mining  Steeii  tM  at  tAe 
Stu  I'ark  SUkJd  fycAanff*  and  Miaiftff  JtoarJ*,  thateirm  IMr  Jlifltmt  mni 

'  toweit  FvinU,  and  tJU  J)al«,  vith  Ihe  ilarhtl  Vaittt  on  April  ml.  Sain 
e*  Lom/tmn  March  20l\,  and  nvtnber  •{/ S/iat^  told  ^mcA. 


■ 

If  «^B  nr  Hvim, 

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MliidlnlDirii  NilTfr  Umi. .... 

5tUui»1  CopiMr 

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1 

OblaI^-:iI*  ilmt\!iB 

l-uMio  MlnlncAlUniOte-l 

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rtjoknU  UI^Liif  and  VMaa' 1 

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IB 

.      Ksflb-Tbfn  bK  bMano  Hlnnfthi  *l«k>  of  Uius  Ounpuiln  . 
I  1M»  It  Uut.    Our  rrpntt*  In  k  roratt  Nuiolwr  furoUli  cho  auisunl  al 


submIU  to  wM«k  Ih*  •bOM 
fUiala 


glut 


•nrrox  lancrKo  sbakb  maukct. 

&wnn,  AprU  tOUi,  IBM. 

Since  our  Wt,  the  moiW7  markot  hu  been  qoite  8triiig««t,  wMoh,  logvtbM- 
witb  the  K^noral  wut  of  omfideuce  m  tha  Aitum,  hu  <uw*d  much  stock  to 
b«  pictKod  on  the  Rurk(>t  for  hIc,  And  conscqnentijr  a  Kriou  reducdcd  ki 
prioM.     Tbu  ftoiount  vf  stock  sold  for  %  monlh  pwit  hu  not  boea  raj 


I 


Oummirtial  A^iitl  o/lht  Mining  InUrtxt 


<M 


iMific  but  tbo  mIm  bare  itciwimll j  brcn  for««d,  on  ft  dull  narket,  and  bujus 
were  But  acxiotu  U  pujctuue  when  Uia  chuica*  vera  Aronbla  hr  t,  still 
brtlier  ducliiK^  The  "  beui,"  who  sell  "  Hbcrt,"  for  k  bH,  an>  olirajrs  ullTe 
whi'ti  (bv  ii«|>«>:t  of  the  i&u-ket  in  in  tay  il«gree  "  bluo,"  and  tu«  int*Nflid  in 
bnftking  down  priori  in  order  to  buj  in  at  a  Urge  proQL  Tb«M  inffiuanoM 
blviigbt  to  bear  on  an  inactive  market,  wltb  a  ti);htn<i«8  in  money,  cannot  hil 
to  iwhico  the  market  Talur  of  nearly  all  stocka  oRcred  for  Htle.  This  stale  of 
tlun^  must,  natiually,  liaTe  an  enil,  and  priced  find  tbcir  kvol,  and,  unlcm  «a 
arc  Breatly  deceiri'd,  Ibia  point  liaa  alrtiady  been  rsu'liifd.  Tlw  pfoau  «• 
tremct]' luw  ratca, iu  oonifiarmou  wilb  pruviouti  quutatiuiu;,  will  be  reryauro  to 
bring  in  a  DOW  cImb  of  bufan,  Ukd  CMia*  an  inproTemnU  io  pricaa  in  MTcnl 
AftlMMHDGka  vhieli  hiave  bocn  BiortHrioualr  depraaaad,  u|>Miallr  irhsro  tt» 
deTelopment  of  ihe  mine  has  tnaiired  the  pormancnt  aaeoaw  «f  tbo  tnt«Tpr>M. 

Wo  have  Groquootly  apokcn  in  Urma  of  high  praise  of  the  l^kn  Superior 
mines,  and  do  not  w«  any  <aiU)o  U>  rt<ract  ono  word  of  that  already  writton, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  orcr^  tnonth  adila  to  the  proriou  good  Udinga  of  auoouK 
Our  romarka  aru  ahnosl  exclusiT«)y  confined'  to  tin  Coopanim  opemling  in 
the  region  of  I*ko  Superior,  bcrnoTC  it  is  there  when:  Boston  capital  in  largely 
inTWtwi,  Biid  not  ttaca  any  dcairc  to  keep  out  of  now  other  miucx  in  diilcrent 
Mctioni  of  the  country.  No  other  mining  itMka  are  rcgularij  dealt  in  ben, 
and  in  preaumc  theru  is  not  half  a  doxeu  ailuatod  ebwwboro,  any  portion  of 
which  Is  owned  by  Boston  capital 

Hie  details  of  the  month  are  po«seiued  of  little  general  Intwtsl,  ami  prft- 
sent  one  Etory  of  dullness  and  depression.  Copprr  FalU  has  docllnvd  ftva 
n9j  to  61,  partiy  in  consequence  of  a  %5  per  share  nsscument,  but  more  flu 
aooount  of  the  bad  slate  of  the  market,  and  thu  efforts  of  tho  "bears"  to  de- 
press the  price  The  mine  never  was  in  a  better  condition,  and  it  is  the 
belief  of  the  Treasurer  that  oo  more  ossc^mcnts  will  be  needed,  while  a  diyl- 
dend  ts  i^uito  Rure  to  be  fbrthooming  witliin  1355,  and  perhaps  in  tho  carij  ' 

t  of  that  year.    The  annual  report  will  be  shortly  iwued  to  tho  stocUield* 

,  and  will  be  vtry  fbllln  Hs  details  of  operations  at  tho  mlne.besiilfsgiTjng 

4e  infbrmation  in  respect  to  mining  interests  genorally.     Toltte  hai 

ISWB'IVom  11  to  9,  which  U  certainly  a  rcry  low  figure  fbr  the  slock.  After 
tbo  (1  per  stiarc  aMcstment  is  paid  Hay  1st,  we  look  for  a  handsome  imprOTo- 
ment  in  this  stock,  which  is  one  of  the  cheapest  on  the  list.  The  last  news 
from  the  mine  was  very  flattering,  biA  its  influence  could  not  keep  up  tho 
nwket  value  of  the  shares,  under  such  a  general  desire  to  Mil  all  stocks,  •■ '. 
has  existed  for  scvenl  weeks.  Atgomah  hag  been  depressed  from  4  to  8},  ' 
but  it  is  firm  at  the  latter  figure,  and  is  particularly  cheap,  promising,  as  it 
does,  better  than  most  any  of  the  new  mines.  ForaC  fell  from  13^  to  lOJ, 
but  has  since  reacted  to  II,  and  no  slock  is  presaod  (or  sale  at  this  6gure. 
The  destruction,  by  fire,  of  tbe  Company's  sair-niill  and  mineral -house  ad- 
Joining,  wi!1  eaiue  a  pecuniary  loss  of  (4,000  to  (0,000,  besides  retarding;  the 
operations  of  the  Company,  but  active  measorrs  will  be  at  once  adopted  to 
prevent  as  little  delay  ai  possible.  The  Directors,  in  coiuiullation  with  the  Agent 
of  tbe  mine,  Mr.  Livingston,  (who  was  in  tliii  city  at  the  time  of  the  accident,) 
have  decided,  that  as  the  preseul  engine,  If  repaired,  is  of  inadequate  power 


630 


Cknnmertiai  Atpetl  of  tkt  Mining  InltrtH. 


Va  perform  the  trork  which  would  soon  he  miulnMl  frotn  tb*  liwrMsIng  jrltU 
of  the  mine,  thftt  it  would  be  btUor  U>  diH|>Dao  of  il,  and  rwpUoe  it  hj  on*  of 
greultr  puwi^r. 

The  Mu--tni1l  will  not  be  roliutit,  tuid  in  pliicn  of  it,  it  i*  prop«sed  to  Mad 
op  \  poruhio  mai^hiitc  for  Mwing  on  nn  itnpruvfil  pkn,  wtiich  wOI  bo  OOiOfW- 
t«nt  in  Kujiply  the  wnnta  of  the  mine  with  lumber. 

The  Agent  of  the  mine  U  of  tlio  opinion  th&t  if  ui  engine  «m  AmMwd 
Ibrthwith,  that,  hj  the  month  of  July,  ha  could  ftgaln  b«  tX  work  with  capocitjr 
to  lutnufiictura  •  nrach  gtv'tar  amount  of  copper  then  heretofore.  Upon  ■ 
review  of  the  consoqueneci  of  ihiK  accident,  the  Bovd  of  Dirrctoni  find,  that, 
although  it  ig  onn  of  tomponu7  leuts,  ultimately  it  is  likely  to  proTO  aa  aetoal 
benefit  to  tlic  Uompany,  \>y  replacing  tho  Ims  with  improved  niachlnwy  and 
appanitua  commansurato  to  lh«  inctviuiiig  dcvolupinvut  of  tho  mine. 

The  Porest  mina  is  looking  roinarkablj  wall,  and  notwitliotanding  tbo 
•bore  accident,  the  Agent  IWTs  eonfldcnt  of  nhippinR  100  ton*  of  eopptr 
during  thn  BcMon.  The  tinnual  report  of  the  Comp&nj  hM  juit  been  laiood, 
and  will  gire  cnconragcmcnt  (o  the  aliareholdorfl  who  liave  htld  their  stock 
through  al!  iU  varioot  change*. 

The  fuUuuring  titarnimnnlt  have  been  laid  since  ow  last,  one  of  which,  Uw 
JfMmttl,  has  already  bean  paid  in : — 


eCatrutigi.      tMtmwt  rai 

Nullonil     . 

•1.0O 

Inle  Uc^klo 

1.00 

TotUe 

1.00 

Shawmat  . 

0.E0 

M.  WeaMm 

3.00 

CoppeiFalla 

s.oa 

wnw  rttiMM. 
April  I. 
Uoy  1. 


4< 


Plttabnrir.  Ta. 
WHhlimtua,  U.  C. 
Boeiea. 

41 

PilUbeis,  Pa. 
BcbIod. 


Stockholdera  of  the  UU  Bat/ale  in  this  Ticini^  can  pay  their 
ment  to  MciurrL  Head  and  Perkins,  tho  tmnifcr  agcntn.  in  thin  city.  Isl* 
Boyalc  has  gradually  dvdinvd  from  33j  to  ISj,  but  vrill  bo  very  likely  to  react 
after  the  Inl  of  May.  The  kucccju  of  the  mine  nerer  promijcd  bettor. 
Sational  is  dull  of  m1«  at  2C,  aasossuioit  pnid,  but  the  mine  vt  looking  n- 
mtrkably  well,  and  a  dcnuwd  for  a  few  hundred  shares  would  put  the  piioe 
to  80  ftay  readily.  JT.  Wettara  has  not  sold  hi  this  market  for  setei*! 
.months,  and  tliere  is  no  particular  denuuid  for  the  atock.  Sixteen  is  offervd 
for  some  small  lots,  and  about  18  is  aaked.  Tho  prospects  of  the  mine  are 
vory  cncounipng.  a  "mass"  of  above  4,000  lbs.  lisring  been  token  out  lately, 
and  RCTcrol  others  are  in  sight,  ll  proDiIs«a  to  becomu  a  first -clans  mine  at 
no  distant  day. 

PUUtruTg  (Cliff)  is  offered  at  140  without  purchasers,  althongh  that  priee 
is  very  low  for  the  stook,  and  tho  mine  lias  long  alnco  bocn  placed  iiliove  doubt 
as  to  its  succesifiil  development.  Minnaota  i*  but  little  inquired  for,  and  a 
few  shares  arc  oflircd  at  170.  There  in  no  amount  of  stock  on  the  market, 
however,  and  it  is  gener«l]y  held  for  invtstnieut.  .VbrlA  Ameruan  it  olTored 
at  7S,  and  little  doing  in  the  ftock.  tt  is  not  probable  that  this  Company  will 
need  any  further  omcMinicnlji  (|:2I.&0  now  paid  in),  and  they  may  mako  a 
small  dividend  at  tho  oloco  of  thin  year,  or  reserve  their  surplus  for  a  larger 
om  in  oonneetion  with  next  yew's  bmuncM. 


4 


i 


•  Cbmitunw/  Atptct  ef  tht  STtning  TnUrtit 

Of  th«  lowprkeU  CotDpaniea,  /tiplcy  hu  bllcn  from  SJ  to  S),  kiul  may  b« 
eoilB(der«d  ch*^  at  (hat  priiw,  u  the  stock  U  urwmwhh  irith  $2  per  shan 
pMd  in.  WAtttr  bu  declined  to  \\.  Win'tKrep  ^\,  ShattrwU  1},  Phmi*  t 
ttktd,  yalm  2J  Mk«d,  XauiUru  {  bid,  FWKm  1),  fffan  I],  and  Anu  ]}. 
AiJWm^n  ic  dull  of  noI*  Bt  1,  OS  alao  ^(ie«ntur«  at  2},  Sag  SlaU  1),  Bottvn 
1|,  £i^<  4  asked,  aiid  Mantutai  (  n  Virginia  min«)  cannot  be  sold  at  any 
priot;  ^rgdlsal  6,  and  no  amount  of  stock  could  b«  had  at  that  pricfL  Thu 
Bine  ia  looking  remarkably  ncll,  and  the  stock  is  held  bj'  partlca  irho  arc  not 
obUged  to  "reallKo"  in  thcso  dry  timcK.  A'onekh  han  not  wldof  Utc,  and  $11 
It  about  the  price,  but  if  the  Ktock  *■■  forced  it  <*ould  not  bring  that  Asun, 
mi  a  demand  for  a  few  hundred  sharta  would  cauae  an  ad<ranc«  abore  It 

The  C^pprr  Fail*  Ccmpanjf  have  purchasod  a  qnartor  wdion  of  land 
betwMn  the  Copper  Falls  and  Winthrop  Hlaos  for  1^,100,  and  thiougbwlucb 
fbe  funoua  "  Uill  Vein"  ia  swd  to  run. 


•'  -f. 


m 


II 


n 


s 


n 


n 


]i 


Si 


3i 


>9AAa        I" 


I  IIUI  I  I  I  l-lelBlooosl-lltlel-l-- 


■  ^f*  *  —  H  ^  «  ■-<  *t  *  g  ^ 


istit  is-'S"  I'm  (-"st-i  is^iaa-rs-Ki 


I'l^iE^a-issi  issisi  1-5  it' if- I 


IS  l-S.SIS-l  IS* 


|3r,«jga^,Jgl  igaigi  125  |;?-|=-5' 


li 


i»ia2asss''SSE2"a3sa''as  i  isaasssa-^s 


ssss"^2's'2"i'g;fsgs"'^^="£'s**'^''j£s'is'*'i's'a 


l|S^ 


|§0migi|i|i'iga'|g|'g 


i;  ^^|f g  ""SS'SIlS^  JfSZta  ^-S 


1  i*Ki-«-rs-( 


m 


Coinmerdai  Atpttt  of  iht  Minauf  Iitimtt, 


BodUi  Amttietn 
V.  S-  Soft  Iscot 
Jtbaathkv      . 
Bnden'  . 
Tdlow  nuUl  . 
Ingot 


NBW  TOEK  U£TAL  UABKET. 


p«tlb. 


tSoa  — 
ts  a  — 

■11 «  S! 
M  a- 
M  a  — 
■S  •  — 

XuVmit U  a  — 

Ino  oros,  nwootia  uij  htmK- 

tSU   .  ■    per  ton. 

Iran  Jfan,  Amorl  cwi  huDowred 
Do.  Aninrii-*'!  r*fliied     . 
I>0.  Rupiirior  hnunt* 
Do.  Eoeluih  ruiniiiuu 
l>a^      do.      host     ■        .        . 
Do.  SwodoB  reflnwi 
Do-Nomy  ban,tbrk  A  NIFK 

bnad*     .... 

RnMiui    .... 

Do,  BliMt  Amtricui     par  lb. 

Do.    do.  £a|)4iBb.I(4.1  toM 

do.         11  to  M 

do.       ts  tons 

PO.    4a.  BnwtM   . 

Bs»  Ton.  ^r^nn  )■»• 


tren  8h»«t,  EaflUali,  Dwu«c4  U  •  4 
Do.   Gil*4oUed                .        .llOfall 

Da.B.K.lMrsbj(OlitrWitp.  Ion  -~   atO 

Vo.  I^jf  AmarlsM red thoit  .  M  a4A 

Do.  nliiM  Chtwl  Ibr  foand.  M   a  W 

Do.     du,     do.    fur  mtL  a«t.  4(  a  W 

Do.  fur  oar  vhoeli    .      .       .  4t  a  M 

Do.  Scotch,  Ibi  OMb        .       .  St  a  — 

Oilini  Tig,  u  Mr  qunitilT 
fipinlih     .        .        .        . 

titlMl             .... 
PiBB 

01d9cni{> 


BMlUr,  M  t>sr<iDKitttj  . 
Do.  in  ilftbn  .  >  I  • 
Do.  Sheet 


T  a   Tl 

e|  a  «f 

T  «    TJ 

T|  «- 

-  *  •* 


nr. 


BlookBuua 
Ua.»trslD 
Do.  BponUh 
Do.  &n  . 


.    «     «  7 


■  —  a  S4 
.  —  a  U 

.  —  «  m 


I 


DOKDON  METAL  MARKET. 


The  tond»n  ifiiun^  Jovmal  givee  the  following  quat&lioiu, 
•dd  the  (lutftrfw&rtm,  United  States  Curn)DC7,ntoofftvlstilii, 

smolub  dwk. 
Ai<y  SO^ar  entt.  ad  u&rmi. 

Btf  and  bolt  a Hr  ton.   iU  10    0 

■  la  Wdw  a a  10    0 

*  In  Liverpool  a      .       .       .       ,       ,       ,       .       .VIOO 

,       •InSuffontshiraa 10  10    0 

BhMla,  •Infflo  a II  10    0 

"      doiiWa U    0   0 

noapa    . 11  IS    0 

Rail  rod,  ronad  a 11    0   0 

"       aquiro  a 10  10    0 

BaUa<WilM)»  , ...SOO 

»    JBuabrdahlrai  ( B  10    0 

BaIl*H  Cbalra  Clva«  i IS  IT    1 

Pig,  UMpOydaJ »  14    0 

t-SthiKo.  l.andMlluNa.8       .       .       .       .      S  It    0 

Ho.  I  in  WilM  t 4  10    0 

S«ol«li  Fw  No.  1  in  Loniloa E   0   0 

BUri)nj['>H«n'1amtn«tim(ar  t  *«  .„  a    d    a 

Slrdaaod  Soibos  m»\       '       ■       •       •  «»  ^  B    »   0 

Cold■btM^  Ko.  1  Foandrr    .       .       ,       .   M  ]0«.  to  «  10    0 

Charcoal  (i*n 14  Ift   0 

HUrllne't  r»i«ni  I  ni..™™.  ■  la    ■ 

Ditto.  Wil«*£4 4   S    0 

VOBXIO!!  nMiN  a. 

DtOf  Vl  pir  tBA  »d  *atonm, 

JwadUi pc*  ton.  tlS  0   0 

'  1Bii«UB0Cin> IT    0    0 

ladlu  GIuMoal  Plfi  In  Loadoa 8    0    0 


ti>  which  wt 
and  Forcigii 


tMoe 

*>  M 


Oeamtrtial  Agp*ti  oflkt  J/tniny  HiUmt. 

A^  IS/v  MAI.  ad  raiorim. 

»h  k(»,  oomiDtl                           ■   pn  ton.  CU   0   0         |T7  M 
Ditto  f^cgot ,^^_ 

KutC,  infijt,  han,  andplatti,  5 ;  ihiU,  liftr  caU.  oJ  Mimm. 

On th« »pot        .      .      ,      .     porioa.  £00  0  (» U  10   0        IIIS « 
T»*^* MO  to  WW   ft  IWTt 

^>M>  U  jw  Mtl.  ad  tcUnm. 

*'  fo  ahMU  i pwton.  £noo      im  0« 

jyrif!  Ul  ofuj  hnuirf,  SO;  ^,  i«r,  oni  (^  C  pv  «n(.  ad  taiartm;  Si^aiiing 

TiloltloSBlbsa t^rton-AlU    0   0  MOf  H' 

Toojlh  caIco  a IMOO  AOfM 

Bhuihiiig  fer  thlM  14  bj  48,  and  bolts  a  mr  lb.  0    19  tst 

ShMto "  Ola  Bs| 

Bottoma  a •*  «la  3M 

Old  It •'           ■        " 

YoUaiTMel4!a "  0    t    0  M 

Wcttontcl'*  fM.  Ifot.       .       .       .       .  pn  out.  S   0-  0  I  eg 

BMum  uuo  n. 

Atfy  Viptr  Mil.  oif  Ntlonn. 

PIc  , Mr  ton.  SSI  0   0        lUl  00 

BhMti  .  .      V     -i SS  19    a  lit  (4 

rORimS  LIAD  o. 

Ai^30jNr(imt  adtaisnm, 
8p*nU)  la  bond ptrtoo.  £3S  10   0        IIU  Tl 

KKOLBK  UK  A, 

J>Hf)p  t  fT  ftnt  ad  talortm. 

nock p«rewt.    £«  10    0          |U  4< 

toeoti " 

Bm "            «  U    0            M  TO 

.BcOiwd " 

roAnaK  TCI. 

Dittf  ijHr  mtl.  ad  cubran^ 

Brno per«irt.    £«  10   0  $•!  41 

Sttsiu  [iinmnlfied} "  a    S   0  M  W 

Tur  rutnr, 
DutglifVfnt.ttdKiienm. 

ir  chvw>«i per  box.   £1 1«  0  nn 

tX  IKtto '■  I  IS    0  8  M 

If  rolte "  1    T    «  t » 

IX  nuio "        lit  t         8  or 

CDDDda natta aua    .      .      ,      i      .        *■         KOD  4744 

QnliikdT«r/     .*.....   pv  lb.        0  ■  <  a 

Tkint  ait  p*T «Mit. di*. ;  I,  net;  «, RdllU;4Ll{  p«icentdte-;  (.aditl^;/, I( 
ditto  l^vUvniKcl  in  IiivHTXXil  lOt.  par  loa  lew.— f  lliiintiunt  fi  par  oiiit. 

■  Ddiverifd  iu  I/i>«rpc>ol  lOi.  (kS.4I>  p*r  ton  Uu. 

BBCKUdX,  Nf  w  York,  Wwoltll,  liM. — TUtai*rcnngtnElVoinft)alol>)r.prsmi»iii 
In  ttMor  or  lA>niIon, 

F»niin  u  Liverpool  u«  iboM  S0>.  Od,  (t4-M)  po  ton  (br  iroa  In  pij  or  b«*. 


«fe 


jmAMN' ^  ^'''^ '^"''V  OjMftt^inu. 


iomui  OF  ooLD  mmo  opgbations. 


CALirORnA  <10M1  mLDS. 

Huung  opcratiomi  unce  the  canimenc«rocnt  of  tbe  Unt  half  of  winter  (0 
Ibo  dfttc  of  the  iBtest  BrriTiit,  Iibtc  bc«Ti  curicd  on  with  more  tliin  usiul  rigor 
and  succ«&9.  No  n«w  fi'atiir«s  &tc  pri.'8eiil«],  nor  sc&rruly  anjtlilng  worthy  of 
note,  ti<.'cpt  Bonic  fncti;  irhich  may  ronvry  a  bcttrr  iilc>  of  the  opcntlonx  than 
tho  m«re  geaciml  «t«Icincnt  that  thcf  hnTt^  been  quite  BUCcctufuL  A  few  of 
ihoea  we  here  present  :^ 

Lmrs  rousD, 

The  extensive  «(]iieduct  of  the  Toolumnc  (Jouiity  Water  Company  ia  bow 
fUU  to  OTcrflowiiig  with  water,  and  all  that  now  is  ucceewrj  to  lay  Um  founda- 
tion to  a  fortune,  or  olherwiMi,  U  t>  "  pitch  In," 

During  the  week,  tnany  Urj^  and  bcautlf\il  Kpocimenii  have  been  taken 
out ;  some  of  which  may  be  wen  at  the  bonking  houw  of  Jamea  Wlls  It  Cn. 

The  "  Maine  Boys"  are  now  doing  cztrctncTy  well,  taking  out  tomotioMa 
as  high  OS  thirteen  niincM  per  day. 

On  Monday,  at  BcnKonville,  Ue»ir«.  Chose  t  (V  fotind  a  spedmeo  wdgb> 
ing  ten  and  a  half  ouncrii,  and  worth  about  $1T& 

At  lten8onv|]le,  on  Thursday,  Mc.^fii^  Kamillon  ft  Co.  foond  *  lump 
weiring  seven  and  a  half  ounces.  Their  claim  avgragea  firom  tbir^  to  ibr^ 
ouaoea  pv  wcck- 

On  Oold  llitl,  Heaun.  U.  A.  Slcama  &  Cu.  took  out  a  piece  weighiDg  tbir' 
teen  ounee«,  the  same  A»j,  and  have  aince  taken  out  sew la]  \arp-  mid  valuable 
piecco.  The  twmty-ftnir-ounce  piece  Is  the  haiiJsoino-st  specimen  that  we 
ever  nw.  The  day  before  it  wai;  found,  the  owners  made  great  exertions  to 
sell  (he  claim  for  the  amall  num  of  430- 

Leavitt,  Woodley,  t  Co.,  at  Summit  Pass,  found  a  fine  lump  last  w«ck, 
weighing  twenty-nino  ounces. 

Kibble  &  Co.,  at  Santiago,  look  out  of  their  clum  a  twelve^unoa  picco 
this  week. 

Measra.  Hclntyre  A  Co,,  on  the  Flat,  washed  out,  on  Wednesday  evenings 
nearly  eisht  ouneoi  of  gold. 

We  Iiare  heani  of  many  other  good  etrikes  during  the  week,  that  we 
cannot  now  call  ui  miml. 

In  one  of  the  tunnel  claiins  at  Chip's  Diin^in^  Ni^v&da,  a  <]uarlx  bonlder, 
eatiaMl«d  to  wriih  four  tuns,  was  dlsovered.  A  vein  of  pild  paSMS  Mtinlj 
through  the  boulder,  whiih  is  vxpdctcd  to  yield  from  fS,000  to  (30,000. 

A  block  of  gold-bearing  qimrlx,  weighing  one  hundred  and  nlnety-lhlM 
pounds,  wax  found  within  a  few  hundriid  yard*  of  Maripou  recently.  The 
Chr«nidt  says:  "It  ut  one  of  the  most  beautiful  spodmrns  we  ba*a  WW 
seen.  There  sra  various  estimates  as  to  the  value  of  this  lump,  ranging  bvn 
$900  to  $10,000. 

He  Haripota  ChrenieU  sayt,: — From  the  head  of  this  Creek, («  ftrdown 
as  Uormon  Bay.  the  minera  are  doing  well.  We  havc-tho  average  of  fourteen 
dUfbrent  cidms,  snd  it  .imounts  to  $13, BO  per  day  to  the  roan.  Some  miners 
working  on  small  ravinen  leading  into  the  malii  eri'ok  nutr  the  bead,  are 
making  frotu  %V.>  lo  |30  per  day  to  thti  mnn. 

Sonora  IVrtk  Tunnel  »ud  Mioinff  Company,  from  XoTetnber  19,  1888,  to 
February  IS.  lHn4.  tight  hands  took  out  a  liitic  over  live  hundred  ounoea. 
The  greatest  qiuntity  of  csld  likcD  out  in  one  d^  was  lime  pounds.    The 


I 


Jtmmai  ef  ffoU  Mining  Optraliom. 


I 


krgetit  lump  found  irdgha  nineteen  oanoM.  Undfr  the  sininp,  whi<;h  itm 
Dm  ex«ct  cantre  of  Itw  corporation,  ■  lump  wu  found  wotfthin;;  ten  ounc«*. 
There  arc  one  hiindrrd  dtiil  cij^litv-iarii:  KliarcK  in  tlio  company,  tiid  (he  nett 
dividend  to  e*cb  ibftrc  has  been  $34.24. 


I 


The  Gratt  Vallff/  Telefimp\  givM  tho  followins  notice  of  qunrti  cruiih- 
ifiK  by  mitchinory  in  Cittlfornla : — "  There  buve  bvcii  msuy  spvculitiorm  in  thu 
tamn  of  cnpitiJiili'  and  others  I'lth  r('tCAr<i  lo  failures  in  ifiiartK  oiienliong, 
bctti  in  Uraos  VuUcy  and  elsewhere:  and  in  almost  every  inslanpc  thcftilurM 
tliat  havi-  taken  flacp  havo  either  been  atlributwl  to  the  lack  of  richneaa  in 
pjU-bearinfc  qiinrt/.,  to  th«  mlamknagvmaM  ef  ths  dircdoni,  or  lastly,  to  tht 
KDperff cTiion  of  maehinoiy.  Aa  t«  iba  flnt,  k  Is  now  an  ntidbpatcd  (art  that 
qiurtK  in  to  bu  found  in  abundano^  anfHeicntly  rich  to  pay,  with  proper 
uutiiat(vin(>nl,  a  haiidsociie  diriilnHl  Am  Io  tbo  accond  objeciiun,  it  can  ont^ 
te  remedied  where  it  a^.tually  cxlala,  elthor  by  oxperiviice  or  chanj^  flfdiroo* 
toy-  But  in  (iic)i  instances  of  complaint  we  bolicTc,  ao  a  jtencnl  thing,  the 
npilaliHt  has  actually  been  tnora  to  blanu  than  lfa«  dinctms,  and  from  thU 
&ct,  not  bitilti^  u  jivrfvct  tmd«ralanding  of  Um  axpsnaee  for  the  completion  of 
such  an  enterprise,  they  allow  a  debt  to  hnnK  over  ths  csUbliahment,  though 
triTial  in  coiniiiui-uin,  yet  auflieienlly  great  under  the  exixlinE  rale  per  cent, 
to  k«op  the  coni'vrn  in  a  KtBte  of  coniluit  vtnbarraaBinent:  and  ail  becaUM 
tho  timid  stoekholden  hf^in  t>  fear  it  \s  a  losing  inntt,  and  they  abandon  it 
JuRt  at  a  time  when  a  very  little  additional  capital  would  place  the  bn(ineu 
operations  in  a  healthy  and  profitable  condition  for  making  money.  Thia 
btini^  US  to  tliu  Innt  ubjcclion,  which  Is  the  iiuperfectiou  of  machinery  ;  and 
in  this  they  sewn  to  forget  that  tlieir  own  ftars  ar*  the  cai»«  of  the  imperfec- 
tion ;  for,  fearinit  a  failure,  they  noKlcct  ftirnishiny  the  ne«BB»ary  amount  of 
Mpitil  for  (he  completion  and  perfeetinn  of  tlie  uid  tnochlncry;  and  thiu,  as 
wv  have  said  above,  tbey  frvqueiitly  cause  a  failure,  vrhcn  a  vory  little  vxtrft 
Aindfi,  in  coniporiBon,  would  coniplety  tha  whole,  and  render  the  ijUBneiai  pro- 
fitable. A  neek  or  two  i^ince,  one  of  the  director!  of  tiic  Kinpirc  Uill,  fur- 
niidicd  UH  with  the  following  interMlins  slatvineiil  coticeming  the  buslnesa 
opcralionH  of  their  company,  which,  by  the  bye,  will,  even  under  eirixtinj^  cir- 
cumstancco,  tihow  that  they  arc  doing  a  gaad  and  prolitable  buBineM.  Thia 
mill,  the  Knipirc,  with  only  eight  (ttaiupent,  and  at  twelvu  houn  per  day,  hai' 
cnioho'l  1,SU0  Inngof  i|uarlr.  in  four  months,  making  a  yield  of  (M,000.  Coat 
of  raifing,  hauling,  and  crufihioK,  |'2'2,(I00,  leaving  a  nett  profit  of  $S3,0OO 
on  four  uionllis'  operaliounl  Now,  an  invKitniont  of  JSO.OOO  would  have 
bpHlbt  VMIJ  iodgb,  at  that  (ime,  from  which  (ho  rock  was  crushed.  Had 
ma*  UdgWMaa  «ined  by  a  mill,  theru  woul<l  hnvo  b<ien  at  lea^  four  (imea 
die  work  done  in  the  Mmc  time,  and  instcail  of  eit^ht  utatnpcni  running  twelve 
hours  per  day.  there  would  hn'»e  bivn  twiop  that  number  running  twi^nly-four 
hours  per  day,  and  consoqucntly  l!ii;rv  woiilit  h»v^■  !n-on  four  liniis  Iht  work 
acenmplishcd  in  the  four  months  fitited.  The  infermpe  is  very  pinin,  a*  well 
ai  a  very  natural  on*.  An  invcitmcnt  of  $50,000  woiuld  haro  produced  a 
yield  of  four  times  (54,000.  Thix  muhipllud  would  U  $316,000,  tHaw 
roiiltiplr  th*  amount  of  cx;»'nsei  by  four,  which  would  he  mor«  than  a  fkir 
(Atimate,  and  you  have  fftS.OOO.  Kublract  thi<  from  (he  ([t»>jm  proccodit 
which  is  fSlQ.OOO,  and  you  have  reiniiinin"  fur  sturkhotdm  a  nett  profit  or' 
|12ii,0<)0  for  four  montiu'  labor  <n  crushTng.  This  la  «  fiur  Mllmate,  and 
may  be  relied  on  an  luch.  Now,  suppwie,  on  the  contrary,  this  octablfibment' 
was  in  debt,  both  for  mill  and  Icdfcs,  the  intcrect  for  borrowed  money  would.  ' 
be  i!u0cien[ly  great  ^>  keep  the  ealsbllshnient  in  a  constant  fct.i'ii  '^f  •.•luhar-' 
raMUneot ;  and  on  account  of  a  difflcultr  at  (ltnc«  to  borrow  money,  the  buii- 
nWB  opentlons  might  be  defend,  iiut.pi;! ml c<l,  or  entirely  broken  up,  and  tb»' 
report  would  bo  noised  abroau  (hat  qiuirtx-crualiing  was  a  losing  gamo,  when 


Joitmai  «/  Ooid  Mining  Operationt. 

Uw  tratb  wQuIil  bo,  that  the  stockholdcn,  through  intfaoabiltlv  «r  tttr,  hm 
d&ctcJ  ibar  oirn  ruin,  in  the  Tcr<r  l>cu  o(  'uecMa,  hj  vllhholdtng  a  tilde  md- 
<liti<>ii&l  capilil." 


CUMOKXN   n.XT. 

A  corrr-tpondcnt  of  the  St^ekCon  Journal  writ«a  thus  of  some  diggfitga  on 
Cherokee  Flat:— 

Tho  necRt  ii  at  but  out  conccnitn);  tlie  rich  dgjin  on  Ch«rokcc  FUL 
Thi*  cliuu  IB,  without  doubt,  th*  richvst  ever  ilisrOTorvd  in  CaUronm.  Its 
histo^ls  thie: — About  two  nionthH  ngn,  a  pnrty  of  mt^,  French  ■&<!  lutkni, 
mrvMtn  nuking  their  wijr  through  tho  liark,  tach  carrvine  a  SimH  uck. 
TUa  (roatad  a  aiiHpidun  amonc  ttomo  or  thu  RiintTii,  and  (nn  follawinfc  tiip^l 
tlicj  mn  «loB«ly  waWheii.  and  it  was  asocrUinod  that  they  were  carrying 
dirt  imm  a  hok  about  a  tiiiarlcr  of  a  mil*  dixtatit,  and  Ki?(^retitig  il  uiidirr  the 
b«ds  in  their  ttnL  In  the  ciay  time  they  wortccd,  linking  their  shalt,  and  in 
annwer  [u  (lueationa  aakod,  replied  lliat  th«y  '  hadn't  got  down  yrt ;'  and  no 
ouu  liad  ail  opportunity  of  Melog  tho  dirt  that  wag  cnrrird  away.  The  dia- 
corflr«r*  being  fonignora,  Ibejr  wora  btrM  of  letting  the  Americans 
their  auoccw.  UmMnra*,  a  f*w  wcra  pannilted  to  tuaminu  lli«  riehn«8S  < 
daun.  It  prOm  to  be  ■  ti^  of  decmnpoiu^d  quarti,  the  richest  <aa  ' 
proapectad,)  cartahdy  that  his  «T*r  bcin  discoven-d,  Tho  wn  i« 
about  throe  fb«t  below  Ilia  Bdrihce,  and  la  atioul  two  inche«  wide,  nnd  iri> 
as  it  ROM  down. 

It  has  hern  protipvcted  to  the  depth  of  twcnh'-one  feet,  *od  is  fouod  aix 
indies  vids  at  that  depth,  (wal<<r  pn-Tcnthg  Kuing  any  AKpta.)  From  otw 
pan  of  day  and  quarts  lalicn  out  at  ihe  top,  rIx  otinoea  of  fine  dutt  waa  ofa- 
taioed.  Suhnequvntly  foTly-tertn  ovnta  were  washed  Irotn  another  pan. 
Qotd  ia  lo  be  plainly  sveii  with  lh«  naki-d  eye,  mixed  with  day  and  qnartz, 
Umvgfaoot  tho  whole  Tuiii,  a  dtfilb  of  sevent«eu  or  eighteen  ftrtL  Prom  Uirc« 
htndrod  pounds  of  the  day  and  rotleii  quarti  which  compoae  the  vein, 
Uemttfi-mf^kt  poantU  of  pure  gnld  was  taken,  after  t>ctn|{  worked  throoeti  a 
Uexioaii  mill  o«'  arasta — a  very  imperfect  mode  of  EBviag  the  gold — iiaalilng 
the  axtraoTdinarY  vield  of  morD  tlian  $i.50  lo  the  pound  ofquartx.  Thehcol 
avmge  yidd  ot  Ute  great  B««r  Valley  uitn«  waa  sixty  centa  to  the  pound. 
Hiis  vein,  aa  jot,  is  only  prosnecl^.  It  ha«  the  appeanuiee  of  running 
through  •  long  range  of  quart/  hilln,  and  wHI  b«  doubtlesa  alruck  ii)>oii  in 
£flcrent  places,  miles  dilUnl  from  tlio  lir>i  dincorery.  There  arc  thousands 
of  dtffsnmt  stones  concerninit  lliis  vein.  S-)ine.  that  tl'^.'^'^  ^'"  taken  out 
in  OBe  dij;  ctiiefs,  that  (M.iHirj  wan  n^fiiwd  for  thn  claim,  t-tc.,  but  thi-i 
otsMmeMt  is  stdxlantisllr  cocrcot  A*  to  celling  the  claim,  $8,000  was  offvrvd 
■kd  nftissd  for  onO'^ightb.  Tliore  arv  right  tiiiam  in  tho  claim,  and  eight 
faimdrcil  &ct  are  claimed  and  recorded  for  qgarti  mining  purpoiea. 


niorrR  or  covpxytts. 


Tho  following  particular*,  thoagh  not  quite  so  recent  as  some  wtiicli  have 
booi  reodred,  wQI  ahow  the  renulta  of  work  to  severa]  companies  loutcd 
in  the  rjdi  distrid  of  Graat  Tallcy  during  tho  moat  &vonhlo  part  of  the 


On  M'Clintock's  ranch,  the  old  Vir^rinia  Company  are  averaging  thirteen 
OUnccK  per  day.  A  portion  of  tills  Knnpany  are  engaged  in  waahing  over 
|ailiog!i,  and  from  these,  they  nave  from  eight  10  ten  doHara  per  day  to  the 
hand. 

pa*  fTal.—On  the  upper  poKion  of  (his  Flat,  Bryden  i  Co.  arc  worlcinf; 
to  food  adrsntsge :  their  savinga  amount  to  l«n  dollars  per  day  to  the  hand. 

JBuata  Viita  Anak— These  diggings  have  been,  and  still  are  vtry  oxten- 


JSmnml  ^  Oold  Minirtp  Optnliont. 


m 


tin.  Thn  iTcrftgo  jicM  is  ccrtuo  at  tixt««n  dollare  per  <i*j  to  tha  shMiL 
HiU  ic  (juite  ft  urgu  oompuij,  uul  *■>  far  u  ire  ctn  Uftm,  is  doing  a  very 
Kne  btuinaw. 

Tito  cUIms  on  ViV^  Flit,  below  ifCIintocli'i  nncb,  mm  p>}'lQg  txtremd/ 
wdU  ;  last  wuck  the;  vuhHl  out  over  (400.  This  caiapuij'  have  washd  out 
during  the  laid  llvu  moritlid  awr  seven  hundred  oun<«!i  »(  gold  dust,  making 
theliuidsome  income  of  soiiMthinK  liku  ^00  pvr  luoiiUi  Co  itio  share. 

Woodpoiier  Z>iVpintfi — They  nave  taken  out  »*  high  as  scv«niv  .lollarato 
llio  btiul  iu  otic  iay't  wwk.  Their  nTcrsKc  .viclil  aiDounts  to  iiiioiit  thirty 
doUus  to  tliu  hsiid  pur  dav,  >nd  one  xluice  at  tbcau  dig^ugi  lias  produ'.'cd  as 
Ugb  »a  thro*  tmndrod  dolUrs  in  two  days*  ««dijB£. 

Mort  qf  t&4  S^und  7!mC  Diggingt. — Wo  bavotwcn  shown  a  most  beauti- 
ful HpccitDi-n  of  purs  golil  from  those  diggingiL  bakeu  out  on  Saturday,  the 
lllh  iusL,  wei)c)iiiig  aeT«n  ouitc««  «ne  peruvwoight,  * 

The  result  of  another  companv's  work  for  ono  week,  two  mon,  wcr«  thir- 
teen and  a  quarter  ounces;  and  uio  lowest  week's  work  for  those  two  Kentlc- 
mcn,  wrro  tWuo  oujieos  elereti  pciiuvivcights. 

At  UTek<i  Slidf,  tlicy  are  also  doiiig  a  r^h  huainoss.  Ono  company  that 
WQ  hsTo  limrd  of  arc  tuiiif[  out  an  avcrajtc  of  two  huudred  dollars  per  day- 
There  arc  some  very  cxtemice  witrks  a,maz  on  in  tbis  slide.  Ono  oom- 
p«ny,  ire  uudwalaud,  nrc  Hiiikiiig  a  shalt  on  Ino  top  of  lli«  hHI,  !n  order  to 
offict  wUch  Aer  *ii  running;  a  tunnel  souki  three  hundmd  feet  in  Icnctli,  and 
about  one  hundred  foct  in  depth,  in  order  tD  make  a  drain  to  facilitate  the 
working  of  the  shafL  It  is  conliduuUy  belieTt'd,  that  this  entire  liiU  iti  im- 
inenMly  Heh  iu  1L»  Kold  deposits,  aud  we  doubt  not  that  a  Etir  prospvct  will 
make  soma  "golden    revelations  to  the  weary  miner. 


iinArr  .iniKtstJ. 
A  shaft  hac  been  sunk  in  IVeivvervillc,  Trinity  County,  five  feet  in 
diunetcr,  and  over  aortn  Imndrcd  feet  di-ep.  The  diggors  of  it  hsve  gone 
through  the  top  hed  rock  of  granite,  layiTS  of  cobble  stones,  sand,  quart?, 
ecment,  etc  At  the  depth  of  one  hundred  and  llfty  feet,  the  water  became 
very  tronblesOEne ;  afler  getUiig  below  the  spring,  ut  lh<?  depth  of  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet,  tho  air  became  so  foul,  that  a  small  ('lay  furnace,  with 
a  long  hose  attached  wax  placed  at  the  mouth  of  the  well,  which  has  been  con- 
ttantlv  purified  siciee  by  the  &ru  in  tho  flirnaco.  There  has  been  no  blasting, 
though  bnulders  of  twenty  feet  in  thipkness  have  bee.n  penetrated.  The  gold 
has  been  Ibund  in  all  the  stratw  and  in  the  rock.  It  is  thought  the  shaft  will 
be  sunk  four  or  flro  hundred  feet  deeper  before  tho  lower  bed  rock  ia  struck. 


TBK  AitrTBALias  noi.D  nEi.Ds. 

Wb  continue  the  Reports  of  the  yield  of  tho  gold  fields  in  Victoria  from  thn 
date  to  which  it  was  brought  up  on  pages  18S  and  IQO,  Vol.  II.  HtNiMu 
Maiuxoii: — 


iMovtn  tit  «ou  wrariTSD  ut  axiADinm  rn  svwar. 


Avgeet 

BeiMnber 

Oetober 


Aa^nsl 

SepMmliar 
Ooteber     . 


isn. 

S14,ieG(<s. 
lOT.MS  " 

UUDin  0*  OOLD  SimBI. 

1BS3. 
1M,0»I  ■■ 
l«l,ti9  •' 


IWS. 

SOIJMI  '• 

\U.M»  " 

■SS.I79  " 


■Whethor  tho  effectx  of  the  winter  are  itill  P'lt  In  the  gold  returns,  and 
there  are  fewer  ace uui illations  in  reswrve  at  the  diggings,  or  whether  llie  late 
semi- political  agitation  among  the  minora  has  produced  the  same  result  as  th« 

Vol.  U.— 37 


5S8 


Journal  of  Oold  Mtniny  Operatiota, 


bul  season,  by  liiixpcnding  warlE,  in  not  quit«  cIbv,  but  ocvbdn  it  b  tbtt  4II 
thr«c  of  lliD  principal  gold-flel'b  of  Tictom  a.  iliinmntlon  !n  the  quantity  kIsmI 
(■n  bv  iiutco,  FVi'ii  compared  with  tbo  rctiimi  of  the  Eknio  tnonth  \ttfX  fntr, 
when  th«  population  on  them  wan  Ick!i  in  immlifr.  It  ni^  b«  rIm  tlwt  U 
deep  ciiiking  bL-('i)nii;!i  more  ^'iioral,  llivrp  will  hi-  periods  of  fen  nrndncliOB  to 
be  made  up  when  tho  dsposii  is  rcarhRil  at  IunL  it !»  *  dnpat«a  point  which 
of  lh«  iwo  systenKi  i»  the  mory  prolilnblt,  dccij  Biiikiiig  or  Nitr&cing.  A  prob- 
lem hof  still  to  be  soind  In  the  soiilli<^r[i  ^olii*fl<>lJ8^that  of  the  richness,  or 
the  ivTcrsr,  of  vhat  vn  called  the  "«cfflnd  bottomH."  tlitbcrta  the  mincn 
hxTC  EtntTally  atoppcd  at  a  ctrtain  atrata,  of  a  kind  of  irliite  or  iirpc-clay, 
whicli  nan  ounBLdenMl  tlio  sign  that  tlic  limit  of  Iho  j^ld  depo^lttd  doirtiwani 
had  been  rvachcd.     I-alriy,  more  ndrcnturoim  parties  harn  Rone  deeper,  and 

iiicivpii  to  the  Ernnitc  rock,  under  Ihednv,  which  nially  appeani  tobeihe  tn» 
K>ttom,  AK  in  Hoiui<  l'i.'W  cases  thv  bucwiH  of  the  exvriumnt  ma  BOmethtng , 
fabulous.  The  celebpnted  "  Jeweller's  liiiop"  helonRcd  to  this  rlawt,  but  t 
again  fortnue  proved  herKclf  uk  cnpriciotis  nn  ever :  a  few  feel  to  the  i  _" 
left  mnde  all  lln'  dtft'iTencu  butwepn  a  rtltirn  of  iKiuiidis  or  ertn  hanfl 
wfigln*.  and  a  total  blank,  Tho  rrtiim  of  the  Eold  Iroin  New  South  AValM  I 
tho  nionlh  of  October  iir  only  B,90ft  ot*.,  against  lUO.OOO  atx.  raised  tn  die 
Bimc  period  at  Mount  Alexander.  The  monthly  return  of  tho  produce  otllio 
Vifioria  gold-fields,  to  tho  end  of  Odobi-r,gircs  the  following  result: — BallarM, 
85,101'  i.»  ;  the  Orcns,  9.730 ;  M'tror,  6,210 ;  Mount  Alexander,  105,058—  ' 

icii.inc  oML 

Tlie  retuma  from  Ballarat  for  OcloWr,  as  coinpand  with  that  of  tbo  taoag 
month  iMt  year,  (civc  an  inercasR  of  I.VfX  oxk.  ;  and  a1thoug;h  the  return  fron  ' 
Mount  Alexander  ia  atlll  au  large,  yet,  compared  with  tbo  yidd  et  OdotKr, 
1892,  it  ohows  a  decroaso  of  no  less  than  233.436  ota.  Tho  Iota)  yidd  of  the 
Victoria  gold-fleldj;  in  October,  las  yoar.  wasaOC,  172  oes.,  aeainstlfrG,  ITltHtB. 
In  October,  1SG3,  being  a  decreaiw;  of  '20Q,<.iOri  oxs.  ilallarat  bdnR  tho  only  In- 

E roving  eotd-field.     The  Itallarat  Mines  wore  yielding  extcnairdy,  as  saova 
y  tho  foTlowiug  roturtis  of  the  recvipta  at  Ueelong  by  GoTvmracnt  cacort  i 
during  each  month  of  the  year ; — 


Janoaiy 

FabmaiT 

Uardi 

^. 

Jua* 


DM.  dwla 

.  \iMa  0 

.  ig^t  0 

.  ia,sas  0 

.  SS,074  0 

.  1),8DS  D 

.  tr,u«  0 


Jnly  . 

Annat 

MMODlnlF 

OdEobar    . 
Total 


oa.  dot*. 
1M40    0 
tS,»>9    0 
«»,t«a  10 
49,M8    0 

.  tn.m  10 


which,  at  tOa.  par  oa.,  givn  a  tarn  of  I,e8S,tttI, 

Another  tcold  repon  has  been  dlscoicrtd,  about  100  mile*  north  of  tho  I 
Burnt  Burra  Mines,  supposed  in  tho  neiichborhood  of  mount  Ardcn,  and  which  ( 
Iran  reported  as  likely  to  surpass  the  Melbourne  fielda  for  riehness  and  n^allh. 
The  gold  found  in  the  new  [^onnd  is  rvpresmlcd  alxo  of  a  Bner  quality  than  ' 
any  erthcr  yet  turned  up.     The  Sydney  tfoU  Oirtular  states  that  the  Turoo  I 
diggtufS  wore  very  quid  at  the  date  of  the  latMt  intdliMnce,  tho  dry  weather 
botng  wixioualy  expect^.    The  nmuber  of  UoHwea  laaned  in  (>oiol>rr  had 
been  upworda  of  lOuO.     There  was  an  inerease  of  miners  at  Tambaroora,  otid 
a  largo  quantity  oFgold  was  offered  for  aale  thence,     Tho  eiiMrls  l.roiight  iuon 
ttiO  9d.  Nov.— ftfltit  Bathursl.  72  on*. ;  Sofala,  6116  ixun. ;  Tambaroora,  67  ois ; 
Heroo,  458  ox*.;    Rraidwood,   ISH  on*.;   Major's  tVuck,   158  owl;  and  the 
Sydney  Cold  Kwort  Company  from  the  Oven*,  6,S2G  oes. '•making  a  total  of 
i,m  ozs.,  valne  about  S4,000L  i 

MtlhouFM^  Sitiirda]/,  Dte.  IT, — Hitherto  Melbourne  pecdvcd  neariy  all  tho  ' 
produce  of  the  gold-Bddx,  with  the  exception  of  RalUrat.  which  ta  eonntderod 
as  more  properly  Iwlonging  to  UeClong,  and  from  chat  iicld  rtoelTn  waokly  a 
■mall  aharc.     Now,  in  return,  GeotonK  has  bvuun  to  aharo  with  Melboumo  , 
part  of  tho  produce  of  the  other  £old-flddF,  uong  with  our  neighbor)  from 


Jovrnai  of  Oold  Mini^tg  Opfratiotu.  ^3& 

Sjiaey  *Qd  Atlelitidc.     Among  so  mtny  cloinunti  far  thu  digger'a  gold  ho 
1(U1  M  least  b«  tcnfrRtki]  by  tho  competilioQ- 

Tke  quntility  of  gold  from  B«ndig<>  shows  *  slight  incrwuKi  OTM  Urt  wook, 
while  Irum  lUiaral  a  dvcrcase  hu  Dikta  place  M'Itot  oad  GoulbuiD  re> 
miln  tb«  wiiw. 

Th»  OMraru  bniiiirlit  IV«in—  nncrH 

Moiml  AiniaiiiUt  ud  B«nili|t«    ....  M.SEa 

BoIIanl,  inaludine  Ucalong         ....  T.ttl 

]loIt«r  (od  Qonlburn         .....  lAM 

SB,I*E 

(loM  •iLinMd  frDRi  VicMTi*  la  1»U  .  .  .     l^tM,>» 

i'ar  AdminJ  ta  Ijiodnii  ....  tf^MI 

P(T  AniiB  Itondnnon  to  (UeuUa  ...  UO 

Per  BjrdDtT  lo  London      .....         (1,80) 

WW 

Or  in  ton*  B  CVt.  1  qn.  4  Its.  4  Oi.  nl  TSa.         .  .  .      £*,a0t,t4e. 

£y<!n«F,  A*"-  JOl — Aiivicm  from  lirnidwood  nhdw  ut  improrcincnt  in  iJiIs 
qaarlfT  wnirh  ic  higbly  Mtia&otory.  About  000  liccnwn  itctp  ihiuoi]  fi>r  thr 
month  of  KuTcmbtT,  *nd  tin  ttHotrj  Mining*  per  laiLii  are  rstiinittcd  at  from 
15i.  to  SO*,  per  dfty.  Tbcn  tra  man^  InttancM  of  miivh  ervattrr  siiomts  tlivi 
this.  *nd(OtnafeirorcanuderKb)e  (■kings.  The  digK'"S*on  the  Bul&ilo  ntn^p, 
near  tho  OTnut,  haT«  profod  lo  be  aituated  oii  Die  Rirvr  lluoklikii'i.  shout  Jllly 
nile*  south  of  Sprlne  ■'n:rk-  Thero  aiv  ■  Kront  inaity  minora  at  work  on  the 
,  with  varied  fortune  On  the  Ctctis  ilsclf  opcmcioTM  in  rich  and  nromiii- 
und  continue  much  impeded  by  thv  superubundanov  of  n-utrr.  iso  much 
>  the  tase,  that  a  coiiiiction  Is  i;«inlii);  ground  that  nolhiii);  iihort  of  tho 

rlicalion  of  slrAm  power  ivill  sulfiro  tor  dniinai^  of  th«  rlttim*  tufflritnt  to 
w  of  their  effectual  working.     There  in  a  nimor  of  frc»h  discovcriM  near 
Albury,  but  wc  have  no  groundii  for  uying  more  at  prciwnt 
The  anirU  of  gold  this  WMk  baa  boon  per  escort ; — 

Mnca. 

FromSofkU 4ie 

TamUnora  ......         190 

Hmoo MO 

Bnldwood US 

Dangtog  Rock       ......      1,07) 

IVrf>;i(n«y  OoM  Ksoon  Compan;  ;— 
Fiwn  (>r«n«         .......       4,gM 

Fernuul  doriDf  NoTvmbvr       .....      1,0H 

ToUl ifita 

Vtlaa  about UO.OOO 

ccouicT  or  THB  lusTTtAMm  COLD  nnuis.  • 

Quartt  Vtins. — The  Bediruenlary  rocks  am  trarcrsed  by  nnmcroua  veins 
of  quartz,  about  3  feet  wide,  of  unknown  length,  hi  aonie  distridH  dencendiog 
to  an  unknown  depth,  in  uthera  not  mare  than  three  or  four  fort  dorp.  These 
Tcinn  or  dykea  run  N.  and  S.,  or  N.  N.  K.  and  S.  S.  W.,  and  alwayn  make  an 
acuU-  aiiglu  with  ihi'  laiiiinec  of  [he  nlaCoe.  They  M«[n  lo  bu  thv  original  toalrix 
of  all  the  gold  found  in  the  Tillcyx  and  creek*.  The  iiDarti  U  often  iiitTHotod 
by  manyjointa  and  narrow  finsurrs,  lilli-d  with  a  red  fcmiginous  cnrth,  in 
whieh  pnrllrleji  oC  ^oli]  urv  diswminated.  Gold  is  also  found  implaclcd  in  tho 
<liiartz  ItKrlf,  and  nttarhcd  to  the  sides  of  Ita  cavities.  TiMMe  aarlftrous  velna 
wore  diwovLTcd  and  wrought  before  the  alluvial  Bvlil  depo«il8<>r"Digginttti;" 
and  as  they  were  workrd  with  proRl  by  the  rudi'  ini'nns  at  lh<i  comuiand  of 
the  untrained  digger*,  they  would  doubtlcM  well  repay  thoao  who  opwaio 

*  CoDtlnuod  from  page  413,  vol.  li. 


MO 


JinirTutl  of  Gold  Mining  Operatiotu, 


upon  tbom  with  nil  the  appliance  of  modern  Ktiropean  miiiiog,  so  »ooa  u  tiie 
existing  Kocial  ezcil«incat  aliftll  have  subsIJfid  ktt-.l  n'ageg  hnvc  lUInn  from  their 
iraent  extrHfiiBknt  hdght  The  first  RoliiworkiiiK  in  thu  colony  ww  on  ■ 
qnslrtl  Toin  runnin);  through  one  or  tliu  Inppcan  pUiua  no  couuuun  in  tliii 
country.  Tliv  aurifi^roua  ijiisrlt  is  uol  inilk-vrliait,  but  has  a  dellcUa  vulli>irUli 
color,  und  nsxj-  \afXTt.  That  which  in  much  lirokco  uid  flanrta  appcan 
richer  than  tho  morv  haril  and  solid.  SoinvtimM  lir^  bouldcn  of  quuu  irc 
found  deep  buutaUi  ttiu  surface,  va  the  aiidst  of  ailrUeroua  daj;  but  it  to 
rcm&rkal)1o  that  in  nuch  case*  thg  qutrtx  bouldcnt  rardf  o»  bovcr  ccnuln 
gold,  however  rich  thu  clay  it  lies  in  may  be. 

Tbcae  qiurti  veins  sppcSir,  as  already  said,  to  be  the  orlgtnal  B«al  and 
matctz  of  th«  ^Id.  Tho  iitatc  toe\»  having  undcq^one  cootinnal  dcfradatioo 
durinj!  tfio  UjHtc  of  agoi,  thu  quarlx  veins  also  hsvo  suffered  decay  and  diriu- 
tcgriLtJun  wlivn  iheir  mcloKinu  walls  no  tonjser  I'lintvd  ;  tliv  joints  and  flwiurM 
in  the  vi-in*  of  course  aiding  ihi;  destructive  process.  Hence  tho  Rold  disBcnii- 
nated  in  their  taara  bccanii-  liberated,  and,  togvlber  with  the  lUDtcrinla  of  the 
(juarti  veins  and  sUte  rocks,  wwc  washed  down  into  the  gulUcs  and  CMeks, 
«rhor<i  tho  latter  farmed  tho  bcdi  of  clay,  gravel,  etc.,  now  found  in  these 
dcprcmioiui ;  whilst  tlie  particles,  gminx,  and  nu^ts  (or  pepit>»)  of  the  pro- 
dous  mel^il  by  their  own  weight  descended  to  tn«  lowest  of  tho  panueable 
beds,  and  into  the  chinks  and  cavities  of  the  iilalc  rocks  bcncatb,  forming  tbc 
"  pockctji"  of  tho  mine. 

Jf(ii7e  in  vhick  the  gold  u  lUfonttd. — Occasionally  th«  gold  graitis  arc 
wen  strewn  on  the  top  of  the  soil,  gamctitnes  thoy  tie  SO  &Gt  buieath  tta 
•urfkoe,  and  may  also  Iw  met  with  in  other  iooalitiea  U  «T«nr  intennodiala 
depth.  Tho  "  Diggings"  niay  liowevtr  be  convsaientlj  elaasea  into  two  dM- 
slons:  flrst,  "Surface  Workings;"  aecond,  " Pit"  or  " Hol«  Wotitng*"  bi 
the  lint  the  Jfold  is  cithor  found  lying  on  tho  snrfiuK  or  (much  tnor«  oooa- 
monly)  is  iliitusod  through  the  gravvlTy  soil  to  the  depth  of  iiix  or  twelTo 
inches,  beneath  which  is  usually  a  stiff  r«d  clav  contaioing  tittle  or  no  goU. 
These  deposits  are  conunonly  un  tlie  iiidcn  and  crcsta  of  hills  adjiuning  rich 
gullies.  Tho  second  or  dwp«r  class  of  workings  consists  of  pits  or  "balM" 
from  threo  or  &ur  to  twcnty-flvc  or  «ven  thirty  fi^it  deep.  In  tbtae  depMUi 
the  gold  is  almost  always  imbedded  in  a  taiff  c!ay,  When  any  spot  Is  (rIi  OB 
the  sur6co  no  gold  wJl  W  found  iuitncdiatoly  beneath,  and  riiie  vma  when 
rich  below  it  will  yield  nothing  on  the  surlaci;. 

These  deeper  or  pit  wockingi  are  of  three  kinds: — 

I.  In  the  cliannt'l  of  an  auriferous  creek,  at  points  wbcro  the  MrMm  h 
itiiUL-ded  by  bars  of  veriienl  slntes  traversing  tliu  volley,  gold  id  oRcn  found  1^ 
sinking  through  the  alluvial  mud  and  earth  down  to  tho  rocky  ehaaml 
beneath  Hen  tbu  gold  ia  lodged  in  a  ^y  cloy,  which  fills  ttio  chinks  and 
flasurca  of  the  sbtc  rock  whence  tho  intuers  extract  it  by  means  of  knirtK, 
■poooa,  sheariL  or  any  uUicr  tool  they  can  moct  with.  Where  the  bed  of  th« 
Stream  expands  into  an  alluvial  Hat,  the  auriferous  depo«t  will  also  bcTMM 
io  width.  Buch  nns  the  first-worked  "Uuldcn  Point"  of  Mount  Alciander, 
a  local  expansion  of  the  bed  of  Korrst  creek.  If  it  should  happen  that  the 
•sistine  creek  has  left  its  original  cbuimel,  tho  run  of  tho  gold  depowt  then 

Suits  tnc  modem  creek  and  f>)llows  its  .indent  channel.  These  working  in 
10  Ixdi  of  creeks  ore  commonly  from  three  to  ten  feet  deep.  Tliey  wet*  tb> 
Ortt  undertaken  at  Mount  Alexander,  The  drpnnits  arc  Hehot  at  points 
whore  the  stream  has  been  irnpmied  in  il«  course,  either  by  frequent  sinuocitie* 
or  by  being  crossed  by  a  bar  of  slal<>  as  already  inentloued. 

3.  A  second  kiud  of  deep  aurifuroiis  deposit  is  met  with  in  the  dry  gullies 
which  descend  from  thu  higher  raiiges  to  tho  main  rallcya,  generally  with  a 
^ntlc  inclination,  from  a  miartcr  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  length.  These  guHie* 
in  some  spots  are  narrowed  by  the  oonveniing  hilU  and  somediMfl  Mpand  into 
open  slopes  or  Ikts.  Here  the  gold  is  commonly  found,  at  from  ten  to  twenty 
EmI  beneath  the  surface,  in  a  reddish  or  yellowiitb  clay,  lying  cither  upon  the 


4 


Journal  of  Goid  Mining  Operatimtt. 


Ml 


I 


I 
I 


fitBdftmenUl  rocks,  in  the  chiiika  of  lUe  vertJoal  »\m,U,  or  elm  upon  a  thkk 
tenftcioun  white  or  yellow  rlny,  known  by  th»  miiicra  m  ''pipe  atty."  Thi« 
in  Kometiint^  of  unknown  depth,  Mid  HomcdmM  passes  imperceptibly  into  the 
viu^cal  luoinffi  or  Aoft  inicicmus  nMe.  In  iioine  of  thcM  gulliea  there  is  a 
<?onlinnoii8  lino  of  w<>rkin(rs  half  a  inili.<  in  IcniEtti.  Th«  nchvBt  dvposit  is 
alvayK  found  in  whiit  appenrii  to  be  the  anrient  c/utnitel  or  bed  of  the  Rully, 
whm;  lh(*  opjHiiiite  slopcH  of  lliu  rocky  gully  meet  devp  bcni^alli  ()ie  overlying 
itrata  of  gravel  unit  cUy.  Thu  brt'sdtli  of  iFio  area  wliifli  yiiJJa  gold  in  usually 
not  more  than  a  ftw  fiiet,  rarely  if  evar  iiioro  than  a  fi;w  yards.  The  mipcrior 
strata  cltnrly  owu  their  origin  to  running  water.  They  differ  roucb  in  eompo- 
KitioQ  iu  ditVvrent  localities.  Thi.*y  may  b<^  bard  or  aufl— [nay  coiiaial  of  tuua' 
dons  elay  nr  of  isandy  gravel.  ^Vhrn  first  turned  up  they  sIriosI  always  am 
of  mne  bright  hue  of  red,  yellow,  or  white ;  but  liiiii  naoa  ddes  awny  un 
exposure  to  the  air.  Tt  \a  rvniarkablv,  that  tbeiia  gulliei  are,  with  Jicaruely  an 
exception,  on  the  south  side  only  of  the  valley. 

8.  The  third  kind  of  deep  workings  arc  those  on  the  Kidcs  and  ereala  of  the 
low  ruuudcd  bills  or  aci'lltittes  at  the  ai<1eS  of  the  aurifurouK  gullivK,  It  olUn 
happens  that  the  width  of  an  anrifirrous  gully  is  contmctcd  before  it  falls  into 
tho  ni«n  valley  by  spum  froni  iho  lateral  hills,  which,  protruding  from  either 
ndc,  form  a  kind  of  giil«iiay  to  Ibe  pilly.  In  Kucb  lui'atitieB  tlie  )^>ld  dciioitit 
WM  found  to  continue  acrow  the  ([ully  up  to  the  foot  of  lh*se  eoMosing  nills, 
and  thence  up  their  ridcK  to  tb«  rounded  crest,  where  the  rich  field  commoaly 
ceaaw.  In  the  giilly  below,  the  gold-bearing  depoiit  may  be  at  •  ooneidera- 
ble  depth.  At  th«  crest  of  the  hill  It  will  also  be  deepi  but  iirtcrmcdlately,  at 
the  foot  of  the  hill,  tho  "  holcx"  will  bo  perhaps  only  two  or  three  feet  deep, 
or  the  gold  may  in  ihia  tnterTeniuc  spare  be  scattered  in  the  surface  gravel ; 
m  that  a  section  through  tho  bill  and  gully  below  would  exhibit  lli«  gold 
deposit 

The  alluvial  i^trata  on  Ibc  tiidei  and  topa  of  these  hilla  have  a  general  oon- 
foniiity  to  tho  present  surface,  but  an-  extremely  irregular,  so  that  two  nltt  a 
few  yards  apart,  nia^  present  two  1<-Ial1y  diUvrent  si'i'liuus;  us  tbougti  Uie 
beds  had  been  deposited  by  means  of  strong  conflicting  eddioa  and  currtnls. 
Tbey  consist  soiui'ttiueH  of  Ktiffred  and  yellow  days,  llku  thuno  in  tlio  gulliea: 
but  there  also  frciuenllr  oc-:ur  beds  of  >  very  ha^l  rf<ldish  concrete,  coioposea 
of  quartz  and  slnle  pebbleu.  At  ItalUrat  large  boulders  of  (juartz,  two  or  three 
Ibet  in  diameter,  were  foiuid  iiubedited  iu  the  auriferous  clays,  and,  more  rarely, 
detached  iiiaascs  of  a  conglomerate  of  fragments  of  lava,  trap,  and  quartz,  im- 
bedding rounded  pieces  of  gold.  At  these  workings  the  rich  "  poeketa"  of 
gold  were  commonly  associated  with  a  bluish  clay,  running  in  irregular  veina 
and  patclics.  .So  rich  was  this  clay,  that !(  lbs.  weight  of  (told  have  Wen  takta 
(rom  a  single  tin-dishful  of  it,  about  fourteen  inches  in  diameter  and  tlvc  or  rix 
iacbel  deep- 

Enormuus  amounts  of  gold  have  been  taken  from  some  of  these  rounded 
atluvial  hills.  The  yield,  however,  is  not  no  nnirorm  as  In  the  gullies;  a  rich 
spot  and  a  barren  may  ollen  lie  dose  to|-cthcr.  in  iheae  deposits,  as  in  thoae 
of  the  dry  gullies,  tho  cold  is  usually  imijudded  in  red  or  yellow  elava,  lying 
iiauiedialely  on  tho  fundamenlal  slates,  or  on  the  "pipe  day."  Tthen  tho 
geld-jiclding  ejar  liea  on  the  rock,  small  lamps  or  nugKcta  of  gold  will  como- 
tunes  (dip  down  between  llie  vertical  slutea. 

In  oondusion,  the  methods  of  separating  the  ([old  (Vom  the  gravels  and 
tttm  are  the  aamc  aa  those  uied  clucwhero  in  New  ^uth  Wales  snd  California, 
and  vaiy  of  couns  according  to  the  meana  at  the  command  of  the  miner*.* 

*  Beeldes  tho  BDllamt  and  Moant  Al^-iondf^r  iri>l<i-ll£Mi^,  "  'i^aff'itigt'*  hava  Itr-tiu 
Opened  at  Mount  Blnckwoo<l  mii  on  !hu  M<i<>rii)>c>iil  Kivur,  iiFur  Uiirirnt;  un  ilin  Plaoty 
and  Tarn  Vum  ItWcn,  N.  tC  of  Mi'U'"iitii4:  on  tlin  Milta  M'lUu  lilrnr  mid  Ijdca 
Omto.  in  the  S.  K.  iwrt  of  the  Colony  ;  m  woUn*«l  wvnuil  puiiiu  alonit  Uweasltm 
portion  of  the  twnaJary-line  between  Vleterla  and  New  Soulii  Walaa. 


tburiui'  of  0»ld  Mining  Operatioiu. 


M>CKT  SAX  Miinxa  mxrjuiT. 

The  R«[>Drt  of  thiit  Compui^F  conUin*  iKmw  poinU  which  are  worthy  6f 
notico,  anH  nre  nlxo  imporUot  »a  rctntiiig  to  tU  pnMioedUiES.  We  extract  SO 
much  a.1  IK  or  permanent  intorvHt. 

The  pn-scnt  Board  of  Dircclors,  on  tsBiuiiingcfllro  In  February,  ISJU,  uul 
examining  the  acvonnU  anil  position  of  thn  r>impanT,  at  once  lUicovtrcd  tiwt 
it  wa*  needful  to  nii*c  nwatic  to  diachAtce  tho  oliligaliuna  of  t)lt^  Company,  and 
to  carry  on  tlm  worlu^  and  they  estimated  that  it  wcnilil  rvi^uW  al  loMt 
$&0.00l)  to  ct(«Ct  thi«.  Aoting  iindiT  thr  ,Si:TcntreRth  Article  of  AiKodation, 
which  wan  the  onlr  mode  oni'ti  to  thi-ra.  they  levied  an  aawwwniMLt  of  Hit  per 
oenL  on  (li«  capitAl  stock,  wliiuti.  ha'l  all  the  Btoi'klioldors  pftid  up,  would  hare 
rttlind  the  roqair^d  ninounC  Tli«  ax^wmcnt  wax  paid  on  ItC.MO  ihorts, 
and  rca]ix«d  the  num  of  f3ii,il3fi,  leaving  03,40  »harv<  unpaid  oti,  and  whidi 
hare,  therefore,  undur  Uie  ««m«  article,  bmia  declared  a^  forfpit*d  to  the  Com- 
pany. Thi«  provision  of  ttMMunent,  and  forfeiture  of  non-payment,  i*  in 
exact  conformity  with  the  mining  custorns  of  ralifomin,  and  also  of  the  work- 
ing of  niineH  in  England,  undvr  the  co3t-book  synli'in,  wbloh  has  prOTalled  In 
Cortiwalt  for  centuries,  and  is  tbe  only  systvo  by  whidi  the  vitality  of  a 
mining,  company  can  be,  insurrd.  Any  r«Mirt  to  mortEngc,  or  other  indchled- 
ncw,  only  i-nd.i  in  cmburraaatnent.  Tho  Only  plan  Hucoomfully  to  tarry  on  a 
n^e,  in  fur  the  p&rlies  intemled  to  esliiualv  lh«  chaliCM,  and  make  up  their 
miods  to  carry  on  or  abandon  the  wocki,  at  guocetiaive  pcjiods.  ndcording  to 
tha  prroapccta  that  present  thcm.ielvcK.  It  ii  alike  tho  duty  of  the  directors 
Mid  •loesholdera,  to  mo  that  no  debt  ia  allowi'd  to  hu  formed  against  the  Com- 
pany, afl  provided  in  the  Sixth  Article  of  Awociation. 

A  rcfortnec  to  the  apcount*  herewith  |)rcienlcd,  will  ahow  tho  cxiMing 
condition  of  alfaini,  and  the  rt'cviptii  and  paytuciils  fruni  all  sourcea,  aloce  tlw 
data  of  the  latt  Report,  up  to  tho  Slst  Dre«inber,  IljC3. 

From  these  nceounlK,  it  will  he  scon  that  [h«  aTailablo  means  of  tho  Ooav> 
pany  are  again  cxUauvled,  and  if  the  undertaking  U  to  bo  carried  on,  it  wiH 
require  more  means  to  be  raised.  The  Directors  have  gireii  this  matter  thatr 
most  snrinuR  attonilon,  and  being  fully  satiKBed.  from  the  very  (<i\\  and  iin- 
vamiKhed  xiatcmenbt  of  the  present  agent,  Mr.  Seyton,  that  the  undertaking, 
with  adequalu  capita!,  can  be  conducted  to  a  most  successful  issue,  they  Iiavc 
dctemiiiied  (Fi'bruary  Isl)  on  torying  another  aiueMment  of  five  percent.* 
on  the  capital  slock,  equal  to  twentf-llvo  cents  per  share  on  the  proMDt  %S 
Khares,  which,  if  paid  up  in  full,  will  rcalixc  the  sum  of  $36,635,  which  they 
have  every  reason  to  believe  will  put  the  Company  in  full  workbg  order,  and 
realign  the  most  Kanguino  oipeclallous  of  al!  concurued. 

TliiH  outla^  Li  Te(|uired  by  the  ncecHiity  of  driving  the  adit  level  U>  thit 
rtln  on  hlas^achusells  Jliil,  in  order  properly  to  open  and  drain  tlie  tnino,  and 
to  effect  needful  alterations  in  the  machinery,  which  experienoo  proves  to  b« 
required. 

Wo  do  not  regard  it  as  nucesiary  to  dcacribe  the  partieulars  of  tho  work, 
Ik~,  done  last  year.  They  can  be  seen  in  general  in  llic  accounlK  annexed. 
OnpagctaTof  Vol-IT.  will  be  found  eitracta  (him  recent  report*  of  tho  Sitp«r> 
intendenC,  showing  what  the  Company  is  at  preMut  doing. 

Dr.  mot,  Cr. 


Tki  100)01X1  ltaitw«t  IS  «uK      .    (IgOOIUKM  00 


•i.imuwooo 


By  ItOMl  ihBta  IWBcd  la  hoMsn 

ai  >v     .     .      .       .  iia,ioo  eo 

pany  ft^r  aun-puiBut  at  t^ 

MWDHl,  .     Wjua  Ot 

VMV  ILOMMnOW 


*  At  th«  maeUng  of  Uu  aloekholUtrs  thli  amcanincinl  was  raliuad  to  Uireo  pat . 
eent,  on  Uio  capStil  »iook.  - — 


Jmimal  Iff  Oold  Mininy  OperatuMi. 


6tt 


To  AmeuDt  nnilind,  t  an  )mi 

M(«n.  In  V.hmwj-  ^  .    (9TH.0M  (T 

*  An'l  r*nt1cr(4  Ittm  Feb,  S  lu 

"  lUUrUk.  Mljirln  Hid  laTMir 
MpOVuMon  inlEilnit  ^nd  m»' 
aUDMyilUmu  Vallnr,  oprr 

■■  it".         do.  iln  lis. 

Ji*.  Diinvjui,   .  T,ans> 

*■   do.  <1d,  Iln.  11*. 

,  H  par  KrnBDt  iwdsnd  bf  C 
&ft>7I<in.  tM9  » 

*  On«  tiptBH*  ind  (ilTWIb- 

Inc.        ...         .  i,m  U 
'  Bsniuiiul  with  old  rWckbsld- 

tn,         .  «S  00 

*  llllHml  4ff  40 

>  Hnrk  hdd  19  Oungxiiii  tbr-' 
fciw,    ,        ...     arjon  no 


I  IL*IuUll  »«oId, 


HiOaMWC 
i.ss;s4 


HiUn^ 


(i.nB^yii  M 


•JM««S<W 


B/8to^     .  .|],«MM| 

'  AMtumnt  ate  urHol.  Unnl 


•t.oM,tca  «4 


iwraacvi  luooum'. 


Ta  [iitFclKH  kF  Ovid  mU  olilnu 
"    ViooA.       .... 


tMHOHO 
MttTI 
MM  IB 

imis 


Kt  BaluiiiL,  n  Mr  UM  ttftm, 
•■  Cmb  ftrr  «1dMM  ftom  Janoirr 
Utb  u  IbKh  1.  pmsabortiM^ 

fruln  Gold  Hill, 
"  Quirlf  vild»    .... 
~  It  mnnilH'  >*ni  tt  mill  to  W«it 

"  Wool  lold,      .... 

■•  niiuMi,       .... 


ia.MU 


To  KfiTCDn*.  . 

"  o.  tL  nuis 


|a,iN  II 
SALoiOK  B»e*.imai  Sin,  IMt, 


tMM 

l,tMI  » 
HW 


141  iD 


•WMII 


BvCftltl, 
•'  Loin, 

00 


•^SSSJj 


rf 


TDK  Rin-KHt  OOLD  KnrB. 
Tbis  miiic  U  aitiuted  ia  Bowitn  county,  Nortli  Ciu«lb&,  ibout  Gvc  tntloe 
firam  Salisbury  and  nekriy«igUt  miles  fk«m  the  oelvbralol  Gold  IHII  Mine,  front 
tb«  Report  of  Mr.  Stephen  P.  Leeds,  Oeologiiit,  we  Lave  iLe  following  fnct* : — 

This  miuc  is  tocAttd  In  the  ume  mineral  belt  aa  (Imt  which  cmbnccit  th* 
Oold  Hill  Mint',  but  the  Ttiii  ia  not  ptnllol  with  the  ittnUeofthti  rouUuf  this 
rich  mineral  trad,  butcutKtbcmatanobliiiuo  angle  and  consequ  en  tij  tatumcB 
the  position  of  ■  croM  vein. 

Tliis  rvulure  ia  favorable,  for  it  ia  a  well  emablidwd  fwt,  Uut  cross  tcina 
m  usually  luoro  rich  in  mineral  (i>iallflcallo[i«  than  any  other. 

The  coufM  of  the  Yoin  bears  Wf*t  40"  North  by  KHt  40"  South.  It  Mr- 
riot  a  position  appronchiog  cloxcly  to  a  vertical  one,  varying  in  fact  but  one  or 
two  ilcgrGvs  Irotii  a  peculiar  line.  Kram  tEio  gL-ni-ral  clinractcr  of  Ihc  niinenl 
veins  on  the  CJuUm  slojw  uf  lh«  Apiialachbn  chain,  there  Is  but  lillle  doubt 
but  that  this  tcin  will  awiunio  a  vrrUcal  range  when  it  iihall  have  been  opmed. 
to  a  depth  of  from  one  to  two  hundred  fuct.  Those  vciua  holding  a  vcrticAl 
pottitiOD  bare  never  yet  been  known  to  (ail. 


Mf 


Jeamal  of  O^ld  llining  OptraHotu. 


It  in  Ik  bold  xaA  iviiiarknlily  wM  Il•^(l^cd  vein,  ftvorni^ne  itiout  nx  foet  in 
width,  anil  (lUndliig  tlircc-<iuftrtcni  of  &  mil«  on  this  propvHj'. 

Tbu  ||:)ingn<>-etonais«oDisMl,iButtiTU()i»ns,  8cmi-tnnBf«r*Bt,aBderifae 
character  knowa  araong  mining  mon  m  "lively  quarts,"  n  term  usod  io 
onitndwtinctian  i«ihftld«iwl*ndni>n'm(rtattifcTiiii.i(|uans.  irliich  mfroiiiianfij' 
p«rv»dea  ralnttr^  rcicioiM.  Thv  Ti-iu  in  hif-)ily  charged  with  Kitlphurct  of  inm 
or  iron  pjrilea,  which  in  many  [loinls  hns  undergone  ft  chemical  deooinpemlim, 
whilo  tho  l&rg«r  portion  of  the  mincinl  i«  ittill  in  its  ori^nal  charact«r.  a  bright 
whito  pyrit*,  Somn  trace*  of  coppiT  oru  aro  munifcst  at  different  portinnsaf 
the  TCin,  and  it  is  not  impruhadle  Ihit  n'lit<ii  opiTiliunx  at  tbiN  mins  afaall 
have  been  prcKtcoittvil  Io  a  eiwattr  d^pth,  an  inrrrascd  qiiaiitily  of  (bis  metal 
will  be  proiiurvd,  Tho  presence!  in  thu  vein  of  sii^h  ampin  igiianlitlcfl  of  (ron 
pyrites  m  n  Etronji  indicatiun  tliat  sucli  will  uttimuti^Iy  he  the  rcaulL  In  tbc 
mind  of  Kurupi-,  the  "backs"  of  pyrites  ai«  ever  haili-d  with  fffX  ntio&O- 
tion  by  llio<ie  working  out  tho  orcc,  and  «o  Cir  ai;  th«  cipcritmco  of  praetiea] 
mc^n  in  our  own  counlrjr  han  advanocl,  the  facU  bare  eorrabarat^d  the  opinion 
Rtatcd  abovr. 

Tlie  %M  is  di«§«mliiat«d  ihroitghout  tho  pyritous  portion  af  the  nin 
In  very  mmiito  particlca,  but  HhowlnR  under  the  panning  process  a  yield  TUT- 
injt  from  a  raluo  Ot  fiftr  contl  to  two  and  a  lialf  dolTani  per  huxhitl.  Tb« 
carcmuus  or  honej-comMd  qoarti  also  carrion  *  coimidcrebk  quantity  of  gold, 
and  in  th^  psn  shows  a  rich  ntiim  ;  andbytakinK  Iho  arvragu  product  of  Um 
dfiffbrcnt  qiiilitic);  of  ore,  the  vein  would  reach  about  wvimty-nve  10  dgh^ 
oonta  per  buahct. 

The  flnviifss  of  (he  gold  is  shown  by  the  Mini  ci.-rtif!c«(Mi  which  places 
its  value  at  ninety-three  centa  per  dwt.  The  varialion  lietweao  this  ti}u4 
and  the  value  of  abiiolutolv  jmre  gold  is  caused  by  an  intcrmiiturc  of  eilver ; 
thill  fcatiir*  iHnrades  all  iKo  gold  found  in  (hitt  portion  of  the  Cnited  StalM; 
BometimeB  being  so  great  aa  to  reduce  the  laliio  rruni  iWTue  mines  (o  as  low  ti 
flgun  a«  seven ly-thrvc  cenla  p«r  dwt  tiold  absoluldy  pura  Is  conriderecl 
at  the  Mint  to  maintain  a  value  of  103.3.^3  centu  per  d»t.  while  tho  standard 
tbJu«  of  ^1d  Roln  of  the  United  Slates  is  !>!!{  ccnli  per  dwt 

That  ore  is  Bencrally  conKidercd  of  a  very  fidr  ehatacter  whioli  will  yield 
g«ld  that  is  worth  03  cents  per  dwt. 

ITie  vein  has  been  proved  m'stly  over  the  whole  extent  on  tho  property, 
brCMtaaniiig  at  various  points  upon  its  oour«e,  and  has  been  rei^icd  at  all 
places  whero  trial  has  been  made,  at  a  depth  varying  bma  five  feet  to  a 
mirfiicc  outcrop. 

Hiree  Khana  have  been  carried  down  upon  the  vein  to  the  depth  of  twcnty- 
flf«  or  thirty  feet,  and  at  that  depth  tho  vein  maintains  a  uniform  chsiacter. 

Three  hundred  tons  (S  ore  are  now  raiacd  to  the  surface,  which,  estintated 
at  sluttvn  busheht  to  the  (on.  at  a  valuation  of  serenty-Hve  cents  per  buidtcl, 
would  tt've  a  vsIuk  of  three  thousand  and  sin  hundred  doQarv,  for  Ute  ore  now 
raised  and  ready  for  milling. 

From  the  favorable  nature  of  the  location  of  this  vein,  each  hand  employed 
upon  the  ore  bMoiiBht  to  bn  enabled  to  raise  two  tonsof  orepcrday.  Tbiaora 
taken  from  the  vein  vrill  ((ive  nt  lonet  an  f\ill  a  quantity  of  gold  as  (bat  wIlMl 
has  alreadv  been  ertmctcd,  and  the  prohaMlitfes  are  that  lb*  yield  will  bt 
better  as  the  vein  has  improved  In  n>?htie?(ii  ko  far  lut  it  hat  Keen  derpcnod. 

No  machinery  has  yet  been  plnced  upon  this  property,  with  the  exotfition 
of  the  simple  rocker,  in  common  nw  thrniijjhnut  tins  gold  region ;  and  wKh 
this  primitive  procem  the  expen<cH  of  working  tho  vdn,  and  Iha  Meetlon  of 
a  houBB  and  stables,  hare  been  paid  for,  which  includes  tho  rauiInK  of  the  ore 
mentioned  above. 

If  copper  Khould  be  reached  at  a  depth  of  from  siity  (o  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet,  which  in  the  average  depth  at  which  in  eopper-l>earing  veins  in  this 
regkMi  it  manife*l8  ilself,  this  will  be  a  very  valuable  mine.  The  preatnt  ralue 
of  twenty  per  cent  ore,  is  ninety  dollars  per  ton  ;  and  the  gold  oblarned  from 


Journal  of  Oold  Mining  Optniiwu. 


9m- 


thia  nine,  will  not  aa\j  pn^  the  cml  of  r«isinj[  th«  c«ppnr  on  (be  lurUce,  bnt 
qrill  aliHi  pky  a  viiluable  profit  on  tli«  working  cxpctuWi  IhiU)  plarin);  ibo  cop- 
ptr  oru  in  a  mniiitii^n  V>  bv  sitippod  ftvm  the  luiiM  &M  of  fiOM. 

A  never  fnilin^  Ktrcam  of  water  tflbrda  ■  full  cupplf  n«CMiMT<r  for  wn^ng 
iwpanil  Tur  nil  punraBetoflbo  inino.  Ncarijr  the  entit«  ftortlonoir  the  Tdn  fl 
Hiill  iiiibrokrn,  luxi  ftSbrda  the  favorabli]  poiiiiion  «f  rlrgin  grMmd,  which  on 
mininfr  propcrtipx  is  cTrr  a  ilri^irnblc  point  to  Kttajn. 

Tlicru  in  nn  abundant  mpply  of  timber  an  thi!i  tract,  far  all  um«  spperliun- 
iag  tu  tbo  riili)!-,  villicr  fur  fuel  or  building  purpoM-s.  Thin  tract  cmbracM 
■^at  one  tiimdrctl  arrrs,  which  is  W  plotttd  u  lo  oovor  the  pratMt  pouiblc 
cx<«nt  of  the  Tvin.  Mucliof  tiic  laud  u  in  a  jfood  >tatc  of  cullitation,  and,  for  _ 
rtisliiK  thu  ui?('<jhsar]-  provisions  tu  bu  coiiiuiuvd  at  tbu  iiiin*',  iaa  raliiable  ac- 
qili»tion  to  thoMi  opoTBling  on  the  mine 

Thi-  Central  North  Carolina  Railroad  will  puiK,  when  complotcci,  within 
Ave  iiiik's  of  tills  mine,  and  will  render  tlil.i  point  ca^y  of  ac-i^esa;  it  will 
bo  flniahcd  bsrond  this  point  in  the  course  of  the  cMUi&g  guramcr,  Fram  all 
the  indicatiwiM  cTidcnt  on  tbix  propcrtj,  thorc  can  bo  no  doubt  entertained 
bat  tlut  this  ia  a  permanent  vein,  aod  that  it  coutaina  an  unfailing  supply  of 
*aliuU«ora. 


SOLD   IN    rtcILAKn. 

The  oidtcment  which  hu  been  created  in  EnjclaAd  rotative  to  tho  exiiit- 
tcncc  of  gold  in  large  (luantiticK,  hu  awaliened  an  ncliro  inTCiitigatioii  cS  the 
sutgect  in  all  its  bcaringjL  Among  other  rwultn,  not  the  least  important  U> 
us,  is  the  inforoialion  elicited  respecting  its  extraction  and  ainalgaoiatlon. , 
Various  writers  hare  olTured  their  views  upou  these  operations  in  the  public 
prnML  Some  of  those  will  be  (band  not  iinbtercBting  to  our  readeiK.  One 
milcr  thus  proposes — 

TO  TRsr  oan  ron  <iot.t>. 

FlndiDg  there  la  such  a  msc  for  gold  throuKhout  the  United  Kingdom, 
wMi  aliiMrt  ovei7  kind  of  lode,  and  ivck.  too,  prododnE  gold,  with  wocider- 
ful  Enventions  of  costly  patents  for  itn  extraction,  ha*  ioAioed  ma  to  (pre  ths 
mintr  and  otbont,  who  raay  be  inclined  tu  make  trial*  on  their  iron,  lnundl«^ 
fiatsATi,  etc.,  the  following,  whi'ti  lljcy  can  make  the  azparlnMnt  thaiBMlTMatF 
their  own  iriinc  with  certAint; ;  I,  thcrcrorc,  giro  the  ustmoiioiia  lo  the  best' 
of  my  knowledge.  KirKt,  bruiue  the  ore,  er  atone^  tO  be  operated  upon  to  « 
fine  ponder :  put  two  gallons  of  this  (or  more,  as  jonr  menns  of  operation  at 
band  may  be,)  into  ajar  contnining  tliroeor  four  Raltons,  with  a  quart  of  boil- 
ing water,  aditinjc  a  little  nitrin  acid,  and,  my,  half  a  pound  of  ijiiicluilrcr  ; 
(hake  it  well  for  ten  minute]^  then  nearly  lill  the  jar  with  hot  walvi,  and 
rooTD  it  about,  rolling  the  jar  a  few  times  every  three  or  four  hours,  m  may 
be  convenient,  during,  say,  twenty-four  bouT«.  At  the  end  of  that  time  run 
it  Into  an  iron  tronKb,  or  boiler ;  then  turn  a  nuall  stream  of  water  into  this 
T«anl,  keeping  it  well  nUrTtd,  v>  tlial  Uio  water  may  carry  awuy  the  earthy, 
matter.  When  reduced  to  a  suit^l  nnatitity  put  it  in  a  tinfiin,  then  pans  it 
from  oine  basin  to  another — tbe  iiuirknilver  running  out,  there  will  be  seen 
Bomc  wind  remaining  behind  in  the  basin ;  this  wash  into  a  vessel :  at  «ach 
time  you  paaa  the  (]uick:iilver  from  one  to  the  other,  there  will  remain  nomo 
sand,  or  uirthy  matter.  Continu*  this  until  yon  f;et  tho  qiiicknilTer  olcon:  \ 
from  dirti  you  have  then  the  ftold,  natrra  tilvRr,  and  native  cupper,  if  any,|^ 
inoorporated  trith  the  ouickmlTor:  examine  the  IbM.  purtlun  whli:h  is  washed 
each  lime  from  the  basins,  to  see  if  any  of  the  quicksilver  ha«  psraped.  This 
done,  tnke  a  pieoc  of  chamois  leather,  put  it  ovtr  a  biuin  in  a  trough -ahaite, 
run  the  quickulver  on  the  leather,  then  draw  up  tbo  outer  portion  of  it  Into 
one  band,  with  the  otbor  squeens  the  qwduilvur  until  do  mors  wilt  puf 


Off 


Journal  of  Oeid  3tin!nff  Op^ationi. 


throufch  ;  whit  is  left  in  the  leather  is  Uu  nnklgvn  :  thca  take  tbia  ainalgkm 
kod  put  it  on  n  bright  fire-»hovel(in»do»rflre,  the  quioksilvsr  will  DViipont*, 
when  you  will  bm  m  aii  iiifelant  the  meUI — if  fo^i.  it  will  be  unUl  color;  If 
tUnr,  a.  silrar  color,  etc  Tho  quieluilvcr  that  txcapM  through  the  UkOict 
wOl  he  latunteil  with  •  innftil  portion  of  Uie  mclal ;  llierercn'e.  to  mak«  Ibe 
ez|>«nmi-iit  perfisrt,  TG-ttiatil  tbi«  quickKilT«r,  thu  Miliintint  will  lit  tho  muo  ■> 
wbat  you  ham  collected  In  the  leather  hcforti ;  tho  real  tkIuc  on  then  only 
be  uoertftined  in  tiu  june  nunner  an  tho  TariouK  kincU  of  gatd  ihisl  ore 
knoirit. 

Some  BUty  ask,  why  put  in  the  adilt  This  is  to  quicken  tho  prMMS ; 
|[mu(y,  110^7,  or  many  other  snbstaneog  Ho  somctimeit,  to  niT  knowledge,  coet 
QTCT  ili«  particle*  ot  gold,  and  prercnt  them  from  udhenng  to  the  qtMUunr, 
which  ^rvstly  retards  the  pruL-esi ;  but  if  yuu  am  give  it  time  Diia  caution  Is 
not  nsiuired,  u  the  IViction  cauae<l  by  the  long-contlnutd  motion  wiU  eSkt 
ite  object. 

1  will  now  KuppoM  that  you  are  irimit  to  ftCt  on  half  ft  too  of  Sne  Ote, 
whieh  is  on  a  lurf^r  scalv.  Make  a  caak^-aay,  six  fiiet  long,  and  four  hM 
diamettr— to  bo  of  wniitl  OinienHions  from  end  to  end.  In  tho  cmtre,  on  Um 
inniilf,  place  three  or  four  rows  of  Iron  teeth,  in  the  nhitpc  of  a  hondnw,  but 
lareer  in  thv  (ucth ;  fix  the  cai^k  in  a  frame,  and  cause  it  to  rotate  on  iU  azfa 
1^  hand  with  thu  ore,  water,  and  (julckjiiNer — «uy,  for  a  day ;  in  such  CUS 
the  add  la  not  rcjulrcil.  You  can  cit.rry  on  the  cxjicriment  on  a  larger  scale 
by  wwhing  away  the  earthy  matter  when  taken  out,  and  t!lt.>ar  up  after  you 
have  done  fire,  ten,  or  lifly  toiiH.  There  are  huudrcds  of  minora  in  ComwaU 
who  have  seen  iliu  washing  u^i  uf  iho  ailvur  and  gold  amalgam  in  Colombia, 
Mexico,  Chili,  and  the  lirnzll^,  and  plenty  of  engineers  who  arc  well  able  to 
OOMttilCt  machinery  to  ri-duct  the  stone  to  powder,  a.1  required.  Then  why 
■bould  we  Oornishiiien  bo  deterred,  or  beDehtnd  in  satisfying  OursclvMD 
there  ik  not  aufHcicnt  gold  to  pay  in  our  Iron  ores,  mundie,  Kostan,  fit<',  t 

Uowcrer,  to  i^>  tin  with  my  Kuhjcct,  as  propc»rcd,  I  will  Rive  you  tliis  cruda 
w:^  to  test  the  uuickKilver.  lla\c  a  sugar-loaf  shaped  copper  vtMel  mad»— 
mj,  oiffht  to  ten  Inches  in  height,  and  six  to  cicht  in  diameter ;  bare  a  trMgh 
plate-gloiu  rt  <^hina-wnr«  I  would  prfifiT,  hut  it  not  at  band  one  aalD<iMlt  t« 
stand  Uiu  beat,  lake  an  iron  one,  in  which  you  put  the  qntckKlrer:  undemeaUl 
this  place,  hare  a  parforalcd  plate,  Kueli  as  an  old  atampi  pate ;  place  (fail 
on  the  end  (upright)  uf  n  tile,  or  any  other  pipe,  sunk  in  the  ground,  aay,  Iwo 
or  three  (eat,  so  a«  to  kocp  out  [hv  eold  air ;  under  this  pipe  place  a  buln  of 
cold  water,  you  have  then  all  the  necciuary  appnratu.t  reiiuir^  for  the  oponi' 
tion.  Xcil,  put  theni  all  in  their  proper  pliiees ;  first,  the  basin  of  water,  on 
which  mnst  stand  the  pipe,  widen  should  come  to  about  the  lovol  of  the 
ground ;  on  the  lop  of  this  pipe  plane  your  perforated  iron,  in  whkdi  jm 
most  put  your  trough'ftbapud  reaael,  oontaining  the  quickaiWer :  put  ■  imaU 
piece  of  iron,  or  any  other  snlislaoce^  between  your  perforated  plate  and  (h* 
mo  which  contain*  the  quicksilrar,  ho  u  not  to  cover  too  many  of  the  hoW 
Thb  done,  place  your  auror-Iuaf-riiaped  cap,  or  eovnr,  orer  the  quickHilrcr. 
The  next  tttpis  to  put  thison  a  slow  firr'.  mode  with  turf-asht^,  coke,  or  coal; 
Ihi*  operation  will  iJto  Bevaral  honni.  As  the  qnii^ksilTtr  is  healed,  the  erapo- 
ration  will  euiulvnuo  on  the  inudo  of  tho  Tcatd,  and  run  down  in  drqut  IdIo 
tho  water ;  when  tho  whole  of  ^e  qaidcailTer  la  eeaporvted,  the  aedianenl,  if 
any,  \x  the  rcradndcr  of  the  metal  sought  for. 

I  hare  thus  described  such  a  iiimpic  plan  ok  will  oscertain  mifEdcntly  cor- 
KCtly  if  any  of  tlie  amalgam  nbould  hare  encaped  in  the  quickailver;  but,  for 
general  purposes,  this  method  is  not  necessary. 

Another  writer  thus  speaks  of  the  defects  la  the  pn>ce88  of  ftmiJ- 
gamatiun  ;— 

Uercury  may  yield  an  amalgam  when  Kqucezed  throagh  a  waah-loattier, 
■ad  yet  bare  varied  quantities  of  gold  in  wlution.    In  mim  ioataooea  I  ban 


Jburmd  of  ffoM  Mining  Op»ratitmt. 


MT 


I 


fawiA  toiKtij  ■  tnc«,  tod  bj  recent  «x]H-KiiicDt«  I  lure  fouDJ  it  nrj-ing  op 
to  M  ktgfa  u  nMrij  «{ht  gnitas  in  one  pound  of  mttvary :  such  Mi^  tlw 
CMi^  H  ^1  b«  «Mr)r  to  M«  what  gron  mran  n  nmjr  be  tod  inlo^  wbcn  ena 
■K  experimented  upon  in  the  raumcr  I  flnt  witnasM ;  M,  for  incUaet  l^ce 
an  tm  oontAiniug  no  i;o1d.  but  lutire  copper,  or  alvcr,  IM  ernah  it  wltn  itx- 
l«en  pounds  of  mercury,  whicli  Is  tlie  tisual  quatttit)'  cmploj-Ml  tn  <r«rx  tx- 

Cnmcnt.  Thin  incr«or>-  in  cmptblo  orttHratioii ;  but  hiring,  let  mc  iiuppos^ 
en  unctl  for  crushing  sercrel  orta,  it  in  hiitbly  Mturateil  with  j-ulil,  0[i  com* 
pIMag  the  cxperltnciit.  thn  nivrcuiy  wotiLd  giro  a  iu>1id  dmilgam.  which  TDlfht 
eofltiln  all,  nr  nvnrl  v  all,  the  gnid  originally  i[i  tlic  .liiteen  poundfi  of  mcrcoTy, 
tlw  KMult  more  ot  l««  depending  on  tho  amount  of  copper  or  ailTcr  in  the 
ore.  Again,  {f  thia  raercurj,  lust  robbiHl  of  iu  ^Id,  w«ro  to  be  next  itBed 
upou  an  aunferotii  ore,  it  would  S[i|'ropriatD  to  ititolf  ■  i]uuitit7  of  gold ;  and 
suppose  in  thia  last  case,  a  small  igiinntity  waa  only  operalMl  upon,  a  return 
of  no  gold  might  bo  made,  whcrcoa  it  might,  novcrtlivltea,  eoDlain  a  nttpect- 
abluuuaiilitj. 

Wh*re  Ihe  cxperiuieiitH  are  very  large,  thin  error  will  not  be  of  so  »erf 
much  Importance,  hut  when  small  quantities  hare  b«cMt  t«ted,  and  Ibc  rcanHs 
calculated  into  tonx,  it  nill  not,  in  the  nKwt  remote  dtftree,  give  a  notion  Of 
Uw  real  (|uantil]r  of  gold  in  the  orea ;  and  I  have  no  heaitation  In  (a^T'i^K  that 
ores  now  roponni  to  contain  two  ounces  to  the  ton  will  be  found  to  eontain 
aowcdjr  a  traca  of  i^d,  wliile  othan^  aaid  to  contain  more,  may  tw  found  to 
gii*  a  rtapectaUo  yield.  I  have  made  oxparioenta  with  bH  the  niotals  likely  to 
oeour  in  area,  in  wliat  is  termeil  their  utiTe  state,  upon  mcroury  containing 

Eld  In  aolullon,  hut  leaving  no  insoluble  amalgam  whem  tqUMSed  in  a  wash- 
ither;  and  I  find  that  ibcy  all,  moro  or  less,  and  Mlno  moro  rapidly  tlun 
other*,  rob  the  mcrcur^r  of  iL«  gold,  and  givo  an  iniioluble  amalvam  with  the 
gold.  Tills  would  further  urge  the  necowitj  of  frcah  mercury  being  used  in 
crery  cxperlmunL 

My  o[iin!on  lias  lieeti  asked  by  aomc  chemists,  as  to  the  plan  of  assaying 
tbe  bulk  of  nicrniry  frum  which  thn  Insoluble  amalgam  ban  bnnn  remnven, 
and  from  Ihu  assay  calculating  the  anjount  of  gold  in  the  whole  of  the  mer- 
CWT.  I  do  uot,  as  far  as  niv  exi>erivii(»  gm<4,  consider  this  at  all  so  truthful 
as  dlstilllnii;  the  mcmury  with  Tcry  great  care,  tising  a  high  rectillratlnn,  and 

Sutttng  a  layer  of  three  or  four  inches  deep  of  iron  scales  on  the  top.  The 
iatillation  should  ceajio  iwfore  tho  solid  aninlgam  is  left  alone,  and  removed 
nlonn  with  some  of  tho  mercury,  treated  in  an  appropriate  vessel  with  nitric 
acid  of  proper  strength,  Chu  gulil  gathered  and  altrrwnnla  cupelled.  The  silver 
is  In  thy  nitric  aeid  soUilion  e*llmatwi.  Tho  dlHtillcil  mcrriiry  may  he  assayed 
for  gold,  and  the  amount,  if  any,  added  to  the  p>lil  already  obtained.  The 
STKtetn  of  heatiue  an  ainalgain  of  gold  and  mercury  upon  an  iron  plate,  or 
sliOTol,  or,  indeed,  as  carcfulty  as  you  niny  do  it,  is  wrong,  gold  being  dU- 
sipateii 

The  forcgmng  renurks  arc  not  intended  to  apply  to  the  practical  working 
of  obtaining  the  gold  from  nivrcur}-,  hut  are  simply  pt«caalions  In  testing 
cm,  to  dctormlne,  as  near  as  may  be,  the  amount  of  gold  eapahio  of  being 
wnknd  out  by  means  of  the  cruslung-machine«.  The  experiment  cannot  ba 
made  with  loo  great  care,  and  will  ptvvfnt,  |K'rhn;>s,  great  iietiecessury  nutlajr 
fbr  niaehinaa  to  work  tho  gold  out  of  or<n  where  the  gold  do(i«  not  rxitt,  or 
exists  in  mieh  a  small  quantity  as  not  to  warrant  the  expense,  and  might,  in 
some  casu«.  prevent  the  gold  from  being  pawed  over,  where  it  may  he  fomtd 
in  valuabtfl  qoanlities,  sulllcient  tn  warranl  the  operation  of  tliese  machined. 

Another  writer  offers  the  following  obscrrations  on  the  conditions  under 
which  gold  is  found  while  discussing  the  question  of 

TUa   ABl.-KOAKCi:   <lf   ooto   tS   niUTAIlt. 

Those  who  eipre«s  an  opinion  thet  gold  will  not  be  found  In  Bofficlent 
abundance  in  this  country  to  yield  profitable  tviults,  t^pmi  to  ma  to  bo  guidtd 


948 


jeifnuU  of  Oold  ifinin^  OptratioM. 


•stinl;  in  thi.^  coDcluaions  of  the  diffitrNit  ttritiSoUion  in  which  the^  tUU 
the  sold  Is  diffused  in  fbrolKn  coualric*  to  what  eiisM  in  Kngbod ;  Ihk  ^tpcus 
to  b«  their  niiiiii,  if  not  soltr,  u-gum«nl.  They  uklntain  UiitC  the  riiouiuiUoeu 
tro  cnliralv  (liir<;n>nt,  uoil  thttt  conwqiMntlr  tha  KNultii  niwt  OOmapMid. 

Now,  Itivliuve  thnt  the  matrix  of  tho  gold  ftnuxl  in  Austria  mdCkhfbmii 
is  priifipollj  quartz,  and  that  gtilit  frequently  (idMs  in  consMvnble  rkhnea 
in  cunocctiuii  witii  iron,    Th«r«  is  no  doubt  wbitOTCT  of  their  t>«ing  laig* 

rlE  vi^iiis  in  this  coiinti7,  nrinctpalljr  of  that  dcoompcuod  and  farru|[{nona 
actcr  tcrmvd  gaasan;  and  it  in  upon  ismilles  of  such  lodts  that  the  triak 
Iiaro  cliictly  b<^f[1  made. 

While,  however,  i  bold  IhcM  opiaiotis  aii  to  certain  eaau,  which  are  bj  no 
mean:!  conliiicd  to  those  I  haru  alluded  to,  1  regrcl  to  think  that  mucli  ilecini- 
tiun  will  be  aUemp(«d  ujion  th«  public,  find  tlie  utmost  eaatten  will  have  to  be 
Worciset)  in  ombiirkinR  iti  Britinh  gold  mining.  Ilcfore  inTcating  hi«  mone^, 
e*«rj  ono  ihouM  bn  well  jutialled  u  to  the  ezlent  uf  the  gold-bearing  rockl  in 
the  particular  mine  or  locality  it  is  inteiiik>il  to  optntte  in,  nnd  not  be  led  aw^r 
hy  aiBtpla  asMya,  or  trifUii  by  mju-hinen,  howcrver  daxxling  they  nay  thna  *p- 

rlr.  U  a  sampie  of  ft  few  pounds  weight  produce  8  or  3  grs.  of  gold,  it 
very  easy  to  calcuUte  upou  pajier  how  iimcii  it  would  be  per  Ion,  and  bow 
mncli  proilt  could  be  mised  upon  1000  Inns  yier  month  (if  they  htrc  it),  bat 
the  wiiole  question  will  depend  Upon  the  fuand'iy  of  the  auriferous  mineral 
which  VHD  be  obtained.  1  would  here  merely  add  that  as  )  oc  of  gold  per  ton 
will  yield  larito  profits,  higher  per  eeiilagos  will,  of  course,  give  proporbomatc 
rrautts ;  wliito  tbo  friable  nature  of  thn  K"^'""'  v>I'<  '"  '^■^i''  <^''^>  render  the 
pulveriiiiii;  a  inucli  easier  and  economicBl  operation  ttian  tbo  Kame  can  be  pvt- 
formed  upon  the  hard  and  tough  quartz  of  most  foreign  gold  mines. 

Another  fact  of  importance  I  wish  to  refer  to  as  connected  with  gold  in 
Engloiid,  is  the  exislcnue  uf  tliat  metal  in  copper,  and  eren  in  tin  ores,  but 
chiefly  in  the  former.  In  some  of  th»  ciperimonls  wliich  hati-  been  tried  on 
copper  ores  there  have  been  rich  results.  This  is  a  nutter  which  descrres  the 
Mrioua  attention  uf  the  miner.  At  present,  in  telling  copper  ore*,  the  mmplca 
Vo  assayed  for  that  miital  only,  both  by  the  seller  and  the  buyer ;  nothing  ia 
known  of  the  other  components  of  the  ore,  and  whMi  it  Is  re'membured  wat 
Ifac  avenue  produoe  of  the  Corniah  copper  ores  is  only  S  per  c«nt.,  one  cannot 
help  thinking  that  it  would  be  worth  while  to  ascertain  of  what  the  remainiag 
8S  per  cent,  is  composed,  or,  at  all  events,  as^y  It  for  some  other  luelal  or 
metala  aa  well  an  copper.  I^cod  ores  are  always  assayed  for  silrcr,  and  in 
ntnT  ouea  more  than  SO  per  cent  of  the  price  obtained  in  for  tbo  latter. 

A  considerable  uimihvr  of  i'i[|>erimcnlalLavi;  also  been  mode  on  iron  pyrites, 
oommonly  called  mundic,  which  is  very  abundant  in  many  loiics  in  Cornwall 
and  llvvun,  and  in  soino  caaea  holding  down  to  a  great  depth,  the  goneral 
roultc  of  which  have  be«a  k  highly  pruCtable  per  cenlaf^>  of  gold ;  but  as  tha 
mundic  usually  containa  a  good  deal  of  arseni<.',  which  llamHj^'a  the  quicksilver, 
andinjures  the  gold,  it  will  twnootfnnrj  to  roaat  it  pmlolu  to  bdng operated 
upon.  In  doing  this,  howamr,  the  arstnie  iUalf.  as  well  as  the  sulphur 
(another  of  the  chief  component  part*  nf  the  mundic)  miiiht  be  tared,  and  then 
the  gold  could  bo  txtnvte'l  without  difliculty.  An  important  fcct  may  here 
be  staled.  The  gold  found  in  this  oountrr  U  Torj  pan,  in  most  ewea  above 
tbe  Htandurd,  thus  rendering  the  procMt  Of  analfcaiaatloil  mof^Mllttr  than  In 
the  KTuat*r  nunibvr  of  the  foreign  gold  mines,  wher«  the  precioua  metal  ia  not 
•o  fine.  At  the  St.  John  del  Key  Mines,  in  Braiil,  the  quartz  contains  an 
*rtragB  of  1  oi.  per  ton,  but  partly  owiiis  to  the  c<ini|iarativoly  rude  mode  of 
ITorking,  and  the  cause  just  stated,  only  fox.  b  obtained,  although  with  this  a 
(ooBt  of  SQ,00()I.  Dcr  annum  is  mode. 

BMiurring  to  tnc  arguments  made  use  of,  regafding  thediiiaimilari^of  dr- 
cumatancei  under  which  gold  is  found  in  other  countries  and  in  Eiijtland, 
I  would  further  rem.irk  that  I  know  not  why  there  nhould  be  a  fixed  and  un- 
alterable law  for  gold,  when  Ibere  are  so  many  uuaccouotahle  diCEircncoa  in  tbo 


Jovrtwi  «■/  Copptr  Mining  Optnttiant. 


M9 


Uirs  Affecting  the  oxistcnee  of  other  tn«t>lii,  Biich  uooppor  «nd  luil,  notonlj 
WtwMvi  foreign  couatriu  tnd  Euglwid,  but  even  brtwccn  dilFcrcnt  localitioi 
of  this  country  tlaislC  Copfwr  lodoa  ar«  bund  rich  iu  eranitc,  in  dma,  «nd  in 
killM,  or  cUjr-aUtc ;  widin  thecaMortho  wotl-kitou-n  Ei;louMiiu;«  inSUITuril- 
tbire,  to  liiiMsloDC ;  and  in  OornnQ  uid  Dctor  >I1  copper  lodex  run  cant  and 
woaf,  wWe  the  Burra  Burra  lode  iu  AunlraJi*,  tliu  k«w-*w  lotlu  in  New 
Zefthuid  (both  celebrated  for  tbeir  richness),  and  I  believe  all  other  cop  pur  lodea 
is  tboic  oounlrio*.  run  north  b;  cant  and  south  bj  west  Thn  Bum  Biura 
Iod«  la  liubvddtfd  IU  UoietitonD  and  the  Kaw-av  lode  iu  quarts ;  in  &ot,  the 
licbMt  copper  tnino  in  the  world  is  i[i  ouilu  a  diOurent  slratiflcalioii  IVoui  any 
copper  mine  in  Comirall  and  DcTon,  and  it  cannot  be  said  that  thor#  arc  no  pro- 
ductive and  prufltabli-  i^uppcr  iniiicn  in  those  counties.  In  Wales  the  lodet  of 
tb«  njoKt  profllahlo  Ivad  minus  run  uut  and  wi-at,  in  Coriin-all  they  niu  north 
and  tenth,  and  Ihcrc  is  one  in  Devon  which  rung  cast  and  west 

KITRACTIOH   Or  OOIJl    Br   ZISC. 

Zinc,  like  lead  and  tin,  forms  with  mercury  an  amalgam  whioh  Ktralnn 
timngb  tiio  leather  even  when  the  proportion  of  line  ia  considcrablo.  On 
mixing  this  Suid  aiualgaui  nitli  meri-'ury  containing  gold,  which  has  pa8iH!d 
throuith  tho  Muna  leather,  and  iinniudiately  rc-BtraiainK,  a  solid  amalgam  of 
gold  and  fine,  with  ulvcr  and  copper,  if  prcaent,  remainii ;  whilst  any  oxceM 
of  tine  again  runs  through  with  tliu  mvrcury.  From  thiii  Cut,  as  well  ua  from 
tho  coniplctenesit  of  tho  aeparatioo,  it  appvara  that  thn  txtractlon  of  the  gold 
by  sine  ia  to  be  a.-H^ribcd,  not  merely  to  a  change  in  the  campOKition  of  Iha 
laoalgain,  anil  conaeuuimt  substitution  of  anutlicr  luetal  for  a  part  of  lliu  gold 
in  liomtion,  but  to  the  known  alUnity  of  zinc  for  gold  and  silver,  joined  to 
a  peculiar  property  it  poSBNsee  of  forming,  in  combination  with  thcas  and 
some  other  metals,  an  insoluble  amalgam. 


I 


JOURNAl  OP  COPPER  MINISG  OPERATIOKS. 

ESOLISn  EIPOBTS  OP  COPPIH. 

From  a  return  Just  luada  by  tho  House  of  Commons  of  the  itnporta  and 
exportu  of  mvtals  lor  th«  year  ended  Ath  Jan.,  ISfiS,  it  appcan  that  the  total 
import  (pf  copper  or»  wai  S7,81S  tons ;  regulus.  5238  tons ;  unwroiight,  2188 
Uma;  old  copper,  SBSbinR;  rods,  barsi,  etc.,  SQOS  tons;  p1*t«saiid  coin,  23  toni; 
and  copper  inanufju'lures  to  th('  valua  of  lO,!-!)/.  10*.  Od.  Of  the  nnwroiight 
copper  1093  tons  were  IV'om  Chili,  638  from  South  Australia,  and  '^3(1  ton*  from 
Russia.  The  principal  copper  ore  was  from  Uuba,  Chili,  and  South  Atutralia: 
and  the  largest  portioii  of  liani,  rods,  and  inrots  waa  from  Russia.  The  total 
amount  of  British  copper  exported  was  It(,U3G  ton* ;  and  foreign,  li!i,OQ!l  tonN. 
The  amount  of  tin  imported  woji  2373  tons,  of  which  1571  were  retained  ftir 
home  cnngiimption :  tho  duty  amountiul  to  9iSSL  Zbc  imported,  I  S,60G  tons ; 
Oaide  of  ditto,  786  tons :  oijiorted,  1  ZOCi  Ions  Rritish,  and  COW  foreign.  We 
•hall  i^ve  the  returns  entire  in  our  next  Number.  * 


■iNseiora  kiiNitia  compakv. 
The  annual  r«port  of  the  Minnesota  Conjpany  bus  just  been  publisbod.     It 
is  very  full  in  Its  atatomeut  of  the  buwiiess  of  tho  last  year.     Our  readers  will 
find  the  following  e:ttracts  full  of  interoBting  facta  relative  to  thui  bighlf  ea>y 
cotaftd  mine : — 


>m 


Jourmd  of  Copptr  Miniiuj  Operatiani. 


taoovjt  or  kivbeui,  rgit  1903. 

Tbe  Amount  of  mfneral  rrimd  ftom  th*  mine  Ibr  the  jmt  an^nc;  Slit  Do- 
CKnlirr  liEt,  wat  D  Inctiini  over  S20  tonii ;  bat  at  tbftt  date  tlwre  wtfti  dto 
RTcrat  luge  lUAiuca,  CMinurfed  at  200  U  9S0  tons  mar*  in  thc'*gf;r«gat«,  llUvm 
d»wii  ill  tliuMTcnldriBi^andiDprooeworuliig  i^ut  up,  but  which  could  not 
bo  Hrcomiitinhcd  in  tinw  to  lia  fncludwi  in  the  f ciLr'n  returns,  u  onlv  Um 
mineral  ■i-tuolljr  raiitcU  xa  the  ffirliwe  ud  weigM  off^  is  t«port(d  monthJjr  by 
the  &},'(-iit.  It  Hill  thus  lie  Mcn,  that  the  agpv^tii  orminer*!  obtMncd,  inclixlinK 
the  nmoanl  not  rained  to  the  ciirfscc  on  the  Slut  December,  wax  ne«r!]r  MO 
torn ;  and  which,  could  it  a!!  haty  been  realised,  would  have  sliown  a  l*rg«  In- 
CTMse  of  production  over  the  proTJous  year,  «id  exceeded  the  estimate  in  oar 
lulTvport 

Wo  ahould  doubtletK  bivu  raisod  and  shippod  a  cuiiiiidcTaUa  part  of  UwM 
maasui  within  the  year,  but  for  an  auelilent  to  our  new  holsUnR  and  pilBifdBg 
cn}(inR,  KTnt  up  in  the  fall  of  1H52,  which  wiis  mM  nwny  on  Lake  Superior, 
and  only  pnrlially  rccorcrcd  last  spring,  iomc  portionn  being  entirety  lost,  and 
their  replacement  Trurn  betoir  beiuc  uet^e.-uariij  a  work  of  lliix',  and  causing 
much  dolny  in  tccltlng  it  into  Operation,  In  lh«  mean  time  the  rock  and  vatcr 
In  Tnrious  pnrts  of  the  mine  had  aoeumulalcd  beyond  tlic  power  of  our  hocsc- 
machiiicry  to  ke'^p  free,  and  serioiuly  impeded  the  proce»  of  stopioe,  aail 
cutting  lip  the  larse  niaases  aa  bat  as  thnrini  down.  Thaenf^oe  wasnoaBy 
got  into  KUv-cctxrul  operation  in  Septambor  lact,  working  the  three  prineqia] 
'  stuftx,  and  pcrfumiing  in  the  moat  Mtiabctory  manner.  At  the  lawat  amooHt^ 
the  aocuiuuiatiou  in  the  dKRs  had  been  neai'tv  removed ;  and  theficefbrirard, 
no  doubt  the  superior  bcilltiei  thnn  afTonlixl  for  hointiltg  and  pumping  wiU 
enable  ua  to  keep  tbe  mine  ft«c  from  n>ck  and  water,  and  raute  the  ueavy 
I  n  &Bt  as  tlwy  can  bo  cut  up  into  pieces  of  manuguable  sixu. 

BBcupm  AND  PBOCBSDs  or  iuii»al. 

lb*  preparations  made  by  our  agt-nt  nl  the  mine,  during  the  winter  of 
18Kft4,  vtt  inHiiring  the  shipment  of  alt  our  mineral  up  to  (he  close  of  tlie  en- 
■uing  navigation  season  (w  noticed  in  last  year's  report),  tORether  with  tbe 
services  of  a  fine  new  scliuonur  of  HO  tons,  pureUttjied  lait  spring,  and  taken 
across  lliu  portage  at  Siut  Sle.  ^larie  into  Lake  Superior,  enabled  our  accumu- 
lated stock  of  mincml  to  como  forward  at  an  early  period  of  tho  Mason,  and 
placed  our  in?ol  copper  in  market  some  weeks  m  adviuice  of  any  previous 
year.  The  subsouuent  product  uflhe  suimnerund  fall  wanalaogliippedadfaat 
as  raised,  until  the  latter  part  uf  the  season,  when  the  natvr  a^li  became  too  low 

•  jn  the  Ontonagon  River  to  admit  of  boating  it  down,  and  continued  so  to  the 
dose  of  the  Idike  navigation  in  Novcmberi  ao  tlut  about  SO  to  100  ton*  were 
again  unavoidably  left  over  at  the  landing. 

The  mineral  furwarded  from  the  mine  and  delivered  at  thesmoltins  <rMka 
at  Detroit  during  the  paiit  season,  amounted  to  T4JS  tons  of  masses,  barrel,  and 
Stamp-work  ;  the  wliulo  of  which  (with  the  exception  of  a  masa  of  5,0T3  Iba. 
brought  to  this  city,  and  plsend  on  exhibition  at  iho  Crystal  Palace)  w«a 
amclted  at  Detroit,  and  yielded  !, 070,001  lbs.  of  ingol  eoppor — being  a  (htc- 
lion  over  Tl  pvr  cent.,  ur  about  2  per  cent  lew  than  the  mineral  of  the  pfcriotM 

•  year  This  dellclency  In  vicid  arises  idmply  from  the  larger  proportion 
of  barrel  an?  etamp-work  shipped  during  the  season,  as  eomparvd  witli  BVUS 
copper,  which,  as  before  shown,  could  not  be  cut  Up  and  raised  in  time  to  ennK 
forward  ;  and  not  from  any  failing  olF  in  liie  general  avenge  per  centapc  of  onr 
mineral,  which  wo  continue  to  estimate,  as  tiereCoforv,  at  a  standard  of  T9  per 
cent 

From  the  copper  rect-ired,  we  had  to  deliver  212,887  lbs.  in  completion  of 
previous  contracts,  at  much  k-«i  than  the  then  market  pdce,  and  the  balance  of 
75T,<T4  TbiL  was  sold  at  rales  varying  from  26  to  30  cents  ptv  Di.  In  addition 
to  this  however,  your  Directars,  in  order  to  give  the  Uockbold«n  tb«  bfUttt 


I 


Jovmal  o/  Copptr  Miminff  OptnUioiu. 


a&i 


of  (he  entire  Muiian's  produdion,  to  which  thojr  wM«iuMl]r  entitled,  diqwaed 
of  100,1)00  lbs.  tnOT«.  btsing  the  catinwted  J^M  «f  (lie  minenl  Ml  orcr  m 
before  iitatcd,  to  bo  dpllvvrv]  in  this  e\tf  Ui«  oiuuing  muod,  *ad  uf  nwnt  for 
whit^b  wax  received  in  kdronca  towards  the  contcRiplatvil  dlndond.  The 
ftvera^  pricu  thKrvfore  realiBed  br  oar  whole  gtoaa  wie«  of  I,U0,B01  Ibg^ 
■moiantiait  to  $939,719.63,  wm  About  S$  0«nU  pec  lb.— beine  >□  avcrkge 
of  nearlj-TmiU  per  lb.  on  thoMlMof  Iho  provioiis  jmf,  hut  logs  than  estl- 
tDAtti  In  our  but  j(«r*«  report,  the  price  of  copper  hftving  in  the  mean  time 
remkilin  the  market  coalntrj  to  general  expectation,  allliuugban  advince  liaii 
lDncc^  tolccit  place,  which  appears  likvly  to  bo  austai&ed  through  the  couiiug 
seasou. 

■urauL  <Kt  HAm  XT  nu  nan. 

Tb«  quiiitity  of  mineral  on  hand  at  the  itiino  on  l.it  January  limt,  and 
alH>  (acf^onling  to  our  arvrago  month!)'  estimate  for  Ihe  year)  oa  the  first  of 
the  preaent  month,  will  appear  from  the  foilowinK  utalemcnt  i~- 

Amoiini  of  iniiifira!  mi  band  at  mhioa,  Jan.  luc,  Itdii,  u  {Wr 
luit  Y»iir'«  njporl         ......    I19»  Mtia. 

Po.  niH- 1  ftom  tLi  mine  in  ISM,  a>  per  montblj  ntanu    .    Ew    " 

n»   » 

So.  *hlp|>od  from  tlia  raloo  In  lltS,  .  .  .   TU    " 

Do.  nn  hand,  Jul  nary  IM,  ItM,  ....    IH    ■■ 

Do.nitimnud  pn>juet  of  JannaiT  and  Febnuiy,  tSM,at40 

lOOI  pot  DlODtll,  .  .  .  .  .  .      ISO      " 


Dft,  on  hand,  March  Irt,  WM, 


KStOD*. 


BirzyDTTmn  foh  rnv  ti>k. 


Tbit  whole  auiount  of  expenditurot  for  the  put  y««r  in  the  tercral  dcperl* 
mcnts  of  the  Companyii  btuioeKi,  hare  been  aa  foUowa,  vit, : — 


_  From  (hia  amouol  ia  to  be  deducted  the  100  tons  left  orcr  at  the  landing 

H  at  th«  close  of  naTiKation,  and  which  has  boon  sold  in  advance,  a.i  iii-ruti:  uicn- 

H  tione<],ieaTiiiKahaUiiceof  189  tons  on  hand  on  the  lit  inKL,  toward  lliogigsre- 

H  gate  production  and  available  icaoiiTaM  of  lli«  ptwient  jrt*t. 


|C1,0II  03 


Fat  Waft* 

•■    SuppliM 

"    Oaainl  eaptiiM*,  inducing  iotorBrt,  eommlMioni,  ui*i]> 

raniN,  ((ala  xmm,  talatius  ate.      .          •          ■          .  tO.Stt  It 

"   Fnlshta  isd  efaargee 1T,H«4S 

"    SmelUng  acMiuit lt,MT  M 

"    Ftnonid  proncrt* r,BT9  M 

"    Keai  «lau l.MB » 

»    Office  rent  end  exMB***,  Raw  Tock           .                     .  4tGW 

•i«s,aw  M 


I 


The  amount  of  "m^t"  md"aiipp1i*^  *»  above,  repr«8«nt<  the  aottial 
expenses  at  the  mine,  oliargeable  on  the  prvdualirn  of  roinaral — beJo;;  an 
■Terage  ot  over  $0,OOi)  jwr  month.  The  preaent  adraitcod  rate*  of  wages,  and 
taeiQUed  price  of  provisiani  and  uUier  rappllei^  will  niae  ilie  coat  for  the 
current  ymr  to  about  $10,000  per  innnA.  The  next  three  IttBis  are  much 
larRi-r  thwi  liwt  ycw.tbouiib  jiropor^onatcly  Uaw  eolwialing  mainly  of  cbargee 
on  the  traiuipurtatioii,  convrrtion,  nnd  satei  of  745  toua  of  miliertLl,  against 
813  Ions  the  previous  year— or  about  15  jier  cunt,  on  the  grow  amount  ot 
salea. 

tll>L•1;tI■R^(  jujocimrr. 

The  Treaaunr'a  <ttlMccoimt  and  rouehcm  bave  bew  duly  auditeii  and 
certided  by  tho  Oomnuttoo  en  Account*,  and  show  hi«  roceipts  and  disbnne- 


MS  Jovmal  of  Copptr  Mining  Optra&oitt. 

tBCoU  for  iha  put  yMr,  uid  tlw  btUnce  of  catli  utd  biUn  reeeiTible  remuniqf 
in  bis  hande  on  Um  Irt  ituil.,  to  htve  been  u  C^Uvwa : — 

Hxoum. 

To  Oub  butiDot  «o  bwd,  M*roh  lu,  II16S    .  ttei  M 

"  lim>  and  d*bU  nagivi.blo               ....  e,4U  (1 

"6ii)MofMpp»rforl8SS SSt.Tlt  )> 

"  Man*  payublc  itiacountci)      .....  SI.AOS  9\ 

Tsui  aaionDt  of  nooipU  ....      nt,US  <T 

DlMUMXIUMn. 

Bv  bOle  nd  dobls  p*f abU  (ouiatAiuiiDd  Unmli  1, 

IBM,         .  .    |aS,BS8TS 

*'  Agml't  diafta  and  lUDilrr  woounu  u  per 

vnuahora  No.  1  to  S»  .   118,116  U 

*■  KviJvnd  uid  i>laDkhold«n<,  it  ISO  nr  iluu«      M.OOO  M 

IM*m» 

Balanoe  on  hind  la  ottb  lad  bllU  rtociTftble,  Mtnli  I,    

IBM lUtllSfT 

It  will  thus  be  aeen,  Ihit  after  pnying  off  our  heavy  iiidubtodness  of  tha 
prcyfoas  year,  and  a  cjuh  divldunil  of  |90.000  Co  sloo^holdcre,  the  trpjwiity  ts 
Etill  htt  ID  an  easy  condition,  shovdnK  an  ample  balance  on  hand  to  meet 
all  cxixtiiiK  liabilities — n  stale  of  things  higlU/  utinfaclory  to  your  IKr«i.'lor«, 
Kod  which  they  hope  will  always  l>o  maiutained  livrvaft«r. 

riiorEiiTT  AT  TUX  Kiitet. 

The  accounts  and  rouehen  of  the  Couipanj's  ngent  »ai  nperiotndsiit 
hare  been  reeelTi^l  and  pnswil,  showing  the  amount  of  our  bdebtodncM  Ibr 
wa^«fi,  and  the  halanrc  of  cash  on  hand  on  the  1st  Jannan  last,  (tfgelher  with 
the  UKuai  inventory  of  personal  properly  and  mippHM,  and  the  estimated  faloe 
of  the  turlitcc  imp  run  •.■men  tn  at  the  *biiic  dab,  aji  tliits  exhibited  : — 

P«noniJ  jiroporl]',  wimislinit  of  etaiin-englDea  aod  maehluBi?, 

too!*,  TMeclt.  boaU,  aOtto,  houtehold  ftimiturt,  tie.,  tif.      .  M!>4M  IKf 
GappUo  on  hand,  Bteoat  >na  ohruvM       ....    43,9M  M 
Keoi  eitala  (or  lurboi)  ImproveininU,  oonalntlllK  of  cleared 
lanJa,  roidjn,  tiailJinirii,  dooki,  «to.,      ....    W,llt  00 

CuU  oil  iiAiid a,*ta  IS 

Dodaol  ameuDl  due  tor  w^w    .  •  .  .  ■    SM^l  W 

Surplia |aO,6QI  97 

Thii  itatnnent  .thowK  a  1nri;c  amnunt  of  pr«perty  at  Uia  mliMO,  o*«r  and 
•bom  our  indebtedness  fur  wagM — all  of  which  is  paid  for,  and  wi>rth  mora 
thMI  tta  Co«t  to  llie  C<)ni[iany  for  tht^lr  cum-nt  bu;jine»s  purpotwa. 

The  value  of  our  real  esiate,  aa  rcprewnt»d  by  ti>e  Minnesota  Mm*  ItselC 
mud  il*  prospetii  of  pmiinneiit  produiJtiTenejai,  your  Direeton  estimated  in 
their  ta8t  year's  report  at  [iot  then  lesic  than  one  million  of  doUan;  and 
certainly  the  further  derelopmenta  maile  hy  the  new  shafts  and  drills  that 
have  been  opened  durin;;  the  put  year,  leave  nn  n>om  todonbt  thejustncMof 
that  catiuiatc,  or  to  quuHtion  tha  fact  of  ill  increaaed  aud  atili  incnaaiDg  value 
at  tlw  present  lime^ 

KwonacM  atrt>  Liaitarmu. 

From  theh«Ianc«^heatartho  pant  year,  and  from  our  estlnul«ofproduc> 
tion  and  expenditure  up  to  the  lint  of  the  prejwmt  month,  the  oulatanding  IJa- 
Lililiea  and  available  renourcesof  tlw  Company,  and  lla  financial  condition  and 
prospects  at  tliat  date,  are  shown  to  be  as  (bllows,  tit, : — 


Journal  of  Copptr  Xmini;  Opira&Mi. 


USmni  00  hmdilbnh  ],  l»S«— ItS  (cmMU  par  etnl.  yiiAd, 

blM;00«lb«.i>ot,>ttTKl»'I<>-         ....  tTT.TM  00 

floppllts  on  hiiad  «t  lliB  idJikh     -          .          .          .          .  49,1M  00 

BIlU  wd  dcbU  rcwlraU*.  Now  York     ....  «T,T9I  T( 

lllM  «opp<T  uid  utier  OD  liuul     "       .          .          .          .  l.tlO  48 

OMh  on  hind,                               "       .          .           .          .  T,SU  11 

Do.         ■<        M  Um  mitm S^l  is 


uunjTUOb 


»isi,tis  «e 


BIIU  p*ykU«  oaUtaadlng  . 
Vttgtt  dDS  at  mlnti,  Jiui.  ], 
Da.  nljnwtiil  Ibr  Jan.  nixt  Fgb. 


SuTptui      . 


*ts,uaM 

4),«SSSS 

m.000  00 


.  fioe,iia  ET 

— — _ — k 


I 


From  this  exhibit  of  tbe  CorojHtTiv's  ifblra.  (ho  sloclcholdcrs  will  percoire 
with  Mtialiwiioii,  that  a  eonaidenbJe  mrpluB  alrendj  >p[>(!dts  In  our  ttYtyr 
IOireKl8aili?ldeiulforthe  prenat  vmt;  lo  nhkh  Uic  tu^t  piMHu  of  S  montlii' 
flirthcr  proilixTtign  (thnt  is  <o  ihc  v\o^>  i>(  lh«  vaeuitiK  hvmvmi)  vwu  ut  a  moil«- 
nte  calcuUtion  both  ax  to  <|iiikiitHj-  anil  price,  will  doubUetei  a<l<i  ciifflojtjnt  to  ' 
rMUiieourrMMoibla«xpocUtioiiii,andiiurtaiii  tbedumictcroftbc  MinncMta 
W  A  diTidcntl-iMjriiig  mlna. 

onrniAL  iKPKovEHEvn  at  tiiz  unit. 

Dining  th«  njut  yvar  we  havo  added  to  tb«  nM\  Mtat«  or  tliit  Comjiany  by 
lli«  purchase  of  720  acres  of  dwirablo  aKricultiinil  hixI  wood  lands,  coriiniivcittv 
•tttulcd  In  our  immodiatc  ricinity-^ni^inj;  Ihc  K-hoIn  extent  of  th«  Companv^ 
properly  S.DSS  acret.  Sereral  additional  buildingK  bnvo  b(«a  tnoted,  nda 
brCD  bMTillag  and  acTcral  tivir  durflling-houBics  uru  now  iu  progrtw,  tonccom- 
tm^tc  an  incrcBMd  force  this  gjiring.  l!)lh«r  txtcnxivo  eiirbce  imprortm«nts 
bare  been  mado  in  the  opening  of  rands,  clcuriiiR  of  Und  for  coltiration,  ate, 
•od  the  large  quantity  or  hay,  oati^  and  vegelahlcs  mportcd  >till  on  hand  un  the 
Jliit  IlciMtmlicr,  prove  the  last  year's  crop  ninst  have  been  abnndwit.  The 
popuktion  of  our  village  has  increased  from  312  pnreoni  U«t  year,  to  371  at 
present ;  of  wltoiu  2^0  are  iiivn  and  boy?  employed  in  rarious  L-apacitiva  at  the 
mine,  and  Q I  women  and  childrpn^all  siiBlaiiitd  by  the  Company's  oporationa. 

The  extent  of  ground  opened  in  the  mine  during  tlic  past  year,  ha*  been 
xery  eoiiBi'k>rab]e  Tbrt'e  addilioiial  sbnfU  hare  been  mi:iI>.  (numbered  S,  6, 
ana  T),  and  two  additional  IptwIs  opened  to  soiuo  txltnl^sn  lliat  oiir  worka 
now  in  proecat  consist  of  7  iiuiii  sliaftn,  and  G  levels  or  lirlfts.  The  former 
have  been  sunk,  in  the  ugregute,  ITO  feet — ^makinit  1,480  feet  in  all.  The 
latter  haiu  been  opened  S,S81  lei-t,n>akini;tbu  whole  leiiethefdriftaG.SSO  feet 
Th«dcepMtsha(l(Xo.  2)  laSilkvt;  tha  lon)(etil  Icvd  (\'o.  1)  I.Ull  (tut  la 
all  tliGKc  opening!  the  ahow  of  mineral  U  aui^h  an  to  give  every  eonQdcnoe  in 
(he  permanent  tind  iocreasiii^ly  prudueltve  character  of  tli«  miuc. 

txTivxreo  fkuiivct  wok  I8G4. 

^m  the  data  tbux  furnished,  and  cnnsiderine  Ihc  amount  of  eoppcr  now 
thrown  dowii  and  in  aighl  at  the  mine,  as  well  m  the  iiupromi  fueiiitied 
for  raising  it  to  the  niufacc,  we  think  a  yield  of  7U0  to  ><on  tons  for  the  yt«r 
inar  not  unreasonably  be  exjiected.  How  far  a  poiwible  dceline  in  the  market, 
and  a  proliB'ik"  nilvinee  in  wa^tH.  may  reduee  lliu  net  irrotll*  uf  the  season,  of 
courxe  we  cannot  mj — but  .Imviiin  niifliclent  mar(;in  for  them  oontingencieOf 
and  RindiouKly  aroiiiiDfc,  as  they  have  done  in  Uie  (bregoing  atatctiMntL  ' 
nil  e.xasgeralion  either  in  laiigun^  or  estimate,  your  Directora  feel  aatiiflea 
that  lliey  may  aafcly  and  sincerely  corigratiilat*  the  stockholdcis  on  the  bvor- 
able  prospaeta  of  the  ensuing  year. 

Vol.  IL— 38 


IH 


Joamai  of  Oopprr  ifiainff  Optrviiomt. 


AOATX  nAiima«  xmfQ  mbuiim. 

Agile  Harbor  is  situated  on  Point  K*w«eii»w,  Lak«  Superior,  aboat  lax 
mita  tmn  Eaglr  Ilirbi>r.  It  in  one  of  tho  best  twrbors  on  th*  luiitb  iihon:  of 
th«  Lake,  bcinft  perfectly  safe  ami  easy  of  aoccRS,  with  nifflcicntwalw  to  ndmit 
tliu  krgril  clwKi  of  Teasels  tnd  ilcamcra.  It  is  the  iiam«  both  of  tbu  harbor 
and  of  tho  Tillage  located  on  the  shore,  and  which  promise  lo  bu  a  plnru  of  do 
ordinary  luitiorUnc^r--  Along  the  shore  the  land  riiH-a  Ts|iii]ly  in  a  stwp  ridge 
almost  inounlainouit.  The  vuiris  of  copper  worked  by  tho  various  mining 
companies  can  be  traced  with  more  or  less  dinttnctncts  hcj-ond  this  ridgo, 
and  CTVQ  into  tho  wulm  of  tho  I<iikc  It  is  in  this  nciKhbortiood  that  ijuitc 
a  nnmber  of  importanl  mining  conipanic*  arc  at  work  with  WKlily  favomble 
pKmpvcts. 

.iga(e  llarior  Hilling  Cmnpany. — The  property  of  thin  Company  ix  located 
about  a  mile  ft<na  A^atc  Harbor,  and  vi  described  tn.  the  north  half  and  iionth- 
w»st  ([Uartcrof  Kcction  lire;  nurlli-west  quarter  of  seclioo  eight;  north  half  of 
section  seven,  and  auutli  half  of  section  six,  in  township  flflj-tlght  N.  of  rvng* 
ST,  W. ;  all  of  section  one,  N.,  Iialf  of  aivition  Vi,  township  5^  N.,  t»i>*:b  30,  W,; 
and  contains  3,200  acres.  From  the  report  of  Mr.  Wm.  H.  StcTma  wo  ttav* 
gathered  the  following  purtirulara  rcspcrting  the  mines  in  thii  property : — 

Til*  nofthcrn  portion  of  lliin  locution  is  bounded  bv  a  belt  of  congloincrale 
crossing  east  and  west,  roiiipose*)  of  pebbles  of  san'Htone  and  brokvn  frag- 
ments of  Irappean  rorkx,  and  underlies  to  tho  north  at  an  angle  of  about  50". 
To  Ihc  sonth  of  thin,  and  underlying  it,  are  MTcral  alternating  btrlW  of  «nd  aod 
trap  rockii,  Tiryiii!;  in  width  from  10  (»  80  feet.  Blill  soutli  of  Ihese  alternating 
beICa  lieH  the  );real  northern  inelalliferous  range  of  rock  which  includes  th« 
whole  southi'rn  jiortinn  of  this  location  for  over  ono  mile  in  width,  and  under- 1 
lies  the  Rand  nnil  nlti^matingboundnor  trappean  rocks  to  tho  north,  tt  in  upon 
this  range  tlint  the  ctlebnited  Copper  Falls,  Phanix,  Humboldt,  and  Clark 
Uinen  are  being  opened. 

Upon  this  prropcrty  an  four  large  and  vell-dcAnod  reins  hearing  natlrvj 
copper. 

Vein  Na    1   is  situated  upon  and  ctomcs  section  1,  from  near  the  | 

Suarter  part  on  the  north  line  to  within  40  rods  of  tho  south-east  corner,  from  i 
itncn  apmw  the  N.  W.  quarter  of  itection  12,  and  thence  acrost  section  7,  %\ 
distance  of  IJ  miles.  The  Teiii  will  average  between  three  and  four  fcot ' 
in  width  at  (he  ■liffiTent  points  where  it  has  been  opened  by  CTMS-cullitiM  at 
the  surface.  There  arc  numerous  ancient  pits  supposed  to  naT«  been  made  by 
some  ancient  raoe  of  inincrR.  At  WTcral  points  we  attempted  to  clear  thooi 
of  the  rnbliiuh  and  sec  what  the  appe*ranc«  of  the  vein  is  in  depth ;  aercnJ  of 
them  were  sunk  upon  to  the  depths  of  from  10  to  30  fceL  At  one  point 
we  Kunk  82  fret  and  came  to  an  ancient  level,  w>iere  a  mon  can  nasg  hack  and 
forth  oV'tW  f.-'t  iH'lwei'ii  tlit- walls  of  the  rein.  All  of  this  ancient  work  has 
been  done  in  a  good  and  well-defined  veln^iie  of  sufficient  width  to  work 
without  breaking  either  wall  at  the  points  clearod  out  It  varies  from  3  to 
S  l«et  In  width,  and  contains  native  copper.  Wc  have  traced  the  vein  1^ 
tfaOM  pits  over  onc-lburth  of  a  mile  In  a  continuous  line,  wliem  Ihey  an 
plainly  marked ;  the  indentations  (at  some  points)  before  they  wore  cleared  out, 
were  from  t  to  10  feet  deep. 

At  the  aboTe  mcndnned  d^ptlia  we  csmo  to  a  Urge  pool  of  wnt«r  that  tISa, 
13t»  old  mine  up  to  a  certain  level,  and  wprs  compiled  to  toapeod  vorMng 
nntil  ir«  g«t  up  macliiiiery  to  liuiit,  or  drive  a  level  to  drain  the  mine. 

The  len^h  of  i>lit  to  ^-et  4G0  feet  t>ack  would  be  about  three-R>iirlhs  of  ■ 
mile,  but  it  wouid  be  driven  all  tho  way  upon  the  Vein ;  and  when  the  vein  h 


^ 


^ 


/ 


Jwtrnal  f>f  Cvpper  Mintny  Optrationt. 


B8» 


I 


OMfiod  It  is  wido  moush  t»  driiv  boliTMn  the  in,Ils  wJtboat  brMklng  either 
<l  (ban.  Kkcb  of  the  four  vriin  refcm^  to  Iuitc  the  aune  i^eologicBl  poalioi^ 
and  cui  b«  openod  bv  an  adit  in  the  !uuii«  muiiiDr. 

Han7  of  iho  m<>Bt  pr«ltlabl«  niiiMS  In  Ilic  counlrr  have  been  worked 
CXt«nsivcIj-  hj  noaic  aitricnt  nco  of  pcopl*^  soroc  I, (MO  or  1,500  ;r«srs  MM 
•ad  no  doubt  It  large  amount  of  copper  mu  taken  bvim  the  country.  T  am  or 
opiniuD  thvM  eiuavatjuns  irere  nuule  bj-  tl>e  jtamc  handa,  and  they  trcrc  min* 
itig  for  copper. 

Wo  next  commcnCMl  explorations  ftirllicr  south,  Knd  have  tncol  and 
opened  thin  vein  at  (creral  poinU  for  over  une-haU  mile,  by  crow-cutting  at 
the  surface,  andat  ca^-b  point  fuitrid it  toconlain  tine  partideK of  natire copper, 
willi  good  smooth  and  wi'll-'lvflii'il  walla  Tar^rinc  in  wtdth  frem  3  to  5  feet, 
with  nit  the  IcadinK  fmCiircK  ofthn  productive  mmcs  in  this  mlncnil  region. 

Vein  No.  2  i«  situated  about  60  rod*  ca.it  of  No.  1,  and  has  the  same  bear- 
iosH  and  dip,  exbibiting  ail  the  leading  fentureK  of  a  aixi'l  niinc,  Turning  in 
width  frcini  3  to  4  feel,  and  has  smooth  and  ()iirfi:i.-t  walls,  and  ia  of  Itie  Mine 
maierial  and  character  as  other  t(ood  and  proiitable  mines  in  lh(i  oounlry.  It 
has  been  opened  at  several  pointa,  by  croa»-euttinB!i  at  the  surface,  for  .1,M(» 
Go-t  iu  length,  a[id  at  each  ihiitiI  (Inn  coppi^r  is  found  iliiHctninntwl  through 
the  malrii.  Itolh  So,  1  wni  3  veinH  are  strnnp  and  n'cll  innr-ki.il.  and  can  be 
triced  from  2  to  8  miles  arjom  the  different  forrnaltons  without  dllticull.y  ;  and 
at  evwy  point  opened,  the  eridcnceB  are  ax  itlroiig  Hint  they  will  mnko  good 
iliTidciKl- paying  mlnoi  as  in  any  now  worked  on  the  south  tihoru  of  Laku 
Superior. 

Vein  Ka  3  is  nluatcd  about  ono-half  mile  rttt  of  No.  2,  and  the  ftnirth 
Ttin  About  ono-half  mile  coat  of  No.  3.  ThcM  veinit  bavo  hcen  opened  at 
Ivo  J)oinlA,aiid  are  true  veins  of  good  widtji,  and  contain  copper,  and  in  every 
particular  c»mparo  w«ll  with  the  productive  nilntfl  on  Point  Keweenaw. 

There  ore  other  veino,  I  have  no  doubt,  of  c<|Ual  promuto,  that  ean  be 
opened  at  a  trilling  expense. 

There  are  about  eighty  acrcn  of  land  under  cultivation,  which  vrill  produce 
■Jl  the  vegetables  and  hay  refuired  at  pr«««nt  for  Ih^*  Coiupauy's  use. 

From  the.  harbor  to  the  mine  it  is  a  regular  ascendinK  i^vido  of  aboxit  thrvo 
hundred  feet.  A  road  can  btf  coinstrucled  by  following  the  valley  of  Apito 
River  at  a  very  moderate  expense.  A  good  plank  road  can  bo  constructed  at 
Ml  expense  not  exceeding  three  tbouund  dollars  per  mlle^ 

The  properly  belonging  to  the  Couipany  ia  heavily  timbuwL  with  maple, 
pine,  oak,  hirch,  codar.  and  spruce,  which  Ih  well  adoptod  to  buildng  piirpoiieK, 
'  And  indispensable  for  mining  uses.  Agate  River  crosses  the  location,  ami  affords 
in  the  (Iryest  Kcosonj  a  column  of  water  two  and  a  half  feet  in  depth,  with  a 
current  from  6  to  8  miles  per  hour,  sufllcienl  fur  all  mining  purpoio^  nwiog 
lomber,  and  stamping  and  washing  the  in«tal. 

For  the  following  particulars  respeclinjt  the  Native  Copper,  Kollilwr,  Conti- 
nental, and  Monilan  Mines,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Stcvnnil : — 

7%!  Xulir*  C'Tpfr  Company  are  situated  upon  seclioo  1 1.  Their  mine  has 
been  opened  by  Khafls  and  opon  cuUingi  over  2,000  feet  in  length.  The  vein 
nrtea  lo  width  from  1  to  4  feet.  The  main  shafts  are  near  SOO  feet  deep,  and 
l«*cU  have  b««n  driven  several  hundred  feet  upon  the  vein.  It  Is  well  defined 
by  good  and  perfect  wall*,  and  containn  5oine  small  mora,  barrel  and  utomp 
copper.  Tbere  are  3G  acri'S  of  land  cleared  and  cuttivaled,  and  6  guod  build- 
ings, with  shaft  houses,  whims,  etc.,  requisilo  to  prosecuto  mining  optntiona 
with  advantage,  erected. 

KtUihrr. — lioeotlon  half  mile  oast,  has  two  large  and  welt-deJInod  vein*  that 
bav«  liern  traced  from  3  to  9,000  feet  In  length  by  i-rostt-euttlngs  at  the  aurfroe. 
Th*yare  compoetedofcalcarvoiisspar,  laumonitr,  and  chlorite,  with  fine  oopprr 
dlMeminnltvi  lliroii;;))  it,  i[td  bavo  gooil  and  u-ell-ileflned  watU,  and  all  ih* 
tatdlng  fuotures  of  otlier  ^loi  mines  la  the  districL 


SB« 


Journal  of  Ooppfr  .\ftnmff  Opta&ont. 


C^nlintnta!  Miaiag  Company/. — Sitiutcd  on  section  B.towiuhip  S8, 
20,  cAitimcncctl  vrark  lut  October,  and  IiaT«  opaotd  one  niu  that  is  Irof 
8  Tei'i  ill  wiillh,  well  divi^il  willi  fliiu  copp«r,  barntl  irork,  and  somo 
mMSM  or)iiin  cnppcr. 

Thin  rein  bu  been  traced  nomo  S  milM  in  IcngtK  by  apm  cuttings  at  t1 
nurfccc.  Then!  mv  throu  Urge  »nJ  wull-JoRrn-d  vi-ins.  •^^nDposed  of  much  tl ._ 
•(utii:  o)ll■Tllil.^a]  in^ivllents,  ftfl  can7lnK  copper,  GaX  cross  t)iis  locution,  ind 
hft?D  been  traccii  and  npnned  on  the  W>.%hin)[toii  Mining  CoiDpany  taudii  lyii 
and  ^joining  on  the  north,  for  orcr  one  mile  in  length,  from  ttifnce  to  tl 
rfion;  of  Lake  Supfrior,  and  at  each  poiiil  opeiicJ  l\\vy  arc  targe,  well  dcfim 
aad  carry  co;mcr, 

Tht  Jl'iiiitan  Mining  Company  have  opened  and  traced  a  verr  promiw: 
vein,  voryiiis  Trom  1  to  3  feet,  uaving  good  and  we!l-dvQa«d  walla,  with  copr 
lliHMiniiuitfd  lhruu>;h  iU 

ft  hax  bvon  traced  soino  three  inilra  in  length,  and  at  each  part  sbon 
the  leading  features  of  n  gowl  and  profluble  nuno. 

Wm.  H.  Sutws. 

Saw  rota.  Jfra  SDrA,  l»J. 

Washington  Mine,—\  letter  IVom  the  Superintendent  thus  deectibca 
stale  of  operation*  at  thia  mine ;  the  location  of  which  ia  dated  on  page  Ut,' 
Vol.  U.  :— 

In  fihalt  No.  1  (vhich  we  are  now  worfcine),  for  Hid  last  ten  fe«*  (In 
rock  atid  lode  Ims  been  much  disturbed,  but  it  has  taken  a  change  decMcdbr 
for  iho  hotter  1  the  lode  and  mck  hare  become  more  compact,  and  (h«  nu 
much  inwe  regular,  and  much  lictter  charged  with  copper.  Our  shaft  at 
ts  down  00  feet,  contnicted  Pjt  17  fust  more,  making  67  feel  from  tl 
face.    When  finished,  will  drift  as  far  m  necessary,  and  crM»-cut  to  _ 
at  thii  depth,  two  oUicr  veins  irhirh  arc  lying  within  thirty  feet     Wc 
now  lying  upon  the  iurface  some  tons  of  very  rich  barrel  and  stamp 
which  we  are  daily  increasing.     I  have  upon  this  «ection  (Ire  diffmmt  Ttiu 
opened,  and  but  one  of  the  number  has  been  worked     I  nlao  kiurw  of 
others  which  I  will  open  aa  soon  as  the  season  will  admit 

Korth  Wfttrnt  J/i>w,— The  IbbI  auuual  report  of  this  Conpanjr  i 

the  following  8tatcmonl  of  the  slate  of  Ihe  mine : — 

A4il  t«c«)  ilrivRD  l.^9  fuBl,  >cin  lil  flsal  riah  barnl  and  itamp. 
10  Rth,  "       "     tn    ••       ■'   »)  Inohe.       •'  " 

10 *M    ■■       "     a      '*     al-niucQt  and  poor. 

Kbaft  So.  8  auDk  e»    "      "     a     "  "  " 

Winn  C        ••       ts    "      "     t|  Ibot  iii  loaM-aud  barrtl. 

Dttran  and  mink  lust    " 

Slop*  la  1(1  fclh,  levtl  wuth  of  ahidl  No.  S,  IS  fatli.  poor. 

•^          " *lr.w    A,       88  fiah.  ^fcct 

Stopalmofitth.  lenl,  nerthof     "       '■      la  bth.  ■    Ibet. 

StopelaaObth.  Iarol*oiithor>hiill  Ko,  a.  11  blh.  1   e>ot. 

*'          "     "      "        "         win*)     B,      Sfl  "     tl  Itet. 

"       inndit       "       ■'        ahaflNo.S,    g»  ••     *  ftH. 

Sloped  .  .  ,       m\    athoni*. 

On  page  4(W,  Vol.  If.,  will  ho  found  an  account  of  the  working  foroo  in  < 
iiary  last.     A  correspondent  who  has  more  recently  riwtcd  the  mine  senda  HI 

the  following  iTport  respecting  it  : — 

Tho  North  Mfestem  lonka  rury  well,  (better  than  nnce  ita  optoine).  „ 
.Slawson,  tliu  agent,  liaK  utruck  a  ii|)lendid  niaaa  in  tbo  MUth  paH  of  t£e  nib 
and  is  now  turning  out  a  better  quality  of  rein  matter  and  atamii  stuff  lhi_, 
he  ever  before  lilted  to  the  surla^'e.  lie  was  working  all  tho  &I)  olT  the  maUtl 
lode  on  ■  branch  vein,  but  drilled  weat  60  fcct,  struck  the  Bain  lode,  audi 
now  the  North  Western  is  of  the  first  order.    A  letter  from  Mr.  Slawsou  aays : 


>^a3H 
pwock^^ 


jmtmal  cf  (hpper  Mining  Optrationi, 


m 


I 


I 
I 


I 


II  b  sksdilj'  improrins;  never  looked  a,«  well  ox  now,  working  9B  men  in  tSL 
J  bare  twu  giwd  mMHM  in  tight,  ind  axa  Ukiiii;  out  a  good  AittA  of  barrel  work, 
■nd  the  gtaiiip  work  ia  Tflry  rich,  W*  are  working  eignt  hrail  of  sUmpe ;  sh*]i 
hav«  i'it(ht  more  at  work  in  March  ;  when  ti\cy  am  all  at  work  shall  bn  able  to 
turn  out  twelvo  ton*  of  copper  per  month  from  them. 

Tlif  Mfiuldtr  Mine, — tHl-  mmuIow  Mint-  lias  a  vuin,  upon  which  the  Com- 
pMif  »ro  pTowcuIint  their  works,  more  jironiisiivg  tlwn  any  iivw  concm  In 
the  oountiy.  Two  iliaftj",  three  hundrccl  fi^pl  apnrt,  have  hoen  cjirricil  down  on 
the  oouniD  of  the  lode,  and  an  adtt  driven  up  n  disMncc  of  three  hundred  nud 
(mntf  teA  oti  tli(<  vi^tn.  In  K\ie  adit  dnd.  wliicli  \*  ul>oii(  40  feet  imdi^r  the 
8ur&caatth«  ^haft.  the  vein  is  about  two  fyetblK,  In  whioli  two  iiiaswrisrenow 
expoMcd,  with  the  appcnmnrR  of  beinK  lariic,  and  in  all  other  [larts  of  the  mine 
the  Tein  in  full  of  barrel  copper.  The  present  force  ii  thirty  men,  and  iti 
localitj  Is  one  and  a  half  inilM  from  tho  village  of  Eagle  Biver. 

EAQLE   MIVEll   OlSTIUCT.  ' 

AVW  Amariain  Mine.— Tliit  mine  wa-i  last  noted  on  page  814,  VoL  1!. 
A  oorreapontlcnt  writes  in  the  Ibllowing  glowing  tormi  of  thin  mine ; — 

I  went  Into  t!io  North  Anitrican  mine  yesterday  with  OapL  Paijll,  with  luy 
•JW  about  me  and  plenty  of  tim<i,  it  being  tho  mcannring  day.  The  shipments 
wen,fbr(his  lost  summer,  at  or  about  SU  ton*,  barrel  and  mats  copper,  being 
a  lafge  amount  fur  the  Micond  yeat'it  opening  of  a  vein ;  btller  wax  not  done  hy 
th4  lliff.  or  Minnesota,  the  only  riiiiiea  which  now  rank  with  (his.  The  amount 
of  copper  on  the  dock  rrady  for  Bhlpnient  anil  in  tho  niintnil  yanl  ita  over  00 
ton*,  being  in  masfen  of  the  purest  copper  ever  sent  ihniugh  the  St  Uarie'* 
River,  of  more  porlablc  Kise  and  convenient  shape  for  traniiporlatiun  than  any 
ever  shinied  from  (he  Lake.  Then.-  lie  now  in  llie  luinv,  blasted  down,  cut- 
tiny,  and  drnwinp:  out  of  llie  shaft,  in  pure  maw.  over  IGO  Cons.  Thit  i*  no. 
Ooing  down  to  No.  1  level  and  stirpes  above,  we  were  :^\nick  with  the  eavem 
where  tho  large  mans  was  deposltcil,  being  a  epace  of  Mmo  30  hy  30  and  ]0 
feoL  1  went  north  in  thin  level  ui  fiir  a«  the  nuppowcd  boundary  of  the  Cliffiuid 
North  Aiiieriean  ;  here  t)i«  vein  iit  very  rich,  full  of  masses ;  junl  at  the  lenui- 
nalion  of  the  level  is  tho  end  of  a  mna»  thiit  looks  too  tempting  to  leave ;  tho 
whole  vein  at  tbiia  point  is,  full  of  copper  In  mau.  Wc  went  south  of  Kliafl,  and 
■U  doubt  of  Uie  vein  not  contuuiing  good  HOuth  wau  dispelled,  for  here  it  con- 
tinues to  show  RIMS  copper  all  over.  We  went  to  second  level  (if)  fathoms) 
north:  very  rich.  One  miu»  is  expo»od  now  at  one  end  and  two  sides  that 
may  be  another  mammoth.  Ax  il  ia  now  expoacd  it  is  ten  inches  in  thickneftx, 
■is  feet  high,  and  on  the  inner  side  east  wall  8  feet,  with  no  nnpeamnee  of 
terminus.  Went  goiilh  to  the  ftrwt  winKi-.  and  here  the  We  is  lieing  blasted 
down  oflh*  host  barrel  and  SUmp  work  in  the  country;  vein  i,  feet  wide,  retpilar 
and  beautiful.  Still  HulbM'  south  we  saw  three  line  mosses  taken  from  level. 
At  the  south  end  of  level  (hey  have  Rtrnck  another  large  mass.  This  mau 
is  now  36  Feel  uncovered,  and  still  not  at  the  end,  being  now  in  leoetii  greater 
than  the  big  maits  of  July,  which  weiclied  over  free  humtrfd  tonn.  Thix  ninss, 
lyingasltdootln  iheeitremwendortholovelNo.  2  south,  proves  an  nmoiml 
M  copper  very  KmaL  The  level  Is  not  yet  holed  to  crbis-cut  shaft  No.  2,  but 
every  day  the  laxt  blast  is  expected. 

The  whole  vein  is  unmistakable,  and  one  that  will  not  run  oat  It  ia 
thought  thai  tliis  Company  will  make  a  shipment  of  iSOO  torn  this  next  summer. 
I  have  cz^gerat.Hl  notblnj;  her(\  and  am  not  in  the  least  interested,  but  am  glad 
to  inform  you  of  its  Qqd  condition. 

Fallon  Mine. — The  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  this  mine  will  be  found 
on  page  It's.  Vol.  II.     The  following  are  later  accounts  from  this  mine : — 

I  have  been  tlirough  the  I'uiton  Mint  and  lind  it  to  exhibit  evidenCM 
of  richness  mucli  more  encouraging  than  I  had  anticipated  from  wh»t  I  had 


55S 


Journal  a/ Copptr  Sfininff  Operotiont, 


Hie  vein  Id  ftbout  on«  fixit  la  Ihlcknras  cAn^'iiig  rny  lln«  ^mp  work  uid 
much  buTol  oopptr ;  ftnil  from  it  ■  few  1U711  tince  b  ntant  Htimtttc4  at  1,800 
or  2.000  lb*.  «ru  Ukei>. 

Tli«  prOBpocUof  ihis  Company  are  cncounigiti^.  The  sf  atom  and  noatncss 
manl&sUiiiii  thcRurfnni^  improvements  here  are  iriirlhf  of  tmitatioa. 

From.^  B.  Wood,  unilvr  (late  Feb.  37, 1854:— 1  bare  exvnincd  the  Fultoa 
Mine — it  is  looking  Wtt«r  than  ever.  ThurelnlslJtoSfiMtwIcU,  rich  in  stamp 
vork,  be«ldo«  tha  maM  and  barrel  irork,  which  is  abundant  I  mw  eoDKAtf 
kble  bairel  work  in  the  pili>,  busidcK  30  turreU  lately  out  up ;  I  nw  aeTenl 
malMK)  in  the  mine,  and  a  nuiubi-r  that  havu  b«un  taJuiii  out,  OH-of  which 
V^h»d  3,000  lb». 

PORT*  OB   I.  A  KB   0I8TSICT. 

I»U  ftyai*.— SiniMOurla*tm(intion(rflhisniineonpa([e818,  Tot.  IT^  th* 
MiowInK  &ctii  have  been  reported  : — 

The  slopes  in  Not  3  and  11  ribafta  continue  •nrj  rich  indeed.  Tho  drift  in 
tlic  luwer  level  'a  ducirlvdljr  rii/h.  >Vc  are  ratiiing  conHidonbla  ooppor  fbr  tho 
work  wc  are  doing.  When  wo  communcc  sloping  down  tho  looc  in  gooi] 
WTitT*.  then  will  M  the  time  when  wc  can  report  on  tho  amount  raUod  week!  j 
or  monthly. 

3KAi«n  Mint. — Tho  SupcrinU-ndi-nt  writoa  tlie  following  particulars,  which 
eootioue*  tho  progreas  of  operations  Troin  pago  430,  Vol.  II. : — 

The  Sheldon  Mine  is  looking  «xcevdinely  well.  W«  ar«  sinking  twoshaAa; 
and  both  of  them  are  carryinj;  copper.     In  nnking  on  the  Islo  Rojalo  Tola,  wg 

!;ot  under  it,  consequenlly  wt  had  to  drift  to  And  it  *R*in.  and  we  bare  now 
ound  the  foot  wnll,  aiid  iht^  lode  Is  l\i]]  of  copper.  The  shall  on  th«  Porban 
Tcin  is  looking  ircU,  and  we  are  taking  out  copper  in  almost  cT<«y  shot.  W* 
bare  one  niaea  o(  cupfjer  in  the  iiliaft,  or  rattier  in  the  miIo  of  it  I  cannot  tcD 
how  lat  it  extends,  not  having  blaalcd  around  it  yet,  but  I  fed  oonlidcnt  it  i> 
of  good  eiio.     I  think  this  Is  ootng  well  for  throe  months'  work. 


I 


comn  uinnou  mmtrcr. 

?Tl<  Star  Sfint. — Tho  following  sUtement  furnishes  some  particulars  ad- 
ditional to  thosB  on  page  484,  Vol,  11.  :— 

The  v«!n  la  very  regular,  and  walls  as  smooth  as  the  mo»t  batidioua  oonld 
dealr^.  The  mine  looki  well,  tho  rein  being  of  the  same  Taloe  •>  Ihwi  th* 
openings,  and  in  loiiiii  p\i.rv»  belter.  !(«.  t  shaft  is  now  somethiDg  onir  70 
l«ct  in  dupiti,  and  in  tlio  drift  from  this  shaft  Uie  vein  is  iwo  iect  wide,  rkli 
with  copper.  In  the  top  adit  the  vein  is  six  foot  wide  between  Iwo  good  mliL 
four  feet  of  which  in  very  rich,  and  the  balance  of  the  vein  matter  is  compoMd 
of  indunttcd  clav. 

Shaft  No.  3  haa  been  commenced,  and  the  rein  ie  flUod  with  shot  ooppv. 
From  all  apiwarances  lliin  shaft  will  yield  the  copper  in  mamo*. 

In   die  Wtoni  drift  tho  win  is  tlir«e  feet  wide.     A  magnillcent  riiow. 
Solid  with  Tcin-sCone.     Mora  than  enough  copper  is  being  (akoil  out  to  pa^tlM 
COM.     Thu  work  goc.ion  rapidly,  and  in  done  in  a  proper  manner,  tboshallawkd  ' 
lerab  being  of  good  aire,  and  the  tiiubi-riu(,'  of  good  quality  and  wdl  acL     A  ! 
few  month*  willprove  its  value  M  a  mine,  without  doubt. 

ihnitmi  Mine. — This  mine  was  last  mentioned  on  page  48S,  VoL  IL  Tba  \ 
SnperlnlMideut  tliua  n^porls  progmu : — 

The  Ko.  1  rein  has  been  driven  this  mitnth  l.li  feet.  The  vein  it  rtJU  im* ' 
prvving,  becoming  strongly  impregnated  with  copper.  It  ix  2t  fiict  wide,  an4^ 
pining  strength  as  wo  advance  on  Ic  The  winse  U  also  down  161  (nt  mor«  thi*] 
month  -  total  depth  SSf  feel  (two  moiilhs'  work) ;  rein  three  foot  wide ; 


Jonimal  of  Copper  Mining  OptraitMa. 


Dp  work,  tliouKli  aomrlimoB  iIuranlFml  in  oaMiqaaBea  of  •  floor  of  ud^k- 
Jil,  whirh  wc  think  »■*  havr  pjisscJ  iiwHy  throaeh.  Somo  portions  axe 
rinhly  imprcRnalod  irith  copper.  The  «■»!!  tiowiiinairTT  perpnndlcolftr.  No.  3 
drift  on  sniiKi  vein  hu  bcMi  driTcn  lhi»  monlh  lO  toct  Wc  hart  not  yet  got  tX\ 
thovein,  but  think  wu  tiM  soon  han  it  ^1. 


I 


We  pnbliah  Itelow  Ifm  rcc*nt  public  notice  of  the  CotnmiMioncr  of  Oowa 
Ijindfl  n'lilivn  to  tho  conditions  on  irliioli  mineral  laudu  cwi  bu  lDi:iili<d  on 
the  Canada  sido  of  Ijdics  Huron  and  Siiporior,  tiid  aloog  th«  St«.  Htric  Biver. 
Tha  condilionn  of  purchftuo  arc  much  more  &vorab1t  than  th«y  htn  tiMm 
heretofore,  andnowby  paying  down  £33,  or  llOO.kpBnoncftn locate  400  acnt, 
kud  vxn  liiva  two  yi;sn,  and  to  tlw  full  expiration  of  that  tomi,  to  pay  the 
b*lanca  of  the  purchise  tnoaey,  nhieh  Is  altogether  aju  dollar  aadfifXj  etttU 
ptr  acre. 

His  Ricellency  the  Adminislrnlor  of  the  (tOTemmeiit,  by  order  in  Coiindl 
haA  been  plciufd  to  din^'-t  that  on  payment  into  the  hands  of  the  Coniiniablunirr 
of  On>«nLuidK,of  the  sum  of  Iwmity-five  pounds,  tliat  officer  bo  pemiiltol  to 
IgBue  a  license  to  any  indiridusl,  autborit<nghirii  tooxi'Iore  on  any  unconcedcd 
landii  within  the  hmita  of  any  such  connty  or  Kctrlion  nf  country  as  lie  luay 
dcairo  to  be  iniwrtcd,  ,iitu»tod  within  the  boundariw  of  Upper  Canada,  for  cop- 
per, tin,  lend,  iron,  mnrblr,  gypsum,  carlhii  or  iniiitraU,  such  licvuae  to  rcinatii 
In  force  for  a  pcrioil  of  two  years,  and  to  anthorixn  the  individual  in  whOM 
hvor  it  in  iuued  to  take  poKscKxion  nf  a  tract  not  excccdin;;  four  hundred  acTM^ 
and  not  already  occupied  by  any  other  penon,  such  tract  to  be  in  the  prepor- 
tion  of  forty  chains  front,  br  onu  hundred  chains  in  depth ;  the  lieenM  boldtr 
to  report  hiH  disooTcry  and  larleclion  accnnitely  by  tetter  and  by  map  within 
HX  months  from  tiic  iuuv  of  bix  license,  accompanied  by  an  alBdarit  made  by 
htmseir  and  some  ollwr  credible  person,  proving  that  no  counter  occupation 
or  working  cxifitii. 

And  at  Ibo  espiralion  of  the  said  Itnii  of  two  yca«,  during  which  tha 
lk«nse  shell  have  force,  he  shall  comjili'te  a  purchase,  paying  the  eooaidentioa 
noncy  in  one  lum,  at  tliu  rate  of  Gcvcn  aliiilingi  and  aixpenoe  per  acre,  or  ful* 
ii%l«iIo  so,  be  aball  be  regarded  an  haTing  abandoned  such  right  to  purchaw. 

anwroL  Hmu,  coN-iucricct. 
On  pag«  4M,  VoL  tl.,  on  error  occurred  in  the  notice  of  the  iburtol 
Ifinet,  in  Connecticut,  which  wo  wish  toc«rr*«L  Those  who  are  bmiliar  with 
Ibe  opftationa  of  the  press,  know  that  with  the  utmost  care  accidents  win  hap> 
pen.  In  this  case  It  consisted  In  adding  to  tlic  ortido  a  few  lines  ralatiog 
to  another  mine.     The  article,  as  follows,  is  correct : — 

This  extraordinary  rich  copper  mine,  which  Unit  been  worked  some  ton 
jean,  and  returned  in  that  lime  above  |3')0,O0n  worth  of  the  flnott  «re,  it  j 
DOW  being  surveyed  and  valued  by  Mr.  O.  S,  Richardson,  who  [g  to  prejinre  t 
perfbot  *et  ef  gt^nlngicjtl  plans  and  sections  of  the  ptnpcrty.  It  may  be 
Kcnembered  that  Ihia  mine  was  always  considered  to  be  a  mere  deposit,  but, 
from  Borne  circumstances  tlint  have  recently  tratinpiri'c!,  th're  ant  grounds  tO 
belieTe  a  contrary  reauU  will  be  arrived  al.  We  learn  that  a  powerftil  pump* 
ing  walcr-wheel  is  in  course  of  erection,  and  will  shortly  be  set  to  work. 
The  prfidiic"  of  the  mine  is  now  paying  a  profit  ef  about  tl,400  per  monlhi 
and  wb(in  the  new  machinery  la  completed,  tt  Ig  anticipated  the  mine  will  pay 
rvmuncratiTe  dividends  on  the  opital  expended  for  many  years  to  come. 


Journal  of  Oopptr  i/tntn^  OptratioM. 


AiotntcAV  ■ixiTM  com-Axr. — KRi-mrni  took  tu  unm. 

JVonri'<^  J/in^.— [Extrada  of  loUen  from  A.  C  Davu^  Agent] — Jumu^ 

%9, 18G4.— "  Sliall  li  is  43  Cwl  below  adit  Unl.  In  ilt«  bottom  titers  U 
Iftrxo  nuu9  in  eight.  We  htvn  ft  fltvonblo  change  in  3<1  lerel  CMt  The 
ground  much  bclltr  for  breaking^  with  ■  good  lo(l«  of  barrel  aait  sUiup 
wurk.  Ill  tilt  Sd  luvet  west,  we  an  going  ahead  floely,  with  a  good  lodo  <rf 
barrel  nnd  nUmp  n-ork.  Stopcti  Nos.  1,  3,  and  3,  in  the  bock  of  3d  krd  went, 
aro  turning  out  u  fine  lot  of  bairpl  and  stamp  work,  but  no  luuasta.  ITiO  2u 
lcn<l  wcBC  is  looking  well,  and  turnioi;  out  conaiilmblo  co[>per.  So  arc  the 
stopcs  in  back  of  tbi:t  Icvnl.  The  niino  lookg  fncoura^ng  in  ever;'  rojicct. 
I  am  in  tiupc^x  lu  gvt  iJiaft  B  down  70  feet,  and  IctcI»  ataiW  from  OMt  am) 
west,  bofore  \iu-m  weather.    This  Hhaft  liiu  ebown  inaBS  copper  from  tbo 

Kebruarear,  IBM.— "The  mine  i«  gradually  impnring.  We  look  out 
one  nuM8  ttoio  shaft  B  that  is  good  R>r  thirty  hundred  of  ci^per  wh«n 
tlrctaeil" 

Uarcb  1-1, 1861. — "  Wu  luid  steam  on  oui'  engine  on  Saturday  but,  for  llic 
first  time.  The  raine  is  the  umu  an  whun  I  wroiu  )~i>u  Inst.  There  is  quite 
a  mass  in  stopc  So.  1,  3d  level  eagL  Two  batteries  of  stamp*  arc  ncu'lj' 
com^eteiL" 

W{nd»or  JffiM.— {Extracts  ot  ktUin  from  D.  Pliuncr,  A^t,  end  A.  CL 
DbtIs.] — JnnuOTT  11,  1$M. — "The  Windsor  has  got  a  Kptcndid  show  in  their 
adit,  name  150  feet  Koulh  of  the  vein  tliey  arc  working.  I  tliink  1  never  mw 
a  finer  sbow  at  the  imrhce." 

January  S9,  1664. — "This  mine  bos  improved  very  much  since  my  last 
There  U  a  large  maai  in  the  winie.  The  3d  level  from  Khatt  Na  S,  wett.  Is 
now  cuTvIii;;  a  good  lode  of  Stamp  work.  The  drin.  east  from  shaft  No.  1 
looks  wefl.  The  big  adit  is  going  ahead  finely,  and  Is  now  about  150  fort  Ea 
all.  Where  we  first  slrui:k  the  rock,  wc  cut  a  vein,  canying  a  good  d«Al  of 
copper,  and  it  appears  to  be  rery  regular.  In  the  end  of  the  drift,  now  about 
85  feel  north  of  tlie  first  vein  btfore  iiKniioned,  wo  ba*«  cut  what  appcan  to 
be  another  lode,  carrying  copper.  Should  we  find  either  of  these  two  rebus 
worth  workini^,  n-e  can  hardly  estimate  their  value,  lying  as  they  do  »  Ikr 
Mutii  of  Iht!  vi'in  wc  are  iioir  working,  and  in  a  actUed  coutilrjr.  The  Wind- 
sor, as  it  looks  now,  will  eonigiarn  uiib  most  any  of  thymines  tn  tbia  vicinity, 
and  it  miiy  be  ahead  of  tiicm  all  yet" 

February  Ifi,  1854.^" The  Windsor  Mine  ii  looking  TcrywcIL  The  mass 
that  I  adrised  you  of  in  my  IanI  I  hare  [lot  yet  taken  down.  Shaft  N'o.  3  ia 
now  down  '20  feet  below  the  small  level,  and  lookj  very  well.  The  adit  is 
procresiing  finely.     It  n  now  in  about  ISO  feet" 

Mnrcli  14,  lf(E4.^"Tbe  Windsor  Mine  continues  looking  well,  and  they 
are  (r^ttinfi  alonjt  finely  with  their  adit." 

a/iaron  iliiif. — (llxlracla  of  ktten  from  Agents.] — ilaniiary  11,  1854. — 
"The  Sharon  sliaft  is  down  70  fvct,  and  iho  lodi'  look.i  well." 

January  29,  18o4,^"The  Sharon  south  vein  is  looking  very  encour«gingIy. 
as  is  also  (lie  middle  vein.  Shaft  No.  I,  anulh  rein,  Is  now  down  S  feet,  with 
the  finest  lode  of  coarw)  stamp  work  I  ever  saw.  Sliaft  No.  1,  middle  vein,  i* 
down  65  feet,  with  a  good-  lode  of  stamp  and  barrel  work.  All  thingx  4t 
Sharon  are  moving  along  as  well  as  they  con  do." 

February  1,  1854.—"  The  shaft  on  the  north  rdn  is  now  down  80  foot, 
and  wo  have  commenced  drifting  on  it  t»iA  and  west  On  Uie  muth  vein  the 
lode  in  laree,  and  very  rich  in  good  stamp  work.  The  copper  varies  in  (ua«v 
from  the  miest  u&rticles  to  nugpu  tit  an  ounce  in  weight.  This  vtin  resem- 
blM  the  Norwirh,  and  is  ptMUmod  ttiihuiilatingly  tu  be  the  Norviich  vein." 

February  28,  1S.^4.— "There  hi  In  the  north  vein   nothing  new.     The 
south  vein  still  looka  more  prvmudag  than  ever.    Indeed,  the  «how  at 
mine  is  all  that  we  could  wish." 


i 


Jtmntoi  of  Qupptr  Mining  Opervtiotu.  Ml 

Muvh  14,  ISCi.— "Tlie  Muth  vein  b  lookiDz  aa  wull  as  aar  on*  could 
wish." 

iMrig  JfiM.— {Eitracu  of  Icttvrs  from  A^cnlii  S-  S.  Robinson  nod  A.  C. 
DbyEb.J— Jnnuary  10,  1801. — ■"  Tbo  norlli  rcia  U  growing  i(rOnger  hi  copper, 
•ni)  iin]iroT>nK  iit  appnmicft  olIwrwisK" 

January  27,  ISM. — "Wo  arv  still  sinkinj;  on  the  MUtli  rein,  and  havo 
now,  I  tliink,  a  rcjfular  foot-wall.  The  abaft  on  tho  north  Tcin  ttill  looks 
promitiitig." 

February  J,  1H04.— ■■  Thi!  gro"""!  i"  the  north  Tein  is  now  Hoftcr,  and 
carrying  more  cpidot«  and  Rpar  in  placn  of  quortx,  and  i>  itill  ourrying  line 
copper. 

February  38,  18M.— "Tlw  Derby  niin»  sbows  no  pftrlifulni  alteration 
Hocc  tny  last,  excapt  canylag  a  lUtfo  more  rripper  in  tbo  aoulh  rciii.  TbU 
niu  i-i  atill  oompoaed  of  the  twme  toft  [>T<tmi.->inE  charaotor  of  Tcin-itunv." 

JamtHtmm  Mint.  IPIt.— (Lell«r  from  \Vm.  vVarner,  Ot<n«ra]  Agtot,  dated 
April  1^  1804.1 — Tha  engine  and  piimps  wero  put  into  openition  on  tha  SSth 
of  September  laaL  They  hare  already  aunit  the  wAii;r  forty  feet  The 
pouibi  lower  tlio  water  for  over  ono-feitrth  of  a  inilu  from  the  ao^ne-ahaft, 
and  drain  clcvcm  niinciral  ransta.  Seven  ithalbi  arc  bcinj;  imnk,  four  of  which 
bare  readied  tho  ore  IHIi.lK  Ihi,  of  ore  have  been  rauMd  up  (o  the  Btb  inat., 
and  aold  on  lb*  ground  fur  f5,7S«).0^  A  larg«  portion  of  tho  work  baa  bocn 
eXDcndoil  on  f)xcurt«,  and  in  opcnlog  tli«  mine.  A  diacoru}'  of  Ian(«  anj 
rion  minctnl  hoK  just  been  made  in  the  trngine  ranges 

Tbre«  wliinm  have  recently  been  erectwl,  and  ibe  general  appeannc(<  and 
pTOnecta  of  th<-  niinit  aru  i-ncoumuing. 

Cabarnui  J/irur. — The  reports  fWmi  tbia  mine  arc  to  .\pril  14.  The  engino 
and  uiichincry  have  been  ahippcd,  and,  by  contract  with  ttie  nianullkcliirtTa, 
la  to  be  put  up  at  the  mine  by  the  SSth  of^Hay.  A  largo  force  of  carpenters 
an  cnfcaitod  pnttinic  up  the  buUdlngS  for  the  ma^inery,  and  they  arc  expected 
to  be  ready  by  the  time  the  engine  and  nachioary  arrive  at  the  mine.  From 
prcaent  appearsnceii,  the  mill,  trilh  the  eni^nc  and  machinery,  will  be  in  conk- 
plete  opvraLion  oarly  iu  tho  uiontb  of  June.  From  the  perfection  of  the 
ntachinpry.aii')  the  al)undanceorore,richit>  {old  andooppor,  it  i*  confidently 
expected  this  mine  will  equal  in  praductiveneaa  any  mine  in  the  aoutli. 

San  A'i'jNJiUne  lfinf.—[ExU*cU  of  letters  ftvm  IL  P.  (Thsmbcrlin,  Agtnt] 
^Janoary  1^,  lbL54.~''Wc  never  looked  ntoro  prominng  at  thin  mine  than 
at  present.  .\t  oiiv  bUil,  on  Tbur^ay.  wo  tliTwr  down  a  Ion  of  fine  gray 
nnd  blue  ur«;  and  it  ia  as  icooil  now  ahead  afi  then." 

January  SI,  \S!H ''Tho  western  part  of  the  lode,  lyinc  to  tho  aoutfa 

and  west  of  the  main  abaft,  has  been  oommcnced  tipon.  and  has  thus  to 
yi«lded  a  rich  return  of  green  and  gray  covper,  In  llie  wlnne,  we  hare  ralstd 
a  oonsUnt  aupply  of  flue  yellow  ore-  iVday,  after  having  undermined  a 
hrg*  mata  of  apar,  we  blasted  it  down,  turning  out  a  m09;t  biiauliful  ijuantitr 
as  well  u  quality  of  yellow  copper. 

"  We  have  Hhlppcd  during  the  past  month  87,737  Iba.  of  ore,  1S,SOO  lbs.  of 
which  were  of  a  very  miperiar  quality." 

February  38, 1S51.^"  This  lias  been  a  muiith  of  the  beat  realisation  sinco 
I  ban  bad  diaiva  of  tho  mlup.  Th^  lode  in  the  winxo  ha*  tauslled  my 
bfgtMM  McpcctatMn*,  and  ha*  yielded  a  fine  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
choiceal  yellow  ore.  We  bavc  raiwd  ftuiu  tlie  wiuie  alone,  this  month, 
twenty-ftvo  toua  of  rich  coppvr.  Uu  th«  8outh  of  the  main  shaft,  at  ton 
Ikthonui,  wo  havo  opened  in  Eome  iqilrndid  gray  otv." 

March  31,  1804.~"Tho  mine  lhi»  month  baa  fully  equalled  tho  yield  for 
the  previous  one.  South  and  wvnt  Oif  ih«  main  dhafl,  the  drifts  have  ^iir«n  a 
good  pn^iuce  of  sray  copper  and  matachite.  Tho  drift  In  the  ninxn  ha«  also 
givrn  a  rich  return  of  yellow  copper.  1  am  wailing  with  much  anxiety  the 
arrival  of  tiic  engine  and  luachinoy  Ibr  drc«aing  the  ore,  and  hope  tn«n  to 
make  the  la^^■»l  sbjpmaut  of  coppor  srar  MDt  from  Bayatuvo." 


tm 


Jwrital  of  Slutr  and  Liad  J/iria;  OptnlioiU. 


.lOtntSAL  OP  SILVER  AND  lilAD  MffilHG  OPERATIOSS. 

nLTKR  OOtKlOR. 

Tbo  flMMge  of  sdlrer  >t  the  Uniteil  Sutc*  Uint  in  PtuUclelpbia,  for  Jan- 

ttjtfy,  Pobrunfj,  »nd  Marcb,  1 854,  has  btcn  iw  fellow* : — 

Jib.  Md  rfb.  Ibnta,  ToMl 

Hilf  <l«lUn .            .            .  («4t.<W)  00  •na.OOO  00  »WI,000  00 

SiurWn        .            .            ■    tW.WD  HO  fiAt.VOO  00  I.IT^OOO  M 

imin           .            .            .    111,000  UO  l»,000  00  1*£,000  V) 

TjtJiliilver  »l,0»T,0O0  00      »TOO,000  CO  •I.TST.tOO  00 

Tbo  dcpoBiU  of  nlver  for  the  Ont  quarter  of  ISOS  imd  1804,  ware: — 

Jaa.  P*k  Mwtli.  T«iaL 

114.000       ti^oott       mofioo       tVifiOO 


UH 

UM 


IDSiOOO       l,l«e,000  ltT.£OD       l,«U,NI0 


COjrr   or   THK   MtNT. 


A  Report  IVom  tho  Director  of  the  Mint  to  the  StxreUtrf  of  the  Traunuy 
Bins  a  statDmrnt  Bhon-JnK  the  totnl  receipts,  m  wMl  m  th«  total  «xponsei^ 
tibo  Uiot,  and  the  net  noot  or  gain  as  the  result  fur  cairh  year  fiutx  1847 :— 


1»1S 

Total  KipoHM. 

.  $tt,m  <n 

•17,7*6  1>     K(t  OMt  luT    IHS 

.  M4,ttl  tS 

ISW 

.    U,TS9  M 

80,BT1  M                ■'            mV 

,    £8,8(1  S9 

IIAO 

.  ai9,on  ta 

1T8.T9I  84                "           IMO 

,   n,3U  84 

tm 

.  iia.ODt  SB 

190,089  4*                •■           IBSl 

.    W.tl«  TT 

iset 

.  an.ix  M 

m>,te»  tS               "           1869 

.    4«,TDT  » 

uu 

.  4n,U3  «» 

E30,M4  n   N»  profll  fW  14M 

.  1M,410  H 

ASSAY  OP  Kicmrocotm  isi.*kd  obb. 

The  Ullce  Superior  Silver  Mining  Company  hare  reodvcd  tho  Iblloirllig 
aatljiitt  of  ■  lot  of  ore  »ent  to  England  for  asiaj' : — 

Tlie  two  cBakii  of  copper  aud  biIvit  have  been  rrvstied  and  aisajed  for  A. 
'  J.  Smith,  Enq.,  Secrelary  of  tho  Laki>  Superior  Silver  Company,  to  whom  the 
,  ON  belong  and  it  <i,)ntainH  0S2  O**  of  fine  ullvoT  to  the  ton  of  twenty  cwt 
6f  ore,  and  liitccn  and  n  half  per  cwt.  of  pure  copper. 
A  letter  Bajs: — 

Aaur  Omcz,  No.  Tt  IlaKan  Uudm,  I 
L9ndo%  JITor.  Mt,  UU.      f 

The  price  of  flnc  sIlTor  U  about  tl.SS  per  on.  (and  the  premium  btaldM,) 


TALim  or  LRAo  Ktiint  or  wntrnKfpt,  m  moAW  TO  srrBitsira  mcnro 

OCKKATIOS;!. 

The  preliminary  Report  of  I*rofcMor  Edward  DanteU,  "  On  tlw  Geology 
q(  Wisconsin,"  is  rich  in  information  relative  to  Ibo  lead  mlnea  within  the 
Kmlls  of  that  State,  The  remarks  on  the  commercial  value  of  the  minefl  wfll 
lo  interesting  to  all  readers ;  indeed,  the  entire  report  is  a  work  of  MOTO  thftli 
ordinarv  mL-rit,  and  is  of  permsni^nt  value. 

In  opcninfi  an  cxtoimivc  mine,  a  large  eipcnditore  murt  b«  made  before 
return  can  bt-  rcaliied,   it  it  therefore  iinporl&nt   to  calculate  closdy 

fohand  tho  eonditiuns  required  to  render  this  preliinlnarj  investment  a 
jKoBtahto  adventure.  This  tneolves  several  conncleralloni^  each  of  which 
must  liavo  ila  due  weight  in  determiolng  the  value  of  a  mining  localitjr. 


Jmtmat  t^Siivir  and  Ltad  Mining  OptralioM. 


563 


nret—Thft  f hinder  of  ihe  meUlItfennis  depoaits. 

Second— S)xtMit  of  nnworkcii  Kro"n<l.  wh«M  dbixiTcrios  of  or*  »>f  rw- 
•onabljr  be  rxjiMtrd. 

Tliir.1— Cliiiraeli'r  ("f  Oi*  ground. 

PoiiTth— F»cil)li(^  for  ilniiTiipi. 

Fifth — Proiimity  to  (arl,  mirkft,  etc. 

Lvt  us  now  ive  how  the  lead  region  of  WiMonirin  will  ttblde  the  teat  of 
th«M  conditions. 

First— Character  nf  Iho  d«po«its.  I  have  already  shown  thsl  most  of 
Aom  arc  true  reinc,  and  may  De  nlicd  upon  as  such  in  e^itonsive  mining 
OpenliooA. 

Scicond — Extent  of  unwork*d  ground.  It  h&i  alxo  been  abown  that  the 
workit  thiw  flir  ha»e  merely  bc<n  Runcrflcial.  The  dmosila  of  the  siirface- 
rock  cien  harp  only  been  nhttustcd  In  n  few  lagps,  wliflo  those  of  the  lower 
rocks  have  but  jUBl  been  discovered.     All  the  mining  thus  far  done  could  ho 

tut  ii|>on  sii  srctiotis  of  land.  Veins  areererywht-rD  pm'ntcl  out  which  hare 
ccn  abandoned,  though  kIiII  yielding  richly,  for  want  of  rnai-hinery  to  re- 
move the  water,  or  from  (he  occurrence  of  i  temporary  "pinch"  which  cut 
<iff  the  ore.  The  constant  (iiscOTery  of  veinii  incidentally  while  digging 
wells,  cellars,  etc,,  proves  conclusively  that  a  vaal  addition  to  the  knowo 
mineral  RTOund  may  bo  looked  for  In  this  direction ;  while  the  iinex[>Ior«d  de- 
pMits  of  the  buff-culort-d  and  lower  nBcnuinn  limestones  nfTcr-  a  ftvah  and 
iromising  field  to  ininine  enterprise.  Krom  thojc  rich  utoirehouies  uf  ore, 
generations  to  come  will  draw  their  supplies  and  leaw  them  yet  anerhansled. 
Third— Character  of  the  ground.  This  is  eminently  bvombla.  The 
ttina  intersect  onlr  limestones,  mndstonc.*,  and  shalcK.  No  injections  of  trap 
Of  granite  occur  here,  which  ho  ofleii  rum  liie  prospect  of  the  miner  clae- 
irhere.  The  rocks  have  been  very  sliRbtty  disturbed,  bonce  faults  or  shi/ls  of 
die  fitrata,  ihrowinf;  the  veins  out  of  their  natural  position,  are  rare.  Tbo 
croond  in  frequently  so  open  that  nothtn|(  but  the  pick  and  gad  are  reiu!r«<i 
lor  excaTatioc  it. 

Fourth — Facility  of  drainage.  A*  Biost  mineral  reins  run  into  the  water 
■t  a  short  distance  from  the  surface,  it  is  Imcortani  to  know  with  what  facility 
(his  element  can  be  removeil.  This  will  ilepcnd  upon  the  structure  of  the 
rocks  and  the  coDfonnatlon  of  the  surface.  Near  many  of  the  I'^les,  the  sur- 
ftce  is  intoTMcted  by  deep  ravineii  and  valleys,  on  either  side  of  which  the 
lead-bearing  rocks  are  piled.  In  such  caws,  dninage  by  level  can  bo  very 
cully  effected.  This  method  of  drainage  hits  advantages  orcr  every  other  ' 
where  It  cjin  tie  used.  As  the  veins  are  arranrodin  gangves,  parallel  to  t«cb 
other,  a  level  may  be  run  so  ai  to  cut  them  all  in  its  course,  and  thus  prom 
the  ground  at  the  same  time  it  rtliuvca  it  of  water.  Such  a  level,  judiciously 
ihnUed,  and  per«CTvriiigly  diiven,  could  not  lUI  to  enrich  its owncTs.  Nuinu- 
TBua  loc«l!lies  niieht  be  eelectcd,  where,  by  ninning  a  level  on*  mile,  from 
twenty  to  fifty  veins  would  bo  cut  through  and  drained.  A  few  levels  only 
have  been  undertaken.  That  of  Mr.  Champion  at  New  Diggingi  a  the  m«rt 
•xlensive,  and  haa  been  viuitiently  proRlablv,  Mr.  Looney's  level,  near  Benton, 
has  been  driven  nine  hundred  feet,  and  pdd  well.  M'Coy's  level,  ncAr  Shnlls- 
burg,  is  also  a  Rood  investmeni.  Those  arc  only  beginnings,  but  they  prove 
what  may  lie  done  in  this  dinction. 

In  Europe,  these  levels  are  often  iitriven  for  many  miles,  at  an  expvnM  of 
from  flvD  to  twenty  dollars  per  rnlhom.  One  of  thc<c  levels,  at  the  (Iwennap 
minea  in  Cornwall,  is  twetity-itix  miles  in  lensth. 

The  lead  minoa  of  this  district  can  al^o  be  readily  drained  by  pumpx  of 
moderate  rapacity.  The  lead-bcirinK  itwk  is  traversed  by  vertical  seams, 
flUed  with  a  lough  clay  impervious  to  water.  By  this  means,  the  water  which 
it  holds  is  divided  iiilo  separate  basins,  or  great  natural  cistenui,  each  in* 
dependent  of  evary  other.  Thus,  a  pump  inaybe  put  upon  any  one  of  theM, 
and  unwator  the  ground  wlttila  its  limits,  while  those  adjacent  Mr«  not  aflWted. 


M4 


Jimrt>al  ofSQper  tpul  Lead  Miaitty  OprmAofH. 


W«re  it  not  far  this  bcButiful  economy  of  nuturc,  no  pump  oould  ba  loond  of 
aufflricnt  power  to  lower  the  level  of  thpse  subtcmiivaii  wkIctb.  This  iitrae- 
ture  bIku  i'X|jl(iiiia  tlic  fiict,  IhAt  the  w*t<T  is  olVn  r»aii<]  twcntj'  or  thirty  feet 
bigticr  upon  f>nt.  vein  ttiRn  upon  another  n  Tcit  rods  distvit.  In  wouq  caMR, 
tho  basins  arn  no  small  that  forty  feet  of  w&tcr  tias  buBU  rajitjd  by  ft  puntp  of 
tiirce-hurse  power.  In  other  c&ses,  Bfty-liorse  )iow«r  troiild  be  roniiirad  to 
effed.  a  thorough  drainage; 

FilUi— I.Acation  in  rtspect  to  fuel,  market,  et&  Ttio  Uv)  ilUtrict  as  ■ 
whole  w  abundant^  supplioil  with  fuel,  though  in  BOm«  for  localities  wood 
hu  to  bu  brought  liom  a  distance.  Tho  d«nm  forccts  of  iU  rivrr  valley*,  and 
the  heavy  hodic*  of  oak  and  other  timber  which  cover  nearly  one-third  of  i\A 
surface,  proniisL-  a  sijttv  of  fuel  iiuiply  tiuniei<;iit  fbr  tta  fntiin)  wants.    Tho 

Beat  cool  Bi'ld  of  IlliiK^s  ia  scirccly  aliuodrvd  miUs  from  Its  Mntbcm  border. 
DOS  of  («lway,  (ravening  it  from  rut  to  vrcst,  and  from  north  to  south. 
Till  (ocn  connect  it  with  tbow  viuit  Ktoreii  of  conbuitiblf  maUcr,  and  disperse 
the  (puils  of  Its  own  fomsts  whuQTur  Uw  wsnu  of  industry  iiiay  r«qulr« 
thOED-  It  )B  thought  that  under  tboo  &c{litles  for  cheap  transportation,  coal 
may  be  aiTordcd  at  ^,Q0  per  ton.  .\t  this  price,  it  couid  be  safely  used  in 
thoBt'  portions  of  the  dLitrict  whwfl  wood  is  least  abundant,  Thu  completioa 
of  the  railroads,  now  being  rapidly  conslrucUd  through  this  district,  will  tpio 
it,  together  with  it*  proximity  to  the  Mississippi,  ready  acixiKs  at  every  scaMn 
of  tho  year,  to  all  the  market*  of  the  country. 

I  liitvu  thus  endeavored  to  set  forth  tile  cliaracUr  of  the  load  mines  of 
Wisconsin ;  the  canws  whieh  have  obstruoti^d  their  development ;  and  the 
inducements  which  tiiey  offer  for  citonslvo  mining  operntions.  It  has  been 
shown  that  the  deposits  of  ore  are  true  veins ;  and  inexhaustible  for  wnluries 
to  come.  That  as  yet  thoy  liavu  bocn  worki^d  only  in  the  moat  superficial 
manner ;  that  the  withdrawal  of  labor  Into  other  Acids,  tho  want  of  concon- 
trated  capital,  and  the  prevatcncc  of  mistaken  opinions  as  to  their  value,  bavo 
kU  been  opcratire  in  relstiiiue  their  progress,  and  bringing  their  productive- 
Iioss  to  a  temporary  di^clitje.  Yet  even  under  thu«e  unfavorable  drcumatsucos, 
tiieec  mine*  yield  annually  nearly  80,000,000  lbs,  of  pun.'  Itratl,  or  nboiit  one- 
half  of  oil  the  lead  produced  in  tho  United  States,  nuring  the  years  184&, 
IMO,  and  lS4r,  tbe  entire  Itad  mines,  including  thu  small  portions  of  lhedi»- 
trict  in  Illinois  and  lows,  produced  annually  about  24,000,000  lbs.,  of  which 
two-thirds  were  from  the  WtHOBidn  mines.  Diirlne  the  same  years,  tho 
avomge'  annual  yield  of  all  the  lead  mines  of  Orcat  uritain  wa*  105,730,838 
.  U>&  The  yield  of  our  lead  dintiicl,  therefore,  cxoecded  one-half  of  the  tot^ 
prodticl  of  tho  British  lead  luiucj.  Such  a  product  of  or«.  with  the  same  out- 
lay of  kboir  and  capital,  is  altogotbcr  unprccodonted  in  too  whole  history  of 
mining. 

During  these  ymrs,  luad  became  an  important  item  in  our  foreign  exports, 
while  llie  import  of  this  article  sank  to  a  mere  IriUe,  This  will  be  seen  by 
Consulling  a  fuw  statistics  from  tbe  records  of  trade.  During  1845  and  1818, 
the  imports  and  exports  were  as  follows : — 


T,SM  M,980,ffi»  16,MSJ*a 

In  contnut  with  thc«o  Ggures,  observe  the  sainc  statistics  for  tbe  last  two 


jears— 18S0  and  1851  :— 


lSW-51 

lBSl-«3 


ImiKirU. 
lt7,4HeSS 


2).7S0,.XIO  MI,t« 

1M39,630  T4T,«t() 


Aceording  to  tbeic  Bguren,  in  tlio  years  I»*6  and  IMS,  w«  nol  only  sup- 
'  riied  our  homo  irinrkL-l  with  lead,  but  snnt  to  fomlgn  countries  16,000.000 
'  lbs,  wbiltf  during  two,  1651,  and  1353,  we  have  fallen  so  br  tJiort  of  sup- 
I  ylying  our  homo  market,  that  wo  import  umualty  40,000,000  ibt.  to  make  op 


4 


Journal  of  Silver  anj  Ltad  Mining  Opfratitm*. 


565 


the  (]«fictL  For  Qik  we  nod  out  of  the  nnintty,  anniulljr,  about  t^.fiOO.OOO 
for  a  coRimoiIiljr  which  might  be  abuiid&iitly  auppUe'l  at  homv.  Two-thirds 
of  thig  Slim  of  nioii(T;r  wnl  «wiiy  to  pay  tlic  ininf  rs  of  EnjtUnd,  OcrroBny,  and 
Spain,  ought  to  be  lair)  out  in  the  lend  minoK  nf  WiBPonnin,  and  would  be,  if 
thMO  miiion  wuru  worked  to  an  extent  at  all  coiniuenNitrati;  with  tlii'ir  iiihrrrnt 
rlrhnrw.  It  <4  ohviously  of  the  hiehcst  imponatice  that  an  internet  like  thiti, 
Rccnnd  to  no  other  in  onr  54tatn,  HhoiilJ  not  bo  NitfTem)  to  dodine.  At  this 
period  mpcdaliy,  when  wo  are  juat  letting  up  for  aundvw,  »B  need  the 
avails  of  thmc  tinlural  ^(^sou^ecs  with  which  a  beneSeant  Proridenoo  favt 
favored  iih.  If  our  younji;  Slate  would  ht^conie  rioh  in  aetinind  pOMMidena, 
it  must  improve  tbia  fundamental  capital.  It  should  buv  much,  but  sell 
more,  and  buy  nothing  abroad  that  it  can  g«t  at  home.  What  a  tran^orma>- 
lion  would  tho  va8t  eiiins  now  wnt  abroad  for  lead  accomplinh,  if  dislrihuled 
OT«r  our  lead  district,  for  which  Nature  ha*  done  so  much,  and  art  so  Ultle. 
What  engines  would  pump  itii  di-eptMt  mints  I  Wliat  niighty  tuvcU  would  bt  j 
mt  through  tho  walls  of  Its  veined  trpamirieal  Whst  life  would  bo  inftnodl 
into  ctery  branch  of  Indaslrial  effoiTt  t  What  citica  would  grow  up  as  if  Iq? 
maeic ;  and  what  evidences  of  wealth  and  prunperity  would  (xiver  all  the 
Una  I  For  such  a  corieuinTualiott,  a  little  fostering  can  only  is  now  needed. 
The  tnin  Taluo  of  theJut  min«n  rouat  bo  ntade  known,  and  oompanied  wiUi 
•mplc  canital  must  be  found  to  work  them.  A  UcpartneDt  of  Mines.  riTnilar 
lo  the  Sofaool  of  Mines  in  Gnat  Uritaln,  should  be  conoMtad  with  the  Stata  i 
tTnivcmity,  where  such  ECicntiDo  knowledge  t^  IS  n*co«Mty  for  succcasfid'l 
mining  may  be  obtained 

Uudor  the  priucnl  high  prices  of  lead,  the  ininM  ara  reriving,  and  it  u 
to  he  hoped  that  no  change  of  governmental  policy  will  result  in  a  reduction 
of  these  pricM  until  the/  arc  again  in  a  atatc  of  healthy  activity. 

KDntRUOtnr  o>  tbr  wtMxmts  LiLin  axaios. 
To  the  Mmo  source  we  aro  Indebted  for  tli«  falIo>wing  interating  KsA 
important  pnr[li:ulars  reipocting  the  minarala  of  (hti  load  dtstriol  and  the  Jiro- 
ooM  by  which  some  of  them  may  bo  prepared  for  use : — 

t  IndiT  this  hnud  I  will  present  a  brief  notice  of  the  promment  mineralu  of 
the  lead  diBtriet,  and  the  procem  by  which  those  of  tliem  which  aru  valuable 
may  bo  prepared  for  use-  For  want  of  such  Accurate  knowledge,  mineral 
r<»ources  o(wn  rvmain  unknown,  or  if  known  undnrelopod  and  useleiw. 

fivlplmnt  of  teoA—ff a ?*««.— This  ii  the  ore  from  which  most  of  tho  lead 
ofcumraerceis  derived.  It  isef  bluish  gray  color,  with  a  shining  mntnllic  Ina- 
Ire,  BOmulimi'B  spluudeuL  Cleavage  gonerafly  pcrfwt,  cubic,  occasionally  found 
fibrous  and  granular,  tn  many  lornllllei  the  crystals  are  very  perfect  and 
btttntlfiil.  They  are  g<snct«lly  cube.'*,  called  by  the  uiinurs  "  cogs."  These 
■ra  wHuetiines  elongated,  so  as  to  form  right  nqn.-vre,  prisms,  or  the  edges  and 
corners  truncjitcd,  forming  ociahedr>;inii,  and  dodecahedrons,  Tho  ore  is  gen- 
cpally  reducnd  in  blast  furnaces,  and  tho  k^  is  run  iutu  moulds,  fonnlng  Sara 
of  about  TO  pounds  wclghl,  called  "  piga."  The  average  yield  is  about  sixty- 
eight  per  cent 

Siilphnlt  of  Ltai.-  Anglalite. — -This  ore  occurs  iu  small  quantities.  It  is 
generally  found  in  crysUls,  nearly  trunsparvut.  Iiaving  a  vitreous  lustre  and 
slight  tinge  of  green.  The  galena  Is  ntusn  studded  thickly  with  those  crystals, 
especially  where  it  occurs  in  small  cavities. 

Carbonatt  of  l,ead. — This  is  known  as  "white  mineral"  among  miners. 
It  is  found  massive,  having  no  metallic  luHtni  or  appcaranoc.  It  is  crncrally 
of  a  white  or  light  uray  color,  but  is  sometimes  colored  darker.  It  fracturfg 
rwy  much  like  a  piece  of  compact  limestone.  It  consists,  elicmically,  of  the 
ojidcoflead,  9540,  carbonic  acid,  IfllH.  It  occurawilb  the  galena,  generally 
in  mil  ground.  It  U  sometimes  found  in  a  pulverulent  form,  c«nting  the 
gal<'na,  and  known  u  "mineral  axhea."    It  hu  nanlt«d  tnm  the  decoRi' 


Journal  </  SUvtr  <md  Lmd  Mii*iag  OptralitMS, 


position  or  th*t  oni.  It  is  nliubte  u  an  ore  of  lead.  About  S0,000  pound* 
were  nlsnd  nt  "  Brigbun's  n^no"  n«ar  tfaa  IDim  Uounib,  ud  sumII  ijiuittUiM 
bnvp  been  found  in  many  localitie*.  It  U  Mmeliniw  coofouiuM  wflh  Bulphsto 
of  btiyu,  from  which  it  ou  bn  dbtb^Sshed  ia  tbo  laannor  1  b«r«  dcscrlbtd 
in  tnatiiig  of  Hint  mintinL 

('•trbfinata  <^Zi7te. — This  om  has  very  litlJc  of  tha  metallic  cbaracler  in  id 
appvaruDcc.  It  la  massiTc,  aiuumia^  lonictitoea  a  staWtitic  or  ituuniUaiy 
furiu,  wiiL  a  gponipouii  tcxturr,  tike  inotutod  mosa.  It  i"  pojiularly  kuown 
ax  "dry-bone.  '  ita  color  •arita  from  wliiU  with  a  pearly  liuUc,  to  Ug^t 
brown  and  grc«ii.  It  occora  abundantly  in  Tvins,  a»ocialc<l  with  galena,  at 
Hlii«ral  I'liiiit,  I>o(lg«villii,  MilEiin,  Fronklin,  PkltcTiUc,  Sbullabur^  HaacJ 
Ore«n,  atid  other  plai^ca.     It  it  tlic  laoHt  valuable  oru  uf  liue  knowB, 

Svlphurtt  uf  Zinc— Jienrf*— Tbia  ore  ofiiDC,  knoirn  as  "  bUck-jadc,"  b 
Tory  cdDiiDDa.  It  iageoerallyinaaBiva;  color,  giwn,  brown,  or  black;  lustre, 
resinous.  Ftvijiiently  la  c-ryiitals  difWEtninatcd  through  the  vein-MtoDo  ca  the 
adjarcnt  rork.  Fine  cjrysitaUixinl  sptcimcnii  uresometitnea  mistaken  foe  tin  ore. 
For  chemi<:al  fompusiliuu,  «««  [able  uf  analysed.  Tliia  ore  bas  been  used  Cnt 
Ibu  luanufuf  tiiru  or  luetallie  iIdc,  but  it  in  M)  ititich  Inftrior  to  tho  carlionata,  or 
dry-boDo,  as  to  bu  usod  iritli  proHt  only  whrrc  that  ore  cuinot  bo  obtnliMd. 
v|t  Biaf  be  gmiDd  and  used  as  tnineriJ  puint. 

Sti^huptt  of  Oopptr. — This  ore  is  u.iuatly  of  a  hnss  ycUow  color.  It  re- 
ttemblci  iron  pynl«&  but  is  distinguisbed  from  tbat  iuin«ral  by  being  oaaily  cat 
with  ■  kiiifv,  aud  failing  to  strike  Are  with  st<'v1,  , 

Carloiutt^  «/  C<>pper. — (Jcncmlly  of  a  light  green,  gray,  or  blue  eolor ; 
nnbj  and  maiuiTc  fibres,  with  a  silky  lustrL';  somcllniea  ctystallizcil  regularly, 
wflh  a  ritreous  lustre,  and  dr«p  aiure  but.  In  (bis  last  funu  it  ia  oAen  mia- 
taken  for  crystals  of  colored  qiiarta,  and  furnishns  spedmens  of  nre  beauty. 
The  carbonates  and  nulphuret  of  copper  nre  gcni^ratly  combined.  They  occur 
ID  Tviim,  usually  perpeiidivular,  in  llic  lower  bods  of  the  gr^  liaieclane.  liiey 
kavu  b«cn  worked  at  itiiieral  I'oint,  where  they  luve  yielded  about  Ift,0OO,0w 
pounds  of  ore.  MuM  uf  this  was  ^uivIU'd  in  the  viditity,  and  gare  from  15  to 
SO  per  ct-nl.  of  iiur«  copper.  No  work  has  bveii  ducic  on  llicae  Tcins  Ibr 
Kverol  yean!,  ond  it  may  he  cjucstioncd  wholher  present  Indications  tm  MtlB- 
dently  favorable  to  warrant  an  cxlcnuive  outlay.  A  small  rcin,alf<^  baa  beeo 
Mmck  in  the  aamc  rock  at  McKnigbi'n  copper  diKginga,  acction  8,  town  of 
Wayne,  and  copper  ore  has  bum  found  uuir  Centrcville.  Indications  of  cop- 
per have  also  been  observed  in  several  other  localities.  But  until  further 
ennunationa  be  mode,  it  is  impotable  to  pronniinoc  upon  their  raliML  No 
discotery  of  Uiia  ore  has  been  made  in  the  ame  vein  with  lead,  so  far  aa  1  am 
aware. 

traiu — Broken  UmiatiU.^- K  variety  of  lliiaoni  is  found  woasionally,  forni- 
Ing  the  matrix  of  Ibe  lead ;  color.  Iiniwnish  yellow  ;  structure  fibrous,  when 
'broken  presenting  uflen  a  luaniiilaiy  Kurfticis.  It  accmnpanics  the  toid  In 
[^paisllcl  bands  with  clay.  When  ground,  this  ore  fonn.t  rcllow  ochre.  lUd 
aduv,  known  OH  iron  ruit,  is  often  found  in  iuiinenae  quantitica  in  the  reinft. 
It  Is  often  fuilowed  ox  an  indication  of  a  "lead."  Its  origin  can  be  traced 
Ui  lh»  rivcotn position  of  iron  pyrites. 

Salphunc  of  lr«ti.—Ir^m  ^rifa.—'Xht*  mineral  is  found  abundantly 
througtiout  thcminr;i.  It  is  the  brilliant  substitnce  oiled  sulphur  or  "niiin> 
die"  It  occurs  in  nearly  every  fonn  known  lo  the  nilniralogiHt,  and  runiivhes 
specimens  of  UDBurpajWed  beauty.  Ocawionally  the  galena  is  coated  orw  with 
tliis  substance;  In  somii  ra*i>s  the  rotk  near  a  vein  wcnis  to  have  been  broken 
up,  anil  pyrites  introduced,  ccmrnlin^ih«inaBx  logvlber  intoakindof  brmilk 
Tbs  caviiies  we  lined  with  octahedral  crystals  of  a  bronie  color.  This  ore  is 
tan  mistaken  for  gold,  from  which  it  is  diKtinguishvd  bv  not  being  laalteable. 
he  riienilcal  eontpo-itioii  of  this  on>  ia  A5  parts  of  aalphur,  4A  of  iron.  It  Is 
used  fcr  the  nmnunictureorcoppenUiWliichSa  prepared  ftDm  it  by  the  simple 
[iroctaa  of  leaching  and  crapontion.    It  Is  alas  used  iisr  the  tnanofacluro 


i 


I 


4 


Ji— wrf  1^  SUotr  aitd  Itod  Minittff  OptnUioiU. 


fi67 


I 


or  iluiD,  Mid  milpbaric  wid  Th«  uicrcwing  demand  Tor  these  utictes  oonfai 
%  hieh  imporUncc  upon  this  ore 

II  dccomtioses  very  rapidlj  when  vxpMed  to  the  «ir.  Wher*  pIlM  of  tt 
have  Viern  (liriivn  out  in>iin<l  th«  month  oT  s  shaft,  th«  tolublo  coppcraa, 
rormrij  from  iln  drrompoKitinn,  ig  otXcn  vadtoi  down  bj  th«  ruinK,  v)d  col- 
Uclcrl  in  llic  pools  arouncl,  whin  it  a  led  upon  the  cT»por»lion  of  Ihe  w»tw. 
Ill  Mr.  Lounvy'a  level,  scvtion  11,  town  of  Benton,  ■  inoiit  b«autifiil  illiigtr«tlon 
of  <lerotiipo»itioii  iktid  rooompocitiOD  ocuun.  A  li««ty  wdn  of  nyritc*  ii  hpre 
imbrddi^d  in  very  purv  ckr.  The  l«T«l  bw  be«n  cut  through  thiti.  i^vtni;  ft-oe 
arccM  to  ihc  air.  The  a>n>  nM  dccompoced,  forminE  coppcrivs  wliicli  cUiurcsoM 
in  delicate  ciTiliUti  upoo  the  tHv*  of  the  Icvd.  A  portion  of  tho  sulphur  has 
been  left  purs.  Another  portion,  unilincwilh  the  oxygva  of  the  »tnio«ph»ro, 
IbniMd  sulphuric  acid,  which,  witling  with  the  clqr,  imduccd  Ihe  Kulphatc  of 
alumina,  or  slum.  All  these  tubirtkticoa  majr  b«  seen  bvri>  in  tlie-  pruceiu  of 
fonuation.  NolhinR  can  be  more  iiwtnielivc  to  tho  Dalnralist.  or  mory  iiitiTcat- 
ing  to  ihc  rellfflinf-  mind,  than  the  conttmpUtion  of  thewj  silent  niutatioDSOf 
matttr.  cotiglnntly  going  on  in  llw  grvat  laboratMy  of  Nature,  around  and  b«> 
n«athil». 

SalpKaU  of  Limr. — (li/ptum. — This  KuhiMance  has  bocn  bund  in  only  one 
loi-alitv.  It  occurs  at  Kairplny,  nbont  00  feet  below  thn  surfaco,  in  veins 
tnvening  a  bed  of  clay.  It  is  white,  with  a  fibroua  tattnro  and  tatia  lastrc 
Owing  to  its  great  depth  from  the  etirfucc.  the  MtMit  of  the  deposit  cannot  at 
pnaKtit  be  nwertained.  It  is  used  as  a  mineral  manim.  nndsr  the  namu  of 
"  Planter  of  Paris ;"  and  alito  for  tnkinK  costs,  stcreotypiing,  and  a«  a  OMnant 
I  believe  thin  bt  tlie  first  discovery  of  gypsum  yet  mido  in  the  State,  except  in 
the  drift 

Sulphntf  «f  Baryta. — This  Is  the  heavy  ftpar  of  th«  miner.  It  is  generally 
of  a  white  or  yellowish  color,  Titreons  histn\  nnd  m  heavy  as  to  bo  oAall  mla- 
laiicn  far  while  tend  ore.  It  has  cren  been  carried  to  thoftmutcauidtriMlfijr 
lead ;  and  upon  failing  to  yield  that  metal,  the  report  has  been  riretilate<l  that 
the  "white  niiiitral"  lias  been  tried  and  found  wotthleaa.  It  is  however  dis- 
thicui!ihe>t  frron  (list  ore  by  a  little  car*.  It  is  softer  than  Uie  carbonale  of 
lead,  ll  h.oH  a  glossy  lustre,  while  thnl  is  lustretess  nnd  earlhy  in  apiii^araiici'. 
The  load  cfFerveBces  with  ai.id ;  the  baryta  do»a  noL  Tliis  spar  is  Rround  and 
nMd  as  wh!t«  paiul,  romiin);  Venice  whHa  by  combination  with  white  lead. 
Tlio  ariicle  her«  is  of  good  <iiiolity  for  mieh  pnrpase,  nnd  Is  found  in  considera- 
blo  quantities. 

W<tt^  Lime. — DiseoverieR  of  this  raluable  subntance  have  been  made  in 
nereral  localities,  which  proniiso  to  he  of  value.  Bnt  1  am  not  prepared  to  re- 
port u)>on  Iheui  until  roller  examinations  have  been  mode.  It  is  of  f^reat  im- 
portance that  good  hydraulic  cements  sholud  be  furnished  firom  tho  rocks  of 
our  own  Slate,  as  we  arc  now  making  heavy  iiii|iorlationK  of  this  bulky  article 
from  abroad.  Knrly  and  llinrough  slteiition  will  be  devoted  to  an  examtna* 
tion  of  all  rucks  wlii-:Iijironiiiic  to  be  iiwfiil  in  thi«  particular. 

Building  Slini:~The  pocks  of  this  portion  of  the  State  furnish  excellent 
material  for  building  purposes,  but  great  tare  Li  required  in  making  a  selec- 
tion. Tlie  diUcreiit  luycm  in  the  Mima  quarry  often  vary  much  In  tlifir  lextura 
and  composition,  so  that  close  dlscrtinlriation  ia  nMded  to  obtain  such  as  wiU 
weather  alike.  In  this  climate,  where  sudden  frecxcs  are  so  common  after 
whiter  ruins,  if  a  rock  is  porous  it  can  hardly  escape  destruction,  however  hard 
and  compact  it  may  appear,  when  taken  front  the  'piarry.  The  water  insinu- 
ating itself  into  tho  muiute  pores;  expands  suddenly  by  freenlnj;,  and  hursts  it 
apart.  When  «ton«  is  to  hv  selectrai  for  an  cdiBec,  of  any  considcrnblo  value, 
especially  if  dcsif[ned  for  pubhc  purposes.  cTcry  precaution  should  be  taken  [o 
ascertain  tho  real  quality  of  the  rock  before  It  is  used.  For  want  of  such  care 
monyof  ourpuUicediftces  In  older  states  ar«  only  monuments  of  folly;  and  at 
AU  early  Jancturv;  white  our  dtira  arc  yet  to  be  built,  we  may  take  the  adran- 
tage  of  Uiclr  experience. 


Ifo 


Journal  of  Silver  and  lAod  Mining  Oj>traliont. 


xmxn  or  wtMnmn  oalbk*. 

Tliv  f-jlIowi|]g  arc  iLo  neults  or  scvon  ksajk  ot  Wiicontin  gilcni,  014^6 
bj  Dr.  Augustus  Ilajcs,  Uia  SUt«  Aoayer  of  MuwichuwUi;:— 

No.  t.  Rnt  And  went  rein  from  Brighnm'ii,  omr  Btiie  Mound*. — A  dew 
IMMI  oT  gilcna. 

()n«  »smy  Ion  (i.Onfl  l^<«.)  of  (his  K>1vna,  mvut^  for  iMd,  aflbrdeil  1,000 
Itis.     Th«  )ca<l  nbUincil,  whon  nmycil  for  nilrcr,  lew  I  3A-100  ok.  rilvcr. 

Na  3.  From  ■  noith  and  suutli  vein,  Nuw  I>igging>. — Another  jvitty 
•  of  Kilvna. 

One  May  Ion,  ■Mayc'l  for  lead,  kObnici]  1,638  lbs.  The  r««ult  hr  eilnr 
hMdhr  didcred  from  Na  3. 

ho.  4.  From  an  <«t  an<l  west  Tcin.  Naw  Digigings. — AiMtheT  form  of 
S»l«n». 

One  Muav  ton,  ustjetl  Tor  lead,  allbnieil  1,080  Ibc  The  proportbn  of 
■ilvor  m.-!  Ilio  iauie  u  in  3. 

No,  C.  Fibroiu  ^t«na,  from  Frnnklln,  gujipaMi)  lo  contain  sOrer  largely. 
— .K  Mmpit  ditrpring  from  the  lust  in  fonn. 

One  asauv  ton,  usiycd  fiw  l<ad,  uironlcd  1,680  lb*.  TIi«  proportion  of 
eilTor  WM  iwarlif  tin;  sauio  •«  in  No,  ■*. 

No,  S.  North  and  tiouth  vein,  Poton, — Sample  difforinK  in  tona  from  the 
IwtL 

One  a«8ay  Ion  alTordiid  I.OStl  \b».  load.  TIm  r«Hult  of  tliu  ssuy  for  oilrer 
•mu  the  lamc  kh  In  the  othrr  umplcx. 

No.  7.  Kaxt  and  west  vein,  I'otojd, — Another  variety  of  Kalcn*. 

One  A8My  tun  Hlli.'rdt-d  l.fldO  1b«.  of  Ivud.  TIjis  Ivad  contained  the  itamc 
propodion  of  nilvCT  as  tliR  \tmt. 

No.  8.  From  a  dry-bone  sheet,  Mci«ersmitb'«,  near  Do<^Tillc — This 
sampli!  wM  somewhat  inix«d  wilh  fon'liEn  matter. 

OneaaAj  (on  anbrdvl  l.nao  lbs.  of  lead.  The  proportion  of  silver  in  tb« 
hftd  WM  ^e  aaino  a«  In  the  above 

The  analjticsl  (halM  here  t'iven  (rerc  performed  on  sample*  of  jialona  pre- 
aentlng  diRVrenl  physical  char«ct«r^  and  two  of  them  had  tlie  color,  fonn, 
•nd  hu^ncM  of  arxentifrrouH  galena*.  The  projiortion  of  ^Ivcr  Mliioateil  on 
tiie  yield  of  lead,  is  r«niarkabty  near  the  mrae  iu  the  difiercnt  nnplw.  Xba 
Bimr  in  lliis.iuiaute  quantity  neens  to  belong  lo  tlie  plena,  whatevor  inajr  be 
lis  tana,  and  ItH  d('l4?<'tion  and  Reparation  ar«  not  Mtdlj*  olTecled 

The  percentage  of  lead  alFonkd  in  that  of  an  aMay,  and  will  acnv  SB  a 
euido  in  puioliiw  out  what  returns  should  be  obtained  IVom  smriting  Ofrara- 
UflM,  aa  carafglly  onnductuL 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  orcn,  alter  being  broken  &om  RanKUc,  should  fro- 
<tuct>  l.eOO  lbs.  of  lead  from  S.OOO  Ibt.  of  ore.  were  the  tnnolting  piiiiwotn 
perfect- 


aibVBR   HIVR   IX  UKOHDI,!. 

A  letter  lo  the  Aupieta  ((tco.)  ChivnifU,  dated  Orinnett  coanty,  Om., 
Pel).  14,  contain*  the  followinft  statement  The  Chr^nieU  is  a  orvifitable 
journal:— 

I  take  leave  to  inclose  a  small  pi«e  of  silver  ore,  taken  from  B  atwlt  mam 
being  tiaik  upon  tho  InniU  of  Mr.  T.  J.  >V'a(cn>.  of  thi*  county.  The  mtno 
waa  ditcoTered  by  a  ijcntlemnn,  who  Kaid  lie  drrivtd  hi*  inlWinalion  from  a 
traditionary  aeeounl.  b.iiidtii  down  for  many  yrars,  (hut,  HOini'irliere  coo- 
ttgiions  to  ihe  riTvr  Clint>.ih<Kii;h'',  (here  h-ujc  an  old  atutmlonol  cWrrt  taint; 
and  upon  a  close  and  careful  examination,  the  pll,  appttrtnUy  luulilf  jSllfd 
vp  <n\d  aboKdoned,  was  found.  Mr.  Water*  immediately  placnl  a  number  of 
liunds  at  tho  contral  «f  fhiH  individunl.  and  after  levcral  weeks'  I«l»>r — haviof 
sunic  a  shaft  forty  fi'ct  in  depth — a  rieh  deposit  of  tho  incloBcd  ore  WU  ibe 


^a        ruuli 


Ooah  cmd  OaUieritt. 


KM 


ruuli  From  a  lump  of  tbo  nic  of  th*  pIcM  SMit,  wblch  wu  8ul^«cted  to  ft 
clienii(«l  anKlysis,  pure  talrtr  (o  the  laliM  of  h«>f*  dime  wm  obtaiiwi!.  Fran. 
TMioBB  nHcs,  such  M  olil  Iroii  iiu plume II ts,  commonlj  wed  b/  pioneera,  nlm 
drinking  cupi^  etc,  which  h>i«  bocn  acciiieiiUll^  found  In  vartous  sectional) 
ihul  county,  many  intelligent  pcnonn  uv  ot  opinion  tlint  the  (^clcbrttcd  SpaniA 
•dnotarvr  mtisi  harcMMM  ^ong  b«ro  in  hi>  lutxh  lor  the  inintnt  w»ltb 
of  tha  New  World.  TTowoTpr  that  may  be,  th«  piece  «f  ore  scot  U  gtnuiii*. 
Hr.  W.  d«ingns  workins  it  hinwcU 


OOAIS  AKD  COUIERJES. 
AKTmucin  ci>»i.  TRAix  rem  18M.  •< 

SUnntBtt  IVom  Blchmood  lo  da«e  «f  wmIe  «adlog  April  to     ■    1M,0M 
Bmm  line  lut  ywr in,ni 

Idomm *t,t9t 

AuoantunlbTRe^ineXallnMJto  AprilW      .  .  ,    SW.Mf 

H        "     Kobujiikiii  Ouiiit iie.sn 

Totil Md,Da8 

Td  uine  p«rieJ  lut  f MI 4M,tn 

tncMM* lt9,eiM         ^1 

Uhlgh  Cd*1  ahipnMnu  to  April  IS  ....      M.IIH 

Suhb  tima  lut  ywr  ■.....,      4I,US 

D(»«»M T,MI 

Tbo  Delaware  and  Uad»on  Company  bare  not  commencetl  actire  ahippine 
opcrntiona  yet.  Their  atock  of  coal  at  Rondout  in  reported  as  well  n!^ 
exhausted,  aod  a  produetlte  season's  buslfieis  Is  anljoipattil 

The  Ibllowina  contract  prieea  for  sntfaraeito  coal,  delirered  on  lioard  of 
TCMtla  at  V<irt  Enron  and  Kondout,  bavo  been  ealabliabcd,  from  the  oneninci 
of  fiatkatlaD  on  th*  Delaware  and  DndMii  Canal,  by  ihu  Delaware  and  Iluf  j 
•on  and  the  Pennaylmiia  Coal  Companies    The  rMcn  ant  per  ton  of  S|S 

n».:— 

TO  July  I.       .  To  SfpL  1.  JJUit  Bopi  1_ 

Liimii,  9*  U  MM  t*U  $t40  «l  ts  |(  £0 

BlMinbuiI,  4  10  4  4S  tCO  4U  440  4» 

Gnxr.  440  t«0  410  4  TO  4ti>  4M 

KaDBD.  4CS  4CS  4W  4  TB  4TA  4W 

Nii[  or  glove,  4Sa  «TA  tti  tM  4'G  4W 

OictDDl,  STO  BTS  IH  SIS  SK>  >«G 

cttiusxijuiD  Mninro  opebatioss. 
Mining  operaliona  are  quite  actjro  In  the  Cumborlanii  region,  aecordlng  t«  { 
(be  following  alatcment  :— 

It  gratiflea  us  to  be  able  in  state  that  lh«  mining  operations  of  this  region  ' 
nr«  now  rhtracterliod  by  great  aairity  and  teal,  both  on  the  part  of  ths 
compinica  and  the  men  in  their  einploynninL  Since  the  strike  wax  happily 
brought  to  ao  end,  there  has  been  no  lack  of  luinen  in  tlic  region.  In  fact, 
w»  are  told  that  at  many  of  the  mine«  there  are  a  greater  number  of  npplt  j 
canta  fbr  erapIoytiMat  than  qui  fin<l  pluses  lor  adrantaxeons  labor.  There  is 
Mme  eoroplainl  of  the  want  of  cars,  but  this  is  probably  in  coM»q<l*M»  Of 

Vol.  n.— 39 


mtt 


Coabatut  (MHirm. 


tfao  Ion);  luapDiision  ori)i:igincn,sTid  tho  difllanltj' of  bringing  «U  Uie  >TaiIable 
jwircr  <>f  the  ntllroad  intn  nclivc  wrrioe  at  m  nhort  •  notice.  In  t,  abort  Um« 
tha  cool  tnuia  of  tho  region  wiU  b«  ro-Mtabli3h«d  upon  its  fonner  subnUnllal 


PAKKKR  Tinn  t»\i.  coKPJiirr. 

Tho  roniiilion  of  this  Company  is  undcnttood  to  he  aa  follow* : — The 
Itiamships  bnvi;  been  "old  for  $360,000,  $60,000  have  bofn  paid  on  account. 
ind  Tor  tlR'  liJiUnco  Ibey  hold  tho  bonda  of  Ili«  &l(>a[iid1)>p  CoinpDiiy,  MCUnd 
by  tho  Khips  irild.  The  Caledonia  Mine  hnn  been  gold  to  the  company  oflliai 
name  Ibr  about  $350,00(1,  but  as  for  vnint  of  traniiporlivlioii  thi*  new  oompAnf 
hi»  not  yi-l  bfcn  Mn  Iv  do  inucb,  tbvy  haro  (lul  made  any  cxtih  psyiUMit, 

,  Mvd  the  rArkrr  Vtin  does  not  Iranofcr  tho  pro|ii;rty  until  th«  purehuo  money 
li  paid  or  KccuTrd;  total  $700,000,  Indcbtcdncm  of  the  Comptoy  ibout 
yrOO.OOO.  They  hnvo  |ggu«d  besidtw,  bonds  to  tlie  amount  of  $100,000,  but 
hftvc  not  nx  jct  made  any  uw  of  ihein.  Capital  stock  80,000  shsivs.  My 
$3,000,000,  Tbey  haT«  about  8,000  acres  of  cmI  Isnd,  l.SflO  acmi  of  whicfa, 
on  (iL'om  Crwk,  *.ro  B*id  lo  bo  worth  at  prwcnt  $1,000  per  acre,  and  it  is 
estlmati'd  tii-iM  It  icnrth  tl,&00,  if  tho  Bnlthnoro  and  Ohio  Rnilroctd  could 
brinK  the  coul  to  maritct.  The  remolninj;  4,81)0  acr«s  at  Banvlnlla,  cto.,  are 
nut  su  valuabli\  becauHu  tlicy  arc  not  yel  acccraible,  but  will  be  as  soon  as 
the  rosds  now  building  8hnll  be  crunplvUd.     Tho  Company  euntcnd  (bat  the 

-  fature  bu*in«u  of  the  (Company  dopetidE  cntirelv  on  the  S&tliuiors  and  Ohio 
Rwlrasd,  wliose  doublo  track  iK  lo  bv  readj'  by  July  noit.  They  could,  they 
Bisto,  mkke  conlmrtA  for  any  qimnLily  of  ^nl,  but  dare  not  do  it  as  long  as 
they  are  ool  sure  of  gcttlnR  it  (o  market  The  Stcaoiahip  Companj  is  bound 
to  oarry  thvir  coal  for  tcui  than  for  other  couipani<9ii. 


cniiieiu.AHii  Wit  coBi'AKT. 

The  roHowinE  circular  bus  just  bi^n  issued  bj  tho  recently  elected  Pred- 
dent  of  (Ilia  Company,  A.  Mi-baQuy,  to  tbe  stoukboldcrs : — 

Sir: — Prior  to  niy  vlection  to  the  presidency  of  this  Company.  I  cnado  a 
Mef  examination  of  Its  poisoinions  in  Msiylsnil,  Since  (hat  |i^'riud  T  hsTa 
dcTotcd  myself  to  tho  inrcstigation  of  its  amirs,  and  made  mjsftlf  moro  pot^ 
fectly  acquainted  witli  tbe  rniiifs,  roads,  vorking  mattnals,  and  the  capaci^ 
of  the  Company  lo  mine  and  tr.in«port  coal  to  market  in  ducb  qusnlities  ax  to 
render  your  stock  valuable  and  rcmunerstive. 

The  iIl^pcclion  of  llio  lands  of  lli«  Company,  its  mines,  roads,  and  m»chl- 
nery  (all  In  jii'rfeet  ordor),  will  fully  jnallfy  niu  in  expressing  my  most  perfect 
oonlidcncc  in  t!ic  iinincnsc  raluc  of  ihc  property. 

I  also  find  tho  financial  condition  of  the  Company  to  be  sound,  with  ade- 
quate means  to  cjuryon  its  buKinem  KiiiM?usnriitIy. 

Tho  Irensportation  pon-er  of  the  ('ompany  is  ample — tbo  dumand  for  the 
product  of  your  niiiiM  vury  prtal,  at  enhancing  prices. 

As  mitreprfscntalions  and  otiicr  meanl  are  used  to  unduly  depross  ths 
Tsluo  of  your  slock,  and  as  these  misreprcscnialions  can  only  be  md  by 
invesligiktion,  I  hare  daciued  it  my  duty,  as  the  guardian  of  the  Interests  m 
thn  sharchiildi-rg,  to  addr««S  f  ou,  and  lo  invite  you  to  call  at  the  ofllco  of  the 
Company  and  personally  ■■turc  yourself  of  its  Haltering  prospects  by  an 
invostlgaliun  of  its  slbiiS. 


TBE  HOSTu  nnAKcn, 
TMi  is  the  namu  of  a  Company  proposing  to  construct  a  railroad  from 
Oumbcriand  to  Wcstomport,  which  will  grratly  facilitate  tho  transporUtton  of 


Coals  and  CoUitnM. 


S71 


I 

I 

I 


ooal  from  tliat  region.  The  bcb  of  moat  imporUnco  raipwting  'Atn  the  Tol- 
lowing  from  tho  Ctunbtrland  Journti  -. — 

The  amount  of  Ktock  U  limiUid  hj  tho  ohkrUr  to  ono  million  of  doIUn, 
divided  into  iihar»  of  |100  tach,  the  Company  to  be  orguiiKd  a*  »oon  an 
C,000  sharM  are  ■ubacril)i>d. 

W«  haw  hcrctofor«  infnrmcil  nnr  nadcn  that  the  Chcwprake  antl  Ohb 
Oanai  Conpaiij  Iutq  confcrrHl  to  tbe  North  Bnuidi  (.'oropnny  its  prior  right 
«rwaj  to  Ul«  bed  uiil  baiikit  of  thu  Potomac  Hirer  from  Cuiiiltcrlaiid  to  Went' 
tmport,  and  thiD  traniir«r  plac'(^g  tho  Utt«r  Company  In  pnwcDxion  not  merely 
of  the  prior  richt  of  way,  but  of  the  only  i>Tacticnblc  dte  of  a  coal  road  on  tlic 
Ibnlaiid  bank  of  thv  I'utumac  Hirer. 

A  ftill  and  romplote  survey  of  the  roiil*  has  hcen  made  by  the  distinguishcil 
chril  engineer,  Charlca  B.  Fiik,  BUq.,  which  atccrtalnE  the  dlstuite  to  be  3S 
n^n,  and  the  plane  of  the  road  tu  iv  a  ixmllniiuuK  denoKiit  all  tlio  war.  with- 
out any  ascent  whatever.  The  descent  iipnn  the  whole  length  of  the  rood 
anrifoa  11  Ibet  per  mile,  which  iNao  dictributpdoit  to  giro  to  the  Qrst  7  milist 
from  We«tem[>ort  down  to  th«  river,  aci  uvcrage  defifrent  ol  10  fiiil  per  mile ; 
and  the  romnininK  21  mile*  an  aroroge  deBCvnt  of  "H  feet  per  wile.  The 
curraturta  are  generally  &rorabIe,  and  nt  no  point  objectionable. 

It  in  Tcry  probable  the  Company  will  determine  tu  cunftlniel  a  mine-atr 
road,  npou  U»o  plan  rprommcndnd  hy  Mr.  Pmk,  the  coul  of  which,  according  to 
bi«  ertimate,  will  not  eicr-cd  $300,000. 

Theimporlanecof  this  road  to  thueoal  trade  of  WMtcm  Uurtand,  will  be 
understoocl  at  once  from  the  fad,  that  lietwevn  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
Dt  Cumberland,  and  Wentemport,  the  heart  of  Ihc  coal  region,  there  in  now 
Tirtually  no  communication  whatever.  ThuK  the  Companicii  on  George'*  CrceV, 
Saiage  River,  and  l)ic  ujippr  Nurth  Bmni-li,  are  wiltioiit  any  other  means  of 
bringing  their  coal  and  other  KtapleH  to  market,  than  thn  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad,  and  it  is  well  known  thisi  Company  have  refused  to  employ  their 
work  as  a  (wiKt  (o  the  cmal.  It  is  belicrcd,  therefore,  that  the  construction 
of  the  North  Branch  road  would  at  once  more  than  double  the  trunsporlatlon 
on  the  canal,  and  furnish  an  outlet  to  market  for  tho  whole  We^ternport  region, 
which,  until  it  is  completed,  must  remain  in  a  itate  of  comparative  inaction. 


THE  ocLAWiRi:  Aim  nrnaoN  cnxi-AKr. 

The  profits  of  thia  Company  during  the  Inst  year  were  t*80,973,  equal  lo 
)]J  per  cj>nl,  on  lh«  capital  tlock  of  Ihe  Compnriy.  The  oal  ithipprd  from 
Honendalfi  was  404.209  tonA  The  Pennsylvania  Coal  Compuny  aim  shiiipwl 
(kI2,TTT  Ions.  The  Heawn  wan  19H  working  dayii.  The  onhr^efnenl  of  tho 
canal  haa  been  completed,  and  the  enlarged  boats  have  carried  106  to  1*0  lona. 
The  sales  of  coal  r«a<.'hed  laat  year,  ta,Ota,033  ;  lotia,  $3T«,479 ;  nroAt  as  above 
stated,  |830,g7S. 

We  are  well  aaaured  that  the  recent  increaxcd  tonnage  facililin  of  thia 
Company  are  totally  inadequate  to  accommodate  eitlivr  Ihe  immediattt  or 
prospective  demanda  of  ihu  tnid«  of  Ihe  Lacliawanna  region  ;  nni]  that  jiarlks 
anxious  to  open  up  new  and  laliiablo  ootl  depottlo  in  the  vicinity  of  Siranton, 
have  sought  in  vain  to  effect  an  arrangetnent  with  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Company,  for  coal  t^a^^pI•^(ing  facitilies.  It  should  be  made  compulsory  on 
thia  Company  to  crovidc  for  the  wuiCa  of  tho  trade ;  or  jogixlatire  privilecoa 
be  conferred  on  other  particn  to  do  what  this  Company  Ula  to  do. — nluMU 
BtgUUr. 


The  property  Mnlalnin;  this  tnai  wwi  examined  by  M^«n;  E  Silllman,  Jr., 
George  D.  Prentice,  and  Dryan  It  Young,  Commifiaonen  appointed  by  tbe 
QovtJDor  of  Kentucky  under  an  Act  of  tho  Lcgislatun  of  that  State.    Their 


m 


CbaS  oM  CoVieria. 


nport  to  the  GoTtmor  contains  Iiotli  ■  dtjwriplion  &□<!  Tiluitlon  of  tJie  prop- 
Vitj,     We  Uko  iTom  it  sll  tli?  puiiilj  of  1oii(}i[ig  iiilvresl : — 

UTitATioB  or  mc  morKHTY. 

The  Undx  cuiWhcwI  In  thu  tillpa  of  the  Bn>ck«Dr{dg«  Cannfl  Co&l  As- 
(odslion,  MiiipriiM!  «boiit  mtpo  thouamd  ncrv*.  Of  thw  »bont  »ix  ihoiiMnd 
four  himiin-.i  ncpM  tan  within  the  »')iilIii.Tn  coal  fielil  of  Kentucky,  mid  about 
Oto  hundred  iltcs  juxt  ii|>oii  its  msrgiii,  *nd  known  aa  tfau  Tarind  While 
Sulpliur  Sprint*.  In  aiJdition,  the  AMOciation  holds  ihirty-foiir  »crw  upon  lh« 
lianlc  of  the  Ohio.  JukI  bctow  and  immMliattrlr  adjacent  to  the  town  of  Cloror- 
port.  Tho disliuicu  from  llie  Ohio  RivvrktClovmiort  to  the  cod  openinipi  on 
tbiii  propiTly,  is  iihout  nini!  mile*  by  th«  rourw  i>t  the  niilTOail  >htch  is  now 
in  proRTOK*  of  construction  by  Iho  Asjopiition,  but,  by  the  ij»iially  tra^cUccI 
road,  it  in  Huinvwhat  k'SH,  The  Tar  Springs  property  is  situnlcd  abuut  loidvray 
bctwuBii  (-'loverport  und  the  roal  opcninpi  The  courec  of  tiic  riilwny  is  over 
the  pro])crty  of  the  A.isocinlion  for  tin-  whole  distance,  mrc  nbout  three  miics, 
whti«  tbu  right  of  way  hns  hewn  purchased.  Tha  landing  at  Clorurport 
ii  estimated  on*  of  thp  most  fivorabln  on  the  RJTcr  Ohio. 

OBOI.OnKlAI.    rXATITItStk. 

Thu  siniplicilr  of  this  hranch  of  the  suhjcict,  so  imnorUnC  in  its  bMfing* 
on  thu  vtilui!  c>f  tne  properly,  enablct  lu  to  dlKpoiie  of  it  in  a  britf  inuinor. 
Tho  mountain  limciitonc  cropKOut  near  liiv  saw -mill,  and  iiuuiediatelynboTcit 
follows  the  «halcH  and  sundi^iics  of  the  cotil  mi-astiru.  Tliu  dip  of  tli«  rodu 
over  the  whoto  of  this  region  is  Tory  contly  and  evenly  to  tho  niiith-ircsl.  The 
ftinonnt  of  thia  dip,  aa  rooaauivd  in  tiic  line  of  the  cool  openings,  U  about  Ibur 
inchM  in  ona  hunarsd  fe«t,  ov  about  lirenty  fuel  in  the  mile.  This  rutimatit 
tiu  bwD  confirmed  by  thn  level  upon  point*  moro  than  atnilc  distant  fromwdl 
Otbor.  The  tirike  of  thu  beds  (a  lino  at  right  angles  to  the  dip)  is  perlbctljr 
boritontal. 

The  iinporlanco  of  ihtan  liicts.  In  r«fiiroDce  to  Ui«  drwnag«  of  the  miMt, 
irill  be  apparont  to  any  person  familiar  with  coal  mining,  when  it  Ss  addciit  that 
ibc  lefcf  of  ftll  the  coal  is  above  thu  little  valleys,  and  into  which  the  coal 
cntric*  will  open.  Pumps  will  never  be  required  to  drain  any  portiort  of  this 
eMal«.  The  order  of  micccacion  unifurmly  nUenvd  in  all  wolf  charaettriud 
enl  fields  la  li«r«  noticed,  limcslone,  mndstono,  shalM,  with  nodular  iron, 
and  Bre  clay  under  the  ruat — llictK^  with  wious  minor  beds  differing  in  thick- 
new  or  in  mineral  character,  sucMed  Mch  other.  Three  euch  npettliou, 
well  niar1ce<l,  w«to  noticed  by  our  ColhiniRsi oners,  and  probably  others  nay 
cxiitt.  Tlirec  beds  of  coal  were  well  made  out  Two  of  them  arc  worthy  of 
notice,  via.,  thu  upper,  or  cunmi  toal,  and  tbe  lower,  or  bituniiunit  cooJL 
Tlieee  two  bcdg  are  f<cpnmlcd  by  at  leaHt  one  bandr«d  fwt  of  atntlfied 
dtpontt. 

OAlOnL  OOAb. 

Tliin  bed  conslituten  the  peculiar  value  of  tUi  odd  proper^ — it  _ . 

therefore,  cnrvfii!  attention. — It  Js  now  opened  >t  Afteen  plaees  hr  *£t»  . . 

entries,  driven  from  convenient  points  in  th»  nlieysofOie  several  islnor  water- 
oounci.  Your  Cnmrnisti oners  latisfied  thcmMlvci^  bj  tnicing  its  outerm, 
that  this  bed  extendi  under  a  very  large  part  of  (he  entiro  tcnitery  of  flu 
Company.  We  feel  that  It  ia  entirely  wlUrin  boundK  to  toy  llial  thti  coal 
■ncMure  imderliu  at  len.it  four  thousand  acres  of  the  land  owntd  by  (he 
Breckenrid^ Oaiini-1  (.'ual  As^uK-iiitiuii.  Itsthlolcncgimaj  besotdownMlhrse 
feet,  for  the  wholo  territory,  as  ciiitlmali>i)  Trum  all  points  now  open.  In  lenae 
phces  it  was  conhiderably  over  three  feet,  and  sgala  somewhat  leas.  Wetook 
the  opinions  uf  inti-IHgent  miners,  and  of  experienced  coal'vioworsoa  this  poiot, 
and  our  stati-ment  is  the  rcault  of  ell  our  inquiric.i  and  observations.  Wc  do 
nut  include,  in  the  thicknesK  of  this  coal,  about  eight  or  ten  incbos  of  a  bitn- 


attalifled  . 

decoaai^^^ 
itsorootl 


Ooalt  and  CoUitrUt. 


vn 


I 


minouB  tfiftle  undor  tho  eo*J.  ThiK  «h«l«  J*  fbll  ^T  imprvsmons  of  ooil  pluiU, 
and  burnn  freely;  it  U  CMily  minotl  by  the  pick,  ind  it*  removal  enabliNi  tlie 
miner  to  tiring  doirn  lu^  bodies  of  tbc  iraiiiMl  <:oil.  Tliu  i-h&n<:(i>r  of  tha 
canncl  coal  l>ed  i»  ranukftbly  uniform  at  nil  points  wh«rf  ir«  saw  it ;  and  no 
obanrTed  it  in  about  twenty  plice%  in  a  fireuit  of  cl{[ht  or  ton  milvx.  It 
H  covered  by  a  well'duipoiiuil  cover  of  iiaiitlsluiie,  whicli  funiiH  a  aolld  1«voI 
roof,  hiKlily  wvorablo  U>  saf;  and  poonoinlcal  minbi^ :  tbc  utidpr  rlar  is  of  tho 
udtial  cniriictcr  of  the  firo  day  in  coal  measures,  quite  Nobd  and  hard  nhen 
first  opened,  but  on  eipomira  lo  the  air,  it  yiplda  a  noft,  fat  clay.  In  BOino  of 
the  0[Mnini;»  a  bluu  slat^  furin«  (he  floor,  in  which  nodulus  of  kiduoy  and  tiU- 
ftonp  iron  of  j^ood  quality  are  abundant.  Prom  what  wo  mw  in  Inc  entrteM 
already  driven,  and  in  thu  sbiil:>  thrown  out,  vc  have  no  doubt  that  thv  mnclt- 
ing  of  iron  may  bv  addttd  with  advAnlaj^o  to  the  other  nsuurcps  of  (h(^  Com- 
pany. The  rharac(i-r  of  thii  canncl  coal  '\»  rntiri^ly  pcidlar  ami  unlike  any 
other  coal  with  which  yonr  ('ominiiisioncn  am  acquainted.  Wo  BBi*a  in  call- 
ing it  caniiel  coal,  although  it  itt  in  some  imporlaiit  reapecls  unliku  tlM>  other 
known  varieties  of  thai  coal.  Itii  pecuiiai-itits  arc  (let.)  The  euo  with  which 
it  iipiites.  ('2d.)  Tbo  power,  volume  and  endurance  of  its  cotiibuation,  Bod 
ita  freedom  ttvm  snapping  cxptuHiona.  (3d.)  Il«  wonderful  atrtngth  in  resist- 
ing blow!^  And  (iie  co'isuijueiit  (^ntlr«  absence  of  loss  ttma  transportation  and 
repeated  handlins.  (-Ith.)  The  imoll  quantity  of  coke  which  it  leavca.  and 
the  connequcnt  abundance  of  cinders  or  haif-bumod  coal  in  itcaab«a>  (Sth.)  Ill 
resislanci'  to  atuioaphcriu  lnl1ii«Qce«,  frosta,  rains^  ek.,  by  which  all  dan|[ptr 
of  staking  or  Culling  to  powder  isavoldod.  Somaof  thcw  poculiaritiea  demand 
further  notice 

Its  easy  combustion  foiablea  it  to  btim  on  the  htarth  of  a  common  open 
llro-placc,  nuoh  as  U  used  fbr  Ilia  combiutlon  of  wood,  A  single  small  lamp 
onee  ignit«d  will  continue  to  burn  until  It  is  all  connuined;  no  (ihavin^H  or 
paper  ore  required  lo  ignite  it,  a  thin  xplinter  of  it  burning  oai^ily  from  the 
touch  of  a  nulcili  or  candle  ilamo,  lu  perfect  oonlbiution  daimnds  a  full  sup- 
ply of  air,  and  is  attcndud  with  int<nH«  h«aC,  and  a  tnoat  brilliant  voluminouii 
nunc,  liko  that  from  renin,  and  its  endurauM  ftr  exceeds  any  other  bituminous 
coal  which  we  have  evor  sven.  Thu  chaniioal  analysis  of  this  cvut  (below) 
gives  thp  ejiplanation  of  this  rcraorkablo  pectdlarity  in  tbn  pmsenceof  not  1*8* 
than  siity  per  centum  of  volatile  ninttcr  (gaj),  from  the  decomposition  of  the 
bitumLnuu3  porilou  of  th«  coal.  Very  frw  coals  bavc  bt«[i  ob^^rri>d  which 
approach  this  ricbnaas  Ib  gas,  and  still  fpwcr  which  mcel  iL  Wo  give  below, 
for  compariKon,  the  volatile  matter,  ach  and  carbon,  in  several  coals  which  are 
wdl  known : — 

AiKiLLm*  or  Tit>  aaacKanaima  oanML  oqij_  -J 

tia*  (Tolatilg  iiinUur), St.SS  tO,fl           M 

Ciilwii  ill  ooko         ..,,.,  ST.lt  Il.OS          % 

Mh               ..,.,..    fl.47  6.46          M 

Water  (Hjrgrotaople  n^ttnra)       •          .          .          .      .TTT  a 

I9.VT1    9».«9  *| 

The  amount  of  ash  was  scparatuly  determined  by  ua  on  another  stunplo  on 
kbont  twelve  pounds  weight,  by  combustion  in  a  furnace  projier  for  the  pur- 
poec,  (he  object  bcinn  to  obtain  some  approach  to  ai-lu*!  [iraclice  i[i  Ibo  largo 
way.  The  amount  yielded  by  this  trial  was  Mvon  pur  cent,  or  about  one  and 
half^T  cvnL  Icsn  than  in  tlie  above  analyvia.  No  Mparate  eiaminnlion  waa 
made  for  sulphur :  siil|iburct  of  iron  (Iron  pyrltea)  is  present  in  the  Brccken- 
ridge  connet  cool,  in  about  the  same  amount  rd  is  aiual  In  bituminous  coal. 

Oamparitca  tif  wtriinu  eoalt  in  ntpnt  to  their  rtlaUtt  amoant  of  carbon 
(in  tht  cake),  rolatiU  matUr  (gat),  and  tuh  in  eomhutt&li  raiduA. — The 
remltg  arc  quoted  fVom  the  well  known  work  of  Clegg  on  coal  gas. 


ff4 


Coal*  tmd  OotUtriet. 


otMm.  «■  irrauyom  cou. 


Boit'liHiul  (a  w«ll-koowii  Scotch  ip»  aotH) 
Onnol       ..... 

WiRiin 

BmclTHtute,  StiflntdiUr*  (lOjrard  oobI} 
Lov  MiMir.  ^orlubiro  (Seller  ba<l> 
*l'in>barjt  cool  (ukan  >t  LootivUlt)     . 
Bhlppcnrillt,  Piiin. 
MHIottiui  OOnI,  Riohmond,  Vl 
Kbi(»wii  iJh-Iijo  Bank) 
Piston,  Novo  Stilin 
iHill.boro',  All»rti»«l    . 
Aipliultuiii  ofCubft  (('hapanOM) 
BnoksiiHiJica  goal  (j[i*«n  aboto) 


aaaLma  ■■  IW  rxxtti 

VolMll* 

Cvbog. 

mMIIfOTSK    Ai>t 

9.SS 

M. 

tl.1E 

tVM 

W.CT 

4JM 

E3.eo 

MjM 

140 

UM 

«t.ro 

sji 

«.M 

n.i» 

.TE 

M.n 

M.tS 

*.« 

4».S0 

«>.«> 

TJIO 

SS.01 

M.W 

1(UT 

HM 

41  .BS 

MO 

(O.T( 

M.T« 

U^l 

M.04 

ei.T4 

s.» 

M.eT 

ttJM 

u» 

u.ie 

«U3 

UT 

Sllaboro'  coal  hu  been  examined  parttL-uUrlj  by  one  of  oc     It 

,_, .  the  BrockauHil^G  coal  in  i;li'Miiii;«l  ci>ni position,  but  i»  excecilmjriy 

unlike  it  in  phfeical  charnRUr  and  in  gcnrrnl  appcnmncr.  b«l)>,  la  will  M 
K«n,  cloBcIy  approachins  Ihc  Cuiia  asphaltum  in  com posi lion ;  biit  the  latter 
h  ts  uiiltk><  the  two  fumier  as  tbej'  an  unlike  cftch  other,  if  regu'ded  in  Tien' 
of  their  physical  eharacler. 

It  ii  this  peculiarity  t\.  <>.,  it«  rpiti«rkabl«  amount  of  bituminMU  tnaltcr)  of 
IhL-  Brtckc II ridge  cnnnci  «jal  thai  fits  it  above  all  others  in  the  Vall*f  of  tb* 
Mi^LMippi  for  raising  sleaui  on  our  slnitn)>onls,  fur  boiling  sngiir,  for  nttkiiiE 
iliaminatlnK  K'^\  *n'i  for  private  imp.  Its  alrvnc^lh  and  rompactiMM  make  il 
*  singularly  clean  coal  to  handle.  It  does  not  »oi!  the  flnj^rx  in  the  least.  Bad 
may  bo  u»«d  in  the  parlor  without  any  ineonvenicnoc  ariiiinf  from  <Iusl  or 
Hmall  parllcles,  whil#  the  tight  of  itH  coiubaatioii  i[i  the  open  gmte  is  Kuch  m 
to  render  candlen  or  other  artlflclal  light  superHiiouK.  Its  aniM  amount  lo 
■bout  ciffhl  per  renL.  hut  being  without  riniJor.  and  very  denw,  tlwy  will 
oocaxion  no  inmnvenicncc.  It  is  Rntiroly  free  frnm  slate  inclaaed  in  (bo  maan 
of  the  coal,  and  abounds  in  impreaaiona  of  coal  plant*.  The  groUD  of  Dtopw^ 
ties  which  we  have  described  ii  eertnlnly  very  remarkable,  and  II  might  be 
aakcd  whether  there  wan  nothing  to  b(i  said  against  it  With  a  vlnh  to  dU> 
charge  our  duties  faithfully,  and  to  be  entirrly  candid  and  truthful  In  oor 
ataU'Rieuts,  wo  would  reply,  tliat  this  cannel  coal  ia  certainly  not  filled  for  the 

iiurpost)  of  the  blaoksmith,  as  it  will  not  nfakL'  a  lio11<>w  lire ;  nor  !*  It  adapted 
or  iron-smelting,  as  it  makes  yery  llWe  coke,  Thfcc  arc,  howorcr,  other 
manufacturing  purpases  for  which  It  is  apccially  adapted —iruch  an  gXtM- 
making,  and  reverbiTalory  fumaeca,  in  whicti  aToIuminouK  flame  ii  desirvMc 
In  several  [ilnces.  wliere  wd  uncovvri.-d  it  for  lh«  first  liuiv,  at  the  distance  of 
a  few  inchcB  under  the  nurfiire,  and  even  on  the  nirnico,  we  had  the  opportn- 
nily  of  observing  Ihnl  there  was  not  the  least  decay  or  di (integration  in  it, 
hut  the  angles  Atoo'l  out  sharp  and  clean,  without  any  visiblo  chaoee  beyond 
a  maty  dincoloration  of  the  outside.  No  better  evideneo  could  be  dMlred  of 
ita  capacity  to  re.iisl  atmospherie  inflniinces.  Tho  heaps  of  coal  which  hate 
been  exposed  all  winter,  from  the  piu,  preHcnt  the  saine  unchanged  nppearanoe. 
This  coal  is  more  like  the  material  called  jH  than  it  is  like  coiumun  cannel 
coal :  indeed,  the  lerni  "  Jet  coal"  would  daaerlbe  it  more  acourat«ly  than  tho 
name  it  bears.  Like  jet.  it  can  be  wrought  into  various  delicate  omainontal 
articloa,  which  lake  a  hieh  polinh.  It*  remarkable  cla.iticity  i»  worthy  of 
notice.  This  coal  la  also  strongly  eli-ctrical  by  Iridion.  in  which  particukr  it 
is  matched  only  by  the  very  remarkable  coal  from  Hillsboro',  In  New  BRin>- 
wick,  before  mentioned.  Much  more  tnight  be  said  on  the  cbanHer  and 
peciuiarltiea  of  thin  coal,  but  wo  fear  leal  we  may  weary  your  patience. 

7%t  bitumitunit  ewil,  which  occura  at  a  depth  of  nearly  one  hundred  feet 
beloir  tho  cannel  coal,  Ih  a  bed  of  four  or  fire  feet  in  UiiekoMi.     W«  aaltClcd 


I 

i 


Anal;'*!*  In  lyibonilrtrif  of  Iioniiiiile  Uoivviaily. 
~     '     'llimau. 


*  AnnlvHiJt  In  lyibcrat/irv  i 
t  Aaalraia,  br  Prof.  Silfie 


CoaU  and  CoUieria. 


&76 


^edmens  from  the  outcrop  of  this  bed  in  Ptnthw  Craek,  irher«  tbo  eotd 

cftints  out  lu  tbc  Kurlacc  Kn<]  hu  bocn  n-ftshcd  tij-  th«  high  ntiloni  of  that 
ttrwtm,  Willi  (htsc  wu  mnJo  ■  cood  fire  on  n  ftrmcr's  hcnnh,  and  gttisfled 
ounctrrit  that  it  ftimiehijii  a  gooS  dviiso  cck';,  well  duitcJ  for  the  |mrpo»o  of 
the  iron-fumw  and  ihc  bUcksmilh.  Wc  Tcnlurc  th*  opinion,  ttiat  tliix  bod 
of  coti  is  lh<  tarn";  u  that  which  i*  irorkrd  Rt  !Jin-»vi!le.  on  the  Ohio,  thirteen 
mile*  from  lh(i  RtvckcnritlKO  cual.  This  bed  und«rlii«  (ha  whole  of  the  Oom- 
pany'ti  land*,  but  u  they  oo  imt  proposn  at  prveenl  to  work  It,  mid  an  it  doea 
not  oflfcr  any  chanct<TUiliB  peculinriiies  over  other  bituminous  cnals,  we  shall 
pMs  H  wlihout  any  Ainh«r  noticp.  ■■ictpt  that  its  raluc  nmy  be  rnnsidorablo 
in  connection  with  the  nodular  arsillaceotis  iron  abundantly  attbX'iatvd  with  it 

COST  or  HiHwo  am  DRLivmy  or  oou. 

We  have  made  dilijEcnt  inquiry  on  (his  point,  and  hare  taken  (he  teatimonj 
of  intelligent  mineni  and  other*  acquainted  with  Iho  business.  We  beliuta 
tli«  following  Mtiinato  to  be  beyond  the  truth,  but  have  prcfcirsd  to  state  an 

^«]ltrcme  litinl. 
Cost  of  coat,  delivered  at  Cloforport,  per  ton : — 
(ht 


Wnlnc, 

Tmi>)wi1aLiaD, 

Boralty, 


tl  00 
0  SO 
0  so 


Totfil  amoant  per  len,         .  .  .  .    |t  00 

It  will  be  underxtood  that,  from  tho  llmo  the  coal  is  placed  in  the  coal  can 
bj  the  miner,  it  is  not  handled  atcain  before  its  final  delivery  IVom  tlio  barK«« 
or  boats,  Into  which  it  falls  by  Kracity. 

The  Company  fool  satisfied  that  the  coal  will  net  them  $3  per  ton,  or  that 
they  can  obtain  for  it  at  (Tloverport  ti.Oi)  k'""'"'-  From  the  tcstirnony  ot 
sevi'ral  Kd-ambcnt  captnins  and  owncn,  it  appears  that  this  coal  can  be  deliv- 
ered by  the  Company  in  New  OrleAns,  by  their  own  Kteam  barges,  at  a  cost 
withiQ  (1.20  per  ton,  and  some  estimate  make  it  much  lest. 


.    -  COKCIVRIOK.       . 

Tour  Commbslonera  have  experienced  no  sronll  difficulty  tn  siriving  at  a 
decision  satiKfuctory  to  their  own  minds,  with  r»EBrd  to  the  value  whkh,  by 
tlip  terms  of  their  opp ointment,  they  are  requlrcil  to  fix  upon  the  property. 
The  IcTRiN  require  that  the  value  shall  be  fixed  at  such  a  sum  ai  in  their  opln* 
ion  (t.  t.,  the  appmUcrs'J  will  yield  to  the  stockholders,  under  pmper  man- 
agement, when  all  the  works  are  complete,  and  the  products  of  swd  mines  are 
mtrkctt'd.  not  less  than  twelve  per  cent  per  annum  upon  said  appraised  valu- 
ation; any  rxtlmuto  upon  the  probahlo  net  avail.i  of  sale  for  a  Ion;;  term  of 
years,  fit  may  be  a  century,)  is  open  to  many  weighty  objections,  which  it  is 
needless  to  recapitulate.  All  other  iiickIcs  of  viewing  the  subject  are  also 
perhaps  liable  to  serious  objections ;  but  after  much  rcllcetion  anci  consultation 
•mon^  ourselves,  and  with  those  who  were  able  to  advise  in  such  matters, 
ve  have  decided  to  adopt  sit  exceeilingly  simple  principle  as  the  bii^is  of  our 

iadgment  It  is  to  estimate  the  value  of  the  whole  cannf.t  coal,  as  it  now 
ic»  in  the  ground,  at  such  a  "royally"  as  in  any  proboble  fluctuation  in  human 
affairs  must  always  remain  witnin  a  reasona'ble  probability  of  wlist  cjm  he 
obtained  by  letting  out  the  whole  Held  to  he  mined  on  contract  We  have 
fixed  this  royally  st  twenty  eents  per  ton.  The  mynlty  paid  in  Pennsylvania 
this  y(ar  for  anthncita  18  sixty  cents  per  Icn,  and  it  hiti  never  been  less  than 
twenty  cents  at  any  point  open  to  inurkel,  as  we  are  credibly  informed. 
Kvcry  acre  of  the  Breckenridge  GanncI  Coal  Aiwoeialion's  himlji  undur  this 
variety  of  coal,  we  estimate  to  contain  Ave  thousand  tons  of  coal.  This  esU- 
mato  IS  certainly  within  the  truth  ;  taking  our  own  determination  of  its  den- 
»(y  (vi*.,  1,]G0)  and  assuming  the  vein  to  average  only  thrte  feet,  wc  rtitimate 
Ibur  thouand  sktcs  at  least  as  beins  <Anacl  coal.    The  rct/altj;  on  this  quan- 


m 


Coaii  and  Coilitrm. 


tity  (m7  tirenty  millions  of  toru:}  will  tcnount  Kt  Ivonty  cent*  per  ton  to  the 

.  SumorHiurniilliciMordollkrt.    TbUftceniaBHUrUiiiKaggregstc.    Butir»C«el 

C(HtIidi.-nt  UiAt  our  htaii  of  cstlmato  la  iwinij  And  nioacnito,  and  tbu  th«  jt>d|- 

Biciit  uf  rullvcting  mivods  vill,  in  viiHr  of  all  the  bets  of  this  rtjiort,  tdmit  its 

Dodfiation.    TirclTe  per  ocnt.  afioa  tliis  rapilAl  (tlic  uiiaimum  whicb  Um  mI 

permits  as  the  test  of  this  ustimaCo)  will  hn  hiir  hundr«il  sind  oi§|hly  thoiwand 

I  odkn  per  vmuni.    Tiro  hundred  thausimil  U>n.i  of  oonl,  sold  U  a  ;>roBt  at 

JthiiM  dolUn  per  ton,  will  j-ielda  net  profit  uf  uix  liundrod  tliounnddoUareper 

Ljtonum.    As  it  is  gnier>lly  agrwd  lliat  thre«  tiundi-od  thouunJ  tons  Is  a  iumi- 

hlibr  much  more  likclr  to  bo  snid,  wn  will  rvduco  our  cnimato  of  profit  to  two 

wUmparlon,  and  the  net  miuU  will  still  be  llie  lamc,  vix.:  fS00,0OCP.    Kithor 

'  of  theiw estimates  wtl!  mwt  lbervqiiiruiiivntsoriljt.iacL    We  do uot,  thvrvfort, 

'  licdtaUt  to  ri-iurn  /our  millions  of  dollars  as  ihc  estimated  valoo  by  our 

'  Mpralsf^RiRnt  (under  your  conunisnon)  of  the  Brockcnridge  Cannel  Cod  Atma- 

nation  property. 


TBI  LAOtaWAKXA  COAL  BROIOH  Or  PBN)niTl.VASU. 

In  connection  with  the  Report  nf  Pr^f.  Bogora  on  the  Luckavonna  • 
Bcpon,  fatminjt  the  leading  article  of  ttiU  No^  we  hero  insert  a  report  of  Mr. 
B.  Nccdham,  Mining  Knginccr,  to  the  I'residenl  of  the  LacknwAnnu  Railroad 
Company,  wliich  l-ouLuus  the  results  of  later  tnrestigations  than  those  of 
Prol  R.,  and  which  serve  to  present  a  more  complete  and  tntii«  riow  of  tb» 
whole  snhject: — 

We  have  procured  some  plain,  i<trong  machinery  for  our  noir  bI^ks^ 
Biip«rior  to  aciything  I  saw  tu  Sihuylkill  or  the  Lehigh,  and  are  malcing  pr^ 
parationd  to  put  it  up  in  rcndincss  for  the  completiou  of  the  slopes. 

IVking  yonr  letter  up,  in  iho  order  of  information  asked  for,  I  would  claleu 
that  since  the  exploratiunx  timdc  by  Professor  Rogers,  whom  I  sccoidmbIn 
to  the  various  outcrop!)  and  openings,  I  Iiavc  taken  occwdon  (O  run  a  line  of 
lerols  on  tb(i  Griir;n  lot,  for  the  puTpcae  of  making  a  trsnsrtfse  section,  and 
bare  concluded  the  borings  there  going  on,  and  happily  find  the  coal  much 
dicker  there  than  its  general  afcragc.  I  would  refer  you  tu  my  siurrcys  and 
scctiong,  with  the  osticostM  accompanying  tbvm,  fur  puiiL-ulura.  The  eatimate* 
an  not  OTcnlniwn,  after  the  deductions  male ;  Ijc8id«s,  I  have  since  discoYered 
andhcr  »«in,  tlircc  feet  thick,  between  "A"  and  "IJ"  of  my  lust  rcporL  TMs 
b  a  cood  coal,  belonging  to  the  upper  series  of  Tcin.i,  nod  not  iododed  in 
Prof.  1toK«re'  reports.  Ijcarln^  out  those  smaller  veiua,  iiiteresUog  only  to 
'  the  Kdcntillc,  I  will  merely  give  you  the  general  outlmes  of  the  abe  and 
9UtJ!ty  of  the  workible  seama  r>D  the  (Jrilll-n  lot  The  first  in  the  daeending 
erdcr  if  the  "A"  vein.  ^  feet ;  the  second,  a  lhre^^*et  rein :  then  "  B,"  4  (bet, 
where  it  has  been  worked;  '■('■,"  ."ifect;  "D,"  8  fMt,  and  "E"  15  feet,  making 
Ibrty-tlireo  feet  in  nil  rcinis  all  belonging  to  the  tmner  teries  of  frco^bumlng; 
Or  slcsm  coals.  All  those  reins  would  be  workedm  Scbuylkill,  and  can  bo 
worked  here,  but  the  smaller  vdns  would  cost  more  in  proportion  per  ton  (or 
mining  tli.iii  the  larger  ones.  Of  the  entire  thickness  of^lbls  upp«r  series, 
tweoty'Oiie  feet  may  bo  classed  with  the  superior  coals  fbr  ({cncnting  titcam, 

Ctessing  pixat  heating  powers,  a  yoi7  active  coiubuation,  with  Kctaagalar 
lure,  suiting  n  condensed  stowage  for  oceanic  nuTigatlon^— containing  little 
Mrthy  matter,  iind  leavlne  a  residuum  of  about  7  per  cent  udicJv     The  lower 
ecries  comprises  fire  working  veins,  of  a  very  diswiniiiur  coal,     Tlic  flt^t  of 
this  Recond  series,  the  "P"  ruin,  varies  froni  6  feet  to  3  (eet  ■*  incbe«,pUTe 
■  Coal,  devoid  of  slato,  of  a  wmi-foncboiJal  fnu-ture,  and  altogether  ODe  of  the 
I  most  splendid  coals  sent  to  market— excelled  only  by  a  »mall  rdn  of  the 
1  wblgA,  three  (ett  thick,  known  as  the  "dear  vein.'^  the  h«ane«l  and  purcut 
l^tfVJfKmthntiU.    This  vein  will  be  mined  and  sent  to  market,  for  the  first 


CoaU  and  CoUierit*. 


vn 


VKRTtCAL  KXtrriOK  or  TUK  flKOLOOICAI.  rORMATIOK, 

iheiunilir  OS  ikoliUsKiiiillUDaTrKL 


Hal.  Ina  in.  ^r 


MM 


^^ 


in. 

M 


It 


*;iyris?T;?irs^irJi: 


IteL 


Al^U  Cb«1  iirKtah.  dhM**.  adBito*^  frw- 

.,.- X P-..>  1,1 


,w6.aw 


4l]%tt|<Wr  ■I'b-nn^M'AiIn.Hlujn&v.ftU- 
■Mrfrf-r  ilvaM  (W.  Jnll^  ftwlr.  P«du««* 
t£U/«ilt»  JlHp  iW.      Ttk>  Ca^  will 


MH^ 


4,     Jl  virr  «ir-tr»T  Otal> 


Otfd  ft*  r»ui4iv,rDTvw«*iiiiu.iAdi)r' 

lltMlld  u»,  iv4  *HV,  M  tavJ,  h  bud  ft 


l^pOOO 


1^  i>f,  T-4I,    ii*^  rui  fHD4n  rv- 
1^*.  v-(  ruMMiK  [u>.    nil « 1^  tD» 


H-vr.vaM 


l*L    L4I, 


ii^tafte 


Wvwi  -n." 


WbL 


^r.Mt  MMT^n^.r^A.    A  «ir  r^  *^>hJ  ^ 

•■■enM-a  "•**lM-,,  -  — I.MnjW 


Ttbi  MiiHa..,^ 


t  u.uAjm 


.«n 


OeaU  md  CoHirrin. 


Coah  atvd  CoQitrin. 


670 


TiBTicu.  stcnox  ur  ma  ocolooical  fobmatiok, 

TBfMIxr  wlUi  •  glaiilllaUoB  of  Iha  nmtkiblt  ninv  tht  onaUlf .  ud  u  ifipioidmu  ■Hloiala  of 


MU>tl>Ma.,;...Z' 


niaCMlKmMMlHHMM, 


i,»o,n 


IiiIWMkm. WMt* 


Ttl.  I.  ft.  "Pli™i  Mlw"  r.h. 
UDWH— ^ T.MOiOM 


>™ - .  MtMN 


nu  <■  ibi  -riH  Bnd"  r.M. 

BtHM. l.tM^tM 


nil  >■  lk>  'rin.-i  V>lis" 
'T1bi'b«-M  OK"  vti  «hil«ft£f« 
>«•■»• U>M» 

ni>  la  «  ^t  ^■■Jt^  <«'  Ch^ 
•HtM  •>  Cut— lJ>.  ul  «' 
(■rJaiBlaina >,nl,<n 


nil    U  a  h<r  «>aIIR  If  Oltl, 


Dalut  faf  lliu.  tllhi  •««•  1<* 

avr«<^">r>*M t.iH>4t 


Ir^n  and  Zinc 


time,  this  y«u  frem  this  coal  field.  We  bopt  b>  bo  mdj  in  time  to  mine  ud 
wod  (o  marhrl  this  yor  nboiit  40,000  tmn  ft  Ihtii  cod. 

The  next  in  the  uric*  ii  the  big  Toin  pf  WilketbuT*  nnd  Piltaton,  »»rying 
from  e  (4  IBfivt.  Thin,  the  "Q"  vtin,  iriUi  iU  uKUftl  akhw,  tiwMurni  on  tb« 
Oriffltn  lot  IS  Toot  1  inch;  is  ft  good  liord  firm  Mil,  ractanguUr  fncturv,  trd) 
known  in  your  citf  u  the  Pcnnny Ivtin!A  Oott  Oomjwnjr'*.  Then  comes  tbe 
"U"  Ytin,  »,»uperior  coal,  rery  nmiliir  in  hordrn'ia,  rrticture.  andqatlit}',  to 
lb*  "F"  vein  aboTO  iiiviitioned,  and  'a  r'xghl  feet  thick.  Tlitw  thr«a  vtinM, 
alone,  will  proiluce,  of  koixI  mv ivhanUbla  raal,  on  the  GrifTcn  lot,  Itrcnty-ncvcn 
feet  in  tliii^kncu,  e<|Uit1  to  34,(100  ton*  per  acre,  after  tieduoling  34  per  oeaL 
Ibr  niln«  wasl«  aod  supports.  The  coal  of  the  three  aboTO  vulni,  "  P,"  "  0," 
and  "  li,"  are  all  of  tho  ban]  Tarivly  of  aDlhradt««,  tXMllcnt  for  fotxiArr, 
furnace,  niid  nnilhing  parposcs,  and,  iriih  blavcrt,  would  anawer  weB  nr 
itcain  |iiir|i08i>i.  I  furgot  to  ititnlloii  tlinl  tliu  ma\x  of  tbe  tipper  SMriM  an 
oiccllcnt  stiMHn-ppodiipinK  coals  MjVAiiut  tlu  iii-i  nf  bluvfert. 

Next,  iin^  last  in  order,  am  tbe  Tcins  "  I "  and  "  K,"  icix  and  foor  Ifeet 
Tospvrtivvly  in  tliiokncBi.  They  nr«  worked  at  Duntocre^  by  the  Pcnnavltaoift 
Coal  Company,  but  are  inf^-rior  in  quality  lo  the  vcina  of  "  P,"  "O,"  and 
"  il|"  although  fair  nierchanta))lp  conl^ 

Tlio  same  Tcini^  from  "  It"  downwaida,  cover  more  or  le«t  of  tbc  "Mpp 
tract;  and  in  my  Qmt  rstiiiiale  of  totAl  quantities,  I  hate  no  a]l«mtH)a  to 
make,  except  to  make  the  doduclions  on  thoM  reported  quantitloK  equal  to  SO 
per  cent  fur  mine  wa»t«  ond  nupport*.  These  include  idate  brtwcn  tfac 
strata,  stumps  of  iiiilara  k-a  in  "  robbing  &aet,"  and  coal  dust.  For  tariatioia 
in  thirkneiw,  I  would  rofcr  j'ou  lo  my  section. 

Tbia  whole  niining  rri^ion,  abovn  the  mouth  of  tho  lAckawanna,  oongistt 
of  an  Irreeuliu-  scrios  of  anticlinal  and  xynclinnl  aiea,  with  email  ieUniKdiKte 
KwellR  anil  doproulona,  and  all  riintiiiig  liiafoually  across  the  ralley — thul  ro- 
quiring  Kkill  and  Judgment,  in  opening  minoii,  of  &>»  moat  accurate  kind,  to 
avoid  extra  expense  But  the  whole  formation  bunz  oomparatively  ahallow, 
all  the  coals  are  ea«il7  soccssibtc,  particularly  *o  when  compared  with  tbe 
extremnly  di8nipt«ct  formation  of  the  Sohuylkill  region. 

We  arc  making  rapid  progress  with  our  slopes,  and  shall  rracb  tbo  **  F  " 
vein  in  about  furty-four  days,  bcinn  now  only  eiKbtocn  feet  al)ore  it  Oar 
machincrr  Is  in  a  slate  of  (brwardneu.  mil  will  be  readf  lo  opente  by  the 
mJddU  of  May  at  No.  3,  and  by  the  IGIb  of  June  at  No.  1. 

I  think  yoti  may  safety  calculate  on  140,000  Umn,  and  rea«onab1y  on 
190,000  this  yvHT.  As  time  lo  meet  your  request  is  limited  to  a  couple  of 
hours,  I  have  thus  hastily  replied  to  iho  Inquiries  madt,  ood  have  no  time  left 
to  go  into  mor«  minute  octailo.* 


4 

4 


4 


IRON  AND  ZISC 

nm  moK  rxToKniTa  or  rm  vnm  nana. 

This  is  an  imporlant  subject,  upon  which  wn  do  not  propow  tO  express  oor 
views  in  full  111  this  time.     It  will  be  made  tho  matter  of  an  article  b  a  futun 


mat  piMjirlijiji  in  arniDcinx  roar  new  work*  mim  to  kco&"A^»oil  "B"  lonthar, 
*•<:"  by  \tK(M,  and  "I>"  and  "K"  will  work  w«!!  nnxod.  Yea  will  then  ba  abl*  lo 
aupply  Ihp  vtrlaiia  demand*  with  tiidi  kindu  of  a>iil  iu>  iir*  rvqeirfd  tor  apeetSe  pnr- 

1  potet,  and  outer  the  murkol  prepiUT.1  to  mioooMfully  oompelo  with  onr  more  Soiilhem 
BSlghborm.    I  (III.  .ir,  TTj  it«nMlf(.llj,  joan,  ote-,         B.  NEEDHAM,  Jttn.  itna. 

I      TBOauOao.W.S(iauni>,A>ranl{n.  ^ 


/hh  and  Zitte. 


Number  of  this  Uaguloe;  Wc  nlbr  now  to  that  portion  of  this  interest  whlcli 
If  kfr^ted  bj  Congrrasionftl  kglslation,  It  vouM  not  be  rode  to  ny,  thtt 
BOKolj  any  subject  Is  to  Httic  und«ntood  by  tbono  who  fortn  the  tttple  of 
CoDgTMsmcn,  yet  it  id  ono  of  th«  tno«t  fmportAnt  and  valuftblc  intercHta 
of  tlw  conntiT,  and  amid  all  tbo  Tadlhting  legudatioti  with  which  it  tiBH  hcon 
huftssed,  li  hits  grown  to  no  inconsidcriible  magnitude.  Our  object,  however; 
is  to  notice  Kome  fiiclx  tUtcd  by  the  liailaay  Timet,  in  rofcTGncc  to  the  pn)^ 
poHiion  (o  giT«  ovdit  for  duticN  on  railroad  iron,  which  would  in  the  end  b« 
oqniraleni  to  nbolislitng  the  dutj : — 

In  tliia  country,  likewise,  we  have  iron  ore*  and  ooal  in  tuch  abundnncei 
(hat  if  the  mines  woro  properly  worked,  we  could  supply  th«  world  for 
CMitiiries,  and  tttll  hare  an  ofetplus  In  the  cnuto  state  beyood  homan  vAtsar 
lation.    The  country  ia  yet  younc,  and  from  the  high  price  of  labor  and  th4 
w»iit  of  experience  wo  have  boi-n  unable  to  work  our  mining  richci  witK-j 
mcb  Ikvllity  aa  to  compete  with  our  traiiMllantic  neighbors,  who  bsTu  greati 
iiMuia  and  cxprricnec.    The  ronseqneoce  liu  been  that  w«  hiv*  been  eon 
pdlod  to  pay  tlie  fon;!;^  manufacturer  a  profit  upon  hU  labor  and  capK 
and  still  pay  a  heavy  amount  for  transportation.     Onoe  iu  a  great  while 
hai«  BO  B':\|u8ted  Iho  tariff  that  some  efforts  to  maiiu&clure  our  own  ir 
would  he  crownod  with  partial  euoceas,  when  gtraighlway  down  goes  th#J 
tarifl'  and  in  poun  foreign  iron  in  »iieh  qiiantitien  and  at  nich  price*  that  our T 
manufaclunm  were  compelled  to  slop  their  work*  and  go  into  some  otH«*'| 
bosiness.    This  vame  of  balUe>door  and  shuttlecock  with  Che  iron  manui^o-l 
turlng  inlerr-<it>  of  the  t'n)t«d  States  has  been  played  for  many  years,  anil  th* 
toreif^  manufacturer  so  well  understands  hb  game,  that  it  always  end*  to  hit 
adriiilagi!  und  to  llic  disadrantaite  of  thi:<  country.    The  price  of  iron,  gAuijed 
by  our  nece^^itlort,  is  rc'guUte<)  by  a  league  of  foreign  inanufacturerii,  and  Ihcy 
are  dcU-nnlned  to  bavu  a  mouoply  of  our  market — to  thrm  tli«  riehuat  in  tu 
world.     I^t  them  undofMaad  that  It  is  neccnuiry  to  ei>II  Mi  al  no  proltt  for" 
three  or  fire  ycan^  to  retain  our  market  and  prevent  our  own  manufacturing  ' 
progrtuji,  and  they  will  do  it    They  have  the  combined  wealth  aJid  power  to 
compel  others  to  follow  their  leaa    If  the  duty  on  fhrolp)  Iron  should  b« 
repealed  in  the  United  States,  the  price  In  England  would  imraediatclr  advance 
to  such  a  point  u  would  pay  tbo  liigheat  prolU  tu  the  foreign  inanttfucturer, 
and  still  prtvent  our  fcr^es  and  furnaces  from  going  into  operation. 

The  present  tariff,  aided  by  a  most  eitraoriliniry  eonKiimption  of  tron  in 
this  country,  hiw  allowed  of  some  increase  of  our  own  manufaciurei;.   ffehav* 
begun  in  ^rjme  little  degree  to  get  our  works  going  again.     Some  uf  lhe.10  an 
doing  paying  business,  and  should  the  present  dciuand  conlinui',  and  the  tariff 
rtmiun  undisturbed,  In  a  few  years  we  should  Increase  very  eonaidorably  our 
home  product,  and  so  fiir  make  xome  proerc^  in  achieving  a  partial  indepen- 
dence of  the  dictation  of  tbc  foreign  manuutlurer.   We  could  not  do  this  with  I 
Iho  present  tariff,  were  we  not  aided  br  other  circuni.ttance»  of  moment    It  ii.J 
well  known  that  very  large  numbers  or  English  iron  workers  have  gO[iu  to  thtj 
geld  iUWs  of  Australia,  and  that  conseiumtly  labor  there  ig  higher,  and  m»f\ 
continue  to  to  be  for  some  years.     It  would  be  wite  for  us  at  thin  junrturc  to 
Uke  advantage  of  circumsianceH,     Our  national  interest  is  pre-eminently  the 
Iron  tnanufaclure.    Every  State  In  the  Union  is  interested  in  it.     Liit  the 
oomArf  remember  the  history  of  the  cotton  manufacturers  in  thin  country  and 
■pplj  It  10  our  iron  intcreilit.     Wo  now  mannhcture  eotton  oloth  of  almost 
aveiy  gnde,  and  compete  with  tliose  of  Kngland,  aren  to  ber  own  uiarketiL 
Ifwa  are  wise  we  shall  foster  our  iron  manufacturers  to  Jttst  cuch  on  end. 


nio!t  HiiHuraoTiiRB  m  hissovhi. 
The  following  particulars  rMpeeUng  (be  manu&cWr*  of  iron  In  the  Iron 


5«2 


HouiiUia  r«s(ait  of  MiBSDurl  wore  prepnivd  by  H.  T,  B^lcf,  ui  iron  muter 
of  St  Prtmcis  coun^,  for  tho  WetUrn  (monUilj)  Jovmal.    TTioj  are  entitled 
lo  Implicit  nodlt     SoRio  t\irtliar  particuUrR  rcspcctLng  this  iron  rog^on  viQ  ' 
be  Toiind  en  pt^  4!^,  Vol.  II.,  April  No. : — - 

The  Pilot  Knob,  Sbophcrd  Mountain,  and  Iron  Mountain  tm  thr  principal 
deposits  of  iron  nov  being  irorkctL  Tbe  Iron  Mouul&in  ore,  in,  for  Uw 
inanuruturc  it  iron  alone,  ouo  of  tho  best  iti  tbo  UuitL-d  Slates,  if  th>r«  Is 
anollipr  as  good,  for  making  wronj-hc  iinii  direct  fKim  tbo  ore. 

Tbo  Mrssni.  Prcwctt  nnil  Pattcnon,  at  Vnlli  Porgc,  sitaatcd  twcntf -Bre 
milcK  &om  Stc  Ucnovicvi',  on  Vat  nliiik-roiul  leading  to  tbc  Iran  HoHtttaia, 
have  a  foi^  now  in  operation,  worltiii^  kIx  of  tbo  Calalaii  Crc*,  making  iron 
diKti  from  lh«  ore,  and  turninK  out  Tram  twrnt}*  (o  (wunly-luur  Unik  of 
blonm«  pi^r  ncrlc ;  also  four  flrcit  wurkinj;  from  the  jiIk  made  from  the  Iran 
Mountain  ore,  which  ix  culled  tliu  rellned  or  knobhled  bloom.  This  forg*  hu 
bwn  in  operation  since  June,  18G3,  making  at  this  time  about  forty  ton*  par 
week. 

Thn  ]|[adi»in  Iron  nnd  Mining  Company,  at  Pilot  Knot),  own  the  Pilot 
Knob,  Shcplicni  Mountain,  Hogy  Ore  Bank ;  also  (!ic  Sliut-in,  Ctrtoy,  Pratt 
and  KusH-ll  liank.-i,  all  of  irliicli  Biiiks  are  within  nix  mili-sof  the  IHIot  Knot), 
the  .Shcplii-ixt  Muuiilain  living  only  half  a  nul«  distant  Tin-  Shepherd,  Bogey, 
('hrlsiv,  nnU  Shul-in  ores  arc  all  of  iho  first  (|uality  for  making  iron  direct 
&nm  the  ore  in  the  Oatabui  Bre.  That  of  the  IJhcphcrd  Mountain  if  p«cu- 
liarly  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  stei^l,  of  all  kind* ;  it  t*  one  of  tbe  most 
nlusble  ores  in  Missouri,  and  fully  e<|iui1  to  tbe  Denamon  ores  of  Sweden, 
from  which  the  best  English  cut-ntccl  i«  nude  The  Bo^  and  Chrioty  orca 
partake  of  the  same  nature  with  the  SliephtTil  Mountain  ore,  sod  are  *«cj 
Talnablv  for  steti-iron. 

This  Company  ha*«  a  fargoofrix  CataUn  Urea,  making  iron  direct  frotn 
th«  Off,  at  f^iot  Knob^  capaUe  of  turnlnt;  out  1,200  Ions  of  blooms  per  ye*r. 
it  haa  been  in  opnrallan  for  the  lost  llireo  ycari,  and  all  Its  p4roducla  hare 
been  lined  for  Ktecl,  manufactured  at  PittKbur^,  I\-nn,''yivantit.  There  arealao 
large  beds  of  hematite  ure  on  the  lands  of  this  Company,  which,  takvn  with 
the  I'ilut  Knob  ore  and  worked  in  (he  blnst  flirnace,  will  produce  the  hat 
aoalitj  of  pie  Iron.  Thn  property  of  the  above  Company  Is  the  moxt  Tklii- 
able  of  any  ^r  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel  in  rauth-east  UlssourJ,  In 
conacqucnco  of  the  great  rariety  of  iron  ores  which  arc  found  on  their  lands. 

Tlivy  liavu  also  0[ie  bln.il  furnace  now  in  operation,  and  bare  made  daring 
the  lent  six  moiilhs,  something  over  1,000  tons  of  piji;  metal  of  first  quality 
for  foundry  uses.  They  arc  non-  erecting  another  ihmaec  nf  large  siso  whldl 
will  turn  out  3,000  tons  of  tnulul  niinimlly. 

The  Aincricjin  Iron  Mountain  Company  have  tiro  lilasl  furnoeea,  niDning 
on  cold  Ukst,  proiIucinK  the  Ini^t  year  4,:t00  tons  nf  piic  ini'tal.  They  are  now 
buildinK  another  furnace,  which  will  ha  in  operation  in  Juno  next,  to  work  on 
warm  er  hut  blast  This  rurnace  will  innki:  an  addition  of  3,S0O  tons  ti  their 
annual  production.  Tlivy  are  nlso  hauling  t>i  Ste.  (lentvieve,  for  shipment  upon 
the  Ohio  river,  lo  Cincinnsli,  Wheeling,  and  PiUjihurg,  a  lafgo  aiuounl  of  ore. 
Now.  in  the  month  of  February,  1834,  llivre  are  about  twenty -tlrG  teams  en- 
ngcd  in  liauling  ore  from  the  Iri.>n  Moiinluin  ri.'!;iun  to  the  Mississippi  riv«r. 
The  demand  heretofore  has  bt'cn  (.Tenter  lh.^n  the  siipjily,  on  acoount  of  the 
want  of  teams.  The  nrerage  wciglil  of  loads  hauled  by  the  teams  is  about 
JS,DOO  lbs.,  ami  the  distance  about  forty-two  miles.  The  phink-road  is  com- 
pleted all  the  way. 

Duiinj;  the  year  1853  about  1,900  tons  of  blooms  were  sent  to  Mcssm. 
M'KeIvy  and  lllairs,  and  lo  -'■ingi-r,  Ksrtman  k  Co.,  of  Pittsburg,  to  be  eon- 
eerted  by  the  former  into  cost-steel,  and  by  the  latter  into  plough  and  spring 
st«eL 

We  wouU  hero  add,  that  in  the  spring  of  IMS,  Ifr.  E.  Mead,  of  St  Louis, 


I 


i 


Jron  and  Zinc. 


M» 


I 


I 
I 


■Uppad  iDcUl  ftoin  Uio  Iron  Uounlaiii  of  Uissouri,  to  England,  ftiid  iii  the 
iSyOowing;  apring  reocivod  it  buck  nuuixirictiirft)  into  nzors  and  pocket  uid 
(able  eutlerjr  by  Jos.  Rodgtn  &  SonE,  Sheffield,  knd  it  proved  to  be  well 
■dsplcd  to  the  Dit&u&diue  of  finu  steel  cuikry. 

Wo  would  also  odd,  that  within  (he  ye&r  I8C3.  Mutmra,  Child,  Pratt  & 
Co.,  of  SL  lx>uiis  fihippod  about  ten  tons  o[  metal  from  the  Iwn  Mountain 
ore  to  UnsTK  Bdiranln,  Murrin  t  <'o.,  and  to  Livingston,  lioRgen  k  Co., 
of  Pitlaburg.  to  hv  lumiufacturcd  into  luck-casva;  and  Urge  iiuanlilicii  of 
Uissoiiri  irvn  Uiok-rnsps  are  ininort^d  from  abroad,  and  are  found  to  be  supe- 
rior to  thOAc  made  from  any  olftcr  iron. 

We  hgpv  to  obtain  additional  facts  regarding  the  manubcturo  of  Mltuouri 
iron,  and  pi'<.'--i.<nl  Owm  soon  with.irgumenU  id  nrorof  conmntnting  uiillioos 
of  capital  in  thi^  nunufaRturn  of  Missouri  iron  al  St.  Iioula. 


TUB  VASurAnuuK  »r  luox. 
The  question  of  the  adipledness  of  Irelund  for  the  manufacture  of  iron, 
has  recently  occasion«d  sonic  discuNilon  in  tlie  English  prcm^  in  the  counw 
of  which  many  points  of  interest  to  the  Iron  manii£u:ture  liare  been  btought 
out  Wo  huTo  comprcMsed  tbem  into  Kur.h  nhapc  as  to  bo  moat  Mlflf  COIspm- 
hcndcd,  from  the  pagoi  of  the  London  Mining  Javrnat : — 

The  DianulictuTe  of  iron  ri'auirei  a  Tariety  of  matenalx,  which  it  would 
be  very  exocnsive  to  bring  to^'thvr.  did  thvir  4oiir>.'i's  tie  at  cotiitidcrable  dia- 
tatKW;  ana  hcncs  the  coslof  ihe  metal  prod n red  would  he  considerably  high- 
«r,  and  thc:rchy  iiH  extent  of  use  and  mnnufnctttre  limited  in  prope«^on. 
fheic  matt^rial.i  am  iron  or?,  .undxtono  for  the  eonstructiuii  i>f  the  fumaeoi^ 
Rmeiitone,  neeiiuinry  m  a  (lux,  fui^l  for  the  purposes  of  routing  aiiJ  imcltine;, 
and  water-power  for  tho  ijlast-fnninwL 

But  if  the  ore,  tlio  nandntonc,  tho  tiincstcine,  the  fuel,  and  abundanee  of 
water-power,  and  cheap  labor,  do  not  conspire,  the  eeonomic  manufacture 
becomes  !mpos3lhl«.  Ity  a  beneflcinl  nrTa>ii>rment  of  Providence,  of  which  H  U 
bnposslble  (o  exaggerate  the  wisdom  and  the  importance  to  mankind,  those 
dements  of  profitable  labor  oHeu  to-eiist  within  easy  rvacb  of  each  other. 

IRON   OKRi. 

The  ores  of  iron  that  are  actiialty  employed  as  sourcoi  of  metal  an  of 
three  klnd.-j — tho  anbydronx  peroxide,  or  Bpceulnr  iron ;  tho  hydrous  pwozlde, . 
Including  hcmivlito  and  hog  ore  -,  and  the  carbonate  of  iron,  to  which  the  clay 
Iron-ftonc  uf  the  conl  formation  belong 

Of  the  llrsl  kind,  which  Is  the  richest  ore  of  iron  that  is  known,  contain- 
ing To  por  cenL  of  metal,  considcrnble  ijtianlities  are  found  in  the  south  of 
.Ireland.  Fine  .ippciracns  havu  been  produced  from  the  Oonheen  mines,  at 
Skibbcrcen,  and  from  [hi<  Clanduro  mliie^  in  L'arberry.  It  is  there  oxnocia- 
t«d  with  ore  <<f  copper  and  of  miuigancw,  which,  being  of  tar  grvaler  value, 
the  iron  ore  la  clinregnrded. 

The  iccond  kind  uf  ori-  iji  of  more  practical  imporbncc,  being  probably 
the  most  extensively  diffnstid  of  all  tho  cotnpnunds  of  iron.  It  preheats  it- 
•elf  under  a  great  variety  of  forms,  acfordinn  to  the  rocks  with  which  it  isos- 
sodalcd,  and  the  circumslancci  under  which  it  linii  had  Its  orlijin.  AVhcn  quite 
pure,  the  ere  it  a  liydrnto  of  (he  peroxide  of  iron,  in  which  the  oxide  con- 
bins  twice  as  much  oxygon  as  the-  waler,  having  iron,  OO'ft ;  oxygen,  SB'fl ; 
water,  U-4  =  I00-(KI, 

Various  foriiiH  of  it  support  the  majority  of  the  iron  fiimacen  of  Fhinue 
aad  Germanv.  In  Knt;land  !t  Is  not  employed  cxc«pt  to  bring  up,  bv  its  rloh- 
uen  of  produao,  the  poorer  ores  of  the  eoal  dialrieta  to  the  xtanaard  at  which 


m 


Jron  and  Zilie, 


their  irorhing  bccomua  luMt  tuj.  Two  fbrtDs  of  (t  art  commOD  in  IruUnJ ; 
tivtae  ut  the  brown  noilutsr  hein»Ute,  Add  tho  ortircy  or  boK  iron  oro, 

Tho  brown  ore  U  found  in  nbiindanir?,  (Modntcd  with  tho  bnl»  of  ceai 
and  lirc-citty  »nd  Ihc  ordinjity  iron-stout,  in  the  co»l  diBlrict  of  Tj-rone.  Il 
b  the  Twicty  krmwl  pupuUrty  "  wglc-stooe."  and  forms  globular  tnuscs,  of 
ft  doep  br\>wn  i:o\<yc,  vthieh  ara  (^orally  hollow,  and  eontain  a  kcrml  of  a 
lighter  color  than  thn  rxtcrior,  with  which  howprw  it  ajrccii  in  conxtitutioR. 

Specimens  lubjccli-d  to  minlysis  yielded — IVtoirido  of  iron.  80T9 ;  w*Ur, 
ll'BT;  Diuncsta,  0-27;  insoluble  nialtur,  6'8) ;  ox!<l«  of  tiiaii^an»3[.>,  1-I9s 
100-00.  This  or«  should  h«Tc  gi^nn  b^  approprinic  trpntrarnt  B7  per  cout  of 
iron,  or  frora  3.5  ewln.  of  oru  a  ton  of  iron.  Although  wo  do  nni  know  ex- 
actly th«  ctuitt-i  wliii;))  led  to  Ihesv  concrvtionar^-  miKKeii  of  hylratcd  oxide 
of  Iron.  It  h  quite  certain  thnt  those  causes  aro  now  in  operation,  and  tbat 
thn  production  of  considerable  quantitiasof  thi«mat«rial  ia  ■ctnitlr  coinfon. 
Wo  liiid  in  almost  every  deep  moraaa  b«d«  of  it,  aKiln«tini«a  a  ^t  tiiicL  It 
Es  bianco  called  bog  iron  ore.  This  ore  supported  the  m^ority  of  th«  iron 
fitmncos  rornttrly  eeattcred  over  tho  surfac*  of  the  eounUT.  It  appears  as  a 
brownisb  clay,  which  drici  to  a  avus,  xomctimc*  hard  and  dccic,  at  athnra 
friable,  aiiid  bccomtd  much  darker  in  color  when  it  ilrius. 

These  b<^  Iron  orta  aro  smelted  with  tho  (treatcst  eivse.  Thny  aro  at  ooc» 
Ttrj  fuHlbLet  and  aaaiy  reduced.  They  pruducc  a  metal  which  run*  fcry 
thin,  and  oongeala  alowly,  to  that  it  in  proper  for  the  inaauboluro  oifcaalwia 
•rtlclee  irhleh  do  not  require  tuuch  utrenirtii.  The  Berlin  omailMDta,  wbidi, 
as  nxjHmms  of  csstinfc,  and  as  objpcti!  of  art,  excite  so  mucb  admiration,  m« 
nwdo  of  iron  smelted  flrom  the  bo^  iron  of  tho  wm*1«  moiaMH  of  the  cast  of 
Prussia,  But  on-i  of  ■  richer  cbua<:ter,  and  yielding  larger  aTcnn  qouiti- 
Has  of  pura  metal,  remain  to  bo  noticed.  Tho  clay  iron-sloiw,  whicB  hu  bv 
«Miw  alDMrtt  the  cxcluxire  luiitrcc  of  iron  to  (ircat  Britain,  occurs  in  |pwM 
abandiQCC  in  thi'  coal  dinlnctn  of  I<<riii9tvr  and  Connavgbt. 

to  quantity  then;  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  SroD-stone  bi  the  nalgbbottiood 
of  the  river  Arij^n  is  pmcticaHy  inexhaustible.  The  quality  Is  also  of  a  moat 
lupcrior  description,  yicldinti  uiinsnaHy  h^o  amounU  of  pure  mala] ;  but  to 
pWu  this  puTt  of  our  ilatcnient  in  a  strikini;  point  of  riew,  we  will  elhibit 
m  the  r^llowiji^  lablt  thi'  cuutcnts  of  the  ore?)  in  nietallic  Iron,  compared  with 
thoproiliiee  of  the  liesl  English,  Scot-'h,  and  Welsh  oros; — 

Ono  hundred  piort*  of  ore*  (live  of  metal— 

Kitml  Sut«  BcwMj. 

BtcbHtArifoa  ,  .  .  .  i'J'9  Cl-t 

PooiMt IT'T  ■»■! 

Aiento  .....  WS  M-S 

Common  SlalEOnliililr* ....  SS'O  U-t 

Rirheft  .....  Wi  W-0 

On!iiim7  WeUh  ....  8W  Mt 

Rich  Ml  ...  .  .  41-1  0B-O 

Oidinanr  Gbimw        ....  Bl-«  4(-8 

Huahot'i  bludcband  [a  Unarkihlro  variety)  .  41-0  ttl 

Avenge  Kllkanoy       ....  8S-T  W-a 

Ttiwe  Is  hence  no  doubt  but  thnt  the  orM  of  Lelnnt^r  and  Cottnaueht  cc«}- 
Held>  enunl.  and  even  in  aTeruRc  nrc  superior  to,  those  cenerally  employed  in 
Great  Britain,  'llw  iron-*tonu  of  Kilkenny  a  but  liillc  inferior  to  that  ^ 
Arigna,  whilst  the  ores  f<(  T.ou{;h  All^rn  Hllam  a  richneM  in  iron  only  e^oalled 
I^  ono  of  thn  Scotch  varictie.'". 

l-K*T  rii:i,. 

In  thi*  manner  llie  numerous  nnd  naste  tracU  of  boe  in  Irv'tand  have 
iciven  ri^e  to  (lie  m&nuractnrc  of  peal  fuel,  which  is  punittd  lh«re  to  a  ktmI 
extent — it  being  avcry  ancient  and  congidnrable  branch  orbidostry.  Teetotal 
ru  ef  Inland  i«  90,000,000  of  acren;  the  total  area  of  bog  ia  rOinnled  at 
iflXtfiOft  icrw— nearly  onu-suvcnth  of  tho  entire  sarftoe  of  the  Island 


I 
4 


Iron  and  Zme, 


886 


ft 

■ 


With  thiH  Immram  magasino  of  wealth  U.  comnuind,  it  M  not  too  mueb  to 
1  MKiinic  that  tlic  pMt  ffeld*  may  become  <o  Ireland  what  the  great  ooal  meu- 
lamt  «re  to  Uiiglaod,  or  the  woU-iratcrfid  plains  of  L^iicasliire  to  thu  cottoa- 
BBfnnar — sourcra  or  industry,  w»Jih,  anil  public  «nt<nirisa.  ilence  the  great 
pSniiMl to  hat  of  the  tiow  |iBUat  for  nuLkini;  BolidtDod  peat  fuel. 

reoi.tsn  axu  rcmus  ibon. 

The  iron  which  U  micttcd  by  mcanE  of  pit  coal  ahrays  prmrTiu  a  degroe 

of  impuritjf  of  conJilitulion,  wliich  rinlucu  ila  .lUvnjtlh,  and  dctcrioratca  ita 

CtructuM;  io  that  for  the  fin«r  purposes  of  ma'.'liiDerv,  cuUory,  and  steel, 

I  BngUnd  is  inilcbtci)  for  much  iron  to  RumIs  and  Sweden,  aa  in  Ihoso  coun- 

[trlcK,  the  smfltinK  and  rclmini;  bcint;  carried  on  hy  means  of  wood,  the  molal 

[ii obtuncd  in  abiolule  purity.     Hencu  tfie  great  diffureiicc  of  price  between 

I  the  British  and  fun-ign  iron,  common  bar  hvin^  sold  at  £S  10».  per  tun,  whilst 

[Swedish  and  Riimian  iron  is  at  present  worth  fhim  £12  to£ll],  accordlnfc  to 

igualilT.    Now,  wc  poniie.-w  in  Ireland,  the  orcK,  and  tlio  mmnH  of  preparing 

raicM  VOQS  of  supvrior  quality,  and  of  rcplncing,  if  nut  the  very  Itnvst,  al  least 

Mbe  <irdlDai7,  sorts  of  Tlaltic  iron.    Thn  cli'nioiits  uccesaary  to  proiluw  such 

nMtalkn;  ores  of  grpat  purity,  and  veRctable  fuel  of  a  proper  kind.     The  "»o- 

able  fuel"  in  funntd  in  tlic  bugii,     lu  Iilii^taiid  it  uii  lie  c^n.tily  undentood 

;  tho  manufacturo  of  iron  by  turf  t«  not  tnou^ht  wortliy  of  iiotico,  allliouj^h 

■overal  ironmnstcrs  uho  oommon  cut  turf  mixed  in  the  r.oal  for  making  HUponor 

SoatiCics  of  iron.  <}n  the  Continent,  however,  where  tlie  promotion  of  native 
iduntry  ix,  aa  it  ought  to  be  iu  Ireland,  an  object  ofpriuiary  iinpurtancc,  and 
where  tbu  lliiiltvd  devolopQiunl  of  the  dii^tricts  oblige  them  to  ccouomls«  CTeiy 
source  of  ftiel,  it  has  bcnn  not  merely  tried,  but  is  extensively  carried  on  at 
present  in  Fntncc,  in  Rimxia,  and  in  llavaria.  We  apeak  of  the  couimoD  tin^ 
U  out  by  Uie  pcaaaatjy,  and  inado  into  peat  charcanL 

mi:  nLiw, 

The  bla-tt  in  an  iron  smelling  fijmaco  is  produced  by  powerful  Kieam-en- 
gineit,  cxctpl  whi<Tea  great  local  bcllily  of  water- power  obviates  the  necessity 
of  steam.  Water,  however,  can  only  be  used  when  it  ran  hv.  depended  upon 
in  a  con-itant  and  ampla  stream,  even  through  a  drv  luimmer;  a.*  it  in  of 
the  Gml  importance  that  the  blast  of  a  fumac«  «houfd  not  be  withheld  even 
(hr  a  few  hours.  Insliaccs  have  been  known  of  the  wholo  eontentR  of  a  fur- 
nace becoming  one  solid  luu^  froia  having  been  cooled  by  the  a«cidanto] 
(twpagc  of  the  blaM. 

For  llio  purpose  of  th"  Irish  Kmclter,  wator-powcr  could  in  almost  all  cases 
Ih3  made  available;  while  in  the  iron  dittricuof^  South  WalesandSi-vfTorcUhirc, 
Htejim,  generated  at  a  great  cost,  is  the  chief  resource  of  the  manufacturer.  It 
has  been  Cftli'ulated  that  Ireland  poiummm.%  distributed  over  the  surfsco  of  Ibe 
country,  a  water-power,  capable  of  ncling  niglit  and  day,  without  iHlvmi prion, 
from  tfo  bejcinning  to  the  end  of  the  year,  estimated  nt  tho  force  of  3,3S7 
hone-power  per  foot  of  fall ;  or,  for  the  entire  average  fall  of  3B7  feet,  amount- 
itig  to  1,246,819  hortfr-powcrl  But  mechanical  power  is  nevi-r  llius  uoremlt- 
dogly  drivMi :  and  tf  wo  reduce  this  force  to  the  year's  work  of  SOD  dftya,  of 
It  nours  each,  we  find  it  to  rrpresent  n, 0.13,8011  horgn-powcr. 

VKUKTAULE  rUKI_ 

One  writer  very  gravely  advancES  Ibo  (ollowintt  facts  in  proof  of  the  value 

of  vegetable  fuel  :^- 

In  Ireland,  and  also  in  the  liigblanda  of  Scotland,  where  peat  is  the  only 
tvailablo  fuel  smongist  (he  peaianlry,  it  is  a  rare  occurrence  to  meet  with  a 
trarked  "  pratie-poi"  in  the  brroer,  ora  leaky  "  porridgo-pot"  Id  the  latter 
country  ;  and  ultbouj^h  Ihciw  sole-cnoklnK  utonsihi  are  iu  daily  use,  they  are 
&e(|ucntlir  bindi'd  down  frixn  generation  to  generation,  not  only  unimpaired 
but  improved,  Insicad  of,  as  huppcos  whuru  cmI  is  lucd,  tho  worse  tot  wear : 

Vol.  n— 40 


Quarriu  and  Ciayt. 


with  the  TFgeUble  ptAt  Uic  metal  appeus  to  wReii  anil  refill*,  vhj|«  irith  Um 
i  ninenil  peat  it  b«coniM  brittle,  uia  deleriorktes.  AhoUmt  point  I  would  ro- 
\  lurk  in,  the  puritjr  of  Ihc  stool  in  many  of  the  old  nword*  which  were  muiti- 
'  fcetured  in  ecotlwid  i^cnturic'a  ago.  with  put  chomd  in  ■  laj  primitifv 

and  rode  tDUDer,  the  rvmainit  uf  whk-h  coking  ftpparatua  are  still  to  be  found 

b  some  iKirtlon  of  th«  wetd  HishUnds ;  but  charcoal  so  prodocod  is  of  too 

loose  a  nature  to  admit  of  ila  ntontable  tninsiL 


ttox  unPPED  nou  ush  arpEKiOR  n  185S. 
I  Worki,  Ifarquette,  M3  tons  and  1,990  \\m.  tit  blooms,  SOS 
_  Kofore. 

K^^UcItO  Iron  Works,  367  tons  and  1,877  lbs.  of  btoonis,  300  tons 
\n  ote> 

Hnkiiifc  in  the  whole,  from  both  works,  800  tons  and  1^77  Iba.  of  blooms ; 
1 40fi  luti!i  and  975  lbs.  of  ore. 


QUARRIES  AND  CUTS. 

soAF  sTon. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Jaamal  «f  Cfmmemt,  who  seems  to  be  weD 
I  Informed,  wnles  that  thorc  is  a  flno  qtwrrj'  of  this  Bfiignlar  and  usefii]  materiaJ 
\  tX  Grnftiin,  in  the  vicinity  of  BolJow!!  Pall*,  Vermont     The  mill  where  it  is 

aATvi  fur  u!iu  and  lilted  for  a  flni^hing  establiKhmcnt  in  Bos-ton,  is  at  Cam- 
jeport,  a  small  Tillnp)  near  tlie  lino  of  Unison.    Ttiia  quarry  lias  been 
;  long  known,  ns  1«  goen  from  antiquntfil  cliiintioy  pitcta  in  the  nvigbtiorbood, 
\  b<it  iTBfl  fonucrly  worked  upon  s  small  scale,  in  part  troia  the  wniit  of  uodcin 
improvcnicnts  in  machinpry,  but  (hioUy  from  the  cjpcnHn  of  transporljiUon 
to  the  distant  iiinrkct.     That  obstHuiv  is  now  rvmored  by  the  railroad*.     The 
freestone,  aa  it  is  hero  called,  has  the  "  nnctuoua  fee!"  of  liin  miiii'ratogiat,  and 
the  rogn(iin«n  loap  better  drxcribcs  the  sCiihliig  reGamblsnce  of  totich  to  Hal 
article,  althoitgb  ihn  case  with  which  the  nintcrial  is  cut  and  fitted  tbr  UM 
makes  the  word  ,/>£«  a  pruper  and  si)'inln:iint  appellation.     The  spectator  i) 
kt  fl»t  both  amused  and  siirprl§cd  to  see  huf;e  b!u<.'ks  of  Krajiil«4ooKiog  Htone 
.  cat  into  ulalit  t.j  a  saw  such  an  he  hai  seen  in  use  only  for  wood.     The  tootb 
■re  not  so  sharp  at  the  point,  but  with  thii  exircntion,  one  night  think  the 
workmen  bail  borrowed  from  a  eaw-imlt  the  well-known  and  eoaunlial  iiistm* 
iDcnt  for  tronKformini;  lo){s  into  1<ini)>cr.    The  soap  itone  eonlaios  no  suhstaoco 
harder  than  iLielf,  and  It  cuts  under  the  common  tav  easier  and  Cutor  thin 
hard  wood  of  the  same  dimension!     Thia  I  prortd  by  experiment  on  a  cubic 
J  a  part  of  whloh  I  carried  awav  as  a  spucimeii  of  the  quarry.    The  eUbs 
I  cut  into  Tftriout  fonns  by  cirirnlnr  sawg,  which,  from  llieir  rapid  lno4iat^ 
.    im  not  to  ptrfurm  a  rcry  hard  w^rvicc;  and  the  facility  of  working  Qm 
'  material  is  no  iin-oiiBidcrablo  item  of  its  ralue.     From  the  rarious  u*e«  lo 
which  the  iconp  ^tone  is  aiUnicd,  ll  must  soon  Sod  a  plater  demand.     In  Um 
ordeal  of  beat,  it  aoems  to  be  coasin  german  to  asbestos,  for  it  endorcs  Brt 
[  Vithout  warp  or  crack,  even  to  a  red  or  while  heat,  Insing  only  now  and  then 
1  thin  scftlcs  on  tlie  inner  surtkcc.    Hence  it  is  Glted  and  ii  uiied  to  answer  (ho 
[  ptirpoee  of  fire-brick  in  the  lining  of  stores  and  forges.    It  Is  amoeptiUe  of 
k  moderate  polinh.  and  i«  now  fluihioned  into  chimney- pUoM  and  omatoenUl 
work  cxpofed  to  flre.    Nay,  more,  it  begin*  to  take  rank  with  hoiise)i<dd  fnjr 
aiture,  and  is  nscd  )br  griiidles,  being  fbund  superior  to  iron,  inumuch  uril 
I  need  not  be  s/reatai  to  (cire  up  the  cakes,  and  does  ttiu  work  witbout  ijhl 
<UliCroeable  odor  arising  Irom  the  same  cooking  upon  inn.    To  whu  Ibrttinr 


4 


I 
4 


JViMfUonM*. 


ud  Tarions  omb  tho  no&p  stOM  maj  bo  doslinwl  in  ihiB  kge  of  pro^^rtfls,  I 
know  not ;  but  even  thui  brief  notice  of  eh  imjiortjint  a  quarrj,  b  \ta  lociplant 
wotkisg,  majr  not  be  wUUout  iotcrcut  to  the  puUk. 


I 

I 

I 


M!SCKll.Aft!E!i 


niooxKDnHHi  or  tuk  i.«xpn<i  nKot.onic*i.  tdmir. 
PratetMr  E.  Forbw.  President,  in  the  c\mT.  Tlic  rollowiiiK  eommimic*- 
tJons  were  rein) : — "  On  Pipos  uml  Furrowi  in  Calfaruous  ati<l  Non^Calcareouii 
Stmta,"  hy  J.  Trimmer,  San.  The  ■iithor  ilcacribod  the  vi-rtioil,  irregular, 
fttnncl-Rhiiped,  or  cjlindrlt'it!  csTiticH  in  corLnin  Ktnta,  known  m  pipes  mi) 
Kind-gilU,  noticing  tliu  variftus  forniH  llicj-  iisaiiinp,  the  dilTercnt  str«t»  beudos 
Ibi'  chalk  in  whicli  Ihev  iir<;i  tiund,  the.  vnrioiis  dcponiiM  of  the  ttTtiarf  epoch 
with  whirh  thpv  am  fllirrl,  and  the  furrow*  with  which  thoir  mouth*  am  con- 
nected. Abrief  summary  was  then  given  of  tho  evidence  on  whii-h  the  author 
nUet  fur  proof  of  thu  furniation  of  tht'Si;  pginarkablc  eariticn  on  the  lurflice  of 
atrata  by  the  mechanical  action  of  wali^r  htforo  the  inalltr  whioh  fills  thorn 
was  depniilcd.  The  nearext  cxittinK  annloKies  to  whii:h  the  author  r«rcrTod, 
are  the  tffccU  of  vorticose  currents  of  thv  water  in  brcakom  and  on  the  ahoroL 
and  the  similar  action  of  torrvntal  rivvn.  Thu  dLtlributiou  uf  thoae  pipes  mm 
fiirrows  over  large  *xtrnt«  of  country  was  ciplalned  by  ntferenee  lo  Uia  con- 
tinued advance  or  retreat  of  the  coa>i-line,  with  itis  wavo  and  breaker  ai^on, 
throughout  the  tertiary  tr*.  The  author  also  aJmita,  lo  a  certain  extent,  tha 
Bolvcnt  power  of  carbonic  acid  held  in  »>o1ntinn  in  water,  pcrciitaline  the  atrata, 
along  thr-80  cavities  aa  an  a^cnt  in  widcniiitc  and  de«p«niiig  th«  pipeCL  Thv 
irregular  HtratiHcjition  over  the  moothE  of  theKe  rjivlticg,  the  autlior  conalden 
to  be  an  oriEinal  condition  of  di-iiosit  upon  an  im-gular  lur&ec,  although  aub- 
sidencc  t)f  the  uiattt>T  wllU'whioh  iho  pipes  ar«  titled  may  fi^uAitly  bars 
tak«n  plac<^,  in  various  lUgnce,  from  many  cauaca.  "On  tho  OriRin  of  lh« 
Sand  and  (Iravel  Pipa  in  th«  Clialk  of  tiiu  London  Torliary  Dialrict,"  by  J. 
I'rcstwicli,  Jr.,  E*i.  After  pefcrriog  lo  tho  observations  and  rceearchra  of 
earlier  writern  on  tfiese  peculiar  cavitioa,  tho  author  proceeded  to  point  ont 
that  tlic  pipca  occur  wlft^ever  a  stratum  penneHbio  to  water  overliea  tho  chalk 
or  other  caJcaroous  rock  loany  connidcraiilo  extent:  and,  whrru  the  chalk  and 
the  siiperinciimbcnl  tcrtiarica  formed  an  extensive  tract  of  hortionta!  dry  land, 
previously  to  the  disturbancus  that  broke  u[)  lliese  rocks,  nnd  Rave  them  their' 
pr«acnt  varying  inclinations,  the  atmosplieric  waters,  more  or  loan  sharped 
with  carbonic  acid,  pOTi;nlatin(i;  frvrly  through  the  snperftciol  sandy  b«ds, 
rested  on  the  chalk  until,  by  nnmcrons  furrows  and  pipes,  it  ^vndnally  dis- 
aolved  pnsaaiieK  to  the  lower  love!  at  which  water  would  itand  in  tho  water- 
bearing beds  of  clialk,  at  some  distance  beneath  (he  itiirface.  The  jiuperin- 
flimtient  sanda  or  gravels,  as  tbn  caie  may  be,  ([rndually  siibsidud,  mora  or 
)Ma  conformably,  into  the  dcopeninc  caviiv  caused  by  tho  losa  of  tho  chalk  in 
the  funnel  or  pine  bel<>w,  Wlien  thu  chalk  aid  ovwlving  tertiary  bed*  were 
locully  uplicaveu.  shattered,  and  parlialiy  denuded,  the  newly  made  valloy* 
couraea  jcavc  exit  in  apringa  aloiq;  their  aides  both  to  th«  water  of  the  lower 
water-level  and  th«  water  of  the  (uporficial  aanda  and  f^vels;  the  sand-pipec  I 
becominj;  ainioat  all  desertwl  aa  water-chaniiela,  eKoept  in  sueh  local  instancM;  ' 
pe.rhapn,  au  ara  now  aoe.n  whero  the  extatinK  "vwallow-hotM"  in  the  nmvtl 
and  i«nda  above  (ha  cballt  contiaue  vx  aoaloguiu  action.— Zmdan  At^mentnt^ 


aatut  aaVAtiE  laoK  C0KP*sr,  Maitri.Axn. 
We  do  not  (hink  the  cITorts  of  thii;  tympany  U>  develop  (be  mineral  r»> 
■OUrcccof  Allegany  County  aru  autficicnlly  uiiilervtCNl  or  appreciated.     When 


ass 


Mittttianiet. 


the  Rplenilid  worlu  at  Mount  SftraM  were  purchwHl  by  the  present  Companj 
in  I8t",  their  r»ilro«ti  was  only  nW  loilei  In  length.  In  ■  few  vi-ani  tliey 
cxtrndnJ  it  lu  Froxlburf,  a  distance  of  ftv«  mllM,  fbr  tlic  accommodnticm  of  liio 
co>i  trade,  which  prvTioiiK  to  that  time  cmpluycd  a  hante  rood  ajt  fu  dotm  u 
Ht,  SuTttRc.  The  (onKtruction  of  IhU  exlcnwon  nlone  co»t  the  Cotnpanj 
|)  10,000,  n-ilh  an  adilitiuiia]  mux  of  V>2.D00  fur  eqniuraeiit.  In  locwnMivo,  «tci 
But  in  addition  to  the*o  eiprixlilnrrfi  Ihry  have,  ilnrinK  tho  last  IWw  ytutt 
iniile  a  onnRCtion  n-ith  the  Cticrapcake  and  Ohlu  Cannl  at  CuinbeiiBnd,  whicli 
has  cast  them,  fur  right  (if  way,  OMiBlructiun,  and  oilier  imprOTcmenU,  $35,000 
nii>rc.  Tiiey  hk<e  also  been  ohli|;<:4  alniiwt  entirely  to  rtconstract  the  road 
from  Ul  Savatfo  to  Cumberland,  at  an  expcndlfurc  of  $133,000,  Jadodlng 
hridKca,  engine  tionnea,  eti\  of  n  hioh  stun  more  than  $-10,000  bavo  be«n  spent 
at  the  narrom,  In  cnttln^  down  tho  slope  of  tho  mountain  and  widening 
the  road  bod  to  a»  Co  pcnnit  the  layinK  of  three  trar.kii.  Two  of  tlioce  traclu 
arc  now  earoplcl«d,  and  tho  tliird  it  ^jaded  and  in  now  being  laid  with  iron. 

Thus  it  win  tw  seen  thai  the  Mt.  Snvagt  Iron  Company  have  since  ISiT  cx> 
pLitideil  not  less  than  JBOO.OOO  in  nffording  facililjca  fof  too  coal  trade  of  Allo- 
gany  Counlj;.  The  Comiiaiiy  mine  no  coal  whatever,  except  for  their  own 
use,  hut  carrj-  to  uiarkvt  the  coal  of  llie  Froolburg  Coal  Company,  the  Bordon 
Mining  Company,  the  Allegany  Mining  C'Ompany,  and  the  Parker  Vein  Com- 
pany. 

But  not  content  with  this,  the  ML  SaTago  Coiu|iai)y  intend  to  muh  their 
eiili;r[irisB  ftirthor.  They  are  now  nejjoliatj'ny  with  Messrsi  AspinmJl,  Cunard 
and  oth«rn,  of  tho  Ocean  StcainKhip  Company,  who  have  tatdy  purcbaMxl  a 
very  raluablo  coal  property,  In  the  Ueorge's  Crcpk  Valley,  for  the  cxtcniion  of 
the  Ht  Savage  road  into  that  valloy.  so  as  (o  bring  their  coal  to  market  bj  tho 
Jcnnon'a  Run  route.  TheM  negotiations  bid  fair  to  result  In  a  gatlsliictovj 
lUTa[ige[iiPiit 

So  much  for  the  facilitica  for  th«  coal  trade  alTorilcd  by  the  Ut.  Savage 
Company.  Of  thJR  rct^ilar  bumnegg  some  idea  may  bo  fortncJ  from  tbo  bot 
that  ther  employ  (nore  than  1,000  handa  at  their  vorka,  and  consiimo  In  tb^ 
various  niauufaclurtD  wore  than  75,000  Ions  of  coal  per  annum.— C^mftwiuui 
JoarrutL 


Hlinmi    IN   KOHWAV. 

The  Finance  Minister  box  just  published  the  oflldol  quinquennial  report, 
cORipited  by  the  several  liurgmeBtors,  to  \tu  laid  b«f'>re  the  Dii-t  (Sturthin^X 
which  roc<rU  on  the  Ist  proximo,  of  the  [iroKrcsH  of  mining  industry  in  (hat 
country. 

Krom  this  report  it  appears  thai,  on  the  avenn-e.  the  yearly  prollta  from 
the  Kongsbcru  Mines  have  been  32,8fl[i;.  The  tola)  production  of  silver  has 
been  1S0,C93  marks  1  lod  and  10  crams;  the  cost  of  raining  this  hafi  bc«n 
74,ST7/.,  which  haji  renllwd  lfil|7i!of,  the  number  of  ptrsons  employed  bcin|t 
a&9.  or  copper  from  the  dlllcrRnt  establishments — Allen,  Roraas,  S^te, 
tjuiDiiBn^n,  and  scvurnl  smaller  work.^t— there  have  been  produced  ahoiit  58T 
ions  annnaily,  tnakin;^  in  tlie  wliole  2.BU6  tons  of  caku  and  shtct  copper ;  of 
this  there  have  been  exported  '2, CDS  t<>n»<.  and  at  the  same  time  there  haa  been 
imported  manuJaclurcd  copper  of  the  weight  of  about  IS  tonx.  The  number 
of  persons  finployed  at  .\l(en  were  320 ;  the  produce  900  tena.  Tbo  principal 
pn>ilt  derived  from  thr-w  works  Is  matnty  owing  to  the  inlrodaction  of  the 
tribute  syitem.  and  the  reduction  in  the  fimelling  chargn,  which  nttir  do  not 
ar«rage  more  than  !t2<.  per  ton,  although  St.  in  paid  fur  ccoU.  Tho  one  ara 
of  th«  average  percviilagu  of  &i,  and  tlie  cost  of  tusking  a  ton  of  line  coppar 
U  rxCimated  at  1G?.  The  lodes  at  RomiLS.  which  mint  ha<i  been  esCsbllahed 
Mince  lOH,  have  greatly  fallen  off:  1,7-10  tons  were  produced  there,  at  a  cost 
of  88,09G/..  401  iDdlviduali  being  niiployed.  At  Sehcn,  with  135  men,  the 
produce  won  S2T  tans  of  copper,  and  the  wpendlturo  10,650/.  Sortral  copper 
worka  hare  been  only  partiidly  worked,  and  five  abandoned,  daring  th«  tame 


MUctthnUt. 


68» 


period.  In  th«  prvTioun  Bve  rcwa,  the  total  qiuntit;  of  copper  nined  n-u 
S,2I3  tons,  thus  mtkin);  t  diflcnuct',  rumpuvd  to  S,6SS  tOiiL  of  877  tonK. 
Thp  roiirtccn  iron  worhn  hnvp  protiuccil,  on  wi  tvMsp,  jorly.  T,23S  tons 
piR-iron,  %St\  tonit  owtiiiBi,  4,T8B  Ions  bur-iron,  372  tons  blooms,  «nd  820 
tons  iron  plntvs.  A  quantity  ofcaiinoii.  gui  pi]>i*i|  >vtid  raiin,  have  nrritcd  for 
Hip  mlliUiry  «thI  piiMii;  works,  and  pic'ron  liM  iKrwri  rxporli-d  priiitipaliy  froin 
Kn([knd,  Pirlhc  use  of  tountiripH  cjitahlishrd  on  diffk-rcnt  |:"ilnt§  of  the  coast, 

Tho  produetjun  of  b»r-iron  Iim  sotnvwhat  iacroiscd  in  the  lust  five  ycari, 
and  n  g;<>od  market  Is  found  for  it  in  North  Auiorica ;  but  hath  thin  anu  Sire- 
dish  iron  have  formidable  compctttot^i  in  I^nxtish  iron  for  many  purposes— ttiit 
being  olfi^rtd  al  %21  per  ton.  wliilc  Norwegian  iron  a  few  years  since  rculiicd 
from  %'ili  to  (105.  In  fact,  the  foniii-r  Is  rnaiiufiioturcxl  no  cheap  that,  in  K;>it'.- 
of  thp  heavy  duties,  it  KuciTKsfVjily  competta  with  lh«  nstivo  iron  id  Norway. 
Tiic  nail  trnd(?  has  somewhat  fallen  uIT,  tlie  total  amount  hninji  rstimated  at 
■bout  190  tons,  in  6S0  bosea,  cuulniriing  40,000,000  of  nailx,  many  of  thcui 
tMng  of  thp  umalUst  description.  Thp  produrlioti  is  not,  however,  adiKiutil^ 
^^the  conKumption,  ix,  in  addition  to  railx,  eaElinRO,  etc,  Umt«  hava  been  im- 

■i  from  Kr^gUiid  768  l«n8  Of  bar-iron,  and  from  Sweden,  460  tonii  of  tiio 

tinaterinl;  and  although  tho  consumption  of  Norwegian  Iron  boa  advanced 
slightly  in  Denmark,  it  htw  considerably  retrograded  in  Amprica.  Owing  to 
the  introduction  of  tho  KurcinburK  blue,  tlie  two  cobait  worka,  Modum  and 
Snaruiii,  have  cxpcrianctd  |7Cat  dilficully  of  realinine  Ibclr  broduce.  Thu 
latter  has  been  abandoned.  In  1848,  the  propricton;  of  Modum  nad  in  T.ondon 
a  »tock  of  the  value  of  7,0001,  which  tncy  found  difficult  to  dispaic  of,  and 
«vra  then  at  a  hoavv  Ioml  These  works,  tliouKh  on  a  sinalk'r  ncalu.  have  Hiiice 
been  carried  on  by  Meii=rs.  Goodboll  and  Reeves.  At  Snoriim,  110  men  were 
rmploved,  and  at  Modum,  508.  No  cobalt  is  used  in  tho  kinirdom.  The  pro- 
ituct  ii>r  Ihe  five  yearn  box  been— suialln,  61B.19G  lbs.;  oxioo  of  cobalt,  and 
nflotd  oobalt.  20,qSOIbs.;  nnd  7Alt>c,  2(»i,T13  lbs.  Of  this  quantity  427,891 
Khl  w«ra  exported  to  England,  GQ,083  lbs.  to  Hamburg,  and  11,S60  Vat.  lo 
Holland. 

in  the  course  of  this  period  a  Birmingham  firm  in  Gipedalen  hare  mined 
for  nickpl.  About  0,000  Ions  of  ore  worn  raised  from  six  mines  with  891 
laborer*  and  nix  supcrinlcndenLi ;  and  in  two  yuan  370  tonii  of  good  nickel 
ore  wcr«  shipped  (o  Knglniid.  The  sai»«  parties  have  permission  to  erect  a 
HinetlinK  works  lo  obtain  riIvpi'  Itoni  lend  and  nickel  ore.  nithertA  this  baa 
not  ber.n  dune;  and  another  Kn^tish  firm  have  taken  the  abandoned  vcorku  at 
Konnerud.  and  in  the  year  ISOO  ishipped  lA  Bngtaod  oboat  85  (oris  of  leail 
slag,  coiilxining  coowt  and  Silver.  The  rcsuit  has  not  been  commimicnlcd  lo 
Ihe  deparimcni.  The  production  of  chromato  of  iron  ho.-!  likenise  consider- 
ably diminixlied.  About  GTO  lon«  of  this  uirneraJ  have  boun  annually  shipped 
to  England;  and  it  is  feared,  from  Ihe  conipeCition.  that  there  will  not  be  pro- 
duced  enflleicnt  lo  s\ip|ily  the  manufactory  for  cliromale  of  potaxh  whieh  h.is 
been  established  in  Dronlhcim  slnco  1831.  The  average  yearlr  supply  to  thin 
hoc  been  about  -ISO  tonn.  the  cost  of  manufacture  0,000'.,  arid  produelicn  of 
chromule  of  potash  300,000  lbs. ;  about  70  men,  besides  suporin tendon t*,  am 
employed.  There  are  about  SO  lime-kilnn,  Bomu  works  for  ihe  citraction  of 
•tcatite,  miil-stoneo,  and  grindstones ;  but  tiieir  production  it  all  oonKuined  in 
tlie  country,  and  is  very  inconsiderable.  The  export  of  granite,  which  was 
prineipnlly  taken  to  Hamburg  allcr  the  Sre  which  dexlrorcd  nearly  half  that 
city,  has  entirely  oeosed,  and  is  now  Ktarccly  worth  nottcmg,  being  only  naed 
for  grave*9tr>iie3  anil  other  IrillInK  purpows.  Several  slate  quiuries  have  been 
opened,  but  tliene  Iikewii^e  have  afforded  no  great  results;  and,  on  the  whole, 
the  mineral  industry  of  Norway,  with  the  exception  of  the  tilvcr  mines  of 
Kongaburg,  the  property  of  the  Stale,  must  be  considered  to  have  decreaaed, 

[Not*.— in  lln"  nViovo  jccoutit,  KonrcBinn  moQrjr,  wvijtlitf^  anil  tnoninrM,  hav« 
bean  MndciM  iolo  Knuliili,  rmj-'tianiLl  nnrtA  being  djtrqc*rIecl;oiiDs<iiiiiDiitly  llili  In 
<bIj  a  pi«iirnBt«  sUlemont.] — £oiuton  Jounial. 


500 


MitetUoAiU. 


uenAir  salt  wtastea. 

It  Es  not  geneimllf  keowa  Ihnt  nit  (qningH  of  a  t^  Siw  ^iMlitj  am  to 
bu  Tonnd  in  t^gin&w  tumAj  and  Tirliilly,  uiJ  liltl«  bks  been  eud  or  the  sub- 
ject by  thoHO  to  wh<nn  It  »  knowti.  Tliow  (prings  aro  not  wnfiatd  \a  oac 
locality,  but  arc  found  in  vncnil  pUMii  intcncprisM  (braagb  tbc  ooiuit}!',  and 
^priiics  in  tbo  victnitj  of  Gua  Kitc^wearv  informed,  extend  noiae dHlanw 
into  lli«  protuiting  jroung  coinitj'  of  Pu«cola.  We  ha?o  at  oin-  offic<t,  a  apccl- 
incn«fwUinad*frotna»pringntiiAledmTnv.disUncouptho'ntabftwaM&.  A 
pint  oT  tli[8  water,  brought  down  by  &.  Gordon,  E*^.,  a  few  dart  ago,  bu  been 
roduced  U>  taU  anil  cliemicall/  aualyaed  b  v  Dr.  tl'WMiur  of  Saginaw  CU;.  SulB- 
citnt  etiecDical  apparatus  wtA  not  at  hand  to  tr6t  II  an  tlioroiieblf  aa  night  be 
desired,  but  the  following  rfsnit  wor  arrircd  at,  which  tho  Doctor  bM  pU«*d 
in  <iw  po«c««ion. 

The  pint  of  water  ^(Jd«d  150  gninn  of  aalt  of  good  lasU.  wUb  no  per- 
ceptible billenivia.  It  iloe*  not  becoiiio  wet  br  olinMpbcric  influeaocs.  It  ia 
fuu[id  to  contain  a  Tcrjr  little  iion,  Hino  glaubsr  hIU,  sulpliato  of  todft,  and 
muriate  of  lime. 

The  pmeni  time  vi  unbTOnLble  to  an  cxpcnment  of  tliii  kiiul,  it  beisg 
vtrongl)'  diluted  by  common  walur.  y«l  it  ig  £»id  to  to  ncarlj  u  Mnmg  ns  bw 
watvr  iisfil  for  th«  maniiffichire  of  will;  hy  borinf  to  •  Proptr  depth  ami 
shultini!  nir  other  water,  its  strength  will  be  much  incr«a»cd. 

It  i<  thuughi  bjr  boring  lo  a  cerUin  depth,  uit  apringit  inaj'  be  obtaloed  in 
mo&t  places  in  tho  Saginaw  Valley  and  ou  ibo  Inbulanes  of  Ibo  Saginaw.  This 
id^a  w«  nndrrtilAnd  in  bnckcd  by  good  (cleDlinc  authority,  as  is  also  tlw  baliof 
that  Rome  of  these  springs,  when  properly  imprvvcd,  are  equal  in  quality  to 
thom  of  Bnlinn.  Oapitatisljt  tnighl  tlntl  a  chanva  fur  an  tiiTUttucnl  in  tbcae 
Bprlnga  which  would  prove  of  j^cvtcr  raluu  than  but  few  aaticipato, — Saginant 


Plaliiiuiuisassociat«d  with  itemal  other  metals  in  the  platmnmsand  which 
Is  fuund  in  6ome  gold  dislHcta. — Ther  hate  not  been  found  a*  a  distinct  deposit 
in  California,  but  hare  been  observed  in  the  Untied  Stattii  Mint  in  lb«  opers- 
ttona of ausvinf;  nndpaitinK.  Thrioassadatrdmr!tAlsarapanadJuiii,rbo<!ium, 
iridiinn,  and  oimium,  to  which  we  mu!>t  add  tho  lately  diseoTarod  metal, 
ruthenium.  They  have  a  tiufficieatrMMnbluco  to  be  elaued  together,  anil  arc 
obtained  by  a  similar  bydromatallurcle  Inalmeiit.  Th>.'  ••nim  of  tridosmin, 
alluded  to  under  i;ald,  hare  been  qualitatiTely  oxamined  and  found  lo  coatatn 
the  Deu'  metal  ruthenium,  as  wu  ubtcrvcd  by  Claun  in  relation  to  the  iridoamhi 
ft«m  t>th«r  locttlitiva.    I'alladiiim  haa  been  obecrred,  and  at  limoi  in  Kaffl«i«nt 

Suuiti^  to  rcndcT  tho  sold  brittle.  Tba  quuilflles  oif  platEnoid  nolala  found  in 
le  Oalifomia  gold  ire  amall,  about  1  llb^  or  iridomnln  havh>]B;  betn  ohtatnnd  &om 
about  SS  tonaof  the  gold,  9-100000,  but  the  greater  part  ban,  of  conrae,  paned 
into  tho  coin,  the  ctjtntt  grafaiR  only  being  left— i^  Ptitf.  Bovtlt  in  the 
tra'iiaellon4  t^  tht  Smilh»»niait  IntUtuU. 


corrm  rxxxs  ooxi-aiet. 
The  annual  irieetfnit  of  the  atockholdcra  in  the  CoTipor  FaHs  Co.  was  held 
at  the  Trcasurrr's  oiticf,  in  this  city.  April  3,  when  the  fellowing  list  of 
Directors  was  immiimously  re-i-lect«d :— J.  \V,  Clarke,  Pbilo  8.  Shelton, 
James  Dana,  E.  T,  Loring,  of  B«ft«n  j  Saiul,  W.  Hilt,  of  Uke  Superior. 
Uorelio  Bigf.low  vrsA  re-elected  Seervtary  and  Treasurer ;  and,  at  a  aubae- 
quent  inoeting  of  tho  Dirvclon,  J,  W.  Olarite  was  re-«lc^(4cd  I'tcaidenL 


auu  a  inniinn  Mm,  mt  xurtintK, » traa  wm^^  ob.!,  X.  *. 


THE 

MINING   MAGAZINE 

WILLIAM  J.  TENNEY. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.   VI.,    VOL.    II. 

AsncLsa 

An,  *m 

L  THE  UINEKALOGICAI,  COLLECTION  IN  TTIE  CRYSTAL  PALACE.  S98 
IL  THE  LACKAWANNA  COAL  BASIN.ITS  GEOLOGY  AND  MINING 

BBBOUBCE8  AROUND  8CBANTON.    Na.S.    By  Psor.  H.  D.  Roouts  608 
IlL  THE  PRODDCTION  OF  GOLD,  PLATINDM,  THE  OXIDE  OF  TIN, 
ETC.,  ON  THE  BOBFACE  (i?  THE  PRIMARY  HOCK,  DURING 

DECOUPOSITION.    Br  £tah  Hopcra CM 

IT.  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GEOLOGY   OF  SCHUYLKILL  COCNTT, 
PENNSYLVANIA.  Bj  P.  W.  Shearii,  late  of  the  GsologicBl  S\ir\-tj 

of  Pinnnylnnli          ........  (M 

V.  THE  HAZELGEEEN   MINE  OF  WISCONSIN.     ITS  GEOLOGICAL 

ASPECT,    J)j  Db.  J.  Q.  PnunvAt Ml 

VI.  SLATE  QnAKRIBB  IN  NEW  YORK.    IMPORTANT  DI8C0VEBY  .  638 
VIL  NORTHAMPTON    MINING    DISTRICT.      THE    NORTHAMPTON 
AND  KINQSLEY  BRIDGE  MINES.    By  Cuu.  S.  Biokau«om,  Qiil 

and  Mining  EaeioMir  ........  6U 

Tm.  MINING:  ITS  EMBARRASS MENIS  AND  IIS  RESULTS                  .  CM 

JOVRKAL  OF  XIMXO  LAWS  AND  ORQANIUTION& 

OnuiEntioD  or  Duut    .     .     .    ItlDing  Ccmpuij   .          .                                ,  Ul 

Folwn                   "          ''^ Ml 

"              Wlulhrop                .1 m 

•'             AlEomnli                  no B41 

"                OloD                            ..            .1 441 

«              To]tMCon*oli(Utad  <>          « Ml 

"             PhtBuiiQcJd           "I. tti 

»              GoidHiU                 « ,^ 

"                Middletown  SilTW  "            <> MS 

"              D»¥l»  Copper          'I           .1 M9 

«              Nev  Jeruy  Fnnkliaite       " ua 

"              N<v  York  Minini  Sbnn  Boud Ul 

Sapplement  tn  the  Mining  Lav  of  New  York          .....  Ml 

COUtERCIAL  ASPECT  OF  THE  KINmo  UTTZKESr. 

MinlDg  Stock  Market  in  New  YoA M* 

FlncttiBtions  in  do.         .                        ,            .            ,            ,            .            ,            .  g4( 

Mining  Stock  Hukct  la  Boetoa           .......  tW 

Fltictuationp  id  do.         .........  (00 

New  York  Metol  Market Ml 

Loodon  Metal  Market    .........  (01 

JOURNAL  OF  GOLD  MViVSQ  OfSSSmfO. 

Cdntfe  It  the  PhiUdetpbia  Mint         .  ,  .  ,  ,  .US 

DoMwits  at  the  Philadelphia  Miot       .            .            .            .            ,            ,            .  gfg 

UJjforniB  OaU  Fields    .....,,,.  ggf 

Qnarli  Operations          .........  ISS 

Suwiui  Biver  Mines      .........  ttt 

Yield  in  the  Winter  Months     ........  U| 

AuBtralian  Gold  Fields              ........  SH 

Yieia  of  Gold (U 

Mount  Alexander  Dietriot        ■          .           .           ,          ,          .          .       ■  ,  OAT 

Victoria  LicenM  Act      .........  at> 

The  Vicloria  Diggings  .........  45u 

Export  of  Gold  from  Sidney    ........  Mo 

New  Zealand  Gold  Di|;gings     .            .            ,            ,            .            .            .            .  ggo 

Phnnii  Gold  CompDnr             ........  MO 

Amal^mation  of  Gold  Orei  and  TrsatmeutofAniUbroaa  Pjritea            .           .  Ut 
Ballock'i  Patent  QaarU  Crasher         .                                .          .          ,           .MS 

A  Gold  Waaher HS 

Quid  Fields  of  Soathem  Africa            .......  BS5 

JODRNAL  07  COPPKR  MTKINO  OPERATIONS. 

Copper  Falls  Mininff  Com  pony —Report  of      .            .            .            .            ,            ,  ttt 

BUTer  in  the  I«ke  Superior  Uinei       .......  671 


(ffiS  ConHmtt. 

FoTMt  Mining  CiiicFUiy~~fiaport  of   ■■■....  tTl 

BoBton  and  Lake  Superior  Ccnuolldated  Compauj    .            .            .            .            .  tJi 

Hanitou  Mloe     ....•...,           .  tffH 

Uesdow  Mine                .          ■          •          ■          ■          ...           .           ,  OTG 

Tollec  Mine         ..........  176 

Al^niah  Uina    ..........  S75 

Pluenii  Mine      ..••■■•.>,  ITS 

CoDuecticiiC  Mine           ....•■■..  ITS 

Empiro  Minfl       ..........  ttB 

HisHouri  Hinefi    ^            .....*..            .  9Tt 

Neuvitas  Copper  Compuiy       .          .          .          •           ■  .       .           ,           .  CTT 

lubellH  Copper  Mine      .........  OTT 

l>o11y  Hyde  Copper  Uine STT 

Feroeota^Q  of  Eiiglirth  Copper  .*.....            .  6TT 

Cape  of  Qood  Hope  Hinra       ........  STB 

American  Mining  Compaaj'a  HoDthtf  Seport          .....  STS 

JOtTRNAL  OF  Sn.VEE  AND  LEAD  HDTDTG  OPEEATIOIfa 

Silver  Coinve  in  1S5S  .........  SBO 

Amerinn  Minlni  Company's  Oporatlona  in  WieconalD       ....  <sa 

Silver  Mince  in  Chiit      .........  tSl 

Lead  Product  ofOreat  Britain              .......  S83 

Bilver  Produced  (Vinn  the  Mines  of  Qreat  Britain  and  Ireland  in  IBES       .           .  SBt 

Gold  and  Silver  in  Derbyslilre              .......  BSt 

New  Uiacovcry  in  Smelticg      ........  Kt 

VkUecilio  Mining  Company       ........  4M 

C0AI3  AHD  C0LLIEBIB8. 

Antbraoite  Coal  Trade  for  1S51 tSS 

Haryland  Cos)  Tmds     .........  (85 

Aapecc  of  the  Coal  Market        ........  tat 

Cumherlflnd  Goal  Company       .            .'.            .            .            .            .            .  (8T 

Aetivity  of  the  Cumiierland  Company             ......  Wl 

CUedonia  Mining  Campany       ........  6BT 

BxploKion  at  English  Coat  Fits,  Va.    Principles  of  TenUlaticn      ,           ,           .  S8S 

Cod  Field  of  MH!hT(ran an 

Coal  Sevelcpments  nt  La  9alle,  Illinois           ......  SSS 

Slate  in  which  Qas  exielM  in  Minaa      .......  SM 

The  Coal  Formation  of  Viotoria          .           .          .          .          .           .           .  SS8 

Coal  Mines  Ijghtod  nith  Qaa    ........  AST 

Coke  Ovens          ..........  897 

Manufsctiirc  of  Coho      .........  898 

Hew  Fuel             ..........  898 

Daloading  Canal  Boals  .........  698 

IKON  AND  ZINC,  " 

Analjein  of  Zinc  Ores  of  ^iaconaJn    .......  698 

Now  Jersey  Zinc  Company       ........  700 

New  Jemej-  Fmnkliniie  Company        .......  701 

Jmporlnnoo  of  Swedish  IroQ     ...,.■..  70J 

Bailwny  Iron       ..........  joS 

Kew  Iron  Company       .........  708 

Iron  Biisinc?i<  at  Ironton           ........  70( 

Improvcmcnls  in  Iron  Manafactiiro  in  Germany       .....  707 

Iron  Esports  of  Sweden            ........  707 

Exportation  of  Iron  prohibited  in  Eneland     ......  70T 

Improvements  in  the  Maiinrjicturo  of  Iron     ......  707 

"  in  Eolliiig  Mills  .  .  ,  .  .  ,  .708 

"  in  Cant-Iron  .  .  ,  .  .  .  .708 

"              in  Manufaeture  of  Sheet-Iron              .....  708 

"  in  Furnnces  for  Zino  White    .  .  .  .  .  ,708 

QUARRIES  AND  CLAYi 

Bed  Slate  Quarries          -......,,  709 

Hachiues  for  Drilling  Stone      ........  709 

"        for  Rroesitig  Stone     ........  709 

MISCELLANIES. 

M»ehine»  for  PulveriiinK  Ore  ........  710 

The  Carboniferous  Periml          ........  JlO 


THE 


MINING  MAGAZINE: 


DJiVOnD  to 


^infs,  pining  ©jrrations,  PflaUnrgi^  &c.  ^-r. 


VOL.  IL^IUNE,  1854.— No.  VL 


Aitr.  I.— NOTICE  OF  THE  MIKKRALOGtCAL  COOLBCTIOS  IN  THB 
a&YSIAL.  PALACE. 


Thk  Mineral  offical  Department  in  the  New  York  Kxbibitioa 
was  plaeccl  under  tlie  (liroction  of  Prof.  Bciynmm  Stlliman,  Jr., 
aboat  the  middle  of  Marcb,  when  it  was  escpected  that  the 
Exhibition  would  be  thrown  open  on  the  Irt  of  May.    Prior  to 

*  T1i<^  yin^nt  notino  of  (ho  mlnoraloglnl  colltctions  of  Iho  CiTitel  Pili 
in  Nrw  Vork  irtM  praptroil  ^  anoihta'  pnrpow,  Itut  tha  wrJtop  U  indniMd  i 
publish  it  here  incoruwqucaroof  anc«rMicouKBncI(nodoubt.  uninlentionalljr^  ' 
ii^urious  BTlitli.',  on  tliv  Nimc  subjcut,  B'bich  wu  publighwd  in  tbe  Nui-ciutier 
(1653)  Xumtwr  of  thin  .Mnjruiii«,  Tliv  articlu  nrvrrtd  to  btp)H.'ni.HJ  o«v«r  tO 
MTo  burn  stfn  hy  the  Trriter  until  this  day,  or  it  wonid  have  b(«n  »nonsr 
notif  nj.  Prolwbljr  no  one  i%  more  fulljr  cenuUe  of  tbe  taanj  in)peri'c«tioiK 
of  lliat  collpctlon  Itian  tha  neraon  <ind«r  irhOM  lUroctlOB  ft  wat  anused.  If 
Any  ong  "<!X|i«Gt«d  to  fltid  Ihcrc  axfitcmaliodljrflnangodooOoctianorall  tha 
mineral*  of  our  country,  each  one  bv«riu^  its  nanju  upon  it,"  vie.,  hu  wiui  vwy 
uurtAMnable  \t  ho  siinpofted  tlint  %wh  a  collection  (which  hy  thu  wa^  ticvur 
has  hM-nfnmi«l)«iii!(l  hf  brtmetil  loji-ihcr,  irith  limilod  mcniH  .ind  utill  morOi 
limited  KpttO*,  in  the  short  time  dcvolwl  to  procurinR  ihc  collection  whioh  wa 
exbiUted.  Tlie  arreiif^Miienl  aUupteil  (gtvjcnpliit.'ul}  has  many  atlvant 
Upeciallj'  vflicr  Iho  naniuret*  of  a  aiwttry  are  In  ho  displKywl  by  repr 
&vn  Kpcicintens.  If  poiuibie  to  maku  it  coniplDle,it  would  b«  a  pieturnor  nia||i^ 
equally  geologioal  and  ininernlogieal  uf  Uic  country  rrpnaentcd.  It  Ikiln  of 
eoa»«  to  s"*e  scientific  salinbuTlioii ;  but  (bis  was  not  (ho  object.  The  cabinet  J 
«ra«  thrown  opon  to  lli«  public  In  Imb  than  tbrto  w»t>ks  afitr  th«  room 
doUvOTod  by  tbe  mcchanicK.  (Kcouno  it  wBit  inuMiwible  to  uakolha  arranga*! 
mcii(  of  many  ibounund  spfCtinvuK  mmpUlt  ill  tliat  lime.  As  th«  •rrilcr  wiaI 
providentially  detained  by  a  pTocracloff  tltncM  fVora  ass)»linK  in  the  labor  of 
nprninK  nnd  amnjtiiift  the  colkctiir-ns  until  thii  labor  wan  far  advanced,  ho 
feels  rio  hetilation  in  saying  thsl,  both  in  amount  of  tabor  {xribnued,  and  in 
IhadispMcl)  nitli  whicli  it  wlv  done,  the  extrliuiis  of  hUasaociilf,  Mr.  Rnash, 
bavo  naver  horni  mrpasscd  ;  and  In  thli  ojilnlon  be  in  ><uppiirt<d  by  tb«  Judj^ 
ment  of  all  those  who  were  oo^-iiiitanl  of  the  focU  and  canpctcnt  to  moke  a 
jutltfitient.  As  ^  liiu  labutlint;  vf  llii>  specimens,  il  was  impoMable  but  that 
much  time  should  ho  ronEiiinnd  upon  any  plan.  But  all  tho  BKwt  intorart 
anil  important  sp«inicn.i  had  Ihcir  names  attached  to  oank,  placed  in  1 
of  each  spwimen,  before  thu  IDth  of  October,  or  wltbtn  a  fottiiigfat  aft«r  Um^ 


594 


Tie  Mintnhyitat  ColUciion  in  Ika  Ctyttal  Palatt. 


this  time,  the  President  of  tbe  Asoociation  had  issoed  a  oirculitr 
to  onmcn  of  <:abtDi:U  uf  minoml:^,  ffiine  uu'ncnt,  <-tc. ;  and  M^r. 
W.  P.  Blake,  U.  Ph.,  who  ha<l  drawn  up  tiie  circular,  visited 
sercral  portiong  of  New  York.  Pennsylvania,  Marylnad,  Vir- 
giniA,  etc.,  inviting  the  oojjperalion  of  proprietorft,  oimI  exciting 
publii^  attention  to  this  importftnt  <livi»oii  of  the  Exhibition. 

Professor  Sillinian  decided,  u|>oii  taking  din?ctioii  of  this 
department,  to  adopt  h  gcogniphicnl  arrangement  of  the  col- 
lectiontt,  as  being  at  once  iiKiKt  pmcttcAble,  and  iikely  tu  convey 
to  the  Hpcctulors  more  iiwful  information  respecting  the  diatriba- 
lion  of  thooo  raw  inalcriab  u[ion  wiiicli  .so  manyoi^  the  bruocbcs 
of  human  industry  are  immediatety  dependent.  It  was  plaia 
that  the  preparation  of  iliiit  do|>artiiicnt  at  uU,  in  tbe  very  brief 
pcricxl  remaining,  was  impossible,  and  that  even  with  a  very 
coniiiderable  delay,  the  collectitmn  which  could  be  made  must 
noccamrily  bo  very  incomplete.  Fortunately  for  the  coraplete- 
oeas  of  [he  collection,  it  was  cnrly  decided  to  place  the  cabinet 
in  a  part  of  the  Machine  Arcade,  the  construction  of  which  was 
not  couiplctv  Kii  a»  to  be  nucx^i^iible  at  all  until  Into  in  August, 
and  was  not  free  from  the  iiiterruptiona  of  work-peop!«  uuti] 
the  6lh  of  Si^ptembiT.  Had  tbis  long  delay  been  foreseen  at 
the  outset,  the  collections  might  have  been  rendered  mon^  com- 

Elete  from  the  remote  sccliona  of  the  United  States,  as  it  would 
avo  been  practicable  to  have  sent  special  agenta  to  ^e  most 
distant  mining  districto  in  the  Eastern  TTnitcd  Stated),  to  eoll««t 
specimens.  Tnia  system  of  .sending  special  agents  wait  adopted 
from  tbe  outset  in  all  the  Atlantic  States,  the  Associatton  having 
libexally  placed  means  at  the  dis|M>iial  of  the  Din-ctor  to  employ 
the  services  of  gentlemen  eminent  in  this  department  to  act  Bmt 
the  A»i.tociation  iu  the  collection  of  Gict*  an<l  xpccimcns  illostra- 
liiig  the  mineral  resources  and  industry  of  the  United  States.* 

room  WM  tbrovn  open  t«  tht.  puhlic.  Ii  nhould  b«  rcm«ml>cr>rf|  i1i«l  lti«  rrrj 
ToMrictcd  *p«ee  cxcludoil  rnrarly  all  gpulu^nl  apeciinirnit,  nnd  i-rnnp*lled  ih* 
DtMctor  t«  confine  his  utTorix  alrniBt  virtittiTi-tr  lo  mlnffrals.  lUd  a  IbU  miu 
af  roAs  and  fomJU  from  Ml  pnrtx  of  Ihc  ITnitnl  (tUtiM  bcrn  [iroi'iiml,  or  ertci 
one  u  full  in  jirotiorlion  nn  lh«  mii)(>ril!i  artunllj  irtrr,  the  vlinlc  Machias 
Ar«iiii>  woiilij  not  harr  httviI  In  nrronvnodiito  tli«m.  It  wiui  Ihe  efon«miMl 
and  praelifal  thiil  wcr^  t^hicfly  lonehl  Ia  be  mudn  prDmlncnl ;  sn4  it  )• 
iMlioTcd  lliat  there  vera  repraM^nlatTvo  KprM^itncnit  from  ncMt}'  itrtr y  impM^ 
tant  iiiinlrii;  rliHtrict  of  (h<>  ITnllvd  Scnlcs  und  Mexico.  Proca  mBo;  of  our 
minlnic  dlcti'ii^ts,  the  oollcellon  woa  fax  more  complete  th>n  uijr  oUi^r  UiAt  lua 
yet  been  ai»dp. 

It  in  proper  to  lulil  th»l.  in  the  Drii-riiitive  and  AnnolatedCataloKDr  of  III* 
Kxhlhitinn,  now  in  prets  by  <J.  P.  Pulnaiii  *  Co.,  ihn  minenki  and  wret  of 
thiil  collection  arc  fully  deseribcd  in  mtitiy  ravs,  and  the  rmArr  (■  referred  to 
that  |)i)1>)i('nti"n  for  fuUvr  intV>niiii(ion  llinn  ran  be  ^ren  here, — It.  8.,,  Jb. 

•  It  it  wfll  lo  lay  here,  ilifll  Vne  unlif  leaij  in  whirh  (peciineiis  irrjn  got  at 
all,  WB*  by  iioinK  or  Mndintc  for  (hem  In  perxon,  or  by  npn-lal  Mre^Ia.  Kot 
one  in  a  hundred  of  all  the  cinrulara  nf  invitation  addreBtod  to  ml:'ne  nwncn 
and  collwlftM  oT^r  rorelvtid  ao  mnrh  tit  an  answer,  One  who  ha*  n<  4  hiascif 
aucniptcd  ll,  haa  any  idea  of  tbe  labor,  delay,  and  rcutloa  auvnu  mt 


p  7%<  MiiunihffiMl  ObUtetioH  in  M*  Oyttnl  Patatr.         595 

h  is  but  juslioe  to  mention  tlio  gentlemen  who  kindly  con- 
eonicd.  often  at  the  easriiloe  of  peraoDftl  oonv«n>eDoe,  to  perform 
this  servioo. 

Mr.  William  Phipps  Blake,  B.  Ph.,  of  New  York,  as  before 
meittioTKril,  vLiited  the  iron  ro^ns  of  I/ikc  Cfaamplnin,  !tn<I  tbe 
phosphorite  depoidw  of  the  name  region ;  the  srino  deposits  of 
N«w  Jcrwry.  Jind  of  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania ;  the  «hromo  and 
eopjjer  works  at  Italtimon!,  and  a  portion  of  the  roUI  regions  of 
Virgiiiift.  Snb«jquently  (in  company  with  J.  D,  Whitncv.  Esq.lj 
Mr.  illake  made  a  special  journey  to  the  copper  regions  of  Mortal 
Caroling  and  that  of  the  Haiwasec,  in  Tennessee.  Mr.  Blake's 
usefti!  servioeii  mere  loHt  to  the  Awociation  early  in  June,  when 
be  neoompnnied  Lieutenant  Williamson,  as  mineralo)^f,  etc.,  to 
the  military  expedition  under  the  command  of  tlint  oftlcer  on 
the  wwlern  coast  of  America, 

Mr.  Geo.  J.  Brush,  B,  Ph.,  in  company  with  the  ttnsetor, 
visited  the  lead  and  copper  mines  of  Chester  county,  Pa^  tmder 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Chn!»,  M.  Wiieallej,  «nd  w-hwled  fn.un 
the  cabinet  of  that  gentleman  the  remarkable  and  l»eautiftil 
suites  of  specimeiis,  Nos.  118,  114,  115.  Class  i.,  which  fbrmetU 
80  conspicuous  an  ornament  in  the  Exhibition.  * 

Mr.  Brush  also  visited  tho  cabinet  of  John  Ehlcrs,  Esq..  of 
Iloboken,  and  selected  the  suite  of  Mexioan  silver  ores  (Na  2S4, 
Cla.is  I.)  which  that  gentleman's  long  rosidencc  in  Mexico  had 
enabled  him  lo  collect  from  fourteen  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
the  Mexican  mines. 

Prof,  W.  S. Clarke,  of  .\inherst.  visited  nnmi'mus  penions  an^ 
mines  in  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Vermont,  induoingi 
them  to  send  in  their  contrihulion.*. 

Dr.  F.  A.  Ocnlh,  of  Philadelphia,  as  a  refepcnco  to  the  Iland 
Catalogue  will  show,  extended  Itis  servioett  for  th«  AssoctatioD 
over  a  very  wide  range  of  country,  and  with  remarkable  sucoe»| 
The  cabinet  Is  indebted  to  hinj  for  »2>eeimen8  from  the  mineran 
Tctrion  of  northern  New  York—of  Maryland — of  Virginia — of" 
North  Ciirolinn,  wld^od  with  great  judgment  and  care:  for 
suites  illustrative  of  the  metaliurgic  proceaaea  of  tJie  iron,  lead, 
and  copper  smelting  work«  of  the  mme  regions:  and  a\so  for 
the  assiduity  and  tact  with  which  he  induced  the  proprietors  of 
vftliiahJe  cabinets  to  loan  from  ihcm  to  the  Associiition  such 
specimens  a.<i  he  aeleeted,  and  often  such  as  oould  be  procurod  in 
no  other  wav. 

Prot  Oliver  P.  Hubbard,  M. p.,  of  Dartmouth  College,  New- 
Hampshire,  was  oommissioncd  to  collect  the  minerals  of  New 
Ilam)»hiro  most  interesting  in  an  indtiMrial  point  of  view,  which 
be  dill. 

Ilia  Rtvumulalion  ff  sadi  a  Millectina.  The  mcnt  powi^nl  of  NU  jadneeraeiits 
(■elMnt«r«tl>  wu  vmiiin^ln  ■miijorilf  ofoevsin  Itrix  dcparlmeni,  to  Ssmfl 
ptCfil*  lo  IbrmnI  tholr  epMHnwiM. 


'Sfta  MkMTuhffital  CoilMiw  in  tke  Crgstat  Paiacf. 


^Er.  Ludwig  Sladtmullcr  visited  Ibe  iron  regions  of  Con- 
noctic-ui,  atnl  ihc  ii<iiflocTii  parts  of  New  York ;  the  copper,  lead, 
and  cobalt  mines  of  Connecticut,  iiml  Kortiiampton  in  Mosaachu- 
««U»~«eIuCting  tuid  fiirwarding  (tpecitneQB  from  numerous  pro- 
prieton,  and  some  private  cabinets.  He  iil*o  visited  and  collected 
Ihc  oT%!»  of  the  copper  region  of  the  Bine  Uidge  in  Virginia,  atxly 
miles  from  Alexandria,  at  Mansssa^  Qap. 

Dr.  Cbarleii  M.  W<-tlii>ril1,  of  !>hi!ad«Iphia,  was  (with  the  cod- 
curroQce  of  the  Local  Committee  of  Pennsylvaoilt)  oommi^^ioned 
to  virtit  ihe  coal  and  iron  dislrictji  of  Pennaylvania.  Uis  labors 
were,  from  the  want  of  time,  conSned  chiefly  to  iho  «wtem  dis- 
tricts of  this  moat  productive  State.  The  Haiid  Catalogue  shows 
that  hifi'saccces  was  remarkable — not  less  than  fifty-four  dii^tinct 
iron  funiaocit  being  reprcseutcd  by  selcctionH  of  tlieir  ore,  fuel, 
flux,  slogs,  and  manufactured  products.  A  larRC  eolkction  of 
the  most  importnut  and  best  known  vnrietJee  of  the  antliracite 
eoal  of  Pennsylvania,  amounting  to  several  hundred  upecimeiu, 
and  aocoinpaiiit^l  by  a  schedule  showing  their  poMtJon,  compo> 
sition,  evaporalinj!;  power,  and  other  valuable  statistics,  was 
fonnfd  for  tho  Association  by  Colomjl  Wclherill  and  M  r.  Peale 
of  PotteviUc,  and  in  connection  with  the  iron  products  of  the 
•  same  region,  formal  n.  r<r:tturc  of  pcrmuneiit  and  peculiar  intercut 
,  in  the  Exhibition.  Tho  reader  is  referre<l  to  Dr.  Wetherill's 
<  annolAtioaa  in  the  Descriptive  and  Annotated  Catalogue,  for 
liinher  information  reapecling  iheae  int<.>reaiiiiR  collections. 

By  llie  oo-opemtion  of  these  gcnlicmcn,  with  tho  active  exer- 
tions of  the  Director,  and  lite  aid  of  man  v  other  colIect<im  or  pro- 
priclors^  by  letters,  eirculare,  and  personal  infiucnce,  the  collection 
p  was  soou  made  with  such  a  degive  of  fkillnns  M  to  secure  its  suc- 
cess. To  any  person  at  all  conversant  with  the  labor  and  trials 
l^uired  to  nocnmulatc  n  inincralo^cal  cabinet,  it  will  not  seem 
strange  that  important  deficiencies  should  exist,  in  a  collection 
which  was  fgnned  in  Itvss  than  four  months.  It  is  to  be  remarked, 
however,  in  regard  to  the  geographical  arrangement,  that  many 
deficiencies  which  apt^^ar  upon  the  Catalojgue,  were  rcmeilicd  by 
the  i^pccies  and  representatives  ocoarring  in  the  miscellaneous 
private  oolleetioiii^  uitmbenng  nearly  two  thousand  specimens, 
wiiieh,  witli  some  exceptions,  were  not  included  in  tlie  geucnil 
arrangement.  Much  of  the  )>eautv  of  tho  cabinet,  and  to  the 
scientific  mineralogiat  its  greatest  intereiit^  arose  fW>m  tlie  liber- 
ality of  various  private  cullcctoni  who  so  kindly  loaned  to  Uie 
AMOciation  xetections  from  whatever  was  most  wauliful,  rare, 
or  valuable  in  their  cabinets.  Tho  collectors  who  tiitis  loaned 
iheir  specimens,  are  Kos.  '2i9  to  260  A  of  the  Catalogue,  besides 
which  we  may  mention  the  «ilver  and  other  ores  of  Chili  {Noa. 
226  and  a27),"from  the  Government  of  the  Uniutl  Stales  and  Lt. 
Giiliss;  the  great  collection  of  California  and  Aoatralian  gold 
&>m  A.dams  &  Co.  (218,  Class  I.);  the  M«xtc«n  silver  ores  of 


I 


Tit  iTiMrahsfinl  ColUttion  in  tke  Crs»tal  Paiaet. 


597 


Mr.  BhleTS(Ko.  224,  CIo.'h  I.);  the  lead  an<]  silver  ores  of  North 
(iarolioa,  from  Mr.  Ku!>wdl  Kinir  (Xo.  15t(,  Class  I.);  thv  lend 
and  copper  ores  of  <jlii'»tf  r  mid  Moulguiucry  oountieji,  iVnnsyl- 
\>ania,  from  Mr.  WbcaUev  (Nua.  118,  114,'ll5,  Class  L>;  the 
cojipcr  glance  from  Bristol.  Couo.,  loaned  f>vm  tliv  Cabinvt  of 
Uujon  College,  ScbeuecUuly,  N.  Y.;  besides  nutnoroos  other 
examples  of  «taa\e  speoinH-ns.  oUcn  of  the  hizbvst  intoivxt. 

Tlic  Sutea  of  Missouri  antl  Ui<:higan  atdodlhe  exUiUtiou  of 
their  mineral  pioducU  hy  the  aupropnntion  of  moner  lo  form 
coUcdionik  From  tlie  Slate  of  MisaiHiri  tlicre  was  wiit  in  an 
extensive  suite  of  the  ores  of  copper.  Icud,  ami  iron,  cobalt,  niul 
zioc,  and  iipecituena  of  coni,  marble,  glnw-fnuiOs,  »o;l!<,  lime- 
stones,  etc,  m  which  that  State  is  so  productive.  Portiona  of 
tbc»c  eoliectioiis  were  prvjion-d  iti  n  very  iikilful  maaner,  and 
did  much  credit  to  thoee  by  whom  thc^  were  made.  Among 
die  tnoEl  remnrkabte  speciniciu  from  MiHSoari,  wore  six  msuMW 
of  the  specular  and  maffnedc  iron  ores  (troigiiino;  many  tons), 
from  the  well  known  "Iron  Mouutain"  and  " Pilot  Knob"  of 
that  Stele. 

The  Stale  of  Micfaij^ran  exhibited  a  mass  of  nativo  copper, 
cut  from  the  l<Hie"fone  l\n:  Nurth  Anieriean  Mining  Comptiivy's 
mines  (Ko.  210,  Class  L).  weighing  8,300  pound*.  This  mass 
was  cut  into  a  rectangular  form.  Portions  uf  the  epidolic  f^iigue 
or  veinstone  were  adhered  to  the  upper  mirfaoe,  but  the  sides 
were  clean-cut  surfaces  of  pure  copper,  upon  oiio  of  which  was 
engraved  llie  locality  aiiit  weiiiht.  &1iiny  other  wry  Inivc 
ina.<tites  of  copper  were  cxhibitc<l  £y  difrc^?nt  miners  in  the  Lake 
Supoiior  region,  of  whidi  llial  fnnii  iiw  Minnowtn  ^lint[i<r  Orrni- 
pony  weighed  over  5,000  pounds.  But  we  will  not  anticipate 
the  annotations,  whicli  will  njij^ar  in  tlii-ir  approprinle  pliwre- 

Among  other  specimens  in  the  Yard,  which  were  remarkable 
for  their  extmordinarj-  »!»<■,  nmy  be  mentioned  pnrlieuliirlv,  the 
column  of  anthracite  coal  from  the  Great  Coal  beam  at  'W'iikcfi- 
barre.  Thia  column  stood  twentvnine  and  a  half  feet  hi;;h,  oa 
a  base  of  four  fccL  This  in  prohntly  the  largest  maw  of  nnthra- 
.cite  ooal  ever  sood  in  a  nngic  oolamn,  cut  from  one  vertical 
thickness.  Tlie  ^at  column  in  I^ndon  in  1861,  from  the  Stnf- 
-foid-ihire  Ooal  Field,  wna  bituminous  coal.  The  scmi-bitiiminous 
iO0«]  maa$cs  from  the  Kro(!tburg  Cool  Field  in  Maryland,  oxhi- 
bitod  by  the  lionaconing  Company,  and  bv  Ihe  Pnrk<r  Vein 
Cotnpany,  were  also  of  monster  size,  and  exeitcd  much  altenlion. 

Other  renuirkable  spocimena  in  the  Yard,  were  the  white 
Bt&tuarv  marble,  two  Inifrc  blocks,  of  many  tons  meajnjivmeiit, 
from  F'airhaven,  Kutlaiid  countv,  Vertiiont,  (Xo.  8,  Clias I.)  Tliia 
marble  is  in  color  all  that  cam  Be  dcsin^d,  Init  whether  it  has  the 
texture  to  endtiro  fine  cutting,  ami  strength  to  sustain  delicate 
lines  and  ridgea,  yet  remains,  we  believe,  to  W  pn)ve<I,  nor  .toes 
it  appear  tha*  experiments  have  been  iimde  to  test  its  resistance 


^^f         Tilt  iTineraloffuvl  OoUtttiM  in  At  Ctyttai  Ptilau.  ^ 

to  crushing,  and  tbe  crystallization  of  sulpliatc  of  soda.  A  per- 
iieot  white  murblc  in  tui»  couiitry  !<ir  »>latunry  auid  architectural 
poipoiaes,  h  certainly  a  great  de&itieratuni,  and  it  is  hoped  tJiat 
among  the  epL-cimcii*  tix))>bit(.iil  rroin  ai'vcnJ  localitka  io  V«r- 
monMaet!  Nos.  10,  1 1,  and  18,  Class  I.)  it  may  be  found. 

A  beautiful  block  of  uncrlnitjil  marble,  of  a  flue  red  clioooUte 
color,  and  talcing  a  high  polish,  was  exhibited,  from  the  aboraa 
of  Lake  Chainplaiii  io  New  York,  (No.  61,)  and  recommenda 
itself  for  interior  omamonlal  porposea. 

All  orniimuntnl  marble  (,28  A,  Clasa  I.),  a  Terd-aiitique,  of 
great  beauiY.  was  cxhibiied  from  a  tjuarry  long  since  opened 
near  2ii-»-  tlaven,  in  (Ajimvcliciu  (MilfordV  And  another  of 
aimilar  character,  but  more  highly  colored  by  serpentine  and 
chrome  iron,  was  nhown  from  Vvmiunt 

Two  maa»es  ofcinnahar  from  llie  New  Almadea  Minos,  near 
San  Jooi,  Alta  Catifoniiu>  (No.  21E>,  A),  weighing  many  huitdrod 
pounds,  were  remarkable  for  their  great  puritj  and  size  giving 
ptttmiw,  from  what  we  already  know  of  the  surprising  extent  of 
iho  dep(Miw,  of"  an  inexhaualible  supply  nf  quicksilver,  where  it 
JA  mucli  wiinu.-d,  and  at  a  point  whence  it  can  be  easily  supplied 
to  the  whole  Paci6c  coast. 
k  It  was  tiMt  8ur|iriMiiig  that  nearly  all  visitors  to  the  Minerals 
'  gical  Cabinet,  should  be  curious  lo  see  the  guld  of  California,  ot 
which  liie  world  has  Inward  w  mvifh  of  late  years.  Fortunately, 
the  enlightened  zeal  of  the  well-known  eommcrcial  and  rmaiicial 
BgentSf  A<luins  &  Co.,  cnivblcd  this  inquiry  to  be  answered  in 
toe  most  satisfactory  maimer.  Their  collection  from  the  CaU- 
fornia  f!'A<i  waitiiings  embraced  not  only  several  nnggeta  of  a 
renmrkiiblv  size  and  great  viiriely  of  form  and  complexion,  but 
it  incluJt'd  ounco  specimens  from  nearly  evorv  washing  or  place 
of  any  noU'-,  to  llie  jmmWrof  over  two  hundred.  It  was  vcrj- 
curious  and  instructive  to  observe  the  characteristic  ditleiences 
which  these  Mimplc^  of  diluvial  gold  prvscnted,  buth  in  color, 
ibrm,  anil  the  size  of  tbe  grains,  a  difference  »o  marked  and  con- 
stant as  to  guide  the  eye  of  an  cxpciienccd  penfi^u  in  deciding 
the  origin  ol  the  samples.  Among  the  larger  apecimena,  were  a 
few  which  were  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their  cryiMallioc 
I  structure.  One  large  mass  especi-'illy,  enntaining  ab-iut  $900  in 
value,  hfid  iw  gold  diwposed  in  large  and  well-fonned  F^kcleton 
I  octahednt,  Joined  in  syinmelrical  ibrnw  by  their  apexes,  the 
vhole  Busl.'iined  on  a  ganguc  of  eleiin  quartz,  and  wuudcrfully 
wdl  preserved  from  the  wearing  effects  of  water,  usually  so 
prommeril  in  all  nug^^ts. 

A  Kpccimcn  of  eight  or  ten  ounces  of  iridasmin^  so  tnucti 

valued  from  iUt  hardn(««  in  pointing  ^Id  pens,  was  shown  with 

tbe  gold  of  JicsBi^s.  Adams  «  (3i>.,  bemg  obtained  as  an  insola- 

I  We  naidiie  at  the  Mint,  iu  the  procosi  of  refining  the  gold     It 

Lwaa  easy  to  aJect  from  junoag  the  grains  those  which  retained 


?%(  Mintrahpieal  CoUttliof*  in  At  Ciyttat  PaUtct.  599 

the  liexngniml  form  and  tiii>white  color  belonging  lo  thU  rare 
mincr&l.  locluding  the  ingots  and  coina,  (all  etnick  iu  Cali- 
fomia,  ami  moAlly  i).v  private  uwayvnf),  tliu  value  uf  tliJx  oolloft* 
tioo  of  gold  was  declared  at  over' ](i8((,0(K;i.  Among  llie  speci- 
mens were  a  few  of  tto  Australian  gold,  nblch  was  nolicoaUT 
more  yellow,  and  tiears  a  liighur  value  than  the  Califuniia  gula. 

Among  the  most  novel  and  interesting  products  from  tho 
north- w(-»t<.Tii  couiftof  America,  which  was  sent  v>  the  Exhibi- 
tion, was  a  chfi4t  containing  »  fine  sample  of  (ntuminouji  cmi 
(No.  219  D,  Class  I.),  from  IJollingham  Bay,  Pngel's  Sound,  iu 
t)i«  newlv  (:<labli:«!ii><l  territury  of  Wnsltington.  CapUin  D. 
Ottingcr,  v..  S.  .Marine,  wlio  transmitted  this  specimen  appears 
lo  have  sent  no  data  accompanying  it,  from  which  we  can  judtco 
of  ila  extent  and  jKisition,  In  the  abt«e"oe,  how«v«r,  of  more 
exact  data,  it  may  be  interesting  to  record  the  statement  lately 
made  in  one  of  the  daily  Journals  of  San  Francisco,  that  a  cargo 
of  this  coat  had  just  been  received  at  that  port,  and  wa.4  reg:irili-d 
as  a  most  precious  addition  to  the  commercial  rwourcea  of  tho 
whole  Pacido  coast.  Although  oonl  h«.-<  been  before  notia^l  in 
Vanoouvcr'fl  Island,  and  at  two  or  three  points  on  the  slKires  of 
California  and  of  South  America,  it  has  been  neither  in  quutitity 
nor  quality  such  ns  would  KitislV  th«  wants  of  a  commerciiU 
Btearo  marine  upon  the  Pacific,  the  future  iroportanoe  of  which 
is  now  so  dearly  indicated. 

In  scientific  minendogy  the  collection  was,  in  llio  American 
Depnriinenl,  very  complete,  containing  examples,  anil  ollen  the 
very  finest  that  have  o«»n  found,  from  nearly  all  the  localities 
of  the  United  States  of  any  note.  Without  fntending  lo  enter 
into  much  detail,  wc  raav  enumerate  a  few  of  the  more  remark- 
able in  the  order  of  the  fcat-nlogue. 

From  Maine,  the  three  crgstaU  of  jrwn  ami  ral  toujnaline, 

iNo.  2i>4,  Class  I.),  discovered  many  years  since  at  Parin,  by  Pro- 
essor  C.  U.  Shepard,  and  exhibited  by  him,  are  probablv  the 
most  uni(]ae  ^lecimens  of  this  species  ever  seen.  The  color  is 
lively  graes'green  to  ruby  red,  ihe  opposite  ends  of  one  and  the 
eamo  cryKtaf  presenting  the.'<e  two  colors;  perfectly  timnsptirenl 
in  some  parts,  and  again,  filled  with  crocks.  The  cryelala  are 
nearly  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  before  being  cut,  nearly  three 
inches  long,  and  terminated  with  the  rhombic  planes.  Portions 
from  these  cr^tals  have  been  cut,  and  form  gcins  of  rare  beauty 
and  value.  These  <;ryiital.«  were  found  loose  in  the  soil,  mort 
titan  twenty-five  years  since,  by  the  exhibitor. 

The  mica  plaUs,  from  Grallon  and  South  Ackworth,  exhi- 
bited by  George  H.  Kugglos  of  Boston,  and  J.  and  J.  S,  Bowers 
of  Ackworth,  are  well  known  now  the  world  over,  for  their  Mze, 
clearness  and  strength.  An  important  branch  of  industry  has 
grown  up  from  the  employment  of  lhi»  mica  to  fill  the  openings 
m  tlie  doors  ol'  stnvcA  for  the  combustion  of  antliracite.    The 


J 


600 


The  }finemloyiad  C'<>lltctu>it  in  Hit  Crfttal  P..he*. 


miPA  of  Grafton  is  rcTnarkabloforhnvingcompmned  in  iu  Itxni* 

>  Dal  crvftlnlA  of  black  tourmaline,  tinttPni<^  in  ine  longer  axis,  and 

'■  often  so  thin  as  to  permit  the  passage  of  hshu  Two  spocimeDS  <rf 

these  iintimil  politrii-xrrti  wer«  Khowa  among  Ktec^ontt  from  the 

cabinet  of  I>rofes9or  SilUinan,  Jr. 

A  macs  of  tm<At/qvartz  eryiAo\,  pciictrat«d  hy  deltcntc  hair- 
like  crystals  of  tranaparent  red-brown  rutile,  waa  exhibited  bj 
Prcrfenor  0.  P.  Hubbard.  This  appears  to  have  been  part  of  a 
-larger  en'"'*'-  '*'>'l  *'"■''  pi<'ked  up  as  a  hnwider  in  New  Hump- 
'^^Shire.  Tts  aides  havo  bocn  cut  sons  to  illuminate  the  intejior, 
which  exhil>it«  a  sight  of  mre  bt-jiutv,  the  dork,  but  pcrii?cily 
transparent  quartz,  being  everywhere  interpenetrated  with  the 
oounth-m  fibrous  cryxtal*  of  rutile.  Some  of  the  nitilc  orystals 
project  in  point*  beyond  the  Burfnce  of  the  quarlK,  seeming  to 
mdicnlv  that  ihcy  were  formed  first  tkcroes  a  cavity,  and  sor- 
rounded  by  tho  ([uartz  in  n  Hate  of  solutimi  at  a  later  ]KTiod. 
There  is  another  similar  specimen  in  the  cabinet  of  a  ]mvnt« 
eolk-ctor  in  New  York,  which  also  came  from  New  Hdiiipshire, 
and  is  f[uite  pmbnbiv  part  of  tho  samA  original  raaas. 

The  large  crj'stals  of  pnlc-colorcd,  smoky  quartz,  penetrated 
by  nitile,  which  wer«  found  ingreat  numbere  a  few  year*  sin« 
in  cutting  for  a  railway  in  Waterbnrv,  VcnnoDt,  were  also 
rcpr(w«nted  in  tho  collodion  ntnong  the  spcdmens  from  the 
caitineta  of  '\V.  S,  Vaux  of  PbiladelpLio,  and  of  B.  Silliman,  Jr., 
of  New  Haven. 

Ilie  onlv  example  of  tin  ore  in  the  United  Stales  is  also 

!im  N'ew  fianip«hirt>,  town  of  Jackson,  and  specimen!!  of  the 

^ore  and  metallic  tin  and  broniie  made  from  it  were  shown  by 

their  oHginiil  discoverer.  Dr.  Charles  T.  Jackson  of  Bocrtod. 

(No.  5,  Clasfl  I.) 

The  crystallized  tpalumen':  fmrn  Norwich,  Ma»saichusctt^ 
was  one  of'  the  rrmnrknble  mtiteralogical  noveldes  of  the  ooHeo- 
tion.  Tliifl  mineral  was  first  observed  in  crystals  at  this  locality, 
by  Messrs.  Hitchcock,  Jr.,  and  Hartwell,  in  1850.  The  former 
of  these  gentlemen  exhibited  several  very  laxM  crrstsls  (No. 
14,  Claw  i.)  of  this  .spodHmene,  and  Profestscir  B.  Sillimau,  Jr., 
showed  the  two  most  interesting  forms  which  have  hitherto  been 
pobserved,  one,  the  same  figured  in  Dana's  Mincraiogj',  3d  ed.  p. 
'■698,  and  another  liemitroped  on  the  plane  M.  The  cry slul  Used 
atluawtite,  found  with  the  epodumene  at  this  locality,  was  oUo 
Exhibited. 

From  Connecticut,  the  ropjifr  tjlanee  from  the  Bristol  Coppei 
?Minc,  was  exhibited  by  the  mine  agent,  Mr.  H.  H.  Sheldon ;  oat 
■more  pcmarknble  exainph*  of  the  Nitne,  were  tho.*?  frfun  the 
cabinet  of  Union  C-oUege,  in  Schenectady.  These  icmarkable 
crystalUned  forms  of  ctaiioc  copper  are  now  well  known  by 
mineralogists,  the  worM  over,  but  such  large  and  fine  f^ecimcns 
were  never  before  shown  pul  Ucly. 


4 


4 


![it  ilintmloyiail  CoBtetiim  !»  Me  Crystal  Pa(att. 


601 


From  Uodiluni,  in  tho  same  State,  was  shown  one  of  tho 
largest  cryatals  i>f  coivnMle  tver  fuunci.  Il  wcight-d  ovi?r  two 
SRu  a  bxli*  pounds,  wkI  »  tabular  in  I'onn  from  the  extenfiioD  of 
Lho  plune  m.  Most  of  tlio  Ittcnl  )>Uuici«  aru  pruiorv<.-<l,  while  the 
luftrc  anil  metallic  tarnish  of  the  surface  are  well  displayed. 
The  Kiune  lowu  al^o  furtiixhcd  two  urrstals  of  beryl,  ttueu  t,» 
have  been  tbuud  only  there,  with  tlte  terminnl  jiluiie,  so  per- 
fix't  in  surfucv  atK)  polish,  that  when  one  crirstal  b  plncwd  it^ujii 
the  other  the  exclu.iion  of  air  m  »»  cottiplvtc,  tiut  the  one  ct'v^^ 
lifts  thu  olht-r.  Tii(»tt  terminal  ptaiics  are  of  a  tratwparcnt  light 
groeu  color,  veneeired,  as  it  weix:,  upon  the  summit  of  iho  prittui, 
whoM  shall  ii;  of  a  nulky  paJc  grecu  color ;  the  lateral  planes  ara 
di.«tiiict,  and  rilrurigly  marked  with  rhombie  lintw.  These  sp«ai> 
mens  were  also  ^m  the  cabiuet  of  Profi^gsor  ]i.  Silliiuan,  Jr., 
and  Que  exaiuplcs  front  the  8atne  ulaocs  were  shown  by  Mr. 
Vaux  and  Messrs.  Clay  of  Philadelpnia. 

The  re^ou  of  iiorUiern  New  \  urk,  including  uipccially  the 
counties  of  Jeflenioii,  St  La»Teace,  and  Kssox,  has  lon^  been 
rutniirkabiv  for  tlie  wry  fine  cryMtalliscd  minerals  which  it  pro- 
du(;<^  It  \s  t>elievud  that  tlie  collection  of  the  species  there 
found  was  nicin;  completely  rcprcMntcd  in  the  Crystjd  I'alttcu, 
tlian  evtr  b'^lbre  in  any  oue  cabinet.  The  selection.4  from  the 
oabim-l  of  Hamilton  College,  by  Professor  0,  Boot,  (No.  41,) 
that  from  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Wilder,  at  Hooeiek  Fallis  (No.  40,) 
that  from  the  cabinet  of  Judge  Dodge  of  tiouvemeur,  ^No.  32,1 
and  many  uniqtie  spcciiueiu  from  tlie  cabiiictti  of  Mr.  Vuux  and 
othi-ri*,  gave  great  beauty  and  oomplclencss  to  this  portion  of  the 
dii5]ihiy.  The  «pcNsie«  shown  fmia  thh*  rcgimi  wure  cliiufiy  ajjuiitf, 
green  hexagonal  crvstahi  in  white  limcHtonca,  two  wero  ovei 
eight  inches  long,  arxl  one  doubly  termiuatt^  and  one  fVagment 
of  a  crystal,  bclicrod  to  be  the  largest  individual  of  this  species 
cwr  found,  which  inea^ui-ed  eighteen  iudiea  in  length,  by  over 
tux  inches  in  diameter,  and  when  entire,  was  estimated  to 
have  w^ghcd  over  ftfty  pounds :  large  and  diiilincl  cry.sUiU  of 
jMogQpite  (one  of  the  mica  &mily);  cakite,  of  rare  form,  size, 
and  transparciiey ;  tireon,  in  lorse  bair-brown  tranHpureat  cry^ 
talA ;  tmtrmaline,  in  highly  complex  forms  of  brown  color ;  jUtor- 
a)iar.  in  gigantic  cutwi;  cekatinr,  in  clear  bluu  cr^'stjUs  on  co^ 
spar;  Millenle  (*ulphttret  of  micUtC),  ia  capillary  crystals:  and 
among  more  common  species,  but  remarkably  well  crystallised, 
may  be  named  yakna;  inn pjfriiei,  highly  modified;  j/ettowcop- 
per;  aptctilar  iron,  etc.  etc 

From  the  region  of  I.akc  Champlain,  a  larige  mass  of  finely 
crystallino  yrajJiite  (No.  46)  is  worthy  of  remark,  from  Ticon- 
deroga;  sevenil  Inrgt!  crystals  of  alla»Ht,  from  Crown  Point, 
both  exhibited  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Blakc.  The  jdluuite  is  in  crystals 
of  uncxainjiled  ni/^  and  'h\»  hiihtTto  r»rd  miiteial  promises  to 
be  abundantly  furnished   >v  this  loeality. 


602  in*  Minfraloyical  CoUefiiott  in  tke  Cryttal  Pahet. 

The  specimens  of  apAciw  «nii  aatpoHu,  from  Lewis  oounK", 
shown  bv  Mr.  Bouruc,  Mr,  Vaux,  Mr.  "Wilder,  and  olhere.  a« 
among  the  moet  Tncmorable  mincrali^cal  prodiKta  of  New 
York,  but  are  certainly  surptiascd  in  intcivst  bv  tlic  muoster 
<ni»«b  of  Monroe,  Warwick,  and  other  neighboring  towns  of 
Onuige  couniy.  which  have  been  brought  lolight  by  tho  cxw 
tiona  of  Mi'ssix.  Eorton  and  Jrnkiiis,  of  Monroe.  Some  perfect 
and  well  modified  black  octahedra  have  been  found,  and  w«« 
exhibited  over  4  inchi-s  in  dtami^tor,  and  arouixt  of  n  mudi 
larger  size,  Tlio  well  known  species  hornbiende,  Biotite,  and 
many  otliors.  for  which  this  touniy  i«  so  ccltbrated,  were  also 
fiillj  Kfircsented.  These  species  were  induded  in  the  sclectima 
firom  the  enbinvts  already  named. 

Tbo  metallurgieal  resources  of  the  State  of  New  York  were 
repnwMited  by  the  iron  oivs  and  ftimaec  products  (mm  Orange 
oouctT,  etc,  as  may  be  seen  more  parlicuIarlT  by  referenoc  to 
tbe  Qutalogue.  Tlic  lead  re^on  of  St.  Ijnwnmou  county  has 
been  again  brought  into  notice,  and  the  ore,i  from  several  of  tbe 
miniM  were  collected,  or  »ont  in  bv  their  propri<rtors  (wc  Noa. 
80,  81V  The  "Ulsler  Mining  Company"^  (No,  62)  exhibited 
R  notaolo  maaa  of  galena,  specked  with  yellow  copper  (in  tbe 
Yard),  weightne  .several  tons,  and  »ome  ttliowy  specimens  of  tbe 
'vUoui  copper  ot  thia  mine,  in  h\i^c  well  formed  crystals,  staad- 
ug  upon  tables  of  large  and  transjiarent  quarts:  crystals,  were 
'  Miown  by  Mr,  Vaux  and  others. 

As  a*  whole,  probably,  the  cryxlAllizcd  mmcrals  from  the 
State  of  New  York,  in  this  collection,  were  more  remarkable 
tbaTi  those  from  any  olhi>r  district,  although  in  beauty  thoy 
were  inferior  to  the  leads  of  Pennsylvania. 

From  New  Jcn>cy,  the  xinc  ores  of  Sussex  (Fmoklinite  and 
red  fixide  tine)  are  well  known,  and  were  abundantly  rcpr^ 
Milled.  Some  masses  of  the  red  oxide,  shown  by  Mr.  Blake^ 
were  of  great  purity,  and  the  red  corundum  crystals,  also  Otun 
Sussex,  CTiown  by  tlic  sninc  gentleman,  are  worthy  of  Botke  fi>r 
their  color  and  size,  /frutift,  (hydrate  of  magnesia.)  ftora  the 
well  k'nown  locality  of  Iloboken^  was  shown  by  Mr.  Stone,  of 
Brookivn,  New  York,  (Na  60,)  of  tmequallud  size,  being  in 
veins  tJiree  to  four  inches  in  thickness,  and  in  mns»ps  weighing 


:  exceedingly 
important  branch  of  industry  in  New  Jersey. 

We  have  already  adverted  to  the  rich  collections  from  the 
iron  and  coal  diMrict»  of  Pennsylvania,  fomiod  bv  Doctor 
Wcthcrill,  and  also  to  the  unic^ue  suite  of  U-«<1  ores  from  Mr, 
WheatJcy.  P^nsylnttiia  is  fiivoreid  beyond  any  of  hi*r  sister 
'  fttes  in  minint;  resources,  and  has  lunu'd  tli.^m  to  the  most 
Stable  aeoouni.    There  eas  be  no  doubt  that  llie  mantihn- 


Tie  Alineraloffiail  CotUetiau  in  tlie  Crytlai  Pataet.  fiOS 

taring  induatry  of  the  Korlheni  States  m  inlimatcly,  ftn<l  almort 
'  vitally,  dependent  upon  the  Anthracite  coal  furoiahed  by  Peon- 
Bylvunia;  we  refer  to  the  appropmie  heads  for  the  datt  of  this 
important  internal  commcinx^ 

Tito  txMitliern  or  Aoiith-oa«t«rn  counties  of  Pennsylvaaia 
embrace  a  district  of  protoj^ne  rocks,  which,  benide  the  valuable 
vetQs  of  i>.>p|>er,  aiKi  Imvl,  and  dcjMMits  of  ehromo  iron,  which 
they  oontaio,  furnish  to  tbe  inineralcwicaL  ooUedor  soin^  of  th« 
choiocsl  uniaineiits  of  hU  cabinet.  Th«  corundum  of  DcUiware 
and  Clicsier  oounuos,  boatde  ila  minendogical  iiiiercsl,  linx  l>eeii 
|i>UD<l  in  iniuwu*  i>iifl]ci<!ntly  uompftct  and  abundant  to  drc«s  into 
«mt:ry  for  manuiacttirinff  pur}ia<»c«,  although  it  ifl  doubtful 
whether  the  tyti.-^t'occ  of  tiio  cleavage  of  tlic  mineral  is  auffi- 
int'Jitly  obliterated  lo  give  it  the  requisite  strength  and  tougbncM 
as  a  polishing  agcnL  ^x-ciuicns  of  this  einerr  rock  were  ox- 
hibitOil  bv  Mr.  Sieale.  from  Minersvilie  (No.  iSOt)  The  rtitUe, 
which,  like  the  crydollized  eorunduni,  is  found  loose  in  the 
soil,  has  a  oanaiderable  eommercial  value,  from  its  ukc  iu  nW- 
ing  the  yellowish  gray  lint  lo  artificial  teeth.  The  oollcctiou 
Ipontaineu  remarkably  line  examples  of  this  q)OCH!S,  in  luue 
Fgeniealat«d  crystals  of  great  pcrrectiO'n.  AVe  notice  especialTy 
two  cr>-stuls  frotn  the  cabiiiei  of  Thomas  A.  Seale,  of  Miners- 
ville^  whieh  aie  esteemed  the  finest  examples  of  this  apecieii  in 
sxislenou. 

Kearly  all  the  mineral  f>peeies  firom  the  vicinity  of  Texas, 
in  Lancaster  county,  and  from  some  other  localities  in  that 
eighborhood,  ow«  their  greenish  color  to  ilii"  prvwfiiec  of  oxide 
r  nidxt,  whieli  rare  mutal  is  fuuml  to  the  extent  of  over  one 
and  a  half  per  centum  in  the  chrome  iron  of  Xancaster  county. 
Tlic  cScct  of  Ute  oarbonio  acid  and  water  of  Utu  atmosphere 
haa  been,  in  percolating  the  mineral,  to  dissolve  out  and  deposit 
/the  nickel  in  the  form  of  n  beautiful  emerald  green,  transparent 
l^rust,  which  is  found  lilting  fissures  in  the  rock,  and  eitcruinting 
^e  masses  of  chrome  iron.  This  beautiful  spcdes  was  rccog- 
itzed  and  described  several  years  »inct>1)y  ProfciQor  Sillinmn,  Jr. 
"Tie  general  diffuifion  of  nickel  through  this  region  is  an  inter- 
sling  fact  in  Metallurgy,  and  coiinecta  itself  with  a  statement 
made  by  the  late  Colonel  Price  Wetbcrill,  of  Philadelphia,  to 
,_the  writer,  to  the  effect  that  nearly  all  the  lead  ores  of  Missouri 
nlained  an  appreciable  quality  of  nickel,  associated  with  a 
icc  of  oohal%  so  as  to  interfere  sericHuly  with  the  ukc  of  ccrudo 
imples  of  litharge  ^  the  ^laaa  making  art,  from  the  color 
rbicb  these  metallic  oxid(<<<  give  to  tlie  material  of  the  glass. 

The  district  of  Pcunsylvatiia  under  consideration  has  been 
ft  rich  field  to  tim  mineralogist,  and  has  furnished  a  number  of 
new  spedca  to  his  scienoo  within  the  last  few  year^  e.  g., 
anerald  nickel,  cuphylliti\  pi-nniti.-,  oliimciirim.',  and  oUn-r?, 
rhich,  althoqgll  not  dow,  are  not  elsewhere  foiuwl  ioilM  United 


I^P         Ttit  J^nrrattKi'iMl  CoilfrHon  iit  &t  Crytlal PaUur.  ^ 

States.     In  addition  to  these  are  foand  there  ti  long  li«t  of  mors 
oornmon  *pi'cic*,  ofton  of  rare  beftutv. 

The  q>eciR)enB  of  clcavablo  feldspar,  and  irfraw  and  vashed 
clay  (No».  lift,  120,)  fn>in  New  Gapdeii,  and  of  fiiv-brick  raado 
from  the  same,  require  further  ioTeatigatioD,  with  reference  to 
the  exisU-nce  of  Kaolin,  which  is  clearlj  indicated  hy  the  cx- 
Ueitdeil  beds  of  decomposed  pegmatite,  and  oihcr  gneissic  rocks 
pHch  in  feldspar,  in  ubeater  eounty.  Somo  allusion  vfill  be 
found  lo  the  mirresiiiig  inetaHnrgic  relations  of  tho*;  rocks,  in 
the  IlUislnitcd  Reconl  of  lhi>  Cr\-sl«I  Palace,  page  59.* 

Tlio  erystallinc  s!a^  from  Kaslon,  exhibitt3  bv  i)r.  Swift. 

and  by  Proleator  Sillimnn,  have  not  yet  rt-ccivccf  a  chemical 

examination,  Ruch  aa  they  denumd.     Tlieir  beautiful  di-itiiicliicas 

OB  crystals,   oft«n   transparent,   produced  by  art,   excites  our 

tdmintion  and  invites  an  extended  investigation  into  thi*  cir- 

cnmatanocs  of  their  origin.     It  is  worthy  of  remark  in  this 

Oonnection,  wvon  the  !<ljitement  of  Dr.  Swift,  that  of  two  fur- 

l^aoe!!,  in  dimrent  sections  of  the  aame  district,  but  sapniied 

PWith  the  same  mati-rials  and  ores,  the  one  prodiicx-s  cnvusllioc, 

and  the  other  amorjAoua  slags.     Tlieiw  furnaces  are  repn'sent*^ 

in  the  Exhibition  by  the  proprietors,  Mt^ssni.  Cooper  k  Hewitt, 

(No.  64.)     Dr'  Wetherill,  in  lii.i  re**arehea  among  the  slaga  of  a 

■  ;^at  number  of  irrtn  fumacea  in  Pennsylvania,  found  but  few 

plrliich  furni.tlied  distinct  crystals,  and  but  one  among  them  nil 

that  showed  the  red  oxide  of  titaniam  {»8  it  has  been  enonc- 

ously  ealicd)  so   common   among  the  slags  of  some  Wolsli 

fbmacea. 

From  Maryland,  the  products  of  greatert  coonomiad  interest 
were  the  chrome  ores  and  manufaetured  products,  and  the  oopjier 
and  cobalt  ores  of  the  Patapsco  Company,  us  well  as  the  copper 
Wea  from  Carroll  and  Fr('deriek  countieii,  the  iron  ores,  and  the 
masaai  of  coal  before  referred  to. 

The  fine  clenvable  feldspar,  IVorn  New  Cairtle,  Delaware  (ex* 
^jiibitod  by  Mr.  J.  Jonea,  No,  141),  is  well  known  from  the  use 
pwhieh  bos  l>een  mad«  of  it  a.t  a  porcelain  material. 

The  mineral  products  of  Virginia  were  not  very  fully  repre- 
sented, but  the  wllisjtion  contained  fKim  that  Stalt'  sonic  things 
possessing  a  hifjh  interest,  especially  among  the  gold  ores.  Dr. 
Genth's  collection  contained  one  «pecimen  of  gold  usnociatcd 
with  tclluret  of  bismuth  {totradymilc),  in  which  the  gold  pre- 
Rented  a  anrfftce  of  the  most  perfect  polish,  b<>ing  m-idenlly  the 
cast,  or  pscudomorpli,  in  gold,  of  some  other  species  (probably 
of  spathie  iron).  'I he  rare  tclrwret  of  bi.'imnlh,  frrim  Commodore 
Stockton's  mine  in  LoU!«»  county,  was  fully  represented.  FVom 
Goochland  and  BiK'kinjrliam  countie*  wfir  some  ores  of  gold  of 
B  remarkable  character,  cajKcially  that  from  Garnet's  Mine  (No. 

•  PrafeasM'  H.  D.  R^gen'a  Report,  ihis  Magwriac,  poge  888,  ToL  n.        _ 


■  T%«  JtliwaioffiaU  CoUteiktH  is  lie  Crgttal  PulttM.        T^^t 

142),  which  was  uamnftteil  with  garoots.    The  beary  spar  from 
Eldndge's  Mine  wu  renKU-k&ble  for  the  fomi  and  fiaiah  of  its 
^TBtaLa.     Gmi/  copper  was  obaen-ed  for  the  tirst  time  in  the 
United  Stfttes  hyVt.  Q«uth,  among  tiie  ooppcr  ores  uf  Oraogitd 
oountv.  J 

Tbe  canncl  coal  from  the  Kanawha  (in  the  Yard)  was  pl^nly 
S  matorial  of  remarkable  )>n>[nide. 

Weir's  Ca\-e,  it  well-known  cavom  la  Vii;ginia,  celebrated  for 
the  beauty  of  itA  cnrKtullinv  staluctibM,  was  rvprtacstcd  by  a  lur^o 
muse  c'f  crystals  of  dogtooth  ai>ar,  of  a  delicate  y^low  oo]or,  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Kobcrt  L.  Cooko,  of  BIix>nillcki,  New  Jersey. 

A'ot1&  Carolina. — Tlic  copper  veius  of  this  Stale  have  lately 
attrautod  iimoh  attention,  atid  were  fully  rcprescDted  by  the 
collvctiotis  of  iir.  Itlake  and  Dr.  Geoth,  aa  well  ag  by  the  lurger 
spocimecu  sent  ou  by  proprivtors.  Th«  wppu-  exists  almost 
soteljf.  as  yellow  pyrites  (double  sulphuret  of  copper  autl  iron), 
ia  vems  of  quartz.  Dr.  GcitUi  statex  the  jutercstiu)^  fact  that,  ia 
all  Uie  ca-it-a  in  which  he  hH.t  examined  this  ore,  it  m  uuriferous; 
and  the  ciroimHtaace  ia  well  known,  that  nearly  all,  if  not  all, 
the  North  Curoliim  copper  v«in«  were  fonnerly  worked  as  Rolu 
veins.  Above  water-level,  the  decomposing  influences  of  air, 
water,  frnxt,  etc.,  have  removed  tlm  Hulphurebi,  leavinj^  the  gold 
ill  the  oxide  of  iron,  or  gossana.  Tiio  same  fact  holds  true  in 
Tirgiiiia.  that,  in  many  mines,  the  gold  has  apparently  tun  out 
in  deplii,  Iwing  rcplaewl  by  cc^per  pyrite*.  The  truth  is.  proba- 
bly, in  all  these  cases,  that  the  quantity  of  ^old  is  as  great  in 
deplii  ait  it  was  at  the  surCacc;  but  it  iit  in  a  form  sot  to  V>c  pro* 
cured  by  washing  and  amalgamation,  and  in  which  it  can  only  be 
obtained  bv  a  circiiilou^i  method,  involving  a  fhmaoe  pii>oe:<K!i. 
In  North  Carolina,  the  refitou  productive  in  copper,  etc.,  appears 
to  be  confined  cliiefly  la  the  counties  of  Guildford  and  JJecKion 
burg. 

The  Washington  Mine,  in  DaWdson  county,  was  very  fully 
represented  by  spocametts  of  ai^eutifbroua  galena,  bars  of  silver, 
and  Duraeroua  crystallized  sail*  of  lead,  particulurly  pyromor- 
phite  and  ccrucite  (phosphates  and  carbonates).  Mr.  Koeweil 
A.  King,  the  rormer  proprieli>r,  ilep«.it<iU:il  in  the  cabinet  a  large 
collection  of  the  various  products  of  tliia  mitHj,  obtained  some 
years  hmlc,  when  it  yicUleU  :<uperb itpt.-ciincns  and  nude  ils  name 
memorable  with  American  collectorsi 

From  the  othtT  Sfjulhurn  States  the  display  of  minerals  was 
small,  some  of  the  Slat».'s  being  wholly  unrepresented.  The 
ntiuuiive  black  oxide  of  mangano^e,  from  Edgelield  District, 
South  Carolina,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Lane  (No.  168),  was  remark- 
able for  the  large  size  of  the  bhwks  (.■(con  in  the  i  ard),  and  for 
its  freedom  from  Ibrcign  associated  minerals. 

The  gold  from  Mr.  Ooni  (No.  167),  of  Oakland  On^vc,  in  the 
fiamio  district,  presents  a  peculiar  example  of  the  distiibution  i>t 


^^P  Tilt  Mintnh$iail  Oullfetiom  in  tit*  Cn/ital  fimltm.  H 

this  metal  in  niviticB  filled  with  ochnoeooii  m&Uer  in  a  takoflj 
Lfltate,  tlie  common  gangue  of  gold  in  the  Atlantic  gold  n'pion 
IlKing  quarta.  The  Gold  Hill  Minp.in  Nortii  Carolina  (No.  IfiS), 
land  Mm«  others  re|ireaented  in  the  Kxhifaition,  arc  of  the  same 
'  oUus  with  Dorn's  Mum.',  but  nonv  it  i»  believed  have  provird  equal 
to  the  latter  in  ibe  value  of  its  prodocta  in  proportioD  to  the  ex- 
tent of  its  n'orkings. 

The  wpj«r  ores  of  the  Uiwassee  region,  in  Tennessee  (Noe. 
172,  17M),  wt-rc  well  rirpiTMCnted  by  Hpecimcns  collected  by  Mr. 
Blake,  embracing  t)ie  asflocriated  raisoralB  and  rocka  Thia 
deposit  (for  it  i»  n  mass  ootiformable  to  tlic  w^aovut  elrnta)  f^vn 
a  singular  and  interesting  example  of  the  fbnnentation  on  a 
large  scale  of  magnetic  pyrites,  poor  in  copper,  and  tho  separa- 
tion of  l)ie  sulphuret  of  <»>pper  from  tho  oxide  of  iron,  resulting 
from  the  decomposition  of  the  magnetic  pyrites.  This  procctt 
is  Ktilt  in  operation  at  the  de])lh  of  eighty  or  ninety  feet  m>m  the 
surJace,  nhcre  an  aceumulation  of  enlphiiret  of  copper,  a  few  foct 
L  in  thicknesg,  rests  ujHin  the  l)ed  of  unchanged  p_yTite«,  while 
*  above  is  a  loosely  aggregated  mass  of  oxide  of  iron  (gossan)^ 
which  furms  the  oiitcmfi  fif  the  IkiI  and  i»  entirely  free  from 
copper.  The  temperature  in  the  adits  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft 
is  said  to  be  about  80",  aii<l  thi*  odor  of  siilphydric  acid  very 
decided.  The  extent  of  this  mass  (which  is  intercalated  between 
beds  of  gnei.'wio  ixxtks)  is  the  mc«t  remarkable  feature  of  tho 
onfte,  being,  it  is  said,  forty  to  fifty  fi>ct  in  widlli,  and  Iracod  liy 
exploration  between  two  and  three  miles.* 

i  FOBEIOS  COUNTBiaS. 

It  WM  not  to  be  expected  that  the  reprewnlutjon  of  foreign 
minerals  would  be  very  full,  but  there  were  not  wanting  several 
very  im'tnielive  and  Iwauiiful  auites  of  minemli*  from  several  of 
the"  public  institutions  ia  Europe,  «>d  from  private  collectors  or 
deaU'w. 

From  Great  Britain  there  was  no  systematic  collection.  The 
Duke  of  Buceleuch  sent  a  fine  suite  of  argentifcroTw  galena  and 
its  ]>rrKbicls.  illoKtrating  tho  various  stages  of  the  PaltinHon  pro- 
cesa  applied  to  the  orwi  from  Wanloch  Hvad.  The  inpot  of 
silver  accompanying  this  suite  was  of  the  value  of  £!0i>;  and  a 
similar  series  came  from  the  "  Mining  Corn]>nny  of  Ireland." 
"The  lyiwmoor  Iron  Company,"  Yortpbire,  England,  sent  a 
remarkably  fine  suite  of  specimen!!,  ilUii^lnittng  the  manu&clnre 
of  iron  in'all  its  stages  <No.  IS,  Class  XXII.,  Division  B),  |j>e 
{ulle«t  and  most  instructive  series  of  the  sort  that  was  exhibited. 

The  ooliltc  fossils  sent  by  Robert  Damon,  of  Doraet,  and  the 
huge  «rs-stal  of  heavy  spar,  with  other  mincmla,  trom  Mr.  Ooir> 
fit,  of  Alston,  arc  worthy  of  com  men  dal  ion. 

I         ■  lEifcr  to  tli«  ftrf  hHk  Itnpnrt  of  J,  D,  Whllaej,  ]&^  In  ffaia  UsganiM, 
r  pag«  1«,  Aug.,  1808, 


The  inntreloyitat  ColUttioH  tn  1i*  Ctytlal  Polittt, 


607 


Saxony, — This  ancient  and  almost  hcrcilitarir  scat  of  mining 
waa  admirably  reprefiented  by  a  weU-cln;q«.-»  suite  of  clianicK-r- 
istic  apc-cimwia,  selected  by  auUiority  of  tlio  lUtval  Saxon  Mining 
College  in  P"reiberg,  It  einbnKtd  the  ore*  oT silver,  lead,  aiiti- 
moD^,  copper,  bismutli,  and  Ihcir  associate  miaoriila.  The 
Bpeaineiis  were,  many  of  tbcm,  large,  showing  the  chancier  of 
tne  entire  vein  from  n-bich  they  were  biken ;  and  these  wera 
iwk'Cted  from  ervcTol  of  Uiu  bc«t-kuowii  mines.  A*  a  suite 
calculated  to  convey  accurate  ideas  to  tiio  xtudont,  wtih  reg;ard 
to  the  distribu^on  and  character  of  mcUltic  veins,  nothing  could 
be  beltiT. 

Th«  Royal  Bavarian  Director-General  of  Mines,  at  Munich, 
also  sent  a  large  suite  of  specimen-s  botii  niinoralosicul  and  geo- 
lojipcal,  illustrative  of  the  mineiul  resources  of  that  kingdom. 
Esjieoiaily  worthy  of  mention  in  tKb*  collection,  «-im  thnt  part 
which  enibraoed  the  rock-salt,  gj-psum,  and  anhydhtc,  irom  the 
ealiferoii^  region ;  and  the  whole  series  wo*  put  up  aii<l  ticketed 
wilh  characteristic  German  exact  neatness. 

The  Direciora  of  the  Public  Iron  De^t,  at  Ghttenburg,  in 
Sweden,  si-nt  an  instructive  suit©  of  tlie  iron  ores,  pig,  and  bar 
iron  of  tluit  kingdom,  so  long  celebrated  fur  its  tongn  and  valua- 
ble iron  products, 

The  mineralo^cal  partton  of  the  foreign  department  waa 
however  chieSy  indebted  for  its  beauty  and  attractivcnei»,  in  the 
eyes  of  scientiBo  mineralogists  and  oollectora,  to  a  brilliant  suite 
of  well-chosen  crystalli»ed  minerals,  selected  from  all  the  great 
mineral  and  mining  districts  of  Europe  by  Dr.  Augustus  RrantK, 
of  Bonn  on  the  Rhmc,  who  i^  well  known  as  a  dealer  in  minerals. 
This  suite  embraced  specimens  from  Prnssia,  Saxony,  ihc  Ilartz, 
Thuringin,  Baden,  Hanover.  Xawau,  Transylvania,  Hmignry, 
Bohemia.  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  Italy,  France^  Scandinavia,  and 
BussiiL  Many  of  the  specimens  were  such  as  are  rarely  seen 
even  in  Europe  in  such  fine  condition,  and  the  whole  offered 
much  pleasure  to  mineralc^ictil  collectors. 

More  useful,  probably,  because  within  the  reach  of  voung 
students  and  of  tcacbent,  were  the  »ck-ct  oabinets  of  well  char* 
aeti-riaeil  minerods  and  rocks,  desijpied  for  instruction.  It  ia 
OIK  proof  of  the  utility  of  the  Exhibition,  thctt  several  of  these 
latter  collecltons  were  -wld  to  stu<lentA  and  teachers  from  those 
exhibited,  Uie  price  being  moderate  and  the  spocimcns  CX< 
celleat, 

AlthoBgh  fossils  were  not  generally  included  in  the  collccUon, 
from  want  of  space,  a  few  were  admitted ;  nnd  amonz  them  we 
note,  as  particularly  worthy  of  mention,  the  beautiful  collection 
of  foeals  from  Solenhoten,  ncnl  by  Oarl  Hjibericin  (Na  24il,  h). 
Dr.  Krantz  also  sent  a  choice  selection  of  German  fossils,  inclu- 
ding a  fine  itcad  of  icbthyosaorus  communis,  and  many  fine 
encrinites. 

Vol.  n.-42 


As  AD  example  of  neir  gleanings  in  nn  old  fleld,  wr  qmt 
mention  the  nierciirv  and  ct^per  ores — ibo  former  (ipom  .Iano>  in 
Tuapany,  and  the  InlU-r  from  iww  Voltcrni  (Mont«  Catlni) — wat 
by  M<.'«sni.  Slonne,  of  Horence,  Enclish  proprietors,  who  have 
lately  developed  tfac»c  ir^ourceH  before  dormant  in  th<:  domuo 
of  tlic  Grand  Duke.  'Ilie  copper  ores  ore  both  the  jelloT, 
viirie^bKl,  and  vitrooos  sulphurvt^  in  maatiive  blockis,  aocora- 
paniM  b;'  Ule  copjier  made  from  them. 

Illuatraling  new  mctnllui^nti  prooewes,  thrrx;  vrerc  in  tho 
ooUectioQ  tliroi!  suitwi  of  Rpeeimena  worthjr  of  special  mention, 
viz.: — 

1.  The  itcpamtioa  of  «>ld  ftftm  ursienieal  pyritwi,  by  Plntl* 
Lcr's  ntiHhod  (248  a),  by  M.  Gnettler,  of  Rcichenstein  in  SilesJA. 
A  sperimen  of  the  smenicnl  pyrile«,  containtnir  200  graJnif  of 
gold  in  the  ton ;  the  samo  roasted,  to  expel  arsenic ;  the  residue, 
tJW  tiwitircnt  with  chlorine;  Um  oolcotbw,  or  fine  red  oxide  of 
iron,  saved  in  the  proccae ;  and  the  button  of  gold,  form  the 
serivt;  of  Kpt-cimcnit.  In  PlnttncrV  procesa,  as  oondiictod  by  M. 
Guetller,  Uie  roosted  ore  is  treated  by  chlorine  gas,  whereby  the 
{n>ld  nnd  iron  arc  rcndereil  i^olublc  in  water,  fn>tn  which  solution 
the  gold  is  thrown  down  by  sulphuretted  hydrogen.'  The  pr^ 
cipitation  of  the  iron  is  preveiitett  by  the  addition  to  the  soltitirai 
of  a  little  chlorohydric  acid.  I'he  gold  w  then  collected,  and 
fluxed  w  usual.  This  proocKt  Is  beyond  Honbt  applicable  to  the 
rofutw  of  many  mines  which  contain  often  a  little  trace  of  gt^Id. 
nnd,  since  iw  diflcovery,  has  been  the  means  of  c^wning  sooie old 
mines  in  Euru[>e  wliiiili  have  been  abandoited  for  oenturiea,  e. 


this  very  mine  nf  Itficheo.'nein,  which  has  been  abandoned  iOT 
oOO  years.     A  plan  of  the  works  accompanied  the  suite. 

2.  The  itc|Ktriition  of  itilver  from  cojipcr  orc4^  in  wfaioh  il 
exists  in  small  quantity,  by  the  process  of  Mr.  Kiervogle,  now 
of  Penngylvnnia.  The'  copper-Knieta  of  Mansfeld,  of  Germany 
— ^the  same  which  furnish  the  well-known  fosnl  llsh  iPaltrmitf^a 
frnalilxnnii) — have  hmg  been  worked  for  copper,  although  oon- 
laining  not  over  6  per  cent,  of  ore.  Ti\\s.  copper  is  aTsentifiNfwtu^ 
and  the  silver  it  contain*  wn*  funncrly  separated  by  liquidatioo. 
By  tlie  present  process,  tho  details  of  which  are  kept  Kcrivt  by 
tlio  discovert^T.  water  is  mill  to  be  ihe  agent  of  sopaistion.  The 
suite  of  speeiincns  exhibited  conaiBta  of  the  sctiiiit,  the  same 
crushed  and  ixKuttud,  the  roosted  ore  after  )ixi\'atian  with  water, 
Ibe  aame  fiisod,  two  or  three  stage.i  of  the  copper  fuoion,  6ne 
copper,  and  fin*  itilver.  In  the  al)i9cncc  of  any  luta  of  a  precise 
nature,  we  remark,  that  it  is  obvious  that  the  silver  to  bo 
removed  by  water  must  be  in  a  soluble  state,  and  that  the  restiU 
of  ill'-  ronjtting  m<L4l  l>e  the  prodiictioiiof  a  soluble  salt  ofalvci^ 
(sulphate?)  which  the  water  removes. 

S.  The  reduction  of  oxide  of  iron  by  carbon  in  tabes,  by  the 
prooess  of  Mr.  Kenton,  of  Newark,  a  more  detailed  deacriptioa 


7%t  lilntrahsiral  CoStffioit  in  Ike  Crytbd  Pahct.  80& 

of  wbich,  by  Mr.  Worts,  can  be  aecn  in  the  Annotated  Catalogue 
under  the  proper  head. 

The  geological  nwp*  of  the  English  Ordnance  Survey,  sent ' 
out  by  onier  of  Sir  Uenrr  De  La  Bcche,  were  the  moat  impor- 
tant contribulii.111  imtl'.T  tne  brail  of  m.ip^  plans,  and  ««clJon%  ^ 
It  is  Hiini-iv-.'warv'  to  (enlarge  here  upon  the  merita  of  these  map^L 
which  an?  everywhere  regarded  as  modcla  of  accuracy  and 
laborious  reswireh. 

Such  is  a  brief  summary  of  some  of  the  more  salient  and 
obvious  points  of  intvre^t  in  the  mincrulogical  collection  in  tbe 
Crystal  Palace  in  N«w  York  in  1853. 


AiiT.  II.— THK  I.ACKAWAN-XA  COAL  BASTS".  ITS  GKOI.OOT  ASV 
HISINO  KES<)rR(;iS  AROUND  SfRAXTOX.  PB\N.— No.  ».  Br 
pKoF,  Hkskv  D.  Rookks.* 

On  the  south  side  of  the  coal  field,  this  g«ani  has  ito  t^outtuTa 
oiitorop  !it  tin;!  villa^  of  the  operatives,  just  south  of  Koarttitf 
Creek,  the  valley  of  which  stream  it  docs  not  ascend  eftstwara^ 
quite  as  far  as  tfie  fiinioceit,  but  occupies  tliis  fiat  basin  weAt-^ 
wunl  fnim  thenoe  along  the  Roaring  Creek  and  Ladcawniina  i 
far  as  the  synclinal  structure  extends,  or  to  where  the  troujfh.- 
entircly  flattens  out.  Th\s  state  of  tliinfj^  occura  cast  of  the  bluff 
hill  of*  the  tirtflin  farm,  at  the  base  of  which  thin  coal  in  entered 
by  a  drift  preparalorv  u>  \ti  hanz  mined  there.  It  b  lifted  out 
or  wii.*hod  awa?  on  the  back  of  the  main  Sorauton  or  Dunmore 
niiticlicuLl,  on  tnc  north  dip  of  vrliicli  it  recntcra  the  ground  at 
the  north  biwe  of  the  ridge,  on  which  is  seattnl  the  Odd  Fellowji' 
Hall.  From  this  locality  we  may  traoc  the  line  of  outcrop  eft.'^^ 
ward,  obliquely  asoutidiiig  the  north  flank  of  the  ridge  towards 
Dunmore,  but  now  far  ha-i  not  yet  been  determined.  The  next 
nntielinalfi  to  the  north,  which  uaecly  lift  the  underlying  large 
or  fourteen -feet  bed  to  the  .^urihce,  throw  this  seam  out  over  a 
belt  of  some  breadth,  till  it  retlnters  the  groimd  again  on  n  north 
dip  north  of  Pine  Brook.  In  lliis  position  we  may  Be<>  it  at  the 
plank  road  bridgi-  ov'-r  the  Ijiekawanim,  and  further  eastward 
on  the  riiad  between  Dunmore  and  Providence.  OpjKisik^  Srrnn- 
ton,  and  more  to  tlic  westwartl,  these  antlclinals  do  not  bring  it 
to  the  gwrface,  for  it  i«,  at  the  least,  one  hundred  and  ten  fcct 
below  the  litd  of  the  Lackan-anna  in  the  highest  part  of  tlio 
second  undulation,  at  the  arch  of  the  coals  I  and  K  m  the  bluff 
by  the  river  side  a  little  west  of  the  town.  Between  it«  line  of 
outcrop,  near  Pino  Brook  and  the  northern  margin  of  the  baMti, 
wc  have  no  evidence  of  its  reSpjjearance  at  the  sur&oe,  though 

*  Continued  from  p.  400,  Vol.  11. 


«10 


The  XdnhnnmiM  Cod/  Jkuiti. 


.this  uortbem  side  of  the  ootJ  field  is  too  idqcIi  obscnrod  bj  the 

fi]l[eneral  covering  or  drilV  grnvol  to  etuiUe  us  nt  pre«ciit,  in  the 

lib«en««  of  cxicnsve  mining  there,  to  ssoertfiin  toe  un<lalationa 

whiflh  may  affect  it     It  is  mined  in  LLi^fjetl's  Gap,  iit  tJie  foot 

of  the  norlliern  mounlAiu  limit  of  the  basin,  but  this  is  to  k  very 

trivini  extent  at  present.     The  bed  of  coal  Ijeforo  us  has  not 

I  hitherto  be«n  mined  on  thti  ScMiitoii  lamia,  hul  inen*I_v  opened 

I  nod  well  proved  preparatory  to  miuing.   Oiher  larger  and  equally 

accessible  seanis  hnvc  hn-ii  eutereil  luwi  wrought  in  prt-fcretice, 

■A  j>roinising  a  larger  product  with  a  given  iiinount  of  labor; 

and  the  yet  incomplete  condition  of  some  of  the  outlets  to 

market,  pn)tiibiting  thot  active  and  general  working  of  this  coal 

t  field,  for  which,  in  many  reqxwts,  it  is  admirably  adapted,  by 

tilO  aoecswibiltty,  the  «w\  and  llic  general  excellent  quality  of 

itn  beds  of  anthmcit*',  nniie  but  the  very  Wst  bed^  are  wrongliL 

This  coal  seam  may  be  snfely  estimatca  as  capable  of  affording, 

0t  good  coal,  *oinc  five  thousand  toDs  per  ncn^  for  every  acre  it 

occupies  on  thean  estates, 

uxit  If. — This  IB  the  ten-fcct  scam,  so  collet],  and  its  prevail- 
ing thieknMW,  wheivver  it  has  been  mine<l,  or  even  proved,  in  , 
the  ScrsntoQ  coal  field,  justifies  the  title.  Its  poeition  in  tlio 
strata  is  about  seventy  feet  liiglior  than  the  bed  G,  above  des- 
cribed. It  repattea  on  a  thick  bed  of  clay  shale,  ivilh  rootlets 
of  stigmario.  and  ia  covered  by  a  thinner  layer  of  a  more  sandy 
I  variety  of  the  mme  blue  rock,  containtnc  ijcautifidly  preacn'ed 
ferns, '  lepidodendra,  etc.  The  comparaljvely  aliallow  hosiu  of 
Roaring  Creek,  between  the  southern  edge  of  the  whole  cool 
field  niid  the  main  Scrantoti  anticlinal,  docs  not  retain  any 

EiTlion  of  tbis  layer  of  coal,  nor.  of  course,  of  any  of  those  still 
ghw  than  it  in  the  scries.     To  the  westward  of  Scraoton, 

I  however,  this  coal  has  its  most  .'ioiitliem  outcrop  in  what  may 
be  regarded  tta  the  prolongation  of  this  ba.sin,  in  the  bluff  hift 
of  the  OHHtn  fann  on  the  norih  side  of  the  Lnehawaana,  where 
the  synclinal  flexure  ha.-*  flattened  out  and  given  place  to  only 
a  very  gentto  gvncral  north  dip.  At  Scranton.  and  eastward 
from  It,  the  first  outcrop  ia  nort.h  of  the  ridge  or  main  anlicliual 
undulation  of  the  strata,  somewhere  under  Uie  deep  ooveriug  of 
drifl  npOT  which  the  town  is  built.  From  this  position  the  edge 
of  this  coal  must  curve  round  southward  in  advancing  westword, 
until,  !a]>ping  over  the  anticlinal  which  ranges  under  the  town, 
it  niii.«1  bury  it»»?!f  under  cover;  thence  to  llie  westwanl,  even 
on  the  bnclc  of  the  anticlinal,     '["hut*,  at  the  bluff  on  the  weat 

I  side  of  the  Lackawanna,  the  coal  1,  or  seven-feet  scam,  already 
spoken  of  as  being  there  visible  in  a  regular  arch,  is  uo  more 
Inan  about  twenty-five  feet  above  tlie  water  level,  whereas  the 
least  spact  dividing  it  from  the  underlying  coal  II  in  this  ricinity 
is  not  less  than  seventy-two  feet,  which  place*  the  coal  wc  aiv 
DOV  conaidenng  nearly  fifty  feet  below  tne  bed  of  the  L&cka> 


Tkt  I,itt(tmeanHa  Cffot  Boiitt. 


en 


» 


wanna  at  tlii»  spoL  The  tlitnl  anticlinal  aadulntton,  counting 
norlhwnni,  or  that  which  panpfii  just  scmth  of  the  brow  of  th^d 
tabic  land  of  Ilydc  I'lirk  Villago,  and  thnnigfa  tlic  Sweatlaod 
meadow8,  mntii  of  the  base  of  tlie  same  range  of  heights  furtlier 
east,  brings  this  coat  into  view  at  the  base  of  the  bills,  where 
they  nuik«  a  concave  swen]).  Lying  at  some  depth  below  the 
Bur&oe,  nil  niong  the  north  bank  of  the  Ijackawanoa  above  the 
railroad  bridge,  wSieix;  the  next  higher  bixl,  the  ncviai-feet  scnm, 
or  cool  I,  i.t  it*clf  only  at  the  waters  edge  in  several  jihiws,  it 
pre«enlly  comes  up  to  the  level  of  the  meadow,  mnkcs  a  gentle 
arch  frotn  n  suvuh  u^  a  verv  (Lit  north  dip,  aii<l  goas  under  eovcr 
at  tlie  baae.  of  tlio  line  of  bills  bounding  the  meadow  on  the 
north-west,  Ucru,  at  the  wash^rn  eiid  of  the  low  grounds, 
in  the  Sweatland  mine,  so  called,  the  coal  at  a  little  dtHtsnce 
north  of  its  outcrop  basins,  but  with  an  extremely  gentle  curve, 
and  soon  reiiMcnds  again  verv  gradiinlly  northward,  outcroppinj 
OD  thia  last  rise,  by  denudation,  at  the  foot  of  the  high  groundG 
or  margin  of  the  flala,  and  pre-tentin^  a  long  line  of  mmtagfl 
towards  the  valley  exoeedio^ly  tavorablo  for  raining.  It  i»  herfti 
that  the  Company  bus  cstublulied  one  of  its  beat  colliories.  ProB 
thiii  line,  thi;  lower  or  valley  outcrop  slowly  iiweere  ilaelf  o« 
ward  and  northward,  rising  very  gradually  forwara  in  the  dir 
tion  of  Leggvtt's  Ctau,  crossing  in  its  oounc  the  plunk  roud  ft'' 
little  west  of  the  toll  gate,  and  approaching  the  I^ggett's  Qap 
railroad  Bomewhero  near  the  long  trussel  wwk.  Of  the  upper 
or  floal  northern  outcrop  of  tliis  wide,  gently  sloping  jiliiUi  o( 
Hie  coal,  of  the  northern  side  of  the  basm,  almost  nothing  is  at 

5 resent  known,  !*o  generally  ia  the  surface  here  concealed  by 
rift  In  my  estimate  of  the  aggregate  thickness  of  good  mer- 
chantable coal  in  the  coal  Hold,  the  average  yield  of  the  bod 
under  vonsiderstion  was  set  down  at  seven  tect.  Tliis  scant,  the 
uaiial  thickneaa  of  which  in  very  nearly  ten  feet,  eontaiiiit  mora 
than  the  ordinary  proportion  of  good  fuel,  an<l  hitherto  the 
colliers  have  usually  cx1ract«di  I  believe,  nine  feet  of  it  for  the 
market.  One  layer  of  it,  amountincr  to  aometimea  one  and  a 
half  feet  of  tliis  tnicknuw,  is  a  rot^rh  nut  pnn^  coal:  and  perhaps 
it  has  been  injudicious  to  include  this  with  the  reJit,  which  is  a 
brilliant  and  excellent  coal,  of  a  large  square  fracture,  aud  ot 
great  heating  )>ower.  The  area  occupied  by  this  eonl  i^^nm  oa 
these  estates,  both  beneath  and  above  the  water  level  of  tbe 
Lackawanna  flatx,  ainountK  itself  to  a  noble  coal  field,  but  it« 
precise  cjctent  in  acres  I  am  not  prepared  to  report,  in  the 
absence  of  the  r<>nui»it«  detailed  survey*,  and  a  Bpecia!  goo- 
graphical  map,  denning  the  outcrops  of  the  individual  twda,] 
Each  acre  may  be  fairly  estimated  to  contaun,  of  good  coal,  soma] 
twelve  thousand  tons.  ^ 

Cbal  I  and  A" — The  principal  central  outcrop  of  these  bcfls. 
which  are  somctimea  called  at  ScraDtou  the  upper  seven-feet  and 


A18 


2%<  LeKfotteanna  Cool  Btubt. 


£T«-feet  MMos,  i»  in  th«  southern  fhoe  of  tho  Hyde  Park  table 

1  lands,  or  ranRC  of  high  ground^  about  midway  aljovc  tlicir  base. 

[la  this  posilToii  ihey  are  ewon  on  tlie  road  l^ntliiig  u|)  Ute  slope 
.ih>ni  llie  Iiockawanna  into  the  villo;^  of  Uydc  Park,  and  we 
may  trace  them  cii«lw»rd  along  tlic  «.-:^ijnr[iinvi)l,  following  nearly 
the  luvcl  of  tlie  liej^'getl's  (laji  ]{ailroad,  to  near  the  interatwtion 
of  this  with  tho  turnpike  fobU  loading  to  Providence.  In  this 
rictaity,  the  margin  of  the  ooal  seams  swings  awny  more  to  the 
north,  maintaining  a  couree  approximately  parallel  with  that  of 

[  .the  lower  out<:rou  of  coid  U.  but  at  n  higlur  IcvL'l'in  the  hills 
and  furtlier  Ui  lira  north-west  fiy>m  the  railroad.  Only  in  oiie 
fihort  part  of  tlicir  courj-c  do  the  outcrops  lie  Ix-low  tho  milroad, 

■  »nd  tlii»  is  n  little  wc-^lward  of  the  cxd  hrejiker  of  the  miuc 
«onnected  with  coal  II,  where  a  fimit,  or  simple  dislocation,  to 
Ihc  vxknt  of  n  few  feet  of  vertical  displaoeinvnt,  hws  cnxt  down 
the  strata  from  a  level  of  a  few  feel  above  to  one  as  mixh  below 
the  nulroad  track.  Along  this  Hue  of  front,  these  eoal»  present 
,ihe  Raine  mm^iial  facility  of  aooc^  for  mining  above  the  water 
level,  which  bclonj^a  to  the  valuable  tcn-fcet  bed  boDcath  them, 
and  from  which  tliey  are  here  .^poraicd  by  about  eighty-five  or 
ninety  feet  of  strata,  a  very  gentle  dip  (ttraUiward  towards  the 
TiiUey,  and  u  lung  aKwriuIiiig  breast  between  the  \iMM-r  outcrops, 
ofTering  all  the  conditions  lor  an  excellent  colliery  or  ool- 
licriee. 

There  18  another  much  narrower  basin  of  the  coal  I,  and  of 
the  overlying  scam,  coal  K,  which  are  only  some  twenty  feet 
apart,  "fnis  occ^ipics  a  more  southern  pontion  in  the  valley. 
The  middle  of  ihe  trough  ranges  nearly  with  tlie  course  of  the 
Lackawanna,  ]t.i;§t  the  railtxMid  aad  oiniagc  road  bridges  to  the 
suddin  elbow  of  the  river,  a  f«w  hundreil  yards  wwt  of  the 
latter.  Along  this  undulation,  the  coal  I,  or  seven-feet  bed,  lies 
but  a  small  depth  below  tlie  level  of  the  stream,  and  at  a  distance 
of  a  few  hundred  yards  above,  or  cast  of  the  railroad  bridge,  it 
emerges  from  the  wntor-level  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  being 
on  the  north  bank  overlaid  by  the  bed  K,  which  Itiu*  there  boon 
opened  by  a  mine  drift  to  a  limited  extent.  This  basin  of  these 
coals  has  on  its  southern  side  the  second  anticlinal,  or  that  which 
ftma  under  the  gntvcl  plain  of  the  town  of  Stnnton,  and  is 
^poeed  in  the  llat  aruh  below  the  Ix^iid  of  the  lockawaiina ;  and 
on  it»  nortlicrn  side  it  is  1)ounded  by  tho  thinl  axis,  or  that  of 
the  Sweatlaud  uiea^low.  The  <lepra<4»cd  arch  just  spoken  of)  lilbi 
ihoBC  coals  over  a  space  of  a  few  hundred  feet  for  »  ginall  height 
above  the  level  of  the  ttlreatn,  pcnnitting  them  to  bo  reaaiiy 
identiiied.  Still  further  to  tlie  soutb-ivest,  both  of  these  ECAnus 
of  cool  ha%'e  been  recogniw^l  and  opened  preparatory  to  mining 
in  the  hill  on  the  Griihn  farm  overlooking  the  flats  of  ifac  Laclc- 
awanna.  nnd  again  in  the  ravine  or  dell  which  ascends  through 
this  plalvuu  towar>l  the  tur:ipike  road.    la  this  riciuity,  the 


I 
1 


Thi  Lankawanma  Coal  Battn, 


1  tnca^umj  ncoriy  eight  fuel  Id  tbickncM,  wliil«  the  b«d  K  is 
nppareiulv  a  little  thinner  than  il  in  to  the  Msl  of  Ilv(lt>  Park. 

Chal  L. — Abovo  the  coal  K,  thcro  is  Kcnerallj,  ai  a  somewhat 
variultlti  distance,  averaging  twelve  feel  on  tlie  Leggetl'n  Gap 
Bailroad,  a  thinner  bci)  ofwal,  called  L'iii  our  colanin,  the  siza 
of  wLioh  lluctuiites  from  two  to  three  and  n  hulf  feet.  Tliu  be 
nowhere  been  detected  in  sufficient  lliicknetu  und  puritj  to  be 
profitably  minvd. 

Workable  beds  of  iron  ore  uaually  nttisiid  both  of  the  last- 
named  beds;  tbcHc  will  be  nientionea  again  under  the  head  of 
th«  Iron  Oriw  of  the  District. 

Aa  neither  tic  bed  I  nor  the  bed  K  has  hitherto  been  wrought 
ou  to  an  exiviit  beyond  a  drill  or  two  near  the  railroad  east  of 
Jlydtf  Fark,  it  is  impassible  to  state  from  ob»!rvatioa  the  positive 
avcra^  net  yield  of  tboec  soams  in  this  \'ieinity.  From  the  in- 
dicutiontt  they  ])r«sent  at  tiieir  oulcn^ut,  and  iii  the  one  or  two 
ocoeRsible  dn'fta  already  carried  into  them,  it  n-ill  be  Hafe,  I  tliink, 
to  estimate  the  cajiacity  of  the  lower  or  seventh  iicnni  iit  not  legs 
than  some  7,000  tona  to  each  aero;  while  the  upper  boi.1,  or  coal 
£,  may  be  ».'t  down  im  }'ielding  in  iis  btsl  locatiticA  perhaps 
4,000  Ions  for  the  same  superficial  measure. 

Oaal  M. — This  highest  coal  bed  of  the  Scranton  Series  ia  to 
be  met  with  on  the  Orif&n  farm,  about  a  mile  west  of  Hydo 
Park,  where  it  outcrops  a  little  way  below  the  brow  of  tlie  tipper 
plateau,  only  a  few  hundred  fert  south  of  the  turnpike  road,  with 
a  very  lint  ilip  inwards  the  nortli.  This  is  thu  only  spot  in  tlii.* 
belt  of  high  pround  where  it  has  been  opened  or  proved :  and 
B8  the  old  drift  here  visible  was  made  severul  yearx  ago,  &nd  i.<t 
nt  present  iii»eou»ibIe,  I  have  no  peraonal  observation  (o  f;uide 
mi?  in  rej-ard  to  the  thickness  of  the  co«!  beyond  the  bench 
caused  by  its  outcrop  and  tlie  apparent  size  of  the  drift,  from 
these,  1  see  no  reason  to  doubt  the  ai^uracy  nf  the  irtateinenW 
given  by  the  farmers  of  the  neighborhood,  that,  when  the  mine 
mouth  was  clear,  the  eool  incasorvd  some  eight  fi^ct  in  thickness. 
The  extent  of  this  upjier  bed  within  the  properly  cannot  be 
oonsiJerablc,  since  only  the  higher  parts  and  most  synclinal  or 
truiiKh-iike  dipping  aummits  of  the  table-lnnd  can  contain  it. 

In  reviewing  the  forcKoius(  descriptions  in  detail  of  the  coal 
Bcauis  oomprined  within  the  .Scranton  proijcrly,  it  will  Ix-i  socn 
that  the  general  Bunimary  given  in  the  earlier  jtsges  of  lliU 
Beport.  u>  the  elT<;el  that,  in  a  deptli  of  no  more  than  four  liitn- 
dred  feet  of  strata,  the  net  thiekneaa  of  coal  available  for  market 
exceeds  some  thirty-five  feel,  is  bore  abundantly  confirmed.  But 
to  bring  out  in  a  clearer  light  the  remarkable  prodnetix'en(M«  of 
this  portion  of  the  lower  ooal  measures,  as  they  present  them- 
selves nvAT  Scranton,  I  wUl  assemble  in  a  tabular  form  tho  a<;timl 
least  thicknesses  of  the  soveial  coals  within  this  bulk  of  strat^ 


614 


Tkt  Work/bit  Irwt  Om  of  Scranton. 


tbeir  net  tbiclcncefl  of  good  ooaJ  St  for  maricet,  and  tbc  oompated 
field  of  jtttcli  coal  [)er  acre  tram  each  bed. 


I A  Bit 

Cwb. 

"Ltatl  thi«llTifln«>. 

O-Tocl  toiL 

Yield  of  fooA  «o«l  par  icr*. 

K. 

aGwt 

3  fiwt 

41,1X10  ton*. 

L 

7    " 

**" 

7.000    " 

U. 

10    " 

:*" 

14.000    "          ._ 

G. 

6    •■ 

S    " 

5,000    >■          ^ 

F. 

H    *' 

«  " 

16,000    ■•          V 

D. 

8    " 

«  " 

10,000     "            ■ 

■ 

5    *• 

4t'* 
3Ti  fMt. 

7,000    "         ^ 

1 

60,000  liNtt.      .1 

These  tntals  hold  good,  of  course,  only  for  tVioae  portions  of 
the  coal  field  whk-li  aro  underlaid  by  all  tlio  sc\-en  coals  cnnrae- 
nlod.  If  we  wish  to  ng^regate  the  grom  amonnf,  llic  iicl  nmcunt, 
and  the  amount  wt  aero,  contained  in  the  four  middle  beds,  D, 
F.  G.  and  H,  wnich  He  wilhia  a  thickness  of  strata  of  Xvro 
hun<ircd  feet,  and  apresd  Ix>n<-atli  every  acre  of  the  coal  field, 
exocptiiig  only  a  narrow  bell  aloii(^  its  southern  boRlcr,  we  shall 
find,  on  camming  ii]>  Ihe  eolumn.4  of  the  tabic,  that  the  least 
total  thickncsa  of  these  coals  is  thirty-six  feci;  their  yield  in 
thickness  of  good  ooal,  unwarda  of  twenty-five  feet;  and  their 
produdivcnew  per  acre,  tnc  noble  ratio  of  42,000  tona 

TUK   WOKIUBLE  IRON  OKBS  OK  THK  VICINrTT  Or  SCKANTOK. 

It  hii.'s  bcun  nlrcfldy  mentioned  in  an  earlv  part  of  this  CfflBT, 
ihftt  the  nmhrnl,  or  n-ii  shale  formation  of  tfie  a)iuer  part  of  tho 
TOlley  of  Siaffonl  Slcadoiv  Brook,  includes  a  valuable  layer  or 
layers  of  a  |H>eiiliar  variety  of  iron  ore,  extensively  smelted  at 
the  Sernnton  furnaces. 

This  belt  of  or«  is  known  to  range  for  a  mile  or  more  with 
the. outcrop  of  the  Htrata  inclosing  it;  but  tA  the  ea.<itwanl  and 
weslniinl  of  that  space,  it  either  thins  away  or  becomes  too  poor 
in  oxide  of  iron  to  be  reeogniiiahle  or  worth  pnrsuing.  ThUK, 
no  traces  of  it  are  to  be  detected  in  the  prolonp^ation  of  its  out- 
crop either  in  the  iipf-er  vailey  of  .Spring  Bi-ook  or  in  that  of 
Roaring  Brook  iLt  CubbV  Gap,  and  it  seems  to  be  reslrkled,  or 
nearly  ho,  to  the  landa  of  tbe  r^nckftwanna  Iron  am)  Coal  Com- 
pany. 

ltj«  dip  is  with  the  strata,  or  towards  the  north,  at  an  avemgo 
angle  of  lifteen  or  twenty  degrees,  and  its  topograpbieal  prMilion 
i«  the  eai^t  and  wc»t,  ran^ng  on  lonjntndinat  valley  between  the 
two  mountain  ridges — that  of  the  nerat  conxlomM^te  and  umbriU 
fandstono  on  the  north,  and  that  of  the  Ye^rtiiie  sandstone 
>  ftnd  oonglomentte  on  tike  sonth.  I^he  geological  Mtuation  of  tbe 
OK  is  just  above  the  upper  layers  of  the  latter  formation,  or 
wnong  the  lowest  of  the  sbaJea  and  fire-clay  beds  of  tho  umbrm] 
Bcnes. 


Tkt  WorkaiUInm  Ont  ^  Sentnlom. 


ei9 


As  expoRcd  nt  lite  mint*  of  the  LackAwnnnA  Iron  nml  Goal 
Company  on  the  Staftbrd  Meadoiv  Brwok,  the  ore  lies  imbedded 
in  a  tnio  fii\'-cl«v  or  soft  claj-  stuilo,  the  avorag«  tJiickm-ss  of 
which  ia  about  mx  feet,  while  the  ore  for  Uie  most  part  is  in 
two  layoK  or  coursi» — the  lower  on<!  a  WDtinuoiu  muic],  eomv 
eurhteen  inch«»  ihiclc,  and  the  up)>er  one  a  layer  of  Hal  balls  or 
oakea,  twelve  inches  or  Ic^  in  vertical  diameter.  Beneath  this 
ore  atralum  is  a  hufT-colorad  antt  greenish  sandy  shalo,  and  sup- 
porting it,  in  turn,  a  cray  compact  itaiidstone,  which  I  docin  ihc 
upper  bed  of  the  great  Vwjxjnine  or  Ix)w«t  CarlxmilVmiw  Sf^rics. 
Above  the  ore  deposit  reposes  a  bed  of  closc-graincil,  cray,  argil- 
loccouti,  shftly  sandstone,  of  an  average  ihtckncsw  of  Inlrly  foot; 
and  in  the  middle  of  this  lies  a  band,  one  fool  thick,  of  fire-clay, 
containing  also  scattered  balls  of  iron  ore.  Over  this  isandstouo 
oocopB  a  mass  of  thirty  feet  of  yellow  and  red  shale,  more  char- 
acteristic of  the  ordinary  rtNl  sbiilc  oiit«ide  of  the  coal  badns  than 
anyof  the  other  siibjaeent  members  of  this  group  of  ftti-atjiiwliich 
prenent  indeed  almost  the  maximumof  deviation  from  the  usual 
conditions  of  the  umbra!  formation.  The  »tratnm  embracing 
the  iron  ore  abounds  in  th<;  same  delicate  fossil  rootlets,  called 
aiigmaria,  which  are  so  distinctive  of  the  fire-clay  berts  that 
Support  the  seams  of  coal. 

Tlie  iron  ore  itself  appears  to  be  a  coDcrotionary  depOMj, 
collected  fi^>m  the  imbeading  Qre-clay  and  overlying  strata^  at 
their  outcrop.  The  oxide  and  carbonate  of  iron,  of  which  it  i« 
composed,  have  Iwen  primarily  difVu*-d  through  these  rockn,  in 
part,  perhaps,  under  the  form  of  the  sulphurct  rf  iron,  and  subse- 
quently gathered  thus  into  shoota  and  layers  of  baills,  by  infll- 
tralion  of  tho  lain  and  other  sor&cc  waters,  In  oonfirmatioa  of 
this  viewof  the  origin  of  the  orp,  it  appears  that  the  de|x>ait  grows 
less  rich  in  iron,  wherever  it  is  followed  far  into  the  liill,  or  is 
covered  with  tight  overlying  .-strata,  aK  to  have  experienced  a  less 
than  ordinary  share  of  percolation  from  the  surface.  In  these 
positions  the  ore  is  little  clsj  than  «  fire-clay,  willi  a  merely 
greater  than  usual  impregnation  of  the  oxide  of  iron. 

The  ore,  as  taken  from  near  the  outcrop  of  the  beds  where  it 
is  extensively  mined  by  .tliallow  drifts  and  by  stripping,  is  a 
mottled  dark  green  and  red,  sub-cri-slallinc  mixture  of  the  car- 
bonates of  iron  and  lime,  witii  tho  jieroxide  and  protoxide  of  iron, 
and  containing,  besides,  alumina  and  some  silica.  It  is  ri'iulitv 
fiuible,  and  holding  a  small  amount  of  the  carbonate  of  lime,  it 
assists  materially  in  fluxing  the  more  refractory  ona  with 
which  it  is  mingled  in  tlie  furnaces.  It  is  of  very  variable 
tiuckncss,  the  proporttonaofits  metallic  iron  rangingfrom  twenty- 
five  to  forty-five  per  cent-  It  is  impiwsible  .it  present  to  make 
any  exact  quantitative  estimate  of  the  extent  of  this  interesting 
imn  on-  rdong  its  lint;  of  outcrop,  so  irregular  is  tho  topogniphy 
of  the  belt  it  oocupica,  and  so  variable  are  the  circumstances 


«1« 


Iron  Ores  of  tht  Coat  ifnuurw; 


wbicb  oontrol  tlie  pnwcDcc  or  ab^enoe  of  that  degree  of  puritr 
whicb  is  cssetktial  to  its  being  profitably  mined  and  smelted. 
But  that  it  pruvailx  iii  great  abundance,  must  be  obviixis  from 
Uio  tiwri!  con.ti deration  of  the  long  line  of  outcrop,  the  wide 
belt  over  which  it  i»  iijiri'std  by  it«  gciitlv  dip,  and  the  ou&sc- 
quirnt  thia  covering  under  which  it  Ties  around  the  inaifrins  of 
^0  bills. 

iRoy  OBEs  or  tkk  coal  ukasl-kes. 

On  of  Coal  B. — rurfiuing,  as  vrilii  tho  coal  beds,  tbe 
ending  order,  the  first  bod  ot  iron  ore.  in  the  coal  ini><iKiircs  <^ 
I  Scranton  coal  field  ia  the  lavcr  of  large  nodulca,  or  batla  of 

"clay,  iron,  «tono,  or  ar^^ill.-tccous  carbotiulu  of  iron,  which  under* 
liea  at  an  interval  of  a  few  feet  the  largo  coal  Beam,  F.  The 
nest  nbundiitit  depoi^it  of  tliv^^  bsiIU  \s  in  tlie  sticinann  j<-halc  or 
ire-ftlay  unmediaK^ly  beneath  the  litlJe  coal  bed,  E.  llfire  the 
massta,  gcm'Tally  two  or  thre'c  foot  ia  diamirtcr,  He  usually  ia  a 

,  .^ngle  connte,  the  balla  not  being  in  contact,  but  sontetinies  two 

1^  Uiroc  diamctcts  asunder. 

They  are  of  a  bluu  ailor,  compact  and  exocMiiTely  hani,  and 
are  of  the  struciuro  of  scptaria,  tlial  is  to  say,  they  have  been 

,  fissured  from  the  centre  outward  by  shrinkage,  and  the  en;vic«» 

'filled  with  infiltrated  cn-stalline  quartz,  brown  spar,  sulphuret 
of  iion  and  snlnhurel  of  xinc  Kxtcnially,  tlwy  an;  of  a  light 
bluiiih  gray  color,  and  le»3  rich  in  iron  than  within,  and  me 
marked  with  the  rootU'ta  of  the  stJgmaria,  traceable  a  short  way 
below  iheir  mirfacoa,  showing  tliem  to  bo  true  concretions.  Iron 
made  of  this  ore 'alone  ia  remarkable  for  ita  great  toughness  and 
Itrcngth,  and  hence  this  varitiy  is  in  much  request  for  mixing 

[Vitb  the  other  ores  snipltcd  at  the  Scranton  Iron  Works.     Tlie 

[-principal  oru  drifU  in  this  layvr  arc  .-tituntcil  upon  Boaring  Cieo^ 
And  are  (jnite  contiguous  to  the  furnaces. 

Bladi  Baitd  ftv  of  QmiI  F. — Tlio  next  layer  of  ore  is 
B  enune  of  compact  anthracite  Ihck  bund,  oocurrtDS  in  ihc 
blaek  shale  bed.  which  immediately  underlies  the  great  fourteen- 
feet  seam  of  coal  on  the  Lackawanna,  we»t  of  Scranton.  This 
<>rc  is  of  a  bluish  bhwk  color,  not  very  dense  in  texture,  and  ia 
between  four  and  five  inchci  in  tliickneiKS.  Under  ct^rtiiin  cir- 
cumstances of  mining  it  might  bo  ocotjomically  wroujiht,  and 
would  ]irove  a  iwefnl  ore  if  mixi'd  with  the  other  varielky*.  The 
black  band  ores  of  the  anthracite  measures  arc,  however,  not  to 
beconfouiideil  in  llifir proi)ertii?i«  with  the  genuine  bluek  band 
of  the  bituminous  coal  liciiis,  since  these  latter,  by  virluo  of  the 
bitutDinou.<t  miitlem  which  ihcy  eoiitaiu,  are  iniuib  more  likely 
than  the  former  to  purify  themselves,  in  the  process  of  roatstinff 
orofsmeltiiig, fnHnaKV!*nI}thiir  wiiicli  they  may  contain.  This 
ore  contains  much  earnonaccovis  matter,  and  ought  therefore  to 
pake  a  good  iron  after  ruajtiog.     Whcu  reduced  to  powder  it 


CKonwfM-  and  Quality  of  At  Scranton  CoaU. 


617 


efferveacea  activcly  with  hydro^toric  add,  which  showii  that  it 
coubtiiu  somo  lairuoniitc  o(  Um<.s  unothvr  useful  constituent  l«nd- 
ixigto  ^cititate  the  smeltinR. 

Xoduiftr  Ortt  of  ifte  OmI  •%im  K. — In  the  upper  pan 
of  the  coal  nieasurea,  immediately  beueutJi  tltc  ooai  mkI  K.  tu>d 
also  under  its  jidvr  I^  therv  occur  two  beds  of  good  nodolnr 
clay  iron  ore. 

The  balls  which  underlie  the  first  named  of  tlieae  coolti  are 
irr«guUrIy  scattered  in  a  blue  sandy  shiilc,  oud  unless  where 
very  favorably  cxpu«cd  for  surface-stripping,  are  for  the  most 
pfttt  too  ooarae  autl  lean  iu  iron  to  rt-pny  the  ocet  of  collecting. 
Those  which  adjoin  the  tittle  ooal  L,  occur  iu  its  angler  clny,  a 
toft,  iU]^liK>cou8  sltftle.  They  are  in  greatest  abundance  within 
•even  feet  of  the  coal  bed,  thoui^h  some  occur  in  n  fire-clay  next 
'beneath  this,  rcpo«iri}^  imnK-dinttOy  on  the  coal  scam  K.  llieae 
nodulist  are  usually  spheroidal  in  ahaiie,  an<l  vjiry  from  the  size 
of  ou  egK  to  one  foot  in  diameter.  The  quality  of  thLi  ore  is 
good,  il  being  a  tolen^lypure,  heavy  and  nearly  homogeneous 
jMOtocarbonatc  of  iron.  Tiic  balls  wcatlicr  of  an  bcbreous  brown 
eolw,  and  cxroliat^  in  concentric  ttcalcv  of  peroxide  of  iron, 
-showing  ttiem  to  contain  some  carbonate  of  lime,  and  to  be  a 
little  «nndy.  Under  »d van tagcotu  positions  for  mining,  tliis  ore, 
the  abundance  of  wliich  is  very  considerable,  may  be  wrought, 
both  by  stripping  and  drifting,  at  a  cost  quite  wi'tLin  the  limits 
of  cconotnicitl  production. 

CHAHACTEB  AND  QL'At.m-   OF  THE  8CRANT0N  OOALS. 

A  etencs  of  flyst&inati<^ly  conducted  chemical  examinations, 
for  whieh  I  havo  not  found  leiiturt%  is  ncedetl  to  enable  me  to 
dctiinnine  with  perfect  precision  the  conatilution  of  the  cools  of 
the  Scninton  coal  field,  atid  the  relations  they  bear  to  the  coals 
of  other  di-ttrictt  of  tht^  anthracite  region.  Bat  a  careful  study 
of  thciqpe.vtvrnal  physical  alacture,  and  of  their  bchiivior  under 
diiliircnt  eir»'um*t<inocs  of  combustion  and  aome  approximate 
analy-iii*.  made  with  a  view  to  the  main  question  of  tMir  gnneml 
purity,  liavc  supplied  me  with  ."tuch  snti^factory  nnd  positive 
3v.-*ulU  Hit  will,  I  trust,  meet  alt  the  rcquirementstM  a  preliminary 
description  like  the  pR-writ, 

Ah  9  group.  tlietu>  Seranton  coalii  are  to  be  climed  with  the 
fiee-burning,  white  nah  anthracite,  a  very  valuable  variety,  unit- 
ing %\u-  .•(tr<!iigl>i.  or  great  hattin'j  priwer  for  whiclt  the  true  anthra- 
cites arc  preeminent,  with  that  readiness  of  kindling  and  activity 
of  combiiKtion  which  di^tiiigni.'tU  the  firmer  semi-anthrucite^ 
and  which  the  densest  and  hardest  cools  do  not  posarss.  Both 
in  stfuijture  and  oompoitition  tbf  more  ignilible  oftlieae  coals 
hold  a  station  apparently  intermediate  between  the  moetcompact 
anthracites  ncany  destitute  of.  innninmable  ga.'tea,  and  thocu.'  more 
fl-ssurcd  and  lighter  varieties  containing  a  notable  amount  of  the 


oie 


CharaHrr  and  Quality  tifthi  Smmton  Ooatt. 


carbiuvttcd  liydrogcn  gaiMfl^  l«>d  which  1  have  elseirherc  deoo- 
I  Biiaated  tite  semi-anthracites.*  Wlitlc  ihc  dryust  and  dvns- 
'  tat  anthracites  include  about  Uipce  j>er  cent,  of  their  weight  of 

inflaiumahle  g«aea,  antl  the  semi-antEracilis  ikhdc  strvcu  or  eight 

per  cent,,  these  Lackawanna  coals,  oa  the  verge,  as  it  wore,  of 
rtiie  class  of  anthracites  or  Bamclcss  ooaLs,  pos«fis  ao  avern^  aa 
^much  as  five  jwr  cent,  of  these  free  baming  eletnenttt.  .  Aiio  so, 
[ttgain.  in  respect  to  the  structure  of  those  cools.    In  tho  hardest 

and  tlrycst  antbracites,  the  beds  an;  imperfectly  and  irregularly 

C'tited,  tile  fiasures  being  f^w  and  wide  apart ;  and  on  the  other 
ud,  ill  the   scnii-iiiil!inteilc<,  these  crevioea  are  poiallel  and 
very  close  together,  averaging  two  or  three  in  an  inch ;  but  in 
thisgitnipof  the  lew  iIi-im-ami<iiiicker-Windling  anthmciteM,  the 
jointa,  though  regular  and  parallel,  are  interim-'diatc  in  degree 
of  frequency,  not  occurring  oftener  tlian  once  iu  every  two  ot 
three  or  four  inches.     As  a  large  proportion  of  these  natural  fl|> 
Burcs  commence  and  end  within  the  same  band,  they  pvnnit  the 
eoal  to  be  hewed  and  transported  in  chunks  as  massive  and  da 
|-4olid  as  need  be  desired,  while  they  impart  to  the  conl,  when 
I  intentiouall  V  broken  Hp<,  a  )>n>v'alenc«  oi  the  square  or  cubical 
tlhape.    This  feature  seems  to  be  attended  with  sX  least  two  de- 
^cidod  advantages:  one  is,  that  it  OfHists  materially  the  closer 
I  stowage  of  the  nicl,  an  element  uf  much  imporbince  in  ocean  navi- 
[gfttion:  and  tlie  other  is,  that  it  ^cilitates  the  kindling  imd 
'  Tcady  burning  of  the  coal,  by  the  multiplicity  and  sharpness  of 
the  corners  and  edges  exposed  to  the  heat  oiiu  die  current  of  air 
during  combustion. 

In  point  of  nurily  or  freedom  from  earthy  matter,  these  coals 
of  the  vicinity  oi  Scran  ton  will  compare  favorably  with  the  beds  of 
the  corresponding  lower  white  a«li  group  of  the  I^iekawaiina  and 
Wvoraing  basin  sencrally,  and  indiwd,  with  the  better  class  of 
anthracites   anywhere    througliuut  tlie  con!  region.     Analysts 
shows  that  tho  portions  which  are  mined  for  traiisportalion,  con- 
tain not  more  than  six  or  eight  per  cent,  of  ashes,  and  this,  it  is 
|VclI  known,  is  a  low  proporUon  for  merchantHble  nnlhracite 
coals.     The  earthy  residue  of  these  coals,  being  of  the  kind 
called  white  ashes,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica  and  alumina,  and 
, containing  hut  little  alkali,  lime,  or  oxide  of  iron,  and  being 
_  ab1«  therefore  of  withstanding  a  high  heat  without  melting, 
or  more  than  sonening  into  a  lip'xigj'  cinder,  are  exempt  from 
tho  serious  defect  of  producing  the  liard.  stony  clinker  caused 
igenerally  by  tlio  red  a:^b,  snd  of\cn  by  the  so-called  gray  ash 
Fftothracitea 

The  proportion  of  »ol  id  carbon — ^the  amount  of  which  in  ooola^ 
from  the  best  practical  re&earchcs  on  fuel,  muKt  be  accepted  m 
very  nearly  the  measure  of  their  absolute  besting  strength — is, 

'  Seo  «n  Vjnifj  on  tli«  tombiutiblc  (jnatilin  of  ibo  Miuu-uthmcilta  ot  the 
BhuMkia  eoal  fiold. 


CAaracIn-  one/  Qatility  o/llu  ScTttn$on  OoaU. 


di9 


in  the  instance  of  these  ScraatoQ  antltrof  ttea,  nboat  eigbty-seven  to 
(Ughtj-cwKt  per  cent,  of  the  whole  maxB,  «  ratio  otu}'  about  two 
per  cant. less  tbaD  distin^ishes  the  dryctit  or  least  g&seous  varie- 
tiea  in  the  Lchi^fh  coal  Avldi.  while  tlio  difference  la  amply  com- 
pSDsated  for  in  the  gain  of  tnis  amount  ofignitible,  inflammnble 
gases— li yd rogcD  and  carburettttl  hvtlrogcn — which  serve  ma- 
terially to  increase  the  i>rompliie*i  oF  kindling,  and  rapidity  of 
Imming,  or  the  total  amount  of  heat  evolved  in  a  given  time. 
These  Scninton  coals,  in  their  coiniiArative  pimly  or  frredom 
I  ^m  earthy  mattora,  and  large  amount  of  carbon  in  their  posses- 
doa  of  A  moderate  density  and  some  Irec  iDllammable  gas,  and  in 
Iheir  square  mode  of  tractare,oombino  in  a  high  degree  the  three 
chief  agential  attributes  of  a  superior  fuel,  namely,  great  abso- 
lute heating  iitrength, quick  ignitibilityoractirity  ofcombiiRtion, 
and  the  power  of  packing  closely.    Other  coals  may  aurpaas 
k^em  in  Home  one  of  these  qiiaIiflCAtion»  to  a  flmall  oxb'iit,  but 
M  doubt  if,  on  a  &ir  ci^rimental  comparison  of  properties,  any 
will  be  found  to  oombme  a  larger  total  of  efficiency  in  all  titese 
sereral  ways. 

With  n  view  to  exhibit  more  distinctly  the  excellence  of  the 

.class  of  free-bnrning  while  okIi  autliracitefl,  soch  as  thcae  I  have 

Hibovc  described,  I  will  conclude  this  essay  with  a  condensed 

survey  of  the  principal  qualities  esacutial  to  a  good  fufA  for  pro* 

ducing  steam,  or  for  domestic  oaca : — 

1.  It  should  possess  great  actual  heating  power. 

2.  As  far  as  oonaisttiiit  with  the  foregoing,  it  should  kindle 
quittkly,  and  bum  fi»t,  goncniting  the  largest  amount  of  heat  in 
the  shortest  time. 

5.  Its  Ottrthy  matter  should  ho  small  in  quantity,  and  difficult 
to  fuse ;  it  will  thtis  make  little  clinker,  deniand  but  little  raking 
of  its  flTC?.  and  undergo  but  little  wast«  in  consequence. 

4.  It  should  contain  but  little  sulphur. 

B,  The  volatile  ingredients  of  the  coal  should  he  free  inflam- 

aable  gnsea,  not  bilnminoiis  inatt'?r*  forming  smoki?;  and  they 

nught  to  be  barely  abundant  enough  to  as.<ist  rapidity  of  com- 

l1>U)(tion,  as  the  larger  the  proportion  of  fixed  carbon,  the  greater 

seems  the  heating  power. 

6.  They  should  not  be  too  tender  on  the  fire,  nor  yet  loo 
refractory  ;  a  certain  tendency  to  fall  to  pieees  !*jwntaneonsly 
while  burning,  but  not  an  over  amount  of  this,  is  a  great  dcside- 
jatam,  itt  it  eonferi  activity  and  steai1in<»K  of  oombuntioii ;  too 

tlnuch  of  it  impedes  combustion  by  increasing  the  friction  of  the 
fttr  pacing  through  the  Ore. 

7.  The  lower  the  temperature  at  which  an  anthracite  will 
[Ittn'llc  ami  miiintniti  Itaclf  burning,  the  more  manageable,  more 

active,  and  more  economical  will  it  prove. 

8.  The  bt'Hcr  a  coal  unite*  the  tenaeity  necessary  for  eeono- 
mical  txan.tporlation,  with  this  medium  amount  of  fraugibility 


030 


The  Production  of  Oold,  Phtinum,  tie. 


on  tho  fire,  the  larger  the  effedire  nault  c^  a  g^rea  qukotitj, 
from  the  time  it  leaves  the  mine 

9.  And  Uie  ^ater  the  nggn^gate  of  poulive  heatJitg  pow^ 
rapidity  of  combustion,  aud  compactness  of  stowage  6onipAtitly 
lutftemlilcd  in  a  enal,  the  nearer  does  it  approach  the  ideal  Stan* 
dard  of  a  perfect  facl. 


AsT.  ni.— THK  PBnnorTtON'  OF  aoi.D,  PI,ATl\Tir,  THK  OXIDB 
OF  TrS,  *(■-,  OS  THK  St!KK.\CK  OF  THE  PRIUARV  ROCKS 
DCBLN-a  DKCOMlHWniOJI .•— 8v  Ev*a  HorKW^  0.  K. 

Gold,  platina,  and  other  mctnia  not  subj<>cl  to  oxidntioa,  sre 
priucipaDy  found  in  the  dUintegratixI  BurEace  of  the  metallife- 
roue  crystAllini;  rock&  such  as  grrtnitca,  porphyries,  and  their  res- 
pective alatos.  The«e  melutlie  productions  depend  entirely  on 
the  oompoatioQ  and  structoie  of  the  rocks,  and  tlic  chemical 
ftnd  meohanieal  conditions  of  tlic  surface,  camung  oxiilution, 
disintogration,  aod  the  consoquent  dcvclopmcot  and  aggrcgalion 
of  the  containing  metuU. 

The  snperfica&I  productions,  of  gold  and  platitia  eepedaUy, 

far  exceed  tn«  product  from  vein»i,  and  art  inucli  purer  in  qunlity. 

Metals  formed  m  mineral  veins  contain  a  large  proportion  of  alloy,: 

Ewheiciu!  those  found  in  dc]KiHits  arc  comparatively  free  from  the 

sr  metals,  the  latter  heiiig  desUxiyed  by  tlie  process  of  oxida- 
tion. The  rooks  oontaiaing  the  precious  metals  and  the  oxide 
of  tin  ore  much  subject  to  superficial  decomposition,  aud  thus 
their  m<?tallic  contenta  are  liberated  by  a  slow  natural  prooeoL 
This  action  is  more  or  1e«s  constant  in  every  renon  on  tne  &oo 
of  the  earth,  but  invariabledegreoa,  according  to  local  oonditions, 
depending  on  the  crystiUline  eouipoun<is  and  phji^ical  operations, 
conHnod  to  no  Age,  nor  to  any  particular  isone,  and  toUlJy  indo* 
pendiint  of  the  chaructcr  of  the  Ktijicriucumbttnt  russillifcroua  beds 
which  may  be  found  in  tiie  districts. 

I  wish  particularly  to  press  this  point  on  those  who  have  % 
desire  to  study  the  subject,  w)  lliat  th«?y  may  estimate  the  real 
value  of  th«  iirgUTnr.'iits  which  have  been  brought  forward  witb 
reference  to  Uie  alleged  dijieovery  of  gold  deposits  in  Austmlia, 
founded  on  palaiowic  data,  or  predictioua  grounded  on  fossillife- 
roua  rocka.  A  knowledge  of  the  meaning  and  leading  buaHngs 
of  fiMKils  is  very  important  in  connection  with  scdimentnr}-  rocks, 
but  it  is  totally  unavailable  in  all  queMiuna  oonnec*««i  with  ths 
primary  rocks,  and  their  containing  metals  and  minerals.  To 
state  that"  gold  i.4  deported  in  the  ncwcstterllarieii,  or  in  connec- 
tion with  pitlicozoic  roeks,"  can  have  no  definite  meaning,  awl 
much  leea  any  practioal  bearing  on  llio  subject.    Tho  Iws  primary 


Tkt  Produetum  of  Gttld,  Phtitmm,  Se. 


«2I 


series  are  covered  with  sedimentary  rocks,  the  more  easily  their 
clianictcr  ean  be  d«tcrtnTii<.'(3 ;  yliouKl  tlicj'  bu  tli«  motaUifi;roui>, 
or  aariferoQs  variety  (which  can  only  be  deterrained  bj  mineralo- 

%gical  examination  i  and  more  or  less  dccompueed  and  covered 
tliciriinart^wftedebriB,  wc  liave  reason  to  oxju'd  gold  deposits. 
Dflo  Eupcrficial  disintegrations  tuc  iaco:^»int]^  incrt.-:istn<;  the 
tbioklicss  of  the  iuiml»>,  cliiv:).  and  jKihhIes.  Tiiwchanp^  is  wn. 
fined  to  no  age,  nor  any  tfiven  pcnod  in  tbo  bisinry  of  tbo  scdi- 
mcntmy  rocks;  neither  An  mich  luicmn illations  im-fn.*'  fii^fil.-t,  or 
anyorgamcsuhfltance  by  which  the  ibasil  gcolojjist  can  determine 
their  im'ltdlii;  qnulittc».  Evi-ry  gold  dicat-r  kuow*  woll  ihiit  the 
de9cri|>tion  of  fcMSilUrcroufi  neks,  with  ail  the  erudition  on  the 
organic  remains  and  the  consequence  of  the  bods  ou  one  hand^ 
md  the  hypothetical  icDeons  rocks  on  the  other,  avail  noihinf, 
but  rather  t*?nd  to  bowildrr  those  who  havo  not  studied  iht:  pn- 
nmrj  rocks  and  their  deposita  in  tlie  Held  of  operation.  It  ia 
this  miJ-intcrprvtatton  of  natttrtil  phenomena,  and  the  oonMe<iuent 
misapplication  of  the  laws  governing  the  pniduels  of  tlio  miiiernl 
kinj^om,  that  have  broumit  the  science  of  geologv  into  disre- 
pute aniongitl  miners  and  digiirent.  The  auriferous  cfay  and  mica 
slates  generally  inclose  nodules  and  veins  of  white  and  light 
red  qunrtx.  These  gold  tfiiartK  veins  are  excewlingly  decop- 
^vc  to  the  uninitiated,  being  fnsguently  found  glittering  with 

Eld  at  the  surfncL',  with  occasional  lai^e  mas*i^  in  cuvilteK,  and 
•ge  fLikett  in  the  joints  and  fractures  ;  yet  at  a  few  fathoin.i  in 
depth,  in  the  compact  quart:r:,  they  i**Moia  produce  i^lTicient  gold 
to  pay  the  coal  of  the  mere  blasiing  of  the  rock.  Vet  tneoe 
qnartK  veins  contain  a  wnali  proportion  of  jp>ld  Wlow,  although 
invisible,  which,  when  left  to  the  natural  proceaaes  of  dtooinpo- 
gilion  and  internal  metallic  aggregation,  produce  rich  su]»«rrlii;ial 
debris.  A  very  interesting  result,  in  connection  with  the  aupcr- 
iicinl  ncttoii  and  the  libcniiion  and  aggrfwttion  of  the  precious 
metals  from  the  containing  rocks,  may  be  seen  at  the  roots  of 

freut  trees  when  in  immediate  oontncl  with  qiuirhfOM  band& 
luiitimen  and  hcidsmen  have  been  the  discovercre  of  manv  <^' 
the  silver  mines  in  S'mth  America,  c^pt-cinlly  in  Chili  and  I*oni, 
by  detecting  large  nuuwep  of  metallic  silver  attached  to  root*  of 
tree*,  and  sometimes  crowiug  in  a  somewhat  aboresceiit  form 
ambngat  the  scrub.     The  same  kind  of  diaoovorica  havo  bi^on 
made  m  gold  regions  not  alone  in  South  Ainericn,  Vera;;ua}<,  and 
California,  but  al^to  in  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales — ^targe 
masses  of  gold  have  bocn  found  aggregnte«1  nciu*  the  roots  of 
large  trees  and  stmng  grass,  often  in  very  singular  fornkt,  and 
evidently  indiciiling  th«  indiicnoe  of  the  roots  in  the  formstion^ 
and  the  amount  of  golil  drawn  out  of  tlie  rock  below.     I  par- 
liciilnrly  refer  to  those  parts  undisiiirbed  by  flootls,  whcxo  the' 
gold  is  fuuod  t'n  situ,  and  not  to  the  aa^umnl.ations  of  gi)Id  ooca-- 
■toDcd  by  masses  of  roots  in  vaUv^'s,  and  other  mcchanicai  obsto- 


eaa 


Tke  I'roduetiw  mf  Ooid^  Piatinum,  th. 


dos  to  the  runaing  stFcams.  The  two  effects  tre  ^uite  distinct 
^  liave  nlw  seen  gold  fonaed  on,  and  \a  the  cavities  of  rocka, 
ikc  small  ferns,  i>r€»cDtiug  all  tlic  B[>]>earanG«  of  vegetable  oi 
oral  gruwUi,  mui  this  dtstmctaon,  that  instead  of  tLc  fibroug 
arandics  and  leaves,  tUc  structure  of  llto  braudies  wasof  acrya- 
tallinc  character.  Ileiioe,  with  these  facts  before  ua,  we  cauoot 
refuse  to  ftcknowlcdgc  the  existence  of  ihiB  action  ia  the  minerala 
below,  uvcii  though  ihc  effect  produced  may  be  so  slow  as  not  io 
besenublt!  dunnjithclifoofaD  individual.  The  action  of  water, 
W)  has  been  clsewhero  .*!iuwa,  is  so  tnuoh  «oniiec;t«d  with  that  of 
oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbonic  acid,  that  it  is  scarcely  po^tiblo 
to  coDStd<.T  Iheir  effects  upart  in  Uie  ery.ttalUito  tocki.  Before 
we  can  duly  nnderstand  how  the  precious  metals  become  deve- 
loped ininai^ifc^ucarthe  roots  of  trees,  we  luuxtknow  tlio  general 
,  character  and  state  of  the  rocks  and  aoil  in  situ.  All  sobetances 
found  in  nature  are  capable  of  being  held  ia  aqueous  aoluiiona, 
and  arc  olV^u  found  in  that  alate.  Gold  is  held  in  a  solution  of 
^.caustic  alkali,  and  sometimes  saturating  the  quartz  and  the  clca- 
iTago  of  llie  slater  Silver  is  kept  in  folulion  by  eulphaie  of 
i.iron.  Caustic  potash  U  also  the  natural  menstruum  of  (ulicious 
substance!!.  The  hornblende  and  clay  slates  contain  a»  an 
ingredient  protoxide  of  iron,  and  when  they  absorb  the  tain  or 
surface  moisturv,  this  oxidg  combines  with  the  oxyg«u  of  the 
water  and  liberates  the  hydrogen  gas,  which  iii  a  most  aotive 
ikgent  in  the  production  of  metals  in  roclui,  as  well  as  on  tho 
'  ocgnlii'c  plate  of  an  urtilicial  Vmltery.  The  above  conitnoed 
protoxide  becomes  thun  a  [fcroxide  of  iron,  and  thus  converts 
tJie  hard  i-iirfaceA  of  these  rocks  into  a  friable  brownish  itd  soil, 
leaving  at  the  bottom  the  substances  unafTeotefl  by  the  changes. 
Bocks  in  ucncral  are  more  or  lew  ferruginous,  and  the  salts  of 
iron  loM-  titeir  oolierencc  on  expomre  to  tur,  and  crunil>le  into 
powder  by  tho  absorption  of  oxygen.  Thua  the  disintegratioa 
of  most  of  the  oi^stiUliue  compoundii  isetTcclcd,  owing  to  the 
ingredients  being  susceptible  of  entering  into  union  with  oxrgeo  : 
the  precioiui  metals  are  giitlierx;(l  tojiellier,  and  the  metallic  sol- 
-  phtirets  traoslimnfid  into  soluble  etil»hates.  Kearly  alt  tlie  pri* 
I  mary  day-slates  consist  of  oompounus  of  silica,  alumina,  potash, 
'  soda,  iron,  and  often  magneoia  and  protoxide  of  manganese,  with 
the  metals  sparingly  disseminated  therein.  Quartz  dccompdscs 
hy  the  coHiinuoua  action  of  a  weak  solution  uf  carbonic  acid, 
and  libcraU-«  its  containing  metals.  The  pipe-clay  is  a  silicate  of 
alumina,  produced  by  the  decoinj>osition  uf  the  quarts  and  fcd- 
spar,  an(l  the  potash  washed  out.  What  is  vulgarly  called  "  burnt 
quartz,"  U  a,  conglomerate  of  tlic  debris  cemeuted  togetlicr  by  tho 
soluttor;s  of  the  oxides  of  iron  and  silica.  Indcetl,  all  rocks 
containing  stlioAles  of  alkaline  bases,  e^ipecially  when  ferrugi- 
nous, are  mcapable  of  resisting  the  conlinuetl  solvent  action  of 
carbonic  nctd  diwdvad  in  water,  or  tlio  auckittg  notioi)  of  the 


i  J'biinum,  <N. 


eiis 


roots  of  trees  supplied  with  ctrboDMeoos  matter  in  a  tnoist  state. 
Thus  (»irboiifltc  otsoda  la  a  most  important  subatance  toaprinkl« 
in  a  ;xK>r  aoii  to  liberate  iIk>  clvm<:uts  of  tLo  crystnllinv  rock  to 
fovd  the  roota of  plantn :  Che  required  nouiiahment  Li  ihua iibwrbcd 
fVom  the  iwil,  and  the  mutalit  and  other  iogredioats  rejected  hy 
the  roots  are  left  behind,  like  indiges^me  aubstoncox.  The 
metals  in  the  primary  rocka  being  more  or  leas  in  a  semi-fluid 
state,  and  combined  with  other  elemviit^s  ^specially  the  alkalies, 
r>.-main  in  that  state  until  disturbed  by  neutralizing  ageitlA — i,  &, 
like  the  roots  of  plants,  taking  up  the  potash  and  leaving  the 
gold  behind  at  the  points  of  senaration,  in  masses,  according  to 
llie  richntAS  of  the  grouud  ana  the  amount  of  alkali  taken  up 
by  the  trunk.  In  the  eame  manner  the  ferruginous  rocks  form- 
ing red  caps  on  hills  by  the  decomposition  of  too  iron,  are  favor- 
able for  tiic  liberation  and  development  of  the  gold  contained 
in  aurifcrtniB  slalca.  Hence  the  rud  bills  ttr«  favorable  localities 
to  the  gold  digger.  It  is  flctrcely  m^ccfsary  lo  slate  that  all  the 
nods  and  clava,  pure  or  mixed  urith  minerals  and  metals,  ore 
flie  result  of  decomposition,  urul  arc  subject  to  constant  changes, 
and  these  cfaangiefi  not  only  perpetually  liberate  and  devt-lup 
the  mculx,  but  render  the  ukaline  busvti and  siltcutw  soluble,  to 
provide  fiX)d  for  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

If  wc  bruise,  pnlvcnzc,  and  vtaa  the  most  compact  qnartz  in 
the  auriferous  slates,  we  may  delect  gold  in  an  imimlpame  state ; 
in  fact,  it  is  freqaently  found  aa  a  eomimnent  part  or  this  ruck. 
imperceptibly  dissominaW  ihi-rvin.  However,  it  is  in  the  Hmail 
fissures  and  vacuities  of  the  oxidated  portions  that  we  find  the 
grain  and  massive  gold.  Tiie  supcrflciul  parts,  commonly  called 
"  burnt  and  rotten  quarta,"  are  the  productive  portions  of  quartz 
veins.  Some  quartz  veins,  impregnated  witli  iron  pyrites 
— the  latter  decomposed  ii>to  the  peroxide,  and  fbrming  pHtchcs 
and  cavities  below  the  eurfjicc — do  produce  rich  pockets  of  gold 
occasinnally,  but  they  are  very  rare,  and  never  prflduclive  in 
qnsntity.  The  only  gold  veins  worthy  of  notice,  and  capable 
of  affofiiing  an  average  remunerative  product,  are  the  ferrugi- 
nous or  the  auriferous  pyrites,  which  are  being  worked  with  great 
profit  in  the  Brazils  and  Xcw  Granada.  The  gold  quartz  veins 
aeen  in  these  colonies  are  similar  in  character  to  those  examined 
in  other  countries ;  the  jiroducl  of  gold  depending  entirely  on 
the  amount  of  the  oxidating  surfaces,  including  the  cavities  and 
joints.  Same  of  them  have  been  more  or  less  wrought  near 
Afount  Alexander,  and  have  produced,  as  usual,  mere  specimens; 
but  their  exploration  in  depth  has  been  for  very  go<xI  reasons 
r6liHquiiiht.-d.  The  gold  suvicfr  finds  it  much  more  profitable  to 
work  in  the  superficial  debria,  and  seek  the  superior  ppoflnctive 
maMes  found  on  the  quartz  under  the  debris,  like  those  extraor- 
dinary metallic  masses  found  at  Balaarat. 

A  very  interesting  natural  process  of  the  development  of 

Toi.  II.-43 


Tht  pToduetian  af  6M,  Platinum,  «(e.  ^H 

gold  from  Lli«  granite  mfty  be  obaerved  in  various portionsof  gra- 
nitic ranges  in  aurif«rDU8  districts.  I  have  froqncntiv  exiunioed, 
and  watoiif^d  this  pttenomenon  in  several  pouru  of  the  Aodos — 
particulariy  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Nt-gro,  and  on  tltc  iftthmtn 
of  Panama.  All  the  granitea  subject  to  docompose  on  the  sur- 
face in  spherical  exfoliation  show  this  effect  in  a  remarkable 
manner,  lit  examiDing  a  deep  xeotioii  of  thii  kind  of  granite, 
wc  find  the  crystalline  a^regation  passing  by  an  inipcrccpttble 
mdjtiion  into  a  conordionary  globular  Rinicture.,  and  cbanging 
into  the  characti>r  of  a  coarse  conglomerate  on  approaching  tho 
sur&oc;  the  resjiectivc  nucleus  of  each  raryrtallineDall,  or  centre 
of  attnuttioQ,  bocoming  denser  and  harder  than  the  panint  ruck 
by  the  gradual  conoentnUion  of  gnrrounding  itilica,  lilec  lite 
fonnation  of  flints  in  chalk,  or  silicate  of  limo.  During  this 
process  of  trnnsformntion  erf  the  crystalline  Ixwe  we  find  the 
spliericalnodule-tiowarda  the  sarfaoe  getting  gnkdually  enveloped 
by  a  scries  of  coqiceotric  exfoliations.  la  the  dtrision.-<  of  those 
spheres  an  HUoremence  of  feiruginom  mineral  is  fonned,  in 
which' the  gold  becomes  aggregated  into  gniin)i.  The  above  com- 
pact round  crystalline  halU  are  called  by  the  natives  of  South 
America  "  raadres,"  or  the  mothers  of  the  gold,  bvcanse  they  haro 
found  from  experience  that  the  debris  of  granite  are  not  produc- 
tive of  gold  without  them.  The  stotiy  nuclei,  as  well  as  the 
conceotno  exfolia,  are  completely  deprived  of  tlieir  origiiul 
auriferous  contents  by  this  proocM  of  internal  aggregation. 
After  thcM  oxidated  surfaccv  of  the  granitvs  nrc  brought  down 
bv  the  torrent'*,  and  washed  away  from  the  foot,  or  the  raviites 
o^  the  raountittTis,  the  gold  washen  must  remove  to  other  locali- 
tiea,  orwait  a  few  years  until  the  slow  proceaa  of  nature  supplier 
them  with  a  fresh  crop  and  accumulation,  as  they  know  that  it 
would  be  in  vain  to  penetrate  into  the  hord  rocJc  to  extract  Us 
metallic  contents. 

The  granite  rocks  do  not  produce  large  muttcs  of  gold  like 
the  quartz  and  filittc ;  the  precious  metal  resulting  from  the  de- 
oomposiiiou  of  granites  and  porphyries  is  generally  in  nnall 
flakes  and  minute  grains,  and  principally  found  in  remunerative 
quantities  in  alluvial  depoHits,  and  seldom  found  in  sJt'i  like  the 
*lnty  rocks.  We  may  have  a  EimilJar  illustration  of  the  above 
modiss  operandi  going  on  in  the  min<5nd  kiDg>lom.  by  n-ferring  to 
the  action  of  a  plant,  or  the  oondncting  power  of  die  root  in  the 
soil.  Tlie  *ed,  with  its  active  principle,  bdng  the  fixwl  point, 
eausi'fl  activity  in  tlic  surnmnding  moist  elements;  the  plant  in- 
oreases  in  bulk,  and  beooirn-*  more  [»ovn;rful  in  proportion  to  its 
development,  until  the  required  elcmi>nl8  are  abstract!^  from  the 
«oit  and  demand  replenishing  for  the  growth.  So  it  is  with 
cryttals — they  cause  local  attraction  of  similar  element^  tati 
however  slow  and  fwble  this  process  may  apixtar,  yet  it  be«>nMs 
iby  degrees  very  powerful  from  the  combinntioij  of  their  rt»peo- 


nt  ProJuHiom  »J  OoU,  PUitinum,  itv. 


«w 


tive  cobeavo  foroM,  and  especially  if  a  solution  of  carbonic  acid 
and  iron  be  pruwnL  Tlio  <lifyfrirrit  elctnente,  after  i»c{mr»lion, 
will  cause  new  coEoWnations  and  ammgeinenla  till  Ihey  arrive 
at  a  coin[MiraUvcly  ijui«KeiiI  i>tate;  th«  whole  of  the  metallic 
eoDtents  of  the  rocJca  in  proximity  being  abstracted,  HU>fi  further 
accumalation«.  This  is  the  ca»c  in  inanv  metalliferous  jMrtioosof 
the pri;nary  series;  they  becOTueinertlilteexhauBteHlsoils,  bavinj 
id)  their  nutiitiotiselomcnts  drawn  out  I  have  found  snuiitol, 
porphyrieA,  and  elay-slau«(,  coi)t«ining  from  1  dwt  to  4  awts.  of 
gold  per  ton,  without  the  least  nppArcnt  trace  of  the  metAl  to  bo 
Recii  by  mere  iiiitpectioii.  When  these  rocks  decompose  they 
necessarily  liberate  tbo  metal,  and  this  becomes  aggT«^ted  at 
\-ari()U»  iioint«,  or  procipitftted  acoordiiw  to  local  conditions,  as 
observed  in  all  the  gold  d^K«its  in  sttu.  It  may  be  well  to 
remind  the  mtdur  that  gold  is  ne\-er  mineralized!^  it  is  alwnys 
found  in  its  metallic  state;  therefore,  gold  ore»  or  minenh 
are  improper  tcrmn.  However,  it  i»  frequently  found  mecha- 
nically combined  with  iron  pyrites,  and  also  alloyed  wilii  other 
metnls. 

I  have  already  referred  to  the  great  purity  of  the  gold  found 
in  Hupcrftcini  deposits,  more  especially  in  rocks  tike  those  of 
Vietorio,  which  are  comparatively  barren  of  minerals;  whUe  the 
gold  obtained  fixim  vems  and  in  associaUon  witii  minerals  is 
always  ooDAiderably  alloyed  with  silver  and  copper.  It  has 
been  stated  that  this  arisf.*  from  the  efft-cls  of  flu|>erfietnl  oxida- 
tion carrying  away  the  baser  metals  during  the  process  of  aggre- 
gation. I  .ihall  now  »ouc<>  a  very  interesting  fact  rejecting 
this  action,  observed  by  mc  for  several  ycare  in  some  of  tbc  gold 
mines  on  lite  Andetc  The  auriferous  pyrites  in  that  region 
contains  from  8  ozs.  to  o  dwts.  per  ton,  according  to  depth,  the 
BurfiKe  being  always  the  richest  This  pyrites  is  stamped  into 
fine  powder,  and  the  gold  extracted  therefrom  by  washing  and 
various  mechanical  mcjins ;  the  rMultina  pnKluct  is  a  oompound 
of  gold  and  silver,  two  of  the  former  and  one  of  the  latter,  called 
elcvtnim.  This  i»  the  state  in  which  all  the  gold  is  obtained 
from  the  mine  direct  The  re^tidue  of  the  washing  is  a  Sne  pulve- 
rized pyrites,  with  all  the /rw  gold  washed  out;  but  by  assavstiU 
indicating  tiie  some  contents  ofgold,  balk  for  bulk,  as  tlie  onginal 
minenil  m  its  rousb  state.  Tnia  product  from  the  washing  is 
laid  OKido  in  great  heaps,  which  in  a  few  months  are  deoomT>o.<(ed, 
and  _/r«  gotd  hteomea  nat  only  vmltte,  but  atao  m  yrai'ns,  rendering 
it  profitable  for  ri'-i-t.-imping  and  rc-wanhing,  until  the  entire 
hca]is  of  pyrites  arc-  dt^'om posed.  Again,  not  alone  is  tbe  gold 
thus  gradually  developed,  but  its  quality  is  mnch  pnrer  than  the 
first  product,  a  large  pmportinn  of  thealver  having  dis3p;>cared. 
This  is  easily  explained.  The  pyrites  (sulphurel  of  iron)  soon 
deeomposes  when  expo»od  to  moUtnre  and  the  heat  of  the  snn, 
lias  stuphuret  is  converted  into  a  sulphate  which  is  mluble,  and 


«» 


The  Oniogy  o/SeAufOrill  Covaty,  Pa. 


thut  tiohilion  di^olvea  the  eUvor  during  the  gntdvui]  aggregaUon 

bOt'  the  goldcD  psirticli-«.     I(  is  \\i»  ai-tion  that  has  led  the  native 

id-wa«h<:rs  of  Souib  America  v>  bdivvo  that  tLc  metal  grew 

.^  the  reaiduo,  as  thcj  idwiiys  l\>uud  tluit  l)v  pre»erviiiH  Kuch 

rcfuac  fur « long  lime  fresh  crnpsof  gold  ooutd  be  obtained,  until 

the  whole  mass  \x  (.-onetimcd. 

Suuh  are  a  few  <jf  the  tiiiilAnce«  brought  forward  to  show  th&t 
the  products  of  the  tnincral  kingdom  arc  goverood  W  1bw«  as 
ElKautifiil  luid  :L4o»iHl»iilu.4thiKtevontrolliiifftlie  vegetable  world: 
rftnd  we  hare    only   to  study   tlicm,  and  imitate  their  opera- 
tions, to  improve  und  iwivnii<%  in  an  induxtrial  progress,  nud 
ol^ecte  of  iiQtut  jidt  public  utility.     The  products  of  tho  rocks 
^  dopcnd  ou  their  quality  and  the  intcniutv  of  thv  local  cbctnical 
and  mechanical  actionH,  or  the  amount  of  difuntegralion  on  tho 
surfbcoi     This  subjix-t  i»  fully  explained  and  illustrated  in  my 
^vork  Oh  Otoloi/tf  and  J/aipuH'tm,  and  ta  much  too  oomprebeU3i\'e 
)  enter  into  tbiB  brief  outline. 


Am.  rV.— DESCRtPTlOK  OF  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  SCHITTLKILL  OOL, 
PEKNSn,VANIA.— Br  P.  W.  SaKAnai,  Lin  of  ike  St*t«  QatoMttKAL 
Snrm  o»  PiaRtunTjixu. 

Tbk  fbllowinc  pages  lay  do  claim  to  orig^nati^.  ]  hare  muglit 
rlo  prewnt  n  few  fxctti  whidk,  whilst  thvy  mayintcrest  a  gcneml 
reader,  may  not  be  unwortliv  of  the  aUention  of  geologist«  who 
have  iKrt  made  a  sttidj  of  the  coal  formations.  I  hope  that  if 
any  auch  honor  this  witl]  a  [lervsal,  that,  in  view  of  tbo  objects 
for  whicii  it  is  written  and  the  want  of  lime  to  devote  to  the  sob- 
ject,  they  may  excuse  the  popular  atyle  of  tJtc  oompoaition  and 
^whatever  else  may  appear  as  a  defect 

The  general  oourse  of  the  mountains  and  contained  strata  of 
Schiiylliili  county  is  from  K.  70'  E.  to  N.  80"  K.  '111.;  onJer  of 
iiuratiticntion  is  concisely  oxliihited  upon  lliemap:  afeic  remarks 
maybe  added  in  fiirther  explanation.  The  numhers  d<»igtiAtiiig 
tiie'wveral  strata,  arc  ncconhtig  to  tic  classiftcntion  of  Professor 
Ilenry  D.  Rogers,  adopted  during  h»  oHieial  cxploialiona  aa 
State  Geologist  of  Pennsylvania. 

Formation  No,  IV.,  which  constituteN  tiic  Kittatinny  or  Bias 

Mountain,  and  fiimw  the  ftoothcm  boundary  of  the  county,  cor^ 

[tesponds  with  the  Oneida  conglomerate  of  D>c  Xew  York'gcolo- 

MMtS;  it  is  the  lowest  stratum  of  the  upper  8ilurian  ay.ttom;  it 

I.Xeposos  upon  a  massive  slate  fnrtnaliun  ariout  6,000  feet  in  thick- 

rAMD,  with  which  it  dips  conformably  toward,")  the  north.     1*hi» 

formation  consists  of  iienvy  lieds  of  a  very  hard  quaitxose  eon- 

glooMrale  rock,  overlaid  by  massive  strata  of  aandcitooeadifilcriog 


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77if  Ctwfcjy  o/SehuyHill  Covntg,  A. 


637 


in  degree  <rf  coaraeneea:  the  lin^r-grained  sandMon^  occupy  the 
hif;!»'t-  [MirU.  The  pcliblcs  of  the  conglom«rato  arc  frequently 
Inr^'c ;  th<>  namifltonefi  artr  AJIiciotiit,  of  »  linrd.  Ilrin  gmin,  and  in 
color  while  or  gray.  As  a  geIH^^al  feature,  this  formation  ' 
comes  lieavipr,  oonrwr,  and  more  vftrioiw  in  iw  compont'nm  ta  it' 
strou-hoa  eastwardly.  Ita  average  thickness  unthin  the  county 
»  kiwiit  1,500  fi'it.  The  organic  remains  aro  not  niimeroiw ;  a 
species  of  the  extinet  marine  jilnnl  fumxiiea  occurs  in  this  and  the 
lower  Mtralfl  of  the  next  succeeding  beds.  Another  fos«il,  more 
rare,  5>ut  nioi-e  disiinctivc  itf  this  formation.  13  n  speoies  of  terebra' 
lu!a,  H  small  and  very  globopc  bivalve  marine  shell.  Tbcfjieoidea 
are  fmitid  morv  uhimdant  l>y  puRsuing  the  Huiic  range  into  the 
counties  Iviiiff  to  the  westward. 

No.  v.,  the  next  superior  formation,  consists  of  red  snd  vftri- 
egated  sandslonea  and  snalea.  'ITie  colors  of  the  material!)  of  this 
range  b«como  more  striking  and  diverse  in  the  counties  lyjnp  1o 
the  westward:  in  tfial  ]>ortioti  llw  slniium  contains  a  valuable 
variety  of  calcareous  iron  ore,  and  the  occurrence  of  calcareous 
shales  is  also  imu'li  more  frequent.  Thii  lower  ittrata  alternate 
with  the  upper  layers  of  the  snhjaceat  while  sandstones.  They 
arc  of  a  durk,  red  color,  and  contiun  imprtwiionii  ofjiuyndrs.  The 
thiekncss  of  this  Blratam  somewhat  oxoccda  that  of  the  previous 
one;  it  corresponds  with  the  range  known  in  New  York  lis  the 
Medina  sandstone. 

Formation  No.  VI.  is  a  rather  slatv,  argillnccons  blue  lime- 
stone, trnccable,  probably,  through  tlie  whole  extent  of  iJie 
county:  the  stratum  is  somewhat  mingled  with  the  rock  of  the 
untlcrlying  iran<l!rtonc.  Tliat  portion  of  this  scam  which  lies 
within  the  comity  is  very  liffht ;  on  the  western  border  it  is  not 
mor\'  than  20  or  SO  feet  thick,  but  grows  hi-avier  lownrds  the 
east ;  it  is  much  mixed  with  argillaceous  matter,  yet  will  yield  a 
lime  available  for  agricultuml  pnrposes,  Tim  ficd  correspontia 
with  .tome  of  the  layers  of  the  (Minton  group  of  the  New  York 
ceolo^ls,  probably  some  of  the  upper  beds  of  the  Lower  Hel- 
aerberg  limestones.  Tn  some  of  the  counties  to  the  ea-irtward,  a 
limestone  occurs  occupying  a  higher  position,  and  much  more 
ma^-iivi-;  it  is.  however,  analogous  to  thai  just  dcjtcribed.  The 
foregoing  include  all  the  rocKB  of  the  upper  Silurian  system 
obiei'ivable  in  thi.s  oouiity. 

Formation  No.  VII.  corresponds  to  the  Orisltany  sandstone 
of  New  Yorit,  the  lowest  of  the  Devoninn  .■<3-stcm ;  it  ooiisiiitt  of  a 
whitish  or  vellowish-white,  highly  silicio'us,  coarse  eandstone^ 
sometimes  slightly  calcareous  in  its  lower  scams.  In  the  south- 
western part  of  the  coimty,  near  Pine  Grove,  the  rock  is  charac- 
tcri):ed  by  numerous  pits,  the  cuts  of  various  spi'cic*  of  marine 
flhelia,  and  other  remams ;  these  are  sometimes  marked  with  con- 
sidcr.-iblc  di.ftinctness.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  this  stratum, 
unlike  the  others  in  this  respect,  grows  thicker  as  it  stretches 


Tit  Seoioffy  nf  Sditiyfintl  County,  Pa. 


towards  the  south-west:  ila  general  courae  !s  along  a  steep 
ridgi!  running  pamllcl  to  tlic  Blao  Moootain,  nt  n  distance  of  two 
a&s  or  less,  t>ut  wlieii  near  Port  Clinton,  on  tbo  Scha/lkill. 
he  ridge  tarns  saddcnly  to  tliv  north-wt^t,  extending  to  withio 
,.  short  distance  of  Orwigsburg,  where  it  turns  sharply  eastward 
and  n»ainea  its  osual  oountc  in  lUn  w>utli-Ritiileri)  pftrt  of  the 
"county.  The  nuip  aliowa how  the  previoua  formations  acoomnnny 
tbe  one  deacribod.  Somv  of  the  ImukU  fiirnii^  good  building 
>ne,  grnd  tlie  more  alicions  portions  would  doubtless  supplr  li 
citable  material  for  the  hcurtb;*  and  iu-walU  of  fumncra.  'jDhe 
ithlckne9<s  of  this  stratum  unthin  the  oonu^  may  be  taken  at 
"  Dut  600  feet, 

Ponnation  No.  VTII.  consdsli*  of  varkins  colored  slates  and 

undltones :  the  lower  strata  ore  black  slates,  easily  divisible  and 

somuwhat  calcareous;  the  higher  strata  arc  ootnpati-d  of  oli\-w- 

colored,  gray,  and  greenish  slates,  altcniatiiig  with  soft,  gray 

aigillaoeous  saad^touea.     In  the  lower  bedii,  tliin  Inyent  of  lime- 

«tone  are  also  found.    Fosals  arc  abundant,  trUebites  and  others; 

Ciespcciallv  in  the  more  calcareous  lower  portkifl;^.   This  formatioa 

is  spi»ad  irregularly  over  a  bolt  of  territory  from  two  to  four 

miles  in  width ;  the  mid<ile  of  the  soulhern  Iwrdor  of  this  belt  is 

.sltarply  indented  by  the  nndcrlring  Htrala,  whilst  on  both  tlM 

'eoatcm  and  westem  extremilica  the  next  superior  iwd  shalo  foi^ 

mation  appeals  in  a  long  narrow  strip.    The  northern  border  of 

this  belt  is  extremely  regular,  being  only  iniknted  on  the  bank 

L;Of  the  linle  Schuylkill  nver  by  the  red  shale.     This  sliBtuin  is 

probably  destitute  of  iron  oro  in  tliis  county,  but  towards  the 

'  outh-w^t,  beyond  the  Susquehanna,  an  cxctilleot  rancty  of  iroa 

Ifire  is  found  in  this  ran?c  of  strata.     Some  of  the  layers  much 

nble  some  of  the  slates  of  the  coal  fornuitioo,  and  as  they 

^ntiun  Ruflicient  eurbonifcrous  matter  to  make  them  capii)>lc  of 

Ugnition  at  a  high  heat,  thisy  have  »oinetime«  been  mistaken  for 

judications  of  the  coal-beariiig  nxJcs ;  nevertheless,  they  must  lie 

it  a  depth  of  not  less  Uian  SOOO  feet  inflow  the  lowest  coal  seantfl; 

^Bome  very  thin  laycra  of  impure  limestone  occur:  oneof  Ihom 

'may  l>e  Iracod  at  intervals  from  llie  vieinitr  of  Pine  Grove,  in 

the  western  part  of  llic  eounly,  to  the  neigh*borhood  of  Orwijrs- 

burg,  and  so  on  to  the  Iiehigh  River,  in  Oirbon  county,     Thefle 

rfealcareous  bands  probably  thicken  out  in  the  State  of  New  York 

into  tlie  higher  layers  of  0)e  upjior  Hcidi-llicrg  limestones.    The 

f  vater  of  this  fonnation  often  contains  saline  matters,  mostly  toI- 

rphale  of  iron  and  alumina,  or  ilie  i.':arbon:itc  of  linic.     The  for- 

^nation,  like  most  of  the  rest,  becomes  heavier  towards  the  east ; 

tlio  average  thickness  in  the  county  may  be  about  '1,500  1«L 

Formation  No.  IX.  answers  to  the  Caalskill  mountain  group 

of  Xew  York,  or  old  red  sand.'«tone.     In  Schuylkill  county,  tbe 

,  lower  beds  consist  of  red  sliales  and  ai^gillaoeous  sandstone ;  the 

'  Vg^r  portions  contain  much  siliciou*  Mndrtop^  \-ar}ing  in  color 


7%t  Oeolog)/  ^Sciaiiltm  County,  Pa. 


029 


BKO  ft  r«cl<liitli  bruvrn  to  a  baff  or  gray.     In  ooiiMf^uence  of  the 

I  of  idica,  this  rock  haa  o  tendency  to  xplit  into  strata  of 

:  or  two  inches  in  thickness.    Some  very  good  flags  for  paviiiir 

lliaye  thus  been  supiilied  to  PotWvillo  from  the  south  sido  of 

VSeooixI  Mountain.     The  thickness  of  the  stratum  is  al>out  5,500 

'  feeL     Wc  have  now  readied  the  highv^t  kyiT*  of  the  Devonian 

syKtvm.    Overlying  the  rod  sandstoaea,  we  Qnd  some  red  .ihales 

uid  aT^illaoeoiijt  «und8toaes  allernatiitg  with   Umj  former  and 

analogous  to  them ;   we  may  Q8tiniat«  tlie  thioloiess  of  these 

bands  at  .^00  Cwt. 

FoniiAtion  No.  X.  is  a  nuBsive  seriea  of  coarse,  liard,  gray 
sandatont;:.i,  oontwning  some  pebbles  with  intcretiati^cation  of 
bluish  or  t;re<cniab  slates ;  it  is  possible  sometimett  to  ignite  those 
slaleti;  but  the  search  for  ecu  among  these  strata  in  Pennsvl- 
rania  would  be  vain.  The  Second  Mountain  in  coinpuwd  of  tuis 
>rinatton.  The  numerous  gaps  of  the  wnter-ooureea  afford  good 
pj)ortunilii'a  for  observing  the  stratum  at  siiort  inii*rva!s.  The 
ucknt-M.s  of  this  formation  at  the  gap  of  ihc  Schuvlkill  Kivet, 
below  rotlfiville,  is  2,400  feet 

Fonnatioa  No.  XL  corresponds  with  the  red  shalet)  and 
_  ly  saRdstones  of  the  carboniferous  group  of  iho  Ifew  York 
giwlogists.  The  predominant  character  of  this  stratum  is  here 
an  argillaceous  red  sliale,  altemaUng  with  r«d  fuiiidstonc.  In 
the  lower  beds  are  found  some  layers  of  compact  red  paiid-ttone, 
or  occasionally  aray.  In  the  middle  portions  of  the  formation 
he  sandstones  become  softer  and  more  argillaceous,  without, 
swever,  entiivly  excluding  the  gray  variety ;  at  the  same  lime. 
the  red  shale  diminishes.  Toward^  the  top  of  tlie  stratum  wu 
obcierve  thc^ite  rockit  alternating  with  the  eoar«u  sandstones,  and 
still  coarser  conglomrrates  of  the  supenDeumbent  strata.  This 
£>rmatio»  meaaurua  2,950  feet  iu  thickiiettii  at  the  gaj)  of  the 
'~  huylkill  Jtiver,  near  Pottsville.  Some  of  the  bands  of  lhit«  bed 
'  are  quite  caloareou»,  but  can  scarce  bo  termed  lum-stone ;  when 
most  resembling  limestone,  they  consist  of  small  pel^bleti  of  that 
rock  bedded  in  a  highly  calejinHius  cement;  when  calcined,  this 
composition  aSbrds  a  lime  passably  adapted  to  purpoctcs  of  acri- 
cullurv.  The  calcareouit  iiebblcw,  from  their  gn.-atcr  solubility, 
are  apt  to  be  removed. by  the  action  of  the  weather:  tliu^  in  ex- 
poeea  itituaiious,  the  roclcs  ore  frequently  covered  with  smalt  in- 
[^entations  due  to  this  cause.  Calcareous  bands  occur  in  Heverid 
iof  the  county:  they  may  be  noliued  north  of  Second  Moun- 
un,  in  Uic  valley  of  Tumblmg  Run,  near  Mount  Carbon ;  also 
ipon  Locust  Creek,  near  the  town  of  Tiimii<iua,  in  the  eaatcm 
part  of  the  county.  This  fi>rmaUon  extends  in  an  irrejrulir  b,and 
tipon  the  north  side  of  Broad  Mountain,  from  the  northuealem 
part  of  the  county,  and  occupies  the  whole  of  the  extreme  north; . 
eastern  extremity. 

Within  this  nand,  between  the  Brood  and  Mahanoy  niouo- 


^B  Tit  Gt^o^  ^^StAitgUeia  a»niy,  /^  ■ 

ulna,  the  calcareons  rock  above  dcMcribod  mav  be  (band  ttitl 
more  nmrly  re»erabling  liioeatoae,  and  «  little  uirthcr  west,  be- 
yond the  limits  of  tliucuuiity,  it  oviy  nlmofft  cluini  to  be  deflg- 
nntf^l  ».->  true  liroestcno.  These  cAlcoreoos  seams  are  often  xerj 
ihin:  the  bcavi<'st  ufthem  doiui  not  exceed  itix  fiyt  in  thidcneML 
Foruiatioa  No.  XII.  consists  of  the  rock  known  u  tbe  car- 
boDifcrous  ooDgloiDcmtu  or  millstone  giiL  Th\*  ibrmation  coq- 
utituics  tbe  true  Hoor  of  tbe  anthracite  coal  mcaBures  as  well  aa 
of  tJii:  bituminous.  It  is  conipo«od  of  a  ifonderous  titnUum  of 
ooiiTse  ulicious  coni^lomeratiTs,  vnih  allem-itioK  bands  of  white 
or  light-eolon-il  sKiulst'.xifi',  und  oocuaionally  tiioir  bods  of  darlc 
oat-bmiaceous  bbale ;  it  forms  the  Sharp  Mountain  to  a  consider- 
abW  «it4mt.  Tiii8  mountuin  is  m>  t^^'imed  (ma  tlic  vxtrcnM 
'  aharpneas  of  its  ridge,  wliicb  often  oonsista  of  only  a  few-  feet  of 
cougli>muratc  rock;  the  southern  side  ')(  lli«  iiioautaiii  is  com* 
poaod  of  the  red  sbale  of  No.  XI.  Tbe  coaglomcratca  of  Sharp 
Mountain,  and  couseoneutly  the  overlying  eool  iiiea>iiin>8,  have 
baeu  fio  \-ioliHitly  upbenved,  tb&t  they  exhibit  a  VCTtical,  and 
often  a  south  dip.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  ooal  strati  an 
here  much  difilurbed,  and  mining  operations  often  precaiioua. 
Thv  thtcknc«$  of  this  stnicum  varit^  oonsid<'r.tbiy :  in  the  vfi^tem 
part  of  tbe  county  it  ii  about  300  feet,  at  Pottsville  1.U.11  feet, 
and  at  lh«  eostvni  extremity  of  tbe  county  1,400  lc«t;  arerago 
thickness  about  1,100  feet.  Tbe  prevailing  cbaracterislic  of  thu 
rock  is  a  conglomorato  conaistina  of  white  (|uaitx  pebbles,  with 
a  few  iiiti.-niii)i.^med  ones  from  ue  sandstones,  linicMoace;  n»d 
flhUea  of  tbo  KitUitiony  Valley.     In  some  places  tbe  loirest  ooal 

■  MnmS  are  in  ooutacl  with  the  ooarevst  oonglonientc  beds  of  this 
ibrmation.  This  rock  is  suitable  for  iUmaoes,  for  building  bridgQ 
piere  and  huavy  iiiiisonry,  and  olhor  arvhiteclunl  purpo«s. 

Formation  No.  XI II.  consisUof  tbeniillinKitecoal  meafaRK 
with  tlicir  altt.-nifltiiig  txjds  of  eandstoni.'^  conglocneratos  ana 
shalee;  they  oontpoao  the  uMpporinost  si  rata  of  tliat  serioi  of  tat' 

■  mations  whieb,  with  a  trioing  exception,  embnocs  the  wbakt 
Burtacc  of  IVnnsylvania,  and  a  larve  portion  of  all  tbe  U'rniory 
of  tbe  United  S'ut<-s,  cast  of  the  MissiMippi  River.  Tbo  total 
ihickoesa  o{  tbo  ten  stntU  we  have  deftcnUxl  i^  aptvanlf  of 
27,000  feet,  or  a  little  over  five  miles.  This  stupendous  ffronpt 
including  Uie  threo  formations  not  here  deooribed,  i»  pruMny 
cornptMm  of  the  depositions  of  oDc  vast  ocean,  extending  ibronge 
a  period  of  unknown  iluratiou,  oommencinv'  willi  tlie  carlkat 
marine  niiinul  and  vugiLUblu  uxiatcnue,  and  tonninating  with 
the  productions  of  tbe  lnU'M  oal  beds.*  Our  limits  will  not 
permit  even  a  superficial  discussion  of  iho  probable  order  and 
nature  of  the  phouoinonii  of  tho  fonnations,  ivor  even  a  ctu«ot7 

,  glanoc  at  the  present  indications  of  tho  mostobvioos  conclunOD& 

|Td  Im  mnilaiHiL] 

I  •  ProTeMco'  Ropra.  


Hit  Ifattiffrnrt  Xittt,  WiwoHtin. 


081 


t.  V^THE  HAZELORKES  MISE,  WISCONSIN.— ITS  OKOLOGIOAL 
ASPECT.— By  Dh.  J.  O.  Pi»av*t. 

Sir  : — I  have  examined  jiariiciilarly  ihe  diggings  inclnded  in  llie 
property  of  tin;  Hftzclgrw;ii  Mine,  and  now  oummuatcato  to  you 
Ae  (general  result  of  my  examiiiftiion. 

This  mine  \*  situnted  in  th«  State  of  Wisconsin,  on  sections 
2*  and  25  in  the  town  of  liatelgreen,  Grant  county,  mid  wrclion 
80  in  tli«  town  of  Bcnlon,  Lnfnjotte  ooanW.  It  embracea  up- 
wards of  six  hundred  acres  of  land  secured  to  tbe  Compony  by 
pcrpctHiil  teajws. 

It  lies  nt>ar  the-  middle  iKfint  of  a  scritu<  of  ranges  or  veins, 
forming  a  mineral  district,  wnieh  extends,  in  iLitnvnl.^r  i<^ngtii,  in 
a  general  norlh-soutli  dinwlion,  «nd  in  the  widest  and  most  pro- 
dacli^-c  part  of  that  district  A  number  of  similar  parulleldisilricls 
tmverso  the  country  (Voni  north  to  south,  both  cast  and  west 
of  it,  and  tbe  most  extensive  and  imjmrtant  diggiiigt<  in  (■ito.li  of 
thOM  di.slrictd  Ii«  on  nn  oantwcst  Im«  croKsing  the  rcsjiective 
districts  from  west  to  east,  at  Oubiinne,  Faiiplav  (Jimn-wtf^wn 
Uine),  IlaKclgrecn,  Benton,  New  Dipginga  ami  Shullsburg; 
Hboae  of  llazelgreen  being  Mttiated  atwul  at  the  mid<U«  point  of 
this  cast-west  scries.  Tlicv  may  thus  be  considered  a.4  occupy- 
ing the  cenire  of  the  soutnern  part  of  tlie  lead  region,  in  which 
part  only  alt  the  known  mineral  strata,  from  the  upper  urcno- 
ceoUM  Ktnitiim  of  the  upp<;r  magnecaan  to  the  lower  magnesian 
inclusive,  are  present,  and  where  of  connte  the  great*-Jtt  <)uwn- 
ward  extent  of  mineral  mav  I»c  exj>ect<.'d.  The  superficial  extent 
of  the  location,  as  occupied  by  veins,  is  unu.4uaUy  large,  anil  the 
number  of  vein-i  in  the  same  extent,  greater  than  in  any  other 
district  I  have  examined.  Indeed  the  surface  of  a.  largi;  part  of 
the  property  leased  is  quite  cowrcd  with  diggings,  pcnerally 
earned  don-u  to  the  water  level ;  the  number  of  shalbi  amount- 
ing to  several  hundred,  and  tbe  veins  being  in  many  instances 
BO  near  that  the  dirt  fVom  one  in  mixed  with  that  from  those  ad- 
joining. The  statistics  show  an  unusual  productiveness,  at 
Ascertamed  by  tho  luxfiuiitt  ke])t  for  a  number  of  years.  It 
will  be  thus  seen  that  the  supply  of  ore  is  no  longer'  jjrobkm- 
atieal,  but  a  well  a.'*c<^rt(iiTied  fact.  The  veins  arc  arranged  with 
great  n?f;ul.iritv,  and  present  a  system  of  arrangement,  the  di'lnils 
of  which  an;  given  on  the  aceomconying  map,  and  in  a  more  par- 
ticular descriptive  report  herewitn  ciMnmunicnt«(l.  Hie  most  im- 
portant portion  of  the  veins  conststs  of  a  connected  series  of  east- 
west  ranges,  extending  in  nn  E.  N.  K.  direction  ncirxw  llie  distriot, 
by  a  Scries  of  shifts  to  the  north  as  thev  proceed  eastward,  to  the 
diiiL-ince  of  about  two  niilej*,  with  a  width  of  J  I«  j  mill-.  Thcio 
shifls  mark  so  many  groups  of  east-west  ranges,  connected  by 


«m 


Tht  Ilaxtigrttn  Mint,   Wittotitin. 


N.  E.  quartering  rancvs,  unci  cnxucd  more  or  le»  b;  norUi-soatli 
KbeeU.  lltegroupaof  east-west  ranges  are  oompooea  of  a  smaller 
number  of  mgcr  ning<»t,  with  wide  opcIIing:^  carrving  large  and 
massive  mincrul,  and  of  a  greater  nnraber  Msmaller  aciie«t  veins, 
and  arc  crossed  obli(|Ucly,  particularly  towartU  tbc  cast  part,  br 
a  few  largo  B.  &  E.  ((u&rlering  nuigea.  The  eiigino  in  proposed 
to  be  located  at  about  th«  mi^e  point  of  tliis  scries,  in  tbo  yal- 
ley  of  Scrabble  branch,  on  th«  line  of  one  of  tlte  lai^^aot  out 
west  ranges,  traveninf;  the  groap  next  oast  of  the  branch  (the 
Crowvl  range).  Befidiw  thi-t  cxuk-cU^I  .sericft,  there  are  a  number 
of  lateral  groups  of  both  cast-west  and  north-soulh  raagea,  par- 
ticularly on  tlie  noTtli,  wliiuh  have  pr\>vod  er|UuUy  pruductiTe 
with  those  in  the  line  of  the  series.  The  moat  remarkable  of 
thcM  arc  two  large  groups  of  north-sooth  sheet*,  west  of  the 
Scrabble  branch,  on  nearly  the  same  Dorth-aouth  line,  and  three 

EupH  of  vast-wcit  r&iiguM,  one  on  the  wctit  side  of  the  branch 
!  Sniphar  lot),  and  two  on  the  eaM  side  (the  Whiteedde  and 
iin(;cr  lot«V  All  tbc  above  group:;  and  ranges  ant  considered 
as  within  the  probable  limits  of  drainage  bjr  the  engine.  From 
the  extent  of  toe  rangt«  embraced  in  the  mine,  the  great  diatanoe 
10  which  drainage  ia  known  to  extend  in  that  vicinity,  and  the 
oonseqtteat  amount  of  water  to  be  raised,  although  it  is  not  ap- 
prebendud  that  the  wauir  will  Ix;  very  strong,  it  u  neoe««arv  that 
a  large  ongioo  should  be  employed  (ear  two  hundred  none- 
powur),  and  it  is  important  in  undertaking  to  work  a  mine  60 
«xten«uv-e,  and  .which  has  been  »o  largely  productive,  and  where 
th«  prospects  of  deep  mining  are  ao  enouuraging,  that  means  &1iould 
be  atonctf  adopted  of  perfunnmg  it  in  the  most  effectnol  manner. 

This  mine,  as  I  have  already  observed,  is  situated  in  a  dis- 
trict where  all  ibv  mineral  strata  ore  prcsunt,  prMcntiiig  in  the 
whtde  a  depth  of  nearly  seven  hundred  foel,  ihrough  whicli  the 
loinenl'  may  be  expectud  to  deeoond,  and  througti  about  fire 
hundred  fi^t  of  which  I  liave  myitelf  iraoxX  it  downward.  Is  all 
the  stmta  within  this  extent,  except  the  bed  of  sandstone,  I  have 
nacertained  the  exiateuca  of  mineral  0}>eniiig!t,  and  in  tlte  wliole 
asTKe  dowQwaid,  of  at  least  eleven  distinct  openiocB,  connected 
more  or  leas  by  continued  verticil  mineral-bearing  llnnres.  For 
the  details  respootiiig  the  stntitication,  and  i^t^neral  arrangement 
of  the  lead  region,  which  I  havo  cxunutu^l  extiiimively.  I  refer 
to  my  summary  report  already  presented,  and  for  those  of  the 
particular  arrangontcnt  and  description  of  the  nazelgrvon  Mina, 
to  the  aec(>ini>anying  map,  as  well  as  to  my  detailed  deacriptiwe 
report  herewith  communicated. 

From  tvliable  data  it  appears  that  the  lauds  embraced  in  tbv 
Hasdgreen  Mine  and  those  contiguous  have  produced,  (rota  IftlS 
to  1864,  upwards  of  S9,0O0,000  lb«.  of  lead  ore  above  water, 
amounting  at  pieaent  prioes  to  $1,400,000 ;  much  the  greater 
proportion  of  which  has  bcea  taken  from  that  mine. 


i 


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Slalt  Quarries  in  iPiw  York. 


033 


i 


Am.  VL-SLATB  gOARBlES  IS    NEW  YORK. -IMPORT  A  ST  DIS- 

COTKHY. 

For  fiomo  lime  puM  lh«re  has  beeu  a  rumor  that  slate  veins  of 
worlcablc  qualitxcs  existed  much  nearer  to  New  York  than  thorn 
IQ  y«nnunt,  or  ut  Peacli  Itottom,  in  Pennsylvania.  Since  slate 
quarrying  has  been  proved  to  be  profitable,  much  attention  ha« 
been  (Ir»wn  to  th«  subjtKl.  T\)Of>e  who  have  been  en^ged  in 
working  the  quarries  in  Vermont  have  also  fcU  grtmt  inconve- 
niviK-c  arising  from  the  <ywt  of  transportatioo  of  tperr  article  to 
market.  Tliis  was  particularly  the  case  with  a  gentleman  of 
New  Vurk,  Mr.  Kmu,  who  has  been  a»K>ciate<l  with  otheni  i& 
the  Vermont  quarriesL  From  a  statement  io  the  "Geology  of 
the  State  of  New  York,"  in  whivli  Prof.  Hjnmoits  8pcfikfl  of 
slat«  vctiis  travdrMiug  the  country  for  many  miles,  Mr.  Reed'a 
attention  was  drawn  to  thv  subject,  and  loRt  Kumnter  he  com- 
menced A  tour  of  exploration,  which  resulted  in  his  finding  at 
Pcekskill,  forty  miles  up  the  Hudson  river,  a  vein  of  shit«  of 
great  exlonL     Knowing  Mr.  C  &  Richardson,  the  author  of  th« 

e.per  on  "  The  Slate  Quarries  of  Vermont,"  published  in  this 
agaKinc,  Vol.  IL,  po^  271,  they  toKether  made  a  vi.'ut  of  iu- 
spectioii  to  the  property.  Judging  irom  the  short  note  of  Mr. 
R.,  which  has  come  to  hand  iust  as  this  number  of  the  Magazine 
goe«  to  prcM,  tlieir  visit  to  tue  c|uarrie!i  must  have  been  uighly 
satisfactory  to  all  concerned. 

At  Urn  late  moment  of  psblication,  we  are  unable  to  state,  is 
this  number,  more  particulara  rcvpocting  tl»is<e  quarries  in  our 
imiii4!'Iiiiti*  nevgliboniood ;  but  for  tlie  aatisGietion  of  our  readers, 
we  append  Jar.  Richardson's  brief  note,  hupiug  at  the  earliest 
moiiiciil  lo  present  all  the  facta  on  the  subject: — 

!*  TV  U«  BliU>r  «f  th*  Mining  Uafarin*. 

"  Sir : — In  company  yesterday  with  a  Mr.  Rwd,  I  went  up  to 
Feckakill,  to  examine  !)ome  slate  quarries  in  that  neighlxirlioud, 
I  was  exceedingly  pleased  at  what  I  .«aw.  TlK'n;  is  a  vein  of 
beautiful  blue  slnite,  more  than  800  feet  thick,  on  the  propertv. 
It  is  evidently  a  true  vein.  Its  bearing  in  SO*  north-cast,  nearly 
vertical  in  its  position,  and  fineiv  laminated.  Judging  from  la 
surfiice  appearance,  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  mil  prove  a  valua- 
ble property.  It  is  most  admirably  situated  for  working,  being 
by  the  side' of  the  river,  where  vessels  may  come  alongside  the 
jetty  and  load  the  slate.  It  is  an  outcroppina  vein,  oomtequcDtly 
there  are  no  rlead.4  to  remove.  I  should  tbioK  good  roofing  slat« 
may  be  made  before  they  are  20  feet  deep  in  the  vein  below  the 
poad.  On  the  ton,  there  is  evidence  of  a  regular  foot  joint;  and 
sboold  the  next  foot  joint  be  within  10  or  16  feet,  anu  the  head-. 


Xhr^kamj/bnt  JVininy  DUtriet,  ifvst. 

ing  jointa  regtilar,  it  will  turn  out  a  proQiable  investmont  to  the 
owners.  1  will  give  vou  some  furuior  particulan  on  my  next 
visit  to  New  York.  Tiim;  will  not  ultoil  of  inj  going  iulo  de- 
tail jost  at  this  timv. 

"  Yours  truly, 

"C.  S.  BicBAausoN." 


A«T.  TIL— NORTHAMPTON  MINIKQ  DISTRICT,  MASSACnCSETTS. 
—THE  N'ORTtlAMPTOK  MINK.— Br  CirAKUc*  Si.ik.ci.  Rii:uuu>h>X, 
CrriL  iMo  HiM!c<t  EKamtcii,  Nkw  Vouk. — (Coxcu'Dto.) 

Tius  valuable  property  is  situated  north  of  the  vretA  crow  course 
tbnt  interren^s  between  it  and  the  Lbudville  Mines.  The  sett 
has  an  cxti^ot  of  mure  thtui  tlircc  initivi  on  the  oounic  of  the  maiii 
lode,  liikv  iiutny  otiier  mining  prnjieniea  in  llii«  Slnu-,  very 
lilUe  has  been  o'ffcctiwly  done  to  develop  it£  niiner.il  worth- 
The  superficial  observer,  on  visiting  Uie  mine,  is  grc;^t!y  u«toiir 
ished  at  seeing  such  a  large  ^ile  of  splendid  lead  and  copper  ore 
on  the  surface,  and  is  inclined  to  nnnginc  that  this  ccrt^iinlj 
-  must  be  a  rich  mine.  Well,  perhaps  he  may  be  right ;  but  if  he 
gioundA  bis  opinion  on  sjK'cimcns  only,  the  chances  are  that  be 
fflHy  be  wrong.  If  he  luipjwiiR  to  be  a  person  aoquainteil  n-ith 
mines,  lie  will  there  oKwrve,  and  particularly  notioe,  ilie  follow- 
m^  mineral  iadicutions,  which  i  give  in  the  language  of  ibe 
miner,  or  otherwise— plain  Corni.*li:^ 

That  there  is  one  main  champion  lode  running  through  the  en- 
tire sett,  imbedded  in  a  stratum  of  coarec  granite ;  it  is  &om  6  to  IS 
fixtl  thick,  with  an  underlay  of  about  one  fixrt  S  inches  per  fathom. 
The  lode  contains  a  vein  of  silver  lead,  a  vein  of  barytas  and 
banded  quarlK.  Tlie  matrix  of  the  lode  is  of  sedimentary  rock, 
and  is  iuterepcrscd  throughout  with  stones  of  yellow  copper  orCi 
mundic  and  blende.  There  is  n  surlacc  gozzan,  but  not  worthy 
of  notice ;  it  is  full  of  vugs,  and  freely  lets  down  the  wnter.  The 
jpar  is  of  the  nio.><i  e/mgeiiial  kind :  its  bearing  is  about  30'  N. 
E.,  and  dip  Bouth-ciuitcrly ;  friablei«i>iir  is  met  with,  and  here,  aa 
nsual,  the  lead  carries  a  good  per  ccntage  of  silver.  A  shaft  lias 
been  sunk  about  12  Cithoras  on  the  course  of  the  lode;  at  this 
depth  the  minerals  arc  becoming  more  concentrated ;  tberv  is,  at 
\<^siL,  4  feet  of  good  stamp  work  in  the  lump,  with  a  fine  shoot 
of  ore  holding  down.  An  adit  level  is  now  being  driven  \m 
from  the  valley  to  intersect  the  lode  15  fathoms  from  gra.'H.  fi 
was  commenced  in  the  Hand-'^toiie,  which  covers  all  tlie  valley  of 
the  Connecticut,  and  is  now  gelling  into  the  granite ;  it'  biw 
hitherto  been  very  favorable  for  ilrivinE.  Some  droppers  have 
been  cut  wliich  contain  mundic,  and  Uie  country  approai^ng 
the  lodo  is  strongly  mineralized.    Such  is  a  condensed  descrip- 


Kittsi$l4y  BriJgt  Mitu. 


635 


lion  of  iHo  loda  Opinions  may  vary :  1  wy  it  i«  n  copper  loflc. 
carrying  lc«cl  oq  the  back — ihnt  il  is  one  of  p«al  piwniiae,  anti 
at  &0  fitlhoms  (k-cp  will  become  very  prodoctivo.  Tlie  country 
ia  hard  for  sinking ;  but  n»  the  lodki'ia  large  and  productive,  the 
expense  of  the  cnffine  shaft  will  not  be  mucl>  f«lt  in  the  ccncral 
(•xi>eiitiiuire.  That  it  will  lake  time  to  Ret  down  under  th« 
mineral  cveiy  mining  man  i»  fullv  aware  ot ;  but  when  once  the 
ground  \»  opened,  at  ever?  10  lathom  level  ot  and  above  the  60, 
il  will  work  at  a  fair  prout  Sir  ages  to  come.  The  sett  itwlf  is 
lame  enough  for  six  minea  I  tltink  it  proiwUe  that  a  fide  lode 
will  be  discovered  when  the  50  fathom  cross-cot  ia  driven  east. 
Should  this  prove  to  be  the  case,  it  will  greatly  add  to  the  value 
of  the  mine.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  work  the  mine  by 
horse-power,  which  is  much  to  be  recrctled,  as  it  must  result  in 
a  total  failure.  The  lode  was  sufficiently  proyed  a  long  time 
sinof  to  warrant  the  erection  of  a  firat>clas»  pumping  engine,  and 
this  mu£t  be  done  if  the  mine  ia  to  be  prosecuted  for  itti  miorrals. 
Jt  H  now  being  worke<l  br  a  very  hiphly  rcsncctable  New  York 
Company,  T.  Andrews,  Esq.,  President,"  wim  a  paid-up  enpitel 
Baid  to  M  amply  sufficient  for  the  foil  requirements  of  tne  mine. 

^■iSaSUPl  BRIIKJE  U>-E. 

This  sett  ia  the  intervening  ground  between  the  Nortliampton 
MiucM  on  lh«  north,  and  tlie  Loudville  Mines  on  the  south.  It 
hw  an  extent  of  half  a  mile  on  the  coursu  of  the  grvat  champion 
lode,  and  ia  in  every  n.^pect  identical  with  the  Northampton 
Mine,  cxo^pting  that  there  8p|)ean!i  »  greater  nroiwrtion  of  cop- 
per in  the  lode.  About  two  years  since,  a  shaft  was  sunk  Ave 
iittlioms  deep,  and  the  lode  opened,  from  wlienoe  was  taken  some 
tons  of  eoppcr  and  lead  ore,  nearly  up  io  the  very  surJooe;  and 
although  It  mtut  have  been  very  gratifying  to  (be  owners  to  wit- 
aesB  such  splendid  stones  of  copper  ore  at  such  an  early  vtork- 
intf,  it  does  nut  uiigur  any  a'l^antagc  to  the  proptirty  in  a  mineral 
point  of  view.  Bich  surlacc  loclee  I  always  consider  as  a  nega- 
tive feature  to  the  success  of  a  miiw ;  but  here  the  outcrop  of  the 
otc  can  be  accounted  fur  very  eauilr:  it  i.i  in  the  immediate 
vktnily  of  the  great  cross-couree,  which  runs  throngh  llie  sett 
Hining  operations  mu^tt  be  coinmenoed  more  to  the  south  to 
vork  the  wtt  to  advantage;  the  engine  shaft  should  be  sunk  at 
the  moat  convenient  point,  to  command  an  equal  run  of  levels 
On  the  course  of  the  Me.  Iliere  are  two  other  lo<le»  known  to 
exist  in  tbia  property,  but  nothing  as  yet  has  been  done  upon 
them.  I  consider  this  a  valuable  properi^'.  and  am  inclined  to 
think  it  will  make  a  large  quantity  of  ore  atxive  the  80  fathom 
level,  and  particularly  near  the  junction  of  the  two  other  I<ili'». 
and  at  the  crofts-oourse.  The  mine  is  the  proi>erty  of  private 
nartiesin  New  York,  who.  lam  informe*!,  an-  dearousof  kivrng 
It  worked.     Like  the  other  mines,  it  will  require  about  J7A,000 


Mimtmt :  itt  AtAarrasmcnb  tutd  itt  ItetMltt. 


to  effieiently  open  il  and  erect  the  neec«sa^  nuctiioerT. 
.now  cond««a!  my  present  notice  of  Uio  miuM  in  thin  di^ricL 

If  the  infcomntion  conveyed  lliroach  the  mi^diuni  of  the  Nfon- 

xiiie  should  rvacult  iu  eiUier  indivianal  or  general  benefit  In  Oie 
-nkiainii  otunmunity,  I  shall  f»wl  very  happy  iu  the  knowledge 
ttberec^    In  eafik  article  1  have  endeavored  to  be  db  oodcub  n 

the  nitlor«  of  the  caw  would  sdiait  o£     A  gi<e«t  deal  could  be 

whiten  in  cxU-iwion;  ami  somi?  (Uy  abler  neiut  may  dilate  on 
'the  same  subject,  for  I  am  po&itivtiy  assured  Id  my  own  mind 

the  NortbamptoD  disUict  vs  dcstinnl  in  tiinc  to  iMOome  on«  of 

very  grvM  iniportanoe. 


JUt.  VItt— MLMNG:  ITS  KHBARRASSMESTS  AND  ITS  BBSrL're. 

JflNDKl  in  its  nature  is  entitled  to  rank  in  the  pur«uita  of  *o- 
eiety  with  agriculture  and  manuracturct).  It  is  one  of  tfaoee 
braochcfl  of  indugtry  whose  products  form  the  busia  of  the  well- 
being  and  prosperity  of  manlcind.  Unlike  titiier  a^culture  or 
oommeroe,  it  roquircs  of  those  who  nuraue  it  a  8]w;ial  rducBtioa 
And  ex[}erieiioe,  or  Ibe  labor  dcvoiol  to  it  mav  bo  fruiilfss.  Kl- 
oept  in  its  rude  i<1.-iti>^  it  is  the  offgprinfr  of  int«Atgooce  an>)  capittL 
]is  progress  beyond  the  men-  giilhering  of  the  tt«aaur<-*a  which 
lay  cxpoaed  at  the  surfaee  has  hitherto  been  slow  and  haxardoiu. 
Confined  to  certain  difllricbt,  devoted  to  the  extraction  aii'l  maih 
ujhcturu  of  the  more  indispensable  motala,  it  advaoood  a*  muofc 
front  the  neccssitit's  of  aoacty  att  the  ho|w«  of  gain. 

The  embarrassments  likely  to  befall  such  a  pursuit^  wbea 
taken  up  with  a  national  spirit  through  Filch  an  «xteiidad  oootf 
try  OS  the  United  States,  can  bo  neither  few  nor  insij^ifloanl. 
Here  little  isknnnn  and  Uitlc  i«  <.lvvelopcd  of  the  ininerni  weelth 
which  exists.  Here  agriculture  and  manufactures  have  yidded 
speedy  return.1,  and  the  hope  is  that  mining  will  he  a«  xpccdlly 
lucrative.  From  the  nature  of  the  case  thiA  shonld  not  be  •& 
The  time,  IaImf,  cnpital  and  per^verance,  roqaired  u>  brioe  a 
mining  enterprise  into  a  profitaole  state,  as  a  safe  and  geiii<m)  rule, 
■ft  iramonsely  greater  than  in  any  other  pursuit,  Indo'.-d  cntirv 
fortunes  sboulu  be  expended,  tut  experience  teacli^  liefoit*  the 
bope  of  remuneration  is  imtcitained.  The  great  fact  l>vint<.-d  by 
BngUnd,  France  and  (}crmanv,  ospccialtr,  in,  that  r  ^  a 

general  niledonot  bccomeprolilnblouniil  theTaropi'.  >«• 

strueled  and  equipped.  Thi.-«,  in  the  cam  of  all  legitiniain  enter* 
prises,  calls  for  no  inconsiderable  outlay  of  capital  am)  patient 
peraerering  lalxir.  In  the  languageof  oncof  oiirgeologvitaapoa 
tltia  sat^oct,  "  When  you  are  certain  of  the  diameter  and  extent 


« 


Jfinimff:  il*  EnUiarrtmmtHU  and  il»  RtmUi, 


«37 


of  your  lode,  by  lVi«  (xnminalion  and  report  of  competent  scien- 
tific mcD,  yoTi  nad  belter  put  boldlr  into  tW  fmrntKl  fifty  or  a 
hundred  thouitund  dollars  iu  tho  construction  of  shafU  and  loTelei, 
than  to  wnste  a  smaller  amount  in  mere  eurlnou  operatiims ; 
l.taA  it  will  be  better  to  throw  away  the  prodnct  of  ihese  nhafts 
lercia,  than  to  un<irrlnkc  to  pay  dividends  iipon  them." 
teucbacotirscrequiresadegreeorconlldi^ntH;  niul  jwticnce,  whieh 
Han  scaiwly  Iw  expceted  to  exist  except  among  a  lew  individ- 
|W]^  in  a  coantrv  where  mining  is  lieginnin^  to  Iw  ext"^ni<ivcly 
entered  wyinn.  Yet  i;  prevails  in  the  older  eountrica  of  Karope, 
■where  mining  b  regnrJed  as  a  Ifgitimato  pnrsuit,  like  agricuiturc 
and  manufactarcs.  There,  more  attention  has  been  devoted  to 
this  pursuit,  niofc  generally  difl\ii«ed  knowledj^  cxisls,  and  a 
'trger  experience  has  been  obtained.  Ciipilnl  ii»  inveAti.-*)  with  ae 
ttooh  wrtainty  of  rctuni  as  in  any  of  the  enterprises  of  the  day. 
Eren  in  Mexi«^,  thai  proverbiaHy  un.tetl!ed  and  di-^tnii'Icd  coun- 
try, which  has  had  the  wisdom  to  preser\'e  her  mining  regula- 
i4ion!i  uTichangeil  and  utKjueslioned,  the  right  ur  nhare  In  a  mine 
%i  a  permanent  and  princifKil  aouree  of  wealth  to  many  of  the 
richest  families  of  the  wmntry.  This  feature  is  well  understood 
by  many  mining  oompanies  in  our  midM.  In  sucli  instances,  the 
first  object  has  been  properly  to  construct  the  mine  and  equip  it 
for  future  operations.  In  those  instances  where  ojierations  have 
been  carried  eafBclently  far  a  handsome  remnneraiion  is  alreadr 
~  tained  ;  in  othere,  the  most  flattering  prospoctn  are  presented. 
Another  embamuBment  be*«lofore  to  raining  piir>iuit.i  hast 
arisen  from  a  praetice,  by  far  too  common  both  on  the  part  of  in- 
dinduals  and  the  public  prea^,  to  speak  of  all  mining  stocks  as 
among  the  "  foncies,"  or,  in  other  plinu-w',  m  a  species  of  "  kite- 
dying  stock,"  when  in  fact  some  most  substantial  and  valuable 
enteriiriscs  are  thus  subjected  to  sus|Heion  or  c^probrium.  As 
an  instance,  coal  raining  thwa  far  has  been  the  most  rapidly  de- 
veloped ami  quickly  rcmunerBti^-c ;  yet  who  can  call  in  queKticm 
the  substantial  character  of  the  large  ma-ss  of  these  enterprise*. 
fiut  there  is  no  reason  why  a  collierr  should  bo  any  more  sub- 
kntial  llian  a  proj^rly  conslrupleii  ciipi>er  or  lead  or  gold 
ina  No  one  will  deny  that  speculative  enterprises  do  exist, 
and  have  existed,  in  muiing  ta  in  other  ptimiits,  which  have 
given  occasion  to  unfavarable  opinions  wiih  tiie  public  upon  a 
^^ursuit  in  which  sffew  were  initiated.  But  it  is  doubtful  if  such 
a  been  the  case  to  a  greater  degree  than  has  occurred  in  any 
eat  branch  of  industry  in  its  infaWy.  At  all  events,  it  is  time 
3iefie  views  should  entirely  oease,  or  the  eicpreasion  be  regariled, 
as  in  truth  it  is,  a  sign  of  ignorance.  If  fancy  cnteri>rises  exist, 
^tere  are  uneciaivocal  marks  by  which  tlwy  can  be  known  and 
avoided. 

Another  embarrassment  to  legitimate  mining  lias  arisen  from 
a  defect  in  the  legislation  of  the  States,  or  from  a  neglect  to  en- 


Jfiniitg :  it!  SiidiirrastiitnU  omct  U$  StftiUt. 


£>Toc  tliv  provinORS  of  the  laws  enacted.  The  gsiicral  law  of  in- 
oorporatioQ  lias  bcou  iki  buatnl  in  iimriy  deUiila,  thai  a.  IkmuxI  (»f 
directors  of  a  cotnnnny,  created  under  it,  could  rrprcsunt  their 
ofGLire  lo  tlie  public  in  a  differciU  ik«pi;ct  from  tbat  wiii«)i  ia  trutti 
',or<;vcii  w ittih old  infonnaiion  respecting  tlicm  fminstook- 
oldds.  Amcndmi-ute  to  the  j^n<.'rul  Inw,  ctdculiktvd  to  kocreaw 
the  conliilnnco  of  capiuiiisls,  luive  rwsenUy  heau  adopted  in  New 
York.*  These  IsHra,  as  lliev  now  stand,  should  bo  carried  out, 
■  specially  the  publication  of  the  ctjiii^d,  tlie  amount  paid  in,  toa 
th«  debtii  of  a  company,  as  provided  for. 

The  disposition  to  create  a  ficliiioitt  rapilal,  far  beyond  Hie 
reciai^le.<i  of  the  enterprise,  has  eorioualy  embarrassed  many 
hono«l  atti-niplA  at  legitimate  mining.  This  liaK  buon  strikingly 
expoiied  during  the  past  year,  and  the  evil  is  already  working 
out  a  reinedv.     In  oonncctioii  witJi  tJiis,  may  be  cltiMc^l  the  ex- 

Knditur^  of  too  much  money  in  the  purchase  of  mim^  wiiich 
s  served  M  a  great  drawbiiek  to  the  suee«ss  uf  many  recent 
I  ;cnterprij«-^  its  well  as  some  older  ones.    It  dUcouragw  lio|>c,  and 
extinguifiliea  expectation  of  gain,  which  id  the  pa-at  iuduceraeat 
with  th«  public  lo  invest  money  in  tuiuing  purf^uilK.     T!ic  oom- 
mercial  reputation  of  a  mine  may  thus  suQ'er,  when  the  fault  w 
entirely  in  the  oontracta  made  in  relutlon  lo  it.     Mining  may  be 
^  uid  to  be  a  pursuit  which  nalurallv  tempta  investment     It  is 
ftiut  interest  ot  every  one,  therefore,  tliat  it  be  so  conducted  both 
[.pnwticaily  and  commereiallv  an  to  siwure  «  wvll-placcd  confi- 
'.denoe  on  the  part  of  the  public,  and  thus  draw  out  investments 
from  all  ''lapses  and  conditions  of  pwiple. 

The  exorbitant  prices  which  have  been,  and  still  ore,  do- 
numdcd  for  mining  proi>crty  by  tlic  original  proprietors,  have 
been  cauiied  by  a  f^ae  iaea  that  a  mine  wna  an  illimitable  trea- 
sure ;  wherens  a  mine  might  strictly  be  said  to  be  valuable  only 
!(o  far  a.4  i:  was  opened  and  equiiipi^l ;  and  the  amount  of  thu 
value  should  be  csliimitcd  with  a  due  regard  to  the  aum  of  money 
which  hiul  been  judiciously  expended  upon  it,  due  consideration 
being  given  to  the  natural  conditions  of  each,  l^et  this  iruili  be 
Jiilly  appreciated,  as  it  will  yet  come  to  be,  and  the  person  who 
lia«  a  miue  uikiii  his  rfltale,  and  the  capitalist  who  inve?(t.s  in  it 
with  the  hope  of  good  returns,  will  cacli  be  profited.  The  first 
amendment  to  tiic  act  of  incorporation  in  New  York,  abovo  no- 
ticed, was  designed  to  apply  lo  casca  of  tfats  kind. 

There  is  ani>tlicr  view  of  this  subject  which  Rhould  not  be 
overlooked.  What  has  mining  alrtiitdy  produced  in  thb  oounlry 
to  test  it»  importance  ««  a  brancii  of  social  indnairy  ?  It  might  be 
an  indirect,  out  sufficient  aii.swer  to  this  question  to  dcaeribe  llic 
rich  and  incxiuiustiblc  mineral  treasures  of  almost  every  I'ariety, 
which  exist  in  various  parts  under  circumstances  jxThajis  more 
favorable  than  they  were  ever  before  seen.  The  ru«ult«,  however. 
■  See  VoL  L,  pve  a«9,  So]><«mbcr,  anil  Vol.  D.,  |wge  C43,  June. 


I 


JfijiiHy.'  lii  Rniatraume3\U  aitJ  ili  Retulh. 


639 


of  Diining  operations  here,  although  never  carried  on  with  a  sjs- 
temativ  iuid  Rational  spirit,  are  of  the  most  promising  cbnrncter. 
The  uiiiiin;;  of  nnllttiicite  ooal  commenced  about  1S'20.  In 
that  ycjir  [he  amount  taken  to  market  was  866  tons.  In  l*i30  it 
had  incri.-ii.'wd  ill  Schuylkill  oounly,  Pcniwylvania,  U>89,984  inns ; 
in  Lehigh  oountv,  to41, 7i>0  Uma;  and  in  Luzerne  counlv,  to43,000 
tons.  In  1840,'it  reached  in  Schuj-Ikill  ooiintj-,  ■152,2?1  tons; 
in  liohigh  county,  22.'),318  tons;  in  Luzerne  county,  148,470. 
InlSoS.  Schuylliill  county  fiat  to  market  2,65L6lM;  Lehigh 
oonnty,  1,080.544;  Luzerne  county,  l,006,98)J.  Other  repona 
in  the  Pennsylvania  ooal  district  had  also  begun  to  send  forward 
ooal ;  ao  that  the  yield  of  the  anthracite  mine.'i  in  18.^8  ammititcd 
to  5,007, 144  tona.  Tothta  shonld  bo  added  the  scnii>bituminou8 
from  the  wextvm  end  of  the  region,  which  swelbi  the  amount  to 
5,195,151  tons.  The  number  of  coUierica  in  the  Schnylkill  last 
year  wiw  IIS,  at  which  the  number  of  minere  and  laborers  wb« 
9,792,  and  the  stdam-power  employed  was  equal  to  that  of  42,428 
laon.  The  capital  invested  e\cc<>Iit  $6,000,000.  At  Titubur^, 
in  the  wextem  part  of  the  State,  the  coal  trade  for  185S  is  csti- 
ated  as  follows: — *  Amount  consumed  in  and  about  the  city, 
2,306,000  bushels;  amount  exjraned  to  other  places,  14,403,921 
bushels:  total,  3t5,708,921  bushels.  Wc  liavo  not  at  hand  auch 
Statistics  of  the  ooal  tmdi;  of  the  Western  States  an  will  enable  us 
to  make  any  prpcise  statement. 

The  nest  important  branch  of  coal  mining  in  lh«  Atlniitic 
St»te«  18  carriod  on  at  Cuniherland,  in  Marvland.  This  has 
grown  up  from  1708  tons  in  1842,  to  633,930  tonji  in  18oS.  This 
IS  an  inciuaae  of  nearly  GOO  per  cent  in  twelve  ^eats.  See  the 
thousands  of  fantlice  dependent  iifion  this  kind  of  fuel  for 
warmtli  in  winter,  and  for  culinarv  purposes,  and  the  steam  en- 
gines sot  in  motion  by  it,  and  wnnt  imagination  is  RufBciently 
vivid  to  conceive  the  desolation  which  would  ensuo  if  n-e  wete 
forced  back  in  an  instant  to  the  use  of  wood  only  for  fuel. 

Lead  mining  iit  the  north-west  luw  been  conducted  with  little 
system  or  science  from  the  earliest  period.  No  precise  data  ex- 
ist prior  to  1823,  in  which  year  the  nroduoe  was  Jt35,I30  pouuds. 
It  rate  rapidly  to  13,348,150  ponnds  in  1829,  after  whicn,  for  a 
period  of  eleven  yeare,  «o  slatisiticj*  exist  In  18-12  it  had  reached 
81.353,630  ptiunds,  selling  at  $2.24  ncr  hundred  pounds.  From 
this  point  the  vicld  has  fliiclualcd,  in  M>m(i  veant  exceeding 
W,000,000.  and'in  others,  as  18.^3,  declining  as  low  as  29,806,- 
9H0 ;  but  the  price  has.  during  this  time,  steadily  advanced  to 
$5.50  per  hundre<l  pounils.  The  actual  value  of  tlie  product  at 
the  {jaco  of  shipment  from  1812  to  1853,  incltisire,  was  $16,6i57,- 
938.  There  are,  in  addition,  single  mines  of  lead  workod  in  dif- 
ferent localities,  the  product  of  which  for  any  period  has  not  bc«n 
made  public. 

*  Sm  page  SIS  «f  tbis  Tolunia  (February  suinWr). 

Vol.  n,— 44 


JtintHf:  ilt  RnharTa*rmtaU  anJ  ill  Semllt. 


All  the  alver  produced  m  Ibe  Unitml  States  thos  fiir  ha» 
hccn  otjtaiu'^i  from  ihc  sulpliurwt  of  loitd.  Th«  means  tor  iW 
v.\tnu!!tiiii  ai-e  vcrv  limited,  not  more  tlian  two  cstabliahmeuts  at 
the  uUnoiit  bciii';  in  opcmtioii. 

Witiiiti  the  last  tliree  years  the  working  of  oopjwr  mitim  has 
been  commenced  in  some  half  dozen  States,  not  including  the 
Lake  Stipcnor  region.  Highly  vnhiable  products  will  eooii  come 
forward  froai  some  of  these  mines  as  a  sort  of  firsL-fmits  o(  scien- 
tific, systi.-mntic  copper  mining,  tn  pnrttt  of  the  country  where  it 
liini  not  hcfore  been  attempted.     The  Luke  SHjwrior  region  cail 

I  bftrdly  be  said  to  have  been  svstcmaticaUy  entered  upon  for  a 

I  much  longer  period,  yet  the  s)iipm!;tiw  for  the  year  1858  ex- 

toeeded  2,700  tons  of  copper  ore,  valued  at  more  than  a  million 
dollars.  There  can  be  no  ouislion  that  thin  wonderfully  rich 
region,  if  it  had  Ik-oh  locatea  nearer  the  Allanlic  coa.it,  or  with 

■  some  greater  advantages  of  climate,  could  undersell  the  whole 

I  vorld  in  the  artiole  of  copper. 

Iran  mining  and  manufactures  have  probably  advanced  with 
more  rapid  strides  sincfl  the  census  of  18dO  thau  during  aoy 
e<iual  period  previoiLily.     There  are,  however,  no  full  fttatistios 

'  in  relation  to  it  la  cxiatcnce  more  recent  than  that  census.  It 
wa«  upon  tiii.s  that  the  KnglUh  Commissioners  were  obligctl  to 
rely  in  their  Report  on  the  New  York  Crystal  Palace  made  to 
Parlinmi-'nt.  The  value  of  pig-iron  made  in  tlic  year  1850  was 
$12,748,77".  The  details  on  Uiis  subject  are  to  be  found  in  the 
pages  of  ihis  Magazine,* 

Gold  mines  are  now  cxtcnaivelv  worked  in  Virginia,  North 
Carolin.i,  and  somewhat  in  Soutii  Cnrolina  and  Georgia,  as  well 

1 1»  in  Califumia.  In  those  of  tbo  Atlantic  States,  althoitgh  very 
rudely  worked  upon  the  surface,  some  millions  of  dollars  have 
Iwcu  obtaiued.  This  product  must  be  largely  tnurcascd  imder 
the  influence  of  the  present  scientific  managBmcnt.  Of  California 
it  is  not  necessary  to  S{>cak  in  tliis  ooonection. 

Alention  might  be  made  of  the  zinc  ores,  which  ara  becoming 
■quite  profitable;  the  extensive  (luarricsof  every  variety  of  stone, 
ttsefuf  for  ornament  or  for  arehitectural  purposes ;  tlie  varioos 
Tare  and  valuable  miueraLs,  the  products  of  which  arc  always 

pOOStly  and  their  mannfiiclure  more  slowly  undertaken ;  all  of 

^hicli  arc  now  engrossing  a  large  share  of  tlie  oipital  and  tfae 
indurtry  of  the  public.  But  sufficient  has  l«en  said  to  fAow  that 
ihe  riclieat  field  for  national  enlerprL*^  that  which  promisea  a 

ptlmdy  yield  of  the  most  valuable  and  substantial  returns,  lies 
'•before  us  almost  unoccupied  and  undevclopod. 

•  Sm  page  88,  ttc,  Vol.  L 


« 


1 


JcmiMuI  o/Mini»j  £am§  and  Or^aiaHioHi.  641 


JOURKAL  OP  MIXING  LAWS  ASD  OEUASIZATIOyS. 

At  (h«  annul]  morting  «r  th«  ntcickholilcni  in  this  Cnin|ian]^  held  nt  the 
TV«MiirvrK  olIicT,  Boslnn,  Mnr  15,  the  old  Board  of  Dincbini  wu  unanimouidj 
cJt^iHl  fur  ttii-  i-ii.iiitiig  rrai,  tii.: — 

T.  F.  ItrlEhuii.  J.  Jin.  CiM*t.  Stt'fihm  Ball,  &  Tl.  BHghara,  H.  BIkuIow, 
of  BnrtoQ  ;  ^miii^l  W.  ttill,  of  Ijiki-  Superior. 

At  a  iiubj*mi<nt  mi-cling  of  the  Dir>».-Uir*,  E.  F,  Brigbam  w«  cledcd 
PrcBl(l«)i[,  a.[i<I  IL  Biguloir  Sixrrtary  aiiil  Trtasiuvr. 


rcLTox  Ktsao  coKt-ur. 

At  th«  Milioumod  anniuil  ucctinK  at  Iho  oEookhdlilRn  in  this  00Mptll|4 
held  *t  thf  oilke  ill  Seiv  Yiirk,  the  follcwing  oiSeen  were  elected  tor  Um  «> 
suiiie  voar: — 

Willixm  P.  L»dd,  Pn«li)«>nt;  WIDiun  P.  Udd.  Jomph  R.  I^tIm,  W.  Di 
Keimnly,  Ttcnjiimin  S.  lUrt,  AUrod  DdukIu,  of  Now  York ;  Stmhi-n  lUll,  of 
ISchton,  Willinm  II.  Stevcnx,  of  Michigvi,  TraxtMS ;  Jmiqkh  R.  Tk^Iixr,  Treo- 
siiriT  ;  Isnu'l  Cue,  Stcrrtory. 


visranotr  utviiM  Compaq. 

Tho  Knnutil  rocvtiti'ic  t^  the  tlArkhoMen  in  this  Compuif  wu  held  ftt  (he 
TVrnnin-r'ii  niRce  in  RiMlon  Mai;  9th,  n-hrn  lh«  foUoirtag  Board  of  Dinctors 
wft*  unnnimiHuly  ctciii^d  (or  the  rnsiiioK  year: — 

K  v.  Uuliwd,  A.  W.  Spencer,  (J,  Winttirop  C<iffln,  11.  Bi|p:lov,  E,  D.  Brig- 
hani.  of  Ili)!<(un ;  S«uiiii-I  W.  Hill,  of  Lake  Superior. 

E.  P.  Bullanl  wt»  rc-elcctod  Prcsidttnt,  aud  iL  Bigelow  Secretaiy  and  Trea- 
eurrr,  nt  a  subnequrnt  meeting  of  tlie  IKrocttUK. 

ALooMxn  coprRR  oon-Airr. 

At  the  wintial  mcntine  of  thn  nockholdert  in  thi»  C«mpaiij,  held  at  the 
oflHco  in  nnsiob,  Uay  1*1,  the  following  BoArd  of  Directors  ira*  unaitimoiulj 
elected  : — ■ 

OiurlcH  P.  HcN'l.  Stephen  BaJI,  A.  W.  Spenoer,  William  8.  Thatcher,  0. 
\7uit1irop  Ciiffln.  H.  Bigi^low.  of  Boston ;  AugustM  Cohum,  OnteoagOiL 

Al  .1  uiiliNeqiii^nt  montitiK  of  the  Director*,  Chartw  D.  lUftdww  n-deolcd 
IVenilent,  and  Ilotatlo  Bij^ow  tieorctary  and  Treacnrcr. 


ALid  HiToxo  ceoiraxT. 
At  the  annnal  mteting  of  lh«  stockhuldeni  in  this  CWihdt,  beld  at  the 
Trraxurtr'i  ufllcu  ou  Maj  flik  and  adiftumed  to  Hay  15th.  thv  fulluwiiig  Board 
of  Difw-liirs  was  iiniiiii[i)oii*lv  dertea: — 

G.  WiKthrop  Coffin,  .1.  D.  F«m«irorth.  aiarle*  Scudder,  William  Ilcy- 
wood,  H.  Bitelow,  of  Bo»ti>n;  Hobert  B.  Ltt'tnmton.  of  lJ.Vf  Superior. 

At  a  Kubimguent  meetioK  of  the  Dcr«ctoTi^  0.  ^Vinlhroj)  OolBu  vaa  elected 
pTcaident,  and  II.  Blgelow  8■^cret»^;and  TroaeurtT. 

V 

TM/TBC  ^0^WLI0AnD   HtXIKCI   CIMPAST. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  thf  Blockhotdcr*,  bold  at  iho  Comfkaft;''  offlcc  in 
Boston,  U*j  lutli,thcfoltawiiigBonrdof  IMrectonwMiuna&iBiousljr elected: — 


ttA  Journal  r>f  Mining  ZtuM  aitd  Or^itizathnt. 

CIiBi-loa  D.  IlMd.  WitliatD  S.  Thatcbcr.  A.  W.  Spcnnr,  B.  T.  Loring,  James 
U.  SboM^  Hentio  Bigvlow,  of  Bmton;  Au^sttis  Cob(l^^  OnUmaffm. 

At  k  MbMQUful  i]iv('1ii>K  of  lti«  T>ir«<-tors  C'har!<^  I).  Ilaail  wm  TV-d*cted 
nuidoDt,  and  Uor^o  Bi|t»)ii'  Sacreuaj  and  TnMurtr. 

riKK^n  uoui  cowAw  or  sioktu  cahousa. 

TIm  aimial  moctinz  of  uockholdGra  m  tbJH  Caai{i«ojr,  wm  hcJd  at  tbtir 
offleo  on  a  Uajr,  irlwn  thi-  foUtHringpiracloni  mre  aBUamoual/  ic<fact«d . — 

John  SUeg.  I).  B.  Fonurr.  J.  G.  Uudbr,  0.  A.  Sttw,  A.  Dciqslu,  A.  lUib- 
Uton.  n.  Lonscnccker,  P.  Kidcr,  J.  JacotiMn. 

At  ft  nuliHe^urnt  niwlinj:  uf  the  Diftcton,  Jc4is  Stan  waa  anaaunowlf 
re-«]evte<l  IVutideiii,  It.  B.  FoKl«r  Vico  PnaUcBt,  and  jTjacubtwti  SecRtary 
and  n«aturcr. 

c<iLi>  uitt  coMi-Atiy. 
At  Clie  BBDiia)  meeting  of  the  sbx^hbntdcra  of  the  Gold  nil)  Mmi'ng  Can- 
t^iAKlte'Ml'l^,  the  foUowrng  (cnUvmeii  vcre  elected  Directom  for  lh> 

iMae  H.  Smith,  Thoinu  Williamx.  Jr .  Hvitr;  W.  tfolcbm-,  AmM  H.  Sank- 
ett,  Jobn  K  Howard,  of  X<rn  Vorli ;  William  L.  B«al,  and  Jamas  Po«1tr, 
or  BcalOB ;  and  Uowa  L.  Holmes,  of  Gold  Uii\,  Nortit  Oaniliaa.  Inac  B. 
Smith  vaa  rMdaeUd  Pnaiiteni,  snti  Ausiutua  BrBml  Secrvtarjr. 


XtW  TORS  Xim^O  BIIAKS  SOABBb 

Hw  fblloiring  gviitlumuo  bare  boenetoctedoffloenlbrtba  maalagrtarot 
Urn  Hli^nft  Board  ;^P.  T.  Mervb^Prtoideiit;  IL  Jl.  TaHma^  Vim  Pr«^ 
dant;  EJv.  I!onriques,Tn'MDTer;  W.  B.  WwneriSeenilwy,  &A.SIupniaB, 
Bell  Koeiwr. 

ntPTLlMBXT  TO  TIIK   MtNlM   l^W   OP  X.  T.   BT4T1L 

.-,.-.. .  y.  -  -     -,,.,.^^.^^.        ,^    iiinidiiiii    If    III   III!     I  f  J    m^ m 

■MIM.  wwlMlf*!  M  ftniniw]  tmfwwft—l  y«»iiiMT  n.  U«.  (Ah!  AtnFtMui  i 
7%«  £ai>pb  n/(A«<  ^Viie#i>r  JtTnr  Tork,  rtprmmUd  tn  StMttt  o»J  .liimHtr, 
J«  nact  at  fullmu.—i  1.  SntioD  Iwcnlv-aereci  of  chapter  (ottj,  of  Om lam 
of  oixhioon  hundrvil  and  Ibrty-ei^i,  tntittcil  "  An  iM  to  aulhonae  Ilia  fcni^ 
tiod  of  corjioraiioiiM  for  iiMDunw:! urine,  imnSn^  nuchuitaal  or  cbei^iMl  mt- 
[MMM,"  aliall  read  aa  foilows: 


* 


i 


MntDLtrnwn  stLYen  lkui  conpiirr. 

5fr.  Wniiun  H.  Stoveno  has  hotn  olectocl  PTMldaat  of  the   ltid<ncCowii 

HilTH'  liOd  Compiu);.     The  Trasleesan  BobortBl^id.  WiOJatn  &  NklntHk 

SmmmI  Coit,  Tuckor  Cuttutg,  K.  S.   Monroe,   E.  Sedj,  VTilHam  Coh,  P. 

StncbuL 

BATB  copnta  nun-Ainr. 
He  olBccn  of  dii*  Companj  an  aa   Ibllowa: — Alesandrr  nandtoa, 
Pmidunl ;    Htnrjr  AdatDj^  Treaiarer;  and  with  theae,  Wn.  Biekok, '~ 
J.  Bstcrbrook,  Lynian  Gilbert,  and  Jdin  Stanton,  Dirccton. 


KEir  jwuKT  nuNKUnrrx  coktist. 
Tbo  officoni  o(  Qt'a  Coini»ny  nro  u  folloin: — J,  E.  Curtte,  ftwjjwt; 
Charle*  Tbonpfion,  Vice-Prmidcnt;  Geo.  W.  Saragf^  Somtwjr.  Dltwlon: 
Francis  Atser,  Boston;  J.  U.  Holdinp,  &  T.  JooM,  New  York;  AI«AkrGi^ 
ford,  ScB-Mk,  X.  J.;  Junn  A.  GnNrn,  PKncoUiii,  K.J. ;  Wok  C  Sqllkr, 
Rabwaji  Jolui  Fovhu-,  Franklin.  N.  J. 


I 
4 


Commereiat  Atpeel  of  the  Miniuy  Intfrttt. 


MS 


W1mi«r«r  xay  ptrson  or  persona  onrain^  flftecn  par  cent.  «r  th«  cttpiul 
Kk  of  nnj"  eompiny  firiTicd  unilcr  tha  pTOTuiianK  of  this  ocl,  idiati  prextiTit  ft 
(■writleii  rcqurat  to  the  trcjuurcr  tbcrcof,  that  (iicy  tlMire  >  MUviuvnl  of  tlw 
atTain  of  8U<.'h  ■■flriijiuiy,  it  sliull  be  t)iu  aul?  uf  sii«h  trvMUTvr  to  makfi  a  <:lalt-- 
mcnt  of  the  Mwto  of  nail)  omj^anv,  iinilcr  o*lh,  cmhraciiii;  a  pirtii^ular  iif- 
j^eottM  of  nil  ito  dctailn  mid  IfnbiMlicx  in  minute  dcrlali,  aui]  U>  deliirr  Hucb 
MMDl  l«  Ifae  t>vrHuii  wliv  pri'Ku^ted  tliu  saitl  wrillm  inquest  tn  the  tri^o- 
Siirrr,  vitbin  twenty  lUyK  olU'i-  fliioh  pr«8viitiition,  >dcI  hIuII  kIho  M  the  smino 
time,  plucc  «i)d  ki-tp  on  HIc  in  liis  office  for  nix  monthii  lhe««(lcr  n  copy  of 
Hucti  BlatciiK^Dl,  wlik'h  hIiuII  at  >11  tiincn,  during  buitiiieu  h<>iira,  Iw  rx- 
I  biUlfi  lA  iny  stork liuMer  of  «nld  roinp^iiy,  dcniKndinK  an  vxamination 
dicrcoC  Sucli  trcnMircr,  however,  nbnll  not  tic  rcijuircd  to  dclivur  suuh 
KlatMnent  in  the  ntanncr  afurcuiid,  uAttitr  thnn  oim-u  id  any  sis  motiihs.  If 
such  tKAAitnr  shall  iirglvcl  or  rvfiiH-  to  comply  nith  »ny  of  th«  proFisJons  of 
thill  art,  ho  Khjdl  foifoit  and  pay  In  tho  pcrwn  prruntins  Mid  mUtcti  r«que«t, 
the  «um  of  Bfly  dollar*,  and  ili«  further  lum  of  [vn  dollars  for  vmj  twaolr- 
four  boon  tbarcttftOT,  until  iu«h  ^ntciiit.-iil  Bholl  be  l\inileh«d,  to  M  aaed  for 
And  rMOTOrefl  in  any  court  harinR  cognfr^ncc  thprcot 
1 3.  TliU  %n  Khatl  tako  clfuct  immcdiatdy. 


COMHERCIAl  ASPKCT  OF  THE  MISIKG  ISTEREST. 

HXW   TOOK   Ml»IKO   SniBB   MlltKST. 

Niir  Toai.  Jfay  SO,  ISM. 

There  liu  bvun  during  tha  p«£t  month  th«  muat  amount  of  dulTncsg,  an<l 
we  liave  thtircforc  to  rocord  few  tnumciionii  and  tcnrcc  any  cbangn  in  prices. 
In  bet,  inort  of  the  pr««»ut  holdorv  of  mining  stocks  Iuto  mrtated  in  them  at 
a  much  highvr  ligurv,  and  prefer  to  wait  a  faTorabtc  tnm  In  tStin  to  realising 
at  prwent  pricea,  unlcaa  ab«duttty  fon-cd.  In  some  stocks  their  txpecla- 
liooa  will  bo  maliiMl,  but  in  many  which  hare  men  the  linht  dnririit  the  past 
year  wn  Icnr  vitality  haa  lied,  and  the  amount  paid  for  them  may  be  written  off 
to  the  dark  side  of  prolit  and  lost.  In  Hvasun!!  uf  ipcculalion  there  b  alwayx 
much  dtafT  amongct  tlio  wheat,  and  many  worthleaa  schemes  an)  paiiied  off 
upon  tho  credulous  boycj-,  wlio  is  only  induced  to  go  in  by  th«  unfounded 
promisM  of  lar(tc  proHts  and  exorbitant  ri'tiirng  for  his  money.  In  Invest- 
ments in  mininjc  stoek^  pmdcncc  and  caution  are  ni  much,  if  not  more  .ec«6- 
Sar;,  than  in  any  other  eonoema  of  life.  Great  discrimination  ibould  be  ex- 
«rcii«d  between  all  «uch  companiw  as  are  gut  up  to  palm  stock  off  tipon  the 
iniUic,  and  >uch  as  are  ar^niied  by  rvliablo  trusty  men  (in*  the  Iqgllimale 
parpOM  of  mining  and  producing  returns  to  the  alockhnldnr.  Wo  art  MTiy 
to  lie  compelled  to  record,  thai  dnrtnR  the  poM  year,  Bomc,  whou  ehanLdtar 
and  connections  should  have  placed  them  nbave  such  pracb'co,  hare  organiRoit 
B  nuEnbcr  of  companiex  for  no  other  purpoae  than  that  of  selling  slock,  nnd 
netsoedcd  in  doing  so,  as  many  unstuipccling  buytrs  know  to  (heir  rosL 
Tbey  are,  howervr,  too  well  known,  to  meet  with  much  Kueeew  tn  Kkc  opera- 
tiona  for  tho  future. 

Jfyrth  Oir«I>na  itock  lias  remaioed  stationary  Iwlwera 'ij  and  9},  at  which 
flgura  there   liare  been   considerable  transactions.     In   PennnyUania  and 


«u 


ContDttrai^  Afpftt  of  thr  A/tniitf  JntertU. 


ZtMffi,  th«n  bu  been  a  raapkto  rMrgBoUaUon.  Tbr  toaotn  baa  fccfo 
Ukca  out  or  Uie  buida  «f  tlw  aid  ptftiea,  and  been,  vitb  *n  mclr*  nair  Am- 
tiOD,|ila«e<lBiMl«rtha<I«ucralll[n!ng  LawoflbhSuie.  lite  pamtueoftb* 
Bh«n«  hu  abo  beta  alurvd,  thtrc  being  now  SOO.OOO  duns  at  t3  t»A,  ta- 
■toad  of  100.000  >harecftt$lQc«di,Mforaicri]r.  The  oU  MixkboUcni  tsecm 
thtte  Tor  tban  of  the  ncir  Mock,  and  lOO^OOO  Awm  an  reUinetl  to  the  trtm- 
my  lor  u*e  as  tbe  slockboldi-n  uiay  tlireel  Frocn  all  we  cwi  l««ni,  tbc  on- 
oen  11  naw  upon  a  eolid  anJ  nlisitiU  fiMtln^  Id  Ultter  uti  MeCtJh'^i, 
then  it  B0pacticalar  change  to  ootlc*.  In  Liiidtajf,  Ui«tv  bas  bwn  a  dwpge 
of  pnddeabi,  and  an  incrtKu:  ju  the  numbered  shwea.  butaadoTIMliWO 
abuvB,  at  %\0  each,  there  are  nov  ICt^OOO  «)ians,  at  |a  each,  makhifUM 
aoninal  capital  $TSO,O0O,  iD*tc«d  of  $1,200,000,  at  tamcAj.  Of  (Jm  ad- 
dttiaiMl  tfock,  10,000  ■Imm  bu  been  taken  bjr  Ibe  ooekhohlere  M  TQ  nau, 
Bnil  the  b«Jui>»  is  iwrred  tm  the  wants  of  Ibe  mine,  and  to  be  diipa—)  «f 
aa  the  DirK'tora  amy  decide. 

(t«M  /Tt'/i  doM  not  rise,  althoagb  (bo  alitj"  da;  diviili-ni]  ot  ten  per  eenL 
raitinue*,  tbe  next  dividend  of  ton  per  conL  bMnj;  payable  on  llic  }»t  of 
June.  %Vo  hare  nothing  now  to  record  in  tegard  to  Ph*niz  (Md  ;  the  ptiee 
remain*  about  76  CMitx. 

A  new  Mock,  caUod  tbe  Gtmyia  Gold  Jilint,  hu  been  dealt  in  eonatdmb^ 
lately  at  the  Mtning  Boan^  and  attemiits  iiuiJe  to  ii^fiatc  it.  but  It  i*  jet  too 
DOW  and  nuUied  to  b*  pasted  off  upon  the  txpvrienevd.  The  IVendenl  of 
Gold  Uill  Uioe  u  at  Ibe  head  of  it,  but  it  vill  rciuirn  taora  than  bis  inllueiKe 
to  put  Lbc  stock  off  at  ai^  Ugb  flgun  until  mora  ia  kDDm  alMut  (be  ttal 
invqwcis  of  the  nlaa. 

or  th«  traasaetioos  ia  OaMoitia  and  Sardiiur  Ooti  IRitt  «r«  eatuiM  aj 
much,  but  the  lea*  mid  tin*  better,  as  we  do  not  be1u*«  uto  in  tan  of  tba  f» 
ported  aalea  are  real.  I'artfr  ftiit  liaa  bceocnv  almost  aconplote  (nvek,  ami 
udIois  aome  of  tbe  jMU-liM  who  put  It  off  aucocto/uU;  upon  tbe  |>abUo  al  7(^ 
now  coue  to  Ita  ruuue,  it  will  tiieiilaUy  (ouudcr,  and  awalloiT  up  tritb  B 
nianj  of  its  trusting  vicUsw. 

Jliuamtt  (lock  ia  now  in  mudi  later.  Saba  baro  btea  bmJc  prnaldy 
u  bigli  aa  0|,  and  a  diridend  of  60  cvnU  or  $1  per  abara  ia  pramiaed  in  ialy 

BCSL 

In  Lake  Superior  stock*  w*  bar*  ao  bsMaetiona  te  record. 

Ibo  Xtwila*  C»pp*r  0>nfway  hare  eety  farenble  rvporta  frgni  ibair 
allM  In  Cuba.    Under  dale  of  April  371b,  the  Sufierintenilent  write*: — 

**  We  hare  driren  a  Wtel  from  our  prMMot  dojilb  at  Hftwen  fNt  deeper  thaa 
wben  Mr.  Hay  ntr  the  ore  takhiK  out  (M  feet),  and  on  Tuesday  cut  lbc  kKle. 
tbe  foot  nil  being  (un  feet  «outb  of  the  shaft.  We  an  aow  taking  out  /•(■ 
loir  ore ;  imd  as  we  break  &lr1y  Into  tbe  vela,  we  eaa  incrtaae  Ifaa  anoaat 
dally  for  somo  days.  I  nin  Fpeakin^  only  of  oiv  ibat  rt^i^Na  no  draiala^ 
Wo  b«To  on  the  surrncc  more  than  flOy  ions  that  rtqulraa  dre*d^  aad  I 
ni^t  add,  that  ere  are  now  jnul  bcKinninK  to  work,  and  (be  ptvpaialion  ef 
cleaning  cret  or  prilln,  will  be  tnucli  greater  than  In  tbe  upper  leveL  BcAtt 
the  n'erea  arrirc,  which  ere  are  expecting  daily,  we  will  bar*  ouu  luadnd 
ton*  of  on  ready  C»-jiggiiig." 


i 


I 


4 


Coamureial  Aipeel  of  tht  Minmg  InUrut, 


Q45 


Flwtualwnt  to  May  &01A,  18S4,  in  Out  different  Mining  Stock*  lold  at  the 
JVmc  York  Stock  Exchange  and  Mining  Board*,  thoieinjf  their  Higheat  and 
Ltneett  raintt,  and  tht  Date,  vith  the  Marhet  Value  at  thi*  date.  Gain 
or  Lorn  for  the  month,  and  winder  ^  Share*  told. 


Hau  or  Sroai. 


Alli^luui)  (Hm 

AiDu/ii^^m  WbJEe  Kino...... , 

Hri>"1(i]t]0  LmmI-  -.- 

JlrL-i^kir'niidKB  Cuil  ,.,.-----. 

CBlkf<lipnl4  L-jaL,. , 

ClinrJuELc  4.'ii(ip«r  -■  - 

Cliitliiun  I'Dbilt. 

Cuumd  Jiiiiu<iiii 

Co|p]iiT  Kallfl  Cojippr-  -,--.,- 
CuiiitwrUnU  Uul.,.,...-,,. 
t)jm[>liln  DEitl  Sqsquahanna  I 

Cvuil f 

DAUJrlLtEi  ikTld  SuBquahuoa  I 

Dully  IJjiEo  Upjf^or, 

Dilclit-a  tlLlvM 

ikiuglu  Uauglium  Oot*P*^'- 

Fllnt  SUtl.. 

FdIiiiji  Cippar....^. ....,.,. 

Friinkllnllu  Scrip  

Gariliner  Crujhar 

Csrllricr  Qoia 

0<p1iI  mil.. 

HJwuAH  Ooppnr-^- •'. 

Iplv  HiijbIu  Liipper 

I.lTKJ.vr  Uold 

Mc<;ul[uu;;L  Gold  A  Cup]>er. 

MijilEipii  CiipjM!r-r...... 

Mllk'rd  MkDlng  Co. ..^ 

Mill  ill  .ill  I  <ca  UllyaLotO..... 
tAimtgamery  ZlDC...- '...,- 

Nailunftl  Copper ^.. 

NfluvllAi  Ooppflr, 

Nil"  t'rvi-V  OifJ-.^.--^--.,'. 
Ne*  J<iT*..iy  ZInfl,.-. ------- 

NiftEtl  AluurioBD  Coppfir- 

PTnrtlj  CiirEill  04  Clipper 

UliloUiid  t  Uublc 

l^arki-r  Vi-ln  l'-j*L.. 

Puiikic  UiDlng  t  HvmAo- 1 

lurlnu  Uu,.-,-- --  f 

T*tiriiBjiVfuilB  C0*] 

FtiiinriylviuiUAlrfbJzliZlaa. 
PLicnlii  Mlhlnf  ind  MuQ' ^ 

fiKiTirlLb^  Co -  I 

Phuinli  Gold 

pDIDmHlJdiipv..- .-. 

Po[u6i  LeiJ- 

UftTiiLolpb -.--,,-.- 

LJplny  0>p;iBr . - ............ 

RtictfiaiL 

Il.i<t7  UlrOald 

l:  Lilllf tfijTil  Ould 

TuIlM  Cnpjiat 

V4DilEntiiirvGa1d4  Ooppflr,. 

UfaLLnijt  L^ipper- -  -.  -- 

WyckulfOiilil 


Om^ 


100,1100 

WOJOM 

lO-OOO 

i!,00« 


IWMO 


4110,000 
Mo,ooo 

11000 

IM.0OO 
80U,(W0 
WOVO 
1U<),UU0 

80,1100 
10,000 


300.000 
»,<KIO 
111,1100 

100.000 

00,000 


•0.000 

100.000 

10,000 

100.0011 
lOftOOO 
WU,UDO 

40,000 


10,000 

100.0U) 


tiliOOO 


as 


Hi|h>ri 


'Si 


loot 


40c 


S' 


■I 

4 


TBc 


ii 


» 


10« 

s 

SOc 


I 


1ft 


1001 

4 


11 


It 


^ 


Uc 

-1 


1031 

1) 

4) 
TOc. 


14 


100 

41 


ill 

ftl 


01 


lott 


lOc. 

soj. 


rfuB 

April  ]1. 


Si 


auo 

luo 


400 
U,400 


^      aoo 

at       £0,433 

—        100 


too 

'  S,BT5 

T< 

tfiM 

000 

30,030 

I,S3S 

400 


11.(34 


ino 
S.TTa 

94,tlU 


B,349 
B.T0O 

IDO 

8.575 
tOTu 

i,l>lll 


100 

R.riM 


IM 


NoTK — Ttim  hu  b««i  no  u]4  of  tbo  itoeki  or  Uioh  Compinloi  opposltd  to  vlilcb  tha  Abor^ 
teU*  U  bUnk.    Oar  rflpoiti  In  w  fanur  Nbdbv  riuDlAli  1^  uoDuiit  of  ui«  Iwt  BiilaB. 


BOSTOS   III.SIHO   SBABC   MARKET. 

BoCTOS,  Jfij  20, 1S51. 
The  real  prospects  of  the  Like  Superior  minfng  interests,  hs  represented 
b;  inccess  at  the  mioea,  will  compare  hvorMj  irith  anj  prerioos  period,  and 


OM 


OammercMt  Atpett  fif  fhe  Mining  Tnttmt. 


Ihejr  ftra  la  Act  Uottdllj  Incrcwing  {n  ifitriiMJc  v«lii«,  whatarcr  tnaj  bo  th«  «if- 

nt  l9iirta»tions  of  tbe  illllWnt  ftnekt.  Vmoai.  tTtfluenot*  sra  branght  lo 
'bcw  upon  a  Ktcck,  th*t  shtll  niM  or  dcpram  it,  frora  lhn«  to  time,  u  flMCMe 
maj  ht,  wittioul  regard  in  the  Icwt  iltgrce  to  iU  true  rshic,  vuleofjur  atoob 
■TV  not  exempt  from  lh«  gvacnl  rule.  A  rcrjr  «asy  aUUt  of  tbe  moiwj:'  mtr- 
ftltct  icill  oReo  UdM  an  upward  turn  in  (tie  Btodu  to  a  p«tiil  nNcli  bcjrontl 
their  rul  natiirr,  and,  on  ih«  conlniry,  a  strinj^cf  in  money  vill  ban  Jul 
the  oppociilc  tffaet  A  combination  of  tqieciiktoni  IWqucDltj  force  up  prteta 
in  oofilcr  to  nuUiie  a  prolit,  An<l  then  tell  out,  irhcn  tlie  »tock  i*  at  tihcrttr  to 
take  rare  of  itxclf.  Tliv  "bcorx,"  or  parties  who  are  nupfkOMd  ni-T«r  to  own 
MR^  stock,  will  «en  for  a  ■leclitM',  and  tlien  use  all  their  cMcgiM  tu  <I«pnM 
_pric<«.  In  order  lo  hitj  in  at  a  profll  to  meet  Iholr  contraols.  At  the  pmont 
time  iMtAy  all  the  mining  storki  current  In  this  market,  lutTa  b^en  grtMXj 

pmied  in  rnmsriqurncc  of  a  very  Kcncrat  apathy  and  irant  of  confldeiMM 
I^cvai1in;{  IbroURbout  the  mnrkct  for  itocks  of  all  ileHcripUoni.  Many  of  thfl 
tleailing  Btocki  hove  reachc!  potntx  wliicli  we  do  not  bentate  to  conaidcr  eitap, 
Uid  a-f.-vr  moDtli)  will  prove  it,  or  wu  ara  entirely  nbtajieit  as  to  tbe  Ibtiin 
yield  of  the  niinua  tbeiu^clree.  Wti  have  no  disposition  to  pnjf  ttp  tkia  or 
that  Ktock,  but  cannot  hi^lp  fi'dlnjc  that  the  ruoareen  of  the  I.akc  SupniOT 
raineraJ  region  oro  immoiiM.',  and  will  pay  n  vrry  handwino  proAt  for  votlc- 
Henof^  vtK  linvc  cutilldi-noo  in  thu  entire  sticca*  of  the  leadinfc  nhiM 

'  bdog  operaUx],  anil  brli«vi'  tlini  nn  Inivjtnient  In  tbe  stocks  of  dUfereol 
Omnpantea  judjciouily  tclocicd,  tannol  fail  to  pay  a  rerybr)ce  pTofli.  Tint 
Dill  not  come  immeJialriy  inin  llic  pockct«  of  ibe  ahareboldont,  but  it  U  sore 
to  be  realiaed  in  dae  lime,  uiiku  nil  indimtions  of  futun:  kikccbi  shall  bi^ 
and  oaleulalioiiti  baiied  upon  a  >oIid  foanJallon  shall  c«a«e  lo  be  oTraliM. 

Tbe  latest  adrlces  from  th^  gold  minefl  of  California  are  liigbly  laromMa 
er  larapM  hare  been  bnnd  than  <'Vf<r  before,  and  th^rt  is  nut  tbe  most 

note  proqiect  of  tho  mines  ipvInK  out,  ax  ba«  been  prcdietod  by  some  of  tbt 
would  t>c  "  knowini;  ones."  From  New  Mexico  the  acoounla  are  alao  •neoiRk 
aging,  old  mine*  beinf  r«-opL-iied,  nrid  ii«w  onr.«  eip'oriMl  with  SDooeaa.  Frtn 
tbe  Cape  of  Good  Hope  wc  hare  tbe  important  annonnccment  of  B  dBCOTVf 
of  fM.  Shonid  future  adiioca  AiUy  luitain  the  prcriotta  acooimls,  K  ironU 
not  b«  niTpri.iiDg  to  Bee  quite  a  nub  of  Yankee!)  after  tbe  "  diuL" 

The  stock  market  ban  been  Tory  inacllT*  fyr  a  laoiilli  past,  and  mininf 
(Ham*  ban  suffered  in  tho  general  dcprMtlon,  wblcb  hm  sMoed  to  pervade 
all  cltEtM  of  Itocks  without  regard  to  their  real  Tuloe.  Tho  prMeat  MasoB 
is  usually  on«  of  dpevutation,  but  now  there  in  ao  entire  ab«eM«  of  it,  and 
Uiduu  a  reaction  shoqld  itrcur  witliin  a  mouth  or  six  weeks,  it  irltl  mt  b« 
*  rMDOnable  to  anticipate  any  permanent  Bclivily  unltl  tA«r  lb«  "dcf  days* 
nball  hare  come  and  icono. 

Thin  rule  can  be  but  a  general  one,  boirrrer,  and  tlie  abarea  In  any  pnilie' 
ular  Conijiary,  llio  rauilla  ofwhoM  mining  operations  shall  be  T«y  htoctbl^ 
rill  form  an  exception. 

C^per  FaiU  i*  firm  at  O  bid,  with  tbe  $3  per  ttbat«  aaMwinent  paid, 
«lktcb  hi  an  adnnce  of  t-T  per  vharw  wiiliin  a  montli  past,  Tho  ta»t  accotmts 
AcD  Uw  mine  are  britliant,  and  now  that  the  Company  ha»e  called  in  their 


(hatrntreial  A*[>ttt  <if  lit  J/tntny  Inttrttt 


847 


)u{  OMcmmtrnt^  thcN  i*  crarytliinit  to  «nc<iimKe  Kharclioldcn  (o  kMfi  th«ir 
tttck  l&r  ftttun  rcmlU.  This  Company  hare  jut  ittuot  a  v«r/  rftlaibln  re- 
port, tlie  Icadtng  podnU  of  which  will  W  round  in  wothw  part  or  lliis  "Sixfji- 
line,*  and  ir«  ncoBimcud  every  «ue  intemilMl  in  eofp*r  mMinf  to  niTo  it  on 
atkntiro  penual. 

Since  our  laat,  firtM  has  btin  (trowed  down  to  ti*  per  share,  but  rcucted 
lBini«<li«(''ly,  and  Is  now  In  drmamlitgl!,  with  hut  UitJa  block  oflvrcd  IbriuK 

Tt>ttf<.^  hiw  been  htinnii^ml  <iown  to  fJ^f ,  oiaeaiinent  nr  (I  fer  yhxre  paid, 
which  ia  the  lowcct  point  over  touflhwl  by  the  tlock  since  it  wan  flrit  introduced 
htn,  aa  IS.36  p«r  Rbarv  haN,  in  the  mean  time,  been  paid  in.  The  sloek  b 
>  at  iu  preacnl  priM,  or  no  Lake  Superior  miirins  atock  ts  worth  harin;;; 
'-fend  the  mtD  who  now  wlla  hisTolloc,  nnUiK  forced  to  do  Rn,  doea  not  doMiro 
toroalizs  a  profll  on  nnystoekhamajrpardiaae.  Me  Royala  has  horn  much 
dcpremecl  in  con]V]ncn«c  of  a  dull  market  and  n  tnpid  micctAiion  of  osseH* 
mentii,  tlirm  of  (I  per  shore,  each  having  been  called  for  irinoe  Uardi  \Pt, 
{seluding  one  due  on  the  lOlh  of  June  next  TImi  policy  cf  making  ample 
■lBmtnienlAforth«n«e«RRaT7deT4i|opment  nfa  mine  In  tli«  troe  one,  but  thero 
la  always  a  chMW  of  »h«rehoider«  who  ^mbte  at  it.  and  foren  their  stork  on 
tho  raarket  ht  mIc.  Wo  havn  tin  excellent  opinion  of  the  /lU  Royale  mi'ne, 
ttid  feci  conBdcnt  that  it  will  beeome  a  paying  concern  among  tho  earliest  of 
Ifas  mine.i.  wome  two  or  (brve  only  being  likely  to  piy  a  ditklenJ  before  it. 

/'»Mi(riry  has  (alien  totlST,  thooigh  (here  is  a  belter  deiuitnd  fur  the  Rtock 
tiixr,  and  (ISS  is  ofllM«d,  but  no  shares  are  for  snle.  For  a  stock  permanently 
tBtablished  as  Uiia  is,  and  paying  regular  svnii-nimual  dividends  of  |10  per 
chare,  at  Ji  price  anything  below  $150  it  in  decidedly  cheap.. 

Uinnttatn  is  OKaaionally  sold  at  (1170,  but  Ihcre  to  little  Slodc  Id  ikt 
market,  and  vrrj"  ftw  holdera  are  willing  to  part  with  it.  Thin  Company 
made  a  dividend  of  fiSO  per  shnre,  as  noted  some  mouths  since,  which  was 
partly  real iMd  from  the  accumntalions  of  copper  in  former  years ;  hut  fVom 
a  clofv  annlatis  of  the  yearly  product  of  the  mfne,  we  can  tee  no  reaiMii  why 
the  Company  xhotitd  not  conlinuo  to  pay  at  Uait  $90  annually  to  carli  share- 
holder. ^Vc  cunxider  this  the  mlnimam  Hgure.  and  with  tlie  present  increas- 
ing pro»p««^ii  of  111*  Company,  should  not  bo  at  all  siwprked  if  they  realirod  i 
nuch  halulaonier  rrJiilt  Theamall  nnmbivef  siiarM(S,OO0)in  the  Minnesntn 
tallies  tho  ComiMiny  to  divide  a  lantn  amount  Jirr  thart,  having  already,  in 
dieir  Hrct  dividend,  paid  back  13  per  ihnrv  more  than  had  been  »>t«v«aed  upon 
the  atock.  The  PitUburg  has  also  but  8,000  iharen,  which  Is  n  fiivnrnl.le  fea- 
ture. Some  «r  the  now  Companies  bare  but  10,000  shores,  thDUj;ti  the  moat 
of  Iheni  have  SO.OOO,  and  a  few  40,000,  one  only  of  the  Lake  Superior  Com- 
panies (the  Fulton)  having  lOO.OOa  This  latter  nmaber  i)  altogether  out  of 
nuon,  and  oporatoa  as  a  serious  obirtaelo  agdnst  tho  suecess  of  the  concern, 
•O  (kr  OS  the  market  value  of  its  sUtIc  is  conccniod,  and  that  is  cerlUnly  an 
iroportant  feature,  the  t'ultoii  now  selling  nt  $1  per  share  for  4^  paid  in.  VTt 
think  that  [mrties  here  interested  in  mining  sr*  beginning  to  look  into  this 
nMler  of  an  CiicesB  of  shares,  with  no  little  degree  of  attention ;  and  fhnn 

•fti|e««. 


Ma 


Gimmereiai  Atpnt  of  <h«  i/iniiiy  LiUrtil. 


kucvB  nailt  to  tw,  die  kbore  vievR  nUl  vtrjr  ^icailf.  or  qvlte,  eoCtwid* 

ttth  tfawirs.     In  convonaLioii  willi  •  Ivadlng  officer  (n  a(w  of  Ibu  M,IXH>  Mi*t« 

''CoiN[Nui<«8,  ho  frvrlj-  admitted  that  SD.OOO  tharM  wu  CBonch  Ibr  ifao  pnAtikU* 

Wil  JnilicuMK  nuuxGiDcnt  of  anjr  nuiuRK  coitvprwc,  nod  be  boped  that  no 

new  C-aieponUs  would  cvvr  bo  orgaiiizcd  witli  a  gnatcr  uuiobtr.     We  notioe 

l^iU  w*tral  nv«  ifulij  Couip>niu«  faAte  Utely  come  ietu  tb«  Hetr  York  nuvknt 

._wl(b  3(>(i,iJ0O(!>8baT«ii.  enough  surctj  to  provide  Uu  " bulla"  and  "  bean"  of 

I  tlio  Stock  ExchaiiRO  with  sporl  for  ■  twclrtsnonth. 

Amoni;  tbc  low-prioed  Mpper  atockt,  Atg^mtA  m  a  BciMial  brorite,  and  h 

'.tbought  to  prvseiit  r«alvra«  nwirc  laTorablo  for  WKOtn  than  moot  of  tbe  Ca«D- 

ponii^  at  ibu  itxue  Ktage  ot  duvulopmunt.    Tbof  hate  the  ToIlM  vdn,  wUidi 

Is  undoubteiUy  on  uxnelleiil  one.    Biplttf  hta  been  doprcmd  to  tS},  bnl  is  bow 

in  demand  u  1^,  at  irhLcJi  prieotbeatock  isconadond  chMp.    lieprMpaetB 

of  (he  minuarorGrjriiir  now,  with  n  koo<I  show  for  futufcmcctsA     Wuttltrof 

I  io  good  (louuuid  at  2,  and  with  tho  prfVAilini-  iin|i«uiaan  that  the  Oumpanf 

are  IIm  "  QUI  Vein''  nmning  tUnnij^li  tliL'ir  luiidii,  the  Uix-k  iiiual  certaltil]' 

libe  clasiiMl  a«  altogtthpr  too  lew,  and  a  swy  sab  iitvMtcnunl  at  tbo  curronl 

'  nt««.    .Star  ii^  in  demand  at  $0,  and  tbo  alocl:  verj  seldnn  co«M  into  tbo 

matket  for  lale.     There  la  liUle  or  no  activity  in  the  »todc  of  the  l?oni(Mni«l 

not  mvotiuncil.  and  gvtiornllj'  (peaking,  thejr  arc  hunvj-  at  t)ic  iguotations  below, 

,  but  not  ai»  muuh  pmanl  for  lede.     \ta  wityoiu  tone  GwU  of  a  cominercial 

L^bearing  respoctinft  toHous  Compaiiica,  and  aUo  aifiMpsIa  of  tbeir  aonatl  n- 

porta,  which  will  rivc  a  pmrral  i(li>a  or  lh«ir  proMnt  potfUoia.     MlM  orifaem 

ore  comparative  J  new,  liownvor,  and  tliontlbro  tJi«  laJniKg  detaUa  cSBBot  be 

expooliHl  to  nmiunl  lo  much  at  prcxcnt 

Iha  Algoiuali  Cupper  Cooipanjr  was  oi^^uiiMd  under  tho  (Jeneral  Minidf 
Law  of  MichiRsn,  AujpiBl  i,  I8A8.     The  capiUl  ia  (500,000,  divided  into 
SIO.OOO  sborvs.  on  which  tlJTj  has  bueo  paid  in,  amounting  to  tt7,400. 
The  propcilj'  of  the  AlKoniah  J/Juinj)  Compon;',  which  wat  onpuiaad  En 
£aglc  Harbor,  Juud  0,  1851,  woa  tvanaferrod  to  Ibia  Cem^iaajr,  and  ooneiatod 
k«f  UioSl  W.  i|uark;ror  itMtion  SO,  townabip  51,  north  of  range  ST  w«at,  witk 
t:IOina  sdriooo  iuiproretavnU  of  i>o  great  value.    ThEa  <]iUTltir  aMlloii  a^oiBt 
tbe  Talt«c  prupcity,  and  haq  the  veins  of  that  Conipanj-  trattriing  it*  itMt 
Idtf  tA.    Tlie  Alsomah  vein  bavinf;  been  fully  teated  on  tho  Toltcc  ttndf^  then 
is  Utile  duubt  hut  tho  wine  will  beuouio  aproStaUoooealanasonablooutlnj. 
In  adjltioii  to  th«  quarter  atctkm  of  minonl  laiKb^  the  Conqiaar  hare  be- 
tween die  and  six  hundndactca  of  tiinbar  land,  which  will  bo  ample  to  gupplf 
the  wantii  of  llio  nine  for  lumber.     \n  cnxino  haa  been  oontnwlad  Ac,  wiih 
I  the  noocuary  inachint^r;  fur  atainp  work*  and  a  nw-mill,  which  wfll  be  fbr- 
'  warded  to  tbe  ntine  before  winl«r,  (o  be  put  in  operation  another  year. 

The  Winiirop  Companj-  was  organUod  April  10,  IS53,  iwdat  tbe  Genanil 
Mining  Law  of  Miebignn,  with  a  capital  of  t5'>0,0(M),  dirid^  into  30,000  ahanai 
at apar  value  of  (^upvr share  Tbe  tcrritarjcampriacii  three r[iiarters»cti<in^ 
or  iSQ  acr«H,  all  of  which  tt  itiiut>ral  land,  eontlituUng  a  tract  one  mile  and  a 
halt  ftcoD  north  to  south,  and  half  a  milu  in  width,  i/nmediatvl;  adjoining  tho 
"Cofiptr  Fall*  on  tho  navtb,  tbe  fiunou.i  "  lliU  Vein"  of  wfaUh  ta  suppoacd  to 
^fun  througb  the  ptvpertf  «f  the  Wiutbrop.    The  mine  ii  btbig  HMrou^j- 


Contmertial  Atpttt  oftA4  Jftniny  ItUtrttL 


<ii4& 


•  tXfAanil,  frnpariAtaj  to  caauncocinx  opcntioM  in  *  ijrMcra&liR  miuiiier. 

Tbi-  Tiuiaurcr's  rtporl  ^iroeati  a  baluieo  ot  about  $8,200,  anil  la  all  probo- 
hiUty  an  aeMwmvDt  of  M  asnti  pur  elttrv  wUl  b*  «all«d  Cm  b^  Mjr  lit,  tor 
the  purjKMK  oi  tcacinx  Uio  capacilj'  of  tl»  inine  a*  &£l  as  poulU*.  Tbua  Iw 
onlj  TI>  I'DiitN  per  obuv,  or  ^5,000,  hut  been  paid  in,  and  «xpl«T*lioiM  hav« 
bi.-«n  iukIu  oiilj  to  ■  uiodentc  <xUiil. 

,  Tbo  Pir«ctont'  report  of  tim  Tolttc  GvuolUttUd  vw  aootptod,  but  it  wu 
.voted  not  to  prcwnt  it  t»  tfao  stockboUhra  in  a  piintod  form.  Dm  Agont^  xlo- 
Uilcd  report  uJ  i>pcmtioa«  ai  tho  caioo  not  haTtnic  boon  rtcsind. 

Tile  Toltrc  Ckicuulldaled  llining  Company  nu  organiicd  April  fi,  ISHS,  and 
tti«  mincrtLl  lunds  an  altuatMl  in  lliu  south  hail  of  wclioo  Sfl,  Wwnaliip  51, 
north  of  rnaKc  118  jkoL  Thcw  two  qiuirl«r  suctions  pruTionsly  oonipriwd 
til*  Farm  and  Tolteo  CoaqHUMO^  but  ax  the  land  odjoiaod,  and  the  la&w  vein 
wa*  worked  i>j  txilh  Compa&ic*,  it  was  tliongbt  boat  to  unite  thecn,  trluoh  wu 
done  at  tbo  tlmo  spci^Iflod  ^bont  All  IIk'  prupurl/  waa  Imufarad  to  tlm 
Toltti;  Consolidated  CotDpuij,  and  encb  litockliolder  in  tbo  oUl  Conipaniea  ru- 
edved  an  equal  number  of  ahare*  in  the  new  one. 

ThuH  far  llu'  vran  lias  opened  well,  und  in  ttoxn  IS  inches  to  two  feet  in 
UiEckncss,  carrying  gaai  tiartvl  and  elaiiip  copper.  Ten  tons  of  copper  aro 
now  rciuly  for  shipmonL  A  pUnk  road  is  pattially  coo^iUtod  (rom  th«  Onto- 
na^n  riror  to  die  Tolteo  hindi^  a  dUCnncc  of  fourteea  uuj  A  half  niUd,  which 
«ill  be  of  great  advanUge  lo  tlie  Company,  enabling  th«m  to  lrans]iort  suppUe* 
to  thvuiinu  and  cupper  fromit,atMijnaKaof  thoyeur,  which oannotbedoDe 
now  except  whr[i  tliu  gttHUid  U  coTcrcd  witli  uiow,  tliuK  placing  them  in 
equally  UK  favur^ble  a  (MMtUon  M  lhc»o  tJompaniet  within  a  few  nulos  ol  the 
Lake  and  niting;  the  commoo  roads  of  th«  country. 

The  TrcoxurerV  report  prrscntii  a  baUnco  of  |3,2M  Hay  1,  e>clu«ira  of 
the  (1  per  nhari:  SMMsiancut  duo  tliot  day.  Th<  whole  amount  now  pokl  in  ia 
(S  prr  <iliaiv,  and  probably  on  equal  amount  iu  addition  will  be  rvqtaifcd  to 
bring  the  mine  to  adirUlcnd  pnyinft  point. 

The  (writory  of  tlio  "''"  Corapany,  amounting  to  301  i  acras, »  oompnsc<l 
111  the  N,  ^V.  and  S.  W.  iguartcrK  of  icction  81,  tOWBitiip  &0,  H.  of  rangaSt) 
west,  and  mining  work  was  cumnienord  June,  1808. 

The  prvspvcts  of  thu  Cuinpany  are  rery  fair  for  the  amount  of  work  dOM^ 
and  tlic  Agent,  Mr,  Livingston,  tbinka  llie  rein  of  sufficient  promise  lo  war- 
rant tu  bving  ngorously  worked.  Thoy  hare  a  railroad  fat  the  a<ht,  which  U 
found  very  conronicnt  for  facilitating  tbo  work  of  mmavinK  (bo  stuffy  and 
nrar  the  mouth  of  the  adit  is  a  stream  of  water  iiufHeicnt  for  oupplyiog  a  larse 
number  <if  Blump  lifad.i,  ■  con  veil  ience  of  great  value  to  thin  Couipaqr-  The 
nulural  Bclvuntagi;!!  of  tlic  minu  ant  superior,  and  there  is  good  (ncouragenent 
lor  the  atodtholdera  to  cause  tho  work  to  be  prwwd  ibrward  with  onergy . 

The  location  of  the  Puttoa  Cncnpony  comprises  8.(100  seres  of  minetnl 
landson  (he  HTCal Trap  Range,  and  tho  mine  promiuswr^U  so  bras  Its  rtMureM 
harv  been  dereloped.  8el«t«l  maitSM  hftT«  bom  (bund,  somo  of  lliem  weigh- 
iDg2,O0O  tb*.  In  February  80  men  vcn  wnplojed.  40  of  whouimrc  mhiera, 
aod  tbo  work  U  being  posliod  fbrwsnl  sx  rapidly  as  pomiblc^  Tbo  yield  of 
eoppcr  is  Mid  to  be  great  ft*  tho  amount  of  wocfc  done^  uid  th«  friend*  of  the 


660 


Comaureittl  Atpttt  of  ike  Xininff  Imlentt 


BntwprlH  ftro  Mngnlne  of  cvmploto  Buccea*,  with  a  motkrkU  exp«nditQr«,  uid 
Bt  IM  vct7  (licunt  dmy. 

Thi? /Xnui  Compiinr  trii):ori;inixrd  Vaj  14, 185$,  uad«r  the  OcDenl  Hining 
Lav  of  Miolugan,  uitl  the  prnptrtj  campriKM  tli«  cact  half  of  KcUons  H  mii)  3^ 
iO  tOmiBhip  69,  N.  of  n>ng«  SI  W.,  mnd  nontiaLi  of  mineral  landeontjr,  being  on* 
inflo  In  length  llroin  north  to  »out1i,  and  >uitf  ■  mite  wide.  Th«r*  in  nufficlvnt 
timbrr  on  tte  Ltad  Ibr  tb*  Qbm  of  the  tiiinc,  irlth  kn  «xcell«at  road  to  E*t[ie 
ilarbor  ncorir  bar  tnHos  distant.  The  Rnit  opcradotiK  upon  a  Tcin  in  the 
winter  of  IS53  ircn!  not  xuiMuaifut,  but  tbo  Aiidit,  Mr.  llitl,  is  no«-  at  iroric  an 
a  via  whicU  be  ihinka  giTcs  boo<I  promim-  of  bring  profltable.  Tli*  last  ao- 
coanle  from  the  mlno  were  fatonibte,  and  ibe  ■cockhold«ra  shonl^  take  emmft 
for  the  tatan. 

The  TrewiirTr's  report  prwonts  a  balance  of  (4,900,  and  axtomtacatt  will  bo 
Ind,  from  time  to  lime,  ■uffiriimt  to  raiSR  tbn  necnMarf  fund*  far  prOMcuUns 
th«  TToik  of  proving  up  the  mine  m  lit«t  M  pTaclicab)c 


Is 


silt 


»J  |.r_._|s__„-|   ■Ejj.gy-ffjaaj.of.sr 


151 


=    i    »"*"— «5'""«»""eafa 


eodnoe««»i>«i«  1 


1°   I    I    I    l-|«o»(    |0-1   1    I    I-)    I    |"l    t 


it 


SIB  ~  ■  — «  ~  —  -  -  a 


S~= — 2S      Sg-fiSS'g*"- 


«difre«^3a 


181  I  iss::::  issi  I  I"  t  I  I  I:;!)  isfSlltiSSt 


ii 


1*1  I  IS-f"t=3l  I  t=t  1  I  1-S  I-I-1 


7*;; 


II 


u 


I"  I  I  1-3-S  I'-l  M'-.l  I  I  IS=  I"  l5]-2-( 


i-i  I  iB-2-iffsi  I  igi  1 1  rs  1"  r  1 2"=^ I 


is 


^   |8iiasa8sa-'ssss"§a«s"fsi  isaases-s 


Ji 


liiMilllllll^ 


||||U  ^   ^      _ J., , , , ..,., „,-^„^.^.-. 
IlllllllillliliiUS 


umutmumm  i 


iifl^ 


Sif 


liilISS 


■^■J 


llf 

Pi 

I" 


Cawunsreial  Aigttet  cftkt  Mining  Interal. 


6ftl 


■  KEW  YORK  METAL  MARKET. 


■fr  lb. 


Ills 
14o 

BubblLt,  oomp.  nuUl "  ISo 

Blnoroi  N.  J.  Fnr per  Ion       tao 

CtnA*  fivin  muUI  ivnp ...,^45 to  COfl 

(XM'PEB. 
A.S.  PlK »D 

V.  s.  »n mo 

EhmtliliiE S<° 

Brulen SSo 

Tgllaar  U.  BhxthliiB Mo 

Bflll  Cupper 3k 

OldCoppu KatOe 

ISON. 

Antr.  Char.  PI; partoa  •UnSO 

Fur  mullntile  ntfinn ~  BOoKI 

CuWbeel ~  *5oM 

Anlh.  indChir.  br  fbrn "  38a41 

BootehPIg "  Wntt 

Ameilan  Eer.  Bui "  KnlOO 

£B|li>ta  "        " 


Mur  nd,  I8IU. 

BwdlMBaCBm ptrtm  tMolOO 

Eiig11gbSbeM,Ku.  I  toK «io 

-     -                llloH fila 

wutia sic 

Eoalu 18alio 

LEAS. 

O-le"- WoT 

8r»ntah eia« 

Bu T 

HiMt T 

P!p* T 

mnoWhiU 1 

8p*llw Slot 

ttL«t,Cut  lial 

gpring eoS 

TIX  PLATES  1  shonoal lO.tS 

1.  C.  CotM &S8 

Tin  Bub KaSte 

BWfti WoSle 

B« 8Sg 

ZlDO,  Is  caikl Si 


LONDON  METAL  MARKET. 


(XffPES. 

Ifu^  .•~3\*aMnir.  frM!  Ptg,  Bar.  and  Old, 
ipv  aetU;  Bolt  and  OrotUn,  90  jwbbU, 
£    I.    d, 

Bbntblng u>d  balk pnlb.      Dig 

BnnoDU "         0    18 

OM "       n  1  ot 

B««Hl«t^ p(rlanl»    a   0 

TonjJieiA* -      IM   o  o 

Tu* "     moo 

Bontli  AdhtIisu ■■      UT    0    D-ltS 

IBON, 
IhdyWi  per  ctnU 

p«rtnn. . 

■Bm,  TTokb,  In  London 10    0    0-10    S 

•Dlllo,  to  ■rrlTB »    T    «~10    D 

•Nullnidt 1010    O-ll    0 

*N*ni,Sti]tbrd.ln  LondoD,,ll10    0-18    0 
•NDllrodi       ditto  1110    0-11    D 

•Hoop*  dIUo  It  IS    D-Il    0 

•eiiteU,  dngln 1110    0-14   0 

PK.No.  l.fiWulM 4    S    0-SlS 

B^ud  mU^.  ditto 4  10    0- S   0 

B«i.  cominoii,  ditto 8    1    S- 9  10 

IMIlo,™ilmj-.  dittn T  IS    0-8    0 

Ditto.  Bwadiib,  InLwHlon  ..14   0   l>-U  10 
Pig,  So.  1,  tn  ardt 4    10-4   4 


LEAD. 

Itvty  SO  par  aent. 

Knimhpig M  10  e-M    0    0 

DltloahHt M    0  IHMV)    0 

DICtondInd 2«    0  0-M  ID   0 

DIttowhIta M  10  O-M    0    0 

Ditto  pUMIiliin IT  10  D-K    0    0 

Spulib,  In  bond M    0  O-II    0    0 

AdotIoui nose. 

FOEEISIT  STEEL. 

/>u%  IS  p*r  Mflt 

S««niMiik«(9....p«rton  II  15  0-1 0  10    0 

Ditto.  In  AwKoM .13    0  0-11  10   0 

Qtru]CBTLtiK.........perlb.  Oil 


AranUth. 
BPELTIB. 
i>iiV  b  nod  IB  fw  0M<. 

i    t.  (L  £  a.  d. 

Fonlpi eartonn    0    {M»    S    0 

ToaiTtn M    *    0-18   B   0 


Tnabe 


ZIKO. 
DiOgliptretnL 

81 10  <^a  0 


TVS. 
Didf  G  par  MnA 

Ent^lah.  bloeka 114  0  0-       — 

Ditto.  Ban  (In  baml.) IIH  o  0-       — 

Ditto,  relln«d IIT  0  0-       — 

BtBca 118  0  O-IIO    00 

Stiilla no  0  O-lIT    0  0 


Tin  FLATEB.t 

DiOgWptr  eamL 

ICChiiniial porboi.  Ill  0-118 

II  Dlilo -        1  II  0-1  IB 

lOCnka "        10  0-18 

IX  Ditto "        114  0-114 

Osiuda plita ^ton    IB  0   0 

In  London ;  30a.  Ifaa  at  the  worta. 


I^tant  Tallow  Usui    SbMthIng   I  g 


(Mnnti) .por 

Wettcratedt'a  Fatant  Uatal ...  par  cirL  1 
Stirltnir'i  Non-lamlnatlntf.  or  1 

Hard«B(d,SiirfkiiaBalU,y  t    0    0-0  «   0 

per  ton j 

BHiJIHR'.  Patent  I  nt-™, 

DltlD  ValM 4 

Indbu  Charomtl  Plga  f  ■    a  a 

InLnndan  j  0    0  0 


—    -8  II 

0   0-4    B 


■  In  LIvarpoot,  S«,  ta  lOr.  nor  Inn  leas. 

t  At  tba  woclu,  It.  to  1),  Kf.  iMt  Un  kai.    la  LlTarpoi^  M.  pv  bos  laa. 


6» 


JiHintal  of  ffoW  JTiniMff  OptnUioni^ 


JOCBSAL  OF  (JOLD  UISIXG  OPEIUTWSS. 

oontAoa  ^T  TtiK  ratLADru*ittA  mut. 
Tbe  fidbvtng  teble  will  show  the  cajnogq  «t  tlio  Hint  of  tine  Ctiib 
SMbi^  PliBiiddpbu,  br  the  Bnt  four  mootbi  of  1&51  :— 


Doable  &«]«■, 

Totul  Ool  J, 
Hair  Ddlin, 
QnBcMni     . 

ToHl  SItvtr, 


FlntQutM, 
SU.TSS,<» 


OolJ,  SiMr, ukJ  Oopiwr, .  tii,i7»,*T4.» 

(Md  Bui,  .  .  .         VM.U3.04 


T««*t,    . 
laltu, 


Aft. 

»i.wj,?m.M 

M.WM 

I»T,i)OO.IX> 
tM,OM.Ill> 


a,owj(7 


Tm>L 
t>,T90,M0JH 
8*S,MftM 
t3S,t3t.0a 

6M,00O.W 

i,na,imL«» 

tfMOOM 

tS,MT.<K».no 

it.TH.as 


HMWueotus 


tan,i!9.it       t3,ftw,iBfj» 


The  doponita  of  pnctoiu  meU]«  for  (bo  llrat  feiir  moaUia  of  tbe  ytm 


Ittwh, 


floia. 

Sllnr. 

floM. 

Mnr. 

•4,»«3.MT 

•)t.«0« 

♦i.«1is*Tf 

•iM.na^ 

S.£ta.MS 

l».ooo 

i^14,0l» 

I.IW.'XM) 

T^sa.T6s 

•I«,*00 

t.t«s,«oo 

147  .AM 

*,JM,000 

t,ua,OAa 

M4t,«oe 

mood 

«S0,«I0,ST3      |2,«IT,0C<}  •K.lU.Sn         tl,U0,S09 


1^.     SbowfiiE  Tor  the  four  motithii  at  this  jmt  a  docrauM  of  tSiKilt.7M  la  (b» 

epeidts  of  gold,  and  of  $t.O»T,oeo  in  the  dcpa«lu  of  nirer,  inalciiig  •  total 

.  of  tT,758,8aS, 

We  luTc  prejwntcd  the  entire  coinage  in  this  pUce  tn  order  (■>  notice  it« 

rflKTtmw,  aiMl  to  obsFfvi'  that  it  hiM  occurred  alike  in  sflnr  h  is  p4d.     Had 

itiwre  been  a  decmse  in  the  dcpoiits  at  gcM  aloM,  and  aba  in  ila  oolmtgg,  it 

Ivoald  bave  h^n  toghal  to  iMrk  the  cnuw  in  lome  cirvuimtaneeti  afTin-liatt  tlia 

■npplj,  or  in  a  Kpodal  demand ;  bnt  ai  the  decrcww  occun  alike  in  both.  It 

evidenUy  proceeds  from  nnnc  caiiiw  of  a  rouiiiiercisi  natim.     Wliat  tint  i« 

_lhow  pcnmis  trill  be  at  no  Ion  to  drt«miine  who  bar*  bnn  Btnlliar  iritb 

^al  alTiira  during  the  last  lix  tnnnthji.    With  money  abasAnt,  and  ft 

^(ood  field  &otn  the  ^Id  mines,  the  de|>otiita  nhould  he  well  kept  up,  but  m 

liDpnc^-  migbt  produco  tbo  wm  oAct  as  a  dedtna  In  (b»  jUii, 


Journal  of  ffoU  Mining  Opfrafiant. 


Wi 


I 


cAt.iraBirii  ooLD  rmuta. 

l%e  shipfncnta  or  gold  la  th«  AUutae  StBlvi  iiulicato  UiAt  (be  jiold  of  tlt« . 
OilUomk  fields  must  b«  u  blr  and  p«i>fltaUa  u  at  ftiijr  Tanner  period.  Tlu 
tbllowiitg  rnnning  Gummary  of  «pu«tiona  (n  dif&mit  pnis  of  tbc  8tet«^ 
npic««ntit  th«in  in  a  rar  flattering  condition.  Wu  do  itot  rrguO  it  to  bo 
IWCCMH7  to  notice,  in  ddati,  tlic  various  lomlitJcs — A  gmcral  wptct  oT  the 
Geld  pmienU  all  Hut  ia  dvHirvd  :— 

Soffvt  Hirer. — The  bars  art  aitriferaax,  liut  fS»r  liavo  bcm  worlced  kdvan- 
UptouBljr. 

Salter  IKyffinyt.—'BxtieatAre  plscor  diggings,  anpiilled  w'nb  v*tcr  teom 
nimidt  Creek,  bv  tiro  nux*.  ^  ' 

AllJiotiM  and  Sufkrr  Crfeht  nro  of  connidcrulilc  mining  imfiortiiriMl 

Yrrhi  Digijings. — I'iactT  Jigging*,  Itio  richert  and  nwst  cxtcnriTe  vrtt 
iRtttnmA  nortli  of  the  Trinity  mnBc  of  mountains.  The  iir«p*olivc  jield 
nill  be  immcnKc  in  comparisnn  witli  the  pML 

Ttn-rt  is  an  area  of  coUuliT  from  flrcenhom  Crecit  to  the  Rbiuta  rieeiw. 
kdistftnee  of  fibout  »ix  niili-K,  li)-  nlx'ut  ono  in  bivadlli  on  ao  aTcragc — all  of 
which,  willi  an  nl.undniioc  of  wnlvr  ri;ir  ^Iiiiping,  will  pay  lankly. 

We  have  at  tliis  lirac  a  liiir  prosped  iif  »  food  stippiy  of  water  ffwin  the 
Shut*  riiw,  Ihrough  the  Yrclui  ^VnlcT  Cumcaiiy's  riiuiw,  within  one  ycap 
tuna  the  premnt  time.  The  sitw-mill  will  lie  111  ciu'ralioii  In  a  U-t  d«yiL,'aiul 
tho  flume  will  be  rommencfd  shorlty  thereafter, 

CW(»»iroi)rf.— Plneer  diggingn,  ncjit  in  imporlnnoe  to  thaac  of  Trilfa,  and 
UlUUrpaMcd  tor  riclmesa  by  any  in  the  counlir. 

Marivotn  Creth — Botlj  up  nnil  down,  on  ifiis  crcelc.  the  greafeAl  actiritr  ii 
oow  displayed  hy  our  hardy  mlneni,  who  uro  reaping,  in  8omo  instauocs,  ncH 
revardn  for  their  merilorioiu  labor. 

A^a  /Wo.— Our  aceminbi  from  tiii«  place  arc  (luile  chcerini;.     The  raini 
during  the  pest  week   have  eiinblvd  all  [larties  to  keep  moTing.     We  havftf 
bfWi  shown  n  piece  wciKb'ng  fi.iirtecn  onnecR,  btken  out  at  Upp«r  Acin  Mo. 
Miners  arc  generally  aTcnping  fri>m  frS  !o  jlO  pvr  day  to  tiie  man,  thougli 
•Oiae  few  companica  arc  [nnliiiig  Ircblc  this  aniuuiiL 

•StlnxtH  rr/^i'.— Miners  urv  'loiiiK  well  <ni  thi*  ttream. 

Klamath  Rhtr. — Miners  at  ilnmburg  and  other  plaoM  on  thin  ttreamart 
making  good  wages  at  present. 

8e«U  Sirer.—Thia  river  hmi  yielded  liu^ly  since  September,  1950.     A 
fttend  writM  freiin  Senlt'H  Itnr.  IhAt  ^me  of  the  bank  clniin<  hare  paid  flrsl^  i 
rate  tbia  wioter ;  amnn;;  ntheris  thoxe  vl  (Jilahan  i  Co..  IVurney  A  Co.,  and 
nin  t  Co.     HesBTf.  Neal  *  Co.,  working  a  hni-sldc  claim  above  (ho  Tw»- 
III  III  fi  Bar,  liare  been  milking  soiM  Ane  olribes  latr^ly. 

ITumiuf  Citel:,  it  l8  thonght,  will  yield  a.i  inuoli  gold  thi>  >iummor  a^  It 
has  any  one  nrawin  irinee  the  nr«t 

Ihado'aad  (Jrrtt.—TXw  new  iHieintrs  on  the  main  ereok  below  the  Juno- 
Uon  of  Deadwood  and  Cherry  creeks  hare  proved  to  be  verv  rich. 

(7iwn*i»n»  Ofttk  continiies  to  jiay  good  wage*  The  digging*  ore  toler- 
aWy  citendive. 

I<vlian  C'rwfe^There  wo  several  xtroam*  of  thi«  name  in  the  north.  oB 
all  of  wliiuh  u'util  li»M  been  found,  but  none  in  aufllcient  iiuanlitien  to  pay  over 
Us  to  $;)  prrdny  to  the  hand. 

jaei»M iVfc.^Tlie  tninw  in  this  rieinity  arc  rich  and  Kton^ire.  Want 
of  water  ban  prvvented  extennive  working. 

ytM  I>iggingt.—k  correspondent,  writing  from  Jackmnrill*,  '*rMon,  MT*  J 
Ikat  new  surface  diggings  hav«  been  dlseovered  near  Port  Ijine,  which  mm 
Mr  to  prove  rich  and  eKten»ir«^  The  miner*  there  are  dpiiig  e.Toe^dinglf  J 
wril,  belter  than  has  been  done  »ince  the  fir.it  dlsrovery  of  p"li!  in  RtehJ 
Oiiloli  some  two  years  ago.    It  is  thought  this  region  ha.^  not  becJi  *  '"*~ 


flW 


Jwnal  of  Gold  Mining  Ojwitthiu. 


Rich  dies>ng«  «r«  B^  to  bkn  bcM  difiMvcred  on  Rogw  ma, 
eloff  the  "  Fcrritai." 

Triton  Canon  has  been  more  thoroughly  worked  (hut  Aiaing  any  pi»- 
ttous  M-lnKr.  TIic  banki  yietd  i^  wHI  m  tlv  bod  of  Uio  stnuD,  rad  Bomra 
H«  mnkicif;  rrnm  #fl  to  $!'>  fvr  -loy  to  the  uun. 

SutpentinH  CnmaL—T\te  win:*  Tor  the  SunpeoBon  Cwal,  ol  Ui»  DiDtlUl 
of  Hbmiiri  CinoR.  UidiHe  Fork  of  tl>«  Americui,  ir«re  elnt«hed  mtom 
the  river  on  MontUj  laxl. 

^>an\th  Fba, — Wk|«r  scarce  and  mineni  malcHifc  avcnMcc  nf^*.  It  b  M- 
liBUMd  Uwt  Ave  hundrml  tom-hcodx  coald  be  »oU  in  IfaU  ridniiy  vhoold  k 
branch  of  the  Pilot  Crtuk  Canal  Iil-  iHiilt  lo  Hat  point 

lawn  J/ilt  iK  *llr*clit)jj  attrntlon.  Tho  Iowa  ccnttlns  a  popnlation  of 
about  s^  bundri^'l.  The  minin;;  FJainui  arc  «clling  very  hiifti.  We  hare  bean 
Infornwd  that  an  owner  of  ouh  of  th«  rich  olaims  U  toe  Uill,  sold  an  eigfath- 
interMtlut  ircok  fur  |U,OOU. 

Pinei  Ont.— The  miners  on  this  mrlne  ar«  woritlag  itcadSj  along,  at  r^ 
tMaeratlnj  mg«s. 

Wtb«r  OtmAl— Uin?r*  >r«  making  fiood  use  of  tlw  abundant  rater. 
Thsf  an  ground^laioioK  tbo  btnlu  anU  ban,  aatt  look  forward  to  a  ridi  ■«• 
turn  for  tlie  labor  ibor  art  aoir  inrrslliu;. 

Ijidtpendtnet  /TiA— Minora  hare  done  well  nncc  Ibe  introduclioti  of 
water  Vf  the  Uokclumno  Uill  Caoal  CoBpaaj,  and  wIimi  the  iliH  bad  been 
thrown  up,  the  gulobea  had  yielded  a  handwmc  profit.  Quiie  a  number  el 
tuiiiR^U  htive  been  started  Into  the  hill,  which  par  n-cIL  Th«  Chlcianen  an 
now  vorliing  the  aides  and  bedji  of  tbe  guichta  left  bj  the  AnKric*na,  uid 
make  fair  waives. 

D»u^lat»  Flat, — Messrs.  Stcly  k  Co.,  In  one  day,  waiJied  out  Bistecn 
ounces    Thvy  are  asking  tl,SOO  for  one-cishth  of  their  eti^io. 

Teziu  Bar. — The  SuniilauM,  lome  time  ajnce^  delivered  ovcf  to  th*  C«Iae- 
tiala,  hM  been  proapectcc]  hv  a  coitipnnr  of  .^mericanit.  Utasn.  JeBWwa 
&  I^nc  Bunk  a  hole  aonic  Iwv  ffci  rlci'p,  and  took  out  six  otincca  on  FtU^j 
last.    Th(iy  rriviso  (300  for  the  cUlm. 

From  (he  Ihttu  llrcvrd,  AmcrioBn  Volley.  The  miners  in  tills  vicinHr 
are  doiiia;  wvll.  We  Rivt-  tlw  result  of  one  dny'n  work,  ITiunuliy,  tbrdi  9, 
ot  the  claiuui  iroiiml  Eliiaheth  Town  and  O'Neil'a  ranch :— I'appano  t  Oa'a 
claim,  four  haniliS  (.ixlocn  ounces;  Fnnli-r  t  Spitneer,  two  hand*,  twelve 
ounoca;  ComcliiiCin  t  Co.,  four  hnnds  ten  nitnccs;  Tulinwinder  t  Co..  Uum 
bands,  Ibur  ounces ;  Jim  Catrin  J:  Cd..  foar  hao^U,  six  ounce* ;  Rot^lsh  B81 
ft  Co.,  three  haiidii,  fire  ouuci-g;  O'Neii  4  Sun*,  one  aliw,  eish(  oiidcm; 
serentern  ounces ;  Dave  PotK  i  Co.'i  claim,  four  handf,  G>ur((.'eu  oun«c«. 
PrOTt*ioii»  plenty,  but  hoota  icams. 

At  liuth  Orttt,  formerly  con»idercd  very  rkh,  tbe  nunera  an  doing  u 
vrdl  aa  ever. 

The  mining  daim  located  on  Oregon  TTill,  thtvc  uud  a  half  mil«H  bcbw 
Coloiua,  ban  been  worked  in  all  n»4dAya,and  j-leldml  }3,3M70.  Tli«  6«t 
StTMity-nino  tiaya  of  the  timi-,  tttcnty-onc  of  which  were  apcnt  in  rnUinK  a 
tail-iaoe,  they  took  out  $1.7f;«.70.  The  Itut  (birty-nin«  day*  has  .vtoldt^ 
tl,600,  mikin^lUpcrd.-iytolhr  ninn.  The  Drospecta  are  ijuito  as  laninible 
for  laonths  lo  couiu.  Two  ycora  xioce  lliis  hill  was  abandooed,  H  bvinj;  csn- 
Blderod  (00  p<>nr  to  work. 

At  (Tan-Mii  Fiat,  laal  w<*k.  Con,  O'Lmry  k  Col  took  out  a  pice*  of  anlid 
goU  weiphiiig  (wcnty-lire  ■nd  a  half  oi)(im<  They  are  ground  alnidnjt  aoil 
workbg  (>»'  i^nio  ground  whore  a  Kcven-pciund  pi«e  wan  taken  ttnt  by  novDe 
Uaxican  in  'sa 

iWfldl  C.Vrrut— Opcralions  hero  are  more  cxtcnsiTa  and  profitable  Uiwi 
•tw  beKire.  The  toan  ia  unusuallv  yiro^ptrous,  and  Uw  baildin^  altfaotigh 
•at  M  nnmaroiia  as  btrfore  tbe  fire,  are  b.'ttrr.  Three  line  hoUb  aro  dninx  a 
gWd  bosnest.    Om  cOMpanx,  aft«r  expending  $40,000  and  th«  labor  at  » 


Jimraal  of  Gold  Miminy  Qp«ra/iMi4. 


6tt 


T«ara,  hti*  just  got  inio  thtir  Uad,  nad  kn!  ntking  (^0  per  da}-  to  the 
bant). 

A  noTcl  n-Rj-  of  proiqiecllng  b  a  iMg.  «Iap>n||  Mndy  kill,  ha*  ti«cii  adiqited 
•t  Clierokr«,  wbcn  «Uit«ni>tt>  to  rtitb  (Iw  Irad  mrk  luim  hcrMofnr*  feflui).  A 
tnBclt.  a  Ivyf  Tvct  in  iL-nstli.  ■*»>  <l<is.  into  which  nu  poured  a  nmin  of  nbont 
ttn  liicbuf,  rroiri  tli*  iiriuly  Uituli.  By  ihiH  iu«»u  a  cut  wdh  loatk  about  800 
n^t  into  thahill,  wtcb  a  difiUt  of  tO  betat  tha  upper  «nil,ata  Kmall  vxpwdi- 
tiirc  of  lnb:ir. 

At  the  middle  croBicig  of  (bo  VuL«  iaiigc  mining  oprralioni  art  )[<■>"£  on, 
and  <)uib-  >  villagq  Iiils  sprung  un.  l>aw  &  Itubiiiion  hftvv  built  the  bent 
brMj^in  IhcStaio  ortr  dM  SmilM  uba,  liare  cotiKlnjctal  an  winiiratik  irajpni 
raad  (bin  side,  unil  ara  nenr  amptojrinic  a  lar^  (nm*  In  nnkin;  an  «qml)r  good  * 
Odo  an  Ibc  utbL-r  sidf.  ^Vhc^  it  i*  Bniibix),  wajpiiui  can  run  direct  Aton  Ka- 
nda  to  Frciicb  Cofral,  Cberukvc,  Itowiiiuvillo,  it. 

Tbc  sbsft  of  thp  I'lilii'd  SlMVE  Couiijiinj-,  coiniuenccJ  by  Maun.  lUbbita, 
LaftiiR  St  Co.,  in  October  lant,  liaiinji  bu«[i  suck  ti>  a  dupth  of  Ifid  fctt.  In 
Maxell  of  Ibc  Blue  ImuI,  at  an  cxpcase  of  ortr  47,000,  in  complvtod.  Tba 
rMuIt  h  llatlvriiiL-,  an  thiTj  arc  now  taking  out  gratd  uf  tliu  beat  i)nalitjr. 
Dl^r  stock  tias  aaTanG«d  within  a  fuw  daya  moro  (ban  300  pur  <«nL 


I 


4CAIIT1  orRunont. 

From  (ho  hoadqiMurMn  of  mlnlnic  by  vitractin;  ibo  fpU  trom  qnartc, 
wo  havo  th«  following  «tat*'ni«nt  piiblixhRd  by  (ho  (7 com  Vallty  TtltffMph : — 

Our  iiuariz  millf^  KGnoTilIy,  arf  doinji  a  good  IxiMncu.     A  daj'  or  two 
nncc,  U'v  pnucd  by  tbo  Gold  Il!11  Uill,  ar.d  in  doing  so,  u-c  noticed  that  (lie 
lam  pil«  uf  broken  quarlx  which  had  been  laying  iminvdiaicly  ajungxidi:  the 
mln  «a«  RTeiilv  rcduc«il  In  slw,  nod  Erotn  (hu  rKJi  H)juciin(>iis  whicli  wv  no- 
ticed in  it,  iro  feci  fare,  that  tlic  Inbnr  of  the  milt  ha»  not  bi-vn  in  vain.     Tho 
Smpirn  Mill  in  nlKO  duinK  a  K»od  biutinru  ;  tliu  mill  Itan  hnff  giistaincd  itself 
OK  a  paying  conwrn,  and  judpng  from  the  able  inatinur  in  which  il  is  con- 
ducted, we  ffi'l  L'Onfidvnt  ttjat  for  yean  tu  i.-i>in<)  it  will  ontinuu  to  mxinlaia 
lliu  fukinc  fsir  reputation  which   Ixax  diKlinKuiahcd  il  for  many  inonths  [Wit. 
Itie  Ueivctia  and  lAfayMtc  Mill  i.i  also  doiiis  a  bandsom?  buiinciu.    Thii'j 
OoDtpany  ia  wcU  known  for  tlie  richnoiH  of  li-adH  which  arc  in  ihvir  potHWialon^l 
and  lail,  but  nut  Uiat,  [Iw  old  CroSMlt  Mill,  nf  which  itr.  W.  €.  Crouett  til 
the  principal,  is  still  In  McOMofiil  operation.     Wc   bclicro  that  this  mill  hn  ' 
bpcai  undcrnoiDK  name  repain,  and  will  be  rnuly  f-n-  cstcimiro  opvrntiona  by 
the  time  tb«  Mowin  fairly  opens  fur  suoccntfut  inlninK- 

Thc  Manhattan  Hill,  formerly  known  as  the  Old  Collins  !tliU,  of  which  wg 
harobufoTi'  j.'ivcn  HnmonMirc,  in  now  nearly  ready  for  operation.     In  connection* 
with  quartx  mnchintry,  thta  mill  has  extcnsire  law-niitl  machinery  altAchcd, 
under  the  name  roof.     Though  all  tbo  aboTO  lullU  ar«  doing  a  fair  buainrw, 

Et  in  conteiiuvncu  of  Iho  vxtniiae  wot  wcathsr,  they  aro  none  of  them  rcalil- 
e  as  )«r]cn  snms  aa  the  milU  arc  capable  of  yicliUng.  HIiouH  (be  preacnt 
mud  wratlier  continue,  we  shall  in  a  man  tiiae  b«  able  lo  ]>rpsent  our  re«d«n 
with  reports  that  must  convince  Uie  men  locreduloas  as  to  th«  entiro  euccOM 
of  quirti  mining  in  Cttllfoniia. 

ROMAS  nmta  vnnM. 

We  are  infonned  by  a  Grlund  from  Sonoma  that  the  digzinifii  on  Rumian  RtTor 
btn  been  found  to  bo  ritiitc  citcnairc,  alntdiing  from  Fitcbc**  Uanch  to  the 
bead  of  the  riv<!r,  a  db^tancc  of  ncrcniy-Qro  iniliM.  and  back  on  each  sidu  into 
th«  hills  am)  mountains  nearly  as  far  as  the  gulches  extend.  Th«rt  an^  now 
foar  himdrcd  minen  on  the  ground,  and  the  average  pay  ia  about  $3  ur  |4, 
tboiuh  a  few  ar<^  making  a  good  deal  more. 

The  people  in  the  nelj-bboring  lallcjrft  of  Sonoma,  Napn.  Pctaltmia,  Santg 
Boea,  Rom  and  Bodega,  wlio  were  jjreTlousiy  engaged  in  farming  and  htock 

Toi~  n.— 45 


AM 


i/oi(PiKt/  of  ffoU  Xitinif  OptraHoM, 


nfalM,  Kfo  ratwidtmUr  ciMcd  with  the  diMMver^r,  vbich  brings  a  marlul  to 
ibrir  doom  uid  nims  (oe  )<Hc«  of  tbnr  produtvi  >nd  Iheir  buid& 

TlwM  ninM  kn  aliDul  tw-iatj  niDM  from  Uw  «mk>,  and  ibo  opon  tsIIoth 
powMB  ibo  nnto  dolighUitl  ctimato  for  which  ib«ri^i:fsolRonaiii«,lhpk  and 
HI)  JFoee,  arc  cdebnttd ;  a  climate  in  which  tho  wanntb  of  the  Mo  U  Icnt- 
pcnd  bjr  dailjr  brevcM  frenn  Iho  ocnii,  and  wbtn  lli«  fegs  of  (be  iutntdiaie 
ooart  MM  the  buraiog  boat  of  Uio  int«rJor  vaUqrs  are  alike  unkBoirn. 

TiKt.li  tn  THE  wnctaa  womm. 

Wttli  r«prd  to  the  decreased  yield  ot  tbo  Califcnria  gold  fieUa  daring  the 
vinttr  niunilu,  and  thu  paeilnliijr  of  thtir  cxbauatioo,  ve  an  furniabcd  with 
the  folio wiag  explanation  : — 

It  i»  wull  ktiiiwii  t)iat  <1iiriiig  that  llmo  th«re  was  a  nrr  genenil  cetiutron 
of  labor  tn  the  ic»ld  repnn  an  acrnimt  of  thn  liulurB  of  tna  carljr  n^nn,  nnd 
the  c(nwcqut!ii[  wntit  uf  wnter  rtqutirite  hi  carrj  on  mining  apentiDtll^  and 
that  thi«  w>»  till!  faiine  or  thu  oIiiiiinciitH  fallin;;  slulrt.  Now  that  (bo  moun- 
lafn«  er*  ni-ndiiitc  down  their  IhoTinand  llltl*  Ktrranus  anil  tbo  snow  haa  disap- 
penivd  rrom  the  )cround,  the  tiiincn  nre  urorkinK  to  adTantaffc^  and  taa 
rcporlB  from  all  purtions  of  Ihv  gold  rtgioii  Pihibit  a  dcgne  of  attcccM  and 
prunpiTity  hnr'Hy  known  eitiuL'  the  diaoovury  of  the  gold  pUcorat  We  fane/ 
ttwae  «  hi  foivAuw  ihiii  inuncdtai*  cxhaiHtlon  of  Iha  tnioEa  had  not  paid  ihcin 
a  viait,  nad  luul  not  mxxi  the  enormoiBi  tunnob  nndccnuniag  the  mounlaioi^ 
the  deep  ahuftjt  siiiik  iTiti>  Ihfir  sumtuits,  lh«  k'Tigthr  canaU,  conye^ing  water 
to  portioiu  previously  dry  duHnx  two-Utlrds  ttf  tlio  JW,  and  all  iho  ap- 
plknepB  which  Ubor,  capital,  and  »:icnc?e  are  bringing  to  bcor  wpon  orur 
golden  liitlH,  vallfiyii,  and  ritsir-bitnks.  We  will  not  kIou  (o  ar^e  whether 
there  in  nny  pmbubility  at  the  ininindiitio  rxhauiitlon  oTtnegeU  of  CatiGmiia, 
for  w«  think  if  wu  sbuuld,  thouc  who  arc  aci]UMnlcd  wilh  the  taats,  tronU 
only  laugh  at  lui  for  our  paitiiL 

AVBTKAUAS  IWLtl  RU.oa. 
Tbo  reporia  from  the  various  gold  Oelda  up  to  Pefaraar]'  Itt,  are  mndt  (ba 
■aine  aa  in  former  yoan;.  At  name  of  the  dinpn^  thore  Is  a  anmJty  ef 
water,  and  at  othen^  where  woicr  hni  botn  a  hindnnco,  the  diiQRm  are  en- 
abled to  pncecd  with  their  operations  on  a  moot  osteneira  acale,  vfaile  fresh 
tutbta  01  people  to  newly-discovorwl  spola  still  var^  ''>*  moaolonjr  of  tha 
■dlg^iVfi  lift'.  At  Ren^Ugo,  the  want  of  water  haa  conpidled  a  conttlderable 
<  nunibur  of  di{;^:rTi  to  try  oUicr  ^d  fleldi,  and  (be  papDlation  thero  has 
icnatly  dM-r«a-v'i  New  and  rieli  diKKingn  ia.<ring  boon  ducOTered  at  Ibrast 
Jtangea  or  Cnvk,  tiiirtecn  mllei  from  CaJitlcmunc,  and  thir^  from  BeaiUgc^ 
■uch  bill  be^n  Dm  ntnh.  thitt  a  pogiutat^on  of  18,900  persoiui  are  atnadj 
l<>nilitrl  there;  l>iit  the  Ki-ticnl   opinion  i»,  (bat  the  dlgdnfM  coakl  not  be 

en>)icrlr  tmi-d  till  the  ivct  wcniher  Mto  In.  Some  Own  diMMVeriM  ha*« 
tcly  been  made  at  Mount  Ak'Kandvr.  and  nuinr  of  the  old  j^ulltni  have  agaia 
iliwn  wnrkr<l  |o  n-lvniil-iRi-.  IkUurat  liaa  fiw  ^le  lime  been  ro-citabUi^Md  itt 
ilR  former  liisli  churnclcr  nii  one  of  the  bcjil  Rolil  liirlds.  ftooi  recent  di«- 
coverien.  it  y  ■.-ijiiftidi.'red  ]irol)iibIc  that  the  extent  of  thfi  j^tind  that  e»n  be 
[<Tnflla)>!y  w>-<Tkfil  it  not  h-u  Ihxn  ci^teen  miles  in  lenstli,  bttn^  Ihc  dixlanM 
"froia  the  «lrt>nili.-il  i'nnodinn  liiilli-  to  Cnuwlck'ii  OoeL  tn  the  tUtection  ct 
the  QieiM,  at  the  BuokUiid  river,  new  difKings  hare  been  diaoovorod,  whkfa 
are  said  to  hv  very  rieb.  olthoiiKh  oriimiiej  extent;  and  about  6,000  p«rMiia 
<arc  aaid  to  U^  there,  and  jirolitabty  employed. 

T1CLD  i>r  eoLi>. 

Tluc  fbllowtng  quantities  hare  been  rtcoirtJ  by  oKort  weekly  Biiee 
Sveenber: — 


i 


JawniU  of  GaU  Mittwg  OptraAm*. 


rt57 


I 


CMbraalM.  Xnuii  ITIm  ml 

Ahundw.  h  BfidlfD.       BulluM  Ortw.  ftnolbBin. 

!>»*»,,  .            >],Mt  T,«,M  —  1,M> 

"tit    -  U.HM  T,SU  ^i^  lUM 

"    I*.   .  M,Si9  J.»JI  —  i^e 

•'    W,    -  IW1»  *,ST*  MM  T» 

J«n.    !,    .  ».^4^1  *,ll«  _  787 

"       »,    .  ViAU  M«T  4,784  4M 

"      1*,    .  .            U.U1I  •.**3  —  «1 

"     »>    ■  .            IU,«M  >,«u*  S,QA3  tl« 

Ttie  miuitilf  «X]Mn«<)  in  l^S  iru  ont  hundred  nnd  >4x  tvng,  on*  cirl^ 
nil  <irfi.,  nn  lb«. 

Tha  Ibtburing  i«  %  oampatuMi  of  tbp  cjqiwtA  from  Victoria  Tor  the  tut 
tiro  y>Mmi  :— 

OoMM.  Ohdom. 

lAM  .    \,T.*,V7i  IbM  .    !,M5.M0 

<]iMrfcr1]r  utatcnenbi  of  tbe  amount  of  goU  brxaght  to  Mvlbovmv  Uil 
(3««)iMig  hy  McariB  in  IGM,  ownpwud  wttb  fbo  ocnrMpMuliM  quaKor  oC 

UN.  IM.              ij 

OniiH^  OangH.               " 

IMobcr, BM.«4^  gct>,SM 

KaTanHir, £!;,SSS  It3,S» 

1,        J>«Mnit>*r,         .....     )^*n  IT«JtRO 

Total,      ....    85i,098  S>9,SU 

hai  qniif  r  af  1M9, tH,im 

t| 

DMnaaaon  |)i«^uutcrcD<UaK  ISU,   .  .  >1<,US 

t>i^intitv  ou  tho  jotr  IftSA,  .....  14S,IA) 

Tl  may  be  projwr  to  notint,  that  Itieiw  Sgurra  comprim  only  the  goH 
brought  bjr  Moort  to  Mvlbnurue  anil  Owbng ;  ibej  do  not  ineludo  the  qiBMi^ 
tilW  takcin  fVom  the  f'irloria  Rold  fWIda  to  Sf  dnej  uxt  Adelaide  \>y  thcir^ 
ncpwtivc  OTcrland  arariK,  nor  that  brought  b;  printo  band. 

Independent  of  gold,  niitni.T>'fuii  'liiMv '.Tit's,  whidi  from  time  to  tlnw  havo 
bMa  nAili-,  levl  (iTMietl^ly  (n  Ibc  ri}nr)ii»ir>n  thnl  ir*  possux*  a  tut  (luantity^ 
of  mincTBl  n-cnUh.     \a  n-nalrnn  of  an  inffi^  otxhn  tin  of  this  enlony  hasbenif' 
DHuk  lir  Uouux  Juhnmin  and  Hallliej-,   of  Hattoo-gardcn,  I/tndM,   wMchf 
ebovs  i[i«  fiillowLng  rasnlt : — 

FvntlB, W«i 

Lwd, 1-W 

Zinc,  «lth  tn«M  of  gold,  .....        ■49—100 

The  ptopOTttnn  of  pAA  is  S(  gnin*  in  tha  poun^  weight,  but  the  proper* 
Son  rxwtinK  orijp'nallr  in  the  unimelted  ore  is  T«ry  raiiph  l»rg«r  tliao  tidt. 
Tliii  mintral  abounds  In  the  nngt«  of  ihe  Auitnlian  Alps. 

xonrr  iLtxtxnnt  oinrtitrr. 
By  my  of  F.nKliwd,  «c  have  (he  anacxtvl  imfjortant  bctn  Tvlativv  to  llM 
fUtorc  yield  of  tbcM  gold  fietda,  through  a  eurrcspondcat  of  tbe  Xmt^MI  ' 
Jlmrniil  .■ — 

Dee.  IT. — I  wrote  you  Mmo  months  Offn  that  the  gold  fl«Tdii  of  Victoria 
were  getlini;  leu  promiting  than  tlivy  ha-l  brcn,  aad  that,  not>ithtta&ding 
the  coiilmv  niiorti,  th«  hlUiig  off  in  the  produce  of  gold  i*  •ufflacntty 
ctidciit  to  Know  that  such  m  the  fhct,  and  nnlvBt  imit  and  \ay  gToat  diuov- 
erim  are  made  shortly,  the  diggent  muil  *eek  cmiiloyment  ciMwhere.  I  do 
not  mma  to  hv  but  tlial  therel«  a  larg«  amoiiut  of  gold  mill  left  in  the  refuac, 
■nd  tome  of  the  unwrought  croeka  itt  this  Mnd  the  otber  di»uict«,  but  iha 


BS8 


Jottrnal  <^  OoU  Mining  Optm^Mt. 


CTo»m  hM  been  nkimRiad  ott,  and  wUal  ii  tvft  on  otiiy  be  olittincd  \>y  rtrj 
Uboiiouii  npmtiotic,  and  I  tnn|-  veBluro  to  x*y.  lU  k  t<tj  btckI  uctific*. 

In  Octobvr,  1&S3,  Mount  Alexander  ^Mtrkt  *Ioii«  produacU  wcaklf  aboul 
1 1  i^OOO  maett,  br  means  of  tin  tibor  of  •boni  00,000  (Ugg«n.  Thu  whole  of 
ttiu  •JIgMigi  oT  ino  ctilonj  at  pnjsent  scarcvlf  producv  43.000  oodcxk  wotltljr, 
.  with  a  dtirxiRii  population  cttimatcd  at  about  lOU.OOa  Yoa  maj-,  thOTtfon, 
concpirc  lliv  state  of  tlieiliggingR,  and  the  prwfkocto  bdbre  ox.  IvklbttaiUrUlf 
no  miu€*  hnvu  hetn  diacovoW,  and  the  only  London  coiniMiiies  whidi  spp«ar 
to  liavo  bevn  tslftbtfshvd  b?ro,  are  tliv  Putt  Plitti|i  and  tli«  Colonial,  Iioth  of 
which,  for  Tepr  |>ood  rnMOtis,  hnrc  (onftnerl  thtir  opi'rallon»  to  gold  burine, 
md  doubtlRu,  liavp  rialii«I  large  profits,  if  they  l.nve  wnpioved  lliy  whofe 
of  their  Ui|nlal  in  lint  biMini^H ;  and  more  CHpotially  tli«  Port  Phkliii,  as  II 
was  Bnl  in  (h«  6«|il,  and  «inbraco<l  (licni<;ltin|randafi>aj'iii£,  brsiil-.ii,  onarrrr 
larpi  Kal«.  The  ilitytcni  ant  leaving  F»r«ert  Crock  aiid  Bt^ijco  Jn  gnat  cum- 
bt» — Houe  to  Bolluvt.  other*  to  the  Otctw,  *nd  manj  to  ^Iclbuurae.  Tb« 
Rmall  companiwt  which  have  been  working  on  the  quartx  wim  Dorib  at 
9mttl  Crtvk,  Sprciinen  Oully,  Sx.^  hare  hburHl  in  tab),  sfiont  all  their 
nontr,  and  are  nflcnng  ihrir  iTiacblntry  for  ule.  OHndcrfl  and  amnlgunator* 
■Mjr  OR  sct-n  KBltcrcd  and  Ijing  nbout  in  tho  giillifji  of  Porcfrt  Crvrk  uul 
Bcndigo,  with  an  little  regard  to  tbctr  rtlixi!  u  block*  of  quarU.  I  hart  b«eii 
iafomMO  that  the  gold  quarts  specs  of  New  South  Wait*  are  atl  fcul  absn- 
doDcd.  • 

The  now  Gold  fuHdt  RiU  ha»  ousrd  xrcat  discantcnt,  and  I  bdicre  thai 
As  Govermncnt  will  be  obliged  to  take  away  the  lieente  alt^cether,  if  they 
wUh  ta  OKOunse  inucb  more  goM  scRipiiig ;  in  bcl,  the  Belda  aro  now  Rt- 
ting  too  poor  to  pay  the  inuro  labor  to  dig  and  wash.     Th«  bed  thinE  UWf 
(An  do  is  to  grant  the  deep  and  wate^  tracts  of  gold-grotuid  to  good  oom- 
panirs,  who  will  carry  on  permanent  works,  hlicthc  old  rich  strMiU'Worluof 
Cornwall.    Tliti  would  buiiufit  Uie  coutilr)*,  kcc]>  iip  the  produce  of  gold 
many   yeant  longer,   and   prove  pi'ofltable  to   thocse   who   would   carry   0(t 
■uch  works  protierly.    Wc  we  anxioiuly  waltins  for  the  new  Governor. 
Merchants,  storoKoepcrs,  and  diggere  arc  all  coiniiiaininK,  and  the  tinivennl 
belief  i*  that  we  have  arrived  at  a  crurix  which  will  compel  the  Uarcmmetit  t»  j 
lfaro«-  open  the  land  for  tuliiTalion,  and  allemlt^  iaa  time,  Ibo  Mfioitt  comb  ' 
quenccJ  which  mint  folluw,  If  no  new  eoM  diMOveriea  he  shortly  toade.    Th« 
numerous  rtccnt  discovcrlvs  nnnounccd  Id  Um  Mclboarne  pT«»s  hav*  prov«d  , 
ftlM,  and  much  dfstrcmcii  tlip  Jibing  popnlnlioii. 

Jan.  27.— ^Thero  is  an  an  ilit  that  a  diicovcry  ho*  been  made  on  Brynnt'it 
Run,  called  the  Xew  Uillamt ;  but  suvb  nimom  are  feO  freqqeni,  that  they 
must  b«  rtcelTcil  with  caution.  The  Uoiint  Bu&Io,  the  Atoc%  Ic, 
have  proved  total  fiiiluroi.  The  UcnUizo  yield  is  falling  rapidly,  but  tbo  total 
pffoduco  of  Ike  Vicloria  diggingii  is  Mill  about  40,OU0  uuimc*  weekly.  The 
total  produce  of  liM2  n-as  ct.lininte>l  at  about  X!G,(i{iO,OUO  is  value,  and  18SS 
is  fuppoocd  to  b«  about  £1(1,600,1)00.  A  ta^  proportion  of  th«  proiIuM  of 
1853  han  been  exported  in  I&o3*  hence  the  total  export  ix  about  £14,00<\OM 
in  nine.  The  "second  bollona'  by  dot^ unkine,  which  hoa  bc«n  brid  np 
by  ilic  Melbourne  prcci  m  the  ^nd  source  lo  keep  up  ftiture  Kupptio*  oJ 
l^d,  ha*  lamed  out  n  failure.  Thero  ts  no  Biiph  lh»nr  at!  a  Mcond  bfltlon. 
The  edgvs  of  the  alaly  rocks  aro  the  real,  and  Indeed,  Um  only  boUocn  ttf  all 
tbo  digging* ;  and  tho  great  minority  of  the  pita  bare  been  sunk  to  llw  hard 
rock. 

Hie  dlggtn  are  Winning  again  to  rorlrc  the atntalinnaini&st  the  rv<luct<d 
■otniw  fct^  and  indiici).  they  ^peBT  detemnncd  to  cot  rid  of  it  altogetltff : 
hot  the  tnorf  prndent  art:  bavrng  Ibe  OehL^  and  bllhig  badi  on  other  ani 
matt  itTDoorrative  pursuit*. 


I 


^^^^^^P  AMrnn/  tf  (Md  Mining  Opffatio»$.  ^P^l 

1^^  vtcmuA  urwna  mt.  I 

Th<i  Cnunril  at  Vlctcrla  ti«<l  Iwcn  cnmfiollvd  Co  pua  ibo  n(w  Gold  FtoUl^l 
MAiMKcmcnt  Bill  very  burriixll}-,  the  term  of  tha  tctnpcmty  Act  expiring  on  1 

felllt  Uvctrrtibtr     TIi«   iK<r  bill  itiu  rcul  »  tbini  time,  oti  the  SOU)  of 
rtmbrr.    Tli«  enktv  of  th«  lUientir  fi<«s  Sua  n^n  ll^rn  illcrtd ;  il  b  Miir 
AsrH  nt  £1  far  one  month,  ikn>l  £•*  tnr  li  •rliolii  yt-v ;  thv  fen  for  tlim  mcnllM 
k  £2,  fur  »ii  tnonllm  £i.     Thi*  ulternlion  ha*  been  ^trviniriy  oWfcird  tu,  astt 
Knunrea  tli«  iiuliiMiiicnt  to  (nice  oat  mdimI  IJoetun  ofTured  by  the  fimnar  J 
M«)(<.    Thar*  «)>'>  tnkr  out  a  lioni«t  for  tbo  v«ar  wUI  b«i«ntitle<l  to  iho  Mlid-  I 
eal  fnuichUc  for  iht  future  n.-p«T*rnUtiveK  of  ibi;  |;ol<]  flctds  Id  Um  Lqpiiulira. J 
C'oancn,  an'l  will  i1m  Iibto  i  Heht  to  »  plot  of  gTouud  uti  th«  dintngt,  to  cul- 1 
tiv|lv  ait  s  gar'li^'i,     Th(i  iiinual  h't'i-ntt  tvc,  tiivnton,  jiarlakw  of  tlie  cIim«i>  1 
lor  of  rent.     THo  amoHut  (if  royalty  to  be  [isi'l  bv  mining  coni^wnid  lakiny  1 
Unit*  of  lanil  for  tht-rr  oi)er*ti<>nK,  h  fixed  at  l''^0(li  of  the  produec     In  eon*  J 
WOUC1ILT  of  th»  slrDTii;  <>|<po<tli()<i  it  met  frain  all  [rarlicn  in  the  Connttl,  itift  I 
Gold  Export  Duty  ffill  was  wltbilntwn  by  the  Oortrnment.     Th»  lovMti 
licenM  fre  in  the  V'ii^tnia  Kold  fleldc,  nnder  the  neir  Aet,  U  Vnictf  the  anMUnt  J 
of  that  Icried  by  the  la.it  reKuhti-mn  of   the  Gouemment  of  Now  Soirtli^ 
WsImv  in  that  pt«vine<\  *n<t  Vm  rales  fur  tieeiMi-a  of  tlir««,  ^x,  »im1  1wi-It« 
raontfai^  an  S3  pftT  ccnL  hi|;h<r  in  Tli?toria  than  in  the  aortlMvn  fields. 

¥BB  nmoMA  BKMftrOJ.  I 

A  tomnMrcial  writer  at  MiJbouTQe  tnake*  ■  vcrj-  fitronblc  Ttvieir  of  laiitl 
yetr'fl  operMions,  ami  (hus  Klates  the  pn-Mbt  state  of  niatt«n  in  Victoria  : — 

I.  The  nuMt  Importatit  feature  Uiat  <Mmntandii  notice  i*  the  prodiv^e  of  lhA_ 
gold  fic-Iib,  irhlch  shows,  ^ttinfR-.toiily,  ns  ouitiiiari-d  with  1S5:!,  Iliul  cold  eiSHi 
eontinwK  in  he  foitnd  in  (|iinnliiy  in  the  colony  of  Victoria.  Durinz  Sw  eartn 
port  of  the  year  II^K'J,  the  limited  number  of  tlizstr*  then  at  ntirk  priM-iircd  Roldl 
by  (be  pi'-iiiii]  wvij-lil ;  wheretin  uon;  from  the  iiicrcaw'd  number,  the  prudiice  ill 
tpKoA  over  .1  InrgiT  I'oniiiiiinity,  atid  uonwarn'iilly  ouiieeH  am  now  tliu  extentl 
or  indiviiliial  tabor.  Formerly  when  a  rich  v«ln  vru  iitruck  hya  worUngfl 
party,  ttiey  secured  the  nurroMiidiiig  claims,  and  protocteil  tbemwlTet ;  vl»ra>  I 
U  nov,  no  sooner  U  a  rich  Hpol  ili-^oviTvil.  than  duiini  iir«  Kt'Coreil  arounj  ttl 
ft)  cTtry  dirivllon  by  partlc*^  loo  Inzy  to  prvHjiPPt  for  lhemwl»cj^  If  »>ucccm.| 
Btteodi  the  pionertV,  the  cncroachern  commence  digginB ;  but  if  the  rcvcnol 
it  the  oar,  thvy  at  onec  ahaiuluii  their  dium  nud  muvf  uti  lii  atiulli<^r  Iucalil/>  J 
This  mixW  of  artlng  is  tfrmcd  "  ^hciiherding"  by  ih*  working  diKscr.  J 

S.  Tlie  RTom  produce  of  IM2  and  ISft:}  mar  be  sMtii  in  round  numbcnl 
kt  £35,000,001)  Merliiig,  tht  actual  Iub  nl  £t5,boo.  To  liie  itidititrioiu  anil 
peiWTtriog  iljdivi>lunl.  lllo  rvriiuueralioii  al  the  ;;uVI  ffvMs  Ih  am)i1(^;  lhcn.'bv| 
(''lactn^  him  bi^ynnd  Ifmptation.  At  iho  IdaU  for  rnblirrii's  it  won  prornu 
thai  the  indiridimlB  had  been  convict*,  Ihii*  strnnsly  exemplifying  the  oviU  w»^ 
labor  under  frotii  our  pruxiiiitly  to  a  cooTiut  culony.  ' 

S.  The  proilneu  »f  lli^  go'd   M<h  has  b«en  maintained  throughout  this 
ytar,  with  a  rrjciiliirity  ni  to  quantity  which  conlrastt  stroncly  with  that  of  j 
the  liut  year.     During  the  flr*t  itii  luonihi  of  !8S3,  lb'.'  ivvcnij,'e  r]uarilily  <ctf] 
17,000,  while  tlie  latit  hU  months  was  <iS,Or)0.    In  l!<:^;i  il  was  itCOOO  oKaincH 
44^000.     While  a  f"^"^^  "^  ""'^^  value  ^onlinunt  In  he  raiacd  at  a  ceiri  ^n 
litde  more  than  that  n(  miEtenance  to  the  digger,  (for  tl»  lii'en>e  fee  t*  now  IH 
i{|tfat  a  tax  thnt  it  is  hardly  worth  naming.)  the  attraction  to  Ih«  eol'l  Rel^H 
for  all  new  comers  nlll  coiitiriiii>,  nolwIlhitLindin;c  the  hi^h  rate  paid  for  labor,' 
both  tn  toKTi  -ind  country.     Th.it  great  numbers  hare  bcvn  uaiucccsifut  ttt 
tbeir  Unit  attempts  nl  gold  digging,  cannot  be  dented,  and  !t  Is  perhaps  weS 
tor  the  conimimily  that  all   have  not  been  siit^ewfUI.     Thia  claits  forme  tho 
gml  body  of  wvll-pniil  laliort^rs  in  lownx,  irh  >  hare  returned  with  a  tolerable 
OOMpMwcy.  but  who  are  at  the  *amc  time  not  abore  foHoirliig  iboir  uwal 


6W 


Journal «/"  (MJ  Mini^  Optrutiont. 


avontloMi  reaerriBgforthtiroldtgttbtimdaoeorihEfa-MieocMatthBgaU 


nroKT  or  oot*  nun  misBT. 


TIm  total  BXp««rt  or  goM  frain  Srilney  for  Ih*  jar  cniUng  1853  Ima  bMU 
$^MT  ouDMMi,  anil  llw  luUJ  f  sjHiri,  frgiu  )u  diiicortry  Dp  to  tli*  and  at  lb« 
ToM  lAU.  bM  <>«»■>  1.G1Q.AS^  ouiic4:ii,  nliich,  nlucd  »t  £S  Ua  per  ouaoc, 
glfM  B  (oUl  wf  .£C,0SSv331  &1.  Tlicre  b  cslcaUtMl  le  be  «t  pnMnt  in  SjAnej 
niiwinU  of  SO,l»0  ooikm. 


sew  sK^LANii  ooLD  iMn«i?:ns. 

Al  a  recent  metiln^  of  tii«  London  Geological  SDci«tT>  ■  P^pcTt  "  oo  iha 
OoroniBndci  GoM  Wttiing^"  mw  rowl  l>y  Mr.  C.  Ucaplej,  from  whicb  it  •]>■ 

Gini  tlinl  tUecc  dijigingii  an-  on  die  wut  Kidc  of  tlic  ilivuiin:;  ransr.  and  haic 
(111  wnrkct)  ill  ciayi  al  the  CmI  of  Itiv  graiiil*  rnagu,  ao'l  in  lite  (patcl  of  a 
stream-lt'il.  Tliu  «x.-a>iitions  liavo  bvuit  Rcnmll;  HhaUnw,  and  th*  jivld  hal 
bitherlu  bern  but  >cttnt,v.  Tho  clayn,  iiowuvcr,  arg  locall*  upirranb  of  SOfaH 
dwp,  contniniiig  rvck-lngtaoiiU  in  ibu  lovwt  part,  and  hare  n«t  vet  beiw 
fallj  cxplurei  Tlisj-  real  0:1  (cranite  and  guftrt*  rixk.  fiflid  tia«  alw  boon 
found  on  tlm  «««t«rn  sidi?  of  (he  <tivid!pi|[  nmRc.  Fhrni  Mr.  Snainxon'n  iiolke 
vS  tbe  Coromandd  gold  dUtricl,  it  oppcnn  tlial  the  |^nil«  la  llaiik«<d  bf  T«r- 
tlcal  wbiKtt,  anJ  tlii'  rm~»  i«  akiHcd  by  conflomeratcia:  that  Tolcanic  ndn 
abound  in  thv  <!l:itrict  \  nn<\  Ihai  the  aiirirorout  dotritua  oontaina  i|uan<  blocks 
aod  fnguMOte  of  graiu'tc,  ilate,  and  tnp'fock. 


PKKxn  ooiji  cowAxr. 


Tb«  aimtxvcl  atattaienl  of  the  Pnitiileiit  of  tlic  Pbonuc  Gold  CoonpaDf 
laina  aonia  raocni  particulan  rctpccling  tbo  propcrlj'  of  tbe  Companj  ;— 

Barfnc  yM  rctimwd  from  a  ri»i(  to  }'our  property  En  Ca>«mu  coanty, 
N.  C-,  I  am  induotd,  froio  a  stnw  of  'Ixtr.  lo  make  a  btttf  rtport  on  tbc  eon- 
ditlcn  and  proqiects  of  the  m!nM  a*  I  Ult  tbem.  Hj  atajr  there  btJnf  tttort 
•Hiboul  iOx  wcclw — it  vu  of  ooune  iii)[io<^1«  fcr  ine  to  mkc  a  thoroui^ 
(xploralion  of  more  tlian  a  Aiuall  tiortlon  of  our  raluable  citaii-.  So  br  a« 
timn  and  dnriuoalancaa  pennlttdd.  I  made  a  general  and  farcful  narainatim 
of  the  C«ia|Mny's  propertr,  and  I  hare  the  iileasure  (a  slatr,  tliat  all  lb*  an- 
(irifation^  wbicb  I  had  pnirioual}-  fOnut'd,  have  bot-n  rralluKl  to  (lie  fuUnl 
«itcnt  In  all,  OUf  prwcrty  oonm^tii  of  about  700  airrca,  iicarijr  eTwy  acre  or 
whicb  Is,  KiTJctlr  (^leaking,  mitii^ml  land.  Un  a  i<orlion  of  the  propnty, 
Itnnnn  ai  the  Cunnor  aiiu  Siindiilc-n  Tract,  coiiipriiiinK  about  300  tcTvf^  are 
locatcl  Ibe  Sntpbiir,  the  Orrhnnl,  nnd  ihn  Klwooii  Utneo,  vKJch  have  been 
SUCCVMIHiUv'  workiil,  (Ii<iu):)l  witli  timited  incnns,  for  «  long  period  of  tiana ; 
on^  of  lh»tn  fcr  a  (|iiarti-r  of  s  ociiturv,  at  Ii^ast ;  III*  chancier  of  Ibwe  mines 
U  so  ncil  iiilablished,  that  camiiiTit  tnim  niu  noiiM  b«  mpcrflu.>u>i.  Itvwdes 
tbcae,  ninxM'roiM  otbi-r  vciiiM  of  gold  and  coppor  ore*  are  kiwwn  to  exist  oci 
tliu  tract,  and  from  personal  ohavrvalion,  1  ^r^\  luiiiired  thn*.  minj,  if  not  all 
of  them.  wlnpTOTiitobc  workal.lpiinil  iirmiiictlre  velrii.  Among  Uw  nutuba, 
t  btg  leave  to  call  your  ali(.-tition  lo  ihr  "  Old  tlold  Vtiii,"  dcKignalod  aa  HiKfc 
01)  tbc  map  on  file  in  \hv  Conipnny'.-i  (Klio«,  as  al»0  to  anotbtf,  cqitally  ax  ri.-b 
in  sold  known  and  dcngmtitl  on  the  tame  map  ad  ibo  "  Rtack  Oak  SIiaFt" 
BoUi  of  thcw  reins  lire  rxci'rdinglj'  rich  in  the  pror^ns  metnls,  and  have  i  ivIdrJ 
gold,  eqairalrat  lo  ihrev  ilollnra  purbushct.br  tiieni<)u(  process  knoini.  Tli< 
rBimun>n^&OOacrescon«iMaof  M*urtl'Ji»lin<:t  tracts, (iii<> of  whicn  irt  lire liairiid' 
Tract,  bang  flO  octm,  wore  or  less,  ami  i.n  whicb  tl.o  cvUbntvI  BartWr  Jliin; 
b  located,  lilt*  mine  waa  Opvned  inany  vearji  a^o,  'wl  ira«  work*d  Tcry  IlitU 
until  our  Company  jiol  postcialoii  of  it ;  ll>e  proipMta  here  arc  very  Hatierin^ 


r«»-^| 


JiMriMl  </  Oold  JfrNin;  OpiTttltaiU. 


Ml 


and  h  M  the  opiniMi  of  manf  experts  in  Hilfiiiig  (bit  lliit  v*ln  irlll  prova  to  \xi 
one  of  tlw  Tcij  rirJiiut  in  ibt  SUtc  of  North  Carolina.  Such,  too,  is  thp  opinion 
of  our  Mining  L'nptain,  Wtn.  H.  OreliinJ,  ttlio  linx  had  nmi;li  ctiiiTiciii^  in 
the  iain*s  in  C'lrnwatl  In  KnKbwI.  iti-t  in  various  Im-iliti^s  in  lint  cnuiitry. 
SrTCTsI  kliafl^  have  brcn  tunk  on  this  minv,  tiro  of  tfauin  to  Ihn  ilepfh  of  loO 
Cect,  or  iiMrc,  and  liuiotli  driicn  N.  E.  Knd  S.  VI.  on  tbc  vctti,  stfurJinE  «x- 
teiisivo  stdpins  iroundA.  Tli«  on  is  «xoctilingIv  ricli,  lliv  r^in  full  lu  u  and 
a  hilf  (<^  ttida,  Md  proiniara  to  incnuuc,  both  to  i^'intlt]'  and  ticx-  Srvcnil 
oUicr  veinK  riuitriog  piinilltt,  hsTe  been  diu^oTcrad  HiljaMnl  thereto,  tbo  ap- 
pcMsnctB  of  wlikh  ar«  orcciMljr  linilar,  and  t'lwe  1  bare  no  doubt  will  prove 
to  bu  rqiull;  as  valnahln.  Other  |<ortlons  of  the  woperty.  knoirii  Mt  th« 
IIojcIt  TWt.  tho  SinoD  BiMt  Ttaci,  and  the  Daniol  Fnaat  1V>d;  h«T«  liko 
wise  bcvn  ojiccrUintH]  to  b«excc«iiiigly  rich  in  minerals,  nunx  vciei  haiiiij;  been 
dkcovvred  and  op«n»d  to  no  very  InconaidBnbio  «xti!nl.  On  the  Hauler  Tract, 
th«T«  nialM  a  «appcr  rdit,  wbich,  Blthoil(h  prorim  m  t)>c  do|iIb  of  no  mdra 
thin  twelrc  or  QllLi-a  fotA,  justiAc*  tlw  expectation  of  iMncthiac  rery  rich. 
The  ore  ia  of  ihi'  spvcleH  kiionn  as  the  yvllow  nulpharel,  aod  yiJdK  3D  (o  ^3 
pec  MOL  of  inclnl.  Other  veina  of  copper  ore  were  pointed  out  to  (iw  on  tills 
tnct.  but  time  did  not  permit  me  to  inveslifntc  them. 

The  wurkH  of  ibv  C-oiiipauv,  inctuiUiig  nfiU-bouM  and  ntKUueiy  for  fprnd- 
hiK  th^  iin-A,  urn  tiiliiatcl  on  thti  flrjti'nicntloned  tract,  trlthin  A  fvw  hiiiidred 
yards  of  Ilii-  maTiii;er'ii  houce.  'IVo  Chilian  tntlla  acid  ux  tiejidii  of  xtainpa, 
irorkcd  liy  nleoiu-power,  crushing  and  gKiiditig  about  ISO  biiihels  uf  ore  per 
day,  arc  now  in  siici-csMfitl  opi'rilion.  and  gooB  anollitr  naUl  will  b«  wMm, 
nith  thn  present  amoimt  nf  ninchincrr  our  daily  yield  of  gdid  la  mora  than 
double  all  expensM,  aud  when  in  about  aix  weeVi  hence  the  third  mill  nhall 
bc>  cuiiiplf^tcd.  our  rwclpts  will  then  insure  to  a»  a  ntt  proSt,  above  our  ex- 
pense^ of  not  Icu  than  a  hundrrd  and  ttfly  dollarn  prr  day,  a  mini  c>|ui1  to 
»ixty  per  cent,  per  aunnm  on  the  preiwnl  ninrkot  rnliie  of  our  itorlc.  The 
mines  are  capable  of  pru<lucing  any  luanlity  of  on.',  and  ill  that  iK  n-intrd  to 
make  our  tiiconie  Mill  lar(cr.  in  the  addition  of  tnorc  iwu-bfiicry,  which  I 
strongly  TffoninicDd  ;  and  in  connection  with  thix  iitbjtct  it  may  not  Ur  amlM 
for  me  to  atate  that  there  arv  ample  funds  in  the  Ireaiary  to  do  so,  and  that 
the  liuafxt  of  [Nrvctor«  havo  cxpn-aied  their  approval  o(  and  wUlinj;ucM  to 
comply  with  mj  soKxadinn  in  this  particular. 


jjiALoaiuTloa  or  ooui  oax*  xstp  nutaTMiitr  or  AVniranotis  rtnrnM. 

It  ic  our  design  in  lliat  portion  of  tach  number  of  tliu  Mining  Magnxino 
which  it  dcvotnl  mom  strictly  to  inining  ii»w><,  to  nubrace  information  not 
Vtilj  of  what  is  done,  hut  llkowlsv  what  U  said  or  wTilt«n,  of  a  pnctical  na> 
tnre,  upon  any  point  in  mining  or  ntetallurfncal  operationa.  Tho  RngllHh,  the 
French,  and  the  Uernuui  Juunials  and  publications  will  be  constantly  examined 
with  thi*  riew,  and  tiwislationa  made  from  cither  of  the  latter  whenever  thcry 
centaia  anything  of  inli:r«i>t  Of  Germany  it  may  b«  well  said,  there  U,  no 
counlr;'  In  the  world  which  has  5ueh  deep  mine*,  or  whleh  is  M  rkli  in  mining 
literature. 

The  gold  mining  intcttsl  of  our  country  Un.-i  become  very  cxlrnslvg  and 
important,  and  the  saiuv  dilScultlcs  ara  uncouiitured  itbicii  arc  bcginninK  to 
erafaarraiu  thu  RnKlisli  miner*  under  tli«  jcold  oicitcracnt  wbkh  haa  recently 
mriafn  in  that  wmntry.  We  have  capefiillj-  noted  the  prc»  of  th*  conirtry  to 
obserto  what  might  be  (rialol  relative  to  the  two  great  points  in  jfold  mining 
Opentionit— wMtlganiatlon  and  the  treatment  of  auriferous  snlpburct  of  iron 
— «]id  aitbougll  nothing  in  advance  of  tius  oountrr  ha*,  tlins  far,  been  pre- 


MS 


Jovmai  of  Gaid  Mining  OpervHima. 


ScntMt,  ftt  naxiy  opinioiu  vmI  duconioo*  of  tntCTvct  have  appcBred.  Sam 
of  ittRM  wo  ccinipi1«  from  tbi-  BnglUli  |)mi,  wtlh  tbu  ot^Kt  kbo*e  itUIn). 

Qiu!  writer,  cpcahing  of  Uie  lUtlo  iiujirofoiuwt  uudfi  la  tlw  trMtauat  of 
kimfemct  icDlpbuRt  of  inn,  (Bjk: — 

Tlia  Ihsl  Ktcp  wa>  to  jufertaiii  brrcfld  jdLdonU  vhtttier  Uw  eold  w^  haU 
by  the  (viilphurvl  hi  Rii.->.-Iianical  or  tlii-miral  combfnttiMi ;  and  it  n  ni>w  if^nicd 
thu  it  is  oambjncil  mix-lianii'Jilly ;  Ua  oth«rwlsa  the  law  of  chcinkm]  ^iltiita- 
hnta  vuultl  be  Tiolutml,  nmi  the  proUnulphuKl  woald  contaia  t8  imrtn  of 
pid  lo  44  of  irori  and  iiitjiliitr.  This  bnilg  tMlkd.  (be  nmainnig  ifucstions 
are,—].  Whai  is  the  ln-ti  xtnl  cli«ApMl  tnMbod  of  •Itaninalfa^  Uie  siilpfaort 
S.  n'bat  b  iIk  chirapcst  iiid  motit  sfficadou*  {xvocai  Ibr  ofcininf  oc  tbnrofighly 
Oxidiiing  (bo  iron  t 

One  mod*  >d<>p(a4  at  Iba  minM  alxMndlng  bi  aurifenKM  anlptiartU  of  iron 
baa  been  lo  upmul  Uicm  oiil  in  thn  open  air,  anil  Imvo  ibnn  t>>  riiot ;  iraUr, 
and  ■OBiulimni  ult,  bring  fr»|Ufntl/  applM  to  (bnn.  Tliu  in  not  oohr 
•  long  and  toili<»i»  (iroten,  but  InromplcW  and  nBaallifaedery.  Anoibv  aiwfc 
ortrMtmcnt,  ixlicroastniKthe  lutpbutMs  inllMOtMnair.wUbibaaddhkinaf 
nit  or  soda,  >nil  ittrring  Ibe  iron  partidea  lo  IKa  llutD  frooi  lh«  ai^pkur.  If 
eomplvle  oitkintlioo  bv  ihoB  pOWtod,  not  eavch  futtbM-  rliniciillr  wm  tie  met 
k-with.  Hue  thik  nxMic  of  r<a»tinK  w  cxptnidr*^  Um  quantiij-  of  lucl  cntnaiiEnol 
I  being  large,  and  liic  time  and  lioublo  great,  even  for  calcifiiiiK  a  few  hundred- 
vdgtita  of  8ul|>)ii]ivt  In  tlio  umo  of  Iron  pyriiM.  or  bt-e^pburt1  of  iren, 
tiro  roa^lings  irould  be  nci^cunrv,  half  tlio  Kutpaor  beans  given  orfT  br  llw  tltM. 

In  nolidiig  the«e  tcmnrks  inoiher  writer  observes  :— 

1.  llie  inocbanic^d  int-aiui  )>}  wbioli  llu;  gold  ia  cxtraolcd  proTc*  tbat  it  is 
Milj*  luticlmniuiJl}'  ciiinblried  with  th«  pjrritiM. 

!d.  These  onti  hare  been  lubjcclcd  ta  nverbcntory  and  lo  op«n-air  [Mn>- 
r«t««cn  uf  decumpoiritiun,  vilh  the  now  of  icducing  tbc  bi-oilpburct  into  a  nluUe 
^  lulphair,  but  wiUuMt  succcka,  Ihu  «xpwna»  and  Iohma  being  much  groUcr  than 
'  thv  nrrlinnrjr  trvntment  of  the  rouf(h  arc  direct  fmn  ibo  niinv. 

The  Mnimulo  lodca  aro  compared  of  aurifrroiu  pyritct,  and  this  mtni-nl  is 
I  treatul  ty  iiiiopl«  uiei'haiikil  oiistiiA  with  gr«at  diiipatcli,  and  at  a  cbup  n>(«. 

In  rvfvrctiw  to  nTiLi!^n>al!i>n  the  sama  aotbar  alxo  adiU,  In  ■  Iodb  odcalaMd 
to  dlsRniimi;c  thn  dcnuind  far  amalgamating  iiiiicliinc%  to  work  t!w  goaaan  oS 
En^lisli  mineii : — 

1.  'Hmt  cold  in  alwnyK  fomiil  !n  its  mt'lallii^  ctate,  and  ocvcr  ax  a  minenL 
Sil,  \<i  ratculntinriE  >iitai:(l  on  nirrc  cxpcrlmnntx  coo  pri>T«  that  4  to  S  dwtc  per 
ton  will  pny  fur  working ;  il  dqwnil.i  on  other  nod  more  MMnilal  conililwiH. 
Sd.  Tlii<  larj^  anutiiiit  (if  ijiikUsilvtfr  ilFstrojrnl  bj  j^rindini;  and  trlturatJMi, 
and  wnnlicd  airay  in  tliv  Klime,  waK  canEiili.'rnlilf  diminiidM-.l  \<y  mixiiij  a  hdjiU 
qunntilr  of  nil  ni-gnl  nilli  tliu  stutf  to  be  LnMiti'd,  In  vxhhiiiK  tbe  B"ialgiiai 
It  waa  fcuod  that,  a1thfiu;(li  some  of  Iho  mercury  was  tnnd,  there  w»g  a  lam 
amount  of  t^Id  found  uncoinbincd,  and  cieapcij  with  Ihn  waltir;  iDbet,«rhlM 
tbc  (|uick»iivi'r  HOH  ciiipli.red.  t  "K.  pvr  lun  would  not  pAT  cost ;  wber««a  (  (hl. 
of  fliw  gold  per  ton,  wilhoiU  thi;  unv  of  intrcury.  b-is  Irii  a  profiL  Those  «X- 
prrttncntd  hnit  nut  bwn  coiifitii-'i  to  mL-rvly  iVi  Utas,  Uit  lo  many  tliousaails 
of  tona. 

In  Mflj  to  thcne  rmiarkii,  th«  followliig  vi«w«  wen  advanced : — 

I  am  ralhcr  wnpriaed  to  And  that  jrour  carmpondtnt  consitkra  diat  tW« 
il  little  or  ni>  difllcnU^  in  «xu«cti(ig  gold  froui  iti  matrix.  He  riom  evidentir 
go  upon  the  suppoHtKin  that  Hold  l«  only  t«  b«  found  Bnmngrt  i|ii»ns  aiul 
'  other  nun«ral*,  diii«.-iuiiiiiicd  In  gnin*  of  a  ma^ltiiJe  «ulBc*Mit  t»  enable 
th«in  to  (!r»vlui»  in  the  flnid  mfilluin  to  which  lli*y  inj  ml^Kial,  in  order 
to  ti.-parale  the  tii;hier  minernl  from  tbc  heavier  cold ;  and  Dpon  llita  aMunm- 
tioo  the  |iroc««s  ia,  intked,  a  umplo  one,  for  crashing  aad  wiatuBX  !■  >U  tbat 


I 


Awnai  of  Ovfd  Mining  OpmHont. 

-b  aliiaJ.  But  nippoag  Ibe  pild  to  ezUt  tn  biTMble  partfdM,  then  the  cmo 
la  widely  (liflvr^nt;  web  f>*nicl«A  vllt  not  j^rjulo  in  k  fluid  *o  dense  Ui 
mt«r.  and  they  will  be  carried  off  in  llic  "  UHing*."'  A*  ■  t»»e  hi  point,  la 
jonr  «orr«iiDonil«nt  pr«p>r«d  to  aTer  that  the  Sl  Jolin  M  Key  otm  do  not 
contain,  at  luut,  oiiu  ownus  of  gold  per  Imi,  and  yet  oidy  half  an  ouoco  or 
leaa  is  ritnclei)  t  Tlw  l«M  proftOMn]  of  KHndinK  »>d  wiuiluitj[  cold  oro  on 
tho  s\<iAy  to  asMflMn  iti  viIim,  miMt  ha  irliolir  blltdoiM,  unlcH  h«  C»n  abow 
that  in  vTcry  iiuUMna  the  p4d  eaisia  in  particli^i  sufficii-ntljr  Ina  to  enkblo 
them  to  gravilalK  in  water.  If  «uch  be  th«  only  test  hltlMTto  apnlied  in  Eng- 
land, we  canodt  nondcr  Uiat  the  exialcince  of  unld  hM  bern  *a  Icmg  doubled 
•nd  d*fii«d  in  thai  country',  rxocpt  in  a  few  in>blrd  Gac\  vbtn:  itd  purtidea 
haro  bccB  of  a  niacnilude  suIU>.-i<tit  to  be  diKvriKd  willi  tli«  ej'i',  and  M^a- 
rated  by  hanit  SnppoM  th«  pild  cxtrts  in  surlftroiw  pTritts,  allojpd  wilb 
iron,  rumninic  a  doaUe  •vlphurot  of  iron  and  gold,  faoir  win  any  cruxlilns  or 
waahing  tcM  auch  on]  tn  gold  t  And  il  «i  (jnUc  clear,  Uiat  tho-v  w  ho  havo 
had  cxperiena*  In  the  gold  ooinilrla^  and  know  how  to  wash  an<I  ritrsKt  the 
.cold  ihm  trota  ccTtain  otm  in  which  it  is  vinUe,  are  not  MCAMuiilj-  the  bc»( 
Indm  «f  hov  to  exinct  the  goid  from  eeirlain  other  orc«  found  in  n  district 
Wt  wwcli  Ihey  hare  naiataiiied  that  fold,  in  any  pavim^ijuanlitlescuuld  never 
Im  feand.  and  where  the  ^obJ  ciimh  Id  jMutinlca  which  are  not  tUible. 

And  if  vktfaing  and  gniidiog  bo  aluno  resorted  to,  to  test  the  ratuc  of  the 
MM  of  rortJsQ  cokl  diHricta,  It  foll«wa  that  ona  coniainiag  ,len  dn-tH.  of 
gnanlar  gold  wiU  be  pdiod,  whilst  those  containing  ax  many  minces  of 
duaniaally  diffuwd  roM  per  ton  miMt  a«  certainly  be  rejectod  fu>  worthlcM, 
And  what  in  rmlly  known  ai  to  tli«  various  italvs  of  coDibin*ti'>ii  in  triiich 
gold  nay  eiif.t  in  rarions  kinds  of  ininenlH  I  WHh  all  due  deferencu  to  the 
flnpcTtor  knowledge  and  experience  of  your  cnrreiponduDl,  I  will  rcntiire  la 
predict  tiiul  Ilie  bast  gold  orti  have  been  hithi^rtn  iiej[lcctod,  aimplr  becaiM* 
neither  cnifhlng  nor  washing  emild  tlicii  gold  from  tbem,  and  in  vaj 
niany  iiulwu-cs  iii*Pdiry  may  eicbcr  wliolly  or  partially  foil  to  do  ito.  Wal 
stamping  and  waiihinx  r-nrarl  silver  IVocn  silver-lead  anwt  and  yet  who  will 
now  pronounce  lilecr-lcad  ore  hatT«^  nf  nltrvr,  bennse  such  a  test  most  fidi 
to  yivld  any  ol  that  uolal  I  I  am  far  from  witihing  to  advocate  the  "crush- 
Ing  qiMok^rlcH."  if  nwy  there  be.  and  aa  far  from  twiiertng  jaipliciUy  tlie  sold* 
invcnliTiit  nsealities  which  nrc  rifti  nmongut  tli«  mineral  cwfaidler*.  but  [  nave 
no  duulit  tlint  !;ol(l  (.■xistH  lu  nn  Immcniw  aod  Ughly  rMiranenutvc  extent  In 
this  cuiiiilry.  uiid  lliiit  the  great  dMldmlum  b  a  cheap  and  certain  method  of 
exlraetirig  Iho  whole  of  the  f/AA  from  Us  ores.  Oii«litnt:  in  mercury  may 
f[ei  much  of  it  out,  but  u  lung  ■■  merruTT  and  gnid  ore  differ  so  nuiniaUf 
as  tu  thtir  ruipfietive  SFHicilic  graTitKii,  no  long  will  it  be  found  impMUiible  U 
bring  Ihoin  stifHcicnllj  inln  i-ontact  to  enable  the  merciiTT  lo  take  np  the 
whole  of  the  gold,  under  the  prcwRt  vf^ma  of  oncratlom  ;  Ui>e  tight  ore  must 
li)r  ever  bv  Uualiug  upon  the  facavy  quicksilver,  they  can  never  be  intimately 
CMunilngiod. 

Ihcne  remarks  drew  forth  the  fbllowln;^  Btateoaent,  wliMi  <«ntalM  mido  ia- 
(eraling  faeu : — 

T  beg  to  KUte  that  niy  ohv;rvation>  rmn  not  oonflned  Micly  to  grains  of 
goJd  of  the  nngnfln-le  tn  |;nivl(.itf  in  muddy  water,  but  were  cxlmded  to  im- 
palpablo  f^iV\.  .ilninst  like  n  weak  KoliitiOTi  of  gatiibuge,  whioh  will  ftoat  on 
wMer  and  bo  carried  away  by  a  ninning  •stream.  Yet  four  prnnywcigbts  of 
lllh  nnpalpable  gold  dltitieminated  in  a  ton  of  such  a  lu^nvy  niiiicral  as  iron 
lyrltMi  can  bs  separated  by  the  auiivt<  gold  watbvrs  of  Souili  America,  by 
nure  gnndlng  and  simple  wiKhin([  in  "  hateait."  on  the  »pot  ttherr  il  may  he 
found.  Tberrrorc.  when  the  ohjevt  is  to  test  the  raltic  of  Ktiiff,  to  nMxrtaia 
ita  worth  (n  a  eamaiereial  jmirU  '•/  rf«p,  lhi«  ci  the  moat  ready,  the  muitt  use- 
1,  and  th«  roost  nrariieiil  ti«t  known  in  old  cMabllslied  gdd  muies  and  wash- 
Th«  Mtoal  weight  of  the  eonteiili,irf  uj  pita  aunplo  Hi  flT  e^vta. 


I 


QM 


JottriuU  «f  Hold  Mining  OjurtUiont. 


dctcnuinvd  bj  mav.    Enn  one  onnm  «/  pM  per  ion  id  itnn  ]);rite*  ii  ii 

Ul  the  bulk  hw  bct«i  reduonl  mm  conccntrBtcd  to  tbomt  oa*  cw< 

the  utaounl  <jt  the  frM  anJ  T>iibl«  e»M  oIilai[i«<l  bms  (b«  jplndM 

I  iTMbiox  ofirntI«LiM  of  til*  nnigh  tifrilM  in  11m  jb«t  tuAniM  MKa«d  Wr 

.  oiincc,  thiu  inJuRtinjc  an  appMrail  loiw  of  flftjr  (wr  ccni    ThM  ted  ifct 

*  1  cMnpmim  U>  ity  iiiDuiiicnw«  iiiTttitious  to  are  (he  Ia«  ■ml  cxtnrt  ihi 

>l«  contCTita  111  the  flnt  ofMnlkxi :  iJI  of  which  Imt  prorfd  RriOtL     Ua«- 

r,  IIhw  rxptrimcnln  Iuto  Imoh  llie  meana  or  modifying  anil  imprortnit  Uw 

plij  nitivR  pTomwini  to  inch  •  dcxret  u  to  tvchice  the  »^iul  loaa  of  the  prs- 

L  Dii-ul  tu  a  ociniparaiivel)'  ti^ng  anwunt 

Vi'n  iMw  ftvturtti  all  the  miiitue  irf  aurifarotja  prriles  uniEl  It  Ic  Anally  n»- 

duicrd  and  dlAtolved,  not  all»irli>x  (he  "rwnaliia     U>  bo   thrown  Bvajr  as 

bnoBtiy.     We  obtain  oolv  about  flfly  prr  nant  tn  the  &nitopcnit3M;  but  tka 

'  reniaiiia"  are  laid  aiMe  fur  (lcc^<llnpoHlwn,  aiul  again  rnlnoMl  by  anitaUa 

Btamiisvi'l  wk^fnjc  Mranj^eRicnU;  out  of  which  alfuiit  tntntir-Ani  jMTCmit, 

of  gOU  i*  recoTcivd  tn  tho  Hcnnd  irtatmont,  and  the  "  rcmaiiu"  gf  the  **  r*- 

are  aentn   laid  uido  br  further  dccompoaitiaii,  unlil  tlie  vrfaole   ia 

J\f  reduced,  and  all  the  aaoUi^U  goM  oMainud    TboH  <rbu  altesipt  to 

rant  the  irlob  a/  tlu  goU  in  tX*jlr*t  operntian  (uKsplin^  in  aiaftving 

iiplec,  or  aluff  ri<:h  enough  to  pay  tar  nn«ltiiu[  and  oupcUabaa]  am  nava 

but  liillc  expmptm  in  thv  matter,  and  iDtM£ieH  IcMwIeilge  of  the  atale 

'likti  the  goU  in  found  ia  the  dilbrent  minenla. 

Wll]  four  Mrrwpondont  leliimi  mu  where  "  the  bctt  sold  orea  whkh 
arc  been  nr);7r<-t(d"  nr<!  to  be  found,  and  wbrre  i«  there  an  aimfrroua  com- 
atui  containing  from  lire  dwtA  tlpw^^JlI  per  Ion  which  will  not  fclnjw  gold  by 
1  mxrienred  gold  wwfaor  I      Tlio  following  are  the  ordinatT  eooijioDnds : — 
Ooiil,  in  fravd,  clay-«kta,  etc,— eaully  w*tbod,  mtbout  Iomi,  ami  wittiaat 
qnicluilTin-. 

QiAl,  (n  luartx, — eaiilj  tMraded  bj^our  preaent  luraBiienionl*,  and  (ritb- 
dulqulcliiil*cr. 

QoU,  111  Iron  pyvitw,  and  alloyed  wHh  aboml  oaMhlid  eT  *8Ter,— tw)uiraa 
r  grealect  ear«  and  •eooomT  in  the  niani|iulBtinit  (e  Mtr«ct  a  miall  prodiKi 
(wuGt,  yet  it  ia  dmu  by  atamping  and  waaliing,  and  without  tnercur^i', 
111  prolU. 

Got'),  in  Iron  pvritM,  blende,  and  Wad  orei^ — thne  are  the  most  diOonit 
MM  to  liftl,  unli'u  lh«y  be  Hch  enough  to  pay  tho  coat  of  amtlting.     When 
;  conttnta  of  IIr  ailrcr  ore  are  of  »«  nucli  value  a«  tho  ^Id,  tho  wwUng 
ia  differeDl  to  the  alxyre,  and  the  Dual  Irealment  ailoptod  in  amM 
I  iti  the  conrtrsiau  afT  the  »ut^hiir«U  intn  chlnrMu,  and  bamtl  amalnma- 
I.     1  liBTr  |iut  up  "  arnwlrr***  and  barrel  amalgainaling  maclilnMy,  tben- 
'  I  know  ibi'ir  ti'sjieotive  tucribi. 
AiMther  writer  aaUrtalBa  tho  following  vlem  on  the  rodnctian  of  goM 


bch  ore  requires  its  own  mode  of  tr««(mcii< :  diflertns,  perhaps,  hot 
LlJ^lly,  biit  Mill  OMiRltlittinK  a  distinct  ln*tiii«nt  Such  U  the  r»tv  wtlh  the 
nopper  and  lin  nrcs  of  thv  r>ii>?>>y.  in  irliieh  thv  Comlshmnn,  by  long  ex)M> 
Ijliii..'.',  (U-iuires  n  special  piiifipjcnci-.  Such  Ia  llic  eaoo  with  the  Mexican  or 
Iho  ChiHun  with  n-Kan!  t^.  niln-r,  and  hie  proccsn,  nidc  (hough  it  may  be,  is 
J  ftdaptfd  to  th<-  KUr.:i-«fnl  arliivvt-tuent  of  ib't  reiiulred  rfsult.  Take  up  any 
l^rRprtcnt  trvatiw  n«  workint;  ir>1il.  niid  It  will  be  found  that  there  arc  prniliar 

CoccfHM  and  inai'binerv  ijmyI  iti  Ilungrirr.  Sn»<iy,  Rufin   -r  i'n-  BraxilK,  and 
fh  placit  hoiils  to  llfi  own  HTFtlrin.     CoM  orvs  very  ^^  I.  (if  great 

Variety,  of  crnl  dclimcy.  nnd  il  nwy  by  -aid  of  rsry  ^i  ,       ■vntnxc,  re- 

Suirt  a  sj'ccial  Ircalinccit,  an  the  rery  protreiu  BiiojiltJ,  im  f«r  from  cbUining 
IC  gold,  nuiy  }i»  llie  tneana  of  |>n)ducing  an  antagonistu:  ■:o<nt>inntii>[i. 
Bonce  it  is  that  gnld  ami  prMent  sii<.-li  anomi^oilS  rsculN  in  their  pnctioal  re- 
duction ;  in  vfiy  many  ca«ca  half,  or  eT«n  two-thirds,  or  three- fiMirtbc  of  tbt 
metal  lieinjc  left  unreduced  or  waHted. 


I 


JbvmtU  of  QfM  Aftttiity  Operctimu. 


fl«5 


I 


r  aCUnCK**  FATEKT  QCAKTB  CRraSDt. 

A  cimibr  trough  la  romtMl  oT  cut  iroa,  a^  tv^-tro  foci  in  diMmoUr, 
mora  or  kss.  TliiE  unuj[ii  is  about  vlght  litvtioa  wjilii  on  llic  botliwti,  in&1J«  ; 
Hio  •de<-'  or  liux^h  of  the  trt>uj;h  riiu  perpendicular  (o  the  Wlom  alioul 
IwdTe  tnobcs,  mid  llm  outside  riws  but  «<  mclic*  from  tlw  b«l  of  tlw  trough, 
■nii  at  an  angle  of  ahoiil  fortj-'ftvo  dcgteos ;  altacbed  to  thu  inside  I'im  of  tliu 
trough  U  A  Mginttiit  j^rar-whi.-fl ;  edge  irhtela,  as  tlicy  arc  ttTino'l,  nrr  plucod 
in  thf  Irougti,  (Uppotti'd  bj:  an  axle  or  shaft  pawing  Ihro'iftli  their  triitri'^  in 
the  vtmiX  iiioimi-r ;  tifiun  tiic  iiinidi.-  of  these  cnuhinif-ivhcilt  and  attached  to 
tli«u,  an-  cog-whwU,  fitlcd  to  work  in  tho  tpgeaenl  gcnr  on  the  trough,  aiid 
the  rttalivfi  diaaietera  or  th*  wivnil  «h>»Li  are  no  prufKirtioncd  as  to  vaiuu 
thu  cnisUlng-wbovIs  to  tltp  or  Htidc  upon  lht<  twd  of  the  trou'-li,  as  tli«y 
roll  forward ;  or,  in  otli*r  word*,  to  inakc  raor*  tuma  of  raTolutTons  in  run- 
Ding  around  in  the  trough  llinn  they  imuld  if  loft  to  roll  upon  th«  bed  of  tho 
trough  irilboul  thu  gtaririK :  thuii,  ajt  the  wbeoU  roti  around  in  the  truusb, 
therv  bi  a  continual  yrinAtng  ms  wcH  aa  crtuhiiijf  upon  the  lualeiial  iii  tho 
trough. 

Another  improTemcnt  cotuiicta  in  the  arrsngnnafit  of  tho  eantitt  on  which 
the  shAft  (or  axle)  in  imule  lo  tura  or  Kwin;;  round,  and  bniding  the  ibaft 
down  lo  connect  will)  tlio  contrv  pjo  on  a  horixontal  line  with  the  bed  of  the 
trough ;  ihig  cpnirc  U  so  fitted  In  u  socket  as  to  odtiiit  thu  wheuls  and  kIuiA  to 
ri*B  and  (kll  m  mui:h  a«  may  be  ni'ccsmry  in  mlling  ovvr  tlx  (|uart2 — at  ihtr 
Buac  time  it  Li  kept  ptrfeully  steady  in  the  centri;  of  the  trough. 

Another  iiiipro»uiii»nt  Is  in  pWiiig  a  eireuiur  trough  of  wocd  or  metal 
around  the  grinding  trough,  eoas  tn  ri.i?i-ire  the  water  and  tnaterjal  w  it  dowa 
OTcr  the  outfT  wlgeof  the  IrcniRhin  which  it  is  ground;  In  thlsoutftldetrouch 
if  placed  a  (luantilr  uf  quicksilver,  and  a  disk  do  arranged  and  moved  upon  Inc 
mercury  aa  to  briiiK  erery  partidu  of  the  quortx  and  water  in  contact  with  the 
quifkailviT,  nndruWiint;  Ihi'iu  w^ii  and  i'lFothequicknlrtT;  tlic arranKcmeiit 
U  HUch  as  to  prvvi'nt  thr  |>n<uibili(y  of  either  th«  quarts,  wal«r,  or  cold,  cioap- 
lug  without  eomiiiK  in  contact  with  the  ijuiiJultiwr.  (^,  if  it  is  adriaable  not 
to  amalj^amate  in  this  trough,  thcoiatenal  maybe  run  otf  to  any  other  amal^ 
mating  up|mralus  or  washing  lunchine. 

Xhese  uuK-lilnus  arc  nrrnnged  with  gfAriog  a]»o,  (o  be  workod  by  steam 
or  water- 


X   aOLO   WAIURH. 

The  following  is  reported  by  tlie  CaMm  Era  of  Sao  YmuAKo: — 
Wu  were  shown  a  fi-w  dsjs  siuce,  bv  an  old  miner  on  bia  way  to  the 
Atlantii.-,  the  inodci  of  a  innrhinc.  n'bich  (ic  had  inTeniud  for  lli*  purpi.^u  of 
iff  washing,  or  of  iicjidr«liiii(  the  pild  from  the  earth  without  tht'  :ild  uf 
wat^r.  In  it*  fonNlroclion  it  i«  simple,  yet  it  fully  eihibh»  the  insenulty  of 
itn  projector.  It  coimiila  of  a  huppvr,  ttiu  holtuni  of  which  is  a  lievo  u-hicli  i* 
calculated  to  admit  through  it  no  tubstai"'!!  Inrgfr  than  an  ouncu  \M.  Pass- 
ixi%  through  the  nicrr,  which  Is  kept  in  rapid  motion,  tlie  earth  and  gold  fall 
liotwocn  two  iarge  iron  cylindrical  mllcn  and  juux  through  Ihcin  in  a  powdered 
State.  The  tarlli  Is  here  rv^cived  u|>ori  an  IndintHl  iroii  plate,  froiu  whieh  it 
pasH-s  into  a  scries  of  ^IcTei,  at  the  uimc  tim?  tielng  snMected  to  A  pmoess  of 
&n[uii|{.  Ity  this  mean.-i,  nit  lighter  substances  tlian  gold  arr  blown  away  and 
tho  ti"'''  >irriv(ii  at  the  place  made  to  roceive  i(  in  an  almoat  cloan  ttale.  'lite 
power  retjuirt'd  Ui  run  it  will  be  atioiil  four  horiicv  with  which  It  i\  calculatvd 
to  wiuli  uriu  tlioiisti'd  or  tlHevn  hundred  i>ans  of  dirt  per  day. 


IHB  COLO  MELDS  or  iOLTUUt-l  XWMBK. 
Tho  Cap*  pi^rs  hav«  hilhurto  alluded  to  th«  sul^ect  with  groat  eautiOAi 
hut  they  now  eonlnin  nunieruiisletlern  Croiii  rrtiablc  poTMrna,  Icariof  no  doubt 
that  puru  gold  ban  liecn  found  in  Southern  Africa. 


Jammal  of  Oopptr  JRitin^  OptroJiam. 

lite  Ctrpt  Tern  IfaU  of  Hud)  IStb  nj« ;— Lettox  bum  BiB^wmkknk 
IttMi  rtopKtabla  wtiei^  nnna*e  ttl  iloittiU  nsfracting  ibe  Jfawwty  Of  $Md 
■mI  mt'lMr  (ImmmTu  aeu  S(DUlificl>l 

SBiiiliflcId  u  aboat  SU  nlks  rron  Atp«  B*j.  It  « (Iw  mtH  Mwthcni 
point  at  mbieb  fuU  Iwi  boon  4iiKoT«nid,  wbiU  I^lffacMnoai  i»  tbe  Boat 
Mrtbera.  Tbe  dua^aoo  between  tbe  tiro  poinlK  i«  at  kast  Ave  buiidrad  mUti^ 
tbvabole  orwhlcli.itUbigtalj  protiable,  willbelbunilaarirvroiui  Tlkevkab 
of  this  Immpnao  tract  of  oouiUf  is  almcat  nnkiiMriK  willi  IIm  «XM(rt)o«i  of  » 

Tb«  fW«  Toira  Adtertitfr  mj* : — The  bet  bu  been  aacertMncd  that  pro- 
nfte  gobl  dig^nga  haie  bc««i  JiawrcrBd,  and  bv  yocUrday'a  potil  hoom  alz  ar 
dght  BUSgeta,  one  weighins  t^tr  Kn>tn«,  ban  tw«n  ivorfTHl  Wo. 

A  letter  la  Um  C»p»  7««n«  Mail  hwa  tb«  SmlthfltliJ  Dinpnxa  aarx  :— 

Hie  bok  dag  bjr  rinkr  br«ugbt  th«ai  dovo  1«  the  bed  of  an  old  river, 
where  a^ite*  and  otbcr  TMuaMc  «ton«t  trerc  foirnd.  Ilerv  llie  largeat  nugget 
waa  found,  but  tbe  water  coming  in  in  great  abuii'Uiico  unf>ped  fiiriiitr 
operations.  Other  holt«  have  yMMed  tnore  gold,  and  it  bw  aow  been  fbuad 
in  nch  iiuantttj  w  to  wanant  Um  •xpeolation  ct  Utpit  diaeoveij. 

Tbe  gold  in  mow  pieces  t^  found  In  the  ocntre  of  a  rUge  of  iron-MOM 
(wbkb  baa  evidentir  been  thrnim  up  hy  vokanic  action)  In  S  TeJu  of  ijuvtb 
Tbe  upper  part  of  tbe  reiii  U  uoal),  wbicb  gradually  miAen  ■«  the  tkoA 
M  Muk.  The  meat  prttftuble  part  is  thrown  awnr,  the  di)a;erx  not 
batlnc  the  proper  wsHhtn);  cradlee.  Prom  aecoant*  J  hoTe  receired  of  Cala- 
fania  and  Andnlia,  tlicFc  has  been  moro  gold  found  Mar  tbe  wttftce  bera 
than  Uicrfe  Tbe  deep«t  tfaoft  that  bu  been  Mok  Is  iizteen  (tA  Copper  err» 
baaslwbem  bund  ora  purity  which  will  aMODidi  yoa.  I  boliare  Ibe  copncr 
en  will  oontribule  an  much  to  the  cnrieliiax  of  the  Ttnitoiv  u  the  gold  oii- 
eorciT.  Tbe  cupper  U  found  on  the  corlace  in  wagon  loads,  aod  conlaiaa  a 
eoiutderaUe  per  taolage  of  gold. 


JO0RSAI.  OF  COPPER  MIXING  OPEBATIONl 
LAMc  (vrxtiOH  ooFPm  re«kix. 

In  the  Ijilco  Superior  copper  region  tlie  Mason  has  oonunenoed  with  hetgU 
proepccti.  The  amount  of  wurk  dons  and  tlie  prodone  of  the  minex  prombw 
to  b«  aatonUhin^y  lucroasi.'d,  and  w«  doubt  not  also  the  wealth  of  the  cnt*r- 
prUn(  proftrlelors  of  the  numereus  miiMS  located  therc^ 


nm  eorm  faus  ioniiki  aaao'.xrx* 

Tb»  iMt  report  of  fiitt  Company  rpjfic^'nK  their  operation*  in  1SS8,  is  in 

Utandee  docutncnL     It  comptiim  Krvcrnl  papcn,  iul'Ii  ui  the  reports  of  IIm 

Hrccton^  of  the  Treasurer,  or  the  Sitperintcndent,  Ur.  UQl,  end  the  Clerk. 

hVio  following  reoiark  of  the  Directom  in  their  report,  exprvesM  the  true  ciOUTte 

to  be  puimod  bgr  every  mining  company  which  aspires  to  p«nn>»mt  ■uoeeas: — 

Tour  Dtroctora  believe  it  to  l>c  the  Iru4i  policy  in  mtninjt  cnterpriMs,  In  tbe 

flnt  place  to  be  well  nimire']  bv  cxtcniiiTe  inirface  eiplurations  and  tbe  necen- 

■ary  unden^rnand  work,  that  tiie  peopvrty  ii  worthy  ofbeitig  developed:  nod 

then  to  bty  out  the  mining  phni  upon  a  canprebriislve  scale,  <nd  not  allow  « 

■  Tbt  mlota  of  thliL  Uoinimny  aere  liM  iielieeil  oa  {«««  ITli  Vol.  L 


Journal  tf  Oopptr  2iming  Optntiont.  607 

Bborti^ted  desire  «r  immediate  returns  to  interfere  iritfa  their  execation,  ud 
prereut  the  opening  of  auch  en  extent  of  ground  u  irill  insure  large  and  in- 
creasing retams  in  tbe  future. 

The  quentit;r  of  musea  and  barrel  woric  which  was  ihipped  during  the 
yean  1SG3  and  18S3  was  as  follows:— 

IBSL 

V^t  of  bunl-work,  ....  ILOOO  Ibe. 

'<         nuMw*,  ....  4,«flS 

Amoant  of  pure  copper,         ....  11,<C1 
Per  ctat  of  jiold,                     .    »       .            .            .  Ji 

1S9S. 

Welgbt  of  berral'irork,  ....  U,118  Ibe. 

^'  mouas,  .  ,  .  ,  >S,«)T 

Aroonnt  of  para  oopper,         ....  tljItH 
Per  oant.  of  jield,                  .           .           .           .  M 

Among  the  asseta  of  the  Companj  meiftioDed  in  the  Tntauitit'A  Report 
are  12,050  pounds  of  copper,  at  Eagle  Harbor,  worth  SO  cents  per  pound ; 
20,000  pounds  of  copper  at  the  mine,  in  barrel  and  masses,  at  SO  cents ;  and 
8,&00  tons  stamp  woHf,  at  the  mine,  estimated  it  4  per  cent  worth.  The  soles  of 
copper  were  188,630,  {6H  tons),  net  yield  91,787  (4(4  toni),  oopper  amount- 
ing to  (37,479. 

aiiiiMa  Bu-nrsK. 

From  the  report  of  the  Cleric  we  make  the  foUowing  extract  retatire  to  the 
expenses  at  the  minee  : — 

The  mining  expenses  irom  March  1,  ISfiS,  to  Uarch  1, 18&4,  hare  been  as 
follows,  Tia. : — 

S9?ii  fathoms  stoped,  .  .     H9SS.68 

1912/,  feet  drifted,  .  .  .      ]0,40G.10 

nVT-C.     ••     ihnlla  Slink  R  001  iSt 


S77^    "  shafts  sunk,  .  .  .       C,921.43 

1i       "    wuiae    "  ...  623.83 


31,176.68 


coppBB  FAu*  vaa. 


144,V  &thoms  stopod,  .                       .  12,067.64 

2126^1  feet  drifted,  .             .            ,  11,667.11 

a7&U    "    shifts  sunk,  .            .             .  C,412.80 

66       "    winzo    "  ...  381.00 


19,608.46 


Total  mining  expenses,  .  .  |10,T&4.2S 

The  above  statement  shows  tbe  entire  extent  of  ground  opened  during  the 
jear,  bj  unking  and  drilCng,  to  be  4980^^  feet;  bj  sloping,  441it  Aithoms. 

The  arenge  price  paid  (inclusire  of  mining  cosl^  for 

&iiiktnR,  per  foot,  abont $14.04 

Drifting,  ■•        ■'         " 6.44 

Sloping,  "  fjlhom  >'.....  U.iS 

Arenge  number  of  mtncn  employed  during  tho  year,  65 — present  num- 

Arcragc  monthly  earnings  per  man,  (4GYSr;  out  of  which  are  paid,  board 
and  physician's  fees,  Icaring  him  a  balance  of  Sl^,*>,  clear  of  expenses. 

Sum  total  of  surface  expenses  $86,096.09,  which  includes  tho  expcue  of 


M* 


Journal  a/  Ci^fr  Mining  OpmdoKt, 


•ootTBtinit  faunditian  for,  md  huiMinK  «n|tii>*'boiMo,  ibunp-heaML  Hnr-nS 

and  warvbtun ;  MiierintendiiiK  tfvctkin  of  cngiM^iiMiM,  md  bngin* ;  coo- 

[•tn}cMn:i;rc«d  taE^;leR*rbor;  rt«<l  m  Kill  Hin*;  undsKimltiiig  and  cJ««r- 

fing  land ;  <ruUin|[  hiiI  hnalitij;  of  uvclojn ;  vtMslinj  dirt  from  mjiic,  And  the 

^UKUal  incidental  expcn.tM. 

Aveng«  iKtmbrr  or  MirfaM  nivn  cmploacd  lor  (he  year,  69 ;  pmrnt  nitm- 

r,  4G ;  coa^tdnt  of  Iwo  cnjiiiiMini,  two  nrrmon,  nine  «ani«ttt«iV,  four  liUrk> 

,  ns  tcuMten^  fbuttccn  n-hcclnv,  faurtcon  windlMs^nMt,  thi«e  whim 

Tour  hndcra,  four  a.wytn,  eight  choppets,  on*  liiinl>«t>inui,  Bll«ai 

KCPoKT  or  RCPCRixTsmncT. 
Hie  Btfwrt  of  Mr.  Samuel  W.  Hill,  llic  Superintendent  of  th*  Copprr 
FtUs  lllnwi.  Is  Ugblf  inUrratinK  and  vnluablc.     IM  length  gircrcnt*  nii  froia 
inwrlinf;  It  wttiro — vo  thcrcrore  rontico  onnclro  to  ib  pramincnt  festuKK; 

The  iMt  Reporl  tnui  mnde  Mircli  14,  1861,  tann  wticti  tine  tbene  hara 

added  to  Uie  location,  one  hundred  «iid  sixty  acres  on  the  Ihw  of  Uh 

nU  vtlii,  south  of  ihi^  oriKintil  tenlUtry  of  tbo  Company,  at  a  cent  of  uk^ 

Ftkoiimnd  dollni*,  ninkin|i:  the  cntiiv  location  to  coaUia  four  tbouMuid  four 

'^yindrcil  and  ttreiity-oii?  nnJ  oni--lix1f  an-N.    Hits  last  purchtw  gites  to  Ibe 

Comiinny  tlie  irtiOt<<  U-ii^  of  tbr  Hill  vein  in  the  tra|>  formattan,  from  Um 

base  or  tnr  rid^  (o  itx  niimmit,  a  dJKlancc  of  one  and  three- fourtbn  mttM. 

OmittioK  the  dwicription  of  tho  buildioga,  machinery,  eta,  erected  on  Dm 
property,  we  p«a  to  the  resoltn  of  further  geological  ciami&atioiu  :— 

Stni^  lh«  dat«  of  thu  fornitr  Report  but  little  has  Ui^en  dome  in  tbe  waj^ 
^  cxjilorintc  the  location  for  mm*,  but  n  further  i;enlo)^i?al  examlnatloin  hu 
en  mnde,  nnil  a  fci'tion  acru><pi  Ibe  lomtion,  along  the  linn  of  Ibe  Ctifipof 
alia  vviii,  to  (ho  Korlli  Wntvrii  Mine,  bai  hwn  coiislrucletl.  trbieh  will  ba 
l>m>d  intrrcatbi^  and  to  whinh  you  are  refirriMl  rr>r  Inforrnittion  In  regard  to 
he  extent  of  tho  trap  formation,  north  of  tiic  cryilalline  Imp  or  "  Rroonfliane." 
~hi)  Bouth  lino  of  the  lu<'n(ioi<  is  but  n  ffw  yards  from  Ibe  junction  of  tbe 
«r  with  llio  latter  rock,  m  tbowu  in  llic  st'Ctlon.    The  illp  of  the  rocks  tuw 
I  careftiUr  taken  in  many  plitces,  and  the  thirkncui  nf  the  cryeulllnv  tiali 
nirvd.     A  description  of  those  bcdn  in  n-hicli  Ibe  mine.i  arc  WTOUi[hl,  wrfl 
Mtrtcfabic  to  Ihow  iiiterestct  in  the  Company,  m  well  as  to  Ihone  who 
ay  herenftet  bo  cng;aKed  in  Msrchinn  the  roi;k«  of  tho  eonntr^  for  metal- 
ous  dcucisils,  tlieir  character  nud  <aJue  being  materially  intluenccd  by  the 
:m  in  u'lifcli  thov  occur. 

FrMn  ttic  tnoutli  of  the  adit  Icrc!  in  the  Copper  FbIIb  Mine,  north,  to  the 

base  of  the  lidge,  tbe  bfls  of  trap  lu-f  chiefly  unyplnloiHal  in  Ntmeturr.  and 

unite  Boft  and  porouK.     They  an;  of  no  considtrabte  thicknes*, — no  one  b«il 

HceerJin);  four  htindred  feet     Vi-ry  near  the  base  of  the  ridm  are  boila  of 

saralBtone  alliTiialing  wilh  bedK  of  nmygdaloidil  trapL    South  of  the  adit  lerel 

la  R  Iwd  of  br"wn  ainygdaloid.  rnlher  soil  mid  porouik     To  the  wnith  of  tWs 

ImmI  it  nnr  very  cooiTiiiri  and  flrin.  of  a  llf^ht  bliio  enlor,  and  with  ocesnooal 

'.  banchen  of  a  xnfl  cbloritic  mineral,  some  nf  which  contain  zntirm  of  ooiiper. 

Thia  bed  of  Irnp  ouicropti  but  a  fvw  fret  to  the  north  of  aiioA  Ko.  1  in  ih« 

'  FaUs  Mine.     In  the  Hill  Minp  it  i>  Wtvrcn  shufbi  Xoi  3  and  4,     It 

^en  trace!  n-pBtward  ns  far  as  the  Pbimix  Mine,  aod  i«  iHuincIly  sewn 

J  the  north  of  tlie  old  mine  uf  Ibat  Cotupaiiv,     Ttirough  the  Coppir  Fall* 

[localion,  an  w«tl  a«  at  other  pinrec  wbi-r*  it  tia«  been  noU'ctJ,  its  oqtcrop- 

ng  edge  ri«M  eonudcnible  abore  the  beds  which  lie  on  ra^  rfdu  of  it ;  M 

leb  ■■>  that  lb«  tbr«e  (iiicceeilin)t  Iwdn  are  nrvly  aeeii  at  tbe  Nur&ce.     lu 

ekncM  variefl  la  dillerenl  loralilicc     In  the  Copper  Palb  Mine  it  i«  nn« 

Fliunilrtd  and  IMly  fcot.  while  in  the  Hill  Uine  it  is  iicarly  douUo  thai  amount. 

IVuderlying  tliis'btd,  k>  bed  of  broiiii  aniygdalold,  alnost  two  buiidRd  feet 


4 


Jotaval  of  Coyptr  Mimng  OperatioiU. 


cm 


tbkk,  gonwnlMt  fimor  fliaa  th«  dm  nwntlOBn)  u  OMurtinc  mar  tlie  anuth 
tf  tha  adit  lenL  IJndw  Ibis  bed  in  dm  quite  sin^ulur  fs  iu  liihaloK>(«I 
dwTMter.  It  i«  •  Inpv  «r  a  lightish  blu«  oolur,  «nd  toy  porous,  imd  ti  filled 
villi  •mygdalm  of  c«rboM*l«  of  liiii«.  Tlibt  bed  liui  bvvn  nuli«d  00  tlta 
Natirs  (&^iwr  lotstioin,  nx  milat  rani  ot  the  Copper  Falix.  Iix  tquiTakat  at 
tfaa  Vhteiux  Mine  ia  a  nlbtr  d*rk  biitt,  chlarinc,  tov  h>II  mch,  knd  arhieb 
ia  ('zpuiwd  Id  tlie  ir«ri<ingti  of  Hi*  Amintning  jvia.  H  in  •  li-w  yanU  to  tha 
Bortti  or  tho  «!<l  Mine  o(  Uie  Phwnix  (^»ii|innr.  Kinialh  tliH  bod  U  a  tnrd  ol 
bluish  {cranular  trnp,  kbout  three  bwiilrcd  tott  thick.  It  rmU  npon  a  iqlcanlo 
Mh  bed,  oiii-  htiii'itvJ  fi't't  in  lhi.:kii(i«ii.  Bi-tvrccn  thvtn:  liro  bcdji  ia  a  latciml 
vein  or  S(>Tfir*l  inches  in  vi>ltb,  wfai«h,  irhcra  t-xpoani,  has  Ih-l-ii  round  to 
contain  copper.  Tbc  bed  eft^rantilar  rock  bm  t«rn  movi-d  iipoo  lb«aah  b*^ 
W  as  to  groove  anii  >Crat«  tht  aiulcr  aide  o(  uae,  juid  tli«  irpjxr  tldn  or  the 
otber  bed  to  a  consld4rabl«  rxtrnu  A  alight  duplaccmeDt  is  to  he  attn  in 
thnw  two  hprJs.  wbieh  Iia*  prodDOtd  a  Hnuiw.  alnnt-  the  Hue  of  'imtict  of  tha 
tvo  bods  of  rod:.  Into  n-hich  foreign  macier,  ssuch  ni  ealR.gpiir  aitd  olbor  nin 
KtoiiG.  has  been  iiittodoc*il.  Eiiat  uf  Ihs  Copper  Knll*  Mine,  this  en«t  and  wort 
Tcln  is  quite  atronglf  mirkod  on  llic  xiirfiiuc  of  tho  ruck,  aod  U  Ibcie  feunit 
to  oonlain  email  »hc«U  and  bittichei  of  pure  copjicr.  In  tbo  H<ll  Mm-*,  It  isaf 
b«  aecn  in  lh«  upper  adit  lent,  one  liundred  fuet  north  of  shaft  No.  A.  The 
Mb  bud  underi/ln^  iho  latent!  win  i&  of  a  bnra-nbfa  color,  i)u>te  loft.  and 
avOT^whan  filled  with  Bno  topper.  Intcrralalod  in  il,  »ro  ivro  bwl*  of  iwA 
amygdataid,  about  eight  fret  in  tliickacM,  ti/di  haTinjc  li«  amvtidiileK  flllnl, 
inpart,irith  roumliHl  particles  of  copper.  Thoac  two  bedn  are  richer  in  copper 
Ibut  Uia  ash  bnd.  Shcrls  and  lumpn  of  pnra  (ojiper,  ftom  a  ttir  oiineoi  op 
to  twenty  and  thirtj'  pounds  in  wtigtat,  btb  to  bo  nton  In  Ihcao  bed*,  In  the 
Hdes  of  the  drifts,  in  bolli  Minca.  In  the  Hill  Mlns  tliii  aiJi  bed  h  no4  m 
thick  as  in  tbo  Copper  FnlU  Uin«;  and  in  tho  tjrnicr,  nnd  near  the  tindenida 
of  tho  bed,  a  belt  of  sandttonc,  ciKhtcm  indies  in  IbiekiieM,  inoy  bo  aeon, 
CTory  part  of  which  a  iiUed  with  cnnpcr.  So  far  ts  it  has  bicn  »poMd,  It 
qipenn  to  be  excellent  Ktomp  wo«k.  in  ooinc  portioi^s  It  containii  iJiuotK  and 
tmoches  of  purv  cnpiier.  On  both  sides  of  this  Biin'iilonc  bdL,  the  ash  bed  la 
thnroiiithty  flllrd  with  copper.  Thix  aame  aib  bed  may  bo  sevD  a  few  jranls 
to  the  north  of  ihc  old  Piiu'nix  Mine,  and  «!<«  on  the  ChambcrUin  tract  and 
t-on  tho  Uunitjotdl  location,  about  onu  thousand  Awt  aoaih  of  tbo  ninth  line  of 
IAM  property.  It  has  also  boan  observed  in  th«  south  ptrt  of  tho  Native 
rCopper  location ;  and  may  bo  ween  In  Iho  north  half  of  SeMion  dcvro,  Tnwn- 
l^ip  hnv-right.  Hange  thirty.  The  rxl*iiKive  aooicnt  ntinework  ta<t  nftbo 
'Copper  VnUn  Mine  is  in  tbis  toIcuiIc  aoli  bed,  and  In  the  lal«nl  vein  ovuriying 
it  Sinrt  the  levcU  in  the  ('npper  Falls  and  lllll  Mines  have  lUittroHittid  ihw 
bed,  the  more  Keilcm  of  the  large  ancient  exenvation.->,  to  tho  cad  of  the  first 
mentioned  mine,  liaa  beon  opviied  by  a  rftafl,  fourioon  tet\  tt^unrt,  miwtk 
throus**  ^  ''^^  ^  '1^  '^^-  ^^i*  "hole  bottom  of  lh«  shaft  Is  IHIed  triih 
fine  copper,  mixed  through  the  rock ;  and  in  Kame  pUccs  piecM  if  pure 
eepptr  of  fifty  twuiids  niigtit  have  been  taken  out  It  was  eomintnced  with 
a  view  tn  the  dijliTinlnnlion  of  llm  value  of  that  bed  for  mining  purpusei^ 
Only  about  two  feet  of  rock  have  yet  been  taken  i*p ;  but  onanKh  hat  hcen 
done  to  funiinh  (lie  information  required,  nnd  tho  work  will  not  be  conlindcd 
for  the  pr<«eiit.  .^Ikhic  two  hun<WI  .in<l  llfty  fevi  to  tlieirttitof  Ihalexmra- 
tton,  the  old  Copper  Fnlla  vein  may  lie  scan,  Ihrnnuh  4rhkh  an  adit  drainaEO 
nay  bo  had  to  thix  ash  bed,  by  openins  a  level  about  four  hiindrod  feet  In 
Iwrlb. 

Miu^h  moro  might  bi?  mid  of  llils  nietalUfvroim  Iji-d  an<l  its  chamcter.  By 
Mine  it  h  belicveil  that  nne  part  in  every  hundr.'d  ia  copper,  hut  by  olhers  fl 
!■  thoitglil  to  be  much  richer.  It  is  perfectly  clear,  frwoi  what  eon  now  ho 
■Moi  of  11,  rtiut  niany  thoiiMnri  Ioiih  of  iiiixi-ct  rock  iiid  copper  will  be  taken 
from  it,  in  opming  the  mines.  It  uill  require  no  cnlrininjE  to  stamp  nnil  wash 
tttdly,  and  twi  be  chea]dy  excavated.     Above  the  t^Iit  lvv«l  in  ihc  Copjitr 


<M 


Jvuntttl  tf  Oopptr  Mining  OjpcmAMM. 


FiQi  Mifle,  ami  on  Ha  bdimtion,  Id  »t«nt  i%  mat  flr*  tundred  fe«t     In  tkt 

'.  Bin  MiiM^  abovB  iIm  np)wr  *dtt  Icnl,  ib  depth  h  orer  four  bvndnd  iaeL 

f  TIm  dm  aiUI  lerel  will  interoepl  it  Ivtmcvn  sb»IU  ito.  3  and  8,  «T«r  fmnUM 

haodnJ  f>tl  bdow  ila  outovfiL    So  liul*  hu  bocn  don  in  tntiu  tb*  nfw 

'  of  Ika  bvd  ti>  quratioa  by  mintny,  that  RR>t  eantion  rfumld  be  oiMwmd  in 

BxprMidg  ""  opjiuan  of  it*  vmIob.    IMalUfenxat  b«d«  of  tnp  b«Te  been.  umI 

■re  now.  niiiieil  in  lli«  OnWtiifiOB  dbtrtci  with  boim  saceMP,  and  la  Ibt 

f^tUfu  Ijtkc  ilMtrkt  vlth  ptiMforU  dnddcdlr  flMtetins.    Sniw  of  the  minca 

of  thM  duttrid  now  workiw  in  nMlallilnaia  brdt,  cenB  ta  wnnnt  an  wpiirioa 

tltut  tbcjr  can  be  nxle  proStabhi. 

Ibn  iiMOUiltraui  bed.  wMcb  wcura  on  iha  Oopprr  FalU  iMatkm,  diOf* 
natmaUv  in  ita  Ktbolocinl  cfairaetcr  from  IhoH  of  the  Oiitooofon  and 
Porta^  ^ke  dkltfcU,  ucing  «ofttf  and  Imi  grmaalar  in  its  lexliirc  Tbt 
coppPT  in  *lw  pr«U)'  uiUTotiD^  dbMininat«d  Hxvngh  it,  wliilc  in  ttic  tvo  kCtv 
dialrictx  Et  U  Iciund  marc  CMnfnonljr  ni  Monll  Innips  and  Rames. 

To  Ibe  MHith  of  tbiii  mttBUifoviu  nh  bod,  tM  boafa  of  nek  bk  Bnn  nd 
mbrokon,  clow  up  li>  lli«  cf7«ta!rin«  tx%p.  Thtj  are  fcnaular,  and  ranlv 
OMitain  aiiijcakika.  In  alt  Iho  htdt  of  nA  through  vhidi  tbc  nincii  ban 
btan  workM  C0pp«r  lu:i  bc«n  fonnd;  bvt  ll  bcOwldnaUjr  more  nbondaal 
•ovth  of  ■  pojnt  t>ir«4  tMcdred  fort  nortb  of  the  adi  bed.  Tbe  trao  inttal- 
liAautu  xocic  ot  tbc  fotnuUiafi,  north  of  tbo  OTiitalline  trap,  ba«  been,  and  ii 
now  bcHeml  to  be,  between  lliia  poinl  and  the  lotter  rodi.  On  Anrt  apeaaDc 
Um  nIneA,  tbe  poiWoa  of  Ihoaa  nchtr  bod*  <ra«  knovn ;  but  ihty  could  not 
<1ia  ihsinod  and  worked  olBeiently,  cxMct  tliroufih  krrel*  dimn  on  tbo  rtinik 
1b  the  tew  piwhictive  and  mere  paronii  beds  to  the  nortb. 

The  Oopper  Falls  Ulne  bas  not  boon  (ound  M  rich  in  masHS  fif  eamtx  aa 
tbe  Hill  Uinc,  ollhangh  tbo  Tcin  h  vide,  and  weU  HUtd  with  metal.  71w 
lainM  maiai's  lakea  from  (bin  mine  Hrcl|;li«d  oiglilccn  hundred  poandft 
OlHtn  wty  now  bo  «ccn  in  it,  and  ihnibtlci«  many  more  will  be  mnt  witb  in 
gtepinjt;  much  \vger  tlun  anj-  yrt  taken  from  it  It  is  iwt  to  b*  ui>ect«d 
that  oiam  tlian  oooHiiilh  of  (h  masan  of  copper  will  be  met  with  in  oponlnp 
Hm  shafts  aad  terels. 

The  IliTl  Mine  has  bean  fiiund  rich  in  tniwims  of  copper,  the  largtat  of 
which  jH  token  out  weighed  fbtly-aix  tons.  Tli«  xein  ha*  pBodncod,  and  la 
producing;  a  Iw^  amount  of  mixed  rock  aiid  oopiiur.  II  b  rrrj  large,  uid  U 
OMning  more  oslmsivol^  ihon  any  other  mine  in  t}>o  Idke  Superior  resjaa. 
no  workinci  below  the  upper  adit  kvct  akr^t  ahafts  No.  1,  i  and  9,  bate 
been  owrwa  lijrwBrd  (o  a  MnKidtrable  citpnt,  and  anlil  wsler  wa«  Iband  too 
ftbiiMknt  to  be  taknn  out  without  mu'liinerr ;  and  bmce  the  opMiing  of 
deeper  adit  kveU  hns  been  fuu(nl  expwlienl.  •  •  • 

Al  tlie  junction  of  the  (oicioic  xs)i  bvd  wilb  the  rock  overlying  it,  Ibt 
Hill  Mine  ban  a  &n!t  of  twentT-nino  fvpt  immeili>tr1y  to  ihe  iotith  of  the 
&alt  a  inaM  of  copper  may  be  wten  in  tbe  rein,  id  tlic  appcr  adit  IbvbI. 
Bouth  of  cliaft  Ho.  4,  and  in  the  back  of  ihb  adit  are  otl>«r  maasea.  StaM 
MiniNt  mav  be  ako  N««n  in  tlie  rein  north  of  shsilt  ^Ol  fi,  and  ki  iho  back  of 
the  oppor  bnL 

Ttw  wbolo  aoMunt  of  groao'l  itoptd  in  both  minei^  lo  ibii^  date,  is  In 
hundred  and  eighty-three  fathom*^ ;  of  Ihi^  aboat  forly  bllioma  lwv»  been  in 
vxcaiatlng  for  the  th^ti  pUL-i,  mil  in  tlic  Met  of  level*,  wboro  tram  road* 
have  been  Donstrudei]  i  Ivano^  tlvu  hutirimlandforty-lhree  fathonm  of  adottl 
■toping  in  Uie  ednii.  From  thU  niimlier  of  bthonw  of  vein  atopcd,  feur 
hiinilred  and  «lily-nine  thouiiand  uiKht  hundred  and  nxty-thrre  pounii*  of 
scTcnly  per  cent  rapper  havo  been  taken— equal  lo  eight  hundred  and  sity- 
fire  uouDdi  iwr  fathom.  In  1SA3,  there  were  ahippod  eighteen  IboUMntI  nx 
liunareil  and  ei|;hly-ei;;)it  couuila;  in  ISSS,  one  hundMd  and  ihirly-dgbt 
thousand  tlie  hundred  nai  ttrmiy  pound*.  Tlitro  aro  t>Ow,  at  tlie  I<aka 
landing.  Iwuive.  thoiuand  kx  hundred  and  Hl^-flvo  pound* ;  and  at  Ihe  mino, 
•  in  haiTcl  work  and  snail  iuu»«ti,  readf  to  he  teat  to  tbo  hartwr,  twvntj 


i 


Javriud  of  (kpprr  Mittiag  Opera&n\». 


671 


UhotManil  poamb;  aod  la  Ilir«c  thuiuand  G<rc  hundred  toniar  mixed  rock  uid 
^copjtvr,  00  the  Hurracc,  sod  rrady  fur  ihu  iitaiopin^'  mill,  cstiuutod  la  prodijce 
Lfbur  per  cent  of  coppw,  two  liundrnl  and  fijtnif  thoii»nd  p<)"iniin,  inakFiig  a 
r  total  or  fuur  hundred  And  sUtf -uioc  thouuivi  ciglit  bundtvd  and  KixtjthrM 
Cpouiidl. 

^  In  the  Copper  Falls  UiQc  thora  ktv,  in  rradbcss  for  slcptng,  tn'O  llMiiMnd 
rUircc  hundred  and  fllty-llirrc  rnthoDi:!;  ftiid  in  tbc  Ilill  Mice,  one  thousuid 
racvi'n  huiiJrvd  und  furly'v^bt  CillioruH.  This  amount  ufEto^iing  gruaiuli  now 
rruadf  in  thet«  two  mine*,  tuu  liovn  McerUin«it  by  nctiul  nicit8uivi>i(<ni  of  iIm 
Pbadot  whicti  arc  known  to  have  a  g«od  vein  in  thcin.  In  tbi-  bndm,  in 
rdlfltrent  parts  «r  the  uilnM,  an  Kcvcral  ttii>u--«Tiil  fatliomn  uf  iioor  and 
unprofltat'lo  Cround ;  but  nono  or  this  15  taken  Into  t!ie  aluivu  i^alcttlatlon.' 
Epmn  th«M  facts,  it  will  r«adil>'  be  5ccn  .<rhat  the  prcxcnt  condition  and  rc- 
Rinircea  of  the  mines  tn.  It  inubt  nui  be  expecU'd,  boircv«r,  that  Uie  yiixAa 
■Btunbsr  of  BtthoRifi,  now  ready,  can  bo  sloped  this  yenr,  nor  eivn  the  half  of 
r  that  tiumbiT. 

L,       It  will  be  noticed  that  theic  mines  have  a  my  Ur^  ttmanot  of  ground 

E<^ned — four  Ihousam]  anil  on«  hthnnu  (n  both — in  rMdlnvss  for  s{opin^. 

L^gfat  buti-ircd  and  NXty'fire  poundii  of  copper  to  the  ftitbom  may  bocio  a 

f  rery  pval  pW'lm-e,  bijl  some  jmrta  of  the  ground  (toped  iu  the  Hill  liUne 

k  bare  jirodiii-fd  more  than  ottv  Um  ofciipiwrio  the  fathom;  and  tlierearennr 

l  Klupes  junt  cuininenccd  'va  that  mine  nhiirli  will  produce  inuoh  more  than  one 

r  ton  ptr  futboiti.    The  btcka  in  the  Oilt  MiM  produce  iiior«  copper  thaa  IbcM 

L  In  the  Copptr  Falls  Mine    8omo  experiments  hare  been  made  fii  the  iwiniry, 

L  to  chow  liow  much  copper,  per  fatliom,  11  required  to  pny  cxpenxe*  of  upeaing;, 

^.StOpiug,  raising  to  (he  aurraci^,  iilAinpiii)^  and  wn^hiiiK.  after  all  the  rviiuisitu 

^  mnchinery  has  been  pUceil  about  the  mine.     In  one  instance  eighty  jwniida 

have  been  lixcd  upon  t»  the  amount  requirrd,  but  more  gcnemlly,  it  k  be- 

tiered  that  one  hundred   poundii  are  rvquiiiitc.     At  the  prvK^nt  prieos  of 

cower,  that  amount  is  considered  qiiite  advijuato  to  pay  all  cxpciMCt  per 

-  Awom ;  but  eonsiderablc  pour  and  unprodiietieo  ({round  must,  of  neot8Ul7i 
^<fc*  opened,  the  expense  of  wblrh  inuxt  be  paid  from  tbu  |>roduce  of  the  pro- 

(IucUt*  ground. 

ULvn  tx  rnc  aim. 

f       BefiiK  Itteinf;  the  «tat{«ticat  infornwtion  of  the  coict  of  ibe  nine  worit,  mom 

tnolioc  of  the  oecurrvncc  of  .lilvur  in  tho  mini's,  and  its  valine  to  Uie  Oompaay, 

b  !■  tho  Mate  in  nliich  It  is  fouud,  Klioiild  be  i^rcn.    It  h<i»  been  Ibund  in  eeery 

I  nriiw  In  the  Lak«  8uperinr  rrRlon ;  but  in  no  inntani-e  has  its  occurrencie  been 

P'known  as  being  reculatcd  by  sny  law  of  nature  vrbi<:h  can  bo  studied,  Willi 

\  tefenince  to  Its  profitable  workini;.     Tn  the  C'lilT  Kline,  and  n«-nr  tho  SurlKo 

\  of  tho  rock,  under  the  crystalline  trap,  considerable  butichen  of  silver  baTO 

I  been  found.    Beneath  this  point,  and  in  tho  u>u«  geoloiilcal  poailton,  bat 

'ilftlk^  if  any,  lias  been  seen.    About  the  Urge  mamotof  copper  in  that  ndno 

It  has  bnrn  found  in  mrrcly  iKnlatcd  dcpnuits.     Som«  of  the  poinlH  ot  projec- 

tioni  of  thc^  maucM  of  i^oppor  linve  been  noticed  to  be  poliilvd  vilh  silver.    At 

one  lime  it  wah  Ihaujfht  thnt  tliu  miii»  conlsined  ennn^ih  to  jmiliiy  tho  expenM 

of  svparati'i);  it  from  the  roppcr.     In  tbc  deeper  workint's  it  has  not  been 

found  HO  abundant  a.i  near  tbu  surface.     In  tbo  Minntuwt*  Mine  it  na  feond 

in  excellent  hand  K[ieciuu'ns,  near  the  aurAep.  and  in  isolated  dcpoaita.     In 

-  Va*  loeror  wiwkingB  of  tlic  mine  it  U  acaively  noticed.  In  very  manr  of  the 
K  other  mints  of  the  Ontonagon  district,  it  has  been  found  In  srnaB  bandlM 
I'aad  strings,  wry  near  the  surface.    In  tho  Fulton  Uine,  tome  jvum  met,  K 

few  h:i|id  specimens  were  seen. 

The  largowt  depcNt  of  it  yet  ever  net  vith,  in  vnj  of  tho  tnfaiM  of  th* 
country,  waa  in  the  old  Copper  Palls  Mine,  In  a  bed  of  Irnp  about  four  hundred 
feet  thick,  and  lielwoen  bed<  of  londntone.  Tbli  deposit  was  about  forty  liwt 
(i^ro  the  nanditoneoverlyinstliebedoftrnp,  andin  the  iipjxTjpillery.  In  tbo 
nllcry  buloir,  and  iu  the  tamo  geologiCAl  position  as  whcK  noticed  above,  H. 

_      Vol.  U.— 46 


I 


I 


A 


67S 


JoHTtwl  of  Cupptr  Mining  Operalioitf. 


irM  not  SMD.  Ti>  Uic  muUi  of  that  plitc«,  ia  t)ut  mioc,  it  wm  but  kMoid 
met  with.  In  the  Rill  JIuie,  anil  jtut  over  tbn  Iwse  mam  ofcopiwr,  mtt  with 
ill  s)iartXo.5,  In  thow1iiicruriess,al>aneIiof  sitmrwta  Ibnnd-  At  thlAnobii 
in  lhr>ri>lnc  thcTD  wciv  thrrocir  Ibnr  ftthotnn  of  the  vHn  wbicb  eotitaincd  slTcr, 
proroiK.uooily  Mattered  through  the  vein  rock-  In  th«  tle*(icr  galleriea^  bdow 
tliat  potul.  114  slh^r  Lad  been  foun-1  or  notSi'id.  In  shKft  No.  6,  s  T«^  litU« 
has  b«on  noticed.  In  tlic  Copper  Fnll<i  Kmr,  a  few  hand  nwdtnen*  hare  b*Mi 
■  foiidd  during  the  pMt  winter.  In  the  I'luunix  Miuei,  it  W  bwo  me*  with, 
[bore  thoroughly  dl'isvmiiiuti.'-i  tliri'uch  the  vciu  Ktone,  Iliitn  In  jiny  other  aiiae, 
^Viit  wbon  Ihe  workin^c"  l>i>^<*  nttaine^  a  mnHiiJc^mblo  depth  bclov  the  imi&cc, 
.  it  ix  duubtful  if  it  ocrur  ut  alL 

Thq  Tvin^tonc  of  tUv  Copper  Fullii  Mine,  u'litn  esaoilnsd  in  >  larn 

qnint^,  w  not  found  ta  cnntnin  Htlrt'r,  In  anvthinj;  like  ui  Mcnount  whlSi 

would  lantfy  111*  expense  of  separating  it  fium  lUc  ruck-     A  vurj'  few  ounce*, 

In  pntinpx  u  taaay  tons  of  rock,  might  b«  found.      In-  no  bsl.-tnoe  hui  it 

[|been  noticed  lo  mint  in  any  othor  than  A  metallic  state.     If  it  c^dct'  in   tli* 

I  %Tiii  of  a  chloridi',  it  would  hitvc  been  catilv  detected  long  *>ocv,  or  if  in  the 

term  a(  any  or«  of  silver,  it  eccmt  inOHt  Hin^ulnr  that   it  should  not  have 

been  obicrred,  nheD  it  in  certain  that  bix  KampleE  of  th«  rehi.«E0n«  of  th« 

kftntaea  of  tlie  Munlrj'  are  in  the  poiwiuian  of  cvcrr  srientiflc  itiititatkin  in  Iha 

^Unit«d  States.    They  arc  aliio  in  England,  io  PariH,  and  in  Ti«nna.    Thcj: 

"hare  been  atmlj-Ked  in  th*  best  schools  in  the  world,  and  no  such  onw  «( 

detected.     The  nilvcr,  then,  in   th«  reina  of  thi«  regioo,  exivta  in  a  nttttllk 

i'«ata,  and  not  suffleieolly  abunilaal  to  render  it  of  any  ratue  to  be  nin«*L     Tba 

rtmppeiin  roeka  of  the  Ijiko  Supwior  ngion  ean  '\»  nucconTultjr  miiwd  fyt 

copper  iM>]f  ;  and  fur  the  abundance  of  that  metal,  no  other  |xrt  of  the  gfoht, 

j'ot  explored,  can  cotiiparv  with  it. 

tna  nnttaj  itixfxa  cowfaxv.* 
The  late  report  of  tliii  Company  presents  the  state  of  operations  up  to  tlw 
close  of  the  la&t  aclirc  miniug  teaaon.     We  timke  mch  extiacta  front  it  as 
,  rtteie  to  polats  not  pr«Tioualy  mentioned  in  these  pages : — 

Br  a  vol*  of  the  stockholden,  at  a  spoda]  meatin^  held  Uar^  SSlh,  I8&8, 

^tho  quarter  aection  (of  one  hnnilm]  and  sixty  acres),  known  a*  the  "  Glen 

^location,"  wu  aet  «lf  lo  a  new  urganiation.  callMJ   llie  "  tilen  Itining  Cont- 

^)iaiiy."  u'liii'h  was  foriiied  uii<ler  tliu  g^eral  lainiiiK  ant  of  Michigcau,  witii  a 

capital  i^ock  diii<l<id  into  Iwcnlj  thousand  shares  ;  one-hall^  or  ton  tko«i)9Mid 

llhwrea  of  tliis  dock,  have  been  tratuferrvd  to  three  tnutota  appointed  by  th^ 

'Btodcholdora  to  KceiTO  tlia  a»m*,  in  eouil<lcratlnn  for  a  conrcyanoe,  by  the 

iDireeton,  of  the  aforOMid  tract;  and  an  aRTccinent  has  aim  oocn  rccaind 

from  aaiil  (llpn  llining  Company,  that  the  remaining  oa»-baK  or  ten  tboumti] 

sliarrs.  »hall  be  aolil  ftiom  tiin«  to  time  and  the  proceadt  applied  U>  worfcioE 

L.'thc  mine.     Under  thi«  Kgreeinent,  two  ihouDaud  shores  liarc  bc«n  cold  at  two 

f  idollara  per  sliani.     The  Glen  Mining  Cmnpuny  have  siiiue  purvbaaed  of  tiM 

•United  staiea  (iovtrnmcnl.  an  adjoiniri):  <|uarter  ftKl^nn.  maklnf;  the  property 

of  the  CoBpanv  now,  about  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres.     Uining  watk 

'macamnianciNkin  Junela&t,  and  baa  been  vigiirouiily  pnawmtod,  Mndercbarfe 

of  Mr.  Li*>nicttoo,  on  a  tEood  rtia,  which,  at  the  laal  dalefi,  bad  Imm  Opened 

Uo  a  eonsideraUo  extent     SeVetid  anrcx  of  land  have  been  ettarad,  houns 

J-built,  and  a  r(i«d  aiade  lo  connect  with  the  Forest  Companv'a  iol»d.     Tbo  alodc 

^•owned  by  the  t'omt  Company  in  this  ini[i<-,  may  bo  oonsiaered  a  valuable  Hem 

in  their  aiawls. 

Ataapecial  meeting  of  llic  ctockboMer*  of  thiaOonipany,  buld  August  33d 
lasL,  it  was  rotivl,  lo  aet  off  lo  now  orgaiiiaalkuis  : — 

Vho  East  Half  Section  No.  K.  tbm  hnndred  and  twenty  acns,  to  the 

(mmxr  curfcu  ooMTAxr. 

*  Tttt  proptrtjr  of  Ihli  Campaay  wn  lut  notlrod  ett  ftf»  UI,  TeL  II. 


V  Jonrital  of  Coj^r  Mining  Optrathiu.  073 

The  &  E  QiMrter  Swtion  So.  2«,  and  X.  E.  (i<i»rtef  SwihM  So.  M,  throe 
htmdrwl  and  liFdigr  mrk,  to  th« 

nxMONT  ooprca  CMirAHT. 

Tb«  &  W.  Qiurttr  St>cti«n  Ko.  SS,  M»d  N.  W.  Qiultut  Section  No.  SO,  thrM 
huodriMl  kiid  tw«nt7  »cre8,  to  t)i« 

bcvim:  ooppatt  cow-ixr. 

tJpon  riniilar  condilions  u  agreed  with  tbe  Glen  Uiuin^  Coinpuif.  ^ 

Mr.  I.tvingston  wui  iiutrucl<^l  to  iiiak«  Mirfaco  «xaniInat[oi»  on  these  AiC- 
fercnl  lootio'is.  [irciisralftrj  lo  niining  operalioMi  Thfl  litde  time  alTordcd 
pr«vloiis  tn  Ihc  fnll  of  snow,  enabled  him  to  diseorer  on  the  l^irlcj,  tbo  nania 
vein  now  worked  by  tht  Gicn  CoTnpanj. 

On  tlic  Tnnioni  &iitl  ik-ron  locatioiiis,  Itr.  UviocnUni  atao  r«porta  having 
found  viflriii,  Ijiit  the  time.  rIIowH  liiin  wan  insufSdeBt  to  tost  UwJr  Taluo; 
whi^  thti  ii])rin)(  onvns  thmc  explorations  irill  l>n  continued. 

After  [hc«c  suii- divisions,  there  remaics  to  the  t*an«t  Mino  proper,  up- 
w^irdu  of  uDc  thouiiajid  auri'a,  nilh  an  tuttpnt  of  mure  than  one  isilc  Ui  K'ngltl 
of  tbcir  v^a,  which  la  e»fflclont  for  »S  pnrpoaut. 

nioDt'CT  or  rna  xijic. 

The  pwvloet  of  ihe  Forest  Hinc  for  th«  year  ending  Nortmbcr  1st,  prc- 
parad  for  nhipmcui,  wan  84,485  lb*.,  of  tthich  75,703  Ihn  vit*  ahippin]  to 
betnrit,  to  bu  ijuiuttird  by  tht<  Watiirbiiry  Sinctliri^  Company,  irlilcti  yielded 
41, 934  IhH.,  in  inii^tii,  and  wax  Fold  in  umrk'it  nl  tirvnty-«lgtit  and  tir<nly-nine 
cents  per  poiinil.     The  coiil  of  IrelKht  to  Detroit  oaii  mmo  doflara  per  ton, 

Co«t  of  Kmelling  liAevti  'dollars  per  too.  Freight  to  BobIoo,  via  Ugd«Da- 
burcii,  ton  dollnra  per  Ion, 

Thv  Bijiuunt  of  Htauip  copper  at  thu  mine  ia  now  mrj  large,  Ifac  daily 

Erwliirt  of  the  mino  Ix^in;;  more  llian  oufRrii^nt  u>  k«ep  lb*  aUinp*  eaipluyci!, 
Bfudc  making  Inrg^o  occeuionx  to  the  i|uantitT  estimnted  a«  on  hand  a  yMr  Mga, 
A*  uiutli  allcniion  had  been  diretleJ  lately  tu  the  amount  of  "BilTcr" 
coiitainvd  in  llio  veina  of  L«ho  Superior,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  Ntats^ 
tlwt  «noeimcni)  taken  indii.criininatcl]'  fVom  tbe  but«l  vork  of  the  Forettt 
Mine,  haic  been  aitiaycd,  and  found  to  yield  lbirty-fi*e  ounci-a  silver  to  the 
hucdrul  pounds  of  nioenil.  Diia  in  luvrrly  re  furred  to  an  a  lad,  whicfa  may 
or  iD;iy  uol  hare  a  bearing  upon  the  valuif  of  the  mine,  being  depemieat  upon 
the  result  of  inrcatigalioot  notr  going  on  upon  a  Urge  Male:. 

Tlic  Gnancial  condition  of  the  Company  is  shoirn  by  die  mva^ur^r'A  re- 
port subniilltd  ut  Ihlij  meeting,  irhieb.  afU'r  puring  for  supplica  KufBcitint  for 
the  mine  until  summer,  and  outstanding  liabilities  at  tliii  office  to  December, 
nnd  ineludini;  the  whole  amount  of  the  hut  uMicasmeM  of  #5  per  Bhar«,«ii  pvi^ 
leaver  a  bulana'  on  liuiid  uf  (21,111.01. 

Rti-okT  or  THB  sDpeai>mt:n>K:rr. 
The  report  of  Ur.  R.  R.  Livin^toa  i«  quite  full  in  detaOa  of  the  progruui 

of  the  mine 

From  NoTember  Irt,  1852,  to  Noxcmber,  1833,  wo  harie  twokto  1)137.0} 
fcet  of  ground  in  the  ininp,  as  follows : — 

£iaUu.— Xuaalaft,      .     .     «tJ 

Wwt     ■'      Ko,  I,      iH.<i  jm 

••    No.  1,   no  ^ 

gooUi  Vein  Shaft,       IS  M 

^^K  WartWliiM,Ka.8,    T1.T  m 

^^H  IlLU,  at  trvnge  cert  of  fll.!*}.  ™ 


«N 


'opp*T  J/inrnj)  Optrationa. 


Al  DrMrngt—Vrnt  Drift,  Ko.  I, 

iu.a 
tit.) 

»        "    Ko.*, 

M.« 

InaW."    K<ii.l, 

n 

•*    ■*    ■'    Vo.% 

M 

EMt      "    Ko.1. 

««.T 

»         "    Ko.  », 

N 

and  E    "    Ho.  1, 

H.T 

•'    "    "    Ko.a, 

U.1M 

PtiftftMnC.  C.    Ko.  1, 

10.1 

«        "  W.  Winit,  So.  3, 

S.4 

SSMt.  t  Tonca  ooM  of  fl-H. 
<KM.«iMiar>-a  C  Kortii,  No.  I,     T4.S 
,  U.  C.  Soinli,  Kn.  4,       4^ 

'  C:  C.  SauUi,  No.  ii,       <.S 

M.II,  >t  aTcnicv  mU of  flO-St. 
J^pM^.'-Total  &U».,  Srr.».1,  aq.  16U.1  rt{.atar.«<MorH-lAX 

Wdf  JKiL  «'/-«,-»9Sr.M 

Btdlde  the  ftboTv,  then  liu  beta  it  oontldereblo  aiMuu  ef  f  jlnSeruM 

dona  in  the  tmn^  cWerloic  an  oxUnt,  In  stuIU,  $60  foot,  al  ut  vnn^  coil  m 

$2  cirr  Toot     'rimU-ring  ihafbt,  %iA  foct,  at  •  OMt  of  41.S0  per  foot. 

During  the  pmicul  momd,  [  btvc  Atppotl  Ifae  foHoiring  imoant  of  ooppcr 
fruoi  lliis  uiiiiv,  rii. : — 

9  maim.  w«%bia(  ....  4,SMIbii. 

47  buftl*.  Mtvl-vorli,  velsUoa  .  V-,fTI 

m   "   fiunnp-irorlr,       "...  *),WS 


Toul,       . 
Aiul  hara  od  haml,  raadjr  for  i 

Boidc  a  l>r^  nnmsit  of  nnditned  woric,  ill  of  irhidt,  viUi  itin  pndyor 
of  Ihe  iiiinc  iliirtn);  niittcr,  will  tw  mtAy  (br  KblptMnt  Ibb  wHnz. 

The  bottom  or  the  nine  in  Noi.  1  rfiaft  oonbin  a  lode  «fht§a^  irble  aii'l 
wall  durged  with  banvl  and  ttamp  work,  and  wine  im—ai.  frmn  4W  I* 
I/MO  Iba.  West  gtmlt  Xo.  S  alao  hwfa  «ren,  cvtrlng  a  beat;  twte  of  atanp 
irertc ;  in  tho  wtst  drift  No.  3,  tlM  brtoai  at  jir«H<M  b  a  criid  ^rc«  of  copper. 
CorepoBnl  for  tho  moil  port  of  dniKlj'  adbonnj;  barrel  work  mth  ridi  i>tWB]> 
work  inUriDixni,  bnt  t)ic  whole  it  m  cIokIt  nnilFd  and  »  Mmpacl  an  to  !«• 
aHnble  a  lakM.  Tho  atopei  of  the  wKona  lerri  between  N<l  I  and  S  ■llafb^ 
htTc  lunx^il  oiit  poorly,  but  I  iMliaTe  then  te  copper  in  the  bockit  wlilcb  M 
will  \>hf  la  ffDt  oul ;  1  vill  i^otninciicc  sinking  %  fenrlh  lift  in  Noi.  I  fJiwft,  about 
lut  Dec.,  nnj  from  ila  appnnuiM  I  eijiurl  ftoinvlhin;  good.  t>ii  the  whole. 
Ihe  prwoiit  prtMpect  i<t  truly  ccnyiunKiiig,  and  I  am  hopeful  of  shlppiu  a  Ut 
MBOont  of  capper  npxt  >mnn.  Slioiild  tbn  mine  cootioiM  t«  \npnm  In  sink- 
Ill^  wc  chixTI  rvquin?  a  >tuni  engine  next  Ml,  as  oar  depth  ■!  thai  time  w3 
be  {Muter  than  )ioni«  whimn  can  cconomicaDjr  worit  1b.  I>tplb  ii  what  thb 
mhw  ruquirm,  anil  I  atu  sinking  ehaflit  Nol  I  and  9,  u  ftat  as  -*— ""f^iiTWt 
wlBpancit 

Bonoot  um  lakr  nTPcnioK  comouDATBt  (dmi-axt. 

The  UtMt  report  froin  this  mine  itatei  that  tbm  are  turo  nine  «■  |Ui 
Coropanjr'a  buds  wfaivh  linvu  htva  irncvd  orrr  800  bet  tyr  cfivn  eultfn&  aaS 
then  U  or«r  2,000  fci'l  mono  of  tbi>  Cumpukny's  pnipcrtr  thnxtj^li  whldi,  by 
thwr  direetion,  IhBjr  unilonhdiny  citL'ncL 

Tlie  abaft  ii  down  70  Toet— 00  feet  of  Ibat  diilHOo  htia^  m  the  rode.  Il 
la  £  by  8  TeeL 

For  the  RnA  SO  feet  dowm,  the  vein  in  from  3(  to  4  feet  wide,  aOar  whiob 
tm  8&  ivei  the  rein  ciuoli  the  Gliafl  in  liipic»,  so  that  tbu  banginit  wall  in  loel 
^ehl  of  in  Ihat  cutting,  tn  thv  Inal 
t£e  Tiin  b«l«K  fiiUy  Bvu  fcet  wMe. 


OppCT 


I 


^uhMt  pf  Copptr  Miiuny  OperuHoM. 


M 


ll  i>  ihonvKhlj  iDtpngnatH  with  »lMt-«o<i>pR-  UiNUgh  tia  wturie  whUIi, 
tnd  la  vary  ncll,  »irf  bni:r*aiiii>c  in  nrhnnm  iriih  depth.  It  ia  fwld  l»  bo  «u* 
potior  to  the  Ckrk,  tbougb  Ihdi  iJiair  ii  cioellcnc 

KASITmi. 

ThU  mine  wu  lut  notioed  m  iMgw  43$  and  5fi8,  Vol.  IL  I^Ur  nporU 
MalewfolIOK-s: —    ,      f    .'  "  '' 

Th«  «riii»  on  thin  mine  U  dovn  0S  (mI  ;  the  T«in  is  now  in  two  hranch«a, 
on«  on  «*ch  itidc  of  the  win»,  about  two  fi*l  wide,  and  vcrj-  rich  in  copper. 
The  KUDO  Vina  in  drift  No.  1 1>  iu  two  bnuirbn,  «ad  in  tbc  diift  Mmca  Ihom 
Ihvr  w  3  (tm  wiik,  anil  as  rich  as  in  titu  u  iitii'.  Thi^  drill  iii  now  in  343  fwt, 
alMl  onlr  about  137  feet  Eoulh  o(  the  »hnft  t\taV  Uat  gtuniarr.  No.  !  Houth 
drill  in  in  100  feet,  lh«f  hare  cat  ntrcnl  rcinK.  fuedcn  and  bnndicn.  all  tilled 
Kith  oopiwr;  tfas  Uif»t  fat  IS  Inchei  iridc  ll  only  w*bU  (utBoieal  depth 
diiito  on  No.  I  vuia  to  pnrt  Um  niin«  ^ausfactonly. 


The  vein  is  lerf  rich,  and  MVenl  wnaU  mMSM  faave  htoa  taken  ouL  It  !> 
tnat  14  to  Id  Inches  wide,  and  ronUin*  an  nrtnge  of  CU  pvrceal.  Af  c^per. 

TOLTOC  MJSK.' 

TAtrf  rcpofta  than  thosi:  to  bu  fuundon  pags*  197  and  315,  ToiII.,ara«si 
trcuKlj  favoniblc  nspoctinj;  lljis  mint. 

'rho  tninv  has  imin-uTcd  wuH'ltTfiilly  in  the  Kcoad  IrrcL  W«  hare  a  large 
•ein  full  liro  f*i^l  Ihlck  KUmimir,  vtu  of  No,  3.  Piirt  of  the  *i-in  has  b*ea 
(■Inn  down,  ami  is  hcarilv  rhar^ed  with  stamp  voik,  and  with  ronsidrrablc 
baiTd  worit.  We  cannot  bore  in  the  Tern,  in  n  crcat  many  pliicc*,  on  account 
of  eoppcr.  We  are  in  about  00  feci,  and  Iho  iralU  are  a*  reKulf  "  '•''y  "n 
ba,  IMfl  ULSt  of  N&  3  U  about  35  feet,  here  we  hare  a  Urge  vein  flill  of 
Stfttap  ooppcr.  In  a  RTot  many  placL's  wc  cannot  boro  into  tho  Toln  on  ac- 
flonnt  of  aolid  ooppcr.  Ka&t  of  No.  2  on  2d  level,  the  vein  »  looiiini;  well,  over 
IWOfeettlucktindrullof  iit«mp  work.  Wuh&vu  tnkvn  down  th«Ttin  in  stupes^ 
WMt  of  No,  X,  and  It  i»  as  rich  ax  cTcr  in  smnli  nhunlif  and  fttsmp  copper. 
Tho  rein  will  aTtmee  tlireo  fcrt  in  tliiuknraa.  Inliackof  KtopeKpicccKof  cop- 
ptr  an  in  sight  A  lar^v  strip  of  vein  will  b«  taken  iloirn  in  a  few  dayti  east 
of  No.  3,  anJfrora  »11  appearances  w«  willg«l  •  large  Mnoant  of  coppor. 

AtAMaan. 

Thia  mine  wia  lait  noticed  oa  pag«  137,  Vol.  IL  I^Ur  report*  atat^ 
as  followa : — 

At  llic  Algoinah  the  vein  is  as  hurRC  an  ei'cr.  The  ««in  cannot  Im  taken 
down,  until  wo  conunenc<'  rtopinf.  TTio  miners  p«l  very  heavy  hUsi  hohlnd 
it,  but  could  not  blast  it  down.  .Small  piece*  of  copper  are  in  ught  and  I 
would  not  be  surprised  if  there  irau  a  small  maun.  The  thafl  Ik  doirn  about 
six  f«et.  and  wr  Iiivd  commcncAi]  tinking  No.  3  shaft.  Tbo  vein  U  oTcr  two 
foct  thick  and  full  of  (damp  copper. 

Aiiotlicr  letter  npeakiiig  of  thin  nuoe  *ijra;~-Tli«  Algonwh  baa  a  "  apUn- 
did  Hhow  "  indt'i.'d.  The  «ctn  in  Nol  1  shaft  Is  fully  tbrwind  a  half  feet  wld?, 
and  filled  with  rich  barrel  and  xtamp  wxirk.  They  have  got  Uie  vein  in  No.  9 
xhaft,  and  I  hoar  it  ii  loukiDg  v<|ually  a«  well  lu  tbo  other.  > 

riuEni  WKE. 
Evta^lhlBC at  lh»  Phnnix  looks  wrll,  and  anew  tela  ha<b«*n<liM«Tor«d, 
betir««n  the  old  vi'ln  and  tbv  F.wt  Photnix,  tliat  look*  rcttiarkablx  well,  and 
opOHR  bcttcf  than  anything  heretofore  dutcovcrrd  upon  tbe  location.    The  Kut 


aloes, 


*  For  noma  partiMiIart  oTlhe  TolTvo,  Alnnnnli,  Olsiin.  Wlnlhtop, 
lal,  *M"CoRiinarcul  A>poc(orMiDincliilon«C'*lapi«wittn|[fai 


DuUtBudothw 
F-ne. 


«r« 


Jmmal  tff  Cnpptr  Miainy  OpentioM, 


\\x  *«bi  wh«r*  Et  ia  bolnr  OfNtntd  I  eomiilcr  one  o(  llw  btst  tkowB  BPOB 
UuMttliMdvof  lb«rftnge;  uw  tvinh  tvo  and  s  half  tMt  irMouid  wril  fuM 
Trtth  copper. 

n*  OoBiKcticnt  looks  well.  Ko.  1  *lu(l  U  dovn  7D  ftct.  No.  S  SO  ftat. 
AD  tb«  ro<k  tilctrii  froiu  Xd.  1  xloft  is  good  Muop  work. 

ntS  KKPIlIt  KINK. 

Wa  bring  up  the  npofta  fra*n  tlii*  mine,  (rbicb  hiro  botm  kbidl}'  Ibnmdtd 

l»nii,fcMni»rlulDotiaeaDpage'iS7,Val.IL    Wcwould  iMTottuc  lo  Super- 

LJtitondCMis  of  minus  llim  iftbuy  diitre  the  puUic  to  be  ri^Ujr  inJomcd  «f  tbo 

ll|lfOgr«M  of  op«*alioiis  uiiUvt  tlicir  aapvrvision,  tlier«  »  no  pcnoM  ao  captblo 

[«(  giTin^  us  vmwl  iiifoniutlon  ta  tlicmiwlTui,  which  «iU  alwayn  be  dnljr 

tnditod. 

Hr.  E.  (a  Hangw-forU,  th«  Agent,  wrilca  Feb.  SStfa:— 
Lut  Bfeht  tlia  raioera  r>n  acrMs  that  hmsi  of  copper  in  idiaft  No.  I,  <m\f 
it  WU  not  ndl  nwrn.      Th^  took  out  Mver^  b«nutif>il  plvciu  of  copper,  ilte 
.  torgwt  vct^M  ail  pounds  ;  the  Mbcn  were  smaller,  bill  ihiry  arc  h^utlfoL 
I'Dwr  ai*  iniitoumliHl  with  riuortz,  and  tile  Kmall  ones  are  filfcij  with  iL 

n'c  hariT  jiut  coTiipIvInl  n  bouse  uter  «han  N«l  1,  H  liciK  no  iletp  ac  la 
be  In  litit  liltte  •iMiv^iT  of  injuring  th«  roof  by  blasts  b«low.  lliaabafliAnonr 
timbavd  tnta  three  feet  in  the  rw^k  to  the  nirGioe,— in  all  twcntjr-two  feet  of 
I  lUinber,  which  ii  all  of  cvilar,  hvwn  on  the  intidr.  and  is  DalM  bv  tiiiilcira  a 
first-nte  abaft.  In  thi^  as  well  as  all  our  work,  I  hare  tried  to  liKvu  H  well 
don*.  ronsiilrriciK  it  true  ecoROmy. 

The  Kbaft  iit  nix  by  «Iercn  fcut  I  lot  the  fintt  contract  in  the  rock  tb« 
SOth  inKlaiit.  to  a  party  of  four  mineri,  to  innk  thirty  luct,  whi«h  will,  u  yoa 
Till  see  by  the  plan,  Imng  us  to  the  uiit  Ivvvl.  I  bane  some  men  oMv-cnt- 
Unit  at  ili«  point  niarkod  on  Ihv  miip,  near  tli4  cvdar  awamp ;  aa  mob  m  w« 
Itrikr  the  T«!n  I  *h>11  coimnem-c  the  lullt  level,  anil  drill  fiouth  a*  lh«t  u  pe*- 
■iblo,  tbiu  draining  the  xuriaco  water  from  sbaftii  Noa.  1, 3,  and  8,  aa  *oca  a» 
Ihey  (an  bu  n.-adieil. 

Again  on  Manh  18tb  ho  trriles ; — 

Our  rein  in  now  lookioR  ftrst-rslo ;  we  hare  taken  out  one  nMOB.  ifim 
ny  la«l  Mtar,  wclfthiTii;  l  T  Ihs.  Our  entire  T«>n  la  rich  MaRip  work,  b«tter 
^fhan  any  wcaaw  nt  thu  Iran  City  i^hnll.  We  nrc  getting  oat  daily  xnftgs and 
piecen  of  pure  copptr  from  oni'  or  Iwu  ouncus  to  two  or  three  pOUnilK.  Tliil 
ailM  in  tailing  out  more  copper  than  any  mbie  ihb  side  of  the  Nonh-Wcsl, — 
it  wSI  bcwpraiain^ 


A  c«rreKpouih-nt  writing  to  lu  front  St  Louiii,  slatM  lUMie  fnttrealing  par- 
twdan  relatire  lo  the  metallirerous  weallh  of  thai  rtcb  State : — 

Dear  Sir  : — You  will  yAt^.v  Miitl  your  Uagaziaa  19  the  "  Stanton  Copp«f 
Company,"  addrawod  lo  .St.  I^nin.    The  work  la  deilred  from  Tol.  I.  No.  I. 

I  have  myiMiirfcIt  mufh  solicilndc  that  your  irirk  (to  which  I  am  already 
a  subMcribtr)  ahould  prote  worthy  of  ilie  cauiw  in  which  yoa  hare  onUated. 
89  long  a.1  you  continue  lo  gite  ui  faoU  Iroia  pnetical  men,  rvlher  ihan  tbeo- 
Hcafrmii  buok'tiicn,  jou  will  Kcomplish  grealgood  for  the  cotinti;. 

The  mining  inlercM  of  the  United  Slaten,  particularly  gold,  copper,  tcad, 
^kek  oobnlt,  and  ooal,  only  DMdt  the  spread  of  knowledge  to  girc  it  nttk 


Jouriud  o/  Copptr  Mining  0ptraH»u4. 


W7 


;  men  of  ctpttil,  nod  Ukc  the  tnatu^CDottl  of  mintnl  kffwn  vat.  o(  the 
tuuida  of  iii«r«  KUdcgoUwnL 

At  idtnf  future  ()a,r,  ire  ih&U  niake  amngcoielib  here  to  poet  you  up  m 
rtfflrd  to  the  mct«!liruroiu  vnllh  of  MIsMari.     This  Sute  ku  30,000  tqiUK 

milM  of  lead,  Clipper,  iron,  nickel,  •tid  cobnlt.  But  the  geology  and  minerat 
ohMBclcr  of  tliy  Slat*  [a  nut  yot  otbd  parti«lly  undprslooil 

The  Coiiipsny  for  uihioh  I  hiive  ordered  your  worV  arc  now  dcYi;lo|iinjE  ■ 
mine  whiuh  jiromijipii  result*  tlml  will  »jrtoni.ih  tbc  uninitiated.  The  0[>pnmg 
of  it  throwK  a  flood  of  ligM  on  llip  mi'lallifor^iw  giHiltigy  of  the  Slati;.  And 
fortunately  tUu  inioe  U  in  liuiids  that  bold  it  to  work,  and  not  for  ulu  in  &iiy 
■tock-jobhing  operUion. 

IT  jour  mining  nixn  in  N»ir  York  (=nch  »s  the  Anurlun  Mimitg  Coia- 
panj)  were  rightly  adrlKcd  in  regard  to  MIsMuri,  they  vould  scarcely  find  ic 
ntoowtry  to  go  DO  &r  M  Cuba  to  work  minoiL    Truly  youn^         R.  S.  H. 

KEDVtTAS  corrca  coiirixr. 

Tho  mining  prapprty  of  tills  Cuoipany  nu  but  noticed  or  page  SOI ,  Vol.  11. 
Tho  President  of  tbe  Company,  Mr.  P.  0.  May,  thuii  Kportt  the  progmw  of 
operation:"  :— 

The  iiuiii)j('r  of  laborers  cmploy»d  U  S9.  uul  it  Ik  iiit«^dud  to  mcrauui  the 
nuuiher  loCO  or  70-  Tho  rollcnand  cruEliem  ar»reatly  fi>r  mie,  and  (be  build- 
lagt  of  the  I'oiupany  nill  bi-  snfBdent  Cm  oiaay  years  to  come.  Tlic  shnft  \» 
iown  SI  feet,  and  about  half  a  ton  of  ore  il  taken  out  of  |U«  lint  level  by  two 
men.  The  Siipcrinliindent  bclleTca  that  at  the  duplh  of  60  feet  )>«  can  lake 
out  G  or  It  tons  |)er  day.  It  i(  expected  that  thin  Company  will  faacc  rv»iW 
tor  Bhipmcnt  on  the  1st  May  SOI  toot  iitlphurct  of  ooppar,  svwajing  "ii 
par  cent 

ixA.UELL.i  coi'i-aa  Ktxe. 

The  location  of  thii  mine  ia  deacribed  on  page  433,  Vol  L  Recent  account! 
from  the  iniiit>  iilat^  that  the  nilnera  are  tiinitiig  out  large  quaolitica  of  copper 
ore — have  eoin^  three  hundred  tona  now  ready  for  the  aiueltiag  <r«r)u,  Mid 
could  ba>c  hail  more  by  thii  time  If  it  enuld  have  been  remoT«il. 

The  Captain  of  the  iiabella  writes,  under  date  of  April  13 :— It  will  be 
iutt  eight  niuiitha,  the  99<1  of  lliig  month,  since  the  Unit  pick  wa.t  stuck  in  the 
ntHUul  on  thiH  mine,  and  within  that  pirriod  w<'  have  driTen  SSS  feet  of  levels — 
SftO  ftct  of  open  cut — have  sunk  ST  feet  of  shofts— No.  1  fi"  ftct,  aad  No.  !  80 
foot;  have  buiH  ore  Iloor*,  dreMJiig-house  SOXflO  feet,  smith  aliop,  boarding- 
house,  dwelling-hoiue,  etc. 

DOLLT  nms  xixK. 
In  regard  to  the  Dolly  flldo  Mine,  7%e  Liherty  Banaer  aays : — 
The  delivery  tVom  this  mine  in  a  few  week*  will  tnoHl  likely  bo  oter  100 
tons  of  superior  ore  per  month,  regularly,  and  the  advantasiia  of  Ihn  Inie  rate 
of  transporlatiun  on  tlie  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Kailruud  to  lialtimore.  where  tlicrc 
in  always  a  liriKk  Jem.iiid  for  it.  must  niaki:  it  pay  wi-li.  Tli«  wlm;  bus  bL-eii 
steadily  Itii'rensing  in  value  for  the  last  nix  nionlhs,  and  the  developments  madn 
within  tho  past  month  on  the  wert  "Ide  of  the  Dolly  Hide  stream,  wo  are  told, 
fully  meet  the  most  sanguine  eipcctatiomi  of  tho  ovnera. 


rM  CTKTAfii;  or  WOUMI  corralL 
Front  July  SOtk,  180:),  U>  July  30th,  1903,  there  wen  aoM  of  copper  ores 


678 


Jovmal  of  CojipT  Mininy  OptratitMi. 


fit  Cnmvmlt  I90,09S  (om,  and  in  SiranMa  29,340  tons,  nttUng  En  ill  X09,Sn 
Khik,  prodiKiiig  14.303  loiiH  18  enU.  of  ftiw  copper;  vUck  it  «<|n>l  to  a 
nmgo  pradiiM  of  T-T4  |>«r  cent 

c*re  Of  oooB  swfc 
Tlic  following  Btaleuienl  will  present  somo  Mm  of  tht  mtnii^  c>p4««tfeM 
kI  the  Cnpv  ol  Good  Dope  u  ibc  recent  ikkaL    Tlic  rtports  of  gold  dk- 
covprirx,  khhougb  at  prc»cnl  tndclinite,  ore,  to  a  ccrUin  extent,  doubtksK  oot' 
r*ct:— 

At  the  Cape  RtEnJng  openitioiia  wcnr  oaTUfij-ing  a  Urge  share  of  atten- 
tion ;  llr  SAVYfhf ,  B  fcrnli^tt,  who  hxr]  hrnn  Kent  out  b;  a  coonpin;  tn  Eng- 
land to  maVe  inrcrtiptfion-i  nt  Nninl,  ImJ  nrriu-iJ  nt  C«pe  Town,  on  his  war 
bono,  whi?n  llio  Maittantl  Mining  Cumjiany  i-ngTiiKit  )um  to  £■>  up  to  IboTF 
nlnt><,  nil':!  makr  an  ixjilonilioii.     It  mm  r*i]i<>rli'<l  ho  had  dIsooTored  anid 
rilxcd  up  wilh  ijuirl(»ilvcf  upon  their  property,  nboul  18  miles  from  PoK 
EXlizabclh.     Eltcnuire  dcftotiiLi  of  popper  hsil  bwn   found  in  Nnlnnt|iJnlBlid,' 
llDi!  Uk  b>1J*o«ii  country,  whk'li  nas  (■xritin^  mimliltraUv  inlvrv-^t  aioan^  th« 
hanti,  And  wTcni]  small  eompanic!)  hnii  licrn  fortned  tn  work  on  lands 
ey  hacHeoxtd  from  theColomial  (ioTemmcnt-     I'pwirds  of  lOO  Ian*  of  cop- 
er had  hecn  rtceittO  during  th«  past  yuar  hi  ('.apt  Tour&.    t>rdtn  hare  alu 
«cn  f^ttn  to  employ  some  scitrntinc  men  to  Ini^Hti^iito  and  einlon'  iIib  lands 
far  till-  Clanwitliiun  didrici,  aomc  of  the  leadinf;  merrhantx  at  Inr  ('n|io  luring 
I  nbtaiiicl  ti'ttst's  frotn  tho  constituted  iialiTO  ■ulhoiilii.'K.  rniutirij'  ttxio  t)io  fX> 
l<cli>«irti  right  of  ihv  np^niiiK  and  working  copper  and  otlwr  niin«H  upon  tisrtx 
ttr  htnd  occopicd  br  abongincsand  othcn^  at  and  about  (be  Rhenish  mitahnw 
'try  ttation  of  Suiiiiopo,  bMir«en  tho  Bufl«l  and  Orange  rirtn. 


AMHticx!!  xiHixa  coHrAyra  hokthit  rs-ort  Taov  tub  Kom.* 

[PrTE«rrJ  fw  ISt  Mmtnr  MiCMiAB  J 

yoneUA  JfiM.— [Cttnict  oflett«r  froin  A,  C,  TInxU.  Ak*'"!,  April  3d,  lEM.] 
— "Oar  mill  haa  bmi  running  two  wmIw  and  n  bnlf  and  works  tlnvlf.  W« 
bad  one  baitorj  of  four  stamps  in  motion  liat  wvclt,  and  )mtu  anoUiBr  battsry 
done.     Thi'  cnpno  works  ns  wrll  as  could  bu  wish«d  for. 

"  Tbi'  holtinn  of  ihaft  1)  is  rich  in  mam  canptt,  as  ar«  the  fhit*,  incoinc 

dnwti.     The  3d  lend  east  has  inada  copper  botli  in  top  and  bottorn.     Tn<  M 

lerol  wvNt,  for  tlie  last  !iO  foet  fans  shown  mtas  eo()prr.    'll»c  3d  krel  weat 

I  •hows  a  Inr^  lodo  well  churj^  with  small  nuutosand  bMrel  Hud  HUmp  irortc. 

( Btopv  No.  1  last  kIiovs  msBB  txippcr.    Siupe  No.  3  badt  of  8d  kT«l  wwt,  slMira 

[ptnidl  mws  copper  Hiid  loirrcl.    The  balmicv  of  sloptw,  ((aod  todM  of  fawNl 

1  atonp  woric.     Winie  in  badom  of  2d  levol  ir«ist  had  a  good  lodo  of  stamp 

f«nd  h*ml  iiurk.     Winm  in  botloui  ofSd  lenl  treat  oC  shaR.  shows  higmoi 

I  copper.     In  sI1  respects  the  nilno  looks  an  pnnnisinfi  as  I  mor  saw  U- 

The  copper  we  hnre  reiidy  for  ibipment  is  cci'tainly  Kood  for  T6  per  cent." 

H'iiiAw  .Win*.— (K.vlrncls  of  IttterK  from  I>.  Plummcr,  Agrat,  and  A.  C 

Dnviti,  dated  Miirth  20th.  lftG4-)~"'  Tliis  luinc  it  loaking  w«IL      Thx  wIdm  Ea 

'  down  to  the  id  kni.     We  are  now  getting  good  copper  in  tbis  lc«el  gOJn^ 

'  IrMtward ;  we  look  ont  one  piece  irei];htnK  a  handn'd  pouwb,  and  Xbm:  is 

'  anotbcr  pie«  in  the  cod  of  the  drift  which  from  appcanooea  wITl  ha  inacb 

fcr^CT.     I  shall  hsT*  a  good  deal  of  «topiiiy  ground  that  I  (*n  heat  itowti 

[  dwfng  summer.    I  have  done  no  stoping  this  winter.    There  ct  imiw  at  least 

~  or  tons  in  xigbt,  in  large  and  small  mswc  «■     On  th«  ntiB  r^in,  1  spoke  of  m 

vaj  former  leltf^r,  the  fliAft  is  now  down  30  l^t,  and  I  Eiare  got  |i*rt  of  th« 

tein  in  it,  whii'h  liiilis  tcry  welt  indeed." 

April  iA,  IS34.— "  The  Wicdsor  is  looking  as  big  m  over,  aud  will  xhip  a 
good  lot  of  copper  this  tmmw."  > 

*  Thow  nporta  win  kenallw  bo  condnoed  eTe>7  nanlb' tfi  lUt  Hapalnsi; 


I 


JoanuU  (/  Copptr  Mining  Optralmu. 


01»» 


^ 


-  D^rhg  Jruiii.-~[Extntct]|  of  kitcra  from  S.  9.  RoIhiimil  AgoDt,  and  A.  C. 
Davi*,  (bt«d  April  IxL  1854.}— "TIm  ahafl  iu  the  Dortb  v^n  id  uovi  •lorn  fiA| 
fMt  Thp  *<i[i  is  stHI  regular,  niiii  t-teemg,  but  n«(  as  rich  •*  tt  hut  bceafl 
Tbe  shal\  in  ihc  eoulli  T«iii  is  dott'i  nO  Tvct  uid  is  tookiiiz  bctCnr  thtin  I  hav^l 
Men  it  before  m'ncc  I  have  been  brrc.  Tb«  ground  conUini  tott  eDiitoUj 
qurU  inJ  »oinellitiis  mueb  resi'iiibling  scapaUM.  Thi«  soft  (-round  la  IHMT" 
carnio^  soiu<r  o>jmiT," 

Apnl  ftt— "  Tiic  llwby  south  vuin  U  imprarlng.  Tho  north  ruin  ii  about 
M  obcn  I  last  srotD." 

Miifwn  .ViV./,~[Eitnirt ufletter  from  X  C.  DaTiw.  April  M,  1854.)—"  Tli» 
Sharan  lode  is  rtn-j  ciicoiir^u;;.  H»vt  one  sbaft  down  on  iliia  lode  SI  feoL 
The  lod«  is  from  Id  (o  20  ini^hpii  wliW,  wlib  RtMap  vark.  and  an  ootsKional 
chunk  nf  bonvl  vark.  Tho  north  roin  we  are  driflinj;  emit  iind  w«<t  from 
itball  So.  I,  at  a  dojith  of  SO  fret," 

^a  .lu^iu'in<>  Stiiif. — [Extrnds  of  Itfttvntfrom  !).  P,  ChambeHin,  Agen1|' 
diltd  A|«il  13lh,  IbiH]— ■■  Wi;  are  Umkin*  tot}' well  in  oar  nnderitraoiw' 
work*.    The  itimt  still  iih«wE  .i  giM>A  locic,  iookla£  bmt  an  it  (oea  ea«L" 

April  iisch. — "  Wc  hjivc  ntiiwlilj'  iirogrcmed  with  out  ilrifU  to  tho  «urt  nai} 
mat  of  Die  main  workiuga  in  tiio  vt\m«.  Those  vndi  hnrc  not  shown  as  rich, 
a  yield  of  prill  ar«  t»  in  urvviond  months^  but  stilt  ronlinno  to  6ho«'  a  flnc^ 
mialil^r  of  (par  well  inii)ti:>rd  iriih  yellow  tav.  The  todo  scorns  to  bo  making' 
down  in  full  force.  In  the  12-fotharo  level  eoinc  wcat,  hare  comtneoo«d  ft^ 
ero*s  till,  it)  a  ni^cltun  of  tbe  mino  nervr  worked  belbre,  and  of  ttue  promlM.] 
Till;  i^roiiitd  1,4  kilUs  and  fi]iiir,  vitli  a  vury  good  kind  of  yvllow  ore.  I  cxpnit' 
tn  rvap  a  rirh  yield  in  (ho  stopc,  lUi  lh•^  workini^s  around  the  shall  at  ll)_ 
(athoms  bod  (oine  beautiriil  iptiv  ore  and  Rd  oxide." 

[fniin  It  Gibb»  Esci-  Neuvitw,  April  SO(h,  16M.]— "  You  will  km  by  Hp. 
Cludnbvrlin'i  report,  he  i»  driTing  an-ay,  ind  will  baiw  a  EOod-tdKod  ViMwlV 
cargo  to  go  shortly.  He  has  a  hand*.OTii«  pile  of  prills.  In  h»:t  every  tblng' 
gOM  llko  <^tock  work,  and  looks  prosperoas  at  the  ^m  AfvvUtt*." 

San  Anlatiiii  .Vint. — f Rxtmecs  of  iMIora  fironi  JamM  Porter,  Atrnt,  MaTch' 
28d,  11*S«.] — "I  hare  aome  of  tho  bort  mineni  on  the  aoiilh  lode,  rtopingnwar 
Irom  t  si  Irrel  in  I'rctidencta  rtiaft  at  M  foct  ^m  lurfaer.  Am  atiio  driving  in 
Uoyd  sbafi,  al  tho  Sd  h-Tel,  100  fM'l  from  ftiirracc.  The  apptOiaoM  of  tW 
ground  tir  ihn  laiit  m  frttin  ili"-  Iwhelsbafl,  gin  air  good  indteationsfor  on;, 
na  luiv  ((round  we  bare  Ronci  throush  in  the  whole  warkinga." 

[I'rom  R,  <:ibba.  E»).,  Oonaul,  Neuviia.'i.  April  30th.  I8M.]— "  Mr.  Portvr  la 
morti  MO|pjine,  and  I  hare  no  doiibl  will  inakv  a  good  $how  from  Sati  AnUinlo. 
Prom  my  own  knowledge,  and  informatioR  from  tho  former  Dircelor,  I  hara 
tmry  en«lldciM«  thatlin  will  vmn  be  turning  out  krfn  lots  of  maWbitc." 

Cabamt  iliru,  X.  K— [Kitrart  of  lellcrtVwn  H.  R  Palrbanka.  AprilSlirt, 
1B54.}— "  We  have  struck  a  pyvi  lode  10  iiithe*  wide,  in  the  drift  from  Bevan 
tliaft,  at  43  (ixt  vast  from  the  Khnft.  Fink  shaft  is  cut  down  84  feel  and  thfl 
tiinbcrii  net  in." 

[April  3M  I  tat,  from  William  fCrerharL]— "The  drift  in  the  PilUxhaftia 
25  feel,  rtiii  5  intlie*  wide ;  drift  in  Kcran  ahaft  ix  Irt  feel,  vein  from  10  to  IS 
inchvH  tbirk,  and  lbi>  ore  U  p><y\.     The  rarpi-nlers  hare  the  framing  all  done." 

[May  4th,  1W4.  from  ,V,  A.  Parker,  r.cnfnl  AEenl.]— "  Wc  have  jtist  got 
at  theveinin  thoBcTanchalUtfl-niKbt.  and  took  nntaboutSbusliDlsof  arc.  It 
looks  welt,  being  some  B  inehcx  in  width  and  inorcwinfc.  t 

"The  drift  In  tbonir  shaft  promini-BtobeoneoTtbc  bent  place*  in  tbe  mtna^' 
being  BOme  I!  or  II  inches  in  width,  of  rich  brown  ore.  I  have  no  fears  but 
that  wo  ran  get  oro  moiljtb  in  tliil  oonntry." 

May  IStlu— "  The  founilation  for  enaine  is  all  duj[,  and  the  enKino  buildins 
Dp  and  enclosed.  Tli«  iicpnratinj  buildin^  timben  are  nil  rendy  ti>  be  rained,' 
and  our  Inmber  and  shingles  all  on  tho  spot.  Stune  and  mortar  are  on  tha 
RTonnd.  rciuly  to  lay  foimdatlon  to  engine  and  crushers.  Our  shaft  is  roadjr 
for  ih«pDmp«;  a  comfortable  ofliec  atid  good  bam  bn0ti  and  the  vain  provM 
tororcr  3,000  feet,  with  nonio  ore  on  sur&cc," 


680 


Jovrnal  of  SUnr  and  Ltwi  Mining  Operutioiu. 


JumabMn  ifiiM,  FuMiuJi>.-(£xtnct  from  Bepwt  of  W.  B.  Colbora, 
Jigxt,  Uaj  lOtb,  1651.]  -"  Homv  SfiQO  U,  4,000  [to.  ot  nliieral  was  taken  from 
Uio  south  *u)u  nnge  «rh«ro  (tiu  iiuarhrlns  crtricM  crou  it,  and  wu  ni«cd  it 
tiie  pump  xliiifL 

"  Tli<]r«  lirr  Utfwe  iilulU  on  F.ngino  nm][c  marked  N,  N,  anil  0,  tli«  lut  «f 
wbich  is  ensiiic  )>li*ft.  Vr'c  havo  got  Kcvcnl  tbuusuiiU  belweeu  N  nod  0  In 
neir  KTound,  and  thtrrt  ia  atfll  non  in  ti^t. 

"1  gunk  on«  shaft  on  (h«  soutb  sMe  rango  aarkM  X.  dovn  i«  water,  ami 
hsTc  it  drifted  each  way  in  nil  ^  feet  In  tbc  end  of  tiiu  ilrilt  goiof  tMtll 
there  IK  Kome  niioenil  in  night. 

"  The  puuip  sljaft  b  uuw  ilowD  130  ftct  umI  U  workbg  rwf  wall,  with  a 
lut  HmivMXKV  iif  nnothtf  opening  not  br  dbtant 

''The  next  nngc  luiuth  u  tbc  Obiohann  ranjcc,  on  which  then  U  but  DM 
ahait,  I',  in  whicJi  we  [in*c  doiit  any  wwrk.  It  appeam  t«  he  Twr  hard  rock, 
but  evifrj;  pookvl  in  the  ruck  iit  fm  of  Una  on,  awl  tber»  ia  »  thin  shaet  all 
the  time  in  tbo  cniTJce  as  wo  co  down. 

"  Tlic  next  ranife  louib  i*  Uic  Ell^on  ran/o,  on  vhlcli  I  haw  sank  ta^  abafis 
({  aod  R.     from  tliesc  ihnlU  1  b*Tc  onl;-  tak<ni  1500  puunik  mineraL 

"  The  nest  ru igv  in  llie  Tbumaa  range,  and  lias  jrietiifi  cooiklimblo  mineral. 
I  lUTe  sunk  lhr««  shaftjt  upon  this  range.  T,  D,  v.  The  nuM  ol  the  mineral 
In  tiijs  nap)  was  fouidi  in  drlfUng  from  W  wv«l  la  T,  juU  below  old  woiIel 
Ia  alnoat  all  the  placet  wh«(«  wg  found  mineral,  and  touk  it  iMt,  we  Itfl  It 

CI  below,  and  in  Mine  place*  aborti    tn  oinki&g  and  drilling  T,  w<<  fot  &,0M 
or  miuMaL 

"  Tli«  shaft  V  wa4  sunk  down  to  water.  The  flnt  t^tfiing  waa  amall,  bot 
bad  in  it  nanic  Tcrj  One  Kpocimcnx  of  ore. 

"  On  tile  Barm  mnge  is  yliafl  I,  which  ix  being  xunk.  They  lumjust  got 
|0  the  dtp  rott  tu-iUy,  and  havu  bit  tlie  t-reviti-  exactly ;  have  )p>t  at  least  a 
dOJton  pounds  Qiat  mi'icml  on  top,  vritli  a  «Ar<f;  rliching  in  the  crevice. 

"  On  the  LUliltn  land  itre  shafts  F,  G,  and  IL  TIm  latter  i«  a  ne*  fJiaft,  where 
they  have  not  )iecn  Xoag  at  work,  but  hare  raised  many  Ihonisands ;  at  U,  an 
immeiuu  i|uanlity  luw  furiuurly  been  taken  auL  1>n  the  Care  rann  ia  abalt 
Z,  this  [  aoi  now  sinking.  Alau  on  the  uld  Kngine  rang*,  shaft  Y.  ThcM 
two  titv  amcag  11i«  hvtfi  rnngi^s  In  the  eountry.  Siitco  I  hae«  brjenn  «ritiil|b 
'  "w  minoK  in  drifting  in  the  shaft  X  bproro  H[iokon  ef,  on  the  *o«th  idde  ranges 
are  struck  miocral  and  look  out  6iiO  poundi^  and  it  looLi  «<U  abcad." 


JOtlBSA!,  OF  SILVER  AND  LEAD  MISISG  OPERATIOSS. 

SILVER  COISAOB  DI  1658. 

nie  sflirtr  ooioase  o(  tit*  United  Suies,  England;  aud  IHom,  in  18SS, 
WM  as  follows  :— 

•f.^?'},!!*  £T01,M1  tIbfiW.'in 

OPKRiiTioKs  or  thk  aueiucan  kniko  cawkv  a  Fiscomix. 
A  staUment  or  tho  location  tit  this  Company  in  Wisccmain  was  made  in 
[pftge  SOS,  Vol.  TI.     Wc  arc  indebted  to  tlio  alitor  at  ftw   Jefffrt^nian  at 
deoa,  Sxr  the  detsila  relative  to  the  Company's  operations  vaA  their  prog- 
'tws:— 

The  American  Mining  Oompany,  a  well  known  and  vtalthy  oTunnilSlioo, 

of  wlii<:b  K.  t  I'hfllp^  Ksq,.  of  Nu'w  York,  \«  the  I'resident,  has  bten.  ai  oar 

,  mtders  arc  aware  f^tr  siiont  a  yoar  pabt  •.■n|ing«il  in  an  enterprise  near  Pair- 

ef,  WiM.,  within  twelve  miles  of  thlii  dty,  whieh  is  of  no  Mnall  intcrist  to 
owners  of  mineral  lantlii,  and  the  people  of  the  mining  district  geBonU^. 
I  Afcwday*  idnce,  we  viaited  tbu  wurluof  tlie  Company. 


Jintmal  of  SSIvtraiut  Lttid  Mininy  OpenHottt. 


esi 


Ilia  fTMini)  upon  wbic^  ibo  pKntipil  nhaft  u  vank,  in  owned  hj  Ifae  Com- 
pan.r— twcntr  »crw  in  *ll.    It  la  a  part  of  the  hich  land  nidiraj'  betwora 
the  Siniinawa  MouikI  aud  th«  loirvr  miiiilrjr  adjolmng.    Conllevovs  (o  thoir ' 
own  ground,  aoO  acna  bolOMJng  to  tho  mwiastic  ordw  of  SL  fPornmiauc — k  ' 
part  of  llio  endmmient  of  ^irinawii  Mound  CoUvge  dmt  at  hnnd,  uiiticr  tti«  . 
nipcrviiion  of  R«v.  Fstlivr  Jurboc,  tlie  Prior— have  been  lewod  for  nloing 
purpoW'M   upon   fuvorsbk'   tnnnn.     MikIi  aiinln^  bat  boon  dgno  Qpon   thiit 
ITOiinil  in  jrars  post,  but  it  faa^i  btcn  like  too  much  otherdigsins  hntkboat, . j 
onlf  Eupcrlicial,     The  Iri-qiiviit  tinlf  lillwl  stiafia,  nlckcr  boloa  and  lirts,  att«sf  ] 
th«  auccriw  of  tliu  labor  i-xpuinlcil  tliont  hvrvtofore.     Not  <m\y  this  locality^ 
but  iiiimiToiis  othcra,  wore  carffiiUj'  mininod  hy  !>r.  J.  (J.  Percira!,  th<  enri- 
ncnt  practical  gi-olii^t  and  □liiKTologiil.  bffaru  a  blow  ira-t  struck.     Upon 
the  Klnngth  of  lii»  opioloii  loiK-bin^  iTw  mincnl  rvMurcM  of  tfao  country  in 
genvritl,  and  [Artii^ulnrly  upon  the  proopeiit  there  protnlMd  fora  tnccdf  rvtum 
of  any  amount  of  money  tlml  mieht  bo  jodiciuiudf  «xpaul«d,  operaUonBj 
wnx  lotniticnotul  hj  Iho  etvcliuii  of  ^  perutaiiunl  •urine  nooae  aiul  machinvj 
abop,  tiigvthpr  with  other  buildbgi  noecqurf — ft  rT«iii(inc«  for  the  agrnl,  barn 
etc.  rXir,     AnciMllcnt  engine  onioiuo  tbirtjrio forty  bono  power  voa  set  Up 
ktut  for  thu  Itrdt  liiutr  in  ibp  bistorj  of  the  lead  niin«ii,  ire  were  maUtKl 
(ar.  Ihat  a  mining  companj  with  money  and  ft  wlllin];;noe8  10  spend  it, 
fiifrlT  ftl  work. 

At  the  period  of  our  Tisil,  wo  found  erory  thing  in  oomptete  nroiUng 
ort!«r.  Th«  pumpshatl  has  bi^en  put  down  one  huudrud  and  tiReen  feet,  Awa 
trhloh  ft  tcii-in[>h  pimp,  of  the  tftteit  and  moot  approved  oonEtruetion,  wai 
lifting  a  miniature  llood  at  (-very  turn  of  tlie  wlied.  Tho  opemlioni  in  tliis 
abaft  are  con(itiu«i|  witliout  intennlHsion  day  and  iiigbl.  A«  the  sliaft  deepens, 
tbe  irat*r,  ax  the  mincfc  have  it,  becomes  "  stron^r,"  and  wc  learned  lliat 
the  ftjtcnt  vt  daily  rxpctrtinp;  a  pump  of  greatA'  capacity,  nitb  nbich  no  difll- 
cuUy  is  intieSpAieil  In  keeping  thu  iiiiineroUH  sbafU  cnUrciy  iry. 

At  Fair^lay,  aa  elsenlierii  in  the  mine-i,  itiinvral  is  fouml  lo  exist  in  ranstcs 
or  ereviern  in  the  niagncciftn  lime  rock.  Thcsi*,  upon  the  Company'R  jtrouoda, 
arc  about  aiily  yards  aporL  Sii  ranges  Uave  been  oppned,  ranniiiff  parallel 
witb  each  otLiT,  and  nil  nflordirig  abundant  cvidonoe  of  the  exiutencoof  nJii- 
abte  bodies  of  ore.  Upon  tbciw  iii(  ran;;efl  thirteen  ilialU  have  been  mink — 
noil  of  them  to  a  levid  with  the  bottom  of  the  pump  ibad,  or  U  ixar  that 
keel  od  ilie  water  will  permit.  The  quantity  of  mineral  alrwuly  ralttr't  in 
Uieir  preliminary  operations,  in  nu  HI  dent  tnjustirj  nxtravaipint  hopes  of  f^lur« 
development*.  As  it  i.i  nut  the  objeet  of  the  gentlemen  engaged  in  thiaenler* 
prfatcv  lu  make  a  show  ou  pnper,  for  the  purjiOitu  of  crfatini;  a  market  for  their 
Itoek,  alt  diKKiiiK  dunr  thus  far  has  been  with  a  Ticir  lo  "proev"  the  ground 
— to  ascertain  the  e.tistencp,  probable  richness,  txtcnt  and  dirwtion  of  the  lead 
bearing  veins,  ^Vlivru  lea'l  linH  Ix'cu  encouiitered.  it  haa  beaii  irorked  ont, 
aimply  to  rumovc  11,  but  not  with  ih*  intention  of  followinc  tho  vein  until,  In 
miner*'  langiuige,  it  "  pclent."  Wlien  the  ground  is  thorouijhly  tesrted,  nnd 
more  powerful  machinery  is  set  up.  we  may  expect  a  rkh  rvwaril  to  the  capi- 
talistx  who  have  the  enterprise  in  hand.  At  prvaant,  this  tnlno  girts  eniploy- 
,    jiient  to  (Idy  men— mincrjt,  engincem,  and  laborer*. 

Without  ajiking  the  question  directly,  we  arc  of  the  opinion,  from  wltat 
we  saw.  that  tli«  expenditures  up  (o  this  tirne  lure  been  not  far  ftvut  (.'lO/KiO. 
We  underetand  that  it  is  not  the  intention  of  the  Company  to  ditconlinne  their 
operationa  until  that  amount  in  ouailrupled — sunk  witliont  prospect  of  return. 
That  sueceaa  nill  not  crown  their  efforts,  no  man  who  is  umiliar  witli  whitl 
our  country  contains,  will,  for  a  moment,  believe.  It  Is  pomibte  that  Ihcr 
may  meet  with  drawbacks  and  divuuni~tmenbt — with  ulutaclet  tlml  would. 
to  an  indivirlusl.  be  iiisiiriu'Hintn>itc ;  but  we  Yai'v  no  doubt  thxl  their  rewarij 
will  be  w>  Eiiinal  that  the  example  they  luve  set  will  be  widely  imitalcd.  In- 
dnd,  the  cneourBp^ments  arv  so  many  (hat  this  sainu  Coinpaiij  havo  atreaJj 
leaaod,  in  the  uei^borhood  of  ilaael  Gri«o,  1,900  acTM  of  nh^b  nbuaiu 


Joitmat  <^  SUvtr  and  Vtai  3tin.ing  OptraHom. 

groiud,  upon  which,  durlBelhoBunuiMr,  more  pnirarful  «i^<u  than  Ibe  one 
now  iiC  work  at  Furplkjr  wol  b*  Mt  up. 

It  is  hanUy  [KMidile  to  c«loukt«  (be  tllbct  upon  tin*  cotintrT-,  Ihu  th«  no- 
doabted  woogm  of  (hU  0ociip»nj''8  cJi|>uriiii«<it  irauM  produce.  The  uiniiig 
(li«trfct  Is  not  Iocs  tli&n  100  miles  in  Ic^nitlh  by  4*1  milcK  in  wjikb.  In  vrrrf 
toarmliili,  inducement*  ktc  held  out  for  tbc  tiuiiloymcnt  orcapittl,  Uit  lUtl«0t 
Dot  lA  all  infrrior  to  ttioao  wliich  nvl  llic  uiirkii  ■(  Fiibf t^  m  opnslioa. 

When  it  shall  to  ilcmon^Imlivl  (hnl  n^AnciotvI  ofrittl  inajr  be  mfitaUf 
omploytd  in  tlio  scnrch  for  lend  oiv,  the  n-bole  counlrj'  from  the  Wicoomla 
liter  to  SttTaniiB,  will  rise  iiiluiiixtstit  iaipurUuooiiatlMirkhfit  tuiiiiiif*" 
(n  the  world. 


ni.vKu  xntG*  IS  cmj. 

Little  to  kBOwa  Id  tUs  ««intr}-  of  lh«  mineral  we*Ilh  of  Cb<I),  and  Mp# 
dally  of  tiM  richnoM  of  tU  iHvor  inlne»  The  IhUoving  bets  mpeetit^  tlwa 
kra  iitat«d  bj  Mr  Wm.  Sinoock.  Thoy  are  ^irito  explieU. '  On  pafo  tSt, 
Vol.  II.  of  tin*  UagMUBC^  will  bo  found  iwuty  &cti(  ooocenring  Ifan  inincnl 
WMlh  of  tU*  South  American  It^ublic : — 

The  rich  and  higbly-hmoJ  minuni  diitrict  of  Agua  Amam  dv-  Chili  <tu 
diMmttod  in  OctoW,  181 1.  by  Jom  Paco  llieiilont,  and  b  ataalnl  Si  milta 
•Ottth  oT  Bollenai,  city  of  lluaxcu,  iritb  an  excellent  horse-road,  which  can 
CMIIt  be  made  arnlalilc  Tor  eaitx.  It  u  welt  iirovided  with  wood  and  ptMon, 
■nd  nas  dx  waterinjE-placct.  Thu  dUcoivrtr  Knoirn  by  thv  iiaaio  of  Cbamblaa 
flrat  ibiiiid  th«  T«in  called  Pertiiuilo  dc  Zulcta.  .^^iia  Amarjni  roiiuiii*  kt 
leut  150  mlnoa  onnnf  1,  alUioo^  onlv  (li«  fottowing  arc  acloallr  bcinji  vnrkod,: 
Oaldera,  Arie,  Xontn  dc  A«tani;c>,  Frano-to,  1^  9«  lOoK^  »|>^o,  FiltbcrU, 
Vele*,  Sitcna,  and  Snearon. 

The  claAi  of  metal  to  a  certain  depth  i*  bnrn  Gtlrer  and  natln  tUTer,  but 
AiKher  down  chanK<.-e  hito  arMriiioal  silrur  oret  of  a  fine  rich  quality,  and  of  A 
TwiH  etam,  Mntaisiof  ht  many  InMaoMa  as  much  as  SO  pet  cciiL  atid  up- 
_  warda  of  wlrer  arerage  produce.  «y  800  niarkM  per  vnty  (400  Ibti.,  eijiul 
toMy  GOIhA.  ofsilnrpcr  ton  oforoa.  Thii  is  n  low  average ;  the  Ariz  mlos 
ffyt*  about  400  marks  per  «*(iO  lbs. 

Thia  mineral,  cntirply  isolntml,  hiu  utmost  n  onrth  and  "outli  dirvciioii,  aad 
for  an  extent  of  two  Itigucs,  hy  one  l-?acue  in  width,  the  stratum  fa  ^ood, 
•von  better  than  in  the  ln'^t  of  ininvniesoi  Copia^o,  and  prolongs  itxcif  to  the 
W17  baae,  without  any  chnntc  in  farm,  IVom  which  it  \»  iinirvrulty  interred 
ttHi  Ike  rich  silver  stratum  coiiliniics  to  a  great  depUi.  The  dcoitest  mine  in 
th«  Caldwa  is  ISO  Sithoms  helow  sorfitce ;  olhura  generally  are  not  above  SO 
«r  80  blhomo. 

'Rie  mineral  is  undoubtedly  the  moat  celebrated  of  all  ChilL  from  the  epoch 
of  t(*  discovcrr,  and  from  its  having  coulribuled  its  riches  to  (ne  c3iianrt|<«tion 
of  ChiK.  thu  national  treasury  having  received  (mntense  siiias,  not  only  m 
duties  on  the  pmhK«,  etc.,  but  being  alao  rarlehcd  by  the  Inh^taiit*  of 
IIuauA  who  made  extensive  voluntary  donations  to  siutain  the  expenns  of 
the  irar  at  that  time. 

traduce  of  silver  mines  in  Chili  from  161 1  to  1S4S  :— Rlncou  de  Kavarron, 
$894,000;  RntUuvadon,  (S03.000 ;  Mine  Aris.  9362,000;  Campania,  |:}43,O0O: 
Oaldwa,  $1112,000;  Pluta,  tn4a.000 ;  Yells.  $100.800 ;  U»  Chka.  »I2IJ»0; 
Cortadm,  $192,000;  IMsoobrcdora,  $33,000;  Obamader,  $409,00a 


UUP  rno»ccT  or  anuT  SsiraDL 


The  MtinMttd  lead  product  of  Great  Britain  in  the  five  y<w«  from  IMS  to 
1632  iadutfc^  WIS  480^680  lowi  of  ore  and  808,109  ions  of  lead. 


Journat  of  SUvrr  and  Ztad  Mi»ii>ff  OptralioHt, 


663 


nioBiicxD  noM  tkk  vnna  or  obbat  SBiTJtnt  akd  voLUtO  ts  16S9. 


Logdltj. 


In  rMb  loD  ef 


ImI  InoaiKM. 

M 

M 

V 


DsTtnitlure, 
Cumbtrluid, 

I>nrhMii,  Kpfdnmbttlaul, 
uiil  U  «*tiuatslwd,  12 

nilil*)>in  and  Dtrb]r*talr«.  T 

Irolanil,  .  10 

8o<A)>nd,  .  .  9 

IdaoTUan,  SO 

Towl,    • 


prnctnwl  In 
HfKdMrtn 

a»e,i»s 

BI.UO 

1*1,TM 
ll,4» 
S,tM 

t»,OI8 

•«.T0O 


V*lD«. 

jE(t,Ktt 

tt,as» 

is,tsc 

t:,tM 

ii,;m 

>,«ri 

C9W,0»> 


-  b  k  italed  tlut  thi  <|tikntitv  of  nikor  proiJncod  froro  Rriti^  lead  in  1602 
«aB  about  8I8,3S5  oc«.,  v»IucJ  >[  2u5,O60£  The  iniporU  ot  nlrcr  ar«  liave 
be«n  iBfiidly  incrcMing,  but  caiinot,  It  xppears,  an  jet  bu  eometif  ■acuuinod ; 
it  is  wttt-rtpd,  however,  tli«l  lO.CHiO',  worth  arc  bmIiI  reguUrly  cmK  wcdt  at 
SwBntL'B,  and  a  larger  (luantity  at  Llrc'qiool.  ThU  Iahlf<  dinclofo  the  dii^nctiviB 
qualities  oC  tlie  (jiniittty  of  Miter  contaiovt]  in  the  li«il  on  «r  thft  dUbrent 
[uu-M  of  the  BHti»h  h\eg.  Thti»,  w«  b*v«  DuvoiutiiK  iho  hiKh«et,  ud  tho 
partioni  of  Wa\<!X  mid  to  hi'  most  rirh  in  nuriferous  prodnclK,  the  lowotL  The 
cUnpropoTtion  between  the  iiorthtm  mid  southern  coutiticK  of  Kngluiil  w  very 
stTikini; ;  ih«  qnjintlty  of  dilwr  in  tlt«  l«ail  ore  of  IraUni)  cxcmiu  dut  found 
in  the  lcJldon^<»fS«ot1a^Il.  nml  thnt  in  theoruofth«  Iileof  Man  oMuUaribly 
uceoda  both,  although  gncBilf  bcno>th  the  ore  of  ComvAll  and  Derna. 


OOLO  «tn>  jiaTEii  uf  DesBTinixi, 

Thp  Hingiilfir  discorery  h*a  just  bem  coade  th«t  •  mine  at  Ortr  Uaddon, 
ncarBftkewpll,  produce*  both  gold  and  silver  metal  In  imall  iiiantlti«8.  Soniu 
9f  th«  praprictora  b«ing  alr^c  with  the  Mior  of  th«  ore,  raiincd  [t  la  be 
anaynl ;  and  nat«  not  a  lltUe  asrecoblf  aurpriwd  to  find  that  it  produced 
about  ClL  1(M.  worth  of  sllvpr  to  the  ton  of  ore.  A  further  asMy  haa  given  the 
prMCBoe  of  ([old.— /Awijf  Jieporter. 


BRW   MSCOVURT   n   SXELTIXO. 

Man}' silnr-ltad  ores  rIho  contain  copper,  which  Qot  only  (jiubamaces  br  tbi 

presence  the  cxttnctlan  of  silver,  but  In  tlin  end  in  totsltv  losL     Many  plana 

Bare  hetn  niggeatcd  for  removing  the  cnppi^r  out  of  tiic  slofn,  but  nl]  (napplj- 

_  Bhble  on  a  ^"^^  acalo.    If  ire  arc  to  bvbrvi^  the  iDstiinonj'  uf  a  Ituraian  tnin- 

<Waccnt,M.Oii«rii|(P0Wtwperintcndpntof  the  smelting  wwIm  of  ZtaehiCgOfalt, 

in  the  Altar  HountaiBH,  this  difllcullj  hnii  been  Huecc^l\illj  onrcom*.     His 

5 Ian.  al  all  cveritit,  i*  ntiunal,  and  iksLTvrs  lo  bo  triird.  It  conidjitic  in  wiV 
Ktine  tlic  lOai;.  vlthcr  niono  If  It  cotitaln  suljihur,  or  mixed  with  mlphatc 
of  Foda  if  nrcejKwy,  to  a  proceiK  of  slow  ronstinj-.  and  washing  tl";  n*tJuc, 
The  rooating  ojicration  nnuniteii  sulphuric  acid,  which,  imiting  with  the 
copper  alrtsdy  oxidiied,  forms  a  soluble  nail  of  copper,  which  can  be  cadly 
wun<4  away.  This  method,  rfm-irkH  the  discnverer,  may  Iw  applied  to  many 
DTM  of  copptT  and  silver,  nn  well  as  slngn,  re(iuirin(t  neither  Imui.  nor  Kiercuiy, 
nor  »alt,  tir  thu  oiiri)Oi)«  of  rvnioving  Ibu  copper.  Its  adTantages  ar*  thas 
t^tvlous.  Intlead  of  the  complex  opi^rnlions  now  fullowert,  it  would  lulllec  to 
atanp  the  ore,  paM  it  through  a  sieve,  roaat  it,  and  wacli  it.  iiy  which 
removal  of  the  coppvr  would  be  cOcctcd. — Loadoa  iliniay  Jourjtul. 


IDCR03         ^t 


e»t 


Jovnal  of  Silver  and  Ltad  Miniap  Optralioni, 


rAtRonxo  mtnm  DCMrAsr. 

ITie  propotj  of  thk  OonqMnj  will  be  f(t«nd  »cry  fiillj  dMcribed  on 
STO,  etc,  Vol.  I^  ind  page  34,  etc.  Vol.  It  We  hMxwith  pTMcnt »  plan  of 
tboeM  and  new  tcorkit  tX  "Jtsa*  iiUrie,'' one  of  the  mint*  of  tbeCofnpanj'n 
Xearo  Leon,  Uuico. 

It  shows  Iho  mrbco  operatiotu,  tiie  enginv  hoaMtt,  the  offlew,  lh«  OTcns 
for  rtfinUiit  the  lod  orv,  and  In  gwricTT*!  thu  IndoMd  liacicndk,  wli«rn  tJie  oroi 
nro  amalgsroalt'il  II  i«  on  lh«  uinc  f-l>n  for  oprrnlionH  whicli  U  sdoptvd  at 
dH  the  «xtciuirc  Kilnr  niinri  in  ^[kxico,  full  details  of  which  will  b«  foond  on 
the  pTtcedinK  fa{;e*  above  rcfcrrcil  to. 

The  moulh  of  the  ouin  Khaft,  whinh  iru  opened  in  formor  ytars,  is  em 
opening  within  tbo  hadcndis  or  large  Bguarc  yard. 

On  t1i«i  \vn  is  placed  one  of  Buir»  engines,  DianufaclurDd  bv  Tlioinat^ 
Ccffson  ft  Wfst,  of  Xorrintown,  Ponntjlvsnts.  It  is  of  one  hnndrad  and  Hftj 
horse  power,  and  the  lonrnt  rnjcine  on  the  Cnmlnh  iilan  (iver  msnutkluTed  in 
this  countrj-.  The  cylinder  is  phicod  over  the  shaft  which  has  boon  opened 
by  ibc  Valedllo  Company. 

The  Aldrst  workings  comrnence  on  the  right,  and  go  down  aoinclhini;  like 
an  iuellned  plane.  Tlw  mineral  there  taken  out  was  all  carricil  up  on  the 
Wkfl  of  men. 

Th«  old  ^hafl,  which  coniea  up  In  the  hacienda,  was  Bubsoqiiently  opened, 
and  cat  the  new  vein,  and  the  ieorkin([)i  wero  attended.  By  referoDO*  W 
former  pages,  as  nboTc  noted,  the  tnuil!  plan  representing  a  perpendicokr 
aeetieti  of  the  reins  will  be  found  described. 

From  the  portion  of  the  workings  nsnied  "Pom  of  Corfius  ChriKti"  the 
preaent  Company  liavc  sold  $30,000  worth  of  ntker  ham.  Tbi*  part  of  the  mine 
WM  Ivraporarily  drained  by  nieans  of  force  pumpa,  wilh  which  llie  water  was 
flirc«d  np  into  the  old  shaft  on  the  right,  but  Iho  motlKKl  prortng  ao  exjimaita 
th9  Company  abandoned  it  and  procured  the  new  engkio  of  Xlonuui,  CoraoB 
&West 

The  old  shaft  was  sunk  eighty  raras,  and  the  new  one  on  tbe  rigbt  pM 
down  tbe  same  depth,  so  that  a  complete  ventilation  is  secured  through  (ha 
nuDe. 

The  work  to  be  perfumied  during  this  year  and  tbo  ensuing  om  will  opca 
a  T^ry  largo  ssction  of  grmind  bi'loir  the  point  of  ih«  junction  of  tfao  T<{a& 

TliOM  of  our  readers  dciiirous  of  comprehending  the  syslnn  of  opcrattona 
in  |>ra<4iee  at  the  most  produi:tive  silTrr  nuines  of  the  world  will  Bnd  much 
satislaction  by  tnTcttigating  this  map,  tu  connrclion  wilh  the  ample  di 
Aimisbcd  in  the  pages  of  this  Majaxinc  abore  referred  to. 


i 


omUmiamtifm. 


/ 


G>al$Md  OoUurui.  68S 

COALS  AND  COLUERIES. 

AXTBRACITE   COAL  TRADE   FOB    1864. 

Tout. 
Sbipments  fttim  Bichmond  to  cIom  of  wctk  ending 

Uay  13th 357,806 

B«ne  Um«  but  jnr, iSS,9M 

iDcnoa,     .            ......  ST,3U 

Amoant  MDt  b;  Eesdinf  B^lroad,  to  M»  ISCh,      .          .  TOl.lTS 

■•       "         SchnTliUl  C«i.l,      ....  !1I,T08 

Tout, 913,8TT 

Some  time  lust  yetx,     .....           .  701,069 

.Increue Sll,783 

Lehigh  Mwl  ehlpments  to  H>7  18tb, ....  I3<,i8S 

Same  linic  lut  year,     .....             .  181,148 

Decrease,    .......  4,95T 


l(A&Tt.AIiD   COAL  TRADE. 


>Utement  of  cool  transported  over  the  Mount  Savage  Railroftd  dtiring  the 
:  ending  on  Saturday,  13th  Hay  ;  also  the  amount  Bent  by  each  Company 
he  year  beginning  Jinnsry  1,  186-1 : — 


FroitbnrB  Co., 
BordeD  U.  Co., 
Alle^nv  M.  Co,,     . 
ParkerVoln,   " 

ToLE. 
1,414 
1,4«7 

i,i»a 

143 

Canal 

tioo 

),(il5 

WHk. 
S,3'4 

S,4R3 

l.'JSS 

143 

Ttar. 

I8,0BT 

14,008 

1>,I!4 

S48 

ToUd,  «,SI4  !,MS  6,763  86,447 

Itatemcnt  of  coal  transported  over  Cumberland  Coal  and  Iron  Company's 
iMddurint;  the  neelc  ending  OD  Saturday,  the  I3th  of  Hay;  also  the  amount 
by  each  Company  for  tho  year  beginning  the  1st  of  January,  1864 : — 


To  Its. 

Cma. 

Wtek. 

Tiar. . 

Cumberland  Co., . 

e,74e.oii 

S,46B.09 

6,21 6.IS 

81,127.14 

Tho.  Kcr, 

730."? 

780.03 

B,874.(ip 

Perry  &  Co., 

iis.jv 

44i.lB 

S.374.0H 

Total,  .  S,SS4.<JS      3,498.0}        7,89S.17         48,876.13 

tatement  of  coal  transported  over  the  Baltimoro  and  Ohio  Railroad  iWim 
Vestemport  region  during  tho  week  ending  on  Saturday,  the  ISth  of  Hay ; 
the  amount  sent  by  each  Company  for  the  yeitr  beginning  tho  Int  of 
:ary,  1854  :— 

nou  aaoaoi'a  cauK. 

Wwt.  Tmt. 

Pvker  Vein  Co.,  .  .  .  1,170.07  «,.W8.1« 

SwantonCo.,  .  .  .  l.ia.US  S.RM.IS 

Goom'a  Crcok  Co.,      .  .  .  1,33!.13  (1.707. IS 

Caledonia  Mining  Co., .  .  .  l.MS.OS  7,106.10 

noM  riEDiioxt. 

New  Creek  Co.,  .  .  .  B.Mi.07  10,.^34.10 

UnneolleaUloing  Co.,..  .  .  370.07  4,166.13 

•lUS.01  4S,7S7.11 


«»> 


OxOaaiut  OoBttrim. 


Mrtct  OF  Tin  ooAL  kabxr. 
HrninK  ot  co«l  i*  «t  tho  proMnt  moiMnt  prostcnUd  wtib  mom  Tigor  tbaa 
prohtUy  at  nnj-  prcvioiu  pvrtoil.    Th«  blgh  prku  vbich  Mlstoil  tbv  lut 
BOD,  and  Uie  preitcnt  bkrcnrss  of  the  rnnrkvUs  ff^c  tho  mom  flaltoring  cnoour- 
ag«iu«rit  lo  ttie  optrretDrs.     At  Phtloddphia  xnngiiinc  cipcctatiaiw  arc  enter- 
Uincd.  which  havo  round  txprnmuia  ia  the  aancscd  sUlcucnt  from  Ihi 

VtMoh  for  canyini;  coal  itre  Jast  now  in  greater  deuknd  *t  Pictoa,  Nora 
Scotia,  llun  ever  wm  known  Imrorc,  nml  frpinhfcs  ihfrfl  are  iinprwviIpnt«iH_T 
high.  A  similar  sUte  of  alTaini  pri^vitilH  at  ['hilnduiphia,  anil  it  irniiM  thun 
Bocni  tt»(  lli«  KUpply  <ir  ['onl  is  lartcily  ilvncicnt  in  (Ik  luarkt^  of  Ni-v  Vork 
bticl  New  Enirlmii],  and  thnt  thi:-ri>ii>tiiiii|illon  hn8  pri'atl}'  increutd.  Tlwrc  li 
nuw  no  DbttUcIo  to  tlit  pruduotion  or  tmiHportntion  of  cool  Ui  tideirater.  All 
(be  operators  of  our  i'l-iinsylTaiiia  mines  art  fu)ly  cmployod,  and  iHp  wrcnU 
Knu  of  railroad  ami  mn.il  nrv  doln^  a  iiiuelt  bultur  bii:iiK-H  llt&ii  Iu.i(  Maaoti, 
except,  pcrhnpK,  tlic  Lehigh,  vrhich  xiilTcrpil  conEiilcratify  \>y  Ihc^  oprin/ xtornu, 
We  oaTealiKia  milrund  c^  unmeet  ion  upctied  witlitbc  Itwpbinandbaiiqttclu&iis 
nlnet  for  Ihv  tlrst  tiim-.  and  ttiuir  conl  product  ih  lii>w  arriviii);  at  our  yvit  for 
ahipmont  IJirgo  numiicri  "f  vi'iwla  am  onjpinfd  in  tlii-  trade.  rjWTj-injt  coal 
to  nil  parta  oCour  Atinntic  covt,  but  the  )ii|;h  freight  ruling  hen  J*  an  unni*- 
takabli-  cviiivncu  that  tlio  MUpijly  of  i.'arrivn  is  nut  cipial  10  the  denami. 

Liwt  Bi'iisun  Ihii  \\vnfy  coi«iiiiiicr»  >l  tho  eastward  ne$ti«ctfd  Co  (rivu  their 
onl«r!4  at  lhh^  proper  time,  lioiiing,  no  dooht,  by  delay  (0  obtain  cool  at  ioTor 
mtciL  Tlity  were  vgregiuiiKly  miitalivii  in  their  otlculatioo,  t»  elpvrieiioebaa 
shown  Ihi'ni.  In  CKii^i-ipit'iiov  of  Ihvir  onIen>  bviug  in^iit.  In  lato,  wo  bav«  liad 
conl  mnjcinic  at  imutiinlly  hi;[h  rates  hntv.  It  wa^  siippmod  that  with  the  ad- 
xcnt  of  ^ummor  and  tbc  uptniti-  of  the  eatittl«,  the  pncc  of  tea}  would  hll,  u. 
the  BUppty  would  be  largely  inereu-vci).  Hut  the  oeent  hsii  not  jfiMilW  th« 
expfelation.  Coal  vi  htglicr  now  tlian  it  luu  been  (or  viTtnA  ynrg  pKSt,  uid 
pnoi'8<»niiiiiwio)cowp.  Tli«  R±4^i-rniiiarkvtsar«i  reported  to  no  bar*  nf  coal, 
and  tht  tleiimndB  ihiri;  for  the  supply  of  the  &et<iric«  are  prwtinj;.  Tlic  rfj- 
Ktruclioii  of  t1ip  LehiRb  has  prtvonteii  a  lar-e  (juantily  of  coal  frxnn  rtocbinj 
(idvwatcr,  nnd  Ihv  diima^-  D'j.klaiticd  bj-  tliv  Morris  Caoal  has  cut  olT,  for  a 
tiiuf,  an  iniportant  nTcniici  to  the  Nrvr  York  niark«L  Knltho  Icatri  anionic  tUo 
caiues  of  liic  rise,  ftl»o,  bus  been  the  ^omr.lete  stoppoRe,  for  »  long  •  period, 
of  operations  at  llie  niincs  of  thv  <_'iit[ib<.Tliini]  region,  in  con3C]tieiK«  <>f  tli« 
Birikea  of  thv  workinoii.  Th«  consoiiivm  of  that  ooal,  finding;  an  entlr*  fiiilim 
of  ibo  tnpply,  haTo  been  driven  by  neccsaity  lo  draw  upoo  (ha  IVtim^'Iranift 
niinca, 

Tbua  all  (hioipi  have  conf|urvd  t<>  put  tip  prices,  nnd  sitmulate,  to  an  un- 
wonCod  dcfcrce  of  activity,  tho  Pennnylranla  coal  trade.     RvcrylhJox  lookn  a<:i»- 

K'ciouE  for  tbc  operntoni ;  and  if  there  ihould  be  no  strikes  of  llie  niincrs,  nor 
terruption  of  the  canal  and  railn>!id  liiicH  by  brvakx,  vu  iiliall  iHyneot  this 
Btaaon  »0Tiie  i;r<'*t  ronults  in  (ho  way  of  Incrnow.  A1r«aiiy  Ao  fUaAxnf  Rail- 
road and  Scfauylki!]  Xavigatinn  arc  far  nhead  of  their  oat  l«nH«ge  of  the  par- 
alkljperiod  of  ioct  acaion,  as  our  rL-ndvra  will  hare  ooiicud  by  the  stAtnocntK. 
While  rejoicing  In  this  pnM|>ority,  and  Tbwing,  with  HiliRfaction.  the  i;mt 
demand  for  our  coal,  we  cannot  rcmiin  from  cxprtNdn);  rr^ci  that  iniianB  are 
not  ailoptfd  to  increaw  the  Kupplr  of  coal  in  ouniiarketa  sotlicimtly  lo  roduco 
Ihu  prlre.  It  iit  at  present  so  higfi  ha  to  acl  an  ii  liliiaiiUiit  upon  the  opera- 
tions at  other  Ti'f;inn«.  In  conu'iuenre  nf  it,  irr  find  that  the  Pfcton  coal  is 
hrttely  in  demand  at  the  ca.-itwnrd,  and  &viglits  lhcr«  nr^  ranging  higher  crnn 
than  they  on-  here.  So,  •Ito,  it  hn»  eniio-d  n  itfttlenifnt  oflhu  wng«  iCitpuU 
bij(we«n  the  Ciiiiibcriand  opcraloni  and  tbi-ir  nilni;r^  and  (be  reaumptloti  of 
mlBinK  in  that  n-irion  irilh  apirit  and  Ttgor.  rnrlint  intcre«trd  Id  the  Penn' 
^Irata  eool  nincf  should  take  tbece  EtcU  into  cuiuldvration  \  as  lo  lliu«c  who 


p-        1 


1 


Coalt  and  ColUtritt. 


987 


CSB  properly  cutimatv  (heir  bc«rin);>,  th«f  arc  indicatire  of  the  truth  that  vre 
must  bo  u'lli-hfiil  Ivst  wc  builil  up  fomiUiablH  rivalH  clsi-whcrv  by  umifitni'iinc  J 
pncco  too  biuh  here.     IJnhvalihy  pntMitt  proflUuill  thus  UMjiorlj*  piirvli»S(iJ| 
at  ttio  cxpuiiBu  urfulura  competition  with  ponrTuI  rivalu,  and  the  lonscjt  con- 
svquciit  thereupon. 


cmanitAtcii  coii.  oowpakt. 


The  foll'^winjt  is  a  KtBtGHicnt  of  the  roniJition  of  this  ConipMy,  April  Idt,  U 
Hubinittfd  lu  till'  xlockholdcnt  by  the  IVc«idcnt,  Mr.  .K.  UchftlTry : — 


RAitfoail.  mlllnt  slock,  nllna  ouil.  mitcliinsry,  (ta,, 
l%ital  lioau,  Maunara,   Kboou'rii.  bnrsci*,  aiid   athor 

fnnuiiil   ]>ra|>prlj,  Bn<l  rtal  **tM*  in  tho  <itiM  of 
:iiiiiWrli>iid,  Alnxnn'lrin  mil  Buitimor*, 
ITialiiK  laait,  ImproiemniU  at  tha  nlno*.  *tA., 
Onb  iMou,  bill*  TtMloble,  and  bitlitnixi  <lus  on 

•OtOODW,        ...... 

1,BSS  kluim  of  lb*  Otpital  utoclc  lwlon(<iie  14  lli* 


l44.0Te.U 


tS.SUS.tlt.W 


The  above  propcclj'  cotiiurises  12,000  acrea  of  cool  land*,  on  which  i  mines 
hsTu  iK'cn  ri|>i'nvd  and  worki;'! :  II  milcH  cir  lt>ci>iii'<(ive  railmsil,  extending 
frijm  thfi  f'oin]iany'ii  town  of  Ki-khart  lo  Oiiml>Tliiti<I,  runl  cotinopting  with 
tho  ('hciapfske  nnd  Ohio  Cnnal  wid  the  Bnlliniorc  and  Ohio  Ituilroad ;  mine 
nilwayH  vxl^iidiiig  fruni  main  truck  intu  each  opening;  3  locomotives-,  TO 
hopper  ani]  tondola  rars;  ■)()()  minp  earn;  horHO^i,  iinpluinutils  ami  mftc!iin*ry 
for  miniiiB  i.iiW  ton*  of  coiil  daily ;  wTernlncresof  Innd  in  Baltimorr  nmi  town 
of  Cumberliind  (purchased  for  coal  yard*,  depots  and  wharves  for  future  wanta 
of  tbo  L'onipnnyj,  of  great  vuluc,  and  exIeiiHive  wharves  and  whatf-ro<>m  at 
Alozandria ;  44  bargos,  of  liOO  lo'in,  plying  inland  tcutn  Ridtiniori;  to  Piiilndul- 

C'  '■  and  Nuvr  York,  built  hy  thn  Comymny  within  tho  pRit  year;  G4  canal 
t*  on  the  t'hcwpeake  and  Ohio  Cfinal ;  13  wilini;  vevcclt,  of  from  91)0  to 
000  C«na  burtlwa  fbuilt  expreisly  for  llie  Cunipany  within  (lie  pa^t  yvar] ;  anil 
S  MMmtn  (tinpioy(<<l  by  «ca  ;  nil  of  which  propL'rty  is  pniil  for,  and  on  trhlch 
no  >tieamb«»nei!M  or  Ucnaofany  kindexiat,  exeept  the  fiindod  debt  referred  to 
below,  which  ia  a  tien  upon  llie  coal  laiidji  nnd  railmnd  only. 

The  surface  of  the  Inurl  fiindi-rlniil  n  it'i  canV)  (#  Inrji^'ly  iinprored  and  cut- 
tlTatiKL  t*t\  tho  property  there  are  <>vcr  tlirec  hundrnl  dvcetliiijci,  ina>;hino> 
ihop*  and  cnginc-iiou«c;t.  The  total  totinage  of  ttic  road  in  1SS3  tra*  310,000 
low— •  largo  iiambcT  vf  paancngers  were  also  carried  onr  the  road  duritig 
thsjTMr. 

The  Corapnny  has  no  floating  debt  Its  bonds,  orip'nally  |S2B,(iOO,  were 
ftnticipateil,  ;>aid  and  cancelled  to  the  amount  of  $333,W0,  learitigoiititanding 
#587,000. 

since  tlie  resumption  of  work,  the  Company  has  .iWady  dliipatchcd  a  dally 
average  of  SSS  tons  of  cool  to  market,  snd  isconatantlyinertaaing  the  quantity. 

ACTivnT  or  Tar,  cciiBBitLaHV  cohpaxt. 
This  Company,  in  the  first  workineycw  of  Ita  fxiet<tncp,  is  »cndin|t  moro 
rnal  lo  markil  than  ira»  rained  by  the Idckniraana  Compnny.  (DeUa-rir«  nnd 
Hudson  Canal)  in  any  year  until  aftur  1817.  n  period  of  more  than  BReen  years 
■flcT  the  cumpli'tion  of  Its  works.  It  took  the  Lchigti  district  a  Fgiiarlvr  of  a 
century  to  produce  SiO,<ino  tont  per  annnin,  and  tho  entire  Si-huylkill  was  tea 
ycum  in  producinj:  8*0,09')  tons  perannutn.  The  hintory  of  mining  conlahowij 
no  parallel  to  thu  Cumburland  district  in  tha  increaau  of  coal. 


•mil  CAi.Knosi*  msn"]  conpixr. 
W«  tiaTO  recdrod  a  letter  from  a  friend  at  a  dintasoo  making  inquniei  (n 

Vol.  II.— 47 


038 


Coatt  OMtt  CoUitriei. 


reta<K>n  to  tbe  propcrtr  of  Ifao  Oifedimk  Mining  Compuijr,  and  mare  particu- 
larlv  lukiiig  tcbtrtlicr  the  price  |»id— $1000  per  Ktti-~m»  not  c3Hr»vii^:«ntly 
hi)[ti.  Now.  aJtbougU  it  W  not  lN«n  our  babil  \o  tatirtr  mch  (incfitintK  m 
Ihccciluiniiiioronrriaprr,  jvK  jii  rAmpliancc  with  Ilw  itnu'irof  one  irliom  ne 
higlilv  cilci-iii,  we  ihdil  depart  fiwm  our  usunl  eouric  on  the  preienl  OCTanioo. 

T'i(>  miiKH  oftiip  (^'alnloniu  t.'oinpnriv  are  situilcil  oti  Itiv  Lonaciinini;  Rail- 
rood  in  tlip  OcorBi''-!  Creek  V«1Iey,  aljo'nl  five  milw  fr»m  the  Baltimore  aivd 
Uliio  lUilroad  at  Pieiimnnl.  Xhty  canfiM or.ift'l  ncrcaofltiopurnt' big  vein* 
rosl  of  the  C'umljerinnd  tvgion,  which,  ii'ifhout  any  ejagswation,  U  M\y 
Aftoon  f#tt  tliiek  at  lliix  puinl.  Tiw  '.-on!  'u  of  reinaricable  einrllence,  b«in|[  •« 
fire  from  sidpliar, fcTm*.  injn  pjriH's  or  nny  other  impuritj',  m  «ny  simiUr 
miDpntl  in  the  worliL  It  in»y  he  tliouj;ht  hy  some  that  we  hxxt  lytrr  «ti- 
iit.iled  the  lliickiititt  of  the  vein  that  utideriit.i  the  whole  propwty  of  the  Coa»- 
pnny.  Socli,  liowcvcr,  is  i">l  the  •■.n.w ;  for  wlinU'Ter  may  be  the  mode  uf  tt\. 
ctitnlion,  it  hiII  h<]  fo\\ni\  Ihnt  it  ivlll  enmn  \iji  In  the  mark  we  hare  aiiigned  it. 
Let  u»  then  make  an  e*iimnle  of  the  I'onl  eontnineil  in  this  propertT. 

In  an  acre  of  larid,  unJirialfl  hy  a  v«iri  of  fjnl  lifleen  fevt  thict,  Ihwre  •/• 
S4,!on  eiihtc  yanls  if  cnni.  Now  as  one  riihte  ynri]  u-iti  yield  one  Ion  of  coal, 
there  are  eo'isemjpntly  2t,'J't(i  toasof  oal  in  rach  acre;  and  im  there  nrv  86S 
acres  in  the  Caledonia  IrncI,  nil  tiTiderlnid  ivith  coal,  there  are  s»T«n  mHUoiU 
tnd  forty  tliouand  loiiHof  coal  in  tlie  entire  properly!  And  if  4,S0il  tons  per 
aero  he  allowed  for  wutf,  irhie}i  ia  ample  in  minea  eonidituled  as  these  are. 
■till  litre  will  mnxin  o  «ulfitieTit  qiiantily  of  coal  to  fiimiah  a  »«ppJy  of  oii« 
hnixlml  IhmiKind  tur^n  per  nmiimi  for  more  than  acTcnlv  yeara! 

Thil  let  iia  go  ftirthiT  an4  ninkit  aninc  exiiiii'itc  aa  jotii*  value  of  thia  c«ftl. 
It  may  certainly  he  mid  ihni  ir  il  is  wiirtii  anything  at  all,  u  it  lie*  in  the 
ground,  il  n  worth  live  criiti  a  tun,  Thnt  Kiirelr  will  b«  «Miccclrd  by  Ih« 
mnst  skeptieal  aa  to  thc^  value  of  cnnX  pro|ii<rty  Well,  at  Uie  low  Tolue  nf  5to 
ccntaperlrtii,  each  acre,  containinc  30,()(ii)  tnnn  ornrailable  coal,  is  worth  oaa 
ibouMind  dollnrx — ^Ihe  price  paid  by  the  Caledonia  Mining;  Company.  If.  boir- 
ervr.  we  Mliinnte  the  royally  at  sixty  conl^i  per  ton.  the  prior  paid  In  Putin- 
nylvariia  (brcial  more  difficult  and  eiju'Mi-tve  10  work  in  ertry  rwpcet,  tboD 
cTCry  a(3i>of  ihia  property  is  n-orlh  the  sum  of  tn-flvc  tboiutand  dollan! 

The.ie  caieulnlions  inay  surprise  those  wlio  hare  nercr  suriotisly  nfloetcil 
apon  this  in t [Timlin);  8uhj<cL  They  will,  nei-erlhelewt,  Iw  found  lo  \»  baaad 
Upon  drrvet  preniiai^  and  to  rrnntnin  ri'linhli'  resiillit.  Wo  hnre  made  thfttn 
in  relation  to  the  Caledonia  Uinins  Cotnptiny  for  the  reasonit  staled  in  the  eom- 
iiienccment  of  thii  article.  \\'d  are  well  aware  that  llitjy  will  hold  good  fyt 
many  oihw  coal  properties  in  this  regrion. — Cumitrhnd  Journal. 


BiPtmion  AT  cwni.im  00*1.  rira,  viiwixia.— rnniciruB  or  n:mi.ano:(,  ktc 
The  Eiisliih  Coal  Pits  arr  loentcd  in  CbMtcrflcId  county,  about  fburtccn 
milea  from  Rtehmond,  in  VirsiniD.  These  minea  hare  been  worked  fbr  a 
considerable  period.  An  expluaion  occurred  there  on  (he  IBlh  May,  which 
destroyed  twenty  raluablu  iitcK.  It  in  ko  recent  that  little  is  known  as  to  th« 
caut«,  no  inTCMtiption  hating  lakeb  place  al  Ihe  time  w*  write  Ihb.  A  risltof 
to  tbe  acvne  of  dcstruclioTi  llius  n  rites  :^ 

The  explnnion  look  place  a'loiil  13t  o'clock,  sud  mniit  Iiavd  happened  Jut 
nl  (he  lime  when  tiio  tninerH  had  erased  th«ir  lahom  and  were  ralioit  llicjr 
dinnem.  Ilnw  it  orieinnled  it  is  impnnible  to  tell  at  this  time,  though  the 
prCTiimptton  is  tliot  some  of  the  men  thouEliUcMlr  approacbMl  aoin*  of  tlM 
oW  "JttinpB"  with  their  iuniiia,  and  Ihnl  the  expWion  wa»  caused  by  tli« 
Mcapc  of  KM  fr>>in  unknown  leaks.  Certain  it  i*  that  not  ttfn  luinutea  bcTort 
the  accident  two  of  Iho  miners  ascended  tbe  shaft,  and  up  to  the  lima  that 
tbey  lelt  no  pi  or  foal  air  had  bctn  diaeovorvd.    The  pit  la  nx  hiindr«d  and 


I 

i 


Coai*  anit  CoUieritt. 


tvtnly-STC  fret  deep,  uid  cxphiuoiui  bare  occurred  in  it  two  or  (hre«  OOttt 
bdorv. 

In  coiuiMllon  nith  tliis  deplorable  (KCarrcnc<^  vc  will  bcr«  oolicc  a  Uto 
Enjilisb  nollicrj-  cxplo>ioci,  wkirh  h»  bc<-R  uiidrr  juclickl  iiiTntiipttkon,  and 
MrvcK  Cft  chow  how  tiule  ran  W  determined  m  to  ttic  imnicdnlc  cbubcs  oveo 
by  the  most  Kncnlilic  and  i-xpcricnced.  how  fanporUnt  in  ■  proper  ^itcm  of 
vvnlilatioii,  aiid  wiial  arc  tUc  viewa  of  (bu  Englisli  (jovemiaciit  InnpMtom  on 
Iht  Huli^Mt  W'v  cumptie  (hoc  impottant  poinln  fmm  tlic  k-ngihy  notics  of 
the  proMVittngs  borate  tbe  Coroncr'ii  InqnesI  ia  IIm  L»»Ja»  Jvtrmtl: — 

Another  appallinK  i-splwdon  in  the  ArU-y  Mino  of  the  \nf»  Hall  Coal  am) 
Canncl  Cooipany,  in  t)ic  rininily  at  Wignn,  >Hlh  a.  fcarflil  >*criBe«  of  liumiin 
life,  c«efa[y-wvi-ii  or  ciglily-ngtit  liuDian  btin^  having  peridied,  ba«  l>ecii' 
adiiut)  lo  the  long  aiid  a;iil  <'ai:)to^iiu  of  prvTloua  eatatilreplicii  The  Arte/'] 
Minp  iA  MlTiato  bctwrvn  the  I.ocd)i  and  LivcT^ioot  CSnal,  ancl  ll  b  not  a  HtW 
rcmiirkabli!  that  a  similar  exptosion  took  ptaM  in  it  in  the  moatli  of  Mitrth 
lout,  in  vrliich  liny-ci^lit  prntons  nm  ktlltd.  Tlic  doirncai^t  ihafl  appoara 
to  iiavu  tit:!!  four  Ininilrvd  and  fnnrttirn  yardii  itovp;  l)iu  opcast  or  furnncv 
shaft,  which  \a  tbiity-thrre  yardi  Tunher  to  the  n»rth,  in  a  little  l«m  dMp,  bat 
the  working*  tinder  Rfound  are  very  vi(i;iisive,  and  are  admitted  to  extend  to 
the  noitli  Kidt'  nearly  ihn-c-ijiiiirtrrM  of  s  mWv,  Lull  ati  Otlien  wwrt  much 
fintlwr.  Almui  nlnfly  i^jllii-rs  worked  in  the  uiinr,  with  tho  Other  persona 
necwiarily  attarhcd  lo  tlicin,  ko  that  the  total  number  who  dewrndod  on 
Salunfay  last,  thu  Ihtal  day,  nitLtrr  cxcM'ded  two  hundred  and  Hfty.  Tha 
btaUtitH  rtnulting  Ihnii  tUu  PXiilo»tion  appvir  to  \\km'i  LiiL'it  conSncd  to  the 
working!  on  the  north  aidi^  of  tlir  downnut  hhal^  and  nlthoiigh  the  weather 
wax  Tsry  tempvsluoui,  it  docx  not  appvur  that  any  inlcrriiplinn  of  the  ventila- 
tion wax  ohw-rved,  or  ilut  it  hud  bi^i:ii  nwvKKary  to  dninp  the  fumaM  Rrv,  ts 
nbich  llio  previoua  cxpluiioii  hod  Ih^vi  allributrd. 

It  would  anm,  from  thi'  di-uiln  of  the  survivors,  as  yet  Inporfrctly  pre- 
sonlrd  la  the  publir,  that  Kutphur  wu  in  i'Xcl-ix.  Some  of  tbcm  titatrd  that 
they  could  not  htand   [lio  Hulpbur,  by  ntliicb   thuy  ivrro  completely  over- 

!iuweri-d,  and  it  id  allff^oil  that  at  oiiii  pn'"t  it  n'""  >«  >ttrt}n|:  thai  a  ii»in  w.ih 
orrvd  back  by  it,  and  ulUnati>ly  l<»t  hiri  life.  It  hu  been  dated  by  a  eof 
rcapondvtit  of  the  TVhhm  from  *l'igan,  that  the  wiTkiii~»  at  ■otne  pointii  e*- 
tt-'Odtd  even  two  inilcK  from  Ihv  pit  sittll,  and  tliat  ihi-re  nax  ii-il  any  air  pit  or 
abaft  for  (he  <iv)iol<>  iliUaaet';  and  the  writer  further  axscrti^il  that  it  wm  nffxt 
to  an  impi)«*iiiUity  for  n  KUflidcnt  qunntity  of  good  air  to  enter  from  one  shaft 
into  (ucU  extciiure  worklngiL  If  Ibii  gtatcTiiTiit,  whii-h  wc  can  hardly  cod> 
aider  currvcL,  ia  atistaineil.  It  will  fully  acenunt  for  thn  niilphnrous  alniOApherg 
ia  which  thtiu>  wretched  men  were  forced  to  work,  and  cast  a  fnarful  re#pnn- 
eibtlity  upon  those  to  whom  lh«  inanagcioent  and  supurviHion  of  Kuch  a  wine 
wore  coalided. 

It  18  [lei'fin-tly  borrifyinjc  to  reaii  the  dctaiTs.  About  twenty  of  thn  Tintlin* 
seem  to  havii  \wvn  mnrricd  men,  with  fiinilk-i.  In  addition  to  those  who 
wcTo  suflocnied  by  the  cliokc-danip,  nisny  nf  the  biwliee  npjicnr  to  bare  l»»i-n 
frightfully  burnt,  mid  ont-  imfnrtiinnlf  bi'in)r,  to  whom,  if  hii  live*,  »ai"t(ini^ 
luuBt  he  a  hurthcii.  had  suLtnined  ftactuns  of  botli  leg^  and  arm^  We  are 
yet  altojccthor  in  the  dark  as  to  the  immediate  rauNe  of  this  Ivarfnl  calamity, 

I  and  mnKt,  ef  counc,  await  Huch  evidence  ma  umy  he  autimltlod  to  the  c«ro- 
ner'ajory.         _  _  _  _  _  _  '_ 

T 
attti 
yet 
witn 
Itw. 


I 


The  inqnest  on  the  unfortunate  Hnffen^m  by  the  late  diualroaH  viptoaion 
at  tlie  Alley  Mine,  dtill  nroeeeda  sloHly,  and  the  real  cauoe  of  thei  entwtropW 
yet  mnainH  UTirrrraleil.  Prom  Ihc  endencc  of  Mr.  Elliott,  one  of  tho 
witnenwi  oxaniined,  who  paiM-d  through  all  the  norlbtTii  side  of  iho  colliery. 
It  would  aeem  that  it  was  coiupletely  swept  by  the  eurront  of  air,     ffc  ex- 


Ooalt  and  CoUitria. 


prHMd  ■  dct'i'lcd  opinion  that  Iho  %\t  trM  nbiindknt — thitt  be  l>*d  n»  nwwn 
to  BiuiptM't  >  iletivifnc^r  in  nnr  pari :  hi?  cc•n^idcTl'd  (hit  llic  rttililalmi;  jntrtr 
of  th«  pxi^iliit);  shafts  vinH  mitv  llinii  comintimiirslr  n  ill)  llir  rvi)iii>\-i[ii;nlit  of 
the  mim'.  nn<l  lliat,  in  fnct,  nilliniit  dtit  Oiird  jiil  hi'inn  wdIe,  ■»  liad  bven 
HUfcpcslcd,  the  qmnlitfof  air  pnxtin^  thnii]);h  inij^t  br  doubted,  bj  cnlmTftinK 
tho  iuniRi'M  aiiiJ  itirwayii.  He  ailtiiiltcd,  hunrcirr,  that  >f  hn  had  anticipatod 
mch  «  wkmilj-,  he  wouW  hnvc  Inkvn  r»r*  to  h«»r  h»ii  tlio  pit  ttntlUlHl  bj  ■ 
bImwi  jvt  or  B  fin-bbut ;  or,  what  u^a>l1ll  have  been  still  brltrr,  llm  funwoe 
Blight  hni-«  bi-t'n  fi-<t  wilii  fresh  nir,  Ibc  return  air  not  being  ptmiittpd  to  come 
near  lh«flrr.  Tor  whidi  it  nj'i'tsre  lint  IhcrvKiut  abunilmlslwnixiuin.  wiiliMit 
U  all  ukinx  the  air  rtqiiiret)  far  Uic  voritinfts.  Xtr.  Kllioit  Ma(«H  iltat,  in 
COhmijiivinv  of  llie  previou-i  sacriScc  of  lifir,  hi*  atlcntknn  hail  been  devoted  to 
•ndMiviiHti):  to  tliM'Uvi'r  nimiu  iiiL'iinii  ufdiNpeiuiing  with  the  uoc  'jf  piiipowiier 
and  nnkod  llchln.  \\v  liiui  triuil  hvitniiilic,  )inviiran[k-.  nnd  chviiyVul  >|>plii»i- 
tionii  for  briii;;)niC  dnn-n  the  real,  and  hj  continually  workinfl  at  the  idea  h« 
hud  coiilrivcil  vorv  niiwli  to  reduce  the  nimibcrof  i>hols.and,u  he  winccTved, 
Ihri  chaiiei'  of  xc^iJoiits  from  that  tiM9!.  Hu  had  not,  hi>«vv«r,  but-ii  ablo  to 
diipriiKP  with  thn  unc  of  jtiinjiiwiltr  nllo^ci^lhi'r ;  tbort  was  >kin«  1o  bv  •xi- 
Gouutcred.  in  which  encc  shiitn  arc  ctKcnlial. 

It  in  obscrrablo  that  Mr.  Ellioli  did  iiot  cimcur  in  the  vicwii  of  Mr.  Dick- 
iiMOn,  at<  19  the  plan  of  working  Ihv  colUvrii'8  by  driving  tliu  leTcis  to  ibo  ex- 
tmuity  of  ihn  worklnf^  mill  then  brinifini;  the  fiial  bark  ;  be  iitaled  aa  htA 
opinion  thai  if  such  a  coune  hail  been  attempted  in  Uii.i  mint,  the  dwigcr 
niigfat  haw  Ih-vii  wimewhal  iihirtvj.  but  l)i-  bcliovvd  it  must  huvo  been  grvatcr 
ttian  undtT  tlie  [irewnt  i^j'EU-nt.  lip  cnnchKicd  by  ilcc-lorinK  that  the  KyMcm 
■dnpted  in  the  Arley  Mine  wut  that  which  had  been  utJed  Irani  ttnae  im* 
ineoioriul  in  XtvlhiuubiTlaiMl  aiiit  Durham  ;  ttiat  tbvre  wan  no  &iiU  in  tbc 
RianimeiiiGiit ;  and  that  the  mont  I^hliditiiis  titan  could  not  complain  of  th«  nay 
in  nlucli  the  collierieK  had  bren  worked.  Mr.  F.lliott'x  evidence  was  »u«tnioeiI 
bv  that  of  Mr.  ForRlcr,  mannKcr  of  cuen.iivc  collierk*  in  the  neighborhood  of 
A«vcaMle-upon-'ryi>c.  He  fuuiid  the  iviililiiiion  of  the  cuUicrr,  vbcii  lit  ex- 
lunlned  h,  in>>>l;  nnd  if  it  wax  in  the  Kami;  i.tutv  at  Iho  tiin«  of  (ho  explosion 
— and  there  was  oTiib^npL-  tbst  erciytliin^c  wiu>  lijjht  up  to  within  a  lery  nhoK 
period  prior  to  the  occurrence— Mr.  Korjter  could  not  arriTi*  i»t  any  other  con- 
vliiniun,  than  that  the  iiWralioii  of  p»  by  a  suiIJtiii  full  h'm  the  Cftom  of  tlw 
explosion.  He  T^'eonimeuduil  Ihu  dtrecton  entirely  to  prohibit  the  twe  of 
RUnpowder  by  the  collien  in  Retting  eoa],  except,  purhaps.  In  •oic«  tipccial 
placv^  in  the  brela  which  are  filled  with  frudi  air ;  where  btOD«  was  to  bo  uo4 
rid  of,  oowder  woitlil,  of  courte,  b«  Btill  re'inirtil.  Evpn  as  to  »tooe,  he  d*- 
elarcd  ilml  he  would  certainly  bloj't  only  in  the  night,  when  the  rotn  were  not 
in ;  and  he  fully  ngmd  with  Mr.  Klliotl,  thai  allenipts  to  drive  Ivvch  (O  tfa« 
citremity,  luitl  to  work  back,  wuuld  hu  a  more  fiTtili-  tour««  of  cxplofllon* 
than  Ih4  plan  now  adopted,  as  the  men  would  mn:it  decidedly  hare  to  woirlc 
in  return  air. 

The  eTtdoncd  of  Mr  IKekiiuon.  the  Gurnruiiwnt  Inapeutor  of  Ibo  district 
within  which  the  colliery  \»  Hilustcd.  U  of  conrse  rntitWd  to  the  highest 
weight,  and  he  xtated  that  there  are  three  cnuvci  to  which  the  catanlroph* 
may  he  attributed  Hr»t,  the  bm.iterou*  weather  mig:tit  have  aflvctvd  the 
Tcntilatiofi.  \iv\  so  cauacl  u  teiupomry  derail |j;('iiu*nl,  aii-1  althoiiKh  the  «lfect 
would  not  have  been  to  ^ri-at  as  in  nhallower  piti,  ami  although  a  <vnalbl« 
diminution  docs  not  appear  to  have  been  fell,  and  the  pr«st'tico  of  gn.4  in<Khc 
not  haro  been  perceivable  until  It  was  near  the  tXplOBive  pi.<int,  it  U  iMsatblr 
(hat  tliu  niturn  air  might  have  bwoiue  f«wl,  and  that  ||*>  lik  qiLintity  mlcbt 
have  boen  givan  oiT  by  the  men  in  the  further  irorkingis  all  ilriving  "  u«t 
ond*." 

Tha  ««cond  nupposition  would  t<e,  thai  (he  (wo  "rise"  placed  above  Pilk- 
instOD'acul  through,  ivrru  filled  with  t^A.  1'hey  eould  contain  aliout  XSOO 
cede  fe*t|  and  altboi^  tbat  may  ttcem  a  jonall  quantity  to  produc*  incli 


4 


CeetU  aitd  CoUieritt, 


«»I 


auha,  tlie  fcircc  of  th«  explosion  migiil  Imt«  i/t*»  iirgnTatOil  by  tli«  ilr^iitwK 
«f  tlie  tnin«,  uiil  Um  fRat  iiiwnlily  of  iliW't  in  iu  Acronjitt^  to  Mr.  Dii'kiii- 
fwn'ii  ofawrvatioDR,  thow  placo  apiiMrrd  Ui  ho  inoif'  culcnsirely  cbdrrix)  Uiaii 
•Bjr  «ther,  all  the  tnco  in  the  nci^borbood  were  feuiu)  badly  biimi.  and  tho 
am  VM  ignilnl  in  m  eunwr;  «n  tiMt  Um  twtf  phctn  might  be  kI  Aovia  an  tho 
CMlIra  irlM««)  lii*  bl*M  ru'lii;!)'^. 

Th«  lliinl  iir]|i|>nMlioo,  wliii-h  w«u1il  e»«i«i  to  ha»o  boon  aiioiMrU  by  (he 
flmiM*  irrtiiaiMii  oc  the  iikki  prabtblc,  VM  tbc  Kncldca  cniptioD  of  »  qiiantrtv 
ofiiu,  ahich  wmi  €«fri«l  bv  Ihc  nrturn  nir  to  Ihc  point  erf  explwinn.  Al- 
tlioui^  Hr.  |)ickinB(in  RiliiiTta  Uist  Ihcn  arv  lioli*  in  the  floor  Of  tlie  mine, 
apfMrMitly  nuMd  by  the  btaving  ot  lh«  »tnu,  which  m^tit,  ahiioiiiEh  not 
prtihatil*;  h)i*<>  been  eniintd  by  cnipttonit  «r  kv  :  "Wl  ft)(houi;h  thvrv  itm  nn 
niliiibic  liifa-hnr^eoTKiWon  Ihe  (ni^vorihe  kvc[,  B'bich.  if  not  prmorpd,  n-nald 
Ooon  >cr^riruiiliili7,  hv  mimiih  ti)  ili-senl  rn>m  the  rrcvlvnl  opinion.  I!c  thinks, 
tf  (Sort  wni  *n  eruption  orj^K,  (hat  it  did  not  roiiie  thruu^  the  bit,  hut  llial 
the  (M  wnji  the  re'iiU  of  tlu-  i-ipVision.  Hr.  tried  nith  hiji  Innip  vrlielbi'r  any 
UM  ir«s  romin«:  "ontof  tbo  rtviiy,  »nd  be  found  nane ;"  »iid  irpu"  hnd  t-onic 
from  lh«t  qiuiTtcr  in  qu.-uilitv,  ts  bud  been  «ii--gfrttd,  it  ww  not  liktly  tiiat  it 
woulil  hivi^  siiiMF'itty  iTUHcil.  8tippoiiii'j  tlii'  ^11  hud  laken  jdaeir  at  tlif  ])re> 
dw  inoniciit  ri'-piir.-rf  by  othtir  pircnmnlsii^fl,  it  1*  iiiilc  iMxnlhle,  liu  ■dmil^ 
that  a  Htifnricnt  rjiianlicy  iniKht  have  conic  of)'  to  accouM  for  tho  explowon; 
but  he  tboui;ht  tbe  suspected  spot  the  leart  likely  in  the  eoliicry  for  nuch  an 
BccuiniiUli'in,  for  a«  thv  norkiii-ii  had  Imeti  vilunded  eight  hundred  yard* 
boyoiid.  Hiiy  ir'«  wnutd  probably  havv  (bund  aomo  TMit  prerioariy.  If  a 
inidiltn  cHitbiir^l  did,  bawevcr,  take  place,  in  hta  vieir  it  ira*  far  tnore  bkely 
to  have  cuiiic  from  the  boica  in  tbc  huilom  than  from  the  fall,  whicli  hv  tM 
lolerably  mlislScd  diil  nol  bikt  place  until  after  tbc  exploiicm. 

Ur.  Dickiiiwiii  oniiiballcidty  rcpoat."!  Iiik  tlvtiberatc  opinion,  that  tbo 
«ystcm  of  a'ortinf  the  coal  in  Inat  iiiin«  vm  not  what  he  eonKiileml  the  licst 
In  lAnraHbirv;  it  *•%»  imI  Hbal  bo  ahould  <-alI  ih<»  "  LniicaKhirv  Hyalvm" — 
drtvinK  IcTe'ta  to  (bu  oxtremilie*.  aad  (rctlmic  tlic  cnol  iNtrkward  inslraj  of 
forwnrd.  'I"bc  r«4ult  be  xtnted  to  be,  that  tbe  trorkin^  nere  nioic  inirirato, 
tbe  Tcniilalion  more  diUlriilt.  and  that  inor«  piH  vrait  Ktrtn  olf  from  thoac 
working*  timii  w<iiilil  b<'  the  <■**••  nlbiTH-ite.  Ilt<  artiiiitteil  tliat  the  vcnliiation 
of  the  niim"  liad  been  uri'ntly  imprnTcd,  and  that  it  tniB  only  In  the  ininb-  oC 
workinn  lliat  hl.»  nuftiJcKlicinii  at  tbe  former  inijaert  bad  not  b«o  nhm-i'vi'd. 
He  facltcTcd  thai  all  (he  ^-at  explosions  In  LnncaHhire  bad  reautltt]  lironi  the 
twcufthc  Ncwraflite  HvsietTi.  whvrc  th«Betin<iiri-i<utrli  llattOT;  and  he  did  tiot 
knoie  of  anythlnj;  like  n  gmt  MCpWon  baiins  t.iV.-n  place  iindor  llip  Lnn- 
nuhira  »yvlcni,  wbich  he  bad  »o  «lron|c1y  Teeommendcd  fur  Kencral  adoption. 
Mr.  Rlliott  here  exprwacd  hi*  entire  tli-Mi^:^!^^!!  with  .Mr.  Uickin^on,  and 
declnml  lliat  tlie  result  of  tb«  tilan  |iropi.>a>.'if  hy  tlie  fiitipcclor  trtinUI  ha  to 
lea»^^  behind  tho  men  a  canittantly  inrrvnvintt  in.ijnijilne  iif  jan,  Mr.  iJii-kinscu 
adhered  to  hft  opinion,  and  al(bnu);b  it  would  wem  Dint  «iinc  of  the  workings 
of  tbc  colliery  in  qoertion  wnv  nndcr  (he  town,  be  mw  no  reainn  why  hia 
plan  ihoulrl  not  Iiav4>  been  ]nmiHd  !n  tli«  .\rle7  Mine.  Mr.  Itlckinaan  ad- 
inilleit.  un  liix  crosa-cxnni inat  inn,  that  h*  had  not  lund"  any  iiitpvcliun  of  tho 
Ariey  Jlini!  bctirt'™  the  termination  of  the  ln«t  lininiry  and  tbe  oixtimcnco- 
ment  of  the  prweiit  one.  Tlii*  he  justiHed  by  tbe  statrmi-nl  that  ho  had, 
in  bti  dinlrict,  ei^lit  hiitidrol  aii<l  Hi.-v-'ii1y">ti[  pita,  and  mxly  lerdt,  IVom 
which  coiil  wajl  prociiri'd,  an<l  that  dnrlnj:  Ihc  la*t  year  be  had  riiitird  ono 
bundrtd  and  Ihiny-elKht  of  theic  piis,  nml  dorlnrcd  Ihat  he  roidd  not  do 
more.  lie  concluded  by  utatinR  that  he  adiicrcij  to  bin  rcpeotedly  naprewtcd 
opinion,  tlml  the  Laii(mHlilrc  aysl^n  wa*  be-tf  auiteil  ti>  LaricailiiTc  roinci,  and 
that  lie,  at  tbc  taint  tiiike.  knew  that  the  Snre*"lle  vi*>rer«  were  thoniiighiy 
w«>ld<;.J  m  Ihcir  own  rlown.  or  A  thai  ewirf  attetnpt  (o  tatrwliiro  it  Into  other 
partH  had  completely  tailed. 

Ur.ftaur,  tho  tuonagtr  /T  tbenIli«Ti««af  tbc  Earl  orC^awfird,  and  Bal- 


Coalt  and  Colliaitt. 


txm%,  was  nut  ozsmlMd ;  aud  altboogli  I0C11II7  krauaialtd  wtlii  IU0  coltierT, 
hb  cTiiltnoe  wu  *t  r^bt  andvA  wiDi  tbii  of  Ut.  IrLcLinMit,  »  to  the  pruUiliM 
auw  af  th«  vxplonon.  In  bin  vplninn,  lli<<  bJI  nag  the  onl^  kpporcnt  Cftue 
Af  the  rsploition  itlikh  had  mit  (tcttrvi!  ol  protvUlily ;  tai  bo  vta»  mrUln 
that  ibcrc  niivt  hnvu  bwo  in  uwlliiir>t  uf  gas  lo  ban  oaiauHl  iL 

Wv  have  tiitis  UitI  >jt'fi>rr  oitr  iiwlvn  in  a  oaiiiJi-iMVil  ieam,  (he  Icadins 
fuaturi-B  of  this  tvrj  jravo  nntl  iiiijiorUiit  iiircMixalion.  They  ffirc  ri<f  !■> 
variou*  r*flcctiiioic  It  u  dear  thai  all  inrcrencca  and  opiniona  >r»pi-('ti[i;^  Ihf 
«na*e  of  the  falamil;  are  piin-ij  donjeclanil,  and  that  a  poiwiitivw*  cannot 
be  e3(pM4uil  aiktiii^l  the  *>  ilii(M»i.-!i.  or  n  aaliKbctory  TWttk-t  IWhb  the  jiu^. 
Stcon<l1/>  ihv  coiifliel  of  njiinion  hclu'M'n  lli«  brsi  anlltohlin  a>  to  tlic  tnoitt 
prudent  and  proper  randc  of  iruiking  a  collierr  of  thiE  flerr  licKrrrplkin,  irbil* 
it  &hoiri  \toti  un^'llled  nit^n'a  uitnds  aro  un  the  mibjeet,  iimiiHliUy  Icailti  in  a 
c«nelu9iT>n  tlist  our  pirKi-iil  iftXiiiu  of  coal  niiniiije  Ix  dulecliTf,  uvd  rrrjiiiras 
Rvlaion  b«ftir«  sunae  btftbly  eonhlilntril  liitiunal ;  ami.  Iai4lj,  thai  cnir  Uovcni' 
n>rnt  plan  of  inapection  la  a  mere  Bpola^^i',  nhieh,  vhile  it  numiriallj  inii>osea 
duties  upuai  a  public  officer,  wliicli  il  i*  itapovtible  Top  one  liwnan  iM-ini;  ta' 
iKrrurtu,  dvluiks  the  counti^  by  an  aiMunDet<  tliul  all  (he  mal  mines  In  lh« 
lungilont  art  uniLr  ptrfvct  (torc)*nineiit  rttTition. 


4 


Ttte  <■n«^  riKLO  or  vrrmiuK. 

The  fotlnwinK  facts  rcsjwclinB  the  coal  Hi'lii  of  Miebipikn  form  n  portion  nf ' 
an  exlendcd  sketch  of  it,  juitt  piiblisheilin  n  pnmphlet  farm,  hj- ft.  R.  Lniisinj;  of 
that  Slate.    The  oonl  licif  are  ro presented  us  ijulle  eitcnsiTc  and  of  an  cx<^el•  . 
lent  qnaliljr.    Wb  hope  to  rve«!vv  a  copy  of  [hi^  pamphlet,  but  an  indebted  j 
for  llww  piiijciilara  to  iho  Blitorofthv  Dtinit  Trituiu: — 

Ai'cnrding  to  llie  (rcoloffieiil  report  of  Dr.  Hougbloa,  fn  IftW,  the  radu 
which  include  the  coal  ljf<lii  of  ihe  ^Into,  are  criiiliraord  williin  the  couiittM  of  j 
Jacknon,  Calhoun,  InRlium,  Finlon,  Kent,  Ionia,  Dinton,  ShiiiWREicc  and  Gena- 1 
see.     Tlic  inosl  fiteiiiive  beds  of  coal  which  are  known  to  esirf  hi  (be  Stale.  ' 
■re  in  (owiiiiliip  i  iiurth,  rnri;;<!  1  and  3  ensi.  In  Iii^liau  county,  anil  range  3 
nail  4  wi-iil,  in  Enlon  iniiinty. 

The  rxiol-bcarintc  roekc  extend  tbroiixh  nine  eoiintlva,  and  protMbly  lanre,  \ 
a  diitunce  of  ticuily  lOd  milcH.  and  tlie  laiiie  ciraiura  ofooal  belonging  to  the 
lower  eoal  baHin,  is  exbitiiteil  In  vi«w  at  Ihrre  OilTerunt  points  of  outcmp,  ria,, 
at  Barry,  in  JaeltKni  eoiinty,  at  fiwi  Cwlnr  Rixep,  In  Inf  bam  county,  Sa  inilus 
from  liiirry.  uTid  at  ShinwaMeo  river.  35  mileii  from  Red  Cedar  River,  oecnjvy- 1 
inK  a  line  of  at  li'ant  60  inilea  in  extent,  Ihujt  allWiIins  ounoluiive  evidence  nT^ 
a  continiioiiH  stratum  of  coal  fur  that  wholii  dialanec.    TIm  IbicbiMaa  of  ibia 
alnliim  is  found  to  bo  nearly  (ho  Ramn  at  each  of  ihon*  ihreo  outcrops. 

By  cuting  the  eye  upon  the  map,  it  will  bo  lecn  tUit  the  coal  beds  ftiv 
known,  by  eiaminaliun.  to  extend  through  a  tract  foiuprivng  alivit  ui>e-eiiehth 
el  the  tcrrEtory  of  this  laiyru  State.  )l  innv  be  added,  llint  tbu  aooonipUidiod 
gvolovl,  Pn-«iilcnt  [|itchcocl:,ai«icna  to  Michigan  a  coal  tlold  of  ]:!,('00»cna, 
cr  about  oiic-Htth  of  the  entire  temtury. 

The  quahty  uf  tlic  coat  varies  in  dilTtrent  location  a.  A  bed  ofbitniiiinous 
ual,  aays  the  GeoliitiiiU,  C.  C  Douzlatt,  moro  than  two  fvut  thick,  of  aMip«T*or 

Jnality.  in  town  i  north,  pinKe  2  wi»t,  occnre  in  llio  bt-d  awl  )4nk  of  Ceihir 
iier.  Injthani  county.  Scveml  buaheU  were  remoreil.  which  were  Inund  to 
bo  bitiitninonii,  and  uf  an  exoellont  quality,  cantatning  but  wy  ali)^l  Iraoes 
of  iron  pyril«ti.  It  \a  oompaet,  has  a  glosay  laMre.  igtiilea  eaally,  buma  wUb 
a  liaht  flame,  and  Unvn*  only  a  small  rjunntily  of  I'arthy  rvMduc. 

bani->  U  tun<  of  the  coal  of  thlt  State  were  tniniipoited  to  Octrolt,  U> 
sulijected  lo  all  (lie  t««ta  fur  llie  various  purposci  for  which  Ututntnoiia  eoal  }ii\ 
generally  (Med.     The  following  evidence  of  tbo  reaulla  of  the  ciqicrinicnta  U  ] 
giroo: — 


G>alt  and  CoUitritt. 


m 


Dnsnrr,  Xit.  U,  IMS. 

f.  W.  Bnoon :— 5i^— In  |Mni»iK«  «ryatir  iiutniciionn,  I  hxt«  CAiiiivd  thu 
relative  valuv  itX  the  BloMlMig  anJ  Uicbigati  cool,  for  siuUh  work,  lo  Iw 
UMHA. 

Twit  r-^nC"  vent  tupp1i«:l  itiUicoaI  of  ai)iial  wvI^IiI,  dod  batha'mH  drietlf 
cniplnyctl  u(  (he  lunw  kinii  of  work,  and  diuinj(  a  trial  of  ten  and  a.  Ii»ir  daj 

Tho  rvsull  (ixhiliiw  a  constimpliuii  of  808  Ibi.  of  UioulHtrK.  «nii  1,300  lb 
of  Micliij^H"  '^>al.  attd  hImws  a  dilfvn'iii:).-  of  about  uiie-lhird  Iti  lavur  of  tUa 
BlofiBliiirK  rcml.  The  Michi|[an  <txti,  U  lV«i)  from  fiilfiliur,  miiI  if  iu  ftunbilitjr 
iit  impruvi-d  lo  a.  par  wilb  the  Blost'iurg,  by  a  ftirlbtr  pciutnilion  into  tho 
midt.',  <l)iut  wbii'h  wc  luvu  «>«il  being  alkfctl  to  be  turbcv  eaaX.)  I  Ktc  no 
Ktmoti  M'by  it  Abnitld  iidt  li«  *,••  vnlualilu  for  btacksitiilliiiii;  imrpoiKB  lu  ilie , 
Blouburc,  with  the  cxcciition  chat  t)ic  prowtit  (junlily  of  Mirbignii  ronl,  b< ' 
mckn*  of  iti  brnk  burniiig,  emits  niom  nuiukc  than  lb?  otlicr— ■  fniill  nkicD 
will  doiiIiltcM  cuam  In  t'Xlst  whcii  il  iuipTUTcB  in  a(rcn;;Ib  ariJ  diirubility. 

Thelmlof  [be  rvlatiro  value  of  Ui«  Bloiitiburg and  Uicbi^nticoal  »■«  iiiaj« 
M  tolloa-*:- — 

Uiie  for^  wu  wurked  lirv  days  trith  BIcwburg  coal,  and  consuincil  iOl  Ibt., 
and  tbvn  Itvu  \\»y%  u'lih  Mi-.-biican  coal,  and  con»uiued  600  lb& 

AnothiT  fnrttn  wan  workrd  live  mid  a  half  ilajTK  with  Bl(>Ml>ilrf  cnal^  COB. 
BUminR  4ii(i  lbs..  sikI  then  live  aad  a  bilf  dn,r>  with  Uirhiitan  coitl,  CAiiMinlDg 
£U0  Ibn.     In  all,  80S  lilannburg,  and  l,2l)0  IIih.  uf  Miobigan. 

Yniir^  i-ic^        S.  II.  Nkwuau. 

Tbp  [iropnetor  nf'  tb?  Iticldb'  iloiiAc.  to  wbixii  »  porllno  of  (be  coal  WM 
^veii,  tn  li'Dl  itn  (|iialitita  for  prudurini;  ilbiminaliii)!  ;[a>s  ura : — 

My  pis  appntBtus  being  upon  a  sniati  icnlv,  is  perlinps  ««  wi-Il  caksutated  for 
making  fwM  a  Itst  n«  any  uibcr.  bv'.'anvL'  .in  iiiiiiicfiinte  r««ult  caii  be  very 
readily  [•mdiii'fd.     My  derided  n[)iriinn  in,  ihAt  your  eo>l  yl«1<U  aa  mud  m 
■g  any  oIIut  dnmpstic  rnal  iiMd  Tor  that  purpnsr,  and  lit  iiuiiinons  qoalllie 
certainly  encecd  any  otbcr  gu  manufaFtured  by  u*. 

Adrian  tt  Terry,  U.  [■.,  K|>TOkx  uf  ibueoBll^  KoutclwliI  uscaa  fellows  ^— 

!  bavi-  been  Ijiiniitur  it  in  an  open  |irat«  for  thn  l>Kt  fiior  wcvha,  nnd  I 
have  never,  in  thv  wciCcm  Rounir;-,  burnt  a  coal  whieh  icavc  no  elrar  and 
brilliaiil  a  flflme.  and  of  which  Ibe  cuk*  [after  the  bituTiieii  was  burnt  oat) 
made  %o  permanent  and  hnt  a  tin'.  It  kaves  htit  nn  tn>li:iMlWjii>l  nmouiil  of 
Mhes,  or  cartbv  rvxidiium,  in  rompariton  vrilbany  rnat  I  baT«uiitr  biirnud  bt 
this  r(^c)n.  fhc  roal  t  bad  from  you  >rai  (uo  luucb  brokcit  to  osbiblt  ila  full 
value  an  a  fuel  for  houjiebold  u»c. 

Hr.  R  B.  Ward,  ijH'akiiiii;  of  tli«  iu«  <if*M>ehi|nin  coal  for  rrvalinjt  stdamr J 
Mys:— Tbecoal  burned  fri'uly,  rmiltiiittasrvatdealof  flanio,BndraiHnK«teitBt 
rapidly ;  waa  rcdueod  in  ailieit  without  exhibiting  any  cridencc  of  sulphur,  or 
leaving  aoy  alafi  or  clinktr,  or  [iiaking  iciv  iTiiprvfMion  on  th«  gnlM  uf  the  fur- 
tiac«H,  wbiph,  aft«r  the  enptriinrnl,  wi-rc  f«ft  a»  inee  frnm  any  adhralvu  matter 
U  if  wooi.l  hail  bi'vn  burned,  Wnod  had  uniformlv  licen  bumcd  in  the  ttO' 
nacoi,  and  tlicrefore  any  injury  to  th«  ^ates  could  \ic  rea'Iily  detected. 

BMcpcrtinit  rokr,  Mr.  Kraneiit  Smith  tays: — 

Th«  circuniKtitiii.'di  in  wbieh  I  have  been  placed  diirinic  many  yearn  of  my 
life,  bare  'leen  tiueh  a»  to  wirrant  mo  in  giting  an  opinion  with  resard  lo  coke. 
I  have  seen  Jinnic  hundred^  or  I  tniiilil  ^ny.  sumo  thouiand^  of  rumu<V4,  in 
daily  opiTBtion,  for  the  pnr^iom-  of  inakln)c  r«k*,  for  y«rii,  in  thu  north  of  , 
Eri);1and.     And  t  fi^I  nn  bcsitnlinn  in  tayins,  that  the  coal  known  ax  "Mkhi-1 
gan  coal,"  will  mak«  altnoit,  or  altogether,  ax  good  ooke  aa  any  I  have  (MB. 


coal.  DEVELUrHEyra  at  ta  aaLLK,  auTtoiA 
The  following  encouraging  facta  relative  to  the  iiipply  of  coal  in  Xortbcm 
Illinolit  have  rccunlly  tranaplrud  in  that  region,  and  are  wo«by  of  notice  :— 
There  havu  been  iome  recent  cxcaraiiona  fur  coal  at  LaSallc,  irliidi,  in  Uicir 


604 


OxUt  md  OoOmiti. 


rraqll,  »n  of  icml  InMvtt,  not  <aAf  (n  that  town  luid  ncUiUy,  but  to  Chloag* ' 
uidntlifi'pfn-tiaGiioryoTthemlllinoic.  It  hw  been  known  <(iriwmt]ro*r)i,lliftt 
then  wvrr  Ihm  vtrata  of  con!  at  lliat  (nMioi  vrtiTcfa  cropfml  out  it  Cramp  Rock, 
■bofit  n  iii'le  anil  a  liilf  uliovv  Ia  SiIU'.  kikI  roriKliliilMl  a  portii>it  oT  Iha 
nort}i«rn  bordcn  of  Ui«  rnol  Tllinoi*  coal  flclij.  Th^  nakrop  hiuf  bMo 
tnu-tfii  tbr  n  number  of  mili-i:  in  carli  (firpclion.  The  utrat*  had  a  dip  or  hn 
plinntioti  iif  rnuii  1  in  6  to  1  in.  19  dvHci-nilinx  Iroin  tlir  t>iitcn>|>.  As  two  of 
ttiiwi'  wtrr'  41  f«l<'«<-h  in  thiclini'ss,  Binlom-of  llirr^frM,  Ih^iiMcilily  obt^n- 
ablv  st  B  tt-nrk-iKlp  dcplh,  wmild  bn  of  poiirnc  vrrv  niniiiilpralile.  Wb*-n,  how- 
cwr,  Ihc  work  nfiould  be  carried  on  aa  i-Ktennifely  ti»  the  waoti  of  tli«  Rmintrj 
Khoiil'I  rv'iuire  fl,  i(  iH  qtiile  n^parvnt  (hal  tli«  expriiKc  of  raiiiine  Ihu  coal 
woiilit  ciKHlnnlty  inrrrau-.  pmvkJi>il  it  uhniild  ri>nlinii«  at  thn  nntv  iiwIiiMlioa. 
11)Cr(i  wvrr,  honcTiT,  indirnlionn  in  the  pmitidin  of  the  xupcnnaiui^irnt  sUnta, 
acuhawn  on  (hi-  fan-  nf  Ihebliifi;  that  thvcnal  strata  at  no  great  dutanc^e  frou 
the  outcrop  asstiTTiril  n  k'Tcl  [uMitiun. 

A  nfcnllemnn  inipfictid  in  ih'li'nii(n!ne  thin  i]iii>i!l!nn,  ihlrinK  thn  past  winter 
«omtnenccil  barini;  dircrlly  on  thr  bunk  nf  a  itcambMt  haniD  in  Um  t\\j  at 
Ia  SbHc.  Tliin  lian  bren  (-onlinticd  to  tbe  prewnt  laat--  The  MprniBcnt  hM 
been *nt!r^lv  Jiid'L'usfiil.  and  Ihc  rwiillof  t)i«  most  Natit^lwy  chanfttr.  At 
a  dqilh  of  ISn  fc-el  iWira  the  kiit&cp  of  tbo  irrairnd.  the  upper  <>f  the  thrM 
Mrala  of  coal  n-aii  mched,  havitiK  a  ihickneni  of  Are  fret.  It  it  ihun  denon* 
stnited  that  K\\v  coal  b  at  a  rnoilcrale  dppth.  entire'r  rnexhntutible  in  ()(uuiti^, 
and  ohtalnabli'  at  tbo  most  convpnit'nl  pw«ib1«  [lolnt  fur  i-oainiercv  and  for 
local  u<v.  j 

The  expense  of  deliveriii);  H  at  tThicK)^  from  that  point  ia  lent  than  that  * 
«r  InnniaHHiE  toal  to  hVie  and  Clovptand  nspectiTelj,  from  the  ninaa  bj 

which  th«»  Chiea  are  Kiipplio!. 

Annlhpr  ndvnnlnse  of  obtntninR  the  coal  at  l*  Sallo  IVnm  a  drpth  of  180 
to  140  fiH-t,  i-i  thnC  il  will  I-l-  fuiand  in  a  pnrc  iitale,  and  would  undooblodtjr 
(how  that  ibe  tm'l  rvpiitntiirn  of  Ittinoti  coal,  nri.iin;:  from  itii  hAiing  hoDttft- 
fbre  b«en  taken  out  ncjir  tbo  "utetop.  it  quirw  undi^on^ed.  We  arc  tha 
tuon  periiin'Icd  of  lhi».  brcauve  ire  are  infnmi«d  that  th«  tpfnnitv  anl  Inde- 
pcniient  inatviH-i  of  l'mri-*«orl'hnrk-»  II,  Skepbard,  and  of  PmfeHnr  JohnsoB, 
ahow  tbu  oiu^  lo  bo  ainioiil  idrntinl  in  its  oonstituenbt  with  tbo  bent  «a>alR  of 

Ohio. 


ms  sTATR  n  wincn  hah  txtm  w  unm. 

1 ,  Shallow  roal-tiCAmH  hnvr  lost  their  (tre-damp  by  lia  Mcape  to  the  daj. 
It  U  replaced  in  ihwe  beds  b_r  water  and  cnrbonic  aeid  b»k, 

8.  Tn  iTiinr<i  irliioh  are  di-i-per  ihnri  thoKi-  of  the  fint  bead,  tbr  cftimnni- 
catlon  with  the  day  is  raorii  inlrieatc  and  difflfiill,  Xcrcrthi-Iew.  in  Ihcm  alib 
the  fins  continiipil  lo  ewnpe  ta  lonR  as  its  tensinm  tniieh  cier«)i.>.l  ibat  of  the 
atniunplitu',  and  ivbaC  rrrriaiiiii  U  of  that  fpeble  cxpansiTc  pnwn  wh(<ti  Indi- 
cal(-i<  exhaiiKiio'i  tri  a  point  that  Juat  Iwdanei'M  the  almaApiieni'.  lien-  U  idtn- 
atfd  tiic  tvei.in  of  i-omnicin  blower*,  the  rtiidj  of  which  has  hyan  inadnjuate 
genemliMlioci,  dcceiri-d  iii  into  a  bcUpf  tint  the  irtxl*  of  (he  bamaieirr  hu  « 
pood  '!'*iil  to  do  niih  cxiiloii'irm:  wbcn-nn  no  morv  in  rvalitr  fcs  estahlisliti]  by 
Ibo  cin-iinistnnoe  of  ncnineidonrr  brtwci-n  its  flndualinnt  and  the  imor  of  fir*> 
damp  than  tbit.  that  the  ori)-!nnl  supply  of  pa  in  in  snch  silnatioai  Tcrj 
BMiiv  *ji(-nt  off  by  the  -y^tein  ofnslnnil  drainai^-  alluded  to. 

lender  ibia  'iA  hoad  arc  to  be  miikrd  the  inaNAF*  of  liberated  pii  in  i^initm 
and  old  workinEs,  as  well  ax  the  eommon  )>loivpr=  of  (^renlanip  aiw-l  stvtho. 
It  nioy  be  added.  Iliat  in  connection  with  the  1st  and  3d  hcadii,  barometric  ob- 
icrvaiionK  arc  rery  useful ;  bill  lo  Ihc  Hd.  and  really  dangcnnia  <«ttR;ory,  (h«T 
arc  inapplicable. 

S.  In  the  next  (cndntinn  of  depth  we  have  Iho  flr«-damp  of  enrtt  tenrion, 
(be  liigii-pTTWurc  ga>  ■<  it  may  be  called,  di*tit>clivclf  frimt  lfa«  little  com- 


dbsbsiM/  OoUUria. 


0W 


I 


pKMwd  ^  of  thn  Sd  hcttiL  We  arv  now  at  a  ikpth  irh«r«  tfao  dr^niOM  of  til* 
b«ilii  iaJieatci  tbcin  to  ho  ■inTt*i;h(yl  bj  fli»iire«  from  the  cUr,  anil  exiiitent  in 
a  sUlv  tliat  maj  hu  conmckmi  uiunHonncoil,  m  yet,  b;  *xtemftl  cauns  ^ 
(liBn]ti>.  It  in  ivn,  tbweSln,  and  tiot  qdIII  we  arriTC  brrs,  thut  an  ogipor- 
Uinhv  occur*  of  aiudyin^  Ihc  llric-<l>iiip  in  itH  imiri;  dangeroaii  furni.  ^Vhot 
we  bavQ  pmiuuiljr  aitccrtatnci)  in  rorrxi't  rn<>tigh  so  far  as  it  gucs,  but  wry 
inipariMt;  and,  aa Blreadr  inlimntcd,  IhcfRusc  of  agMtoralixationoii  ttiu  sub- 
joct,  which  t*  fcr  frcm  b«W  sulUcitMitlj  canipr«b«ii(irc 

In  them  dc«p  imdm,  an  Ioiik  a«  na  mart  Ihaa  thi-  capillafj  irauo  gOtH  on, 
Iha  gBB  i<  ridded  gnHluallj',  and  in  quite  manosoliU- ;  thurv  la  ili«n  no  r«l- 
boud  Bi»s«  or  it  i  it  U  ratangli-d  in  the  cellular  uliucrliire  of  Iho  coitl,  and  «n- 
cai)»l*n  too  much  rcMotBDRs  10  u»capo  at  all  &f>d)-.  W«  baie  baireicr  wen, 
(hat  rwn  under  tbMc  circunwlanec*,  a  gntduftl  and  continuous  Ubiih  lak«8 
plac«  until  ttiu  tunsiun  bcoanm  "nsTj  hisjb,  proridod  the  rb*  iumn*  into  a  con- 
fined n'U'ivvr.  And  It  cvidenllv  doM  not  maUfT,  iii  principle,  wbclhcf  Kuch 
n'tcin-r  be  the  nrtificlal  itpacc  of  a  mino  bamd  uji  tjj-  water.  <<r  a  iiatui^ 
cavit;r  in  Ibat  uiiiiu  eqiuUy  protected  vritfa  th«  other  from  comukitnication  with 
Ibo  opi'n  alnKqpli*r«- 

Wc  may  remark,  liovcTor,  that  the  tacRlon  Sa  liMf  lo  b«  erotcr  in  tlie 
nalunil  rcL-i-irer  thin  tlic  aniQcial  one,  nncc  the  chan««8  are  tout  in  an  ex- 
tensive inlue-BOBcv.  t^ieru  lunv  l>emime  ur«vic«  throuKh  which  tho  ffaHcscajiM 
at  itx  tcn*ion  >ncre»>i-!>. 

U  ii  vMivdr  noceaury  lo  my  thnl  natural  nkTiiias  are  to  ho  Ibund  in 
mines;  thuy  exist,  in  realilir,  bucli  in  ruofancl  thill,  above,  below,  and  aim  bl 
Um  Iwda  of  coal ;  th#tr  foniiatioii.  iru  mual  <.-uii<:lude.  in  duo  to  Ihow  dii^ 
turbanccs  which  have  h>  miieii  f^balcirii  the  <'anh'*  <ilniU,  and  Iliey  are  ma*t 
camnran  in  the  neigtiburhood  or  nlong  the  line  of  fitiill*.  t>cing  ptvclsclj  Uie 
bitiiatioii  wlik're  bags  of  fouiDCu  are  tnost  frcijuently  met  with. 

It  ilocs  n»l  follow  thai  tnry  lavity  will  yieUI,  011  tjeing  reached,  iU  stock 
of  hiRh-preasure  p« ;  on  the  conlnir}',  llie  rm  may  be  furevd  by  iu  premure 
through  tbe  clearagei  of  the  omI  ai  the  workings  approach  it ;  and  wlivn  Iho 
(mvity  in  reaefaed,  llierv  nwy  in  Ihia  «aao  ho  Utile  or  no  gaii  jpvcn  olT:  mnie- 
llnwa  a  flmure  or  a  liiich  may  commuolcate  U  a  dIUanca  with  the  cbarited 
ROdver,  in  which  cane  the  drainage  ii  aim  gradual  on  account  of  the  riislst- 
■noe  which  has  to  be  overcome.  Utit  that  the  mine  does  contain  in  iu  cnv- 
ititiV  and  at  iU  iXrsl  opening.  ll'>s  hifj;b-pn.48ure  gwt,  ii  an  obvious  deduction 
from  tho  preralsea.  And  whenever  the  inliTvvninx  coni  and  ntmla  ^icuum- 
panyinK  it  are  compact  t^oui;h  to  act  b«  a  dam,  the  gtkH  will  at  Itnfrfli  be 
reached  and  eiecn  oO' at  lliiM  hiKli  rati>  of  tension.        *       *        «       ■       *      • 

1.  It  lius  bveii  shown  that  l>i(,-ru  unt  two  distinct  eonilitions  of  the  exist- 
on<v  of  llii'-damp  in  niini's ;  oni;  comiatinK  of  lllieratttl  )-aa.  the  i-in)>uion  of 
which  a  intluenccd  by  the  slate  of  the  boromtter;  the  other,  and  really  dan- 
gerous condiLiou,  consisting  of  |^  of  a  tuusiou  greatly  superior  lo  that  of  tho 
atiuo«pluT('. 

S.  The  leceptactes  of  the  Grc-damp  arc  the  eelhilar  tiiuuR  of  the  eatl,  and 
tho  oavitics  which  are  found  Iu  a  greater  r>r  less  extent  in  mines,  more  par- 
ticularly along  tha  lines  of  diElurliancoand  fractiiru  of  the  strals, 

St.  The  vmiwion  of  gas  from  the  cellular  tjoiuo  of  the  cnitl  Is  nlow  and 
gradual,  and  sudi  ia  the  UNual  and  manngvable  formof  iume;  it  being  neither 
by  this  form  of  its  eniiHsinn,  nor  hv  lh:it  of  the  liberated  gas,  thai  llie  great 
exploaiuni  of  the  minoi  of  tbe  nnrcti  of  Knifland  har4i  bcoi  ooctaloned. 

4.  In  tbe  mines  of  class  S,  a  slate  of  high  tension  is  not  <asua)  nor  accl- 
deota]  1  but  It  is  tho  natural  cixidition  in  which  HrG-damp  subsists  provided 
there  are  no  raMnn  of  sjionlaneouB  dminagii.  The  cavities  mentioned  under 
h«ad  2  are  filh'd  with  gn*,  the  minimum  tensinn  of  which  is  41  atmospheres, 
but  the  ni:tiial  tension  probably  much  greater :  snd  when  Ihv  inUrvening 
ittata  arc  compact  eiiongh  to  set.  nitirvlv  or  partiiilly,  sk  a  dsm,  or  when  the 
rate  of  exearatioii  Is  Aistcr  than  that  of  iWinoge,  the  gai  of  thnw  rracrvoin 


6»6 


CmI$  and  CoUitrm. 


win  b*  disfhtrfcid  into  Um  miM  in  t  ttaU.  tiM  Icukm  of  whkb  hu  u  indt 
CBlkni  in  the  JUpkirciiii-nt  frooi  Uic  £ko  of  ■  block  or  coftl  of  6  tone  *t  Jvrnir, 
in  18W,  ami  one  of  11  lorn  at  Wftlkrr,  in  IMA. 

A.  Tb<^n<  uv  ■uiiifToiu  wetrUintd  i(iaUnc>A  of  tfao  iQKbtrg*  of  fatg^ 
pWtur*  itwt  into  minei^  kmi  otb«r  caiv«  in  which  it  nw  oliTtom  tiNt  aaeb 
muc  IukI  bcvn  the  caiiKv  of  cx|iliMioa ;  but  in  the  tnajoritj  of  mvm  H  h  (KB- 
coll  to  iliicoTcr  the  luiirvv  of  baue  when  cxploaion  enfu«,  hiiI  W  iM  liria| 
vltni>w  niiuaini  of  the  fs^'t,  n  peculiar  dcgm  of  obicurltj'  gtoaniRf  h«p 
over  lliv  iramoitlate  csue  of  ihow  arndvotK. 

t.  CoMs  aro  dtcd  in  which  air  ciurcnla  of  4.S9  and  Of  feet  p«r  aeooat 
won  quii«  inidcquato  (u  <li]ule  •  ttrcui  of  gai;  and  it  is  furtlMr  sbovn  hj 
caJvulalioo  from  MfMriniunI,  that  oiir  azbling  rnitilalin;  a{[tncici4  an  *■- 
trnnfl^  fc(^til«   in  coiiipanjuin  with  ihc    aiitaiconisi   they   hare   lo   contend 

yiinit :  and  thax  if  «-«  were  Miablnl  to  incrcaic  crcn  ttnfuM  Ui«  aWchacy 
Ui«M  a^eiiciw,  the  TuiitilaLion  woul>)  atUi  b«  luitu  inadoqnato  lo  mMt  tlw 
dttoK^r. 

'.  Tha  c«MS  of  hfttry  viplonon*  in  th«  north  of  EnirUnd  hare  otxuind, 
witbuul  a  proTtij  cxccplioii,  in  the  whole  mine,  where  tbt  Tfriitilaliofi  ia  lb 
moiit  )iurfvi%  bat  whfni  llir  occurrtnoo  of  vruption*  of  gaa  is  n>ost  liktlf  to 
bo  iDel  B'iih. 

&  While  cood  ventilation  isi,  and  will  eontinna,  ofNvntial  faT  rcoMiTinK  >!■• 
ordinonr  and  m.-inacebble  gaveou'i  product* ;  and  while  M  at»y  bt  looked  lo  tt 
AM«umy  a^iut  uwgaMHofminMoftbulst  andSd«kstcfi,(App(ni]la  No. 
i,)  it  U  jret  manifest  from  the  promima  that  tro  rojuiro  Mem*  further  it>c«fi>  of 
protection,  in  th«  can  of  tninegi  clai«ed  uodtr  Ihe  Sd  bead ;  and  tkoit^  fur- 
Ifaer  nwntrcb  m»j  lead  lu  y«t  itndiwurcrvd  aiuawirw  of  Mfely,  wo  aro  y«t 
bOMsd  In  ibo  mcoo  time  to  iikc  the  mnuii;  in  our  pow«r,  and  already  dovM4 
as  a  nfcgoard  asainit  cx|il<uIon  in  those  oiines^ 

9.  Tlicw  mtoiu  i-utim«t  uf  llic  uuiYi-raal  tnipiafnMntoftbe  M&l]r-hai|i  i; 
the  niitii-k  of  Ihc  3d  cbuA     Without  (rivine  a  prcfert^ce  to  ar.y  rarticvltr 
kiDu,  the  ex|)viience  uf  above  tliitly  yrsni  in  tlie  mioM  of  tlio  nonn  of  Eng- 
Uiui,  hiu  |>rov«il  Ihc  common  iMvy  lamp  lo  bo  *  pvsclioallf  aafo  lamp. 

10.  The  cxpenw  of  tifchtlnjt  ininca  vilb  MMy-lanpa  ia,  en  th«  whole,  IcM 
than  that  of  liKhling  with  nndica;  and  though  It  k  de(h«ble  lo  rsdiuk 
mkod  lliilils  aa  siucli  aa  poa^le,  yet  lh#  ii'»  of  Kvnpovder.  under  propor 
regolallnnt,  i»  not  InoonaisUnt  with  that  of  *alcty-lan[dL 

1).  Wiib  iIm!  Halety-Uiiip  excluiivclj  in  uae  throii|tl>out  tbc  minca  of  tb« 
U  daiii,  it  B  •  kcitiioate  concliuion  that  wa  tkonlil.  In  Attunt,  b«  as  frvt 
fl«m  explosionn  in  ih«  whole  tnino  an  we  now  an  in  ibo  pilkr  dlttricu— 
,^Vei«  on  vnpuMUhtJ  fiOfar,  ty  T.  J.  Toy^r,  EnfflaiuL 


4 


tvi  ooju,  roxMATios  or  ricmitiA. 
As  thvro  h««  been  m  mmh  Mild  nf  late,  in  Tcferenec  lo  tho  dtemTCfj  «f 
av^ablo  coal  in  Victoria,  n  frw  wonU  on  thia  question  tnay  not  be  conndmd 
imlcrant.  Coal  leiins  nro  fanned  in  the  wcondorr  W  Mdltnenlan-  neric*, 
and  the  iraanlj(yanditiialilyilepi;ml  on  lh«  period  and  •stent  of  their  •Urelop- 
nwiC  lli-nco  It  followa  thai  rounlrici;  barren  of  HtdimonUry  roclu  cut  bftnr 
no  eijilAlline  and  BiBflahlc  coal ;  whereai  tho  rtcloni  vhvre  taeh  rorlcc  ut 
furtuvl  may  contain  thin  iinporUnt  •iili-iiaiiin-.  Tlui  irreaU*!  <-c«l  IWlib 
aeon  in  Ihe  northern  hominiiliirv — Kiircpc  and  Anicriea;  modenldy  wKUn 
the  tropica,  in  tho  eul  and  wett ;  and  in  n  loimr  ifgm  \a  tbe  touthvra  fan**'' 
lapharci.  Il  hu  oJready  l)ven  italeil  that  the  Mdlinenlary  rock*  of  Vlor 
toria  are  limikij  lo  tho  tioiitlierii  clA>i^  with  the  cxorptlon  of.  the  *h!ngle  knd 
looni  i[i  the  northern  boundary ;  thcrefon!  thouU  oa«]  be  Ibiinil  in  tbis  cOIoat, 
of  any  Unporlancc,  it  will  be  dijiCoven;d  in  the  noiilh  fertnatloti.  Seveni  thtn 
awnii  haro  been  duaeribod  ts  aecn  in  We*tem  Port,  Capo  Otway.  and  la 
wima  parte  bclwoon  Qoebng  aad  Portland ;  abowing  lliat  if  ao^  thidt 


« 


I 


Coalt  and  Collitritt. 


mfl 


workabla  oe«]  rxut  H  nurt  be  hrrc,  and  ca  b*  (Stilf  detcctod  by  bonne,  (o- 
unucli  u  thu  funtuUuii  U  winipvsiiitcly  win.  nod  only  tbiaiy  <l«Ttlo|Md  if  a 
«ad  (ginnalion.  Thb  wdnamtary  cUy-ittaio  is  detxMM  on  tbo  Dndu1«tin{[  < 
■ur&cc  of  the  pran«7  rock*.  *nJ  onlr  pulintlf  coiMoltdalciI,  and  *ct7  littU 
■flcctnl  hjr  Ihe  erdUiary  "  GiuIIk."  Limotoiic  ronnxlion  appcan  lo  hare 
much  inlliwnoe  la  «m1  dcpoHiu.  I  haw  rumiil  iiivariaUx  (hat  (bu  Mol  Mama 
«r  Out  olttraooa  haaiu  war*  mofo  muntivr.  more  tinlAinn,  and  of  b«ttW 
qnalily,  than  the  Kcami  inoloocd  rn  thr  cinv  and  nn-nai^coun  ■cdimentanr  rook*, 
*rit)iutit  I'alrarvuiis  twilx.     TilOKi  whu  iii.'i.-k  fur  rual  in  lli»  culunv  totinl  liut  ba 

Sided  by  lb#  cnal  rurnmtioiw  of  Kni^liinil.  Iiitl  tahr  IhoM  of  Van  Oivriien'i 
nd  ami  Meir  $na(b  Wales  a*  the  tyi'ts.     AUIinu)[h  fotnlii  aro  of  iiii|H>rtnnt 
MMtiRlan):*!  in  dctmnining  un  mch  runiiaiiunx  in  Kuni]>c,  thvf  arc  oriiiili?  nvail 
Wv ;  aii<l  nt  tliu  wdiiiicntary  roekit  am  »>  It^lit  in  iliLt  culony,  thi-  ticarch  of 
orpnir  ivinaiiiH  U  iinn<'craaarj,  a«  any  iin|>Drtnnt  Hi-nin«  wliich  niay  exist  are 
Muilj  (liwovcrcd.     NumiToui  siunll  Ki-aaiii  of  cunl  arc  founil  In  canrUloitea 
and  cluyn,  furmcd  train  ciu'buiiaci.'uus  lualter  iii  militliuii,  mid  iTystattiicd  in  thii  i 
eubdivlnion  uf  (lio  bods  during  co'i"')bd:itli>ii.  IllvV  vtiilcr  frvvtiiix  in  joints.  , 
Hicrvforc  it  motit  not  b*  auppoiMd  l\<ni  all  thf  co^I  scnnii  nrc  mcrr?  I'omprRiiscd  , 
wood,  or  UcFoiDpoivd  regctalMn.     t'vm  irvvK  are  ihc  i-haracteriitic  foittil  Flora 
of  tba  principal  vuai  tivVtn  dt  tiiv  world,  yvt  tbrM  iiutXTJwtoas  Diay  b«  swui  tA 
many  li>rniii lions  of  iIiIh  division  willioiii  coal  hting  formed  tn  any  avail*l>lv 
qiuntiticii.     Il  In  lo  Iw  hoped  tluit  thcw  fcv  binti  taay  prove  uf  juum  xrrrica  ; 
lo  tbu*o  who  arc  looking  tor  workablu  uuul  icun*  in  ibu  c«lony.~K.  IIm'Kikj;.  i 


COAL   KintX    LIUIITEU    BT   UAS- 

Th«  continued  fcarful  aocidpnia  in  c<n1  miiin,  oiring  to  a  practical  deftd 
in  tliu  iiitanH  of  their  lllntiii nation,  hirv  f;:ircn  rise  to  many  cnnlrii-ances  (br 
nrtvvn tine  such  ovils.  One  of  til c  m<xt  inj^njoiis  sng^atiaiia  t*  from  Ifr. 
s«ptinius  Plcuc,  wtin  prfipoooji  lo  illuniinnii:  the  minen  by  means  of  coa)  f^A, 
thn«  rcndiTlnK  nwlbl  thnt  which  nt  the  present  tiinc  is  tbo  vcrj-  bane  of  the 
miner.  The  gn.i  it  to  b«  inad(<  "  on  tllt^  i>anh"—that  is  on  llw  tnirlncc.  and 
Urrivil  down  the  slinfl  nnd  alonj;  thw  "  rdlcy-way«"  by  fixed  piping  In  tlw 
uwal  way,  Ih^ro  to  bo  kept  con<Iaiitty  burning  in  properly  coiMtnicted  lamps, 
with  an  iinniovabJe  gnuxc  of  wire  round  tiM  tUtnn.  For  supplying  Ibe  lamps 
"  io  llie  pnlleriL-fi,"  wh«T*  the  actual  workings  arc  Vinj;  carru-d  on.  thi-  ipis  is 
to  be  coiivvyt^l  by  fluiiblo  Inbing  ;  by  llii>=  niennn  tbcrn  will  \hi  no  diUmlty 
In  moTing  llip  liehl  to  tbo  position  necdtd  by  the  miner.  Each  lamp  Ix  lo 
have  u  cone  of  Bne  Dary  guuxe  wire  round  1n«  haiuv.  and  to  be  prutecttd  by 
an  outer  caniiii'  uf  cuanw  gHUXV,  wliicli  will  |>rcvclit  the  trwunusmon  of  fiUM 
to  any  outward  explofllvo  mixiuro  In  the  pit. 


COM   0VE9IS. 

Gnlllaumr  lAmberl,  of  Mons,  in  the  Province  of  IlitinituU.  Belgium,  has 
applied  for  a  patent  for  a  ustful  improvement  in  ooke  ovtina.  Tbu  llmt  part 
(rf  the  intention  cuimist^  in  ■'onHlruHJng.anvnjtinicand  combining  the  ovens, 
two  by  two.  in  snvb  a  wny  that  tbe  amokc  and  gucons  produetK  gencratod  in 
one  during  the  rjirlier  singca  of  Ihe  cnhtng  proc(^.■•^  may  be  bamcd  in  the  other, 
which  Kit  c)iarge>l  earlier  and  in  wbii'li  tlie  ciilting  has  pmgraaned  to  a  mora 
advnnct-J  stage,  and  may  det>o«ll  thervin  a  porlinn  of  their  eathon,  and  that 
tbe  ino'>[ntiu''t<ble  priHliictK  of  combustion  m«y,  by  pawing  in  oonlacl  with  tbo 
exterior  of  the  oven  in  which  the  proces.*  is  least  advatiMd,  M«-rc  (o  aaiiil  in 
heating  tbe  charge  and  setting  free  tlie  gai«es.  Tbe  second  part  of  l)ie  inven- 
tion euuBista  in  ccrtait)  means,  by  which  each  or  any  oi>e  of  a  loiiK  rang*  of 
coke  ovens  may  be  discharged  of  the  wbalc  of  It*  contents  at  oooe. 


698 


Jrtrn  and  Zinc 


lUVcrACrviac  or  ooui. 

Mr.  P.  Hurt,  of  Rriuricy-hill.  SlalTanl,  has  patented  MOW  ItDprownMoto'fi 
Uiv  muiiurkclurc  of  mkr.     Thv  iiivrnli>r  (ahi-R  coal,  anil  eliok  of  ooal  of  mj 

S|U»Jlty  (exi'cpl  alonc-cunl,  uliirli  n-i!l  not  coke  to  a[|v«niaj(e),  and  bavinj;  ore- 
iilly  art  it  \ip  In  h  lit'>[i,  or  pile  of  Tuun<l  or  obionir  ihapc,  cotm  1(  nil  over 
wilii  fine  slack,  anil  then  hisckjt  w  ccvura  tliia  witb  fine  i(gh«8  or  lirci'M  up 
Id  tho  nhuulilcr  or  Ibc  heap  or  pile ;  «n<l  that  part  of  the  h<np  vbUh  extend* 
IVotn  the  Klioultivr  uvor  tlii;  lop,  he  toitr*  irith  Rnan  coko  cmlwrd  upon  tiM 
Hoc  s'nrk,  3H  llic  quality  nt  [tie  i.-anl  niair  ruiuirv,  m>  oh  to  t'Xdiiik'  *a  much  U 
powiiblc  »f  tliR  .itnioBplKTlc  nir  rmiii  l^c  onni,  nnil  lti«r«lijr  prcvmt  Itx  actiMi 
Upou  thi-  ccnl  trhi!p  the  smoke  nnJ  other  voUlik  miUIcr  rootnlncd  Ihcmn  is 
Mliig  vipcllcd,  Uvfure  gcnunil  combiuljari  in  oUowcd  lo  take  pki:«. 


XKW  run, 
Mr.  R.  .\.  Bnoman,  jiatent-iLKcnl.  hns  pntcnlod  an  Invention  vbich  nUtca 
ltli«Rianufacttircof  fuel  frornKmaljcoal;  and  consiiilit — 1.  !n  Ibc  use  of  Trin- 
"  ',  Cuba,  or  other  ^iitiikr  Minmon.  nloiie  or  conitilntMl  witli  rwin,  m  a  oiFans 
of  unll'lifyiiiic  or  ajticlomfi'almE  xmall  cnni  into  nuuisH  fit  for  tiuMldint; ;  and 
4.  In  the  use  of  wiier  in  whii^b  clnv  han  bum  diitmlTtd,  and  allotred  to  nub- 
side,  wilb  or  witboul  tbu  addition  of  p^iiin-araliic,  gum-iienc^!.  or  other  similar 
ptsa  or  trlul'no""  m^tttvr,  fur  th«  purpose  of  nioistrniiig  the  mixture  of  gnull 
COmI,  ndn,  and  bilumrn. 


cxLOAonn  canal  saaTi. 
Mr.  Amoa  Youuj;,  tt  Gwrrclown,  hnn  pcceired  a  pa(«nt  for  an  improved 
method  of  dlacharKing  mrgo  ^oni  cntixl  Itoiii*.  What  he  claims  as  new  anil 
iwtjiil,  Is  the  method  of  diKchartcinjc  and  tmiiKfcrring  ooti  or  cargo  from  ami 
koaOi,  b^  causing  the  boat  to  "  IVc«  ilicif "  or  ihc  oarno  bj  the  (Ctllhiit  "f  laU* 
ing  of  Ihu  boat  in  tlio  lock,  in  dmuiiig  off  the  water  frorm  the  latter,  in  aach 
•  maimtr  thai  llie  «rgo  containi"]  in  uno  or  inorv  cwgo-boxM  or  tnifk«,  pro- 
vldud  with  si)K|iDi»iion  truck  iiiiacltments  or  dcTlcM  u  spceiftcd — is  Uft  sus- 
pended at  itE  draagbt  or  flontinj  level  in  Ihc  canal,  on  a  siupension  (ruck  or 
nilnMid  built  un  ttio  Kidcn  of  it  over  the  lock ;  nbcreby  the  car^  inay  be  dis- 
chareed  from  llii'  boat  wllb  iliatialch,  and  with  but  little  lahor.and  be  nin  off 
at  a  AiVA  brnl,  to  any  iliatnni  place  of  tmnnfi-r,  and  there  be  tRuisfcrroil  (ram 
ono  receptacle  to  another  without  inconvoniently  detaining  tile  boot,  nod 
whereby  the  many  other  advnntai^ii  tpccilied  arc  obtained;  ^e  Mid  eargx>- 
box,  with  Ita  luspenjiion  tnirk,  altacbnienls  or  device*,  boat,  Aock  and  sus- 
pension truck  or  railrond  bl^i^(;  Brnmn^-d  and  operalioK  tofcelbor  as  sot  forth 
— and  the  whole  M'rrins  to  econoinitc  time,  labor,  and  rtducc  Ui«  cost  of 
trains  and  delivery  at  a  high  lerel,  in  a  practicable  manner. 


« 


IRON  AND  mC 

AtctLTBis  or  iiTic  oaxs  or  wcxxiasni. 

The  tine  ores  of  Wisconsin  hare  been  recently  analyied  by  Dr.  Tlayea; 
the  rrsnlta  arc  stated  In  one  of  the  paprn;  aemmpinylnj;  the  fouloj^'eal  report 
of  Prof.  Danielii  upon  thatStatc.  Alluding  to  the  Kcricn  of  orr^  and  mtnends 
placed  in  hU  hands,  thooe  of  which  n-cre  of  xinc  are  thus  reported  hy  him ;— •] 

No.  11  of  tbc  *cric«.    (Dry-bone  digging*,  near  Shultobor^.)— Tbs  S|wel>1 


Iron  and  Zme.  609 

men  ia  a  carbonate  of  xiae,  with  kcddental  portionaofewboiiatea  of  lime,  iron, 
and  manganeBe. 

Odo  hundred  parts  of  this  ore  conust  of— 

Pars  DKids  of  ilno,            ......  Gl-TS 

Oxidw  iron,  mangaasM,  and  Um«,         ....  I'M 

£iirthy  uatur,  or  rock,      ......  1'40 

CarbODia  add  uid  watar,  ......  M'OO 

lOfl-OO 

One  hand  red  parts  of  this  ore,  after  routing  or  heating  to  redness,  contain 
90'50  pure  white  oxide  of  zinc 

No.  13  of  the  Berjes,froinPlRtteTine. — The  specimeD  Is  ■  carbonate  of  zinc, 
with  a  little  silicate  of  zinc  and  carbonats  of  time. 
One  hundred  parts  of  this  ore  consist  of — 

Pnra  oxide  of  dnc,  .,,..'.    M-SO 

Bilica  uid  oiids  of  iron,    ......      I'SD 

Oarborute  of  lime,  ......    IS-fO 

CBrbonio  add  andiratsr,  .  .  .  .  ,  .    M'OO 

Earth  or  rock, -V) 

100^ 

Specimen  No.  12.— One  hundred  parts  of  this  ore,  after  being  heated  to  red- 
nees,  contain  79'iiO  of  pure  white  oxide  of  xinc. 

No.  13  of  the  Heries,  from  Mineral  Point — This  spedmen  closelj  resembles 
No.  12,  consisting  of  carbonate  of  udc  with  rock. 

One  hundred  parts  consist  of — 


Para  oxide  of  dno, 
Oiidn  iron,  aJamlaii,  eta., 
Carbanale  of  lime, 
Silidoiu  rock, 
Carbonio  acid  and  water,  . 


.   u-so 

■      1-BO 
.      B-00 

eso 

.     88-40 

JOO-OO 


One  hundred  parts,  after  heating  to  redness,  contain  84  S-IO  parts  pura 
white  oiide  of  zinc 

No.  14  of  the  serieii,  from  HiSin. — Carbonate  of  zinc,  with  some  earthy 
matter. 

One  hundred  parts  consist  of — 

Pure  oxide  of  xinCj            .,,...  ST-OO 

Oiide>  iron,  alamina,  etc,            .....  S-40 

Karthy  matter,       .......  7"(W 

CarbonaM  of  lime,            ......  i'OO 

Carbaiiio  ncld  and  water,  ......  SS'OO 

1«KI0 

One  hundred  parts  of  this  ore,  after  huTingbeen  heated  to  redness,  contain 
79  1-10  parts  of  pure  white  oxide  of  zinc. 

No.  31,  of  the  aeries,  from  Hessemmith's,  near  DodgOTJlle. — This  specimen 
b  also  a  carbonate  of  zinc,  mixed  with  earthj  matter,  mostly  silicious. 

Ooe  hundred  parts  of  this  ore  consist  of — 

Pnre  oxide  of  doc,            ......  U-tO 

Oiidea  iron,  alnmtna,  etc,            .....  S'80 

Carbonsto  of  lime,            .......  I'BO 

Silicioua  rock,         .......  89) 

Qubonio  acid  and  water,             .....  8300 


100-00 


One  hundred  parts  of  this  ore,  after  baring  been  heated  red  hot,  contain 
88  {p-lOpartaofpiire  whits  oxide  of  zinc. 


7W 


IroH  arid  Zinc 


Th«  nliM  of  whtU  tixiit  aC  )rinc  ax  >  pi^cnl,  U  bfconiitE  g^nrrallj 
knou'n,  and  it  tuu  ■  Rwrkcl  prirr  inucli  lii^hiT  thnii  u'liitv  li^d.  Mnel  of  th« 
tEi4rU]lic  lead  coiisiiinml  Tor  piinln  U  first  mscie  intonhilc  Icail,  vhkh  thiia  be- 
tvmi»  I  lie  etJtpIo  roaniifHi'tiire  liiuwdun  iiH-tnllk  kud.  Nuirtlwaean*  vfxini^ 
liitniiittriy  ktion-n  as  "  "iry-lionc,"  «re  llu;  Iwnl  un-Klor  jirodiidiic  Uic  H'tut« 
oxide  uf  line;  but  (he  man unte lure  is  not  bora  bUKl  on  tim  idcuI,  but  oii  tha 
ore  By  iin-iil)-  ticaling  tlicse  orw  in  heapii  on  bnuh-wiwd,  thi-y  low  their 
carbonic  ticid  nnd  wntiT,  nnil  Ix.'i.'Omi'  sort  tiiixtnrtd  of  tnmi  79  U>  f)0  pi-r  rent, 
curido  of  kinc,  u'ilh  (']irtlis  and  ii'on  n\)di'.  1'hi;.  iiiaivriiil  tbits  obtaintd,  niismj 
trUh  chuvoat,  Ri'cx  in  the  ninfHe  fiiitincM,  by  one  api-rallon,  nearlj-  «U  ibo 
oxide  of  z.me  Kliii'li  tbc  ore  eanliLiii4.  Kxtetiiive  niinuKKturiei  can  be  m*- 
Utn«i)  by  1h*  coiwnmit'tion  iit  prLwiit  g^iinx  no.  of  llilii  proii'i<^.  fl  liicli  con- 
tinucii  to  be  imiHirtrd  litrtcrly.  Bnl  them  ores  arr  eqiulir  u  well  ailaptcil  (O 
tlie  production  of  metallic  sine,  a  »ctt  uncful  roeUl.  bMrio)-  a  liigber  prino 
llian  lead.  Tli«  on*  uied  a^nvul  for  tlic  iirodui'tioii  of  tliis  metal,  an  titr  )■)• 
fcrior  to  ihcM)  in  qnalily,  and  th<y  ar«  rot  fitffnsively  dbilHbuInL  On 
econonrieal  oomridciutioni,  therefore,  tlienv  orvt  have  n  biRh  ralu^.  They  ofTtr 
tile  *dnnUg«  of  employing  n  lar~e  eapitul  iritli  n  nrtiinlv  of  the  iDiuitifac- 
ture  being  proDtablu  and  iint>ortnnL  A  Siatc  |>nnMf«ng  encli  irimerkl 
dcpCfcltf^  ninst  b«  rcganic<l  ox  rich  in  rauurccx  of  a  highly  important  kind- 


new  tiaazt  zwc  OOXPAST. 

The  foHowing  extract  from  tile  laat  annul  rwfiorl  ol  (ho  New  Jwsey  Kiuc 
Company  fiimislica  ■  KUinmary  slatemcr^t  of  the  prodnction  of  the  dry  n-bite 
oxide  of  xinc  during  the  jeain  ISfl-  and  IS.V),  fmm  whieh  it  appcam — 

That  (bo  total  pm<]ncti»n  of  If^.'i-^  wnn  2,4-25,n0<t  lb*.,  and  that  ol  lUc  y«ar 
1PJ58,  4,ftW,41B  U.K.,  bcinjt  nn  ir>riT(t»e  of  TO  per  cent  upon  the  prcceiilng 
yvnr,  and  thnt  the  production  during  the  Inner  half  of  the  year  1853  wan  in- 
created  nearly  eighty  per  cent,  upon  tlitl  of  tbo  tint  rix  inonlbi. 

During  the  <m<l  of  Si'pli'nil'cr  and  twitinning  of  October,  tho  worlis  were 
Slot^ied  to  make  the  tiewmary  connecliopi  between  tlieiiev  engine,  machinery, 
and  furrmccK.  wlik*b  nccounln  for  (lie  compnralivfly  smaJI  iirrMluetiom  duriii;; 
that  perio-l,  but  ^^  Ih*  samp  tinio  the  important  rxxulta  of  the  extension  erf 
ibe  H'orlis  is  most  lalisflictorily  illurtralcd  bv  (he  very  lar{tely  tii(Te««i'c]  [iro- 
duction  diirinj;  the  nionlb  of  N'ovtiiiljcr,  winch  was  mow  than  double  of  the 
tnontbty  nverage  of  llie  etilit*  year. 

Tb('  «-"rl[fl  are  now  repiilaVly  produeiriR  at  the  Mmo  rati-,  over  150,000 
lbs.  per  week,  and  there  la  no  niiwn  lo  dnii'it  ibat  tlie  production  of  the  ye«r 
I8H  win  amount  lo  eiKht  millions  of  poiir.ds,  hrinit  (ho  doable  of  I9iS,  and 
nearly  fviirf-jld  (bat  of  the  year  18.12,  A  favomblc  feature  of  (!>!«  Urge  in- 
vrenw  of  produriion,  in  the  fact  (bnl  the  general  eipeniwM  of  the  Conipany 
reitinin  the  budc  as  before,  and  arttounT.  conBci^uentiy.  to  a  greatly  reduced 
per  eenlage  upon  the  orlarjt^^ii  prodnetion.  .\nother  gratifrinjt  cin-utnstance 
in,  thai  wbiUl  in  (he year  18.12  llie  ppofiortion  of  tbeBrcondandlhirdiiunlltlea 
of  paint  wa*  Rneeu  and  one-balf  per  cent,  Upnn  the  whole  production,  it 
amounted  [o  only  fivo  and  ono  half  per  cent  durinjt  (ho  year  185!!;  in  faet, 
mt  much  \»  Ui«  proccK"  of  mnnitfacture  improrctl,  that  it  hut  been  deemed  od- 
Tisablc  to  sHko  the  No,  3  entirtly  oll'thc  IIhI  of  ntonulaclure. 

The  MTport  exhibits  Ihc  ftii.idi'isl  condition  of  tho  Co»i)ianT  on  December 
lit,  ISu^,  frvm  nhlrh  It  appears  tlint  (lie  bum'iWM  vieldod  daring  tha  year 
ending  Noccmbcr  30th,  1833,  n  net  prolK  of  $90,508,10. 

It  alM  ihom  the  prewut  surplii*  ■>rss«.'t«  over  liabilitiea,  exclusive  of  tho 
10,111  ibaraaofreaervcd  slock,  to  be  t4tl,3CA.U>,  egn^i^ling  of  UUs  rvceivablo 
ruiuibg  to  maturity,  and  maniifikctured  tlock  and  tnatoriab  nn  band,  valued 
Mt  Ga<h  priou. 


IrvK  and  Ziite. 


TOl 


bis  to  Iht  oldtM  Coaiimnj  (njiinizvil  for  workinj;  the  Frankiinite  on  «f 
Stir  JvrDvy-  OUi«rs  >»  in  ibc  IWItl  anil  irill,  prDb*i>l]r,  Man  be  in  upenlioo. 
'rb«  orv  at  lli«  mine*  is  almiwl  incxhanKliUr,  »nd  iu  cxcellctm  Tor  the  prcH 
iluction  of  >  Kiipcriflr  ulicle  of  iron  well  U^lcd.  If  tlic  ntccl  wliicli  is  maUe 
from  it  [)OKWRS('»  tho  fine  tcmpvr  npmtcnlcd  in  the  mbjained  Klnlciucnt  of  tbe 
Conipaiiv  it  niaat  KTcnttj  tiihancc  in  value  For  the  purpoic  uf  illustrating 
this  point,  «■«  «ppcnd,  at  tfic  done  of  the  report,  mmit  lutonishiiig  futlH  r«U- 
live  tu  the  impurtanoe  of  SwiMlish  Iron  to  Ori-al  Itrilain  fi^r  [lie  luniiuriictUTV 
of  «eel. 

Tliit  Coiiipuiy  in  ehutartii  by  lli«  Stale  of  New  J«fwy  with  an  antborlmd 
capital  of  twulTc  hnmlrcil  ihnUMinil  dotUn,  in  ^hnri-n  nf  Iwi-Ii'r  nnd  a  half 
dollars  each,  o^  which  amnunt  tHo-ihirds  haic  been  appropriitrd  to  tbc  pui^ 
chase  of  the  mintii  of  Krai'klinile  ore  aixl  the  dk  of  the  patvnl  liiilils  for 
working  th«  miuv.  and  thi-  other  tliinl,  cquit  to  four  hiini!n-Tl  thntitnnil  dollar^ 
Ibr  tlw  arjrction  of  funinrcH  and  olhf  r  worki  xu^KSfoiy  \n  tho  prfMX'.w  of  re- 
ttuctlen,  and  for  the  purcha.w  ft  Iniidx,  biiilciinftK,  etc.,  contisuoun  thereto. 
The  tnincH  Hitualeil  at  Krunklm  Kuniaci:  lu  KuKnex  eountr,  N.  J.,  are  liclicved 
to  bo  iiieihinii'tihlc.  unit  Arv  irsiiiiiati'd  by  Dr.  (.'liarW  f.  JackMtn,  nmi  ■■■ihvr 
geologists,  tn  conl.iin  ahout  one  miUion  ton?  n!  the  ore  ahovc  wntrr  lelfl,  and 
to  extend  to  unknown  dcpthfi  below  il.  It  mny  be  qiinrried  like  »tonc  from 
the  Hide  of  the  hill,  where  it  lies  eXIvnnivcly  untuTcreJ  au<i  YiAlble,  u'liilv  A 
abort  inclined  plan*  of  a  f«*r  huiidrvd  feot  will  dvposil  it  at  th«  side  of  tha 
furnaci'-B. 

ThcM  are  intended  lo  l>e  loentcd  ncnr  to  an  excellent  water  power  reoratijr 

EiirphaM-d  by  llio  Coiiipany,  toftellier  with  jipward*  of  four  thouKuid  B« 
undrtd  acrrs  of  land,  much  of  it  irell  timbered,  a  xlore,  dwelling  liir  the 
Hup«Hntendenl,  and  niimeroiw  houses  for  the  rcsiilenw  of  woitkmcn  nnd 
others ;  aluo,  a  blwrt  fiimnce,  and  exlcntivc  mine*  of  nmpictle  iron  ore,  re- 
cently bcIon)pn);  lo  and  worked  hr  tile  Menm,  Ames,  frvni  nliuiii  ■  hi>;lil]r 
satiitfactor]'  piireliaM  liaa  buun  Tiinde. 

The  projii'rty  purchased  of  Mr,  Ames  consicts  nf  upwards  of  four  IhouMiid 
fl»c  himdreci  ai'rrs  of  land,  and  the  following  irapfD»cnicnt»;  — 

DoliLiid  fanu  and  buildtii^ 

Snw'mill,  water  powi-r  an-i  houses. 

Blast  l\imnce,  foundry,  cool  houso*,  barnf^  Rul  Iron  ahop,  foundry,  tia 
shop,  pte. 

Sixteen  dwelling  hoiiices,  blacksmith  and  wheelwright  ahopci,  tin  *h4p,  etc, 

Tnvcri!  honsv  nnd  lot  on  turnpike 

Iron  mines. 

Store,  dwelling  houite,  and  land  Ibr  arenL 

Tlii'<  peculiar  iron  otv,  called  Franktinile,  bait  hut  recenlty  been  mn^ 
available  fnf  thi'  prniliiclion  of  iron  in  the  bla*t  fiiriiace,  and  it  U  bulictrd  liiat 
Its  iinportnnee  will  constitute  a  new  rra  {n  the  innnuroctnre  of  this  U'liele.  It 
contain!*,  on  an  arvnige,  about 

do  to  !o  per  eenl.  oii.lo  o(  iron. 
II  lo  3i)      >!•>.  ilD.        line. 

13  lu  ti      du.  do.       mim^nMe. 

The  iron  pr«lui'e<I  from  it  is  of  the  toiighcit  and  mwt  fibrous  fhanuter, 
edapUn)[  It  In  a  pceullar  manner  for  the  inatiiiliiclure  of  railroad  atle^v  steam- 
boat ahaft*,  and  other  purpOEci  requirin);  frniat  itroncth,  whlU  tlii-  sEeol  mada 
from  it  il  of  the  very  BumI  eharacler,  and  will  entitle  il  to  lake  ttic  plni»  of 
Danuniora  and  other  Swedish  iron,  roriiiimnding  the  biglicsl  pricei  in  JihelHrld 
and  etsi'whcre  for  thin  purpose.  Sample-'i  of  it  cmiy  bo  Wi'n  at  the  olbw  nf  tho 
Company.    While  Die  quality  of  tbc  won  will  tbu*  entitle  it  lo  the  most  cx> 


•m 


tron  and  Zinc, 


tcnsiro  UM  u  well  u  tiio  liighctit  pn<^  the  nxidc  of  nno  iriU  «li»  pcrConn  a 
niMt  inipnrtntit  <<conomy  in  iu  rt^ductioa  inio  pig  cieUl  In  Ihc  procou  thii 
«x)d«  lit  (iriii'n  off  in  thi:  Torm  of  v>)xir  nt  ihc  Iruunul  dead.  GraiD  which  point 
niitabic  iihecl-irDin  pipcN  nr  piiuii([[s,  i^nniifcti^'l  with  an  vihiiut  rotarj  blovtr, 
wDl  df»ir  il  oir,  Ki\A  thence  force  ii  into  mii'Iin  na/rkv,  vhw  it  uill  be  eoa- 
nvctoil  ill  A  [imiiiivr  similar  tu  lliat  in  succcufiil  opiTiition  at  the  New  Jcraej 
Kinc  Coiiiimny's  u-i}rk«  nl  Newark.  The  (k-muid  for  the  oxide  of  tine  in  »«afy 
cxtenKive  nt  this  time,  «nd,  from  iw  (rreal  miperiorily  find  ch«apii«iw  coinpand 
with  nliile  lead,  its  iiin;  it  cxlcndin;;  with  more  npidil^  llun  tbo  pMMot 
mvaiia  rxi^tinj;  nilmit  Tar  supplying  Ihe  ijeniand.  The  aside  of  UiU  qtnli^, 
being  orNn.  2  nhilcnew,  nill,  hi  liu-  pmeiit  time,  comniand  kboal  fixiroenla 
por  pound,  hut  in  orAvt  lo  mikc  n  mre  ei^lliiiatt^  if  wc  aileiibt«  it  at  two 
oenlx,  or  one-half  its  prciicnt  value,  «nd  mipponn  that  but  «boui  iwrntir  per 
cent  (which  Ih  l«iti  llian  tlic  loweKt  estimilc  of  the  i^uilitv  i:ODUinc<l  in  the 
«r»)  tw  eollt  ;-ied,  it  teonld  ah^^Ht  nay  Ihi  fnfirefAel  «/  tnitting  tltt  trig  inm, 
Tiat  will  he  nppikrcnt  from  the  fotloidnK  exlrulatlnn.  In  whidi  fte  will  fluppOM 
that  it  takes  t1irr«  too*  of  the  ore,  or  %\x  thoumnd  Mven  hundred  and  twcnlj 
pouiiits  to  s»k«  <a\e  ton  of  pig  iron ;— 


I 


Thre*  ion*  or*,  delivciod  at  fnmim  emit,  it  |1,  it 
Three  lont  mlliraeicc  eoil,  at  %iM,  1« 
ThTee-tbnnlii  of  ■  iad  llmutone.  at  ft,  i* 
t^bof,  InduUliig  im^iitt  of  line,  . 


»*.00 
K.M 
O.TS 
4.00 


tM.3S 
Ded'iet  rtlae  of  SOper<«Dt.on  \jm  paauil*  midaofiin^ 

at  t  sent*, SIlM 

IjHttiif  cxccH  «f  Tain*  of  tine  over  cut  of  itrodnctlon  of 

hutii  liue  and  iron,    ......     fS.<4 

Itxtraordiniiry  pk  Ihw  rcnjlt  mav  nppenr,  it  lux,  nererthclen,  Irtm  •«&• 
millfd  lo  Ih'  triimlnitlion  of  \nlell\geiit  iin'i  nA^r-iuiivXfl  mm.  and  lb« 
pnclirabitity  and  the  facti;  of  the  cane,  il  is  liclievtid,  cannot  he  controrttiML 

The  pociiliitr  fiirnacvfl  ro(|iiircd  for  Ihc  rci)ucti<>n  of  thvi  ore  are  alao  of  ■ 
torn  oxpennive  kind  than  those  u-ied  for  that  of  other  iron  omt,  bang  of  eon* 
ridcrablj  IcH  height,  and  cunKeijiiently  rvi|tiiri!  s  much  STnalier  mrioimt  ol 
labor  and  maU'rlnlfl  in  their  foiitidntinn*  nnd  sup crstrue lure  The  (•iiildIs|S 
and  apparatiiR  for  MvioK  the  nxido  of  Tmc  arc  alio  iiimpiv,  and  of  no  coq- 
■Idnvblc  entt. 

The  Direclont  propose  ul  thin  tinrn  to  ercet  two  blast  ftimaces  of  four1««r)- 
feet  boah,  each  with  the  nei'i'>^Miiy  huildiiiRx  nnil  nppnrnlux  for  mvirii;  the 
oxide  of  xinc  st  an  estimatoil  eont  of  nbout  $15.fiD0.  n  d  to  provide  a  further 
fum  of  $.'30,000,  to  be  u.ied  nj  h  working  capital,  and  for  othi'T  conlingenciM 

not  DOW  foil'tiCCD. 


iMPOKTi^tcE  or  twirninn  irok  to  cmmt  wextxtn. 

Hie  importance  oF  iron  of  h  (|UnHt}'  auch  aa  tfao  Swodid  or  RuaailB  te 
Gnat  Britain,  is  a  sabjoct  which  has  perhaps  not  attrac(«d  a  tliought  bcjrofid 
the  immediate  firi^Io  of  those  intimately  ne^uaintvd  with  the  tnanubctur*  anA 
obM  of  thia  most  valuable  metal.  If  we  can  pnxlnco  an  article  equally  good 
from  Ihe  Franklinitc  miuo*  of  Sew  Jersey,  or  from  any  other  loralitr  of  oar 
ImmenK  iron  treuurM,  we  shall  hind  the  most  patent  uati'inx  of  the  world  to 
kMp  the  peace  with  usover  hereaflcr.  The  fcillou-in;;  stnl*inetit\  from  Ihe  pen 
of  Robert  Husliel,  an  btelliitent  Kngli*h  writiT.  were  drawn  out  In  rqdy  lo  % 
remark  of  the  London  ifininp  Jonrml  that  Rn)(land,  by  h«r  improvemcnu  In 
the  tnanufactDre  of  ttoel,  could  In  a  great  tncaiurc  mpplf  hencK,  without 


4 


I 


/nm  aitd  Zine, 


70S 


I 


\ 


bcins  cxttnairdj  <}«p«n<l«ot  upon  fonign  counlricx.  Thno  lUtnmonta  an 
mode  in  iuin<;9rliat  glowing  Milun,  and  iiiiiM  bu  taken  Joiititluia  witti  aomo 
alluwnnce.  Tlivy  mtt*,  howovor,  U  Illuatntu  our  Tiew,  wlilcb  Is  thu  iupoH- 
ancu  of  ■  ftne  iiwlltj  of  iron  to  the  driUMd  worM  >— 

t  tvt  only  nv  that  mrt  the  (upplics  of  S<T«dtah  anil  RiisKinn  iron  mit 
ofT  IVom  En^lan^  bcr  prt-tminvncp  ni  nn  engineering  nm)  matmriictiiriiig 
nation  would  KiilTer  to  an  incnlciila'ilv  uxtcnt;  nnd  I  twlipvu  few  uf  your 
PwlCT*  c»n  rMtiKlf  lnugtn«  how  many  liirpsrliimnW  of  art  m'i-1  trado  woiild, 
in  oonscqocncc,  be  brought  ihnort  to  ■  standstill.     Take,  for  tmtnnec,  tho  tin- 

Clktc  trade.  Uoir  vaulil  Ww  ohiltiMl  roltvn,  Ilmu^  which  tli<;  plates  arc  pnMetl, 
B  turned  and  fl(l*d  wer«  tiwrv  no  fniri^n  iron  F  No  Eiiglis!i<iiia'lt>  ln>n  will 
prodoce  Btti'l  trhioh  U  tiffirii^nt  for  this  purpci>ip,  and  without  cIk-^o  ai'ouratcly 
fltlod  rollcni  what  would  become  of  the  tin'piatc  manufacture.  Aj^aiti.  the 
whole  art  of  tteel-pan  making  deponds  upon  the  power  of  proouring  cliiliud 
roUi-p*  har)  v>nonxn  to  toll  east-slfwl  in  tho  raid  gtal*.  Nolhirij;  hut  (il«wl  mado 
front  Ihu  host  AweilUh  iron  will  faM  the  hardened  m«Ul  of  (MM  roller*,  and 
tinlpss  they  are  turned  and  ilttcd  to  a  nicety  they  are  uscIcm.     Bonn;  tooln, 

ttanini;  tooK  and  turnini;  tooln,  arv  all  niitde  of  Swctiitli  Hlcel,  and  worv  the 
«bI  Eti^liiih  slnl  uitcd  in  Its  place  ali  tho  t'ndli'SN  opcratifln«  norfonnod  iritb 
IhoS''  IooIb  would  be  doublfd  nnd  ijuadfupled  in  their  cost,  nnd  a  inudi  longer 
time  wo'ild  be  rviuired  for  linisbini:  I'npiii'vre'  work.  Then,  aiiain.  tapn,  dii-s, 
and  flttcrV  chi**!*,  miisi  all  hi-  mndc  frim  best  forei-rii  iron,  and  vithoiil  lApB, 
diL'>«,  and  tllEiT'ii  c^liiiicls  n'lint  n-uiild  thr  ei)i[inc<Tring  intcrciU  t>«  roJuecd  to) 
It  u'n<ild,  in  fact,  be  all  but  aiiniliilatcd.  ^V'irc 'drawing  in  amonpt  the  mont 
imporlant  of  existing  tradoi,  t'lipfclnlly  in  connection  with  Oiv  xy.'Ii-in  of 
eUflric  Ivlcgraphs.  Now,  wirca  are  drawn  hy  piwsln^  r>d»  of  iron'  ihroiijth 
gmduatcd  Iiile*  picreeii  in  framei  of  iron,  coaled  with  Htrel,  or  perforated 
Uiroilf(h  t«oU  of  vaKl-itlei^I ;  unlewt  in  eacli  c!a3:e  Ihv  steel  bo  mndu  from  Iha 
hes!  foK-igti  iron,  the  perforatioiw  bt'Comc  iiiiiiiciliali'Iy  rugged  Mul  get  out  of 
ahapc,  and  tho  win)  can  no  lonpjr  be  drairn  to  a  ijivpti  siw,  and  iridy  round. 
TbCM  tool*  are  cipnnirire,  and  Ihu  perfomlion*  rcquirr;  the  ntmnsl  skill  nnd 
^rc  to  prwluci'  them  accurat^ily.  *i>  that  urilcw  tliey  ircar  well  when  made 
the  moil  Biirioiis  \(nn  la  ini'iimid.  Slop  the  eiipiiHe*  of  furi'iKn  ip*n.  and  tha 
i,20Ci,i}i>C''.  worth  of  ores  produi:ed  onniially  in  Cornwall  and  Devon  would  ha 
rwiiiO"."!  t")  ■KXI.OOOt  The  granite  ijiiarries  irould  all  be  sliut  up.  Tile  Imrr- 
stonc  quitrrie*  would  share  the  tianii.'  fate,  mid  whi>re  tun  busliriH  of  (lour  are 
now  perfectly  flniaheil,  not  three  bushi'li  would  be  liirni'd  out.  full  of  irit,  anil 
coarsL'ly  ground.  MilVstone-i  oould  not  be  furroirod  nnd  liressed  aaat  iiresenl, 
and  the  mill-«tooea  at  pmenl  in  u»u  would  noon  tlo^  up  and  lie  idle.  Without 
ForDign  iron,  the  united  skill  of  all  thi<  ungiiiwrs  in  thu  kingdom  uould  not 
place  a  single  lonomotive  engine  upon  the  raiU ;  and  without  fori'l^n  sttn-l, 
with  which  the  rollers  arc  grooved,  the  rails  thein«elve«  could  not  l)e  produced 
to  half  the  preiwnl  extent.  Tim  huniblcit  village  Kniitli  will  add  lii«  te.ititnunr 
to  mine.     Ihi)  rough,  ngly  bar  of  hli(il#r-sti'i^l.  for  which  hu  jtivi-s  5'/.  or  oJ, 

5 or  lb.  at  (ho  nearr«t  ironmongor'ii,  is,  he  well  knows,  the  only  steel  ho  can 
epond  uprin  for  any  particukr  piirpo^p.  unless  he  iii'lulKes  in  the  expcn-fivo 
tihear.  or  double  .ihear,  at  M.  to  In.  per  lb.,  all  iiro^iarvd  from  the  sumc  Iiidi^* 
pensabie  furi-ign  iron.  Thn  shearlin;  of  iron  for  iiotler  plnttw  iind  other  pur- 
jio^i-staiionly  DC  donp  with  foreign  steel.  Any  Mi;el  will,  indeed,  make  nhears, 
and  iTut  iron ;  but  to  mike  .ihenrn  lar^e  enoufth,  and  true  enouRh,  to  sbuar 
iron  plate*  many  feel  in  len^  and  hrtodtli,  rei^uirra  steel  madu  from  tho  btut 
forcipi  iron. 

All  coal  and  mine  owners,  wh-i  consult  cither  their  own  intercit  or  tho 
oaso  of  their  workpeople,  purchaiw  bli.iter,  shear,  or  cast-steel  for  their  tool^ 
made  (torn  foreign  iron.  ETiglinh  *ti'i'l  rtnes.  after  ii  fashion,  for  onliiisry  min- 
■ng  piiTiHues;  hint  a  point  of  gnoil  foreij^  steel  will  wwif  out  three  point*  of 
till-  l>cKt  Rnicliah  steel,  and  the  caxe  with  which  tho  workman  porfbnua  hi* 
Vol.  U.—Hi 


7M 


Iron  and  Zint. 


workislikairi»«prop<)rtion»ti])y*lfvctiitL  RuHtisn  inm  in  no^cqukltoSwc&h 
iron  fir  mukini;  itccl,  Imt  it  U  Uie  nrst  tic«t  »iilto<l  Tor  thai  porposc.  Ai  to 
shevt-Ktvvl,  Klrd  win,  knivcit,  filet,  *a«^  nurpcntcn'  c^i.vlt,  ncc<ll#«,  itrill^ 
npinjllmi,  otn.,  Ihvy  nrv  &1t  well  ant)  rpadilj-  \a*Av  out  or  Enj^ith  slr«J ;  bat  nmaij 
of  tlivm  ttiD  only  be  maniptilktitil  by  mrxiii  of  tools  nixIc  of  finvign  Med; 
an<l,  ill  IJKt,  a  fiii-  miuip  out  of  tlic  btsl  Sn-cdiiih  »tccl  is  nt  »1I  limi-s  worth 
IhrM-fold  the  iiionuy  lint  an  Engli-ili  steel  flli:  ought  to  feti-li — *t  Irast,  U  wHI 
be  Itw  worn  vrith  IhrtM:  limes  iw  niiirli  iiae.  wicj  th»  worlmsn  tinins  it  wHI 
•rt  oTr  twice  the  work  in  a  pvcn  linift  I  km  tcrlain  th»t,  wtrw  tlM 
VMT  to  lay  liiH  banits  ugiun  Swi-ilvn,  and  lock  up  the  Swi-disli  ami  Riiwiu 
jrtin,  he  Hciiilil  in  tpnyrnrti  r''')iii^>,  not  Rngtaiid  only,  but  (ho  tTnitrd  Rtald^ 
and  W  a  pixat  extent  the  whole  world,  lo  a  statp  of  helpless  dcpmdeturc  upon 
liiin  for  ll»  sincwH  of  manufacturing  prosperity.  That  in,  prvriiled  no  Mo- 
i|U>tn  Kiih»iituto  could,  ad  inUrim.  he  found  to  nrplacie  thin  Mnl^  iron.  At 
pTctcnt  Iberc  is  no  suhstiliite  for  il,  and  ot  all  her  iinporlii,  the  iniif;nificwrt 
80,000  tonii  annually  of  Swede  iron  U  to  EnRltnd  we  rao«t  italuablo  and 
vllilly  iniporlaiiL  InipruTfincnlij  in  Ihi?  nianufncluic  of  sit'vt  (brrv  nre  non& 
An  cminenl  Shcfflrld  Etcvl-nisker  afflmm  that  they  iiuiitu  ibclr  Ktcrl  Juxt  M 
Ibdr  i^ndlalhen  did ;  nnd  whilst  the  art  of  inanipiilatinR  itecl  into  variool 
IouIb  anil  appliancv-i  hu^  been,  at  .Sbclficld,  carried  la  a  pilch  that  sppMn  to 
prec1ud«  lhi»  pOKsibility  of  fiirlhi-r  i»i[inivcini-nt,  not  ft  single  step  haji  hfcn 
made  to  improTO  the  Kteel  Itnelf  ditrinjc  Ihr  pnsent  ccciliiry,  save  and  excc^ 
the  grrat  and  notable  discovery  of  the  late  Ur.  J.  iL  Ueatli,  ai  to  t)i«  um 
of  carhurrt  Oif  inan^nesu  in  converting  worlhlcM  bIccI  tnto  Moel  ofoied- 
knt  qnalitv./rir  a/erpfom.  Thert-  in  no  ^ood  kIm-I  msdo  in  SheflMd  oiccpt 
from  Itunoan  or  Swedish  iron,  if,  indeed,  1  except  the  few  tons  of  Acadian 
nrid  Iiidiao  iron  which  may  hnva  found  llivir  way  there,  and  n^ithM'  of  wfaldl 
>r«  ret  predoetd  in  abundaneo  sutflcivnl  to  aiipply  thi>  market,  or  of  nn  noh 
fonnity  of  quality  to  suit  all  ilf  exisencie*.  Rutland  was  (Uppl'tcd  with 
foreign  iron  over  nincc  «hc  became  a  Bleat  manufru'tiirinR  nation,  and  she  haa 
never  known  the  want  of  it.  Portjjn  iron  h,  tberefore.  little  thought  of. 
Watwr  h  never  prlxcd  by  those  who  hni-r  always  acci'Mi  In  it ;  yet  water  ts  Mt 
more  indii^oniuib)o  to  the  n-elfnre  and  rxisteiico  of  mnnkind  than  is  foreign 
iron  (o  the  protperily  ot  Kngbind.  Ciil  off  her  iiupplii's  of  lea,  sugar,  or 
lobaMO,  wkli  all  thrir  annual  milliitns  t>{  import  vnliiv,  nnd  the  Uhh  wniiU 
ho  trifling  when  eompired  with  the  loa  of  n  few  thonamdn  of  p->iii>dK'  worth  o( 
foreiitn  iron  per  annum.  Go  throughout  Ihe  world,  nnd  you  will  find  thtl 
wherever  inaniif»'?turin^  iii(en>st>4  have  di-veloped  themwlroi  liiey  all  h)n^ 
upon  clrvl  of  a  flrsl-ratc  ijiinlity,  and  Ihn  steel  of  flr«I-rato  i^iialJIv  nil  conw* 
front  EngUnd,  and  the  iron  it  is  lande  from  is  nil  imported  fnnn  Sweden  and 
Russia,  And  this  sicel  iii  all  of  two  kinds,  cast  or  hnr-^eel ;  the  tatter  b 
merely  the  fiirrijtn  bar-iron.  V«J;od  forslxorcijrht  ilavgwilhrbumal  in  ahoA 
box ;  the  olhrr  is  simply  these  baked  bnrs,  milled  In  a  brick  pot,  and  poured 
1dI«  an  li'on  mould.  And  this  is  the  vaunted  art  of  steel  making  in  ShcAMl; 
kny  excetk-nce  that  the  stiMil  [hih4cssopi  was  nrlgiriully  posw^aed  by  the  ulthaked 
hoT  at  Ibe  riidv  Swedish  forge ;  and  exci,'pl  from  these  Touch  ham  all  the 
bakin;:  and  hnilinu  in  brick  poLi  and  pans  at  Sheffield  has  never  Hiccetiled  'm 

CrodncinE  a  single  pound  of  [lerviceaWe  Klecl  fnr  all  apphancM.  There  Ik,  I 
clieve,  miiall  probabitUr  nf  Ihc  »npfily  of  Sieedi"h  Iron  Wine  "it  off;  hat  If 
11  il;  a  blow  will  he  inKtcted  which  England  will  not  Epcedily  reeorer,  for  a 
fiiib«titiiti)  will  require  timo  to  provide.  It  would  require  ].^0.000  tons  of 
chuMHil  annually  to  produce  in  KngliiTul  a<<  lunch  bar  iron  aa  would  in  f  virn(>(]r 
replace  the  deprivation  ;  and  whrrv  this  supply  nf  charcoal  could  lie  Anund  U  a 
problem  n«rte»«lly  tobctnlvi-^l.  India  and  the  S'orth  .American  colonies  pownew 
a  supply  ot  charcoal,  but  the  re^^uisite  ikil!  will  not  lie  found  under  a  qanrter 
of  a  eentury  at  least  Thu«e  who  wish  to  learn  tlie  tru«  Important*  of  IIm 
npply  of  S'ueilMh  slvel'it<>ii  to  England,  Prance,  and  the  world  at  lari^,  irould 
do  W(II  tt)  rod  M.  Lo  Play'a  jiapera  on  tied  and  sileel  manufacture,  ~  '*~ 


Iroit  a»d  Zmc.  705 

AnnaU*  Am  Mint*  for,  u  Gv  *s  I  recollect,  1843.  The  WMit  of  Ruuian  iron 
will  be  felt  in  many  deputmenta  of  the  ateel  trade,  but  an  inCTBaaad  cooaump- 
tiMi  of  Swede  iron  will  moat  likelj  be  the  reault. 


BAILWAr  UtOK   WOBES. 

The  fbllowii^  statistica  of  six  States,  show  the  number  of  milla  engaged  in 
the  maRuliw^ture  of  railroad  iron  ;  the  probable  amount  of  manu&ctures  in  the 
pnaent  year )  the  itema  of  r»w  ntaterial  uaed,  labor  and  capital  emplojed,  etc. 

Took. 

lloDtoar  Iron  Works,  Dinville,  Pa., 18,000 

BDaghknilBwHy,  IMnollleiFa. 4,000 

l^Gkivknua,  tkniuwii.  Pa., 11,000 

Fhanii  Iron  Work*,  Pbcenlxvillg,  Po.^ >0,000 

flalb  Ikrbor,  Safe  Harbor,  Pl 16,000 

Orul  WeMem,  Bradj'*  Bend,  Pk,     .       .    - lS,ao« 

Ttew  Work*,  Pitlsbunf,  Pfc, B.OOO 

Poit»i-ill*  Iron  Works,  Potliivllle,P». 8,000 

CunbKn  Iron  Work*,  OorabriK,  Pa., 0,000 

Tieolon  Iron  Work*.  TrontOQ,  N.  J             IS^ 

MdMMhusetU  Irou  Works,  Boitou,  Mau., IS.OOt 

Ml  Sai^  Iron  Work*,  UC  S>v«ge,  Md 13,000 

BiohmDiitl  MillgBtchiiiond.  V*., B,OW> 

Wubiuglon  BuIliuK  Uill,  Wheellag,Va., S,000 

CmoialWork*,  Whealintt,  V*., t>,000 

HawUilLi,PortaniouLh,  Oliio, 6,000 

ToU 160,000 

BiPBiiiirTED  mM>  In  tb*  rBocuonoN  ot  160,000  Ton  o*  uilv&t  nox. 

ToiK 

^K  iron  Tsqnirad,       .        11  toa  par  ton  of  rail*. S1S,8SS 

Coal  UMd,    .        .        .         Gl  tona  per  Ion  of  rail* 810,000 

Iron  ore,       .        .        .        Bf  tona  por  Ion  of  nil*,        .....        £60,000 
timeatoDC,  .  •       1 1  par  too  of  raila lli,ISS 

Total  nnmber  of  ton*  rairiDalari*), 1,BM,646 

MBOB  ZXTLOTID,     TBOK    tOK    IUI(BUU     IH    TUB    aBOumi  TC  tOB    nBBaBD  BUL  IB 

HABKIT. 

In  mining,  Iranaportin;  *ntl  dalWaring  ooati,  per  Ion  of  ornil,  at  ll.M,       .  (1,611,800 

In  Kiiniiig,  treoaporting  and  daliTsring  iron  ors,  par  ton  of  ore,  at  11.60,    .  8M,000 
la  mining,  traiutponing  and  daUraring  limaatoiia,  par  too  of  lunssMna,  66 

cealv I88,M« 

At  and  aboat  Ihe  ftirTuua,  per  ton  of  pig  iron,  at  t8.ll 668,466 

At  and  about  the  mill,  per  ton  of  rdlH,  at  tli, 1,HO,000 

Carrying  raili  to  marlcet,  aajr  aferage  Is, 610,000 

Hnmliar  of  men  emplored,  13,S00— Yaari;  earoing*,  |300  par  haad,  .       .  (S,SSO,tSS 

Populatioa  gDpportail,  S  timea  18,500,  equal  to 01,600 

BnadBlnSi  conaumed  per  annum,  CI9,S00p«nionii,  at  ISO  per  head,      .        ,     4,615,000 
Capital  employed  In  nil  Iron  work*  now  enialed, 10,000,000 

Other  ititerasta,  ai  below: 
Ownori  of  coal  lands — royalty — valued  on  aton  of  rails,  atll.Sf,  ■      tlM,000 

Coal  operator — his  BTeraga  proflt  valued  on  a  Ion  of  rails,  at  IS  ceob,  161,000 

Owner*  of  ore  lonclii — royalty — valued  on  a  ton  of  rails,  *t  11.41,         .       .       115,500 
Owners  of  llmestona  qoarriei — quarry  save — Taluad  on  a  ton  of  ndla,  at  IS 

eenta 10,600 

Ca^talista—OM  of  money,  Interest,  ato.,  valued  on  a  tonof  nOs,  at  11.60,  140,000 

Innaportation  Coiupaniea — dear  proSu  over  and  above  vorUng  Bipen*ea, 

valnedonslonofrtila,  attS.78 604,800 

Storekeepers  and  other*,  tor  merohaudiie,  oll,brau,  &re  bridk,  etc.,  Taluod 

on  a  ton  of  raUa,  at  19.61 661,600 

Total, tl,»ll,«00 


1(M  /rOA  vut  ZiM. 

KKW    IKOK  COMPACT. 

A  bill  \m*  pkunl  ih»  l.tf  iglatim  of  oiir  Stale  bcorponlini^  ft  nvnr  Om^ 
puir  fur  l)iD  matiiilaclure  of  irttn  iiiKln  (he  lid*  of  tlw  Tbonuu  Irvn  CnmpiMf, 
whh  k  eaplul  of  $200,000.  Darit)  Thoinu,  of  the  Crane  Iron  VTotkn.  »  u 
th*  bold  M  tho  CouipHny,  TIlc  Kite  sclvutetl  fur  tlic  Works  it  on  Ihv  L«hieh 
VkIIct  lUilriNul,  one  mllo  above  Ciiiuaiioua,  in  Lclii|^  coiiiilv.  Two  Btadc* 
lure  b«en  already  eooiDicneoiI,  and  two  lu^  MtRinna  of  nuiBcMfii  Ra(i«cilj 
t»  <lri>?  (>ur  itatikn,  hnvv  been  ordcrcil.  It  u  the  intcRtion  at  tbc  Gocopkn; 
to  cninjkli'lt  Ibn  workii  n/i  nuuii  an  po«silile,  nnd  put  tbcin  in  operation.  Tbo 
worka  will  bo  under  the  cliargie  of  llarid  TbomM. 


mox   BrtlKEU    AT    IHOVTOS, 

The  itatiMU'cM  ofthc  pig  iron  maiiufticturc  &t  Ironloo,  Qiao,  tot  1038,  an 
MImts:— 

IVn  rUrnaoM  now  trannct  thi-!r'biisin<<eM  fa  IrontMi,  nine  of  wh!ir}i  tnns- 
porl  t!i«ir  imn  evor  the  Iron  Rnilrond.  Tho  Diiiiitwr  of  torn  of  pig  lui-tit  (a 
ton  btdofc  SICS  Ibc,}  each  of  thcw  funiiGCS  has  aont  out  during;  tlie  roar  ti 
liboim  below ; — 

Bnckhorn,  .......  I.Mft 

CMiln SJM 

Cllnuin, 1,ttt 

El"« 1^1 

Ml  Vcnion t,410 

J^vnoM,  .......  t,IST 

LaGnug* 1,118 

OII*«,        .    -      ' l.BSI 

VMOvliia, I,»0t 

Baala, I,M0 

,  Total  torn  tttim  bIkjvo  funiMM,    ....      18,900 

It  In  proper  to  aild  that  the  ahoro  Oigurea  do  not  ahow  tbo  maki^  if  Iron 
for  Ibo  aeveral  funiacra  (turins  (he  jear,  aa  oomo  part  ma  of  tbe  make  of 
]Bn,a(i(lAonM|wrtc>f  thpmulieof  1BA3  ia  not  f  ct  brailgbt  Into  town.  Som« 
of  Uie  ftimaccK  Itnvo  mndo  Imii  and  Mmc  ninre  iron  than  the  fijtiiros  annnod 
to  tbar  name  above  wuuld  iiidiiatc.  During  llie  hut  pari  of  I>i«eiab«r  no 
pig  iron  vu  bruoftht  in,  owing  (»  rtiMUnof  tho  aMchititTy  of  tbe  raflraad,  but 
fur  whivli  lite  \i\%  iron  bnnincKs  of  Irontou  far  tiie  jear  ISf-l  trutild  ba?a 
RttChvd,  in  rvmnd  nmnbern.  twenty  ihoudaiid  (onii. 

And  the  valuf  of  the  inetnl  for  tliv  j'l'ar  i4  proliaU/  but  little,  if  any,  sbon 
of  nitie  Iiundrnl  llioiiHanil  doUnrs. 

We  in.iy  ^Id  thil  Ihe  entire  pig  metal  huHinent  of  Iia<mnt*<>  rountj'  ftr 
18S9,  prohahly  amooniito  SS.MOtuiix.  rained  njbut  hltle>,hort  of  |I.400,OW 
— and  of  thii' entire  iron  n:^oii,  lu  T5,0UO  lou^  raluoU  at  orcr  (3,300,000. — 

One  writer  In  that  diatriet  thus  deiienbe>  the  oo«t  of  manulWure  at  the 
Buck4y<?  Fiimafe :  — 

I  am  Bcquainli>d  with  the  cost  of  manuriurluring  metal  at  the  Bmdfoja  Ua* 
naoca;  (heir  ore  S§  not  m  riuli  km  mxny  others  of  (he  (nrnace*  in  tbo  swM 
neigliJborhoed.  It  yields  ahout  -i;!  \iu\-  eeiiU.  rontx'qiwnlly  It  lak«B  three  loot 
(o  make  a  ton  of  mcUl,  whieh  catis  tliein,  on  the  furnace  bank.  (J.S5  par 
loin==4<^'"^ ;  tbey  uw  235  builiek  of  I'harcoal  per  ton,  al  4  ocnta  per  boahol, 
)1;  limefltonc  for  flux.  &0  ('vtilH  ;  exin'iotni  |>er  Ion  for  nuna^KT.  rierli,  atoro- 
kecper.  and  fiirrifiw  hand>(.$l;  ineidenlal  eipensM  for  "nin"  ur  ovldoor 
haoda,  GO  eentt ;  for  haiilinjc  metal  froTn  fiirnaeo  la  Jicluon,  10  niliiw,  %i  per 
taft—nakiriK  t3,1.'i.  which  in  rvutits*  is  about  %&  below  the  aolnil  «m,  aa  I 
know  is  acnral  of  the  furaauus  their  ore  coiUb  but  (l.M,  or  f  1.73  per  too ; 


;i 


/poN  ami  ZiM, 


•WW 


Oitir  ftTcnm  oat  lor  ntitubctarinf  ifi  %iS  prr  ton.  tnd  H  m«U  muiy  of 
them  or«r  ISO.  Nov,  ibnw  pncH  our  bv  rcauccd  by  dcductinc  (be  profttt 
wade  by  scllinic  BOKtundiM  u>d  proriuuns  totiM  luiub^  A  ttw  ykan  bwk, 
the;  Bold  Eood*  *t  «»  ftven^  coM  of  IVO  par  cont.  aiMl  their  pr«Au  tor  th* 
fMT  ircr«  from  (8.000  U>  SIO.WKl,  but  I  am  Mtixfled,  for  the  laK  nix  jMra 
ihcy  )uiTr  n»Iniit>lea|>rollton  niL-irliandiic  nnd  pravisiiMia  or  onr  (4,000;  My 
th«t  they  niiike  J8(W  toim  of  mt-lal,  wmlJ  liwsL-n  th«  coat  of  th<  Bnckayv 
maRiifacliire  (S.$8,  wlucli  •-fluM  mate  il  |1 11.43.  I  knitir  th«r  b«Tc  net  rca- 
liipJ  iliv  )Mlf  of  (a/JOU,  Uiv  U<(t  yc*r.  tK  .'iS  pt^r  ci-nL  inaboul  Ui«  avvnfre  of 
(ho  bolaiiM  of  the  furnaee.  and  from  $3,01)0  lu  (13,000  id  Ibe  ■mouiil  of  th«(r 
punbMM  !■  the  ooum;  of  Ilia  yi-ar. 


ucntovuinin  IH  iRfln  MAmtrAcritnit  ni  qiuuiaxt. 

Wr  tiavc  i-xlonkivo  Nport*  of  tb«  Imporeuit  improvi-mfiiu  in  trod  u  evil  in 
ticmany  dttrinK  laM  jrear,  in  til*  twImm  depkitmmtK  ot  mclallargy,  but  more 
[wrUcululy  in  the  manulaclurcaJ' iron.  In  order  to  iflord  more  time  fbr  thcit 
Mtiilaticm,  we  shall  cuauBmce  lli«  publicilioa  of  thfm  in  lli«  July  number 
of  this  Uagaxiiio,  wliiuh  alno  <.'Uiiiuii-iK-e«  a  av«  voliinio.  Dio  anlir«  tr*nii[*F 
tioti  will  opcu|iy  Mine  paces  in  syviTal  Duiiihcru  of  llw  ncit  lolom*. 

In  IhU  connection  It  mny  nnt,  pcrbapi,  be  improper  to  OaUi  that  oar 
ftrranj^mcnU  fur  tbu  tuturv  an>  KUi^h  »s  to  enable  u»  to  rorJeh  the  pafcx  of 
the  Mining  lligaxinc  willi  llis  iiupurUnt  inlcQigonw,  «itU<i'  of  a  acMntiBc  or 
practical  naturu,  which  may  from  timr  to  time  iraoipira  on  th«  cottlinont  of 
Europe,  and  which  would  hr  valuable  U)  tli«  mlalng  (nttrMt  la  thit  voonlrf. 


iNON  nxronm  or  tivKon. 
Aocordins  la  Swediah  aceouniik,  the  cxporU  of  their  bar  toon  to  Great 
Britain  and  rreland  in  about  40.000  tOTi«  tier  anniini ;  to  other  covntric*^ 
about  flO.OlfU  Ions,  thus  making  a  loul  of  100,iJ(iO  tons;  of  i«««l,  to  lln 
United  Kinedoin,  1180  ton* ;  to  other  coutitrits,  S4IS  toiu^  making  a  total  of 
S585  tuna. 

■txroKTanoK  or  iros  rRiniBiriED. 
Siiiiilcn  inivniTcnk'ncD  of  a  ceriouH  chantcLer  haaJiiKt  boon  *xperi«Bo«d  ^ 
the  I^ndun  llrms  in  lliv  iron  tndc  front  a  rFwliiiian  cunvi-yod  to  them  tbrou^ 
ttiv  Customs  pr»hi1iltin|£  Ih*  uxporUlion  of  ail  kiiidn  of  irou  t»  the  oMitiiicnit 
of  Kuropc.  Miuiy  KliipnienU  h»v«  lhu.>i  W«n  ^i|>|>ed  lo  Hambnrfb  aod 
lioKloi-k,  unil  olliw  pDriN  in  the  Bailie,  whirh.  inatmurh  M)  Ihey  Were  In  ex-. 
ecution  of  (inlprs  I'annoi  Ik'  nu»in:rnle'l  niilKiul  Ichk  tir  dilllfuily.  It  in  pre- 
Niineil  ihit  tome  p^iicrnl  reguUliona  will  he  f<irthulih  i>teufd  to  t^i<?l1ilati!  the 
eonlinuanop  wf  tin-  rtgulur  trade,  under  siieh  rcslrictioni:  and  neciirilies  aa  may 
b«  dutinieil  iuilllrt(>iil ;  but  uii1«im  thew  arv  oF  a  liinpla  nature,  and  are  ixKUcd 
promptly,  ereat  damage  will  ha  infll(-t«d  in  ntany  quMtorft — Tivut 


iMruovKKirsis  rx  rni:  MANrrAcrritit  op  mow. 
Ur.  II.  LcBChtuan,  of  Ulin^lun,  liax  jiatcnlcd  on  ini'ention,  which  coniiiits 
in  trtatini;  Iron  by  meamt  of  c^ertaiti  nialrrials,  or  a  cvruin  oriibinalion  of 
matrrlalH,  for  the  purpow  of  produeinji  a  mi>ri-  plnKlic  and  malleable  iron  llisn 
hrretufure.  For  IhU  purpuni^  cuiiiinon  bn'ck'duKt,  nalt,  black  oxide  ofiuanga- 
ntsi-,  a«il  pii!-iri)n.  am  employed,  an  licri-iiiaftiT  niciiliointL  The  drat  thrt>e 
mentioned  materiali  are  mixed  together  in  Ihi-  followinK  proporliona;  that  is 
to  aay ;— l!uminori  brick-duKt,  120  Iba.:  cornmon  m It  (pounded  IneJ.  600  Ibn.: 
black  oiidc  of  maagUMas^  !M  lb«.=1000  Ib&,    TIimo  thiec  naaleriala  are  lo  be 


708 


^«n  and  SSn*. 


UtMiDuittily  intpnminiilixl,  and  fMtuMd  to  a  al*to  of  pomAtt,  rinI  iMtd  in  Uie 
bailing  pncpiK  to  which  Iho  piir-Jroii  la  uunltr  nljiMfii  Wlim  the  meUi 
b  thoroiighir  multml  and  coramtncM  lo  iW,  Uw  ttowiier  b  l»  be  acMad.  in 
qiWRllIk'*  varviii;;  rroin  4  \h/^.  («  10  tlH.  wi'tjclil,  kcconling  la  (bp  tueUIIx  of  the 
mcul.  ir  the  mcUl  U  i>f  >  very  poor  ()iixl\ly.  10  llii^  wciitlit  lo  llrp  li«at  of 
430  lliK.  or  tncUl  i*  UKd ;  and  as  tlic  iimlft}'  it  supnior.  so  liu  U  to  bo  iiMd 
nroporllnnalelj,  ii|i  (u  4  tlift..  in  iluini;  wliii^h  Ihr  iiianubclrirrr  miwt  be  guided 
b}'  cxpcHcnw.  Tho  (xni'itcr  ulioiiM  hv  ml'fcii  In  or  llimwn  Itito  l)ie  nie>lal  ad 
at  uni-p,  at  the  iwinc  lime  Ktirrins  it  brinklr  about,  ma  that  tlia  whola  geU 
tli'>i*nii)-lity  inixpii ;  *nil  t)i«  iraii  is  then  ruuly  for  u»p.  Calciood  daj  may  ba 
iiKpii  iiifttfuil  of  lirii-k-iiiinl.  Thw  psii'iili't'  (■fniinf  lit*  IrtMhig  of  iron  by  or 
with  ft  compound  of  malcrials,  us  aliovc  described. 


In  lh«  lorlhod  at  prvActit  oiaplorrd  for  rolliax  irnn,  or  other  mctaU,  ojlbtf 
the  roll*  arc  slopprd  «tlcr  pawing  the  shecbi  tlirough,  and  then  reversed,  and 
the  iiiclal  tiawK'iI  Ihi^  coiilrsr^  h  uy.  ur  thi<  roll*  *rt  conliniied  fii  tnolJoii,  iikI 
tho  pier«  of  mi-tal  JIAnI  ovi>r  the  mlU  prrvioua  In  aKnin  paMing  ihroujth. 
H«Mn.  Rodfti  and  Thomnsr  Irnve  taken  oiil  a  p«lcnt  for  a  new  Mransemtot. 
\tf  wbich  the  op«*aliun  in  pRBtl^  fau^itatrd,  and  liiov  iKrrA.  Two  W|ianla 
Mb  of  rolls  «r<?  placed  end  to  utui,  anil  by  MiitAble  tootbcd-tcbiiel  jmrinc. 
inado  to  Kvotvo  in  oppointc  dirrnianK.  On  pa^n;;  the  piec«  of  metal  Ihroagh 
one  pairof  toIIk,  it  \*  iniiuc'liiletv  coriTrj'ed  by  a  ^uitablo  c%rriui;i>  (o  tlio  i^iera, 
and  pamei)  in  a  «ontnry  dirtctioti,  tho'oiHratinD  being  r«pcal«d  untl  Uw  r^ 
qidtodaoction  ia  obtained. 

tXPWl^-KltEim   tX  CA*T-tHOK. 

We  havo  reccirrd  a  couimuiiicalion  fVom  Hr.  B.  L.  Plii'Illpit  of  Upper 
Ki'iminiilOTi  lane,  relitlvv  Iti  ji  dlftfotery  mado  hy  him  in  tho  procnw  of  Iren- 
faiindinK,  n'hirh  he  dctcribps  »  of  cniuidembk  importance,  rendering  the 
metal  more  homoKetit-oim,  lotgh,  Kinuulii  on  the  surface,  and  gTM^jr  IftcreatKid 
in  strength.  Uo  «(al('«  (hat  iiuiny  caittngH  barn  bctoi  made  at  varioui  vMab- 
lifthwicni*  ncJir  London,  the  rpsiilt  of  whioh  provts,  beyond  doubt,  that  the 
metal  fliixc:^  easily,  ix  perfectly  freed  from  cindtr  mi'l  otbiT  ini|uiritii«i,  in- 
crtases  in  daaticily  and  slrenglh.  and  the  caslings  am  more  solid,  ami  br 
superior  to  ordinary  iron  fvir  Iiiniinj^  borintr.  and  planing.     V(e  ore  not  in  a 

Cition  at  prenent  to  pre  any  description  of  llm  procens,  aa  no  patent  right 
yet  been  "blamed;  but  it  lelli  wiicthinp  for  tho  disi-ovory.  wbat«vor  It 
may  be,  that  H<A8r8.  ScntI,  TtnsM'n  nnd  Co.  liave  tested  il  In  many  ways,  and 
liaT«  certified  that  itji  atrength  Ls  fKim  3S  lo  3C  per  cent,  greater  tbaa 
ordinary  iron. 


I 

i 


iHPfiOTwirsT  IS  tna  »*inir*CTiiii*  or  anrw-tiiox. 


Mr.  K.  0.  Pomroy,  of  I'Ubburg.  IVnniiylTania.  has  obtained  a  patent  for 
improvement  in  the  nianufnotun.'  of  shect-iroa     Ue  ««y«,  I  do  pot  dajn  ( 

use  of  till-  abovn  materials,  In  enmbination,  as  a  p^nt  Or  c«mpO«illon  that 
may  bn  forwd  int"  the  surince  of  Iron;  but,  lielli'i'ina  that  I  nni  iHe  flrtt 
person  who  ha-i  trer  iii'-or|M>nile'I  *nhrt  rurhonaccous  maMtr  with  the  mrface 
of  iron,  by  nn'<-hanieat  force,  what  I  do  i]|aiin  Ik,  the  incorporatiiiE  subilantially 
aii  deiuTitied,  solid  carbonsceuus  mnlter  H-tlh  Ilii'  snrfaco  of  iron,  •»  as  tO 
protect  It  from  oxidation,  and  bcsutify  II  at  the  aaicc  time. 


ran    ^H 
the    ^ 


mmovuiarT  n  mutAocs  row  uhc  wum. 
Hr.  J.  O.  TroUor,  of  Newark,  Ntv  Jeney.  makM  the  following  daim  in 
bi*  pAtent : — What  1  alum  ia,  the  loiiihinailoo  and  uw  ot  ttM  appcr  and  lower 


Qaarrit*  An4  Claift. 


w 


dtwttug*  or  puMgc  warii  frwa  tiw  Rn-jiare  to  Ike  fumaoi:;  Q\*t  K  t'>^ 
u|ip«T  paisage  way  ft>r  diacfiarging  w  cirryine  off  111*  liithWr  pim*  fruoi  the 
HpfpUec,  bj-  tbe  r«T«*bentory  flae  and  tvlurn  llii*«,  and  to  tbo  ehimiifj  nrnl 
lbs  ioww  pwiiMKc  wars,  for  diichnTuing  thp  finnip  from  lh«  fire-pUoe  illrvct 
npon  tbc  DttAi  of  ore  on  tlw  lied  »( ihv  furnaci:,  kd'!  thurrbj  TvdadDg  or  <nb- 
liming  it  laarv  vtTtctuMy  »inl  « ith  lw«  eo' mil iii| ■linn  of  foci  llwo  ever  befwe 
■«co>ii[>ruihnl  Also,  thci  roiiibiniitinn  of  tlic  alturnatiD);  mtIcs  of  liridci's  or 
bnkei  in  tbc  mtum  Uupk,  with  Uiv  rvTerbcraloiT  line,  •Iuiil)l>.'  Bn'hcil  mnfoi^ 
nwlian  of  tlw  roor  of  thv  funtacv,  aiuJ  lli«  uppvr  jxhuiiel'  nay  vid  iuwrr 
pUMfce  trarc  IVoiu  Uir  furnorr,  for  iho  purpoic  of  working  liuv  orM  bM' 
ntakiiii;  white  osid«  of  lini:,  aubstanliaUf  u  vet  forth. 


QUACRIES  i!!D  CLAYS. 

Quarrica  «f  red  alate  are  wurkeJ  at  Hcbrun  on  the  diTiding  Kiw  1>etwii«a 
New  York  and  Vi-rmont  Wp  haro  a  Mpwimvii  of  rooling  state  lAk«n  IVom 
th?m,  wlilch  U  a  vi-ry  rni&pnct,  flnc-grMni^d  and  firm  orUrlR.  It  votild  doobt- 
t«W  pment  a  vcrj-  pleasiax  contrait  oh  tbo  roofii  of  ftciutonc  aid  Othtr 
buildiap. 

MACnnm  ron  »HtuJS<i  iron. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Wrijc^t  of  Roslon  has  obtained  a  pul«al  for  an  improwmcnt  la 
n>ai^hiii<«  f'<r  drillinj5  utonc.     He  tbiig  gtaCv«  hia  dairn  : — 

What  I  daiiu  is,  llw  rombinatian  of  loochanlsm.doscHbcd,  fur  i>|«ir«tlnjl 
th?  drill  bar,  cnnEls1<n|c  of  twn  jialr*  of  ):rii>p«n,  attached  to  rods  bavinit  nlot* 
Ud  hcaili  which  rMnvc  tbc  wrisU  of  tho  cr«iik«,  the  noid  cranks  being 
ai'mn^  diamclrically  oppoiila  to  each  other  on  a  r^mmnn  aiin,  and  the  kIoU 
in  the  h(«ds  of  the  uripixtr  rml*  being  of  »uch  form  a*  dcwrihcd,  co  an  (• 
cause  one  wt  of  jtrippcrs  to  be  atmii's  rising  while  tin'  other  pair  an."  dunceni- 
Injt,  but  to  caiine  a  citsatJun  of  motion  bcfbre  every  drsctint,  in  ord«r  to  givt 
time  fur  lh<.'  drill  liar  to  lall. 

Mr.  ,S.  PcltiK  of  Sbw  York  ha*  patented  oa  iin]<ruveiiii'iit  in  imehinod  tor 
drilling  Rlone.     Vie  thus  lipwrihcs  his  olaim  : — 

Tlie  nnlurv  of  iriy  iiivciitian  eonnirti  ia  constructing  one  for  drillinj^  rocV, 
etc.,  of  an  cxocedinifly  portAble  charnotsr,  and  by  tbi-  amniteinenl  of  Oiv  opo- 
ratirc  parb,  givinc  certainty  of  action  in  the  tiimina  of  the  drill  hi'ad,  lliii» 
obTiatinx;  (he  liability  to  jamb  or  doface  th«  lifUr,  while,  at  thoame  time,  the 
ditfconnl  rib  OQ  the  mee  of  the  liftvr  HerveH  lh«  purpow  of  a  grvattr  throw 
than  one  plac(>d  radially  tnmt  the  shaft  on  whloh  [hi>  hfter  turns. 

What  I  claim  ia,  »0  placing  oti  the  Klidinu  frame  the  windia«  with  ratchet, 
whose  pfntl  i«  aclcd  on  by  the  drill  head  at  each  iJc.icptiI  thereoC  and  (iiua 
fevdi  Ibe  entire  lUM'lianiiitM  ts  the  work  procrcids,  tmbstantlalty  tn  wt  fynh. 


lAcnnlKS  »0R  maxfisa  nov& 

Ur.  K,  <J.  ilislinsn,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  has  patented  an  imiiroMTncnt  Ibr 
drvtiiing  none,  and  tniiK  detii-ribea'  Ida  claim  :^ 

The  tiBliirf  of  my  lin'<-iili"n  conslBlH  In  tlie  employnient  of  a  cylindrical 
Cross-tipad.  by  which  the  fiays  of  plide*  which  entry  and  (ivo  direr  lion  lo  the 
motion  of  the  luol  ^tock  arc  Mtpjiortetl  in  front,  atid  on  wliich  Ihcr  turn  Iheely, 
and  of  a  tool  ctoek  to  which  the  cutting  tool  is  nllnrlnd.  Imint  In  Itw  lower 
«>d«  a  receit!^  corrci^Hmdinf  tnorc  or  lau  nearly  to  the  eurraiurc  vf  the  aaid 


Tie 


ifitftflaain. 


cres»-hMd,  vhich  atiJ  crou-hnii)  Ihiw  serr**  alw  m  a  ml  or  itop,  at  wlwt- 
CTcr  ani^i)  fh*  lolil  wavH  or  giiiJro  oiar  Iw  kIjioIkI,  and  determicict  alwars 
the  6rpth  of  the  cul,  and  atates  a  pciferily  (nio  wtrfiKV  to  br  ptuducod  on  the 

^Tlwt  I  riaim  la,  IBaking  the  erent-brad  of  crlinilriaU  fdna,  anil  the  tool 
iitoA  with  >  eormtponilbr  ftwraritT.  snbfttafitiallf  m  shouii, » ihaC  Ui» <r*r8 
ut  guiiln  wbich  carrj  and  ((ive  direction  to  the  notion  of  the  aarid  tool  atoek, 
tnm  frrely  nn  the  mjiI  cross-hnid.  mil  the  aM  <TOJK-ticad  arrres  nd  a  l«M  <ir 
aldp  at  wliaterrr  unjcle  Ihd  eilil  nyt  or  ^!dn  uia;r  tw  ailjiMltil,  and  thtiH 
ah-aja  iletrnninai  the  depth  of  the  cut,  and  caowt  a  pcafcirtljr  true.  ■!»&<«  to 
b«|irodu»d  on  tfao  Ktaiic 

Mr.  J.  T.  Potter  of  Jvnvy  C'ltf  haa  uatnitei!  an  inprm^Dwnt  in  Blone- 
piclcing  mac-liine*.  .in<i  thnn  diaeriWs  his  cWim  : — 

Thi'  nature  of  my  improrcmcnt  conwsdi  in  pcptnbining  three  or  more  or  lew 
scries  of  rvns  of  toctti  with  a  cjlindiT,  srcun-il  on  the  ni1i.>  of  th<^  i-art.  on 
rods  runninit  IriiglhirnjK  of  ihe  ejlio'itir.  in  fliich  a  wny  a"  to  full  liaek  ami  be 
conemlvd  in  Ihe  cylinder  aa  they  eoiar  tii  (^onliu-t  with  the  diseharKing  plate, 
ao  as  to  prt'vvnt  niiy  liatrility  to  Iwkiiis  Ihv  cyliniii-r  by  blunts  wcil^iiig  under- 
neath them  u'h^n  falllnjc  Into  (he  ditcliarKin):  troi];;li,  h4  ii  soiiii'timcii  th<t  eano 
in  mj  original  mnehine,  and  in  their  dropping  out  atpiin  iik  they  t;ct  to  IIk 
.Uixteniide  of  tbe  cylinder  to  pick  up  the  stonca  ni^in.  and  in  which  pmilion 
they  ar«  hold  ly  tpiiraon  thu^rhlof  lh>r  rwls,  woridng  or  runnlngovora  cam 
Bttaehed  to  the  rart  frame  Air  that  piirpcuv. 

What  I  el«n>  i»,  the  ate  of  a  eylindPT  for  pickinjr  itlone  or  otb^r  nticfa^ 
In  comhitiation  with  wricti  of  n>nd  or  drop  ici/th.  mid  cant  and  apwa  lor  om- 
ralinit  the  Mtn«,  KubHtantiatly  a*  »'t  fortii.  I  uIeo  claim  Ihe  use  of  lh«  xolid 
diicharj-ing  plate,  nod  ita  comliiimlian  witli  ttie  drup  tevth  in  a  eyiinder,  ami 
operatMl  ktilMlaniially  aa  »et  forth,  and  the  combinalbn  of  Um  drop  taclh  with 
'IM  a^joftable  rake. 


■acimw  Toa  ri*i.vmm?K3  onn. 

Ifr,  A.  K.  Ratoo,  nfXowTork,  hw  patented  an  hiqirOTVnNnt  In  iiwchhiw 
br  piilreritinii  ore*,  aod  daios  as  followH ; — 

AVhat  I  dttiin  ii  a  rotating  iS«h  or  nioriar,  to  lirfd  (he  on  to  ba  fvimiud, 
and  thi-  n-ater.  increury,  or  ollwr  liquid*  with  vhteh  it  imt  he  adfuabl*  to 
mix  Ihr  wtmc,  in  mmbination  with  a  rlbraUng  rubber  or  pestle,  which  iasMda 
to  U-BTerK  the  bollucu  uf  tiiv  mortar.  BubMaDtUIty  u  set  forth. 


nit  CAn*^iriiRi>r«  pmon. 


SDtnee  «»  nn  Ihn  nilirhtj  dMp, 

Ainl  in  tite  Mpmiinrair; 
Sllenm.  liko  unbcrm  li«>»ir*'  >lMpi 

tiMoj  o'er  enrth  *o  Itir. 
Hum  tirek*  above  llie  bcnulioa"  piria, 

Y«l  "iiko  "tp  iiciiff  of  birJ, 
AihI  thiencli  tlis  tiouii-ii'le'*  •iiltiy  r*!gb 

Ko  iamrt  ham  ww>  litanl. 
tiBDOtlavd  «*niiagr  ahtdaw*  ftfl, 

Ai>daM*M»pp*d  Ibrth  W  hifh, 


Bnl  Itirir  eloar  vtanoe'a  polant  trpM 

Met  ucit  oat  liunuii  ■¥*. 
]il)di>'u(l>t  and  noon  atilt*  •tibllm* 

111  •ilene*  retlwl  their  my;  , 

UenenilT  f *- ^  where,  tma  eUoM, 

(.■nr  I  Ut. 

Kaiikrci'  idliiii,  nriH*, 

lrnbi^C'U)Jl<  <it Till'* foul bnath. 
Pell  ln>-k  In  iiroviilrat  npoms 

llmUInt  lib  tfarMiili  <h*i]>. 


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