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ii 



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303276928/ 



1 



ASHMOLEAN LIBRARY, OXFORD 

This book is to be returned on or before 
thelast date stamped below. 



•3 JAN 1989 

27;*uyi9H 



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^rdnwrtop (ftmrttmra. 



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"ANTIQUITATES 8BU HISTOBIARUM RSLIQUIJB SUNT TANQUAM TABUUB 
NAUFBAGII; CUM, DRFICIENTE BT FEBE SUBMEBSA BBBUM MEMOBIA, 
NIHILOMINUS HOMINES INDUSTB1I BT SAGACE8, PBBTINACI QUADAM BT 
8CBUFULOSA DILIGENTIA, BX GENEAL0GII8, FASTIS, TITULI8, MQNUMBNTI8, 
NUMISMATIBUS, NOMINIBUS PBOPRIIS BT 8TTLI8, VBBBOBUM ETYMOLOGIIS, 
PBOVBBBII8, TBADITIONIBUS, ABCHIVIS, BT INSTRUMBNTI8, TAM PUBLICI8 
QUAM PBIVATIS, HI8TOBIABUM FRAGMRNTI8, UBBOBUM NEUTIQUAM HI8TOBI- 
OOBUM LOOIS DI8PBB8I8,— BX HIS, INQUAM, OMNIBUS VBL ALIQUIBU8, 
NONNULLA A TBMPOBI8 DILUVIO EBIPIUNT BT CON SERVANT. BBS SANB 
0PEB08A, BED M0BTALIBU8 GRATA BT CUM BBTBBBNTIA QUADAM CONJUNCTA." 

" ANTIQUITIES, OB REMNANTS OF HISTORY, ABB, AS WAS SAID, TANQUAM 
TABUUB NAUFBAOII; WHEN INDUSTRIOUS PBB80NS, BT AN EXACT AND 
SCRUPULOUS DILIGENCE AND OB8EBVATION, OUT OF MONUMENTS, NAMES, 
WOBDS, PROVERBS, TRADITIONS, PBIVATB BBCOBD8 AND EVIDENCES, FRAG- 
MENTS OF STORIES, PASSAGES OF BOOKS THAT CONCERN NOT STORT, AND 
THE LIKE, DO SATE AND RECOVER SOMEWHAT FROM THE DELUGE OF 
TIME." — Advancement of Learning, ii. 



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^rctowrtop dtonfaira: 



TRANSACTIONS 



OF THE 



KENT AECkEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 




VOLUME IX. 

IfOtfrOtl: 
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 

B4ITCHBLL k HTJGHB8, WABDOUB STREET, OXFORD STREET. 

1874. 



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The Council of the Kent Archaeological Society is not answerable 
for any opinions put forward in this Work. Each Contributor is 
alone responsible for his own remarks. 



OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL 
AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY'' 

1904 



Kb/toi 



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CONTENTS. 



nex 

OFFICEBS, BULE8 AND LIST OF MEMBEBB X 

BALANCE SHEETS XXXW 

ADDITIONS TO LIBBABT AND MUSEUM XXXVi 

PBOCEEDINGS AT THE 8EVENOAKB MEETING, 1871 XXX vii 

FOUBTEENTH ANNUAL BEPOBT, XXxix ; KNOLE HOUSE, xl ; 
EVENING MEETING, lii ; OLDBUBT CAMP, liii ; IGHTHAM 
CHUBCH, lv; WBOTHAM CHUBCH, lvi ; THE MOTE, lvii. 

PBOCEEDING8 AT THE FAYEB8HAM MEETING, 1872 lviil 

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL BEPOBT, lix ; FATEBSHAM CHUBCH, 
lxi ; DAVINGTON FBIOBT, lxii ; EVENING MEETING ; 
PAFEBS ON FATEBSHAM OHABTEBB, lxii ; ABBEN OF 
FETEB8HAM, lxx ; AND BOMAN BEMAINS ABOUND 
FATEBSHAM, lxxi. PBESTON OHUBCH, lxxiii ; BOMAN CAMP 
AT 8YNDALE, lxxiii ; STONE CHUBCH, lxxix ; DODINGTON 
CHUBCH, 1XXX; EA8TLING CHUBCH, lxxxii ; 08PBINGE 

chubch, lxxxiii ; museum, lxxxiii. 

FBOCEEDINGB AT THE CBANBBOOK MEETING, 1873 1XXXV 

SIXTEENTH ANNUAL BEPOBT, lxXXvi ; 8TAPLEHUB8T AND 
FBITTENDEN CHUBCHE8, lxxxix ; SIS8INGHUBST CASTLE, 
XCi; CBANBBOOK CHUBCH, XCiT ; EVENING MEETING; 
PAPEB ON ANCIENT CLOTH TBADE OF CBANBBOOK, XCvi ; 
GLABBENBUBT AND HAWKHUBST, civ ; BODIHAM CABTLE, 
CV ; ETOHINGHAM CHUBCH, CXVi ; MUSEUM, CXVii. 
GOLD TOBQUES AND ABMILLJ5 DISCOVEBED IN KENT. BT 

C. BOAOH SMITH, F.S.A., ETC 1 

GOLD FINGEB BING, OF CELTIC TYPE 12 

THE BBITI8H SETTLEMENT IN BIGBUBT WOOD. BT B. C. 

HUSSET, F.S.A 13 

ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. BT C. H. WOODBUFF, F.S.A. 16 
THE BOTALIST BISING IN KENT, A.D. 1648. BT COLONEL 

GEOBGE COLOMB, F.S.A 31 



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VI CONTENTS. 

PAOR 

DB. PEGGB's ALPHABET OF KENTICI8MB, AND COLLECTION OF 
PBOYEBBIAL SAYINGS USED IN KENT. COMMUNICATED BT 
THE BEV. WALTEB W. SKEAT 50 

ON THE BBASS OF SIB JOHN DE NOBTHWODE, AND LADT, IN 

MINSTER CHUBCH, 8HEPPET. BY J. G. WALLEB 148 

BOMAN COFFINS, OF LEAD, FBOM BEX HILL, MILTON-NEXT- 

BITTINGBOUBNE. BY GEOBGE PAYNE, JUN 164 

BOMAN BEMAINB FBOM LITTON, CHATHAM. BY HUMPHRY 

WICKHAM 174 

LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY, AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 

BY S. W. KERSHAW, M.A., LIBRARIAN 176 

CHUBCH OF ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHUBST. BY THE BEY. W. A. 

SCOTT BOBEBTBON 189 

PAVING TILES FBOM FBITTENDEN CHUBCH 203 

INSCRIBED GOLD FINGER BING 204 

THE BASILICA OF LYMINGE ; BOMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 

BY THE BEV. BOBEBT C. JENKINS 205 

NOTES FBOM THE BECOBDB OF SMABDEN CHUBCH. COMMUNI- 
CATED BY THE BEV. FBANCIS HASLEWOOD 224 

LOW BIDE WINDOW IN DODINGTON CHUBCH. LETTEB FBOM 

ABCHDEACON TBOLLOPE, F.S.A 286 

THE CHUBCH OF BT. LAURENCE, HAWKHUBST. BY THE BEV. 

H. A. JEFFBEY8 240 

INVENTOBIES OF PABIBH CHUBCH GOODS IN KENT, A.D. 1552 

(continued from vol. vm.) 266 

VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DABTFOBD, 29 ED. I. COMMUNI- 
CATED BY THE BEV. B. P. COATES 285 

MISCELLANEA : DESCBIPTION OF GOLD COINS FOUND AT BOBDEN 299 

BBONZE CELTS 300 

FLINT IMPLEMENTS 300 

BOMAN POTTEBY 300 

GRANT MADE BY BOGEB OF FAWKHAM TO WILLIAM AND 
SARAH DE WYKWANE, OF FIFTEEN ACRES OF LAND IN 

FAWKHAM, 28 ED. 1 801 

VALUATION OF THE MANOB8 OF CHABLES AND BOUGHE- 

HEL, IN DABTFOBD, CVTCa A.D. 1350 — 1400 802 



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Ipsi <rf |Utt$tratt0ns. 



PLATES. 

Golden Torques and Armilla (Plate A) to face p. 2 

Golden Annilbe (Plate B) to face p. 11 

Plan of British Settlement in Bigbury Wood, Harble- 

down, upon the scale of 25*344 inches to one mile to face p. 14 

Urns from Tumulus at Ringwould (Plate I) to face p. 23 

Contents of Tumulus at Eingwould (Plate II) to face p. 24 

Monumental Brass of Sir John de Northwode, and 

Lady, from the Church of Minster in Sheppey to face p. 149 

Roman Glass Vessel from Bex Hill Cemetery to face p. 170 

Boman Remains found at Luton, in Chatham to face p. 175 

South Door of Staplehurst Church to face p. 191 

Carved Panels in the Tower of Staplehurst Church. . . to face p. 197 

Mediaeval Paving Tiles, from Prittenden Church ... to face p. 203 

Low Side Window in Dodington Church to face p. 237 

WOOD ENGBAVINGS. 



»A€» 



Gold Finger-ring of Celtic type 12 

Section, and plan, of West Tumulus at Bingwould 22 

An Assyrian Helmet, with mail attached 155 

Banded Mail of Asiatic workmanship 156 

Head of Boman Coffin, of lead, from Bex Hill, Milton 165 

Medusa's Head, from the same Coffin 166 

Two handled glass Vessel found with Boman Coffin 166 

Lid of Boman Coffin from Bex Hill, Milton 167 

Moulding of Beads and Rings from the same Coffin 168 



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VU1 ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAOK. 

Lion, Vase, and Medusa's Head from the same Coffin 169 

Fragment of one end of same Coffin 170 

Medi®val Gold, inscribed, Finger-ring 204 

Masonry in walls of Basilica at Lyminge 209 

Small bronze Vessel found in ruins of Basilica at Lyminge . . . 223 

Hawkhurst Church — from the South-east 240 

„ „ North Chancel (exterior) 249 

„ „ East Window of South Chancel 250 

„ „ Great Bast Window 251 

Coin of Cunobeline found at Borden 299 

Another coin of Cunobeline found at Borden 299 



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!&ettt $xfymk$vd j$ooet]i. 



OFFICERS, RULES, AND MEMBERS. 
1874. 



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♦ 

THE EABL AMHERST. 

HI8 GBACE THE ABCHBISHOP OF CANTEBBUBY. 

THE LOBD LIEUTENANT OF KENT— THE EABL OF SYDNEY, G.C.B. 

THE LOBD WABDEN OF THE CINQUE PORTS— EABL GRANVILLE, K.G. 

THE MABQUESS CONYNGHAM. 

THE EABL OF ABEBGAVENNY. 

THE EABL OF DABNLEY. 

THE EABL OF DABTMOUTH. 

| THE EABL OF GUILFOBD. 

THE EABL STANHOPE, D.C.L., PBES. 8.A. 

THE VISCOUNT FALMOUTH. 

THE VISCOUNT HABDINGE. 

THE BIGHT BEV. THE LOBD BISHOP OF BOCHESTEB. 

THE LOBD DE L'ISLE AND DUDLEY. 

THE LOBD FITZWALTEB. 

THE LOBD SONDES. 

THE VISCOUNT MAHON, M.P. 

THE BIGHT BEV. THE BISHOP OF DOVEB. 

THE BIGHT HONOUBABLE GATHOBNE HARDY, M.P. 

THE BIGHT HON. E. H. KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN, M.P. 

THE HONOUBABLE J. M. O. BYNG. 

SIB E. C. DEBING, BART. 

SIR EDMUND FILMER, BABT. 

SIB WYNDHAM KNATCHBULL, BABT. 

SIB JOHN W. LUBBOCK, BABT., M.P. 

SIB CHABLES H. MILLS, BABT., M.P. 

SIR HENRY J. TUFTON, BABT. 

LIEUT.-GENEBAL SIB EDWABD SABINE, K.C.B. 

THE VEBY BEV. THE DEAN OF CANTEBBUBY. 

THE VEBY BEV. THE DEAN OF BOCHESTEB. 

THE VENEBABLE THE ABCHDEACON OF MAIDSTONE. 

ALEXANDEB J. B. BEBESFOBD-HOPE, ESQ., M.P., F.S JL, PBES. B.I.B.A. 

JOHN MOBGAN COBBETT, ESQ., M.P. 

GEOBGE CUBITT, ESQ., M.P. 

THOMSON HANKEY, ESQ., M.P. 

KIBKMAN DANIEL HODGSON, ESQ., M.P. 

EDWABD LEIGH PEMBEBTON, ESQ., M.P. 

HENBY BBINSLEY SHEBIDAN, ESQ., M.P. 

JOHN GILBEBT TALBOT, ESQ., M.P. 

JAMES WHATMAN, ESQ., F.BJS., F.S.A. 

WILLIAM ANGEBSTEIN, ESQ. 

THOMAS G. GODFBEY-FAUS8ETT, ESQ., M.A., FJ3.A. 

f?*n*?fttfi Sbemtarg an* Gitiut. 

THE BEV. W. A. SCOTT BOBEBTBON, MJl. 
Whitehall, Sittingbourne. 

(ALL THESE GENTLEMEN ABE EX -OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.) 



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LIST OP OFFICEB8. xi 



24 GUcW* frtmbtx* of tfce Gouncil. 

6. B. Acwobth, Esq., f.s.a Rochester. 

John Board, Esq Westerham. 

James S. Burba, Esq Ashford. 

Rbt. R. P. Coatrs Lareuth, Darlford. 

Bey. B. Dbakb &fo«rm0«M. 

F. P. Giraud, Esq .FoosrMom. 

J. J. Howard, Esq., ll.d., f.s.a Greenwich. 

B. C. Hussry, Esq., f.s.a Marbledoton. 

Bry. B. C. Jenkins Lyminge. 

Sir Walter Jambs, Bart Betteshanger. 

John Wingfibld Larking, Esq Lee. 

Bbt. E. H. Lee Boughton-emder-Blean. 

Major Luabd-Sblby Ightham. 

H. B. Mackbson, Esq Hythe. 

G. W. Norman, Esq Bromley. 

Bev. A. J. Pbarman Rainham. 

C. B. C. PETLEY, Esq River head. 

Charles Powell, Esq Speldhmrst. 

Bey. J. C. Bobbbtson Canterbury. 

Flaxman C. J. Spurrbll, Esq. Belvedere. 

8ir Walter Stirling, Bart Tunbridge Welle. 

J. Frbmlyn Strbatfeild, Esq London. 

T. Thurston, Esq. Ashford. 

Bey. H. Montagu Villibbs Adisham. 

trustees* 

Bight Hon. Edward H. Knatchbull-Hugessen, m.f. 

James Whatman, Esq. 

Matthew Bell, Esq. 

ftitftftora* 

B. C. Hussby, Esq. 
G. T. Tomlin, Esq. 

Ctttrator att& Assistant Sbemtatfi* 

William J. Lightfoot, Esq., The Museum, Maidstone. 

Hanfcm*. 

Messrs. Wigan, Mbbcbb and Co., Maidstone. 

(London Correspondents, Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smiths.) 

Messrs. Hammond and Co., Canterbury. 

(London Correspondents, Messrs. Glyn and Co.) 



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( *ii) 



HONORARY LOCAL SECRETARIES. 

4 . 

SW&farH Btitrict. 

Thomas Thubston, Esq Ashford. 

Sladtfpaty astir I^foUfoara »t*twt. 

Mb. J. 8TOKB Smallfield 32 University Street, Oower Street, 

W.c. 

Sromttg ©irtritt. 
J. W. Ilott, Esq. Bromley. 

Cantaburp ffltetrtrt. 

G. T. Tomlin, Esq Comfo JZohm, Canterbury. 

Cranftroo* Btrftrict. 
Ebv. T. A. Cabb Vicarage, Cranbrook. 

Baxttoxrt Biitritt. 
Flaxman C. J. Spubbell, Esq Lessness Heath, Dartford. 

Babtt BiittUt. 
Edwabd Fe BRAND AsTLET, Esq., M.D. . Marine Parade, Dover. 

e«*trs fiultrtct 
8ib Waltbb Jambs, Babt Betteshanger Park, Sandwich. 

JFafcerrffyun fitttrtct. 

F. F. GiBAUD, Esq South Some, Faversham. 

Grafctfenfr «tftrict 

G. M. Arnold, Esq Oravesend. 

ftptfte Btittitt. 
H. B. Mackeson, Esq Hythe. 

idle of £$tjpprg Mttrict 

Bet. A. J. Pbabmak Bainham, Sittingboume. 

fcrte of G&atwt firttrtrt 
G. E. Hannam, Esq Bromstone Route, Ramsgate. 

feontam. 

Mb. SmaLLFIELD 32 University Street, w.c. 

#U0tftaiw an* falling fflttftrtrU. 

W. J. LlOHTFOOT, Esq Maidstone. 

fitto Hmrnirjj Buttrtct 

JOHK HUMPHEBY, ESQ ^Tw BofBHCy. 



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SOCIETIES IN UNION. Xlll 



Hflcfptfttr Birftrict. 
G. B. AcwoBTH, ESQ., F.8.A Star Hill, Rochester. 

ttbtnoOa BUttitt. 
Gboege F. Cabxbli., Esq Sevenoaks. 

£ftttaflb0ttnw Biitxitt. 
W. Mubton, Esq T»tutall. 

Ctntcrfcn fiidtrtrt. 
Bey. S. C. Tbessb Beale Tenterde*. 

Ctrobrftrge ©tttrict 
J. F. Wadmobb, Esq ZWrMty*. 

CunQrOrge 2S&cIU ©tftrtrt. 
Chablbs Powbix, Esq Speldhurrt, Tunbridge Well*. 

BBtafterfjam ©strict. 
J.Boabd, Esq. JFet^Aom. 



SOCIETIES IN UNION. 

JFbr Interchange of Publications, etc. 



The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain. 

The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 

The Architectural Museum, South Kensington Museum, w. 

The Numismatio Society. 

The London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 

The Historic Society of Cheshire and Lancashire. 

The Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society. 

The Lincoln Diocesan Architectural Society. 

The Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society. 

The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. 

The Surrey Archaeological Society. 

The Sussex Archaeological Society. 

The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. 

Somite* Aroheologique de Dunkerque. 

The Society of Antiquaries, Normandy. 

The Society of Antiquaries, Picardy . 

The Society of Antiquaries, Poitiers. 

The Abbeville Society of Emulation. 



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%yjk% of % |Utti ^jwlogkal Stocieig, 



1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary Members and Honorary 
Members. 

2. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council con- 
sisting of the President of the Society, the Vice-Presidents, the Hono- 
rary Secretary, and twenty-four Members elected out of the general 
body of the Subscribers : one-fourth of the latter shall go out annually 
by rotation, but shall nevertheless be re-eligible ; and such retiring 
and the new election shall take place at the Annual General Meeting : 
but any intermediate vacancy, by death or retirement, among the 
elected Council, shall be filled up either at the General Meeting or 
at the next Council Meeting, whichever shall first happen. Five 
Members of the Council to constitute a quorum. 

3. The Council shall meet to transact the business of the Society 
on the second Thursday in the months of March, June, September, 
and December, and at any other time that the Secretary may deem 
it expedient to call them together. The June Meeting shall always 
be held in London : those of March, September, and December, at 
Canterbury and Maidstone alternately. But the Council shall have 

Sower, if it shall deem advisable, at the instance of the President, to 
old its meetings at other places within the county ; and to alter the 
days of meeting, or to omit a quarterly meeting if it shall be found 
convenient. 

4. At every Meeting of the Society or Council, the President, or, 
in his absence, the Chairman, shall have a casting vote, independently 
of his vote as a member. 

5. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually, in 
July, August, or September, at some place rendered interesting by 
its antiquities or historical associations, in the eastern and western 
divisions of the county alternately : the day and place thereof to be 
appointed by the Council, who shall also have power, at the instance 
of the President, to elect some member of the Society, connected 
with the district in which the Meeting; shall be held, to act as Chair- 
man of such Meeting. At the said General Meeting, antiquities 
shall be exhibited, and papers read on subjects of archaeological in- 
terest. The accounts of the Society, having been previously allowed 
by the Auditors, shall be presented ; the Council, through the Se- 
cretary, shall make a Beport on the state of the Society ; and the 
Auditors and the six new Members of the Council for the ensuing 
year shall be elected. 

6. The Annual General Meeting shall have power to make such 
alterations in the Rules as the majority of Members present may 
approve: provided that notice of any contemplated alterations be 
given, in writing, to the Honorary Secretary, before the 1st June in 
the then current year, to be laid by him before the Council at their 
next Meeting ; provided, also, that the said contemplated alterations 
be specifically set out in the notices summoning the Meeting, at 
least one month before the day appointed for it. 

7. A Special General Meeting may be summoned, on the written 
requisition of seven Members, or of tne President, or two Yice-Pre- 



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RULES AND REGULATIONS. XT 

sidents, which must specify the subject intended to be brought for- 
ward at such Meeting ; and such subject alone can then be considered. 

8. Candidates for admission must be proposed by one Member of 
the Society, and seconded by another, and be balloted for, if required, 
at any Meeting of the Council, or at a General Meeting, one black 
ball in five to exclude. 

9. Each Ordinary Member shall pay an Annual Subscription of 
Ten Shillings, due in advance on the 1st of January in each year ; or 
£5 may at any time be paid in lieu of future subscriptions, as a com- 
position for life. Any Ordinary Member shall pay, on election, an 
entrance fee of Ten Shillings, in addition to his Subscription, whether 
Annual or Life. Every Member shall be entitled to a copy of the 
Society's Publications ; but none will be issued to any Member whose 
Subscription is in arrear. The Council may remove from the List of 
Subscribers the name of any Member whose Subscription is two years 
in arrear, if it be certified to them that a written application for pay- 
ment has been made by one of the Secretaries, ana not attended to 
within a month from the time of appplication. 

10. All Subscriptions and Donations are to be paid to the Bankers 
of the Society, or to one of the Secretaries. 

11. All Life Compositions shall be vested in Government Secu- 
rities, in the names of four Trustees, to be elected by the Council. 
The interest only of such funds to be used for the ordinary purposes 
of the Society. 

12. No cheque shall be drawn, except by order of the Council, 
and every cheque shall be signed by two Members of the Council, 
and the Honorary Secretary. 

13. The President and Secretary, on any vacancy, shall be elected 
by a General Meeting of the Subscribers. 

14. Members of either House of Parliament, who are landed pro- 
prietors of the county or residents therein, shall, on becoming Mem- 
bers of the Society, be placed on the list of Vice-Presidents, and with 
them such other persons as the Society may elect to that office. 

15. The Council shall have power to elect, without ballot, on the 
nomination of two Members, any lady who may be desirous of be- 
coming a Member of the Society. 

16. The Council shall have power to appoint as Honorary Mem- 
ber any person likely to promote the interests of the Society. Such 
Honorary Member not to pay any subscription, and not to have the 
right of voting at any Meetings of the Society ; but to have all the 
other privileges of Members. 

17. The Council shall have power to appoint any Member, Hono- 
rary Local Secretary, for the town or district wherein he may reside, in 
order to facilitate the collection of accurate information as to objects 
and discoveries of local interest, and for the receipt of subscriptions. 

18. Meetings for the purpose of reading papers, the exhibitions of 
antiquities, or the discussion of subjects connected therewith, shall 
be held at such times and places as the Council may appoint. 

19. The Society shall avoid all subjects of religious or political 
controversy. 

20. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the So- 
ciety, to be communicated to the Members at the General Meetings. 



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( xvi ) 



HONORARY MEMBERS. 



Edward Blore, Esq., D.C.L., F.B.8., F.8.A., 4 Manchester Square, w. 

Matthew Holbech Bloxam, Esq., F.8.A., Rugby. 

The Rev. J. Bosworth, d.d., f.b.s., f.s.a , Christ Church, Oxford ; Professor of 
Anglo-Saxon, Univ. Oxford ; PH.D. of Leyden ; ll.d. of Aberdeen ; Cor- 
responding Member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands; M.B.8. of 
Lit., London ; Honorary f.r.8. of Sciences, Norway ; f.s.a. Copenhagen ; 
F. of Lit. S. Leyden, Utrecht, Rotterdam, Bristol, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, etc. 

The Rev. J. S. Brewer, m.a., Professor of History, King's College, London, and 
Preacher at the Rolls Chapel, General Record Office, London, E.c. 

The Lord Denman. 

James Fergusson, f.b.i.b.a., f.rjl.8., 20 Langham Place, w. 

Augustus W. Franks, Esq., F.8.A., British Museum, w.c. 

Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, Deputy Keeper of the Reoords, Rolls House, Chancery 
Lane, w.c. 

The Very Rev. Walter Farquhar Hook, d.d., Dean of Chichester. 

The Rev. Thomas Hugo, The Rectory, West Hackney, N. 

Cosmo Innes, Esq., Professor of History, Edinburgh University, Inverleith Row, 
Edinburgh. 

John Henry Parker, Esq., C.B., F.8.A., Oxford. 

M. Le Grande Reulandt, Membre honoraire de la Somite* d'Histoire de la Flandre 
maritime de France, Membre oorrespondant de la Sooiltl Imperiale des 
Sciences de Lille, Contrdleur dans 1* Administration des Finances de 
Belgique, etc. 

Sir G. Gilbert Scott, f.b.a. 

C. Roach Smith, Esq^, F.8.A., Hon. Member of the Societies of Antiquaries of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Scotland, France, Normandy, The Morini, Abbeville, 
Picardy, Copenhagen, and Spain, Temple Place, Strood. 

The Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, d.d., f.s.a., Dean of Westminster. 

The Lord Talbot de Malahide, F.8.A., Malahide Castle, Dublin. 

The Ven. Archdeacon Trollope, f.sjl„ Leasingham, Sleaford, Lincolnshire. 

The Rev. Robert Willis, m.a., f.b.s., f.o.s., Jaoksonian Professor of Natural and 
Experimental Philosophy, Cambridge. 

Thomas Wright, M jl., f.s.a., etc., 14 8idney Street, Brompton, s.w. 



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( xvii ) 

MEMBERS. 

Corrected to March 4, 1874. 



THE * DENOTES LIFE COMPOUNDBB8. 



Abergavenny, The Earl of, Birling Manor, Maidstone. 

Acworth, G. Brindley, Esq., F.su., Star Hill, Boohester. 

•Adams, G. E., Esq., Rouge Dragon, College of Arms, Doctors' Commons, B.C. 

Akers, Bev. George, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Akers, Mrs., Mailing Abbey, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Aloook, Bev. John Price, Hon. Canon of Canterbury, The College, Ashford. 

Aloock, Bey. John Price, Jun., Birohington Vicarage, Margate. 

• Alexander, W. Cleverley, Esq., Hornsey, w. 

•Alexander, B. H., Esq., Mount Masoal, Bexley, s.B. 

Amherst, The Earl, President, Montreal, Sevenoaks. 

•Amhurst, William Amhurst Tyssen, Esq., Didlington Hall, Brandon, Norfolk. 

Andrews, Mr. Henry, Court Lodge, Great Chart, Ashford. 

Angell, Charles Frederick, Esq., f.s.a., Grove Lane, Camberwell, s.B. 

Angerstein, William, Esq., Woodlands, Blackheath, b.b. 

Appaoh, Thomas, Esq., Sibton House, Lyminge, Hythe. 

Arnold, Augustus, Esq., The Precincts, Boohester. 

Arnold, G. M., Esq., Milton Lodge, Gravesend. 

Ash, Bey. Jarvis Holland, d.c.l., 10 Hungershall Park, Tun bridge Wells. 

AsUey, Edward Ferrand, Esq., m.d., Marine Parade, Dover. 

Astley, Bev. T. C, m.a., Brasted Bectory, Sevenoaks. 

Athenaeum dub, The, Pall Mall, e.w. 

•Austen, Francis, Esq., Broadford House, Staplehurst. 

Austen, Bev. John Thomas, b.d., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Bectory, West 

Wiokham, Beckenham. 
Austin, Henry George, Esq., f.b.i.bjl, Canterbury. 
Aveling, Stephen T., Esq., Boohester. 
Aveling, F. H. Esq., m.d., 1 Upper Wimpole Street, w. 

Bailey, Charles, Esq., f.b.i.bjl., Guildhall, b.c. 

Bailey, Bev. Henry, d.d., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Warden of St. Augustine's 

College, Canterbury. 
•Bailey, Thomas F., Esq., London. 
Baird, Mrs., Finohoox, Cloudburst. 
Baker, Thomas, Esq., 31 Victoria Road, Old Charlton, 8.B. 
Baker, T. H., Esq., Owletts, Cobham, Gravesend. 
Baker, Bev. Frederick Walter, mjl, Sparkeswood, Bolvenden. 
Ball, Mr. John Howell, Strood. 

Balston, Ven. E., d.d., Archdeacon of Derby, Bakewell Vicarage, Derbyshire. 
Balaton, W., Esq., Springfield, Maidstone. 
Banks, Mr. W. E., 89a Gracechuroh Street, B.C. 
Barbadoes, The Bight Bev. the Bishop of. 
Barrow, Francis, Esq., 1 Pump Court, Temple, B.c. 

b 



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XVU1 KENT ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Bartlett, Mr. Samuel John, 53 Week Street, Maidstone. 

Basset, James, Esq., Rochester. 

Bathurst. Henry, Esq., H.P., Gressenhall, East Dereham, Norfolk. 

Battve, Rev. W. Wilberforoe, Hever Reotory, Edenbridge. 

Bayden, Thomas, Esq., Hythe. 

Bayley, Francis, Esq., 66 Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park, w. 

Beale, Rev. S. C. Tresse, m.a., Eastgate, Tenterden, Ashford. 

Beale, William, Esq., Maidstone. 

•Bean, Alfred Wm., Esq., Danson Park, Welling, 8.B. 

Beattie, Alexander, Esq., Somerhill, Chislehurst. 

•Beaumont, Charles, Esq., Tunbridge Road, Maidstone. 

Bedo, Mr. George, Longhedge Works, Wandsworth Road, s.w. 

Beeby, W. T., Esq., M.D., Bromlev, Kent. 

Beecning, Arthur Thomas, Esq., Tunbridge. 

Beke, Charles T., Esq., ph.d., F.8.A., p.b.g.s., etc., Bekesbourno, Canterbury. 

Belcher, Rev. Evans, Cranbrook. 

Bell, Matthew, Esq., f.g.s., Bourne Park, Canterbury. 

•Bellamy, Mrs., 8 Calverley Park, Tunbridge Veils. 

Benham, Rev. W., B.D., The Vicarage, Margate. 

♦Bennoch, Francis, Esq., F.8.A., M.S.S.L., The Knoll, Blackheath, s.E. 

Berens, Henry Hulse, Esq., Sidoup, Chislehurst.* 

Berens, Mrs., 18 Bruton Street, w . 

Beresford-Hope, Alexander J. B., Esq., m.p., d.c.l., F.8.A., pees, b.i.b.a., 

Bedgebury Park, Cranbrook. 
Beresford-Hope, The Lady Mildred, Bedgebury Park, Cranbrook. 
Best, Major, Boxley, Maidstone. 
Bevan, Rev. Philip Charles, Worthing. 
Bingham, Colonel G. W. Poulett, C.B., Manchester. 
Birch, Rev. Charles, M.A., Foot's Cray Rectory. 
Bishop, William Henry, Esq., 8 Prince of Wales Terrace, Kensington. 
Blakesley, Very Rev. J. W., b.d., Bean of Lincoln, The Deanery, Lincoln. 
Blencowe, Robert W., Esq., mjl, The Hook, Lewes. 
Bligh, Tbe Lady Isabel, Birling Vicarage, Maidstone. 
Bliss, Rev. J. W., M.A., Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich. 
Blomfield, Rev. G. J., M.A., Aldington Reotory, Hythe. 
Board, John, Esq.. Westerham, Edenbridge. 
Bolton, Mr. Joseph, King Street, Dover. 
Boodle, Rev. John Adolphus, M.A., West Mailing, Maidstone. 
Boscawen, The Hon. the Misses, The Grove, Sevenoaks. 
Boscawen, The Hon. James, Sevenoaks. 
Bottle, Mr. Alexander, Dover. 
Bowles, R. L., Esq., m.d., West Terrace, Folkestone. 
Bowyer, Rev. Thomas Kyrwood, M.A., Harbledown Rectory, Canterbury. 
Boys, Rev. Thomas, M.A., 23 Leighton Road, Kentish Town, N.w. 
Brabrook, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., m.b.s.l., 28 Abingdon Street, s.w. 
Bradnack, S. W., Esq., The Leas, Folkestone. 

Bradstreet, Rev. William, b.a., Theberton Rectory, Saxmundham, Suffolk. 
Bradstreet, W. C, Esq., Board of Trade, Whitehall, s.w. 
Bremridge, Elias, Esq., 17 Bloomsbury Square, w.c. 
Brenchley, T. Harman, Esq., Newcastle Emlyn, S. Wales. 
Brent, Algernon, Esq., Palace Grove, Bromley. 
Brent, Cecil, Esq., Denmark Villas, Bromley. 
Brent, Francis, Esq., 19 Clarendon Place, Plymouth. 
Brent, John, Esq., F.8.A., Dane John Grove, Canterbury. 
Bright, John Meaburn, Esq., m.d., Forest Hill, s.E. 
Bristow, William, Esq., Greenwich, s.E. 
Britton, Miss, 1 Echo Cottages, Parrook Road, Gravesend. 
Brooke, F. C, Esq., Ufford, Woodbridge, 8nffolk. 
Broom, Herbert, Esq., The Priory, Orpi^ >:». 
Brothers, Mr. Francis, Ashford. 



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LIST OP MEMBERS. XIX 

Browell, William Faulkner, Esq., Broadlands, Tunbridge Wells. 

Brown, William, Esq., Wateringbury Place, Maidstone. 

♦Brown, Jamee Roberts, Esq., f.b.g.8., 84 Caversham Road, N.w. 

Browne, Bev. Alfred T., M.A., Hoath, Canterbury. 

Bubb, Mr. Robert, Minster, Ramsgate. 

Bullard, Miss Ann, Strood. 

Ballard, Charles, Esq., Rochester. 

Bollard, Thomas, Esq., 2 Malcolm Terrace, New Cross Road, s.K. 

Buhner, Martin, Esq., Maidstone. 

Burney, Rey. Edward Kaye, m.a., Thornham Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Burn-Murdoch, Rev. J. M., M.A., Vicarage, Riverhead, Sevenoaks. 

Bum, James S., Esq., Ashford. 

Burrell, Godfrey, Esq., Rocky Hill, Maidstone. 

Burton, John M, Esq., 19 lie Park, Lee, s.B. 

Bury, T. Talbot, Esq., F.8.A., f.b.i.b.a., 60 Welbeok Street, Cavendish Square, w. 

Butler, George, Esq., The Hollies, Lewisham, s.B. 

*Buttaii8haw, Rev. John, M.A., 22 St. James's Square, Bath. 

Butterworth, J. W., Esq., F.S.A., Grove Lodge, GLapham Common, s.w. 

Byng, The Honourable James M. O., Great Culverden, Tunbridge Wells. 

Cabban, Mr. Thomas, Stockwell Street, Greenwich, s.B. 

Callaway, John, Esq., St. Margaret's Street, Canterbury. 

Candy, Rev. Thomas Henry, b.d., Rectory, Swanscombe, Dartford. 

Canterbury, His Grace the Archbishop of, d.d., Lambeth Palace, s.w. 

Canterbury, The Very Rev. the Bean of, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Cape, G. A., Esq., Utrecht House, Abbey Wood. 

Carnell, George F., Esq., Sevenoaks. 

Carr, Rev. J. Haslewood, MA., Rectory, Broaditairs. 

Carr, Rev. T. A., M.A., Vicarage, Cranbrook. 

Carr, Rev. T. W., m.a., Banning Rectory, Maidstone. 

•Carr, William, Esq., m.d., f.b.cs., f.l.s., Lee Grove, Blaokheath, 8.B. 

Carr, William, Esq., Little Park, Tunbridge. 

Castle, Major, Bridge Hill House, Canterbury. 

Cator, Bertie Peter, Esq., 20 Craven Street, Charing Cross, s.w. 

Cayley, John Joseph, Esq., Athol Lodge, West Hill, Dartford. 

Oazalet, E., Esq., Pairlawn, Shipbourne, Tunbridge. 

Chambers, G. P., Esq., Windyhills, Bickley. 

Chapman, James, Esq., Paul's Cray Hill, s.B. 

Chapman, Robert, Esq. 

Chesshyre, Mrs., Barton Court, Canterbury. 

Chillingworth, J. G., Esq., Abbey Wood, s.b. 

Chippindale, Francis, Esq., Quarry Hill, Tunbridge. 

Christian, Ewan, Esq., Ecclesiastical Commission Office, Whitehall Place, s.w. 

Chubb, Hammond, Esq., Home Lea, Bickley, Bromley. 

Clabon, John Moxon, Esq., F.O.8., Clare House, Maidstone. 

Clarke, Joseph, Esq., F.8.A., 13 Stratford Place, w. 

Clements, Mrs. William, St. Margaret's, Canterbury. 

Clifford, Mr. James, Maidstone. 

Coates, Rev. R. P., m.a., Darenth Vicarage, Dartford. 

Cobb, Rev. Benjamin, m jl. Newchurch Rectory, New Romney. 

Cobb, Robert Lake, Esq., Higham, Rochester. 

Cobbett, John Morgan, Esq., m.f., Skevnes, Edenbridge. 

Cock, Edwin, Esq., The Court Lodge, Appledore. 

Coghlan, General Sir William, K.C.B., Ramsgate. 

Coleman, William, Esq., The Priory, Dover. 

Collett, Rev. Anthony, MA, Camden Crescent, Dover. 

Collis, Rev. Henry, M.A., St. Philip's Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Colquhoun, John Campbell, Esq., Chartwell, Westerham. 

Conyngham, The Marquess, Bifrons Park, Canterbury. 

Cooke, Ambrose Massey, Esq., Holmesdale House, 8outh Norwood, s.B. 

62 



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XX KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Cooke, Mr. C. J., 8 Chester Place, Kennington Road, s.B. 

Cooke, George Netherooat, Esq., The Croft, Detling. 

Cooke, Bey. James T., M.A., Bamsgate. 

Cooke, Bev. John Russell, b jl., Preston, Faversham. 

Cooper, G., Esq., 4 George Street, Croydon. 

Cooper, Robert, Esq., Hermitage, Blackheath, s.B. 

♦Cornthwaite, Rev. Tullie, The Forest, Walthamstow, E. 

Cotton, H. P., Esq., Quex Park, Isle of Thanet. 

Courthope, George, Esq., Whiligh, Hurst Green. 

Cowburn, George, Esq., 43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, w.c. 

Cowell, George, Esq., 65 Belgrave Road, Pimlico, s.w. 

Cox, Lieut. -Colonel C. I., Q.G., Fordwich, Canterbury. 

Cox, Homersham, Esq., 49 Chancery Lane, w.c. 

Coxhead, Mr. Henry, South-Eastern Railway, Bamsgate. 

Cradock, B. W., Esq., Myrtle Villa, Belvedere, Erith, 8.B. 

Cramp, Lieutenant Robert, Bamsgate. 

Cresy, T. G., Esq., m.b.c.8., Gravesend. 

Croft, Bev. Percy J., m.a., Kingstone Bectory, Canterbury. 

Crofts, Bev. C, M.A., School House, Sevenoaks. 

Cronk, Mr. H. H., Dyott House, Tunbridge Wells. 

Crookes, T. F., Esck, Dover. 

Cross, Bev. Edgar H., M.A., St. Margaret's, Canterbury. 

Crowden, Bev. C, M.A., Grammar School, Cranbrook. 

Crowther, Bev. William, M.A., Norton Bectory, Faversham. 

Crozier, William Robert, Esq., South Bank, 'Forest Hill, s.B. 

•Cubitt, George, Esq., m.p., Denbies, Dorking. 

Curling, Henry, Esq., Bamsgate. 

Cutheli, Andrew, Esq., 61 Warwick Square, s.w. 

Dale, Bev. C, Ely House, near Walmer. 

Dallin, Thomas F., Esq., M.A., Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. 
Daniel, James, Esq., Bamsgate. 

•Danvers, Juland, Esq., Woodside, Caterham, Bed Hill. 
Darnley, The Earl of, Cobham Hall, Gravesend. 
Dartmouth, The Earl of, 40 Grosvenor Square, w. 
Dawson, Mr. F. J., Rochester. 
Deedes, Lieut.-Colonel, Sandling Park, Hythe. 
De L'Isle and Dudley, The Lord, Penshurst. 
Delmar, James, Esq., Canterbury. 
Denne, Denne, Esq., Elbridge, Canterbury. 
Denne, Henry, Esq., m.d., Canterbury. 
Denne, Herbert Henry, Esq., Elbridge, Canterbury. 
Dennett, Mr. J. T., Cranbrook. 
Dering, Sir E. C, Bart., Surrenden Dering, Ash ford. 
Dering, George, Esq., Barham Court, Canterbury. 
Devas, Charles F. f Esq., Piokhurst Green, Hayes. 
Devaynes, Miss, Updown, Margate. 
Devey, George, Esq., 16 Great Marlborough Street, w. 
Dickson, Bev. B. H., M.A., Eastchurch Bectory, Sheerness. 
♦Digby, Kenelm, Esq., Shaftesbury House, Kensington, w. 
Dobson, Charles, Esq., Broome Park, Betohworth, Reigate. 
Dodgson, W. O., Esq., Oakwood, Crayford, s.B. 
Donne, Bev. Charles Edward, m.a., The Vicarage, Faversham. 
Dorman, Thomas, Esq., Sandwich. 
♦Douglas, James Douglas Stoddart, Esq., Chilston Park. 
Dover Proprietary Library, The, Castle Street, Dover. 
Dowker, George, Esq., Stourmouth House, Wingham. 

D'Oyly, Bev. Charles J., m.a., Sector of Great Chart, 16 Gloucester Place, Port- 
man Square, w, 



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List of members. xxi 

♦Drake, Rev. R., m.a., Stourmouth Rectory, Wingham. 

Drakeford. Rev. D. J., m.a., 4 Copers Cope Road, Beokenbam. 

Dudlow, J. N., Esq., West Mailing. 

Dunkin, A. J., Esq., Dartford. 

Dyson, Rev. W. H., B.A., The Vicarage, Sittingbourne. 

Bastes, James, Esq., Raglan Place, Ashford. 

Eastwood, Charles, Esq., Heathfield House, Maidstone. 

♦Eden, Rev. Arthur, m.a., Tioehurst Vicarage, Hawkhurst. 

Edge, Rev. William John, m.a., Vicarage, Benenden. 

Edhnann, Frederick J., Esq., Hawkswood, Chislehurst. 

Edmeades, Rev. William Henry, m.a., Nurstead Court, Gravesend. 

Edmunds, William Curtis, Esq., 5 Wrotham Road, Gravesend. 

Edwards, Samuel, Esq., 25 Lincoln's Inn Fields, w.c. 

Elers, W. S., Esq., Broomhili Cottage, Tunbridge Wells. 

Elibank, Lord, Folkestone. 

Elliott, James, Esq., New Hall, Dymchurch. 

Elliott, G. E., Esq., Sittingbourne. 

Elliott, Mr. Robert, The Cedars, Ashford. 

♦Ellis, Rev. J. H., M.A., Brill Parsonage, Thame, Ozon. 

Ellis, William Smith, Esq., Hydecroft, Charlwood, Surrey. 

Elsted, W. Philpott, Esq., Dover. 

Elt, C. H., Esq., 1 Noel Street, Islington, N. 

Elwes, Valentine D. H. Cary, Esq., F.S.A., The Manor House, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 

Elyard, S. Herbert, Esq., 28 Victoria Road, Old Charlton, 8.E. 

Essell, George, Esq., Precincts, Rochester. 

Essell, George Ketchley, Esq. 

Etherington, Charles, Esq., Denham Lodge, Hammersmith, w. 

Fagge, Charles, Esq., Hythe. 

♦Falmouth, The Viscount, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone. 
♦Falmouth, The Viscountess (Baroness Le Despencer), Mereworth Castle, Maid- 
stone. 
Farnall, Lieut.-Colonel, Manor House, Lee, 8.E. 
Farr, W., Esq., M.D., Bickley, Bromley. 
Farrar, Henry Jeffreys, Esq., Cranbrook. 
Faussett, Mrs., The Cottage, Great Marlow. 
Fellows, Frank P., Esq., 8 The Green, Hampstead, N.w. 
♦Fernandez, Albert Henry, Esq., East Grinstead, Sussex. 
Fetherston, John, Esq., f.s.a., High Street, Warwick. 
Field, George, Esq., Ashurst Park, Tunbridge Wells. 
Field, George Hanbury, Esq,, Ashurst Park, Tunbridge Wells. 
Field, John, Esq., Tunbridge Wells. 

Field, Rev. Walter, m.a., f.sjl., Godmersham Vicarage, Ashford. 
Filmer, The Dowager Lady, Onslow Square, s.w. 
Filmer, Sir Edmund, Bart., East Sutton Place, StapleUurst. 
Fincham, J., Esq., 25 Powis Square, w. 

Fish, William, Esq., 1 Prospect Place, Ashford Road, Maidstone. 
Fitzgerald, C. E., Esq., m.d., 10 West Terrace, Folkestone. 
Fitzwalter, The Lord, Goodnestone Park, Wingham. 
Flaherty, W. E., Esq., 33 Hassett Road, Homerton, E. 
Fleming, J. Plant, Esq., m.a., b.c.l., The Castle, Tunbridge. 
Fletcher, Major-General, Kenward, Talding, Maidstone. 
Flint, Rest W., Esq., Canterbury. 
Flower, Rev. Walker, M.A., Effingham House, Dover. 
Fooks, W. Cracroft, Esq., Dartford. 
Forbes, George, Esq., Thornton House, Bickley, Bromley. 
Forster, W. T., Esq. 
Forster, 8amuel, Esq., South End Hall, Lewisham, s.E. 



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XXU KENT ARCHJSOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

. Foes, Mrs., Frensham House, Addisoombe, Croydon. 
Foster, Mrs., Boyne House, Tunbridge Wells. 
Fowler, Eev. C. A., m.a., Westgate Tower, Canterbury. 
Fox, John, Esq., 2 Eliot Place, Blackheath, s.b. 
Fox, Mrs., 2 Eliot Place, Blackheath, s.b. 
Fox, Thomas, Esq., Castle Terrace, Dover. 
•Foyster, Eev. 6. Alfred, M.A., All Saints Rectory, Hastings. 
Frampton, Eev. T. Shipdem, m.a., Penshurst, Tunbridge. 
Francis, George, Esq., Birchetts, Speldhurst, Tunbridge Wells. 
Fremlin, E. J., Esq., Maidstone. 
Frenoh, David J., Esq., F.L.S., f.z.s., f.h.s., Colegate Terrace, Ordnance Road, 

Chatham. 
Frend, Edwin, Esq., 1 Brick Court, Temple, s.c. 
Frend, Mr. G. E., St. George's, Canterbury. 
•Friend, Frederick, Esq., 20 Vernon Place, Brighton. 
Friend, James Taddy, Esq., Northdown, near Margate. 
Frost, Eev. Frederick, m.a., Blackheath, s.E. 
Fry, Frederick, Esq., Maidstone. 
Fry, Miss, Plashet, Essex, E. 
Fry, Mr. Edward Wilkins, Maison Dieu, Dover. 
Furley, Charles John, Esq., Ashford. 
Furley, Edward, Esq., West Mailing, Maidstone. 
Furley, George, Esq., Canterbury. 
Furley, Robert, Esq., Ashford. 
Furley, Walter, Esq., Canterbury. 
Furley, W. D., Esq., Canterbury. 
Fynmore, E. J., Esq., 4 Blunsdon Buildings, Sandgate. 

Gibb, Sir George Duncan, Bart., ha., m.d., ll.d., f.o.s., 1 Bryanston Street, 

Portman Square, w . 
Gibbs, Edwin Mackie, Esq., 8 White's Eow, Whitechapel Eoad, E. 
Gilder, Eev. Edward, m.a., Ickham Rectory, Sandwich. 
Gilder, Rev. Horace, m jl., St. Peter's Rectory, Sandwich. 
Gilling, Rev. J. C, M.A., St. Mark's, Rosherville. 
Giraud, F. F., Esq., Town Clerk, Faversham. 
Goddard, Rev. G. F., m.a., Southfleet, Gravesend. 
Godefroy, S. D., Esq., Quendon, Bishop's Stortford. 
•Godfrey-Faussett, John Toke, Esq., 49 Pall Mall, s.w. 
Godfrey -Faussett, Thomas G., Esq., F.8.A., The Precincts, Canterbury. 
Godfrey-Faussett-Osborne, Rev. Henry G., Hartlip Place, Sittingbourne. 
Golding, Mr. Charles, 16 Blomfield Terrace, Upper Westbourne Terrace, w. 
Golding, Robert, Esq., The Clock House, Hunton, Staplehurst. 
Gore, Frederick R., Esq., Barne Hawe, Edenbridge. 
Gorham, Wm., Esq., Tunbridge. 
Gould, John, Esq., Gravesend. 
Gow-Steuart, Alfred, Esq., Fowlers, Hawkhurst. 
Grant, Colonel E. F., b.a., Southend, Eltham, 8.B. 
Grant, Thomas, Esq., Shirley Honse, Maidstone. 

Grant, The Venerable Archdeacon, D.C.L., Aylesford Vicarage, Maidstone. 
Granville, The Earl, e.g., Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Walmer Castle. 
♦Graves, Edmund Robert, Esq., b.a., British Museum, w.c. 
Gray, Thomas, Esq., Birchington Hall, Margate. 
Grayling, George, Esq., m.d., Forest Hill, s.E. 
Grayling, John, Esq., m.d., Sittingbourne. 
Green, David Barling, Esq., Brockham Green, Reigate. 
Green, Henry H., Esq., Ashford. 
Green, Rev. William, M.A., Penshurst Rectory. 
♦Griffiths, Rev. John, d.d., Warden of Wadtiam College, Keeper of the Archives, 

Oxford. 
Guilford, The Earl of, Waldershare Park, Dover. 



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*•• 



LIST 0* MEMBERS. XX1U 

» 

Hague, Jenken, Esq., Cranbrook, Staplehurst. 

Hall, Edward Stainton, Esq^ Horton Kirby, Dartford. 

Hall, James Edward, Esq., Brathay House, Broadwater Down, Tunbridge Wells. 

•Hall, W., Esq., Syndale House, Faversham. 

Hallward, Bev. T. W. O., M.A., Frittenden Beotory, Staplehurst. 

Hamilton, Archibald, Esq., South Barrow, Bromley. 

Hammond, William Oxenden, Esq., St. Alban'B Court, Wingham. 

Hancock, J. Burford, Esq., Fawkham, Bartford. 

Hankey, Thomson, Esq., M.P., Shipbourne Orange, Tunbridge. 

Hankey, General, Cliff House, Sandgate. 

Hannam, George Emilius, Esq., Bromstone House, Bamsgate. 

Hardinge, The Viscount, South Park, Penshurst. 

Hardy, The Bight Honourable Gathorne, M.F., Hemsted, Cranbrook. 

Harris, John, Esq., Belvedere, Erith, s.B. 

Harris, Thomas Noel, Esq., Pegwell, Bamsgate. 

Harris, Samuel T., Esq., 83 Abbey street, Faversham. 

Harrison, The Venerable Benjamin, M.A., P.S.A., Archdeacon of Maidstone, Canon 

of Canterbury, The Precincts, Canterbury. 
Harrison, W. 8., Esq., Folkestone. 
Harrison, Bev. Henry, m.a., Kilndown, Goudhurst. 
Harrison, Bev. J. B., M.A., Great Mongeham Bectory, Deal. 
Hart, William Henry, Esq., F.8.A., The Cedars, Overcliff, Gravesend. 
Haslewood, Bev. F. 6., ll.d., St. Lawrence, Bamsgate. 
Haslewood, Bev. Francis, a.k.c, Benenden. 
Hatfield, Charles, Esq., Hartsdown, Margate. 
Hawkins, Bev. E., D.D., Canon of Rochester, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, 

The Vines, Rochester. 
Hawley, Bev. Charles H., mjl, Leybourne Bectory, Mailing. 
Haynes, William, Esq., Vinters Road, Maidstone. 
Hayward, John, Esq., Dartford. 
Hay ward, William Webb, Esq., Rochester. 
Henderson, John, Esq., Upton House, Sandwich. 
Herbert, Edward, Esq., Aldington, Hythe. 

•Hesketh, Bobert, Esq., f.b.i.b.a., Earlswood Mount, Bed Hill, Surrey. 
Heugh, John, Esq., Holmwood, Tunbridge Wells. 
Heywood, S., Esq., 171 Stanhope Street, Hampstead Road, n.w. 
Hichens, Bev. F. H., m.a., Speldhuret, Tunbridge Wells. 
Hicks, Bobert, Esq., Bamsgate. 
Hill, Henry, Esq., P.8.A., 2 Curzon Street, Mayfair, w. 
Hill, Bev. Reginald Hay. 

Hill, Bev. W. A., M.A., Throwley Vicarage, Faversham. 
Hilton, S. Musgrave, Esq., Bramling, Wingham. 
Hilton, Captain Thomas, Nackington House, Canterbury. 
Hilton, T., Esq., m.d., Deal. 

Hilton, Bev. W., m.a., Vicar of Bobbing, 8ittingbourne. 
Hingestone, Charles Hilton, Esq., 30 Wood Street, B.C. 
Hirst, Bev. Thomas, M.A., Bishopsbourne Beotory, Canterbury. 
Hoar, Edward, Esq., King Street, Maidstone. 
Hoar, William, Esq., Maidstone. 
Hoare, William Parker, Esq., Dartford. 
Hobbs, Bobert George, Esq., H.M. Dockyard, 8heemess. 
Hodgson, Kirkman Daniel, Esq., m.p., Ash Grove, Sevenoaks. 
Hodsoll, J. H., Esq., Loose Court, Maidstone. 
Homewood, Mr. "William Joseph, Gravesend. 

Hooper, William Edward Parry, Esq., 29 St. George's Boad, Kilburn, K.v*. 
Hooper, Bev. J., mjl., Meopham Vicarage, Gravesend. 
Horne, Mrs. B. W., Mereworth, Maidstone. 
♦Horner, Edward, Esq., May Place, Crayford, s.B. 
Hoakins, Bev. W. E., mjl., Beotory, Chiddingstone, Edenbridge. 
Hovenden, Bobert, Esq., 8 Gower Street, w.c. 



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XXIV KENT ABOHJEOLOGldAL SOCIETY. 

Howard, Joseph Jackson, Esq., ll.d., f.s JL, 3 Dartmouth Bow, Blackheath, 8.B. 

Hudson, Mr. A., Cranbrook. 

Hughes, George, Esq., 6 Campden House Road, Kensington, w. 

Hughes, Henry, Esq., Bower, Maidstone. 

Hughes-Hallett, Rev. James, Higham House, Canterbury. 

Humphery, John, Esq., New Bomney. 

Hunt, Bev. Robert Shapland, M.A., Mark Beech, Edenbridge. 

Hurd, Mrs., Boxley House, Maidstone. 

Hussey, Rev. A. L., Durham House, Folkestone. 

Hussey, Edward, Esq., Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst. 

•Hussey, Edward Law, Esq., p.b.c.8., Oxford. 

Hussey, HenryLaw, Esq., 10 New Square, Lincoln's Inn, w.c. 

Hussey, Bev. William Law, m.a., Hon. Canon of Manchester, Bingstead Rectory, 

Lynn, Norfolk. 
Hussey, Richard C, Esq., F.S.A., Harbledown. 
Hutchins, Henry, Esq., Bridge Street, Canterbury. 
Huxley, Bev. Thomas Scott, MA., Watling 8treet, Canterbury. 

Hott, James William, Esq., Beechfield, Bromley. 

Jackson, John Flower, Esq., Bourne House, Bexley, s.B. 

Jackson, Wm. Affleck, Esq., Green Bank, Woodbury Park, Tunbridge Wells. 

James, J. B., Esq., London and County Bank, Canterbury. 

James, Sir Walter, Bart., Betteshanger, Sandwich. 

Janson, E., Esq., Ether ton, Speldhurst, Tunbridge Wells. 

Jardine, John l*e, Esq., Capel, Dorking, 

Jay, J. Livingstone, Esq., 4 Montagu Square, w. 

Jeaffreson, Bev. W. J., 15 Clifton Gardens, Tunbridge. 

•Jeffery, Counsell, Esq., 30 Tredegar Square, Bow, London, E. 

Jenkins, Bev. Robert C., m.a., Honorary Canon of Canterbury, Lyminge Rectory, 

Hythe. 
Jenner, Mr. W. M., Sandgate. 
Johnston, Bev. W. A., Acrise Bectory, Canterbury. 
Jones, Bev. Edward, m.a., West Peckham Vicarage, Tunbridge. 
Jones, Francis, Esq., Scott's Wharf, Dockhead, 8.E. 
Joy, Henry Winkles, Esq., Maidstone. 
♦Jupp, Edward Basil, Esq., F.8.A., Carpenters' Hall, London Wall, b.c. 

Kadwell, Mr. Charles, 15 Royal Circus Street, Greenwich, s.B. 

Keith, Bev. William A., M.A., Burham, Rochester. 

Kibble, Thomas, Esq., Green Trees, Tunbridge. 

Kingsford, Montague, Esq., Littlebourne, Wingham. 

Kirkpatriok, Major John, Horton Paric, Hythe. 

Knatchbull, Sir Wyndham, Bart., Mersham Hatch, Ashford. 

Knatchbull-Hugessen, Bight Hon. Edward H., m.p., The Paddock, Smeeth, 

Ashford. 
♦Knill, Stuart, Esq., The Crosslets in the Grove, Blackheath, s.B. 
Knocker, Edward, Esq., Castle Hill, Dover. 
Knocker, Edward Wollaston, Esq., Dover. 
Knollys, Bev. W. F. Erskine, m.a., Saltwood Bectory, Hythe. 
•Knyvett, Felix, Esq., 29 Parliament Street, s.w. 
Koch, T. E. L. Esq., South Frith, Tunbridge. 

Lambard, Multon, Esq., Beeohmont, Sevenoaks. 

Lambert, George, Esq., 11 Coventry Street, w. 

Lambeth Palace Library, S. G. Kershaw, Esq., M.A., Librarian. 

Lane, Bev. Charles, M.A., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Rectory, Wrotham. 



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LIST Ot MEMBERS. XXV 

Lane, Rev. Francis C. de Lona, m jl., Whissonsett Rectory, Litcham, Norfolk. 

Lane, H. Murray, Esq., Chester Herald, College of Arms, E.c. 

Langhorne, Rev. John, M.A., Tunhridge. 

Langston, John, Esq., Strood. 

Larking, John Wingfield, Esq., The Firs, Lee, s.E. 

Larking, Miss, Headington, Oxford. 

La Trobe, Charles Joseph, Esq., C.B., f.b.o.8., Clapham House, Litlington, 

Lewes. 
Laurence, William, Esq., Maidstone. 

•Layers, Nathaniel Wood, Esq., Endell Street, Bloomsbury, w.c. 
Lawrence, W. L., Esq., F.8.A., Sevenhampton Manor, Gloucestershire. 
Lee, Rot. Edward Henry, b.a., Vicarage, Bough ton -under-Blean, Faversham. 
Leith, Dr. A. H., Etherton Lawn, Speldhurst, Tunhridge Wells. 
Lendon, E., Esq., Fire Office, Maidstone. 

Lennard, Colonel John Farnaby, West Wiokham Court, Bromley. 
Lester, Mr. Edward, Borstall, Rochester. 
*Leveson-Gower, Granville, Esq., f.s.a., Titsey Place, Godstone. 
Lewin, F. Mortimer, Esq., Halfway Street, Eltham, s.E. 
•Lewin, Thomas, Esq., Eltham, s.E. 
Lewis, Henry, Esq., M.D., Folkestone. 

Lightfoot, W. J., Esq., Assistant Secretary, Chillington House, Maidstone. 
Lindsay, Rev. Henry, Kettering, Northamptonshire. 
Little, "Rev. J. R., MA., Tunhridge. 

Little, William Robert, Esq., 71 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, w. 
Liverpool Free Public Library, Liverpool. 

Loader, Richard A. C, Esq., 18 Buckland Crescent, Belsize Park, n.w. 
Lochee, Alfred, Esq., m.d., Canterbury. 
Lock-Beveridge, J. E., Esq., Ramsgate. 
•Locock, Sir Charles, Bart., 26 Hertford Street, May Fair, w. 
Loftie, Rev. W. J., b.a., 57 Upper Berkeley Street, w. 

London, The Librarian fpro tern.) of the Corporation of the City of, Guildhall, B.C. 
London Library, The Librarian of (pro tem.J, 12 St. James's Square, s.w. 
•Long, Lieutenant-Colonel, Bromley Hill, s.E. 

♦Lowndes, G. Alan, Esq., Barrington Hall, Hatfield Broad Oak, Harlow, Essex. 
Lowrv, Thomas Harvey, Esq., m.d., West Mailing, Maidstone. 
Luard-Selby, Major, The Mote, Ightham, Tunhridge. 
•Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., h.p., High Elms, Farnborough. 
Lucey, Rev. E. C, m.a., 8t. Margaret at Cliffe, Dover. 
Luck, Everard T., Esq., The Hermitage, West Mailing, Maidstone. 
•Luok, F. G., Esq., The Olives, Wadhurst, Sussex. 

Mackeson, H. B., Esq., f.g.s., Hythe. 

Mackie, S. J., Esq., 5 St. Peter's Terrace, Kensington Park Road, w. 

Mac Lachlan, Rev. E. H., m.a., Monkton Vicarage, Margate. 

Mac Queen, Major-General, Tintock House, Canterbury. 

Mahon, Viscount, m.p., Chevening, Sevenoaks. 

•Malcolm, John, Esq., Caltonmoor, Argyllshire. 

Mansel, Lady, The Heath, Wrotham. 

Marsh, Mr. John, Maidstone. 

Marsh, Richard, Esq., Sandwich. 

Marsham, Miss Jones, Hayle Place, Maidstone. 

Marsham, Rev. J. Jacob, m.a., Shorne Vicarage, Gravesend. 

Marsham, Admiral Jones, Loose, Maidstone. 

Marten, John, Esq., Ensdon, Chilham. 

Master, Rev. G. S., West Dean Rectory, Salisbury. 

Masters, William, Esq., High Street, Canterbury . 

Masters, W. H., Esq., Romney Place, Maidstone. 

Medlioott, W. G., Esq., Massachusetts, U. S. A. 

Mercer, Richard, Esq., Maidstone. 



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XXVI KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Meroer, Samuel, Esq., Maidstone. 

Mercer, W. P., Esq., Boxley, Maidstone. 

Mileham, Mr. James, Chilham, Canterbury, 

Miller, R. M., Esq^, p.b.o.s., Culverden Grove, Tunbridge Wells. 

Mills, Sir Charles H., Bart., m.p., Wildernesse Park, Sevenoaks. 

Milne, Alexander, Esq., Chislehurst. 

Minton, Robert, Esq., 3 Highbury New Park, K. 

Mitchell, Robert, Esq., M.D., New Cross, Deptford, s.e. 

Mold, W. H., Esq.; Bethersden, Ashford. 

Molyneux, Hon. Francis George, Tunbridge Wells. 

Mondel, Joseph, Esq., Tynwald House, Hythe. 

Montresor, Thomas, Esq., 22 St. Stephen's Road, Westbourne Park, w. 

Moor, Rev. A. P., m.a., f.b.s., f.b.g.s., Playford Hall, Ipswich. 

♦Moore, Rev. Edward, m.a., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Theobalds, Hawkhurst. 

•Moore, Rev. Edward, m.a., Boughton Malherbe, Maidstone. 

•Moore, Rev. George B., m.a., Tunstall Rectory, Sittingbourne. 

•Moore, Henry T., Esq., Southborough, Tunbridge Wells. 

Moore, Stuart A., Esq., F.S.A., Wharncliffe Cottage, Greenhithe, Dartford. 

Moore, William, Esq., Wierton, Staplehurst. 

Mostyn, The Lady Augusta, Birling Manor, Mailing. 

Muddelle, J., Esq., Otham, Maidstone. 

Mudford, Mr. Frederick, St. George's, Canterbury. 

♦Muggeridge, John, Esq., The Dell, Calverley Park, Tunbridge AVclls. 

Mummery, J. R., Esq., F.L.8., 10 Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, w. 

Mummery, Mr. W. R., 7 Strond Street, Dover. 

Muriel, Rev. Edward Morley, m.a., Ruckinge Rectory, Ashford. 

Murton, William, Esq., Tunstall, Sittingbourne. 

Neame, Mrs. Edwin, Harfield, Selling, Faversham. 

♦Neame, E. B., Esq., Selling Court, Faversham. 

♦Neame, Frederick, Esq., Macknade, Faversham. 

Neve, Charles, Esq., Amberfield, Chart Sutton, Staplehurst. 

Neve, W. T., Esq., Cranbrook. 

Nevill, The Hon. Mrs. Ralph, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Nevill, The Lady Caroline, Birling Manor, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Nevill, The Honourable Ralph, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

♦Newington, Alexander Thurlow, Esq^, The Highlands, Ticehurst, Hurst Green. 

Newman, Mr. James, Patshull Road, Kentish Town, N.w. 

Newman, Miss, Patshull Road, Kentish Town, N.w. 

•Noakes, J. T., Esq., Brockley Hill, Lewisham, 8.E. 

•Norman, Charles Loyd, Esq., Bromley. 

•Norman, George Warde, Esq., Bromley. 

Norwood, Charles Morgan, Esq., m.f., Billiter Street, B.C. 

Norwood, Edward, Esq., Charing. 

Norwood, John Dobree, Esq., Ashford. 

Norwood, Rev. Curteis H., m.a., Faversham. 

Nutt, G. H., Esq., Maidstone. 

Oakley, Christopher, Esq., 10 Waterloo Place, s.w. 

Onslow, Rev. Middleton, m.a.,. Rural Dean, East Peokham Vicarage, Tunbridge. 
Ogle, J., Esq., St. Clere, Ightham, Tunbridge. 

Orger, Rev., E. R., Sub-Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury. 
•Ouvry, Frederic, Esq., tbeas. 8.A., m.b.s.l., F.Z.8., etc., 12 Queen Anne Street, 
Cavendish Square, w. 

Page, William, Esq., Maidstone. 

Paine, Cornelius, Esq., Surbiton, Kingston-on-Thames. 

Paine, Stephen Manser, Esq^, Dover. 

♦Paine, W. Dunkley, Esq., Keigate. 

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LIST OF MEMBERS. XXVU 

Papfflon, P. O., Esq., Crowhunt, Battle. 

Parker, Thomas, Esq., The Brook, Lamberhurst. 

Farkes, Mr. George T., Church Street, Dover. 

Parkes, Rev. S. H., m.a., Wittersham Rectory, Ashford. 

Parkin, Rev. Charles, m.a., Vicarage, Lenham, Maidstone. 

Parry, Bight Rev. Edward, d.d., Bishop of Dover, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Parson*, John, Esq., Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Tunbridge Wells. 

•Pasley, Lieut. -Colonel, b.b., Spring Gardens Terrace, s.w. 

Payne, George, jun., Esq., Sittingbourne. 

Peacock, T. P., Esq., 12 South Square, Gray's Inn, w.c. 

Pearman, Bev. A. J., m.a., Vicarage, Rainham. 

Pearman, Bev. M. T., M.A., Vicar of I wade, Sittingbourne. 

Pearson, Bev. G. C, M.A., Hopebourne, Canterbury. 

Peckham, Thomas Gilbert, Esq., Hall Place, Harbledown, Canterbury. 

Pemberton, E. Leigh, Esq., m.p., Wrinsted Court, Sittingbourne. 

♦Pen fold, Hugh C, Esq., Library Chambers, Middle Temple, B.C. 

Penfold, Henry, Esq., m.d., Rainham, Sittingbourne. 

•Penn, John, Esq., The Cedars, Lee, s.E. 

Perry, Bev. G. B., B.A., Brabourne Vicarage, Ashford. 

Petiey, C. B. C, Esq., Biverhead, Sevenoaks. 

Petti t, 8amuel, Esq., 133 Church Road, Islington, N. 

Philips, Francis, Esq., Lee Priory, Wingham. 

Philpot, Mr., 5 Lansdown Bead, Tunbridge Wells. 

Philpot, Bev. John, M.A., Hinxhili Rectory. Ashford. 

Pilbrow, J., Esq., P.8.A., Belle Vue, Mount Sion, Tunbridge Wells. 

•Flowes, John Henry, Esq., York Terrace, Regent's Park, N.w. 

Plummer, Stephen, Esq., Hanover Square, w. 

Plumptre, Bev. Edward Hayes, Professor of Exegetical Philosophy, King's Col- 
lege, London, Bickley Vicarage, Bromley, Kent. 

Polehampton, Bev. J., m.a., Ightham Bectory, Sevenoaks. 

Polhill, Rev. Henry W. O., M.A., Ashurst B»ctorv, Tunbridge. 

Pope, Rev. W. L., d.d., Eden Villa, Tunbridge Wells. 

Pope, P. M., Esq., m.d., West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Pott, Arthur, Esq., Bentham Hill, Tunbridge Wells. 

Pout, Augustus, Esq., Taiding, Maidstone. 

•Powell, Charles, Esq., Speldburst, Tunbridge Weils. 

Powell, Bev. W., Newick, Uckfield, Lewes. 

•Poynder, Thomas Henry Allen, Esq., Hartham Park, Chippenham, Wilts, and 
21 Upper Brook Street, w. 

Prall, Richard, Esq., Town Clerk, Rochester. 

Pratt, The Lady Caroline, The Grove, Seal, Sevenoaks. 

Pratt, The Lady Frances, The Grove, Seal, Sevenoaks. 

Prentis, George, Esq., Maidstone. 

Puckle, Bev. John, M.A., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Dover. 

Pulling, J. L. Esq., ll.d., 61 Lee Terrace, Blaokheath, s.E. 

Quaritch, Mr. Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, w. 

Ralph, Henry, Esq., Chatham. 

Ramsden, A. C., Esq., Stoneness, Ashurst, Tunbridge Wells. 

Randolph, Rev. C, m.a., Chartham, Canterbury. 

Rawes, Rev. F. Russell, Boughton Lodge, Tunbridge Wells. 

Reeves, James Bowles, Esq., Danemore Park, Speldhurst. 

Reid, Captain Francis, Buxford, Ashford. 

Reid, James, Esq., St. George's, Canterbury. 

Rice, Edward, Esq., Dane Court, Sandwich. 

Richards, Bev. F. J., m.a., Boxley Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Richardson, Mr. Henry Samuel, Greenwich, 8.B. 

Richardson, John, Esq., Ravensfell, Bromley. 

Richardson, Mr. J. M., 1 Wilton Place, Tunbridge Wells. 



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Xviii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

*Bichardson, Christopher T., Esq., M.D., 36 Dorset Square, N.w. 

♦Biddell, Rev. J. C. B., m.a., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Harrietsham Bectory, 
Maidstone. 

Biddell, Sir W. B., Bart., M.A., Recorder of Maidstone, Judge of the County Court, 
Whitechapel, Member of the Council of King's College, London, 32 Gros- 
venor Place, s.w. 

Bidgway, Joseph, Esq., Brandfold, Goudhurst, Cranbrook. 

Bidley, Rev. O. M., m.a., Cobham Vicarage, Gravesend. 

Risley, S. N., Esq., Cole Harbour Lane, Hildenborough, Tunbridge. 

Roberts, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas Walton, Glassenbury, Cranbrook. 

Robertson, Bev. J. C, m.a., Canon of Canterbury, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Robertson, James, Esq., f.l.s., Bochester. 

Bobertson, Bev. W. A. Scott, M.A., Honorary Secretary, Hon. Canon of Canter- 
bury, Whitehall, Sittingbourne. 

Robinson, Bev. Thomas, m.a., Chart Sutton Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Rochester, The Right Bev. the Lord Bishop of, Danbury Palace. 

•Bochester, The Very Bev. the Dean of, The Deanery, Bochester. 

Rodger, R., Esq., Hadlow Castle, Tunbridge. 

Rogers, R. R. Coxwell, Esq., Dowdeswell Court, Andoversford, Gloucestershire. 

Rogers, John Thornton, Esq., Riverhill, Sevenoaks. 

♦Rosher, W. Burch, Esq., Parkfields, Allesley, Coventrv. 

Ross, Henry, Esq., F.8.A., Manor House, Swanscombe, Northfleet. 

Boutledge, Rev. C. F., M.A., Canterbury. 

Rouch, Bev. F., m.a., The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Bo we, Thomas Smith, Esq., m.d., Union Crescent, Margate. 

Boyal Engineers' Library, Chatham. 

Royal Institution of Great Britain, The Library of, Albemarle Street, w. 

Bugg, John Salmon, Esq., East Court, Detling. 

Russell, Francis, Esq., Archdeacon Grant's, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Russell, G. Basil, Esq., Parrock Street, Gravesend. 

Russell, Mr. Ebenezer, Cranbrook. 

Russell, Rev. John Fuller, b.c.l., f.s.a., 4 Ormonde Terrace, Begent's Park, n.w. 

Bussell, Bichard, Esq., Palace Farm, Otford, Sevenoaks. 

Buxton, Captaiu, Chief Constable of Kent, Broad Oak, Brenohley, Staplehurst. 

Bycroft, Sir Nelson, Bart., Kempshotte Park, Basingstoke. 

♦Bycroft, C. A. W., Esq., Everland, Sevenoaks. 

Bye, W. B., Esq., Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum, w.c. 

Sabine, Lieutenant-General Sir Edward, k.c.b., Ashley Place, 8. w. 

Saint, Bev. J. J., m.a., Bund Dean, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells. 

Sams, G, Esq., Home Mead, Gravesend. 

Sandars, George, Esq., Beechwood, Tunbridge Wells. 

Sanders, William, Esq., m.d., Gravesend. 

Sankey, H. T., Esq., Canterbury. 

Saunders, H. W. Demain, Esq., Honeylands, Waltham Holy Cross, Essex. 

Savage, Miss, St. Leonard's, West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Saxby, Bev. G. F., Mission House of S. Boniface, Warminster. 

Scoones, Major, Tunbridge. 

Scott, Bev. F. T., m.a., Vicarage, Sibertswold, Dover. 

Scott, Benj. J., Esq., St. Catherine's Lodge, Sevenoaks. 

Scott, J. B. Esq., 33 Coal Exchange, B.C. 

Scratton, John, Esq., Tenterden. 

Scudamore, Frank Ives, Esq., Lacklands, Eltham, s.E. 

Scudamore, Frederick, Esq., Maidstone. 

Seaton, Sampson, Esq., 3 Blakebrook, Kidderminster. 

Selwyn, Bev. E. J., m.a., Pluckley Bectory, Ashford. 

Sharland, George Edward, Esq., The Laurels, White Hill, Gravesend. 

Shaw, John, Esq., 20 Knightrider Street, B.C. 

Shaw, Bev. W. F., M.A., Eastry Vicarage, Sandwich. 



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LIST OP MEMBERS. XXIX 

Shepherd, Bev. E. J., ujl., Trottescliffe Rectory, Maidstone. 

♦Sheridan, Henry Brinaley, Esq., m.p., Oaklands, St. Peter's, Thanet, and Belle- 
field House, Fulham, s.w. 

8ikes, Bev. Thomas, M.A., Chevening Rectory, Seyenoaks. 

8ikes, Rev. Thomas Burr, M.A., Halstead Rectory, Seyenoaks. 

Silya, F., Esq., 12 Cleveland Square, Hyde Park, w. 

Simmonds, Henry, Esq., Aylesford House, Heme Hill, s.B. 

Simmonds, William Clarence, Esq. 

Simmonds, Captain Chestney, s. N., Dover. 

Simmons, G., Jun., Esq., East Peckham. 

*Simms, Frederick, Esq., M.D., 46 Wimpole Street, w. 

Skipwith, Fulwar, Esq., Avon House, Tunbridge Wells. 

♦Sladen, Rev. Edward Henry Mainwaring, m.a.,f.e.q.s., The Gore, Bournemouth.' 

Slater, Frederick, Esq., Grays, Chislet, Canterbury. 

Smallfield, Mr., 32 University Street, w.c. 

Smith, Arthur, Esq., The Shrubbery, Walmer. 

Smith, Rev. B. F., m.a., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Cray ford Rectory, b.b. 

Smith, Edwin B., Esq., Maidstone. 

Smith, George, Esq., Paddockhurst, Crawley. 

Smith, G. S. Fereday, Esq., Grovehuret, Tunbridge Wells. 

Smith, Rev. Harry, 27 Norfolk Crescent, Edgware Road, w. 

Smith, Hesketh, Esq., Trowswell, Goudhurst, Staplehurst. 

Smith, Mr. J. Russell, 36 Soho Square, London, w. 

Smith-Masters, The Rev. Allan, Gamer, Gravesend. 

Smith, John William, Esq., 3 Furnival's Inn, B.C. 

Smith, Rev. Richard, b.d., The Vicarage, New Romney. 

Smith, Richard Goodhall, Esq., Charlton, s.B. 

Smith, R. H. Soden, Esq., Museum of Science and Art, Kensington, w. 

Smith, William E., Esq., Waterloo Villa, Ramsgate, and 3 Upper Bedford Place, 
London, w.c. 

Smythe, Mr. John, Maidstone. 

Snell, Rev. H. W., M.A., Ryarsh Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Solly, G. B., Esq., Monkton Court, Ramsgate. 

Sondes, The Lord, Lees Court, Faversham. 

Southgate, Rev. Frederick, Northfleet Vicarage, Gravesend. 

Sparvel-Bayly, John, Esq., Knookholt Lodge, Greenhithe. 

Sperling, J. H., Esq., M.A., 6 Royal Crescent, Margate. 

Spurrell, Flaxman, Esq., f.e.c.s., Belvedere, Erith. 

Spurrell, F. C. J., Esq., Belvedere, Lessness Heath, Dartford. 

Stanhope, The Earl, d.c.l., p.b.s., pbbs. s a., Trustee of the British Museum, 
Chevening Place, Seyenoaks. 

Stanhope, The Hon. Edward, Chevening, Sevenoaks. 

Starling, R. J., Esq., Tunbridge Wells. 

Stephen, Edward, Esq., Maidstone. 

Stephens, John Cribb, Esq., Maidstone. 

Stevens, Rev. Henry, Wateringbury Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Stevens, Rev. H. B., Rector of St. Mary's, Chatham. 

Stewart, Alexander J. R, Esq. 

Stilwell, James, Esq., Dover. 

Stirling, Sir Walter, Bart., f.b.s., Burr's Wood, Tunbridge Wells. 

Stokes, Mr. Thomas Stanger, Cranbrook. 

Stone, Frank W., Esq., Tunbridge Wells. 

Stone, Rev. W., M.A., Canon of Canterbury, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Stratford, John Wingfield, Esq., Addington Place, Mailing, Maidstone. 

Stratton, Rev. John Young, Rectory, Bitton, Maidstone. 

Streatfeild, Mrs. Champion, Chart's Edge, Edenbridge. 

Streatfeild, H. D., Esq., Chiddingstone, Edenbridge. 

•Streatfeild, J. Fremlyn, Esq., 15 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, w. 

Streatfeild, Sydney R., Esq., 15 Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, n.w. 
Streatfeild, T&omas E. Champion, Esq. 



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XXX KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Streatfeild, Rev. William Champion, M.A., Howiok Eeotory, Bilton, Northum- 
berland. 
♦Stride, Edward Ernest, Esq., British Museum, w.c. 
Stringer, Henry, Esq., New Romney. 
♦Stroud, Rev. J., M.A., Tunbridge. 
Stunt, Walter, Esq., The Grange, Gillingham. 
Stutfield, William, Esq. 

Sydney, The Earl, o.c.B., Lord Lieutenant, Frognall, Chislehurst. 
Syms, Mr. William, Rochester. 

Talbot, John Gilbert, Esq., if .p., New Faleonhurst, Edenbridge. 

Tarbutt, Mr. W., Cranbrook. 

Tarver, Rev. Charles F., m.a., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Stisted Rectory, 
Braintree, Essex. 

Tasker, Henry, Esq., Maidstone. 

Taswell, Rev. George, Stonar Wood, Petersfield, Hants. 

Tayler, W. H., Esq., m.d., Tudor House, Anerley, s.E. 

Taylor, Rev. Edward Stuart, Chiddingstone. 

Taylor, R. C, Esq., Boughton Place, Staplehurst. 

Temple, Rev. W., M.A., Eastbridge Hospital, Canterbury. 

Thomas, Rev. J., d.c.l., Canon of Canterbury, The Precincts, Canterbury. 

Thomas, R., Esq., Eyhorne House, Hollingbourne. 

Thompson, Mr. George, Cranbrook. 

Thompson, Robert, Esq., Westerham, Edenbridge. 

Thomson, Richard Edward, Esq., Kenfield, Canterbury. 

Thorpe, Rev. John Frederick, The Vicarage, Hernhill, near Faversham. 

Thurston, Thomas, Esq., Ashford. 

Tilleard, John, Esq., Upper Tooting, s.w. 

Timins, Rev. J. H., M.A., West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Toke, Major, Godinton Park, Ashford. 

Tomlin, F. A., Esq., Sandwich. 

♦Tomlin, George T., Esq., F.8.A., f.b.o.8., Combe House, Barton Fields, Can- 
terbury. 

Tootell, Joseph, Esq., Birlings, Thornham, Maidstone. 

Topping, Mrs., Albion Place, Maidstone. 

Trower, Right Rev. Bishop, Ashington, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Tuck, George, Esq., Windsor. 

Tufton, Sir Henry J., Bart., Hothfield, Ashford. 

Tuke, Rev. Francis E., m.a., Borden Vicarage, Sittingbourne. 

Turmaine, George, Esq., Bank, Canterbury. 

Turner, J. H., Esq., Kentish Bank, Maidstone. 

Twigg, Rev. Robert, M.A., Tilmanstone, Sandwich. 

♦Twisden, Thomas, Esq., f.s.a., Bradbourne Park, East Mailing, Maidstone. 

Twopeny, Rev. David, M.A., Stockbury, Sittingbourne. 

Twopeny, Edward, Esq., Woodstock Park, Sittingbourne. 

Tye, Mr. James, Cranbrook. 

Tylden-Pattenson, Captain, Biddenden. 

Tyrwhitt, Rev. Beauchamp St. John, M.A., Upchurch Rectory, Sittingbourne. 

Tyssen, Francis Samuel Daniel, Esq., Farleigh House, Sandgate. 

•Tyssen, John Robert Daniel, Esq., F.8.A., 9 Lower Rock Gardens, Brighton. 

Umfreville, Samuel C, Esq., Ingress Park, Greenhithe. 
Upton, Rev. Archer, m.a., Stowting Rectory, Hythe. 
Utting, R. B., Esq., 33 Camden Road, N.w. 



Viokers, Rev. V. 8., Badlesmere, Faversham. 

Villiers, Rev. Henry Montagu, m.a., Adisham Rectory, Wingham. 



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LI8T OF MEMBER8. XXXI 

Wadmore, James Foster, Esq., Tunbridge. 

Waldo, E. Waldo Meade, Esq., Stonewall Park, Chiddingstone. 

Walker, Henry Bachelor, Esq., New Bomney. 

Walter, John, Esq., Borden, Sittingbourne. 

Walter, Bev. J. Amherst, Berengrave, Bainham. 

Walter, William, Esq., Berengrave, Bainham. 

Warde, Lieutenant-Colonel, Squerries Court, Westerham. 

Waters, Mr. George, Cranbrook. 

Wales, Edward, Esq., Gravesend. 

Watson, John William, Esq., The Larches, Shooter's Hill, 8.B. 

Watte, Bev. James, Crundale Bectory, Canterbury. 

Webster, Thomas, Esq., B.A., Cranbrook. 

Welldon, BeT. J., d.d., Hon. Canon of Canterbury, Tunbridge School. 

Welldon, Bev. Edward I., M.A., Tunbridge. 

Wells, B., Esq., Biddenden. 

Weston, Lambert, Esq., Waterloo Crescent, Dover. 

Whatman, James, Esq., F.s.8., F.8.A., Vinters, Maidstone. 

Wheeler, Mr. Bobert, Brenchley, Staplehurst. 

Wheelwright, J., Esq., Meopham Court, Gravesend. 

Whichcord, John, Esq., f.s.a., 78 Kensington Gardens Square, w. 

Whiston, Ber. Bobert, m.a., The Palace, Bochester. 

White, Jennings, Esq., 8 Whitehall Place, 8.w. 

White, Bev. John, m.a., St. Stephen's Vicarage, Canterbury. 

•White, Thomas, Esq., Wateringbury, Maidstone. 

•White, Mrs. Thomas, Wateringbury, Maidstone. 

•White, Frederick Meadows, Esq., Paper Buildings, Temple, B.c. 

White, J. Baker, Esq., Street End House, Canterbury. 

White, John Bazley, Esq., Hallcot, Bexley, s.e. 

Whitehead, Arthur, Esq., Wimborne Minster, Dorsetshire. 

Whitehead, Bev. A., m.a., St. Peter's Vicarage, Thanet. 

•Whitehead, Charles, Esq., Banning House, Maidstone. 

Whitehead, John, Esq., Barniet, Maidstone. 

Whitehead, Thomas Miller, Esq., 8 Duke Street, St. James's, London, s.w. 

Whitelock, Bev. B., m.a., Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells. 

Whittle, John, Esq., Star Hill, Bochester. 

Wickham, George, Esq., Maidstone. 

Wickham, Humphrey, Esq., Strood. 

Wigan, Bev. Alfred, M.A., Luddesdown Bectory, Gravesend. 

Wigan, Frederick, Esq., Hibernia Chambers, Loudon Bridge, s.e. 

•Wigan, James, Esq., Cromwell House, Mortlake, Surrey, s.w. 

Wigan, L. P., Esq., Oakwood House, Maidstone. 

Wigan, Bey. W. L., m.a., East Mailing Vicarage, Maidstone. 

Wightwick, T. N., Esq^, Canterbury. 

Wightwick, William., Esq., Bouverie Square, Folkestone. 

Wildash, H. C, Esq., m.d., Hythe. 

Wildes, Henry Dudlow, Esq., West Mailing, Maidstone. 

Wildish, Mr. W. T., St. Margaret's Bank, Bochester. 

Wilkie, Bev. Christopher Hales, m.a., St. Peter's, Bamsgate. 

Wilkie, Kenyon Woods, Esq., Ellington, Bamsgate. 

•Wilkinson, F. Each us, Esq., M.D., etc., Battle Cottage, Sydenham, 8.E. 

Wilks, G., Esq., Hythe. 

•Williams, Captain Bigoe, Dover. 

Williams, E. W„ Esq., Bromley. 

Williams, Mrs., Peushurst, Tunbridge. 

Williamson, Bev. Joseph, Sellinge, Hythe. 

Wilmot, J. B., Esq., M.D., Tunbridge Wells. 

•WiJson, Cornelius Lea, Esq., Beokenham. 

Wilson, Joshua, Esq., 4 Nevill Park, Tunbridge Wells. 

Wilson, B. P., Esq., 5 Cumberland Terrace, Begont's Park., x.w. 

•Wilson, Samuel, Esq., Beokenham, s.b. 



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Y XY ll KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Winch, Charles, Esq., Chatham. 

Winham, Rev. Daniel, M.A., Western House, Brighton. 

Winning, Rev. Robert, m.a., Tenterden. 

Wodehouse, Rev. Walker, m.a., Elham Vicarage, Canterbury. 

Wolle}', Philip, Esq., Hilden House, Southborough, Tunbridge Wells. 

Wood, Humphrey, Esq., Chatham. 

Wood, John, Esq., Chatham. 

Wood, J. Lambert, Esq., Bury Place House, near Gosport. 

Woodford, Mrs. H. P., The Grove, Gravesend. 

Woodruff, C. H., Esq., F.S.A., Kenley, Caterham Valley, Surrey. 

Woods, Sir Albert, F.8.A., Garter King at Arms, College of Arms, Doctors' 

Commons, E.c. 
Woodward, Rev. M., M.A., The Vicarage, Folkestone. 
Wrench, Rev. Frederick, m.a., Capel-le-Ferne, Dover. 
Wykeham-Martin, Philip, Esq., m.p., Leeds Castle, Maidstone. 

Yardley, Sir William, Hadlow Park, Tunbridge. 
Young, Thomas, Esq., Crescent Grove, Camberwell, 8.E. 
•Young, John, Esq., P.8.A., Vanbrugh Fields, Blackheath, B.E. 



%* Should any errors, omissions of honorary distinctions, etc., be found 
in this List, it is requested that notice thereof may be given to the Honorary 
Secretary. 



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( xxxiii ) 



CONTRIBUTIONS 

2b the Ifandfor supplying Illustrations to the Society's Volumes, etc. 



£ 

Angell, C. P., Esq A 

Golding, Mr. C A 

Gore, Frederick, Esq a 

Hardy, Rt. Honourable O a 

Hawkios, Rev. Dr., a 

Honey, H. L., Esq a 

Hussey, R. G, Esq A 

James, Sir Walter, Bart a 

Jeffreys, Rot. Canon* 

Kadwell,Mr.C A 

Larking, J. W., Esq a 

Luard-Selby, Major a 

Onslow, Rev. M A 

Rye,W. B.,Esq a 

Smallfield, Mr a 

Twopeny, E., Esq A 

Woodruff, C. H., Esq * 1 

• Donations for particular objects. 



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10 





11 





6 


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10 





3 





10 





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10 





10 





10 





6 












Members willing to contribute to this Fund are requested to signify their 
intention to the Honorary Secretary, or to Mr. Smallfield, the London Local 
Secretary. 



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( xxxvi ) 



ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. 

SINCE THE LAST ANNOUNCEMENT IN VOL. V. 

Antiquaires du Nord [Copenhagen] Memoires 1850-60 (1 vol.) 

Antiquaries of Scotland, Proceedings, Vols. IV. to VIII. 

Archaeological Journal, Vols. XX. to XXX. 

Ash next Sandwich (A Corner of Kent). By J. B. Planch£, 
Esq. Presented by the Author. 

Ashford, History of, hy Eev. A. J. Pearman. Purchased. 

Associated Architectural Societies' Beports for 1863 — 72. 

Bihle, 4to, a.d. 1630; with MS. Notes of the Twysden Family. 
Presented by J. W. Labkiu o, Esq. 

Blacker's History of Booterstown and Donnybrook, Part IV. 
Presented by Bev. B. H. Blackeb. 

Canterbury Cathedral, Britton's Antiquities of. Purchased. 

Canterbury, Mr. Jas. Pilbrow's Account of Excavations at. Pre- 
sented by the Author. 

Christiania University publications (8 pamphlets). 

Church Bells of Sussex. Presented by A. Daniel-Tysseit, Esq. 

Dering Charters, Catalogue of the concluding portion of the. 

Dunkerquoise, Memoires de la Societe, Vol. XVI. 

Ecclesiologist, 25 vols. Purchased by the Society. 

Ellises, Notices of the. Presented by W. S. Ellis, Esq. 

Erith, Archdeacon Smith's History of. Presented by G. A. Cape, 
Esq. 

Feudal Manuals of English History. Presented by Joseph 
Mateb, Esq. 

Freeman's Address to the Archaeological Institute at Cardiff! 
Presented by E. A. Freeman, Esq. 

Freeman's Address to the Somersetshire Archaeological Society. 
Presented by E. A. Freeman, Esq. 

Guilds (Secular) of London, Ordinances. Presented by J. E. 
Dakiel-Ttssen, Esq. 



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ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. XXxiii* 

Genealogica et Heraldica, Miscellanea, edited by J. J. Howard, 
Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., Vol. I. Presented by the Editor and Mr. 
Small yield. 

Gravesend, Pocock's History of, with large Additions by the late 
F. W. Teanby, Esq. Purchased by the Society. 

Heraldry, Antiquities of, by W. Smith Ellis. Presented by the 
Author. 

Kilkenny Archaeological Society Proceedings, 6 vols. 

Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society Transactions, New 
Series, Vols. XV. to 

Leeds Castle, History of, by C. Wykeham Martin. Presented by 
the Author. 

Lexicon Frisicum, A. to F. Presented by Herr T. J. Hal- 
bebtsma, of Haarlem, son of the Author. 

Leybourae Heart Shrine, by Rev. Lambert Larking. Presented by 
the Author. 

Library of National Antiquities from 10th to 15th Century. 
Presented by Joseph Meteb, Esq. 

London and Middlesex Archaeological Society's Proceedings, Vols. 
II. and in. 

London Tradesmen's Tokens, Notes on Additional, by Mr. Small- 
field. Presented by the Editor. 

London Corporation, Catalogue of Sculpture, Paintings, and 
Engravings belonging to the. Presented by the Corporation. 

London Corporation, Catalogue of the Library, 7 Parts. Pre- 
sented by the Corporation. 

Maidstone, History of All Saints' Church, by Gilbert. Purchased. 

Maidstone, History of All Saints' Church, by Whichcord. Pur- 
chased. 

Mailing, Survey of the College of. Presented by J. B. Daniel- 
Ttssek, Esq. 

Mayer on the Art of Pottery. Presented by the Author. 

Mayer's Addresses to the Historic Societies of Lancashire and 
Cheshire. Presented by J. F. Stbeatpeild, Esq. 

Mayer on the " Arming of Lewis in Wirral, Chester." Presented 
by the Author. 

May, Isle of, Priory of the, Records. Presented by the Society of 
Antiquaries of Scotland. 

Norfolk Archieology, Vols. VI. and VII. 

Norfolk Archaeological Society's Illustrations of Rood Screens at 
Barton Turp, Fritton, and Randsworth. 



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XXxiv* ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM. 

Numismatic Chronicle, New Series, 10 vols. 

Papworth's Ordinary of British Armorials, 21 Parts. Presented 
by the Eev. E. M. Sladew. 

Parsons's Monuments in Kent. Purchased. 

Borne, Mr. J. H. Parker's Catalogue of 1500 Photographs illus- 
trative of. Presented by J. H. Pabkeb, Esq., C.B. 

Smarden, Antiquities of, by Bev. Francis Haalewood. Presented 
by the Author. 

Smithsonian Institute Publications. Reports 1867 — 70, 4 vols. 

Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, Proceedings, Vol. IV., No. 6. 

Suffolk Tradesmen's Tokens. Presented by Mr. Golding. 

Surrey Archaeological Collections, Vols. IV. and V. 

Surrey Inventories of Church Goods. Presented by J. R. 
Daktel-Tysseit, Esq. 

Sussex Archaeological Collections, Vols. XV. to XXV. 

Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, Vols. I. to XII. 



ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 

SINCE THE LAST ANNOUNCEMENT IN VOL. V. 
Presented by 

Archdeacon Habbisox. Bubbing of a brass in St. Alban's 
Abbey. 

Earl Amherst. Eoman Pottery from Sundridge. 

James Mubtow, Esq. Venetian Beads, found at Harrietsham. 

Lieutenant Claytok. Eoman Pottery. 

Bev. B. Johnson. Boman Pottery from Chislet. 

Lieut. Hogg, B.E. Boman Earthen Vessel from Gillingham. 

J. B. Danibl-Tyssen, Esq. Large number of Documents from 
a Collection at Canterbury lately dispersed. 

Marquis Cocthtgham. Saxon Belies found at Bifrons. 

Bev. L. B. Labking. British Gold Coins, found at Byarsh. 

Bev. Canon Btddell. Urn and Knife, found in Harrietsham 
Churchyard. 

Bev. B. Dbake. 

Mr. Fabbeb. 



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ADDITIONS TO MUSEUM. XXXV* 

Mr. F. H. Hards. Boman Bronze Scale Dish, from Dartford. 

Mr. Johh Evans, F.S.A. A Collection of Kentish " Tradesmen's 
Tokens." 

Dr. John Grayling. A Sittingbourne Tradesman's Token. 

Mr. (Folding. Kentish Deeds. 

Bev. T. H. Cabb. Photograph of Calais Grange. 

Major Lttabd-Selby. 15 pieces of Boman Pottery, found at 
Ightham and Plaxtol, and ancient lock from Kemsing Church. 

Major Luabd-Selby and Mr. B. Habbison, 4 Flint Celts, 
found at Oldbury, Seal Chart, and East Wear Bay, Folkestone. 

Mr. Lawbbnoe, of Burham. Cup, Samian Ware, found at 
Burham. 

The late £. L. Bbttb, Esq. 7 Small and one Large Boman Urns, 
found at Furness's Brickfield, Burham. 

Mr. Hoofeb. Old Key of Sevenoaks Church, Kent. 

A. W. Fbawxs, Esq., F.S.A. 12 Boman Urns and Pottery, found 
at Margate. 

Edwabd Hughes, Esq. Boman Urn and Fibula, Discovered 
some years since at Sutton, Kent. 

Purchased. 
Two Boman Urns, found near Kistcoty House. 
Two Boman Urns, found in a chalk pit at Burham. 
Vase of White Boman Ware from Bichborough. 
Seven Gold Torques. 

Kentish Seals, Mr. Beady's Collection of Sulphur Impressions. 
Candlestick in Wrotham Ware of the 17th Century. 
Photographs (from portraits) of Kent Worthies. 
Photographs of Murston Church. 



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ABSTRACT OP PROCEEDINGS, 1871—3. 

A Meeting of the Council was held on the 23rd of March, 
1871, at the Society's rooms in Chillington House, Maidstone. 

The noble President read a letter which he had received from 
Lord Buckhurst, granting permission that the Society should 
visit Knole this year. It was therefore finally agreed that 
Sevenoaks should be the place of annual meeting for the year 
1871, and a Local Committee was nominated for arranging the 
details of the meeting. 

Six new members were elected. 

Thanks were voted to the Rev. Francis Haslewood for MS. 
Additions to his ' History of Smarden ;' to Mr. Jas. Pilbrow 
for a copy of his paper ' On Discoveries during Excavations at 
Canterbury ;' to Mr. Golding for his gift of Kentish Charters, 
and of a work on Suffolk Tradesmen's Tokens; and to Mr. 
J. S. Smallfield for a copy of his paper on additional London 
Tradesmen's Tokens. 

The next Meeting was at the house of the noble President 
in Grosvenor Square, on June 12. 

The 2nd and 3rd of August were fixed for the days of the 
Annual Meeting at Sevenoaks. 

VOL. IX. d 



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XXXV1U KENT AKCBLEOLOGICAL 80CIETY. 

On the motion of the Honorary Secretary, it was agreed to 
recommend to the General Meeting that the Rev. W. A. Scott 
Robertson, Rector of Elmley, be elected Joint Honorary Secre- 
tary, in conjunction with the present Secretary, and that such 
verbal alterations be made in the Rules of the Society as are 
rendered necessary by this alteration in the Executive. 

One new member was elected. 

Thanks were voted to Joseph Mayer, Esq., for the gift of his 
paper on the Art of Pottery. 

The General Meeting for the year 1871 was held at 
Sevenoaks on August 2 and 3, there being present — 

The Earl Amherst, President; the Countess Amherst and the Ladies 
Amherst ; the Earl and Countess Stanhope ; Lord and Lady Mahon ; 
the Ladies Pratt (4) ; the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. E. Stanhope ; the Hon. 
Mr. and Mrs. R. Nevill and Lady Caroline Nevill ; Lady Mary Wind- 
sor- Clive; Lady Caroline Osborne; Sir Walter Stirling, Bart., and 
Lady Stirling ; Sir John Lubbock, Bart. ; Sir A. Monck, Bart. ; 
C. Mills, Esq., M.P. ; J. G. Talbot, Esq., M.P., and the Hon. Mrs. 
Talbot ; E. Hussey, Esq., and the Hon. Mrs. Hussey ; Kirkman D. 
Hodgson, Esq., M.P.; J. Whatman, Esq., M.P. ; Col. Lennard; C. F. 
Devas,Esq.; G. Leveson-Gower, Esq.; Col. Pinney; M. Lambarde, Esq., 
Mrs. and Miss Lambarde; G. W. Norman, Esq., Mrs. and Miss 
Norman ; the Ven. Archdeacon Harrison ; Rev. Canon Lane and Miss 
Lane; Rev. Canon Jenkins ; Rev. Professor Plumptre ; C. R. C. Petley, 
Esq., Mrs. and the Misses Petley ; J. W. Larking, Esq. ; J. F. Streat- 
feild, Esq. ; Rev. W. C. Streatfeild and A. Streatfeild, Esq.; G. Scharf, 
Esq., F.S.A. ; J. H. Parker, Esq., F.S.A. ; Rev. W. J. and Mrs. 
Loftie; Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson; Coles Child, Esq.; Rev. R. P. 
and Mrs. Coates ; F. C. J. Spurrell, Esq. ; J. S. Burra, Esq. ; Rev. 
R. B. and Miss Wright ; Rev. A. J. and Mrs. Pearman and Miss 
Gurney ; C. Powell, Esq. ; J. Board, Esq. ; G. T. Tomlin, Esq. ; Rev. 
J. Fuller Russell; Dr. and Mrs. Grayling; Rev. F. E. Tuke; Rev. 
W. Hilton; Rev. B. St. John Tyrwhitt; Rev. M. T. Pearman; Dr. 
Richardson ; G. B. Acworth, Esq. ; Major Munn ; Capt. Tylden-Pat- 
tenson ; the Rev. H. Collis ; the Honorary Secretary, and upwards of 
500 others. 

The Business Meeting was held, by kind permission of 
Lord Buckhurst, in the Great Hall at Knole House. The noble 



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8EVEN0AKS MEETING. — REPORT, 1871. XXxix 

President having taken the chair, called for the Report, which 
was read as follows : — 

Oar fourteenth Annual Report finds the Society in as flourishing a 
condition as any of its predecessors. 

The balance at our Bankers is £517. 15*. 5d., a sum ready, and 
more than sufficient, for the expenses of our eighth volume, now shortly 
to be issued. This will be found to be a good and valuable addition to 
our series. 

Twenty-two new members have joined us during the year, and an 
unusually large number are awaiting election to-day. We have, how- 
ever, to lament the loss of several valued friends, and must not omit to 
give special mention to that of Mr. Wykeham-Martin of Leeds Castle, 
always a kind and active promoter of our interests. 

The Council has no great work nor startling discovery to announce 
this year to the Society. The good things of Archaeology do not fall 
to us every day, nor are there always members with leisure for working 
out a laborious undertaking. We may well be content to trace through- 
out Kent the widely-spreading improvement manifested by conservative 
Church-restoration, and by tasteful handling of domestic architecture, 
ancient and modern; the very general respect -and preservation now 
given to all antiquities, in place of the ruthless sacrifice to convenience 
of a few years ago ; and the largely increased general knowledge, and 
desire for knowledge, of the minuter, but not always less important, 
history of our County and of our Country. A considerable share of 
this advance may be traced distinctly to the influence of our Society, 
and here is no light achievement, and no inglorious boast. 

It has been agreed by the Council that a second Honorary Secretary, 
to divide the secretarial labours, cannot fail to be a benefit to the Society, 
and a gentleman will be proposed to you to-day who has kindly under- 
taken to do so. To him the Society is already indebted, and of his 
competence we have had full experience. 

It is probably known to us all that the families of the late Rev. 
Thomas Streatfeild, and the late Rev. Lambert Larking, have liberally 
made their invaluable collections available for publication, as a nucleus 
for a new History of the County; and that subscribers 1 names are being 
received towards this object, so very desirable and so long desired. In 
completing the notes and discoveries of these two great collectors, and 
in gaining for the scheme that support without which it cannot be 
commenced, our Society may be largely and legitimately useful. 

We beg to recommend this and all other useful works of Archae- 
ology, in our County, to your notice during the coming year. 

d2 



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Xl KENT ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

We must not conclude our Beport without an allusion to the magni- 
ficent building in which we haye the good fortune to be this year 
assembled, which will be illustrated to us by able exponents, and to the 
kindness of Lord Buckhurst in admitting us to explore it. How this 
kindness is appreciated is shewn by the unprecedented numbers of our 
gathering, at a meeting which bids fair to rank among the most useful 
and successful of our Society. 

It was then proposed from the chair, due notice having been 
given,— 

" That the Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson be elected Joint Honorary 
Secretary." 

This having been carried unanimously, the necessary verbal 
alterations in the Rnles of the Society were likewise agreed to. 

Flaxman C. J. Spurrell, Esq., was elected Honorary Local 
Secretary for Dartford district, vice Rev. R. P. Coates, resigned ; 
and an unanimous vote of thanks was given to Mr. Coates for 
his valuable services. 

The six retiring members of Council were re-elected. 

Twenty-six new members were elected. 

The noble President then announced that, at his own instance, 
the Earl Stanhope had been requested to act as chairman of the 
present meeting, and had kindly consented to do so. Where- 
upon, the business meeting being over, Lord Stanhope took the 
chair, amid much applause. 

His Lordship proceeded to call upon the Rev. W. J. Loftie, 
who read the paper which he had kindly prepared descriptive of 

KNOLE HOUSE. 

So far as we can now discover, the earliest part of the ex- 
isting house was erected by Archbishop Bourchier,* who must 

* Sir William Fynes, second Lord Say, by indenture, dated June 80th, 1456, 
conveyed his manor of Knole, " with its appurtenances, in the shire of Kent " to 
Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, for 400 marks ! This sum appears 
absurdly small, even if we calculate its present value as about £2,500 of our 
money ; but the Archbishop was already possessed of the manor of Sevenoaks, 
and it is possible had a claim upon Knole likewise. Archbishop Bourchier died 
here in 1486. Cardinal Morton succeeded him as archbishop, and in the pos- 
session of Knole, which Bourchier had devised to the See of Canterbury, and he 
too died here of a quartan ague, 12th October, 1500. Henry VII. had paid him ' 



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SEVENOAKS MEETING. — KNOLE HOUSE. xli 

• 

have pulled down or disguised any remains he found of the 
residence of the preceding owners. 

Lord Buckhurst's steward, Mr. Jones, informs me that 
during some recent excavations under the porch, and in one or 
two other places, the workmen came upon the foundations of 
some buildings of great size and strength — which he considers 
to have been the remains of an older house on the same site ; 
but I have not been able to find any indication that this struc- 
ture was anywhere incorporated with the plan of Archbishop 
Bourchier or his successors ; and am forced to the conclusion 
that they razed the mansion of the Says to the ground before 
they commenced their own erection. 

a visit here in 1490. Archbishop Dene resided more at Otford than here, hut 
William Warham, who succeeded him in 1603, resided here frequently, and here 
received more than one visit from Henry VIII. It is said that owing to a 
difference with the citizens of Canterbury, he removed his residence from that 
city to Otford, and spent a Targe sum in building himself a suitable residence 
there. We must not suppose that Knole was a small mansion then, but a good 
deal of the present house, including some of the principal apartments, must have 
been in existence ; and if you visit the remnants of the house at Otford, you will 
see several details which exactly correspond to parts of the ancient building here 
at Knole. Archbishop Warham died at Canterbury, 23rd August, 1532. 

He was succeeded by Thomas Cranmer. In the 29th year of Henry VIII. 
(1537-8), he surrendered to the king his manors of Sevenoaks and Knole, among 
others, together with the nomination of a chantry and chanting priest in the 
Church of Sevenoaks. 

The entire estates in this neighbourhood thus passing into the king's hands 
were computed to be worth, alter all drawbacks, £503 14s. A few years later, in 
1544, the king bought some land to complete the enclosure of the park here. On 
his death in 1547, it passed to his successor, and in 1550 was granted by King 
Edward VI. to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, afterwards Duke of Northum- 
berland. In 1552, he resold the manor to the king, but retained the house and 
park. On his execution, 22nd August, 1553, it returned to the crown, and was 
granted by Queen Mary to her cousin, the last archbishop who held it, Cardinal 
Pole. He died on the same day as the Queen, Thursday, 17th November, 1558 ; 
and although Knole was granted for his life, and one year, it seems to have 
passed at once into the hands of Queen Elizabeth. She almost immediately gave 
Sevenoaks to her cousin, the son of her mother's sister, Mary Boleyn ; and Knole 
to her favourite, Sir Robert Dudley, afterwards Earl of Leicester. He does not 
appear to have resided here, and in 1566 restored it to the queen. 

Meanwhile the Duke of Northumberland had leased it to various persons, and 
the Earl of Leicester, his son, had granted a lease to one Rolf ; who conveyed his 
interest, which seems to have been for fifty years, to John Lennard, of Chevening. 
He resided here, and after his death, his son Sampson Lennard, until 1603, when 
the lease expired. 

It then became the property of Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset, pre- 
viously Lord Buckhurst, to whom the queen had granted the reversion, and his 
grandson Richard, the third earl, purchased the manor of Sevenoaks also, from 
Lord Hunsdon. 

The first earl, better known to fame as the poet Lord Buckhurst, made this 
his principal residence, and a great part of the existing building must be attri- 
buted to him, though, perhaps, not all that he is usually credited with. 



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Xlii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

» 

I am inclined to attribute to Archbishop Bourchier, the en- 
trance gateway, the second gateway, with the whole building 
which lies on the south side of the first court. Also the old stables 
on the east side, and all the side court, which they looked into, 
except the upper story of the south side. The barn in the same 
court is also his, as well as a large part of the buildings which 
overlook the south-eastern, or wood, court, although some have 
been altered and modernized. A low wall probably marked the 
boundaries of what is now the Green Court, extending right and 
left, from the entrance tower to the stable gateway on the east, 
and to the garden on the west. I am disposed to attribute to 
the same period the whole of the inner court, with certain 
exceptions to be hereafter noticed, including the hall, the chapel, 
which contains Bourchier's knot in a doorway, and the lower 
storey of the buildings which look out upon the "pleasance" 
towards the south. In the upper storey, the Brown Gallery 
seems to be of this period, or a little later, perhaps of the time 
of Archbishop Warham ; and almost the whole of the buildings 
which surround two small courts on either side of that gallery ; 
but the row of gables which stretches from the Venetian Room 
to Lady Betty's Dressing Room, were added afterwards, and are 
only constructed, in the ordinary fashion of this country, with 
timber and plaster work. From the Chapel, at the western 
extremity of this building, back to the end of the Cartoon 
Gallery, which looks into the Green Court, all is, I do not 
doubt, of the same period ; but much altered, cased, windowed, 
and ornamented by the first Earl of Dorset. His name, with the 
date 1605, appears on the spouts and pipes of the inner court, 
but a glance will shew that they were at that time adapted 
to the older building. The great oriel in the centre of the front, 
looking upon the Green Court, contains the crest or badge of 
the Bourchier family, an eagle, vulned in the wings, and the 
Bourchier knot ; and the same device also occurs on a corbel in 
the room in which this oriel window exists, although its interior 
is much modernized, and is, I believe, used as a nursery. An 
upper storey, too, seems to have been added above the same 
part of the house, and the ceiling of the attics shews, in many 
places, the ancient cognizance or badge of the Sackvilles, a 
leopard rampant. About the same time the rooms on either 



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SEVENOAKS MEETING. — EKOLE HOUSE. xlili 

side of the first gateway were built, and the rooms looking 
southward, which we enter from the end of the Brown Gallery. 
The western side of the first court is of the same period, at 
which, indeed, the whole house seems to have been much altered, 
and in some places entirely reconstructed. Archbishop 
Bourchier's badge and a motto, the same as that on the chapel 
screen, are also to be seen in a modernized room adjoining the 
Chapel, and occupying the upper storey of a green ivy-clad 
tower, which is a conspicuous feature of the garden front 
towards the west. 

As by the kindness of Lord Buckhurst I have been allowed 
to examine these penetralia, and as I am permitted to shew you 
the most interesting, I shall not delay you now further than 
to call your attention to the principal rooms, through which we 
shall pass ; beginning with the hall in which we are assembled. 

We enter it from a colonnade, over which is a large shield 
of the arms of Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, and his 
second wife, the mother of Frances, Countess of Dorset, by 
whose son, Charles, sixth Earl of Dorset, and first Earl of 
Middlesex, of the Sackville family, the mansion of Copt Hall 
was inherited, and sold, many of its features, which were of 
family interest, Jbeing removed, like this shield of arms, to 
Knole. 

The colonnade was placed here as a kind of porch in the 
reign of William III., whose bust is twice repeated at the ends, 
and it reminds us somewhat of the colonnade in the inner court 
of Hampton Court. The balustrading above is later in style, 
and indeed bears the date 1 748, and the initials of Lionel, seventh 
Earl and first Duke. The hall is, as usual in buildings of the 
period, divided by a screen at one end, a minstrels' gallery 
being over the screen, and the passage, leading to a small 
inner court, has the kitchen and kitchen offices, now much 
altered, on the left hand, and the doorway to the hall on 
the right. The hall is 74 feet 10 inches in length, 27 feet wide, 
and 26 feet 8 inches high. The works of art which it contains 
I must leave to Mr. Scharf; but I may call your attention to 
the shields of arms, the crests and badges with which the screen 
is ornamented. The Sackvilles seem at different times to have 
used, as crests, a ram's head, a spotted leopard, and a star, 



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xliv KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

which latter is the present bearing. Some of these are properly 
badges, but I have seen them all given as crests. The motto, 
too, has varied at different times. On this screen it is " Tous 
jours loyal," whilst in other places you will see it " Ne tentes 
aut perfice." The window next the screen contains the arms of 
Eobert Devereux, Earl of Essex ; how they came there I have 
no account. The other windows contain shields of Queen 
Elizabeth, of Vere, Earl of Oxford, and of three Sackvilles. 
The arms on the screen are those of the first Earl and his wife 
Cicely, daughter of Sir John Baker, of Sissinghurst. 

The shield of Devereux of Essex contains, among other 
quarterings, the arms of Bourchier. The archbishop of that 
name was grand uncle to Essex's mother. 

In the fireplace you will see a pair of dogs, which were pur- 
chased and brought here from Hever Castle. One of them has 
the badge, a falcon on a stock, and the initials H.A., for Anne 
Boleyn, and the other H.R., and the shield of Henry VIII. 
You will observe the raised dais at the upper end. When the 
lord of the house dined here with his retainers the 'chief table 
stood there, and we read that eight persons were allowed to sit 
at it in the time of the third Earl, twenty-one being set at the 
next table " including Mr. JDupper, the chaplain, Mr. Matthew 
Caldicott, my lord's favourite, and Mr. Legge, the steward/ 1 
At the clerk's table, twenty-one also ; at the long table, forty- 
seven, including the huntsman and the falconer; while two 
other smaller tables accommodated the laundry maids, the 
nursery maids, the nurses, and the cooks, together with 
" Thomas Morockoe, a Blackamoore." 

I am of opinion, subject to higher authority, that this hall, 
together with the kitchen and other offices to the east, and the 
chief rooms adjoining, with the Chapel, were all part of the work 
of the Archbishops, and probably stand on the site of similar 
buildings of an earlier date. All have been much modernized, 
as you can see at a glance, and in some places nope of the older 
work remains. Before we ascend the stairs allow me to conduct 
you into a little court, from the architecture of which a good 
idea may be formed of the various periods to which the whole is 
to be attributed. It is called the Water Court. 

You will see on the right the Brown Gallery, and some 



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SEVENOAKS MEETING. — KNOLE HOtfSE. xlv 

smaller rooms below it leading to what are, now, the still-room, 
the housekeeper's rooms, and other domestic offices. The series 
ends in a doorway to the pleasure grounds. This door, which 
is pointed, and contains an iron gate, is of the Archbishops' 
work; the Brown Gallery and the rooms under it, I consider, also 
belong to the 15th century, although they have been altered in 
parts. On the left of this " Water Court " you will see the 
kitchen, its great chimney, and handsome windows, being 
among the best examples remaining of the original buildings. 

The leaden reservoirs, from which the name of the Water 
Court is derived, are marked with the arms of John Frederick, 
third Duke of Dorset, and the date 1789. The windows of the 
chief staircase also look into the court. They are of the same 
period with those of the Brown Gallery, and still probably 
occupy the site of the older stairs. 

Returning to the interior, we find ourselves in a kind of hall 
or vestibule, which was once part of the kitchen. From it an 
early staircase leads down to the " Wood Court." The staircase 
is double ; one half of it, and its doorway into the court, being 
reserved for the lord or his guests, the other being assigned to 
the servants. This staircase is probably of Stuart work, the 
only entrance to this court from the house having been previously 
from the further end of this range of buildings near the dairy 
and beyond the kitchen. The Wood Court is one of the most 
interesting features of Knole. From it you may see specimens 
of all the styles of architecture which have prevailed in England 
for 400 years. Standing with our faces towards the house- 
that is, facing west, we have on the extreme right the Gothic 
buildings of the Archbishops. The square towers are very fine. 
At right angles stand the stables, and the upper storey of this 
part is of the Tudor period. It still bears the name of the 
King's Stable, but must be viewed from the adjoining Court. 
The portion of the house immediately facing us is composite in 
character. The lower part is early, the upper bears more dis- 
tinct traces of Elizabethan and later work. Further towards 
the south, the Stuart period comes in distinctly ; and then we 
have a window which was probably inserted after 1700. A 
fire, which did some damage here in 1623, will account for 
other alterations. Another firb, about thirty years ago, has left its 

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xlvi KEtf* ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

mark in some modern windows to the right. We must remember 
that Inigo Jones was in the neighbourhood, and built Chevening 
in or before 1628. The south end of the Wood Court is occu- 
pied by the Laundry, a Stuart building, and its lawn. The 
south east has a small apartment which still retains the name 
of the " Jail," and may possibly have been used as a place of 
punishment- for the Archbishops' servants. It is of their time. 
We pass the bakery on the left, in returning towards the hall 
by the double staircase, and pause to look at a knocker which 
is fixed on a table near the entrance to the kitchen. It served 
to give notice* of dinner time. The kitchen beyond is in fine 
preservation, the whole being of Archbishop Bourchier's time. 
It is, according to Bridgeman, 35 feet in length, 25 in width, 
and 30$ feet in height. At the nearer end may be seen a 
window, now built up, from which orders could be given, and 
cooking superintended, by some chief. It is of later date than 
the kitchen itself, and communicates with the floor above. This 
floor must have been inserted, and the kitchen much shortened, 
about the same time as the alteration to the hall. Previously, 
the kitchen extended nearly twice its present length to the north- 
ward. The beams of its roof still remain in the upper storey. 

On the outside, beyond a scullery and a servants' hall, in 
the garden, very low down, is an archway, now built up, which 
led by a staircase and a flight of stone steps into the Wood 
Court, noticed already. 

You will observe the great fireplace. A second formerly 
stood immediately opposite to it, the chimney of which shews 
in the Water Court. A third was in what is now the passage 
to the north side. Even a fourth may be traced beyond, in 
what is now known as the servants' hall; this was not exactly 
in the kitchen, but in a bakehouse or scullery abutting upon 
it. A smaller kitchen or still room also exists, in the south 
front ; in which too the servants' rooms and offices are situated, 
under the suite which extends from Lady Betty Oermaine's 
rooms to the Billiard Boom. 

At the extreme west end of this suite we find the Chapel 
and a chaplain's room, to which I have already alluded as con- 
taining the Bourchier badge. 

The Chapel is parallel with the Brown Gallery, that is to 



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SEVENOAftS MEETING. — KNOLfi HOUSE. xlvii 

say, it extends north and south instead of, as usual in chapels, 
east and west, the altar window, which is towards the south, 
looking upon the garden in the same direction as the end 
window of the Brown Gallery. The entrance to the Chapel 
from the servants' apartments, and a staircase which leads to 
the gallery at the same side, as well as a kind of ante-chapel 
and its doorway, may all be studied with advantage as specimens 
of the earliest style in use in the building. A doorway from 
the passage, now filled up by a screen, leads by a few steps into 
the crypt, which is very fine and well worthy of examination. 
Mr. Jones has been good enough at my instance to have this 
screen removed for your visit, and you will be able to inspect 
the crypt without trouble. It is vaulted with ribs, and although 
latterly used for the warming apparatus of the neighbouring 
conservatory, and full of rubbish, will well repay your visit; the 
entrance from the exterior is under the south or so-called east 
window of the Chapel. What I at first took for a fireplace, for 
which purpose it has been used, is immediately opposite the 
entrance from the passage. Mr. Godfrey-Faussett is of opinion, 
and I am strongly inclined to agree with him, that it is in 
reality a window with a sloping light. Lord Buckhurst is at 
present engaged in removing the rubbish and earth which has 
accumulated on the outside under the conservatory, and may 
succeed in finding an external opening to correspond. 

The Chapel itself contains only the lower part of a screen of 
the work of Archbishop Bourchier. His badge and a motto or 
text are carved upon it. The panelling and the gallery are of 
the 17th century. 

A window on the north-east side of the Chapel, looks into 
the Organ Room, which is on a level with the gallery, and 
contains one of the oldest instruments in England. This room 
again communicates with what is known as the Chapel room, 
from which access is had to the gallery. When the Chapel 
was built, this chapel room probably served for a gallery. 
The partitions of the present gallery are comparatively modern ; 
and the lower division of the Archbishops' screen exactly 
corresponds in height with the floor of this room. A comparison 
of the doorways of the different rooms, and an examination of 
a recess, which, as we have ascertained, once opened into a 



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xlvili KENT AfiCH^OLOGlCAt* S0CIE1W. 

newel staircase, but which is now built up, have led us to these 
conclusions. The Chapel Boom again communicates with the 
Ball Boom, and the Organ Boom opens upon a staircase which 
leads to the Brown Gallery. All these rooms surround a court, 
of which, the windows of the Chapel Boom form the south 
side, the staircase to the Organ Boom, and the Organ Boom itself 
the east side, abutting on, but not communicating with, Lady 
Betty's Booms ; and the other two sides are formed by part of 
the Ball Boom and the passage which leads to it. This is called 
the Pheasant Court, and all the buildings which surround it, 
excepting only the Ball Boom and the Dining Boom underneath 
it, are of the Tudor work. A window, immediately behind the 
third Duke's portrait, looks upon this court, but has been built 
up. The Ball Boom itself is only modernized by panelling, but 
far beyond it, at the entering in of the Crimson Drawing Boom, 
you will find further traces of the old pointed style. 

Returning to the hall, from the north-west corner runs a 
long corridor, which opens on the colonnade, library, and other 
private apartments. I have not found anything to indicate 
that this side of the stone court is older than the reign of 
James I., but the inner wall is undoubtedly of the earlier work, 
and the newer parts look out of the windows of the older. 
Another passage leads at right angles to the central gateway. 

The corresponding passages, at the other or eastern sidq, open 
upon rooms which contain some more easily identified remains 
of Gothic work ; and some of the windows which look upon the 
Green Court contain the armorial bearings of Archbishop 
Cranmer and his family. The remaining Gothic buildings of 
Knole are scattered here and there, and consist of very little 
worth notice, and with your leave I will now proceed to enume- 
rate the principal rooms added at a later time, and the objects 
best worth your notice which they contain: — 

The staircase is Elizabethan or Stuart, although much of the mono- 
chromatic decoration, representing the virtues, and other allegories, 
is of rather later date. Observe, 1, the rams' heads, leopards, and 
shields in the windows ; 2, the carving of the bannisters. According 
to Bridgeman there are 80 staircases in Knole. We ascend the stairs 
and enter the 

Brown Gallery. — It is 88 feet long. Observe in the windows the 



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8EVBN0AKS MEETING. — KNOLE HOTI8E. xlix 

Prince of Wales's feathers and the Tudor rose. 1, an arm chair, and two 
or three other chairs and stools of the same pattern, red and gold ; 
probably the oldest in the house ; 2, the silver sconces, with James I. 
and Anne of Denmark ; 3, an inlaid table, and specimen of lustre ware ; 
4, the carved walnutwood furniture. At the end on the right is 

Lady Betty Germaine's Room. — Observe, 1, panelling ; 2, door 
key; 3, warming pan; 4, heraldic window glass; 5, Persian table 
cloth; 6, tapestry, of Mortlake work representing Vandyke the painter, 
and Crane, the master of the works, or, according to Brady, his father- 
in-law, Lord Gowrie. 

The Dressing Room. — Observe, 1, the fireplace, which may possibly 
be Gothic ; 2, a lacquer mirror frame, like tortoise-shell ; 3, a steel and 
velvet coffer of the 17th century, and very fine. Returning to the 
Brown Gallery, we cross it, and enter on the east side 

The Spangled Bed Room.— Observe, 1, a fireplace Gothic (?); 

2, a stool, probably 16th century, embossed gilding; 3, the bed fur- 
niture, said to have been presented to the Earl of Middlesex by 
James L, brought here from Copt Hall; 4, ebony cabinet, 17th 
century ; 5, an Indian glass cabinet (there are other specimens of the 
same work in the house) ; 6, screen of mixed Indian and Italian, 17th 
century; 7, Venetian mirror; 8, embroidered pillow, Italian (?) 17th 
century (similar embroidery in other rooms) ; 9, tapestry, representing 
Cephalus and Procris, Mercury and Argus, etc., marked BB. 

The Dressing Room. — Observe, 1, Venetian mirror; 2, fireplace; 

3, carpet. 

The Billiard Room, a recess of the Leicester Gallery. — Observe, 1, 
velvet couch, with moveable couch; 2, embroidered velvet seat and 
pillow, near table ; 3, carved stools of the 18th century ; 4, a pedigree 
of the Sackville, Clifford, and Curzon families, by Sir William Segar, 
Garter, Richard St. George, Norroy, and Henry St. George, Richmond 
Herald, in 1623, and illustrated profusely. 

The Venetian Bedroom — said by Murray's Guide to have been 
fitted for the reception of Niccolo Molina, the Venetian Ambassador. 
Bridgeman says he slept in it, but adds in a note that it was fitted for 
the reception of James II., which is more probable, as the bed bears 
that King's cypher. Observe, 1, the bed and its cover, Chinese 
embroidery; 2, 17th century furniture; 8, silver furniture, 17th 
century, Mons. F. C. M. ; 4, tapestry, probable Flemish, very fine, 
signed "Franciscus Springius." Subjects — Niobe, Actaeon, Esther. 
The Actaeon is cut, and the second half conceals a curious recess in 
the wall, to the right of the fireplace. 



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1 KENT AR0HJ30L0GICAI* SOCIETY. 

Venetian Dressing Room. — 1, fireplace, bellows, dogs, &c., 17ih 
century furniture. 

The Organ Room. — From the Brown Gallery a staircase leads down 
into the Pheasant Court, and up into the Organ Room. Observe, 1, 
ebony cabinet; 2, ancient panelling ; 3, spinet, dated 1622 ; 4, organ ; 
5, painted figure in a recess ; 6, inlaid mirror frame ; but above all, the 
beautiful tapestry, which is of early 16th century, German or Flemish 
work, and might have been designed by Albert Durer himself. 1, the 
largest piece, " Truth, justice, &c," an allegorical subject, may even 
be 15th century. 2, an obscure subject, perhaps, the " Nuptials of 
M aximilia n," who was Emperor of Germany from 1493-1519. The 
adventures of Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, were celebrated in 
Germany in a book, of which several editions by various printers are 
known ; it was published first in 1517, under the title " The High 
Feats of Arms, and perilous adventures of the illustrious, celebrated, 
and warlike hero and knight Teurdancths," by which name the Emperor 
was signified. It is illustrated by 118 woodcuts, some of which 
singularly resemble this tapestry. It is an allegorical poem, and 
chiefly relates, under feigned names, to the marriage of Maximilian 
with Mary of Burgundy. (See Home's Bibliography, vol. ii.) He 
was grandfather, as you know, to Charles V., who again was nephew 
to Katharine of Arragon, 1st wife of Henry VIII. Another portion 
of the same is in a passage, behind the Cartoon Gallery; I think 
it was on the walls before the cartoons. 3, Christ before Pilate (?) 
after A. Durer; 4, the Flight into Egypt, 16th century, late. 

Ante Chapel, or Chapel Room. — Observe, 1, cabinet, 17th century ; 
2, stone ware, 17th century ; 3, tapestry, History of Noah, Italian or 
French, possibly Mortlake, 17th century. One piece of the series is in 
the Chapel itself. 

Chapel Gallery. — Observe, 1, a beautifully bound Bible, 4to, in 
4 vols., A.V. 1619, with the inscription, "This book belongs to the 
Earl of Dorset his chappell." Furniture from France. 3rd Duke. 
2, tapestry, (a), legends of St. Veronica, 16th century, Flemish or 
German, (b), two pieces, scenes in the Passion, 16th century, Flemish 
or German ; 3, Abraham and the angels, 17th century; 4, door handle 
outside. 

The Ball Room. —Observe, 1, the panelling, which is finely carved ; 
2, the ceiling; 3, the fire dogs; 4, two pedestals; 5, ebony cabinet, 
carved with Jonah. 

The Crimson Drawing Room. — Observe, 1, the chimney piece; 2, 
silver fire dogs, tongs. 



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SEVENOAKS MEETING. — KNOLE HOUSE. H 

The Cartoon Gallery — 90 feet long, 18 wide, and 15 high. Observe, 

1, a piece of tapestry representing the flight into Egypt, Flemish, 
16th century (the best piece in the house); 2, the carpet; 3, King 
James's chair (doubtful); 4, the gilt door locks of William IIL's time ; 

5, silver fire dogs and chandeliers, five carved mirror frames, Venetian (?) ; 

6, silver sconces bearing arms of Sackville and Compton ; 7, coffer or 
trunk, treasurer's chest of office. There is quite a collection of old 
coffers and travelling trunks in one of the attics ; some of them are 
dated, one 1660. 8, the chimney piece; 9, the arms in the windows 
representing the marriages of the Sackvilles and twelve others. A 
magnificent piece of tapestry is hung at the other side, of the same wall 
which now carries the cartoons. It represents some more scenes from 
the same subject as that in the Organ Room, to which I have already 
alluded, as being possibly a representation of the adventures of 
Maximilian the First of Germany, under the name of Teurdancths. 

The King's or Silver Room. — Observe, 1, the bed prepared for 
James I., said to have cost £8,000; furniture of gold and silver tissue; 

2, silver tables ; 3, two stools, Queen Anne's arms and William III.'s 
embroidered : 4, tongs and fire dogs ; 5, ebony and ivory cabinet, and 
chamberlain's keys ; 6, silver dressing service, bought in 1743, at the 
sale of the Countess of Northampton ; 7, the looking glasses. 

The Staircase leads up a fine gallery over the hall, and one over 
the Cartoon Gallery. Observe, 1, the doorway to the crimson draw- 
ing room, of Bourchier's time; 2, the heraldic decoration of the 
staircase. 

The Dining Room. — Observe, 1, the chimney piece. 

These axe all the rooms usually shewn. If possible, the 
archaeologist will visit the roof of the clock tower, from which 
a fine view may be obtained. The clock formerly stood over the 
hall, but was removed to its present situation, over the inner 
gateway, in 1745. The beams to support it are still to be seen 
in a gallery over the hall. The upper storey of the gateway 
under the clock was much injured and altered to make way for 
the present upper storey, which is in the worst Gothic of the 
18th century, and sadly disfigures Archbishop Bourchier's fine 
oriel and gate. 

It is also worth while to visit the rooms over the outer gate, 
as they present some curious features, not being divided, except 
by screens of seven feet high, and being evidently intended for 
barracks. 



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lii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The best view of the house is obtained from the rose garden 
on the west side. 

I have thus concluded a hurried survey of the architecture 
and contents of this most interesting house. You will not, in 
all the length and breadth of the land, find another its equal. 
It has had the singular felicity of passing, in the course of so 
many generations, into the hands of owners who seem to have 
vied with each other in their care for its preservation, and I am 
glad to be able to congratulate you, as antiquaries and as 
Kentish men interested in its future preservation, on the fact 
that the present Lord of Knole is a worthy successor of his 
illustrious ancestors. I congratulate you, for I know the 
anxiety which you all feel that this glory of Kent should not 
suffer, in future years, more than it has suffered in the past, but 
should be, as in all human probability it will be, an enduring 
emblem of that quietness, and peaceful conservation, which 
England has inherited, and which, I pray, she may hand down 
to ages yet unborn. 

Lord Stanhope next called upon G. Scharf, Esq., F.S.A., 
who gave a learned lecture on the collection of paintings 
throughout the house. 

The members then dispersed in parties, — some going first 
through the rooms to examine the pictures and furniture under 
the guidance of Mr. Scharf; others round the courts, into the 
chapel and other parts, with Mr. Loftie and Mr. J. H. Parker. 
This occupied the remainder of the morning. 

Dinner was at 4 o'clock, in a tent set up in the garden of the 
Crown Hotel. The Earl Stanhope presided, and upwards of 
300 sat down. The usual loyal, patriotic, and archaeological 
toasts were given and well received, and the eloquent speech of 
the noble chairman in proposing "Success to the Kent Archaeo- 
logical Society" was heard with much enthusiasm. 

The evening meeting was in the Assembly Boom at the 
Crown Hotel, when an interesting paper was read by the Rev. 
Canon Jenkins, on "An English Interior, and a Chaplain's Life 
in the 17th Century/' from the manuscript diary (which 
the lecturer had in his possession) of Mr. Elias Travers, 
chaplain to Sir Thomas Barnadiston, of Ketton Hall, 1678 to 



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8EVEN0AKS MEETING. — OLDBURY CAMP. liii 

1681. This paper has been published in the € British Quar- 
terly ' for January, 1872, under the title of € An English 
Interior in the 17th Century/ 

A second paper, on the Heraldic History of the British 
Flag, which had been kindly promised by Dr. Richardson, was 
unavoidably omitted, owing to the lateness of the hour. 

On the Second day, August 8, the excursion started from 
Sevenoaks at half-past 11, and halted under the large British 
Camp in Oldbury Wood, of which the following account was 
given by the Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson : — 

OLDBURY. 

The point at which we are assembled is about 600 feet above the 
level of the sea, and here I have the honour to introduce to you the 
Gamp called Oldbury. It was an old Burgh, or ancient stronghold, 
of the Britons. 

There are in England several camps called Oldbury, and there are 
many extensive earthworks, but very few are so extensive as this 
whereon we stand. It has been reputed to enclose 137 acres, but the 
Ordnance Survey shews that the exact area is 123 acres and a few 
perches. The circumference of the intrenchments is 2 miles and 350 
yards. The Romans, as we learn from Polybius and Hyginus, allowed 
but eighty or ninety acres for a camp to contain three entire legions. 
Here we find an intrenchment enclosing half as much again. 

It is of some importance that my words should convey to you an 
idea of the vastness of this work, because it is utterly impossible that 
you should see its extent for yourselves upon this occasion. 

From that portion of the vallum and fosse which you can see, it is 
clear that the work followed the natural shape of the hill, instead of 
being constructed rectangularly in the conventional straight lines pre- 
scribed by the Roman systems of castrametation. This enables you at 
once to decide that Oldbury was a British intrenchment. Ccesar him- 
self gives us good ground for naming it a British oppidnm. In the 
5th book of his History of the Gallic War, chapter 21, he writes, — 
" Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo atque 
fossa munierunt, quo, incursionis hostium vitandae causa, convenire con- 
sueverunt." Here in this woody fastness, fortified by this mound and 
trench, the Britons certainly had a stronghold whither to flock in large 
numbers for refuge from an invader, and in which, possibly, they may 

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liv KENT ARCraEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

have resisted Caesar himself. But Caesar is not the only writer who 
throws light upon the matter, enabling us to say, " Here we have the 
site of a British oppidum." Strabo, also, tells us that the British 
towns were woody fastnesses, alludes to their curvilinear shape, and 
adds that felled trees, blocking up all approaches to the town, conduced 
to its defence. 

This oppidum had at least two entrances,— one by which you 
ascended, and another cut through the solid rock at its N.E. corner. 
It is protected in various ways. In three portions of the hill, the solid 
and precipitous sandstone rocks were in themselves a sufficient defence. 
This was the case on the south side towards its western end ; again at 
the north-west, and yet again on the eastern side in its southern part. 
Magnificent masses of rock face any invader at those points, and 
invaders like ourselves are filled with admiration by the picturesque 
beauty of these rocks, which are now seen in a verdant setting of ferns of 
many kinds. The northern portion of Oldbury slopes gently down to the 
surrounding fields, and required defence of another kind. Here we find 
a huge wall-like mound, which extends along the northern boundary, 
and turns some way down the eastern side. This mound has been cut 
through, and is seen to be composed of mingled stones and earth. The 
stones were evidently taken from the surface of the hill. In recent 
times this northern mound has been worked as a small quarry, and 
considerable quantities of stone have been carted away for road metal. 
At one portion of the mound the stones within it were found to be 
reddened by heat, and were adjacent to a quantity of charcoal. Half a 
quern of pebbly conglomerate was also found in the mound. 

There is a spring about the middle of the Camp, which runs north- 
wards. The northern part of the Camp itself is under cultivation, but 
as the portion thus cultivated is not one quarter of the whole area, 
there has not as yet been sufficient opportunity for discovering relics of 
the ancient dwellers here. Mr. Benjamin Harrison, of Ightham, an 
indefatigable explorer of Oldbury and its neighbourhood, has found on 
the hill itself quantities of flint chipping stones and flint scrapers (small 
round thin pieces of flint, with sharpened edges), and several round 
balls of flint, supposed to be grain crushers, for use in querns. 

In Bose Wood, a rectangular coppice of about 1 5 acres, lying to the 
south of Oldbury Camp, there is a series of about forty circular, basin- 
like pits, all symmetrically made, and each resembling a hollow inverted 
cone, from 5 to 10 feet deep. Each pit is about 15 feet in diameter, but 
the dimensions vary, and I can only state them roughly. The soil is sandy, 
and there is no chalk or flint within two and a half or three miles, yet this 



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SEVENOAKS MEETING. — IGHTHAM. lv 

wood, and all the soil around these pits, teems with flint flakes and flint 
implements. Mr. Harrison has found here five different types of flint 
arrow heads, now in the possession of Sir John Lubbock ; two celts or 
chisels, quite perfect, and portions of many others ; and four hammer 
heads, beautifully made of Oldbury red sandstone, drilled in a most 
workmanlike manner. 

What these pits were, and who formerly occupied Rose Wood, I do 
not pretend to say, but I would venture to suggest that we seem to 
have here something very like what Sir Richard Colt Hoare found in 
Wiltshire, and considered to be the sites of British dwellings. May it 
not be probable that the British artizans, or makers of flint implements, 
had their workshops there, and that the little settlement in Rose Wood 
was a kind of workmen's suburb of the British oppidum on which we 
stand? 

Sir John Lubbock then favoured the meeting with an 
address, respecting the flint implements discovered upon Old- 
bury and in Rose Wood by Mr. Benjamin Harrison, who was 
present, and who kindly exhibited his collection to the com- 
pany. 

The Church of St. Peter at Ightham was next visited, the 
Rev. J. Polehampton kindly pointing out its features. The 
east wall was Norman, the frames of two very small Norman 
windows having been visible above the eastern Perpendicular 
window. In the north wall of the chancel is the tomb of Sir 
Thomas Cawne, with a square-headed window above it ; this 
window was put in by his executors in compliance with his will, 
which is printed, with an engraving of the window, in ' Archaeo- 
logia Cantiana/ vol. iv. pp. 222-4. The interior arches of the 
chancel windows, and one entire single light window on the 
south side, are of the Decorated period. The ends of the tie- 
beam, which supplied the place of a chancel arch, and the ends 
of the rood-beam, still remain in the chancel walls. At the 
junction of nave and chancel there are, close to the roof, two 
curious windows, one on each side, looking east ; very wide and 
very shallow, in shape each of them is the segment of a circle, 
filled with the usual diamond-shaped common glass. In the 
south aisle is St. Catherine's Chapel, belonging to the Mote ; 
there is a square-headed piscina and some screen work. The 

e 2 



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lvi KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 

north aisle is late, and of brick. At the west end of the nave 
there are two galleries, one above the other. The higher of the 
two was erected by one of the Selby family. The roofs of the 
nave and south porch are of wagon-tilt shape, and are divided 
into bays, which are plastered. The tower at the west end has 
been much patched. 

At Wrotham the church of St. George was inspected under 
the guidance of the Rev. Canon Lane, the rector. In the 
chancel he pointed out the ancient altar stone, under the 
communion table ; a recess in the north wall, supposed to mark 
the founder's tomb ; the vestry of late Perpendicular work on 
the north side ; the rood screen of the same period, upon which 
were ranged several ancient candlesticks of brass, formerly 
placed near the altar ; and the gallery, formed in the thickness 
of the wall, over the chancel arch, from which rectangular 
loop-holes open into both the nave and the chancel. In the 
spacious nave, with its north and south aisles, Mr. Lane drew 
attention to the series of monumental brasses on the floor, and 
to the early character of the arcades between the nave and 
aisles ; they are called Early English in Hussey's € Churches of 
Kent and Sussex/ Mr. Parker, however, now gave it as his 
opinion that this is a church of the Decorated period. The 
capitals of the westernmost piers of these arcades are fluted, and 
the lofty tower arch is Perpendicular work. Among the other 
objects of interest pointed out were a square-headed window of 
the Decorated period, in the south wall of the south aisle, near 
its eastern end; a holy water stoup inside the south door, 
having a rectangular basin of greater depth than usual ; the 
lock with double bolts on the south door, and its key. The 
handsome pulpit recently given by Canon Lane, and the new 
stained windows, were much admired. Through the base of the 
tower, which stands at the west end, and contains eight bells, 
there is an open arched passage for the churchyard path; it has 
a groined roof, in which a coat of arms appears upon the central 
boss. 

Canon Lane most hospitably entertained the company at 
luncheon at the Rectory. 

Old Sore was next visited, and the Rev. W. A. Scott 
Robertson and Mr. J. H. Parker pointed out the arrangements 

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proceedings, 1871. lvii 

of this specimen of a thirteenth-century country mansion of the 
smaller kind. The chapel, with its piscina, and some fine 
corbels ; the hall ; the lord's chamber, with its cruciform loop- 
holes ; the kitchen beneath the hall ; and the handsome door- 
way ; were all examined with much interest. 

After a brief glance at Plaxtol Church, which was erected 
during the Commonwealth, the excursion ended with a visit 
to the ancient moated residence of Major Luard-Selby, — the 
Mote at Ightham. This fine example of a mediaeval castellated 
mansion was described by Canon Jenkins and Mr. Parker. The 
chapel, and the hall, with all its appertenances of the fourteenth 
century, still remain. Other portions, including a second 
chapel, with curious old organ, have been added at various 
periods. The house is fully described by Mr. J. H. Parker, 
in the second volume of his work on Domestic Architecture. 

The next Council was held on October 26th, 1871, at 
the house of Mr. Godfrey- Faussett, Hon. Sec, in the 
Cathedral Precincts at Canterbury, the noble President in the 
chair. 

Thanks were voted to Lord Buckhurst for his kindness in 
admitting the Society to Knole House ; to Earl Stanhope for 
kindly presiding at the General Meeting; to Canon Lane for 
his hospitality to the Society at Wrotham Rectory, and for 
receiving them at his church; to the Rev. W. J. Loftie; 
G. Scharf, Esq. ; Canon Jenkins ; Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson ; 
J. H. Parker, Esq. ; Sir John Lubbock ; Mr. B. Harrison ; and 
Dr. Richardson; for their lectures and information during the 
General Meeting ; to Major Luard-Selby; Mrs. Maddy; Rev. 
J. Polehampton ; Rev. H. F. Sidebottom and Colonel James for 
welcoming the Society at their houses or churches ; to the 
Local Committee at Sevenoaks for their efficient preparations ; 
to Archdeacon Harrison for a rubbing from a brass in St. Alban's 
Abbey ; to James Murton, Esq., for his gift of Venetian beads 
found at Harrietsham. 

Five new members were elected. 

It was agreed that Faversham be the place for the General 
Meeting in 1872, and a Local Committee was nominated to 
arrange details. 



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lviii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The First Council in 1872 was held on May 3, at the 
Society's Rooms, in Chillington House, Maidstone, the noble 
President in the chair. 

Thanks were voted to E. A. Freeman, Esq., for a copy of 
his address to the meeting of the Archaeological Institute at 
Cardiff; and to J. F. Streatfeild, Esq., for his gift of papers 
written by Mr. Joseph Mayer. 

Seven new members were elected. 

The next Council was held at the house of the noble 
President, 43 Grosvenor Square, on the 17th of June. 

It was agreed that the Annual Meeting at Faversham should 
be held on Tuesday and Wednesday, July 30th and 31st, 1872. 

Two new members were elected. 

The Annual General Meeting was held at Faversham 
on July 30th and 31st, there being present — 

The Earl Amherst, President ; Lord Harris ; Lord Fitzwalter ; Sir 
Walter Stirling, Bart. ; G. W. Norman, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Norman ; 
G. Leveson-Gower, Esq.; Rev. Canon Robertson, Mrs. and Miss 
Robertson ; Rev. W. N. Griffin ; C. Powell, Esq. ; Francis Russell, 
Esq. ; Coles Child, Esq. ; Wm. Walter, Esq. ; J. F. Streatfeild, Esq. ; 
Rev. G. B. Moore, Mrs. and Miss M. Moore ; R. C. Hussey, Esq. ; 
The Mayor of Faversham ; H. B. Mackeson, Esq. ; Mrs. and Miss 
Riddell ; Rev. E. H. Lee and Mrs. Lee ; Rev. R. P. Coates and Mrs. 
Coates ; Rev. A. J. Pearman and Mrs. Peannan ; W. T. Hall, Esq. ; 
Rev. C. E. Donne and Mrs. Donne ; Rev J. F. Thorpe and family ; 
F. C. J. Spurrell, Esq. ; the Misses Thurston; Rev. F. E. Tuke ; Rev. 
B. S. Maiden ; Rev. B. St. John Tyrwhitt ; Rev. R. Henry Dickson 
and Miss Dickson; Rev. T. S. Frampton; Rev. E. B. Perry; H. 
Ross, Esq. ; Rev. J. P. Alcock, Jun. ; S. T. Harris, Esq., and 
Mrs. Harris; Rev. F. Haslewood: Rev. W. H. Dyson; Dr. Gray- 
ling, Miss and Mr. F. Grayling; Rev. A. T. Browne; Rev. V. S. 
Vickers; Rev. C. H. Norwood; J. G. Waller, Esq.; F. F. Giraud, 
Esq., Mrs. and the Misses Giraud ; Rev. J. R. Cooke ; G. Payne, 
Jun., Esq., and Miss Lang ; Mr. Bedo ; the two Honorary Secretaries, 
and more than 200 others. 

The Business Meeting, on July 30th, was held in the Read- 
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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — REPORT, 1872. lix 

ing Boom of the Faversham Institute ; the noble President in 
the chair. 

The Report for the past year was read, as follows : — 

In this their Fourteenth Annual Report the Council can give, as 
always, a satisfactory account of the progress of the Society. Our 
numbers steadily increase. Forty new members have been elected in 
the year, and many more are awaiting election at your hands to-day. 

The balance at our bankers is £512. 16*. 9d., but the greater part of 
this will be payable in a few days to our printers, engravers, etc., for 
the expenses of the eighth volume of ' Archaeologia Cantiana.' 

Our last year's Meeting was more than usually interesting and 
successful, the kindness of Lord Buckhurst opening to us most valuable 
treasures of architecture, history, and art, which we were also fortunate 
in having very ably illustrated to us. It can scarcely be expected that 
the situation of our present meeting, or of many future meetings, can be 
found to rival Enole in interest, but our Faversham programme is by 
no means a defective one, and we feel sure that two good days of 
pleasure and profit are in store for us. 

In particular, our funds have been usefully employed in excavating 
the more interesting parts of the long-buried church of Stone, in 
this neighbourhood. The result we shall inspect to-morrow. Such 
purposes as these are among the best to which our funds and our 
energies can be applied. We would draw the attention of our members, 
scattered about the county, to the number of Roman, Saxon, and later 
remains, still requiring nothing but an energetic member in their 
neighbourhood to superintend the work of laying bare such treasures. 
The Society is glad to provide the cost of such good work, to the 
extent of our resources, both in the general cause of archaeology, and for 
the additions, which we are thus sometimes enabled to gain, to our now 
most valuable collection of antiquities at Maidstone. 

Our eighth volume ought to have been in Members* hands two 
months ago, and the printer alone can tell why it was not so. We 
believe a strike in the printing trade to have been partly, but not 
altogether, the cause of this vexatious delay. The printer, however, 
assures us that the volume shall be issued to Members during the 
coming month of August, but even two months ago it would have been 
very late in its issue, and the Council very much regret that it should 
not have appeared earlier. The editorial labour on our volumes, as may 
be supposed, is not light, and our present Senior Secretary, on whom 
the whole of this had devolved, finding it and the other business of the 



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lx KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Society to occupy more time than he has now at his disposal, obtained 
last year the consent of the General Meeting, that a second Secretary 
should share his labours. Having thus increased the executive power 
of the Society, the Council believe that no such long interval will again 
elapse without the issue of a volume. 

It must, however, be remembered, as has been frequently explained 
to the Society, that the frequency of the Volumes must always depend 
upon two things — first, the literary materials at the disposal of the 
Council, — and, secondly, the state of the Society's finances. On the 
former point it must be observed, that the contents of our volumes are 
the result of the unsolicited kindness of Members and other friends, 
and that having also, in all cases, to be prepared and edited with deep 
research, and with the greatest care, accuracy, and completeness (with- 
out which Archaeology, of all subjects, ought not even to be touched 
upon), they cannot, for both these reasons, be brought into any stated 
rule as to time, without much detriment to the value of our publications. 
On the second point, notice should be taken that our income (deducting 
arrears) is not more than £350 a year, of which little more than £200 
a year can be said to be available for our volumes, and that these must 
necessarily fall off in size and completeness, as compared with the 
present series, were too frequent publication resorted to. 

In both these ways, in contribution of matter, and in prompt pay- 
ment of Subscription, the Council hope that the Society will combine to 
keep up the deserved fame of ' Archseologia Cantiana,' which now 
occupies the highest place among local antiquarian publications. 

The retiring members of Council and Auditors were re- 
elected. Eleven new members were elected. 

Mr. Beresford Hope, who had given notice of a motion to 
alter Rule 5, by adding the month of October to the period 
named in the Rule, as that during which the Annual General 
Meeting may be held, was not present. Mr. Norman and 
Lord Fitzwalter, considering such an addition quite unneces- 
sary, moved that the Meeting proceed to the next order of the 
day, which was agreed to. 

The noble President then announced that, at his own 
instance, Lord Harris had been requested to act as Chairman 
of the present Meeting, and had kindly consented to do so. 
Whereupon Lord Harris took the chair; and after a few appro- 
priate remarks, proceeded with the Meeting to the Parish 
Church of Faversham. There the vicar, the Rev. C. E. Donne, 



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PAVfiUSfiAM MEETING.— THfe CHURCH. lxi 

read an historical sketch of the building. When the central 
tower of the church was taken down, in 1755, a Roman altar 
and Roman bricks were discovered, and it has been supposed 
that a Roman building, or church, occupied this site. Remains 
of the old Norman church have been traced, near the organ of 
the present building. The advowson was bestowed by William 
the Conqueror upon St. Augustine's Abbey, in the year 1070. 
The existing structure, which was built partially with materials 
of a former church, dates from the end of the reign of Edward I. 
The wall paintings in St. Thomas' Chapel, in the north aisle, have 
been described by Mr. Willement in 'Arehaeologia Cantiana/ 
vol. i. ; but since Mr. Willemenfs paper was written, a painting, 
representing the murder of Becket, has been discovered upon 
the north wall of that chapel. In the north transept an 
octagonal pillar, in the eastern arcade, is completely covered 
with paintings descriptive of incidents in the life of the Virgin 
Mary. In the same transept, in its west wall, is a remarkable 
cruciform loophole, similar to those in fortified houses. The 
miserere-seats of carved oak, in the chancel stalls; the altar 
tomb in the south chapel, sometimes called King Stephen's 
tomb ; the fourteenth-century carved chest in the vestry ; and 
the numerous sepulchral brasses, were all pointed out. The latter 
were also kindly illustrated by Mr. J. G. Waller. The remark- 
ably massive lattice work of oaken beams, protecting the treasury 
windows, at the west end of the church ; and the rare open 
work of the modern spire, which resembles those of the churches 
of St. Dunstan's in the East, London, and of Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, were also duly noticed. 

From the Church, progress was made to the Grammar 
School, which was built in 1588, and for which sixty tons of 
timber were then provided. A Free Grammar School had been 
founded in 1527 by the Rev. John Cole, in connection with the 
Abbey of St. Saviour, Faversham, but it came to an untimely 
end at the dissolution of the monastery. Mr. S. M. Crosthwaite, 
the head master, gave a brief history of the school, and exhi- 
bited its collection of ancient books. 

Passing onward, the company reached the site of the ancient 
Abbey, of which the very scanty remains were pointed out by 
Mr. G. Bedo. 

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lxii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 

Proceeding to Davington Priory, kindly opened to the Society 
by the Rev. J. W. Bramah, the Norman Church of the nuns 
was kindly illustrated by Mr. Herbert Winter, who read copious 
extracts from Mr. Willement's history of the Priory. The 
parish church formerly stood east of the existing chancel, and 
was entered by doors, the arches of which are still to be seen, 
north and south of the communion table. The company were 
kindly permitted to perambulate the cloister, and view other 
portions of the Priory now used as a dwelling house by 
Mr. Bramah. 

Dinner was in the Great Hall of Faversham Institute, at 
4.30 ; Lord Harris presided, and 142 sat down. 

The Evening Meeting was held in the Reading Room of the 
Institute, Lord Harris in the chair, when F. F. Giraud, Esq., 
read the following paper respecting the 

FAVERSHAM TOWN CHARTERS. 

From a very early period, Faversham appears to have been a 
populous place. The Town contains an ancient Cemetery of consider- 
able extent, now known as King's Field, where Romano-British and 
Anglo-Saxon remains have of late years been discovered, in great 
abundance. Mr. Roach Smith, in his introduction to the catalogue of 
Anglo-Saxon and other antiquities found here, and bequeathed by the 
late Mr. Gibbs to the South Kensington Museum, shews that an 
unusually large number of the interments denote superior rank and 
affluence. It appears by a charter of Coenwulf, King of Mercia, that 
Faversham was one of the royal villes or towns as early as a.d. 811 ; 
and that in 858 uEthelbert, King of Kent, gave to Wallaf, his Thane, 
a salt house at Faversham ; and in the reign of Athclstan we find a 
witenagemot or great public council held here. 

It is probable that when the men of Faversham obtained their 
earlier charters, much of the existing marsh land was under water ; 
that the head of the creek was deeper and broader than now; and 
that the largest vessels were able to approach the town quays. The 
mouth of Faversham Creek opens near that of the Swale, which was 
formerly deemed part of the river Thames, and separates the Isle of 
Sheppey from the main land. So late as the reign of Edward III., 
the Swale was the usual passage for all vessels to and from 
London ; and the situation of the port of Faversham must then have 
been most favourable. From the time of Henry VIII., large vessels 



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5?AVERSttAM MEETING. — THE TOWN CHARTERS, lxiii 

appear to have laden and unladen at a place called the Thorn. This 
was at the entrance of the Liberty, where the tidal creek branched off 
in two directions ; one branch ran to the town, forming a channel for 
the smaller craft ; and the other branch ran towards Clap Gate, forming 
what was called Thorn Creek. From that time the maintenance of the 
navigation seems to have required increasing care, until, under the 
powers granted by Acts of Parliament in 1842 and 1843, the channel 
was straightened and improved at a cost of £33,000. 

The Manor of Faversham at the time of the Domesday survey in 
a.d. 1080, was part of the King's ancient demesne, and the town then 
possessed a mill, a market, and two salt pits ; the King's profits being 
one-fourth more than in the reign of King Edward the Confessor. 

The manor, with the hundred of Faversham appurtenant to it, 
remained part of the possessions of the Crown till the time of King 
Stephen, when it was granted to William de Ipre, afterwards Earl of 
Kent, who, about the year 1147, gave it up to the King, and received 
other estates in exchange. The King having caused an abbey to be 
built at Faversham, settled the manor and other premises upon the 
Abbot and Convent. Thenceforward there were frequent disputes 
between the town and the abbey, respecting the right to civil juris- 
diction. In course of time, however, the poverty of the monks and the 
increasing prosperity of the townsmen, enabled the latter to purchase, 
or compound for, the abolition or mitigation of many imposts, and to 
nullify much of the interference in municipal affairs which was exercised 
by the Abbot as Lord of the Manor. 

In the reign of Richard I. the townsmen compounded with the 
Abbot for the liberty of sending their swine to pannage, that is, to feed 
in the woods, or common grounds of the manor. 

One dispute with the abbey arose out of the mode of appointing the 
mayor. In Henry III.'s reign, after a long contest, the townsmen 
had to submit to nominate annually for the mayoralty three persons, of 
whom the Abbot chose one to be mayor. This course of procedure did 
not long obtain. From the time of Edward I. the freemen, with the 
person they had elected mayor (so soon as he had nominated the twelve 
jurats with the approbation of the freemen) went together to the Abbot, 
who administered to the newly chosen mayor the oath of office. It 
contained a pledge to maintain the freedom and rights of the monastery. 

An Ordinance of 14th Hen. III. (a.d. 1229), names Faversham 
among the Ports of the King of England, having liberties which other 
ports have not. It likewise states that the Cinque Ports and their 
members furnish fifty-seven ships; of which number Dover with its 



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lxiV £EN* AECH^OLOGICAL SOCIET*. 

members, Folkestone, Faversham, and Margate, were bound to supply 
twenty-one. Every ship was to bear twenty-one men, and one boy, 
who were to serve on summons for forty days; namely, yearly if it 
should happen, for fifteen days at their own cost, and afterwards at the 
King's cost, as long as the Bang would. 

Of the twenty-one ships required, from Dover and its members, one 
was supplied by Faversham. 

In 1217, the ports armed forty tall ships and put them to sea under 
the command of Hubert de Burgh, the Warden. Meeting with eighty 
sail of French ships, coming to aid Louis, the French king's eldest 
son, the Warden gave them a most courageous encounter, wherein he 
took some, sunk others, and discomfited the rest. 

In the 8th, 10th, and 11th years of his reign, King Henry III. 
required the ports to set out double their number of ships, but promised 
that this should form no precedent. 

The first Royal Charter granted to the Barons, i.e., the Freemen 
of Faversham, was dated 4 June, 36 Hen. III. (a.d. 1252). It made 
them free from toll and from every custom on buying and selling 
throughout England and Normandy. It confirmed to them the valu- 
able privileges, which they, their ancestors, and their Corn-Barons of the 
Cinque Ports, had more fully and more honourably had, from the time 
of King Edward the Confessor.* 

Ten years later, however, letters patent, dated from the Tower of 
London, recited that for a very long time past there had been conten- 
tion, between the Abbot and Barons of Faversham, upon the liberty of 

• These privileges were those of- 
fice. The power of compelling all persons, living within their liberties, to 
plead in their courts. 

Sac. The cognizance of causes criminal and civil in their courts. 

Thel. Liberty to buy and sell within their jurisdiction, and to receive toll 
on commodities sold there. 

Theam. Liberty to have their villeins with their offspring and goods. 

Infangthef. Power to try and convict felons taken within their liberty. 

Wrecfry. The privilege that their goods should not be taken as wreck, 
although seized by the officers of the King. 

Wyttfry. Freedom from being amerced or fined. 

Lettagefry. Freedom from exactions in fairs and markets for things carried. 

Locofry. Freedom of trade ; so that by no kind of monopoty, patent, or 
company, or guild of traders, or merchants, they should be hindered, but freely 
and for love be permitted to trade and traffic. 

Quittance of shire* and hundreds. The liberty not to plead or be impleaded 
in any Hundred or Court of the shire. 

Den and Strand at Yarmouth. Their liberty to beat, mend, and dry their 
nets upon marsh land called the Den at Yarmouth during the herring season, and 
to come to the quay or strand and deliver their herrings freely. 

And, lastly, that they should only plead at Shipway, near Hythe, where the 
General Parliament or Council of the Cinque Ports was held, and that none 
should disturb them or their merchandize under a penalty of £10. 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — THE TOWN CHABTEBS. lxV 

" infangenetheft " and " utfangenetheft " (that is, the power of judging 
and convicting felons), which each claimed ; bnt that, at length, it had 
been agreed that the Abbot should hold in his Court at Faversham, 
the said liberty and all other pleas within the town belonging to the 
liberty of the Cinque Ports, except pleas belonging to the Court of 
Shipway, and the liberties belonging to the Barons of Dover. 

In 1301, on a dispute about the burial of a townsman in the parish 
church, the inhabitants of both sexes, with the Mayor at their head, 
with a great noise and sound of horn, rose upon the few monks and 
attendants at the funeral, beat, wounded, and maimed them, broke open 
the church, destroyed the furniture in it, and then tried to set fire to 
both that and the parsonage house. Two years afterwards the towns- 
men were consequently found guilty of presumptuously usurping certain 
regal liberties, and for pardon of their offences, as well as for a new 
charter granted to them, they were compelled to pay to the King a fine 
of 500 marks. 

The new charter was dated at Westminster, 14 November, 30 
Edward I. (1302). It re-granted, in more ample form, the privileges 
conferred by the charter of King Henry III.* It also granted that on 
their own wines, which they should sell, they should be quit of the royal 
duty, in respect of one barrel of wine before, and another behind, the 
mast; and that the King should not have the custody or marriage 
of their heirs, by reason of their lands within the ports.f 

Records are extant, dated in the reign of Edward I., of transfers 
of land and houses at Faversham, by fine before the steward (an officer 
of the abbey), the mayor, twelve jurats, and others of the community 
of the town, "in pleno halimoto." 

In 4 Edward II., the Abbot and Convent, who claimed an impost on 

* Amongst other things this new charter granted that the townsmen should 
be quit from all — 

Toll, or payment for goods bought or sold which had been landed or set on 
wharves or common grounds. 

Tallage, or payment of taxes, tenths, fifteenths, or subsidies granted in 
Parliament. 

Passage, or payment for passing to and fro of persons or goods in common 
shores or landing places, or for their lords' passage by land or water. 

Cagage, or toll at common quays. 

Bivage, or payment for arriving and unlading at harbours. 

Sponeage, or payment for making or passing over bridges. 

Wree, or forfeiture of goods wrecked. 

f The privilege as to wine appears to extend only to that produced from their 
own vineyards. It would appear that, in early times, vineyards were not un- 
common in this county, when people were satisfied with a much rougher wine 
than we are accustomed to; and that they mixed it freely with sweet ingre- 
dients. 



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lxvi KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

goods sold in shop windows on Saturdays, and on brewings, were 
induced to relinquish it, and to accept in lieu of it an annual payment 
of £10 by the corporation. 

In 20 Edward III. (1346) Farersham sent to the siege of Calais 
two ships and fifty-three mariners (although, as we have seen, their 
proper quota was one ship only) ; and in the 38th year of his reign, the 
same King confirmed the charters of Henry III. and Edward I. 

In the reign of Richard II. the inhabitants complained to the 
King of the Lord Warden's exactions. In Edward I.'s time they 
had given one thousand herrings, and the fourth of a centene* of fish 
called lyng, to the Warden, as an acknowledgment of his aid in their 
disputes with the abbey ; afterwards to subsequent Wardens they had, 
for the like cause, given similar presents. At length a Warden of the 
Cinque Ports claimed one hundred salt fish as belonging to his office, 
and by force compelled the men of Faversham to pay them, and subse- 
quent Wardens followed his example. The King appointed com* 
missioners to inquire into the matter, and they determined that the 
Warden had no right to any such exaction. 

In 1406 the navy of the Cinque Ports was under the command of 
Henry Page, of Faversham, when it surprised 120 French ships, laden 
with salt, iron, and oil. Jacobs' History of Faversham states that 
Page was buried in this parish church in 1434. 

By letters patent dated at Westminster, 8th March, 7 Henry V. 
(a.d. 1419), on request of the mayor and commonalty, the King granted 
that they should have a Mace carried before the mayor for the time 
being, within the liberty, with the arms of the Cinque Ports fixed in the 
head of it. The present maces are two, of silver gilt. The earlier was 
made, at the restoration of Charles II., out of two maces which had 
been altered at the time of the Commonwealth. It is surmounted by 
a crown, and bears on its head the royal arms; on its sides, the rose, 
harp, thistle, and fleur de lys, each surmounted by a crown, and placed 
between the letters C.R. ; the handle also is ornamented. The second 
mace was made in 1755. Its head is formed from a silver bell-salt, 
bequeathed by Thomas Mendfield in 1614, for the furnishing of the 
mayor's table*. This mace, surmounted by a crown, bears on its head 
the arms of the Cinque Ports, and on its sides the seals of the town, 
and that of the mayor. 

On 2nd September, 9 Henry V. (a.d. 1421) a charter granted to 
the town that neither the steward and marshal of the King's house- 
hold, the clerk of the market of the King's household, nor any other 
* Ducange says, " Summa ergo librarum in centena, 108." 



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PAVERSHAM MEETING. — THE TOWN CHARTERS. lxVli 

officer, or minister of the Bang, or his heirs, should enter the town, to do 
his office there, nor interfere in any measure in the town of Faversham. 

A charter was granted 12 Henry VI., on the 5th June, 1434, con- 
firming the charters to the Cinque Ports of 17th June, 6 Edward I., 
and 28th April, 26 Edward I., and the charters of Faversham of 
38 Edward III. and 9 Henry V. 

I have not discovered what specific liberties within the town of 
Faversham were claimed by the barons of Dover; but a deed of 
covenant, dated 1st August, 1438 (16 Henry VI.) shews that the 
people of each town had claimed certain privileges in the other. By 
this deed it was settled that the mayor and commonalty of Faversham 
should be discharged by the mayor and commonalty of Dover from all 
executions, impositions, charges, assessments, and demands, except a 
service due to the King, and reasonable contribution at every promise 
or gift to the Warden, when he should take his oath to the barons of 
the ports for the maintenance of their liberties. For this discharge 
Faversham was to pay forty shillings per annum. And it was further 
settled that for every third Parliament that was summoned, the mayor 
and commonalty of Faversham should choose four barons of Faversham, 
one of whom should be selected by the mayor and commonalty of Dover, 
and returned to Parliament as one of the two barons of Dover ; such 
baron to be paid, by Dover, twenty-pence per day during continuance of 
the Parliament.* 

By a charter dated 28th November, 25 Henry VI. (a.d. 1446), 
the King granted to the mayor, barons, and commonalty, that not- 
withstanding certain of their predecessors had rendered annually to the 
Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of five ports, sometimes 2000 
herrings ; sometimes 100 salted fish called greyling ; sometimes to the 
value of twelve marks per annum ; sometimes more, sometimes less ; 
and at that date were paying ten marks ; and notwithstanding, also, 
that they had been unjustly compelled to answer pleas in the admiralty 
court of the ports beyond the place called Shipway ; that they should - 
not hereafter be compelled to appear, or answer, before the admiral, 
or his deputy in the admiralty court, or before the Constable and 
Warden, or his deputy, at Saint James's Church, Dover, or elsewhere, 
except at Shipway ; and that they should thenceforth be quit of all 
annual rents to the King and his successors, or to the Constable 
and Warden. 

• All the returns of the members for the Cinque Ports are missing from 
31 Henry VI. to 1 Mary (except that of 12 Edward IV.,) and I have therefore 
not succeeded in finding the names of the Faversham men who sat in Parliament. 
The payment of the annuity to Dover has been discontinued for about 140 years. 



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lxviii KENT AECHJEOLOGHOAL SOCIETY. 

The confirmation of this charter is specifically excepted in the 
charter of Charles II. to the Cinque Ports. 

Henry VL, on 5th July, 1454, granted an exemplification of the 
commission of Richard II., and of the inquisition in pursuance thereof. 

Edward IV. by charter, dated Westminster, 12th November, in the 
16th year of his reign, confirmed the charter of 12 Henry VI. 

Henry VIII. granted a charter dated at Westminster, 5th of June, 
in the 12th year of his reign, confirming former charters. 

Another charter, dated at Westminster, 27th January, 87 Henry 
VIIL, a.d. 1546, after reciting that for many years the government 
of the town had been left to the mayor and jurats, and the Abbot ; 
names instead of them a mayor, twelve jurats, and forty-four freemen, 
and provides for the future election of such officers. It contains the 
usual clauses of incorporation, with power to acquire and sell lands, 
without license of the King, notwithstanding the statutes of Mortmain. 
There is also a grant of view of frankpledge, and of assize of bread and 
other victuals, and of lands and goods of felons and outlaws, and of 
deodands, waifs, and strays, and of profits and customs from portages. 
A court of portmote is authorized for receiving acknowledgments of 
fines and recoveries, and for all actions real and personal. A market 
is granted, and there is also a grant of profits to be received from per- 
sons not admitted freemen, and for admission as freemen ; a grant of 
two fairs, a court of piepoudre, and a gaol. To the Crown only £8 
per annum is reserved, and the charter gives power to make bye-laws 
as at Sandwich. 

I find that on the election of a jurat, common councilman, or free- 
man, under this charter, in addition to the town clerk's fees, a sum of 
Is. Sd. was paid to the town clerk's wife, in lieu of a bottle of sack, 
which used in old times to be presented to her. Every jurat and 
common councilman was also expected, on his election, to contribute 
two water buckets to the fire engine. 

A charter dated at Westminster, 4th November, 1 Edward VL, 
confirmed that of 37 Henry VIIL 

On 22nd May, 1616, the Corporation, by bye-laws, established a 
trading guild, under the name of the Mercers 1 Company. The first 
bye-law recites that long experience had shewn that the dividing of the 
government of cities and towns, and of the tradesmen there, into several 
companies, had worked great good, and was the means of avoiding 
many illconveniences and preposterous disorders, in respect that the 
government of every artificer and tradesman being committed to men of 
gravity, best experienced in the same faculty and mystery, the particu- 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — THE TOWN CHARTERS, bdx 

lar grievances and deceits in every trade might be examined, reformed, 
and ordered. It then states the order made, at request of the trades- 
men, that all persons then or afterwards exercising the trades mentioned, 
and inhabiting within the town, should be one company by the name of 
Mercers. The list of fifty-two trades enumerated, comprehends 
nearly all those now exercised, and includes some which are carried 
on under another name, or have ceased to be exercised in the town. 
The latter are mercers, haberdashers of hats and small wares, cloth 
makers, cloth workers, weavers, shermen, barber surgeons, tanners, 
vintners, pewterers, armourers, and fletchers. The Company was to 
have a master, warden, and assistants, clerk, and beadle. No person 
could thenceforth exercise a trade unless apprenticed within the town, 
or first admitted of the Company. No bachelor could set up his trade 
before the age of twenty-four under a penalty of 5*. a day. No one 
might sell or utter any other ware or stuff but such as belonged to his 
trade. Fines for admittance of strangers were not to exceed £10; and 
no stranger might set up before his admittance upon pain of 3s. id. a 
day. Apprentices brought up in the town were admitted of the Com- 
pany, and their fine was not to exceed 2*. Persons not coming at the 
master's summons were to forfeit 1*. No apprentice could be taken 
under seven years, and his indentures were to be enrolled. Journeymen 
were not employed under twenty years of age. None might entice 
another's servant to depart upon pain of 20*. Thursday in Whitsun 
week was appointed for a solemn assembly — sermon and dinner. Free- 
men dying were accompanied to their burial. Ordinances were to be 
made from time to time for the good government of the Company. 
Fines might be imposed on such as should impugn or break the orders. 
A small quarterage was paid by the freemen of the Company, and they, 
upon the recommendation of the master, warden, and assistants, were 
made free of the town for a fine of 6*. Sd. Lastly, the master, 
wardens, and assistants, were not to interfere with the government of 
the town, but only with measures appertaining to the trades and 
mysteries of the Company. These ordinances the Justices of Assize 
for the County of Rent confirmed. 

A second set of bye-laws, also confirmed by the Judges of Assize, 
was made in 1699. The principal provisions relate to the selection of 
the officers of the Company, and the application of fines. 

In the reign of Charles II., the mayor of Faversham (Boys Owre) 

was, together with one of the jurats of Dover, appointed to procure the 

royal charter confirming the privileges of the Cinque Ports. This 

charter was brought to Faversham by Mr. Owre, and read to the jurats 

VOL IX. / 



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1XX KENT AKCH-ZEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

and others in the Guildhall, on 20th July, 1634. Two days after- 
wards it was accepted at the guestling of the ports, towns, and members 
at New Komney. 

Many of the privileges granted by the charters have been abolished. 
Their objects were in many instances utterly opposed to those of modern 
legislation. The freedom from toll and dues is still, however, recognized 
at several ports, on production of a certificate, under the seal of the 
Mayor, that the person claiming the exemption lives within the 
limits of the port of Faversham. 

It must be understood that the Faversham charters are supplemental 
to the general charters granted to the Cinque Ports. 

The noble chairman then called upon the Rev. C. E. Donne, 
who read a paper upon the Tragedy of 

"AEDEN OF FEVERSHAM." 

Mr. Thomas Arden, whose signature appears in the Faversham 
Wardmote Book as Thomas " Ardern," was Chief Comptroller of His 
Majesty's Customs at Faversham. He was a Jurat of the town in 
1544, and served the office of Mayor in 1548. He was murdered by 
his wife and her accomplices during the reign of Edward VI. The 
play, founded upon this murder, was printed anonymously in 1592 ; it 
was reprinted in 1599 and in 1633, and again in 1770. It is one of 
the earliest examples of an English domestic drama written in blank 
verse. It is also one of the comparatively few plays of the sixteenth 
century of which the plot and action are founded upon English life and 
manners. 

Mr. Jacob, in 1770, was the first to assign this play to Shakespeare, 
and his ascription of the play to our great dramatist has been endorsed 
by Professor Tieck, whose essays on Shakespeare and translation of his 
plays give weight to his opinion on the matter. Perhaps, how- 
ever, his judgment would have been different had he been a native 
of England, and not merely an English scholar. Jacob points out 
certain passages in ' Arden of Feversham' which he thinks to be 
parallel to others in Shakespeare's plays. He generally selects, how- 
ever, mere conventional expressions, and phrases common at the time, 
in proof of his hypothesis. Many contemporary plays, written between 
1592 and 1600, would far better stand such a test of Shakespearian 
authorship than 'Arden' does. 'A Warning for Fair Women,' printed 
in 1599, and relating to the murder of Sanders, a London merchant, by 
one Brown, his wife's paramour, is an example of this. 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — ABDEN TRAGEDY. lxXl 

Those who claim l Arden ' for Shakespeare lay stress on the name. 
The maiden name of Shakespeare's mother was Arden ; therefore, say 
they, the name would attract his attention. The plot is taken from 
the * Chronicle of Holinshed,' a book which Shakespeare had carefully 
read. The Earl of Leicester's players were in Faversham in 1590, and 
if Shakespeare was connected with Lord Leicester at this time, that fact 
would increase the probability of his having written this play. 

I do not, however, think that ' Arden of Feversham ' is Shake- 
speare's work, although it is not improbable that he may have taken a 
hint or two from it, which may account for some resemblance. But 
while it is true that the speeches in this Tragedy have in them some 
passion and pathos, there is nevertheless a great sameness, — a lack of 
variety and contrast. There are no traces of the active fancy and 
exuberant wit of Shakespeare. 

The mere fact of its ascription to the great master of his art shews 
that this Tragedy has merit, and such was the interest of the story, 
that George Lillo in 1759 wrote a later drama (finished by Dr. John 
Hoadly) upon the same subject. Lillo's drama was acted at Drury 
Lane.* 

Lord Harris next called upon Mr. George Bedo, who read a 
paper (of which the following is a temmi) upon 

SOMAN BEMAINS DISCOVERED IN AND NEAR FAVEBSHAM. 

The most important discoveries are those made in King's Field by 
the late Mr. W. Gibbs from 1846 to 1869 ; the whole of these are now 
in the South Kensington Museum. Among the relics were 4 statuettes 
of bronze, red clay, and porcelain ; an ornamental jug of bronze ; 
9 patera; of Saurian ware ; a lamp of clay ; 35 vessels (or portions of 
vessels) of clay; 8 glass bottles; 4 glass basins; 3 white metal mirrors; 
a knife ; a boss or plate with Medusa's head in bold relief ; and 24 
coins, ranging from Vespasian to Qratian. 

On both sides of Preston Street, and along its whole length, urns, 
oyster shells, and coins have been dug up. A coin of Nero in perfect 
preservation was found, in 1850, behind Mendfield's Almshouses. 
Beneath the churchyard at Faversham are foundation walls of Eoman 
buildings on the north side of the nave and south side of the chancel, 
and urns and coins were found in 1794,f when the western campanile 

* Mr. Donne's paper has been published by Russell Smith and Co., London. 
f ' Gentleman's Magazine' for July, 1799. 

/2 



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lxxii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

was taken down. A Roman altar and many Roman bricks were 
discovered in the Church when the central tower was pulled down in 
1755. 

On Davington Hill a Roman cemetery was noticed in 1770, and 
was described by Mr. Jacob in a note to Gough's edition of Camden. 
In a bank north of Davington water-mill, an earthen vessel, holding 
about half a gallon, and shaped like an oil-flask, with long neck, was 
found in 1857. 

In Oare two Roman cemeteries have been opened ; one in 1838, in 
Church Field,* and the other in 1844, in Moore Field. 

On Upleese Farm cinerary urns were dug up in 1871. 

In Luddenham foundation walls of two Roman villas have been 
discovered ; one in a field near Elverton Lane, the other in a field west 
of Hog Brook. 

Near Buckland Church the remains of a small Roman villa were 
uncovered a few years ago. 

In Syndale Park, Ospringe, are some earthworks, and among the 
many Roman remains there found were coins ranging from Vespasian 
to Valens. The adjacent church of Stone will be described to-morrow. 
In the Church Field adjoining it have been found silver coins of Hadrian 
and Antoninus Pius, and bronze coins of Alectus, Constantinus, Jul. 
Crispus, Maximus, and Avitus. 

Between Ospringe Parsonage and the Brooks, cinerary urns have 
been found. Near the 48th and the 49th milestones, on the London 
Road, urns and coins have been discovered. In the bank east of Clap- 
gate indications of a Roman building have been seen. 

Black Lands, in Ewell, seem to have been the site of a Roman 
villa which was destroyed by fire. A medal of the younger Faustina 
was discovered in Ewell Field, and cinerary urns have been found at 
Graveney. 

I think that the Roman station of Durolevum was at Faversham. 
The distances given in the Itinerary of Antoninus, the important dis- 
coveries of Roman remains here, and the position of the town, standing 
as it does on a river, and thus bearing out the etymology of Zforolevum, 
— all seem to me to uphold this view. Mr. Roach Smith, writing forty 
years ago, said, " This station, according to Antoninus, could only be 
in the neighbourhood of Feversham, on or about the villages of Daving- 
ton or Oare."f } 

* c ArohjBologia/ zzix. 220-1. 

t 'Arohoologia,' vol xxix. 

X Mr, Bedo's paper has been published in the ' Reliquary,' vol. xiii. p. 141. 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — SYNDALE. lxxiii 

Votes of thanks to the three gentlemen who had kindly 
prepared and read these papers, and to Lord Harris for presiding, 
concluded the proceedings of the first day's meeting. 

Upon the second day, July 31, the first place visited was 
the Parish Church of Preston-next- Faversham.* Here the Rev. 
E. H. Lee kindly read a paper, and pointed out the Norman 
fragments, the Early English details of the building, the 
canopied sedilia of fourteenth-century work with diapered stone 
back, the two fine brasses, and the tomb of the first Earl of 
Cork, who was a native of this parish. 

Progress was thence made to Ospringe Street, where the 
two fourteenth-century apartments for lepers, which formerly 
belonged to the Maison Dieu that faced them on the opposite 
side of the London Road, were inspected. 

The next point was Syndale, the seat of William Hall, Esq., 
whose house and garden stand upon the site of a Roman camp. 
Mr. Hall generously entertained the whole of the company at 
luncheon in his dining room. The following paper, written by 
Mr. T. G. Godfrey- Faussett, was read upon the lawn : — 

THE ROMAN CAMP AT SYNDALE. 

We are now, through the kindness of Mr. Hall, standing 
within the area of a square (or rather a rectangular) Roman 
camp, known, it is true, more by tradition than by remains 
actually existing to-day, but still traceable round the garden 
and stable-yard of the house. The north-east corner was clearly 
once one of its most commanding spots, and this, as well as the 
entire eastern side, being incapable of the dead level into which 
former owners of Syndale have taken pains to reduce the earth- 
works, has been cut into the terraces which we see below us. 
At the south-east corner, part of the actual trench has been 
left, with some of the bank, to form a studied variety in the 
level, as has also a piece of the south trench near it, now used 
as a small pond on the lawn. In Hasted's day the whole of this 
side, as well as the east side, remained entire. All round the 
* Mr. Joseph Clarke, F.8 JL, baa published a full account of this church. 



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Ixxiv KENT AECHJSOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

rest of the camp, however, the simple process of throwing the 
embankment back again into the trench, whence Roman labour 
dug it, has so obliterated both trench and bank, that tradition 
and faith must be called to the aid of eyesight in exploring its 
circumference. Time, the great leveller, has in this instance 
been assisted by another wielder of the scythe — the gardener, 
who is a greater leveller still. But his labours have at least 
brought to light clear evidences of Roman occupation in the 
many coins and other matters discovered; coins of Hadrian, 
Marcus Aurelius, and Arcadius being specially mentioned 
among those found at different times. The measurement of 
the camp inside the trench, as well as we can now estimate it, 
may be roughly put at 400 feet from north to south, and 480 
feet from east to west. 

The Roman military way ran some 60 feet nearer the camp 
than its present representative, along which we have travelled 
from Preston. The alteration was made not many years ago, 
and some of you will doubtless have noticed, as you came up 
the hill, the channel of the original road running in a parallel 
line just inside Mr. Hall's park fence. It is plainly traceable 
opposite the camp at the end of the lime avenue, which indeed, 
as you will see, stops short at the line of the original road, and 
does not continue up to the present boundary fence. When 
the road at this point was cut on its present site, a great 
quantity of coins, pottery, and other dSbris of Roman habita- 
tion, was discovered (including heaps of the invariable oyster- 
shells), tending to shew that the Roman town, which would 
naturally grow up near the camp, was situated in that direction 
on the downward slope, and towards the inlet of the sea. For 
the sea must then have washed the bottom of the hill on which 
we stand, and have probably formed a harbour up to a distance 
of a quarter of a mile or so only from the. camp. On both sides 
east and west of this long narrow hill, which is bisected laterally 
by the road, may still be observed, sweeping downwards from 
the camp, remains of what appear to have been breastworks, 
though now much worn down by the plough. It is likely that 
the town may have had some such defences, slighter than those 
of the camp, or these may have been intended to bar the 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — DUROLEVUM. lxXV 

advance of a possible enemy along the road ; and if so, though 
never used in all probability by the Romans (under whom Kent 
was in profound peace), may perhaps in later days have been 
useful to Britons against Saxons, or to Saxons against Danes, 
as the invaders marched westwards after a successful landing in 
East Kent. 

Connected with the camp and the town, and situated pro- 
bably in the western suburb of the latter, was the stone and 
brick building, in undoubted Roman masonry, some walls of 
which exist in the ruined chancel of Stone Church just below 
us. Its situation, its orientation, and all the circumstances of 
the case, tend to make it extremely probable that this is part 
of a building originally erected as a church for the Christian 
soldiers in the camp, and the Christian inhabitants of the 
town. This, however, we shall visit next in the course of our 
day's excursion. 

There can, I think, be scarcely a doubt that this camp is 
the Roman station mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus as 
" Durolevum" Antoninus, it will be remembered, goes over 
that part of Watling Street which runs between London and 
Durovemum or Canterbury three separate times, in making 
for the three great Kentish harbour-fortresses of Ritupae, 
Dubrse, and Lemanae (or Richborough, Dover, and Lymne). 
In the two latter journeys he touches only at Durobrivse (or 
Rochester), between London and Canterbury, which he makes 
twenty-seven miles from London, and twenty-five from Canter- 
bury. But in the first journey he interposes Noviomagus and 
Vagniacae between London and Rochester, and Durolevum, of 
which we are now speaking, between Rochester aud Canter- 
bury ; these three being no doubt stations of minor importance. 
Of the two former I will only say here that they do not appear 
to have been on the main line of Watling Street, the distances 
given for them amounting according to the best readings to 
nine miles more than that given for the straight route, and 
that no conjecture ever made respecting them appears to be at 
all satisfactory. But it is otherwise with Durolevum, which 
may, I believe, be pretty confidently identified. 

It has been placed on a great many different sites by differ- 



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lxxvi KENT ARCH^OtiOGICAL SOCIETY. 

ent authors, scarcely one commanding spot near the road be- 
tween Canterbury and Rochester having missed being appro- 
priated to it by some writer. Neurington has been more than 
once named ; the woody hill of Wardwell, to the north of the 
church, being thought a likely place for a fort, and the neigh- 
bourhood of potteries at Upchurch and Keycoll, as well as of a 
villa at Hartlip, shewing Roman occupation thereabouts. But 
the spot, wild and unaltered as it is, shews not the slightest sign 
of intrenchments, and these are a sine qud rum in the identifi- 
cation. I confess to having been much taken at one time with 
that neighbourhood, partly from finding a little stream to the 
north of Newington, known as the Libbet, in which it seemed 
possible that the name Durolevum, or Dwr Leb (Dwr being 
undoubtedly the British for water), might be traced; but the 
absence of any camp seems fatal to its claims. 

The compilers of the Ordnance Map have been somewhat 
fluctuating in their views as to the site of Durolevum. They 
placed it once in Bysing Wood, opposite this hill, where there 
are again no earthworks, except the channel of an early road 
through the middle. The latest phase of their opinion on the 
subject consists in putting it on a high spot just this side of the 
Teynham Station, a commanding hill enough; but I could 
never find in its hedgerow-banks anything resembling Roman 
intrenchments, nor have I ever heard of remains discovered 
there. 

Davington has been suggested — a site which in days when 
it was an island must have been not unlike that of Rich- 
borough, and might well strike an explorer as a likely spot for 
a Roman general to select as his camp. Here, however, again 
no evidences of fortification exist, and such remains as are found 
are only what would be expected in the immediate neighbour- 
hood of a Roman town. A gentleman much interested in 
establishing Davington as the site of Durolevum, wrote to me 
once in triumphant vein, assuring me of the discovery, on the 
very bank which he had always supposed part of the camp, of 
evidences of Roman occupation ; to wit, several urn-interments 
complete. He had not perceived that he had utterly and for 
ever cut his own throat by his discovery, the site of a camp or 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — DTTROLEVTJM. lxxvii 

town being just the very last place in the whole world that 
would ever be used by a Roman for burial. 

That clever hoaxer, the monk of the fourteenth century, called 
Richard of Cirencester, finding the Durolevum of Antoninus 
unidentified, appears to have thought, or to have wished his 
readers to think, that the word might be DuroUnum ; and in 
his forged Itinerary so arranged his distances as to make it suit 
Lenham. Camden, with less than his usual discrimination, 
seems to have swallowed his bait open-mouthed ; and Stukeley 
was so far led away in that direction as to think that the spot 
might be Charing. All this is very interesting as an example 
of a most successful mediaeval literary hoax ; but where is the 
Iter, the straight military road, which would lead us to either 
of these places ? Where is the other Iter that would bring us 
back again ? When we are there, where is the camp ? Where 
are the signs of Roman occupation ? Where is the water which 
the beginning u Dur" makes an essential element in the site? 
In what copy of Antoninus will the mileage given bear out the 
notion of so great a distance from Canterbury and from Roches- 
ter ? But that Camden was inclined to it, we might say that 
the idea was ridiculous. The great Homer himself is some- 
times to be caught napping ! 

The requirements then for our identification are these : — 
First, we must find our camp — and here we stand in the area 
of one. Secondly, it must be near the Roman road — and this is 
little more than a hundred yards from it. Thirdly, it must be 
near some considerable water — and we are not more than a 
quarter of a mile from the old shore of Faversham Creek, the 
most important harbour along the south bank of the Thames 
estuary. Fourthly, we must find signs of Roman occupation in 
and around it — and there are plenty, from coins and funeral 
urns to the walls of Stone Church. Lastly, we must make it 
fit, as well as we can, to some one of the different readings of 
Antoninus as to mileage distance from known sites — a point 
which many writers have given up as impossible. 

Now all the known copies of Antoninus make it twenty-five 
miles only from Canterbury to Rochester, the distance being 
rather more than twenty-six English miles, or, considering that 



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lxxviii KENT ARCHJSOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the Roman road between Harbledown and Canterbury was 
shorter than our own, perhaps we may say twenty-six exactly. 
Without attempting to settle the disputed point as to what con- 
stituted the Roman mile in Antoninus's day, one cannot but 
notice that his distances between those places in Britain, as to 
the identification of which there can be no doubt, are at least 
never longer than they are in English miles. Thus, in our own 
neighbourhood we find his mileages from Canterbury to Rich- 
borough and to Lymne almost exactly corresponding to our 
own, and that from Canterbury to Dover a mile less than our 
own. When therefore we find two or three MSS. of Antoninus 
giving the distance of Durolevum from Rochester as sixteen 
miles, the exact distance from Rochester Bridge to this spot 
being sixteen English miles and a half, I think we may boast 
of his authority in our favour in this respect also, at least as 
reasonably as any other competitor for the honours of the 
Roman station. 

We should remember too that if this camp (undoubtedly 
Roman from its shape, and situated on the military road) had 
been known to our antiquaries before . their knowledge of 
Antoninus, they would have begun by searching his Itinerary 
for a name to correspond to the site ; and finding it also the 
only camp of this nature on the road between Canterbury and 
Rochester, could not have failed at once to identify it with 
Durolevum. So that whether we argue from Antoninus to the 
site, or from the site to Antoninus, the result is equally reason- 
able and satisfactory. 

Walking through Mr. Hall's grounds to the foot of the hill, 
the company proceeded to visit the ruined church of Stone, where 
was read another paper, prepared by Mr. Godfrey-Faussett. 
By kind permission of Mr. Hall, the owner, and Mr. Murton, 
his tenant, excavations had been made within the chancel. 
The trees, brushwood, and several feet of soil which covered its 
site having been cleared away, the north and south walls 
were exposed to view, even to their foundations. Parts of 
both, sixteen feet long, were found to be of original Roman 
masonry. These walls are composed of layers of hewn tufa, 



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FAVEBSHAM MEETING. — STOKE CHURCH. lxxix 

with here and there occasionally a piece of ragstone, and are 
bonded by string-courses of Roman brick. The foundations of 
two cross walls were found beneath the chancel floor, shewing 
that the north and south walls had formed two sides of a nearly 
square Roman building. In the middle of the western cross 
wall was seen the step at the entrance to the chancel ; at the 
east end three altar steps formed of Roman bricks were dis- 
covered, and above them the solid altar itself was found. This 
had lost its top slab only, — the mass of the altar, with Caen 
stone coigns, remains. The Caen stone suggests that it was the 
altar of the Norman church which was added to the Roman 
building. During the excavations quantities of Roman tiles, a 
great many blocks of tufa, and fragments of Roman ' pottery 
were found, together with human bones and pieces of coloured 
glass bearing patterns of Early English design. Roman coins 
of various dates had formerly been dug up in the field next the 
church. The existence of the solid altar proves that Stone 
Church was in ruin, or disused, at the time of the Reformation, 
when altars were removed from all parish churches then in use. 
This view is strengthened by the presentment made concerning 
this church at Archbishop Warham's visitation in 1511. Com- 
plaint was then made that there was neither matins nor 
evensong on the holydays, and that Sunday service was 
performed only once a fortnight; that the chancel was sore 
decayed, and the windows were not glazed. 

This " sore decayed " chancel is that portion of the church 
which contained the Roman masonry. It seems probable that 
a church for the Christians in the camp at Syndal (or Duro- 
levum) may have been built here during the period of the 
Roman occupation, and that the Saxons, finding these walls 
ready to their hand, gave the name of Stone to this church and 
thence to the parish, — churches of any other material than 
wood being rare in Saxon days. 

Dodington Church was next visited. There Mr. Scott 
Robertson read the following paper : — 



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lxxx KENT? ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, DODINGTON. 

This parish was by the Saxons called Dodeham. It is so named 
in the Domesday survey, which mentions that there was a church here, 
when that survey was taken. Of that Domesday church an exterior 
coign, built of tufa, in the north wall of the chancel, may be a portion. 
The four Norman windows, in the east wall of the chancel (three below 
and one above), are of much later date, and may not have been put in 
before the Transition period at which the handsome chancel arch was 
erected. 

The nave, which had formerly two aisles, is of the Transition or 
Early English period. Traces of three arches of a northern arcade are 
clearly visible on the exterior ; and traces of an arch in the west wall 
seem to suggest that the tower originally stood further north than it 
does now, and opened into the middle of the nave. The south chapel 
is a beautiful specimen of later work in the Early English style ; perhaps 
there was an interval of half a century between its erection and that of 
the nave and aisles. When we examine the details of various portions 
of the church, we may observe many objects of interest. In the north 
wall of the chancel, we notice one window of a single light, remarkable 
for its seven-foiled head. We observe the piscina in the eastern wall 
with only one basin, although there is space for two, and with the 
upper member of its trefoiled head strangely wide, in proportion to its 
height and to the other members. There is also what seems to be a 
credence on the south side, instead of being, as usual, on the north. 
There is the very remarkable double squint, pierced through the south 
pier of the chancel arch, enabling worshippers in its line within the body 
of the church to see the altars, which were in the chancel and in the 
south chapel. There is the curious position of the impost of the eastern 
arch of the nave arcade ; it is placed far above the impost of the chancel 
arch, and above the level of the spring of its own arch. Notice also the 
coved heading to the eastern portion of the carved oak screen, be- 
tween the chancel and south chapel ; probably it was the canopy of a 
seat or sedile. There are four well carved poppy-head bench-ends in 
the chancel. These minor points, however, have little interest in 
comparison with the beautiful Early English work in the southern 
chapel. In its eastern window, of two lancet lights, some of the glass is 
original. One circular subject — the departure of the Holy Family for 
their flight into Egypt — is very old, and is considered by connoisseurs 
to be extremely good. The exquisitely moulded label over the window 
has a specialty which may not be seen at a glance — I mean, the position 
of the little corbel heads by which it is terminated. They are not 



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FAVERSHAM MEETING. — DODINGTON CHUEGH. lxxxi 

placed at the spring of the label arch, but the label there takes a hori- 
zontal course, for about three inches, before it terminates in these pretty 
corbels. The three Early English windows in the south wall deserve 
attention. In the floor of the south chapel yon will see two very 
ancient grave-stones. One with an inscription around its edge, in 
double lines of Lombardic capitals, commemorates Ricardus de Sahersted. 
The other, with a Norman-French inscription across its head, is not in 
iitd ; it was originally in the north aisle. The stone is Kentish rag, 
and the inscription is of some interest. It occupies six lines in Lom- 
bardic characters, across the head of the stone, but it forms, when 
rightly read, a rhyming quatrain. 

•{• ici : gist : agnes : de : suth* 
cbstb perb : uous : irrbz : t 

OUZ A MESON : ME : GOUENT : DE 
MOBEB E : OBE : UOUS .* PRIE : zv 
ATER : AMY : CHIEB : LE : MAIEf : MO 
BTE : UOILLET : PENSER : 

Of this inscription, a rhymed translation by Archdeacon Trollope, 
is printed in the ' Archaeological Journal, 7 vol. xii. p. 280. 

Here lies Agnes, under this stone. 
All go to the house where I am gone, 
Hither hasten, friend most dear ; 
Think of the poor dead maiden here. 

Here is another very sentimental epitaph, on the north wall, just 
west of the chancel arch ; it commemorates Margaret, daughter of John 
Adye, Esq., of Down Court, in this parish. She was engaged to be 
married, but died before the nuptials were celebrated. The tablet and 
inscription were put up by her disconsolate fiance, S. Aynscombe. After 
pouring ont his grief in Latin, he bursts into English verse, thus : — 

Vertuous as wise ; wise as faire ; faire as any ; 

She died untoucht by man though sought by many. 

False to none ; she chose and changed not ; death orost her. 

Happy to winne ; accurst was he that lost her. 

Nature's amazM ; Art grudges ; Graces pine ; 

To see their choyoest work so soon decline. 

Excellence so fruitless ; perfection so vaine ; 

Small hope to see her like 'ere framed again. 

Tears store ; all rue the chance ; none can prevent it. 

Part passions ; Pity you ; Let me lament it. 

Obiit solstitio brumali, 1614. 

* Dessous. Kelham gives " Suthdit, hereunder. 1 ' 
t Maie, may=maiden ; used repeatedly by Chaucer. 



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lxxxii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The visitation articles of Archbishop Warham, in 1511, record of 
Dodington that the church walls were unrepaired, and that the roof of 
the body of the church was in a bad condition. The churchwardens 
were enjoined to repair both, before the ensuing Michaelmas, under pain 
of excommunication. The presentments also stated that the vicarage 
was almost down. 

The most remarkable feature of this church has jet to be noticed. 
It is the low side window at the north-west corner of the chancel. You 
will observe that it is of the perpendicular style; that it occupies, not 
the centre, but the eastern half of the arched recess into which it is 
inserted ; that the other half is blank wall ; that out of the eastern 
side of the recess projects a stone book desk, with a ledge; that 
this is surmounted by a pretty niche for a small statue ; and that in the 
western side of the recess there is a square aumbry or locker. The 
lower part of the window, which reaches nearly to the level of the 
churchyard on the outside, was formerly closed by a wooden shutter, of 
which the hinge-staples and bolt-holes remain. There are many low 
side windows in England, but there is no record of any other like this. 
An engraving of it will be found upon a later page of this volume. 

The company then entered their carriages and drove to 

EASTLING CHURCH, 

where they were received by the Rector, the Rev. G. B. Reynardson. 
Here Mr. Scott Robertson pointed out the principal features of interest ; 
the western doorway of very late Norman work; the chancel stall 
canopies in the north wall, and the sedilia and piscina on the south, all 
fine specimens of Early English work. The latter, he believed, had been 
removed from their original position, when the south chapel was built, 
in the Decorated period. At that time, about 1350, the eastern portion 
of the chancel was also added. He shewed in the north and south walls 
of the chancel, the points at which the Early English chancel had ended. 
The altar tomb on the north side, with its elaborately cusped canopy, 
might be that of the benefactor who built this addition to the chancel, 
and it may also have served as an Easter sepulchre. The fluted 
column and piers of the south chapel, dedicated toj St. Catherine, 
attracted considerable attention, as being early specimens of fluted 
columns. All the columns of the Perpendicular church at Eastchurch 
are thus fluted. Outside the church were seen, the recently discovered 
cist ; the twelfth-century, crossed, coffin slab ; the Decorated barge- 
board of the west porch ; the rood-stair turret on the south ; and two 



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FAVEESHAM MEETING. — EASTLING.— OSPlilNGE. IxXXJlJ 

remarkable little quatrefoiled circular windows, built into the east 
wall, which were considered to have formed part of an early English 
triplet window in the original earlier chancel. 

The day's excursion ended with a visit to Ospringe Church 
with its Norman doorways and font; Early English nave; Deco- 
rated south chapel, and recently painted chancel. These were 
kindly pointed out and described by the Rev. W. N. Griffin, 
the rector. 

During the two days of meeting a local museum was open 
in the Faversham Institute, under the superintendence of Mr. 
S. T. Harris, and Mr. Giraud. Among many other objects of 
interest were; — a map of Kent, coloured by Mr. Godfrey. 
Faussett in such a way as to shew the state of the country 
under Roman occupation; a Roman dagger-head of bronze, 
found near Sittingbourne, exhibited by Mr. G. Payne, Jun., 
who also contributed some Saxon fibulae, the umbo of a shield 
and portions of other weapons, found in Saxon graves at Sitting- 
bourne. This period of our history was likewise illustrated by 
a life-sized representation of a Saxon lady's grave, with all her 
ornaments placed around her in the positions in which they 
were found at Bifrons Saxon cemetery, by Mr. Godfrey-Faussett; 
the charters, ancient books, and regalia of the town of Favers- 
ham were kindly lent by the Mayor and Corporation; the 
manuscript note-books of the late J. M. Kemble, Esq., were 
exhibited by the Rev. C. E. Donne; the flag, two swords, and 
club, of " Sir William Courtenay," together with Saxon scretta 
and various other relics, were exhibited by the Rev. J. F. Thorpe ; 
large collections of rubbings from monumental brasses were 
contributed by Mr. Harris, Mr. Giraud, Rev. J. F. Thorpe, and 
others. 

The next Council was held October 17th, 1872, at the 
house of T. G. Godfrey-Faussett, Esq., within the Precincts of 
Canterbury Cathedral. 

Thanks were voted to Lord Harris for presiding at the 
Faversham Meeting; to F. F. Giraud, Esq., our local secretary 
at Faversham, for great and successful exertions at the meeting 



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lxxxiv KENT AECELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

and for his paper on the Faversham Charters; to William 
Hall, Esq., for kind hospitality at Syndale, and for permission 
to excavate at Stone ; to Rev, C. E. Donne, for his papers on 
Faversham Church and on the tragedy " Arden of Feversham ;" 
to S. T. Harris, Esq., for much help in arranging the local 
museum ; to S. M. Crosthwaite, Esq., Mr. G. Bedo, Rev. J. W. 
Bramah, Herbert Winter, Esq., Rev. E. H. Lee, Rev. J. R. 
Cooke, W. Murton, Esq., Rev. W. Monk, Rev. G. Birch- 
Reynardson, Rev. W. N. Griffin, and the Mayor of Faversham, 
for facilities given, and assistance rendered, during the Meeting. 

Five new members were elected. 

It was resolved that the next General Meeting should be 
held at Cranbrook. 

1873. 
The first Council in 1873 was held on the 20th of February 
in the Society's Rooms at Chillington House, Maidstone. 

It was resolved that henceforward the firm of Mitchell and Hughes, 
of 24 Wardour Street, Oxford Street, London, should be the Society's 
printers. 

A local committee was nominated to arrange the details of 
the General Meeting at Cranbrook. 
Five new members were elected. 

The next Council was held on June 13th, at the house of the 
noble President in Grosvenor Square. 

A letter from Mr. Thomas G. Godfrey- Faussett was read, in 
which he expressed his desire to resign the office of Honorary 
Secretary, adding, however, his wish still to render to the Society 
all the service in his power. 

The noble President testified the very great regret with 
which he had received this intimation of Mr. Faussettfs resig- 
nation, and the Council fully sharing his lordship's feeling upon 
the subject, unanimously passed the following resolution : — 

"That the Council received with deepest regret the letter from 
Mr. Godfrey- Faussett, which announces his resignation of the office of 
secretary. While expressing their sorrow at the circumstances con- 
nected with his health, which have led Mr. Faussett to desire to relinquish 



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PROCEEDINGS, 1873. lxXXV 

the active duties of the secretariat, and their hope that he may speedily 
be restored to his former vigour, they earnestly offer him their sinoerest 
thanks for the very valuable services which, as secretary for the period 
of ten years, he has rendered to the Kent Archaeological Society. And 
they unanimously desire to recommend that at the forthcoming General 
Meeting, Mr. Faussett should be elected a Vice-President of the 
Society." 

Mr. Faussett's coadjutor in the secretariat was asked whether 
he would be willing to undertake the whole work of that office, 
and Mr. Scott Robertson having expressed his willingness so to 
do, it was resolved that no further election would be required. 

It was agreed that July 24 and 25 should be the days of 
General Meeting at Cranbrook. 

Four new members were elected. 

Thanks were voted to Joseph Mayer, Esq. ; to Herr T. J. 
Halbertsma, of Haarlem; and to the Royal University of 
Norway, at Christiania, for gifts of books ; and to Rev. J. H. 
Carr, for a photograph of Calais Grange, Broadstairs. 

The General Meeting was held at Cranbrook on July 24th 
and 25th, 1878. Among those present were : — 

The Earl Amherst; Visconnt Holmesdale; Sir Walter Stirling, 
Bart. ; Archdeacon Harrison ; General McQueen ; G. Warde Norman, 
Esq., Mrs. Norman, and Miss Akers ; G. Leveson-Gower, Esq. ; Major 
and Mrs. Lnard-Selby ; Capt. Tylden-Pattenson and family ; J. Kirk- 
patrick, Esq. ; John Field, Esq. ; G. E. Hannam, Esq. ; R. D. Parker, 
Esq. ; J. T. Rogers, Esq. ; F. Mortimer Lewin, Esq. ; Rev. R. P. 
Coates; Rev. J. J. Saint; Rev. Middleton Onslow; J. F. Streatfeild, 
Esq. ; J. H. Parker, Esq., C.B.; T. Thurston, Esq. and Miss Thurston; 
Rev. A. J. Pearman ; F. C. J. Spurrell, Esq. ; J. F. Wadmore, Esq. ; 
Rev. T. A. Carr; Rev. D. and Mrs. Winham; Rev. W. Champion 
Streatfeild ; T. E. C. Streatfeild, Esq. ; Rev. C. and Mrs. Parker ; Capt. 
Palmer, R.E., and Mrs. Palmer ; Rev. E. C. and Mrs. Lucey ; Rev. 
J. F. and Mrs. Thorpe, and two Misses Lawrence ; Rev. C. J. D'Oyly ; 
Rev. T. W. 0. Hallward; Rev. Thomas and Mrs. Robinson; Rev. J. P. 
Alcock, Jnn.; Rev. B. St. John Tyrwhitt; Rev. H. Collis; Rev. Dr. 
Ash; Rev. Dr. Haslewood; Rev. Francis and Mrs. Haslewood; Dr. 
Pulling; Dr. Lowry ; W. T. Neve, Esq. and family; W. H. Mold, Esq.; 
Rev. E. S. Taylor and party; Rev. W. J. Loftie; Rev. E. H. 

vol. ix. g 



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lxXXVi KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

McLachlan; Rev. C. and Mrs. Crowden; Richard Prall, Esq. ; Rev. T. 
S. Frampton ; Rev. C. H. Wilkie ; Geo. Payne, Jan., Esq., and Mrs. 
Payne; Frank P. Fellows, Esq. ; Fnlwar Skipwith, Esq. ; Everard T. 
Lack, Esq. ; H. P. Cotton, Esq. ; J. D. Norwood, Esq. ; Henry Ross, 
Esq. ; R. W. Cradock, Esq. ; Messrs. Fremlin, Wilkie, Brothers, 
Bolton, Bottle, Dennett, Tarbutt, Hudson, Hovenden, Weston, Minton, 
Jones, Gibbs, Shaw, Peacock, Ballard, Simmonds, Smallfield, Lightfoot, 
the Honorary Secretary, and many others. 

The Preliminary Business Meeting was held at Staplehnrat, 
in the South Eastern Hotel, the noble President in the chair, 
when the Annual Report was read, as follows : — 

The Council of the Kent Archaeological Society, in presenting their 
Sixteenth Annual Report, have to lament the retirement from their 
secretariat of that accomplished antiquary, Mr. Thomas Godfrey- 
Faussett. 

A worthy successor of the learned founder of this Society, Mr. 
Faussett has ably filled the post of honorary secretary for considerably 
more than half the period of the Society's existence. Mr. Lambert 
Larking, after launching the Society in 1857, steered it with his well- 
known skill until July, 1861, when for the space of two years Mr. J. G. 
Talbot, now one of the members of Parliament for West Kent, took 
Mr. Larking's place at the helm. Other and more pressing duties 
haying compelled Mr. Talbot to relinquish the post, Mr. Faussett was 
elected honorary secretary in July, 1863. During the long period of 
ten years he has devoted to the service of the Society so much learning, 
so much zeal, and so much time, that the Council feel themselves unable 
fully to express their sense of the deep obligation under which the 
Society lies to Mr. Faussett. Two years ago he sought and obtained 
the election of a coadjutor in the secretariat ; but as he himself per- 
formed all the more important duties of the office until this year, the 
Council feel that, even in this, Mr. Faussett shewed kindly consideration 
for the Society, wishing not so much to obtain help for himself, as to 
ensure that upon his retirement the Society should not be left without 
a Secretary already initiated to the work. They beg to recommend to 
you that Mr. Faussett should be elected a Vice-President. 

During the past year twenty-five members have joined the Society, 
and twenty-one more now await election at your hands. 

The Council have much pleasure in reporting that one of our mem- 
bers, Mr. George Payne, jun., has during the year explored at his own 
cost a Roman Cemetery, at East Hall, in the parish of Murston, 



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CRANBROOK MEETING. — REPORT, 1873. lxXXYli 

Some of the pottery and bronze fibulae discovered there are exhibited in 
the temporary museum at Granbrook. A description of the cemetery 
will kindly be furnished by Mr. Payne for our Archaeologia. 

Canon Jenkins has made further discoveries beneath his churchyard 
at Lyminge of the foundations of Roman buildings. The work of 
excavation is still in progress, and Mr. Jenkins will eventually, with 
his usual kindness, supply us with a record of the results. 

Notice has very lately been received of the existence of a Romano- 
British Cemetery at Braboume, in land which belongs to the Right Hon. 
Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen. That gentleman has kindly granted 
permission to excavate. 

The most important work achieved by the Society this year is con- 
nected with a large intrenched British settlement in Bigbury Wood, 
Harbledown, near Canterbury. Although so extensive, being three- 
eighths of a mile long from east to west, and a quarter of a mile wide 
from north to south, this British settlement has not been marked upon 
the county maps, nor has it been noticed by the historians of Kent. 
By the experienced eye and indefatigable industry of our valued member, 
Mr. R. C. Hussey, the lines of the intrenchment have been completely 
traced. At his instance your secretary has represented the matter to 
Major General Sir Henry James, who is at the head of the Ordnance 
Survey Office. Sir Henry James courteously consented to have the 
ground inspected by one of his officers ; and the result of the intervention 
of our Society is that the mounds of the intrenchment have been 
admirably sketched by Lieut. Wynne of the Royal Engineers, and that 
the plan of the British settlement will be fully displayed upon the two 
forthcoming Ordnance Maps of the Canterbury district. They will be 
upon the extensive scales of six inches, and twenty-five inches, to one 
mile, respectively. Sir Henry James has just consummated his courteous 
kindness, by presenting to the Society the original sketch made by 
Lieut. Wynne. It will be engraved for our next volume of Archaeo- 
logia, and will be accompanied by a description of the British settle- 
ment, kindly written for us by Mr. R. C. Hussey. 

Your Council, sympathising warmly with the efforts made in 
Parliament for the preservation of our national monuments of antiquity, 
have petitioned the House of Commons in favour of the Bill introduced 
by Sir John Lubbock. When ancient monuments cannot be preserved, 
your Council will be glad to obtain photographs or drawings of those 
which are threatened with destruction. Thus to preserve faithful 
records of the past, they have this year caused photographs to be taken, 
from various points, of the ancient church of Murston, visited by the 

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lxXXViii KEKT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Society in 1870, which has now been pulled down ; some of its columns 
and arches being, however, preserved and built into the new church. 
By the kindness of the Rev. J. Haslewood Carr, rector of Broadstairs, 
the Society has been presented with a photograph of Calais Orange, an 
old pargetted house at Broadstairs, which is threatened with destruction. 
The members of our Society may do good service by thus enabling it to 
preserve amongst its collections records of doomed monuments. 

During the past year the Council have had the pleasure of ac- 
knowledging the receipt of many additions to the Library of the 
Society at Maidstone ; and they would desire to call the attention of 
members generally to the need of making the Library more worthy of 
the Society. 

Since our last General Meeting, the eighth volume of ' Archseologia 
Cantiana' has been issued, and the Council hope that within six months, 
but certainly before another General Meeting is held, the ninth volume 
will be ready. 

The balance at our bankers is £445. 18*. Bd. 

This Report can scarcely close without mention of the fact that the 
projected History of Kent, in which the Society, though not directly, is 
yet greatly interested, has been confided to the able hands of Professor 
Brewer, of the Rolls, and that a first part may be expected to be ready 
at no very distant date. 

After a few hearty words from the noble President, in 
recognition of the valued services of the retiring hon. secretary, 
Mr. Thomas Godfrey- Paussett was unanimously elected one of 
the Vice-Presidents of the Society. 

Votes of thanks were given to Sir Henry James and Mr. 
R. C. Hussey, for the good work done by them towards the 
insertion upon the Ordnance Maps of Kent of a plan of the 
British Settlement in Bigbury Wood. 

F. F. Giraud, Esq., was elected a member of the Council, and 
the six retiring members, with the other officers, were re-elected. 

Twenty-one new members were elected. 

The noble President then expressed his regret that important 
business in Parliament prevented him from accompanying the 
Meeting in the excursion, further than Staplehurst Church, after 
visiting which he must return to London. Mr. Gathorne 
Hardy, his lordship added, was for a similar reason compelled 
to return to Town. Earl Amherst announced, however, that 
his son, Viscount Holmesdale, had consented to preside at the 



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CRANBBOOK MEETING. — FRITTENDEN. 1*Tnriy 

Dinner, and would, he hoped, be found a worthy representative 
of their president. 

With a vote of thanks to Earl Amherst for his kindness in 
presiding, the preliminary meeting terminated. 

Entering carriages which were in readiness, the members 
were conveyed to Staplehurst Church, which was described by 
the Honorary Secretary in a paper which will be found upon a 
subsequent page of this volume. 

The next place visited was Frittenden Church, of which 
nearly every part save the fifteenth-century tower has been 
re-built. The rector, the Rev. T. W. O. Hallward, kindly 
received the Society at his church, and pointed out the remark- 
able features, all of which had been for the most part copied 
exactly from the Decorated work of the original church. One 
of the most remarkable had, however, been preserved, and built 
into the new north wall of the chancel. It is a panel of moulded 
brickwork of the fourteenth century. Respecting this important 
example of early brickwork, Mr. R. C. Hussey wrote a paper in 
the Archaeological Journal (vol. v., p. 34), in the year 1848. 
An engraving of the panel accompanies the paper, in which we 
read as follows : — 

" The quatrefoil brick panel is formed of fine clay, which has been 
burned to a bright red colour. The workmanship is very good, and 
some nicety of hand was required in its execution. Three of these 
quatrefoils were used as ornaments in the upper part of the inside of 
the north wall of the chancel of Frittenden Church ; they were built 
into the wall, but the centre parts were left hollow to the depth of the 
inner rims, by which means a strong shadow was produced, which 
rendered them highly effective as architectural decorations. The whole 
of them were more or less injured, and, as it has been found requisite 
to rebuild the wall in which they were placed, the most perfect of them 
has been made complete by an adaptation of the fragments of the 
others, and is now built into the upper part of the northern wall of the 
chancel. Fragments of another of the quatrefoils are inserted in the 
north wall of the vestry. 

" It has been generally believed that, in England, bricks were not 
made (after the departure of the Romans) until the Perpendicular 
period. These Frittenden panels of moulded brick are valuable evidence 



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XC KENT AUCELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

of the erroneous nature of this idea. Other evidence, however, has 
been found. Little Wenham Hall, in Suffolk, is entirely built of 
bricks of the Flemish shape, and is of the time of Henry III. The 
chancel of Trinity Church, Hull, is of the fourteenth century, and of 
brick. The ruins of the Priory at Colchester are of brick, a great 
deal of which is not Roman, and the same may be said of many 
churches or parts of churches in that neighbourhood. 

"At Danbury Church, in Essex, when the west window was 
restored, it was discovered that a rude relieving arch had been formed 
in the original structure immediately above the head of the window at 
the time of its first erection. This window was a plain but pure speci- 
men of the Decorated style, and therefore not of later date than about 
the middle of the fourteenth century. The arch just mentioned was 
constructed in part of bricks and tiles, all of which appeared to have 
been used in an earlier building, and most of them were considerably 
broken. As no example of a Roman brick with a splayed or bevelled 
edge can be referred to, these bricks at Danbury were clearly of early 
mediaeval manufacture ; disproving, like those at Frittenden, the notion 
that bricks were not made (after Roman times) until the Perpendicular 
period." 

In the porch of Frittenden Church, the Rector had kindly 
caused many interesting relics of the old church to be placed for 
inspection. Amongst these were also placed two Roman urns, 
found in the parish, which bear important testimony to the 
scarcely suspected fact that the Romans occupied this portion 
of the Weald. Drawings of these urns were exhibited at a 
meeting of the Archaeological Institute, on February 5th, 1858, 
by Mr. R. C. Hussey, who thus described them : — 

" The vessels are of black ware, not unlike that made by the Romans 
in the Upchurch marshes. The largest of them was 16 J inches high, 
and about 14 inches in diameter ; the other about 15 inches high, and 
12 inches in diameter. About a mile south-west of Frittenden church 
is a bog situated in a wood, which is nearly an acre in extent, and till 
lately had been overgrown with underwood. The urns were found in a 
hole filled up with decayed vegetable matter to the depth of 10 or 12 
feet. They rested on the solid ground, embedded in the peat, and 
about 15 feet below the original surface. Frittenden is in the district 
commonly supposed to have remained unreclaimed forest long after 
Roman times. A few years ago several lumps of Roman concrete, 
compounded with small fragments of brick, were discovered in the 



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CRANBROOK MEETING. — SISSINGHURST CASTLE. Xci 

foundations of some of the walls of the parish church, shewing that 
some site of Roman occupation existed in the vicinity. Mr. Hussey 
had never heard of any other vestige of the same period in that locality. 
At or near Wittersham, in the Isle of Oxeney, a Roman altar had 
been found, and coins are occasionally brought to light in the neigh- 
bourhood of Newenden. Those facts tended to justify the supposition 
that the Romans navigated the Rother, probably to bring down the 
iron which was found in abundance at Ewhurst, Salehurst, and the 
more distant parts of Sussex. 

" The Roman urns at Frittenden were found in clearing out a pit, 
and if the ground had not fallen in, possibly some further discoveries 
might have been made. There seems also to have been some timber 
work in part of the pit, possibly akin to what was found at Bekes- 
bourne, and is engraved in the second vol. of ' Archaeologia Cantiana,' 
but this was broken up by the carts going over it, and was never 
examined." 

Proceeding next to Sissinghurst, the company listened 
with interest to the following paper, prepared and read by the 
Rev. Francis Haslewood : — 

8I8SINGHUEST CASTLE. 

The ancient name of this manor was Saxingherst, and in very 
early times it gave name to a family, who possessed it. One of the 
Cumbwell Abbey Charters, circa a.d. 1180, mentions Stephen de 
Saxingherste (Arch. Cant. vi. 198.) Another, dated in a.d. 1255, is 
witnessed by Galfridus de Saxinherst (Arch. Cant. v. 221.) So late 
as a.d. 1442, we find mention of the Manor of Saxingherst in a will 
preserved at Lambeth (Chichele's Register, folio 488a.) By a female 
heir, this manor passed into the name of Berham. Richard, son of 
Henry de Berham, resided here, and the property continued in the 
possession of his descendants till the end of the reign of Henry VII., 
when one of them alienated part of Sissinghurst to Thomas Baker, Esq., 
whose family had been settled in Cranbrook in the days of King John. 
Excepting the names of the owners, little is known respecting the 
Manor of Sissinghurst. There must have been a dwelling house, and 
possibly the moat, still existing, is a relic of that old manor house. 

The mansion was built by Sir John Baker, grandson of Thomas 
already named. He was Recorder of London, Speaker of the House 
of Commons, Attorney General, and a Privy Counsellor. He was also 
Ambassador to Denmark from 1526 to 1530. Sir Samuel Baker, dia- 



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Xcii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOClfitY. 

coverer of lake Albert Nyanza, is a lineal descendant of the brother of 
this Sir John Baker. Sir John being possessor of the entire manor, 
erected a splendid residence, and enclosed a park here. The mansion 
was built of brick, and Philipot describes it as u a magnificent pile 
within the park, which now charms with so much delight the eyes of 
spectators. 11 Unhappily, little now remains to delight our eyes ; the 
ruins however bespeak its former grandeur, and prove that it covered 
a considerable space of ground. A print in Hasted' s History gives a 
good idea of the original structure, as it appeared in 1551. It con- 
sisted of a block of buildings enclosing a quadrangular courtyard, into 
which the principal windows looked. The front was highly ornamental, 
having a handsome porch, four gables, and as many bay windows ; 
whilst the wings were of nearly the same construction, and had each 
three bays. The towers, of course, faced the centre. The mansion 
retained its original form till the middle of the last century. Sir 
Horace Walpole thus briefly describes it in a letter dated 1752: 
" We finished our work sadly. Yesterday, after twenty mishaps, we 
got to Sissinghurst to dinner. There is a park in ruins, and house in 
ten times greater ruins. You go through an arch of stables to the 
house, the court of which is perfect and very beautiful. It has a good 
apartment and a fine gallery — 120 feet long by 18 — which takes up 
one side. The wainscoat is pretty and entire, the ceiling vaulted and 
painted. The whole is built for show ; for the back of the house is 
nothing but lath and plaster." This last observation accounts for the 
early decay of this once superb mansion. Sir John Baker was fond of 
display, and sacrificed durability to appearance. Henry VIII. enter- 
tained great regard for him, leaving him £200 by his will. He was 
the only privy counsellor who refused to sign the will of King 
Edward VI., whereby his two sisters were to be excluded from the 
throne. Queen Mary, on coming to the crown, loaded him with wealth, 
granting to him the Manor of High Halden, which the Duke of North- 
umberland had forfeited by treason. But though a favourite at Court, 
he was most unpopular about Cranbrook, where he obtained the name 
of " Bloody Baker," as a persecutor of the Reformers. Sir John died 
in London, and was brought down with great ceremony and buried in 
Cranbrook Church. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Richard 
Baker, who had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth at this 
mansion, on her return from Rye, in 1573. She remained here three 
days, and received, as a present, a "standing cup" weighing 117 
ounces. We must not confound this Sir Richard with his nephew, 
likewise Sir Richard Baker, who was grandson of Sir John, and was 



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CBANBEOOi MEETING. — SISSINGHURST CASTLE. XC111 

born here. He was the author of a " Chronicle of England," which 
was the standard work before the appearance of Rapin's History. The 
Sir Richard who entertained Qneen Elizabeth died in 1594, and was 
succeeded in the estate by John Baker, Esq., who married a daughter 
of Sir Thomas Guldeford, of Hemsted, by whom he had a son, Henry, 
who was created a baronet and died in 1623. His son, Sir John, 
inherited the property, which he enjoyed for thirty years. This man's 
son, also Sir John, was the last of the name. 

The mansion having been long uninhabited, was hired by the 
Government during the Seven Years' War, when it acquired the name 
of " Sissinghurst Castle/' from having been a place of confinement for 
French prisoners. As many as three thousand men were quartered here. 

The parish register informs us that several were permitted to 
marry ; this entry occurs among others, " Sept. 5, 1762 : Lawrence 
Calberte, a prisoner among the French at Sissinghurst House, and 
Mary Pepper were married/ 1 

After the withdrawal of the French prisoners in 1763, the mansion 
was uninhabited, and in 1784, the parish officers hired the premises of 
Sir Horace Mann, and thus the grand residence of the Bakers became 
the poor house. 

" Sic transit gloria mundi." 

Various portions of the house were pulled down from time to time 
for the sake of the materials, but the gateway remains, and deserves 
careful inspection ; the arch and ornamental gable on the inside being 
very fine. The entrance (now bricked up) was probably closed with 
strong doors. It is to this that Walpole alludes when he says, " You 
go through an arch of the stables to the house." The room to the 
right was probably the porter's lodge, whilst that to the left was for 
the servants or attendants. In this apartment is a staircase formed of 
solid blocks of oak, leading to a panelled room, where some say Queen 
Elizabeth slept. The principal entrance to the mansion was through 
the archway of the inner tower, which is flanked by two small towers 
octagonal in form. They were erected at the same time as the mansion, 
which they faced, though some affirm that they were built to commemo- 
rate Queen Elizabeth's visit. The parish register confirms the truth of 
the story that a Frenchman ascended the towers, and poising a pail of 
water, let it fall upon the head of an English soldier who was on guard 
below, killing him on the spot ; this entry appearing among the burials : 
" 1761, William Bassuck killed by a French prisoner at Sissinghurst." 
In a room in the tower are some excellent carvings of the sixteenth 
century, being the portraits of Edward VI., Queen Mary, and others. 



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XC1V KEKT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The moat is perfect on two sides ; and a portion of the brick wall 
still remains which formerly enclosed the honse and garden. The 
house at the east of the grounds probably marks the extent of the 
mansion. Bagshaw says it measured 180 feet from north to south, 
and 150 from east to west. Somewhere within the enclosure was an 
ancient chapel, founded by John de Saxonherst ; all traces of it, how- 
ever, hare disappeared, and its site is unknown. 

After Mr. Haslewood had read his paper, Mr. George Neve, 
of Si&singhurst Castle, most hospitably invited the whole com- 
pany to partake of luncheon in a shaded nook upon his lawn, 
where tables were laid with abundant refreshments. When 
Sir Walter Stirling, in the name of the Society, had proffered 
to Mr. Neve cordial thanks for his very acceptable hospitality, 
the company re-entered their carriages and proceeded to Cran- 
brook Church, where an excellent paper was read by the Vicar, 
the Rev. T. A. Carr, which he has since published.* Of it we 
give a brief resumi only. 

8T. DUNSTAN'S CHUBCfc, CRANBBOOK, 

The most ancient part of the church is the western portion of the 
north aisle ; it is older in my opinion than the south porch, which has 
been stated to be of the same period. It is difficult to fix a date for 
the old church, because the A rchi episcopal Registers anterior to the 
end of the thirteenth century are lost, and no mention occurs of the 
existence of a parish church in Cranbrook before 1291 (Edward I.). 
There is not the slightest trace of Norman architecture in the present 
building; it is therefore probable that the first church was founded 
some time after the Conquest, during the Early English period; 
evidence of this remains in the triangular niche, a fragment of the old 
church, over the east window. After the settlement here of the 
Flemings, as clothworkers, in 1331 (Edward III.) several additions 
were made to the church, the clothworkers by their trade having made 
Cranbrook a wealthy and populous town. On the exterior the gra- 
dations in the character of the masonry of the north aisle seem to 
denote work of three different periods. Excavations in the church- 
yard at the west end of this aisle shew that a tower formerly stood 
there, probably during the Early English period. The doorway by 

• Printed by George Waters, Stone Street, Cranbrook. 



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C&ANBROO* MEETING. — THE CHTTRCtt. XcV 

which entrance is made to the south chancel, has evidently been 
removed, having been the priests' doorway before the vestry was built. 
The sill of the ancient entrance to the chancel was, when discovered, 
almost worn away, plainly telling of the frequent daily services for- 
merly held. The south porch is a very good specimen of the Decorated 
style, and in the centre of its groined roof is a fine boss — a human 
head — with foliated branches of oak proceeding from the tongue ; the 
Tudor rose is a later addition. Above the porch is a large room, the 
doorways to which are of the early form known as the " Shouldered 
Arch." At the foot of the stairs, by which this room is approached, 
is a modern baptistery for adults. The coats of arms upon the exterior 
of the fine Perpendicular tower will at once suggest to us the date of 
the erection of that portion of the church, as among them may be 
recognized those of Archbishop Chicheley, which seem to have been 
inserted after the completion of the tower, inasmuch as the stone on 
which they were carved does not run in the same line of masonry as 
those below. The western entrance to the church, through the tower, 
has been called a "Galilee;" it has a groined roof. In the interior 
of the north aisle, a portion of the Decorated stringcourse still remains 
in the north wall. Supposing we are right in concluding that the 
building of the tower, and the first extension of the north aisle, took 
place at the commencement of the fifteenth century, we may infer that 
the chancel arch and the north and south windows were built at the 
latter part of the same century ; the east window perhaps at a still 
later date. There are records of seven, if not eight, altars in the 
church ; the High Altar, and those of Our Lady, St. Katherine, St. 
Thomas, St. Clement, St. Giles, and St. Nicholas. The north and south 
chancels were dedicated to Our Lady and St. Giles respectively. An 
account of the nave and south aisle was followed by extracts from the 
records of Archbishop Warham's visitation in 1511; and attention 
was called to the area of the nave and aisles not being upon the same 
level, the explanation being that our forefathers simply took the levels 
as they found them, since they exactly correspond with the fall of the 
land outside the church. The total length of the church from east to 
west is no less than 170 feet, while the breadth from north to south 
extends to seventy feet. The handsome Perpendicular tower is ninety- 
four feet high. 

At the beginning of the sixteenth century the clerestory was added 
to the nave, and much other work was done. The tombs of the 
families of Roberts of Glassenbury, and of the Bakers of Sissinghurst, 
are to be seen in the south chancel and aisle. Most of the monumental 



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XCV1 KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

brasses have disappeared; but one, circa a.d. 1500, remains in the 
south chancel. It represents a merchant in his furred robe, and a 
chrisom-child. The matrix of a large brass, with a cross and inscription 
in Lombardic letters, merits attention ; it is in the middle of the high 
chancel. 

Dinner was at 4*30 in the Vestry Hall; the Viscount 
Holmesdale presided, and 115 sat down. 

After dinner, an Evening Meeting was held at the George 
Inn, Lord Holmesdale in the chair. A paper, which will be 
found upon a subsequent page of this volume, was read by 
Colonel Colomb, R.A., P.S.A., upon the "Royalist Rising in 
Kent, a.d. 1648 ;" after which Mr. W. Tarbutt read the fol- 
lowing paper : — 

THE ANCIENT CLOTH TEADE OF CEANBEOOK. 

This subject has been but briefly noticed by our historians, whether 
local or general. They simply tell us that a great trade in the 
manufacture of broad cloth once reigned here; that many families 
were thereby raised to wealth and eminence; and that the business 
has long since disappeared from the town and neighbourhood. I 
propose to note down what I have met with in type, or discovered from 
personal observation during a long residence here, premising that my 
notes are, principally, confined to the cloth trade in the parish of 
Cranbrook. 

Philipot, who wrote in 1659, says, " Cranebrook is a Town very 
populous, it was one of the first places where the manufacture of 
clothing was professed and practised, being brought into England in 
the reign of Edward III., who, by proposing rewards and granting 
many immunities, trained Flemings into the nation in the 10th year of 
his reign to teach the English that art of drapery, or weaving, and 
making woollen cloth, which is esteemed at this day one of the 
buttresses which sustain the Commonwealth, and certainly for making 
durable broad cloths with very good mixtures and perfect colours 
Cranebrook doth with the most that way excell." 

Dr. Harris, who wrote in 1719, and Charles Seymour, in 1776, 
add — "This mixture of colours was unknown in England until 
manufactured here, hence Cranbrook became the seat of useful arts and 
mercantile opulence." 



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CBANBBOOK MEETING. — THE CLOTH TRADE. XCVli 

About ten years later, Hasted says — "The greater portion of the 
land in the Weald of Kent was owned by these manufacturers, or 
their descendants, who from their dress were generally called 'Me 
Qrey Coats of Kent 7 So great was their influence, at county elections, 
that candidates who had their support were almost certain to be 
elected." 

From these statements of local historians we push our enquiries 
forward with a view to ascertain, from general history, why the 
Flemings came to this country, and why they settled in this uninviting 
locality, which, in the reign of Edward III., was perhaps little better 
than a forest. 

With regard to the first question, we meet with this statement 
in Knight's ( Pictorial History of England :' — " By the wise policy of 
Edward III., he invited weavers, dyers, and fullers, from Flanders to 
come over and settle in this country, promising them his protection 
and favour on condition that they should carry on their trade and 
communicate' the knowledge thereof to his subjects. The first person 
who accepted this invitation was John Kempf a weaver of woollen 
cloth. He came with his goods and chattels, his servants and 
apprentices. Many of his countrymen soon followed, and in this 
manner was established the first manufacture of fine woollen cloths in 
England." 

In the above statement emphasis is laid upon the word "fine;" for 
it is only to the superior quality of the article manufactured by Kemp 
and his countrymen that the word first applies. Cloth had been made 
in England for centuries before the days of Edward III.; there is 
evidence that it was first made in Britain by those pioneers of 
civilization the Romans ; factories are stated to have been established 
by them in Yorkshire. f During Anglo-Saxon times the art of 
making a coarse kind of cloth was not unknown, nor neglected ; and 
advances being made after the Norman Conquest, legislation from time 
to time regulated the manufacture of cloth. But when Edward III. 
invited the Flemings over, they brought with them a secret not 
previously understood by manufacturers in England. That secret was 
the art of fulling or milling, and dyeing, the cloth after it came from 
the loom. To accomplish this a peculiar sort of marl was needed, and 
water-mills to drive large wooden hammers. By the use of the marl 
and water, with the power given by a large water-wheel to wood 
hammers, the wool was purified from grease, and the threads of the 

* Kemp is a name often met with in these parts. 

f See Longman's ' Life and Times of Edward III./ vol. i., page 86. 



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XCVU1 KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

warp and the woof were so beaten that a smooth and even surface was 
produced. Thus the cloth was made more durable, as well as a better 
protection for the wearer against the vicissitudes of weather. This 
improvement in manufacture Edward IIL laboured to secure for his 
subjects, and encouraged by legislative measures. 

No one has so well narrated the steps taken by Edward III., to get 
Flemish weavers into England, as Dr. Thomas Fuller, in the 3rd 
book of hi% * Church History.' — " The king began to grow sensible of 
the great gain the Netherlands got by our English wool, in memory 
whereof the Duke of Burgundy instituted the order of the ' Golden 
Fleece,' wherein indeed the fleece was ours, the golden theirs." Hence 
•Edward, that his subjects might get a share of the precious metals, sent 
over a number of agents to tempt the Dutch to England. These agents 
contrived to become familiar with such Dutchmen as were masters of 
their trade, but not masters of themselves. To these persons the agents 
addressed themselves thus: 'You have to be up very early in the 
morning and sit up very late at night, and work very hard all the day, 
and yet you get nothing better than herrings and mouldy cheese to 
eat with your bread. Now take our advice, go over to England and 
learn my countrymen your trade, and you will find yourselves 
welcomed wherever you go; besides, you will be fed on beef and 
mutton until your stomachs are full ; your beds will be good, and your 
bed-fellows better ; for the richest yeomen in England will not disdain 
to marry their daughters to you, and they are such beauties that every 
foreigner commends them." 

We need not wonder that men having faith in such promises as 
these came over here very willingly, and our worthy author follows up 
his story by shewing that numbers of those who hazarded the specula- 
tion were not disappointed; for these young Dutchmen, with only 
industry and intelligence to recommend them, caused such " wealth 
and happiness to spring up in many a yeoman's house, that they soon 
went from thence as bridegrooms, and returned as sons-in-law." 

The first colonists succeeded so well that many thousands soon 
followed, until Flemings were to be met with in all parts of the 
kingdom. A new impetus was thereby given to all sorts of textile 
manufactures ; but, says Fuller, " the Broad Cloth was made in Kent 
and called the Kentish broadcloths." 

Mr. Furley has an excellent chapter (xix.) in his second volume of 
the * History of the Weald of Kent,'— " On the establishment of a 
colony of Flemish Weavers/ 1 wherein he sets forth the laws made on 
their behalf. In a proclamation, made on the 3rd of May, 1337, the 



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CRANBROOK MEETING. — THE CLOTH TBADE. XC1X 

King's subjects are warned not to harm these foreign cloth-workers, 
and to see that no harm is done to them by others. On the 27 th of 
September, 1337, a very stringent measure was enacted. The first 
chapter makes it felony to carry wool ont of the realm ; the second 
forbids the use of any cloth but such as was made in England ; and, 
thirdly, no cloths were suffered to be brought into England from 
beyond the King's dominions. In another chapter it is accorded "that 
all cloth-workers of strange lands, of whatsoever country they be, 
which will come into England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, shall 
have the King's protection and safe conduct to dwell in the same lands, 
choosing where they will. And to the intent the said cloth-workers 
shall have the greater will to come and dwell here, our Soveriegn 
Lord the King will grant them franchises as many, and such, as may 
suffice them." 

Mr. Furley proceeds to shew that the king not only issued pro- 
clamations to his subjects, as to how these foreigners were to be treated, 
but also named particular parts of his dominions in which the different 
textile manufacturers should locate themselves. The Weald of Kent 
was selected for the manufacture of durable broad cloths, of good 
mixtures and colours. 

Mr. Furley states that, for the administration of the laws made 
year by year to regulate the cloth trade, a special officer was appointed 
in each county where the manufacture was carried on. He was to see 
that the laws were fulfilled, to collect all dues, and to stamp the 
articles with his authority before goods could be offered for sale. This 
officer was called an Alnager (aulne signifying an ell). One of the 
earliest appointments for the County of Kent was made in the person 
of "John Crane of Cranebrooke." 

It behoves me now to examine more fully the second point of our 
enquiry, viz., how came the Flemings to settle in this particular 
locality? We may well suppose that when they landed, on the high 
table lands of East Kent, the fulling men would say, "The land here is 
not adapted for our trade, the hills have no water adapted to our use, and 
the valleys are too flat and have too much water; besides, though chalk 
is in abundance, there is no marl which we need for cleaning the cloth. 
The land assigned to us must have marl, and small streams of water." 
Directed probably to this district as likely to furnish what the fullers 
required, the Flemish cloth- workers settled in this then dreary region. 
It contained, however, marl, to cleanse the cloth ; streams, easily 
arrested in their courses, to form a driving power for the hammers of 
fulling mills ; plenty of timber to make these mills, and the machinery 

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C KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

necessary to be introduced into them ; and some sturdy Saxon hands 
that could " navvy " the earth across the valleys, to make those bays 
or water dams, some of which still exist. 

I find, on the north side of the parish, twelve bays, or remnants of 
bays, which formerly held back eighty or ninety acres of water ; and 
on the south side there are seven or eight of these remnants of dams, 
which held back, for mercantile purposes, thirty or forty acres more. 
If we add fifteen or twenty acres of pleasure lakes or moats, at Sissing- 
huret and Glassenbury, we must conclude that at one time there could 
not have been less than 150 acres of water held in reserve in Cran- 
brook, for profit or pleasure. 

In process of time the land, to a considerable extent, became 
cleared and flocks of sheep were bleating, and shepherds attending 
them, where, a generation before, wild hunters were following in the 
chase after the still wilder boar. 

Our local poet Phineas Fletcher sings beautifully about the 
"Shepherd swains" that gathered together on the Glassenbury 
estate, upon the occasion of one of its heirs being married, at Cran- 
brook Church, in February, a.d. 1600. 

" With him* a shoal of goodly Shepherd swains ; 
Yet he more goodly than the goodliest swain ; 
With herf a troop of fairest wood-nymph trains ; 
Yet she more fair than fairest of the train. ,, | 

The numerous mills and mill-ponds were not all made as soon as 
the Flemings came; they were the work of many years. When, 
however, there were fifteen or eighteen mills in full work here, and all 
the various artificers were engaged in making, for the markets of this 
kingdom, the famous Weald of Kent broad-cloth! there must have been 
no small stir in the parish. How unlike the present day ! In those 
days a Cranbrook " spinster " maiden would have been, as Longfellow 
sings, 

" Seated beside her wheel, and the carded wool like a snow drift 
Piled at her knee, her white hands feeding the ravenous spindle, 
While with her feet on the treadle she guided the wheel in its motion."! 



* Walter Roberts, Esq., son of the first baronet, 
t Margaret Roberts, of Brenohley. 

% See « The Works of Phineas Fletcher, * edited by the Rev. A. B. Grosart, 
▼ol. iii., page 200. 

§ ' The Courtship of Miles Standish,' by Longfellow. 



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CRANBROOK MEETING. — THE CLOTH TRADE. ci 

Nor have the falling-mill men been neglected by the muses. 

" Next from the slaoken'd beam the woof unroll'd 
Near some clear-sliding stream, 
Is by the noisy fulling-mill received ; 
Where tumbling waters turn enormous wheels, 
And hammers, rising and descending, learn 
To imitate the industry of man."* 

The falling stock is described as a hollow receptacle in which an 
enormous oaken hammer vibrates up and down, and is kept in motion 
by machinery from the great water wheel. The hammer sometimes 
had to be kept in motion, on one piece of cloth, for three entire days, 
before it was sufficiently milled. 

As the precious metals flowed into the parish, in return for broad- 
cloth, the master manufacturers built Halls; here they lived, kept their 
stock, and transacted their business. These halls were built after the 
Flemish style, with gable ends towards the roads. Many of them, 
more or less perfect, are still to be seen in this and adjoining parishes ; 
although their ancient character is entirely gone. You will find them 
now bearing various names and serving various purposes; such for 
instance as Willesley House, the residence of G. B. O'Neil, Esq. ; 
farm-houses like those at Goddard's Green and Frizley ; public inns 
like the White Lion, an admirable specimen; the surgery of Dr. 
Wood; the studio of T. Webster, Esq., B.A.; and the cottages of 
agricultural labourers, Coursehoarne and one at Willesley Pound to 
wit. 

As trade increased, and halls were built, other interests were 
created; carriers became much in request, all merchandize in that day 
being conveyed on horseback, and those who kept horses for that 
purpose were called pack-carriers. Three establishments of that kind 
were kept in this parish ; one at Baker's Cross, another at Willesley, 
and a third in the town. " The Horse Pond 11 and " The Horse Entry " 
indicate where, in the town, the premises of the pack-carrier were 
situated- 
How many horses these three establishments could muster, I have 
no means of knowing, but a hundred or more I should say. Daily 
might these horses be seen going on^ with tinkling bells on their ears, 
laden with cloth, and returning with wool. Then, again, public inns 
were numerous. The George, in which we are now assembled, was a 
hostelry of no small magnitude. It had a frontage of eighty-five feet, 
and extended — including stabling — from front to back an equal number 

* 'The Fleece/ by Dyer. 
VOL IX, h 



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Cll KENT ABCH2E0L0GICAL SOCIBTT. 

of feet, covering some twenty-six perches of land. It was known even 
then as " The George Inn." Here Queen Elizabeth halted, during 
her tour through Kent in 1573; and here she received from the 
townsmen of Cranbrook a silver cup, with which their loyalty had 
prompted them to present her, in honour of her visit. 

It may not be out of place to mention here, that there is evidence 
from which we may fairly raise the question, whether Cranbrook, in 
the days of Queen Elizabeth, did not possess as large a population as 
any town in Kent. Hasted reports that, while in 1588 there were 
only 1930 communicants in eleven parishes in Canterbury, there were, 
in 1578, no less than 1905 in this one parish of Cranbrook. These 
1905 communicants represent a population of about 3000 persons of 
all ages ; and I have proved, by a calculation based on the death-rate at 
the same period, that this was actually about the number of the 
inhabitants. We have it on record that Maidstone did not contain 
much more than two-thirds of this number, during the middle of the 
sixteenth century. 

Respecting the wealth of the Clothiers of that day much is known, 
and no doubt a great deal more might be known, if one could only turn 
up the manuscripts, that have long lain hidden in large collections. 
Our Secretary, Mr. Scott Robertson, has kindly favoured me with the 
following Extracts from the Calendar of State Papers : — 

" 1519, October. Licence was granted to Thos. Davy of Crain- 
brook, Kent, mercer, and Ric. Harman of London, haberdasher, to 
export 1000 woollen cloths, within the next seven years, without 
barbing, rowing, or shearing the same, notwithstanding the statute 
3rd Hen. VII." 

"1523. William More, of Cranebroke, was one of the many 
sureties for the payment before Ascension next, by George Nevil, Lord 
Burgaveney, of 10,000 marks, in default of which his lordship must go 
to the Tower. William More was surety for £100." 

" 1523, August 30. Grant of protection was issued to William 
Arnold, alias Garrard, of Crambroke, Kent, merchant, alias fuller, 
going in the retinue of Lord Berners, deputy to Calais." 

Other entries of a less important character might be given, but I 
pass on to notice an interesting petition furnished to me by Mr. 
Furley : — It is from the inhabitants of the Weald of Kent, praying 
her Majesty (Queen Elizabeth) to repeal a certain law which forbade 
the exportation of coloured cloth and greatly injured the trade. 

It states that in the town of Cranbrook alone 1000 pieces of cloth 
less are made, than used to be made two or three years ago ; that each 



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£31 








26 








12 








63 








4 


10 






CBANBBOOK MEETING. — THE CLOTH TRADE. C1U 

piece needs in its manufacture from thirty to forty persona, men, 
women, and children, whose labour is worth fifty shillings ; that if 
they lose this source of maintaining themselves and families, the 
produce of the soil will not be sufficient to maintain half the inhabitants, 
and that already, through the falling off in the trade, idleness and 
poverty are much increased. 

Other pleas in this petition, which Mr. Furley will, no doubt, 
make known, are full of interest, but I forbear ; as I have another 
illustration which I wish to notice. In some privately printed 
" Genealogical Memoranda," relating to the family of Hovenden, there 
are interesting inventories relating to the clothiers of Frizley ; I select 
some items from one inventory which bears date 1615 (pp. 24, 25). 

Two damson coloured Cloths 

Two new coloured Cloths # 

One beaver coloured Cloth in London 

Six Cloths at the weavers and spinners 

Twelve yards of remnants 

Twenty quarters of List and a little yellow 

List and other leavings 3 4 

Eleven packs of Fleece Wool, £12. 10*. per 

pack 140 

Four hundred and thirty quarters of white 

Wool, cubed 112 4 

Twenty-nine quarters of Wool and two pounds 

coloured 

Five hundred of Madder, at 44*. per hundred 

Half a hundred of Brassell 

One hundred of Red Wood 

Twenty-two hundred of Woade 

Certain Copresgalles, Allu* and Woadash ... 

These items alone represent a large sum of money in the present 
day. 

The total amount of the inventory is £1742. 13*. 10£, exclusive 
of doubtful debts amounting to £344. 3*. 10rf., making a total value 
of the personal estate of Robert Hovenden of Frizley, clothier, who 
died in 1615, to be of the value of £10,000 according to present value 
of money. 

By consulting our registers (when registers noted the occupation 
of the parishioners) the evidence is particularly striking respecting 
the trade carried on in this parish ; such notes are appended to names 

h 2 



8 10 





11 





2 5 





1 12 





27 





1 13 


4 



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CIV KENT ARCHiEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

as " Clothier," u Broad-weaver," " Narrow- weaver," " Hammer-man," 
etc., etc 

All this is now past. We have no clothiers now, no broad- weavers 
now, not a vestige of this once flourishing trade now remains. It 
passed away more than a century ago ; nor do those premises exist 
wherein, it is said, the last cloth factory (properly so called) was 
carried on. They were pulled down many years ago, and a private 
house was built upon the site. Nor can we have any hope of the 
re-establishment of cloth-making here, unless we could find coals in 
the Weald of Kent, which, I fear, is not likely to be the case. 

It should be mentioned that after the broad-cloth manufacture had 
deserted Cranbrook, linen was woven here to a considerable extent. 
Farmers cultivated flax to supply the looms, and our grandmothers 
made their own linen. This continued for a very lengthened period. 
The last product of Cranbrook looms and shuttles was a coarse kind of 
stuff called "Hop -bagging" but even that has by competition been 
supplanted, and now our shuttles no longer ply to-and-fro. 

With votes of thanks to Colonel Colomb and Mr. Tarbutt 
for their papers, and to Lord Holmesdale for his kindness in 
presiding, the proceedings of the first day were brought to a 
close. 



On Friday, July 25th, the Society visited Glassenbury 
House, by the kind permission of Colonel Roberts, whose family 
has resided there for four centuries. The panelling and carved 
oak, the tapestry, and the inlaid cabinets were duly inspected 
within the house. Then the moat, the grand old trees, the 
fine avenue, and the chalybeate spring, attracted much attention 
and interest. 

Again entering their carriages, the numerous assemblage 
proceeded to Hawkhurst, where the vicar, Canon Jeffreys, 
kindly welcomed the Society, and read a paper, which is printed 
upon a subsequent page, respecting the history and archi- 
tecture of Hawkhurst Church. 

The railway station nearest to Hawkhurst being at Etching- 
ham, in Sussex (four miles distant), it was considered unwise 
to pass on thither, in such close proximity to Bodiham Castle, 
without visiting that interesting ruin. The Sussex Archseo- 



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CEAKBEOOK MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CV 

logical Society having been previously consulted, it was resolved 
that Bodiham should be included in this day's excursion, and 
our Society proceeded thither from Hawkhurst. Upon arrival 
at Bodiham Castle, the members, by the great kindness of 
George Cubitt, Esq., M.P., were admitted without payment of 
the usual fee, and were received by Mr. Cubitt's brother-in-law, 
the Rev. Charles Parker, vicar of Bodiham. 

Within the Castle, a letter was read, from the Rev. W. 
Powell, one of the secretaries of the Sussex Archaeological 
Society, warmly welcoming the Kent Society, and expressing 
regret that at the last moment parochial duty had arisen to 
prevent his personal presence. It was then announced that 
Mr. George T. Clark, F.S.A., of Dowlais, had with very great 
kindness visited Bodiham during the previous week, and had 
written the following paper for the use of the meeting. In 
Mr. Clark's unavoidable absence, it was read by the Honorary 
Secretary. 

BODIHAM CASTLE. 

About four miles below the ancient Priory of Roberts- 
bridge, and fourteen, by its own sinuous course, above its 
junction with the sea below the old Cinque Port of Rye, the 
Bother, a considerable Sussex river, receives from the north an 
important tributary known as the Kent Ditch, and time out of 
mind the boundary of the two counties. The waters meet 
obliquely, and between them intervenes a tongue or cape of 
high land tapering and falling gradually towards the junction, 
and occupied by the church, village, and castle of Bodiham. 

Who was Bodi, or Bode, whose home was here established, 
is unknown. He was evidently a Saxon, and from the position 
of his estate, probably an early one, giving name it may be to 
a tract won in arms from the Britons. Ham is here a very 
common termination to the proper names of places, varied with 
Hurst and Den and Ley, and other less frequent but equally 
Saxon denominations. 

The church stands on the high ground, a little north of the 
centre of the cape, the Castle about 600 yards to the south of 
it, and about half the distance from the Rother, at some 30 
feet or so above its level. The Rother here and lower down 

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Cvi KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

traverses broad patches of lowland, now fertile meadow, but in 
former days evidently inaccessible morass. The position there- 
fore between the two streams with their marshy banks was 
defended by nature towards the south and east, the quarter 
from which, after the complete expulsion of the Britons, and 
during the early Saxon period, danger was mainly to be appre- 
hended. 

The earlier lords, both Saxon and Norman, who gave name 
to, and derived their names from, Bodiham, pitched their 
homestead on the north side of the high ground, some way 
from the church, and upon the right bank of the Kent Ditch, 
where the site is still indicated by some earthworks and a moat. 
Nearer to, but south of the church, on the brow of the hill, 
above the present castle, are the remains of another earthwork, 
rectangular and oblong in form, and which seem to denote 
either an early residence or a still earlier encampment. 

Below this brow, on the southern verge of and just within 
the slope, it pleased a Lord of Bodiham, having become so by 
marriage with its heiress, to establish a new residence. Sir 
Edward Dalingruge, a successful soldier in the rough school of 
the Black Prince and his captains, of whom his immediate 
chief, Sir William Knollys, was one of the roughest, having 
held offices of trust under Richard II., decided here to build a 
castle suitable to his rank, wealth, and military fame; and 
having, in the 9th of Bichard, 1385-6, obtained the royal 
licence, he constructed at a vast cost, both in earthwork and 
masonry, the castle which it is the scope of this memoir to 
describe. 

Bodiham is a building of very high interest. It is a 
complete and typical castle of the end of the fourteenth 
century, laid out entirely upon a new site, and constructed 
after one design, and at one period. It but seldom happens 
that a great fortress is wholly original, of one, and that a 
known date, and so completely free from alterations or additions. 
It has, moreover, fallen into good hands. Enough, and not too 
much, has been done to arrest the effects of time and weather. 
The repairs have been well executed, and in Wadhurst stone, 
the proper material ; and, though well watched, it is open to all 
who care to visit it. 

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C&ANBBOO& MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CVii 

In plan and details Bodiham belongs to the early Perpen- 
dicular style, and occupies a mean position between Caerphilly, 
a work late in the thirteenth century, and Wressil, only a few 
years later than Bodiham in time, but much later in style and 
arrangements. Like these castles, it has no keep, and its domestic 
buildings are constructed within and against the walls of a court, 
but while Caerphilly, like Harlech and Ledes, is concentric, and 
has a narrow outer ward, Bodiham and Wressil, like Bolton, 
have but one ward, one line of defences, and are only rectan- 
gular enclosures, with strong and lofty curtains, flanked by still 
more lofty mural towers. 

Save the adjacent river and the marsh, the immediate site 
of Bodiham possesses no natural advantages. A sort of 
platform was selected upon the sloping ground, about 30 feet 
above the river's level, and there was excavated a rectangular 
basin, 180 yards north and south, by 117 yards east and west, 
and about seven deep. To the east, the containing bank was 
wholly artificial, formed of the excavated material, as was also 
the case with the contiguous parts to the north and south. The 
remaining part of the south bank was also slightly raised. 

On the west side, near the north end, a small natural combe 
descended towards the excavation, of which, being wet, it was 
regarded as the future feeder. A strong dam was thrown 
across the lower part of this combe, between it and the excava- 
tion, of which it thus formed the bank. No doubt the pool so 
penned in was intended as a store pond when the moat was low. 
In the centre, or nearly so, of the excavation, was left a rectan- 
gular island of rather above half an acre in area, raised arti- 
ficially about four feet, and to be occupied by the future castle, of 
which the ground plan would thus be a plot of about 50 yards 
by 46 yards, surrounded by a wet moat from 35 to 65 yards 
broad. At present a sluice is provided for the occasional empty- 
ing of the moat, and probably something of the sort was ori- 
ginally constructed, though it would, of course, be concealed. 
The fact is, however, that a few vigorous workmen could at any 
time have cut through the bank in a few hours, and thus have 
deprived the castle of one of its defences. No doubt, indeed, 
that the mud, until dry, would be even a better protector 
than the water. 



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Cviii KENT AfcCHJSOLOGlCAL SOCIETY. 

Bodiham Castle, then, is a rectangular enclosure 152 feet 
north and south, by 138 feet east and west, contained within 
four curtain walls. At each angle is a drum tower, 29 feet 
diameter, and of three quarters projection, flanking the several 
faces. In the centre of the north face is the great, and of the 
south face the lesser, gate-house, and in the centre of each of 
the other faces is a square tower. There are thus four mural 
towers, four cylindrical and four rectangular! giving an agreeable 
variety to the outline. Besides these there is a projection from 
the east face of 8 feet, containing the chapel and sacristy. The 
walls and towers all rise direct from the water, here about 6 feet 
deep. The curtain is 40 feet 6 inches high from the water to the 
crest of the parapet, and the towers are one-third higher, or 
66 feet 6 inches. The outer walls generally are 6 feet 6 inches 
thick, which is also the height of the parapets. The stair turrets 
rise 14 feet higher than their towers, and the chimneys about 
9 feet. Both are octagonal, and are crested with miniature 
battlements in the late Perpendicular manner. There is no 
water gate or postern, such as those at Ledes and Caerphilly. 

The great gate-house is a very imposing structure. It is in 
plan a T, the horizontal limb forming the front of 30 feet breadth, 
and the vertical limb extending backwards as far, and con- 
taining the entrance passage. The front is composed of two 
towers, rectangular, but having the angles largely recessed, so 
as to throw forward the central part of each tower as a bold 
buttress, 15 feet broad by 6 feet deep. The whole part projects 
from the curtain about 15 feet, and between the towers, deeply 
sunk, is the gateway. 

The gateway has a slightly four-centred arch, very plain, 
and set in the usual square-headed shallow recess, intended 
apparently to receive the platform of the bridge when lifted. 
There are what look like traces of the chain holes in the 
spandrels. The whole is placed in a deeper and plain recess, 
terminating above in a four-centred arch, which carries the 
parapet, and has behind it three machicolations which protect 
the entrance. Over the door is the usual Portcullis chamber 
window, and right and left other windows, all small and 
lancet, some trefoil-headed, and some plain. Two pairs of loops 
jcommand the approach, one pair has oylet holes at each end of 

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CfcANBBOO* MEETING. — BODIHAli CASTLE, C1X 

the slit. The other pair have holes, rather larger, at the lower 
end only. This is the style of loop that marks the introduction 
of firearms. In the jambs of the portal is a half-round portcullis 
groove, and a little within a pair of folding doors. The entrance 
passage, 12 feet broad and 30 feet long, is unusually lofty. It 
is divided by a cross arch into two chambers, both vaulted. 
The first, 18 feet long, has on the right and left small lancet 
doors, leading by a narrow vaulted and ribbed mural passage 
into the lodges, 11 feet by 10 feet. On the left is a second door 
opening on a circular well stair, 8 feet diameter, and unusually 
steep, leading to the upper chambers and roof, and terminating 
in a turret at the angle of the gate-house. The vaulting has 
fallen in, but it is clear that it resembled that of the second 
chamber. In the cross archway is a second portcullis, and be- 
yond it the second part of the passage. This is 12 feet square, 
without lateral doorways, and vaulted. The vault is of four cells, 
three ribs and two half or wall-ribs springing from each corner 
corbel, and meeting in one central, four lateral, and four half 
bosses, placed upon two cross or ridge ribs. They are pierced 
as in the inner ward gate of the Tower of London, and possibly 
each contained a flower. The openings are, of the central boss 
six inches, and of the others, four inches diameter. These aper- 
tures can scarcely have been meant for defence ; they are too 
small, and do not command the four corners of the passage. 
No doubt a long pike might be thrust down some of them, but. 
scarcely to be of use, down the half holes next the walls. As 
to pouring down melted lead, pitch, or oil, such articles were 
always too expensive to form a part of the regular munitions 
against a siege, nor is there here, nor in portcullis chambers 
generally, any furnace for heating such materials in any 
quantity. 

The portal leading from this passage into the inner court 
has a second pair of doors, and beyond them a second portcullis. 
This chamber is not a part of the regular gate-house. It forms 
a sort of porch projecting from it into the court, and has no 
upper storey. A well stair on the left opened from the court, 
and led up to the embattled platform which rested on the vault. 
This subsidiary prolongation of the length and defences of the 
entrance passage is believed to be peculiar to Bodiham. 

i 

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61 KENT ABCH^OLOGlCAL SOCIETY. 

Over the outer part of the passage is the portcullis chamber. 
It has at each end a low four-centred arch, which concealed the 
head of the grate, when lifted, and above this, at each end, is 
the customary small window. The lobby between the well 
stair and this chamber is groined and ribbed, and in the centre 
is a large boss carved in foliage. The gatehouse lodges have a 
pit or sub-basement, perhaps a cellar, perhaps merely a cavity to 
keep the floors dry. If cellars, they were entered by traps in 
the floor above. There are also, above the basement, two upper 
floors. 

The lesser gate-house is placed opposite to the main gate, in 
the centre of the southern face of the castle, and though equally 
lofty, is much smaller. It is a plain tower 22 feet square, 
projecting 15 feet in advance of the curtain, but with no 
internal projection. The outer gate is in the centre of the 
tower, and had a portcullis, and behind it were folding doors. 
The entrance passage is 11 feet square, vaulted as the great 
gateway, but not so lofty. Bight and left are loops raking the 
curtain. A door in the west wall opens ii}to the usual well 
stair, contained within the north west angle. There is no 
lodge. The inner portal was closed by doors only. It opened 
into the lower end of one side of the great hall. 

In front of, and outside this gate- house, there project nine feet 
into the moat two walls about three feet thick. They seem to have 
contained between them a bridge pit, over which a bridge 
dropped from the gateway, upon a cross wall which remains. 
The pit is filled up. Opposite, the counterscarp of the moat, 
62 yards distant, is revetted, and projects as a half hexagonal 
pier. How this intervening space was traversed is not now 
seen. Scarcely by a boat, for the pier is evidently intended to 
support a timber bridge, and a boat could not conveniently be 
reached from it. Probably there was a footway upon tressels or 
wooden piers. 

Thus much of the two gate-houses, the only towers which 
are machicolated. Each leads into the court of the castle, an 
open space 86 feet south and north, by 76 feet east and west ; 
round which are placed, against the curtains, the domestic 
buildings, 22 to 30 feet in depth, some of one floor, some 
of two, but all of nearly equal height, and so placed as to 



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CHAtfBttOOK MEETING. — BODlHAli CAStLE. CXI 

conceal the curtain, and the lower parts of the towers, from the 
inner court. 

Right and left of the great gate-house the buildings had a 
ground and first floor. Those on the left, or to the east, were 
rather more ornate, as being nearer to the state apartments. 
The N.E. and N.W. towers communicated on each side, with 
these rooms. They have sub-basement pits, with loops, a 
ground and two upper floors. They differ somewhat in details, 
but each has a well stair in its gorge wall and mural closets and 
fireplaces at the several levels. The pits are circular, the 
chambers above hexagonal. 

Along the West side are offices, and probably servants' 
apartments, and rooms for the garrison. In the centre a large 
and handsome doorway, with a window on each side, and traces 
of a porch, opens into a small kitchen, a room 21 feet by 16 
feet, having on each side a fireplace, with a converging tunnel, 
and an arched head of 12 feet span and 2 feet rise. There is 
no hood or projection. The roof was open, and at the battle- 
ment level. A gallery seems to have run across above the 
door, entered from the room to the South, and beneath it in 
the wall is also a door. 

The enclosure next South seems to have been of two floors. 
The lower room 38 feet by 22 feet was probably for stores or 
the servants; the upper was the lesser hall. The lower room had 
two windows to the court and a small door, and perhaps between 
the windows a shallow fireplace with a bold hood. Above was 
a noble room of the same size. The lower room opened into 
the west tower. This, like the east tower, is 25 feet broad, by 
21 feet deep, and of 15 feet projection from the curtain. The 
sub-basement here was evidently a cellar. It has three loops a 
little above the water level. A well stair in the S.E. angle leads 
upwards from the ground level. 

Along the south side were placed the great kitchen, buttery, 
and great hall. The kitchen, 33 feet by 24 feet, occupies the S.W. 
angle, and communicates with the adjacent angle tower. It 
has two large fireplaces, of 12 feet span, in the N. and S. walls. 
The former has an oven in its west jamb, an afterthought, as it 
projects into the adjacent room. The other had a large stone 
hood, of which one springing stone remains, and is buttressed 



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Cxii KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

by a corbel, placed in the hollow angle to receive its thrust, as 
at St. Briavels. The kitchen had an open lofty roof. Next is 
the buttery, of two floors, with traces of a cellar below. It is 
18 feet by 24 feet and opened into the hall by three equi- 
laterally arched doorways side by side, each towards the hall, 
haying a deep hollow early Perpendicular moulding. These 
opened into a passage under the music gallery. 

The hall was about 50 feet long by 26 feet broad, with an 
open roof. It had, at the Dais end of the south wall, a window 
of two lights, with a transom ; the lower pair square-headed, the 
upper plain pointed. The whole is in a recess, with a flat 
segmental arch. There are said to have been two windows in 
the north wall, looking into the court, and here probably was 
the fireplace, for fireplaces and not central hearths seem to 
have been in fashion here. The hall door remains. It is a 
handsome archway with a double ogee moulding. It opened 
below the music gallery, and at the other end of this passage 
was the entrance to the lesser gate-house, so that there was 
access from the court to the gate, through a passage screened 
off from the occupied part of the hall. Of course the lesser 
gateway was used for foot passengers only. A passage some- 
what similar, crosses the lower end, not of the hall itself, but of 
the vaults below the hall, at Kenilworth. 

The state apartments and chapel occupied the east side, and 
the former seem mostly to have been of two floors. 

Behind the end of the hall was a large room called the 
armoury, from which opened the S.E. tower. Here the sub- 
basement is hexagonal, and was vaulted and groined. The 
vaulting has fallen away, but the corbels remain, and the six 
gables and wall ribs. Probably this was a private store or 
cellar, for it has no fire or guardrobe, and though the vaulting 
was elegant, the chamber, being at or a trifle below the water 
level, must always have been damp. The upper floors were of 
timber. 

Probably the terra armoury is a modern invention, and here 
were the withdrawing rooms, to which a passage led from the 
north end of the Dais, outside the hall. There remains a plat- 
form of masonry, which seems to have been laid to carry such a 
passage. 



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• •• 



CRANBROOK MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CX1U 

North of these rooms are traces of others, which communi- 
cated with the east tower and chapel, and were probably private 
apartments, with windows to the court. Under the whole was 
a range of cellars, below the court level, but with doors and 
loops ascending to it. 

Next comes the chapel, 29 feet by 19 feet, having a large 
pointed window of three lights at the east end. The floor, of 
timber, covered a cellar, having a loop, rising to the court, and 
a door in the south wall. The eastern end has a solid raised 
platform for the altar, and near it a small north window. To 
the south is a small plain-pointed piscina, and near it a lancet 
door, opening by steps into a vaulted and groined mural 
chamber, 11 feet by 6 feet, intended as a sacristy, having two 
lockers, and a small window to the moat. The chapel door was 
in the south wall, leading from the lower private apartments. 
Above the sacristy is a rather larger room, having a door from 
the upper apartments, and a square-headed window, of two 
trefoiled lights, looking into the chapel; evidently the lord's 
private seat, whence, unseen, he could be present at mass. 
There was no west door, or direct entrance from the court. 
The chapel seems to have had an open timber roof. 

The masonry throughout the castle is excellent ashlar, the 
material a fine grained, soft, but durable sandstone. There is 
but little ornament. There were seven main well-staircases, 
each terminating in an octagonal turret, serving as a head. 
The stairs did not ascend to the top of the turret, which was 
domed over, and inaccessible. The rooms are almost all 
furnished with fireplaces, and very many with mural guard- 
robes which seem to have been closed with curtains, or not 
at all, since there are no marks of doors. The shafts descend 
within the walls, and discharge into the moat below the surface. 
The windows generally are small, that of the chapel and of the 
hall are the only ones even of tolerable size, towards the moat. 

The drum towers look older than their real date, their gorge- 
walls, general proportions and arrangement, contained well- 
staircases, and lancet and often trefoiled windows, savouring of 
the Edwardian period. Their hexagonal interiors, however, and 
the bold and simple moulding that crowns their parapets, belong 
to the Perpendicular style. The chimneys throughout are 



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CX1V KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

octagonal, well proportioned, but plain save the embattled 
moulding above. They may be later than the castle. 

The three armorial shields over the great gateway represent 
Bodiham or Bodeham, Dalingruge, and Wardeux. The central, 
being that of the founder, is placed angle- wise beneath his 
helmet and crest. There were also three shields above the 
lesser gateway. One was no doubt Dalingruge, as before, 
another was Knollys, out of compliment to that commander. 

The battlements generally have a plain A coping, with a 
beaded ridge towards the field. The merlons are much broader 
than the embrasures, but are not pierced. The coping is not 
repeated in the lower part of the embrasures. No well has 
been discovered, nor any lead piping, as at Ledes, where the 
castle was supplied with pure water from a spring at some little 
distance. On the whole, the castle, for its period, is unusually 
severe in its arrangements, there being scarcely any traces of 
luxury. It was a castle, not a manor house, nor palace. 

There remains to be described a very singular feature in this 
castle, the approach to the great gateway. At present, a 
causeway of earth, about six feet broad, springs from the 
north bank of the moat, and proceeds direct, about 62 feet, 
towards the opposite gateway. It then stops abruptly, and its 
head is revetted in masonry, which however is modern. Oppo- 
site, eleven feet distant, the water flowing between, is an octagon 
of 16 feet on each face, or 40 feet diameter, rising as an island 
out of the moat, and revetted all round. There was evidently 
a shifting bridge of some kind between this octagon and the 
causeway. Whether this octagon carried any superstructure 
is uncertain, probably it had only a parapet, of which traces 
remain. 

Crossing the octagon in the same straight line, there is 
reached a second gap, of six feet, and beyond this is a rectan- 
gular island about 21 feet north and south, by 20 feet broad, 
also revetted all round, and on which revetment stood the walls 
of the barbican. This was, therefore, a retangular building, 
traversed by the entrance passage, and having a doorway at 
either end, the outer guarded by a portcullis, and the inner by 
doors. The passage was vaulted and apparently groined. It 
seems to have been of one stage only, the platform resting on 



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CBANBROOK MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CXV 

the vault and battlements. In the north-west corner was a 
well stair, opening from the passage, and ascending to the roof. 
Grose's drawing shews this as though it was a side or foot 
entrance, which does not appear to have been the case. The 
work is all excellent ashlar, but only the west side remains. 

The barbican is about 54 feet from the great gate, and at 
present is connected with it by a causeway. As this causeway 
is here and there seen to be revetted, it may be original, in 
which case it was possibly broken at either end, and the connec- 
tion carried on by bridges falling from the barbican and from 
the great gate. This however is conjecture only. 

Some doubt has arisen as to how the octagon was originally 
approached from the main land. This doubt is caused by the 
presence of a demi-pier of masonry projecting from the west 
bank a few yards from its north end, and therefore opposite 
to the octagon. It is therefore supposed that the causeway 
from the north bank is an addition, and that another causeway, 
or some kind of communication, was laid from the west bank to 
the octagon, a much greater distance, nearly thrice as far. No 
doubt a similar half-pier on the south bank indicates a commu- 
nication thence with the lesser gateway, but here there seems no 
reason whatever for the suggested lengthening and bend in the 
approach. On the whole, for whatever purpose the western 
pier may have been intended, the evidence is in favour of the 
approach having always been along the present line. Neither 
the north or west bank is commanded seriously by higher 
ground. That to the north rises, no doubt, but scarcely so as 
to give any great advantage to archers posted to annoy those 
entering the castle, and certainly no greater advantage than 
could be gained from the rising ground to the west. Possibly 
the pier was intended for the mooring and protection of the 
boats employed on that side of the moat. A road, still trace- 
able, led up to this demi-pier. 

This double outwork in the moat is peculiar, it is supposed, 
to Bodiham. At Ledes, indeed, there are two barbicans, but 
they are not exactly in the moat, but upon the bank, and it is 
deeply intrenched, so as to carry the water round them. At 
Caerphilly, there is a single large isolated pier in the centre of 
the moat, now dry, and which was connected by drawbridges 



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CXV1 KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

with the great gate and the counterscarp, and which may be 
likened to the octagon in the present instance. 

Bodiham has been the subject of two printed memoirs. 
The first, it is presumed, in point of time, for it is undated, is 
by William Cotton, Esq., M.A. The second is by M. A. Iibwer, 
M.A., F.S.A., and is dated 1871. It contains an excellent 
account of the descent of the manor from the Conquest, and 
gives the license under which the Castle was constructed. Mr. 
Cotton gives a plan of the castle proper, exclusive of the moat 
and approaches, but his dimensions differ materially from those 
of Mr. Lower, who, however, gives no plan, though he has given 
some excellent woodcuts of some of the details of the building. 

It appears from Mr. Lower, that at Domesday Bodiham was 
held by Osborn, probably a Norman, under the Earl of Augi, or 
Eu, the lord of Hastings Castle. His descendants bore the 
name of Bodiham for six descents, when the heiress married 
Wardeux. Prom Wardeux, in three descendants, an heiress 
conveyed the estate with her hand to Sir Edward Dalingruge, 
the founder of the castle. His niece finally married, and carried 
the estate to Lewknor. In the third descent it was forfeited by 
Sir Thomas Lewknor, a Lancastrian, but recovered and trans- 
mitted, probably the castle being in a ruinous state, to Sir Roger 
Lewknor, who died 1543. 

After some vibration between the Lewknor co-heirs and 
their husbands, one moiety vested in Sir Thomas Bosville, 
whose son, Sir Leonard, sold it to Tufton, Earl of Thanet, who, 
by another line, had inherited the other moiety. A Lord 
Thanet sold the whole to Bovell, a London citizen, then it was 
again sold to Webster, of Battle ; then to Fuller, of Rose Hill, 
and finally in 1864, to Mr. Cubitt, of Denbies, the present 
owner. 

A vote of thanks to Mr. George Clark for his interesting 
paper was passed with acclamation, and then Mr. J. H. Parker, 
C.B., kindly conducted the members through the various por- 
tions of the Castle. 

The last place visited was Etchingham Church, close to 
the Railway Station. Here the Rector, the Rev. R. G. Barton, 
kindly received the Society, and briefly pointed out the prin- 



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CRANBBOOK MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CXV11 

cipal features of this extremely interesting moated, cruciform, 
church, which was rebuilt about 1375-85 by Sir William de 
Echyngham, whose effigy in brass remains on the chancel floor, 
and whose coat of arms appears upon the original weather vane 
still standing on the tower. The font, and a south doorway 
into the chancel, are the only relics of the previous, Early 
English, church. The coats of arms of Edward III. and some 
of his relatives and nobles are emblazoned in the windows ; the 
original miserere seats, with their quaint carvings, and the rood- 
screen, still remain. The flamboyant tracery of the east window, 
and the peculiar plan of the church, with its long chancel, 
central tower, and short nave with clerestory, suggest a foreign 
architect. 

Having rapidly inspected this church, the company reached 
the railway station in time for the 6*47 train, and the General 
Meeting for 1873 was concluded. 

During the two days of meeting a Temporary Museum was 
open, for the inspection of members, at the Vestry Hall, 
Beading Boom, and Octagon. The Bev. Francis Haslewood 
and Mr. William Tarbutt kindly superintended the collection 
and arrangement of the various objects of interest exhibited. 
Amongst them were : — a gold torques-like finger ring found at 
Sissinghurst, exhibited by Mr. George Neve ; Boman fibulae and 
other ornaments, with much valuable Boman pottery, all from 
Bainham, exhibited by Mr. William Walter ; Boman fibulae and 
pottery from a cemetery at East Hall, Murston, exhibited by 
Mr. George Payne, jun. 

A tile of Venetian work (coloured lozenge patterns upon a 
white ground) from Milton Church, by Mr. George Payne ; a 
fourteenth-century tile with triple-towered castle, from Murston 
Church ; a fourteenth-century tile bearing a Lombardic capital 
A (by Mr. W. J. Chapman); mural tiles of the seventeenth 
century (blue patterns on white ground) from the ruins at 
Tunstall, and heads of several greybeard jugs, one dated 1594, 
from the same ruins (by Mr. G. Payne). 

Alabaster carved work of the fifteenth century from a 
tabernacle or shrine in Sittingbourne Church (by Mr. G. 
VOL. IX. i 



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CXVU1 KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Payne). A gold finger-ring of the fourteenth century annular 
on the inside, but octagonal outside, and bearing an inscription 
in Lombardic characters (by Mr. W. T. Neve) . 

Tradesmen's tokens of the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries (by Mr. Hudson, Mr. Harold Edge, and Mr. Cramp). 

A steel casket (Italian) of the sixteenth century richly 
ornamented with arabesques and gilt medallions, having inside 
its lid a complex spring lock which throws thirteen bolts (by 
the Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy). 

Ancient plan of Hempsted estate, and copies of old drawings 
of Hempsted House (by Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy). 

Queen Elizabeth's Charter to Cranbrook Grammar School. 
Two copies of a folio English Bible, dated 1566, (by Mr. 
Tarbutt and Mr. Lightfoot). A Geneva English Testament, 
dated 1557, and a Breeches Bible, dated 1603 (by Mr. Dennett) ; 
a Book of Sports, dated 1590 (by Mr. E. Russell). 

Specimens of linen woven at Cranbrook, and of pottery made 
at Cranbrook; curious articles made by the French prisoners 
at Sissinghurst Castle ; portrait on copper of Thomas Loftie of 
Smeeth, obiit 1678 (by Rev. W. J. Loftie) , Six original copies 
of the ' Spectator* (by Mr. F. D. Hardy). Three steel cross 
bows, cannon balls cast at Hawk hurst, mediaeval padlocks, and 
cashbox, with curious spring fastenings ; and a fine collection 
of rubbings from monumental brasses in Cranbrook, Biddenden, 
and other churches (by Rev. F. Haslewood, Mr. Hudson, and 
Capt. Tylden-Pattenson). 

The Autumn Meeting of the Council was held in the 
Society's Rooms, at Chillington House, Maidstone, on the 5th 
of September, 1873. 

It was resolved that the next Annual General Meeting shall 
be held at Folkestone, and a Local Committee was nominated 
to arrange details. 

The Hon. Secretary was authorized to transmit to the 
Trustees of St. Bartholomew's, Chatham, a representation from 
the Council, signed by the noble President, in favour of pre- 
serving and restoring the Norman windows and masonry just 
discovered in the south wall of St. Bartholomew's Chapel. 



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CRANBROOK MEETING. — BODIHAM CASTLE. CX1X 

Three new members were elected. 

Votes of thanks were passed to the Rev. T. A. Carr, the 
Rev. T. W. O. Hallward, the Rev. Canon Jeffreys, the Rev. R. 
G. Barton, for kindly receiving us at their churches and for the 
papers read by them; to the Rev. Francis Haslewood for his 
paper on Sissinghurst Castle, and for great and successful 
exertions in connection with the Local Museum ; to Mr. 
Dennett for his valuable services in issuing the tickets and in 
managing the receipts and payments connected with the 
Meeting ; to Mr. Tarbutt for his paper on the Cloth Trade of 
Cranbrook and for great help with the Museum; to George 
Neve, Esq., for admitting us to and entertaining us at Sissing- 
hurst Castle ; to the Rev. T. Crick, Colonel Roberts, George 
Cubitt, Esq., for kindly admitting us to Staplehurst Church, 
Glassenbury House, and Bodiham Castle ; to W. T. Neve, Esq., 
for superintending the carriage arrangements and .for other 
help ; to the Rev. C. Crowden for the facilities most kindly and 
hospitably afforded by him ; and, to Capt. Tylden-Pattenson 
for kind help during the Meeting. 



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gkdtajirtojia ianttana. 



GOLD TORQUES AND ARMILLiB DISCOVERED 
IN KENT. 

By C. Roach Smith. 

In the fifth volume of the c Archaeologia Cantiana ' 
appeared an account, by the late Mr. Pretty, of some 
golden Celtic or British armilUe found in the bed of 
the Medway below Aylesf ord, and now preserved in 
the collections of the Kent Archaeological Society at 
Maidstone. Mr. Pretty remarks that previous to this 
discovery he had " not met with any other articles of 
*a Celtic character found in this county," with the 
exception of a gold torques found a century since, near 
Dover, and one of small size found in 1860, near 
Canterbury. He refers to Roman bronze armillae, 
which are common enough; but the more ancient 
personal ornaments in gold he regards as scarce in 
relation to Kent. We may, however, believe that 
they have been discovered from time to time, and, for 
want of that spirit of intelligence which has been 
fostered at the present day, have passed rapidly to the 
melting pot, — that old and convenient medium of 
transformation of works of art in the precious metals, 
from the images and insignia of royalty and divinity 

VOL. IX. B 

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2 GOLD TORQUES AND ABMILLJE 

down to the decorations of the person, and the coins of 
commerce. 

The Kent Archaeological Society is now ahle to lay 
before its members no less than seven examples of 
golden armillre, more recently discovered in the same 
district (see Plates A and B), and, at the same time, 
to draw attention to two dug up at Chatham and 
Gillingham. The plates afford an excellent notion 
of the peculiarities of these ornaments, such as no 
written description alone could possibly convey. 
A fragment of a small variety was found, a few years 
since, in excavating the land of Mr. Ball at Gillingham. 
One of unusually massive form, and of uncommon 
pattern, was dug up, in November 1872, upon Chatham 
Lines, between the Sally Port and Brompton Barrier, 
by a party of soldiers throwing up a battery. It 
weighs no less than 22 oz. 4 dwts. An engraving of 
it is given in the ' Archaeological Journal,' vol. xxx., 
p. 97, and some notion of it may be conveyed to our 
readers, by describing it as somewhat like figure 2 in our 
Plate A, only it is much larger in every respect, and 
the spiral lines are closer and deeper ; its total length 
is 12| inches, its diameter varies from £ to -Mhs of 
an inch, the larger end shewing that it had been 
broken by its owner; and its form suggests that it 
may have been of two or three coils. I am indebted 
to Colonel Gallwey, Commandant of the School of 
Military Engineering, and to Captain Clayton, R.E., 
for an inspection of this valuable ornament before it 
was sent to Her Majesty, who has since presented it 
to the British Museum. The fragment from Gilling- 
ham is in the possession of Mr. Ball. 

From the peculiar twisted characters of many of 
these ornaments, the word torques is legitimately used; 



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PLATE A. 




GOLD TORQUES AKD ABM ILL A, DISCOVBBBD IK KE1CT. 

(In the possession of ike Kent Arehaotogical Society.) 

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DISCOVERED IN KENT. 3 

but it has been also applied in a wide sense to such as 
are not twisted, and irrespectively of size and character 
—^whether destined for the neck, the arm, or the 
waist. Some are so large that they could only have 
been worn tightly round the loins. Of these the Rev. 
J. Bathurst Deane has given examples in the € Archaeo- 
logia' of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 
vol. xxvii., from a hoard discovered near Quentin 
in Brittany; but though, for convenience, they are all 
spoken of as torques, they are, as Mr. Deane remarks, 
"rather of the kind described by Greek writers as 
fmvidfcai, a word which they employ when speaking of 
the collars and bracelets of the Gauls." One of these 
collars weighed upwards of 4 lbs., and its intrinsic 
value was about £209. Several weighed over one 
pound five ounces, and seemed to have been adjusted 
to a certain weight, as, indeed, all of them probably 
were. Some were elegantly worked in patterns 
common to Celtic ornaments.* 

The torquis is one of the ornaments of ancient art 

* An account of the fate of these golden ornaments may not be un- 
interesting as a supplement to Mr. Deane's valuable paper, and I there- 
fore print it here in his own words, from a communication he favoured 
me with a few years simce : — 

"I saw the golden articles described in vol. xxvii. of the * Archaeo- 
logia ' at Bennes, in April, 1832, in possession of M. Bohard, a watch- 
maker of that city, who had purchased them of the discoverer. M. 
Bohard bought them, in the first instance, in the way of business, for 
the purpose of making watches out of them. But having been informed 
by General de Perrhonet and others that they were of great antiquarian 
value, he very generously offered them to the National Museum at 
Paris, and to provincial museums at a little more than their value in 
weight. Unfortunately, however, the French nation had scarcely 
recovered from the effects of the Revolution of July, 1830, and public 
functionaries in Paris and elsewhere were afraid to lay out so much 

B 2 

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4 GOLD TORQUES AND ARMILL^ 

which, perhaps, more than any other, has received 
copious illustration hoth from historians and from 
monuments of various kinds. They are shewn in 
sculpture of Eastern nations and of the Romans ; upon 
coins, Roman and Gaulish ; and, at least in one 
instance, in tessellated work. I refer to the magnifi- 
cent pavement discovered at Pompeii, and now in the 
public museum of Naples, representing the battle of 

money (the value of the ornaments being £1000 sterling) in such 
purchases. 

" M. Bohard then requested me to dispose of them in England, 
adding, with singular liberality, that rather than they should perish and 
be lost to science, he would sell them to the British Museum, or to any 
English collector, for the same sum at which he had offered them in 
Paris. In May I returned to England, and sent M. Bohard's printed 
and lithographed circular, descriptive of the ornaments, to the Earl of 
Aberdeen, as President of the Society of Antiquaries, and to Sir Henry 
Ellis, the Principal Librarian of the British Museum. I was much 
disappointed by the replies which I received. Lord Aberdeen said that, 
not having any private collection of antiquities, he could not purchase 
them, but would mention the circumstance to Sir Henry Ellis, who 
might perhaps think them worthy of being bought for the British 
Museum. Sir Henry Ellis replied to my letters that he did not think 
the Trustees of the British Museum would be disposed to lay out so 
much money as these articles would require for their purchase, for in 
consequence of the vexatious inquiry then going on in the House of 
Commons into their expenditure, they were very cautious how they 
spent the money at their disposal. I know not whether the subject 
was ever mentioned to the Trustees. My impression was, and still is, 
that neither Lord Aberdeen nor Sir Henry Ellis were at that time 
aware of the extreme rarity of the types presented by these Gaulish 
ornaments ; and from the reception which my paper in 1836 met with 
from the Society of Antiquaries and its President, I feel convinced that, 
had they taken the trouble to make further inquiries on the subject, 
the British Museum would now have possessed some at least of these 
unique articles. 

" Frustrated in my attempt to sell them in England, and being limited 
in time by M. Bohard, who as a tradesman could not afford to remain 



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DISCOVERED IN KENT. 5 

Arbela. In this the torquis, terminating in snakes' 
heads, appears prominently upon the necks of Darius 
and some of his chief officers. The Persians are the 
earliest people with whom this ornament was what 
may be called national, so far as we are assisted in 
judging from historical and monumental evidence. 
The Egyptians do not appear to have fabricated it; 
and it was not used by the Greeks. With the Gauls 
and other Celtic nations it was generally worn as a 
decoration denoting eminence and distinction. As such 
it appears upon the Gaulish coins, and upon the 
celebrated statue at Home representing a wounded 
German or Gaulish chief, but popularly and incorrectly 
called "the Dying Gladiator." 

Por full three centuries before the Christian era, 
the torquis or armilla appears upon the Gaulish coins 
as an emblem of power and pre-eminence equivalent 
to the laurel crown of the Greeks and Romans. It 
may, at the same time, be looked upon as indicative 
of mental inferiority; for although the working of 
the gold into ornaments so varied and not inelegant 

long without his money, I wrote to him in June 1 , and reluctantly 
exposed the poverty or the niggardness of our National Institution. 
I heard no more of the fate of these precious relics until the year 1834, 
when I again visited Rennes, and saw M. Bohard. He then informed 
me that having waited several months in the hope of being able to sell 
them, he had been at last compelled by necessity to melt them down, 
and some of the watches at that time in his window had been made out 
of them ! 

"I never saw any drawings which exactly represented Torques 
or Manacs or any ornaments exactly like those discovered at St. Quen- 
tin. I believe them to have been unique, and the more grievous is the 
reflection that by the small outlay of £100 or £200, one or two of the 
most curious of them might have been at this moment in the British 
Museum. 

" 'Haec olira meminisse pigebiV " 

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6 GOLD TOBQUES AND ARMILLJE 

presumes mechanical skill and knowledge of metal- 
lurgy, no doubt the result of ages of experience, the 
nations who had this peculiar ability could notwith- 
standing only be considered as half civilized: they 
were unable correctly to sculpture the human form, 
and, in short, were without a literature. The earlier 
Gaulish coins shew that, so far as preparing the metal 
went, the artists were equal to the Greek, but they 
could go no further, — they had no power to under- 
stand the beauty of form or the use of letters. They 
could only copy very rudely the elegant designs which 
they found upon Greek coins. The enormous quantity 
of ancient gold ornaments of the class under con- 
sideration which has come down to our time must be 
looked upon as totally distinct in origin from Greek 
and Roman works of art; and, whether Eastern 
or Celtic, as indicative of barbarous or half-civilized 
peoples who, without cultivation of the higher reason- 
ing faculties and the comforts and refinements of life, 
delight in gaudy show, in " barbaric pearl and gold." 

For centuries before the Christian era, down to 
a late period of the Roman empire, the torques is 
continually mentioned by historians as tribute, as a 
trophy, or as a military reward in connection with 
Gauls, Britons, and Germans, and it is often shewn in 
monumental records of victories; but it does not 
appear, so far as I have been able to ascertain, upon 
any of the Dacians in the celebrated column of 
Trajan, from which it may be inferred that it was not 
a national ornament. 

It was, as is well known, the emblem or badge of 
the Manlia family, assumed, it may be, from the 
incident related by Iivy of the capture by T. Manlius 
Torquatus of the gold torques worn by the Gaul 

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DISCOVERED IN KENT. 7 

whom he conquered in single combat, and from which 
he took his cognomen. On some of the coins of this 
family the torques appears as a conspicuous emblem : 
with two armillae it occupies the reverse of a small 
brass medal with 10 10 tbivmph(^) and a laurel 
branch on the obverse, probably struck in the reign 
of Domitian on the occasion of a victory over the 
Germans. Valerius Maximus states that L. Sicinius 
Dentatus in his triumphal processions had borne 
before him, with numerous mural and civic crowns 
and ornaments, one hundred and eighty-three torques 
and one hundred and sixty armillae,* the accumula- 
tion of his personal achievements. Here, as in many 
other cases, the torques and the armilla are mentioned 
separately as distinct from each other ; the one being 
for the neck or waist, the other for the arm. Enor- 
mous quantities of gold torques were taken in the 
wars with the Gauls, anterior to the conquest of their 
country by Julius Caesar. Iivy states that no less 
than 1470 formed part of the spoils carried in the 
triumph of P. Cornelius Scipio Nassica.t 

In monumental inscriptions torques, armillae, and 
phalerse are often mentioned together as distinctions 
conferred for military services. L. Gavius Silvanus, 
an officer of the eighth legion, had them given him, 
together with a crown of gold, by the Emperor 
Claudius, for his good conduct in the British war; J 
and in others they are recorded combined as rewards 
bestowed by Trajan for the Dacian war.§ 

Perhaps the most interesting example in sculpture 
of these two ornaments is that discovered at Zanten 
and now preserved in the public museum of Bonn. 

* Lib. iii. cap. xi. sec. 26. $ Orelli 3568. 

f Dec. iv. lib. iv. cap. xl. § Grutor 365. 4.— Fabretti, p. 399. 

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8 GOLD TOBXJTJES AND AEMILL^ 

They are both shewn upon the statue of M. Caelius, 
who perished in Germany with Varro and the three 
legions in the time of Augustus. This officer is repre- 
sented as crowned with the civic crown, wearing 
round his neck the torques; upon his breast are 
massive ornamented armillae, and plain broad armlets 
upon the wrists : five phalerae complete his decora- 
tions.* The armillse upon this figure may be com- 
pared with two in gold figured in the ' Numismatic 
Chronicle,' N.8., vol. iv., PL v., to which some early 
Gaulish coins found with them give an approximate 
date. They were found at Frasnes, near Tournay, 
and are copied from photographs sent me by M. 
Renier Chalon, who gave an account of the discovery 
in the 'Revue de la Numismatique Beige.' They 
may be considered as belonging to a much later style 
of art than our Kentish examples, and probably some- 
what anterior to such as appear on the monument of 
M. Caelius. Intercourse with the Romans tended 
materially to influence Celtic art, which gradually 
lost much of its original characteristics, without ever 
attaining the elegance of the Roman and Greek works 
which served as models or patterns. In the Mayence 
Museum is an almost equally interesting monument 
of a family group, in which a Roman lady, a widow, 
appears in a rich costume with a torques, armillae, 
fibulae, and rings. The ends of the torques, which is 
upon her neck round a kind of frill to a close fitting 
gown, are globular. This monument is probably two 
centuries later than that of the cenotaph of the 
Roman officer in the Bonn Museum.f 

* An engraving of this interesting sculpture, prepared from a sketch I 
made at Bonn, will be found on p. 141, vol. ii. of my ' Collectanea Antiqua.' 
f It will be found in the same volume, PI. xxx. 

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DISCOVERED IN KENtf. 9 

Of armillae of a later period, which must be called 
Roman, but which are probably of provincial manu- 
facture, and not free from Celtic peculiarities, are a 
pair in silver once in possession of my friend the late 
Mr. E. Pretty, and engraved on p. 353, vol. ii., of the 
'Journal of the British Archaeological Association.' 
They are flat, and terminate in snakes' heads, the 
other part being ornamented with not inelegant 
patterns. Here, again, coins assist us to date. With 
the armillae were twenty Roman coins in silver and 
thirty-five in large brass. Those of Antoninus Pius, 
Faustina, and Verus were the latest ; and, being in the 
finest condition, not having suffered by circulation, 
indicate the time of deposit. They were found at Castle- 
thorpe, in Buckinghamshire, enclosed in a small urn. 

Torques and armillsB are also found in bronze. 
There are six in this metal in Mr. Durden's valuable 
museum of local antiquities at Blandford in Dorset. 
They were found at Tarrant Monkton in draining a 
water meadow, lying about 18 inches below the 
surface, surrounded by a few flint stones. They are 
all composed of twisted wire about the size round of a 
tobacco pipe, tapering smaller towards the loop at 
each end ; are from six to seven inches in diameter 
across the circle, and weigh from 2| oz. to 3£ oz. each. 
The half of a similar torques, but of larger size, was 
found three years ago at Haselbury in the same 
county. With this, Mr. Durden states, were two 
armillae composed of a single coil of bronze slightly 
overlapping at each end.* 

• It is impossible to refer to Mr. Durden's Museum of British, 
Roman, and Saxon remains, discovered chiefly in the vicinity of Bland- 
ford, without remarking that such collections are of national import- 
ance, and should be preserved intact in one of the chief towns of the 

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10 GOLD TORQUES AND AEMILL^ 

Torques, and armillae, constituted partof the personal 
ornaments of regal and noble Saxon families, and they 
are not unfrequently mentioned, and described by 
weight, in wills and bequests. Leof iEthelwold, 
Aldorman, leaves to King Eadred four torques ; two 
of a hundred and twenty mancuses, and two of eighty. 
Byrhtric, and iElfswith his wife, assign by will (made 
at Meopham) one torques of eighty mancuses of gold, 
one of thirty mancuses, one neck-torques (sweor beak) 
of forty mancuses, and one neck-torques of eighty 
mancuses. The word which Mr. Thorpe* translates 
torques is beag or beak, which, in a Latin translation 
of the latter will referred to, is rendered armilla, 
{armillam aurecm quce hahebat octoginta mancas awn). 
In another will, four torques, of two hundred mancuses 
of gold, are mentioned. The weight and value of these 
ornaments shew that they were both torques and 
armillae, probably antique. 

I have stated that the armillae found at Chatham 
and Gillingham were broken in ancient times. The 
larger specimen is also notched deeply, as if to facili- 
tate a further division. These facts are, to a certain 
extent, evidence of these ornaments having been used 
in commerce, in weighty transactions, as a monetary 
medium. Their value was no doubt well understood ; 
and, being carried upon the person, their safety was 
ensured. The smaller gold ornaments of the Celts, 
of which such a remarkable variety has been found in 
Ireland, may also be considered under this point of 

county. The same observation may be applied to the numerous 
British urns collected by Mr. Charles Warne, author of 'Ancient 
Dorset,' just published, a work which enhances the value of collections 
such as these. 

* ' Diplomatarium Anglicum iEvi Saxonici, 1 p. 500, it seq. 

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PLATE B. 




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DISCOVERED IN KENT. 11 

view. It does not, however, tend much to lessen their 
mental inferiority to the Greeks and Romans, whose 
coinages, adapted so fully for all classes, are among 
the most striking proofs of their great intellectual 
excellence. 

For all who may be induced to make researches on 
the subject of this communication, I cannot do better 
than to refer them to Dr. Birch's well-illustrated 
Papers in volumes ii. and iii. of the c Archaeological 
Journal ;' to the ' Proceedings of the Royal Irish 
Academy ;' to Dr. Wilde's ' Catalogue of the Antiqui- 
ties of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy;' and 
to Mr. Crofton Croker's account of Gold Plates and 
other ornaments in gold, including torques and armillse, 
printed in the third volume of the 'Collectanea 
Antiqua.' 



PLATES A and B. 

A. 

Fig. 1, which with Figure 3 may strictly be called a Torques ; weight 

4 oz. 17 dwts. 19 grs. ; its total length is 16 inches. 
Fig. 2. Weight 5 oz. 17 dwts. 12 gr. ; length 6J in. ; girth 1£ in. 
Fig. 3. Weight 5 oz. 1 dwt. 8 grs. ; total length 15 inches. 

Plate B. 

Fig. 1. There are two of this type. One weighs 4 oz. 4 dwts. 16 gr. ; 

is 6| inches in extreme length ; 1£ inch in girth ; £ inch wide in 

centre. 
Fig. 2. Weight 2 oz. 16 dwts. 17 gr. ; length 8 inches ; girth f inch. 
Fig. 3. Weight 4 oz. dwt. 8 grs. ; length 8 inches ; girth 1 j inch. 



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12 



GOLD FINGER RING, OF CELTIC TYPE. 




This Ring is in the possession of Mr. George Neve of 
Sissinghurst, Cranbrook, who has kindly caused it to be 
photographed for the benefit of our readers. Mr. Neve says, 
" The Celtic ring was ploughed up at a depth of about eight 
inches, in a field on Bettenham Farm, in the parish of Cran- 
brook, in or about the year 1868. Nothing else was discovered 
at the same spot, but in a neighbouring field, a few years since, 
an urn containing bones was found, by drainers, which unfor- 
tunately was destroyed. The ring weighs 2 dwts. 12 grains/' 
It is formed of two gold wires, twisted ; one of which is thin 
and of uniform size throughout; the other is three times as 
thick as the first and tapers towards each end. This ring may 
be compared with the more elaborate rings, of a somewhat 
similar type, engraved in Arch. Jour., iii. 269, xv. 96. 



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13 



THE BRITISH SETTLEMENT IN BIGBURY WOOD, 
HARBLEDOWN. 

The intrenchment, in the Parish of Harbledown, 
represented in the accompanying map, is not noticed 
by any of our county historians or antiquaries, and 
at the present time its existence appears to be known 
to very few of the neighbouring inhabitants. It is 
somewhat remarkable that so large a work should 
not have been hitherto brought into notice, situate, as 
it is, at the distance of only a mile and a half from 
the capital city of the county, and in a district referred 
to by several writers as the supposed scene of some 
of Caesar's most vigorous military operations, imme- 
diately after his landing in Britain. But readiness in 
the use of the pen is not always accompanied by a 
taste for topographical explorations in woods and bye- 
ways. Bigbury is undoubtedly the site of a British 
Settlement of high antiquity, in all probability of pre- 
historic origin, but of the date of its occupation there 
is no certain evidence. 

The situation is high, and it commands a wide ex- 
tent of country, except towards the south-west, where 
a prolongation of the hill contracts the view. At the 
distance of half a mile to the south-east, adjacent 
to the ancient manor-house of Toniford (now a farm 
known as Tonsford), the river Stour is crossed by a 
ford, which probably was the chief place of passage 



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14 THE BRITISH SETTLEMENT IN 

until the founding of the city of Canterbury changed 
the direction of the traffic. The extreme length of 
the intrenched site, from east to west, is three-eighths 
of a mile ; and the breadth, from north to south, a 
quarter of a mile. The outline of the work is very 
irregular, adapted to the peculiarities of the ground, 
without any attempt to klter the natural features. 
The external line of circumvallation consists of a 
double bank and trench, the inner line of a single 
bank and trench.* The space between these two 
lines of embankment, on the north side of the hill, 
is very steep, but in other parts the inequalities 
of the ground, though considerable, are neither so 
great nor so abrupt. The original entrances were at 
the east and west ends, at B and C, between which 
the whole length of the enclosure has been traversed 
by a road which may be traced westward, nearly in 
the track of the present road, toChartham Hatch, 
and from thence to South Street in Boughton Blean ; 
eastward it still exists, in part reduced (within these 
few years) to a footway, and at the distance of about 
a mile falls into the turnpike road to Canterbury, 
the direction of which it appears to have regulated 
as far as to St. Dunstan's Church, whence it was 
probably continued, on the left side of the river 
Stour, down the valley, to Sarr and the Isle of Thanet. 
This road was certainly in use for a very long time 
after the intrenchments ceased to be maintained as 
fortifications, for they are broken through at the 
eastern part in several places by deeply worn tracks, 
which appear to have been relinquished, each in 
succession for a new one, as the continued traffic 
rendered them inconveniently hollow and wet; the 

* The brown tint on the map marks the embankment. 



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It 



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BIGBUBY WOOD, HARBLEDOWN. 15 

deepest is that which appears to be the primitive 
way, and this seems to have been originally sunk 
below the level of the trenches, for the sake, pro- 
bably, of increasing its capability of defence. At 
the eastern entrance, B, there are no very decided 
traces of advanced outworks, but at the western, C, 
there are clear indications of additional works having 
existed, outside the general line of intrenchment ; 
and the natural shape of the ground has here, per- 
haps, been in some degree altered, to create the narrow 
isthmus which now connects the fortified site with 
the western range of hills. 

At D, the embankments were levelled a few years 
ago, when the wood in that part was grubbed. The 
dotted lines, at E, mark the position of an abandoned 
gravel-pit, wherein was found, not many years ago, 
a deposit of various iron things, most of which were 
unfortunately dispersed and lost without being ex- 
amined by any one interested in such objects; of 
those which were saved a notice will be found in 
vol. iv. of our ' Archseologia Cantiana/ p. 33. 

It. C. H. 



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16 



ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 
BY C. H. WOODRUFF, F.S.A. 

The abundance and variety of sepulchral relics dis- 
covered in the county* of Kent, and especially in the 
Eastern division, are well known, and have been well 
illustrated in f ormer volumes of * Archseologia Can- 
tiana.' Saxon cemeteries have yielded, and continue 
to yield, objects of peculiar beauty and interest. 
Traces of the Roman occupation, and of Roman 
obsequies, meet us at every step, and prove that our 
county was surpassed by no other part of England in 
populousness or refinement at that period. But in 
one respect Kent may be said to be "magnas inter 
opes inops." The archaeology of an earlier epoch 
presents a different aspect. Our knowledge of a more 
primitive people as evidenced by their funereal customs 
is scanty. So few and far between are the traces of a 
race adopting similar sepulchral rites to those once 
practised in other parts of the island, and to which a 
Celtic origin has been generally assigned, that so great 
an authority as the late Mr. Kemble was of opinion 
that the Celts made no settlements in East Kent. An 
interment to which I shall allude, and which has been 
considered Celtic, he referred to a Teutonic race. I 
think it will be clear that his theory has not been 
corroborated by the later discoveries, which will be 

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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN BAST KENT. 17 

described. Their importance lies in the fact that they 
connect the sepulchral usages of Kent in early ages 
with those of many other parts of Great Britain, and 
supply a link in a chain of evidence which has hitherto 
been imperfect. 

When Stukeley wrote his Itinerary there were 
many large grave-mounds in East Kent, and his de- 
scription of some of them indicates that they were the 
work of a Celtic race. That these have been obliterated, 
that their contents have perished unrecorded, is not sur- 
prising. The existence of large moors and unenclosed 
tracts of land in such counties as Yorkshire, Wiltshire, 
and Dorsetshire, has been favourable to the preserva- 
tion of the barrows, which stud their surface, for the 
researches of the modern investigator. In Kent a 
more advanced state of cultivation has caused their 
removal, in most cases, before any one was at hand to 
take an interest in their contents. The rich, unctuous 
soil of which these barrows are often composed, form- 
ing a good manure, has given an additional motive for 
levelling what is always an obstruction to tillage. 
From the fragile nature of its material, and the rude- 
ness of its workmanship, it is seldom that Celtic 
pottery is found in a perfect state or excites much 
interest in the finder. 

Douglas in his * Nsenia Britannica,' in the Chapter 

on Great Barrows,* gives an account of a large British 

tumulus opened in Kent (probably in the Eastern 

division, but the locality is not specified), in which was 

found " a large brown-coloured urn of unbaked clay, 

ten inches high and seven-and-a-half in diameter, with 

a few burnt bones ; the fragments so few in number 

that they did not correspond but to a small proportion 

* P. 158. 
VOL. IX. C 

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18 ON CELTIC TUMULI IN BAST KENT. 

of the human body ; a circumstance very common in 
urn-burial, and which, corroborating with ancient 
authors, prove, by the pains taken to consume the 
bones, and to reduce them into a small compass, the 
greater the honour to have been shewn the remains of 
the dead." A representation of this urn is given in 
the vignette to the chapter, and the author calls it a 
good* specimen to discriminate between the Roman 
and those usually called British. It should be added 
that the engraving appears to represent a Romano- 
British rather than a Celtic urn : the narrowed mouth 
distinctive of late pottery is seldom seen in the 
archaic. 

In volume xxx. of the 'ArchsBologia'* the opening 
of a barrow in Iffin's Wood, near Canterbury, is de- 
scribed in a letter from Mr. Akerman to Sir Henry 
Ellis. The substance of his account is as follows : — 

"About two miles S.E. of Canterbury is a place called 
Iffin's Wood, a little to the right of the Roman Road called 
Stone Street, which ran from Durovernum to the Portus 
Lemanis (Lymne) near Hythe. Within this wood are the vestigia 
of an ancient camp, and besides this camp there are a number 
of different intrenchments throughout this large wood. About 
250 yards to the westward of the camp is a tumulus 150 feet 
in circumference and nearly six feet high. Mr. Bell, who con- 
ducted the excavation, caused a trench four feet broad to be dug 
in the centre of the barrow, and from this trench, and to the 
eastward of it, five urns were brought to light. Four of the 
five were precisely alike in size and form; but the fifth was 
much larger, and slightly different in shape and ornament, the 
former being 18 inches in height, and 13 inches in diameter at 
the broadest part, and the latter not less than 25 inches in height, 
and 22 inches in diameter. The material of which these urns 
were made was of the rudest description, consisting of half-baked 

♦ P. 57. 



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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 19 

clay, mixed with numerous fragments of silex, which crumbled at 
the touch ; so that their removal entire was impossible. The 
urns were all found with their mouths downwards, filled with 
ashes, charcoal, and minute fragments of bones. The mouths 
of the urns were closely stopped with unburnt clay, which 
appeared to have been firmly rammed in. Not a vestige of any 
weapon, bead, or other ornament could be discovered. The 
soil of which the barrow was formed was most excellent brick 
earth, which appeared perfectly well tempered and fit for im- 
mediate use, without further preparation, and contained not a 
single pebble larger than a bean, and very few of these. Some 
of the urns, when uncovered, were found leaning to one side, 
and by the impressions made in the surrounding clay were 
evidently cracked on the day of their deposit. It is remarkable 
that nothing was discovered in the western half of the barrow. 
The urns (the only ornament on which was a row of indenta- 
tions, apparently made with the end of the finger) were standing 
on nearly the same level as the surrounding ground, which on 
digging into it appeared not to have been disturbed/' 

From the apparent haste and irregularity of this in- 
terment Mr. Bell supposed that the remains were those 
of men killed in battle ; and that the trenches in Iffin's 
Wood mark an encampment where Csesar defeated 
the Britons under Cassivelanus. A plan shewing the 
position of the interments, and a drawing of the 
eastern half of the barrow, shewing the form of the 
urns and the extent of the excavations, accompany 
Mr. Akerman's paper. 

This description, the representations of the urns, 
their position, the half-baked clay of which they were 
made, and their ornamentation, all raise a strong pre- 
sumption that this was a very similar interment to 
those found in other counties, and to which a Celtic 
origin has always been assigned. The rite of crema- 
tion was very commonly practised by Celts in this 

02 

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20 OK CELTIC TUMULI IK EAST KENT. 

island. In Cornwall no sepulchral urns have been 
found with tmburnt bones. In many localities it 
seems to have co-existed with, and finally to have 
taken the place of, inhumation, till the latter practice 
was revived in Christian times. It is not clear, how- 
ever, in my opinion, that cremation was practised in 
Britain before the expansion of the Roman power, 
although there can be little doubt that it was practised 
before the Roman invasion. The size of the largest 
urn is remarkable. Vessels of this class rarely exceed 
twenty inches in height. There is, however, in the 
British Museum an urn from Felixstowe, in Suffolk, 
of perhaps equal dimensions, which bears a resem- 
blance to the Iflin's Wood example, and the ornament 
is partly produced in the same way by a row of punc- 
tures made apparently with the finger. Dorsetshire 
pottery also presents similar marks. 

In the autumn of 1870, John Brent, Esq., F.S.A., 
explored a tumulus on Mountain Hill, Cage Hill, in 
the parish of Stowting, which bears indications of 
Celtic origin. In his account read before the Society 
of Antiquaries, Mr. Brent states that he found, near 
the surface, portions of a British urn of reddish clay, 
slackly baked, and lying evidently out of the place of 
their original deposit; small knobs projected under 
the rim of the vessel, perforated by minute clear cut 
holes. An urn, with similar perforated knobs, is 
figured in Borlase's c Naenia Cornubifie,'* and one 
found at Darley Dale has the same peculiarity. About 
two feet lower, what appeared to be a flint flake 
and the charred blade-bone of a sheep or pig were 
found upon a floor of wood ashes. Mr. Brent con- 
sidered that this floor of burnt ashes indicated some 

* P. 231. 



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OK CELTIC TUMULI IN BAST KENT. 21 

sacrifice or funeral feast. After the excavations were 
commenced, it was ascertained that the mound had 
been accidentally explored some years previously, when 
part of the top had been taken off, and that some 
earthen vessels had been found. From the large size 
of the barrow, and from the alterations which it had 
undergone, Mr. Brent thought that he might even 
then have missed the primary interment. 

We now pass to the Bingwould tumuli, explored 
by the writer in the autumn of 1872. Two barrows 
stand east and west on the high ridge of the Free 
Down in the parish of Ringwould, between Deal and 
Dover, about a mile from the sea — an elevation which 
commands a view of the whole coast line between the 
North and South Foreland. The western, which was 
first opened, is seventy-two yards in circumference, 
slightly oval in form, and four feet six inches at its 
highest part above the natural level. Near the centre 
of the mound, atadepthof three feet, the workmen came 
upon a deposit of burnt bones, probably a secondary 
interment, without any trace of pottery or other re- 
mains. To the eastward of this spot, after removing 
a heap of flint stones, and passing through a layer of 
brick earth, we came upon loose chalk, and below this 
rubble the primary interments were discovered, all 
being rather to the east of the centre of the barrow. 
Scattered throughout the mound, bones and teeth of a 
horse occurred, suggestive of the custom of sacrificing 
horses at the funeral pyre, mentioned by Tacitus,* 
and practised by the Indians in recent times. 

The accompanying section of the barrow will best 
explain the method of its construction, and the plan 

* " Quorundam igni et eqtras adjicitur." Tacitus, De Morib. Germ, 
cap. xxvii. 

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22 



ON CELTIC TTJMTJLI IN EAST KENT. 



below shews the relative position of the interments. 
Circular cists had been dug in the natural chalk to 
a depth of about eighteen inches, and in these cavi- 
ties had been placed four inverted urns, covering 
deposits of calcined bones, great care having been 




5 N*TUR*t CHALK 



SECTION OF CENTRAL PORTION OF WR8T TUMULUS. 




PLAN OF THE WEST TUMULUS, 8HEWING RELATIVE 
PO8ITION8 OF URNS. 



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p^ 







I 



! 



z 



3 

o 

o 

z 







^ 



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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 23 

taken that no interstices should intervene "between 
the floor of the cist and the rim of the urn. In 
one case, an attempt appeared to have been made 
to protect the urn from superincumhent pressure, 
hy making an arched niche in the side of the cavity 
prepared for its reception. The spaces between the 
sides of the cists and the urns were filled up with 
chalk rubhle and flints. The first that came to light 
crumbled in pieces on being touched; its size was 
about the same as that of the smaller of the urns of 
which representations are annexed. [PI. I., fig. 2.] 
The next [PL I., fig. 2] was extracted nearly perfect. 
It is slightly ornamented with vertical lines around 
the upper portion. The third urn had been crushed 
by the weight of the soil ; the fragments shew that it 
was almost identical with the large urn on Plate I. 
Within these fragments, with the mouth stopped with 
a lump of half-baked clay, was lying a little cup 
of very rude workmanship. [PL II., fig. 5.] The 
bones in this interment appeared to be those of an 
infant or young person. The fourth and last urn was 
uncovered in a perfect state, but fell in pieces when 
we attempted to remove it. The number of fragments, 
and the fragile nature of the ware, made its subsequent 
restoration a work of much difficulty. Around the 
upper portion are encircling lines, and between them 
a chevron pattern produced by impressing a twisted 
cord or thong in the moist clay. Below are four 
projecting bosses or handles, ornamented in the 
same way. On the heap of burnt bones covered 
by this urn were two small vessels [PL II., figs. 3 
and 4], the first-named standing upon the other. 
The larger has irregular cord-like lines round the 
upper part, and below them is a rude chevron pat- 
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24 ON CELTIC TUMTJLI IN BAST KENT. 

tern. The smaller is ornamented by an alternate 
arrangement of vertical and horizontal lines. It is 
perforated by two small holes near the base, and 
contained a few fragments of some burnt substance 
resembling linen. The other small vessels were 
empty. On sifting the bones we found four small 
beads of a light green vitreous paste. [PI. I., fig. 6.] 
The material of which all the pottery is made is a 
coarse, dark-coloured clay, which seems to have been 
subjected to no more regular process of firing than 
what might have been afforded on the funeral pyre. 
All the vessels, with the exception of the perforated 
cup, are of very rude workmanship, and all are 
hand-made. 

The large urns will be at once recognized as be- 
longing to a not uncommon type of Celtic pottery. 
Fig. 1 may be compared with an urn from Belhevie, 
in Fifeshire, figured in 'HoraB Ferales/* while the 
handles are a common feature in Dorset, Devon, and 
Cornish types. Fig. 2, although more regularly made, 
is not unlike an urn found at Cleatham in Lincoln- 
shire. 

The largest of the small cups on Plate II. belongs 
to a class which may be designated as "miniature 
urns, ,, and seems in this instance to have been used 
for some such purpose as that to which the so-called 
" food vessels " were applied. It closely resembles a 
cup found inside an urn at Matlock in 1848, t and an 

♦ PI. xxix., fig. 7. 

f See Bateman's ' Ten Years' Diggings.' The vase is there called 
an "incense cup." In the appendix to that work, p. 281, a small urn 
is engraved, which contained incinerated remains. Mr. Bateman sup- 
posed that these miniature urns are of a later period than, and super- 
seded the use of, large urns. Neither of these uses seems applicable to 
the specimen before us. 

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PI. II. 



JtyS 




Fyr^ 




TveyM Z?2 indies. htiptt 2f* zncA>s 



Size (^Originals 



fyr.7 



I> T 3 





Tteipfit 3 J /z,uuAes 



THE RINGWOULD URNS. 

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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN BAST KENT. 25 

urn from Boscawen-An, in Cornwall, of rather larger 
dimensions, is very similar in shape.* 

The name of "incense cups " has heen given to 
such vessels as figs. 4 and 5 on Plate II., but without 
any sufficient reason. One not unlike the ruder of the 
two was found in Dorsetshire filled with small birds' 
bones, t The other may be compared with two of 
these cups figured in Bateman's f Ten Years Diggings/ J 
one of which is similarly pierced at the side, and with 
an almost identical specimen from a Sussex barrow. § 
It has been conjectured that these holes were for sus- 
pension. In the present instance, from the fact that 
the mouth of the cup was covered, and from the burnt 
substance inside, it seems more likely that they were 
made to allow the escape of smoke, and the admission 
of air to a burning substance within. There is a small 
cup of Romano-British ware from the Upchurch 
marshes in the Geological Museum, in Jermyn Street, 
which is perforated in the same way by two holes at 
the side. Some beads like those on Plate II. were 
taken from a barrow on Upton Lovell Down, in Wilt- 
shire, and are described as being "in long pieces, 
notched between, so as to resemble a string of beads 
of green and blue glass." || They seem to have been 
designed to form part of some ornament, like the jet 
necklace found at Windle Nook, in Derbyshire, in 
which parallel lines of long, narrow beads are alter- 
nated with broad flat plates of jet. Mr. Roach Smith, 
in his € Collectanea Antiqua/^f gives a drawing of this 

• Borlase's ' Naenia Cornubia,' p. 222. 

f See ' Barrow Diggers,' a Dialogue. Plate ix. 

I pp. 281 and 283 app. 

§ Horefield's ' History of Lewes.' PI. v., fig. 21. * 

|| ' Archneologia,' vol xv., p. 126. % Vol. v., pi. xv. 

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26 ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 

necklace, and compares it with a necklace carved on 
a sepulchral monument at Lincoln, representing a 
Roman lady, and he assigns an early Romano-British 
origin to the Derbyshire specimen. 

It is remarkable that, both here and in Iffin's 
Wood, all the interments were to the east of the centre 
of the mound, and that nothing was found in the 
western half of the barrow. 

The eastern tumulus was next opened. Externally 
it differs very little from the other, its dimensions being 
about the same. It was found to be composed entirely 
of chalk, and, although we excavated the greater part 
of the mound, no traces of sepulture were discovered. 
The number of barrows which have been found to 
contain no deposit, gives support to the supposition 
that they were prepared beforehand, and opened for 
successive interments, like family vaults, and not raised 
after the burial. Near the surface was found a frag- 
ment of pottery. [PL II., fig. 7.] It is well burnt, orna- 
mented with irregular incised line>s,and probably formed 
part of a domestic, and not of a sepulchral vessel. 

Shortly after the examination of the Ringwould tu- 
muli, a small barrow, about half a mile to the S.E. to- 
wards St. Margaret's Bay, was opened. It is 24 feet in 
diameter, and not more than two feet in height From 
an account communicated to the Society of Antiquaries 
by the Rev. F. J. Rawlins, F.6.A., it appears that a 
cairn of flints covered a circular grave of two feet six 
inches in diameter and three feet six inches deep. 
At the depth of twenty inches were found portions of 
a femur and tibia ; and, a little deeper, portions of an 
arm. At the bottom, upon the natural chalk, was 
found a skull resting on the frontal bone. From the 
thinness of the skull the remains were considered to 



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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 2*7 

be those of a young person, and from the position of 
the bones it would appear that the body had been 
buried head downwards, with the limbs compressed on 
the abdomen. Charcoal and pieces of calcined flint 
occurred in the mound, and, although the bones which 
were found did not appear to have been subjected to 
fire, they only represented a small portion of the body. 
If we suppose that cremation had been intended, and 
that the body from some cause or other had been im- 
perfectly consumed, the position of the unburnt bones 
in the grave was probably accidental. Not much 
weight, therefore, can be attached to this apparently 
extraordinary method of interment. Marine shells, 
together with a pebble of iron-stone, were found in the 
grave. Mr. Bateman found inside an urn, in one of 
the Derbyshire barrows, two light coloured pebbles 
and an article of iron ore polished, which he considered 
to have been used as an amulet. 

The heap of flints found in this and in one of the 
Eingwould tumuli is a very usual feature of Celtic 
grave-mounds ; and the custom of throwing flints, 
pebbles, and, in many cases, broken pieces of pottery 
over the grave, may perhaps throw some light on a 
difficult passage in Shakspere. 

It has been supposed that, after the introduction of 
Christianity, these old Pagan practices were retained 
in order to stigmatize those who, like heathens, had 
laid violent hands on themselves; and that those 
persons were interred with remnants of heathen cere- 
monies who were not deemed worthy of Christian 
burial. Some such usage, or a tradition of it, may have 
lingered in parts of England till Shakspere's time. 

When Hamlet, at the burial of Ophelia, observes 
the "maimed rites," he supposes that the deceased had 



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28 ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 

perished by her own hand. The priest, in his answer 
to the enquiries of Laertes as to what ceremonies were 
to be observed at the obsequies, says, — 

" Her death was doubtful ; 
And, but that great command o'ereways the order, 
She should in ground unsanctified have lodg'd 
Till the last trumpet ; for charitable prayers, 
Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her." 

Hamlet, Act v., Sc. 1. 

A large barrow, opened by the writer at West 
Langdon, near Dover, proved to have been previously 
disturbed. It is in a ploughed field, formerly downs, 
and its dimensions are equal to those of the Bingwould 
tumuli. The central portion was found to be composed 
of a coarse loam ; the sides are of chalk. At a depth of 
six feet, and below the natural level, the workmen came 
upon some large stones laid as a pavement, which we 
subsequently learnt had been f ound in the barrow when 
it was opened about twenty years ago. Whether these 
stones had originally formed a cist could not be ascer- 
tained.* 

This completes the short list of barrows which 
have come under the notice of the writer, and which 
he believes to be Celtic. A comparison of the Iffin's 
Wood with the Bingwould interments, leaves little 
doubt that they belong to the same race and period; 
and when the Bingwould remains are compared with 
the contents of barrows from other parts of England, 
their Celtic origin seems equally clear. The question 
of date next arises, but much must be done before a 
satisfactory answer can be given. The practice of 

* A worked flint was found in this barrow ; unfortunately it was a 
gun-flint ! 



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ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 29 

cremation, and one or two other indications, which 
have heen mentioned above in connection with the 
objects discovered, lead me to conjecture that the 
remains must be referred to a period at any rate not 
much anterior to the Roman occupation. Mr. Borlase, 
in his recent valuable essay,* which has thrown much 
light on Cornish sepulchral remains, brings forward 
some conclusive arguments in favour of a post-Roman 
origin for most of the interments, and probably for all 
the sepulchral pottery, of Cornwall. But, of course, 
it is not necessary to assign so late a date to similar 
remains in Kent. No one will assume that, because 
identical customs prevailed in different parts of the 
land, therefore those customs were contemporaneous. 
Kent, according to the well-known testimony of Caesar, 
was far in advance of the rest of Britain in civilization 
before the Roman occupation, and practices, which 
had been adopted from contact through Gaul with the 
Roman world, may have taken centuries to penetrate 
into remote parts of the island. 

But carefully noted facts, and not conjecture, 
will help us. The scanty investigations here recorded 
must be supplemented by future researches, and much 
more evidence must be brought to light, before we can 
arrive at sufficient data for generalization. There is 
little doubt that undisturbed Celtic tumuli still exist 
here and there in both divisions of the county, and 
I shall feel very grateful for any information as to 
their locality, and still more so for any facilities which 
may be afforded me for explorations. Destructive 
causes, as has been stated above, are continually at 
work, and we must endeavour to preserve the little 

* ' Nania Conrabue.' Longmans, 1872. 

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30 ON CELTIC TUMULI IN EAST KENT. 

that remains before that little becomes less. Other 
fields of enquiry may be more fertile, but this is not 
the least interesting. The burial mounds are among 
the few sources open to us, for gaining knowledge of 
the habits and customs of our early predecessors. The 
race has perished. Even now, we may almost say that 
" their memorial has perished with them." 



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31 



THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, A.D. 1648. 
BY COLONEL GEORGE COLOMB, F.S.A. 

"If a universal discontent and murmuring of the 
three nations, and almost as general a detestation of 
both Parliament and Army, and a most passionate desire 
that all their follies and madness might be forgotten 
in restoring the King to all they had taken from him, 
and in settling that blessed Government they had 
deprived themselves of, could have contributed to his 
Majesty's recovery, never people were better disposed 
to erect and repair again the building they had so 
maliciously thrown and pulled down."* 

These are the words of Lord Clarendon. They 
refer to the period of which I am about to speak. 
Has he overstated facts P I think not. If his state- 
ment were false, a bloody page in history would not 
have been written. It has been for some time the 
fashion to glorify that celebrated body called the Long 
Parliament. Many and loud have been the hymns 
chanted in its praise ; much Scriptural language was 
used in its debates. It is supposed to have been 
essentially Protestant. Could men so sincerely re- 
ligious, as its members professed to be, do any real 
harm? 

Let us hear what Sir Roger Twysden says in his 
journal, printed in the papers of this Society, t 

* Clarendon, Hist., book xiL 

f ' Archaeologia Cantiana,' vol. iv. p. 195. 

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32 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

" God of His mercy grant," says he, " that, for the 
future, England may never see perpetuity added to 
the two Houses of Parliament, nor Committees to 
manage the justice of the kingdom, and sit judges of 
men's liberties, estates, and fortunes ; admitting not 
the law for their rule, but their own arbitrary, am- 
biguous, revocable, disputable ordinances and orders." 

Hear another testimony from this County : — 

"The two Houses" (says a Declaration of many 
thousands of the City of Canterbury and County of 
Kent, 1647) " have sat seven years to hatch cocka- 
trices and vipers. They have filled the kingdom with 
serpents, bloodthirsty soldiers, extortionary com- 
mittees, sequestrators, excise men ; all the rogues and 
scum of the kingdom have been set on to torment 
and vex the people, to rob them, and to eat the bread 
out of their mouths. . . . They have suppressed the 
true Protestant religion, suffered all kinds of heresies 
and errors in the kingdom, have imprisoned, or at 
least silenced, all the orthodox clergy, taken away the 
livelihood of many thousand families, and robbed the 
fatherless and the widow." 

I could produce still stronger evidence, in support 
of Clarendon, but I think this may suffice. 

One of the Committees of which Sir Roger does 
not say much good is the Committee* of Kent. In 

* The following appears to be one of the earliest lists of the 
Committee of Kent. It is that of 1643. I found it amongst some 
pamphlets (vol. vi.) in the possession of the Earl of Essex at Cassio- 
bnry: — 

Sir Thos. Walsingham. Sir Henry Heyman. 

Sir Anthony Weldon. Sir Michael Livesey. 

Sir John Sedley. Sir Henry Vane, Jun. 

Sir Edward Hales. Sir Edward Scot. 

Sir Humphry Tufton. Sir Edward Bois. 



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THE ROYALIST RISING IK KENT, 1648. 33 

every county a certain number of deputy-lieutenants, 
known to be warm partizans of the Parliament, reigned 
supreme. In Kent, it appears that at last none but 
the most determined adherents of the Parliament 
remained to do business. And their business appears 
to have been, to do entirely what they pleased, pro- 
vided the interests of the Parliament were farthered 
at all hazards. 

On Christmas-day, 1647, their power received a 

Sir William Brooke. The Mayor of Tenterden 

Sir Peter Wroth. for the time being, Will. 

Sir George Sondes. Boys. 

Sir John Honywood. Will. James. 

Sir James Oxenden. Mark Dixwell. 

Sir Richard Hardress. Henry Stamford. 

Augustine Skinner. Sir Will. Mann. 

Richard Lee, Esq. Sir Edward Masters. 

Thos. Selliard, Esq. John Nut. 

John Bois, Jun., Esq. Thos. Gourthorpe. 

Thos. Blount, Esq. Avery Savaine. 

For the city of Rochester the 
Mayor for the time being, 
Richard Lee, Esq. 
It is probable that many of these, though nominated by the Parlia- 
ment, never took any active part in the proceedings. Several new names 
were subsequently added. 

The following signatures appear at different times, and are those of 
the most diligent of the Committee, though some of them, as for instance 
Sir Richard Hardress, subsequently joined the King's party. 

In 1643: — Richard Hardress, Michael Livesey, Mark Dixwell, 
Anthony Weldon, John Bois, Thos. Seyliard, Thos. Dykes, R. Vaughan 
(clerk). 

9th March , 1647: — John Rivers, Thomas Seyliard, Augustine 
Skinner, Thos. Plumer, William Kenrick, Lambarde Godfrey, John Biz. 
29th June, 1648: — Augustine Skinner, John Brown, Lambarde 
Godfrey, J. Wistroe, W. Kenrick. 

29th March, 1649 : — Thos. Broadnax, Richard Porter, Lambarde 
Godfrey. 

VOL IX. D 



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34 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

temporary check. All observance of Christmas was 
contrary to the ordinances of Parliament, for all 
superstitious festivals had been abolished. About 
Christmas 1647, no doubt the people of Kent, like 
their fellows elsewhere, began to think sadly and 
bitterly of former and freer times. Their apprehen- 
sions for the future were probably at this date in- 
creased, by the behaviour of the Houses towards the 
King, who was now confined in the Isle of Wight, 
though not yet closely imprisoned. The committee 
and mayor, on Christmas-day, 1647, opposed an 
attempted celebration of divine service at Canterbury, 
and tried to make the people open their shops. The 
result was a riot, which ended in the seizure of the 
defences of the city by an anti-Parliament mob, the 
cry being raised " For God, King Charles, and Kent !" 
Some gentlemen at last succeeded in pacifying the 
incensed people, and according to Carter* — who I 
think adheres very strictly to the truth — agreed with 
the Mayor and Committee of Kent that no revenge 
should be taken. But within a week, fortified by the 
commands of Parliament, t the Committee came into 

* Matthew Carter'* True Relation, pp. 1 to 4, Colchester, 1789. 

f A Perfect Diurnal of some passages in Parliament and daily 
proceedings of the Army under his Ex*. Sir T. Fairfax. (Thursday, 
Dec. 30th, f 47). " A letter this day out of Kent from some of the 
Committee of the said County acquainting the House with the great 
riot that was at Canterbury on Saturday last. The House hereupon 
ordered that the order for examining and committing of churchwardens 
that countenance malignant ministers to preach be forthwith printed. 
They further ordered that the business of the riot at Canterbury be 
referred to the examination and consideration of a Committee." 
(Friday, January 7th). A letter was read from the Committee of 
Kent acquainting the House that the insurrection and tumult at Can- 
terbury was now quieted, and the principal actors thereof in custody. 
The House ordered that a letter of thanks signed by Mr. Speaker b% 



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THE ROYALIST RISING IK KENT, 1648. 85 

Canterbury in state, with an immense force to back 
them, pulled off the gates, made what they called " a 
convenient breach in the walls " — about fifty yards in 
width* — and after a searching enquiry, which lasted 
about a fortnight, sent the gentlemen who had quieted 
the people to Leeds Castle, at that time used as a 
prison for " Malignants," as the loyal party were 
termed. They also made a long report of their pro- 
ceedings, in which they recommended that the gentle- • 
men before-mentioned, t as well as a good many other 
inferior persons, should be brought to "condign punish- 
ment/ 9 The Committee at the same time hinted, that 
as the people of Kent were in general malignant (t. e. 
loyal to their distressed King) a court of war would 
be the most satisfactory tribunal to refer the busi- 
ness to. 

But, in the meantime, the Parliament had discovered 
a method of making it high treason to attempt to 
assist the King in his misfortunes. They ordered a 
special commission, of oyer and terminer, to go down to 
Canterbury, to try the Christmas delinquents for their 
lives. " There are some fat lads in the trap," says a 
Parliamentarian Diurnal, " whose estates will help to 
bear part of the charges." 

sent from the House to the Committee of Kent for their great care and 
pains in suppressing the said tumult ; they further ordered that a com- 
mission of oyer and terminer should be issued out for the trial of the 
said chief mutineers at Canterbury. 

* The precise spot appears to have been about 200 yards south of 
the West Gate ; or at least it is so indicated in a view of Canterbury, 
dated 1738, with this note, "a breach 50 yards or so made in the walls 
to admit Cromwell's forces." With the matter, of course, Cromwell 
had nothing whatever to do. 

| Sir Wm. Mann, Francis Lovelace, Alderman Sabine, Dudley 
Wiles (Wild? ) and several other gentlemen. See True Relation, p. 5. 

D 2 

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36 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

This special assize was not held till the 11th of May. 
Several of the Committee were on the bench. 

" At the impannelling of the jury," says a Royalist 
pamphlet, "Judge Wild gave them a charge, so abomi- 
nable and bloodthirsty, that the people were ready to 
destroy him." 

But the grand jury ignored the bill, and when 
pressed again, brought in a second ignoramus. 

The court adjourned, receiving the thanks of Par- 
liament for what it had attempted to do.* 

But the grand jury, emboldened by this victory, 
composed, upon the spot, a petition to Parliament 
which to my mind was worthy of " Unconquered 
Kent," and of a people whose ancestors always 
claimed the right to march in the van of the English 
army. Though well known, the petition of 1648 will 
bear quoting : — 

* " Report was this day made to the House of Commons, from the 
Commissioners sent down into Kent for the trial of mutineers, that, the 
Grand Jury refusing to find the bill, the Commissioners had adjourned the 
Court to another time. The Commissioners employed upon the business 
had the thanks of the House given them. 

" The Committee of Kent had likewise the thanks of the House 
given them. 

" The House also ordered that the Committee of the County of Kent 
should still proceed to the further examination of the ryot, to the end 
the chief offenders may be brought to condign punishment." 

" An ordinance was this day, Tuesday, May 16th, read in the House 
of Commons for punishing defaulters of musters in the County of Kent, 
which was assented unto, and ordered to be read to the Lords for their 
concurrence. 

"(May 22nd, 1648). A letter received from Rochester, about 
shooting off guns in the night and seizing the magazine, referred to the 
Derby House. 600 horse called back, that were designed thither." 
See Perfect Diurnal, 15th to 22nd May, 1648, 



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THE EOYALIS* kISING IN KENT, 1648. 37 

THE PETITION OF KENT, 1648. 

The Humble Petition of the Knights, Gentry, Clergy, and 
Commonalty of the County of Kent, subscribed by the Grand 
Jury, on Thursday, 11th May, 1648, at a Sessions of the Judges 
upon a Special Commission of Oyer and Terminer, held at the 
Castle of Canterbury, in the said County, 

Sheweth, — 

That the deep sense of our own miseries, and a fellow feeling 
of the discontents of other counties exposed to the like suffer- 
ings, prevaileth with us thus humbly to present to your honours 
these our ardent desires. 

(1.) That our most gracious Sovereign Lord King Charles 
may, with all speed, be admitted in safety and honour, to treat 
with his two Houses of Parliament for the perfect settling of 
the peace, both of Church and Commonwealth, as also of his own 
just rights, together with those of the Parliament. 

(2.) That for prevention and removal of the manifold in- 
conveniences occasioned by the continuance of the present 
army, under the command of the Lord Fairfax, their arrears 
may be forthwith audited, and they disbanded. 

(3.) That according to the fundamental Constitution of this 
Commonwealth we may, for the future, be governed and 
judged by the English subjects' undoubted birth-right, the 
known and established laws of the kingdom, and not other- 
wise. 

(4.) That according to the Petition of Right, our property 
may not be invaded by any taxes or impositions whatsoever; 
and particularly the heavy burthen of the Excise* may no longer 
be continued or hereafter imposed upon us. 

All which our earnest desires we humbly recommend to your 
most serious considerations, not doubting of that speedy satis- 
faction therein which the case requires, and we humbly expect. 
Whereby we may hope to see (what otherwise we cannot but 
despair of) a speedy and happy end to those pressures and dis- 
tempers, whose continuance will inevitably ruin both ourselves 
and posterities. Your timely prevention whereof, by a mutual 

* All the necessaries of life, as well as all articles of wearing 
apparel, were taxed by the Excise. 



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38 THE ROYALIST RISING IK KENT, 1648. 

agreement of what we here propose in order thereunto, will 
oblige us ever to pray.* 

The effect produced by this document was electric. 
It started with the signatures of 200 gentlemen of 
Kent ; in a few days 20,000 names had been affixed 
to it. The Petitioners were to assemble at Rochester, 
on the Prince of Wales's birthday, the 29th of May, 
and proceed thence to Blackheath. It was soon 
arranged that other counties would join them. The 
Parliament pronounced the Petition "feigned," "scan- 
dalous," and "seditious." The Committee of Kent 
condemned it by proclamation, and at once mustered 
forces to suppress it. An Order, made at their General 
Meeting in Maidstone, on May 16th, 1648, was pub- 
lished by the Deputy Lieutenants and other authorities 
of the County, requiring all persons not to concern 
themselves in signing or presenting any such Petition. 
The ministers of all parishes were enjoined to read 
this Order to their several congregations on the Lord's 
Day next following.t Sir Anthony Weldon said that 
he would not walk across the street of Rochester to 
save one soul from ruin that subscribed the petition; 

* I cannot find any copy of the Petition with signatures attached. 
From Rushworth's 'Historical Collections/ part 4, vol. ii., p. 1134, 
and other sources, wc learn that among the leaders of the movement 
were Sir Gamaliel Dudley, Sir Geo. Lisle, Sir Wm. Compton, Sir 
Robt. Tracy, Col. Leigh, Sir Jno. Many, Sir Jas. Hales, Sir Wm. 
Many, Sir Richd. Hardress, Col. Washington, Col. L' Estrange, Col. 
Hacker ; Sir Anthony Aucher, of Bishopsbourne ; Sir Wm. Brockman, 
of Beechborongh ; Sir T. Colepeper, of St. Stephen's; Darrell, of 
Scotney Castle ; Sir Thos. Qodfrey, of Heppington ; Edward Hales, of 
Tunstal; Anthony and Francis Hammond, of St. Alban's Court; 
Fras. Lovelace ; Sir Henry and Sir Thomas Palmer, of Beaksbourne ; 
Sir Thos. Peyton, of Knowlton ; Mr. Jas. Dorrell, Mr. George New- 
man, and Mr. Whelton. 

f Newton's * History of Maidstone, 1 p. 144. 



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TAB ROYALIST MS1KG IN KENT, 1648. 89 

and it was proposed, by Beales, to hang up two of 
the petitioners in every parish. 

The men of Kent thus provoked, determined to 
march to Westminster with the Petition in one hand, 
and the sword in the other. The fleet in the Downs 
caught the loyal infection — put Vice- Admiral Bains- 
borough and most of the officers on shore, and declared 
for King Charles and Kent.* 

The following, from the pen of a sympathiser with 
Parliament and Committee, gives some idea of the 
excited state of the County : — 

SAB NEWS FROM KENT. 

Letter from Chatham, May 24tA. 

" Gentlemen and soldiers coming in for the signing of the 

petition ; gatherings at Maidstone and other places. They will 

have the King come to London, and a treaty; and the Army of 

the Sectaries (as they call them) disbanded. A letter from 

Rainsborough, to the Parliament, opened and returned to him 

again. They stop passengers, and examine them, but let them 

go without hurt. They put all the soldiers out of the county, 

except only such as comply with them. Most all the horsemen 

in the county, and all the troops, have gone to join them. The 

train-bands too cold to oppose them. They intend to rendezvous 

at Blackheath, and the Committee know not what to do, or 

where to sit in safety. 

* * * * * 

Oh, sir, that God would move all men's hearts to peace, and 

that we could learn to lay aside all malice and self-seeking, and 

sue and seek God for peace, and labour together in love for the 

glory of God, the propagation of the Gospel, and the amity of 

the kingdom, and the end of the treaties and ordinances, and 

the solemn league and covenant. 

"At least 1000 in Rochester risen; much powder in the 

ships ; the Sovereign near ; if some speedy course be not taken 

it may be too late/' 

* In Rushworth's « Hist. Coll.' pt. 4, vol. ii., p. 1147, we read of 
" five revolting ships." 

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40 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

The Royalists, having mustered a force of about 
one thousand horse, and five or six thousand foot, chose 
for their General, Edward Hales, Esq., and for Lieu- 
tenant General, Sir Thomas Peyton, bart.* 

In a few days every magazine of arms was seized, 
and all the Castles, except Dover and Queenborough. 
The Parliament made some insincere attempts to con- 
ciliate the people, but finding at last that nothing but 
the objects specified in the Petition would content 
them, the Houses voted : — " That they do leave the 
whole business to the General" 

To those who believe that " might is right," this 
vote of the Parliament ought to be remembered as 
highly satisfactory. I doubt if the natives of this 
County, on mature reflection, will ever be brought to 
approve it any more than their ancestors did. " They 
do leave the whole business to the General /" What 
did that mean P It meant that Kent, loyal and once 
free, driven by tyrannical treatment into bold resist- 
ance, was to be handed over to the sword. Fair Kent 
was to be mapped out for vengeful slaughter. For the 
General was Fairfax, at the head of that fine profes- 
sional army which, unfortunately, reaped all its glory 
on English fields, and not against a foreign foe. 

Nearly 10,000 men of Kent, with such arms as they 
could procure, rose up to guard their Constitutional 
Petition, and carry it to the doors of the Houses. 

, Some of them, in advance of the rest, reached 
Blackheath on the 29th of May, afterwards a day of 
some note. There they found the Lord General Fair- 
fax, heading about 7000 horse and foot. 

The Royalist leaders sent on a messenger, to say 
that they desired a pass for ten of their number, to 

* Newton's ' History of Maidstone/ p. 144. 

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THE BOYALIST RISING IN KENT, i648. 41 

present, the Petition, and that the main body would 
meantime lie at a distance. 

Fairfax, slighting the messenger, replied by a 
trumpeter of his own, in a letter addressed to Sir 
Tho. Peyton, dated •' Blackheath, May 30, 1648." 

An answer, to Fairfax's reply, was sent from 
Rochester, dated May 31st, 1648, and signed by Phil. 
Childs (major), and Edward Hales. In it they say, 
" We have taken up arms to defend ourselves ; we 
invade not your right, but stand firm to secure our 
own." (Rushworth, « Hist. Coll./ page 1134.) 

The "War Correspondent" begins to appear on 
the scene, telling us why the Royalist reply was dated 
from Rochester. 

" The Kentish men," says Bloody News from Kent, 
" forced back from Deptf ord, Greenwich, and Black- 
heath, went to Rochester, and crossed the Bridge. 
The whole resolved not to fight, but to hold the passes." 

The spirit which animated the veteran troops of 
Fairfax was more cheerful. 

" Every man," says a Parliamentarian diurnal, "is 
three men in courage. God appears when man forsakes. 
.... The Kentish men are but ciphers in this business. 
Our soldiers hope their estates will not prove ciphers." 

Newton says that " Fairfax, with four regiments 
of horse and three of foot, with some other troops, 
marched to Eltham, where they lay in the fields all 
night. Next day they mustered on Crayford Heath, 
and one wing marched through Dartford to attack the 
Royalists, under Major Child, who had fortified the 
Bridge at Northfleet, and was prepared to defend it with 
about 600 men. Here, Husbands charging them with 
his veteran soldiers, the newly-raised and untrained 
men of Kent were forced to give way. This Parlia- 



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42 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 164& 

mentary leader then marched forward till he was three 
miles beyond Gravesend, when he received orders to 
join the main force of the Parliamentary Army, at 
Mailing," whither Fairfax had marched fromMeopham. 

On the 1st of June, the proscribed and menaced 
petitioners, to the number of 6000 or 7000, assembled 
on the high ground, between Aylesford and Rochester. 
"The foot were ill-armed," says an unsympathising 
pamphleteer, " and whole files rode in a rude and un- 
couth manner." 

They received a newly-appointed General heartily. 
The Earl of Norwich, who was no soldier, appears to 
have had little idea of the imminent danger of his 
new-born, though high-spirited, army. 

From Mailing, Fairfax marched upon Maidstone 
with his whole force. Sir J. Mayney and Sir Wm. 
Brockman were stationed there, in command of about 
1000 Royalist horse and foot. 

On the 1st of June, reconnoitring at Farleigh 
Bridge, two miles from the town, and finding that the 
river was but slightly guarded, Fairfax essayed to cross, 
and easily got over. With a strong party he fell upon 
the town, ere those who were in it knew of his ap- 
proach. At the entrance of the town, near the place 
where the Workhouse then stood, some slight fortifi- 
cations had been cast up ; these, however, gave but 
little interruption to the assailants, so that, about seven 
o'clock in the evening, the Parliamentary forces began 
to attack the town.* The streets and houses had all 
been lined by the R/Oyalists, and case-shot was placed 
in every street. Fairfax, therefore, met with such 
resolute opposition that he was forced to gain each 
street inch by inch, and the engagement lasted for 
* Herbert's ' Memoirs of Two Last Years of King Charles I.,' p. 51. 



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THE LOYALIST &ISING IN KENT, 1648. 48 

nearly five hours, almost until midnight. Retreating, 
fighting step hy step, the Royalists reached the Church- 
yard, whence they were at last driven into the Church 
itself, where, after a long fight, they were ohliged to 
make the best terms they could.* 

The defence of this unfortified, unprepared town 
was, according to Fairfax, more desperate than any* 
thing he had yet experienced. I think that it possibly 
moderated his military ardour, though it did not seem 
to move his compassion, as it might have done. His 
letter to the Parliament is full of piety and gratitude 
to the Giver of all good things. 

" I have sent Colonel Rich," says he, " to relieve 
Dover, where I hope we shall find the same presence 
of God as hitherto hath been. My prayer to the Lord 
is, that His great mercy may be further improved to 
His glory, and this kingdom's good." 

While Maidstone was fiercely assaulted, the General 
of the Petitioners was at Rochester, and a large num- 
ber of his forces were scattered about in different 
villages. Such as had not been dispersed, or cut off, 
assembled at Rochester on the 2nd of June, and 
full of useless fury, went part of the way towards 
Maidstone to relieve it; but, learning that it was 
certainly and irrecoverably lost, they insisted on cross- 
ing Rochester bridge, and marching to Westminster 
with the Petition ; and if their officers could not lead 
them, they declared they would march without them. 

They marched all that night, with Lord Goring at 
their head, and next day arrived at Blackheath ; they 
waited in Greenwich Park till evening, for permis- 
sion to pass through the City. But the defences 
of London had been placed in trusty hands, by the 
* Newton's ' Hist, of Maidstone/ p. 146. 

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4A THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

clever devices of Cromwell, before he left to suppress 
the Welsh Royalists; and though many were the 
sympathisers in the City, the Petitioners were shut 
out. Most of them crossed into Essex, no longer 
Petitioners but soldiers. 

Sir Richard Hardresse, who had besieged Dover 
Castle with about 2000 Royalists, was at length com- 
pelled to abandon the siege, by Colonel Rich, who 
with a large Parliamentary force came to the relief of 
Dover. The Royalists had prosecuted the siege so 
vigorously, that Sir Richard Hardresse was in posses- 
sion of the Block-houses,, Ordnance, Powder, Match, 
and other ammunition. He is said to have " made 
about 500 shot against the Castle."* Upon the 
approach of Colonel Rich, Colonel Hewson, and Sir 
M. Livesey with the Parliamentary forces, the Royalists 
retreated to Sandwich, about the 7th of June ; but, 
that town being unsuitable for defence, they made for 
Canterbury and other Castles. Against those in 
Canterbury, Commissary-General Ireton and Colonel 
Barksted were sent, with their regiments. At Paver- 
sham, however, they were met by two Commissioners 
with whom they agreed for the surrender of the 
Royalists in Canterbury on easy terms, on or about 
the 12th of June.t 

Sir Tho. Peyton was taken near Bury St. Edmunds, 
and was " brought to the House and committed " on 
the 10th of June. Lord Goring and Sir Chas. Lucas 
were then in Essex, and were joined by Lord Capel 
and some Horse, but in a short time the Petition, 
which collapsed at Blackheath, found a glorious grave 
at Colchester. 

♦ Rushworth, ' Hist. Coll/ p. 1135 f B»d-i P- m* 

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THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 45 

One who saw their struggle gives us in quaint, but 
touching terms, the epitaph of the men of Kent. 
" They rose," says he, "naked and solitary — stood so ; 
and so fell. Their defeat was rather a surprise than a 
conquest. They spake firm for liberty and monarchy. 
Let their ashes find peace for it; their memories, 
honour ; and let them that come after mend it." 



ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
From the Order Book of the Council of State. 
June 22 d , 1650. " That M r Milton do go to the Committee of the 
Army, and desire them to send to the Council the book of examinations 
taken about the Risings in Essex and Kent." 

June 25 th , 1650. " That M r Milton do peruse the examinations 
taken by the Committee of the Army concerning the insurrections in 
Essex, and take the heads of the same, to the end the Council may 
judge what is fit to be taken into consideration." 

The person mentioned here is, of course, no other than the illustrious 
Poet. What the Committee of the Army did with these " examina- 
tions " I cannot ascertain. They were probably taken about Septem- 
ber, 1648 ; and must I fear have been either destroyed or lost, as they 
do not appear to be preserved amongst the series known as " Royalist 
Composition" papers. 

The following are principally extracted from " Royalist Composi- 
tion " or other " Sequestration " Papers, in the State Paper Office, 
and may be of interest, as they shew the tenor of the examinations 
and informations for " delinquencies." 

Sir Thos. Godfrey. — " The charge of delinquency against Sir 
Thos. Godfrey before the Commissioners for Compounding : — 

" That the said Sir Thos. Godfrey did, with divers others, nominate 
and appoint Captains both of horse and foot, for to act at Dover for 
the knights and gentry of the County of Kent to carry on the Petition 
in the last insurrection in the County of Kent, and did appoint officers 
in the City of Dover for the Government thereof, and did issue out 
orders for payment of moneys to the Cavaliers of the said County, for 
the payment of moneys to divers of those that were against the Parlia- 



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46 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

ment, and for the carrying on of the King's designs against the 
Parliament, and did warn divers labourers with spades and mattocks 
for the fortifying of Canterbury against the Parliament, all which ap- 
pears by the warrants under his hand. Thob. Fowles." 

A charge of delinquencies exhibited before the Commissioners for 
the advance of money against Sir Thomas Godfrey of Heppington, in 
the County of Kent. Sheweth, — That the said Sir Thos. Godfrey, 
with divers other gentlemen of the County of Kent, did appoint and 
nominate divers and several officers and captains of horse and foot, and 
other officers in the late insurrection in the County of Kent, against 
the Parliament, and did abet, maintain, and promote the late libellous 
and rebellious Petition, and that he, with others, issued warrants or 
notes in the nature of warrants for the taking of moneys for the 
carrying on of the war against the Parliament. And that he the said 
Sir Thomas Godfrey, did with others send forth their warrants to 
summon in men to fortify some towns or places in a warlike manner 
against the Parliament ; and that by divers other means and ways he 
did endeavour to promote the King's interest and forces against the 
Parliament. Taos. Fowles, 

7th Nov., 1656. For the Commonwealth. 

. fiy the Commissioners for compounding, etc. 20th Feby., 1656. 
It is this day ordered that M* Fowle do give the charges lately sent 
up from Commi88 uv for sequestration against Sir Thos. Godfrey, and 
examine whether it be the same formerly laid against the said Sir 
Thomas, and from which he was acquitted by the late Committee of 
Kent ; and certify what he finds to us on this day fortnight, at which 
time the said cause is to be heard. 

Copta Vera Ex d . — Baylet. 

According to your order of the 20th Feb? last, I have perused the 
matter of delinquencies, transmitted to the Goldsmiths' Hall, taken by 
the Hon bl « Committee of the County of Kent against Sir Thos. 
Godfrey, Knt., and find the matter of delinquencies charged upon the 
said Sir Thos. Godfrey to be,— that the said Sir Thos. did, with divers 
other gentlemen of the Committee, under his hand, authorise* and 
appoint divers other gentlemen of the County, under his hand, and 
several men to be captains and commanders, both of horse and foot, to 
act at Dover concerning the Government of that Town, Castle, and 

♦ This Warrant bean date 27th May, 1648. 



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THE B0YALI8T BISING IN KENT, 1648. 47 

Fort, and do such other things as they should think fit for dispatch of 
the general Petition, and did send forth orders and warrants under his 
hand,* with divers others, for the payment of several sums of money 
to several men for and towards the carrying on of the late wicked 
rebellion against the Parliament, and that the said Sir Thomas Godfrey 
did also, by warrant under his hand, with divers others, issue forth 
summons to warn labourers and men with spades and mattocks, and 
other instruments for the fortifying and defence of the City of Canter- 
bury, all which several acts of the said Sir Thos. Godfrey were done 
and acted in relation and assistance to the enemies of the Parliament 
in the said Rebellion, all which were returned amongst other things by 
the Comm™ of Kent, on or about the 25th Oct', 1650, as taken by the 
former Committee, but where I cannot find, which I humbly submit. 
March 4th, 1656. Tho. Fowlbs. 

Richabd Habtib.— At the C** at Maidstone, 29th March, 1649. 
Ord d that M r Rich* Hartie be discharged, and the present seizure of 
his estate taken off, in regard of the matter of charges against him do 
not appear to make him liable to sequestration ;f and the respective 
officers for sequestration are hereby required to be obedient. 

Thos. Bboadnax. 

Rich* Porter. 

Lambabdb Godfrey. 

W. James. 

Geo. Duke. 

Jab. Gosling. — "And the said John Gosling did ride in a troop of 
horse with sword and pistols in Town Mailing. 1 ' 

Buooins. — "And the Lord Buggins did act as Captain of foot." 

Rob 1 Moobe. — " A particular charge against R. M. of Gilling- 
ham, co. of Kent. — And he did act as a Lieut, at Pickenden Heath, 
and did plunder butter and cheese that was going to Parl fc troops. 
John Abel, Prosecutor, Oct' 22 d , 1651. 

Scoles. — " And he hath been from time to time a gross maligner 
and vilifier of the Parliament and their proceedings." 

* This Warrant bears date 28th May, 1648. 

t It seems that appeals were made in • cases of sequestration to (Barons of 
Exchequer) Commissioners for the same (1649), John Wild and Alex. Rigby. 



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48 THE ROYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 

Geo. Codd, of Ash. Six charges by John Abel .... in actual 
arms at Seven Oak, in the said Co., in the insurrection which was in 
the year 1643 

(4.) And that thro* his persuasion and threatenings, divers were 
forced to serve, and drawn into the wicked design against the Parlia- 
ment, which otherwise would not have gone, and he did use divers 
threatening words against many that did then refuse to join in the said 
insurrection. 

(6.) That the said Geo. Codd hath not compounded for being in 
either of the two first insurrections ; he did compound at an under 
value in money, lands, and mortgages to the value of £2000 and 
upwards. John Abel, Prosecutor. 

All d upon bond, 22 d Oct., 1651. 
Thos. Fowle. 

Robert Moobe " was a Lieut, at Pickenden Heath, and plundered 
butter and cheese going to the Parliament ships, and was Lieut, of 
horse, commanding a troop at Chatham and Rochester." 

J. Bullfinch. 

William Cobham " did in a very violent manner take powder and 
arms out of the State's ships ;" " and afterwards marched away to 
Colchester. 

John Hamden ("of Wilmington, co. Kent"). — "The said John 
Hamden had a man in arms in the last rebellion in Kent, in the year 
1648, at the time when, etc. Also the aforesaid Hamden did send his 
man to Colchester, and did continue there all the time ; and after his 
man ran home, the aforesaid Hamden did pay his man for the time he 
was out, as will be proved by me, John Bulfinch. 

Allowed 5th Dec., 1651, 

Upon bond, Thos. Fowle. 

George Milles. — "John Bissett .... sworn and ex d , saith as 
follows : — That in the insurrection ag l the Pari* in this City (Canter- 
bury), in the year 1648, he did see M r George Milles, of Canterbury, 
with the insurrection on horseback, armed with pistols ; and as this ex te 
best remembers, he did see the eldest son of the said M r Milles also in 
arms, having one pistol." John Bissett. 

Taken before me, John Brown. 

Colonel William Boothby did betray his trust by delivering over 

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THE BOYALIST RISING IN KENT, 1648. 49 

the whole magazine of arms left in his charge for his reg* to the King's 
party. " He helped the King's party with arms, men, and money." 

John Giles " did carry himself with much inveteracy and malice 
ag* the Parliament, and against all honest, godly, and well-affected 
people." 

William Hates, of Gohham, Kent, " was in arms, etc.* .... and 
hath been a continual malignant vilifier, and opposer from time to time 
of this Parliament." 

John Abell, charged with " pretending an order " — " sequestrated 
Jas. Brandford ; but said they would let him off if he could pay him 
moneys." 

Thos. Share, in actual arms under the L d Goring and Esquire 
Hales . « . did with many others seize Major Brown at Upnor Castle — 
the said Major Brown was Governor thereof. J. Bulfingh. 

All d upon bond. Thos. Fowle. 

M r John Roberts did carry away the Governor of Upnor Castle, 
Major Brown, to prison, and did take the Castle for the King. 

* These extracts are somewhat abridged. The informations against the 
Kentish delinquents usually run thus : — " At the last rising of the Kentish 
enemy, in the year of our I/ord God 1648. At that time when the L d Goring 
and Esquire Hales was in arms for the late King against the Parliament." "And 
at that time there was many well-affected persons plundered and imprisoned for 
heir faithful adherence to the Parliament." 



VOL. IX. E 

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50 



DR. PEGGE'S MS. ALPHABET OF KENTICISMS, AND 

COLLECTION OP PROVERBIAL SAYINGS USED 

IN KENT. 

COMMUNICATED BY THE BEV. WALTEB W. SKEAT. 

The following Glossary, compiled by the Rev. Samuel 
Pegge during his residence at Godmersham, was writ- 
ten in 1735-6. It forms part of a MS. book, which 
now contains the following tracts, all in the hand- 
writing of Dr. Pegge himself, and all bound together ; 
viz., (1) An Alphabet of Kenticisms; (2) Proverbs 
relating to Kent ; (3) A. first Collection of Derbicisms ; 

(4) A second Collection of Derbicisms, preceded by a 
title-page, which properly belongs to the Kenticisms ; 

(5) A third Collection of Derbicisms ; (6) A General 
Collection of Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases; and 
(7) A Collection of Oaths, as variously vulgarised and 
corrupted. The present tract comprises only the first 
and second sections of this manuscript. The MS. 
came into the possession of Mr. John Gough Nichols, 
from whom it was purchased by Sir Frederic Madden, 
June 6, 1832. At the sale of Sir P. Madden's library 
in August, 1873, it was purchased for the English 
Dialect Society by myself. I have since transcribed 
the two sections of the MS. here printed, and re- 
arranged them so as to prepare them suitably for 
the press. In doing this, my chief endeavour has 
been to adhere as faithfully as possible to the auto- 
graph original, preserving nearly all Dr. Pegge's 

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peoge's alphabet of kenticisms. 51 

peculiarities of spelling and diction. This method of 
careful reproduction, in all cases advisable, is espe- 
cially so in the present instance, as the author evi- 
dently took much pains with his work, and was fairly 
qualified for the task. The only alterations made 
have been the following. First, the words have 
been thrown into a perfect alphabetical order, as they 
are not altogether so in the MS. Secondly, when 
words have been entered more than once, with slightly 
differing explanations, these explanations have been 
collated, and the general result given. Thirdly, when 
a large number of references to works illustrating 
such or such a word have been given, I have omitted 
a few of the references, as being hardly required or 
not easily traced. And lastly, I have occasionally 
omitted some of Dr. Pegge's etymologies, but only 
where they were palpably wrong. These alterations 
and omissions are, on the whole, but very few. I 
have also added some remarks of my own, which are 
inserted between square brackets. 

In editing the Proverbs, which were not arranged 
in any particular order, I have re-arranged them. In 
a few cases, I have slightly abridged the explanations, 
where they seemed to be of unnecessary length. Here, 
also, I have added some remarks of my own, marked, 
as before, by being inserted between square brackets. 

Sir P. Madden has noted that the Rev. Samuel 
Pegge was born at Chesterfield, co. Derby, Nov. 5, 
1704; admitted fellow of St. John's College, Cam- 
bridge, 1729; Vicar of Godmersham, Kent, 1731; 
Rector of Whittington, Derbyshire, 1751 ; Rector of 
Brindle, Lancashire, 1751 ; made F.S.A. in 1751 and 
LL.D. in 1791; died Peb. 14, 1796. He was the 
author of several works, for a list of which see Bohn's 

£ 2 

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52 pbgge's alphabet op kekticisms. 

'Lowndes* Bibliographer's Manual/ Amongst his 
unprinted works, there are three in the Gough col- 
lection, in the Bodleian library ; see Gough's Cata- 
logue, p. 188, which mentions — " 6. Collections for a 
History of Wye ; folio MS. 7. Statutes of the College 
at Wye; folio MS. 8. An Alphabetical Catalogue 
of Kentish Authors and Worthies ; folio MS." He 
refers, in thQ work here printed, to the two former 
of these. 

He married Ann, only daughter of Benjamin 
Clarke, Esq., of Stanley, near Wakefield, co. York, 
who died in July, 1746. His son, Samuel Pegge, 
Esq., born in 1731, was a barrister, a groom of the 
privy chamber, and E.S.A. He married Martha, 
daughter of the B/ev. H. Bourne, who died June 28, 
1767 ; the date of his own death being May 22, 1800. 
This Samuel Pegge the younger was also an author, 
and is best known, perhaps, for his ' Anecdotes of the 
English Language/ and his * Supplement to Grose's 
Glossary.' He had a son, who was afterwards Sir 
Christopher Pegge. 

It may be added that Dr. Brett, to whom Dr. 
Pegge's Introductory Letter is addressed, was born in 
1667, and died March 5, 1743. He was the author of 
a Dissertation on the Ancient Versions of the Bible, 
the second edition of which appeared after his death, 
in 1760 ; and of other works, for which see Bohn's 
( Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual.' 

I now call the reader's attention to Dr. Pegge's 
own MS. After some of the words, their pronuncia- 
tion has been inserted between square brackets. This 
is done by using the invariable symbols of the system 
known as " Glossic," explained at p. 9 of a tract on 
' Varieties of English Pronunciation,' or in the Notice 

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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 53 

prefixed to Part III. of a treatise f On Early English 
Pronunciation/ by A. J. Ellis, Esq., P.R.S., P.S.A., 
etc. The symbols occur in the following key-words, 
in which they are denoted by italic letters. Vowels 
and diphthongs: — B^t, bait, baa; caul, coal, cool; 
knit, net, gnat, not, nut, foot (where uo denotes the 
short oo, as heard in foot) ; height, foil, ioul, feud. The 
consonants y, w, wh (slightly aspirated), h, p, b, t, d, 
ch (as in chestj,j, k, g (hard, as in gape), f, v, 8, z, sh, 
r, I, m, n, ng (as in singj, all have the usual values. 
The sound of th in thin is written th ; that of th in 
then is written dh ; zh represents the peculiar sound 
heard in division [divizlren]. When r is to be trilled, 
it is written r\ with an apostrophe following it. The 
mark ■ signifies the accent, as in befdre [bifoa'r]. 

These few words of explanation will enable the 
reader to trace the pronunciation intended in almost 
every case ; for further information, Mr. Ellis's work 
should be consulted. It must be borne in mind that 
the symbols never vary. Thus ei denotes the usual 
sound of long i, and never means anything else. 

I shall be glad to receive from " men of Kent " 
any notes upon the words contained in this Glossary, 
or notices of Kenticisms not mentioned therein. 

w. w. s. 

1 Cintra Terrace, Cambridge. 



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AN ALPHABET OF 

KENTICISMS, 

Containing 600 Words and Phrases in a great measure peculiar 

to the Natives and Inhabitants of the County of Kent ; 

together with the Derivations of several of them. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED 

A COLLECTION 

of Proverbs and old Sayings, which are either used in, or do 
relate to the same County. 



By SAMUEL PEGGE, A.M., 

Vicar of Godmersham, 
and late Fellow of St. Johns College, Cambridge. 



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peggb's alphabet of kenticisms: 55 



INTRODUCTORY LETTER. 

To the Rev. and Learned Thos. Brett, LL.D., 
of Spring Grove, in the County of Kent. 

As the dialects of this kingdom vary so extremely, those 
who are born in one county, and go to reside in another, are 
naturally struck with the difference of idiom. This was the 
case of Mr. John Lewis,* who was born in the city of Bristol, 
but afterwards lived chiefly in Kent ; as likewise with myself, 
who was born and educated at Chesterfield in Derbyshire. 

Having been born and educated in a different part of the 
kingdom, upon my coming to' reside in the county of Kent, I 
became the more sensible, as may easily be supposed, of some 
idiotisms and peculiarities in the language and pronunciation of 
the inhabitants and natives thereof, than otherwise I should 
have been. Some small portion of natural curiosity quickly 
prompted me to note down such instances of variation from the 
common English speech, as from time to time might fall in my 
way, and having gathered together an handfull of those Kenti- 
cisms, imperfect, and, as I doubt, inaccurate, I have ventured 
to send it to you ; intending thereby what you will call a very 
odd mixture, a little gratitude and a little self-interest ; for, as 
I wou'd willingly have you regard it as a testimony of that 
respect and veneration I have for your person and learning, I 
wou'd likewise hope, from the closeness of that friendship sub- 
sisting betwixt us, and your undoubted skill in these matters, 
: o obtain from you such improvements and corrections as your 
multifarious reading, in the perusal, must unavoidably suggest. 

It must be confesst that a person of a less retired life and 
more conversant in business than I have been, might have 
amasst together a much greater number of obsolete particular 

* Rev. John Lewis, born in 1675, died Jan. 16, 1746; the author of a 
' History and Antiquities of the Isle of Tenet/ i. « Thanet ; the short glossary 
in which, now about to be reprinted for the Eng. Dialect Society (Series B), is 
often cited by Br. Pegge. 

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56 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

expressions. For ought I know, from amongst the mechanics, 
the several sorts of artists, and the lower parts of life, the 
string might have been doubl'd. I have gone as far as my 
model wou'd permit, and yon will please to observe, that I 
have herein inserted what glossems I found ascribed to the 
dialect of the Kentish men, in Mr. Ray's ' Catalogue of South 
and East Country Words/ printed at London, 1675, 12mo; 
together with those Mr. Lewis has exhibited, in his € History 
of the Isle of Thanet/ 

But withal, I wou'd remind you, and indeed it is altogether a 
necessary I should, that I have put down several words and 
phrases as Kentish, which yet, strictly speaking, are not proper 
to that county exclusive of all others, but are common to it, 
and one, two, or perhaps more of the neighbouring provinces ; 
but, being most frequently and even daily used in these parts, 
and at the same time having not obtained a general universal 
currency throughout the realm, I thought they might reason- 
ably claim a place in this collection. But yet I doubt Mr. Ray 
has sometimes led me to specifye words of too general accepta- 
tion. I have endeavored to give the original of most of these 
words from authors, and sometimes I have guesst at an etymo- 
logy myself; but with what success, is always submitted to 
better judgment. Several I have been obliged to pass by, 
without taking any notice of their derivation, out of real 
ignorance, owing to want of learning or a natural innate dex- 
terity as to these things ; and others I chose to let slip, because, 
being either monstrous corruptions or low cant phrases, it was 
impossible, or at least not worth while, to go to the bottom of 
them. 

And whereas some few idioms and observations did not so 
easily fall into an alphabet, I take the liberty to subjoyn them 
here. 

1. " I don't dare," for " I dare not." 

2. They are apt to accumulate negatives, without any design 
of altering the negation into an affirmative ; as whep they say — 
" no more I won't," " no more I don't." This form rather 
denys stronger, and with something of an emphasis ; note the 
proverb — u The vale of Holmesdale, Never wonne, nor never 
shall;" — "he gyveth never no man warning;" Dialogue printed 

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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 57 

by Wynkin, etc. 'Tis a pure Saxonism; see Hickes's The- 
saurus, Gram. A. Sax., p. 57. 

3. The common sort are inclined to put w for v ; as weal, 
for veal; wiper, for viper; wery, for very; as, " wipers are 
wery brief* in such a place;" in one instance they put v for 
w ; as skivers for skewers. 

4. Nothing is more frequent than to put a for o ; as maw 
for mew; radforrod; an {or on, as, "put your hat an;" crap 
for crop ; Jan for John ; dan't for don't. 

5. D they use for th ; wid for with ; as, " 111 go wid you ;" 
rade for rathe ; Hyde for Hythe ; widout for withoul.f 

6. U they put for i; wull for wt//, as sign of the future 
tense ; dud for did; and hither I thought best to refer mought 
for might. 

7. O they sometimes pronounce very long ; as cost [koast] 
for cost;% fork [foark] for fork; and at times they shorten it, 
as in throt [throt] for throat, chock [chok] for choke; loth 
[loth] for loath. 

8. H they seldom joyn with other letters in pronunciation, 
but keep it separate and distinct. Mepham is Mep-ham ; Adisham, 
Adis-ham; so Godmers-ham, Hot-hfield,§ Bets-hanger, Pet- 
ham, Gres-ham, Cas-halton,\\ etc. In all these instances, except 
Hot h- field y they are certainly right, as in a multitude of others.; 
for ham being one of the constituents of these compound 
names, it is preserved hereby distinct and entire. 

9. O is oo, in go [goo] ; and so Caxton writes it in Mait- 
taire, Annal. Typogr., vol. i., p. 374. / is oo in wood you [wuod 
eu] for with you; and, contracting, "Fll goo'd you" [eil goo)ud 
eu] for " I will go with you." It is also a open ; " sowing corn " 
is sawing [sau'ing] . See above, no. 4. 

10. D after / they sometimes drop; as chile [cheU] for 
child; hel [hel] for he Id. 

11. Where sp occurs, they utter the p before the s, to faci- 
litate pronunciation; as waps [wops] for wasp;^ aps [aps?] 

* I. e., common ; see the Glossary. 
f Note also wiff, for withe or withy. 
X A cost of lamb, t. e., the fore-quarter ; see the Glossary. 
§ He must mean [hot-feeld], as distinct from [hoth-feeld]. 
|| Carshalton is in Surreys it is commonly pronounced [kus-haut'un] ; but 
also [kais-haut'un], where the [kais] is quite distinct. 

% Dr. Pegge writes whops, whaip; which is very singular. 



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58 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

for asp;* haps [haps?] for hasp. So in the Old Parish-book of 
Wye, 5 Edw. VI.; "for a hapsor to the churohe-gette, 2d." 
So Mr. Ray, p. 80 — " In Sussex, for hasp, clasp, wasp, they 
pronounce hapse, elapse, wapse," etc. But in Somers.f a wasp 
is a wop ; Gent. Maga., xvi., p. 408 ; and I observe that in Kent 
they speak a very like o. 

12. Words terminating in st have the addition of a syllable 
in their plurals, is being added in lieu of s only. For birds- 
nests, they say birdnestis, etc. I suppose this has been a 
general way formerly, for Skelton, Poet Laureat to Henr. VII., 
has it ; see him cited in Aubrey's ' Antiq. of Surrey/ vol. ii., 
p. 252. . The nom. ace. and voc. pi. of the 1st declension [or 
rather, 2nd declension, 2nd class] of the Saxon is a syllable, 
-as ; and the genitive sing. -es. In Wiclife's N. T. you have 
dedis of apostlis, the translation of actus apostolorutn ; and in- 
deed, in our elder English, there are a world of plurals in -ys 
or -is, as in the Old Parish- book of Wye, etc. In Derby shyre 
we should say, "he f asses all Lent, though it lasses forty days;" 
which shews how natural it is, to assist the pronunciation by 
lengthening words ending in st a syllable.} For the same 
reason in that country they say bird-nesses ; but beasts in Derb. 
they call bease [bees]. See, in the Glossary, " raddis- chim- 
ney ."§ So jays, the birds so called, they pronounce jay-es 
[jarez] . Cf. steryis, steers; Will of Jno. Fermor, alias Godfrey, 
of Lydd in Kent, 1510 : costys, costs ; Plot's StafFordsh., p. 
443 : forrestys, forests, p. 444. || 

13. In some cases they'll put a short quick i, for a long 
one; as, "to driv a waggon," for to drive it; or for ee, as 
ship for sheep ; or for ea, as rip for reap.^ 

14. E for i; as Petstreet for Pitstreet, a place in Crundale 



• I. e., an aspen-tree. 

f Dr. Pegge continually refers to " Somersetshire " words, which he inva- 
riably cites from the ' Gentleman's Magazine/ vol. xvi., a.d. 1746, pp. 405-8 ; 
where may be found a Glossary to the Exmoor Courtship and Exmoor Scolding. 
These words are really, therefore, Exmoor words. 

X This is a mistake ; fosses is from O. E. fasiys, and does not exhibit an 
additional syllable, but the substitution of ss for st. 

§ Dr. Pegge adds "minnis" as an example; but his explanation, that it is 
the plural of mean, is certainly wrong. 

|| A remarkable example is faries-es for fairies. See Farisies in the Glossary. 

if Add wik t for week ; fild for field, pronounced [fil]. 



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PEGGE'S ALPHABET OF KENTICI8MS. 59 

Parish ; knet for knit ; Petham for Pitham. And ao the long e ; 
as meece [mees] for mice ; leece [lees] for lice.* 

15. / for e ; as kin for hen. 

16. O is a; as crass [kras] for cross, f So Somers. clathing 
for clothing ; Gent. Maga., xvi., p. 406. 

17. L for r ; skivels [skivlz] for skivers; i. e., skewers. 

18. To as the sign of the infin. they very currently leave 
out ; as " I begin cut wheat to-morrow ;" and, " when do you 
begin plough ?" 

19. " He will be two men," he will be very angry ; i. e., as 
much different from himself at other times, as if he was quite 
another man ; a very significant fine expression. So " you will 
make us two ;" i. e., you will make us differ.J 

The Kentish men are said in Caesar's Commentaries, de 
Bello Gallico, lib. v. c. x., to excell all the other inhabitants in 
civility ind politeness ; for so I understand those words — " ex 
his omnibus, longe sunt humanissimi qui Cantium incolunt." 
The cause of this was their maritime situation, their proximity 
to Gaul, and the constant intercourse held therewith, which by 
degrees softened their manners, civilizing their natural ferity, 
which yet prevailed in the more inland parts. This reason is 
hinted by Caesar, who goes on (by way of assigning the reason) 
— "quae regio est maritima omnis; neque multum a Gallica 
differunt consuetudine." The sense of the word " humanus " 
in the former place, that it relates not so much to the temper 
as the manners of the Kentish men, appears from what follows, 
where the author proceeds to inform us, on the other hand, 
what kind of people, how rude and rustic, the mediterranean 
Britons were — " Interiores plerique frumenta non serunt, sed 
lacte et came uiuunt, pellibusque sunt uestiti ;" from whence I 
conclude that the Kentish men both sowed corn and were better 

• Cf. yeld for yield. 

f He must mean cross as a sb. ; for the adj. cross is pronounced [kurs] ; see 
Curt in the Glossary. 

J Dr. I'egge notes some other things in his Glossary, which may be enu- 
merated here, viz., hori for hurt, mont [munt] for month: ketch [keen] for catch; 
keaf [kee'h'f P] for calf; hew [kew] for cow. Also rudy, ecarcy [roodi, skairri], 
dissyllables, for rude, scarce, and jealousy tor jealous. Under the word hair, he 
observes that the Kentish men sometimes insert an article, as " a good hair " for 
11 good hair," and " a bread and butter " for " bread and butter." He notes, 
too, the use of " it should seem," instead of " it seems ;" and the curious use of 
to without an infinitive, as in " I'm going to it " for " I am going to do it.* 



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60 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

clad. I should imagine that another part of their greater 
politeness in respect of remoter and interior Britons, must be 
in their language ; which, though it was the original British, 
yet probably had many Gaulish words intermixed with it,* and 
was much softened in pronunciation by conversing with the 
people of that nation. 

Thus the Kentish would have many particularities in their 
speech different from the other islanders from the most ancient 
time, even as other maritime inhabitants had who were colonies 
of the Belgae ; v. Caesar, ibid. Thus they had particular words 
in Domesday book, as Solinum, etc. The code of the Gavel- 
kind Law, which rises as high as Edward I., speaks of the 
Kentish language ; so Kennet, ' Paroch. Antiq. ;' and Caxton, 
in Ames.f 

The pronunciation also is peculiar; thus "tediously," or 
"tediously indeed ;" [with a strong accent laid upon the last 
syllable.] 

To make an end, Proverbs and old Saws are so nearly 
allyM to this subject, that I cou'd not well do otherwise than 
annex such as I found were vernacular, or in any other respect 
might concern this county. These were first collected by 
Dr. Thos. Fuller, in the € English Worthies/ printed at London, 
fol. 1662, and were afterwards transcribed into Mr. Ray's 
'Collection/ printed likewise at London, in 12mo, 1670. I 
have here added a few to the list, and withall have entered a 
remark or two upon their explications. 

So many great names have employed themselves in Glosso- 
graphy, and some of them in a very confined, local, and what 
ignorant people may call low way, that I need not apologize for 
laying out a few hours in such an innocent, entertaining, and, 
what the judicious will allow, usefull part of knowledge ; were 

• This is guesswork, yet probable. At any rate, the Kentish dialect of Old 
English abounded with French words, though it was, at the same time, remark- 
ably tenacious of native grammatical forms. See the ' Ayenbite of Inwyt/ ed. 
Morris (Early English Text Society). 

f Kentish writers fall into particular expressions; as Mr. John Johnson, 
Dr. Robert Plot, Sir G. Wheler, and Rev. John Lewis.— Note by Dr. Pegge. 

It may well be added here, that all who wish to investigate the Kentish dia- 
lect should consult Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, edited by Dr. Morris for 
the Early English Text Society in 1866, as well as the five old Kentish Sermons 
which are to be found in An Old English Miscellany, edited by the same editor 
for the same Society in 1872. 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 61 

it necessary, I cou'd rehearse a long list of unexceptionable 
men, both antients and moderns. But you, who take your seat 
with the most learned, must be so thoroughly convinct of the 
use and advantage of such lexicons as these, that it wou'd be 
impertinence to trouble you with them, and even injurious to 
your character as a scholar, not to presume upon a favourable 
reception from you to an enterprise of this sort. 

Sir, your most obedient humble servant, 

SAM. PEGGE. 
Godmersham, Apr. 11, 1735.* 



[By the kindness of Mr. Ellis, I am enabled to add the 
following note on the present pronunciation of Kentish words. 

Mr. Herbert Knatchbull-Hugessen, of Provender near Fa- 
versham, Kent, whose mother was born at Godmersham, and 
who is very familiar with the language and pronunciation of 
Kentish peasantry at the present day, made remarks to the fol- 
lowing effect to Mr. Alexander J. Ellis on the above pronun- 
ciations. 

3. This use of w for v is still common, but there is no con- 
verse use of v for w. 

5. The substitution of d for th is almost confined to the 
words the, this; these, that, those, there, their, them ; it is not 
regularly used in with. 

6. The use of wall, dud, for will, did, is not now known. 

7. Coast and fork are now [kau'st] and [foork] or [fuo'h'k]; 
[throt, chok] are not known, but [loth] is. 

9. [Goo] for go remains; [wiiod] for with is unknown; 
they say rather [eil goo wrpi] . 

10. This d after / is very commonly dropped. 

11. [Wops, haps] still known ; [aps] unknown. 

• This date does not exactly mark the time of the final completion of the 
Glossary. A few additions were evidently made later, probably on the appear- 
ance of the second edition of Lewis's History of the Isle of Thanet in 1736. 



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62 PEGGE'8 ALPHABET OF KENTICI8M8. 

12. This -tt plural to words in st, has been heard, but 
not generally. The jay is called [joi]. 

13. [Driv, wik, rip] are not known ; [ship] for sheep is ; 
but a shepherd is always a looker [luok-er] . Field is [fil] with- 
out the d. 

14. [Pet] for pit, known; [net] for knit unknown. [Mees, 
lees] known, but the use of [ee] for long i, seems confined to 
these words. 

15. [Hin] for fen; known. 

16. [Kras] for cross; known. 

17. [Skivlz] unknown. 

Footnote to 19. Cow is [kew], the [e] of set followed by 
[oo], not [keu]. All the [ou] diphthongs are [ew] in Kent, as 
they are commonly [aew], that is, a little broader, in Norfolk. 
The [ew] is common in London. No information has been 
received as to calf, a word very variously pronounced; but 
heifer is [aa'fer]. 

A specimen of modern Kentish pronunciation and a con- 
siderable number of Kentish words from the dictation of Mr. H. 
Knatchbull-HugesBen, will be given in Mr. A. J. Ellis's Early 
English Pronunciation, chap. xi. § 2, no. 11, Subdialect 84.] 



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tegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 63 



PEGGE'S KENTISH QLOS8ABY. 

A, indef. art. See remarks under Hair. 

Abithe, pp. as adj. mildewed, of linnen ; and rotted, decayed, 
of wood. A. S. abitan. [But Lewis has " Abited, mil- 
dewed;" which lcfoks more like the correct form. It is 
difficult to know what pronunciation Dr. Pegge means; 
perhaps — ubeidlr] 

About, prep, for of; z&, " I know nothing about it." [Hardly 
provincial.] 

Ach-bone [aich-boan?] sb. the same as "an Ice-bone, i.e. a 
rump of beef. Norf.;" Ray. [Aitch-bone ; Halliwell.] 

Addle [ad'l] adj. gone to decay, rotted ; in the North, they 
have addle eggs for rotten eggs; cf. Ray, p. 82. [A. S. ddl, 
diseased.] 

Adry [udrer] adj. dry. So athirst, ahungred. 

Aftermbath, sb. after-mowth, i.e. that which comes and grows 
after the mowing; 'tis erroneously written after-marth in 
Calmet's Diet. v. Rain. [Commonly after-math.'] 

AxAMdsT [aulumoast*] adv. almost. (The o is marked as long). 

Aleino [aiHng] sb. an aleing, i.e. where mirth, ale, and musick 
are stirring; 'tis a custom in West Kent, for the lower class 
of housekeepers, to brew a small quantity of malt, and to 
invite their neighbours to it, who give them something for a 
gratification ; this they call an aleing, and they do it to get 
a little money, and the people go to it out of kindness to 
them. See Gloss, in x Script, v. Ealahus, v. Bingale. 
Whitson Ale, Old Plays, x. p. 235. 

Allworks, sb. a man-servant employed by a farmer in all sorts 
of work he has occasion to set him about. Such an one 
they call an Allworks ; he is the lowest servant in the house, 
and is not hired for the plough or the waggon particularly, 
as the other servants are, but to be set about anything. 

Alongst, prep, alongst it, on the long side of it. Somner*s 
Gavelkind, p. 120. 



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64 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

Am, 3 pers. pi. of vb. to be. As, " they'm gone to bed," which 
they say, is a contraction of they am, for they are. See 
Them. So the Italians have sono for sum, and sono for sunt. 

Amon, sb. €€ ksH-Amon," hop, step, and jump. The Amon or 
whole Amon, they tell me, is hop, two steps, and jump. 

Ampery, adj. rotten ; of cheese, and other things, as timber, 
&c. ; sickly, crasy. See Mr. Ray, p. 57. Pr. en pourri, or 
A. S. ampre, as in Lewis. [Certainly not French.] 

Anents, prep, contra, against. An act of Parliament made in 
Scotland, 1653, anentis witchcraftes. Anent, over against, 
concerning; a word of frequent use among the Scots. [A. S. 

* on-efen, on-efne.'] 

Anewst [uneust*] adv. "nigh, almost, near hand, about, 
circiter. Suss, and other places of the West; ab A. S. 0»- 
neaweste, prope, juxta, secus, near, nigh ; & Praep. on, and 
neawest, vicinia;" Ray. [Here follows, afterwards struck 
out — It signifies over against in Kent, and being over 
against, is consequently near.] 

Aps, sb. an asp or aspen tree. In Lhuyd's Archseologia Bri- 
tannica, p. 7, he cites as examples of transposition of letters 
— "Engl, cyrps, crisp;" and "Engl, aeps, an asp or aspen* 
tree." 

Aside, adv. for beside; very common at Canterbury. 

A8tre, sb. hearth. " Upon which account, in Kent, when the 
youngest sometimes enjoys the benefit of Gavelkind, though 
not of the whole inheritance, they have the privilege of the 
Astre, or hearth for fire, in the mansion-house, in their 
division; because the youngest, being the tenderest, have 
the greatest reason to be kept warm at home;" Plot's 
Stafibrdsh. p. 278. [O. Pr. astre, a hearth ; which occurs 
in the French charter of Gavelkind, in Lambarde's Peramb. 
of Kent, edit. 1656, p. 638. In modern French it is spelt 
dtre.] See Oast. 

Backside, sb. [a yard at the back of a house. Kennett, Glos. 

to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Virgata, says — a yard, a close, a 

backside.'] See Yard. 
Baily [bail'i] sb. so called at Chilham ; the level green place 

before the court at Chilham Castle, i.e. between the little 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 65 

court and the street. They have something of this sort at 
Folkstone, and they call it the bale [bail] . [So also the Old 
Bailey in London, and the New Bailey in Manchester ; cf 
O. Ft. bailie, a barrier, Low Lat. balliumJ] 

Baily-boy, sb. a boy employed by the farmer to go daily over 
the ground and to see that everything is in order, and to do 
every work necessary. Spelman, Glos. v. bailivus. 

Barvel, sb. a short leathern apron used by washerwomen ; a 
slabbering-bib ; Lewis. 

Bat, sb. [a stick] of timber ; as, a tymber-bat, Old Parish-book 
of Wye, 84 H. viii. Cf. Brickbat. [Gaelic, bat, a staff.] 

Bavins, sb. pi. " Baven, brush faggots, with the brushwood at 
length; or, in general, brushwood ;" Ray, p. 59. Baven, 
a little faggot; Lewis. — [O. Fr. baffe, a faggot ; Roquefort.] 

Be, v. for are. As, "where be you?" And otherwise very 
common. In older English, it is not infrequent. After 
"Almighty God, unto whom all hearts be open," there 
follows " are hid." See Luke xx. 25. 

Bear-bind, sb. a weed, call'd by others bindweed. See Dr. 
Martyn on Virgil, Eel. ii. 18. 

Because why. See Why. 

Bee-liquor, sb. mead, made of the washings of the combs. 

Before, prep. " Carry it before you," i.e. with you, being most 
things are carry'd before. But they say, " have the horse 
before you to the field." 

Select, for believed. 

Berth, v. to berth or bert a floor, which latter we have in 
an old Parish book of Wye, 31 and 35 Henr. viii.; and 
flooring-brods are called in Kent Berthing -brods. Birth is 
put down by Mr. Lewis in the Hist, of Isle of Thanetj as a 
local word of that Island, but it is of greater extent; a 
person well seated by the fire-side is said to have got a good 
birth; and at sea, birthing the hammocks is placing them. 
" Barth, a warm place or pasture for calves or lambs ;" Ray. 
See also Lewis. [Cf. Welsh barth, a floor.] 

Bestid [be-stid-] adj. destitute. [I.e. hard bestead; see 
Bested in Prompt. Parv.J 

Bestins. See Biskins. 

Bino-ale, sb. the liquour which the fermor of a parsonage gives 
VOL. IX. F 

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66 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

to the fermours and to the servants (at two separate enter- 
tainments, servants first, and masters afterwards) at the end 
of the year when he has gathered their tythe. [Bing is the 
same as bin ; see Bynge in Prompt. Parv.] 

Biskins, Bestins, sb. pi. in East Kent, bismilk in West Kent, 
Beastings or Beastins in Derbysh. ; two or three of the first 
meals 1 milk after the cow has calved. They call it pord 
milk likewise. 

Bismilk, sb. See Biskins. 

Bitchering, adj. of a bitch, when she is proud. 

Bleach, v. Sickness is said to bleach a person, to bring him 
low ; I suppose because it is apt to make people look pale 
and white. 

Bloodinos, sb. pi. black puddings. 

Bly, sb. look. " He has the bly of him ;" i.e. he is like him at 
first sight, he has something of his air and look; but it 
relates principally to the face and its features. But they 
say it means a likeness such as one cannot explain, a 
general likeness. [A. S. bleo, hue, complexion.] 

Boblioht, sb. twilight. 

Boist, sb. a little extempore bed by a fire-side, for a sick person. 

Borsholder, sb. a headborough, pety constable; Gent. Magaz. 
1776, p. 252. See Gloss, in X Script, v. Geburscipa. 
Spelm. Gl. p. 80. "That which in the West Country was 
at that time (and yet is) called a ty thing, is in Kent called 
a borow, of the Saxon word borh, which signifieth a pledge, 
or a suretie; and the chief of these pledges, which the 
Western men call a tythingman, they of Kent name a 
borsholder, of the Saxon words borhes ealdor, that is to say, 
the most ancient or elder of the pledges ;" Lambard, Peramb. 
of Kent, p. 24, edit. 1656. [But borhes here means a 
borough ; " borhes ealdor, a head-borough, a borsholder ;" 
Somner, A. S. Diet. See Hasted's Kent, ii. 284, for a 
description of a curious custom of electing a dumb borsholder, 
" made of wood, about three feet and half an inch long, with 
an iron ring at the top, and four more by the sides/' &c. 
It was used for breaking open doors of houses supposed to 
contain stolen property. The dumb borsholder of Chart 
is engraved in Arch. Cantiana, vol. ii., p. 86.] 



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pegge's alphabet op kbnticisms. 67 

Borstal, sb. [not explained ; but doubtless tbe same as the 
Suss, borstal, which means a winding way up a hill ; see 
Cooper's Sussex Glossary. I incline to Kemble's guess, 
that it is derived from the A. S. beorh, a hill, and stigel, an 
ascent. The loss of a g between two vowels is common ; 
in fact, the very word stigel is now spelt stile] . 

Both, adj. redundantly used. See None. 

Boult, v. to boult 9 to swallow; as, to boult pork, i.e. to cut [it] 
in pieces the length of one's finger and somewhat thicker, 
and so to swallow it without chewing. [Cf. Du. bult, a 
bunch, a knob.] 

Brand-irons, sb. pi. the dogs at the fire, quasi the irons that 
support the brands. In Somers. [Exmoor] the brand-ires; 
Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 405. 

Brandy-cow, sb. brinded. [Dr. Pegge probably means a 
brindled or streaked cow. Cf. Icel. brand-skjolddttr, brin- 
dled, brimd-dttr, a brindled ox.] 

Brawche, [brauch] sb. rakings of straw to kindle fires with ; 
Lewis. [See Brauch in Halliwell.] 

Brickbat, sb. a piece of a brick ; common to several counties, 
but unknown in the North. 

Brief, adj. plentiful, common, frequent; as, "wipers are wery 
brief here;" see the Introduction; p. 57, 1. 5. 

Brimp, sb. the bre' fly {sic) that torments bullocks; [the 
gadfly ; bre 9 is for breeze, O. E. brise, the gadfly.] 

Brit, v. from A. S. brytan, to knock or rub out. "The corn 
brits " [i.e. the grain drops out] ; — Lewis. 

Broach, sb. a spit; so we say to broach or tap a cask; Lewis. 
But this is general, not only in Kent, but elsewhere. [Not 
general now in the sense of spit."] 

Brook, v. to brook one's name, i.e. to answer, in one's disposi- 
tion, to the purport of one's name. In other places, they 
would say, " like by name, and like by nature." [A. S. 
br&can. Germ, brauchen, Lat. jruor.'] 

Brooks, sb. pi. ? low, marshy, or moory ground. 

Browsells, sb. pi. the small bits of skin remaining after the 
lard is tried [i.e. boiled down], which the common people 
eat and are very fond of. 

Bruss, adj. brisk ; cf. Ital. brusco. 'Tis spoken of bees, when 

F2 

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68 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

they fly about and appear strong and hearty. [Dr. Pegge 
often goes astray in etymology after this sort ; our brisk is 
the Welsh brysg, not at all connected with Ital. brusco, 
which means sour, or acrid to the taste !] 

Brut, v. " To Brutte, to browse ; Suss. Dial. ;" Ray. Sheep 
are said to brut young trees or shrubbs, when they eat of 
(sic) the budds. [Cf. Pr. brout, a shoot of young wood, 
brouter, to nibble off such shoots.] 

Bucking, sb. [a kind of washing, explained in Nares's Glossary, 
where we read that — " this bucking was done by beating the 
clothes in the water on a stone, with a pole flattened at the 
end/'] A buck is a tub, from A. S. hue, lagena; see Spelm. 
Gl. p. 77. 

Bud, sb. " A bud, a weaned calf of the first year. Suss. 
because the horns are then in the bud ;" Bay. 

Bug, v. to bend, bug up; A. S. bugan; Lewis. 

Bug, sb. a general name for the beetle kind of flies; may -bug, 
l&dy-bug. But Mr. Ray, p. 59 (s. v. Bishop) writes it lady- 
bird. In Derb. 'tis called cow-lady, or rather lady-cow. 
Used as a general name for an insect in Littleton's Lat.- 
Eng. Diet. 

Bullocks, sb. pi. said of bulls, cows, and oxen, viz. the whole 
tribe, as bos in Latin. 

Bunt, v. to bunt, i.e. to sift the meal or flower from the bran ; 
in Derb. they call it booting [i.e. boulting]. 

Bush, sb. particularly used of the gooseberry-bush. 

Business, sb. Otherwhere mostly in a contemptuous depreciating 
way, as " a poor business. 3 ' But in Kent they say " a great 
business/' for a large undertaking, as a large farm. 

Bysack, sb. a kind of wallet, for a man to carry anything from 
market in. Pr. be z ace. [The Kentish bysack is easily shewn 
to be not the same as the French besace. The latter, from 
the Low Lat. bisaccia, means a kind of double wallet, the 
prefix bi being from the Latin bis, double. But the Kentish 
word is very different, viz. the A. S. bisac, meaning a by- 
sack, or small sack or satchel which a man carries by or 
beside him; just as the A. S. bigerdel means that which is 
carried beside the girdle, i. e. a purse. Dr. Pegge's sugges- 
tion accordingly falls through.] 



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pegge's alphabet of kentioisms. 69 

Cales [kailz] sb. pi. skittles, nine-pins. So they call them at 
Canterbury. [Old Eng. cailes or kayles, nine-pins; cf. 
Germ, kegel, Fr. guille.'] 

Call, v. to consider ; " he is called a good workman/' " he is 
called an honest man," i.e. he w one. ' Tis an Hebraism ; 
see Whitby ad Matth. i. 23. 

Callow, adj. " to lie callow" to lie in a cold exposed manner, 
with few cloaths and the curtains undrawn. [The original 
meaning of A. S. calo is bald, or without hair.] 

Canker-berry, sb. the hip; hence canker-rose, the rose that 
grows upon the brier [rosa canina'] . 

Cant, Cantle, sb. (1) a corner of anything; as a cant, a cut of 
a loaf, when a corner is cut off; (2) when a wood is thrown 
into fellets [portions] , or a field of wheat disposed into parts 
to be hired out to the reapers, they call them cants. Hence 
I take it comes Cantium, the word being Celtic as well as 
Saxon. See Camden, col. 215; and for cantle, Kennett, 
Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Cantredum. [Kennett says — 
In Kent we say a cantell of people or cattle; a cantell of 
wood, timber, bread, cheese, &c. for an indefinite number 
or dimension] . 

Cant, sb. a cast or throw ; as, " I gave him a cant." Lewis. 

Card, sb. "a card of beef/' a clod. [Halliwell explains "clod" 
as "the coarse part of the neck of an ox." Kennett (Gloss. 
to Par. Antiq. s. v. Cade) says — " In Kent, a cade of beef is 
any parcel or quantity of pieces under a whole quarter." 
This seems to be the same word, in which case card is pro- 
bably an inferior spelling for caad] . 

Carpet-way, sb. i.e. " green way ;'* Ray. Used in most places, 
and means a smooth as well as a green way. 

Carvet, sb. a shave. So called about Limme. [N.B. a shave 
is a shaw or thick hedge-row. Limme is probably Lympne, 
near Hythe. Halliwell gives — Carvett, a thick hedge-row ; 
Kent J] See Shave. 

Cast, sb. An emmet-corf, an anthill; a mole-cast, a mole-hill; 
and so, a worm-corf. 

Changes, sb. pi. 40 shirts and shifts are 40 changes. So you 
have changes of raiment in scripture, for suits. 'Tis Somers. 
[Exmoor] ; Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 406. The word shift is now 

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70 peggb's alphabet op kenticisms. 

appropriated to women's shirts, but it was used of men's 

also formerly ; Massinger, p. 378 ; Decker, p. 128. 
Charr'd, pp. or adj. drink is said to be charr'd, when it is 

sowred in the brewing. 
Chart, sb. common rough ground over-run with shrubs; as 

Brasted Chart, Seale Chart; and indeed, there runs a tract 

through this County, which one may call the Chart of Kent ; 

Westram, Brasted, Whitley Shrubs, &c. Hence the Kentish 

expression — charty ground. 
Chse. See Ge. 

Chicken, sb.pL; in other places, chickens. 
Chide, v. to scold. 
Chizzell, sb. "A Chizzell, bran. Suss. Kent; 9 ' Bay. [See 

chisel, bran, in Halliwell. Cf. A. S. ceosel, gravel, sand.] 
Choaty, [or] Chuff, adj. a choaty boy, a broad-faced chopping 

boy; Lewis. 
Cheoe, sb. a frolick; Lewis. 

Chock, v. to choak ; which Mr. Bay ascribes to Sussex. 
Chuck, sb. " A chuck, a great chip, Suss. ; in other countries 

they call it a chunk ;" Ray. We mean more than a chip, 

viz. a short thick clubbed piece of wood, for burning. Hence 

a chuck-headed fellow, or a chuckle-headed fellow. 
Chuff. See Choaty. 
Chunk, sb. See Chuck. 
Clamp, sb. [a heap of bricks ready for burning] ; « for burning 

a clamp of 16000 bricks, they use about 7 tunns of coal ;" 

Plot's Staffordsh. p. 128. 
Cleanse, v. " to cleanse beer/' to tun it or put it up into the 

barrel. 
Cledoy [kledj-i] adj. stiff, Kent; Bay, and Lewis. InDerbysh. 

doggy (the g's hard) is used of anything thick and glutinous. 

[Kennett, in his Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Claudere, has 

— "A dodge, a lump of clay or dirt; clodgy and cledgy, 

stiff and dirty ; Kent." Cf. A. S. cteg, clay ; cledgy is for 

clayey, and clodgy for cloggy.'] 
Clevel, sb. a grain of corn. 
Clever, adj. "neat, smooth, finely wrought, dextrous •" Bay; 

dextrous, Lewis. But it is used in all parts of England. 

[Not in these senses; clever in Norf. means handsome, 

healthy, tall, adroit.] 

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pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 71 

Clite, Clayt, sb. a clay mire ; Lewis. 

Close, sb. the yard of a farm-house, because it is enclosed or 
fenced in. . . Being a general word for any inclosure (as we 
call a field, a close) 'tis peculiarly us'd here (in Kent) of a 
farm-yard. "All such wood as is in the close;" Will of 
Jno. Godfrey of Lydd, 1572. [Cf. "my barne . . . with 
the dosses to the same appertayning ;" Will of Thomas 
Godfrey, 1542, printed in Arch. Cant. vi. 269.— W. A. S. R.] 

Cluckish, Cluck, adj. drooping; [used] of a sick person. 

Cock- bells, sb. pi. icicles. " Conkabell, an icicle, in the Som. 
[Exmoor] dialect clinkabell ;" Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 406. 
Mr. Lewis writes Cog-bells. [Cf. Welsh cwg, a knob.] 

Cog-bells, sb. pi. See Cock-bells. 

Cogue, sb. a dram of brandy. [No doubt pronounced [koag] , 
and a mere variety of cag or keg. Thus Kennett (Gloss, to 
Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Cockboat) says — "a cogue or little 
drinking-cup in the form of a boat, used especially at sea, 
and still retained in c a cogue of brandy. '" The words "in 
the form of a boat " mean no more, I suspect, than an 
intention to force cogue into a connection with cock-boat. 
Both Kennett and Ray err in venturing to falsify a mean- 
ing rather than omit an etymology. It is simply the Welsh 
cawg, a bowl.] 

Cold, sb. "out of cold, 91 when water has been upon the fire 
but a little while, so as not to be called warm. [We now 
say, " with the chill off."] 

Combe, sb. a valley ; Ray. We have it in Kent, per se, and in 
a great number of compounded names of places. 

Cone, v. to crack or split with the sun, as timber does. 

Contancrous, adj. peevish, perverse, prone to quarrelling. [I.e. 
cantankerous.] 

Cop, sb. A cop of corn ; the same as shock ; see Lewis's Tenet, 
p. 95; and, at p. 96, he explains a cop of Pease, &c. by 15 
sheaves in the field, and 16 [i.e. or 16] in the barn. [Ken- 
nett (Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Coppice) has — " A cop 
of hay, a cop of pease, a cop of straw, &c. are used in Kent 
for a high rising heap."] 

Cope, v. " to cope a ferret," to sew up the creature's mouth. 

Corse, sb. a large cleaver, the largest which is used by a 
butcher. 

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72 PEGGE's ALPHABET OF KENTICISMS. 

Cost [koast] sb. " a cost of lamb," a fore quarter, from Pr. 
coste, of the Lat. costa. 'Tis pronounced " cost." 

Cotton, v. i( They cannot cotton/ 9 i.e. agree together, or please 
each other. [Cf. Welsh cytuno, to agree.] 

Couch-grass, sb. in Derbysh. twitch-grass. "Long roots of 
quick, or dog's-grass, wreathed about the bones ;" Browne, 
Hydriotaphia, c. iii. 

Court, sb. a cart, but a smaller sort ; Old Parish-book of Wye, 
34 Hen. viii. [Merely cort for cart"] . 

Court, or Court-lodge, sb. the manor-house. 

Cove, sb. " A cove : a little harbour for boats, West-Countrey;" 
Ray. But in Kent it denotes the same as a shed, as when 
the eeves of the house are brought down lower, to shelter or 
cover a room underneath; a low building joyning to the 
wall of another, upon which the rafters lean and at the 
upper end are supported by it. A. S. cofe. 

Cow, sb. the wooden thing put over the chimney of a hop-host 
or malt-house, which turns with the wind, and prevents 
smoking ; it means cowl, as " a friar's cowl." 

Crank, adj. merry, cheery. Our sailors call a boat that is apt 
to -overset, a crank boat ; Lewis. 

Crap, sb. for crop ; as, " a crap of corn." 

Cream, v. to crumble. Hops, when they are too much dried, 
are said to cream, i.e. to crumble to pieces. "To cream 
one's dish," to put the bread into it, in order to pour the 
milk upon it ; to crum or crumble the bread, I suppose. 

Crips, adj. crisp. Lluyd, Arch. p. 7 ; see Aps. 

Crock, sb. " an earthen pot to put butter or the like in," Ray ; 
a pitcher. Fr. cruche. [Welsh crochan, A. S. crocca.] 

Crop, sb. the craw or maw of a fowl or bird. 

Crow, sb. the crow of a hog, the mesentery. Called midgin 
in Derb. 

Crup, sb. The skin of a roasted pig, or of roasted pork being hard 
is called the crup. Crub is Somersetsh. [Exmoor] for crust 
of bread or cheese ; Gent. Maga. xvi. p. 406. 

Crup, adj. pettish, peevish ; as, " you are very crup." 

Culch, sb. rags, bits of thread, and the like, such as mantua- 
makers litter a room with ; much the same as pelt ; it means, 
I find too, any rubbish. [Lewis has — " Culch, lumber, 
stuff."] See Pelt. 

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pegge's alphabe* op Senticisms. V3 

Cull, v. to pick, chuse ; Lewis. But this is general. [Hardly 

general in common life] . 
Culverkeys, sb. pi. cowslips; from culver, a pigeon; Ray, p. 

63. 
Currantberries, sb. pi. In most parts, they say only currants. 

See Grape-vine. 
Curs, [kurs] adj. cross. 

Dabberries, sb. pi. goose-berries. [A corruption of dew-berries, 
a name sometimes given to gooseberries. In a note on " dew- 
berries " in Gent. Maga. 1836, Feb. p. 126, the writer says 
that dewberries means gooseberries in Culpepper's Herbal.] 

Dab-chick, sb. a didapper, which means, I suppose dive-dapper, 
where dapper is for dabber, from dabble, to play in the water. 
[Not quite. Dapper here means dipper, whilst dabble is the 
diminutive of dab.] 

Dance, sb. " It's dance to him/' i.e. a rarity. 

Dark, sb. [darkness.] By dark, in the dark ; as otherwise by 
daylight, by moonlight. 

Dawther, v. to tremble, to shake, jar, as a hollow board when 
nothing is held against it, is apt to do when you drive a nail 
into it. They [also] pronounce [it] dodder. 

Dawther, or Dodder-grass, sb. A certain long shaking-grass 
"is called dodder-grass or dawther in Kent ; in Derbyshire, to 
dither is to quiver. 

Deal, sb. part; "every deal," i.e. every whit, altogether, 
entirely. 

Deal, sb. the nipple [Pegge has "nipples"] of a bitch, of a fox, 
or of a rat. 

Death, adj. deaf. 

Desk, sb. a dyke or ditch. See Dick. 

Dene, or Den, sb. as, " a dene of land ;" Somner, Antiq. Cant, 
p. 27, ed. 1703, where we read — "the manor of Leuham, 
consisting of 20 plough-lands and 13 denes/ 9 Though this 
be not peculiar to Kent alone ... for there is scarce a county 
in England but what has some town or village, whose name 
is compounded of this word . . . yet I think there is nowhere 
such a nest of them as in the County of Kent, where they 
are found in many places, but nowhere so thick sown as in 
the Weald ; &c. &c. [A.S. denu, a valley, a den.] 

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74 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

Denial, sb. a denial to a farm; i.e. a prejudice, a drawback, 
hindrance, or detriment. 

Dibble, or Dibber, sb. " Dibble, an Instrument to make holes 
in the ground with, for setting beans, pease, or the like ;" 
Ray. I think they call it dibber in Kent. 

Dick [dik] sb. a ditch ; Derb. a dyke. See Deek. 

Dingy [dinj-i] adj. dirty. 

Dish-meat, sb. " spoon-meat ; Kent." Ray. 

Dishwater, sb. "motacilla;" Littleton's Latin-Eng. Diet. 
[Motacilla means a wagtail, and this bird is still called 
"Peggy Dishwasher 39 by the lads of Kent.] 

Dodder. See Dawther. 

Doings, sb.pl. [jobs]. To do doings for people, when a person 
keeps a small farm and works with his team for hire. 

Dolours, pr. s. indie. " does lowre ; as, ' the wind dolours ';" 
Lewis. [This stupid definition is clearly due to the ridicu- 
lous habit of attempting always to indicate the derivation, 
as though dolour could be a corruption of 'does lowre 9 / 
Perhaps we may take it that there is a verb to dolour, used 
to express the moaning of the wind.] 

Dolphin, sb. black flyes upon a tree when it is blighted. Such 
a blight they call a dolphin. Beans are very subject to it. 

Dough, sb. a fat clay. I suppose, the same word as dough of 
bread. 

Dover-house, sb. a necessary house. 

Down, sb. Not altogether peculiar to the County, but perhaps 
more used here than any where ; for every piece of high 
open ground they call a down. From hence the open Sea, 
at Deal, is the Downs ; so Sussex-Doum*, Bansted Downs in 
Surry; Bodman Downs in Cornwall; Borlase, Hist. p. 245. 
[A.S. dun, a hill.] 

Downward. See Upward. 

Dredge, v. [to catch with a drag-net] ; peculiar to the oyster- 
fishermen. [The A. S. dr<ege means a drag; and drmge-nett 
is a drag-net. It is a mere corruption of drag.] 

Drinking, sb. a refreshment between meals, used by the plough- 
men who eat a bit of bread and cheese, and drink, when 
they come out of the fields, at ten in the morning, and six in 
the evening; Lewis. But this is general. [Perhaps not 
so, in this restricted sense.] 

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PEGGE'S ALPHABET OP KENTI0I8MS. 75 

Drive-bundle, sb. A drive-bundle, when a horse first carries 
one, and then returns to fetch another ; that is, in carrying 
on double-horse. 

Droits, sb. pi. rights, dues, customary payments (French); 
Lewis. But this is general. [Hardly so now.] 

Dryth, sb. drought. _ ^u//// — 

Ear, v. to ear, to plough. " Eryng of land three times ;" Old 
Parish Book of Wye, 28 Henry viii.; &c. Cf. " earable 
land/' Greenwey's transl. of Tacitus de Mor. Germ., &c. 
[Kennett, in his Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Antra, gives 
"Ear, to plough," and "Earing, a day's ploughing/' as 
Wiltshire words. The A. S. erian, to plough, is cognate 
with the Lat. arare."] 

E'en a'most [een a umoast a ] adv. almost; but with some emphasis. 

Effet, sb. an eft/ a newt. A. S. efete. "Neuts, efts, or 
askers;" Plot's Staffordsh. p. 244; "evet or neut;" id. p. 
251. 

Eiren, sb. pi. eggs. See Caxton in Ames, p.. 52; hence eiry of 
a hawk, i.e. the nest where the eggs are ; Littleton. 

Ellinge, adj. solitary, lonely, melancholy, farre from neigh- 
bours. A. S. ellende. See Bay. Elyng, Piers Plowman, B. 
prol. 190. 

Elvin, sb. an elm. 

Emmets, sb. pi. ants. See Cast. 

Entetio, v. to interduce (sic). 

Ernful, adj. and adv. lamentable ; " ernful bad* 9 lamentably 
bad. Cf. "yernful tunes," sorrowful tunes; Damon and 
Pythias, p. 249. 

Ersh, sb. the same as Edish (Sussex) the stubble after corn is 
cut. In Derbyshire they call it edidge, and restrain it to 
roughings or aftermaths. [Kennett, in Gloss, to Paroch. 
Antiq. s. v. Ernes, has — "Ersh is the stubble; what in 
Kent we call the gratten, in the North eddish."] 

Eyle bourn. See Nailbourn. 

Fack, sb. of a bullock ; that stomach that receives the herbage 
first, and from whence it is resumed into the mouth to be 
chew'd, when the beast chews the cud. 



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*76 pegge's alphabet op RENTICISM8. 

Fags, interj. a cant word of affirmation ; in good faith, indeed, 
truly. 

Fairy-sparks, or Shel-fire, sb. often seen on clothes in the 
night ; Ray. [The allusion is to " certain luminous appear- 
ances/' see Brand's Pop. Antiq. ed. Ellis, ii. 492.] 

Fairisies, sb. pi. fairies. 

Fear, v. to frighten. Wisdom of Solomon (A. V.) xvii. 9; &c. 

Fellowly, adj. familiar, free. 

Fenny, adj. mouldy, as cheese. See Ray ; and cf. vinew in 
Plot's Staffordsh. p. 15 ; and vinny in Gloss. Junii. [A. S. 
finie, mouldy.] 

Fet, v. to fetch. Old Plays, ix. p. 78; Hudibras, ii. 3. 780; 
&c. &c. [In Bell's edition of Hudibras, vol. ii. p. 43, 1. 14, 
the reading is far set ; but this is an obvious error for far 
fet, i.e. fax fetched, as Dr. Pegge rightly explains it]. 

Fickle, v. to fickle a person in the head with this or that, to 
put it into his head ; in a baddish sense. 

Fild, sb. field. [Pronounced fil ; see p. 62, 1. 4.] 

Flavour, sb. heat, ignorantly for fervour. "The sun casts a 
great flavour ;" others say — "a great favour." 

Flead, sb. lard ; or rather, the leaf of fat whence lard is got. 

Flitmilk, sb. the milk after the cream is taken off; called in 
Derb. skim-milk. 

Flinder, sb. a butterfly. Cf. Flittermouse. Cf. "flundering 
fame," i.e. flying fame; Nash, p. 34. [The passage is 
quoted in Nares, ed. Hal. and Wrt. — " Report (which our 
moderners clepe flundring fame) puts mee in memorie of a 
notable jest." — Nash, Pierce Penilesse, 1592.] 

Flittermouse, Flindermottse, sb. a bat. 

Flue, adj. tender, weak ; of an horse, or a person. See Ray. 
[Dutch flaauw, feeble, faint.] 

Flush, adv. in a line, even. 

Folks, sb. pi. the men-servants. E. Kent. 

For, prep. "What for a horse is he?" i. e. what kind of a 
horse is he. 

Fore-acre, sb. an headland. 

Fore-right, adj. or adv. [direct] . " It (i.e. the river Rother) 
had heretofore a direct and foreright continued current and 
passage as to Appledore, so from thence to Romney;" 



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pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 77 

Somner, Ports and Forts, p. 50. I.e. right 'fore, for right 
before. So, in Kent, to wrong-take a person is to take him 
wrong, to misunderstand him, and a ribspare is a spare rib. 
The Kentish say outstand a person, for to stand out against 
him. "Foreright you/' i.e. right or strait before you. In 
Hants, a foreright person is an idiot or a simple person, viz. 
one that without consideration runs headlong, and does 
things hand over head. " Vorereert, forth-right, without 
circumspection ;" Somers. [Exmoor] Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 
408. "Foreright winds," i.e. prosperous, right forward 
winds, Old Plays, iv. pp. 177, 188. " Or hedge [Dr. Pegge 
reads turn] aside from the direct forth-right;" Sh. Troil. 
and Cres. iii. 3. 158. 

Forical, sb. a headland in ploughing. See Foreacre. 

Fobstal, sb. a small opening in a street, or a lane, too little to 
be called a common. It is generally a green place before 
an house ; but otherwise I have known that part of a farmer's 
yard lying just before the door call'd the forstaL Ray 
has — " A fostal, fort£ forestal, a way leading from the high 
way to a great house ; Sussex." 

Fot [foi] sb. (Fr. voie) a treat at going abroad or coming home; 
Lewis. But this is general ; see Dr. Littleton. [Not general 
now. The word is discussed in Gent. Mag. vol. cii. pt. ii. 
p. 290 (1882) and vol. ciii. pt. i. p. 886 (1838) with 
reference to the compound word Foy-boat.. The deriv. from 
Fr. voie may be questioned ; it is more likely to be equiva- 
lent to the Dutch fooi, which signifies an emolument, perqui- 
site, vail, fee, farewell. The word is still known at Margate ; 
see " Misadventures at Margate " in the Ingoldsby Legends, 
by Barham. The word occurs in a passage in Pepys' Diary, 
thus quoted in Nares, ed. Hal. and Wrt. — " To Westminster 
with captain Lambert, and there he did at the Dog give me, 
and some other friends of his, his foy, he being to set sail 
today towards the Streights.'' In this passage the word 
clearly means a farewell treat, but the explanation there 
given is — a boat attendant upon a ship !] 

Frail, adj. peevish, hasty. 

Frith, sb. [Welsh ffiridd, a wood. See Halliwell. Dr. Pegge 
has a confused note on it, which shews that he was misled 

Digitized by LjOOQIC 



78 peogb's alphabet op kenticisms. 

by connecting it with the A. S. frith, meaning peace; how- 
ever, he says, " it is a term respecting a forest."] 

Froke, pp. frozen. See Milton, P. L. ii. 595. From, frozen; 
Caxton, Myrrour, ii. c. 21, 26, 27. 

Furner, sb. a baker. French fournier. 

Galy, adj. [boisterous]; "the wind is galy," i.e. blows in gales, 
by fits and intervals. 

Gang- way, sb. a thorow-fare, entry, passage; Lewis. A sea 
term. 

Gant, adj. [said] of a greyhound, or a racehorse, being thin in 
the flanks. See Gent. Maga. xvi. p. 408. [It is our word 
gaunt ; see the play on the word — '' Old Gaunt indeed, and 
gaunt in being old" — " leanness is all gaunt" in Shak. Rich. 
II. Act ii. Sc. 1.] 

Ga8COIOnes, sb. pi. small black cherries. 

Gate, sb. a way; "a sea-gate" a way into the sea; Lewis. 
But this is general. [Hardly general now; cf. RamV^ate, 
Margate.] 

Gavelkind, sb. see Spelman's Gloss, pp. 259, 565. [See 
Gavelkind in Halliwell]. 

Ge [jee] sb. fowls are said " to go to ge," i.e. to roost. They 
pronounce it rather chee or chie [chee], as Lewis has it. 
Chy in Cornish is an house. [More likely connected with 
Fr. gisir, Lat. iacere, to lie, whence the sb. gtte, a lodging.] 

Gen tail, sb. an ass. 

Gill, sb. "a little narrow valley with wood, and a rill running in 
the bottom •" Aubrey's Antiq. Surrey, vol. v. p. 402. ss A 
Gill, a rivulet, a beck. Suss.'* Ray. "A gill of growing 
timber ;" Advertisement in Canterb. Paper, Sat. May 25, 
1743. 

Glins [glins] adj. slippery ; they pronounce it glince. 

Gloom, sb. I take it to be a corruption of bloom, Plot's Staf- 
fordshire, p. 163. [There is little to help us to the sense of 
the word. In Plot, we find only the technical term bloom, 
which means a mass of iron after having undergone the first 
hammering, and which is clearly derived from the A. S. 
bloma, a mass of metal.] 

Go to, v. to set; " the sun goes to," i.e. sets. 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 79 

God's good, sb. yeast, barm. Kent, Norf. Suff.; Ray. In the 
times of superstition, when the success of anything was 
precarious, the good- wives were used to bless or exorcise it, 
as in boiling of black-puddings, and the like. So at this 
day, in Derb., after having beat the yeast (or barm, as they 
there call it) into the ale! when it is in the fat [i.e. vat] they 
always cross it with two long strokes with the hand from 
side to side. God's good, therefore, I woud suppose to be a 
form of blessing or exorcising, or at least the two first words 
of such a form. 

Going to't, i.e. going to do it; as, "do this or that;" the 
answer is — " I am going to't." [Often used still, but pro- 
nounced to it in full ; as, " I'm going to it." The frequency 
with which it is used in some parts of Kent renders the 
phrase a striking one.] 

Golding, sb. a lady-bug [i.e. ladybird] . See Bug. 

Golls [golz?] sb. pi. gozlings, or very young geese. See 
Willow-gull. 

Golorb, adj. plentiful, or plenty. [Dr. Pegge suggests a con- 
nection with gloar ; see gloarfat in Halliwell ; but it is the 
Gaelic jw U6r, enough, from ledr, an adj. signifying sufficient, 
with the prefix gu, which is used for converting an adj. into 
an adverb.] 

Gooding, sb. to go a gooding, when the poor of a parish go 
about for an alms, the week before Christmas. [Chiefly on 
St. Thomas's day; see Gent. Maga. 1794, April, p. 292, 
quoted in Brand's Pop. Antiq. ed. Ellis, i. 456. Brand 
says that the custom of "going a gooding" is still kept up 
in Kent, in the neighbourhood of Maidstone."] 

Go8s, sb. heath, furze ; Lewis. But this is general. 

Goystbr, v. to laugh aloud ; " a goystering wench," a boy- 
maid, or a lad-lass ; Lewis. 

Granada, sb. a golden pipin (sic). 

Grandly, adv. greatly ; as, " I want it grandly." 

Grape-vine, sb. a vine ; Wild of Kent, and Suss. Orchard, in 
Derb., is always spoken of apples; but in Kent, they say 
apple-orchards, because of the cherry-orchards. 

Gratton, sb. an ersh, or eddish, Suss.; stubble, Kent; Ray. 
Now here Mr. Ray distinguishes betwixt ersh and stubble. 
Lewis writes Grotten. See Ersh. 

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80 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

Great, adv. very; as "great much/' very much. 

Greeds, sb. pi. " the greeds/ 9 straw thrown on to the dung-hill. 
A. S. grade. 

Green, sb. to take a horse a green, i.e. to the field or to green 
meat ; as when they say " he goes a green" i.e. he goes to 
grass. A green is an open piece of ground, and generally a 
common or waste. 

Green-swerd, sb. grass turf; Lewis. But this is general. 

Grotes, sb. pi. [grits, groats] ; called greats in Derb. Greats is 
very right, for it means great meal of oats, in opposition to 
small meal. Dr. Plot, Hist. Staff, p. 205, very incorrectly 
writes gritts. [Unsatisfactory ; in fact, Dr. Plot's spelling 
is now common, if one t be omitted. The A. S. has gruetta, 
grits, or groats; grut, meal of wheat or barley, gryt, fine 
flour, and gre6t> grit or sand.] 

Grotten. See Gratton. 

Guess-cow, sb. a barren cow. 

Guesting, gossipping. 

Guttermud, v. to dirty ; as when one falls from a horse into 
the dirt. 

Haoister, sb. a magpie, Kent ; Ray, Lewis. 

Hair, sb. They prefix the article; as, " a good hair;" we say, 
" good hair." So they say, "a bread and butter ;" for which 
we say " a piece of bread and butter." 

Hale, adj. healthy; "hale weather," healthy, wholesome 
weather. 

Half-amon. See Amon. 

Hank, Hink, sb. a skain ; " a hank of silk." So we say, a man 
has an hank on another ; or, he has him entangled in a skain 
or string. Lewis. 

Haps, sb. a hasp. Rightly ; for so the A. S. So also waps for 
wasp. [A. S. haps j a hasp]. 

Harcelet, sb. See Yeoman of Kent, act iv.; where it is 
defined too, viz. the heart, liver, and lights of a hog ; but 
they mix some fat bits and lean of the pork, and roast all 
together. Dr. Littleton writes haslets and hast let. Some 
cannibals are described as offering a man's head to some 
English officers as a dainty, "of which, as may well be 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 81 

supposed, the gentlemen refused to partake. They then 

presented the haslet of the man, just warmed, and . . • pressed 

them to eat." Gent. Magaz. 1776. p. 19. So Cotgrave, in 

English part, q. v. 
Haedheweb, sb. a stonemason ; Articles for building Wye 

bridge, 1637. 
Harvest, v. To harvest is a verb; we also use harvesters. 

Johnson's Serm. vol. 2, pp. 300, 324. 
Harvesters, sb. pi. workers in the harvest. See above. 
Hatch, sb. " a gate in the roads ; a half-hatch is where a horse 

may pass, but not a cart;" Aubrey, Antiq. Surrey, vol. 5, p. 

402. Kent -hatch (Symondson's mapp) and the scituation 

(sic) of it, upon the borders of the county, shews the sense 

and propriety of it. 
Haulm, or Helm, sb. stubble gathered after the corn is inned ; 

Ray. Used here chiefly of pease and beans' straw. 
Have, t;. to take ; as, " have the horse to the field." 
Haw, sb. a close, Kent-, Ray. Hence Hemphaugh, a little place 

where hemp is planted, an hemp-spot. Hemp-hawe, vide 

Bapchild in Monasticon Cant. Lewis writes haw or hawmel. 

[Kennett, s. v. Haia, in his Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. says — 

" in Kent, a haw ; i.e. a small close hedged in."] 
Hearth [heerth?] sb. "in hearth/ 9 within hearing. 
Heave [heev] v. "to heave a card," to play it; it being as it 

were lifted up, or heav'd, before it is laid down upon the 

table. 
Heave-gate, sb. when the rails, with the pales nailed to them, 

may be taken out of their mortises, and then put in again ; 

it looks of a piece with the rest of the pale-fence, but may 

be taken down occasionally. 
Heeve [heev] sb. and vb. a hive, a bee-hive ; also, to hive bees. 
Hele [heel] v. to cover. Also in Derb. [A. S. hilan, to cover] . 
Helter-kelter, adv. head-foremost, all together. Lewis. This 

is general. [Not general now."] 
Hether [hedh-ur] adv. hither. [Dr. Pegge writes heather, 

and compares whether for whither} thus shewing the pro- 
nunciation.] 
Hever [heevur] sb. a crab. So called at Dover. [See Heaver 

in Halliwell.] 

VOL. IX. G 

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82 pegge's alphabet of kentioisms. 

Hicket, v. to hiccup, or hiccough. 

Hide-and-fox, sb. hide-and-seek ; a children's play. [Cf. "Hide. 
fox, and all after/' i.e. let the fox hide, and the others go 
to seek him; Hamlet, iv. 2. 32.] 

Hoath, Hoth, sb. heath ; as, /To/Afield, OxenAoaM, KingsAoM ; 
hence Hoath or Hoad near Reculver. 

Hobbled, pp. puzzled, put to a difficulty. 

Hocker-headed, adj. fretful, passionate. Lewis. 

Holl [hoi] vb. to throw, lit. to hurl. Ex. " to holl a stone/' 

Holly-boys and Ivy-girls. In West Kent, figures in the form 
of a boy and girl, made one of holly, the other of ivy, upon 
a Shrove Tuesday, to make sport with. [" A group of girls 
engaged themselves in one part of a village in burning an 
uncouth image which they called a holly-boy, and which 
they had stolen from the boys ; while the boys were to be 
found in another part of the village burning a like effigy, 
which they called the ivy-girl, and which they had stolen 
from the girls ; the ceremony being in both cases accom- 
panied by loud huzzas/' Chambers, Book of Days, i. 238 ; 
with a ref. to Gent. Maga. 1779. So in Brand's Pop. Ant. 
ed. Ellis, i. 68.] 

Holt, sb. a wood. Much used in names of places. [A. S. Ao#.] 

Home8tall [hoam'staul] sb. the house the family lives in. 

Hooding [huod'ing] sb. a country masquerade at Christmas 
time, which in Derb. they call guising (I suppose a con- 
traction of dis-guising) and in other places mumming. 

Hofkin, sb. [a supper for work-folks after the hop-picking is 
over.] See Wheatkin. 

Hornicle, sb. a hornet, Suss. ; Ray. 

Horrid, adv. extremely ; as, " horrid bad ; " or " horrid good." 

Horse-nails, sb. pi. tadpoles. 

Horseejsefer, sb. a groom; one that looks after a farmer's or 
a gentleman's horses. 

Hort, for hurt. 

KovT,pp. holpen, i.e. helped; from holp, the l being left out. 

Housel, sb. for " house* hold;" " an old housel," i.e. household, 
meaning household stuff or furniture. 

Hover, adj. light; " hover ground, i.e. light ground;" Ray. 

How, adv. " about how," near the matter. [Used thus — " thaf s 

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peggb's alphabet op kenticisms. 83 

about how ;" meaning — "that is sufficiently near to the 

right way of doing the thing."] 
How [hou] pron. who. See Lewis. 
Howsomever, adv. "but howsomever," i.e. howsoever. At 

Bromley, in W. Kent, the more ordinary people say how- 

somedever. 
Huffle, sb. a menry meeting. Lewis. 
Huffler, sb. one that carries off fresh provisions to ships. 

Lewis. 
Huge, adv. very. "I'm not huge well." Sometimes they 

make it a dissyllable, hugy [heuj'i]. Knolles, Hist. p. 579 ; 

D. Carew's Surv. Cornw. p. 151 b. 
Hutch, sb. a waggon, used in the manner of a cart. 
Huxon, sb. pi. the same as Somers. [Exmoor] hucksheens, 

i.e. the hocks or hams. Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 406. 
Huy, inter;, used in fraying [i.e. frightening or driving] hogs, 

Fr. hue. [The Fr. interj. hue is preserved in the phrase 

s hue and cry ;' cf. Fr. huer, Welsh hwa, to hoot.] 

Iles [eilz ?] sb. pi. ails or beards of barley. 

Indurable, adj. durable, very durable ; as if for induring or 

enduring. So endure or indure for dure] in English. 
Ivy-girl. See Holly-boys. 

Jack. See Tamsin. 

Jaul, t?. when crows throw the earth about, and get the grain 
out af the ground when it is sown, they are said to jaul it 
out. [Shakespeare employs both to joll and to jowl.~\ 

Jaw8Y [jauz-i] adj. talkative. From the jaws. 

Jealousy, adj. jealous.^ 

Earfe [kaaf] sb. " Kerfe, the furrow made by the saw, Suss.;" 
Ray. In felling, or cutting anything with an axe, the aper- 
ture made by the first strokes is the kerfe, or calf, as some 
seem to pronounce it. They pronounce it karf in Kent. 
[From the vb. to carve.'] 

Keaf, sb. a calf. 

Keals [keelz] sb. pi. nine-pins. Littleton's Diet. The 
Kentish-men call them also skittles. 'Tis the Fr. quilles. 

g2 



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84 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

[The Pr. quille is from Ger. kegel, which is cognate with 
the O. Eng. kat/le, heal, or keel.] See Cales. 

Keeler, sb. a cooler [i.e. a large tub. Kennett, in his Gloss, to 
Paroch. Antiq. s.v. Kevere, says — " In Kent, a keeler is a 
broad shallow vessel of wood, wherein they set their milk to 
cream, and their wort to cool."] 

Kern, v. [to corn, produce corn] . " Kerning, corning ; good 
kerning land;" Lewis. See Plot's Staffordsh. p. 204; who 
says that " the pisum album majus, or garden-Rouncival . . . 
were found to run upon the ground without inconvenience, 
and to kern well." [Cf. Ger. kornen, to granulate.] 

Ketch, v. to catch. 

Kew, [kew] sb. a cow. 

Kilk, sb. [charlock] ; kilk or kelk, which in Derb. they call 
kedlock, from whence by contraction it comes; kellock, 
kelk. They call it kinkle too. [Dr. Pegge omits to give 
the signification, and omits kedlock in his " Derbicisms ;" 
but he certainly means charlock, which is the sense given to 
kilk in Cooper's Sussex Glossary. Besides, kedlock for 
charlock is given in Hal. as a Shropshire word.] 

Kinkle. See Kilk. 

Kitten, sb. a young cat ; in Derb. a killing. It is a sing. sb. 
for 'tis pluralized by s. [Dr. Pegge argues that it ought to 
be a plural, viz. " the plural of kit, as I have often heard a 
young cat called." It is, however, a diminutive.] 

Kittle, v. to tickle. [A. S. citelian, to tickle.] 

Kittle, Kittlish, adj. ticklish, uncertain; "upon what kittle, 
tottering, and uncertain terms they held it;" Somner, Of 
Gavelkind, p. 129. So fickle and uncertain weather they 
call " kittle " weather. Lewis writes cittle. 

Knet, v. to knit ; as to knet stockings. Not very improper ; 
for net, knit, knot, are all of the same original. 

Knoll, sb. a hill or bank ; " a knole of sand." Lewis. [A. S. 
cnoll, a round top.] 

Knolles [noalz?] sb.pl. turneps, Kent; Ray. Lewis writes 
knowles. [Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Coppice, 
has — "Knolls, or round-headed roots, or Jurnips ; so called 
in Kent.] 



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PEGGED 4I<*flABET OT KENTICISMS. 85 

Lack, v. to want. Very common ; see Macbeth, iii. 4. 84. 

Lady-bug, sb. a lady-bird. See Bug. 

Lant-flour, sb. fine flour, i.e. lawn'd or sears'd through a 
lawn. I think the better sort say lawrid- flour. [Dr. Pegge 
writes flower. Whatever we think of the derivation, we 
may thank him for using the verb searse, to strain.] 

Lathe, sb. [a division of the county of Kent, which is divided 
into five lathes, viz. Sutton-at-Home, Aylesford, Scray, St. 
Augustine's, and Shepway.] On this word see especially 
Gloss, in X. Scriptores, s. v. Lastum and Leta ; Lastum in 
Ann. Burt. p. 280; Lath in Lambarde's Peramb. p. 28. 
[It is the A. S. lath.'] 

Lattkrly, adv. the latter part of his time. 

Lawcu8 Heart, inter y. as "O lawcus heart!" which means 
"O Lord Christ's heart." This is a true etymology. 
Gascoigne testifys they were antiently us'd to swear per 
Cor Christi pretiosum, in his Theolog. Dictionary. Lewis, 
citing the passage in his Life of Bp. Peacock, p. 155, anno- 
tates — " in Kent the vulgar yet use Lawcus heart for Lord 
Christ's heart" to which let me add 'odsheart and 'sheart, 
which evidently means God's (i.e. Christ's) heart. 

Lay, Ley, sb. land untilled ; Lewis. But this is general. 

Lay, v. to lie. " He who will not the law oboy (sic), Here in 
y e Stocks must surely lay "; on the stocks at Bridge. 

Laystole, sb. Of what extent the use of this word may be, I 
cannot say ; but it is currently used at Wye, and I refer 
you for the meaning of it and the etymology, to the history 
of the College of Wye. [It must be the Old. Eng. laystall, 
a rubbish-heap, or rather, a place where rubbish is shot ; 
not exactly " a dunghill," as commonly explained. It 
occurs in Spenser, F.Q. i. 5. 53.] 

Leacon, sb. a common ; but wet or swampy ; as, Wye Leacon, 
Westwell Leacon. 

Learn, v. to teach. 

Lease, v. to glean; Suss. Kent; Ray, and Lewis. [A. S. lesan, 
to gather.] 

Leasing, sb. gleaning. See above. 

Leastwise, adv. for least ; as " at leastwise." Bp. Andrews's 
Serm. pp. 348, 373. 

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86 PEGGED ALPHABET OP KENTICISMS. 

Leer, sb. " leere, tape." Lewis. [" I meane so to mortifie my 
selfe, that in steede of silkes, I wil weare sackcloth : for 
owches and bracelletes, leere and caddys : for the lute, vse 
the distaffe," &c. Lily's Euphues, ed. Arber, p. 79.] 

Lees, sb. a name for a common ; Kennett. Lees, a meadow or 
pasture field ; Lewis. [A. S. fasti."] 

Leety [leet-i] adj. " a leety man/' of a slow, slovenly farmer. 
They pronounce it leaty. [Dr. Pegge writes letty, in spite 
of his saying how it is pronounced ; because he thinks it 
derived from let, to hinder. It is simply A. S. ket, late, 
slow, tardy]. 

Lew, adj. sheltered ; an house is said " to lye lew," i.e. the 
house lies snug under the wind. Hence leward, term at 
sea. Trevisa wrote lewk, and hereby you may see the 
origine of Lukewarm. Ray has " lee or lew, calm, under- the 
wind; Suss." [A. S. hied, shelter; hleawan, to warm.] 

Lew, t;. to shelter ; trees are said " to lew an house/' i.e. the 
trees keep off the wind. 

Libiat, Libbit, sb. a stick to throw at anything. " I took up a 
libbit that lay by the sole, and hove it at the hagister that 
was in the podder-grotten." Lewis. [This means — I took 
up a stick that lay by the pool, and threw it at the magpie 
that was in the pease-stubble.] 

Lief-couf. See Lit cop. 

Light, sb. the whole quantity of eggs the hen lays at one 
laying. 

Lightly, adv. mostly. 

Linch, sb. a bawke or little strip of land, to bound the fields in 
open countries, called elsewhere landshire or landsherd, to 
distinguish a share of land. Lewis. [A. S. Kline, a ridge 
of land.] 

Linger, v. to long after a thing. We likewise use it to mean 
delay, and tedious, and long. " He is in a poor lingering 
way/' Lewis. 

Lishy, adj. said of corn running high and rank, when it is 
growing. 

Litcop, sb. a sale # of goods upon the breaking up of shop; 'tis 
us'd also of household goods. Lewis writes Uef-coup. 

Lithe r, adj. supple, limber, gentle. Lewis. 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 87 

Lodg'd, pp. said of corn laid flat with heavy rains. Macbeth, 

iv. i. 55. 
Lope- way, sb. a private footpath. 
Lowance,*&. allowance; that which is given to the waggoners when 

they have brought home the load, in bread, and cheese, and ale. 
Lug, Sie Peter; a person that comes last to any meeting they 

call Sir Peter Lugg ; where lugg is a corruption of lag. See 

Lag in ' Derbicisms/ 
Lusty, adj. fat; or rather, in good order. 

Maw, v. to mow; Old Parish Book of Wye, 18 H. viii. 

Maid. See Tamsin. 

May-bug, sb. See Bug. Froger, p. 48. [EfiabaU^ /^cock- 
chafer; see May-beetle in Halliwell.] 

Meal, sb. of all sorts of flower [i.e. flour] . In Derb. 'tis only 
used of the flower of oats, called as often meal as oatmeal; 
but it seems to be a general word for all sorts of flower, 
seeing they say oatmeal. 

Measles. " Measles in a hog, porrigo, porcorum lepra;" Ains- 
worth. See below. 

Measly, adj. A measly hog. " A measled hog, porous lepra 
laborans;" Ainsworth. But the distemper is more of a 
dropsy. The liver is always decayed ; and there are here 
and there in the lean flesh, on cutting it, small white spots 
or pimples which seem to be cysts . or bladders of fat. 
N.B. Those small bladders, on boiling the pork, become 
hard, and come out of the flesh, like so many small peas, 
and the spungy fat therein turns to water; they say the 
neck and legs are most infected. 

Meece [mees] sb. pi. mice. 

Mill, v. to melt. 

Miller's thumb, sb. that fish which in Derb. they call bull- 
head. [The cottus go bio.] 

Mind, sb. To be a mind to a thing, to intend, or design it. 
[I believe this is quite true ; and that " Pm a mind to " is 
used as well as, or rather than, "Fve a mind." — W. W. S.] 

Mind, v. to remember; as, " I mind," for " I remember ." 

Mine, sb. ironstone. So the magnet is called the mine ; Old 
Plays, vi. p. 167 ; Dr. Lister, Journey, p. 88. [See Nares.] 

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88 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

Minnis, sb. a common ; as, Stelling Minnis, Roads Minnis, &c. 
[Cooper, in his Sussex Glossary, says "M innis, a rising piece 
of ground: . . Also used in Kent, as a high, common.] 

Mint, sb. the spleen ; see Milt in € Derbicisms.' 

Minty, adj. said of meal or flour, i.e. mity or full of mites ; 
'tis us'd of cheese too. 

Minute, sb. They say " a little minute* 9 where others says " a 
minute." So " a little moment/' Isaiah xxvi. 20. 

Mist, v. impers. " it mists, 9 i.e. rains very small rain, as it does 
when the atmosphere is very thick. 

Mittens, sb. pi. the very large gloves they hedge with are in 
many places called mittens, as in Kent. See Bay. 

Mixon, sb. a dunghill of any sort in some parts of England ; 
but here it is more properly restrained to an heap of earth 
and dung- mixed together; see Ray. They pronounce it 
often a maxon. In Glouc. they say misken, i.e. misken, by 
metathesis. See Dr. Puller's Worth, p. 174, where he 
defends it : " that heap of compost, which lyeth in the yards 
of good husbands/' i.e. good husbandmen. [A. S. mix, 
dung ; mixen, a dunghill.] 

Moan, sb. a basket ; a deep basket, broader at top and open 
there. See Maund in Ray, who says — " a hand-basket with 
two lids." But this answers not at all to the Kentish 
sense ; they pack up fruit in this sort of basket, pick hops 
into them, and unload coals with them. See Glanvil on 
Witchcraft, in Postscript, p. 41; Spelman, Glos. v. Man- 
datum. [A. S. mand, a basket.] 

Mokes [moaks] sb. pi. meshes ; the mokes of a net, the meshes ; 
see Ray, p. 72. [The singular moak appears in Cooper's 
Sussex Glossary.] 

Monkey-pea, sb. millipedes [i.e. a wood-louse] . When he is 
rolled up he is so like a pea, that one may imagine him so 
called from the imitation of a pea, the ape or monkey being 
a great imitator. [A little further on, Dr. Pegge revokes 
this opinion, and gives — ] Monkepee, a wood-louse ; a cor- 
ruption of millipes or multipes. 

Mont [munt ?] sb. a month. 

Moor, sb. Rotten, swampy, and wet grounds are called moors 
here. 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 89 

More, adv. used of size or dimensions ; as, f € as big more," i.e. 
as big again. 

Mort, Mot, sb. abundance, a multitude ; " a mot of money, 
apples, men," See. Lewis. 

Much, v. [to soothe ;] to much a child, to fondle it when it is 
peevish. [I hazard the guess that this is from the Welsh 
mygu, to stifle, a verb formed from Welsh mwg, smoke ; cf. 
E. muggy, close, stifling. This is made probable by the fact 
that the cognate Gaelic verb much means not only to stifle, 
but also to quell, to pacify, to hum in a low voice.] 

Mullock, v. to mullock an oven, to damp its heat. In Glouc., 
mould under a faggot-stack is call'd mollock, from its wetness 
or dampness. [A diminutive of Old Eng. mull, which 
is merely a variation of mould.] 

Mushroon, sb. a mushroom. 'Tis right, for it is from the Pr. 
moucheron \mousseron\. 

Nail, sb. the weight of eight pound; as, "a nail of beef;" 
Suss. Bay. 

Nail-bourn, sb. [an intermittent brook ; see Halliwell.] This 
word is differently written Eylebourn, Harris's Hist, of Kent, 
p. 240 : — " There is a famous Eylebourn which rises in this 
parish [Pethara] and sometimes runs but a little way before 
it falls into the ground." [And again, at p. 179, Harris 
has — "Kilburn saith, that a.d. 1472 here (at Lewisham) 
newly broke out of the earth a great spring; by which I 
suppose he means an Eylebourn, or Nailbourn, as the vulgar 
call it."] 

Nature, sb. way ; " in this nature," on this manner, this way, 

Nawn steers, sb. pi. small steers, juvenculi. Lat. nanus, Pr. 
nain. 

Nay, adv. no. Very common. 

Neat, v. to make neat and clean ; as, " she neats about," i.e. 
she goes about the house, making things neat and clean. 

Ness, sb. [a promontory. No explanation ; cf. Sheerness'] . 

Newland, sb. land newly broke up or ploughed. Lewis. 

Nonce. " For the nonce," on purpose. 

None. « None of 'em both," i.e. neither of 'em. So the Fr. 
tous les deux. 



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90 ?EGGE*S ALPHABET Of kenticisms. 

Nor yet, cory. nor. So nee tamen, Virgil, Eel. i. 58; and sec 
Collect for St. Barnabas day ; John iv. 21. 

Notch, v. " To notch up," to reckon or count ; alluding to 
the custom or method of reckoning at cricket, where they take 
a stick, and cut a notch or a nick in it, for everytime they run. 

Nuncheon, sb. " In Kent, a noonchion or nunchion of bread, or 
any edible, is a great piece, enough to serve for the nooning, 
or dinner of any common eater •" Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. 
Antiq. s. v. Nona. 

Oast, sb. a kill for drying hops ; see Ray. Bryk-host, i.e. brick 
kiln; Old Parish-book of Wye, 34 Henr. viii. %<{ And we 
call est or ost the place in the house where the smoke 
ariseth ; and in some mannors antiquum austrum or ostrum 
is that where a fixed chimney or flew anciently hath been;" 
Ley in Hearne, Cur. Disc. p. 27. See Astre. [I believe 
that this attempt at connecting oast with astre is wrong. 
The former goes with the Dutch eest, a drying-kiln, but the 
latter with the old French astre, a hearth. For the follow- 
ing interesting note, I am indebted to Mr. Scott Robertson. 
" This name for a kiln was used, in Kent, long before hops 
were introduced. In a deed, dated 28 Ed. I., (copied, by 
Mr. Burtt, in the Record Office) we find Roger de Faukham 
granting, to William de Wykewane and Sarah his wife, 3 
acres of land which ' jacent apud le Lymoste in parochia de 
Faukham/ During Wat Tyler's insurrection some of the 
insurgents ' went to a place called the Lymost, in Preston 
next Faversham, on the 5th of June, 1381, and ejected . . . 
goods and chattels of Philip Bode found there, to wit, lime, 
sacks, &c.' (Arch. Cantiana, iii. 90.) In a lease, dated 
1445, and granted by the Churchwardens of Dartford to 
John Grey and John Vynor, we read — 'the tenants to build 
a new lime oast that shall burn eight quarters of lime at 
once ;' Landale's ' Documents of Dartford/ p. 8. Limekouse, 
a suburb of London, seems to have been named from a 
lym-oste; it was not formed into a parish until the 18th 
century. In a Valuation of the town of Dartford, 29 Ed. I. 
we find mention of John Ost, William Ost, and Walter 
Ost."— W. A. S. R.] 

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peggfe's alphas** o* kenticisms. 01 

Op, prep. " Acquaintance of a person/' for with him ; as, " I 

have no acquaintance of him." 
Otherwhilb, adv. "Every otherwhile a little/ 1 i.e. a little 

now and then. 
Out. " The wind is out" i.e. in the north. See Upward. 
Outstand, v. to oppose. The Kentish say "to outstand" a 

person, for to stand out against him. See Foreright. 
Oven, sb. "To go to oven/ 3 to bake. 

Paddy, adj. worm-eaten. Lewis. 

Palm-tree, sb\ a yew-tree. And, what is strange, they will 
sometimes on Palm-Sunday dress a church with yew- 
branches; which I think very strange, because this was 
always esteemed a funereal tree ; but after they once called 
it the palm-tree, the other mistake followed as it were on 
course. [Yew-trees in East Kent are "to this day uni- 
versally called palms ;" Gent. Maga. Dec. 1779, p. 578.] 

Faroe, v. to parge, [to put on] an ordinary coat of mortar next 
to brickwork or tiling. " Parget and mortar " is the version 
of cmmentorum in Greenway's tr. of Tacitus de Mor. Germ.; 
and Plot says €e parget or mortar/' Hist. Staffordsh. p. 153; 
and "to parge" p. 178. [From Lat. paries, a wall.] 

Pegle [peeg'l] sb. "as yellow as apegle." Apeigle is a cow- 
slip, verbasculum. Bradley's Country Houswife, pt. i. p. 70. 
Gerard writes paigle. 

Pelt, sb. rags, &c. See Culch. [Cf. Sc. peltrie, Swed. paltor, 
rags; whence Eng. paltry. Eennett (Gloss, to Paroch. 
Antiq.) says — " a Pelt, in falconry, is the skin of a fowl 
stuffed, or any carcase of a dead fowl thrown to hawks/'] 

Petty-coat, sb. a man or boy's waistcoat. Lewis. 

Pharisees, sb. pi. fairies. See Farisees. 

Pittbring-iron, sb. a poker. 

Place, sb. i.e. the manor-house. "A manour place," Hearne, 
pref. to Antiq. of Glastonbury, p. xv, which I think is from 
Leland. See Strype's Ann. c. 15, smpe, presertim p. 189 ; 
Harris, p. 58. Note ; 'tis chiefly us'd in West Kent. Hence 
York-Place, Duke's Place. Somerset House is called Somer- 
set Place. See Hearne, in Leland's Itinerary, vol. v. p. 
141. 



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92 PEGGE's ALPHABET OP KENMCISMS. 

Place, sb. a barton. Lewis. 

Plaguesome, adj. troublesome. 

Planets, sb. pi. it rains " by planets," when showers fall in a 
small compass, in opposition to general rain. [In his MS. 
remarks on Proverbs, Dr. Pegge says — ] in summertime, 
the rains are often very local, extending not above a mile or 
two ; upon which they will say, " it rains by planets" which 
I suppose is a corruption of u it rains by plats " [i.e. plots] . 
[Probably not so. The Welsh planad means a shooting off, 
a meteor, and planed means a shooting body, from the verb 
plana, to shoot. Thus by planets may well mean 'by shoots/ 
It is remarkable that this Welsh planed is not the Greek 
word planet, yet has been confused with it.] 

Plashing, sb. pleaching a hedge. See Plot's Staffordsh. p. 
357; who says— "Amongst which, for a living fence, I met 
with none so artificial and serviceal as those made by the 
planching of quick-sets, i.e. cutting them half through, and 
laying them cross the ditch upon the adverse bank, and 
laying some earth upon them to keep them down," &c. 

Platty, adj. corn grows platty, when it is good only in here and 
there a place. [For plotty.'] 

Plum, adv. quite ; as, "plum wrong/' quite or directly wrong ; 
"a thing stands plum," it stands fast. 'Tis a French 
idiom ; a plomb, pat, full. 

Plump, adj. dry ; of the ground, after wet weather. " A plump 
whiting," a whiting dried. [Lewis has — Plump, dry, hard ; 
" the hays are plump."] 

Poch, v. [to make dirty] . See Putch. 

Pochy, adj. [dirty]. See Putch. [See also " Poucy, dirty, 
untidy," in Halliwell, s. v. Pouce.~\ 

Podder, sb. pod- ware ; beans, pease, tares, or vetches, or such 
ware as has pods. Lewis. [This derivation of podder is a 
mere guess, and hardly credible.] 

Podder-grotten, sb. [the stubble of beans, &c.] See above, 
and see Gratton and Libiat. 

Poke, sb. the nasty pool into which the stable and all its dung ' 
sews. See Putch. 

Polrumptious, adj. rude, obstreperous. 

Polt, sb. (1) a knock ; (2) a rat-trap, that falls down. Lewis. 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 93 

[The Old Eng. pulte, and Swed. bulta both mean to 

knock.] 
Poor, adj. bad; as "poor weather," u a poor day." 
Popy [poap-i] sb. a poppy. [The o is marked as long.] 
Pored Milk, sb. See Bis kins. 
Pother-hook, sb. [a sickle]; what in Derb. they call a reaping- 

hook. 
Pout, sb. [a round stack]; as, an hay -pout, a round stack of 

hay. Plot, a Kentish author, has it; Hist. Staffordsh. p. 

15 ; where he speaks of " cattle fed in winter-time at the 

same pout of hay." See Poud in Ray. 
Present, adv. presently, or at present, now. Often used in 

Strype's Annals, where he brings the words of his authors. 
Print, adj. bright. " The night is print/ 9 " The moon shines 

print ;" or, " the moon is print." 
Prodigal, adj. proud. 
Pull, v. [to pull down, weaken] ; "it has pulled him sadly ;" 

of an illness bringing people low. 
Punqer, sb. a crabfish. By a punger they mean the largest 

crabs ; for the small ones they call crabs. In Camden, col. 

1307, it seems not to mean a shellfish. [See Pungar in 

Halliwell.] 
Putch, sb. a puddle. Putch, a pit or hole; "iputch of Water;" 

Lewis. And so to poch, and pochy. See Poke. 

Quid, sb. the cud. "To chew the quid;' 9 in other places, "to 

chew the cud." Prom hence you have to " quid tobacco," 

and a " quid of tobacco." 
Quiddy, adj. brisk. [Welsh chundog, full of quirks, from 

chwid } a quick turn.] 
Quitter for quatter, phr. i.e. quid pro quo. See Whicket. 

[Cf. tit for tat.]. 
Quot, pp. or adj. cloyM. " Quotted, cloyed, glutted. Suss." 

Ray. In Somers. [Exmoor] aquott and quott ; Gent. 

Magaz. xvi. pp. 405, 407. In Scotl. quat. Fuller's Worth. 

p. 304. [Here Fuller quotes a Northumbrian Proverb. 

" A Yule feast may be quat at Pasche. That is, Christmas 

cheer may be digested, and the party hungry again at 

Easter. No happiness is so lasting but in short time we 

must forego, and may forget it."] 

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94 peggb's alphabet o* kenticisms. 

Back measure. FWl measure is 21 to the score, as of com, 
coals, &c.; and race measure is but 20. But it must be 
observed that full in this case has no allusion to the number 
21 which is greater than 20, but to the manner of ad- 
measurement ; as conceive, when the bushel is upheap'd 'tis 
full ; when struck with strickle and even'd, 'tis race measure, 
from rado, rasi (Lat.) ; and this is the true original of fuU 
and rase measure. Afterwards, they measured all by race, 
and allowed one at the score, as an equivalent recompence 
for so many fall bushels ; His immediately, tho', the French 
raiz, [ras,'] which signifies even. 

Bad, sb. a rod ; a measure of 16± feet ; and by this they mostly 
measure longitude [i.e. distance] ; in other places, they do 
it by yards. A rod of brickwork is 16± feet square; but 
the antient rod seems to have been 20 feet. Harris, Hist. 
Kent, p. 349, has — " And then also the measurement of the 
marsh [i.e. Romney Marsh] was taken by a rod or perch, 
not of 16± feet, which is the common one now, but of 20 
feet in length." 

Raddis-chimney, sb. a chimney made of studs, lathes, or raddles, 
and covered with lome or lime. In Kent, a rod is rad, as 
raddles ; and they say " 30 rads," for " 30 rods," meaning 
the length of a rod, or 16± feet. And therefore, 'tis a 
chimney made with rods. 

Raddle-hedge, sb. an hedge made with raddles. See below. 

Raddles, sb. pi. such green sticks as wattles or hurdles are 
made of. In some counties called raddlings. [Raddle is a 
dimin. of rad, i.e. rod.] 

Rade, adj. or adv. early ; a Somers. word ; as, rath blossoming, 
early blossoming, Baxter on Witches, p. 205 ; and " much 
rather than other thorns usually do," i.e. earlier, ibid, 
p. 208. See also Oent. Magaz. xvi., p. 407 ; rathest is the 
superl. in Piers Plowman [C. 13. 223]. See also Fuller's 
Worth, p. 86, ubi "ra/A-ripe pease." Ray has "rathe, 
early. Suss." 

Ravel-bread, sb. a middling sort of bread, neither white nor 
brown, but mixt. Thread mixed and entangled is said to be 
ravel'd. 

Rammed, pp. as adj. excessive hard; "rammed dear/' dearer 
than ordinary ; Lewis. 



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pegge's alphabet or kenticisms. 95 

Redgum, sb. [a rash to which very young infants are subject. 
Dr. Pegge simply writes " felon " against this word, " felon " 
being a provincial word for a sore ; see Halliwell.] 

Rexon'd, pp. See Wrexoned. 

Rezon, sb. the raising ; 'tis much the same as the wall-plate. 
[Dr. Pegge writes rezen. A wall-plate is a piece of timber 
placed horizontally in or on a wall, to support the ends of 
girders and joists. A raising, reason, rezon, or reson, means 
a raising-plate, i.e. a longitudinal timber on which the roof 
stands or is raised.] 

Ribs, sb. pi. sticks about the thickness of raddles, done up into 
bundles with two wiffs, and about 5 foot long. They are 
used for the fire, like faggots ; and sometimes in a raddle- 
fence. See Wiff. 

Rib8pare, sb. the spare rib. See Forthright. 

Rice [reis] sb. [small wood; cf. A.S. hris, a twig, branch]. 
See Roist. 

Ride, v. " to ride tythe ; w to tythe, or to set out tithe, i.e. to 
ride about for that purpose [of collecting tithes] . 

Ride, v. the raddishes " ride/' i.e. rise upon the stomach. 

Rights, sb. pi. " to go to rights/ 9 to go the nearest way. Sig- 
nificant ; Ben the Sailor uses it in Congreve's Love for Love, 
Act v. ; Don Quixote, iv. p. 138 ; &c. 

Rigmarole, sb. a long story : a ' tale of a tub/ 

Rime, sb. what in Derb. we call ime; A. S. hrim, hoarfrost. 

Rings, sb. a large tub with two iron ears, containing 14 or 16 
gallons, with which two servants fetch water from a distant 
place, a pole being passed through the rings or ears, which 
lies upon the shoulders of the bearers. Lewis has — Binge, 
a tub to carry water in, with two ears; a covel. 

Ringe, sb. wood when it is felled lies in tinges before it is made 
up into faggots, &c. [Perhaps ranges, ranks ; cf. renges in 
Chaucer, Kn. Ta. 1. 1736.] 

Rip, v. to reap. 

Ripper, sb. a pedder, dorser, or badger ; Ray. [I.e. a pedlar, 
or man who carries fish in a basket for sale] . Called ripier; 
Old Plays, iv. p. 248. [See Ripier in Cooper's Sussex 
Glossary.] 

Robin-rook, sb. a robin-redbreast. See Ruddock. 



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96 peggb's alphabet of kenticisms. 

Rods, sb. pi. [the shafts] of a cart or waggon ; in Derb. the 
sills. [In 'Derbicisms/ Dr. Pegge writes— Sills of a wagon, 
shafts.] 

Roist, sb. a switch to beat a dog with; or long wood, for 
brushwood, before it be made up. Called also Rice, q. v. 

Roots, sb. pi. carrots, /car ifrxfp. [Not so, now. — W. A.S.R.] 

Rough, sb. a wood. Archiv. Civit. Cant. 

Roughings, sb. pi. See Ersh. Lewis has — Roughin, the grass 
after mowing. 

Ruckle, [sb. a] struggle; Lewis. 

Ruddle-wattle, sb. a hurl (i.e. hurdle) made of small hazle-rods 
interwoven; Lewis. See Raddles. 

Ruddock, sb. the robin-redbreast, called also robin-rook; 
Littleton's Diet.; Shak. Cymbeline, iv. 2. 224. The notion 
of ff old' 8 being red (for it is yellow rather) "made Man- 
wood Lord Chief Baron call golden coyne (as I have heard 
reported) by an alluding by-name, ruddocks; 99 Bolton's 
Elements of Armories, p. 156. 'Tis the Welch name 
rhuddog ; rhudd is red. 

Rudy, adj. rude ; of children. 

Rumbal, sb. [a certain feast.] See below. 

Rumbal Whitings. "The present minister, Mr. Sacket, 
acquainted me with an odd custom used by the fishermen 'of 
Folkestone to this day. They chuse eight of the largest 
and best whitings out of every boat, when they come home 
from that fishery, and sell them apart from the rest ; and out 
of this separate money is a feast made every Christmas Eve, 
which they call rumball. The master of each boat provides 
this feast for his own company, so that there are as many 
different entertainments as there are boats. These whitings 
they call also rumbal whitings. He conjectures, probably 
enough, that this word is a corruption from Rumwold; and 
they were anciently designed as an offering for St. Rumwold, 
to whom a chapel, he saith, was once dedicated, and which 
stood between Polkstone and Hythe, but is long since 
demolished;" &c. Harris, Hist, of Kent, p. 125. [To this 
Dr. Pegge has added, at a later date — "A rumbal of 
whitings, a certain quantity." Cf. the account of St. 
Rumwald in Lambarde's Peramb. of Kent, ed. 1656, p. 249.] 

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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 97 

Bunnet, sb. the herb gallium [i.e. galium verum, yellow bed- 
straw] ; called in Derb. " erning ; " anglice cheese-runnel ; 
it runs the milk together, i.e. makes it curdle. 

Running, sb. See Stroke-bias. 

Bush, sb. the rash, or spotted feaver. 

Sag, v. [to be depressed by weight, to sink] ; " the wind sags" 
i.e. falls. A rope or line, when it is extended, is said to sag 
in the middle part. See Macbeth, v. 3. 10; Cullum, p. 
173. [Cf. A. S. sagan, to cause to descend.] 

Saints-bell, sb. what in Derb. they call a ting-tang. See 
Hudibras, iii. c. 2. 1. 1224. — "The only saints-bell that rings 
all in." [On which R. Bell has a note— "The small bell 
rung before the minister begins the service, to call to prayers 
and other offices. 'Her tongue is the clapper of the devil's 
saints-bell, that rings all into confusion/ — Character of a 
Scold, 1678."] 

Sare, adj. (1) dry, of wood ; opposed to green wood which 
won't burn. So Macbeth, v. 3. 23 — " the sear, the yellow 
leaf;" Milton, who writes seer, and sere, P.L. x. 1021 ; Ps. 
2; Old Plays, iii. p. 2; Skelton, p. 6; Cullum, p. 173.— 
(2) tender, rotten; as, "my coat is very sare;" Lewis. 
[Cf. A. S. searian, to dry up.] 

Say, v. to try, i.e. essay it ; as, " when a hog has once say'd 
a garden, he will hardly be kept from it ; " and, " to say 
and weigh an horse to the road " is to use a young horse 
to it. See Bay. 

Scaddle, adj. mischievous ; said of a mischevious dog. See 
Bay. Prom A. S. sceathan, to injure, scathe; sctethig, 
harmful. Lewis has — Skaddle, wild, unlucky, mischievous ; 
as, " a skaddle cat, boy, &c." 

Scaeefull, adj. frightful. 

Scads, sb. pi. black bullace ; or a bastard damasin growing in 
the hedges. 

Scarcey, adj. scarce. 

Scoppel, sb. a broad wooden shovel, used by the threshers. 

Scorce, v. to exchange. 'Tis Somers. [Exmoor] too; Gent. 
Magaz. xvi. p. 407. 

Score, sb. they reckon much by score; as three-wore and four- 
VOL IX. H 

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98 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

teen instead of seventy-four. This is much after the Scotch 
way, but more like the Indians in the isthmus of Darien. 
See Wafer, p. 184. [Cf. Pr. Soixante-quatorze. The 
reference is to Lionel Wafer's New Voyage and Description 
of the Isthmus of America; 8vo, Loudon, 1699.] 

Scout. See Shoat. 

Seam, sb. hog's lard; hence enseame is purging of a hawk of 
her glut and grease; Blome's Gent. Recr. pt. ii. p. 115. 
[And again, Dr. Pegge writes — ] Seam, fat; or rather, 
lard, Brit. saim. Seym, Blount's tenures, p. 1, ubi interpre- 
tatur sagimen. 'Tis a general word, Littleton ; [and used] 
in Derbyshire. [Welsh saim, grease.] 

Seam, sb. [a horse-load]. "A seame of coals;" Old Parish 
Book of Wye, ult. Hen. viii. See Ray. Also Gloss, in 
X Scriptures, s.v. Saginarius, Quarterium, Summa ; Thome, 
col. 2094 and 2010 ; Cowel, s.v. Seme. Jno. Godfrey, in his 
will, 1572, gives his wife "two seames of wheat, half a 
seame of oates, two seames of malt;" &c. Lewis says — 
Seme, a quarter of corn, or eight bushels, a horseload. 
[A. S. seam also means eight bushels, or a horse-load; 
sumpter-horse is from the same root.] 

See, pt. t. saw; " I see him at Canterbury yesterday." 

Server, sb. Where there are no wells, as in the Weald of Kent, 
the pond that serves the house is called the server, to dis- 
tinguish it from the horse-pond; and from thence they 
take their water for boiling their meat, for their tea, &c. 
The etymon is clear, unless it be a corruption of the Fr. 
reservoir. 

Set, v. to sit ; as, " I was setting in my chair." 

Sew, adj. dry ; " to go sew," i.e. to go dry ; Suss, spoken of a 
cow ; Ray. [Welsh sych, dry ; cf. Lat. siccus.'] 

Sew, v. [to dry, to drain ;] " to sew a pond." See above. Cf. 
sewers. 

Shall, Shaul [shaul] adj. shallow. Shole is common at sea ; 
as shole- water; hence shoals. Wafer, p. 53 [see Score;] 
and see Theobald, notes on Macbeth, i. 7. 

Shave, sb. corrupted from shaw. " Shaw, a wood that encom- 
passes a close, Suss" Ray. " Shave, a small copse of 
wood by a field-side ;" Lewis, 



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pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 99 

Shay, adj. pale; bad ink is shay. 

Shay, sb. " to have a shay of a thing/ 1 i.e. a cast, a general 
likeness. 

Shbat, sb. a little pig spay'd; Lewis. [Spelt Scheat.] See 
Sheet 

Sheer, adj. bare; " a thing lies sheer/ 9 i.e. bare, [A. S. scfr, 
sheer, pure, clear.] 

Sheer-mouse, sb. a field or garden mouse. [Probably a mere 
variation of shrew-mouse.] 

Sheer-way, sb. a bridle-way, i.e. for a single horse, through 
people's grounds ; in Derb. a bridle-sty. Shire-way, Archiv. 
Civit. Canterb.; and so Lewis writes it. [Kennett, in his 
Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Scirewyte, says — " In Kent 
we call a bridle- way a sheerway, as separate and divided from 
the common road or open highway."] 

Sheet, sb, a young hog, Suff.; in Essex, they call it a shote; 
Bay. A sucking or weaning bigg; Ran. Holmes, ii. p. 
180. N.B. Bigg is a female swine. [Elsewhere Dr. Pegge 
has — ] Sheet, a small young hog. Jno. Godfrey, of Lidd, 
in his will, 1572, givep his wife "one sow, two sheetes" 
[Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Pasnage, says — 
"which young hog of the first year we call in Kent a sheat, 
and in Suss, a shote" — where for "Suss." we must read 
" Ess. ;" the Sussex form being sheat.] 

Shell-fire, sb. See Fairy Sparks. 

Shent, Shunt, v. to chide, shreap. See Shreap. [A. S. scendan, 
to reproach.] 

Shift, sb. a fritter. 

Shift, v. " To shift land," i.e. to divide it into two or more 
equal parts; Harris, Lexicon, v. Partition; and so "to 
make a shift" a division of land. [A. S. scyftan also means 
to divide.] 

Shift, sb. a division of land. See above. 

Shim, sb. an horse-how ; [i.e. horse-hoe. See Shim in Hal.] 

Ship, sb. pi. sheep ; in the plural. 

Shoat, Scout, sb. a kneading-trough; Lewis. [Spelt schoat ; 
for shoat.] 

Shockled, Shrockled, pp. "a shockled, or shrockled apple," i.e. 
shrivel'd, 

/^^ H 2 

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100 pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

Shooler, sb. a beggar. [Dr. Pegge writes shuler, adding — I 

don't well know how to spell this word. See Shooter in 

Halliwell.] 
Shooling, sb. begging; "to go a shooting;" Lewis. 
Shore, v. to shore an house, to support it ; and so, a shore. " A 

shored tree stands lang;" Scotch Prov. Ray, p. 359. 
Shore, sb. a prop. See above. 
Shotver men, sb. pi. the mackarel fishers at Dover. Their nets 

are called shot-nets. 
Should. " It should seem ;" i.e. it seems. 
Shove, v. to push, thrust. [General ?] 
Shreap, v. to chide. [Taken from Dr. Pegge's explanation of 

Shent, q. v.] 
Shuck, sb. an husk or shell; as bean-shucks, beanshells; Ray. 
Shy, adj. apt to startle and flee from you ; or, that keeps off 

and will not come near; Ray. In Line, they say ahorse 

skews } or skews at it, when he starts, and flies from a thing; 

which I thought was from his looking askew at it, as an 

horse generally does. 
Sie8in. See Sizzing. 
Sio, sb. old urine ; in Somers. [Exmoor] zigg. Gent. Magaz. 

xvi. p. 407. 
Sinder, v. to settle, or separate the lees or dregs; Lewis. 

Quasi to sunder. Said when a liquor clears with standing. 
Sive, sb. a sive of cherries, 52 lb.; two sives make one bushel. 
Sizzing, sb. yeast or barm. Suss, from the sound beer or ale 

make [s] in working; Ray. Lewis writes Seisin. 
Skid, v. "to skid a wheel, rotam sufflaminare; with an iron 

hook fastened to the axis to keep it from turning round 

upon the descent of a steep hill ; Kent" Ray. So Lewis. 
Skittles. See Cailes. 
Skivers, sb. pi. skewers. They sometimes say skivels. Gent. 

Magaz. xvi. p. 491. 
Slant, v. as, "to slant a calf," when the cow parts with it 

before the time. 
Slappy, adj. slippery, thro' wet ; Lewis. But this is general. 

[Hardly so; except in the form sloppy, with the sense of wet.] 
Slay- wattle, sb. a hurdle made of narrow boards ; Lewis. 
Slorry, sb. a slow-worm ; or a blindworm, as they say in Derb. 



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pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 101 

Smack-smooth, adv. even with the ground ; as if a wood should 
be totally fell'd. 

Smickeby, adj. uneven; said of a thread, when it is spun. 

Snag, *A.[a slug]. " A snail, Suss." Ray. But it is Kentish 
too. Lewis interprets — a dew-snail, a snail without a shell. 
To sneg in Derb. is to push with the horns, as an ox or bull 
does. And therefore the snag, I suppose, has its name 
from its horns. [On the contrary, the words snag and sneg 
are probably unconnected. Snag, a snail, is only a variation 
of snake, of which the A. S. snmgel, now contracted to snail, 
is the diminutive.] 

Snying, adj. a stick or bat of timber is said to be a snying 
piece, when it bends or is somewhat curved. 

So, interj. " Open the door ; the window, so," i.e. the window, 
I mean. [So=I mean, used only when a person corrects 
himself, is, or was, very common in S. Shropshire. Used 
thus — " 'ur^s ten, so, eleven year old." — W. W. S.] 

Soal [soal] sb. a dirty pond of standing water; Lewis. [Dr. 
Pegge also ha* — ] Sole, a pond, or pool. It enters into the 
name of several little places which are called from the 
watering-place or pond thereat, Sole Street. " Besyde the 
watteringe-4ofe in thende [i.e. the end] of Yckhame Streete;" 
Will of Jno. Franklyn, rector of Ickham. [A. S. sol, mire.] 

Sock, sb. a cade. [I.e. a pet ; a sock-lamb is a pet lamb.] 

Sockle, v. to suckle, as a calf. 

Soil, sb. filth and dirt in corn ; as, the seeds of several sorts of 
weeds, and the like. " Site, filth ;" Ray. See Soal. 

Soil, v. to soil horses, is to scour or purge 'em, by giving 'em 
green meat, as tares green, clover, and the like. To soil 
milk, in Derb. is to run it through a cloth, to cleanse it 
from hairs and dirt, just after milking. [But the latter is 
O. E. sile, to filter.] 

Somer-land, sb. ground that lies fallow all the summer; Lewis; 
and Ray, p. 77. [Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. 
Warectare, has — " To plough up fallow-land in order to let 
it lie fallow for the better improvement; which ground, in 
Kent, we call summer-land. "~\ 

Sotly, adv. softly. 

Spalt, adj. heedless ; as a child is. Perhaps for spoilt. 

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102 PEGGB'S ALPHABET OP KENTICISMS. 

Speen, sb. the teat of a cow; see Bay. Baxter's Gloss, p. 220. 

Speer-worty, adj. the liver of a rotten sheep, when it is full of 
white knots, is said to be speer-worty. There's an herb 
called speer-wort, which is supposed to produce this dis- 
order of the liver, and from thence it has its name. [Great 
spear-wort, ranunculus lingua; lesser spear- wort, r. flammula; 
Johns.] 

Spilled, pp. spoilt. And so the proverb ; " better one house 
filled than two spill'd." Sir John Davies, pp. 36, 44, 112. 

Spit, sb. a spade; Lewis's Tenet, p. 11. [It there seems to 
mean rather the depth of a spade, which is still a common 
sense of the word ; for Lewis says — " the mould or land is 
so shallow that it is scarce a spit deep."] 

Spot, sb. [a small patch of ground]. Hemp-haugh, a little 
place where hemp is planted, an hemip-spot. See Haw. 
Little Spot, or hy-Spot, the name of a farm. 

Spry- wood, sb. small wood; Lewis. From spray, no doubt. 
[Bather, from sprig; but it is much the same. Cf. A. S. 
spree, a sprig or spray.] 

Stapp, sb. "What a staff would you be at?" a phrase like "what 
a pox would you be at ?" resigning the party to the cudgel, 
as here to the pocky distemper. [Cf. " what the deuce/ 9 ] 

Stalder, sb. a stilling, or frame to put barrels on ; Lewis. 

Stales, sb. pi. the staves or rises of a ladder; or the staves of 
an horse's rack. In D4rb. they call the handle of a broom or 
besom, the steil, steal, or stale [steel, stail]. See Steale 
in Bay. [A. S. stela, a handle.] 

Stean, v. " to stean a wall," to build the sides with stones ; 
Ant. Bepert. p. 179. So in Derb. a stean-pot, i.e. a stone pot. 

Steep, v. " to steep a stack," i.e. to make the sides smooth and 
even and to decline gradually, by raking of the loose parts. 
It is the use of it as a verb, is peculiar ; otherwise you have 
steep, of hills. 

Stew-pond, sb. " a stew : a pool to preserve fish for the table, 
to be drawn and filled again at pleasure ;" Bay. 

Stilt, sb. a crutch. 

Stoat, sb. Lat. putorius; a fomard in Derb. See Sturt. 

Stoch, v. to poch ; said of cattle treading the ground when it 
is wet. [See Poached in Halliwell.] 



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PEGGE'S ALPHABET OP KENTICISM& 103 

Stock, sb. cattle of all sorts. 

Stock, sb. a trough ; a hog-trough. " For a stock of brass for 

the holy water, 7s.;" Fuller, Hist, of Waltham Abbey, p. 

17. "lis used for birds, fowls, hoggs, &c.; because 'tis 

usually a stock of a tree, made hollow. In Derb. they use 

stone mostly, and call them troughs. 
Stock, sb. the back of the fireplace ; chimney-stock, the back of 

it; Ray, p. 63. [Ray has — To Crock: Ess. to black one 

with soot or black of a pot or kettle or chimney-stock, &c.] 
Stock-log, sb. the large piece of wood layd behind the rest of 

the firewood. See above. 
Stolt, adj. spoken of chickens, when they are brisk and hearty. 

[A. S. stolt, firm.] 
Stone, sb. a weight of eight pounds. 
Stone-reach, sb. a tract in a stony field, where the stones, for 

a considerable way, lye incomparably thicker than in any 

other part of the field. Stone-rees; Old Parish Book of 

Wye; 4 Edw. vi. 
Stout, adj. of great courage; but in Kent they use it for 

strong ; a strong-built man they will call stout ; broad and 

strong. [The same word as Stolt, q. v.] 
Stow, Stove, v. " Stow or stove ropes/' to dry them in an oven ; 

Lewis. 
Strand, sb. one of the twists of a line, be it of horse-hair, or 

ought else ; Ray. 
Strig, sb. the foot-stalk of any fruit; petiolus; Suss. Ray. 

[" A small stalk, or young straight branch, is in Kent, and 

other parts, called a strig;" Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. 

Antiq. s. v. Strakys. Cf. Dutch strik, a knot, a leash; 

Swed. streck, a cord, a string.] 
Strike-baulk, v. to plough one furrow, and leave another; 

Lewis. 
Stroke-bias, sb. See the thing described in Rrome's Travels, 

p. 264. [The passage is quoted in Halliwell. It is some- 
thing like prisoner's base']. It is often called a running. 

Shak. has country-base ; Cymb. v. 3. 20. 
Stuppin, sb. a stew-pan or skillet; Lewis. This is all [due to] 

pronunciation. 
Sturt, sb. an animal of the polcat kind. [I.e. a stoat.] 



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104 pegge's alphabet 02 kenticisms. 

Sullage, Suillage, sb. muck or dung ; Lewis. But this is 
general. [Not now.] 

Stilling, sb. a ploughland. Mr. Agar, in Gale's Richm. 
Appendix No. 1, professes not to know the original of this 
word, which he says is only found in that part of Domesday- 
book that relates to Kent ; but no doubt it is sulh, aratrum. 
He agrees 'tis the same as hida and carucata, i.e. a plough- 
land. See this word sull very often in Somner. App. No. xl.; 
Lewis's Tenet, pp. 11, 106; Lambarde, p. 284'; Somner, 
Ports and Ports, p. 50 ; Cowel ; Kennett ; Spelman's Glos. 
pp.519, 530; Somner's Gavelkind, p. 117; &c. [A. S. 
sulung, from sulh, a plough.] 

Sum, v. to cast account, to learn arithmetic. So the French 
sommer. 

Summer-land. See Somer-land. 

Swab, v. " to swab peas," to reap them. 

Swart, Swartb, adj. a dark green; "the wheat looks very 
swarth" The Germans call a [certain] wood Schwartz-wald. 
Hence swarthy; Lewis. 

Sweet-liquor, sb. called wort in Derb. Wort is ale whilst 
brewing, ale or beer before it be put in the tun or fat. 

Swig, sb. [a] suck or draught. " I took a hearty swig ;" Lewis. 
[A. S. swilgan, to swallow, swill, or swig.] 

Swot, sb. soot. 

Taant, adj. tall, or too high for its breath or bigness ; " a taant 
mast, house," &c. Lewis. ["The larger vessel was a 
very ' taunt 9 vessel; she had tall masts;" Tichborne Trial, 
in the 'Daily Telegraph/ Oct. 14, 1873.] 

Tag, sb. " Tagge, a sheep of the first year; Suss." Ray; and Lewis. 

Tamsin, sb. a little frame to stand before a fire, to warm a shirt 
or a shift, or child's linnen. Tamsin, or Thomasin, is a 
woman's name, as if it did the servant's business called by 
that name. Otherwise, for the same reason, it is called a maid 
[or maiden] . It is called not only Tamsin, but Jenny, Betty, 
Molly, or any other maiden name ; and if it be very small, 'tis 
called a girl. So a Malkin. So, because servants of that 
name used to do such business, you have Jack used in a 
great variety of ministerial senses ; as, Jack to turn the spit, 



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¥EGGE*S ALPHABET 0* KENTICISMS. 105 

Jack to pall off boots ; Jacft-anapes ; /ac*-pudding ; skip- 
Jack; Jack, a small pike; Jack, machine to load timber; 
Jack-daw; Benj. Johnson [sic] in 'Silent Woman* calls a 
simple knight Sir John Daw; Jack, a measure, and Gill, 
another, according to the proverb, " never a Jack but there's 
a Gill/ 9 which may either allude to those measures, or in 
general, that there is no man so bad but there's a woman as 
bad ; so, a more imperfect sort of a spit- Jack is called a 
Gill, and see Will- Gill. Jacks, loops upon vestments; 
Jack - adandy ; Jack- among - the - maids ; Jack - with - the- 
lantern ; Jack-asB ; Jack Ketch, because of an executioner 
once of that name ; JacAr-a-legs ; " Caw, Jack 9> we say to a 
jackdaw ; /ac*-fiddle ; JiacA-a-lent ; Jacft-a-green, name of 
a dance; a Jack, a small flag, a ship-boa [r]d; Jack, a coat 
of mail, see Cowel ; JacA-in-ofEce ; JacA-out-of-office ; the 
knave at cards, that is the servant, is Jack, at All-fours ; John- 
apple. How Jack comes to be the familiar name for John I 
cannot imagine ; it should rather be for Jacques, or James, 
which last has some thing peculiar in it, for it comes from 
Jacobus; . . . 'tis as old as Wiclife, witness his New 
Testament. Jack is for any man, or on, as the French [say] , in 
these instances. "All fellows, Jock and the Laird ;" Ray, 
p. 358. Jock in Scotch, is Jack. " Qui aime Jean, aime son 
chien," Ray, p. 126, for u love me, love my dog." A good Jack 
makes a good Gill ; Ray, p. 160 ; for which say the Scotch — 
"A good yeoman makes a good woman;" Ray, p. 359. 
" Jack would be a gentleman if he could but speak French ;" 
Ray, p. 160. Voor-jack, cod catched at Newfoundland ; Jack, 
a kind of gin [i.e. engine], Plot's Staffordsh. p. 148; Jack of 
Hilton, ibid. p. 433. See Menage, Orig. L. Gallic, v. Pero- 
quete. 

Tan, sb. bark, i.e. that which tans. Plot's Staffordsh. p. 382 ; 
Skelton, p. 240. 'Tis the Fr. tan, bark; Plott in Gent. 
Mag. 1778, p. 155. 

Tar-grass,*A. [Dr. Pegge has a note about tares and vetches, and 
says — ] the wild vetch is calPd tar-grass, which has some- 
thing of the tare in it. " The vicia sylvestris sive cracca, 
the wild vetch or tar-grass, is sown in some places /' Plot's 
Staffordsh. p. 347. 

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106 *EGGE*S AL*HABE* OF KENttClSMS. 

Tass-cutter, sb. that utensil or implement with which they cut 
hay in the stack. Tas, Gallice, is a heap, and taster is to 
heap up. Tass therefore is the stack or heap ; i.e. of hay. 
Hence we have to toss, as when we say, to toss or throw 
together in a heap ; and from that, toss comes to signifie to 
throw or fling. An hay-toss is an hay-mow. Tassare 
fcenum, Thorn, col. 1863, ubi glossographus, " tassare, in 
acervum exstruere, coacervare, accumulare; Belgis tassen, 
Gallis tasser et entasser; origo, ni fallor, a Sax. tas, i.e. 
acervus, cumulus, congeries, presertim frugum et foeni." 
Somner's Gavelkind, p. 116. Taas, Chaucer's Knightes 
Tale, 1007, 1011, 1022; and see Gloss, ad M. Paris, v. 
Tas8um. " Tas, or tarse [taas] , A. S. tas, a mow of corn ;" 
Lewis. And Kennett, in his Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. has — 
" Thassare, tassare. To lay up hay or corn into a toss, toss, 
stack, or mow, Lat. tassa, tassus, tassius, Sax. tas, Fr. tas. . . 
'Qui carectas non habuerint, adjuvabunt ad thassandum 
bladum ;' vol. i. p. 543. ' Pro victualibus emptis pro facto- 
ribus tassiorum prioris xii d.; 9 vol. ii. p. 214. Hence a tasse 
or tossel, to tass or toss, hay -toss; a mow of corn in a barn is 
called in Kent the toss. . . G. Douglas calls a wood-stack 
or wood-pile ' a tass of green stick/ In old Eng. taas was 
any sort of heap, as in Chaucer ; and Lidgate, Troil. 1. iv. c. 
30— 

* An hundred knyght[e]s slain and dead, alas ! 
That after were found [en] in the taas' " 

Tatter, adj. (1) ragged ; (2) cross, peevish, ill-natured. Lewis. 

[Lewis adds the illustration — ' s he is a very tatter man/'] 
Team, sb. " a team of pigs ;" in Derb. a litter. I suppose from 

to teem, or bring forth. [A. S. tj/man, to teem, propagate.] 
Tedious, adj. acute, violent, very; "tedious bad," "tedious 

good;" cf. "tedious haste,"— Othello, iii. 4. 175. 
Teen, v. "to teen an hedge"; and, "a teened hedge," a hedge 

made with raddles. "To tine, to shut, fence, line the 

door, shut the door, ab A. S. tynan, to enclose, fence, hedge, 

or teen; 99 Ray, of North Country words. 
Tetaw, sb. a ninny, a nisy {sic). 
Them. " Them all well," they are all well. See Am. [Contr. 

from^they'm."] 

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MSGGe's ALPHABET? OP KEKTICISM3. 107 

Thick-thumb*!), adj. sluttish* 

Threddle, v. " to threddle a needle/ 1 to thread it. 

Thro, adv. fix); " to and thro/ 9 to and fro. 

Throt [throt], sb. throat; which Mr. Ray (p. 80) ascribes to 
Sussex. 

Tie, sb. " to run a tie ;" a tie is & pair. (So at Put, trick, 
trick, and tie.) And there never runs more than two at 
once. From hence the running itself is called a tie, and a 
running once is called one tie, and to run twice is two ties. 
When they run several together in that exercise they have 
called Sir oak-bias, that (as it were to distinguish it from 
this) they term a running. I suppose 'tis called a tie from 
the parties being tied, i.e. paired together ; Waldershare tie, 
Old Wives Lees tie. But perhaps tie signifies to run ; for 
"to ride and tie" is sometimes to ride and sometimes to 
walk or run, as when in travelling there are two people to 
one horse. [This explanation is obscure; some light is 
thrown on it by observing that a tie means, in Kent, a foot- 
race (Hal.), and we may accept Dr. Pegge's explanation as 
shewing that it is only applied to a foot-race of two, i.e. a 
"heat." The expression " ride and tie " is commonly inter- 
preted to mean that, when two people have one horse, the 
first rides a certain distance and then dismounts for the 
second to get up, so that they always tie, or keep together. 
Sir Dudley Diggs, in 1638, left the yearly sum of 20/., "to 
be paid to two young men and two maids, who, on May 19th, 
yearly, should run a tye at Old Wives Lees, in Chilham, 
and prevail/ 1 The lands from the rent of which the prize was 
paid were called the Running Lands. Hasted's Kent, ii. 787.] 

Till, adj. tame; cicur. See Tulle, Chaucer's Beves Tale, 1026, 
and Olos. [Cf. A. S. til, fit, good, suitable.] 

Tilt, Tilth, sb. ordering land for sowing ; "he has a good tilth; 9 * 
or, " his land is in good tilth ;" Lewis. 

Timans [teim-unz] sb. pi. dregs or grounds, quasi teemings, 
what is poured out of the cask, after the liquor is drawn of. 
Lewis has timings. [Lewis explains it by "grounds of 
beer/' It is from O. E. teem, to pour out.] 

Tine, sb. [a prong] of a harrow. 

Tiptoe, sb. an extinguisher. W. Kent. 



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108 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

To, prep. Very commonly left out before the infinitive mood; 
"When do you begin reapP" So Dryden, "command me 
dye;" Indian Queen. 

Toar, sb. long coarse grass, as in fields that are understocks 
And so Lewis. Cf. Tar-grass. [Dr. Pegge writes Tore; 
Lewis has " Toare, grass and rubbish on corn-land, after the 
corn is reaped: or the long four grass (sic) in pasture-fields."] 

Tofet, sb. " A tovet or tofet : \ a bushel, Kent ; a nostro two, 
duo, et fat, mensuram unius pecci signante, a peck" — 
Ray, and Lewis. The word fat is used in the North for any 
wooden vessel, to contain a fluid, as a cheese-fat ; the fat, in 
which beer or ale is workt before it be put into the barrel ; 
and that wherein the tanners put the leather and the bark. 
Now the peck is such a vessel. If it be said that fat in that 
case must be an indeterminate quantity, please to recollect 
that a barrel is a general word, but is a certain measure 
nevertheless ; a tub is anything of that sort, and yet a tub of 
butter is a certain quantity. . . . Tofet is a word of very 
common use in Kent, and they keep a tofet measure in their 
houses, as currently as a peck or a bushel. You have "fats 
of wine and oil," Joel ii. 24, iii. 13; and/tff is vas, Somn. 
Gloss, in X Script, v. alfetum. See " Keeve, Devon, a fat;" 
Ray ; and Cowel, v. Fate. See Fat in ' Derbicisms.' 

Tongue, v. " to tongue a person/ 1 to answer again, as servants 
do sometimes to their masters or mistresses; to be saucy 
with the tongue in such case. 

To-year, adv. this year; as to-day is this day. 

Tread, sb. a -wheehtread, rut, tract [i.e. track] . 

Trevet, sb. a trivet ; a thing with three feet to set a tea-kettle 
or a saucepan on. 

Trull, v. to trundle, per contractionem, Suss. Ray. 

Try, v. [to boil down lard] . See Browsells. 

Tub, sb. a barrel. In other places, it means an open vessel. 
So the will of Jno. Godfrey of Lydd, 1572— "such tubbs 
and drinking vessels as I have." 

Tun, sb. the great fat, wherein the beer is workM before it be 
tunn'd or cleansed. 

Tunnel, sb. [a funnel]; which in Derb. they call a tun-dish. 
Putting ale into the barrel, in Derb., is called tunning. 



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pegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 109 

Tussome, sb. hemp, or flax. W. Kent. 

Tut, sb. a breast, or nipple of the breast; as, "the child cries 
for his tut." No doubt 'tis a corruption of teat. " Tetties, 
breasts, Somersetsh." Gent. Magaz. xvi. p. 408. 

Twinge, sb. an ear-wig. 

Twitter, sb. a 6t of laughter; "he is in a mighty twitter;" 
Lewis. [Cf. titter.'] 

Two. " My husband will be two men," so different from him- 
self, i.e. angry, that he won't seem to be the same person. 
So Gibby in The Woman keeps a Secret, Act v.; only Gibby 
speaks of two persons — " ye and I shall be twa folks/' 

Unky, adj. lonesome. In Glouc. unked is lonely. Seems to be 
a corruption of uncouth. See Ellinge. 

Un thrum, adj. awkward, unhandy. [Cf. A. S. untrum, infirm.] 

Up, adv. "look it up" i.e. look it out. They use this word 
very needlessly, as, "to hide a thing up" "to catch a 
person up" for, to hide it, and to overtake him. So to 
heal up a sore. 

Upward, adj. The wind is said to be upward, when it is in the 
north, and downward when in the south. I think the 
north is generally esteemed the highest part of the world. 
Confer Caesar, Comment, iv. 28, where " inferiorem partem 
insula " means to the southward; et v. 13. "inferior ad 
meridiem spectat." But one expression they have which I 
do not understand ; they will say " the wind is out" when 
it is in the north. 

Use, v. "to use land," to till it; as, "he uses it himself," i.e. 
he has it in his own hands; and, "who uses this or that 
farm?" 

Vast, adv. of small things ; as, " it is vast little." " Others of 
vastly less importance ;" Pers [onal] Letters, No. 52. 

Vigilous, adj. vicious, of a horse ; also, fierce and angry. 

Villers, sb. the horse that goes in the rods; corrupted and 
contracted from the wheel-horse. [Most decidedly not ; but 
the vill-horse, i.e. Shakespeare's fill-horse (for Miff-horse) . 
No doubt pronounced — vil'urs.] 

Vine, sb. See Grape-vine. 



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110 fegge's alphabet of kenticisms. 

Wag, v. to stir, move. Used on all occasions, and at every word. 

Waps, sb. a wasp. [Dr. Pegge writes whasp."] Cf. A. S. wops. 

Warp, sb. four of a thing ; " a warp of herrings." Lewis. 

Wattle, sb. a hurdle. Lewis. But this is general. 

Wattles, sb. pi. "made of split wood in fashion of gates, 
wherein they use to fold sheep, as elsewhere in hurdles; 
Suss, ab A. S. watelas, crates, hurdles/ 1 Ray. 

Waue, sb. sea-woor, or sea-wrack. Lewis. [A. S. war, sea- 
weed.] 

Weald, sb. " The Weald of Kent/' the wood, or the woody 
part of Kent, tho' at this day it is for the most part culti- 
vated. Spelman, Gloss, pp. 266, 562, 567. [N.B. Lily 
writes "the wylde of kent," less correctly; Euphues, ed. 
Arber, p. 268.] 

Went, sb. a way ; as, " at the four wents," i.e. at the meeting 
of the four ways. So we have went, the past tense of go. 
Somner, Antiq. Cant. p. 11. Sir Geo. Wheler, a Kentish 
man, has three wents; Travels, p. 475. [In Somner, Antiq. 
Cant. ed. 1640, p. 20, we have " at the meeting of the four 
wents." See the letters on this word, including two of my 
own, in Notes and Queries, 3rd S., xii. 131, 198, 295, 384. 
It is sometimes pronounced vents, but only by would-be 
refined speakers ; not by the peasantry, who retain the w. 
At Ightham, Seven Vents is the name of a spot where seven 
roads meet. Cooper's Sussex Glossary gives both went and 
vent, and he instances Flimwell-venf. Just as gate (from 
the verb go) means a street in Old English, so went (from 
the verb wend) means a lane or passage. " A went, lane, 
viculus, angiportus ;" Levins's Manipulus Vocabulorum, ed. 
Wheatley, p. 66, 1. 8.] 

Wet, v. " to wet a pudding," to mix it. Significant. 

Wetfoot, adj. In Derb. they say wet -shod. In Isaiah xi. 15 
we have dry-shod. 

Wheatkin [whit'kin] sb. pronounct whitkin; a supper for the 
servants and work-folks, when the wheat is all cut down ; 
and so an hopldn is the same for the hops. [Kennett, in his 
Gloss, to Paroch. Antiq. s. v. Precaria, says — " This treat 
given now to the tenants and labourers in Kent at the end 
of wheat-harvest, is called a whetkin; but in these Midland 

itizadby Vj< 



pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. Ill 

parts it is at bringing in the latest corn, and is termed a 
harvest-home"] 

When, adv. as sb. ; " another when" another time. 

Whicket for Whacket, or, quittee for quattee, i.e. quid pro 
quo, Kent ; Ray. [Cf. tit for tat.] 

Whiewer, sb. a sharp or violent man. Lewis's Tenet, in his 
Addenda, p. 119; where he says — " Whiewer, from whiew, 
the noise made in driving hogs. " He is a whiewer" i.e. he 
is a shrewd, sharp, or violent man. 

While, sb. " a while" a pretty long time. 

While, Whitter, v. to complain. Lewis. See Winder, Witter. 

Whilk, sb. a periwinkle. See Ray, p. 54. 

Whirtle-berries, sb. pi. bilberries ; Gibson's Camden, at the 
end of Derbyshire. 

Why, adv. In answering of questions in a rude sort; "why, 
yes," "why, no." "Because why," i.e. because; why being 
redundant. 

Wid, prep, with ; so widout, without. 

Wot, sb. " a wiff" a withe. 

Wig, v. [to anticipate, over-reach, balk ?] The black dog had 
eat up all before the white one came, whereupon 'twas said, 
the first had wigg*d the last. [Cf. to " give one a wigging"] 

Wik, sb. a week. 

Willgill [wil'jil] sb. a very expressive name for an herma- 
phrodite, to which it exactly answers ; Will being for the 
man, and Gill (with g soft) for Gillian or Juliana, on the 
woman's part. In Derb. we had two families that wrote 
their names Gill, but one pronounct the g hard, and the 
other soft. 

Willow-gull, sb. the first flower in April [of a kind of willow, 
probably the salix caprea,~] that contains the farina facun- 
dans. "lis so called from the down upon it resembling the 
yellow down of a young gosling, which they call a gull or 
goll. [Called in Cambs. goslings or lambs' -tails.] 

Winch, sb. the handle whereby you turn round the barrel of a 
drawing-well. 

Wind [weind] v. a board shrunk or swelPd, so as to be uneven, 
is said to wind; and when it is brought straight again, it is 
said to be out of winding. [The t is marked long.] 



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112 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

Winder, v. to whimper, as a child does when it is restless and 

uneasy, but does not cry a full cry. [Cf. to winnick.] See 

Whilk, Witter. 
Windrow, sb. sheaves of corn set up in a row one against 

another, that the wind may blow betwixt them; or, a row of 

grass in hay-making. Lewis. [Kennett, Gloss, to Paroch. 

Antiq. s. v. Ventilare, has — " In Kent, the swaths of grass 

when turned and a little dried are cast into wind-rows, to be 

farther exposed to the wind and sun."] 
Wips, sb. for wisp ; and by it they mean bundled up or thrown 

up on a heap carelessly ; as, " the cloaths lie in a wips/ 9 i.e. 

tumbl'd in disorder. [Dr. Pegge writes whips, unnecessarily. 

The spelling wips occurs in the Rawlinson MS. of Piers the 

Plowman, B. v. 351.] 
Witter, v. to murmur and complain, as dissatisfied persons do. 

See Whilk, Winder. 
Workish, adj. bent upon work. 
Worky-day, sb. work-day; "Sunday and worky-day ;" the 

vowel inserted to facilitate pronunciation. 
Wrexon'd, pp. [covered, overgrown] ; " a garden is wrexon'd 

with weeds." [Dr. Pegge suggests a connection with Somers. 

rexen, rushes ; Gent. Maga. xvi. 407. Perhaps it has to do 

with A.S. wrigan, to cover."] 
Wrongs, to, adv. " not much to wrongs," i.e. things are pretty 

well in order. 
Wrongtake, v. " to wrongtake " a person is to take him wrong, 

to misunderstand him. See Foreright. 

Yar [yaar] adj. brisk. [A.S. gearo, yare, ready.] 

Yard, sb. "A yard of land," i.e. a rood. " A yard of wod," 

costs 6*. 8rf., in Old Parish Book of Wye. See Lambarde, 

Peramb. p. 257. A yard or backside is so called because it 

usually contained about a rod or a yard of land. [Merely 

A. S. geard, in the latter sense.] 
YAUGH,arf;.dirty,nasty; as/'itisallyatfjrA." [Pronounced yau?] 
Yawl, sb. a " Deal yawl," a particular sort of a boat, in use at 

Deal. See Baxter's Glossary, p. 96 ; yole, Hamilton Voyag. 

p. 13. [So called also at Lowestoft. It is the Danish 

jolle; whence also jolly -boat.] 



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pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 113 

Yeld, v. to yield. 

Yellow-hammeb, sb. the bird called in Derb. the yowl-ring. 
Littleton (Lat. Eng. Diet.) writes it YeUow-hamber. Gui- 
neas are called yellow-boys in English sometimes. 

Yenlade, or Yenlet; see Lambarde's Perambulation, ed. 1596, 
p. 257. [Lambarde has a good deal about this curious word, 
the etymology of which he entirely mistakes. Yet the whole 
passage is worth quoting. 

" Beda hath mention of a water in Kent, running by 
Reculuers, which he calleth Genlade. This name was after- 
wards sounded Yenlade, by the. same misrule that geard is 
now yard, geoc, yoke, etc." (This is correct.) 

" When I read in Bedaes . • fifte booke, chap. 9, that 
Reculuer standeth at the Northe mouthe of the water 
Genlade, which is the one mouthe of Wantsume, by his owne 
description : I suppose that by genlade he meaneth a thing 
yet well known in Kent, and expressed by the word Yenlade 
or Yenlet, which betokeneth an indraught or Inlett of water 
into the lande, out of and besides the maine course of the 
sea or of a riuer. For that water, which now sundereth the 
He of Greane from the hundred of Hoo, hath two such 
mouthes, or Inlettes, the one of which opening into the 
Thamyse is called the North Yenlet, notable for the greatest 
oisters and flounders ; and the other, receauing the fall of 
Med way, is called Colemouth : and neither of them standeth 
in the full sweepe or right course of those riuers, but in a 
diuerticle or by-way. Such another there is also, lying 
southwarde within the same Medway, into which it openeth 
two mouthes, and thereof called likewise South Yenlet, 
notorious also for great oisters that be dredged thereaboutes. 
And euen such an one is the Yenlet at Reculuer, where it 
openeth that way into the sea towardes the Northe, and hath 
the other mouthe into Wantsume, or Stoure, as it is now 
called, towards the Southe." 

The above suggestion, that yenlet means an inlet, is just 
one of those rash guesses that tend to make philology 
ridiculous. On Lambarde's own shewing, yenlet is not the 
original, but the corrupted form. And the guess is par- 
ticularly unhappy, because the true meaning comes very 

vol. ix. n 

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114 PEOGE's ALPHABET OF KENTICISliS. 

much nearer to outlet. The A. S. genlade or genhlade 
means a discharging, or the disemboguing of a river into 
the sea, or of a smaller river into a larger one. More 
literally still, it is a gain-loading (i.e. an unloading), and 
derived from the verb Iddan or hlddan, to load or lade. 
Colemouth does not 'receaue the fall of Medway;' but 
falls into Medway itself.] 

Yeoman, sb. " A yeoman of Kent ;" the degree under a gentle- 
man; a person occupying his own estate in the way of 
husbandry or farming. See Lambarde, Peramb. p. 13; 
for the Proverb concerninjg them, see Proverbs, no. 1. 

Yet, adv. used redundantly ; as, " neither this nor yet that." 
Cf. John iv. 21. 

Ybt-na, adv. yet; as, "he is not come home yet-na" [Here 
the suffixed na is due to the preceding not ; negatives were 
often thus reduplicated in old English.] 

Yexle [yex-1] sb. an axle. 

Yoke, sb. a farm or tract of ground of an uncertain quantity; it 
answers to the Lat. jugum. Cake's Yoke, name of a farm in 
the parish of Crundale. 

Note. — The above Glossary is probably very incomplete, 
though affording a good foundation for future work. The Rev. 
W. Scott Robertson has already kindly suggested the following 
additions : — 

Before after, i.e. until after. 
Cock, sb. a small boat ; navicula. At a View of Frankpledge 

held at Queenborough, 30 April, 7 Eliz., we find it agreed 

" quod pro anno sequente tresdecim de xxvj domibus exone- 

rabuut unum le cocke de balesta apud long howse." The 

word appears repeatedly in the Queenborough Town Records. 

See also King Lear, iv. "6. Old Eng. cogge, Old Dutch 

kogge, Icel. kuggr, a small boat. 
Cocky, sb. a friendly appellative for a lad. 
Gallon, sb. used as a dry measure, for corn, flour, bread, 

potatoes. In Kent, these dry goods are always sold by the 

gallon. 
Gazels [gaiz-lz] sb. pi. black currants. So also in Halliwell, 

who has — Gazles, black currants; wild plums; Kent. 



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PEGGE'S ALPHABET OP KENTICISM8. 115 

Hoy, sb. a small passenger-vessel, with one mast ; now super- 
seded by the steamers. Dutch heu, heude. 

Katsr [kait'ur] v. to cross diagonally, to cut across. 

Katercousins, sb. pi. good friends (Halliwell). It occurs in 
Merch. of Venice, ii. 2. The sense there is not very clear. 
The etymology is also disputed, but seems to have some 
reference to Fr. quatre. For example, the " four " at cards 
is called cater or hater. 

Katerwtsb, adv. diagonally, crosswise. 

Keen, sb. a small animal closely allied to the stoat and weasel. 

Lodge [loj] 8b. any shed or outhouse. Its meaning in older 
English is much the same, viz. a hut; see Isaiah i. 8, and 
Much Ado about Nothing, Act ii. sc. 1, where we have — "as 
melancholy as a lodge in a warren/' 

Mate, 8b. the boy who leads, and tends, the horses of a 
wagoner's (or ploughman's) team is called a " wagoner's 
mate." 

Pent, sb. On the Ordnance map, in the parish of Postling, 
may be found ' The Pent/ on a hill-side. The French pente, 
signifying a slope or declivity, may perhaps have something 
to do with this. 

Playstool, sb. apparently a parish recreation ground, though 
certainly lost as such now ; yet very common throughout 
Kent as the name of a field which was once parish property. 
It is easy to see that playstool is a corruption of play-stall, 
i.e. a play-place, exactly as laystole, duly recorded above, is 
a corruption of lay-stall. See Lay-stole. 

Sonnie [sun'i] sb. a kindly appellative for any boy not related 
to the speaker ; as, " my sonnie." 

Staddle, sb. a building. " The old staddles commonly called 
the six and twentye houses;" Court-roll of a View of Frank- 
pledge, 14 April, 5 Elizabeth, in Queenborough Town 
Records, book 2, fol. 40. Upon the previous page, in a 
Latin entry, we read — " de viginti sex domibus que vul- 
gariter vocantur the old staddeles or six and twentie houses." 
These expressions occur repeatedly in the Queenborough 
Records. Staddle is now used only for the support of a 
stack of corn. It is a derivative of the common word 
stead; hence we have bedstaddle for bedstead, home staddle 

H 2 

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116 pegge's alphabet op kenticisms. 

for homestead. Stead can still be traced in Lynsted, Frin- 
sted, Highsted, Milsted, -Wrinsted, Bearsted, names of 
places in Kent, and in such surnames as Bensted, Maxted, 
and the like. Cf. A. S. stSde, Icel. stadr, a stead, place; 
and A. S. stathol, a foundation, Icel. stodull, a shed. 

Thurrock, sb. a small passage or tunnel through a bank; 
either for water, or as a refuge for hares when pressed by 
the dogs in coursing. Thurrocks are usually made of wood, 
and inserted in the ground. The Old Eng. thurrock means 
a drain ; cf. Icel. thurka, to drain, from thurr, dry, which is 
the Greek frpos. 

Toll [toal] sb. a clump of trees. Used also in Sussex; see 
Cooper's Suss. Gloss. 

T'other day, the day before yesterday. A most correct 
expression, because other in Early English invariably means 
second, and the day before yesterday is the second day 
reckoning backwards. It is remarkable that second is the 
only ordinal number of French derivation ; before the thir- 
teenth century it was unknown, and other was used instead 
of it. 

Yaffle, sb. the green woodpecker. Halliwell gives yaffil as the 
Herefordshire word for a woodpecker. Akerman gives 
y tickle as the Wiltshire form. 



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( 117 ) 



PROVERBS RELATING TO THE COUNTY OF KENT. 

The following Collection of Proverbs was added by 
Dr. Pegge to his Collection of Kenticisms, to render 
his account of the provincialisms more complete. It 
is here printed from the autograph MS., with a few 
corrections, etc., as noted, and with a few additions by 
myself, which are distinguished by being placed 
within square brackets. I have also included seven 
more, from Mr. Hazlitt's f English Proverbs and Pro- 
verbial Phrases,' London, 1869. These are the ones 
numbered 6, 23, 28, 33, 50, 53, and 58. 

As the Proverbs are jotted down in the MS. with- 
out any proper arrangement, I have arranged them 
in what seemed to me to be the best order. Thus, 
Proverbs 1 — 13 all contain the word Kent, and are in 
alphabetical order ; Proverbs 14 — 20 contain the word 
Kentish, the substantives to which that adjective 
belongs being in alphabetical order ; Proverbs 21 — 59 
relate to places in Kent, also alphabetically arranged ; 
whilst Proverbs 60 — 73 axe of more general application. 
The reader who observes this may easily find any 
Proverb at once. — W. W. S. 



A Knight of Cales, 

A Gentleman of Wales, 

And a Laird of the North Countree , 
A Yeoman of Kent 
With his yearly Rent 

Will buy 9 em out all three. 



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118 PBOVEEBS RELATING TO KENT. 

" Cales knights were made in that voyage* by Robert, earl of 
Essex, to the number of sixty ; whereof (though many of great 
birth) some were of low fortunes ; and therefore Qu. Elizabeth 
was half offended with the earl, for making knighthood so 
common. 

" Of the numerousness of Welch gentlemen nothing need be 
said, the Welch generally pretending to gentility. Northern 
Lairds are such, who in Scotland hold lands in chief of the 
king, whereof some have no great revenue. So that a Kentish 
Yeoman, by the help of an hyperbole, may countervail, etc. 

"Yeoman, contracted for gemein-men,f from gemein, signi- 
fying ' common ' in Old Dutch, so that a yeoman is a commoner, 
one undignified with any title of gentility; a condition of 
people almost peculiar to England, and which is in effect the 
basis of all the nation. " — Ray; Proverbs (Kent). 

" Better be the head of the yeomanry than the tail of the 
gentry ;" Ray, 3rd ed., p. 118. [Cf.] the Scotch proverb, "A 
good yeaman {sic) makes a good woman " Jp. 280] ; and " the 
yeoman of the guard ;" which shews that, though this word be 
now in a great measure confined to the limits of Kent, one seldom 
hearing of any other than the yeoman of Kent, yet it was once 
of more general use ; and it is notorious that there are in no 
parts Buch wealthy farmers, cultivating either their own estates 
or very large takes from other people, as there are in this county ; 
some having, in tillage, not much less than £1000 a year, and 
others the like quantity in grasing. 

" All blessed with health, and as for wealth, 
By Fortune's kind embraces, 
A Yeoman grey shall oft outweigh 
A Knight in other places." 

Durfey*8 Sang. 

[Hazlitt, in his English Proverbs, gives this in the form 
following : — 

* J. e. in the expedition to Cadiz, formerly called Cales. See " The Winning 
of Cales " in the Percy Polio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, iii., 468. 

t The etymology of yeoman is disputed. I refer the first syllable to the A. S. 
g&, a district (for which see Kemble) ; aod I find Mr. Wedgwood is of the same 
opinion ; in foot, the Old Priesio gaman, a villager, is the same word. Cf . Germ. 
gau. 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. HO 

" A Gentleman of Wales, 
with a Knight of Cales, 

and a Lord of the North Countrie, 
a Yeoman of Kent 
upon a rack's Rent 

will buy them out all three." 

He refers to Osborn's ' Traditional Memoirs of Q. Eliza- 
beth/ circa 1650 (Works, ed. 1682, p. 367). The last three 
lines are given in the form — " a yeoman of Kent, sitting on a 
peny rent, is able to buy all three " — in ' Notes and Queries/ 
3 S. ii., 144.] 

2. A man of Kent, and a Kentish man. 

[Left unexplained, as it well may be. The most probable 
solution of the matter is that the two expressions are synony- 
mous. Yet the current idea is that " a man of Kent " is a 
term of high honour, whilst " a Kentish man " denotes but an 
ordinary person in comparison with the former. See ' Notes 
and Queries/ 3rd S. viii., 92, where Mr. G. Pryce affirms that 
the men of West Kent are undoubtedly " Men of Kent/' while 
those of East Kent are only " Kentish Men/' Again, in 
' Notes and Queries/ 3rd S. vii., 423, J. P. S. claims that the 
phrase " Men of Kent " should be restricted to natives of the 
Weald of Kent. DisputantB should note that " men of Kent " 
are said, in the A. S. Chronicle, a.d. 853, to have fought in 
Thanet ; whilst in the ballad of ' William the Conquerour/ in 
vol. iii. of the Percy Folio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, the 
men who came from Dover and Canterbury are thrice called 
(C Kentishmen." Whence it appears that the men of East 
Kent have borne both titles, and no doubt the same may be 
said of the men of other parts of the county. The phrases 
merely involve ' a distinction without a difference/] 

3. As great as the devil and the Earl of Kent. (See 
Swift's Works, xi., 287.) 

[The reference is to Hawkesworth's edition of Swift's Works, 
in 22 vols. 8vo ; or see Scott's edition, x. 475. The passage 



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120 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

occurs in Dialogue iii. of his ' Polite Conversation/ and runs 
thus. 

" Lady Smart. Miss, I hear that you and lady Coupler are 
as great as cup and can. 

" Lady Answerall. Ay, Miss, as great as the devil and the 
Earl of Kent." 

It is clear that great here means thick, or intimate ; for a 
few pages previously, in Dialogue i., we have the phrase — " as 
great as two inkle- weavers ;" i. e., weavers of tape. Scott's 
note sayB — " The villanous character given by history to the 
celebrated Goodwin, Earl of Kent, in the time of Edward the 
Confessor, occasioned this proverb."] 

4. Fair Maid of Kent. 

[I.e., Johanna, the wife of Edward the Black Prince.] 
Barnes, ' Hist, of Edw. Ill/, pp. 42, 456, 607, 618; who com- 
mends her for her goodness as well as beauty. She was a 
patroness of Wicliffe, Barnes, p. 906. See also Dugdale, ii., 
p. 74. 

5. Holy Maid of Kent. 

[Elizabeth Barton; executed April 21, 1584, by order of 
Henry VIII. for exciting an opposition to his marriage with 
Anna Boleyn.] 

6. Kent and Keer 

Have parted many a good man and his meer. 

Higson's MS. Coll., No. 104. 

[Perhaps keer only means care here, as tneer means mare. 
Cf. Proverb 62 below—" Bad for the rider," etc.] 

7. Kent; red Veal and tohite Bacon. 

White bacon is their pickled pork ; and they are apt to 
neglect the well ordering of their calves, whereby the veal is 
ordinary enough ; especially compared with that on the other 
side the river, in Essex. 



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*ftOVEBj&S RELATING TO KEN*. 121 

8. Kentshire 9 
Soot as fyre. 

Tom. Hearne's Lei. Itin., 5 vol., p. xxvi., ex MS. Thos. 
Rawlinson. Of Kent's being called a shyre, see my Kent, p. 7. 
And this county is remarkably hot on account of its chalk hills 
and chalky as well as gravelly roads. 

9. Lythe as Lass of Kent. 

I. e., gentle, lithsom, etc. See Percy's Songs, i., 284. 

[Spenser has it too, in the Sheph. Kal. (Februarie), where 
he says of a bull — " His dewelap as lythe as lasse of Kent." 
The passage in ' Percy's Songs ' is in the poem of Dowsabell, 
by Michael Drayton, where, in stanza 5, Dowsabell is said to 
be " lyth as lasse of Kent/'] 

10. -Neither in Kent nor Christendom. 

[" Nor in all Kent, nor in Christendome "] ; Spenser's 
[Shepherds'] Calendar; [September]. "'That is/ saith Dr. 
Fuller, 'our English Christendom, of which Kent was first 
converted to the Christian faith ; as much as to say as ' Rome 
and all Italy/ or ' the first cut and all the loaf besides / not by 
way of opposition, as if Kent were no part of Christendom, as 
some have understood it.' I rather think that it is to be under- 
stood by way of opposition, and that it had its original upon 
occasion of Kent being given by the ancient Britons to the 
Saxons, who were then pagans. So that Kent might well be 
opposed to all the rest of England in this respect, it being 
pagan when all the rest was Christian." — Ray. See also Heylin, 
i., 265. Pursuant to this interpretation, Mr. Ray explains the 
Cheshire proverb — " Neither in Cheshire nor Chawbent/' that 
is, says he, " ' Neither in Kent nor Christendome.' Chawbent 
is a town in Lancashire ;" Ray, 3rd ed., p. 236. Dr. Fuller 
and Mr. Ray agree as to the sense, but they differ as to the 
figure of this proverb. I incline to Dr. Fuller's opinion, and I 
am willing to account it a climax, rather than an antithesis, it 
being probably occasion'd, as a multitude of proverbs are, by 
the jingle of the K and C ; you have above — "Neither in 



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122 2B0VEBBS JtELAtflNG TO KEN*. 

Cheshire nor Chawbentj" and see Mr. Kay [1st edition?], 
pp. 55, 225, 227, 239, 310, 338, etc. If this saying took its 
rise in Kent, as is most probable, every county being given to 
specifie and take notice of themselves (Ray, p. 304), it puts the 
figure beyond dispute ; but if it was taken up in London, or in 
any other of these southern parts, yet Kent; being the nearest 
county with a C, and the only county in England that begins 
with a C (sic) and is a monosyllable, we shall find no reason 
to depart from this interpretation. 

To support the antithesis, Mr. Ray thinks it had its origin 
from Kent's being given, by the Britains, who were Christians, 
to the pagan Saxons ; but surely it can never be so old. It 
must have been, according to that supposition, a British pro- 
verb, which is scarce credible. Dr. Fuller brings it something 
lower in 4ime, but not much, supposing that it was taken up 
after the kingdom of Kent was converted to Christianity by 
Augustine and his fellow-labourers, but before the rest of the 
island had received the faith ; in this case, it might be an 
Anglo-Saxon proverb. But there being no proof nor no pro- 
bability of its being so very ancient, 'tis more natural to 
imagine that it came into use in later times, two or three cen- 
turies ago or so, and that it was owing to nothing else but the 
gingle. A proverb of much the same sort as this, is that of 
spick-and-span-new.* . . . The saying is used by Weever, p. 287 
— "the best wheat in all Kent or Christendome ;" and see Old 
Plays, xi., p. 316 ; Antiq. Repert., vol. i., p. 165. There's an 
allusion to it, p. 78 [of Antiq. Repert., vol. i.] , and 'tis there 
suggested that Kent is opposed to Christendom, and Kentishmen 
no Christians. 

[Ray is certainly all wrong here, and Fuller right. Kent 
is obviously singled out as containing the metropolis (Can- 
terbury) of all English Christendom, and being famous through- 
out all Christendom for the shrine of Saint Thomas. Mr. 
Hazlitt gives a reference to Nash's Have with you to Saffron 
Walden, 1596, repr. 1869, pp. 38, 39.] 

* Here Dr. Pegge goes off into the etymology of that phrase. 



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MtOVERBS BJGLAWNG TO £ENtf. 123 

11. " St. Michel* Mount who does not know 
That wardes the Westeme coste ? 
And of St. Brigets Bowre, I trow, 
All Kent can rightly boaste" 

Spenser's Sheph. Kal. Julye, 41 — 44. 

St. Michael's Mount; 'tis near Abergavenny in Wales; 
Archaeol., v., p. 35. But as to St. Bridget's Bower, I have 
enquired of the aged Dr. Brett, and Mr. Bull, and cannot learn 
that there is any one remarkable hill in this county so called ; 
and I incline to believe that the large and long ridge of hills 
that passes east and west the whole length of the county, above 
Boxley, Holingbourne, etc., is meant by this expression. [St. 
Michael's Mount is near Marazion in Cornwall, and gives its 
name to Mount's Bay; cf. Milton's Lycidas and Southey's 
poem of ( St. Michael's Chair.' The whereabouts of St. Bridget's 
Bower is more difficult to determine.] 

12. St. Tyburn of Kent. 

In an Old Dialogue printed by Wynkyn de Word, part 
whereof is inserted for blank pages at the end of a copy of 
Bp. Fox's book De vera differentia Regius Potestatis et Eccle- 
siastics, belonging to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Brett, Imagination, 
one of the Interlocutors, says to Per sever aunce, 

" Than sholde ye have many a sory mele ; 
I wyll never gyve you mete ne diynke," — 

[and confirms this by swearing] " by saynt Tyburne of Kent. 93 

In the parish of St. Thomas-a- Waterings, which is in Kent 
(as I think), there was a place of execution ; Wood, Hist. Ant., 
lib. ii., p. 342. The counterfeit Earl of Warwick was hanged 
at St. Thomas Waterings, 15 Hen. VII. ; Hollinshed and Hall, 
Hen. VII., f. 49 b. Thomas-a- Waterings was the place of 
execution for the prisoners of the King's Bench ; but then that 
prison being in Surrey, the place of execution must have been 
in Surrey too. Quaere therefore how this matter was yet (sic) . 
.... Stanley, Bp. of Sodor and Man, wishes untrue writers 
" would offer themselves unto St. Thomas Waterson" a corrup- 
tion probably of Waterings; Memoirs of Stanley, p. 179. See 

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124 MLOVERBS RELATING T?0 KEN*. 

Weever, pp. 56, 436, where it is a place of execution A. 1541, 
tho* Tyboura was then in being. There was two places of exe- 
cution at London; Old Plays, iii., p. 10. "He swears by 
nothing but St. Tyborne ;" Nash, p. 24. Tyburn, a general 
name for places of execution; Drake's Eboracum, p. 171. 
["The Watering of St. Thomas, i.e. of the Hospital of St. 
Thomas the Martyr, in Southwark." — Morley's English Writers, 
ii. 310.] 

13. Strong Man of Kent. 

" In this parish (St. Laurence) was born [William] Joy, who 
in King William IILrd's reign, had such a reputation for very 
extraordinary strength of body, that he was called the English 
Sampson, and the Strong Man of Kent, and had the honour 
done him of being taken notice of by the king and royal family, 
and nobility of the realm, before whom he performed his feats, 
tho' some attributed them to craft and slight. In 1699, his 
picture was engraved, and round it several representations of 
his performances*, as, pulling against an extraordinary strong 
horse, jumping, sitting on a stool without touching the ground, 
breaking of a rope which would bear 35 hundred weight, lifting 
a weight of 2240 pounds. He afterwards followed the infamous 
practice of smugling fsicj, and was drowned 1734." — Lewis, 
Hist, of Tenet., p. 189. [Another " English Samson " was 
Thomas Topham, of Islington, born about 1710, died Aug. 10, 
1749 ; see Chambers's Book of Days, ii., 202.] Dr. Pegge also 
gives the reference — Wm. Joy, Tom Brown, i., p. 218. 

14. A Kentish Ague. 

Take this county in general, and it is, I believe, as healthy 
as most counties in England ; His preferable to many of them 
in this respect. Dr. Harvey us'd to call Folkstone the Mont* 
pellier of England, and the scituation (sic) of that place, beyond 
all dispute, is bo good, that there is no room to suspect that 
great man of partiality to the place of his nativity. But this 
hinders not, but there are some parts notorious for a bad air, as 
Bumney Marsh for instance, which, as we shall see below, is 
the place pointed out by the old saw, for having ' Wealth, and 



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PEOVEEBS RELATING TO KENT. 125 

no Health ;' see Prov. No. 65. However it was not this tract 
that gave occasion for this brand of infamy, and made the 
Kentish ague so renowned ; but rather the more northern parts, 
which, bordering upon the Medway and the Thames, are flat 
and marshy, very low and very unhealthfull. And whereas the 
road from London to Canterbury lies chiefly through this tract, 
having one river or the other almost constantly in view, this 
sickly race of people are in the way of all passengers, who 
cannot fail sometimes of seeing them in the paroxysm. This 
is now one of the most beaten publick roads in England, being 
the great inlet into the kingdom from foreign parts. But 
there was a time, viz., when in the times of popish ignorance 
and superstition the shrine of St. Thomas at Canterbury was 
in such repute, and pilgrimages thither were so meritorious 
that, as we are credibly informed, there were 100,000 strangers 
present at his jubilee in 1420. See Mr. Somner's Antiq. of 
Kent, p. 126 and app. Now people in their travels beyond 
seas, and in their visits to St. Thomas, saw no other part of 
Kent but this, where they beheld agues and aguish countenances 
every mile, and therefore might well return with the impression 
of an ague strong upon their minds, and might well annex it to 
the idea of Kent. But this is likewise become a metaphorical 
expression for the French disease (see Mr. Bay, p. 88 ; or 3rd 
ed., p. 69), which it seems is also called the Covent-garden ague, 
and the Barnwell ague (Mr. Bay, eodem loco) . " Kentish air;" 
Garth's Dispensary, canto iii. 

16. Kentish Cherries. 

See Proverb 19. The triangular cherry in Kent, Dr. Plot, 
in his letter to Bp. Fell, looks upon as a singularity. Camden, 
col. 215, says Kent abounds with cherries beyond measure, 
" which were brought out of Pontus into Italy 680 years after 
the building of Borne, and 120 years afterwards into Britain," 
etc. In the margin — " Plin., 1. 15, c. 25, cherries brought into 
Britain about the year of Christ 48." [See also Proverb 63.] 

16. Kentish Cousins. 
The sense of this is much the same with that which you 



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126 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

have in Mr. Bay, p. 69 [3rd ed., p. 54] — cousins germane quite 
removed. This county being two-thirds of it bounded by the 
sea and the river, the inhabitants thereof are kept at home more 
than they are in the inland counties. This confinement na- 
turally produces intermarriages amongst themselves, and a rela- 
tion once begun is kept alive and diffused from generation to 
generation. In humane and generous minds, which have always 
been the characteristic of this people, friendships and familiari- 
ties once commenced, are not easily dropt ; and one needs not 
wonder that amongst such, affinity may be sometimes challenged 
where the lines may be worn out, or that the pleasantry of less 
considerate aliens shou'd make a byword of an instance of such 
simplicity of manners. It is observable that antiently our 
forefathers mostly made matches within their several counties, 
which was certainly the case in this province, as is evident from 
the genealogies.* 

17. Kentish Long tails. 

" Those are mistaken who found this proverb on a miracle 
of Austin the monk, who preaching in an English village, and 
being himself and his associates beat and abused by the pagans 
there, who opprobriously tied fishtails to their backsides — in 
revenge thereof such appendants grew to the hind parts of all 
that generation. For the scene of this lying wonder was not 
laid in any part of K6nt, but pretended many miles off, nigh 
Cerne in Dorsetshire. I conceive it first of outlandish extrac- 
tion, and cast by foreigners as a note of disgrace on all 
Englishmen, though it chanceth to stick only on the Kentish 
at this day. What the original or occasion of it at first was, is 
hard to say ; whether from wearing a pouch or bag to carry 
their baggage in behind their back, whilst probably the proud 
monsieurs had lacquies for that purpose ; or whether from the 
mentioned story of Austin. I am sure there are some at this 

• [We might almost include here the expression " Kentish fire," which some- 
times means, I believe, a kind of sustained and continuous applause. Haydn, 
in his Dictionary of Dates, has the following article : — " Kentish fibs, a term 
given to the continuous cheering common at the Protestant meetings held in 
Kent in 1828 and 1829, with the view of preventing the passing of the Catholic 
Belief Bill."] 



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PEOVBBBS RELATING TO KENT. 127 

day in foreign parts, who can hardly be perswaded but that 
Englishmen have tails. 

" Why this nickname (cut off from the rest of England) 
continues still entailed on Kent, the reason may be — as the 
doctour [t. e. Fuller] conjectures — because that county lies 
nearest to France, and the French are beheld as the first founders 
of this aspersion." — Ray. 

Dr. Fuller no doubt has rightly rejected the miracle of St. 
Augustin, for the groundwork of this reflection ; that fact hap- 
pening, according to Alexander Essebiensis, in Dorsetshire, 
though Jo. Major the Scot brings it into Kent. Lambarde, 
Peramb., p. 396.* 

But surely the Doctor is hardly consisting with himself, 
when afterwards he assigns this story concerning Austin as a 
possible occasion of it. It seems he was very doubtfull of its 
origin, and knew not upon what to fix it, unless [upon] that 
story, or a remote conjecture concerning I know not what 
pouches which the English might weare behind their backs ; he 
supposes that at first this was a general term of reproach upon 
the whole English nation, though afterwards it adhered to the 
Kentish men only, they being the next neighbours to France, 
" which is beheld as the first founder of this aspersion." 

But, conjectures apart, Polydore Virgil (Anglicae Historise, 
edit. Basil., 1546, lib. xiii., p. 218) expressly lays the scene of 
a story, wherein Thomas & Becket was concerned, at Stroud in 
Kent, that is brother-german to that which Alexander Essebi- 
ensis tells of Austin in Dorsetshire. I shall give you Mr. Lam- 
barde' s version of that passage of Polydore, in the Peramb., 
p. 396.* " When as it happened him [£. e. Becket] upon a 
time to come to Stroud, the inhabitants thereabouts, being 
desirous to spite that good father, sticked not to cut the taile 
from the horse on which he rode, binding themselves thereby 
with a perpetual reproach : for afterward, by the will of God, 
it so happened, that every one which came of that kinred of 
men which had plaied that naughty prank, were borne with 
tailes, even as brute beasts bee." Here's foundation enough 
in reason for a proverbial sarcasm ; and Polydore, a tax-gatherer 

* Or edit. 1666, p. 432. 



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128 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

of the popes, and not our neighbours the French, as is sug- 
gested, was the founder of the assertion; and it appears from 
Dr. Fuller's testimony, that it was once currently believed and 
plentifully used by foreigners. But a full confutation of this 
ridiculous fable you may read at large in Mr. Lambarde, in the 
place quoted above. 

See Plot's StafFordsh., p. 331 ; and British Librarian, p. 
369. A general reproach on Englishmen; Matthew Paris, 
pp. 785, 790. In Anglia Sacra, ii., p. 67, Parker, p. 578, it 
is ascribed to Augustine at Rochester. 

[The reference in Matthew Paris shews that the saying is 
far older than the time of Polydore ; I must add that, in the 
old Romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, ed. Weber, ii. 83, is a 
remarkable passage in which the emperor of Cyprus dismisses 
some messengers of Richard with the contemptuous words : — 

" Out, taylards, of my paleys ! 
Now go and say your tayled king 
That I owe him no thing !" 

A t ay lard is a man with a tail; the tailed king is Richard I. 
himself!] 



18. Essex stiles, Kentish miles, Norfolk wiles, many 
men beguiles. 

" For stiles Essex may well vie with any county of England, 
it being wholly divided into small closes, and not one common 
field that I know of in the whole country. Length of miles I 
know not what reason Kent hath to pretend to ; for, generally 
speaking, the farther from London the longer the miles ; but 
for cunning in the law and wrangling, Norfolk men are justly 
noted;" Ray, p. 133. [Dr. Pegge suggests that the miles in 
Kent were once much longer than they are now, adding — ] 
Stow reckons it but 55 miles from London to Dover, and now 
it is not less than 75. Leland calls Wye but seven miles from 
Canterbury, and now they esteem it full ten. From Betshanger 
to Canterbury, about 100 years ago, 'twas 8, in the next 
generation it was 10, and now it is gotten to be 11 miles. . . . 



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PROVEBBS RELATING TO KENT. 129 

Sed audiamus It. Talbot in Comment, ad Antonius Itin., im- 
presso ad finem torn. iii. Lei. Itinerarii, p. 139 — "ut ne interim 
addam illud quod milliaria in Cantio longissima sint, adeo ut 
in proverbium eorum longitudo abierit;" et p. 141 — "milliaiia 
Cantica sunt omnium longissima in hac insula/' 

" Northfolk ful of wyles, Southfolk ful of styles ;" Hearne's 
Lei. Itin., vol. v., p. xxvi, ex MS. Tho. Rawlinson. [Mr. Haz- 
litt (English Proverbs, p. 119) says — "An Essex stile is a 
ditch ; a Kentish mile is, I believe, like the Yorkshire way-bit 
and the Scottish mile and a bittock, a mile and a fraction, the 
fraction not being very clearly defined. As to Norfolk wiles, 
I should say that this expression is to be understood satirically, 
as Norfolk has never been remarkable for the astuteness of its 
inhabitants, but quite the contrary. See Wright's Early 
Mysteries, 1838, pref., xxiii., and p. 91 et seqq." Perhaps, 
however, there is reference here to the litigious spirit which 
some have attributed to the people of Norfolk. At any rate, 
we must not forget that the phrase occurs in Tusser, who, in 
his verses on his own life, thus alludes to his marriage with his 
second wife, who was from Norfolk : — 

" For Norfolk wiles, so full of guiles, 
Have caught my toe, by wiving so, 
That out to thee I see for me 
No way to creep—" 

where " thee" means Suffolk]. 

19. Kentish Pippins. 

Mr. Lambarde, in the Peramb., p. 5 (edit. 1656), says — 
" but as for orchards of apples, and gardens of cherries, and 
those of the most delicious and exquisite kindes that can be, 
no part of the realm (that I know) hath them either in such 
quantity and number, or with such art and industry, set and 
planted. So that the Kentish man most surely of all other, 
may say with him in Virgil — 

' Sunt nobis mitia poma, 
Castaneee molles.' " 

And again, in his account of Tenham, p. 263— " this 
VOL. IX. I 



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130 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

Tenham with thirty other parishes (lying on each side this port- 
way, and extending from Raynham to Blean Wood) be the 
Cherrie Garden, and Apple Orchard of Kent. . . . Our honest 
patriote Richard Harrys (fruiterer to King Henrie the 8) 
planted by his great cost and rare industrie, the sweet Cherrie, 
the temperate Pipyn, and the golden Renate . . . about the year 
of our Lord Christ 1533," etc. Camden, col. 215, says, Kent 
" abounds with apples beyond measure/' 

20. A Kentish stomach. 

I remember a gentleman of this county, who took his 
batchelor of arts degree at Cambridge, being a student in 
St. John's College there ; and when he was askt the question, 
according to statute, " quid est abyssus ?" — answered " Sto- 
machus Cantianus." 

The first I presume that chiefly contributed to raise this 
reproach on the Kentish men, was Nich. Wood, concerning 
whom see Sir John Hawkins 1 Life of Dr. Sam. Johnson, p. 141. 
Otherwise, as to my own observation, I never could perceive 
that the people of this county were at all remarkable for 
gluttony. 

Taylor, the Water-poet, was himself a great eater, and was 
very near engaging with the above-mentioned Wood, " to eat at 
one time as much black pudding as would reach across the 
Thames at any place to be fixed on by Taylor himself between 
London and Richmond/' — Ibid. 

21. Naughty Ashford, surly Wye, 
Poor Eennington hard by. 

We have in Mr. Ray several of the like short descriptions 
in verse, concerning places in other counties ; but this, which 
relates to this province, he has omitted. It is very pithy and 
significant, but for the exposition of the particulars at large, I 
must frefer you to the History of the College of Wye.* 

* This History, by Dr. Pegge, is in manuscript, in the Gough collection in 
the Bodleian Library. 



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PROVEBBS RELATING TO KENT. 131 

22. IfyovMl live a little while, 
Go to Bapchild ; 
tf you'd live long, 
Go to Tenhwm or Tong. 

These two last lines contradict No. 54, wherefore I suppose 
'tis banter. Bapchild is indeed a bad and unhealthy situation. 
[It is adjacent to Tong, which adjoins Teynham.] 

23. As old as Cale-hill (Kent). — Clarke's Para- 
miologia, 1639. 

Cale-hill is also the name of a hundred, which contains 
Pluckley, Charing, etc. 

24. A Canter. 

A small easy gallop, which I presume [is] so called from the 
city of * Canterbury, as some here in Kent will often call it; as 
if it was a pace much us'd by those who in former times went 
in pilgrimage to the famous saint there, Thomas It Becket. 

[Mr. Hazlitt, in his English Proverbs, p. 4, has — " A Can- 
terbury Gallop. In horsemanship, the hard gallop of an am- 
bling horse; probably described from the monks riding to 
Canterbury upon ambling horses. — Rider's Diet. qu. by Brady 
(Varieties of Literature, 1826) ." This is the true etymology 
of canter.'] 

25. Canterbury bells. 
Canterbury brochis. 

The former are mentioned by John Fox, in Martyr, i. p. 698, 
and mean small bells worn by pilgrims [rather, fastened to the 
trappings of pilgrims' horses] in their way to Canterbury. For 
the latter, see Chaucer, p. 595 ; T. Warton, p. 455. A broche is 
properly a bodkin, but means more generally often a trinket or 
anything valuable. [The expression " Canterbury brochis " is 
not in Chaucer, but in the anonymous continuation of the 
Canterbury Tales ; see Chambers's Book of Days, i. 338, 339.] 

i 2 

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132 PROVEEBS RELATING TO KENT. 

26. A Canterbury Tale. 

See Lily's Euphues. [Hazlitt, English Proverbs, p. 4 — 
has "A Canterbury story ; i.e. a long yarn; supposed to be 
derived from Chaucer's famous series of Tales." In Fuller's 
Worthies, ed. 1662, p. 97, we find—" Canterbury Tales. So 
Chaucer called his Book. . . . But since that time, Canterbury 
Tales are parallel to Fabula Milesice, which are charactered 
nee verm nee verisimiles, meerly made to marre precious time, 
and please fanciful people. Such are the many miracles of 
Thomas Becket ;" etc.] 

27. Canterbury is the higher Rack, but Winchester 
is the better Manger. 

"W. Edington,* Bp. of Winchester, was the authour of 
this expression, rendring this the reason of his refusal to be 
removed to Canterbury, though chosen thereunto. Indeed, 
though Canterbury be graced with an higher honour, the 
revenues of Winchester are greater. It is appliable to such, 
who preferre a wealthy privacy before a less profitable dignity ;" 
Ray, p. 309. Wm. Edindon, bp. of Winchester, died Oct. 7, 
1366. Simon Islip, a bp. of Canterbury, died April 26, 1366, 
and Simon Langham succeeded him in the metropolitical 
chair ; and thus it seems this sordid prelate did not enjoy the 
manger he was so attacht to long after this. 

28. Canterbury is in decay , 
God help May. 

Lottery of 1567 (Kempe's Losely MSS. 211.) 

29. Cantuaria Pisce (redundans). 

In Somner's Antiquities, p. 170, edit. Battely, we have this 
account. " Certain old verses made in commendation of some 
cities of this kingdom singular in affording some one com- 
modity or other, commend of Canterbury for her fish ; where- 

• Mr. Haziitt has— lC Dr. Langton" for " W. Edington ;" a curious mis- 
print. 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 133 

with indeed, by reason of the sea's vicinity, as Malmsbury 
hath long since observed, her market is so well supplied, as 
none that know the place will think the poet flattered her. 
The verses are in the margin ;" and there they run thus — 

Testis est London rations, Wintonia Baccho, 
Herefordeqne grege, Worcestria frnge redundans, 
Batha lacu, Sarumque fens, Cantuaria pisce. 

A great part of the fish was wont to come from Whitstaple, 
and the present fish-market was more antiently call'd the 
Whitstaple market. 

[The Latin verses may be found at length in Henry of 
Huntingdon, lib. i.] 

30. For company \ as Kit went to Canterbury. 

When a person goes any whither for no reason at all, and 
it is asked, " what did he go for ?" the fleering answer is — 
" for company, as Kit went to Canterbury ;" alluding to some 
particular person of that name, I suppose, who was always 
ready at every turn to go everywhere and with every body that 
ask'd him. [Mr. Hazlitt, in his English Proverbs, p. 135, has 
— "For want of company, Welcome trumpery;" which is 
doubtless to the same effect.] 



31. Smoky Charing. 
[Charing is near Ashford] . 

32. If you would goe to a church mis-went, 
You must go to Cuckstone in Kent. 

— " Or very unusual in proportion, as Cuckstone church in 
Kent, of which it is said — 'if you would goe/ etc." — Dr. 
Plot's Letter to Bp. Fell, in Leland, Itin. ii. p. 137. 

[Mr. Hazlitt, citing Halliwell, says — "So said, because the 
church is s very unusual in proportion/ " It refers to Cuxton, 
near Rochester.] 



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134 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

83. Deal, Dover, and Harwich, 

The devil gave his daughter m marriage ; 
And, by a codicil of his will, 
He added Helveot and the BrilL 

This satirical squib is equally applicable to many other 
sea-ports. — Ray. 

34. Deal Savages, Canterbury Parrots, 
Dover Sharks, and Somdwich Carrots. 

Gardening first used as a trade at Sandwich; Harris, p. 63. 
[Mr. Hazlitt, in his English Proverbs, has — " A Dover shark 
and a Deal savage/'] 

35. A Dover House. 
[I.e. a necessary house, as Dr. Pegge says in the Glossary.] 

36. As sure as there 9 s a dog in Dover. 

That is, as another adage has it, " as sure as a gun." The 
two d's in dog and Dover, have created this trite saying. 

37. Dover, a Den of thieves. 
Dr. Smollett, Trav. p. 6. [" Dover is commonly called a 
den of thieves," Smollett's Travels through Prance tod Italy; 
Works, vol. viii., p. 4; ed. 1872.] 

38. A Jack of Dover.* 

"I find the first mention of this proverb in our English 
Ennius, Chaucer, in his Proeme to the Cook — 

* Before this Dr. Fegge has inserted — "Dover-court, all speakers and no 
hearers ;" which Bay interprets " of some tumultuous Court kept at Dover.*' 
But he rightly adds that the proverb is misplaced, and refers to Dovercouri, near 
Harwich, in Essex. Further on he inserts a passage from ' Old Plays, vi. p. 323/ 
about "Dover's Olympicks, or the Cotswold games." But this also has no 
reference to the town of Dover, since it obviously refers to Robert Dover, an 
attorney, who in the reign of James I. " established the Cotswold games in a 
style which seoured general applause;" see the whole account in Chambers's 
iiook of Days, i. 713. 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 135 

' And many a Jack of Dover he had sold, 
Which had been two times hot, and two times cold.' 

"This he (Dr. Fuller) makes parallel to crambe bis cocta ; 
and appliable to such as grate the eares of their auditours with 
ungratefull tautologies of what is worthless in itself; tolerable 
as once uttered in the notion of novelty, but abominable if 
repeated." — Ray. See the Gloss, to Chaucer. 

[Mr. Hazlitt says, in his English Proverbs — " A Jack of 
Dover ; i.e. a sole ; for which Dover is still celebrated. There 
was an old jest-book with this (no doubt then popular) title, 
printed in 1604 and 1615. Whether Chaucer meant by Jack 
of Dover a sole or a dish warmed up (rechauffi) it is rather 
difficult to say."] 



39. From Barwick to Dover, three hundred miles over. 

" That is, from one end of the land to the other. Parallel 
to that Scripture expression — 'from Dan to Beersheba.' " — 
Ray. [A similar saying is — C€ From Dover to Dunbar," which 
Dr. Pegge has noted below. The poet Dunbar uses the expres- 
sion — " all Yngland, from Berwick to Kalice (Calais) ;" see 
Specimens of English, 1394— 157^, ed. Skeat, p. 117.] 



40. From Dover to Dunbar. 

Antiqu. Repertory, vol. i. p. 78. 

41. When iVs dark in Dover, 
9 Tis dark all the world over. 

42. A North-east Wmd m May 
Makes the Shotver-men a Prey. 

Shotver men, are the mackarel tishers, and a North-east wind is 
reckon'd at Dover a good wind for them. Their nets are called 
Shot-nets. 



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136 *ROVEBBS RELATING TO KENT. 

43. Feversham (or Milton) Oysters.' 

These are both places in Kent, and not very far distant. 
The oysters dredged at one or the other are equally good, and 
they are now esteemed the best the country affords. Oisters, 
like other things, have taken their turn. In Juvenal's time the 
oisters of Richborow shore were famous : — 

" Rutupinove edita fundo 
Ostrea;" 

Sat. iv. 141, 142. 

Mr. Lambarde, p. 259 [ed. 1596], commends the north and 
south yenlet* for producing the largest oysters. 

44. To be married at Finglesham Church. 

There is no church at Finglesham ; but a chalk-pit cele- 
brated for casual amours ; of which kind of rencounters the 
saying is us'd. Quaere, in what parish Finglesham is ? [Fin- 
glesham is one of the four boroughs in the parish of North- 
bourne, or Norbourne, which lies to the west of Deal. See 
Hasted's Hist, of Kent, iv. 143.] 

45. Folk8tone Washerwomen. 
These are the white clouds which commonly bring rain. 

46. Bumbald Whitmg. 

Harris, p. 125. For this, see the Glossary. [It is placed 
here, as referring to FolkstoneJ] 

47. Fordtoich Trouts. 

" Et simul classis secunda tempestate ac fama Trutulensem 
portum tenuit ;" Tacitus, Vit. Agricolse. This Portus Trutu- 
lensis was a station for the fleet ; Beatus Rhenanus suggests 
that it was the same with Portus Rutupinus, and Sir Henry 
Savil tells us, that some read Rhutupensis for Trutulensis, 

* Yenlet or Yenlade, i.e. estuary. See the Glossary, which explains where 
these estuaries are situate. 



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PROVERBS RELAlTtfG tO KENT. 137 

which yet I suppose is only a gloss, receiv*d, in some copies, 
into the text. It is thought to have been called Trutulensis 
from the trouts, trutm, which then might probably be very 
eminent in this road, as they are at this day in the stream or 
river that runs into it ; Harris, p. 378. The excellency of the 
trouts in the Stour, especially that part which runs by Ford- 
wich, is celebrated both by Camden and Somner ; and I sup- 
pose they continue to be as good as ever ; for a noble lord has 
of late caus'd himself to be made mayor of Fordwich for the 
privilege, as is supposed, of having now and then one. Somner, 
p. 25. 

48. Frindsbury clubs. 

Lambarde, ed. 1596, p. 365 ; Harris, p. 128. 

[The story in Lambarde, p. 396 (edit. 1656) is to the effect 
that a skirmish once arose between the monks of Rochester 
and the brethren of Stroud, wherein the latter, who had hired 
some men from Frindsbury armed with clubs to help them, 
gave the monks of Rochester a severe beating. " And thus 
out of this tragicall historie arose the byword of Frendsbury 
clubs, a tearm not yet clean forgotten. For they of Frendsbury 
used to come yearly after that upon Whitson-Monday to 
Rochester in procession with their clubs, for penance of their 
fault, which (belike) was never to be pardoned whilest the 
monks remained/' See also Brand's Popular Antiquities, ed. 
Ellis, i. 246, who quotes from Ireland's Views of the Medway, 
to the effect that "a singular custom used to be annually 
observed on Mayday by the boys of Frindsbury and the neigh- 
bouring town of Stroud. They met on Rochester bridge, 
where a skirmish ensued between them. This combat pro- 
bably derived its origin from a drubbing received by the monks 
of Rochester in the reign of Edward L," etc. See the whole 
passage.] 

49. Let him set up shop on Goodutin sands. 

" This is a piece of countrey wit ; there being an ^equivoque 
in the word Goodwin, which is a surname, and also signifies 

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138 . tftOVEEBS RBLATPIKG TO KEN*. 

gaining wealth ;" Ray, p. 72. [Dr. Pegge adds some passages 
which help but little, chiefly from Somner, Ports and Forts, 
p. 21, who combats the current opinion that the sands were 
caused by an inundation in the year 1097, and proposes a later 
date. See Prorerb 59. Mr. Hazlitt explains the phrase of 
being shipwrecked^ 

50. Greenwich geese. 

I.e. Greenwich pensioners. See Brady's Varieties of Litera- 
ture, p. 53. 

51. The Vale of Holmsdale 

Was never toon, ne ever shall. 

"This proverbial rhythme hath one part of history, the 
other of prophecy. As the first is certainly untrue, so the 
second is frivolous, and not to be heeded by sober persons, as 
neither any other of the like nature;" Ray, p. 336, who places 
this saying to Surrey. Mr. Lambarde, in the Peramb. of Kent, 
edit. 1596,* p. 519, writes this old saying thus : — 

" The Vale of Holmesdale 
Neuer wonne, nor neuer shale," 

and gives us the meaning of Holmesdale in the following words. 
" This (viz. the castle of Holmsdale in Surrey) tooke the name 
of the dale wherin it standeth, which is large in quantity, 
extending itselfe a great length into Surrey, and Kent also ; 
and was, as I conjecture, at the first called Holmesdale, by 
reason that it is, for the most part, conuallis, a plaine valley, 
running between two hils, that be replenished with stoare of 
wood: for so much the very word, Holmesdale, itselfe importeth. 
And so in the title of that chapter, s Holmesdale, that is to say, 
the dale between the wooddie hills/ It must be confessed, 
that this interpretation agrees perfectly with that part of this 
vale which lies in Kent, being that valley wherein Westerham, 
Brasted, Sundrich, Chevening, Otford, etc., are situate; but I 
am in some doubt whether holme signifies a wood; for holm, 



* Or, edit. 1666, p. 674. 



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PR0VEEB8 RELATING TO KENT. 139 

according to the Remains [i.e. Camden's], p. 117, edit. 1687, 
denotes u plaine grassie ground upon water-sides or in the water// 
In the North of England the word holm is very common in this 
sense, both by itself and in composition. " Hulmus, Anglis, 
Danis, Germanis, holm ; locus insularis, insula amnica, etiam 
marina; nam quse in Baltico mari sita est insula majuscula, 
Born-holm appellatur. Holmes etiam dici animadverto depres- 
siones humi, planicies, plurimis rivulis et aquarum divortiis 
irriguas :" Spelman.* 

Mr. Ray disputes the truth of the historical part of this 
Proverb, but we read enough in Mr. Lambarde to shew that 
there are grounds enough for it, and that however fond and 
idle it may be as a prophecy, yet it wants not a foundation in 
history. " In this dale, a part of which we now crosse in our 
way to Sennocke, the people of Kent, being encouraged by the 
prosperous successe of Edwarde the king (the sonne of Alfrede, 
and commonly surnamed Edwarde the Elder) assembled them- 
selves, and gave to the Danes, that had many yeeres before 
afflicted them, a moste sharpe and fierce encounter, in which, 
after long fight, they prevailed, and the Danes were overthrowne 
and vanquished. This victorie, and the like event in another 
battaile (given to the Danes at Otforde, which standeth in the 
same valley also) begate, as I gesse, the common byword, as 
amongst the inhabitantes of this vale, even till this present day, 
in which they vaunt after this manner — 
1 The Yale of Holmesdale, 
Neuer wonne, nor neuer shale ;' " Lambarde, as above, f 

52. He that rideth into the Hundred of Hoo, 

Besides pilfering Seamen, shall find Dirt enow. 

"Hollinshed the historian (who was a Kentish man) saith, 

* And this Kentish vale, besides the river Derwent running through the 
midst of it, has a multitude of springs and bournes issuing out at the foot of those 
two ridges of hills, on each side of it ; and by means of them and the river, it is 
in sundry places very wet and marshy ; and such moist places, overgrown with 
alders, they call moors. (Note by Dr. Pegge.) 

f This proverb do doubt refers also to the old story about the success of the 
Kentishmen in resisting William the Conqueror, and preserving their old cus- 
toms. But this story, however commonly believed by the people of Kent, rests 
on insufficient proof. See Freeman's Old Eng. Hist, for Children, p. 844. And, 
for the story of the Kentishmen's resistance, see the ballad of "William the Con- 
queror," in the Percy Folio MS. iii. 161. 



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140 PROVERBS RELATING TO tfENT. 

that Hoo in bis time was nearly an island : and of the hundred 
of Hoo, he saith the people had this rhime or proverb ;" etc. 
Harris, p. 154. [This peninsula lies between the Medway and 
the Thames.] 

53. Long, lazy, lousy Leurisham. 

This proverb has been preserved rather by the alliteration, 
than its being founded in truth. — Ray. [I believe there is a 
local tradition that the epithet was conferred on this place by 
King James I.] 

54. He that will not live long, 

Let him dwell at Muston, Tenham, or Tong. 

We are indebted to Mr. Lambarde for this, who concludes 
his chapter of Tenham with saying — " Touching the sickly 
situation of this town, and the region thereabout, you may be 
admonished by the common rythme of the countrie, singing 
thus ;" etc. 

55. Northdown Ale. 

Mr. Bay, p. 312, mentioning some places famous for good 
ale, amongst the rest has " Northdown in the Isle of Thanet." 
Vide Lewis, Hist, of Tenet, p. 134; Lord Lyttelton, iii. p. 299; 
Barrington, p. 372. 

56. A Rochester portion. 

I.e. two torn smocks, and what Nature gave. Grose's 
Classical Diet, of the Vulgar Tongue. 

57. Conscience is drowned in Sandwich Bay, or Haven. 

A story they have there of a woman's wanting a groat's 
worth of mackarel. The fisherman took her groat, and bad 
her take as many as she would for it. She took such an 
unconscionable many, that, provok'd with her unreasonableness, 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 141 

he cry'd — "is that your conscience? then I will throw it into 
the sea." So he threw the pence into the water, and took the 
fish from her. Hence came it to be commonly said, — " Con- 
science is drowned in Sandwich haven."* 



58. Starv'em, RoVm, and OheaVm. — Kent. 
Stroud, Rochester, and Chatham. — Ray. 

59. Tenterden steeple the came of Ooodwm Sands. 

" This proverb is used when an absurd and ridiculous reason 
is given of anything in question : an account of the original 
whereof I find in one of Bp. Latimer's Sermons in these words. 
[Then follows the well-known quotationf about the old man 
who remembered that] c before Tenterton steeple was in build- 
ing, there was no manner of talking of any flats, or sands that 
stop't up the haven; and therefore, I think that Tenterton 
steeple is the cause of the decay and destroying of Sandwich 
haven/ Thus far the bishop ;" Ray, p. 272 ; or p. 21 2 of edit. 
1768. The vulgar notion of this proverb is, that Tenterden 
steeple, being built by an Archbishop of Canterbury (whose 
property those sands were when they were terra firma, or at 
least, upon whom it was incumbent to maintain the dykes and 
walls for the defence of them) at that instant, when that tract 
of dry ground was in danger of being overwhelmed by the sea, 
the good man went on with that building, to the prejudice of 
those low grounds ; which, through that neglect, were entirely 
and irrecoverably lost. You have here now a mechanical 
account how the steeple was the cause of the sands, if you will 
believe it, and are got a step further than the old man's infor- 
mation carried you. However, we have from this old man's 
account the precise time of the beginning of this saying, viz. in 
Henry VIILth's time, that great man, Sir Thos. Moore, being 

* Here I had inserted, from Mr. Hazlitf s English Proverbs, the following :— 
M Sawtrey by the way. Now a grange, that was an abbey. Kent" But there is 
no such place in Kent; the allusion is clearly to Saltrey or Sawtrey abbey, Hunts. 
See Dugdale's Monasticon, v. 522. 

f Printed at length in Hazlitt's English Proverbs, p. 438. 



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142 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

the person who is [in Latimer's sermon] called Mr. Moore; 
and also the precise time of the emergence of these sands ; 
whereby you may resolve Mr. Somner's doubts, and set Mr. 
Twyne, Mr. Lambarde, and others right in the matter. [Here 
follows a long and dull quotation from Somner's Ports and 
Forts, p. 25, which refers the formation of the sands to a 
supposed inundation in the time of Henry I. Mr. Hazlitt 
quotes the proverb in the form following : — 

" Of many people it hath been said 
That Tenterden steeple Sandwich haven hath decayed/ 1 
Lottery of 1567 (Kempe's Losely Papers, 1836, p. 211).] 

See Lewis's Hist, of Tenet, p. 9 ; Sir Edward Doing's Works, 
p. 130. "The petrifying waters .... of Tenterden steeple in 
Kent, for which it is no less famous than for being the cause of 
Godwin sands;" Dr. Plot's letter to Bp. Fell; Leland,Itin.ii. 133* 

60. As a Thorn produces a Rose, so Godwin begat 

Editha. 

Harris, p. 416 ; Rapin, vol. i. p. 181, notes. 

61. At Betshcmger a Gentleman, at Fredvile a 

8 quire ^ 
At Bonington a Noble Knight, at .... a 
Lawyer. 

Lawyer is to be pronounced Lyer, as is common now in 
some counties. This relates to the worshipful family of the 
Bois's, of which four several branches were flourishing at once 
at those seats here mentioned. 

62. Bad for the Rider, Good for W Abider. 

Perhaps this is not appropriate to Kent only, but the bad- 
ness of the roads in the Weald of Kent and Rumney marsh, 
together with the richness of the soil in both tracts, has made 
it very common in the Kentish man's mouth. It seems they 
have a saying of this sort in French, " bon pais, mauvais 



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PROVEEBS RELATING TO KENT. 143 

chemin;" Ray, p. 47 (p. 86, ed. 1768), who writes the proverb 
above in an uncouth, unmusical manner — " The worse for the 
Rider, the better for the Bider." 

63. Cherries : If they blow m April, 
You'll have your fill ; 
But if in May, 
They'll all go away. 

But, tho* this may be so in general, yet in the year 1742 it 
was otherwise. For, tho' it was a backward spring, and the 
trees were not in bloom till late in May, I had a great quantity 
of White and Black Hearts. [See Proverb 15.] 

64. Fogge 9 8 Feast. 

This is an antient saying, when any accident happens at an 
entertainment. For it seems, at a dinner made by one of the 
family of Fogge, the servant threw down the venison pasty in 
coming over a high threshold. He bad his guests not to be 
concerned, for there was a piece of boil'd beef, and a dish of 
pease ; but the dogs fell upon the beef, and the maid buttering 
the pease flung them all down. 

65. Health and no Wealth ; 
Wealth and no Health ; 
Health and Wealth. 

Thus Mr. Ray — " Some part of Kent hath health and no 
wealth, viz. East Kent ; some wealth and no health, viz. the 
Weald of Kent ; some both health and wealth, viz. the middle 
of the country and parts near London/ 1 Mr. Lambarde, taking 
occasion to quote this observation, in his chapter of Romney 
(Peramb. p. 200, edit. 1596; or p. 211, edit. 1656) expounds 
it differently from Mr. Ray. "The place [i.e. Romney marsh] 
hath in it sundry villages, although not thicke set, nor much 
inhabited, bicause it is hyeme mains, testate molestus, nunguam 
bonus ; evill in winter, grieuous in sommer, and never good, as 
Hesiodus (the olde Poet) sometime saide of the countrie where 



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144 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

his father dwelt. And therefore very reasonable is their con- 
ceite, which doe imagine that Kent hath three steps, or degrees, 
of which the first (say they) offereth Wealth without Health : 
the second giueth both Wealth and Health : and the thirde 
affoordeth Health onely, and little or no Wealth. For if a man, 
minding to passe through Kent toward London, should arriue 
and make his first step on land in Bumney marshe, he shall 
rather finde good grasse under foote than wholesome aire aboue 
the head : againe, if he step ouer the hilles and come into the 
Weald, hee shall have at once the commodities both emit et soli, 
of the aire, and of the earth : but if he passe that, and climbe 
the next step of hilles that are betweene him and London, hee 
shall haue wood, conies, and corn for his wealth, and (toward 
the increase of his health) if he seeke, he shall finde famem in 
agro lapidoso, a good stomacke in the stonie fielde." According 
to this account, the matter stands thus, Health and no Wealth, 
the N.W. parts of Kent; Wealth and no Health, Rumney 
marsh; Health and Wealth, the Weald; which seems to me 
the most rational, and the truest in fact ; especially if it be 
remembered, that such general observations as these are not to 
be taken universally or understood in a rigorous strictness. 
Mr. Bay is certainly wide of the mark, and it may be observed 
that, as Mr. Lambarde puts it, it should seem that this old say- 
ing originally regarded and took its rise from a progress or 
passage through the county in a direct road from Bumney 
marsh to London, and not from the several parts of it as they 
may be pickt out here and there. Mr. Camden, col. 215, 
expounds differently from all. " The inhabitants, according 
to its scituation, from the Thames southeward, distinguish it 
[Kent] into three plots or portions (they call them degrees*) ; 
the upper, lying upon the Thames, they look upon to be 
healthy, but not altogether so rich ; the middle part to be both 
healthy and rich ; the lower, to be rich, but withal unhealthy,^ 
because of the wet marshy soil in most parts of it: it is however 
very fruitful in grass." 



• So Lambarde, above. — Note by Dr. Pegge. 
t Rumney marsh. — Note by Dr. Pegge. 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 145 

66. Justice Nme-holes. 

Referring to Smarden, in the deanery of Charing, Harris 
says — in his Hist, of Kent, p. 285 — " In this church, as Fox 
takes notice in his Acts and Monuments, fol. 971, and in the 
year 1558, which was the last year of Queen Mary, one Drayner, 
a Justice of Peace, made use of the Rood-loft, which then was 
standing here, to place spies and informers in, in order to take an 
account who did not duly perform the Popish Ceremonies; and 
that they might discover this the better, he made for them 
nine peeping-holes in the loft ; and because he was so severe, 
and punished such as did not conform, the people hated him, 
and gave him the name of Justice Nine-holes ; and that expres- 
sion is still retained as a mark of contempt in this county/ 1 

67. Neghe sythe selde, 
and neghe syth gelde ; 
and J\f pond for the were, 
er he bicome healder. 

[In Lambarde's Peramb. of Kent, edit. 1656, p. 650, in an 
Old French Charter of Gavelkind, temp. Edw. I., it is explained 
how a tenant who has forfeited his tenancy may regain it by 
paying a fine, " sicome il est auncienement dist : Neghe syj>e 
selde, and neghe syj> gelde ; and fif pond for J>e were, er he bi- 
come healder;" i.e. (if I rightly make it out) — he gave nine 
times, and let him pay nine times, and five pounds for his "wer," 
ere he become tenant. The "wer" is the man's own value 
or price, as explained in Bosworth's A. S. Dictionary, etc.] 

68. Se that hvt toende, 
Se hvr lende. 

[Also : — Si \at is wedewe, 
Si is leuedi.] 

[In Lambarde's Peramb. of Kent, edit. 1656, p. 645, in an 
Old French Charter of Gavelkind, temp. Edw. I., it is explained 
that a widow is entitled to half her husband's lands and tene- 
ments, but forfeits these at once if she ceases to be chaste ; in 
VOL. IX. L 



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146 PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 

which case she must be maintained by her betrayer; "dont il 
estdist en Kenteis: se fat hir wende, se hir lende;" i.e. he 
that turneth her about, let him lend to (or maintain) her. See 
Proverb 69. Mr. Scott Robertson kindly sends me a proverb 
from 'Consuetudines Kancire/ in the Queenborough Statute- 
book, about a.d. 1345, relating to the above-mentioned privi- 
lege of a widow. It runs thus— "Si >at is wedewe, si is 
leuedi ;' i.e. she that is a widow, she is a lady. Si for she is 
an old Kentish form.] 

69. [The] Father to the Bough; 
And the son to the Plough. 

" This saying I look upon as too narrow to be placed in the 
family of proverbs ; it is rather to be deemed a rule or maxime 
in the tenure of Gavil-kind, where though the father had judg- 
ment to be hang'd, yet there followed no forfeiture of his 
estate ; but his son might — a happy man according to Horace's 
description — -paterna rura bobus exercere suis. Though there 
be that expound this proverb thus — c the Father to the bough, 
i.e. to his sports of hawking and hunting, and the Son to the 
plow, i.e. to a poor husbandman's condition.'" — Ray, p. 104; 
(p. 81, ed. 1768). This last must be looked upon as but a 
secondary and borrowed sense of the old rhyme ; for originally 
it respected only that privilege of Gavel-kind [which] Mr. 
Ray mentions, and accordingly it took its rise from thence. 
See Lambarde's Perambulation, p. 550; or p. 635, edit. 
1656. [Ray's second suggestion is wrong. The sense is put 
beyond all doubt by the charter in old French which Lambarde 
prints, where it is explained that, if the father be attainted of 
felony and suffer death, the estate (in gavelkind) does not 
escheat, but goes to the heir, who " les tiendra per mesmes les 
seruices et customes sicome ses auncestres les tyndront : dont 
est dist en Kenteis : J>e fader to J>e boughe, and J>e son to J>e 
plogh." See English Cyclopaedia; art. Gavelkind.] 

70. To cast water into the Thames. 
" That is, to give to them who had plenty before ; which, 



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PROVERBS RELATING TO KENT. 147 

notwithstanding, is the dole general of the world ;" Bay, p. 324 ; 
(p. 253, ed. 1768). [Dr. Pegge claims this for Kent, as 
bounding the Thames. The proverb is alluded to in Piers 
the Plowman, B. xv. 332.] 

71. The ducks fare well m the Thames. 
This Mr. Ray has, p. 130; (p. 100, ed. 1768). [Claimed 
for Kent, as in the case of No. 70. So also might be added 
a proverb cited in Ray, p. 72; or p. 56, ed. 1768.] 

72. To come out of the Shires. 
This is a proverbial saying relative to any person who comes 
from a distance. And the ground of it is that the word shire 
is not annexed to any one of the counties bordering upon 
Kent, which are Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex, and Essex; so 
that to come out of a shire a man must necessarily come from 
beyond any of these neighbouring provinces. 

73. Yelloto as a Peigle. 
The Peigle is a cowslip, verbasculum. See Bradley's 
Country Housewife, part i. p. 70. I never heard this simile or 
Proverb but in Kent. See Gerard's Herbal, who writes paigle. 
[" Yellow as a paigle " is common in Essex and Cambs. Ray 
(ed. 1768, p. 277) gives "as blake (i.e. bleak, pale) as a paigle n 
as a Northern proverb.] 

Besides the above, I find in Dr. Pegge's MS. the 
following notes, etc. : — 

To sit in Jack Strata's place. [Unexplained.] 
An Eastry flower. A double crown on an horse's head ; 
meaning, I suppose, a recommendation to an horse at Eastry 
fair. A corruption for an ostrich feather, which the country 
people call ostrey or eastry. [One at least of these explanations 
must be wrong.] 

All-fours. " A game very much played in Kent, and very 
well it may, since from thence it drew its first original ;" Com- 
plete Gamester, 1674, p. 111. 

L 2 

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( 148 ) 



ON THE BRASS OP SIR JOHN DE NORTHWODE 
AND LADY, IN MINSTER CHURCH, SHEPPEY. 

BY J. G. WALLEB. 

It has always been a moot question, as to whence we 
derived the monumental brass ; whether from Prance 
or Flanders. It is not likely to be ever settled, for in 
the early part of the thirteenth century, when we get 
the first record of a brass, and that in England, there 
was no distinctive character so strongly marked in art, 
as to give a nationality to the work. But in after times, 
when a further development took place, it was very 
different. English brasses, for the most part, were 
cut out clear to the outline of the figures; whilst the 
Flemish, and probably a large number of French 
brasses, were executed in such a manner as to present 
a large oblong surface of metal, composed of several 
plates; and the figures were represented under rich 
canopies, and surrounded by elaborate diaper work. 
But there are Flemish brasses which follow the system 
that I call English; and some small English examples, 
of a late date, may be found to follow the Flemish 
type. The true distinction, indeed, lies really in the 
mechanical execution. The English workman made 
more use of the lozenge-shaped or true graver, whilst 
the Flemish preferred, at least, in all broad lines, to 
use a chisel-shaped tool. 



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? IR JOHN DE NOPTHWODE AND TAPY". 
MIN3TF.R, SHEPPEY. 



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TfM%mum*B*a.J%0*>IMstv**&m*t, 338.BlHUbqm Inafan. 



THE BRASS Of SIR JOHN BE NOEtfHWODE. 149 

Of Flemish examples, we have in England several 
of a very fine character ; but we must enter into some 
speculation, before we can positively assign any of the 
brasses, now remaining in this country, to a French 
hand. Nevertheless, the brass which forms the sub- 
ject of these remarks, may more reasonably be con- 
cluded to be French, than any other we possess. The 
grounds upon which this assertion is made are several ; 
the first is, that it differs very much from any other, 
not only in style, but in a variety of details of cos- 
tume and treatment. Before, however, these points 
are discussed, it is necessary to describe the monu- 
ment. 

It is preserved in Minster Church, in the Isle of 
Sheppey, and, in its present condition, consists of the 
figures of a knight and lady side by side. In my 
opinion, these were originally in two distinct tombs, 
doubtless commemorating husband and wife, and pro- 
bably representing Sir John de North wode, and his wife 
Joan de Badlesmere. For if the figure of the knight 
is critically examined as it now lies upon the floor, it 
will become obvious at once, that there is a piece lost 
from the centre, cutting across the shield, so that the 
arms upon it are in a confused and disjointed condition. 
In the engraving, accompanying this memoir, the ori- 
ginal state of this part of the brass is attempted to be 
given, by carefully following up and restoring the lines 
of the two several portions, and bringing the heraldic 
bearings once more into an intelligible form.* This 
done, it will be seen that the figure of the knight is 
considerably larger than that of the lady, shewing 
much too great a difference to allow of their belonging 

* The fainter lines in the engraving indicate restorations of muti- 
lations. 



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150 THB BEA88 OF SIB, JOHN BE NGRTHWODB 

to the same tomb, or being arranged side by side on 
one slab. 

There is yet another, still more remarkable, feature 
in this figure. The whole of the lower part, from the 
knees downward, does not correspond in character with 
the upper. The armour, and the style of the lion,* 
are of a much later time, and the general execution, 
coupled with the rest, will not allow us to think this 
portion to be at all earlier than the sixteenth century. 
The metal also is of a different colour. When my 
brother and I first examined this curious monument, 
in April, 1838, we at once came to the conclusion that 
it was a restoration, and no part of the original design. 
The crossed legs, so fantastically rendered, when com- 
pared side by side with other examples, which require 
the knees to be more approximated, confirmed us in 
our views, for this was evidently not the original 
position in which the legs had been arranged. In 
Stothard's work on * Monuments' this figure is en- 
graved, and he has kept a separating space between 
this portion and the rest, evidently shewing that he 
had perceived the distinction existing, betwixt the 
older and the more recent work. As, however, he did 
not live to complete the text himself, this does not 
appear to be therein noted. The boundary of this 
restoration is easily seen, for the added piece does not 
well unite its lines with the rest. It runs along the 
lower part of the shield, passing at the base of the 
genouilliferes or knee-pieces, from the right of which it 
then falls down perpendicularly, and parallel to some 
pendant folds of the surcoat. . 

The period of this restoration may be approxi- 

• This resembles that on the brass of Piers Gerard, 1492, in 
Winwick Church, Lancashire. — Vide Waller's Monumental Brasses. 



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IN MINSTER CHUBCH, SHE*PEY. 151 

mately settled by the general character of the work, 
and particularly by that of the recumbent lion. But, 
curiously enough, many of the details are inaccurately 
rendered, and do not agree with any period precisely, 
as if the artist were aware of the fact that he had to 
assimilate his work to an earlier time, with which, 
however, he was very imperfectly acquainted. But 
Canon Scott Robertson, your Secretary, has discovered 
some documents, at Lambeth, which entirely set at 
rest and determine, not only the time, but the circum- 
stances under which this restoration was effected. 

From the Register of Archbishop Warham, in 
Lambeth Palace Library, it appears that, at a visita- 
tion held at Sittingbourne Oct. 1, 1511, the church- 
wardens of Minster, in Sheppey, " presented " that, 
" It is desyred that where, of long tyme agoo, in the said 
chapell, a knight and his wife [were] buried, and their 
pictures upon theym very sore worne and broken, that 
they may take awey the pictures, and lay in the place 
a playn stone, with an epitaphy who is there buried, 
that the people may make setts and pewys, where they 
may more quietly serve God, and that it may less 
cowmber the rowme." (B/egister, folio 57, b.) 

" The Commissary admonished the Churchwardens 
and parishioners to present themselves before the Lord 
Archbishop, and to implore his paternity for help in 
this matter." * This clearly means that the parish 
authorities were to seek help in repairing the figures, 
and not to remove them ; and we may now reasonably 
infer that this course was pursued, and that an at- 
tempted restoration of the figure of the knight took 

* " Commissarius monuit .... ad presentandum, se coram d'no 
archie'po et ad implorandum eius paternitatem pro remedio huius 
materie." (Fol. 79, b.) 



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152 THE BRASS OF 8IK JOHN DB N0BTHW0DE 

place, and resulted in the anomalous condition in 
which we now see it. It is evident, that besides the 
loss of the legs, a large piece of plate was missing in 
the centre of the figure,* cutting through the shield in 
such a manner as to entirely destroy the heraldic 
achievement, and rendering it impossible to say what 
it originally was, except by a process of research and 
inference. The arms of the Northwood family are 
ermine, a cross engrailed gules. The large size of the 
ermine spots will excuse the error, made by Mr. 
Stothard's editor, of confounding it with a chestnut 
leaf; it is unusual, indeed, but the form is undoubted, 
and the principle of ancient heraldry was distinctness. 
Admitting the field to be ermine, the rest is easy, as 
the portion of the cross engrailed gives sufficient data 
for working out a required result.* 

The above facts are particularly interesting, for 
they bring to light one method by which our monu- 
mental brasses may have been made to disappear* 
Many churchwardens, before the Reformation, may 
have desired, like those of Minster, to cast out decayed 
brasses, and substitute for them a new " epitaphy." 
Not at every time, we may be certain, was an injunc- 
tion given to repair or to restore ; but I am by no 
means certain that we have here the only instance of 
a restoration of some kind. Not so much perhaps, of 
a mutilated figure, as of an entire memorial, for there 
are several brasses, in different parts of the country, 
which have so suspicious an appearance, that it is most 
sure they do not represent the work of a contemporary 

* At present the figure is shortened by bringing the two separated 
parts together. This was without doubt done at the restoration of the 
legs, but the engraving shews the original position of these parts, and 
so restores the arms. 



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IN MINSTEE CHURCH, 8HEPJEY. 163 

hand. In this paper it is impossible to enter into the 
subject, for this Minster "presentment," and the 
Minster brass open up a new phase in the history of 
monumental brasses, which, to be thoroughly worked 
out, would require much time and space. I may how- 
ever here hint my suspicions that some of the brasses 
at Pluckley, in this county, belong to this category. 

I have expressed my belief that the figures were 
originally separate monuments, possibly side by side, 
and each having, according to the prevalent custom, 
the inscription on the margin of the slab, either in 
letters of brass inlaid, or engraved on a fillet. The 
figure of the knight is one of the most interesting 
examples, we possess, of the military equipment of the 
first quarter of the fourteenth century : a period of tran- 
sition, from the armour of chain mail, to that of plate. 
First, let us take the mail itself. This is of that 
description to which Sir Samuel R. Meyrick gave the 
name of " banded." It is appropriate, inasmuch as it 
correctly conveys an idea of its character, i.e. f trans- 
verse bands, alternating with the rings. Probably, no 
part of the armour of thefourteenth century has so much 
exercised the wits of our critical students, whether at 
home or abroad. All sorts of theories have been 
propounded. Meyrick himself has more than one; 
and what the construction was, has to this hour never 
been settled. Perhaps the greatest difficulties have 
arisen from the want of consideration of the conven- 
tional treatment of the artists. In no single instance 
yet found, either in sculpture or paintings, or in the 
incised work of brasses, has anything whatever been 
given which would warrant any one in asserting that 
it represented the actual appearance of a means of 
construction. Yet, really, every argument and every 

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164 THE BRASS 0* Sift JOHN DB KORTHWODE 

suggestion has been based upon this appearance. 
Were they bands of leather, or other material fixed 
outside ? If so, how attached ? They must be flexible, 
or they could not be applied ; and it is certain they 
were intended for an additional means of defence, to 
the flexible interlacing chain-mail, seeing that this 
first appears when additions of various kinds were 
being devised. Some suggestions have been made, as 
to whether they were rings at all, or not plates of 
steel held by leathern bands P Reason and common 
sense demand that this mail should be an improvement 
upon, and not a deterioration from, the old chain-mail 
so ingeniously contrived, which had been in use for so 
many ages. In short, to conceive a coat of mail made 
up of single rings, held in some way by thongs, or of 
plates of steel held in a similar manner, as has been 
suggested, is to declare that the knight gave up an 
excellent mode of manufacture, for an inferior one, at 
the very time when the armourer was devising all 
sorts of additional expedients for his protection, as 
we see in our example. This reasoning of course fails, 
and it is unnecessary to pursue, or to confute, that 
which is condemned in self evidence. 

The history of interlaced chain-mail, which Sir 
Samuel Meyrick thought no older than the thirteenth 
century at most, we can carry back by actual example 
to the age of Sennacherib, 700 B.C. For the annexed 
wood-cut (Fig. 1), from an Assyrian helmet, with a 
portion of mail attached to it, now in the British 
Museum, is of this era. We must refer this ingenious 
construction to the Orientals, amongst whom we have 
thus the earliest record of it, and with whom, to this 
hour, it is found to be in use. But besides this, the 
padded garments, used so much in the fourteenth 



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tN MINSTER CHTJftCH, SHEPt>BY. 156 




Fig. 1. 

century, were of Oriental origin, and are represented 
on the Assyrian marbles. Seeing that we get these 
additions from such a source, might we not reasonably 
look for a suggestion respecting banded mail, to the 
same " unchanging East" ? We may be assured that 
the banded-mail was a simple affair enough to give 
an additional advantage to the ordinary chain-mail, 
and involved no grave difficulties. 

A year or two ago I purchased a hawberk of chain- 
mail, of Asiatic workmanship, and probably from 
Northern India, which appears to me to decide this 
very interesting question. The simplicity of the ad- 
ditional constructions at once commends itself, as 
answering all the conditions required, besides giving 
the general effect as seen in our ancient monuments. 
The collar is rendered rather more rigid by the intro- 
duction of leathern thongs, passed through each inter- 
mediate line of rings, thus giving an effective and 
additional protection, insuring at the same time the 
requisite flexibility (see annexed cut, fig. 2). No ex- 
pedient could possibly be more simple, and none so 

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156 THE BEASS OP SIfc JOHN DE NO&THWODE 




Rg. 2. 

likely to be adopted for the purpose. It indeed gives 
the additional protection by means of a material, 
thoroughly flexible, which had been in use from the 
earliest times in defensive armour. Among the Asiatic 
hawberks, in the Museum of the United Service, are 
some which exhibit a similar mode of manufacture ; 
but felt is used in some examples, and the collar is 
rendered still more rigid.* In fact, this could easily 
be done when required. I cannot, therefore, doubt but 
that here is the solution of this oft-debated question, 
and it has turned out, as so frequently happens, that 
truth, far sought for, lay really before our eyes. 

The other details are full of interest, as parts of 
military costume. Beneath the loose sleeves of the 
hawberk, is a scaly or plumose defence of the fore arm, 
which I am inclined to consider may be intended to 
represent whalebone, rather than overlapping pieces of 
leather, because some of the scales have the indication 
of a ridge, which is more consistent with a harder 
material, though possibly, cuir bouilli might have been 
so formed. The coudes, or elbow pieces, and the £pau- 
liferes, or shoulder defences, are the beginnings of a long 

* Mr. Bernhard Smith has also some varieties of the same con- 
struction in his collection, and concurs with me, that it represents the 
" banded mail." 



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IN MINSTER CHTJBCH, SHEPPBY. 157 

series of changes and additions, ceasing only with the 
use of armour itself. The escaJloped garment, which 
peeps out beneath the skirt of the hawberk, from the 
round buttons upon its surface, is doubtless a pour- 
point — a lightly padded garment, much used, and 
often most elaborately worked. The genouillifere is 
highly ridged — an advance upon the primitive form ; 
the surcoat is also modified by being cut in front;* 
the large shield is suspended by a guige, or long strap, 
and the chain attached to a mammeli&re doubtless sus- 
pends, or is attached to, his helmet, which is, however, 
not seen, as the head rests upon a cushion richly 
diapered. 

The female figure, having a dog with collar of bells 
at her feet, is remarkable in many ways. She wears 
an ample over-skirt, lined with minever, and apparently 
sleeveless, having openings only for the arms. A large 
gorget or wimple is worn, covering throat and neck 
up to and over the chin ; the head shews the hair, 
which is plaited in bands on either side, and rests on a 
similar cushion to that of the knight. But the most 
distinctive portion of her costume is the fur-lined 
hood, which hangs down in lappets in front, having 
numerous buttons and button-holes. This is not met 
with on English monuments, but frequently in those 
of this period in Prance, many of them being repre- 
sented in Montfaucon's 'Antiquit6s de la France.' As 
there are also details of workmanship, or convention, 
seen in the faces of both figures, which do not accord 
with our ordinary English examples of the fourteenth 
century, we may fairly assume, that this is the work 
of a French hand ; and from this fact alone it would 
present much interest, independently of the many 

* Sir Samuel Meyrick thought this to be the Cyclas. 



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158 THE BRASS OF SIB JOHN DB NOETHWODE 

details it exhibits, and of the circumstances above 
given. 

The monument or monuments represent Sir John 
de North wode and Joan de Badlesmere his wife. He 
died May 26th, 1320, and his wife on the 1st day of 
June following. There can, therefore, be no doubt 
but, that both brasses were executed at the same time; 
as there is evidence, in the style of the work, that 
they also must have been from the same hand. The 
inscription has long been lost, and no sort of record 
seems ever to have been taken of it. In the Harleian 
MS., 3917, a volume of ' Church Notes/ by Philipot, 
from the county of Kent, occur some rude sketches 
of monuments of the Northwood family. Unfortu- 
nately, the name of the church from which they were 
taken is omitted ; but it was, without doubt, Minster, 
in Sheppey. One of these (on page 85 b) is a coffin- 
shaped slab, with the head of a knight, in coif of mail, 
sculptured at the top; in the centre, the arms of North- 
wood ; and at base, the figure of a dove. Another (on 
p. 86 a) exhibits a knight cross-legged, about to draw 
his sword, a female figure by his side, with hands con- 
joined in prayer, and in long robe. There axe four 
escutcheons of arms, two at the head and two at the 
feet, consisting only of the arms of Northwood, and 

one, paly wavy of six which arms are simply 

repeated. There is no inscription, nor can I assign 
the latter arms to any family in the Northwood pedi- 
gree; but these same arms (blazoned or and gules) 
were also in the Churches at Appledore, Sittingbourae, 
and Lenham, according to this MS. (pp. 31a, 386, 606). 
Another rude sketch (on p. 85 a) is of a knight, with 
his head upon a helmet, and crest of dragon's head, 
two escutcheons of arms gone, with this inscription 



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IN MINSTER CHURCH, SHBPPBT. 159 

at the feet, — "Hie jacet Walterus Northwod cum 
quatuor suis filiis, verus haeres Domini de Northwod." 
I cannot find this Walter in the pedigree, hut should 
assign the memorial to the end of the fourteenth cen- 
tury, though the sketch is too rude to trust in details. 
Weever, in his * Funeral Monuments,' mentions, under 
Minster, one to a knight and lady as in the choir, 
and he gives this inscription, — " Hie jacet Rogerus de 
Northwood Miles et Boon uxor ejus sepulti ante con- 
questum." He is so inaccurate a writer, prohahly 
using very slight notes made by others, that we can 
never trust him implicitly. This is obviously wrong, 
and he himself remarks upon the " ante conquestum." 
The form "post conquestum Anglira" is often found, 
and possibly there may be here some corruptions 
arising from this. The Roger de Northwood alluded 
to, however, must have been the father of Sir John, 
whose monument is under consideration, and his wife, 
Bona Fitzbernard or Wanton, spelt variously Waltham 
or Walton. But, as already very interesting and 
complete genealogical notices of the family have ap- 
peared in Vol. II. of * Archaeologia Cantiana/ it is 
unnecessary here to do more than follow up the few 
facts relating to the personal history of Sir John, the 
son, whose monument does not seem to have been 
referred to, or noticed, in any of the notes which I 
have cited. 

His father, Sir Roger, died in 1286, on the 9th day 
of November, at which time John, his son, was thirty- 
one years old. He married Joan, the daughter of 
Bartholomew, Baron deBadlesmere; andthefirstofficial 
notice of him is in 1291, as serving the office of Sheriff 
of the county of Kent. During the latter part of the 
year, this office was held for him by Richard de Comb 



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160 THE BRASS OF SIB JOHN DE NOBTHWODE 

and his son Simon. In the following year he was 
associated in the same office with John de Bourne.* 
On the 8th of June, he was summoned to attend the 
King upon urgent affairs, immediately on the receipt 
of the writ ; but was excepted, on the 14th of the 
same month, from the general summons made to those 
holding by military tenure, for the expedition into 
Gascony. In the two years succeeding, he was again 
Sheriff of the county. On the 7th July, in the next 
year (1297), he was, by writ, ordered to perform 
military service in person beyond seas ; to muster in 
London on Sunday next after the octave of St. John 
the Baptist. And at the end of the same month, viz., 
30th July, he was appointed assessor in the County of 
Sussex, of the Eighth and Fifth granted for the Confir- 
mation of the Charter. It does not seem by this, and 
what now follows, that he could have accompanied 
the King to Gascony, for, on the 8th September, he 
was summoned to appear, with horses and arms, at a 
Military Council at Rochester, before . Edward, the 
King's son, Lieutenant of England; and again, on 
8th January (1298), to be ready to perform military 
service against the Scots, the muster being made on 
the King's teturn to England. This was renewed on 
25th May, the army being at York. He doubtless 
attended the army, and performed this required service, 
and we hear no more of him until 1299-1300, when 
he was again Sheriff of the county. The last special 
service he seems to have been called upon to perform, 
during this reign, was when made an assessor and 
collector, 1304r-5, in the Cinque Ports, of the Fifteenth 
granted in Parliament, the commission being dated 
February 15th ; and in the same year, inquests were 

* Philipot Villare Cantianum. 



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IN MINSTER CHURCH, SHBPPEY. 161 

taken before him in the counties of Sussex, Surrey, 
and Kent, of matters to be determined before Roger 
le Brabazon. 

In the succeeding reign he seems to have been 
equally active in employment, and, in the first year, 
was appointed one of the conservators of the peace 
in his own county. A few months later (February 8, 
1308) he and his wife were called upon to attend the 
coronation, in the train of the Bang and Queen. In 
1309, he was once more summoned to service in person, 
against the Scots, to the muster at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, on Michaelmas-day. Later, in the same year, 
he was one of the Justices to receive complaints of 
prises taken contrary to the statute, and on April 1, 
was enjoined to be more active in executing the com- 
mission for conserving of the peace. The following 
year, he offered the service of one knight's fee, for all 
his lands, to be performed by " two servientes," with 
two barded horses, for the muster at Tweedmouth, and 
was also one of the supervisors of the array in his 
county. On the 13th of March, 1313, he was sum- 
moned to Parliament at Westminster, and again on 
the 8th of July, as a Baron ; also for the 23rd of Sep- 
tember, and 2l8t of April following. 

Once more, 15th August, 1314, his name occurs 
amongst those ordered to take service in person 
against the Scots, and he was also summoned to a 
Parliament at York the 9th September ensuing ; again, 
at Westminster, 20th January, 1315. We have now a 
proof that his military summons was performed duly, 
for he was requested by a writ, dated 30th August, to 
continue stationed in the northern parts during the 
winter campaign, and to repair to the King on the 
feast of All Saints next. He was called to Parliament 
VOL. IX. m 

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162 THE BRASS OF SIR JOHN DB NOBTHWODE 

at Lincoln the following 27th January, 1316, and in 
Octoher following ohtained a writ of exoneration from 
service. On the 5th March, 1317, he was certified as 
Lord of the townships of Harrietsham, Thornham, 
and Shorne, jq Kent, and of Linton in Cambridgeshire. 
He was summoned to Parliament at Lincoln 27th 
January the following year (1318), but it was prorogued 
to 12th March, and again to 19th June, in consequence 
of an invasion of the Scots, of which he was informed, 
being addressed as one of the " Majores Barones ;" 
and he was again called upon, for military service 
against that active enemy, to muster at York 26th 
July, 1318 ; which muster was, however, prorogued 
until the 25th August. On the 20th October he was 
summoned to a Parliament at York, and on the 10th 
June, the following year, he was requested to appear at 
the muster at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for military ser- 
vice against the old enemy, the Scots. Once more 
he was summoned to a Parliament at York on 6th 
$tay, and later in the month (22nd) was again 
requested to attend the muster as above, which had 
been prorogued until July 22nd. 

As he died only a few days after the date of the 
writ of summons, we may feel sure that he was not 
able to attend. Indeed the exoneration he had 
obtained doubtless is the cause of his being "requested," 
not summoned, to these services.* The repetition 
also may lead us to conclude he was too ill to obey. 
But it is clear, from these brief notices, that his life 
must have been an active one, since scarcely a year 
passes but what his name is registered as performing, 
or required to perform, some act of duty. He was 
fifty-nine years old at his death. John de Northwode, 
-* Vide for above facts the Parliamentary Writs, 



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IN MINSTER CHTJBCH, SHEPPEY. 163 

the eldest son, having died during his lifetime, the 
next heir was Roger, a child of twelve years of age, 
by Agnes, daughter of Sir William Grandison, and 
therefore the lands were, by a mandate to Master 
Richard de Clare, escheator, taken into the King's 
hands. But previous to his decease, John de North- 
wode, senior, had conceded the manor of Northwode 
Chastiners to his daughter-in-law Agnes, his eldest 
son's widow, paying a fine of five marks to the King 
for a licence for so doing. He left three sons living, 
Thomas, Simon, and Humphrey, who, together with 
his grandson Roger above mentioned, William, John, 
Thomas, and Otho, were pronounced to be heirs.* 
The King granted to Bartholomew de Badlesmere for 
seventy marks the manors of Shorne, Harrietsham, 
Thornham, and Bengebury until the legal age of the 
heir.t The Inquisitiones post Mortem, taken after 
the death of Joan de Badlesmere, mention the follow- 
ing manors — Hunton, Badlesmere, Beausfeld, Schorne, 
Herietesham, two parts, Northwode, Middleton, 
Thorneham, Bengebery, and interests in Ospreng 
and Greenwich, as held by her. 

* Abbrev. Rot. Orig. XIX. Ed. II. f D °-> <*<>•> X H. Ed. II. 



m2 

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( 164 ) 



ROMAN COFFINS, OF LEAD, FROM BEX HILL, 
MILTON-NEXT-SITTINGBOURNE. 

BY GEORGE PAYNE, JUN. 

To the east of the town of MHton-next-Sittingbourne, 
upon the north shore of Milton Creek, and near its 
head, there is a field called Bex Hill, from which the 
owners have been digging brick earth, for the last 
seven years. At a few yards' distance from the edge 
of the Creek, the south-eastern portion of this field is 
considerably elevated ; so much so, indeed, that it is 
marked, as a mound, in the new Ordnance maps of 
large scale. From the centre of this mound, six 
Roman coffins and two uncoffined skeletons, have 
been dug up since 1867. 

Mr. Roach Smith communicated, to the ' Gentle- 
man's Magazine,'* an account of the two coffins 
which were first discovered. One of these contained 
the remains of a man, whose white beard was perfect 
when the coffin was first opened ; the other enclosed 
female remains. Masses of calcareous matter, in 
both, shewed that quick lime had been poured over 
the bodies. Beside the coffin of the man, were four 
vessels, two of glass and two of earthen ware, all of 
which are engraved in Mr. Eoach Smith's ' Collec- 
tanea Antiqua,' vol. vi. p. 264. One of the glass 
vessels, although it is 5| inches high, with a very 
long neck and a footless body, contains less than 
* April, 1867, p. 506. 



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ROMAN COFFINS OF LEAD FEOM BEX HILL. 165 

an ounce of liquid. The other, which is not quite so 
high, will hold *1\ ounces of liquid. It is jug-like, of 
a pale green colour and of elegant design, with a 
hroad, voluted handle, howed at the top and spreading 
into five points at the hottom. Both these vessels 
are in the possession of Mrs. Alfred Jordan, of Milton. 
In February, 1869, Mr. Roach Smith communi- 
cated to the c Gentleman's Magazine ' the discovery of 
a third coffin at Bex Hill. This was presented by 
Mr. Alfred Jordan, the owner of the field, to the 
Maidstone Museum, where it may now be seen. In 
length, it measures six feet and five inches ; while in 
breadth, it is two feet and ten inches. One sheet of 
lead formed the bottom and two sides, but for the 
two ends separate pieces were welded on. The edges 
of the lid were so turned down, as to overlap the 
coffin on all sides. The ornamentation upon the leaden 
headpiece is shewn in the engraving (Eig.l.) Similar 




Fig.i. 



combinations of medallions and mouldings covered 



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166 ROMAN COFFINS OF LEAD 

the lid, the sides, and the ends. The raised mouldings 
are, uniformly, composed of alternate narrow rings 
and long beads. Each long bead is thicker in the 
middle than at its extremities, both of which are 
invariably capped by one of the narrow rings. By 
means of this moulding,* the lid is divided into 
several rectangular compartments, within each of 
which it is again used in the shape of an X. Every 
one of the triangular spaces, thus formed within the 
rectangular divisions of the lid, contains a medallion 
of Medusa's head, as shewn in Fig. 1, and enlarged, 
in Fig. 1 a. Within this coffin, lying upon the left 




Fig. 1 a. 

shoulder, there was a long, slender phial, 5| inches in 
height. Outside the coffin, there was a glass vessel of 
peculiar form (see Fig. 2). It is 8^ inches high, and 




Fig. 2. 

* [An exactly similar moulding appears upon two of the leaden 

coffins found at Colchester, one of which is now in the possession of 

Mr. T, Bateman, of Youlgrave, Derbyshire. They are engraved in 

' Journal of Brit. Archaeol. Assoc.;' vol. ii. pp. 298, 299. — W. A. 8. R.] 

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FROM BEX HILL. 



167 




LID OP SOMAN COFFIK, 

(in the possession of Jfr, O. Payne, jun.) 



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168 ROMAN COFFINS OF LEAD 

has two broad handles, one on each side of its neck, 
which is two inches long and one inch in diameter. 
The body of this glass vessel is 6£ inches high, and of 
four inches diameter throughout. Upon the bottom 
are stamped, in bold relief, the letters I BONL 

On the 21st of November, 1871, a fourth leaden 
coffin was uncovered at Bex Hill. It contained, 
amidst a quantity of lime, a skeleton, of which the 
head was placed towards the south. The lower part 
of the coffin, which was entire when it was first seen, 
fell to pieces during the work of excavation ; the lid, 
however, was left tolerably perfect. Long iron nails, 
and some other traces of an exterior coffin of wood, 
were found among the debris. 

The ornamentation of the leaden lid is very 
elaborate ; more so, perhaps, than that of any other 
yet discovered in Britain. It is represented in the 
annexed engraving. Five feet long, and of the 
uniform breadth of one foot and a half, the entire 
surface of this lid is divided into nine rectangular 
compartments, by means of a raised moulding* (Fig. 
3) more delicate and more elaborate than that used 

Fig. 3. 

upon the coffin previously discovered. This moulding, 
lijce that, consists of beads and rings, but in this case 

* [This moulding is exactly like the raised lines, similarly employed, 
upon a leaden coffin which was found, in May, 1853, in Haydon Square, 
Minories, London. It is engraved in the l Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc.,' 
ix. 163. It likewise resembles that which adorned a coffin found, in 
Mansell Street, Whitechapel, in 1843, as shewn in 'Jour. Brit. Archceol. 
Assoc.,' ii. 299. It may also be compared with a moulding engraved 
in the Transactions of the Evening Meetings of the London and Mid- 
dlesex Archaeological Society, for 1862, page 78, from a coffin found 
in Camden Gardens, Bethnal Green, in March, 1862. — W. A. S. R.] 



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PROM BEX HILL. 



169 



two narrow rings are placed between each pair of 
beads, and the beads themselves are smaller than in 
the moulding of the other coffin. The nine rectan- 
gular compartments are not of equal depth, but are 
alternately deep and shallow. Each of the shallow 
compartments, of which there are five, is occupied by 
a pair of lions (Fig. 4), which stand face to face, 
having between them a jug-like vase (Fig. 5). Each 




Fig. 4. 




Fig. 5. 




Fig. 6. 



of the deeper compartments is divided into three, by 
vertical lines formed of the " bead and rings " mould- 
ing. The central, and narrowest, division in each, 
contains a medallion of Medusa's head (Fig. 6); while 
the two broader divisions are occupied by lines of the 
moulding, disposed in the shape of ah X. In the 
compartment which lies third, from the head of the 
lid, there is, beneath the lions and the vase, an 
additional ornament in the shape of a sword-blade 
which has no outer, or ornamental, hilt. This, how- 
ever, is not repeated elsewhere. Each of the vases, 
upon this lid, has one handle, and contains two pro- 
minent objects which seem to be burning torches, 
with some faint indications of a third object, between 
the two. Upon a fragment of one end of the coffin, 
we find the lion used, not in combination with the 
vase, but with the Medusa medallion (Fig. 7). There 



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170 BOMAN COFFINS OF LEAD 

is no record of the use of the lion as an ornament 




Fig. 7. 

upon any other of the Roman coffins, of lead, found 
in Britain, but Mr. Roach Smith, in the third volume 
of his c Collectanea,' mentions lions among the orna- 
ments of a leaden coffin found at Milhaud, near 
Nismes, in 1836. 

Outside the coffin, found in 1871, and at its head, 
there was a glass vessel, of uncommon form and 
elegance. It is somewhat like a modern claret jug 
of pale green glass, and is 8f inches in height. Its 
neck is 4J inches long, and three quarters of an inch 
wide. The diameter of its base, or bowl, is equal to 
the length of the neck, being 4J inches, but its capa- 
city for containing liquid is reduced to a minimum by 
the domed shape of the bottom, which is pressed up 
to within an inch and a half of the neck, after the 
manner of, but to a much greater degree than, a 
modern champagne bottle. The handle, which is re- 
markably broad, and grooved, terminates in a pseudo- 
spiral, which runs down the bowl of the vessel to 
within an inch and a half of the bottom. The front 
of the bowl, opposite to the handle, is ornamented with 
a finely-moulded medallion, which projects half an 
inch, is 4| inches in circumference, and represents a 
female head. This medallion and the handle of the 



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ROMAN GLASS-VESSEL 




TAe M?da/tutn -and Mantle 
sa?H€ size as Ordinal. 



^Q^^ktsrztf. , 



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FROM BEX HILL. 171 

vessel are represented separately, in their exact size, 
in an accompanying plate.* 

Several small urns, mostly of Upchurch ware, 
were found about twenty feet west of this coffin in 
1871 ; and with them was a finger ring of bronze. 
Six feet from the urns lay two skeletons, and at the 
feet of one of them were three small earthen vessels. 
Traces of decayed wood, around these skeletons, sug- 
gest the probability that they were interred in simple 
wooden coffins. 

Two more leaden coffins, have subsequently been 
discovered at Bex Hill, but both of them were devoid 
of ornament. Within that which was last found, in 
1873, there were two small finger rings, of gold wire, 
and three thick long pins of dark wood or of Kim- 
meridge coal. The rings are of the most primitive 
kind, each being simply a circle of gold wire, the 
ends of which overlap considerably. Each end is then 
fastened by being turned, once, round that part of the 
wire upon which it lies. Each of the pins is about 
three inches long; and the pin-heads are cut into 
facets, like a modern diamond ornament, t 

It is almost needless to point out that the Bex Hill 
coffins, and their accessories, betoken the high rank 
and wealth of the persons who were interred at that 

* [In the Society's Collection at Maidstone, there are two fragments 
of vessels, found by the late Mr. Bland, at Hartlip, which were probably 
similar to this. Both consist merely of the neck and handle of a bottle, 
but the neck and handle, in each case, are precisely like those of the 
perfect vessel here described. One of these, in the Bland Collection, is, 
green, but the other is of amber glass. — W. A. S. R.] 

| [These pins are exactly like one of those which were found in the 
Bethnal Green coffin, as engraved by the London and Middlesex 
Archaological Society, in the Transactions of their Evening Meeting, 
March 18th, 1862.— W. A. S. R.] 

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172 ROMAN COFFINS OF LEAD 

spot. There can be little doubt that the Romans had 
here a large and important settlement upon the land 
which lies north of Be* Hill, where foundations of 
walls have often been found, and extending beyond 
the site of Milton Old Church, near which various 
Roman domestic remains have recently been dis- 
covered. 

The total absence of the escallop shell from the 
ornamentation of the Kentish Roman coffins is worthy 
of remark. That shell forms a prominent feature of 
the decorative patterns upon all six of those found in 
Essex, upon both of those which were found in Surrey, 
and upon those found in Haydon Square and in 
Stepney. 

[The Roman Cemetery at Bex Hill, in Milton-next-Sitting- 
bourne, has disclosed more leaden coffins than any other Soman 
Cemetery in Britain. Thirty-six such coffins, of the Roman 
period, are known to have been discovered in England ; and of 
these no less than twelve, or one-third of the whole, have been 
found in Kent. Six came from Bex Hill ; one was found on 
the opposite side of the same creek, in the parish of Murston ; 
two were discovered at Southfleet; one at Petham; one at 
Sturry, and another in a Saxon cemetery in the Isle of Thanet. 
Six have been found in Middlesex, at Stepney ; Mansell Street, 
Whitechapel ; Old Ford, Stratford-le-Bow ; Haydon Square, 
Minories ; Shadwell ; and Bethnal Green. Essex likewise has 
yielded six, three from Colchester and three from West Ham. 
From Surrey we hear of two ; one at Battersea Fields, and one 
in the Kent Road, London. Two have been found in York ; 
two in Gloucestershire (at Upper Slaughter, Stow-on-the-Wold, 
and at Kingsholme) ; and two in Wiltshire (at Round way, and 
at Headington Wick, both near Devizes). Others have been 
found at Meldreth, Cambs. ; Caerwent, Monmouths. ; Bishop- 
stoke, Hants; and Heigham, Norfolk. Mr. Roach Smith 
considers that the leaden coffins, recently found at Leicester, 
are not Roman. *• 



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PROM BEX HILL. 173 

The Petham and the Murston coffins were ornamented with 
a cable-shaped moulding, not with the combination of beads and 
rings which is seen upon those at Bex Hill. The other Kentish 
specimens were devoid of ornament. 

It may be well to mention that not far from Bex Hill, upon 
the opposite shore of Milton Creek, there is a small estate 
which has, from time immemorial, borne the name of Bayford. 
It lies between the sites of the Bex Hill, and Murston, Roman 
Cemeteries ; east of the former, and west of the latter. This 
name seems to point to the former existence of a ford, across 
the Creek, which would have been approached by means of a 
road passing near the Bex Hill Cemetery, on the one side, and 
the Murston Cemetery, upon the other. 

As the field, called Bex Hill, lies at the lowest possible level, 
it must have acquired its name from that elevated, or mound- 
like, portion in which the Roman coffins have been found. 

Much information respecting Roman coffins of lead may be 
gathered from — 

€ Collectanea Antiqua/ iii. 45 ; iv. plate xl. ; vi. 264. 
'Journal Brit. Archseol. Assoc/, ii. 297; iv. 383; ix. 163; 

x. 386. 
'Archaeological Journal/ x. 61,255; xii. 78, 283; xiii. 291. 
1 Gentleman's Magazine/ Dec, 1854, p. 63 ; March, 1864 

pp. 330 and 365 ; April, 1867, p. 506 ; Feb., 1869. 
' Transactions Essex Archaeological Society/ iii. part 3. 
'Norfolk Archaeology/ vol. vi., 213. 
' Archseologia/ vii., 376; xiv., 38; xvii., 333; xxv., 10; 

xxvi., 293; xxix., 399; xxxi., 308.— W. A. S. R.] 



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( 174 ) 



ROMAN REMAINS FROM LUTON, CHATHAM. 

In the early part of 1869, the articles represented in 
the annexed plate were discovered by labourers, who 
were digging earth for brickmaking, at Luton, in the 
Parish of Chatham. I was informed that, some few 
years before, a very large quantity of brick earth had 
been dug, from the same field, but I could not learn 
whether any relics of antiquity were then found. 
Mr. C. Eoach Smith, and I, visited the spot, and 
observed foundations of buildings, evidently Roman, 
the greater portion of which had been removed during 
the previous excavation, but sufficient was left to 
shew that the buildings had been of large dimensions. 
We learnt, from some of the workpeople, that they 
had dug up many more of the "red cups and saucers," 
of which no care had been taken, and several bushels 
of bones, which they had sold. We could get no 
further information, and were unable to form an 
opinion as to what the buildings had been. The field 
lies in a hollow, or valley, through which it is not 
improbable that a branch of the Medway ran, in very 
remote times. 

Fig. 1. — Fragment of fluted glass Basin. The basin had 
been 5 inches in diameter, and 2| inches in height; the fracture 
is of recent date, the edges being quite fresh. 

Fig. 2. — Glass Bottle, 6£ inches high, and 3J inches in 
width on each side ; nearly perfect — a small piece of the upper 
part of the handle only missing. 



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1 



BOM AX BIMA1H8 FIOM LtJTOS, CHATHAM. 



L 



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EOMAN REMAINS FROM LUTON, CHATHAM. 175 

Fig. 3. — Bronze Jug and Basin. Jug 7 inches in height, 
and 7\ inches in diameter; perfect, except the bottom part, 
which is much corroded, and the bottom broken off. Basin 13 
inches in diameter, and 3 inches in height ; in an extraordinary 
state of preservation, parts of the outside at the bottom almost 
as bright as when first turned ; name stamped in centre of in- 
side — African, and i or v.* 

Fig. 4. — Iron Lamp, 4£ inches in diameter, 1} inches high, 
and 1 inch deep inside — much corroded. Also a brass ring, 
broken from an iron rod or stem, probably the upright handle. 

Fig. 5. — Bronze hasp-front and side, 4£ inches in length; 
the pin of the hinge is of iron. 

Fig. 6. — Two pieces of iron, each 16 inches long. They 
may perhaps have formed one implement, probably a small 
spade. 

With these there were also found — 

An ornamented Samian-ware dish, 6$ inches in diameter, 
and \\ inch, in height; perfect; no name or mark. 

An ornamented Samian-ware cup, 5£ inches in diameter, 
and 2 inches in height ; perfect ; no name or mark. 

A plain plate of Samian-ware, 6$ inches in diameter, 1J 
inch high. It is perfect, but bears no maker's name nor other 
mark. 

A plain Samian-ware cup, 3} inches in diameter, and \\ inch 
high; perfect; no name or mark. 

Humphry Wickham. 

Strood, March 25, 1873. 

* Africani. u. appears in the list of Potters' Marks, from the 
Allier given in the ' Collectanea Antiqua,' vol. vi., p. 71. 



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( 176 ) 



LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY, AND ITS KENTISH 
MEMORANDA. 

BY S. W. KERSHAW, M.A., LIBRARIAN. 

As free' access, to this famous Library, has, of late 
years, been granted to the public, the readers of 
' Archaeologia Cantiana * may be glad to learn some- 
thing of its history, and of the Kentish Memoranda 
which it contains. 

There is general evidence to shew that a collection 
existed in the very early history of the Palace, but 
the first reliable date is the foundation of the library 
by Archbishop Bancroft in 1610. That Primate, by 
his will, gave all his books to his successors, the Arch- 
bishops of Canterbury for ever, " provided they bound 
themselves to the necessary assurances for the con- 
tinuance of such books to the Archbishops succes- 
sively," otherwise they were bequeathed "to his 
Majesty's College at Chelsea, if to be erected within 
six years, or otherwise to the Publique Library of the 
University of Cambridge." 

Bancroft's successor, Archbishop Abbot (1611-33), 
carried out these injunctions, by caring for the collec- 
tion, and by leaving his own books to the Lambeth 
Library. 

It then becomes difficult to sketch the history of 
the collection, for the troublous times of the Civil 



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AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 177 

War were at hand ; and, according to Ducarel, Arch- 
bishop Laud's hooks and MSS. were plundered by 
Col. Scott in 1644. 

After that Prelate's death, on the threatened 
seizure of the Library by the Parliamentary forces, 
Selden, fearing the danger of total dispersion, sug- 
gested to the University of Cambridge their right to 
the books, in accordance with Bancroft's will. Thither 
they were transferred, till the Restoration reinstated 
the Archbishops, when the collection was reclaimed 
by Archbishop Juxon (1660-3), but he died before 
the books were restored, and it was left to his successor, 
Archbishop Sheldon (1663-78), to see them replaced 
at Lambeth. 

We have seen, then, that Archbishops Bancroft 
and Abbot gave largely to the collection ; of Laud's 
bequests very little remains. That Prelate's benefac- 
tions to the Bodleian Library, and St. John's College, 
Oxford, are well known, but to Lambeth he is under- 
stood to have given only three or four volumes of MSS. 
One of these (No. 943) is of special interest; it is 
described as a " Collection of papers formerly belong- 
ing to Archbishop Laud." There are a few small 
books which bear marks of having belonged to him, 
but whether they came into the Library by his gift, or 
afterwards, it is hard to determine. 

Archbishop Sancroft (1678), though the printed 
books owe nothing to him, took great pains with the 
MSS., having had many of them rebound, and had 
actually placed his own collection at the use of his suc- 
cessors ; but upon his deprivation, he presented it to 
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he had been 
Master. We hear of no bequests from Archbishop 
Tillotson (1691-5), but Tenison (1695-1716) be- 

VOL. IX. N 

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178 LAMBETH PALACE LIBBAKY, 

queathed a portion of his Library to Lambeth, a part 
to St. Paul's Cathedral, and a part to the library 
which he had founded in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. 
Many of the Lambeth books contain his inscriptions, 
copious notes, or autograph signatures. During the 
next fifty years, when the See was filled by the 
Primates Wake, Potter, Herring, and Hutton (1716- 
58), few additions were made. 

Archbishop Seeker, besides expenditure upon im- 
provement, directed by his will that those books in 
his own library, of which no copies existed in the 
Archiepiscopal collection, should be added to it. 

Archbishop Cornwallis (1768-83) caused the large 
collection of tracts to be arranged and bound. 

Archbishops Manners-Sutton (1805-28) and How- 
ley (1828-48) largely contributed to the theological 
department. 

The MSS., in all some 1300 volumes, are divided 
into seven series, naihed after their respective donors : 

1. Lambeth MSS. (Nos. 1-576). — Given by several 

Archbishops. 

2. Wharton MSS. (577-596).— Those of Henry 

Wharton, purchased by Archbishop Tenison. 

3. Carew MSS. (596-638).— Those formerly belong- 

ing to Lord Carew, purchased by Tenison. 

4. Tenison MSS. (639-923).— Collected and given by 

Archbishop Tenison. 

5. Gibson MSS. (929-42).— Formerly belonged to 

Archbishop Tenison, who gave them to his 
Librarian, Edmund Gibson, afterwards Bishop 
of London, by whom they were deposited at 
Lambeth. 

6. Miscellaneous MSS. (943-1174). — Presented by 

various benefactors. 



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AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 179 

7. Manners-Sutton MSS. (1175-1221). — Those pur- 
chased and presented by Archbishop Manners- 
Sutton. 

In 1868 the Library was endowed by the Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners, and certain alterations effected 
by the late Archbishop Longley, and approved by the 
present Primate, have rendered the contents easily 
accessible for research. 

This notice would be incomplete without naming 
some of the eminent men whose labours and care 
have advanced this famous collection. One of the 
earliest Librarians, appointed by Archbishop Bancroft, 
was Henry Wharton, M.A., the learned author of the 
f Anglia Sacra/ and numerous other books. The next, 
Colomiez or Colomesius, a French Protestant, wrote 
c Gallia Orientalis,' and a number of similar works. 

Edmund Gibson, afterwards Bishop of London, 
was appointed by Archbishop Tenison in 1700. By 
him a catalogue of printed books was first drawn 
up. Dr. Ibbot, appointed in 1708, is chiefly known 
by his c Boyle Lectures.' Dr. David Wilkins, the next 
Librarian, continued the catalogue of the MSS. and 
printed books, and made a fair copy of Bishop Gibson's 
catalogue of the latter, in 3 vols, fol., 1718. His suc- 
cessor, Dr. J. H. Ott, a learned Swiss, was appointed 
by Archbishop Wake. 

Dr. Ducarel, a most industrious antiquarian writer, 
has especially linked his name with Lambeth Library, 
by the compilation of various catalogues and indexes. 
The Catalogue of Archbishop Seeker's books, another 
of the Pamphlets and Tracts, and, above all, Indexes 
in sixty-seven volumes, to the Registers of the Arch- 
bishops of Canterbury from Peckham to Potter, re- 
main as proofs of Ducarel's untiring industry. He 

N2 

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180 LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY, 

likewise published many interesting extracts from the 
Registers in the c British Magazine,' and transcribed 
the whole of Peckham's Register. This MS. tran- 
script is in the British Museum. The Iibrarianship 
of 'Dr. H. J. Todd was distinguished by the compila- 
tion and printing, in 1812, of ' A Catalogue of the 
Archiepiscopal MSS./ a volume of great value, which 
will be referred to again hereafter. 

Dr. Maitland, who held the post during Archbishop 
Howley's primacy, will be remembered as the author 
of the ' Dark Ages,' ' Essays on the Reformation/ etc., 
whilst he advanced the interests of the Library by 
compiling c A list of some of the early printed books/ 
etc., 8vo, 1843, and c An Index of such English books 
printed before the year 1600 as are now in the Archi- 
episcopal library at Lambeth,' 8vo, 1845. The Rev. 
Professor Stubbs held the post of Librarian up to a 
recent date (1867). It is needless to mention the 
several well-known historical works compiled and 
edited by him, such as c Councils and Ecclesiastical 
Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland,' in 
conjunction with the late Rev. A. W. Haddan. 

The entire re-arrangement of the books and cata- 
logues has lately occupied the Librarians, and of this 
honourable labour the present* writer has borne no 
small portion. 

It may be interesting to add that the collection 
consists of nearly 30,000 volumes, which were for- 
merly arranged in the galleries over the once standing 
cloisters. The books are now placed in the 'Great 
Hall, rebuilt by Archbishop Juxon about 1661, and 

* ' Art Treasures of the Lambeth Library.' A description of the 
Illuminated MSS., including Notes on the Library. By S. W. Ker- 
shaw, M.A., Librarian. London (B. M. Pickering): 1873. 



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AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 181 

very suitably arranged for the purpose about 1828, at 
the cost of Archbishop Howley. The roof of the 
Hall, which is of noble dimensions, and resembles 
those of Westminster Hall and Hampton Court 
Palace, is built of English oak, carved on several 
parts of the woodwork with the arms of Juxon, and 
of the See of Canterbury. At one end of the Hall 
is a window in which are the armorial bearings of 
many of the Archbishops, together with portions of 
stained glass, which have been removed from other 
parts of the Palace to this window. 

While the general character of this collection is 
known to most scholars and students by the labours 
of Wharton, Ducarel, Todd, Maitland, Stubbs, and 
other custodians, special reference has never been 
prominently made to Kentish history, topography, or 
persons. 

The intimate connection between Lambeth and 
the Metropolitical See, has caused many Records and 
MSS. relating to the City of Canterbury, and County 
of Kent, to be preserved in the Palace Library. But, 
in addition, there are many curious isolated particulars 
as to Kent, which it is the object of this paper to 
chronicle in a more condensed form than has hitherto 
appeared. 

The Lambeth Collection consists of Records, MSS., 
and Printed books. The two former are made known 
in print by the Catalogue compiled by Dr. H. J. Todd, 
and published in 1812 (folio), and from them the bulk 
of " Kentish Memoranda " is to be drawn. 

The Records include, — 
1. — Registers of the Archbishops of Canterbury, from 
Archbishop Peckham, 1279, to Potter, 1747, and 
are rendered highly valuable by Ducarel's elabo- 
rate Indexes. 

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182 LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY, 

It may be hardly needful to state that these 
volumes contain, in general, the account of each Arch- 
bishop's consecration, records of ordinations, visita- 
tions, institutions to benefices, a number of important 
wills, proceedings with the Suffragans, and Convocation, 
and, in fact, all the most important proceedings of the 
Primate. 

It is at once apparent, how valuable these volumes 
are, with respect to all that relates to the See of Can- 
terbury, and County of Kent. 

2. — The Parliamentary Surveys, circ. 1650, in 21 
volumes, contain (with other counties) surveys 
of Kentish livings taken at that time. 
3. — Augmentations of Livings. (Nos. 966-1021.) 
These papers relate to " salaries or pensions made 
by ordinance of Parliament for maintenance of 
preaching ministers from 7th Feb., 1647, to 25th 
Dec., 1658." Karnes of livings in Kent, occur 
with others. 
4.— Carta Antique. 13 vols. (Nos. 889-901 .) Cer- 
tain "Charters and instruments relative to the 
See of Canterbury, and others within that pro- 
vince. Some of these instruments are of ancient 
date, but most of them are of Henry the VIIL's 
reign, and subsequent thereto. 5 * 
5. — Presentations to Benefices. 4 vols. (Nos. 944-7.) 
Made during the Commonwealth. Kentish bene- 
fices are mentioned with others. 
6. — Leases. 3 vols. (Nos. 948-50.) These are coun- 
terparts of leases of Church lands, made by trus- 
tees, under authority of Parliament, 1652-58. 
In the Indexes, Kentish names occur. 
l.—Notitia Parochialis. 6 vols. (Nos. 960-65.) 
These returns give an account of the state of 



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AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 183 

1579 parish churches in the year 1705. Kentish 
parishes are mentioned. 
8. — Survey 8 of the Possessions of the See of Canterbury 
amd of Peculiars. (3 vols.) These are kept 
separate from the possessions of the other Sees, 
Deans, and Chapters. The volumes contain some 
original surveys, and some transcripts, relating to 
Kent only, and thus cannot fail to be highly 
valuable. 

The above summary has given the titles of the 
Lambeth * Records/ as distinguished from the MSS., 
and it will be seen that to a great extent their contents 
relate to Kent. It is under the second division, viz., 
the MSS., that so many fragmentary notices of Kent 
occur, and these will form the main part of my 
"Memoranda." The references to Kent are so scat- 
tered, that it is impossible to collect them other than 
in outline, and for convenience, grouping them accord- 
ing to the subject matter, and not in a strictly technical 
method. 

By this arrangement, my divisions will be — (1) 
Ecclesiastical, (2) Manorial, (3) Heraldic, (4) His- 
torical, and (5) Antiquarian. 

Ecclesiastical. 

241. Registrum prioratus de Dover ad ann. 1372. 

538. Constitutiones Cant. Archiep. Peckham 1279— Chichele 

1414. 
582 (fo. 50).* Successio priorum S. Martini Dovor. 
582 (fo. 76). Collectiones de Vicariis ecclesire parochialis de 

Minster anno 1275-1688 just& serie dispositae. 

* N.B. — These figures refer to the number and folio of the MS. in 
Todd's Catalogue. 



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184 LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY, 

582 (fo. 79). Collectiones aliae de rectoribus de Chartham ac 
yicariis de Minster. 

(fo. 127). Excerpta ex registro Eccl. Cant, de expensis 

Henrici de Eastry prions. 

585 (fo. 217). Historia priorum S. Martini Dovor usque ad 1380 
ex registro Dovorensi. 

(fo. 218). Collectanea de prioratA et prioribus Dovor. 

(fo. 477). Excerpta etc. de ecclesiis parochialibus de Min- 
ster, in insulA Taneto, nee non de Chartham etc. 

(fo. 799). Historia de rectoribus- ecclesiae parochialis de 

Charteam ab anno 1150-1694. 

590 {fo. 148). Ex registro priorat&s S. Martini Dovor excerpta. 

594 (fo. 149). Collectanea de manerio et ecclesia de Chartham 
ex quodam Ecclesiae Cantuar. registro. 

639 (fo. 8). The lands and revenues of the College of 
Rochester. 

(fo. 13). item of the College of Christ Church in 

Canterbury, 

643 (fo. 25). Bulla Collegii de Maidenston, omnibus ejus 
magistris pluralitatem et non-residentiam concedens. 

(fo. 47). Bulla Gregorii Priori S. Gregorii Cantuar*, man- 
dans, ut omnia pacta, alienationes, locationes a Monas- 
terio de Feversham, in sui praejudicium facta annullet. 

728. Statuta ecclesise Cathedralis Christi Cantuarise. 

942 (fo. 91). State of the French Church in Canterbury, 1695. 

952 (fo. 39). Presentations to livings in diocese of Rochester, 
1608-38. 

1024. Lewis's Ecclesiastical Collections, principally relating to 
Incumbents in dioceses of Canterbury and Rochester. 

1029 (fo. 92) . To Archbp. Tenison from Jo. Deffray, concerning 
the stipends of the French mimisters at Rye and Dover. 
(No date.) 

1 125. An account of Canterbury diocese, by Rev. Mr. Lewis. 

1126. Value of livings in Canterbury diocese, 1664. 

1134. Visitation of diocese of Canterbury, 1751, 2 vols. 4to. 
1134.* and peculiars of Canterbury, by 

Archbishop Seeker, 5 vols. 4to. 
1137. Account of Canterbury diocese and of Archbishop's 

peculiars about the year 1685. 



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AND ITS KENTISH MEMORANDA. 185 

1138. Account of Archdeaconry of Canterbury in Archbp. 

Herring's time. 
1153. Papers respecting poor vicars in the dioceses of Canter- 

terbury and Ely. 

Manorial. 

672. Literse patentes Corporations Ville de Seven-Oke. 

672 (fo. 5). Statutes and ordinances for a school and Almshouse 

at Seven-Oke. 

(fo. 11-18). Copies of leases and grants. 

(fo. 19). Archbishop Tenison's letter concerning the school 

master of Seven-Oke, 28 Sep., 1696. 

789. Reditus de Mongham et Peckham, temp. Hen. VI. 

790. Rentale de Charing, Anno primo Hen. VIII. 

791. Holyngborne, Anno 8vo Hen. VIII. 

792. Charing ejusdem cum priori aetatis. 

798-5. Holyngborne, 13 Hen. VIII. 

7 Ed. IV. 

8 Ed. VI. 

796. Arrearages due to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury 

from their tenants, 1582-3. 

797. Rental of Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, 1619. 

798. Rentale de Moncketon, Anno decimo Hen. VII. 

814. Rental of Christ Church, Canterbury, 1564. 

815. Rentale de Selgrave, Badlismere, etc., cum hundredo de 

Feversham. 

841 (fo. 22). A rental of Christ Church, Canterbury, 1593. 

941 (fo. 48). Dr. Thos. Green's letter to Archbishop of Canter- 
bury concerning value of some farms at Swinfield in 
Kent, 25 Sep., 1715. 

952 (fo. 28). Abbreviations of leases of manors in Kent, 
granted in times of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., with 
an account of rents of East and West Mailing, Bough - 
ton, Eastblene, Westblene, Pynhooke, Coverte, Pyn- 
wood, Hurst, Chislett, etc. 

(fo. 38). Survey of Lydon by Commissioners, 10 Apl., 2 

Hen. VI. 

954 (fo. 26). Mr. Ralph Snow's letter to Mr. Lees, Vicar of 



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186 LAMBETH PALACE LIBHAfcY, 

Graveney, in relation to the Tythes of Graveney, 

21 Nov., 1696. 
1025. Rental of Maydestone, 2 and 8 Hen. VIII. 
(fo. 4). An ancient terrier of land within the parish of 

Harnell (no- date) now called Hernehill, Kent. 
(fo. 5). Account of lands within parish of Mongeham 

Magna, 36 Hen. VIII. 

(fo. 6) . Redditus Manerii de Hollingbonrn, 6 Hen. VII. 

(fo. 7). An account of lands at Gharlefelde, Litilborne, 

Abyndon, Brambynge, Whitebyhill, Tarefelde, Melle- 

felde, Northbroke, Northdane, Pirteigh, Doughter, 

Ikham, Dane, and Seefelde; also at Lee, Branbegge, 

Fedisdane, Pirtygh, Netherfelyn, Netherle, Denysfelde, 

Elvertygh, Burgerstone, Battanrowe juxta Ikham, Dane, 

and Snave. 
1094 (fo. 2). Rentale de Gyllingham, 27 Hen. VI. 

(fo. 12.) Ikham ; no date. 

1104 (fo. 49). An account of such rents in County of Kent, as 

are in arrears, and were due 29 Sep., 1659, with reasons 

thereof. 
1142 (fo. 15). The present value and improvements of all the 

manors, farms, granges, rents, etc., belonging to the 

Sees of Canterbury and Rochester, 1647. 
1142. Copies of divers instruments relative to the possessions 

of the See of Canterbury, from the originals in the 

Bodleian Library, 1777, etc., etc. 
1162. Case relating to the impropriation of Folkstone, co. 

Kent. 

Heraldic 

300. The arms in colors of the Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen 

in County of Kent, 1593. 
312. Arms of towns and pedigrees of families in Kent, by Lord 

Burghley. 

Historical and Antiquarian. 

247 (fo. 1 14) . " The nomber whereof the army shall consiste, 
that shall withstande the invasion, yf it bee in Kent/' 
1601. 



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AND IT8 KENTISH MEMORANDA. 187 

490 (fo. 170). "A breefe discourse what order were best for 

repulsinge of forren force, if at any tyme they should 

invade vs by sea in Kent or els wher." 
582 (fo. 130). Indiculus seu successio abbatum Caenobii Faver- 

shamensis. 
679 (fo. 33). Mr. Rushworth's letter to General Ireton about 

disbanding 3 troops in Kent, Sept. 19, 1648. 
929 (fo. 3) . Account of building the Observatory at Greenwich 

in 1675. 

(fo. 82). Of the chapel at Bromley College. 

933 (fo. 99). Plan and drawing of the ground on which Green- 
wich hospital is built, 1698. 
942 (fo. 163) . A letter from Theophilus Dorrington, rector of 

Writtesham, Kent, to Dr. Hody, giving an account of 

the state of that parish, 14 Sep., 1700. 
952 (fo. 46) . Petition to the Archbishop of parishioners of 

Godmersham in relation to a water mill there, 20 May, 

1695. 
952 (fo. 51). Articles exhibited by the parishioners of Patrix- 

borne and Bridge (co. Kent) against the Incumbent of 

the said parishes, 16 Aug., 1695. 
1127. Collections relating to antiquities of Kent, by Mr. Lewis. 
1131-2. Transcripts of Charters belonging to the Hospital of 

St. Nicholas, Herbaldoune. 
1168 (fo. 10, 11). Two original letters from Lord Cobham 

(then Governor of Dover Castle), intimating the progress 

of Queen Elizabeth in these parts, and an epidemical 

sickness apprehended in Kent at that time, 16 July, 

1563. 
1169. Papers, deeds, belonging to Herbaldown hospital, of 

various dates. (Copies.) 

Having thus collected all the isolated references to 
Kent, it only remains to notice that the general 
heading of Archiepiscopus, Cantuaria, and Canterbury 
in the index of Todd's printed catalogue of MSS. before 
mentioned, relates to matters bearing on the See, 
diocese, and County. As, however, all particulars are 



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188 LAMBETH PALACE LIBRARY. 

found condensed under one of the above three head- 
ings, it is unnecessary to give them here in detail. 

The printed books do not appear to afford any 
special information on Kent. In the indexes to the 
large collection of pamphlets, however, entries occur 
under the following titles : — Canterbury, Greenwich, 
Maidstone, Sandwich, etc. ; also under the names of 
some Kentish families. 

If these " Memoranda " should have the effect of 
inducing those interested in Kentish antiquities, to 
consult more fully the Lambeth MSS. and books, the 
writer's wish will have been accomplished. 

Meanwhile, as a conclusion to these notes, the 
following regulations are appended, by which the 
treasures of literature in this ancient Library, are, by 
the liberality of the present Primate, rendered so freely 
accessible. 



Regulations made by His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, for rendering the books and muniments in the Archi- 
episcopal Library at Lambeth accessible to the public. 

1. With the exception of the periods named in Regulation 
No. 2, the Library is open to the public on Mondays, Wednes- 
days, and Fridays throughout the whole year, from 10 o'clock 
a.m. to 3 P.M. 

2. The Library is closed during the week commencing with 
Easter Day, and during seven days computed from Christmas 
Day, and for a period of six weeks computed from the first day 
of September in every year. 

3. Extracts from the MSS. or printed books are allowed to 
be made freely, but in case of a transcript being desired of a 
whole MS. or printed book, the consent of the Archbishop must 
be previously' applied for. 



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( 189 ) 



CHURCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHURST. 

The first mention of this ctiurch that I have been 
able to discover, occurs in the year 1245, when the 
Rector of Staplehurst, and the Prior of Cumbwell, 
were contending for the tithes of seventy-seven acres 
in the manor of "Lofherst." After a litigation 
which lasted more than fifty years, the Prior won his 
suit, and the Rector of Staplehurst was stripped of all 
the Lovehurst tithes, save 4#. per annum.* 

The next allusion to this church is found in Arch- 
bishop Peckham's Register, t which records that upon 
the 8th of the Ides of April, in the year 1284, that 
Archbishop caused sequestration to be made of the 
income of the rector of the church of Staplehurst. 
Similar punishment was dealt to the incumbents of 
thirty-three other churches in his diocese. What was 
their offence? The rector of Staplehurst, and his 
fellow sufferers, had failed to appear at the archi- 
episcopal ordination held by his Grace at Croydon, in 
the year 1284, on that Saturday upon which was sung 
the Scripture commencing " Ho, every one that thirst- 
eth, come ye to the waters (" die Sabbati qua cantatur 
Scicientes.")t Whether this was but one out of many 

* Warham's Register, folio cxlj., a. b. 
f Folio lxj., a. 

J Canon J. C. Robertson informs me that this was the " Sabbatum 
post Lcetari" i.e. Saturday after the fourth Sunday in Lent. The 



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190 CHURCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHTJEST. 

signs of disaffection on the rector's part, it is im- 
possible to say, but we find that within four years 
from this time, Henry de Northwode resigned the 
rectory, and his successor, Nicholas de "Waleton, was 
admitted to the benefice upon the 3rd of the Kalends 
of April, 1288. 

As Hasted says that the earliest patron of this 
rectory, whose name he could discover, was John* 
Kemp, Bishop of London, it may be well to state that 
at the time of which I have been speaking, and for 
two hundred years afterwards, the advowson belonged 
to the family of Somery. The same Christian name 
seems to have descended from heir to heir, so that the 
patron for more than two hundred years was always 
" John de Somery." The only member of this family 
who became rector of Staplehurst, was Thomas de 
Somery, a sub-deacon, admitted 10 Kal. June, 1295. 

Of the actual building to which these thirteenth 
century extracts, which I have quoted, would apply, 
some portions are still extant, although much of 
this church dates from the fourteenth and fifteen 
centuries. 

If you examine the arcade which runs between 
the nave and the south aisle, you will at once observe 
the western pier ; with its clawed, square base ; and 
its nearly square abacus. It certainly was part of 
the Early English church ; so, also, were other pillars 

"officium" in the Sarum Missal (folio lyj., ed. Paris, 1555) begins 
with Is. lv. 1. " Sitientes venite ad aquas dicit Dominus." 

* Hasted is in error as to the Christian name. Bishop John 
Kempe, afterwards Archbishop of York and of Canterbury, left the see 
of London in 1426. It was Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London from 
1450 to 1489, who was patron of Staplehurst " as Lord of Stapelherst 
or Blecourt, ,, and presented Nicholas Wright to the living, 26th Feb. 
1473, upon the decease of William Lee, the former rector. 



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SOUTH DOOB OV BTAPMHITHST CHUBCH, 



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CHURCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHTJBST. 191 

of the arcade, all of which, as you will see, are now 
more or less out of the perpendicular ; so likewise may 
have been the elegantly slender shafts which still 
remain as supports of the inner arch of a window, in 
the middle of the south wall. Some would say also, 
and not without reason, that the elaborate ironwork 
upon the south door was ornamentation of the Early 
English church, of the thirteenth century. The fishes, 
lizards, and other reptiles, into which the iron orna- 
ments of the hinges and their surroundings are formed, 
are in the style of such early work, but the fact is that 
an ingenious village smith might have made them at 
any subsequent date. They are shewn in the annexed 
engraving. I would ask your attention to a central 
ornament which may have been intended for a mono- 
gram. If so, it was not made in the days of the old 
"black letter." The forms resemble the Roman F 
and B or K. 

In the north wall of the chancel two windows, 
one of two lights, and the other of one light, contain 
tracery of the Decorated period, as elegant as can well 
be imagined in windows of their size. There can be 
no doubt that, during the fourteenth century, much 
was done in this church. The originals of the restored 
windows, in the south wall of the aisle, were doubtless 
of that period. A corbel which formerly stood over 
the first nave pillar west of the chandel, and between 
the two easternmost nave arches, has been removed to 
a higher situation, and further east. You will ob- 
serve that it represents a female head with the wimple, 
and is of a date certainly not later than the fourteenth 
century. That was an eventful century; and while 
some were active in beautifying this church, probably 
under the guidance of the rector, other fourteenth 



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192 CHURCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHUBOT. 

century work was not so commendable by us, nor 
agreeable to him. 

In 1379 we find that the then rector, Richard atte 
Broke, exchanged with the rector of Sundridge, who 
was admitted to Staplehurst benefice on the 13th of 
May. The new rector, John de Granteham, is gran- 
diloquently and oddly described as "Canonicum et 
prebendarium prebende Magne misse majoris altaris 
in Monasterio Abbatisse et Monialium de Mallyng."* 
Ere Canon Granteham had been two years at Staple- 
hurst, the rebellion of Wat Tyler broke out. In the 
" Presentments of Malefactors who have risen against 
our Lord the King, 4 and 5 Richard II.," we read that 
" on lHiesday, next after the feast of the Holy Trinity 
(11th June, 1381), John Fynch, of Cranbrook, car- 
penter, made insurrection against the king and his 
people, and procured and abetted many unknown to 
rise, and also David Baker, bekeler-pleyer of Tenter- 
den, came to the parsonage of Staplehurst and felo- 
niously broke into the houses built on the said 
parsonage, and trod under foot and destroyed the 
goods and chattels of John Granton, the parson there, 
to the value of £20 — the aforesaid John Fynch and 
David Baker were the maintainors of the aforesaid 
insurrection."* Little respect had Fynch and Baker 
for the goods of the Canon and Prebendary. 

The roof of the south porch deserves a glance, 
small as it is. The octagonal king-post, with its well 
moulded cap and base, and the chamfered beams, with 
their chamfer-stops, are good in their way, although 
the whitewash obscures them. The handsome west 
tower seems to date from early in the fifteenth century. 

* Archbishop Sudbury's Register, folio cxxix., a. 
t ' Archttologia Cantiana,' iii. 80. 



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CHUftCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLBHTJRST. 193 

Over the well-moulded doorway are three escutcheons, 
with coats of arms ; one in each of the spandrels, and 
one upon the centre of the square hood moulding. 
There is great difficulty in appropriating these coats, 
but the impaled coat in the north spandrel may be 
that of an archbishop ; the central coat, bearing a lion 
rampant, was probably that of Sir Lewis Robsart, 
K.G., who in right of his wife was summoned to 
Parliament as Baron Bourchier. He died, in 1432, 
seised of the manors of Maplehurst and Exhurst in 
this parish. There is no other family connected with 
Staplehurst, at or near the date of the tower, which 
bore a lion rampant for its coat of arms. The third 
shield bears a cross engrailed. For this coat I cannot 
suggest a more likely family than that of Wotton, 
three branches* of which are recorded to have borne 
a cross engrailed ; although the better known branch, 
from which sprung Lord Wotton of Marlay, and 
Dean "Wotton of Canterbury, bore, not a cross, but a 
saltier, or St. Andrew's cross, engrailed. Just at the 
commencement of the fifteenth century, we find that 
a very distinguished and wealthy man of the name of 
Wotton held the benefice; and I think it probable 
that this coat, upon the tower doorway, was intended 
to represent his arms. This rector was John Wotton, 
who, when presented to the living by John Somerye, 
was described as "domestic chaplain."t He was 
admitted to the benefice on the 21st August, 1393, in 
succession to Walter Cudham (who was admitted 16th 
October, 1390). 

John Wotton was a man of renown; the first 

* Papworth's 'Ordinary of Armorials; pp. 606, 620; Berry's 
1 Encyclop. Heraldica,' sub Wotton ; Burke's ' General Armory.' 
f Archbishop Courtenay's Register, folio ccxii., b. 
VOL. IX. O 

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194 CHTJECH OF ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHUEST. 

master of the College at Maidstone, a canon of 
Chichester, a great friend, and ultimately the executor, 
of Archbishop Courtenay ; and one of the two trustees 
to whom, at Archbishop Arundel's decease, the tem- 
poralities of the see of Canterbury were assigned from 
February 17th to May 30th, 1414. He was buried in 
Maidstone Church, and a magnificent tomb, in former 
times ascribed to Archbishop Courtenay, (because 
in two places it bears his arms,) is now claimed for 
John Wotton. His will, dated on Thursday after 
Michaelmas, 1417, is preserved at Lambeth, and 
proves that he was a man of large substance. Among 
many other bequests, he leaves to his brother Robert 
the entire furniture and hangings of one bed; his second 
best robe, and his second best cloak, furred with miniver, 
and one furred hood. He also leaves bequests of 40*. 
and 10 marks to his kinsman, Sir John "Wotton, a monk, 
and his kinswoman Alice, To each chaplain serving in 
this parish church of Stapilehurst (so there were seve- 
ral) on the day of his obit, iij*. iiijd. ; to his clerk here, 
xx*.; to the sacristan of this church, ij*. ; and for 
distribution among the poor parishioners here, xiij*. 
iiijd.* He leaves bequests to "the work of the 
churches of Bukstede and Chorlwode," of which he 
had formerly been rector, and also gives one-third of 
the residue of his estate to the seven churches with 
which he was connected, Staplehurst being one of 
them. The bequests prove that John Wotton was a 
man who would have been able and willing to assist 
in the rebuilding of this church and tower; and I 
think it highly probable, that the cross engrailed is 
intended for his coat ; that the tower was commenced 
before he died in 1417; and that the impaled and 

* ' Archaeologia Cantiana,' iv. 227. 



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CHUBCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHUBST. 195 

defaced coat may have been that of Archbishop 
Chicheley, or it may have been that of the Somery 
family, who were still patrons of the living, and 
residents in Staplekurst — one of the participators in 
Jack Cade's rebellion, in 1450, being* "Robertas 
Somerey, de Stapulherst, gentilman," who lived to be 
pardoned. The two heads wearing coronets, which 
form the corbels of the hood-moulding to the tower 
door-way, may represent either the King and Queen, 
or Lord and Lady Bourchier. 

About the same period as that in which the tower 
was built, the roodloft stair and doorways would be 
set up ; and to erect them the original arches, at the 
eastern end of the nave arcade, were taken down, and 
the present eastern arch inserted in their stead. That 
arch is eighteen feet wide, while the width of the other 
nave arches is but thirteen feet. You will observe 
that very little of the pillar of the next arch was 
removed, so that only a thin new pier of Kentish 
ragstone was required in support of the new and 
wider arch. The cap of that thin pier presents a very 
curious appearance, from the fact that the superfluous 
portions of the block of stone, out of which it was cut, 
are left projecting north and south. This probably 
arose simply from the great difficulty of working off 
the unnecessary pieces of ragstone. The dagger-like 
chamfer stop, which appears upon the upper doorway 
of the roodloft stair, in the north wall, is likewise 
found upon the two stoup niches which remain in the 
south wall, and upon the arched tomb in the south 
aisle, seeming to suggest that all these were put up at 
about the same time. 

In the north wall of the chancel you will observe 

* * Archceologia Cantiana,' vii. 251. 

o 2 

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196 CHURCH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLBHURST. 

a curious and unusual square opening, with a round 
orifice at the back. I cannot explain what this may 
have been. You will see, at once, that it might have 
been used as an Easter Sepulchre had it been further 
east. There is no sign of its being an aumbry, nor of 
its having been a low side window. Neither does it 
look like part of a vestry doorway, yet this remark 
leads me to add that a " re- vestry " once existed here 
which has now disappeared. 

The records of Archbishop Warham's visitation, in 
1511 prove that a re-vestry was then in existence, 
and had for some time been unroofed. Complaint was 
made, at the visitation, that although the Rev. 
Nicholas Wright (who in 1473 succeeded Wm. Lee in 
the rectory) had bequeathed 66*. Sd. f for the roofing 
of the re- vestry, the work had not been done.* 
Doubtless it never was done, for certainly no traces of 
the re- vestry remain. This visitation, in 1511, also 
brought out the fact that there was in the chancel an 
image of Allhallows or All Saints, t to whom the 

* " Compertum est that the parson lately dede bequethid to the 
mendyng of the re-vestery, which hath stoude uncovered thies xij. yeres, 
iij/i. via. viijrf., the which is usid to another chirch, Richard Mount 
de Wy, Sir Symon Goffrith, parson of Netylsted in the diocese of 
Rochester, and Sir Robert Gosborn of Canterbury, executors." 
(Warham Reg., 58. b.) 

On March 17th, the churchwardens appeared and said that they 
received xxx*. from Richard Hopper, executor of Master Wright, 
lately rector, in part payment of lxvj«. viijd. left by him for roofing 
the vestry, and they had expended it on other church expenses. They 
were ordered to refund and, if possible, to apply it to its proper use. 

The executors appeared and said when the proper work was begun 
they would pay the residue. (Warham Reg., 58. b.) 

f Lights were burned in this church in honour of All Saints, The 
Holy Cross, St. James, St. George, (to which four Stephen Bratell 
left u light money " by his will dated 5 Feb. 1475,) St. Margaret, St. 



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IH THE TOWXB, 8TAPLSHUB8T CHUBCH. 



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CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS, STAPLE HTJRST. 197 

church is dedicated, and that this image was " sore 
decayed," The parish wished the rector to repair it. 
The rector left its repair to the parish. The Arch- 
bishop's commissary ordered the churchwardens to 
perform their duty, and repair "All Saints" before 
Pentecost, upon pain of excommunication (Warham 
Reg. folio 58. b.) At the same visitation, in 1511, 
complaint was made that rochets and surplices were 
lacking, and that c< ther ar diverse men that will not 
paye their petirpenys to the Church." 

I must now draw your attention to a series of 
sixteen panels, well carved in wood, and handsomely 
coloured, which form one of the peculiar features of 
this church. They now appear in the ceiling of 
the tower, but were originally placed over a dormer 
window in the roof of the south aisle. These panels 
are carved with some singular devices connected with 
the clothiers' trade, and with others which were the 
badges of our Tudor sovereigns. The clothiers' shears 
occupy the four corner compartments, and are easily 
understood; a pair of rectangular instruments, with 
a crescent between them, are difficult to name, but it 
has been suggested that they may represent the iron 
hooks with which pockets of wool (as of hops) are 
lifted by hand; this however is very doubtful. 
Another suggestion connects them with the name 
Staplehurst ; the two rectangular instruments looking 
like staples. No suggestion however can be satis- 
factory which omits notice of the crescent, or horse- 
shoe. The Tudor devices prove the date of the 

Nicholas, (both mentioned in the will of Robert Bowring, dated 20th 
Jan. 1476,) St. Mary, and St. Christopher (to the two last named 
lights Wm, Donnyngbery left a few pence by his will dated 1 May 
1484). 



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198 CHURCH OJ? ALL SAINTS, STAttiEHUEST. ' 

carving ; for we find not only the portcullis and the 
arched crown, but also the pomegranate of Katherine 
of Aragon, united with the Tudor rose. The date of 
the carving is therefore within the twenty-five years 
preceding 1533. It has been engraved from a sketch 
made by the late Mr. Pretty. 

Other wood carving was formerly to be seen here, 
which had been inserted during the fifteenth century, 
or early in the sixteenth. Fifty years ago it was seen 
and sketched here by Mr. Pretty, formerly assistant 
secretary of our Society. It formed four chancel 
stalls, each stall having arm rests, which were carved 
with lions and foliage, and having the front edges of 
its supports moulded into round shafts with octagonal 
caps and bases. The original work, from one stall, 
may now be seen in the Charles Museum at Maid- 
stone, having been saved from the fire to which the 
wood was doomed. 

In the south chancel, which is called, from a 
manor in the parish, the Spilfi.ll Chancel, you will see 
the altar tomb of Walter Mayney, Esq., of Spilfill, 
who was Sheriff of Kent in the thirteenth year of 
Queen Elizabeth, and who died in April, 1577. The 
effigies in brass of himself and his two wives formerly 
graced the top of the tomb, but only one effigy now 
remains, that of one of his wives. The Mayneys 
were of Biddenden; and this Walter was only the 
second son of the squire, John Mayney of Biddenden. 
The late Sir Richard Mayne, chief constable of the 
Metropolitan Police, claimed to be descended from 
this family. 

In the tower is contained another relic of the 
sixteenth century. It is the third bell, upon which is 
the inscription "Robertus Mot m? fecit, 1594," 



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CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHTJRST. 199 

followed by Mot's trade mark. The other bells are — 
one by Joseph Hatch, dated 1605 ; one by William 
Hatch, 163—; one by John Palmer with the in- 
scription " Non hujus sonus at Christi Salus, Henricus 
Kent, rector, Thomas Scoones, Robert Francis, war- 
dens." Mr. Kent was rector from 1645 to 1650. 
There are some curious entries in the registers 
respecting him.* The fifth bell is inscribed "T. 
Lester, of London, made me, 1748." 

We must not leave Staplehurst Church without 
some notice of the parochial registers. They are, 
perhaps, the most remarkable in the county. Com- 
mencing in 1538, they are perfect throughout the 
reign of Queen Mary, and as they 'are written upon 
paper, not upon parchment, they seem to be not copies, 
as is the case in most parishes, but the original 
registers. 

* " Anno Domini, 1645. Henricus Kent Cantab, et socius colleg. 
Regal. Rector ecclesiae Parochialis de Staplehurst institutus sexto die 
Novembris 1645 et ejusdem anni decimo septimo Novemb. inductus 

fuit Ecclesiae possessionem non sine multorum oppositionibus 

accepit sed nonnullorum suffrages electus et suo jure legali sustentatus 
per ordinem parliamenti specialem liberam tandem praedicandi potes- 
tatem habuit, O tempora ! O mores 1" 

N.B. After the words " septimo Noyemb." there is an erasure, and 
the rest of the entry seems to be written by another hand. 

" 1650, July 25. Buried Henricus Kent late of Staplehurst clerke 
who dyed the Satturday before at night being the 20th July 1650." 
" iEqua tellus — pauperi recluditur, Regumque pueris." 
" Sept. 25th 1651. Baptised Elizabeth the daughter and Richard 
the son of Richard Baily and Elizabeth his wife, by Richard Burney 
Minister of Old Romney, who worthily honoured Mr. Henry Kent." 
" In memoriam redivivani Henri ci de Kancio 
" Totus annus dolet, Fama redolet tota quia Caritas non fuit 
Caritas est 
July 25, 1650. 
Sept. 25, 1651." 






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200 CHUECH OP ALL SAINTS, STAPLEHURST. 

In the year 1597, a Constitution, made by the 
Convocation of Canterbury and approved by the Queen 
under the great seal, ordered that all the old registers 
should be freshly copied into a parchment book. 
These copies, or others made in 1603, are what we 
usually find in parish chests. But at Staplehurst it 
seems to be otherwise, and in these registers we find 
many entries containing prayers for the souls of the 
departed, which have been left out of other parochial 
registers when the Elizabethan copies were made. 

The Rev. M. T. Pearman, when curate of Staple- 
hurst, made numerous extracts from the registers, 
which he has kindly placed in my hands. He has 
also pointed out that Burn$, in his ' History of Parish 
Registers/ after quoting Staplehurst entries on page 
93, has erroneously inserted eight other entries from 
the same registers, upon pages 133 and 134 of his 
book, under the heading of " St. Peter's in the East, 
Oxford." 

Of the population of Staplehurst parish we find 
several records. In 1549 (2 Ed. VI.) the Certificate 
of Colleges, Kent, No. 28, entry No. 2, returns the 
adult population, i. e., those eligible to receive housel 
or Holy Communion, at 400 " housling people." In 
1578 a similar return shews 440 communicants. In 
1640 they had increased to 508 communicants {i.e. 
confirmed persons eligible to receive Holy Com- 
munion). In 1795 it is said that the parish contained 
not quite 1000 people, and in 1871 the census return 
shewed 1749 inhabitants. 

The following extracts from the Staplehurst regis- 
ters will be found worthy of notice : — 

" 1543 — The last day of Dec., there was buryed John Turner the elder, 
whose sowle Jesu pardon. Amen." 



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CHX7ECH OF ALL SAINTS, STAMjEHTJEST. 201 

" 1545 — The 6th day of June there was buryed the sonn of Thomas 

Roberts the yonger, called Henry, uppo whose soule I pray God 

hare mercy." 
" 1548 — (1 Ed. VI.)— 11th daye of September, there was buryed James 

Bragelond, an honest man and a good householder, whose soule 

Jhu pardon and bring to eternal rest." 

These registers also illustrate the custom of giving the name 
" Creature " to infants baptized at home by midwives, in certain cases. 

" 1547 — The 27th of Apryle there were borne ij. children of Alexander 
Beerye, the one christened at home, and so deceased called Crea- 
ture ; the other christened at church called Joha." 

" 1548 — 11th day of June there was baptized by the mydwyffe, and 
here buryed, the childe of Andrew Partridge, called Creature." 

" 1548 — 17th Aug. there was baptized by the midwyffe, and so buryed, 
the childe of Thomas Goldham, called Creature." 

That this name was only given in certain peculiarly hopeless cases, 

we learn from other instances, such as — 

" 1563 — 8th of Feb. There were borne too twynnes, being men 
chyldren, ye sonns of Wylliam Symon, which chyldren, being 
weake, were named and baptised by the mydwif, Thomas and 
Wylliam," etc., etc. 

During the reign of Philip and Mary, Cardinal Pole, on two 
occasions (1555 and 1557) caused enquiry to be made whether the 
clergy entered, in the parochial registers, the names of those who 
stood as sponsors for the children who were baptized. Of the compli- 
ance with his rule Staplehurst register affords several examples. 

" 1557 — The ij. of August was chrystenyd Martin Osborne; Martin 
Owteide and James Buckherst godfathers ; Benet Batherst, 
godmother." 

" 18 eiusdem (May) tingebatur sacro fonte Robertus filius Edwardi 
Bapterst copri ejus Roberto Batterst ac Thoma Bapterst, comre 
Maria Bucherst." 

In the first year of Queen Elizabeth we encounter another series of 
remarkable entries in the Staplehurst register. The rector, having 
secretly a great love for the ancient rites and ceremonies of the Un- 
reformed Church, made sundry observations upon the baldness of the 
new service. 



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202 CHURCH 0* ALL SAINTS, STAMiEHTTRST. 

" 1558, Octavo Feb., obiit Joanna Taylor, sine sacramentorum re- 
ceptione, et crncis signo super corpus yel sarcophagu quo deporta- 
batur nil duodecima et pena hora nulla satisfactione facta." 

"12th Feb., obiit Laurence Austry more ecclesiastico in ... . 
deportatus." 

" Eodem obiit Tamis Lede deportatus sine crucis signo et introductus 

in templum non admissus lege Divina neque Regia .... more 

ecclestico." 

Richard Besely, a rector who was presented to the living in 1535 
by the well-known Thomas Cromwell, principal Secretary of State, 
makes some curious personal entries. 

" 1548 — Vicesimo quarto die Martii — Magr. Ricardus Beseley sacre 
Theologie professor ac serenissimi et illustrissimi felicis memorie 
principis Henrici octavi nuper Regis strenuissimi et metuen- 
dissimi Sacellanus necnon Rector hujus ecclesie et eccliastis 
Janam Lenarde orphanam virginem parvulam pudicam et honestam 
matrimonio rite solemnizato sibi accepit in conjugem." 

" 1549 — The 9th day of June. This day being Whitsonday (wherin the 
booke of the Common Prayer and administration of the Sacraments 
and other rites and ceremonies of the Churche after the use of the 
Churche of Englonde began to be executed) there was first 
baptized Marie the daughter of Richarde Beseley parson of this 
parishe Church borne the last Thursday hora fere quinta ante 
meridiem of his lawful wif Jane who were maryed the yere before 
and in the firste day that the holly Communion in the Englishe 
tonge (after' the order that now is) was there mynystered, thei bothe 
with others most humblye and devoutlie communicating the same. 
The parsone christened his own child." 

The following entries of Baptisms are also worthy of notice here : — 

" 4 Ed. VI. 9 th day of April. There was baptized, and that at home, 
by the testimonye of good women, Thomas the sone of Gregorie 
Rutting, and after presented in the temple receiving other ritus 
(sic) accordinglie and was buried the next day before noone." 

" 1555 — XV th day of October, was crystened Godly Undrell the doghter 
of John Undrell." 

" 1557 — 19 Febr. Tinctus est aqua lustrali Alicia filia Johis. Byly, 
com'rbus Alicia,' 7 &c. &c. 

W. A. S. E. 



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$ iTiches 



PAVING TILES , FRlTTENDEN CHURCH, KEMJ. 

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trcufi\fr< 



\tStm lafr 



( 203 ) 



PAVING TILES FROM FRITTENDEN CHURCH. 

The tiles represented in the annexed plate are, with 
one exception, still preserved in the vestry of 
Prittenden Church. They bear, for the most part, 
designs of the Decorated Period, and may be con- 
sidered to have been made in the fourteenth century. 
When Frittenden Church was rebuilt, Mr. R. C. 
Hussey carefully preserved these and other interesting 
fragments of the old church; which relics may now 
be seen in the vestry of the sacred edifice. 



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( 204 ) 




INSCRIBED GOLD FINGER RING. 

This remarkable ring, while circular within, has on 
its outer surface five curved protruberances, which 
give its exterior a cinquefoiled outline. Upon each 
of these bosses appears in high relief a word, in black- 
letter characters. The inscription thus formed is "ut 
commtmiR vite pace do." A betrothal ring of the 
fourteenth, or early fifteenth, century might fitly bear 
such a motto— especially if the course of true love 
had not run quite smoothly, and a reconciliation had 
been effected, which was to result in the life-long fel- 
lowship and union of the lovers. 

The cinquefoil is said to have been typical of the 
five senses, and a betrothal ring of this form signified 
the entire devotion of the donor to his betrothed. 

This ring is in the possession of W. T. Neve, Esq., 
of Cranbrook, who kindly caused it to be photo- 
graphed for ' Archseologia Cantiana.' 



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( 205 ) 



THE BASILICA OF LYMINGE; ROMAN, SAXON, 
AND MEDIAEVAL. 

BY ROBERT 0. JENKINS, M.A., 

RECTOR AND VICAR OF LYMINGE, ETC. 

" Basilica B. Mariae Genetricis Dei quae site est in loco qui dicitur Limingae." 
—Carta Regis Wihtraedi, an. 697. 

The early history of the Queen Ethelburga, the 
foundress of the Church of Lyminge, and first Abbess 
of the nunnery she instituted in connection with it, 
has been so often told as to need no recapitulation in 
this brief summary of the discoveries which have been 
made on its site. In many forms the monkish 
historians who supplemented and amplified the narra- 
tive of Bede affirm that she passed the years of her 
widowhood at Lyminge, and died there in 647, the 
Saxon Charters of the eighth and ninth centuries 
corroborating their statements, and designating the 
church as the place of her burial. Goscellinus (about 
1099), referring to more ancient chronicles, describes 
the site of this ancient resting place of the widowed 
Queen more fully, and fixes the place of her emmentius 
et augustius monumentmn m aquilonali porticu ad 
awtralem ecclesiae parietem arcu mvolutum* To the 
south wall of the present parochial church my atten- 
tion was accordingly first directed, and there I soon 
discovered the reason of the apparently contradictory 

• " Contra B. Mildrethae Usurpatorea." (Extat MS. in Bibl. 
Cotton). 



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206 THE BASILICA OF LTMINGBJ 

words of Goscellinus. An apse of Roman work here 
developed itself, between which and the church was 
an arched tomb which had been broken up at a very- 
early period, and realized fully the destruction of the 
monument when Lanfranc translated to the Monastery 
of St. Gregory, at Canterbury, the relics which had 
so long been enshrined at Lyminge. That I was now 
upon the site of the original villa which had been 
granted by Eadbald to his sister, I could not entertain 
the slightest doubt, though unable to determine what 
part of it might be assigned to the restoration or 
adaptation of the building to its later use. The form 
of the building, and its aspect towards the east, led 
me to believe that it had been a Roman church or 
chapel connected with the first foundation — nor 
could I hesitate to believe that it was the very place 
in which Ethelburga received the veil, in 633, from 
Archbishop Honorius.* Unfortunately the position 
of the building in the midst of a densely filled church- 
yard precluded every design of extending our exami- 
nation southward, in which direction, I cannot doubt, 
we should find the foundations of an outer wall 
corresponding with the south wall of the present 
church, which a careful investigation identified with 
the north or outer wall of Ethelburga's foundation. 
Our only chance of illustrating the discoveries we had 
already made was the exploration of the field adjoining 
the churchyard, into which, as we had already ascer- 
tained, the foundations extended. Here we were re- 
warded by the discovery of a vast foundation, forming 
the extension of the south wall of the church and 

* " Scinras enim iEthelburgam .... post necem regis, reversam et 
Limingae conversatam, sacro velamine a beato Honorio oonsecratam 
defunctam et ibi sepultam." (Goscellinus at sap.) 



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BOMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIAEVAL. 207 

the supposed wall on the other side of the apse ; and 
a portion at least of the plan of the ancient " Basilica 
of St. Mary the Mother of God, in Lyminge," as it is 
called in the charter of 697, hecame apparent. The 
interest of this site, in its connection with the early 
church history of England, could scarcely be surpassed. 
The palace of Ethelbert and Bertha — the scene of 
the early life and widowhood of Ethelburga — the place 
where her daughter Eanfled was brought up — the 
shrine which had been visited by Wilfrid on his 
journey into Kent to inspect the Saxon Monasteries — 
the residence of the Archbishops, from the time of 
Lanfranc to Winchelsey — the court at which the 
homage of the great Earl of Gloucester was rendered to 
Archbishop Peckham — few ecclesiastical sites could 
present features of more remarkable interest to the 
historical student than that of the Basilica of Lyminge, 
whose last relics were thus disclosed. That this 
building had a c basilical ' character in the civil sense, 
in the day of its transfer to Queen Ethelburga — that 
it was a place in which courts and markets were held, 
and a peculiar jurisdiction exercised, appears not only 
from its origin, but from its after history. Royal 
charters were given in it — it became, in the Norman 
period, a liberty in itself — the palace of the Arch- 
bishops here, from the time of Lanfranc, was called an 
aula and a camera;* a title indicating not merely an 
ordinary manorial house, but a place of special juris- 
diction — all reflecting back to its ancient basilical 
character. We might- therefore expect to find here 
the structural characteristics of a Roman basilica, in 
lieu of the ordinary features of an ancient villa or 
residence of a private person. The foundations just 

* See the Register of Arehbishop Peckham, an. 1279. 



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208 THE BASILICA OP LYMINGE ; 

disinterred, at the depth of ahout eight feet from the 
surface, are accordingly of more than ordinary size — 
many of the stones heing a yard, and even more, in 
length, and some of them two and three feet square, 
hound together hy a solid concrete of lime and pebbles. 
Taken in conjunction with the Roman apse, adjoining 
the south wall of the church, whose lirahs are con- 
tinuous with them, and, (could the churchyard he 
excavated,) would undoubtedly he found to constitute 
a portion of the same building — the walls of the 
basilica would be 120 feet in length, the proper ex- 
tension attributed by Vitruvius to such structures.* 
The width between the two foundation walls already 
disclosed is not in proportion to this great length ; but 
it would appear from the discovery of a vast and 
almost circular mass of building, on the south side of 
the wall, we first discovered that some open arcade 
may have existed on this side (such as De Cauraont 
describes as usual in similar buildings),t which would 
make the width of the building correspond with its 
length. For to no other purpose than to the support 
of the pier of a very massive arch could I assign the 
fact, that this rude foundation (built of flat stones 
bound together with the hardest concrete) is actually 
imbedded to the depth of five feet in the rock chalk, 
which here is almost as hard as the Kentish rag itself. 
The vast apsidal fragment which adjoins it, and was 
discovered many years since, would thus constitute 
the central portion of the western end, and represent 
the site of the tribune, which always had this form 

* This is the length he adopted in building the Basilica of Fano. 

f " H y a lieu de penser que quelques-unes 6taient onvertes an moins 
d'un cote* pour la plus facile communication du people." (Co ore 
d'Antiq. Monumentales, torn. iii. page 286.) 



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ROMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL, 



209 




a FT4i«.IN DEPTH. 



BOBTH AI8LB OF THB BASILICA — FBAGMBHT OF SOUTH WALL. 

(Eight feet below the present surface of the ground.) 




BOBTH AI8LB OB THB BASILICA— FBAGMBBT OF WOBTH WALL. 




«p me* m m ;» ea && is < 



FOUWDACTOWS OF WALLS BBXBATH TKB BXISTIKO CHUBCH. 



VOL. IX. 



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210 THE BASILICA OP LYMINGE ; 

and position. But what could have been the masonry 
of the visible portion of this massive building ? Now 
here, besides particular and incidental evidences 
arising out of the remains of the Roman work to 
be found in the church, we have the undoubted fact 
that the entire Roman building has been broken up 
in order to build the present church, which is con- 
structed in rude imitation of the work from which it 
was taken, and which formed the model to those who 
were destroying it for this purpose. Instead of 
cleaning these stones, and preparing them for their 
new position, as was customary in the Norman period 
(as in the case of St. Alban's), they built them in, 
covered with masses of Roman concrete, both red and 
white, and exactly corresponding with those of the 
foundation we have discovered ; the stones forming the 
arches of the Roman windows are turned to the same 
use in the present church, and are sometimes even 
used as quoining stones externally. Nearly all the 
stones are built in an irregular herring-bone work, and 
are bonded at intervals, in the Roman fashion, with 
courses of flat stones and Roman bricks, while the 
bricks that are used in the arches of the windows are 
mostly taken from double string-courses of the Roman 
building, and still remain bound together two and two.* 
Blocks of red concrete are used as single stones, and 
one enormous mass constitutes the foundation of the 
south-east corner of the chancel. Now, from the fact 
that we have found fragments of Roman arches of 
brick which exactly resemble those of the present 
building — fragments of herring-bone work built into 

* In one place (as is the case of the building, in the field, and in 
the apse adjoining the church) Roman roof-tiles are used in conjunction 
with ordinary ones. 



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ROMAN, SAXON, AND MEDUBVAL. 211 

the walls of the Roman Church, and quoining stones, 
with thin tiles, placed between them — features which 
could not have survived if the work of rebuilding had 
not immediately succeeded the work of destruction, 
I am led to conclude that the original building exactly 
corresponded with that which De Caumont describes 
as the regular type of an ordinary basilica. It appears 
to have been a long building, whose upper walls were 
pierced with small windows formed of Roman bricks 
internally, and externally, of wrought stone — a stone 
of a very remarkable character, and which must have 
come from a considerable distance. It was probably 
built in many of its courses of herring-bone work, 
like that of the Villa of Thes6e, and bonded with 
double string-courses of brick or flat iron stones. 

II. — We now pass to the Saxon period, and to the 
inquiry how far, and in what manner, Ethelburga 
might be supposed to build or to adapt the vast struc- 
ture which had been conferred upon her by her 
brother ? The monkish historians, who describe her 
as the builder and founder of the "temple of Lyminge" 
(as one of them terms it), forgot that she succeeded to 
a finished work, and entered upon the posaession of ii 
so immediately as to leave no time to do more than 
adapt it to its new destiny, if it needed even adapta- 
tion. " jZSdificavit" " extulit" " mstituit" " con- 
struorit" and such like terms, must be taken therefore 
in a very qualified sense. Up to what period the skill 
of imitating Roman masonry and reproducing Roman 
concretes survived in England we can hardly, with 
safety, conjecture. The problem is yet unsolved, and 
is probably insoluble. Some believe that the secret 
was entirely lost until Benedict Biscop's first visit to 
Borne, 675-680. I cannot, therefore, pretend to say 

p2 

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212 THE BASILICA OP LYMINGE ; 

what may remain of Ethelburga's re-building or re- 
storation. Fragments of very early work have been 
found here from time to time, and a foundation of 
considerable size, built with a very rude concrete, un- 
like both the Roman and the later mixtures, was dis- 
interred in the field adjoining the Church some years 
since. It was built in the form of a church, and of 
rude, unhewn stones ; but the concrete was so perish- 
able that the whole building, founded only on blocks of 
chalk and large fragments of the concrete facing of a 
Roman building (some of it painted red), fell to pieces 
by degrees, and has now entirely disappeared. It is 
possible that this might be a portion of the earliest 
Saxon work, and that the upper part of the building 
was destroyed by the Danes in their attack upon Ly- 
minge in 804 — after which the nuns under the Abbess 
Selethrytha took refuge in Canterbury, where a place 
was given them by King Cuthred. Prom 839, a change 
must have taken place, leading on to that suppression 
of the Monastery of Lyminge which was completed 
by Archbishop Dunstan in 965. For, in that year 
King JEthelwulf, instead of making a grant of the land 
adjoining the Church to the Monastery (or, as these 
charters generally term it, the "family") of Lyminge, 
grants it to the Archbishop ; while, in 964, JEthelstan 
grants certain lands to the Church of Lyminge " with 
the consent of Archbishop Dunstan." At this point 
the words of the ancient writer, quoted by Goscellinus, 
(circa 1089) exactly fit themselves into our narrative. 
After describing the " destruction," as he terms it, of 
the " temple of Lyminge " (that is, its being reduced 
to the state of a ruin by fire and decay*), " the place," 

* The quantities of molten lead, charcoal, and charred wood — stones 
which had become reddened by fire, and other proofs of a ruinous con- 



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BOMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 213 

he adds, " remained destitute until it fell into the 
hands of the Archbishops of Canterbury, who restored 
it, and granted it to the clergy in order that they might 
serve God and his beloved virgins, EMburg and Mil- 
trude, with kindred devotion." He thus foreshadows 
the conclusion which a careful examination of the 
whole site for twenty ysars has forced in a manner 
upon myself, that the present church is the work of 
Archbishop Dunstan, at the period when it became 
parochial instead of monastic ; that the grant of land 
of 964 was made with a view to this work of restora- 
tion; and that the walls of the Roman church still 
standing were then broken up, and built into the pre- 
sent fabric, whose south wall is based upon the north 
wall of the earlier building, thus reconciling the ap- 
parent contradiction of Goscellinus, who describes 
Ethelburga as buried " in aquilonali porticu ad cmstra- 
lem ecclesiae parietem " — that is, the north aisle of 
her own nunnery church, against the south wall of the 
parochial church, which was built on the north wall 
of it. This " eminent and august monument," as 
Goscellinus caDs it, was thus built into the new fabric 
as restored by the Archbishops, a restoration which 
was too well known at the period of Lanf ranc to have 
been the work of any but the Saxon predecessors of 
the great Norman Primate. It was then that the new 
church was re-dedicated to St. Mary and St. E&dburg, 
its former title being changed, as was the case in 
other Saxon churches in Kent, Folkestone, Minster in 
Sheppey, ete. 

Immediately after the grant of 964 (a fact which 

flagration which we found daring our late excavations, objects which 
were also found on the discovery of the apse twelve years since, corro- 
borated this statement and the conclusions I derive from it. 



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214 THE BASILICA OF LYMINGE ; 

but for our theory would be quite inexplicable), the 
monastery was suppressed and attached "cum omnibus 
terns et cansuetudinibus ejus" to the monastery of 
Christ Church, Canterbury, of which it had been pre- 
viously an equal and almost rival, sharing with it the 
gift of the Duke Oswulf, and obtaining even the 
largest portion of it. The absorption of the more 
distant monasteries into the larger urban foundations 
was the distinctive policy of the great Saxon Arch- 
bishop, who is also described by all his biographers to 
have been a great builder of churches. Florence of 
Worcester writes "destructas (or "desolatas") Dei 
ecclesias renovavit et ditavit" which was signally 
verified in the case of Lyminge, where he did both. 
King Edgar is described as addressing him — "Tu 
mihi Pater Dunstane, tu mihi de construendis monas- 
teriis,de ecclesiis aedificandis salubre consilium dedisti." 
(Parker Annul. Eccl. Brit. Annal. Ep. Winton.) The 
supposition which has been sometimes advanced that 
the present church is the work of Lanfranc, is not 
only untenable on the ground of its masonry and 
materials, but on the ground of its ascertained history. 
Lanfranc, who removed the relics of E&dburg, could 
hardly have been the dedicator of the new church to 
her memory. In such a case he would have been 
rather bound to place her relics under the restored 
altar, than suffered to remove them altogether. More- 
over, the church would not have been mentioned in 
Doomsday, which refers to the reign of the Confessor, 
had it been the work of Lanfranc. For the Church 
of Lymne, which was built by him, has no mention 
in that record ; and, indeed, every such work would 
have been too recent to find mention in the great sur- 
vey. The laws of Edmund rendered it compulsory on 



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BOMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 215 

bishops to restore churches belonging to them, and 
hence the duty of Dunstan, immediately the estate was 
annexed to the Archbishop as Prior of Christ Church, 
would become inevitable. But while on every historic 
ground this conclusion must appear indisputable, the 
features of architecture, or rather masonry, which are 
exhibited by the earlier portions of the church (the 
chancel, the south wall, and the substructure of the 
north wall of the nave), render it absolutely impossible 
that it should be the work of so skilled an architect 
as the great Norman Archbishop. He who is said to 
have imported from Caen " velivolis navibus," " qua- 
dros lapides ad aedificandum,"* could not possibly 
have sanctioned so rude a work for the church of one 
of his principal manors. Nor would he have built his 
church (as the present Church of Lyminge is built) 
upon a floor of concrete formed out of the fragments 
of the facing of the walls of the Roman basilica, 
broken up and consolidated into a confused mass — a 
kind of foundation which belongs to the period when 
much more faith was put in mortars and concretes 
than a Norman builder, importing from Caen " qua- 
dros lapides ad aedificcmdum" was likely to exhibit. 
Goscellinus, moreover, describes the monument of St. 
EMburg as existing against the south wall of the 
present church before the time of Lanfranc's wanton 
removal of her relics. Nor is the size of the present 
building any argument against its Saxon character. 
Churches (as the laws of Knut shew) were of four 
kinds, — " Capitalis ecclesia," "mediocris ecclesia," 
" minor ecclesia," " oampestris ecclesia;" and Lyminge, 
which was from the first designated a "basilica" a 
"minster" — the "venerabilemonasterium" — the "locw 

* Vita Lanfranci (Autore Milone Crispino). 



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216 THE BASILICA OF LYMINGE ; 

heaths. V. Mwriae" incontestably belonged to the first 
of these classes. The masonry of the lower part of 
Mailing Abbey, which is the work of Gundulf, the con- 
temporary of Lanf ranc, has been sometimes compared 
with that of Lyminge. But, beyond the general rude- 
ness of style, and the wide joints of the masonry, there 
is no other similitude. There is at Mailing no appear- 
ance of direct imitation of Roman work — none of the 
irregular herring-bone work, and interrupted string- 
courses, which form the distinctive feature of the 
masonry at Lyminge. Nor have the mortars the 
least resemblance. The conclusion will be inevitable 
to every impartial observer that the present church is 
the work of Dunstan, after whose time, indeed, the 
Roman building would have been too far destroyed to 
admit of the close imitation we find in it to that 
earliest work. Undoubtedly, it was erected by those 
who were standing either in sight or in very near 
memory of the undestroyed walls of the Roman 
Basilica ; of its small windows, turned with Roman 
bricks; of its herring-bone work, like that of the 
remarkable " Villa de Thes6e," described by De 
Caumont ;* in a word, of every distinctive feature of 
that simple type, whose. unskilful imitation degene- 
rated in this instance into rudeness, and even bar- 
barism. 

III. — I now come to the third period of construc- 
tion, or rather reparation, which is also distinctly and 
historically marked in our records. The present 
church of Lyminge being built on the north of the 
basilica of Ethelburga, the remains of the monastic 
and other buildings which had been appropriated from 

* This singularly resembles that under the foundations of Tamworth 
Castle, attributed by Mr. Bloxam to the year 914. 



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EOMAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 217 

the ancient work, fell into the possession of the Arch- 
bishops, and were used as the foundation of the aula 
or camera, which was naturally rebuilt on a portion of 
the historic building.* Accordingly, we find in the 
Roman foundation just revealed a portion of a mediaeval 
work, which we are led to assign to the hand of Arch- 
bishop Peckham on the following grounds : — On his 
succeeding to the Archbishopric in 1279, he found 
that the late possessor of the See (Archbishop Boni- 
face) had left the houses of his manors in a most 
deplorable state of injury qnd dilapidation. In vain 
he remonstrated with Petrus de Alby (the executor of 
Boniface, and then also Rector of Lyminge) on the 
immense expense he had been put to in this work of 
reparation, for which he had not yet received any- 
thing, t He charges the non-resident rector to put 
the buildings of the living into repair, and it cannot 
be doubted that, as Lyminge was the earliest of his 
manors visited, it was among the first to exercise his 
restoring skill. A fragment of this work of reparation 
is very conspicuously seen on the inner face of the 
Roman foundation just discovered. It is built of 
small flints, green sand-stone, and chalk, and was 
faced with a smooth coating composed, as is the mor- 
tar in the wall itself, almost wholly of sand, and hence 
extremely difficult to preserve from destruction. This 
fragment of wall is quoined with wrought Caen stones, 

* Lanfrano is said, by his contemporary, Milo Crispinus, to have 
got back twenty-five manors to his church. The same writer tells us 
that he built stone manor houses in many of them as residences. This, 
as one of the twenty-one greater manors of the Archbishops, is here 
evidently referred to. 

f His letter of remonstrance to Petrus de Alby is to be found in 
his Register. He enjoins the rector in this " ut congrue emendetur 
quod merit in ornamentis vel domibus defectum." 



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218 THE BASILICA OF LYMINGB ; 

closely and well combined, and chamfered at the cor- 
ners, as though to preserve them from injury. It 
would seem as though a cellar, or underground build- 
ing of some kind, had here been dug out of the rock- 
chalk, within and beneath the Roman foundation, 
which is almost undermined. Three rude steps, formed 
of massive stones, lead down into this vault, and form 
the present limit of our explorations. Many pieces of 
squared and carved stone work (both Caen stone and 
the soft green stone found in the neighbourhood), 
numerous fragments of encaustic tiles, and an im- 
mense quantity of pieces of wall-facing, presenting a 
hard white surface on a base of almost pure sand, 
appeared among the earth that was here dug out. 
The work I have assigned to Peckham bears the 
closest resemblance to the restorations or alterations 
effected in the church at the same period. Even the 
mortars are here identical — the pure white lime of the 
Roman, and the bright yellow sand of the Saxon 
period, being replaced by a brown sand from a greater 
distance, probably brought from the neighbouring 
manor of Saltwood. The chancel arch, the buttress 
outside the church, the door of the chancel, and pro- 
bably the narrow window of the north aisle (which 
formed part of the original tower), belong to this 
period. The chamfered corners of the piers of the 
chancel-arch are evidently coeval with the chamfered 
corner of the wall in the building in the field. The 
destruction of the ancient camera of the Archbishops 
was the next act of Vandalism which fills our local his- 
tory with so many vain regrets. Archbishop Courtenay, 
having determined on building himself a Castle at 
Saltwood, gave directions for the sale of the stones on 
several of his other manors, and united the custody of 



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ROMAN, SAXON, AND MBDL3SVAL. 219 

the park of Lyminge with that of the park of Salt- 
wood. Prom this period, mediaeval, Saxon, and Roman 
relics were mixed together in an indiscriminate con- 
fusion of destruction, and the field next the church is 
one of the most singular collections which can be 
found in England of the d£bris of almost every age of 
our ecclesiastical history. 

IV. — During the fifteenth century our basilical 
remain was used as a quarry for the necessary works 
of the church — as it was in the early part of the 
present century as a quarry for all kinds of secular 
buildings, from a barn to a pig sty. The massive 
tower of the church, from which the remains of the 
old foundation are only a few yards distant, is ap- 
parently almost entirely built out of it, the stones 
becoming larger and larger as they ascend, and as the 
deeper stones of the foundation were being reached 
by the hand of the destroyer. A few squared and 
carved stones scattered here and there indicate the 
presence of the portion yet above ground, or perhaps 
of the detached stones which had been left in the 
d6bris, many of which we found in like manner, and 
on account of the looseness and softness of the earth, 
almost uninjured. But the greater part of the tower 
is built of large blocks of Kentish stone, faced, and 
sometimes almost covered with Roman concrete. I 
have often wondered how so vast a number of stones of 
such great size as was needed in this tower, whose walls 
are nearly six feet thick, and whose height is over sixty, 
could have been brought from so great a distance. But 
the nearness of the quarry had not then been revealed, 
nor was I able to appreciate fully the value of the 
bequest of five pounds which was left for the comple- 
tion of the work by Henry Brockman of Shuttlesfield. 



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220 THE BASILICA 0* LYMINGE; 

The work had certainly been suspended for some years 
for want of funds ; and, but for the generous bequest 
of Thomas Duffyn, the Vicar (1480-1508), and the 
aid of the Rector, William Preene (whose inscription at 
Woolwich, now destroyed, depicts him as a munificent 
contributor to church building), it might have been 
still uncompleted. His epitaph speaks of him as 
having built the tower of Woolwich Church (long 
since removed), and doing many other works of the 
same kind. It is probable that the nave of the Church 
of Lyminge is one of these works,* and that we are 
more indebted to him than to Cardinal Bourchier 
(whose arms appeared in it) for this important addition 
to the fabric; as we undoubtedly are to the good 
Thomas Duffyn for the erection of the tower, though 
the arms of Cardinal Morton and Archbishop Warham 
on either side of the doorway claim for them respec- 
tively the inauguration and completion of the work. 

Prom a most unremitting and impartial study of 
the fabric of this church for twenty years — during 
which I have become familiarized with almost every 
stone, and have examined and compared every kind of 
masonry, of material, and of concrete and mortar — I 
have been led to fix these periods or data for every 
part -of the building. 

The Roman Period, 400-500 ?— To this belong the 
remains of the Basilica in the field and against the 
south wall of the church, including the substructure 
of the south wall itself, from the tower to the porch, 
after which a disturbance begins, which prevents our 
further identification. 

* It is not easy to determine whether the " istam capellam " of his 
epitaph refers to Woolwich or to Lyminge, both of which places are 
mentioned just before. ( Weever, * Funeral Monuments.*) 



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B0MAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 221 

The Saxon Period, 965-1000.— To this period I 
unhesitatingly ascribe the present church, with the 
exception of the north aisle and the tower. The ser- 
vile yet ignorant and unskilful imitation of Roman 
peculiarities, indicated by interrupted bonding-courses, 
irregular herring-bone work, an absolute reliance on 
mortars, when the secret of making them in the 
Roman methods had been lost — all this points to the 
time when the Roman works were standing, but the 
skill to reproduce them existed no more ; and indicates 
a period long prior to that of Lanfranc, who brought 
in from Normandy that higher method of Roman 
building with squared stones and close-jointed masonry, 
of which so few types were then existing in England. 

The Period of Archbishop Peckhcm, 1279.— To 
this belong the reparations which are referred to in 
the letter of the Archbishop to Petrus de Alby, the 
Rector, and they include the chancel-arch, the flying 
buttress, a portion of the south wall, the south door 
of the chancel, and several minor details. In the 
foundation in the field they are discernible in the 
fragment of wall already described. 

The Period of Cardinal JSourchier. — To this be- 
longs the north aisle, in which a fragment of the 
ancient Norman tower (built with long flints, put in 
head- wise, and with very wide-jointed masonry) was 
included — a new tower being laid out at the western 
end. The foundations of this tower (which appears 
to have fallen down) were disclosed when the flooring 
of the church was removed. The masonry is clearly 
distinguished from the Saxon work, and there is an 
absence of any imitation of Roman peculiarities. It 
cannot, however, be later than 1100. The masonry of 
Cardinal Bourchier (or rather, perhaps, of the Rector, 



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222 THE BASILICA OP LYMINGE ; 

William Preene, (who worked under the shadow of the 
great Lord Cardinal), is in singular contrast to that of 
the venerahle fragment he has continued. It is 
evidently huilt out of the fragments of the original 
north wall of the church, with the additions of some 
smaller stones, there having heen no necessity in this 
instance to fall back upon the resources of the basilica. 

We now come to the 

Work of Cardinal Morton ; or, more properly, of 
Thomas Duffyn, the excellent Vicar, who bequeathed 
twenty pounds towards the tower, twelve pounds for a 
new bell, and four pounds for a building in the church- 
yard, where the parishioners might meet and regale 
themselves on the anniversaries. The first storey of 
the tower is of much earlier date than the second, and 
is built of different materials, and a different mortar. 
The strange platform on which it stands, and which 
quite needlessly (for it is built upon the rock chalk) 
extends to about two feet from the base, which is here 
nearly six feet thick, seems to belong to some earlier 
building, and to be merely adapted to its present use. 
After the bequest of Duflyn, recourse was had to the 
treasury in the field, out of which the whole of the 
tower from but a few feet of the foundation appears 
to have been built. The stones, increasing in bulk as 
they ascend, mark the approach of the builders to the 
vast blocks of the foundation; while the concrete 
(sometimes finely faced and smoothed) which covers 
them tells the same destructive tale. In 1527, the last 
bequest — that of the collateral ancestor of the Brock- 
man family (whose members, from 1477, had been 
such constant contributors .to the church) was made. 
And I cannot but record with grateful and sad re- 
membrance that among the last and most liberal of 



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B0MAN, SAXON, AND MEDIEVAL. 223 

the contributors to the fabric of the church, and to the 
general needs of the parish, was my venerated and 
lamented friend the Rev. Tatton Brockman, of Beach- 
borough, whose forefathers were among its earliest 
benefactors, and whose successor and representative 
still carries on the same good tradition. 

It will appear from this retrospective glance, that 
we have at least five periods of masonry at Lyminge : 
the Roman — the Saxon imitation of the Roman — the 
Norman — and the masonry of the thirteenth, the 
fifteenth, and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries. 
These are as distinct to the eye as the periods of the 
history they illustrate are to the mind of the observer ; 
and as they tend greatly to clear up the structural 
peculiarities of other churches, whose annals have not 
been so carefully preserved and recorded, they cannot 
fail to be of interest to the students of architectural 
antiquity everywhere. 




Bronze vessel found, eight feet below the surface, at N.W. corner of the Basilica. 
(Height, 1| inch; diameter of base, 1 inch, of lip, } inch; greatest circumference, 

6 inches.) 



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( 224 ) 



NOTES PROM THE RECORDS OF SMARDEN 
CHURCH. 

COMMUNICATED BY BEY. FBANCIS HASLEWOOD. 

" The Church Booke " is a folio paper book, contain 
ing the Churchwardens 9 accounts, etc., from 1536 to 
1602, and has been well kept. 

In the name of God and in the yr of o* lorde good 
Mcccccxxx u viij & in the yr of or soverayne lorde kyng Henr 
the viij the xxx u , and the viij daye of Novmber were electyd of 
the parisshe of Smarden for cherchwardens Symon Hankocke 
& William Best and was dely vred to them in the presens of the 
parisshe these Iuylls folyng. 
first a silver crosse gylted & 
Itm ij silver paxe gyltyd. 

It a senser of sylver. It ij cantylstycks of sylver. 
It iiij sylver chalys wherof one ys gylte.* 
It ij sylver cruytts. 
It a whit cope & a whit vestment, & vestments for deken & 

subdeken. 
It a vestment of blue ffelvet deken & subdeken. 
Itm a grene velvet vestment. 
Itm a kope of clothe of gold. 
It v corporas. Itm a vestment of red velvett. Itm iij other 

vestments for the fferryall dayes. 
Itm ij aulter clothys of dyaper & viij other aullter clothys of 

lynen cloth. 

* This line has been erased by another hand. 



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NOTES FROM RECORDS OF SMARDEN CHURCH. 225 

Itm x towells & xij front clothys. 
Itm ij sylver challyse gylte. 

This is the accompte of John Draner esquier made before 
the presens of the parisshe of Smrden the yj daye of Januarij, in 
the yere of o r lorde 1546, and yn the most victor - rayne of Henr 
the viii by Godds Grace Kyng of Englonde, Prance, & Irelonde 
defender of the fayth & yn erthe next imediate under Christ 
supreme hedde of the churches of Englonde & also of Irelonde 
the xxxviij. 

First layd owt for liij li. of waxe for the crosse 

lygth xxvjs. yjd. 

Itm lyed owt mor for iij li. of waxe candyll 

strekyng* xxj d. 

It for ij li. of waxe for depyng of torches xij d. 

It payd to Holnesse for strekyng of the crosse 
lygth & the paschail & for strekyng of ij li. of 
small candles iij s. iiij d. 

It payd to Holnesse for strekyng of the torches xviij d. 

It payd to Edward Fellande for mendyng of the 

lytle bell claper & for mendyng of the canapye xxij d. 

It payd to Wood wydow for mendyng of the vest- 
ment ij d. 

It payd for shutynge of xxxiij li. of brasse for the 

bellys iijd. the pownde viij s. iij d. 

It payd for xix li. of newe brasse vjd. the li. the 

summa ix s. vj d. 

It payd for new trussyng of the bell & hanggynge iiij s. 

It payd for carynge of the brassys twesse to God- 

mersam xij d. 

It payd for a cruet iiij d. 

It for for (sic) a li. of wexe candell strekyng jd. and 

alb vij d. ob. 

It payd for a li. of talow cande//. ij d. 

It for mendyng of the serplis & other of the church 

ger viij d. 

* ' To streak=to stripe ; to variegate in lines ; to dapple." (Todd's Johnson, 
a. v.) This item was probably some substance wherewith to deck the candles 
with stripes of colour. 

vol. a q 

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226 NOTES PROM THE RECORDS 

This 73 the acompte of John Woollton made before the 
presence of the parisshe of Smarden in the churche of Smarden 
the fyrste daye of the moneth of Januarij in the yere of our 
lorde god a m.cccccxlvii & in the fyrste yere of the moste 
vyctorious reygne of Edwarde the yj by the grace of God kyng 
of Engl and e, Frounce, & Irelande, Defendour of the faythe & 
in earthe under Chryste of the churche of Englande & of 
Irelande the supreme heade. 

Fyrste leyde owte for ix li. of new waxe to renew 

the paskall the fonte taper, and iij li. of small 

candell price of a pounde vj d. s'ma iiij s. yj d. 

Item payd for strycking of the olde & new waxe at 

Ester, xv d. 

Ite payd for whytyng of the chrystover vj d. 

Itm payd for strykynge of ij li. of small candy 11 that 

wase of the passkoll ijd . 

Ite leyde owte more to James Hynxsell for iij lockes 

& keyes charnells* & nayles for the godds cheste iij s. ii d. 
Ite rec of John Anderson in the yere of o r lorde God 

m.cccccxlvi. for farme of the chyrche crafte xvj d. 
It rec of James Lake for xix ells of Whyte clothe 

of ye roodelofte whyche they bought price the 

ell vd. ob. summa viij s. viij d. 

Ite rec of James Lake for a stayne clothe that he 

bought xvj d. 

Ite rec of John Sharpe for iij stayne clothes that he 

bought xvj d. 

Ite rec. vli. of waxe that was of the paskall ijd. ob. 

a ponde xij d. ob. 

It resseuyd of Stephyn Hoker for an old vestment viij d. 
It resseuyd of John Wollton for a cloth viij d. 

It resseuyd for other small thyngs ij s. x d. 

It resseuyd more of John Anderson for the case of 

the orgins iijs.yjd.more. 

1548. 
Itm resseuid of John Andersone fore the case of 

olde organs iij s. 

* CharneU0=hingeB. (French, oharmms.) 



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OF SMAEDEN CHURCH. 227 

Itm resseuid more of the said John Andersone fore 

brass & latten xx s. 

It rec more of hym fore vij li. of Torche waxe xiiij d. 

Ttm resseuyd of Mast Draner for wax xij d. 

Itm resseuid of Wyllm Dyngleden fore viij li. of 

waxe xx d. 

Itm resseuid of Robert Davy for a pec* of a vestment vjd . 

Itm resseuyd of Wyllm Yngreme fore a stone iiij d. 

The expencs & chargs 
Pyrst payde to Henry glacer for v score & iij ffette 

of glasse xxiiij s. iiij d. 

Itm paid to Thorn's Norton for scourynge of the 

gret caastyck xij d. 

Itm leid owt yn expens when the kyngs comirsyoners 

sate at Estheford ij s. 

Itm leyd owt fore whyttyng over the roode lofte x s. 
Itm paid to John Woollton fore the booke of the 

paraphrases of Erasmus v s. 

Itm paid to Jeffreys Wode ffor the wryttings over the 

roodelofte xvj s. 

Itm leid owt to the wrytter that flynysched the 

writtyng over the roode lofte v s. jd . 

Itm geuen to them that hoysted the ladder j d. 

1549. 

Receyts. 

Itm for ij cusshyns solde to John Wolton xvj d. 
Itm for an olde dore (Roodloft?) soulde to Edwarde 

Pellande v d. 

Itm for ij panes of glasse solde to Ric Ricarde vj d. 

Itm for the olde orgaine pippes solde x s. vij d. 

Itm for stones solde to Mr. Drayner vs. iiij d. 

Itm rec for the ferme of lv li. belonginge to ye 

church lv s. 

The expens & chargs. 
for tymbre for the Roode lofte xii d. 

Itm layde out at Ayshforth xvj d. 

Q 2 

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228 NOTES FROM THE RECORDS 

Itm for shinglinge of the church xxiij s. 

Itm for pullynge doune of the altare ij s. 

Itm layde out at homes for the men that were chosen 

for the pore men viij d. 

Itm given to ye pore men iiij d. 

Itm payde to John Wolton for a book iij s. viij d. 

1550. 
Receytes. 

for the healyngs* (covers ?) of the books that ware 

solde iiij s. vj d. 

Itm of John Andersone for glasse & syxe torche 

staves ij s. iiij d. 

Itm of John Woulton for a stone (altar ?) xij d. 

Itm for a paynted cloth xviij d. 

Expence & charge. 
Itm to John Harneden for takinge doune of the 

altare stone, & makinge up of the church wall iij s. 
Itm payde to the scholemaster xx s. 

Itm spente at Me fyrste goynge to Ayschforte xij d. 

Itm at the seconde tyme goynge thether ix d. 

Itm to John Anderson for caryenge the church boks 

to Canterbury ij s. viij d. 

Itm to Anderson's doughter for strykinge of Me 

church iiij d. 

Itm at the vysytacon at Pluckeleye ij s. iiij d. 

Itm to the somenare for the presentment iij d. 

Itm for mendinge of Me coope & two books iiij d. 

Itm to Thomas Hoppare for whyttinge where as the 

syde altares was iiij d. 

Itm for drinke to ym Mat had out Me altare stones ijd. 
Itm to William Cooke for havinge owte Me rubbyshe j d. 

1551. 
Leyde out 

for an Inglishe psalter for Me church ij s. 

Itm for wayshinge Me church gere iiij d. 

* Heil, to cover; thus,"ij oussohyns helyd with grene velvet." (Archaic Die.) 



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OF SMABDEN CHURCH. 229 

1552, 
Fyrst payd to the Skollemaster ffor his wags which 

was promysed to hym for techying of chylldren xx s. 
Itm payd to Wyllm Baker ffor mendyng of a lyttell 

stooll besyd the fFownt iiij d. 

Itm payd to John Hope for payntyng of the clothe 

of the roodeloft lj s. viij d. 

Itm payd to John Andersone for x ells of canves & 

v ells of whyt clothe xiij s. ix d. 

Itm paid to John Hor ffor wryttyng of the bemys xj s. yj d. 
Itm payd for the new booke of the comen prayer iiij s. 

1553. 
Fyrst for breade for the Comunyon ob. 

for a pynt of malvesy for the Comunyon ij ob. 

Itm on Easter daye for a pottell of wyn & the 

fetching xj d. 

Itm for a gallonu of wyn on Easter middaye & 

fetchinge xxj d. 

Itm for a gallonn of clarete wyn & fetching xiij d. 

Itm for our meat & drink at Aysheford when we 

caryed up our vestements xix d. 

Itm for an horse to carry the same yj d. 

Itm to Me dark for makinge the inventory iiij d. 

Itm to John Hunt for Me comunyon bread xij d. 

Itm for a quart of Bedd wyne & Me fetching iiij d. 

Itm for a quart of Malvesy & Me fetching yj d. 

Itm for a pinte of bastard & the fetching ij d. ob. 

Itm for a quart of whyt wyn & Me fetchinge iij d. 

Itm for a quart of french wyn & Me fetchinge iij d. 

{Note. — There are sixteen entries of wine this year. 
The foregoing and all entries during the reign of King 
Edward VI. have been crossed out, in the original, 
probably during Queen Mary's reign, by some zealous 
supporter of Popery, as no such obliterations occur, 
after the Popish ceremonies were restored. And it is 
noticeable that the pen is not drawn through several 
lists of names which occur, but only through the 
entries relating to Church matters.] 



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230 NOTES FROM THE RECORDS 

1554. 
Payments. 
Paid ffor one masse booke xx s. 

Itm paid ffor one manuell v s. 

Itm paid ffor a portees* ffor the winter half yere iiij s. 
Itm paid to James Swifte ffor bringing home the 

said books yj d. 

Itm paid ffor makinge & gildinge of the crosse xij d. 

Itm paid ffor iiij menes chargs at Asshefforthe at 

the Queenes visitacion xxijd. 

Itm paid ffor a corpores kercher xvj d. 

Itm paid ffor mendinge the crismatorief vj d. 

Itm paid for makinge the pascall iiij d. 

Itm paid in expencs at the second visitacon at 

Asshforth xv s. 

Itm paid ffor makinge the bill of p'sentment iiij d. 

Itm paid ffor makinge the aulter iiij s. 

Itm paid ffor a load of sand viij d. 

Itm paid ffor carreinge the aulter stone&settingeitup xviij d. 
Itm paid to Thomas Cotton ffor a portues for the 

summer tyme xij d. 

Itm paid ffor a holy water stock of Latin (latten, an 

alloy of copper and zinc) iiij s. 

Itm paid ffor a paxej xij d. 

Itm paid for a holy water sticke iiij d* 

[This was the holy water sprinkler, or aspergillum, 

which, says Fosbrooke, was generally of metal 

with horsehair.] 

1555. 
Itm paid to Setchfforte ffor ij candlestecks of Latin iiij s. iiij d. 
Itm paid ffor a pixe§ iij s. iiij d, 

* Portesse, a breviary. The foreign breviaries were divided aooording to the 
four seasons, but in England into winter and summer parts. (Waloott's ' Sacred 
Archaeology/ p. 459. 

f The chrismatory, a vase for holding chrism. 

t The pax was a tablet of metal, usually latten, whioh was kissed by priest 
and people. (Waloott's ' Archaeology,' p. 436.) 

§ Tabernacle or piz was a small cabinet for the host. It was made of gold or 
silver, and set with precious stones. Under the oiborium or canopy hung the 
pix or box in whioh the host was placed. (Fosbrooke and Nicolas, 'Testament* 
Vetusta, 1 i. 33. 



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OF SMARDEN CHURCH. 231 

Itm paid to the carvar of AsshefForthe ffor the rood 

Mary & John & ffor caringe of them home xxvij s. viij d. 

Itm paid to Felland ffor iron to fFasten the crosse in 

the roode lofte iiij d. 

Itm paid to the paintar ffor puttiuge out the 
writinge in the roodlofte v s. 

Itm ffor goinge to Lenh'm ffor the paynter ij d. 

Itm paid ffor bread & drinck to them that did helpe 
to have up & downe the ladders to set up the 
roode ix d. 

Itm ffor careage of bords & gists to make the 

skaffole iiij d. 

Itm ffor myn expencs goinge to Aisshefforth to point 

w th the joyner when the rood should be redie vj d. 

Itm paid to Duck ffor takinge down the cloth & 

ffor mendinge of a Ladder ij d. 

Itm ffor waxe against Easter ii s. j d. 

Itm ffor strikinge of the same waxe iiij d. 

Itm to Setchfforthe ffor a bok called a grayle xxj s. 

Itm ffor bringinge home the same book viij d. 

Itm ffor the releif of the poore wench w ch was dis- 
traught of her mynd xij d. 

Itm to Felland ffor makinge yron work for the pixe vj d. 

Itm paid to the sexten ffor mendinge holes to kepe 

the coluers (colvere, a dove) out of the churche ij d. 

Itm paid ffor a new crosse of Latin xxvj s. viij d. 

Itm ffor my expencs goinge to London iiij s. 

Itm ffor settin on the crosse ob. 



1556. 
Receipts. 
Rec ffor a broche of silver (clasp for a cope) xiij s. 

Payments. 

Itm for ij lb. of waxe ffor the pascall xx d. 

Itm for strikinge the same waxe ij d. 



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232 NOTES FROM THE RECORDS 

Itm to Christophor Mills ffpr makinge the sepulcre . 

and other things against Ester* iij s. viij d. 

Itm for the boke of the articles iij d. 

Itm ffor a horse to Cant, to bear the certifficats vj d. 
Itm ffor a lampe glasse iij d. 

Item a Ian torn e to go in visitacon w tb all viij d. 

Itm ffor myn expencs & my horse goinge to Cant. 

to mak certifficath8 of things provided in the 

church xx d. 

Itm ffor the ymage of Saint Michell xx s. 

Itm for carreing whom the same ymage iiij d. 

Itm ffor my chargs & my horse goinge to Assheforth 

to ffett home the said ymage (St. Michael, the 

patron saint) vj d. 

Itm at Cranbrok ffor my dinner when we were beffor 

the comissioners iiij d. 

Itm the boke of injunctions ij d. 

Itm for a yeard of red sarsnett to make a pixe 

cloth iiij s. 

Itm for a frindge ffor the pixe clothe ii s. viij d. 

Itm ffor a skayne of black silke to set on the 

ffrindge ij d. 

Itm ffor a portees ffor the wint r tyme iiij s. iiij d. 

1557. 
Faiments. 
First paid to Thomas Cotton for the table upon our 

Ladye Altare yj d. 

Itm paid for mendinge the vestmente, and the crosse 

clothe iiij d. 

Itm to William Glover for a pound of candle iij d. ob. 

Itm to Richard Ricard for makinge the pascall iiij d. 

Itm paid to John Anderson for a lampe yron vj d. 

* In Passion week the bells were not rang because the Apostles then deserted 
Christ, and lights were extinguished for other mystical reasons; there was 
also a Maundy procession, with a wooden tomb of Christ called the Paschal, 
as a mock imitation of betraying our Lord ; on Good Friday, creeping to the cross 
(which was laid upon the ground) upon hands and knees to kiss the feet of it ; 
on Saturday, the Paschal taper was paraded in procession ; on Easter day, the office 
of the Sepulchre was used. See Fosbrooke, 702 ; * Antiquities of Smarden,' p. 45. 



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OF SMABBBN CHTJBCH. 233 

Itm paid for a lampe glasse iiij d. 

Itm paid for a sensare & twoo cruetts viij s. x d. 

Itm paid for twoo books called ympuars iiij s. iiij d. 

Itm paid to father Sharpe for a litle bell iij d. 

Itm paid for the purse to bere the sacramente in xvj d. 
Itm for havinge in the altare stone out of the strete viij d. 
Itm paid for mendinge the cope & the sirplece iij d. 

Itm paid to William Cooke for makinge the tapers 

before the roode iij d. 

Itm paid to Pelland for a locke & a keye for the 

founte* iiij d. 

Itm laid oute for iiij li. & a halfe of waxe to make 

the paschall iiij s. j d. 

Itm for makinge of the paschall & for strickinge of 

candles iiij d. 

Itm for sowinge one of the velvett upon the aulbe 

agaynste Ester iiij d. 

1558. 
Rec of Harnedenes widowe for twoo yeres farme of 

the churche craffte iij s. iiij d. 

Itm for a booke that I solde ij d. 

Itm for a launterne that I solde vj d. 

Paiments. 
Itm for three pounde & a halfe of waxe for the 

pa8call iii s. vj d. 

Itm for a booke of the procession in Englishe ij d. 

Itm twoo newe bookes for the churche vj s. viij d. 

Itm at the quenes visitacon at Asheforthe iij s. v d. 

Itm for our presentmente & inventorye, writinge & 

layinge in xiiij d. 

Itm for pluckinge downe the highe aulter xiiij d. 

1559. 
Receipts. 
Itm rec a gilte chalice of silver w th a patene the 
weighte of xxiij ownces iij qrters at v' iiij d the 
ownce stfmme vj li. vj s. viij d. 

* Fonts had covers, whioh were formerly locked down upon the font for fear 
of witohcraft. See ( The Structure of Churches,' by Eev. G. A. Poole. 



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234 NOTES FROM THE RECORDS 

Itm layde out the xviij daye of Maie for writinge 
& settinge up of the roodelothe (sic) clothe & 
other chargs therof xiij s. x d. 

Itm pad to John Harneden the xxiij Dec. for 

defacinge of certayne places in the churche ij s. ij d. 

1560. 
Recepts. 
Itm rec of Thomas Norton for part of the Rodloft xx s. 
Itm rec of George Boycott for old paynted clothes xviij d. 

Payments. 
Itm pd. for the table of the x comandmmts ij s. 

Itm to Wells widow for a table xx d. 

1562. 

Itm receaved of John Sadler of Madstonc for the 
chalice over and above the price of the Comu- 
nyon Oupp vij s. iiij d. 

Itm pd. for the booke of abstynence vij d. 

Itm pd. for the new booke of homelies iijs. 

1563. 
Receipts. 

Itm rec of John Philpot for ij copes iiij s. vj d. 

Itm rec of Willm. Whytt for a bell & a cruett xvj d. 

Itm paide for a quart of clarett wyne iiij d. 

Itm paide for one Psalter ixd. 

Itm paide for a pynt of mustodyne iiij d. 

Itm paide for makyng of a doore for a lytle stooll iiij cL 

1564. 

Itm payd more to Ralf Pelland for makyng and 
setting on of ij payer of Charnayles (hinges) 
uppon a stoole doore vj d. 

Itm payd more for two singinge psallter bookes in 

meter xvj d. 



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OF SMARDEN CHURCH. 235 

1566. 

Item the xj of June to Pellande for sharping the 
mattocke & for a paire charnels for the goodye 
Lakes pue dore iij d. 

Itm for a quarte of wine basterde vj d. 

1568. 
Pd. for the Bible & ij psalters xviij s. viij d. 

1572-1573. 
Itm laid out for the ringers when the quenes grace 

was here ij s. x d. 

Queen Elizabeth must have passed through Smar- 
den, probably on her way to Boughton Malherb. 
This was three years before she granted a charter for 
a market.* 

1576. 
Pd. to John Quested for whippinge dogs out of the 

churche xij d. 

1577. 
Paid for a quart of whitt wine, & bred at H allow - 

tydef vj d. ob. 

1587. 
For answeringe to the 34 Articles vj d. 



* See F. Haslewood's 'Antiquities of Smarten,' p. 23. 
f Hallowmass, the Feast of All Saints. Halowe Thursday, Holy Thursday. 
(Archaic Die, p. 430.) 



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( 236 ) 



LOW SIDE WINDOW IN DODINGTON CHURCH.— 
LETTER PROM ARCHDEACON TROLLOPE. 

Leasingham, Sleaford, 

July 13th, 1872. 

Dear Mr. Robbbtson, — I am exceedingly sorry 
that I cannot reach Kent in time to attend the 
Meeting of the "Kent Archaeological Society," and 
especially its Excursion to Dodington, and other 
Churches, on the 31st inst., as I should have had 
much pleasure in offering my opinion, as to the 
remarkable low-side window in that church, according 
to your request, on the spot, had this been possible. 
Under these circumstances I will venture to write, 
shortly, respecting that most remarkable specimen of 
those windows which throws more light upon their 
former use than any other in England, except one in 
Elsfleld Church, Oxfordshire, which is of the same 
character and of equal ecclesiological value. Some- 
times these are separate from the other windows 
of a church, smaller than the rest, and on a lower 
level; but, perhaps, more frequently below one of 
these, and divided from the upper, or ordinary, portion 
by a transom. Their peculiar characteristics are the 
lowness of their position, and that they were never 
originally glazed, but simply provided with a shutter 
and protected externally by iron bars, or a grating. 
Their usual position is towards the west end of the 
chancel, and one of these is often found in churches 
dating from the 12th to the 15th centuries, but some- 



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tOW BID1 WINDOW IK DODI1TOTOH CHU1CH. 



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LOW SIDE WINDOW IN DODINGTON CHUECH. 237 

times two of them. Such an arrangement was 
common in secular buildings, i.e. glazed lights above, 
and shuttered ones below, during the Mediaeval Period, 
for the purpose of dividing the office of giving light 
and air to halls, etc. ; and in some instances low-side 
windows in churches served only as ventilators apart 
from the rest, on the right principle of letting in air 
at a low level, and also occasionally to prevent any 
interference with the series of subjects painted upon 
the glass of the windows proper ; but I cannot think 
that this was the principal reason of their construction, 
and certainly not the only one, as clearly demonstrated 
by those of Dodington and Elsfleld. The first is a 
late specimen of the 15th century, originally, like all 
others, fitted with a shutter only, of which the hinges 
and bolt-hole still remain, although now glazed. But 
the especial point of interest, in connection with this 
window, is a stone desk projecting from its splay, 
and a little arched niche above it, most distinctly 
evidencing that this window was certainly used for 
some religious purpose, at which a service book was 
used, and either a crucifix, or the host, was displayed. 
Confession, or the administration of holy Communion, 
naturally suggest themselves — administered under 
peculiar circumstances. 

Putting aside, as untenable, the suggestions that 
such windows were intended for the use of the 
paschal light watchers, between Good Priday and 
Easter Day, and that they served for the reception of 
alms, or the distribution of the same, and being 
assured that they were used by a priest within, minis- 
tering to some person or persons without, — from the 
arrangement of this window and its accessories, con- 
fession seems to be the most probable use to which it 



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238 LOW SIDE WINDOW IN 

points, but possibly the administration of the holy 
Communion also, — both under peculiar circumstances, 
as in the case of infected persons. 

Such a custom was probably never strictly author- 
ized, but yet apparently became common, and is akin 
to the necessary practice, still in vogue, of not taking 
a corpse into a church which might infect the living, 
at the discretion of the minister, and especially in the 
case of those formerly, so often, suffering from that 
common mediaeval complaint in England, leprosy, 
arising from the long use of salted meat, and the dirty 
habits then prevalent. 

We have no doubt but what the practice called 
" outer confession " did prevail commonly, and I fully 
believe that these low-side windows were used for this 
purpose, — i.e. that when a person could not be safely 
admitted into the church, he could fulfil the duty of 
confession on the outside of it, whilst the priest 
received his confession within, pronounced absolution, 
and perhaps also occasionally administered a reserved 
host to the sufferers, who thus drew near to the house 
of God, and earnestly desired to benefit by the minis- 
trations of the Church and her priests. Reference is 
made to the practice of " outer confession " in monas- 
teries in a letter from Thomas Bedyll, one of the 
visitors appointed by Cromwell to examine the monas- 
teries when their plunder by Henry VIII. was con- 
templated. This speaks of the Nunnery of Syon, 
which he visited Dec. 17th, 1534, wherein he says : — 
"We have sequestered Whitford and Littell from 
hfering of the lady's confessions ; and we think it best 
that the place where these friars have been wont to 
hear uttward confessions of all commers, at certain 
tymes of the yere, be walled up, and that use to be 



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DODINGTON CHTJECH. 239 

fordoen for ever, for the hering of uttward confes- 
sions hath been the cause of much evyl," etc. (MS. 
Cott. Cleop. C. IV. fol. 109.) It may, however, be 
said that this only refers to a monastic practice ; but 
the actual existence of very many windows remark- 
ably well adapted to this use in our parish churches, 
and of very different periods, seems to prove that the 
practice of "outer confession" was general. Then, 
possessing these low side windows for this purpose, 
the occasional administration of the host by the same 
means to diseased persons, whose presence would be 
dangerous in the congregation, was natural, and was 
illustrated by a mural painting discovered a few years 
ago in Eton College Chapel, which represented the 
converted son of a Jew receiving holy Communion 
through one of these small windows. 

With best wishes for the success of your Kentish 
Society, and of your own labours, believe me 
Yours very faithfully, 

Edward Tbollope. 

[When this letter was read to the members of our Society 
assembled in Dodington Church, the Rev. R. P. Coates 
suggested that the low side window may have been connected 
with the cell of an anchorite, or "Anker." In Darenth 
Churchyard he had found traces of a cross wall, at right angles 
to the chancel wall, just beyond one of these windows. This 
looked as if an anchorite's cell might formerly have existed 
there. Where no graves were in the way, Mr. Coates 
suggested that excavations should be made outside the low 
side windows, for the purpose of tracing whether cells had 
existed contiguous to them in the churchyard.] 



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( 240 ) 




HJ.WXB17BS? CHUBCB, FROM TBM SOUYH>XA.ST. 



THE CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 
BY THE VICAR, THE REV. H.* A. JEFFREYS, 

STUDENT OP CH. CH. OXFORD ; AND HON. CANON OF CANTERBURY. 

Hawkhurst is not mentioned in Domesday Book, 
and we may safely assume that it did not possess any 
church at the time of the Norman Conquest. 

Lambarde, who wrote his Perambulation of Kent 
300 years ago (1570), records a tradition to which he 
attaches some likelihood, that the Weald of Kent 
remained a wilderness for many years after the rest 
of the county was peopled. Hawkhurst, which is a 
part of the Weald, and was in the thick of the royal 
forest occupying the site of the great wood called by 
the Romans Anderida, would have been especially 
likely to be late in being constituted into a parish. 
In the days of the Conqueror its inhabitants were 
sparse, settlers in the wood here and there, each prin- 
cipal occupier, — squatter as he would now be called 



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CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 241 

in Australia, — having a recognized run for his hogs 
to range over, where they might feed upon the acorns 
with which the wood ahounded. Hence, say some, 
came the name of Den for these Wealden holdings, — 
an expressive term, and very suitable for such retreats 
in the wild, whether we regard man or beast. 

When, in 1067, William the Conqueror founded, 
ten miles south of Hawkhurst, his magnificent thank- 
offering of Battle Abbey, he made the royal tnanor of 
Wye, to which Hawkhurst with its Dens belonged, 
part of the abbey's endowment. It was twenty-seven 
years before the abbey was completed sufficiently to 
be consecrated, and it would be necessarily a long 
time before such a new institution, with its monks 
imported from France, would become sufficiently 
rooted in the country for its Abbot to give much 
attention to the wilds of Hawkhurst. 

To suppose, however, with Kilburne, whom Hasted, 
Dearn, Hussey, and others have herein blindly 
followed, that it was not till the reign of Edward III. 
that the Abbot of Battle founded Hawkhurst Church, 
and that then, as some of these writers seem to inti- 
mate, the present composite edifice sprung up suddenly 
complete among us, is contrary to reason and all 
experience, and is contradicted by positive facts. 

For first let me touch slightly on the manorial 
relations which existed between the Abbey and Hawk- 
hurst. Bather more than 100 years after the founda- 
tion of the Abbey, we find Abbot Odo confirming his 
"men of Hawkhurst" in undisturbed possession of 
their holdings, on their paying a yearly quit rent of 
£10, twenty hens, and 250 eggs. In this grant* the 

* The grant is undated. Odo was Abbot from a.d. 1175 to 
a.d. 1199. 

VOI,. IX, R 



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242 OHUECH Or 8T. LAUBBNCB, HAWKHTJBOT. 

Ville of Hawkhurst is spoken of as amongst the lands 
ceded, whatever the Latin word "Villa," which I have 
translated Ville, may at that time have meant. 

About 100 years after Odo's time, being the 14th 
of King Edward L, Abbot Henry of Aylesford for 
certain considerations reduced the quit rent from £10 
to £8, took twenty-five hens instead of twenty, but 
left the egg rent the same as before. The hens and 
eggs, however, were commuted for a money payment 
of 8*. This shews incidentally the value of money in 
the reign of King Edward I. It is recorded* of that 
King, that, on his dispossessing some monks of their 
estates he allowed them 1*. 6d. a week to live upon. 
This sounds a very small sum, yet not so small, when 
we remember that it would have purchased, nearly, 
five hens and fifty eggs. 

In this second grant the "men of Hawkhurst" 
are called the tenants of Hawkhurst, and tKeir hold- 
ings are described as twelve dens. The Ville of 
Hawkhurst is dropped, and we find, apparently in its 
stead, " Hawkhurst Den," which stands at the head 
of the dens. Of the eleven which follow by name, 
Delmynden, Sisely, or Sisly as it is now pronounced, 
and Bartilt, remain as well known farms amongst us 
to this day. 

It would be most injurious to the Abbots of 
Battle, as being in direct opposition to all their well- 
known liberality to our parish, to suppose that while 
they thufe took of our worldly things they gave us in 
exchange no spiritual things; and it is pleasant to 
find evidence, in the Archiepiscopal Archives at 
Lambeth, that there was a Rector of Hawkhurst at 
least as early as Abbot Henry's time. For in the 

* See Bp. Fleetwood's Chronicon Preciosum. 



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CHURCH OF ST. LATJBENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 243 

year 1291, five years after the readjustment of the 
quit rent, a priest, Richard de Clyve, was admitted, 
as I am kindly informed by Mr. Scott Robertson, to 
hold the Church of Hawkhurst m commendcm.* 
This one fact settles the question as to our having 
had a church here, at least as early as the reign of 
King Edward I. And inasmuch as it will presently 
appear that great alterations were made in Richard 
Clyve's church in the reign of Edward II., or, at 
latest, of Edward III., common sense and experience 
in such things will carry the first church back a long 
way. It is only after a considerable life that a church 
usually requires, or suggests, extensive alteration. It 
is a reasonable supposition, therefore, that our first 
church was coeval with Abbot Odo. 

When we were restoring our present church in 
1859, many of us had the pleasure of seeing, and a 
few of us the more doubtful pleasure of working at, 
what we supposed at the time to be the foundations 
of this original church. They were two walls, ex- 
tending in parallel lines, along either side of the 
western half of the present nave. They were formed 
of concrete, and were as hard as adamant. In this 
respect, they were quite unlike any of the foundation 
walls of the present church, which, for the purpose of 
ventilation, we pierced in five separate places, east, 
west, and south, without any difficulty. To lower, 
however, the ancient concrete walls as little as eight 
or nine inches was a severe toil. 

I regret that I did not take the measurement 
of the distance between these walls, but I should put 
it at 34 feet, — a less span than that of Smarden 
Church, the Barn of Kent, which I understand is 

* Archbp. Peckham'6 Register, folio 41 a. 

» 2 



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244 CHTJBCH OP ST. LATJBENOE, HAWKHURST. 

36 feet. Perhaps, however, as no further traces of 
the walls appeared, though the whole area of the 
church was laid hare, and as the most ancient portion 
of the present structure lies in its north-eastern corner, 
we must not conclude that the foundations in question 
were other than of some enclosure, perhaps of the 
"Ville" of Hawkhurst, which had to he removed 
when the church was extended to the west. 

Reverting to Rector Cly ve, it is historically inte- 
resting to know that he was admitted to hold our 
church in commendam hy Archbishop Peckham,* under 
the then recently made rule against the abuse of 
commendams, drawn up at the Council of Lyons in 
Prance in the time of Pope Gregory X. Arch- 
bishop Peckham, once a Canon of Lyons, had himself 
introduced the rule into England. Clyve was further 
allowed leave of non-residence for a year to study at 
the University of Paris. Such leave of absence for 
study was often granted in those days to rectors, they 
being obliged to provide while away a suitable, not 
curate, but vicar. 

Twenty years after the admission of Richard 
Clyve to the rectory, that is, in the fifth year of 
King Edward II., as Dugdale and Hasted report, — 
though in Kilburne we read of King Edward I., 
perhaps by some error of printing, — the then abbot 
obtained the King's licence for a weekly market and 
an annual fair at Hawkhurst. This argued an 
increasing population, and a more important village. 
Por a period of 460 years this fair was held, but in 
this year, 1873, it ceased to be. The parishioners 
considered that it had quite worn itself out", and was 
jio longer of any good for pleasure or profit. Accord- 

* Vide his Register, folio 41 a. 



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CHUflCH OF 8T. LAUBENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 245 

ingly, application was made for its suppression under 
the Pairs' Act of 1871, and this very ancient institu- 
tion became, a few months ago, a thing of the past. 

But in the year 1312 the circumstances of Hawk- 
hurst were very different, and both fair and market 
were of great use. They were held near the church, 
on the " Moor," as the waste was then called. The 
site still retains the same name, although it is now 
reduced to the proportions of a village green. The 
market day was Wednesday. There was a market 
cross, and also a small house called St. Margaret's 
Cross, where the unsold corn was put. This house 
remained till nearly the time of Kilburne, who wrote 
his Survey in 1659. The only reminiscence of the 
market that survives to this time is the eastern outlet 
from our churchyard, which appears to have abutted 
directly on the market place, and is, perhaps from 
Kilburne's description, now called Market Cross. Old 
inhabitants remember when the small plot of green 
opposite this outlet was very much larger, and an- 
swered exactly Kilburne's description of " a green at 
the moor, against the mansion house of William Boys, 
Esq.," now of E. G. Hartnell, Esq. They also well 
recollect a small general shop in the Passage. Kil- 
burne speaks of shops. The other houses may of 
course have been shops at one time. The Parish 
Clerk lived in one of them sixty years ago, and it 
now belongs to the Parish Clerk, Mr. George Taplin. 

The fair was held on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of 
August, the 10th being the Peast of St. Laurence, to 
whom our' church is dedicated, the 9th and 11th its 
"Vigil" and "Morrow." 

The movement then going on in the parish, and 
the connection of the fair with the Peast of St, 



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246 CHTJECH OF ST. LATJBENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 

Laurence, suggest the idea of some new development 
of the church at this time, and the three Decorated 
windows on the north side of the north chancel point 
to the reign of either the Second or Third Edward as 
the period of their erection. These windows, as will 
be presently explained more fully, were constructed 
so as to' admit nine coats of arms. Kilburne, who 
was a Hawkhurst man, gives the reign of the Third 
Edward as the time when the church was, as he says, 
founded by the then Abbot of Battle, and he men- 
tions, as if in confirmation of the tradition, that the 
easternmost of the said three windows contained the 
arms of Edward III., and of his son, I suppose the 
Black Prince. But the Pashley arms were also in 
one of the nine shields, and Edmund de Passleye, as I 
shall shew hereafter, was a stirring personage in the 
neighbourhood in the reign of Edward II. When we 
have examined the various details of the building, we 
shall be in a better position to form a judgment on 
the difficult question, as to how and when our church 
attained to its mature proportions. Meanwhile we 
know that if Kilburne used the word founded other- 
wise than in a very wide sense, he had been misled. 

As it appears now, the church, which is built of 
the native sandstone, is 127 feet long on the inside. 
It consists of three conterminous chancels, each having 
an interior length of 34£ feet ; a nave, with two aisles, 
each 73£ feet long inside ; a western tower, 68£ feet 
high, with a turret six feet higher, the clear interior 
area of the tower floor being 15£ feet square; and 
north and south porches, over each of which there is 
a chamber approached by a turret stair. Upon the 
north side there is a turret, where the chancel and 
aisle meet; and outside the east end of the middle 



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CHUfcCH 0* Stf. LAtJEENCE, HAWKHTJR8T. 247 

chancel, three low battlemented walls, of very great 
thickness, enclose beneath the great east window a 
narrow rectangular space, which has of late years been 
roofed in, to form a vestry. 

The roofs of the main chancel and nave are of the 
same height externally, and are now slated through- 
out. In 1849 the chancel was shingled, the north 
side of the nave tiled, and the south side slated, with 
a dormer window constructed in it to light the then 
existing galleries. The window has since been closed 
up. Internally the said roofs are respectively 33 feet 
10 inches, and 35 feet high, divided by an arch 31 
feet 7 inches high, all three measurements being 
taken from the level of the nave floor. The ceilings 
are both boarded, and that of the nave is a perfect 
specimen of an inverted ship. The north aisle and 
north chancel are respectively 21 feet 1£ inches, and 
20 feet 9£ inches high, and are divided by an arch 
15 feet 3 inches high. The south aisle and south 
chancel are respectively 19 feet 10£ inches, and 
19 feet 2 inches high, and are separated by an arch 
17 feet 2 inches high. The main and south chancel 
arches are alike in character ; the north chancel arch 
is more pointed, and of plainer mouldings. 

Two low arcades, not quite symmetrical, but each 
of two arches, wide and nearly round, separate the 
chancels. The piers of these arcades are very low in 
comparison with the great height of the chancel roof, 
those on the north side being only 7 feet 4| inches 
from the floor to the spring of the arch, and those on 
the south side 7 feet 6 inches ; each arch is about 15 
feet wide, and 14 feet 4 inches high from the north 
chancel floor. The central chancel arch is handsome, 
and nearly as wide as the chancel itself, which is an 



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248 CHUECH OF ST. LATJBENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 

inch more than 21 feet broad. The width of the north 
chancel is 16 feet 4 inches, and that of the south 
chancel 15 feet 4 inches; but the widths of their 
western arches are much more unequal. That of the 
north chancel is only 8 feet 2 inches wide in the clear 
at its bases, but is a foot wider above the bases ; its 
piers are 8 feet 9£ inches high from floor to spring. 
The south chancel arch has a width of 12 feet 4 inches 
clear between the bases of its piers, which are 9 feet 
1 inch high from floor to spring. 

The aisles, each of which is rather more than 
16 feet wide, are separated from the nave, which is 
20| feet wide, by two symmetrical arcades of four 
handsome Perpendicular arches, each arch having a 
clear width of 15 feet 4 inches above the bases, which 
are three feet thick ; the western arch in each arcade 
being 2£ inches wider than the others. These arches 
spring from octagonal piers, which are 8 feet 7 inches 
high from floor to spring, and have well moulded caps 
and bases. The handsome Perpendicular tower arch 
is 25 feet 8 inches high, measured from floor of nave, 
and has between its well-moulded piers a width of 
10 feet 9 inches at base, and of 11£ feet above the 
bases. Just eastward of the tower arch is the octa- 
gonal Perpendicular font, with sides, slightly fluted, 
carved with crosses and other emblems. In the tower 
there is a western window lately restored. 

A castellated battlement runs all around the 
church, except by the great east window, and beneath 
it is a handsome stringcourse enriched with corbels, 
which are worth notice ; one, over the middle south 
chancel window, represents the head of a muzzled 
bear. 

Having thus described the church's general form 

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CHURCH OF ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 249 

and proportions, let me now draw attention to its 
various constituent elements. 

- First, the walling of the three chancels, and of the 
easternmost part of the north aisle, embracing the 
window, is generally of unscapled and unsquared 
stones, except in the cases of the three north chancel 
buttresses, the turret near adjoining, and the castel- 
lated battlement on either side. All the rest of the 
walling of the church is of stones scapled and squared. 
All the scapled walls have a handsome plinth — the 
unscapled have no plinth. All the windows in the 
scapled masonry are Perpendicular, and have drip- 
stones ; all the windows in the unscapled masonry are 
either Decorated, or in various stages of transition 
from Decorated to Perpendicular, with no dripstones, 
except in the cases of the great east window, and of a 
strange square-headed window in the south chapel, 
which is the only bit of ragstone in the church, and 
may be considered altogether anomalous. 




Fig. 1. hosts CHAjrcsL or kawuumt chukch. 



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250 CHURCH OF ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURfiT. 

The Decorated windows are the three in the north 
chancel already mentioned, and two in the south 
chancel. They all have segmental heads. Those in 
the north chancel are of three lights, which are 
formed hy the method usual in the fourteenth cen- 
tury, of placing two ogee arches hetween the jambs so 
as to intersect one another (see Fig. 1). In this case 
the apices of the ogee arches are made to fall about a 
foot short of the segmental heads of the windows. 
Consequently, on the further production of the mul- 
lions, after intersection, shields are necessarily formed. 
This feature in our windows is, I believe, peculiar. 
If the tracery was designed for nine coats of arms, 
no contrivance could have been more simple and 
effectual. 

The Decorated windows in the south chancel are 







Fig. 2. 1AWIHUMT CHUECH, *A8T WHTSOW OF SOUTH CXAVCSL. 



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CHTJBCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTJBST. 251 

of flowing, but not of the ogee Decorated style. They 
are of four lights, one looking to the east (see Pig. 2), 
and one to the south. That to the east is filled with 
stained glass (Clayton and Bell), representing events 
subsequent to the Resurrection. The glass was erected 
by E. J. Jenings, Esq., of Elm Hill, Hawkhurst, as a 
memorial to his first wife. 

The great east window is a fine specimen of the 
transition from the Decorated to the Perpendicular 
style of architecture. Its tracery consists of two ogee 
arches, each covering two lights ; and, in order to in- 
troduce a middle and higher light, the inside mullions 
of these arches are carried, one right, and one left, in 
a circle round the whole window top, meeting at its 
head. The circle is filled with six lozenge-shaped 




Fig. 8. 6UAT bast wutdow, uwuvui (height 291 f°*t» breadth 15| feet/ 



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252 CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAW&HTTRST. 

lights, forming a star, and so arranged that a vertical 
moulding stands directly over the canopy of the middle 
light, thus forming, in the midst of ogee tracery, what 
was a distinguishing feature in the then probably new 
style of architecture, the carrying mouldings in a 
vertical line right up to the window heads. There 
are several little touches of this kind in the window 
(see Fig. 3). This splendid window is filled with 
stained glass (Clayton and Bell), representing the 
events of the Crucifixion. Edward Loyd, Esq., of 
Lillesden, Hawkhurst, erected the glass to the me- 
mory of his parents. 

The east window in the north chancel, and the 
window set in the unscapled masonry of the north 
aisle, both with segmental heads, shew a further ad- 
vance in the Perpendicular style. 

In the south chancel there is a further advance 
still in the same style, in a pointed arched window, 
with mullions richer than, but almost identical with, 
those of the west end of the church, next to which 
it is placed. It is the only window in the church, 
except the great east window, and the new tower 
window, that has an internal arch, though all the 
Perpendicular windows in the aisles have a nascent 
arch struck in the same style with this. This chancel 
window had once a counterpart, on a smaller scale, 
in the tower west window. Unfortunately, that win- 
dow had only wooden mullions when the late Mr. 
Carpenter undertook its restoration, now thirty years 
ago, and he naturally followed the style of the i;est 
of the western windows of the church. Afterwards a 
mullion was dug up in the churchyard, near the 
tower, which exactly corresponded with those of the 
south chancel window, to which I have just referred. 



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CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTJBST. 253 

Mr. Carpenter restored this tower window under an- 
other disadvantage. At that time the tower arch was 
entirely blocked up by a partition, partly wood and 
partly glass, and no view could be taken of the whole 
interior length of the church from the east end. Mr. 
Carpenter therefore treated the window independently, 
enlarged it, splayed away the jambs, and turned an 
inner arch. He never lived to see, on the removal of 
the said partition, that the window no longer cuts in 
right with the main Chancel and Tower arches. 

This tower window has been lately filled with 
stained glass (Clayton and Bell), representing inci- 
dents connected with Holy Baptism, at the sole ex- 
pense of Edward Loyd, Esq. Its former counterpart 
in the south chancel has also been filled with stained 
glass (Hardman), representing the Three Centurions. 
It was erected by E. G. Hartnell, Esq., of Elfords, in 
this parish, in memory of his only son, a cadet at 
Woolwich. 

The nave of the church and the main chancel are 
not exactly in one line. The chancel inclines slightly 
to the north. 

In 1849, when we removed the plaster from the 
wall above the western arch of the north chancel, a 
slanting line was found in the wall, indicating that 
the original roof was not flat, as it is now. This 
accords with the exterior* appearance of the north 
chancel wall, which shews that the windows in it 
were once lower, and on a level with the exceptional 
window in the unscapled masonry of the north aisle. 
This last window is set low, and yet as high as the 
segmental architrave of the recess, formed by the 
ancient piers between which it stands, admits. The 
piers and architrave do not reach the present aisle 



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254 CHURCH OF ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTTRST. 

ceiling by about five feet. The architrave agrees in 
height with the north chancel western arch. Outside 
we see that the old stringcourse, which ran above 
this window and the north chancel windows, has been 
knocked off, but, as the eye follows the line of muti- 
lation, it encounters, further eastward, a small por- 
tion of this old stringcourse still projecting. A 
family connection, between this portion of the north 
aisle and the north chancel wall, is possibly mani- 
fested by the fact that the new stringcourse, every- 
where else adorned with corbels, is there without 
them. 

The western arch of the south chancel, being at 
its lowest point only two feet below the south chancel 
ceiling, could of course not shew any slanting line 
when its wall was fresh plastered. The bottom of 
the north chancel arch, on the other hand, is 5 feet 
6 inches below its chancel ceiling. 

Abutting against the north pier of the middle 
chancel arch, and partly let into the pier, we dis- 
covered in 1859 the lower portion of a circular stone 
staircase, cut off abruptly to allow the first nave arch 
of the present church to spring from it, and also to 
allow a rood-loft passage to be carried over it. It was 
further shorn on either side to give more width to the 
chancel arch, and to the north aisle. This staircase, 
before it was shorn, evidently caused the narrowness of 
the north chancel's western arch, as compared with the 
broader western arch of the south chancel. Left open 
ever since its discovery, this stair is often mistaken 
for the ascent to the rood-loft of the present church. 
It could not, however, have led into that rood-loft, 
which was entered by a gallery crossing the north 
chapel arch, and reached by means of the adjoining 



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CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 255 

turret staircase, by which you ascend to the present 
flat roof. Half-way up this staircase there is an open- 
ing, now bricked up, which led into the said gallery ^ 
and which is level with the still open rood-loft door- 
way in the northern arcade of the nave. The brick- 
ing up was obliged to be increased in 1849, owing to 
a large fissure in the turret wall ; hence- the exact 
dimension of the former opening is no longer seen. 
It was only in 1859 that the rood-loft passage, which 
pierces both chancel piers, was discovered. That in 
the north pier is narrow and cramped, and the space 
not admitting a jamb to be constructed on the side 
next the chancel arch, the passage has a plain hori- 
zontal roof. That in the south pier is wider, has two 
jambs, and a well turned arch. The staircase and 
passages were merely filled up with loose stones. 
Again, outside the church, we found in 1849, in a line 
with the north wall of the main chancel, a small 
eastern buttress, encased in the low embattled wall of 
the narrow, formerly unroofed, space beneath the 
great east window. This buttress, which was cut 
through, in ignorance of its nature, to form a pas- 
sage out of the north chancer into the said unroofed 
enclosure, was found to be of so much importance 
that, on its being left some days in a destroyed state, 
the part of the main chancel north of the east window 
began to shew signs of settlement. It had, no doubt, 
been further weakened by the opening cut into the 
east wall of the said north chancel for a doorway. On 
our observing this disposition in the wall to settle, 
the present covered way into the then open enclosure 
(now roofed in and made a vestry) was immediately 
completed in a most substantial manner, all the brick 
core of the vaulted roof of the passage being laid in 



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256 CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 

Roman cement. Thus a much stronger abutment 
was made at this part of the church than existed 
before. It may here be mentioned, that before this 
time the great east window was known to have gone 
to the east If inches out of the perpendicular, and to 
the north 4| inches, which is its present condition. 
This was apparently the cause of an old, and very 
remarkable, but slight and inefficient abutment (see 
fig. 1), still seen under the easternmost north window. 
To prevent all further movement to the north and 
east two things were done in 1849 : the easternmost 
north buttress was underpinned by a brick support 
set in Roman cement and carried down to the solid 
ground. In consequence of a, grave having been dug 
here close against the church, the necessary depth of 
this underpinning nearly equals the height of the 
buttress itself. Besides this, a buttress was carried 
up from the low embattled wall against the north 
side of the great east window, and, though not required 
for the purpose of strength, a like buttress was carried 
up on the south side of the said window for the sake 
of symmetry. 

You may see to this day a corbel built into the 
outside wall on the south of the great east window, 
from whence, distinctly before the alterations in 1849, 
but less distinctly since, a line could be traced upwards, 
in a slant, shewing apparently the line of a former 
chancel roof. From the same point a vertical line 
fell on a slanting stone, which appeared to be part of 
the Capping of an old southern buttress. Going now 
once more inside the church, you may perceive that 
the capitals and bases, of the piers which support the 
round arches on the north side of the chancel, are 
plainer than those on the south side, and that the 



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CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 257 

middle northern base has been restored with a block 
of Caen stone. This was done in 1849, as the sand- 
stone base was in a crumbling condition. The two 
remaining old bases are of Norman type, and the 
little eastern buttress, which was cut away, stood in 
a line with them. 

Reference having been made more than once to 
the conversion of the former unroofed enclosure under 
the great east window into a vestry, let me explain at 
length how it was done. The enclosure consisted of 
a thick wall, 10 feet high, built the width of the main 
chancel, and about 6 feet from it, with a return wall 
at each end, that at the north end overlapping the 
small buttress just referred to. It is probable that a 
like buttress was overlapped at the sound end, but it 
is not certain to have been the case, inasmuch as from 
time immemorial there was a low narrow entrance, 
5 feet high, and 2 feet 2 inches wide, where the 
buttress would have stood. This entrance has now 
been filled up. For the purpose apparently of orna- 
menting the wall, it was pierced near the top with 
quatrefoil openings, and its top was battlemented. 
It is obvious that so lofty a chancel end would require 
some eastern abutment, and if this overlapping wall 
was added when the roof, as indicated by the slanting 
line before referred to, was raised, the method of thus 
supplementing the power of the former small but- 
tresses was both effectual and elegant. 

It is amusing to read the various speculations that 
have been offered about this most simple affair. Dearn 
in particular writes elaborately about the enclosure, to 
shew that it was a confessional, or, as he seems darkly 
to intimate, something worse. He was misled by one 
or two arched stones which had been built into the 
VOL. ix. s 

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258 CHURCH OF ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 

outside face of the chancel wall merely by way of 
economy. The arched stones happened to be just at 
the south end of the altar. This was a suspicious 
place. Some thought that Lepers received the Holy 
Sacrament through the supposed aperture. Perhaps 
this suggestion arose from the fact of the ancient 
Leper Hospital at Canterbury being dedicated to St. 
Laurence, the Saint of Hawkhurst Church. At our 
restoration, however, in 1849, a heavy wooden reredos 
on the inner side of the wall was removed, and when 
all eyes were strained to see the expected aperture, it 
was quite evident that there had never been any aper- 
ture at all. As it was at this time that the little 
encased buttress came to light, the whole mystery at 
once disappeared. Mr. Parker mentions this excres- 
cence as an instance of a vestry at the east end. I 
suppose that he saw it after 1849, when at no little 
trouble we had made it a vestry. The quatrefoil 
openings, till then unprepared for glazing, were filled, 
being low, with opaque glass, to shut out curious 
eyes. A flat roof was constructed, and in order to 
admit Sufficient light, slabs of thick glass, a modern 
invention, were let into it. To prevent the condensa- 
tion of the air, and the consequent falling of large 
drops of water, sawdust was introduced to the depth of 
the ceiling joists, and sliding glasses placed under- 
neath the glass slabs, to catch the droppings. Besides 
this, we had to construct a covered passage to it from 
the north aisle, which was accompanied, as we have 
seen, with no little danger to the stability of the east 
window, and also, the place being so narrow, to cut a 
seat out of the wall connecting the return ends, for- 
tunately thick enough for the purpose. If the designer 
of our church ever intended that excrescence as a 



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CHURCH OF ST, LAURENCE, HAWKHUEOT. 259 

vestry, he left a good deal of difficult work for pos- 
terity to carry out. 

The side chancels are constantly called chapels. 
That on the south side was called St. Mary's Chapel, 
from an image of the Blessed Virgin. A piscina, sur- 
mounted by a shelf, beneath a small cusped arch, 
remains in this chapel. Just beyond its western arch 
there is in the south aisle wall a low doorway, which 
has always been blocked up, as far as memory or 
record tells. It stands in scapled masonry, but the 
before-mentioned plinth nevertheless stops short of it. 
It was clearly therefore constructed when the aisle was 
built. 

The rooms over the porches, parvises as they are 
called, were formerly approached from inside the 
church. Outside staircases were constructed when 
the aisles were filled with galleries. These staircases 
are allowed to remain, though the galleries, of which 
the church once contained five, are now happily no 
more, their once valuable accommodation being now 
supplied by a new church. The south parvise is used 
as a depository for parish muniments. It has no fire- 
place ; but it is otherwise conveniently fitted up for a 
clergyman to retire to, if necessary, for study. I have 
often myself escaped thither, from interruption, to 
write a sermon. 

The south porch is richer than the north. It has 
a groined ceiling. Under the stone seat, in 1859, a 
Queen Elizabeth's sixpence was found of the date of 
1573. 

It is right to mention that the main chancel roof had 
no horizontal ribbing, and only half the vertical ribs, 
till 1849, at which time also the bosses of the ridge- 
pole were increased. There was already a mask of a 

s 2 

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260 CHURCH OP ST. LATTBENCE, HAWKHTTBST. 

Queen, which, guided by Kilburne's tradition, we 
assigned to good Queen Philippa, and in 1849 we 
added a mask of King Edward III. himself. A 
gridiron also was introduced, the emblem of St. 
Laurence. 

Kilburne states that in the westernmost window 
of the north chancel were the arms of Battle Abbey, 
and, as I have already mentioned, of Pashley and 
Etchingham. Pashley is an estate in the adjoining 
parish of Ticehurst, which has for many years be^ 
longed to the maternal ancestry of Nathan Wetherell, 
Esq., its present possessor. Edmund de Passleye was 
a stirring person in the neighbourhood in the years 
1317 and 1318, at which time he received two grants 
from King Edward II., one to crenellate his house, 
and another to have right of free warren over his ex- 
tensive estates in Kent and other counties. Simon de 
Etchingham obtained a like free warren in the 21st 
year of King Edward III. What either of these 
worthies, their progenitors or successors, had to do 
particularly with Hawkhurst, in which they do not 
appear to have had land, I am not able to say.* 
There were mutilated portions of these coats of arms 
in the windows in the year 1849, but it was not 
thought desirable to restore this doubtful kind of 
church decoration. 

The Conghurst family occupied for many years a 

• Kilburne adds that, in these north chapel windows were the 
" pictures in glass " of twelve men and their wives, kneeling ; six in 
each window, three above and three below. He says, that of the in- 
scriptions there remained fragments, bearing the names of Robert and 
Joane his wife, and Simon their son, principal founder of this chapel. 
Also the names of Ockley, Delmynden, Siesley, Cockshot, Badcock, and 
Bartilt. He states that the arms of Congherst were to be seen upon 
the great beam at the top of the same chancel. 



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CHURCH OF ST, LATJBEKCE, HAWKHURST. 261 

moated house in this parish, which was burnt down, it 
was said, by the Danes. The traces of the moat may 
still be followed. Robert Bernes and John Cong- 
hurst, "Gentlemen," of Hawkhurst, together with 
twenty-one fellow parishioners of various ranks in life, 
including the Parish Clerk, received pardon for having 
followed Jack Cade, in 1450. Also Thomas Conghurst 
was the chief person in the parish in 1482. 

In a deed dated 1482, signed apparently by all 
the principal inhabitants, Congherst is the only name 
which occurs of all the names mentioned by Kilburne 
as commemorated in the North chancel windows and 
roof. 

In 1415, Rector John Crane made a will in which 
he desired that his body might rest either in the 
chancel or chapel of Hawkhurst Church. Though it 
is probable that there was at this time but one chapel, 
we could not certainly infer from the words of the 
will that such was the case. There is, unhappily, no 
memorial stone to guide us. 

It is time now to sum up the result of the pre- 
ceding observations. Submitting my conclusions 
entirely to the judgment of those who are more expe- 
rienced in such matters, I would suggest that the 
north chancel arcading, the little eastern buttresses, 
inadvertently destroyed, all the walling of the north 
chancel, together with the exceptional portion of the 
north aisle walling, with its inside piers, and the 
staircase against the north piers of the main chancel, 
are all relics of the church of Richard de Clyve. That 
the main chancel roof was in those days lower, that 
there was no south chapel, and consequently no south 
arcading. That at the time of the institution of 
Hawkhurst Fair, that is, in the 5th year of Edward 



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262 CHURCH OF ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 

II., a considerable renovation of the church took place. 
The western arch and the ogee tracery windows were 
introduced into the north chancel; probably ogee 
tracery was also introduced into the east window of 
the main chancel; the flowing Decorated windows, 
now in the south chancel, may also at this time have 
been constructed for some other part of the church. 
This assumes Kilburne's tradition to have been erro- 
neous as to the work done in the reign of Edward III., 
as we know absolutely that it was erroneous as to the 
foundation of the church in that reign. That, pro- 
bably in the first half of the 15th century, a thorough 
reconstruction of the church, on altogether a grander 
scale, took place. The north and main chancel roofs 
were raised, a south chancel added, and consequently 
a south arcading to match the north. The great east 
window was enlarged, and its already existing ogee 
tracery further developed under the nascent Perpendi- 
cular tendency of the day. That this tendency, 
restrained here by the previously existing ogee tracery, 
was more freely exercised in the other chancel windows, 
and in the window inserted in that portion of the old 
walling, which it was determined should be retained at 
the top of the new north aisle. That for the sake of 
uniformity, the two aforesaid flowing Decorated win- 
dows were placed at the eastern end of the new south 
aisle, and that as the east end of the church would be 
built first we should there find all the old material. 
That the old stone being used up, the rest of the build- 
ing was constructed in scapled and squared stones, 
and the battlement, being a new feature, would be 
of scapled masonry throughout. That the handsome 
plinth became a natural addition where the work was 
all new, and that settled uniform Perpendicular oha- 



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CHURCH OP ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHURST. 263 

racter of the west end would be adopted where the 
architect's bias was unshackled by already existing 
work. The north chancel buttresses were probably 
restored at some subsequent time. The above theory 
satisfies, I believe, all the conditions of the case, but 
it is only a theory, and I may be wrong. The low 
doorway west of the new south chancel arch stands 
just in the line with the rood loft opening, in the 
opposite nave pier, but it was probably nothing more 
than an entrance to the church. 

There is a good peal of bells, formerly six in num- 
ber, but now eight. They are in the key of E flat. 
The tenor bell weighs twenty-three cwt., and No. 7 
weighs seventeen cwt. 

Hawkhurst Church is not rich in monumental 
remains, for the parish has not been rich in men of note. 
Those good Abbots of Battle, to whom we owe so 
much, were not our fellow parishioners. Of them, 
however, the church itself is the memorial. Kilburne's 
ashes repose in the north chancel. Kilburne was not 
only an antiquary, but was five times chosen to be 
Principal of Staple's Inn, London, and he was also a 
Kentish magistrate. His Hawkhurst colleague on the 
bench at that time was William Boys, Esq., whose 
memorial stone used to be at the entrance of the 
south chancel, together with other Boys' stones. It 
now lies in front of the main chancel step. These two 
magistrates did some work for the Barebones Parlia- 
ment not of the best kind. I refer to their marrying 
the folks of Hawkhurst and the neighbourhood for 
three or four years without sacred rites. It seems, 
however, that Kilburne did not much like the work, 
for, while he married only two couples, Boys married 
sixty. William Penn, the quaker, owned iron furnaces 



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264 CHTJUCH 0* ST. LATfKBNCB, HAWKHTJBST. 

in Hawkhurst, though it does not appear that he ever 
lived here. There is plenty of iron in our sandstone, 
and as long as wood was plentiful, it was profitable to 
smelt iron here. We have a Eurnace Mill, and not 
very far off from it a Eurnace Eield, where slag and 
cinder remains are often turned up in the course of 
cultivation. About eighty years ago three cannon balls 
were ploughed up there. It happens that two places 
near to Eurnace Mill are Tongs, the seat of William 
Cotterill, Esq., of late years called more euphoniously 
Tongswood, and Gun Green. Whether the names of 
Eurnace, Tongs, and Gun are accidentally brought 
together, I do not know. 

The clothing trade once flourished in Hawkhurst, 
and Sir Thomas Dunk, Knight, who died at Tongs in 
1718, seems to have inherited some of his wealth from 
it. To Sir Thomas Dunk we are indebted for six 
almshouses, an endowed boys' school, and some aug- 
mentation land, which increases, by about £60 per 
annum, the clergyman's income. 

Dr. Lardner, who wrote ' The Credibility of the 
Gospel History,' was a native of this parish, and lived 
at Hall House. His monument is against the south 
wall of the south chancel. 

There was once a very ingenious self-taught 
printer in the place named Wilkins, whose house 
was burnt down, and with it perished twenty pages 
of Sanscrit Grammar for which he had himself cut 
the punches, made the matrices, and cast the type. 
Wilkins had been a writer in the East India Com- 
pany's service, and when Warren Hastings, wishing 
to improve the education of the Company's servants, 
determined to print a Bengalee Grammar, and could 
find no one, because of the fine strokes in the Ben- 



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CHURCH 0* ST. LAURENCE, HAWKHTJRST. 265 

galee character, able to execute the work (the printers 
in London not knowing Bengalee), the writer Wilkins, 
untaught as he was in the art of printing, and till 
then untried in it, volunteered to do, and succeeded in 
doing, the whole thing from first to last himself. 

I have yet one more worthy to mention, the great- 
est, far the greatest of all — whom I should scarcely 
mention now except that his memory is henceforth, 
as I hope, imperishably connected with our parish 
church. Sir John William Frederic Herschel, Bart., 
was for upwards of thirty years resident among us, and 
no wonder that the parishioners recorded the pleasant 
fact by erecting the beautiful stained glass window of 
the Epiphany Star over the seat which he occupied in 
our south aisle. None but parishioners were permitted 
to subscribe to the memorial, but so much more was 
subscribed than wanted, that several subscriptions were 
never collected, and there was still a surplus. 

Having said thus much on the quality of our past 
parishioners, I will conclude with a few words on 
their quantity. Kilburne says that, in or about the 
year 1637, Hawkhurst could boast of 1400 communi- 
cants, by which he means adult parishioners. I find 
in the registers of the time that the yearly baptisms 
averaged 50, the yearly burials 40. Previously, in 
the days of Queen Elizabeth and of King James I., 
when the clothing trade here was at its height, the 
population was large for a country place, and may 
have reached 2500. 

In conclusion, I will just add that our church- 
warden's book commences with the year 1515, and 
that extracts from it have been printed in * Archseo- 
logia Cantiana,' vol. vi. Our registers commence with 
the year 1660. 



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( 266 ) 



INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 
IN KENT, a.d. 1552. 

COMMUNICATED BY THE REV. MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, THE REV. 
R. P. COATES, AND THE REV. W. A. SCOTT ROBERTSON. 

(Continued from Vol. viii. p. 163.) 

HARTLEY. 
The inventory indented made the xxiij day of Novembre in the 
sixte yeare of the reigne of oure sovereigne Lorde Edwarde 
the sixte by the grace of God kyng of Englande Fraunce 
and Irland Defender of the faith and in earth of the 
Churche of England and also of Irelande the supreme hed 
Betwene Syr Percyvall Harte and Syr Marten Bowes 
Knyghts John Browne and Thomas Lovelace Esquiers 
Comyssioners emongst others authorised by vertue of his 
gracis Comyssion bering teste at Westminster the xvjth 
daye of Maye in the sixte yeare of his mooste gracyouse 
reigne for the viewe presentement and certificate of all the 
goods plate juells bells and ornaments to every churche 
and chappell within the saide Countye of Kente belonging 
or in enywyse apperteynyng to them and others directed 
and allotted to thundreds of Blackheth Bromley and 
Bekenham litle and lesnes Rookysley and Axton within 
the saide countye of thone partie And John Overy and 
John Smyth Churchewardens of the parishe churche of 
Hartleye aforesaide of thother partie witnessith that the 
saide Commyssioners have delyvered by thies presentee to 
the said churchwardens all the parcells hereafter particularly 
written 



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INVENTORIES OP PARISH GOODS IN KENT. 267 

First one vestment of cruell & thred with an albe 

Item one alter cloth 

Item ij candtestikks of latten 

Item ij towells of playne lynnen cloth 

Item on pix of latten 

Item a vestment of red damaske 

Item on crosse of copper & gilte 

Item ij bells suted in the steple 

Item a bible of the large volume and one paraphrasis of 
Erasmus 

To be saflie kepte and preserved by the saide churchwardens 
and the same and every parcell therof to be forthcomyng 
at all tymes herafter when it shalbe of them required In 
wittnesse whereof as well the saide commyssioners as the 
saide churchwardens have subscribed theire names on the 
daye and yeare above written 

Percyvall Hartt Martyn Bowes 

Thomas Lovelace 

(In dorso) Apud Dertford xxiij cio die Novembris A R. R. E. 
yj« v jto Mem d that all the parcells of goods plate juells bells 
and ornaments apperteynyng to the parishe churche 
within written mencyoned in thinventorye made in the 
thirde yeare of the reigne of our saide sovereyn lorde are 
conteyned within this presente Inventory and bene dely- 
vered by the within named Comyssioners to the within- 
named Churchwardens to aunswere the same excepte iij 
vestments all cruell & threde with theire albes, on Cope of 
Cruell and threde, a surples, a chalice with the patent of 
silver weying v ounces ij corporaxes of lynnen iij altar 
clothes a cope of grene satten a bridges on hand bell 
presented unto the saide Commyssioners by thothes of 
William Potter parson there and the saide churchwardens 
to be stolen And also excepte on candlestikkc with iij 
braunches of latten likewyse presented by thothes of the 
saide parties to be sold by the saide churchwardens with 
the consente of the parishoners there and employed aboute 
the necessarie reparations of the parishe churche within 
written 



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268 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

HASTYNGLIGH— xxvm November vi Ed VI. 

Augustine Rennytt curate, 

Chriatofer Bellyng, John Hawke churchwardens 

Imprimis three bells in the steple 

Item one cope of grene sylke with flours of goulde 

Item one oulde whytt vestement 

Item two laten candelstykks 

Item one alter cloth 



HAWKYNGE— v December vi Ed. VI. 

William Mercer, parson; Gyles Sutton, Roger 
Clarke, churchwardens ; and William Sutton, 
inhabitant 

First iij vestments of silk with thapparell 

Item iij vestments of dornix embrodered 

Item one chales of sylver parcel] gilt weying by estymacon vij 

unces 
Item ij bells in the Steple 
Item iiij alter clothez 
Item iij corporacs casez, & one cloth 
Item one crosse, & a pix of copper 
Item a crismatory of copper 
Item a bason & an ewer of lattyn 
Item a deske cloth of silk 
Item iiij towells, & a crosse clothe of sylk 
Item a cope of silk, one surplis, & ij rotchets 
Item a holy water stope of lattyn 
Sold one chalice wayng by est 1 vij unces to Will. Nethersole for 

xl s., bestowed aboute the reparacons of the churche. 



[HAYES] HEESE— xxm November vi. Ed. VI. 

William Dryland, parson; William Frenche, & 
Edward Kechell, churchwardens. 

First ij chalics with their patents of silver whereof on of them 
with his patent all gilte weying x ouncs, thother viij ouncs. 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 269 

Item iij bells suted & one saints bell 

Item ij old copes thone grene silke thother blewe silke 

Item a vestment of red silke imbrothered with birds & stairs 

Item an old vestment of tynsell satten 

Item an old vestment of blacke satten of bridgs 

Item an old vestment of blacke Russells worsted 

Item an old vestment of blewe single sarcenet 

Item v albes, v amysses 

Item v corporaxes with theire cases 

Item ij crosse clothes thone grene silke thother red silke 

Item ix banner clothes of lynnen cloth painted 

Item a surples & a rochet of lynnen cloth 

Item a fonte cloth of lynnen 

Item ij old diaper towells 

Item iij font clothes on tawnye silke & other ij of lynnen cloth 

Item a pix of latten, & an ewer of brasse 

Item a bible & the paraphrases. 

Mem. endorsed Dertford xxiii November vi. Ed. vi. All goods 
in the inventory of iii Ed vi are in this & are now 
delivered to the Churchwardens excepte ij curteynes 
presented to be stollen, and also except one chalice with 
the patent of silver weying vij ounces a hand-bell a sacryng 
bell ij litle bells a vaile clothe a clothe to hang before the 
roode iiij curteyns ij gret candlestikks of latten an old paire 
of organes, xiij latten candlestikks for tapers iij laten 
braunches iij crosses & a crosse staff, ij herse basens of 
latten a basen for the lampe a Crismatory of latten a basen 
for an ewer on holy water stopp & a paire of censers of 
latten lyke wyse presented to be sold for reparacions of the 
churche. 

HOPE IN ROMNEY MARSHE— v December 

A.D. M.CCCCCLII. 

Sir William Mason, parson ; John Ely, churchwarden ; 
Henry Newlande, parishioner 

Inprimis one chalice of silver waying ix ones 
Item ij lytle bells in the steple 
Item one cope of blew silke 



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270 INVENTORIES OF PAEISH CHURCH GOODS 

Item ij vestyments 

Item one albe 

Item one aulter cloth 

Item one surplesse 

Item one hande bell 

Item one corporas with y* clothe 



[MONKS] HORTON— Novembris 28° Anno Regis 
Edwakdi Sexti 6° 

Jhon Walker, parson ; Andrew Jhonson & Jhon Baker, 
churchwardens 

Fyrst ij copes, the one of blacke Russell y e other of dornixe 
Item ij vestments the one of grene saten of bruges y* other of 

dornix 
Item ij candlestyckes of laten 
Item iij bells in the steple 
Item j chalice of sylver weyng by estimation viij ounces. 

Anno Regis Edwardi Sexti 6° Novembris 38° 
A basen & an ewer of late stollen 
Scriptum per me Johannem Walker 



HORTON KYRBY— xxni November vi. Ed. VI. 
Churchwardens' names illegible. 

First on chalice with the patente of silver parcell gilte waving 

vi ouncs 
Item a litle crosse of silver parcell gilt which is a pax by 

estimacyon di ounces 
Item a crosse of copper gilded & a pax of copper parcell gilt 
Item iij bells in the Steple suted of brasse 
Item iij alter clothes of playne lynnen clothe 
Item iij towells, on of diaper & thother of playne lynnen cloth 
Item j pix of latten, on basen & ewer of pewder & ij cruetts 

of pewder 
Item iij candelstikks of latten 
Item ij surplessis of lynnen cloth 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 271 

Item on bible of the large volume & a paraphrases of Erasmus 
Item on vestment of red & grene silke with a crosse fall of 

unyoornes 
Item on other vestment of white & red silke the crosse of 

blacke silke full of lyons & birds of gold 
Item one other of white velvett & blewe silke full of birds 

braunched 
Item one other of grene and red silke full of birdes of gold 
Item one of tuke & grene silke & the crosse of red silke 
Item one other of tuke & red silke & the crosse of grene silke 
Item one other of dornyx blewe & rede the crosse of whit & 

blewe of the same full of birds 
Item on other cope of white & red silke full of birds of gold 
Item a crosse cloth of grene sarcenet of thassumpcon of our 

Ladye with aungeUs of gold 
Item on other crosse cloth of white tuke with an aungell on it 
Item a corpora* case of red velvett with litle crosses on it 
Item on other of tawney velvett and gold, & an other of white 

& grene silke 
Item an other of old satten with braunches of grene & yelowe 

silke and gold 
Item a stremer of blewe tuke with the Salutacon of our Lady 
Item on other of red lynnen cloth with Saincte Qeorg and the 

dragon on it. 
[Endorsed] Mem. Dertford xxiii. Nov. vi. Ed. vi. All the 
goods named in the inventory of iii, Ed. vi. are also in 
this, and are now delivered to the churchwardens " excepte 
on alter clothe of diaper a vestment of white fustian 
a cope of red and yelowe silke presented to be stolen 
and also except one chalice with the patente of silver 
parcell gilte waiyng xj ounces lyke wise presented to be 
solde by consente of the parishoners for reparacon of the 
churche " 

HOTHFELD— i. December vi. Ed. VI. 

Doctor Henry Goderycke, parson, Laurence 
Fovisley, Michael Mylles, churchwardens, 
Laurence Turner, Nicolas Toplef, inhabitants 



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272 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

First of on vestment with branches & ymages embrodred of 
grene welwyt with the alb & the amese to the same 

Item on vestment of whyt sayten of bregs embrodered with 
branches with the albe & amyc to the same 

Item iij corperaces with iij kerchyffs to them 

Item a lynnen clotht called a waylle 

Item on chalice of silver weyinge xvj uncs di. & a quarter 

Item iij gret bells in the stepyll and ij hande bells with iij 
sacrynge bells 

Item ij lattyn candylstycks 

Item a sanctus bell brokyn in the crown 

Item by this tyme also ij sacrynge bells wantynge 

Item one ameas to the whyt vestment wantynge 

Mr. John Goldwell & John Soyll, churchwardens 



HYNXHELL— in. December vi. Ed. VI. 

Robert Wyllson, parson, William Goldhyll, Thomas 
Russell churchwardens 

Fyrst a vestment & a cope of whyte branched damaske 

Item a vestment & a cope of grene satten a brydges 

Item a vestment, & a cope of redd satten brydges 

Item an other bad vestment 

Item a challes of sylver parcell gylt conteynyng xiiij unces iij 

quarters di. 
Item an other challes of sylver conteynyng x unces iij quarters 
Item a paxe of Ivere with a handle of sylver 
Item iiij corporis, & iiij cases to them 
Item Iiij alter clothes 
Item v towells 
Item a surples & a rochett 
Item a ffront of satten a brydges for thalter 
Item a other ffronte of saye for the same 
Item a crosse of latten 
Item a crosse clothe of sarsenet 
Item ij latten candelstycks 
Item a senser of latten 
Item xiij boles of latten 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 273 

Item ij crewetta 

Item a basin & ewer of pewter 

Item a vayle of whyte lynnen clothe 

Item iiij banner staves 

Item iiij banner clothes 

Item one pyxe of Ivere with a claps & a knot of sylver 

Item a pyx of copper 

Item a canapy of copper 

Item a canapy clothe of sylke 

Item a holy clothe for brydes of sylke 

Item a cresementory of pewthre 

Item a gret candelstycke of yron for the paschall 

Item a cote ffrontyd with blewe satten a bryges 

Item a coverlett 

Item a holy water stopp of latten 

Item iij gret bells & ij smalle hand bells. 

ITAM— ix December vi. Ed. VI. 

John Godfre, curat, Willyam Pellset and Willyam 
Terry 

Imprimis one chalice of parcell gilt with a cover 

Item iiij bolls 

Item iij coopes, one of velvet, one of russet damaske, one of 

badkyng 
Item vj vestments with iij albes, one of blew velvet, another of 

whyte damaske, and iiij of clothe of badkynge 
Item a hanging for an aulter of blew and redd bredges satten 
Item ij stremer8 of towk 
Item iij towells 
Item a dexe cloth 
Item ij crosses, one laten gylt, and the other of latten plate and 

woode 
We have solde one cales for iij li., and with the some we have 

payed for glasyng of our church xxxiij s. vi d., for makyng 

the churche porche doore xviijs. viiij d. 
Item for takynge down the aulters & for pavinge of the places 

where the said aulters stood iij s. 
Item for carrynge the rubbedge oute of the churche viij d. 
VOL. IX, T 



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274 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

Furthermore for makynge of the table for comunion vj s. 

Item for whiting of the churche ij 8. 

Item for a locke to the churche doore xx d. 

Stolen by one Peryman, one albe, iij aulter clothes, ij laten 
candelsticks, iiij pewter cruetts, a holy water stopp and iij 
corporas cases 

The sensers of laten and the shipp to the same also of laten is 
in the hands of John Choper and the books were delyveryed 
to the ordinarie. Certain Stokkes pertaynyng to our 
churche paied unto Willyam Hyde gent surveyor to our 
Soveraigne lorde the kynge; the same Willyam received 
of John Syseley and John Wryght parishioners of Itam 
for Canes light xiiij s. 

Item he receved of John Hauke for S* Nicholas light viij s. 

Item be receved of Richard Drupp for the lamp in the 
chauncell viij s. 

Item he receved of Willyam Baker for the paschall light viij s. 

IVECHURCHE— mi December, vi. Ed. VI. 

Thomas Seweerd curate, Lawrens Hever, church- 
warden, Roger Simson, Robert Durbarn, John 
Hart parishioners 

Inprimis ij chalesses off silver Item ij litill bells 

Item one vestment off tinsill Item one crosse off lattin 

clothe % efflorished with coper 

Item one cope tinsill clothe Item one pix off coper & a 
Item one blew vestment off canapye belonging thereto 

velvet Item one crosse staffe off coper 
Item one deaken & one sub- with the ffoott of the same 

deakan off blew velvit Item one holy clothe off grene 
Item vj albes, one vestment off silke 

satin of breges Item one clothe for marrages 
Item iiij olde vestments, one to hold over the brid 

crosse cloth off sayrnet Item iij shetts that is good & 
Item v banner clothes off ij old shetts 

staned canves Item iij towells, iij awlter 
Item ij old pillowes, v surplesses clothes 

Itemiiij bells beingin the Stepill Item one lentt clothe. 

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IN KENT, A.D. 1652. 275 

KESTON— xxni November, vi. Ed. VI. 

Robert Barrett, parson ; Thomas Comfort, church- 
warden 
First one chalice with the patent of silver weying vi ouncs and 

iij quarters 
Item ij small bells of brasse suted in the steple, on handbell of 

brasse, & one smale sacryng bell 
Item on crosse cloth of lynnen painted 
Item iij banner clothes of lynnen clothe painted, & iij staves to 

them belonging 
Item on surplesse, and one rochett of lynnen clothe, and one 

funte cloth of lynnen 
Item one old dyaper towell, & ij other of playne clothe 
Item ij alter clothes one of diaper & thother of playne clothe, 

& an olde alter clothe to hange before the Alter of threde 

& silke wrought together 
Item one crysmatory of latten, one crosse of copper & gilte with 

a staff belonging therto. 



KENYNGTON— in December vi. Ed. VI. 

Richard Smythe, vykar, William Stock church- 
warden, William Fylpott, John Tylden and John 
Durston parishioners 
First fyve bells in the stepyll 

Item one challeys beying doble gylt wayeng xi ounces 
Item a cope of crymsen velvett wrought with gold and imags 
Item a vestyment accordyng with a albe and a stole 
Item one other vestyment of blak velvett with the apparell 
Item ij whyte copes of sylk 
Item one old whyte vestyment with the apparell 
Item one vestyment of crymsen sylk with the apparell for 

decon & subdecon 
Item one old vestyment of russett & vyolett color 
Item one other old crymsen vestyment 
Item a clothe of bawdkyn called the Holy Clothe 
Item one other clothe for the same purpose 
Item old banner clothes and stremers 

T 2 



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276 INVENTORIES OP PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

Item ij crosse clothes one of silk with image werk 
Item fyve towells, iiij alter clothes and the vayle 
Item ij surplesses 
Item a coverlett to serve at buryalls. 

KYNGESNOTH— in Decbmbeh vi. Ed. VI. 
David Long, curatt, William Assheherst, Robert 
Cloke churchwardens, John Chalcroft and Gyles 
Brett 
Inprimis one chalysse of sylver and gylte waying xj unces & a 

quarter 
Item a chalysse of sylver containing viij uncs. di. di quarter 
Item a coope of crymsen velvett 
Item an other coope of grene braunched damyske 
Item a vestment of cloth of tyssue 
Item a vestemente of clothe of bawdkyn 
Item a vestment of whyte damyske 
Item a vestement of grene damyske 
Item iiij corperas cases wyth clothes in them 
Item a purse of tyssue to goo a vysytacon 
Item a nauter clothe of grene satten of brygys 
Item a payer of grene sarsenet curtens 
Item a Nauter cloth of sarsenett in our Ladyes chancell 
Item ij dyaper auter clothes 
Item ij auter clothes of whyte lynnen cloth 
Item ij towells of dyaper 
Item a syrplys and a rochett 
Item a crosse of cooper and gylt wyth a staff to y* sayd crosse 

wyth a ffoote of cooper & gylte 
Item a crosse of latten 
Item in the Stypull iij bells 
Item ij hand bells with ij sacring bells 
Item a latten bowl and one ewer for y e ffonte 
Item a holywater stoppe of brasse 
Item ij payer of latten candelstycks 
Item a payer of censers of latten, & a shyppe of latten 
Item a holye Clothe of bawdkyn 
Item a payer of cruetts of pewter. 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 277 

KYNGESDOWNE— xxiii November vi Ed VI 
Thomas Flemmyng churchwarden 

Firste on vestment of tawney silke braunched all worn 

Item on surplesse, & ij candlestikks of latten 

Item iiij bolls of led for candlestikks 

Item on holywater stope of latten & on bible 

Item on book of the paraphrasis of Erasmus 

Item on book of thomelyes & a chest with the register booke 

Item on bell of bras in the steple, & on sacryng bell of bras 

Item on cros, & ij pixes of latten. 

[Endorsed] Mem. Dertford xxiij Nov vi Ed VI 

All goods in the inventory of iii Ed VI are in this and bene 
delyvered to the churchwardens excepte on bell solde with 
consente of the parishoners for the necessarie reparacons 
of the church and certain goods which were stollen. 

[KjNOKEHOLDE— xxiii November vi Ed VI 

John Stephen and Edward Fleteher churchwardens 

Firste on chalice with the patente of silver waying xj ounce di 

Item in the Steple iij bells of bras 

Item iij vestments, on of red damaske, on of grene saye, the 

iij d of whit fustyane, a corprax case, a bible, & a surplesse 
Item iij candelstikks of latten, ij towells of lynnen, iij alter 

cloths of lynnen, on censer of latten, £ one cruett of pewder 
Mem. Endorsed Dartford xxiii November vi. Ed. VI. All the 

goods without exception delivered to the churchwardens to 

answer for the same. 



LEE — xxiii November vi. Ed. VI. 

Robert Clarke gent and John Danbye church- 
wardens 

First on vestment of grene satten of bridgs 

Item a vestment of blewe satten of bridgs 

Item on vestment of white ffustyan, on other of grene dornyx 

Item an other old white vestment of ffustyan, & ij albes 



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278 INVENTORIES OF PAEISH OHUECH GOODS 

Item a title olde vestmente 

Item a dunnyshe vestmente of dornyx 

Item iij coveryngs goode & badde to ley upon thalter 

Item ij surpleses, and iij towells 

Item on crosse clothe of yelowe silke 

Item ij painted clothes belongyng to the roodelofte 

Item ij alter clothes of lynnen a better & a worse 

Item on old crosse clothe of silke 

Item ij old silke curtens for thalter 

Item iij olde banner clothes 

Item ij silke cusshings for the alter 

Item on corprax case withoute a clothe 

Item ij paxes 

Item iij candlestikks 

Item iiij cruetts of pewter 

Item on crismatory of latten 

Item a grete stone that was before thighe alter 

Item on great bible 

Item ij books of dyvyne service of the firste and laste print 

Item on booke of the paraphrasis of Erasmuss 

Item a torche with half a torche 

Item a case to put torches or tapers in 

Item a Crosse staffe 

Item ij olde chests 

Item a painted clothe upon the roode lofte with Jesus in the 
mydest 

Item one title fourme 

Item ij greate ffourmes, one in the vestry & another yi the 
belfreye 

Item iij bells in the steple 

Item iij banner staves 

Item a long ladder and a shorter in the belfrey 

Item a bere to bere the dede upon. 

Mem. end. Dertford same date. All goods in the inventory of 
iii. Ed. VI. are in this & are now delivered to the church- 
wardens " Excepte on chalice with the patentente (sic) of 
silver waving v ounces and a latten Bason " presented to 
be stolen. 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 279 

LEWYSHAM— xvi November vi. Ed. VI. 

Richard Dyngly & Richard Howlett gent church- 
wardens 

First ij chalics with theire patents of silver wherof the best 
with the patent duble gilte weying xxiij ouncs, thother with 
the patent weying xiiij ouncs di. 

Item one pix of silver waving xiiij ouncs 

Item one cloth of silke to hang over the pix 

Item one hanginge for thalter of damaske yelowe & blewe 

Item one pair of curteynes of yelowe & blew taffitay 

Item one payr of curteyns of the same to the highe alter 

Item iiij alter clothes of lynnen 

Item one cope of blewe velvett, one vestment of blewe silke 
with all other things thereto belonging of the same 

Item ij coopes of blewe silk imbrodred with golde, with a vest- 
ment & thapparell thereto belonging with deacon & sub- 
deacon of the same 

Item one old grene cope of silke 

Item one vestment of whit saten with all that belongith therto 

Item one vestment of white chamlett with all that belongith 
thereto 

Item one vestment of red velvett for the Lente 

Item one vestment of blewe silke imbrothered with gold with 
all thinges thereto belonging 

Item one other of red silke with all things therto belonging 

Item one blake vestment with a red bake with all things 
thereto belonging 

Item ij old silk vestments 

Item ij clothes of silke thon caled the Canapie thother the Care 
cloth 

Item the herse clothe of blake damaske 

Item iij pair of censers of latten 

Item iij pair of latten candlesticks, and ij basons and on ewer 
of latten 

Item ij holy water stoppes of latten, one crysmatory of latten 

Item one shippe of latten to putt in frankyncense 

Item ij silke pillowes, one without a covering 



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280 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

Item one crosse of latten with ij clothes of grene silke 

Item ij surplesses, & ij rochetts, and one diaper towell of lynnen 

Item ix houselying towels of lynnen, and v amyces 

Item vij corporax cases and vj clothes to the same ij wherof 

imbrothered with golde thother of silke 
Item one paire of white curtens and ij tables of alblaster 

pictured with imags 
Item ij bibles, and one paraphrasis of Erasmus 
Item iij sepulcre clothes of lynnen 
Item one clothe for the same of sylke 
Item vj chists 

Item ij banner clothes of lynnen paynted 
Item one sute of lenten clothes of white spotted with redd 
Item on vale clothe pictured with the Passion of lynnen with 

redd spotts 
Item one funt clothe of lynnen 
Item iij clothes to hange over Sautes of lynnen clothe 
Item ij paire of curteyns for the same of lynnen 
Item iij basens for lyghts to be sett upon in the churche 
Item xix candlesticks of pewder 
Item ij cruetts of pewder, one paire of organes 
Item iiij greate bells of brasse sutyd in the Steple 
Item on sants bell of brasse called the morowmas bell 
Item on hand bell, & ij sacryng bells of brasse. 
Mem. endorsed at Estgrenwich same date. All goods in the 

inventory of iii. Ed. VI. are in this & are now delivered to 

the churchwardens excepte ij corporax cases one Rochett 

ij pair of old of Redd & green saye presented to be 

stolen 



LYTELL CHARTE— in December vi. Ed. VI. 

Thomas Franclin, curate ; John Drawbridge and 
Peter Brodstrete churchwardens ; and Thomas 
Byrde parishioner 

Inprimis a cloth for the crosse of grene sarsnett 
Item two cusshens, one of darnyx & one of sylke 
Item a cope of grene sylke & one of blewe sylke 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 281 

Item a vestyment of blew sylke, one of roset sylke 

Item a clothe of grene sy Ike that was wont to be holden over 
the sacrament 

Item a deske cloth of red buckram 

Item iij aulter clothes, and iij towells 

Item two hande bells 

Item xii bolles of brasse that stode on the roodelofte 

Item iiij latyn candylstycks for the hie aulter 

Item iiij bells in the Stepyll 

Item a brokyn lampe 

Stowlen First a challyis parcell gylt weying x onses, a crosse of 
coper broken in pesses, a crosse clothe of yelow damaske, 
ij corporasses of sylke wythe the clothes, a cosshyn of 
darnyx, a vestment of crymsen velvett wythe the appurte- 
nances of iij vestments, a forfrunte of an awlter of dornyx, 
a coverlet of red & yelow, iij awter clothes, & one towell. 



[LONGFIELD] LANGFELD— xxm November vi. Ed. VI. 
(Churchwarden's name illegible.) 

First on chalis with the patent of silver parcell gilte by 

estimacyon waying v ouncs 
Item on vestment of changeable silke lakkyng thalbes 
Item an old vestment of dornyx lakking an albe 
Item on olde cope of dornyx red & grene 
Item ij corporaxes & ij corporax cases 
Item ij pair of alter clothes 

Item ij cusshings of grene satten & yellowe chamblet 
Item ij crosses, one of tymber & led another tymber & latten 
Item a crismatory of led, & a censer of latten 
Item a holy water stokke of latten 

Item a surples of lynnen clothe, & iij cruetts all of pewder 
Item ij litle bells of bras suted in the steple 
Item on booke of the Newe Service & a bible of the largest 

volume. 
Mem. Dertford xxiij Nov. vi. Ed. VI. All goods men- 

cyoned in inventory of iii. Ed. vi. are in this and bene 

dely vered to the churchwardens excepte a herse cloth of 



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282 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS 

lynnen all worn & a handbell of brass presented to be 
stollen And also excepte a pair of latten candlestikks & a 
pix of latten likewyse presented to be solde with consente 
of the parishoners and employed aboute the necessarie 
reparacons of the parishe churche. 

LULLYNGSTONE— xxin Novbmbbb vi Ed VI. 

Thomas Glayve, parson, Thomas Dunmowe, church- 
warden 

First on alter cloth, v corprax cases , paire of curtens for 
thalter, thone paire of silke, thother of lynnen cloth 

Item on fronte cloth of russett velvett & red tynsell, one fronte 
clothe of blacke velvett and yelowe satten of brydgs, one 
fronte clothe of redd sarcenett embrothered with flowers, 
ij old fronte clothes, thone of yelowe and red saye, thother 
of silke 

Item one cloth for the alter of yelowe & blewe satten of bridgs, 
one vestment of red tynsell with a crosse of russett velvet 
with an albe & all things belonging to the same 

Item one vestment of dornyx with a grene crosse embrothered 
with roses & thalbe with all things belonging to the same 

Item v old vestments of dornyx with iij albes to the same, ij 
copes, the one of grene satten of bridgs thother of dornyx 

Item ij surplesses, ij towels, xij lent clothes, one pix of latten, 
ij pix clothes, one care cloth of dornyx 

Item one chalice with the patente of silver and parcell gilte 
weying xi ouncs iij quarters 

Item one crysmatory, & ij cruetts of pewder 

Item one holy watter stokke of brasse 

Item one crosse of latten with ij banner clothes of silke and ij 
of cloth 

Item x latten candlestikks 

Item one bell in the steple 

Item one bible. 

[Endorsed.] Mem. Dertford xxiii. Nov vi Ed VI. All the 
goods named in the inventory dated iii Ed.' VI. are also 
in this and are now delivered to the churchwardens, 
"excepte ij coveryngs of canvas, v corporax clothes, on 



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IN KENT, A.D. 1552. 283 

vestment of grene satten a bridges with all things ther- 
unto belonging presented to be all wome oute and also 
excepte ij Bochetts presented to be stollen and also excepte 
on bell wherof a cloke is nowe made for the oomoditie of 
the parishe." 

LYDEN— v. Dbcembbb vi. Ed. VI. 

John Julyan, vicar; Thomas Fyssher, church- 
warden ; Thomas Gray & Edward Bostoke, 
parishioners 

First ij bells in the stepell 

Item one cope of grene silke 

Item ij vestiments, one of whyte bustian with a rede crosse, & 
one of blew sey with a crose of grene sayten 

Item one coverlet of a smale value 

Item a chalice of tynne 

Mem. Stolen when the church was broken up & robbed, a 
chales of tyn, one vestiment of rede damaske with a crose 
of blak velvet, & the abe, one corpras withe the kercher, ij 
alter clothes of lynen, ij towells of lynnen, a ffronte clothe 
of blewe sayten & yelowe sayten, one surples, one ratchet, 
one senser of layten. 

LYMPNE— v Decembeb vi Ed. VI. 

Thomas Garden, vicar, John Cresey, John Vytell, 
churchwardens, Jemys Knight & Mighell Aden, 
parishioners 

First iiij bells in the stepell 

Item one cope of blewe silke 

Item one crosse clothe of grene silke 

Mem. Solde by William Cresey churchwarden one vestment of 

rede damaske & one olde vestment of grene worsted to 

Thomas Carden for vj s. viij d. 
Item solde by John Cresey churchwarden one cross of copper 

to one of Canterbury prise ij s. viij d. 
Item one vestment, and a cope of red velvet with a deacon & 

subdeacon of the same a vestment of divers colours with a 

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284 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS. 

cope of the same prise iiijli. to Thos. Garden, Jemys 
Knyght, Mighell Aden, and Nicholas Afforde 
Mem. paid for reparacons of the churche 

First to the glasyer xxvi s. viij d. 

Item to the plomer xiij s. iiij d. 

Item to the carpenter xx s. 

Item to the tyler iij s. iiij d. 

Item for whyte lymynge vj s. viij d. 

LYMYNGE— v. December vi. Ed. VI. 
George Clarke, vycar ; Stephen Hogben, and 
Stephen Sawder, churchwardens, Thomas March, 
Thomas Beane, parishioners 

Item a cuppe of tyn to mynyster with 

Item a blew velvet vestment 

Item a cope of blew velvet 

Item a whyte damaske vestment 

Item a whyte damaske cope 

Item a red satyn vestment 

Item a grene vestment with ij tynacles 

Item a branched vestment with ij tynacles 

Item a whyte vestment of dornyx 

Item an old cope v corpores casses 

Item iiij aulter clothes, v towells 

Item a vayle cloth, j red front of chamblet 

Item a herse cloth, a coope of sylke 

Item a canope for the pyx 

Item ij greit latyn candlestyckes, vj lytle candlestycks of laten, 
a coper pyx, a coper senser, a latyn senser, a crismatory of 
copper, a holy water stoppe of latyn, a crosse cloth of sylke, 
a surples, and ij rochets 

Item a coverlet, ij chestes 

Item v belles in the steple 

Item a crosse of copper 

Item to lamps of latten 

Item ij handbelles, and ij sacryng belles 

Item a bason of latyn with the ewer 

Item ij crewetes of pewter 

Item a pyllow with the cote. 



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( 285 ) 



VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DARTFORD, 29 ED. I. 
COMMUNICATED BY THE REV. E. P. COATES. 

The following Valuation is preserved among the 
Public Records, at the Rolls, (Lay Subsidies, Kent, 
^i*,) whence this transcript was furnished by our 
valued friend Mr. Joseph Burtt. 

The first entry gives the rateable value of the 
Templars' possessions in Dartford. This is printed 
verbatim, as an example of the form of the valuation ; 
but of each of the other, two hundred and eighteen, 
entries, only an abstract is given below. 

Prom the first entry we learn the current prices of 
farm stock at Michaelmas 1301. They were : wheat, 
4s. 6d. a quarter ; barley, 3s. ; oats, 20d. ; an ox was 
worth 10s. ; a bull, 6s. 8d. ; a cow, 6s. ; a calf, 2s. ; a 
sheep, lOd. ; and a lamb, 5d. 

Of the two hundred and eighteen persons assessed, 
only eighteen appear to have had their stock, 
utensils, and houses valued at or above £5. The 
house ("cameram") is a very variable item. One 
alone was worth a mark (13s. 4d.) per annum ; two 
are valued at 6s. 8d. ; one at 5s. ; twelve at 4s. ; six- 
teen at 3s. ; thirty-seven at 2s. ; forty-seven at 12d. ; 
of forty-four the separate value is not specified, as it 
is reckoned with utensils, etc. Pifty-seven of the 
persons assessed are not charged for any house ; pos- 



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286 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OP DABTFOED. 

sibly their cottages were so poor as to escape the tax. 
The brass pots (" olla enea ") valued at 2s. each, the 
round pans or skillets ("patella "), and the posnets, 
or small cups, valued at 12d. each, are all included in 
this assessment. 

The tax amounted in each case to one fifteenth of 
the rateable value of the property. 

Villata de Dartford 

Quintadecima Domini Regis de die Sancti Michaelis anno 
regni Regis ipsius vicesimo nono finiente. 

Templarii babuerunt predicto die Sancti Michaelis xxx 
quarteria frumenti precium vj li. xv sol. precium quarterii iiij s. 
vj d. Item x quarteria siliginis precium xxxv s. precium quarterii 
iij s. vi d. Item xl quarteria ordei precium vj li. precium quarterii 
iij s. Item x quarteria avenarum precium xvj s. viij d. precium 
quarterii xxd. Item ij quarteria pisarum precium iij s. iiijd. pre- 
cium quarterii xx d. Item j equum carectarium precium xij 8. 
Item iiij stottos precium xxiiij s. precium stotti vj s. Item iiij 
boves precium xl s. precium bovis x s. Item j taurum precium 
dimidii marci. Item viij vaccas precium xlviij s. precium vacce 
vj 8. Item vi boviculos precium xij s. precium boviculi ij s. Item 
xxx oyes precium xxv s. precium ovis x d. Item x agnos pre- 
cium iiij s. ij d. precium agni v d. Item fenum precium j marce. 

Summa xxiiij u xv s. ij d. Inde xv ma xxxiij s. qd. 

(In the margin u vacata per breve," i.e., exempted.) 

John Lusty n. After stock,* 75s. Id. j pocinettum precium 6d. 

Item cameram precium 2s. Sum 77s. 7d. Assessed 

5s. 2id. 
Simon ate hoke. Stock 18s. 8£d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

19s. 3*d. 15*d. 

• By " stock " is meant cattle, corn, farming stuff, pigs, etc., varying of course 
in each instance. In the first twelve entries the total value of this stock is 
printed ; but as it can be so easily calculated from the other items given, it is not 
generally inserted in these abstracts. Everything in the shape of household 
goods, implements, etc., is given in (nil. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OF THE TOWN OP DART FORD. 287 

Reginald Austyn. Stock 20s. 7d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

21s. 7d. 17*d. 

Sampson de Grangia. Stock 78s. 6d. cameram precium 2s. 

Sum £4. 6d. " 5s. 4*d. 

Elias Austyn. Stock 9b. 3d. Sum 9s. 3d. 7£d. 

Roger Porter. Stock 8s. id. Sum 8s. id. 6fcd. 

Walter Grate. Stock 18s. 7id. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

19s. 7id. 15|d. 

Adam ate Hethe. Stock 48s. Id. cameram precium 2s. Sum 

50s. Id. 3s. 4id. 

Gunnora ate Gore. Stock 27s. 5d. Item canabum precium 6d. 

Item cameram precium 2s. Sum 29s. lid. Assessed 2s. 
Simon Godibur. Stock 19s. 9d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

20s. 9d. 16|d. 

John Joman. Stock 15s. l£d. Sum 15s. l^d. 12id. 

Henry Beneyt. Stock 8s. 10|d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

9s. 10|d. 8d. 

John de Fonte. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 16s. lfd. 

13d. 
John de ecclesia. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 12s. 2£d. 

lOd. 
John Randolf. Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum j£4. 8d. 

5s. 4}d. 
Richard de Scalera. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 15s. 

2*d. , 12id. 

William ate Sole. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 40s. Id. 

2s. 8id. 
Roger Austyn. Stock, cameram precium I2d. Sum 22s. 7d. 

18id. 
Robert de Fonte. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 23s. 5d. 

18}d. 
Alice de Puteo. Stock. Sum 10s. 9*d. 8$d. 

Osbert son of Simon. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 

32s. 4}d. 2s. 2d. 

Robert de Cheleffend. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 

3s 4d. 2}d. 

John Roger. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 38s. ljd. 

2s. 6Jd. 



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288 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OP DABTFOBD. 

William ateforde. Stock. Sum 19±d. l*d. 

Alice widow of Henry Walter. Stock, j pocinettf precium 

12d. Cameram precium 3s. Sum 37s. Id. 2s. 5|d. 

Alice Ay lard. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 12s. lid. 

10id. 
William lefader. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 16s. 

Hid. 13*1. 

Cecilia daughter of John Roger. Stock, cameram precium 

12d. Sum 5s. 6*d. 4£ 

Osbert de Aldewich. Stock, j pocinetf precium 12d. Sum 65s. 

lOd. 4s. 4fd. 

William Pikeman. Stock, j pocinett precium 12d. cameram 

precium 3s. Sum 63s. 4£d. 4s. 2|d. 

Joan widow of Will* de Wilmynton. Stock, cameram p'cium 

2s. Sum 69s. 6d. 4s. 7*d. 

Richard de Wolferhampton. Stock. Sum £10. 4s. 13s. 7£d. 
John Beneyt. Stock, j ollam eream precium 2s. j patell 

precium 12d. cameram precium 4s. Sum £7. 3s. Id. 

9s. 6*d 
Richard Beneyt. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram 

precium 3s. Sum £4. 19s. £d. 6s. 7£d. 

Beatrix de Gyse. Stock. Sum £9. 6s. 8d. 12s. 5$d. 

William the Clerk. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 26s. 5d. 

21*d. 
Richard Moth'. " Chattels » 2s. 1-fd. 

John Ponchun. "j vaccam precium 6s." 5d. 

Abbot of Lewes. (Lios'n). Stock. Sum £4. 13s. 6s. 2£d. 
Richard ate Gore. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum lis. 

7*d. 9id. 

Alice Bigod. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 37s. 4d. 

2s. 6d. 
Peter Drivere. Stock, j pocinett' precium 12d. cameram 

precium 12d. Sum lis. 2d. 9d. 

Robert ate Helle. " 2 quarteria ordei precium yj s." 5d. 
Walter Belle. Stock, cameram precium I2d. Sum 7s. l£d. 

5|d. 
Richard Petiern. Stock. " Item in utensilibus et camera " 3s. 

Sum lis. 9d. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OP THE TOWN OF DARTFORD. 289 



» 



Margareta de Foleswich. Stock, "in utensilibus et camera 4s 

Sum 49s. 7d. 3s. 3$d. 

Richer Faker. Stock. " Item in utensilibus 12d." Sum 31s. 7d. 

2s. lid. 
Alice widow of John Dene. Stock. " j ollam eneam precium 2s. 

in utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum £6. lis. lOd. 8s. 9£d. 
John Hereword. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 41s. 8d. 

2s. 9id. 
John Algod. Stock, "in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 

72s. 3d. 4s. lOd. 

John de Portebrugg. Stock. " cameram " precium 12d. Sum 

13s. lid. * Hid. 

Thomas CokereL " in omnibus mercandisis xxxs." Sum 30s. 

2s. 
Hamo de Portebregg. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 

13s. 8id. ^ lid. 

William Bisshop. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. Item j 

deywerc et dimidium sandicis precium 18d. j deywerc 

pori' (?) precium 6d. in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 

10s. 6d. 8id. 

Humfrey the Miller. Stock, j pocinett precium 12d. in 

utensilibus et camera 2s. Sum 1 2s. 3^d. lOd. 

Robert de Foleswich. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in 

utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum £4». 14s. 7d. 6s. 3f d. 
John the Miller. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 

18s. 6d. 15d. 

John the Weaver. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in 

utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 41s. lid. 2s. 9|d. 

Nicholas Bost. " in omnibus rebus et mercandisis " 13s. Sum 

13s. 10id. 

Alice relicta Silweker. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 

14s. 7d. Hid. 

Geoffrey Pope. In omnibus rebus et catallis suis 9s. Sum 9s. 

John Osebarn. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 66s. 4d. 

4s. 5id. 
Simon Dolling. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 12s. 7fd. 

10id. 

VOL. IX. TT 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



290 VALUATION OP THE TOWN OF DARTFOBD. 

John Dolling. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 21s. 8d. 

17id. 

WiUiam de Potham. Stock. Sum 8s. 8d. 7d. 

Adam Shereve. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 20s lid. 

16id. 

Matilda relict of Richard Kesshe. Stock. Sum 35s. id. 

2s. 4±d. 

Thomas Squiioun. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in 
utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum 32s. 10£d. 2s. 2^d. 

William Treubody. " Habuit eodem die in omnibus rebus suis 
et mercandisis ij marcas." inde quintadecima 21£d. 

Geoffrey Gamelyn. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 
24s. id. * 19id. 

Giles de Maris co. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 13s. 
5£d. lid. 

John Mershman. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 3s. Sum 
57s. lOd. 3s. 10id. 

Reginerus de Monte. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 14s. 
8d. Hid. 

Walter Bellel Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in utensi- 
libus et camera 4s. Sum 72s. 8d. 4s. 10£d. 

Sibilla Belle. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in utensilibus 
et camera 3s. Sum 42s. 3d. 2s. lOd. 

John Bartelot. " in omnibus utensilibus et mercandisis j mar- 
cam/' 10}d. 

Peter de Andeham. Stock. Sum 37s. 2s. 5^d. 

John Dolling. Stock, in mercandisis et utensilibus 9s. Sum 
27s. 9d. 22id. 

John Andrea. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 13s. 11 id. 

Hid. 

Adam West. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 80s. lid. 

2s. Id. 

William ate Spick. Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum 35s. 6d. 

2s. 4id. 

Alexander Parmenter. Stock, j pocinettum precium 12d. in 
utensilibus et camera 3s. Sum 14s. lOd. 12d. 

Andrew de Stonham. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 
55s. lid. 3s. 8fd. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OP THE TOWN OP DARTPOKD. 291 

Isabella relicta Sageden. Stock. Sum 2s. 6d. 2d. 

Matilda relict of Thomas Pilchere. Stock. Sum 3s. 4£d. 

2*d. 
Richard Starculf. Stock. cameram precium 12d. Sum 

lis. 6d. ~ 9±d. 

Thomas de Horton. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 

6s. lid. 5$d. 

Walter Wittloc. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram 

precium 2s. Sum 17s. l±d. 13fd. 

Cristina relict of John Andreu. Stock, cameram precium 12d. 

Sum lis. 8d. 9id. 

William Triturator. Stock, linum precium 3d. Sum 2s. 11 id. 

2*d. 
Richard Matheu. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 26s. 2d. 

21d. 
John Carpenter. In omnibus utensilibus et camera 2s. 6d. 

Sum 2s. 6d. 2d. 

William Bishop. Stock. Sum 20}d. lid. 

Ivo Tutor. Stock. Item in mercandisis 4s. Sum 5s. 11 id. 

5d. 
William Bishop. In omnibus mercandisis et utensilibus 3s. 

Sum 3s. 2id. 

William son of Reginald de Stonham. Stock. Sum 7s. 5|d. 
Adam Scot. Stock. Sum 2s. 5d. 2d. 

Nicholas Taunator. Stock, in mercandisis 2s. Sum 8s. 

6id. 
Henry de Stonham. j vaccam precium 6s. Sum 6s. 5d. 
John de Bixle. Stock, in mercandisis 10s. Sum lis. 8d. 

9id. 
William ate hethe. Stock. Sum 2s. id. Ud. 

Lote de Stonham. Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum £7. 

2s. 2d. 9s. 6d. 

Ralph de Watergate. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 13s. 

3id. * 10*d. 

Richard Dodel. Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum 79s. Id. 

5s. 3id. 
Ralph de Haliingberi. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s, 

cameram precium 2s. Sum 54s. 3fd. 3s. 7id. 

TJ 2 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



292 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DARTFORD. 

Mathew son of Anselm. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 
24s 7d. 19^d. 

Custancia relict of Gilnoth. Stock. Sum 7s. l£d. 5-fd. 

Reginer de Cruce. Stock, in uteusilibus et camera 2s. Sum 
5s. 9d. 4fd. 

Alexander mercator. In omnibus uteusilibus et mercandisis 
20s. Sum20s. 16d. 

John Tripesant. In omnibus 2s. Sum 2s. Hd. 

Thomas de la Spich\ Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum 109s. 
2d. 7s. 3*d. 

John the tailor. (Cissor.) Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. 
j patella precium 12d. cameram precium 6s. 8d. Sum £7 
10s. 5d. 10s. id. 

Robert Munte. Stock, cameram precium 4s. Sum £8. 13s. lOd. 

lis. 7id. 

Adam parvus de Stonham. Stock, cameram precium 12d. 
Sum 6s. 8}d. 5£d. 

John Gerard. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum £4. 10s. 

6s. 

Alexander de Stanpett. Stock, cameram precium 4s. Sum 
115s. lid. 7s, 8*d. 

Alanus de Castell. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j patel- 
lam precium 12d. cameram precium 2s. Sum 18s. ll£d. 

15id. 

Roger the son of Roger Curteys. Stock. Sum 3s. 2±d. &fd. 

William Tripes. In omnibus mercandisis \ a marc 5£d. 

Adam Carpenter, j quarter, ordei precium 3s. j ollam eneam 
precium 2s. in mercandisis et utensilibus et camera 5s. 
Sum 10s. 8d. 

Alexander de Gurnay. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 
21s. 7d. 17id. 

Johanna Elnold. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in uten- 
silibus et camera 5s. Sum 46s. 4d. 3s. l£d. 

John Randolf. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 6s. lid. 

5fd. 

John Smalheth. Stock, canabum 2s. pelles 4s. j derwerc et 
dimidium sandicis 18d. j deywerc pori 6d. cameram pre- 
cium 12d. Sum 9s. 7}d. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OF THE TOWN OP DARTFORD. 293 

Ralph Bonjur. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in mercan- 

disis 58. cameraro precium 12d. Sum 9s. 8d. 7|d. 

Richard the clerk. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 33s. 

5d. 2s. fc|d. 

John Fratre. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sura 10s. 

8d. 
Joane relict of Mathew de Fatinton. Stock, cameram precium 

2s. Sum 38s. lid. 2b. 7±d. 

Richard Osmod. Stock, cameram precium 2b. Sum 34s. 

4*d. 2s. 3id. 

John de Stanpett. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 78b. 4d. 

5s. 2*d. 
Roger de Hamme. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 21s. 

4*d. 17id. 

William Chepman. Stock, cameram precium 2b. Sum 15b. 

4*d. 12id. 

William Gast. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 6s. 5jd. 

did. 
John son of Mathew. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 

19b. 5*d. 15|d. 

Henry Munie. Stock, j patell eneam precium 12d. cameram 

precium 12d. Sum 46b. 8b. Id. 

Roger de Bikenore. Stock, cameram precium 5b. Sum 117s. 

7d. 7s. lOid. 

Jakemin Lumbard. " Habuit eodem die in omnibus mer- 

candisis utensilibus et camera xxx s." 2s. 

Nicholas Sutor. Stock, in mercandisis 28d. Sum 4s. 7|d. 

3*d. 
Robert Queynterel. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2b. in 

mercandisis et utensilibus ± mark. Sum 13b. 7<L lid. 
William Bole. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 19s. l£d. 

15*d. 
Hamo Tixtor. Stock, cameram precium I2d. Sum 5s. 7fd. 

4*d. 
John de Porta. 3 busel 1 fabarum 9d. 1 vitulum 12d. 1 

ollam eream 2s. 2 porcellos 12d. 4 deywercas sandicis 4s. 

1 deywerc pori 6d. linum 8d. in utensilibus et camera 3s. 

Sum 12s. lid. lO^d. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



294 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DARTFOBJ). 

Thomas Balauncer. Stock, j oilam eream precium 2s. in 
utensilibus et camera 3s. Sum 18s. 3$d. 14fd. 

John Trewlove. Stock j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pocinettf 
precium 12d. in utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum 35s. lOd. 

2s. 4|d. 

John de Porta. Stock. Sum £6. 6s. 8d. 8s. 6*d. 

Roger Curteys. Stock. Sum 3s. 7d. 3d. 

Mabel widow of Robert Wodere. Stock, cameram precium 2s. 
Sum 15s. 4d. 12*d. 

Peter Baun. Stock, j pocinett' precium 12d. Sum 7s. 5d. 

6d. 

Thomas Trobevile. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram 
precium 2s. Sum 48s. 2d. 3s. 2|d. 

John Bartelot Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in utensi- 
libus et camera dimidia marce. Sum 41s. 2d. 2s. 9d. 

Roger Taunator. Stock, in mercandisis 2 marce. in utensi- 
libus et camera 5s. Sum 61s. 8|d. 4s. l£d. 

John Ismongere. Stock. 2 patellas eneas 2s. in mercandisis 2 
marce. in utensilibus et camera 46. Sum 44s. 8d. 

2s. 113d. 

William de Ston } . Stock, sandicem precium 2s. in utensilibus 
et camera dimidia marce. Sum 40s. 2d. 2s. 8Jd. 

William Bartelot. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram 
precium 2s. Sum 29s. 9d. 2s. 

Henry Bonjur. In omnibus mercandisis utensilibus et camera 
19s. Sum 19s. 15£d. 

William Ost. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in utensilibus 
et camera 4s. Sum 43s. Id. 2s. 10£d. 

John Pellipariu8. Stock, j pocinett' precium 12d. pelles 
precium 4s. 6d. cameram precium 2s. Sum 17s. l&fd. 

Alice widow of Walter Ost. Stock, cameram precium 2s. 
Sum 18s. lOd. 15Jd. 

Adam Cordewaner. In omnibus catallis et mercandisis 20s. 
Sum 20s. 16d. 

William Herem' ( Heremitus ? ) . Stock. 8 deywercas sandicis 
3s. j ollam eneam precium 2s. j lavacrum cum pelvi pre- 
cium 18d. in mercandisis utensilibus et camera 20s. Sum 
32s. 8d. 2s. 2*d. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DARTFOKD. 295 

John de Hedham. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram 

precium 2s. Sum 12s. id. lOd. 

Lambert Marescallus. Stock. 4 deywercas sandicis precium 4s. 

cameram precium 12d. Sum 17s. lid. 18fd. 

George de Acres. Stock, j ollam eream precium 2s. Sum 71s. 

10d. 4s. 9*d. 

Walter Catygo. In omnibus catallis et mercandisis 30s. Sum 

30s. 2s. 

Alexander Batecok. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j 

patellam precium 12d. in sandice dimidium marce. in 

mercandisis 10s. in utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum 

38s. Hid. 2s. 7*d. 

Humfrey de Otteford. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. 

Item cameram precium 4s. Sum 42s. 2s. 9|d. 

Thomas Humfrey. Stock, cameram precium 4s. Sum 33s. 

6d. 2s. 3d. 

Alice the relict of Richard Aleyn. Stock, cameram precium 

2s. Sum 9s. 3d. 7id. 

William Purmeye. Stock, ij deywercas sandicis precium 2s. 

j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram precium 8s. Sum 47s. 

4d. 3s. 2d. 

Hugh de Essex. In omnibus mercandisis et utensilibus 15s. 

6d. Sum 15s. 6d. 12id. 

John Roger. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 29s. 

2d. 23id. 

Henry Noreys. Stock. Sum 106s. lOd. 7s. lid. 

William Reyner. In omnibus utensilibus et camera 1 marcam. 

Sum 1 marca 10}d. 

John de Stone. In omnibus catallis et mercandisis 30s. 
Cecilia relict of Fulk de Monte. Stock, j pocinettum precium 

12d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 9s. id. 7£d. 

Richard Robekyn. In omnibus catallis et mercandisis 32s. 6d. 

Sum 32s. 6d. 2s. 2d. 

Walter de Folesworth. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j 

patellam precium 12d. cameram precium 4s. Sum 

37s. 2d. 2s. 5|d. 

Alice widow of William Wrestlere. Stock, j patellam 12d. 

cameram precium 3s. Sum 12s. 5d. lOd. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



296 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DARTFOKD. 

Joan Cat. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j patellam pre- 
cium 12d. cameram precium 4s. Sum 18s. lOd. 15±d. 

John Mainware. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pocinetf 
precium 12d. cameram precium 4s. Sum £9. 17s. 

ISs. lid. 

John Ost. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. cameram precium 
12d. Sum 10s. 8d. 

Richard Mainware. Stock, in mercandisis 10s. in utensilibus 
et camera 4s. Sum 48s. 3d. 84fd. 

Sibilia widow of Richard the Tanner. Stock, y olle enee pre- 
cium 4s. j pocinett precium 12d. in utensilibus, mercan- 
disis et camera 36s. 6d. j patellam precium 12d. pelvem 
et lavacrum 18d. Sum £10. 14s. 2d. 14«. 3£d. 

John de Wilmynton. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 
Us. 8d. 9|d. 

John the son of Thomas. Stock, j lavacrum et pelvem precium 
18d. cameram precium 4s. Sum 15s. 9d. 12 Jd. 

William Shabeggere. j stott 6s. in mercandisis 5s. Sum Us. 

9d. 

John de Cherteseye. Stock, j pocinett 1 precium 12d. came- 
ram precium 2s. Sum 6s. lid. 5}d. 

Robert Wittboc. Stock, in mercandisis 80s. j ollam eneam 
precium 2s. in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 105s. Id. 

7s. id. 

Richard Catygo. Stock, ij deywercas sandicis precium 2s. 
j deywercam pori precium 6d. in mercandisis vs. cameram 
precium 12d. Sum Us. lid. 9|d. 

William Marshall. Stock, in utensilibus et camera 5s. Sum 
10s. 8d. 

John Elnald. Stock, cameram precium 12d. Sum 15s. 6|d. 

12*d. 

William Cocus. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j poci- 
nett 1 precium 12d. in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 
22s. 5d. 18d. 

Richard de Gurnay. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 
31s. 3id. 2s. Ud. 

John de Gurnay. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 44s. Id. 

2s. Hid. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



VALUATION OF THE TOWN OF DAETFOED. 297 

Elen RusseL Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pocinett' 
precium 12d. j lavacrum cum pelvi precium 18d. cameram 
precium dimidium marce. Sum 32s. 5d. 2s. 2d. 

William the Tanner. Iu omnibus utensilibus et mercandisis 
60s. Sum 60s. 4s. 

The widow of Ralph Wyte. j deywercam et dimidium sandicis 
precium 18d. j deywercam pori precium 6d. canabum 
precium 6d. porcellum precium 6d. Sum 3s. 2-£d. 

The widow of Synekere. Stock. Sum 6s. 5d. 

Joan Lanecok. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in uten- 
silibus et camera 5s. Sum 30s. lid. 2s. $d. 

Richard Cokey e. Stock, linum precium 5d. canabum pre- 
cium 6d. cameram precium 12d. Sum 22s. ll$d. 18$d. 

John Marshall. Stock, iu uteusilibus et camera 4s. Sum 
6s. 9d. 5£d. 

Alice Aunsel. Stock, cameram precium 3s. Sum 28s. 7±d. 

23d. 

John Pit. Stock. Sum 12s. 4d. lOd. 

William Bokeler. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in uteu- 
silibus et camera 5s. Sum 27s. 21fd. 

Robert Tusard. Stock, in mercandisis 6s. Sum 7s. l£d. 

6d. 

John de Sobie. Stock, iiij deywercas sandicis precium 4s. 
iij deywercas pori precium 18d. j ollam eneam precium 2s. 
in mercandisis 10s. in camera 2s. Sum 27s. |d. 21 |d. 

Ralph Lite. Stock, in utensilibus et Camera 2s. Sum 4s. 7|d. 

3}d. 

John Benjamyn. Stock, j pocinettum precium 12d. in mercan- 
disis 10s. in utensilibus et camera 4s. Sum 27s. 5d. 22d. 

Stephen Tubbard. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. in uten- 
silibus mercandisis et camera j marcam. Sum 41s. 7d. 

2s. 9*d. 
(on back.) 

Christina Gerth. Stock. Sum 27s. 4d. 22d. 

SUMMA VILLATB £23. 138. 6jd. 



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298 VALUATION OF THE TOWN OP DARTFORD. 

" Quintadecima domini Regis de subcollectoribus villate de 
Derteford de die Sancti Michaelis Anno regni regis Edwardi 
xxx™ finiente." 

Reginald Tavemer. Stock, cameram precium 2s. Sum 61s 

4s. Id. 
Alexander Bartelot. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. 

j pocinett' precium 12d. cameram precium 8s, Sum 72s. 

4s. 9}d. 
Adam Joce. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pocinettf 

precium 12d. cameram precium 3s. Sum 75s. 1 Id. 5s. Id. 
John Aleyn. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pateilam 

precium 2s. cameram precium 4s. pelvem cum lavacro 

precium 18d. Sum £6. 3s. 2d. 8s. 2fd. 

John Lambyn. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. j pateilam 

precium 12d. j pelvem cum lavacro precium 18d. cameram 

precium 3s. Sum 105s. 2d. 7s. Jd. 

Richard de Wintoma. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. 

j pateilam precium 2s. pelvem cum lavacro precium 18d. 

cameram precium 4s. Sum 74s. 4s. ll£d. 

John le Wedere. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. Item j 

patelP precium 12d. Item pelvem cum lavacro precium I8d. 

cameram precium 3s. Sum 71s. 5d. 4s. 9Jd. 

John Charles. Stock, j ollam eneam precium 2s. unam patei- 
lam precium 12d. lavacrum et pelvem precium 18d. 

cameram precium 4s. Sum 47s. 8d. 3s. 2Jd. 

Sum totalis quintedecime 42s. lfd. 

Summa villate £23. 18s. 6Jd. 

SUMMA JURATORUM 428. 1-jd. 

Summa utriusque (preter "1 ^^ ,_ ~, 

v y j£25. 15s. 8d. 

RELIOIOSIS ET TKMFLARIOS) J 



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( 299 ) 



MISCELLANEA. 



Not far from the eastern boundary of the parish of Borden, and 
near the farm-house called " Hart's Delight/' which is in the 
parish of Tunstall, a new house has recently been built by Mr. 
Prentis, of Milton. While digging the ground which has been 
enclosed to form a garden for this house, Mr. Prentis's men dis- 
covered three gold coins. At first two were found together, one 
being Roman, and bearing the profile of Claudius Caesar, the 
other being a British coin of Cunobeline. The latter is shewn 
in the accompanying engraving (fig. 1). 




It is exactly like one which is engraved by Mr. John Evans, 
in his work on British Coins, at page 297, plate ix., No. 3. As 
however it is there stated that the place of discovery of any coin 
of this type has been hitherto unknown, the Borden example is 
of more than common importance. It is now in the possession 
of Mr. Walter Prentis, of Rainham. 

The second discovery brought to light only one coin ; another 
Cunobeline, but of a type which has never before been engraved. 
It is shewn in fig. 2. 




In Mr. Evans's book, a coin, numbered 8 on plate ix., greatly 
resembles this Borden Cunobeline, but both on the obverse 
and on the reverse there are points of difference. 



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300 MISCELLANEA. 

BRONZE CELTS. 

From the Isle of Harty, Mr. Evans, of Hemel-Hempstead, 
has obtained " the stock in trade of a founder of the bronze 
period." This includes bronze socket Celts, moulds for making 
them, and lumps of the metal from which they were made. 

Allhallows, in the Hundred of Hoo, has lately yielded sundry 
bronze tools and weapons, which have come into the possession 
of Mr. Humphry Wickham, of Strood. They were found in an 
earthen pot, two feet below the surface, by workmen who 
were digging a drain-trench. There were lumps of pure copper 
in the pot, with the bronze implements. They resemble the 
examples, from Sittingbourne, which are engraved in Mr. Roach 
Smith's 'Collectanea Antiqua/ vol. i., pp. 101, 102. 

At Haynes Hill, near Hythe, other bronze implements and 
weapons have recently been discovered, during excavations 
made for the branch line of railway to Hythe and Sandgate. 
They are all in the possession of Mr. H. B. Mackeson, of Hythe, 
and Mr. W. T. Tournay, of Brookhall. Engravings of some of 
them are given in the 'Archaeological Journal/ vol. xxx., 
p. 282. 



FLINT IMPLEMENTS. 



At Grovehurst, in Milton next Sittingbourne, upon the pro- 
perty of Mr. Whitehead Gascoyne, several flint implements of 
great beauty have lately been discovered. They are all in the 
Museum of Mr. George Payne, junior, of Sittingbourne. 



ROMAN POTTERY. 



In addition to the extensive discovery of Roman sepulchral 
urns at East Hall, in the parish of Murston, Mr. George Payne 
has very lately obtained, from a spot near the Rifle Range, in 
the marshes of the same parish, fragments of handsomely figured 
Samian ware, and of other Roman pottery, in connection with 
skulls of Bos longifrons. 



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MISCELLANEA. 301 

GRANT MADE BY ROGER OP FAUKHAM, TO 
WILLIAM AND SARAH DE WYKEWANE, OF 
FIFTEEN ACRES OF LAND IN FAUKHAM, 28 ED. I. 

COMMUNICATED, WITH NOTES, BY THE REV. R. P. COATES. 

Sciant presenter et futuri quod ego Rogerus de Faukham dedi 
coiicessi et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi Willielmo de 
Wykewane et Sarre uxori sue quindecim acras terre mee cum 
suis pertinenciis quarum duodecim acras {sic) terre cum suis 
pertinenciis jacent in campo vocato Suthfeld et tres acras (sic) 
terre cum pertinenciis suis jacent apud le Lymoste* in parochia 
de Faukham. Dedi eciam et concessi eidem Willielmo et Same 
uxori sue tres perticatas prati mei jacentes in salso marisco de 
Derteforde prope pratum vocatum Costynesmed videlicet quic- 
quid in predictis terra et prato habui vel aliquo modo habere 
potui sine aliquo retinemento. Tenendum et habendum pre- 
dictis Willielmo et Same et eorum heredibus vel assignatis 
prenominatam terram et pratum cum pertinenciis suis de capita- 
libus dominis feodorum et cuicumque vel quandocumque dare 
vendere vel aliquo alio modo alienare voluerint libere quiete 
bene et in pace imperpetuum. Et ego predictus Rogerus et 
heredes mei totam predictam terram et pratum cum omnibus 
suis pertinenciis predicto Willielmo et Sarre et eorum heredibus 
and (sic) assignatis contra omnes gentes warantizabimus et 
defendemus imperpetuum. Pro hac autem donacione conces- 
sion e warantizacione et presentis carte confirmacione et sigilli 
mei impressione dederunt mihi predicto Rogero predicti Wil- 
lielmus et Sarra centum solidos sterlingorum premanibus in 
gersumam f anno regni Regis Edwardi vicesimo octavo. Hiis 
testibus Domino Ricardo Scotland in lite, Willielmo de 
Halzelee,! Thoma de Helles,§ Johanne de Horton, Petro de 
Aldham, Willielmo de Bosco, Joanni de Bosco, Willielmo 
Fynyen, Johanne Lenord, Galfrido de Hkyngdenn', Ricardo 
Yeysy et Ricardo clerico et multis aliis. 

• Le Lymofte, the limekiln. 

f Pre mambue in gernmam, given beforehand as an earnest. 

J Sahelee, perhaps one of the forms of the name Hawley. 

§ HeUee, St. Margaret Helles, or Hills, Darenth. The words kellee, Mils, are 
alike derived from Old English halan, to ©over ; hill means the raised grave over 
some famous person. 



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( 302 ) 



VALUATION OP THE MANORS OF CHARLES AND 
ROUGHEHEL. 

[Undated, but the writing is of the latter part of the 14th oentury. J. Bubtt.] 

DERTEFORD. 
Memorandum quod Adam Bamme nuper habuit ibidem 
unum manerium vocatum Charles cum ij grangiis valde rui- 
nosis et nihil valent ultra reprisas.* Item sunt ibidem diverse 
shope in villa predicta et valent per annum 40s. Item sunt 
ibidem ij molendina aquatica unde j fullonicum et alium 
blad [onicum] et valent per annum ultra reprisas 40s. Item 
est ibidem j cunicularium cum cuniculis vineis et ciris et 
valet communibus annis 40s. Item est ibidem j gardinum 
quondam Timonis Hache et valet per annum 2s. Item 
sunt ibidem in diversis campis viz in Charleshethe Bakeres- 

72 acrae 
den Oatemanfeld Admereslond Pascalden Wylmyntoneden 

2 acre 22 aer* 

Wylmyntonewell Hungrifeld Horseput Cokshote Bulkeden 

12 acr* 1 rod 4 acr 1 2 acr* 4 acr* 4 acr* 

Dyrolfesput Okhegge Lomput Stywardestile Herkynesgate 

15 acr* 3 rod 3 acr* 

Mountesfeld Stonhamcros Doune Heyfeld Stonhamlane 

2\ acr* lid. acr* 2^ acr* j acr' 2 acr* 

Waterle Sprottesden Stonhamfeld Tentis Bykenorecheker 

62i acr* 4| acr* 
Bromhelle Chalkeput Tirlyng Eyngeslond Gostendon Ryefeld 

4 acr* 2 acr* \\ acr* 8 accr* 

Bremthe Seyntedmondes Fulleswych et Mershegate — 233 acne 
terre et valet quaelibet acra per annum 4d, 77s. 8d. 

• I.e. rent-charges, pensions, annuities, fees of stewards or bailiffs, etc. 
J. B.-Gl. 



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MANORS OF CHARLES AND ROTJGHEHEL. 303 

Item sunt ibidem juxta portam Ricardi ate Sole 3 acre terre 
et valent per annum 12d. — Item est ibidem una acra subtus 
gardinum Johannis Broun et valet per annum 4d. — Item sunt 
ibidem 52 acre prati jacentes in diversis parcellis tarn in frisco 
maresco quam in salso maresco et valet quelibet acra per 
annum 2s. 104s. 



SlTMMA TOCIUS VALOBIS MaNERII . ,» r . 

_ y £15. 08. 

db Charles fbb annum . . . 



} 



Memorandum quod idem Adam Bamme habuit ibidem unum 
alium manerium et diversa tenementa vocata Boughebel 
Halwelee et Heylond cum j aula j camera ij grangiis et j. 
? stabulo ruinoso et nihil valent per annum ultra reprisas. 
Item est ibidem j bercaria sufficiens tamen nihil valet ultra 
reprisas. Item sunt ibidem et apud Charles de redditibus 
assisis per annum £10. — Item sunt ibidem in Hertescroft 

120 acr* 3 acr* 
Forestereslond Holecroft Potenescroft Heylond Pipescroft 

lGacr* ^acr* 10 acr* 40 acr* 

Hachefeld Langeleye Ifeld Merifeld Enbrake Perifeld Solefeld 

16 acr* 36 acr* 12 acr* 6 acr* 

Foxcroft Putfeld Ryefeld Teneacre Mogelescroft Babelond 
30 acr' 40 acr* 4 acr' 16 acr* 

Oklond Halweledene Perifeld Stottesworthe Stotteslese Pen- 
j acr* j rod j acr' 22 acr* 
dehanghe Piperacr Werefeld Longehoke Hertisfeld Fairput- 

50 acr* 22 acr* 

feld Potterescroft Chalkefeld et Nepisfeld — 457 acr* j roda 
terre et valet quelibet acra jd. 38s. lid. 

Item sunt ibidem de tenementis vocatis Beldes 12 acre et 
valent per annum 6s. 8d.— Item in Crofte apud le Crouche 
j acra et valet per annum 4d. — Item sunt ibidem in diversis 
parcellis subtus gardinum de Halwelee 16 acre et valent per 
annum 2s. 8d. — Item sunt ibidem in Crofte juxta portam 
Thome atte Stile 8 acre et valent per annum 16d. — Item sunt 

5 acr* 5£ acr* 1 acr* 7 acr* 

ibidem in Halwelemed Wolfrenmed Kyngesthorn Touremed 

1£ acr* 2 acr* 1£ rod 

Peremannesmed Super le Flete juxta pratum Vicarii de Sutton 



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304 MANORS OF CHARLES AND ROUGHEHEL. 

i rod 1 acr* i rod* } rod 

apud le Cheker Heggemed et in le Hode 23 acre 3 rode dimidia 
prati et valet quelibet acra per annum 12d. 23s. 10£d. 

Item de perquisitis Curiarum ibidem communibus Annis 
26s. 8d. Item sunt ibidem 100 acre juvenis bosci et valet acra 
per annum 4d. 33s. 4d. 

SUMMA TOCIU8 VALOBIS MaNEBII ) 

DE ROUGHEHEL &C. PER ANNUM . ) ^ 16 ' 12S " U * d ' 

SUMMA TOTALIS CONJUNCTA . . . £31. 17s. ll|d. 

De quibus resolute Domino Johanni de Monte Acuto per 
annum £4. — Abbati et Conventui de Lesenys per annum 
23s. 6d. — Thome Wylkyn per annum 5s. 7^d. — Domino de 
Ponynges per annum 2s. lOd. — Episcopo Roffensi per annum 
7s. — Domino Duci Surrie per annum 12d. et commum sectam 

Curie Priorisse de Derteford per annum 8s. — Johanni le 

12d. 

resolute £6. 8s. ll^d. 



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( 305 ) 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Abbot, archbishop, 176. 

Abel, John, prosecutor, 1661, 47, 48, 49. 

Acres, George de, of Dartford, 295. 

Aden, Michael, of Lympne, 283. 

Adye, John, of Dodington, lxxxi. 

-ffithelstan, king, 212. 

jEthelwulf, king, 212. 

Afforde, Nich., of Lympne, 284. 

Akerman, on Iffin's Wood barrow, 18. 

Alby , Petrus de, rector of Lyminge, 217. 

Aldewich, Osbert de, Dartford, 288. 

Aldham, Peter de, T, 801. 

Aleyn, Alice and Richard, 295 ; John, 

298. 
Algod, John, of Dartford, 289. 
All fours, 147. 
Amherst, Earl, xxxvii ; xxxviii ; lviii ; 

lxxxviii. 
Andeham, Peter de, Dartford, 290. 
Anderson, John, of Smarden, 226-9, 

232. 
Andrew, John, of Dartford, 290-1; 

Christina, 291. 
Anker, or anchoret's, window, 239 ». 
Anselm, Matthew, son of, Dartford, 292. 
Appledore Church, arms in, 158. 
Arden of Feversham, a tragedy attri- 
buted to Shakespeare, fix. 
Armille, gold and bronze, 1 et teq.; 

silver (Roman), 9. 
Armorial Coats, Kentish, MS., 186. 
Arnold, Wm., alias Garrard, of Cran- 

brook, cii. 
Arundel, archbishop, 194. 
Ashford," naughty," 130; Visitations 

at, 230, 233. 
Assheherst, Wm,, of Kingsnorth, 276. 
ate Forde, Wm., of Dartford, 288. 
ate Gore, Gunnora, of Dartford, 287 ; 

Richard, 288. 
ate Helle, Robert, of Dartford, 288. 
ate Hethe, Adam, of Dartford, 287 ; 

Wm., 291. 
ate Hoke, Simon, of Dartford, 286. 
ate Sole, Wm., of Dartford, 287. 

VOL. IX. 



ate Spich, Wm., of Dartford, 290. 

Aubrey's Antiquities of Surrey, 81. 

Auoher, Sir Antony, 38 n. 

Aunsel, Alioe, of Dartford, 297. 

Austry, Laurence, of Staplehurst, 202. 

Austyn, of 'Dartford, Elias, Reginald, 
and Roger, 287. 

Ayenbite of Inwyt, in Kentish dialect, 
60 n. 

Aylard, Alice, of Dartford, 288. 

Aynsoombe, S., epitaph on his brides- 
elect, lxxxi. 

Badcock, name in window, Hawkhurst, 

260«. 
Badges :— Bourchier, xlii ; Saokville, 

xliii, xlviii ; Boleyn, xliy. 
Badlesmere, Joan de, 163 ; brass, 149 ; 

fur-lined hood, 157; Bartholomew 

de, 163. 
Baker, David, of Tenterden, 192 ; 

Wm., of Smarden, 229; John, of 

Monks Horton, 270; Wm., of 

Ightham,274. 
Baker, Sir John, his daughter Cicely, 

xliv ; he built Sissinghurst Castle, 

xci ; buried at Cranbrook, xcii ; 

family tombs, xcv. 
Baker, Sir Richard, xcii ; the Chro- 
nicler, xoiii. 
Biker, Sir Samuel, descendant of the 

Bakers, of Sissinghurst, xci. 
Baker, Thomas, of Sissinghurst, xci. 
Balaunoer, Thos., of Dartford, 294. 
Ball, Mr., his fragment of a torques, 2. 
Bancroft, archbishop, 176. 
Bapchild, proverb, 81, 131. 
Barksted, Col., 44. 
Barnardiston, Sir Thos., chaplain's 

diary, lii. 
Barrett, Robert, rector of Keston, 275. 
Barrows, described, 17, 18. 
Bartelot, of Dartford, John, 290, 294; 

Wm., 294; Alexander, 298. 
Bartilt, name in Hawkhurst, 242, 260 ft. 



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306 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Barton, Elii., maid of Kent, 120. 
Barton, Bey. B. G., on Etchingham 

Church, oxvii. 
Basilica, Roman, at Lyminge, 208. 
Bastard Wine, 229, 235. 
Bateook, Alex., of Dartford, 295. 
Bateman's ' Ten years' diggings,' 24 si. 
Bateman, T., of i oulgrave, 166. 
Batherst of Staplehurst, Benet, Edward, 

Robert, and Thomas, 201. 
Battle Abbey, founded by Will. I, 241. 
Baun, Peter, of Dartford, 294. 
Baxter's Glossary, 112. 
Bayford, 8ittingbourne, 173. 
Beag, or beah, Saxon for torques, 10. 
Beales, a Kentish magistrate, 39. 
Beane, Thos., of Lyminge, 284. 
Bearsted, name of, 116. 
Beausfeld, manor, 163. 
Beoket'8, Thomas a, horse's tail out off, 

at Strood, 127. 
Bede, quoted, 113, 205. 
Bedo, Geo., on Eayersham Abbey, lxi ; 

on Roman remains around Faver- 

sham, lxxi. 
Bedyll, Thos., on outward confession, 

238. 
Beerye, Alex., of Staplehurst, 201. 
Belheyie, Celtic urn at, 24. 
Belle, of Dartford, Walter, 288, 290; 

Sibilla, 290. 
Bells, church, 199, 225, 232 »., 263, 

267-84. 
Bellyng, Christopher, of Hastingleigh, 

268. 
Beneyt, of Dartford, Hen., 287 ; Jno. 

and Riod., 288. 
Bengebery, in Thornham, 163. 
Benjamyn. John, of Dartford, 297. 
Bensted, tne name of, 116. 
Berham, Riod., son of Henry de, owns 

Sissinghurst, xci. 
Bernes. Robert, of Hawk hurst, 261. 
Berwick to Dover, or Calais, proverb, 

185. 
Besely, Riod., rector of Staplehurst, 202. 
Best, Wm., of Smarden, 224. 
Letshanger, 128, 142. 
Bettenham, Cranbrook, Celtic ring 

from, 12. 
Bex Hill, Milton, Roman ooffins at, 

164-73, 
Bibles, xxxvi, oxviii. 
Bigod, Alice, of Dartford, 288. 
Bikenore, Roger de, of Dartford, 293. 
Bisoop, Benedict, and Roman concretes, 

211. 
Bissett, John, of Canterbury, 48. 
Bishop, Wm., of Dartford, 289, 291. 
Bittock, a Scotch, 129. 



Bix, John, on Committee of Kent, 33 ». 

Bixle, John de, of Dartford, 291. 

Bland, the late Mr., of Hartlip, 171 ». 

Blean Wood, 180. 

Blecourt, in Staplehurst, 190 «. 

Blount, Thos., on Committee of Kent, 
83 n. 

Bode, Philip, of Preston next Payer- 
ham, 90. 

Bodiham, Castle : — described, ov ; 
towers, 4 drum and 4 rectangular; 
gatehouse, portcullis, cviii ; loop 
with oylet holes, second portcullis, 
vaulted roof, open bosses not for 
melted lead, prolonged entrance 
passage, cix ; lesser gatehouse, bridge- 
pit, machicolations, ox; mural closets, 
fireplaces, kitchens, cxi; buttery, 
hall, no central hearth but a fireplace, 
state apartments, oxii ; chapel, 
sacristy, Lord's private seat, cxiii; 
masonry, well - stairs, guardrobea, 
drum towers, cxiii ; moat, octagonal 
island pier, barbican, cxiv, oxv. 

Bois, Sir Edw., and Mr. John, on 
Committee of Kent, 1643, 32 ». 33 ». 

Bokeler, Wm., of Dartford, 297. 

Bole, Wm., of Dartford, 293. 

Boleyn, Queen Anne, her badge, xliv. 

Bolton Castle has but one ward, cviL 

Bonington, proverb, 142. 

Bonjur, of Dartford, Ralph, 293 ; Henry, 
294. 

Boothby, Col. Wm., helped Royalists, 
1648,48. 

Borden, ooins of Cunobeline from, 299. 

Borlase's ' Nienia Cornubias,' 20, 29, 74. 

Bos longifrom, found at Murston, 300. 

Bosoo, de, Wm. and John, T., 301. 

Bost, Nichs., of Dartford, 289. 

Bostoke, Edw., of Lydden, 283. 

Bosvile, Sir Thos., cxvi ; Sir Leonard, 
oxvi. 

Bourohier, archbishop, bought Knole 
Manor, built the house, died there, 
xl »; his knot on doorway, xlii ; his 
motto, xliii, xlvii ; builds at Lyminge, 
221. 

Bourchier, Lord and Lady, 193, 195. 

Bourne, John de, sheriff, 160. 

Bovell of Bodiham, cxvi. 

Bowes, Sir Martin, a commissioner, 266. 

Bowring, Root, of Staplehurst, will, 
197 ». 

Boycott, Geo., of Smarden, 234. 

Boyle, first earl of Cork, tomb in Pres- 
ton church, lxxiii. 

Boys' family, a proverb, 142. 

Boys, Wm., on Committee of Kent, 
88 »; of Hawkhurst, 263. 



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GENERAL INDEX. 



307 



Brabazon, Roger C, 161. 
Bragelond, James, of Staplehurst, 201. 
Brand's Pop. Antiquities, quoted, 76, 

79,82. 
Brandford, Jas., sequestrated, 1651, 49. 
Brasses : — Wrotham, M ; Faversham, 

lzi ; Preston, lxxiii ; Cranbrook, 

xcvi ; Etchingham, oxvii ; Minster 

in Sheppey, 149; Flemish, 148; 

French, 149, 167 ; Pluokley, 168. 
Bratell, Stephen, of Staplehurst, will, 

196 n. 
Brent, J., F.8.A., on Stowting tumulus, 

20. 
Brett, Gyles, of Eingsnorth, 276. 
Brett, Dr. Thos., of Spring Grove, 62, 

66, 128. 
Brick, panel, moulded at Frittenden, 

lxxxix; brickwork of 14th century, 

lxxxix, xo. 
Bridge, inscription on stocks at, 86; 

Articles against the Vicar, 187. 
Bridget's, St., Bower, proverb, 128. 
Brill, the, 134. 
British : — camp, liii ; hut pits, liv ; 

torques and armills described by G. 

Roach 8mith, 1, etteq.; urns, 10 »., 

17, 18 ; entrenchment at Bigbury in 

Harbledown, 13 ; camp at Iffins 

Wood, 18; cremation, 20; tumuli 

at Ringwould, 21 ; beads, 26 ; coins, 

299. 
Broadnax, Thos., on Committee of Kent, 

83 n 47. 
Brockman, Sir William, 88 n, 42; 

Hy. of Shuttlesfleld, 219 ; Rev. 

Tatton, 228. 
Brodstrete, Peter, of Little Chart, 280. 
Broke, Riohd. atte, rector of Staple- 
hurst, 192. 
Bromley, 83 ; College, 187. 
Bronze Celts, 300. 
Brooke, Sir Wm., on Committee of ! 

Kent, 83 n. 
Brown, Jno., on Committee of Kent, 

33 n, 48; Major, 49. 
Browne, Jno., a church commissioner, 

1662, 266. 
Buckherst, of Staplehurst, Jas. and 

Maria, 201. 
Buokhurst, lord, admits Society to 

Enole, xxxviii. 
Buckhurst, lord, the poet, at Enole, 

xli n. 
Buckland, Roman villa at, lxxii. 
Buggins, lord, Royalist captain, 47. 
Buksted churoh, a rector of, 194. 
Bullfinch, Jno., a parliamentarian, 48, 

49. 
Bnrgaveny, Geo. Nevil, lord, his fine, cii. 



Burial, see Funeral ; Celtic 
Burns' Hist Parish Registers, 200. 
Byly, of Staplehurst, John and Alicia, 

202. 
Byrde, Thos., of Little Chart, 28a 

Cade's, Jack, rebellion, 196, 261. 

Crelius, M., statue adorned with 
torques, 8. 

Caerphilly Castle, of 13th century, 
concentric, with an outer ward, evil ; 
isolated pier in moat, oxv. 

Caesar's landing place, 13 ; viotory over 
Cassivelanus, 19 ; quoted, 69, 109. 

Cairn of flints, 26, 27. 

Calais Grange at Broadstairs, lxxxviii ; 
knights of, 118; from Berwick to, 
(proverb) 136. 

Caldicott, Mr. Matthew, at Enole, 
xliv. 

Cale Hill, a proverb, 131. 

Cales, a knight of, proverb, 117, 118. 

Camps, Roman and British, liii, 18. 

Canter, origin of word, 131. 

Canterbury, torques found near, 1; 
Royalist rising, 34 ; breach in wall, 
36 »; castle, 44; words peouliar to, 
69, 78, 99 ; bells, brochis (proverb), 
131 ; Tale (proverb), 182 ; in decay, 
132 ; fish, 182 ; as Eit to Canterbury, 
133; parrots, 134; possessions of the 
See, 183 ; St. Gregory's Priory, 184; 
Ch. Ch. Cathedral, 184, 186. 

Capel, lord, a Royalist, 44. 

Carden, Thos., vicar of Lympne, 288. 

Carew, MSS., at Lambeth, 178. 

Carpenter, of Dartford, John, 291 ; 
Adam, 292. 

Carr, Rev. T. A., on Cranbrook Churoh, 
xciv. 

Carter, Matthew, quoted, 84, 85 «. 

Castell, Alanus de, Dartford, 292. 

Castlethorpe, Bucks, Roman coins and 
armillae there, 9. 

Cat, Joan, of Dartford, 296. 

Catygo, of Dartford, Walter, 296 ; 
Richard, 296. 

Cawne, Sir Thomas, tomb, lv ; his Light 
in Ightham Church, 274. 

Caxton, on Kentish tongue, 60, 76, 
78. 

Cavage, defined, lxv ». 

Celtic :— torques and armillae, 1; ring, 
12 ; tumuli in east Eent, 16; doubted 
by Eemble, 16; one described by 
Douglas, 17; barrow in Iffins Wood, 
18 ; urns, 19, 20 ; Stowting tumulus, 
20; Ringwould tumuli, 21; beads, 
26 ; jet necklaoe, 26 ; cairn of flints 
on circular grave, 26. 

x2 



Digitized by VjOOQIC 



308 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Celts, from Oldbary Camp lv; from 
Harty, Hythe, and Hoo, 300. 

Centene, defined, lxvi ». 

Chalcroft, Jno., of Kingsnorth, 276. 

Chambers' Book of Days, quoted, 82. 

Charing, "smoky," 188; Rental, 185. 

Charles, John, of Dartford, 298 ; manor 
of, 302. 

Charnells, ». e. hinges, 226. 

Chart, Little, inventory of church 
goods, 280. 

Chartham, Hatoh, 14 ; Rectors, 184. 

Chatham, gold torques from, 2, 10; 

Sroverb, 141 ; Roman remains, 174 ; 
t. Bartholomew's chapel, cxviii. 
Chaucer, quoted, 95, 106, 107, 131, 134. 
Cheleffend, Robert de, Dartford, 287. 
Chepman, Wm, of Dartford, 293. 
Cherries, brought to Britain, a.d. 48, 

126 ; proverb, 143. 
Cherteseye, John de, Dartford, 296. 
Cheshire nor Chawbent, proverb, 121. 
Chicheley, archbishop, 195. 
Childs, Major, Royalist, 41. 
Chilham castle, 64 ; a tye, 107. 
Chorlwode church, 194. 
Christmas, observance of, 84; Eve, 96. 
Church books, 228-30; 283-5; 274. 
Church goods sold,226-8, 231-4> 268-84. 
Church goods, inventories of, 1552, 266. 
Churchwardens' accounts, Smarden, 

224. 
Clare, Richd., de, esoheator, 168. 
Clarendon's History, quoted, 81. 
Claret wine, 229, 234. 
Clark, G. T., F.8.A., on Bodiham Castle, 

ov ; oxvi. 
Clarke, Joseph., F.8.A., on Preston 

Church, lxxiii ». 
Clarke, Roger, of Hawkinge, 268; 

Robert of Lee, 277 ; George, vicar of 

Lyminge, 284. 
Claudius, ooin of the Emperor, 299. 
Cleatham, celtio urn at, 24. 
Clerk, William the, 288; Ricd. the, 

293, 801. 
Cloke, Robert, of Kingsnorth, 276. 
Cloth, made by Romans in Yorkshire, 

xovii; trade at Cranbrook made by 

Flemings, xovii; cloth-halls, oi; 

prices, oiii. 
Clothiers' shears carved, in Staplehurst 

Church, 197. 
Clyve, Ric. de, rector of Hawkhurst, 

248, 261. 
Coatee, Rev. R. P., on anker windows, 

239 it ; Valuation of Dartford, 285 ; 

deed relating to Faukham, 801. 
Cobham, William, a B^-alist, 48 ; Lord, 

187. 



Cock, a boat, 114. 

Cockshot, a name in Hawkhurst, 260 «. 
Cocus, Wm., of Dartford, 296. 
Codd, Geo., of Ash, 48. 
Coffins, Roman leaden, 164-73. 
Cokerel, Thos., of Dartford, 289. 
Cokeye, Ricd., of Dartford, 297. 
Colchester, Roman coffins at, 166 ». 
Cole, Rev. Jno., founder of Faversham 

School, Ixi. 
Colemouth, mouth of the Medway, 113, 

114. 
Colepeper, Sir T., a Royalist leader, 38 n. 
' Collectanea Antiqua,' quoted, 8 », 11, 

25, 164-6, 170. 
Colomb, Col. Geo., F.8.A., on the 

Royalist Rising in Kent, 1648, xcvi, 

31. 
Comb, Richard de, 159 ; Simon, 160. 
Comfort, Thos., of Keston, 275. 
Committee of Kent, 1643-8, 32, 84. 
Compton, Sir Wm., Royalist, 38 ». 
Conghurst, in Hawkhurst, 260,* John 

and Thomas, 261. 
Cooke, Wm., Smarden, 228, 233. 
Cooper's Sussex Glossary, quoted, 67, 

84, 88, 95, 110, 116. 
Copt Hall, relics at Enole, xliii, xlix. 
Cordewaner, Adam, of Dartford, 294. 
Cornish, urns, 20, 25, 29 ; words, 78. 
ComwaUis, archbishop, 178. 
Costynesmed, Dartford, 301. 
Cotgrave, quoted, 81. 
Cotton, Wm., history of Bodiham, cxvi ; 

Thos., 230, 232. 
Coursehoarne, Cranbrook, oi. 
Courtenay, archbishop, 194, 218. 
Courthope, Thos., on Committee of 

Kent, 33 ». 
Cousins, Eater, 115 ; Kentish, 125. 
Cranbrook, meeting at, lxxxv ; church 

described, xciv ; ancient cloth trade, 

xcvi ; population in 1678, cii. 
Crane, John, of Cranebrooke, xoix. 
Crane, John, rector of Hawkhurst, 261. 
Cranfield, L., earl of Middlesex, arms at 

Knole, xliii. 
Cranmer, archbishop, surrendered 

Knole, xli »; arms in windows, 

xlviii. 
Crayford Heath, army at, 41. 
Creature, a Christian name, 201 . 
Cremation, in Britain, 20, 27. 
Cresey, John and Wm., of Lymprie, 

283. 
Cromwell, Thomas, lord, 202. 
Crosthwaite, S. M., master of the 

Grammar School, Faversham, lxi. 
Cruoe, Reginer de, of Dartford, 292. 
Crundale, Cakes Yoke in, 114. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



GENERAL INDEX. 



309 



Cubitt, G., m.p., ov,cxvi. 

Cudham, Walter, rector of Staplehurst, 

193. 
Culpepper's Herbal, quoted, 73. 
Gumbwell, prior of, 189. 
Gunobeline, coins of, 299. 
Curteys, Roger, of Dartford, 292, 294. 
Cuthred, king, 212. 
Cuxton church, proverb, 133. 

Dalingruge, Sir Edw., of Bodiham, evi, 

cxiv, oxvi. 
Danbury church, mediaeval bricks, xc. 
Danbye, John, of Lee, 277. 
Danes, at Otford, 139; at Lyminge, 

212 ; at Hawkhurst, 261. 
Barley Dale, urn from, 20. 
Barrel] of Sootney, a Royalist leader, 

38 n. 
Dartford, lime oast, 90 ; commissioners 

meet at, 267-284; Valuation, 29 

Ed. I;, 285 ; Valuation, 302. 
Davington Priory visited, Izii ; Roman 

cemetery, lxii; suggested site of 

Durolevum, lxxii, lxxvi. 
Davv, Thos., of Crainbrook,oii; Robert 

of Smarden, 227. 
Deal, "yawl," 112 ; savages (proverb), 

134. 
Deane, Rev. J. Bathurst, on torques, 

8. 
De Gaumont, quoted, 208 »; 211. 
Dedication of churches changed, 213. 
Delmynden, Hawkhurst, 242, 260 ». 
Den and Strand defined, lxiv ». 
Dene, Alice and John, of Dartford, 

289. 
Dentatus, L. Sicinius, torques in his 

triumphal procession, 7. 
Derby House, 36 n. 
Derbyshire, barrows, 27; dialect, 50, 

66, 68, 72, 73, et *eq. 
Devereux, R., earl of Essex, arms at 

Enole, xliv. 
Dinner at Enole in 17th century, xliv. 
Dixwell, Mark, on Committee of Kent, 

33 ». 
Dodeham, old name of Dodington, 

lxxx. 
Dodel, Richd., of Dartford, 291. 
Dodington Church described, lxxx; 

old painted glass, lxxx ; old French 

epitaph, lxxxi ; low-side, or leper's 

window, lxxxii ; 236. 
Dog-whipper, Smarden, 285. 
Dolling, of Dartford, Simon, 289, 

John, 290. 
Donne, Rev. G. E., on Faversham 

Church, lxi; on "Arden of Fever- 
sham," lxx. 



Wm., of 8taplehurst, 



Donnyngbery, 

will, 197 ». 
Dorrell, Jas., a Royalist leader, 38 ». 
Dorrington, Theoph., letter from, 187. 
Dorset, the 3rd duke of, xlv. 
Dorsetshire, British pottery, 20, 24, 

25. 
Douglas, 'Namia Britannica,' 17. 
Dover : — gold torques from, 1 ; castle, 

40, 43, 44; city, 46, 46; " never "- 

crab, 81; mackerel-fishers, 100, 185; 

distance from London, 128 ; — sharks, 

134;— house, 134; dog in—, 134;— 

thieves, 134; Jack of—, 134; from 

Berwick to — , 135 ;— to Dunbar, 

135; Priory Register, 183, 184. 
Drawbridge, John, of Little Chart, 

280. 
Drayner, Justioe of Smarden, 145; 

John, 225, 227. 
Drayton, Michael, quoted, 121. 
Drivere, Peter, of Dartford, 288. 
Drupp, Ricd., of Ightham, 274. 
Dryden, quoted, 108. 
Dryland, Wm., rector of Hayes, 268. 
Ducarel, Dr., of Lambeth Library, 177, 

179. 
Dudley, Sir Gamaliel, a Royalist, 38 n. 
Dudley, John, earl of Warwick, owns 

Knole, xli ». 
Dudley, Root., earl of Leicester, owns 

Knole, xli ». 
Duffyn, Thos., vicar of Lyminge, 220, 

222. 
Duke, Geo., a justioe at Maidstone, 

1649, 47. 
Dunbar, proverb, 135. 
Dunk, Sir Thos., of Hawkhurst, 264. 
Dunmowe, Thos., of Lullingstone, 282. 
Dunstan, archbishop, 212, 214. 
Dupper, Mr., Lord Dorset's chaplain, 

xliv. 
Durham, Robert, of Ivychurch, 274. 
Burden's, Mr., Museum, 9. 
Durolevum described, lxxiii. 
Durston, Jno., of Kennington, 275. 
Dyer's 4 Fleece,' quoted, ci. 
Dykes, Thomas, on Committee of Kent, 

33 n. 
Dyngly, Richard, of Lewisham, 279. 
Dyngleden, Wm., Smarden, 227. 

Eadbald, king, 206. 

Eadburg, St., 213-15. 

Eanfled, 207. 

Early English Dialect Sooy., 60. 

East Hall, Murston, Roman cemetery, 

300. 
Eastling church described, lxxxii. 
Eastry, flower, 147 ; Henry de, 184. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



310 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Eoolesia, John de, of Dartford, 287. 
Edgar, king, 214. 

Edington, bishop of Winchester, 132. 
Edward III. invited Flemish weavers, 

xcvii; arms in Hawkhurst church, 

246. 
Egg-rent, 241, 242. 
Elizabeth, queen, at Sissinghurst, zoiii; 

at Cranbrook, cii ; at Smarden, 235 ; 

at Boughton Malberbe, 235. 
Ellis, A. J., f.s.a., on pronunciation, 

63, 61. 
Elnold, of Dartford, Johanna, 292; 

John, 296. 
Ely, John, of Hope in Bomney, 269. 
Emmanuel Coll., Camb., 177. 
Essex, Hugh de, of Dartford, 295. 
Essex stiles, 128 ; Boman coffins from, 

172 ». 
Etchingham church, cxvii ; Simon de, 

260. 
EtheJbert, king, 207. 
Ethelburga, queen, 205-6, 213, 216. 
Evans, John, f.s.a., quoted, 299; his 

celts, 300. 
Exhurst, in Staplehurst, 193. 
Exraoor words, 58 n, 67, 69, 72, 77, 

88, 93, 97, 100, 109. 

Fairfax, Sir Thos., General of the Par- 
liamentary forces, 34 », 40-42. 

Faker, Hied., of Dartford, 289. 

Falconer, a, at Rnole, xliv. 

Fatinton, of Dartford, Joan and 
Matthew de, 293. 

Faversham meeting, lviii ; church, Ixi ; 
grammar school, lxi; abbey, lxi,lxv; 
Town charters, lxii ; Boman cemetery, 
Ixii ; Witenagemot there, lxii ; 
Manor, lxiii; a member of the 
Cinque Ports, lxiii; first Royal Char- 
ter 86 H. III., lxiv ; native wine, lxv : 
maces, Ixvi ; Mercers' company, 
lxviii ; Arden tragedy, lxx ; Boman 
Bemains, lxxi ; oysters, 136; monas- 
tery, 187. 

Fawkham, 90, 301. 

Fawkham, Boger de, 90, 301. 

Felixstowe, urn from, 20. 

Fill-horse, 109. 

Finglesham church, 136. 

Fitz Bernard, Bona, 159. 

Flemings the, at Cranbrook, xoiv, xovi, 
et seq. 

Flemmyng, Thos., of Kingesdown, 277. 

Fletcher, Edwd., of Knockholt, 277. 

Fletcher, Phineas, of Cranbrook, 
quoted, o. 

Flimwell Vents, 110. 

Flounders, notable in N. Yenlet, 113. 



Fogge's feast, 143. . 

Foleswioh, of Dartford, Margaret and 

Bobt. de, 289. 
Folesworth, Walterde, of Dartford, 295. 
Folkestone, bale, 65 ; rumball whitings, 

96; Montpelier of England, 124; 

washerwomen, 136; impropriation, 

186; Saxon church, 213. 
Fonte, John and Bobt. de, 287. 
Fordwioh trouts, 136. 
Fovisley, Laur., of Hothfield, 271. 
Fowle, Thos., Parliament official, 

1651-6, 46, 48, 49. 
Francis, Robert, of Staplehurst, 199. 
Franolin, Thos., curate of Little Chart, 

280. 
Franklyn, Jno., rector of Ickham, 101. 
Fratre, John, of Dartford, 293. 
Fredville, proverb on Boys of, 142. 
Frenche, Wm., of Hayes, 268. 
Frindsbury clubs, 137. 
Frinsted, the name, 116. 
Frittenden church visited, lxxxix ; rare 

specimen of 14th century brick panel, 

lxxxix ; Boman remains here in the 

Weald, xo, xci ; paving tiles, figured 

opposite, 203. 
Frizley, Cranbrook, oi, ciii. 
Fuller, of Bose Hill, cxvi. 
Fuller, Dr. Thos., Kent Proverbs in 

his ' English Worthies,' 60, 88, 93, 

94, 121, 127; History of Waltham 

Abbey, 103. 
Funeral rites, 18, 20, 21, 27. 
Furley's History of the Weald, xcviii. 
Furnace, field and mill, Hawkhurst, 

264. 
Fyllpot, Wm., of Eennington, 275. 
Fynch, Jno„ of Cranbrook, 192. 
Fynyen, Wm., T., 801. 
Fyssher, Thos., of Lyden, 283. 

Galilee, in Cranbrook church, xcv. 
Gallon, a dry measure in Kent, 114. 
Gamelin, Geoff., of Dartford, 290. 
Gast, Wm., of Dartford, 293. 
Gavelkind, 60; charter, 64, 145-6; 

word, 78. 
Gazels, black currants, 114. 
Genlade, an inlett of water, 118. 
George Inn, Cranbrook, ci. 
Gerard's Herbal, quoted, 91, 147. 
Gerard, Piers, brass, 150; John of 

Dartford, 292. 
Gerth, Cristina, 297. 
Gibbs, Mr., collection of antiquities, 

lxii. 
Gibson, MSS., Lambeth, 178 ; bishop, 

179. 
Giles, John, a Boyalist, 49. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



GENEBAI* INDEX. 



311 



Gill, for Gillian, or Juliana, 111. 
Gillingham, gold torques from, 2, 10 ; 

Rentale, 186. 
Gilnoth, Custancia, relict of, 292. 
Giraud, F. F., on Faversham Charters, 

lxii. 
Glanvile, on Witchcraft, 88. 
Glass vessels, Roman, 166, 170, 174. 
Glassenbury House, c ; visited, civ. 
Glayve, Thos., of Lullingstone, 282. . 
Glossary of Eentioisms, 63-116. 
Glossary in X Scriptores, quoted, 85, 

98,108. 
Glossic, system described, 52. 
Gloucestershire, Roman coffins in, 172. 
Glover, Wm., Smarden, 232. 
Goddard's Green, Cranbrook, ci. 
Goderycke, Br. Hy., rector of Hotb- 

field, 271. 
Godfrey :— Lambarde, 83 », 47 ; John, 

will, 68, 71, 98, 99, 108 ; Thomas, 

will, 71 ; Sir Thomas, 38 n, 45, 46 ; 

John, curate of Ightham, 273. 
Godfrey-Faussett, T. G., F.8.A., paper 

on Roman camp and station called 

Durolevum, lxxiii ; on Stone 

Church, Roman walls, lxxviii ; 

resigns office of Hon. Sec., lxzxiv ; 

his valuable services acknowledged, 

lxxxvi. 
Godibur, Simon, of Dartford, 287. 
Godly, a Christian name, 202. 
Godmersham, 60, 187, 225. 
Godffrith, Sir Symon, rector of Net- 

tlested, 196 n. 
Goldham, Thos., of Staplehurst, 201. 
Goldhyll, Wm., of Hinxhill, 272. 
Goldwell, John, of Hothfield, 272. 
Goodwin Sands, 137, 141. 
Gore, Gunnora ate, 287; Richd. ate, 

288. 
Goring, Lord, Royalist leader, 44, 49. 
Gosborn, Sir Robt, of Canterbury, 196. 
Goscellinus, quoted, 205, 212, 213, 215. 
Gosling, John, aRoyalistatMalling, 47. 
Grain, Isle of, 113. 
Grandison, 8ir Wm., 163. 
Grangia, Sampson de, 287. 
Granteham, John de, rector of Staple- 
hurst, 192. 
Grate, Walter, of Dartford, 287. 
Graveney, letter relating to Tithes, 186. 
Gray, Thos., of Lydden, 283. 
Greenwich, geese (proverb), 138; 

manor, 168. 
Gregory's, St., Priory, Canterbury, 206. 
Grey coats of Kent, xcvii. 
Grey, John, of Dartford, 90. 
Griffin, Rev. Canon, describes Ospringe 

Church, lzxziii. 



Guldeford, Sir Thos., of Hemsted, 

zoiii. 
Gurnay, Alex, de, 292 ; Richd. de, 

296; John de, 296. 
Gyse, Beatrix de, 288. 

Hacker, Col., a Royalist leader, 38 ft. 
Hales, Sir Edwd, 82 »; Sir James, 

38 «; Edward, 38 n, 40, 41, 49. 
Hall, Col. Wm., of Syndale, lxxiii, 

lxxviii. 
Hallingberi, Ralph de, Dartford, 291. 
HalliwelTs Archaic Dicty., quoted, 67, 

69, 70, 78, 79, 81, 8-1, 87, 89, 92, 93, 

95, 100, 102, 103, 114. 
Halzelee, Wm. de, T., 301. 
Hamden, John, of Wilmington, a 

Royalist, 48. 
Hamme, Roger de, Dartford, 293. 
Hammond, Antony and Francis, 38 n. 
Hampshire, words, 77 ; Roman coffin, 

172 i». 
Hankoke, Symon, of Smarden, 224. 
Harbledown, British settlement, 

lxxxvii, 18 j Hospital, 187. 
Hardress, Sir Richd., Royalist leader, 

33 ft, 38 », 44. 
Harman, Riod., of London, oii. 
Harneden, John, Smarden, 228, 234. 
Harrietsham, xxxiv*; manor, 162, 

163. 
Harris, Lord, chairman at Faversham, 

lx. 
Harrison, Benj., his flint implements 

from Oldbury Camp, liv, lv. 
Harrys, Riod., planted sweet cherry, 

130. 
Hart, Jno., of Ivychurch, 274. 
Hart's Delieht, Tunstall, 299. 
Harte, Sir Fercyval, a commissioner, 

266. 
Hartie, Richard, Royalist, 47. 
Hartley, inventory of church goods, 

266. 
Hartlip, Roman glass vessels, 171 ft. 
Harty, Isle of, celts from, 300. 
Harwich, proverb, 134. 
Haslewood, Rev. Fras., on Sissinghurst 

Castle, xci ; arranges Museum, cxvii ; 

Smarden Church accounts, 224. 
Hastyngligh, inventory of church 

goods, 268. 
Hatch, Joseph and Wm., bells of, 199. 
Hauke, John, of Ightham, 274. 
Hawke, John, of Hastingleigh, 268. 
Hawkhurst, Church visited, civ ; de- 
scribed, 240-65 ; engravings, 240, 

249, 250, 251 ; fair, 244; cross, 245 ; 

Parish clerk, 245; Moor, 245; 

dimensions of church, 246-8. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



312 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Hawkynge, inventory of church goods, 

268. 
Hayes, Wm., of Cobham, 49. 
Hayes, inventory of church goods, 268. 
Hazlitt's Proverbs, quoted, 117, 122, 

129,131—3. 
Hearne quoted, 91. 
Hedham, John de, of Dartford, 295. 
Heigham, Norfolk, Roman coffin, 172 #. 
Helles, Thos. de, T., SOL 
Helveot, proverb, 134. 
Hen-rent, 241, 242. 
Henry of Huntingdon, quoted, 133. 
Henry of Aylesford, abbot of Battle, 

242. 
Herein*, Wm., of Dartford, 294. 
Herewood, John, of Dartford, 289. 
Herrings, a present to the Lord 

Warden, lxvi. 
Herschel, Sir Jno. Wm. Fred., of 

Hawkhurst, 265. 
Hever Castle, fire dogs from, xliv. 
Hever, Laur., of Ivychuroh, 274. 
Hewson, Col., 44. 
Heyman, Sir Hy., 32 ». 
Highsted, the name, 116. 
Hinxhill, inventory of church goods, 

272. 
Hoath, derivation of, 82. 
Hogben, Stephen, of Lyminge, 284. 
Hoker, Stephen, Smarden, 226. 
Hollingbourne, rentale, 185, 186. 
Holmesdale, Viscount, presides at 

Cranbrook, xcvi, civ; Vale of, 138, 

139. 
Holness, of Smarden, 225. 
Hony wood, Sir John, on Committee of 

Kent, 33 ». 
Hoo, Hundred of, 113, 139, 300. 
Hope, in Romney marsh, inventory of 

church goods, 269. 
Hope, John, Smarden, 229. 
Hopper, Richd., executor of rector of 

Staplehurst, 196 » / Thomas, of 

Smarden, 228. 
Hor', John, of Smarden, 229. 
Home's Bibliography, quoted, 1. 
Horses, sacrificed at funeral pyre, 21. 
Horton Kyrby, inventory of church 

goods, 270. 
Horton, Monks, inventory of church 

goods, 270. 
Horton, Thomas de, 291 ; John de, T., 

301. 
Hothfield, derivation of name, 82; 

inventory of church goods, 271. 
Hovenden family, ciii; Robert of 

Frizley, ciii. 
Howlett, Richd., of Lewisham, 279. 
Howley, archbishop, 181. 



Hoy, the word, 115. 

Hudibras, quoted, 76, 97. 

Hull, Trinity church has mediaeval 
bricks, xc. 

Humfrey, Thos., of Dartford, 295. 

Hunton, manor, 163. 

Husbands, a Roundhead officer, 41. 

Hussey, R. C, F.8.A., on mediaeval 
brickwork, lxxxix ; on Roman remains 
at Frittenden, xo ; on British 
entrenchment, in Bigbury Wood, 
13 ; Frittenden church tiles, 203. 

Hyde, Wm., King's surveyor of church 
goods, 274. 

Hynxell, James, of Smarden, 226. 

Hythe, Haynes Hill, celts, etc., 300. 

Ibbot, Dr., 179. 

Ickham, *ole 3 or pond, 101; rentale, 
186. 

Iffins Wood, barrow in, 18. 

Ightham Church, Norman work; Sir 
T. Cawne's tomb and window; odd 
windows; two galleries, lv; seven 
vents, 110; inventory of church 
goods, 273. 

Ilkyngdenn, Galfr., T., 301. 

Incense cups, 25. 

Indian mode of reckoning, 98. 

Inferior, meaning 'south, ' 109. 

Ingfangthef, defined, lxiv ». 

Ingreme, Wm., Smarden, 227. 

Ipre, Wm. de, earl of Kent, lxiii. 

Ireton, General, 44, 187. 

Islip, archbishop, 132. 

Ismongere, John, of Dartford, 294. 

Itinerary of Antoninus, lxxv. 

Ivychurch, inventory of church goods, 
274. 

Jack : — a napes, — daw, — pudding, — 
Ketch, — a dandy, — a lantern, — of 
Hilton, 105. 

Jack Straw's place, 147. 

Jacob's History of Faversham, lxvi. 

James I., his bed at Knole, li ; his nick- 
name for Lewisham, 140. 

James II., his bed at Knole, xlix. 

James, Sir Henry, of Ordnance Survey, 
lxxxvii. 

James, William, Royalist, 33 *, 47. 

Jeffreys, Canon H. A., civ; paper on 
Hawkhurst Church, 240-65. 

Jenkins, Canon R. C, on Chaplains' 
life in the 17th century, lii ; on the 
Mote, Ightham, lvii; on Lyminge 
Basilica and Church, 205. 

Joce, Adam, of Dartford, 298. 

Johnson, Andrew, of Monks Horton, 
270. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



GENERAL INDEX. 



313 



Jolly-boat, Danish, 112. 
Joman, John, of Dartford, 287. 
Jones, Inigo, at Chevening, xlvi. 
Jonson, Ben, quoted, 105. 
Jordan, Alfred, of Milton, 165. 
Joy, Wm., the strong man of Kent, 124. 
Julyan, John, vicar of Lydden, 283. 
Juxon, archbishop, 177, 180. 

Kater,— cousins, — wise, 115. 

Kechell, Edwd., of Hayes, 268. 

Keen, a small animal, 115. 

Kemble, Mr. (the Anglo-Saxon scholar), 
16, 67. 

Kemp, John, weaver from Flanders, 
xcvii. 

Kemp, John, archbishop, 190 ; Thos., 
bishop of London, 190 ». 

Kenilworth Castle, cxii. 

Kennett's, Paroch. Antiq., 60, 69, et 
Meq. 

Kennington, "poor," 180; inventory 
of church goods, 275. 

Kenrick, Wm., on Committee of Kent, 
33 n. 

Kent, Eev. H., of Staplehurst, 199. 

Kent :— Ditch, cv; Hatch, 81 ; earl of, 
119; fair maid of, 120; Holy maid 
of, 120; veal and bacon, 120; Lass 
of Kent, 121 ; " Kent nor Christen- 
dom," 121 ; St. Bridget, 123 ; St. 
T?yburn of, 123 ; strong man of, 121; 
men of Kent, 119, 139. 

Kenticisms, Mr. Skeat on, 60; Dr. 
Pegge on, 55 ; Alphabetical Glossary 
of, 63. 

Kentish Authors and Worthies, 52; 
idioms, 56; pronunciation, 57-61; 
language, 60; Sayings and Proverbs, 
117 ; Kentish man, 119 ; ague, 124 ; 
cherries, 125; cousins, 125; long- 
tails, 126; fire, 126 »; miles, 128; 
pippins, 129 ; stomach, 130 ; memo- 
randa in Lambeth Library, 176. 

Kentshire, 121. 

Kershaw, S. W., on Lambeth Library, 
176-88. 

Kesshe, Eicd., and Matilda, of Dartford, 
290. 

Keston, inventory of church goods, 
275. 

Kilburne, on Hawkhurst, 244, 245, 
262, 263. 

Kilns for bricks and lime called oasts, 
90. 

Kingshoth, 82. 

Kingsdown, inventory of church goods, 
277. 

Kingsnorth, inventory of church goods, 
276. 



Knatohbull-Huge8sen, Herbert, 61. 

Knight, Jemys, of Lympne, 283. 

Knockholt, inventory of church goods, 
277. 

Knole House, meeting at, xxxviii ; built 
by archp. Bourchier, xl ; visited by 
Henry VII. and VIII., xl », xli » ; 
surrendered to the King by Cranmer, 
xli »; subsequent possessors, xli n; 
gateways, stables, barn, green court, 
chapel, xlii, xlvi; pleasance, the 
brown gallery, xlii, xlv, xlviii; gables, 
cartoon gallery, xlii, li ; great oriel, 
xlii, li; hall and minstrels 1 gallery, 
xlii, xliii, xliv; water court, xliv; 
the wood court, xlv ; the jail, xlvi ; 
organ room, xlvii, 1; cvrpt, xlvii; 
pheasant court, xlviii; eighty stair- 
cases, xlviii ; silver sconces, firedogs, 
chandeliers and tables, xlix, li ; Lady 
Betty Germsine's room, xlix ; tapes- 
try, xlix, 1 ; spangled bedroom, xlix ; 
billiard room, xlix; Venetian bed 
room, xlix ; chapel gallery, 1 ; ball 
room, 1; crimson drawing room, 1; 
king's, or silver room, li ; clock, li. 

Knollys, Sir William, cvi, oxiv. 

Lake, Jas., Smarden, 226. 
Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent, 

quoted, 64, 66, 85, 96, 104, 112-14, 

127, 129, 136, 138, 142, 146, 146. 
Lambeth Palace Library, 176-188; 

regulations for admission of the 

public, 188. 
Lainbyn, John, of Dartford, 298. 
Landale's 'Dartford Documents/ 90. 
Lane, Canon, describes Wrotham 

church, lvi. 
Lanecok, Joan, of Dartford, 297. 
Lanfiranc, arohbp., 214, 217. 
Langdon, West, barrow, 28. 
Langham, archbp., 132. 
Lardner, Dr., born at Hawkhurst, 264. 
Larking, Eev. Lambert, historical 

collections, xxxix. 
Latimer, bishop, on Tenterden steeple, 

141. 
Laud, arohbp., 177. 
Leaden coffins, Roman, 164-73. 
Lede, Tamis, of Staplehurst, 202. 
Lee, inventory of church goods, 277. 
Lee, Eev. E. H., on Preston church, 

lxxiii. 
Lee, Eiohard, on Committee of Kent, 

33 n. 
Lee, William, rector of Staplehurst, 190 

ft, 196. 
Lefader, Wm., of Dartford, 288. 
Legge, Mr., steward at Knole, xliv. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



314 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Leicester, leaden coffins at, 172 ». 
Leigh, Col., a Royalist leader, 88 ». 
Lenard, Jane, of Staplehurst, 202. 
Lcnham, suggested site of Durolevum, 

lxxvii ; manor and dens, 73 ; arms in 

the church, 158. 
Lennard, John, of Cheveniog and 

Enole, xli ». 
Lennard, Sampson, at Knole, xli n. 
Lenord, John, T., 301. 
Leper window at Dodington, lxxxii, 

236. 
Lesnes, ahbot of, 288. 
Lestagefry, defined, lxiv n. 
L'Estrange, Col., a Royalist leader, 38 

n. 
Levins' Manipulus Vocabulorum, 110. 
Lewis, Rev. Jno., historian of Thanet, 

55, 66, 65, 67, 70, et $ey. 
Lewisham, 89, 140; inventory of 

church goods, 279. 
Lewkuor, Sir Thos., cxvi. 
Libbet, a stream at Newington, lxxvi. 
Lidgate, quoted, 106. . 
Lile, Ralph, of Dartford, 297. 
Lily's Euphues, 86, 110. 
Limehouse, from Lymoete, 90. 
Linton, Cambs., 162. 
Lisle, Sir Geo., 88 n. 
Livesey, Sir Michael, 32 », 33 », 44. 
Locofry defined, lxiv ». 
Lodge, Kentish use of word, 115. 
Loftie, Rev. W. J., describes Enole 

House, xl. 
Lombardic inscription at Dodington, 

lxxxi ; at Cranbrook, xori. 
Long, David, curate of Kingsnorth, 

276. 
Longfield, inventory of church goods, 

281. 
Longley, archbishop, 179. 
Long-tails, Kentish, 126. 
Lovehurst (Lofherst) iu Staplehurst, 

189. 
Lovelace, Francis, 35 », 88 » ; Thomas, 

266. 
Low side window, at Dodiogton, lxxxii ; 

236 ; at Elsfield, 236 ; in fresco in 

Eton Coll. chapel, 239. 
Lower, M. A., History of Bodiham, 

cxvi. 
Lowestoft, yawl, 112. 
Lubbock, Sir John, on flint imple- 
ments from Oldbury camp, lv. 
Lucas, Sir Chas., 44. 
Luddenham, Roman villas at, Ixxii. 
Lullingstone, inventory of church 

sroods, 282. 
Lumbarde, Jakemin, 298. 
Lustyn, John, of Dartford, 286. 



Luton, Roman remains at, 174. 
Lydden, 185; inventory of church 

goods, 283. 
Lyminge Basilica, Roman, 205 ; Saxon, 

211; inventory of ohurch goods, 

284. 
Lymoete, 301 n. 
Lympne, 69, 214; inventory of church 

goods, 283. 
Lynsted, the name, 116. 

Mackeson, H. B., bronze celts of, 300, 
Madden, Sir Fredk., bought Dr. 

Pegge's MS. alphabet of Kenticisms, 

50 ; sale of Sir F. M.'s library, 50. 
Maidstone, " gooding," 79 ; battle and 

capture of, 42 ; college, 184 ; rental, 

186. 
Mail, " banded," 153 ; of eastern origin, 

155-6 ; Assyrian chain mail, 154. 
Mainware, of Dartford, John and 

Richard, 296. 
Maitland, Dr., librarian at Lambeth, 

180. 
Malkin, 104. 

Mailing, 42 ; abbey, 192, 216. 
Malvesy wine, 229. 
Mayidtccu, collars of the Gauls, 3. 
Mann, Sir Horace, xciii ; Sir Wiflm., 

33 m, 35 », 38 n. 
Manners-Sutton, arohbp., 178 ; MSS., 

179. 
Man wood, lord ohief baron, 96. 
Maplehurst, in Staplehurst, 193. 
March, Thos., of Lyminge, 284. 
Marescallus, Lambert, of Dartford, 

295. 
Margate, derivation, 78. 
Mansco, Giles de, of Dartford, 290. 
Marshall, Wm. f of Dartford, 296; 

John, 297. 
Martin, Dr., on Virgil, 65. 
Mason, Wm., rector of Hope, 269. 
Masters, Sir Edwd., 33 *. 
Mathew, Ricd., of Dartford, 291. 
Matlock, small urn from, 24. 
Matthew, John, son of, Dartford, 293. 
Maximilian I., adventures of, 1. 
Maxted, the name, 116. 
Mayne, Sir Richard, 198. 
Mayney, Walter and John, 198. 
Mayney, 8ir John, 88 », 42. 
Medway, the, 113, 114. 
Meopham, Saxon will dated at, 10 ; 

Parliament's army at, 42. 
Mercator, Alex., of Dartford, 292. 
Mercer, Wm., rector of Hawkinge, 

268. 
Mershman, John, of Dartford, 290. 
Middlesex, Roman coffins in, 172. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



GENERAL INDEX. 



315 



Middleton, 168, 164. 

Miller, the, of Dartford, Humphry and 

John, 289. 
Milles, George, 48. 
Mills, Christopher, Smarden, 232. 
Milstead, 116. 
Milton, the poet, 45. 
Milton, oysters, 136; manor, 163; 

Roman coffins, 164. 
Miltrude, 213. 
Minster, in Sheppey, brass, 148 ; church, 

213. 
Minster, in Thanet, 183, 184. 
Monckton, 185. 
Mongeham, 185. 

Monmouthshire, Roman coffin, 172 «. 
Monte, of Dartford, Reginerus ' de, 

290; Robert, 292; Henry, 293; 

Pulke and Cecilia, 295. 
Montfauoon's 'Antiquites de France/ 

157. 
Moore, Robt., of Gillingham, 47, 48. 
More, Wm., of Cranbroke, cii. 
Morockoe, a black at Knole, xliv. 
Mortar, Roman and Saxon, 218. 
Mortlake tapestry at Knole, xlix, 1. 
Morton, Cardinal, at Knole, xl »; at 

Lyminge, 220. 
Mote, the, at Ightham, lvii. 
Moth, Richd., of Dartford, 288. 
Mott, Robt., bell by, 198. 
Mount, Richd., de Wy, 196 ». 
Munte, Robert, of Dartford, 292; 

Henry, 293. 
Murston, 140 ; Roman coffin, 172, 

173 ; East-hall, cxvii, 300. 
Mustodyne, wine, 234. 
Mylles, Michael, of Hothfleld, 271. 

Nares* Glossary, quoted, 68, 87. 
Nettlestead, rector of, 196. 
Neve, Geo., xciv ; his Celtic ring, 12. 
Neve, W. T., his inscribed ring, 204. 
Newcastle, muster at, 161, 162. 
Newington, suggested site of Durole- 

vum, lxxvi. 
Newlande, Hy., of Hope, 269. 
Newman, Geo., 38 n. 
Newton's Histy. of Maidstone, 88, 43. 
Nineholes, Justice, 145. 
Norfolk wiles, 128. 
Northampton, lady, silver dressing 

service, li. 
Northbourne, near Deal, 136. 
Northdown ale, 140. 
Northfleet, royalist defeat, 41. 
Northwode, Sir John de, brass, 149, 

169. 
Northwode :— John de, 162 ; Roger 

de, 163 ; Agnes, 163; Thomas, 163; 



8imon, 163; Humphry, 163; Wil- 
liam, 163; Otho, 163; Joan, 163; 
Henry de, 190. 

Northwood, Rogerus de, 159. 

Northwod, Walterus, 159 ; Henry de, 
190. 

Norton, Thos., of Smarden, 227, 234. 

Norwich, earl of, 42. 

Nut, John, 33 n. 

Oare, Roman cemetery, Ixxii. 

Ockley, Hawkhurst, 260 n. 

Odo, abbot of Battle, 241. 

Oldbury Camp, described, liii. 

Organs, xlvii, lvii, 226, 227, 269. 

Osbert, son of Simon, 287. 

Osborn's mem. of Q. Elizabeth, 119. 

Osborne, Martin, 201. 

Oseburn, John, of Dartford, 289. 

Osmond, Richard, 293. 

Ospringe, Roman remains, lxxii; Mai- 
son Dieu, Ixxiii; Church, lxxxiii; 
Manor, 163. 

Ost, John, 90, 296; William and 
Walter, 90, 294; Alice, 294. 

Oswulf, duke, 214. 

Otford, Danes at, 139; Humfrey de, 
295. 

Ott, Dr. J. H., 179. 

Overy, John, of Hartley, 266. 

Owre, Boys, Mayor of Faversham, lxix. 

Owteide, Martin, 201. 

Oxenden, Sir James, 33 ». 

Oxenhoath, derivation, 82. 

Oylet-holes for firearms, cix. 

Oysters, 113, 136. 

Pace, Hy. of Faversham, lxvi. 
Palm Sunday, and palms, 91. 
Palmer, Sir Hy., 38 » ; Sir Thos., 38 n. 
Parker, J.H., C.B., describes Old Sore, 

lvi ; the Mote, lvii ; Bodiham Castle, 

oxvi. 
Parmenter, Alex., 290. 
Partridge, Andrew, 201. 
Passage, defined, lxv ». 
Passleye (Pashley), Edmund de, 246 ; 

260. 
Patricksbourne, 187. 
Payne, Geo., junr., Ixxxvi ; on Roman 

coffins at Bex Hill, 164; Discoveries, 

300. 
Pearman, Rev., M. T., 200. 
Peckham, arohbp., Constitutions, 183 ; 

at Lyminge, 217 ; Canon of Lyons, 

244. 
Pegge, Sir Christopher, 52. 
Pegge, Dr., Saml., Alphabet of Kenti- 

oisims, 50; his life, 51, 55; Pro- 
verbs of Kent, 117. 



Digitized by VjOOQIC 



316 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Peigle, cowslip, 91, 147. 

Pelland, Edwd., 8marden, 225, 227, 

233. 
Pelliparius, John, of Dartford, 294. 
Pellsett, Wm, of Ightham, 273. 
Penn, Wm., the Quaker, owned land 

at Hawkhurst, 263. ' 
Pepys* Diary, 77. 

Petham, 89 ; Roman coffins, 172, 173. 
Petiern, Richd., 288. 
Petition of Kent, 1648, 37. 
Peyton, Sir Thou., 38 », 40, 41, 44. 
Philipot's, Church Notes, 158; Villare 

Cant; 160. 
Philpot, John, 234. 

Piers Plowman, quoted, 75, 94, 112, 147. 
Pikeman, Wm., of Dartford, 288. 
Pilchere, Thos., and Matilda, 291. 
Pippins, Kentish, 129, 180. 
Pit, John, of Dartford, 297. 
Plaxtol Church, lvii. 
Players, Lord Leicester's at Faversham, 

lxxi. 
Playstool, 115. 
Plot, Dr. Robt., 60 », 64, 70, 75, 78, 

80, 84, 91, 92, 93, 105, 125, 128, 

133, 142. 
Pluckley, brasses at, 153 ; Visitation 

at, 228. 
Plumer, Thos., 33 ». 
Pole, Cardinal, holds Knole, xli n, on 

sponsors, 201. 
Polydore, Virgil, quoted, 127. 
Ponchun, Jno., 288. 
Pope, Geoffir., of Dartford, 289. 
Population in 16th century, Cran- 

brook, Canterbury, Maidstone, cii ; 

Staplehurst, 200; Hawkhurst, 265. 
Porta, Jno. de, of Dartford, 293, 294. 
Portebrugg, John, and Hamo de, 289. 
Porter, Richd., 33 », 47 ; Roger, 287. 
Portuasse, for winter, 230 ; 232 ; for 

summer, 230 n. 
Potham, Wm., de, 290. 
Potter, Wm., parson of Hartley, 267. 
Powell, Rev. Wm., letter from, ov. 
Preene, Wm., rector of Lyminge, 220, 

222. 
Prentis, of Milton, and of Rainham, 

299. 
Preston next Faversham, church, lxxiii; 

Lymost, 90. 
Pretty, Mr., the late, 1, 9, 198. 
Prices, of silver, 233, 268; of church 

goods, 268, 273, 283, 284; corn and 

farming stock, 29 Ed. I., 285 ; houses, 

285 ; hens and eggs, 241, 242. 
Promptorium Parvulorum, 65, 66. 
Pronunciation of English, 53 ; Kentish, 

57-61. 



Proverbs relating to Kent, 117 ; con- 
taining the word "Kent," 117-24; 
"Kentish," 124-80; names of places 
in Kent, 130-41. 

Psalter, English, bought, 228, 234> 235. 

Pue-door, 235. 

Punneye, Wm., 295. 

Puteo, Alice de, 287. 

Queenboro, Castle, 40 ; Records, 114, 

115, 146. 
Quentin, Brittany, torques, 3. 
Quested, Jno., dog whipper, 235. 
Queynterel, Robt., of Dartford, 293. 
Quittance of Shires, defined, lxiv ». 

Rainham, 180. 

Rainsborough, Admiral, 39. 

Ramsgate, derivation, 78. 

Randolf, Jno., of Dartford, 287, 292. 

Rawlins, Rev. F. J., on Celtic barrow, 

26. 
Ray's, South and East country words, 

56, 60, 68, et seq. 
Reculvers, 113. 

Registers, Staplehurst, 199-202. 
Registers, Parish, on parchment, 1597, 

200 ; Burns' History of, 200. 
Renate apples, golden, 130. 
Rennytt, Augustine, curate of Hasting- 

leigh, 268. 
Reports, Annual, 1871, xxxix; 1872, 

lix; 1873, lxxxvi. 
Reyner, Wm., of Dartford, 295. 
Rioard, Richard, Smarden, 227, 282. 
Rich, Col., 43, 44. 

Richard of Cirencester, a hoaxer, lxxvii. 
Richard, Ccbut de Lion, 128. 
Richardson, Dr., on British Flag, liii. 
Rigby, Alex., 47. 
Ring, gold, of oeltic type, 12 ; inscribed, 

204. 
Ringwould, tumuli at, 21. 
Rivage, defined, lxv n. 
Rivers, John, 33 *. 
Roads, Minnis, 88. 
Robekyn, Richd., of Dartford, 295. 
Roberts, of Glassenbury, tombs, xcv; 

Walter and Margaret, c ; Colonel, civ. 
Roberts, John, 49 ; Thos., 201. 
Robertson, Canon J. C, 189 n. 
Robertson, Canon Scott, joint honorary 

secretary, xxxviii ; paper on Oldbury 

Camp, liii ; describes Old Sore, lvi ; 

on Dodington Church, Ixxx; on 

Eastling Church, lxxxii ; Sole Hon. 

Secretary, lxxxv; quoted, cii; 90, 

114, 146, 151, 243 ; on Staplehurst 

Church, 189 ; inventories of church 

goods, 266. 



Ir^l 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



GENERAL INDEX. 



317 



Robsart, Sir Lewis, 193. 

Rochester, Mayor of, 33 » ; letter, 36 
« ; Royalist Rising, 39, 41 ; Augus- 
tine at, 128; monks beaten, 137; 
" Rochester portion," 140; proverb, 
141. 

Roger, John, of Dartford, 287, 295; 
Cecilia, daughter of John, 288. 

Roman: — area and shape of camps, 
liii ; remains near Faversham, lxxi ; 
masonry in Stone church, lxxii, 
lxxv, lxxviii ; remains at Frittenden 
in the Weald, at Wittersham, at 
Newenden, and at Bekesbourne, 
xoi ; navigation of the Roth°r, xci ; 
triumphal processions, 7; silver 
armilto, 9 ; coins, 9, 299 ; coffins of 
lead, 164-173 ; remains from Luton 
in Chatham, 174. 

Romney Marsh, 94, 124, 142, 143. 

Rother, river, xci, cv, 76. 

Roughehel, manor in Dartford, 802. 

Royalist Rising in Kent, a.d., 1648, 31. 

Rushworth's fiistl. Collections, 88 *, 
39,41,44; letter, 187. 

Russell, Thos., of Hinxhill, 272; Ellen, 
of Dartford, 297. 

Rutting, Gregory and Thos., 202. 

Rutupinus Portus, 136. 

Sabine, alderman, 35 n. 

Sac, defined, lxiv n. 

Sacket, Rev. Mr., of Folkstone, 96. 

Sackvilles, earls of Dorset, own Knole, 
xli n ; badges and names on Knole 
House, xlii, xliii ; crests and mottoes 
vary, xliv. 

Sadler, John, of Maidstone, 234. 

Sageden, Isabella, of Dartford, 291. 

Saherstede, Ricardus de, lxxxi. 

8t. Briavers, cxii. 

St. Bridget's Bower, 123. 

St. Laurence, 124. 

St. Michael's Mount, 123. 

St. Rumwald, 96. 

St. Thomas, Day, 79 ; Hospital, 124 ; 
a Waterings, 123, 124 ; of Canter- 
bury, 126, 127. 

St. Tyburn, 123. 

Saltwood, 218. 

Sancroft, archbp., 177, 179. 

Sandwich, carrots, 134 ; bay, 140, 142. 

Savaine, Avery, 38 ». 

Sawder, Stephen, of Lyminge, 284. 

Saxingherst, Steph. de, and Galfridus 
de, xci ; John de, xciv. 

Saxon Cemetery, 172. 

Say, Lord, sold Knole Manor in 1456, 
xl n. 

Scalera, Richd. de, of Dartford, 287. 



Soharf, G., on piotures at Knole, Hi. 

Sooles, Mr., 47. 

Sooones, Thos., of Staplehurst, 199. 

Scot, Sir Edwd., 32 n; Adam, 291. 

Scotland, Richard, T., 301. 

Scott, Col., 177. 

Seeker, archbishop, 178. 

Sedley, Sir John, 32 n. 

8elby family, lvi. 

Selethrytha, abbess, 212. 

Selgrave, 185. 

Selliard, Thomas, 33 #. 

Sevenoaks Meeting, xxxviii; Manor 
and Chantry, xli n ; mentioned 139 ; 
Corporation and School, 185. 

Seweerde, Thos., curate of Ivy Church, 
274. 

Shabeggere, Wm., of Dartford, 296. 

Shadwell, Roman coffin at, 172. 

Share, Thos., 49. 

Sharpe, John, Smarden, 226. 

Sheerness, 89. 

Shereve, Adam, of Dartford, 290. 

Shipway, Court at, lxiv n, lxv, lxvii. 

8hires, the, 147. 

Shorne, 162, 163. 

Shrove Tuesday, sport, 82. 

" 8i," old Kentish form of "she," 146. 

Silvanus, L. Gavius, 7. 

Silver, price of, 233, 268. 

Silweker, Alice, relict of, 289. 

Simson, Roger, of Ivy Church, 274. 

Sisely, Hawkhurst, 242, 260 n. 

Sissinghurst, Manor, called Saxingherst 
xci ; house built by Sir Jno. Baker, 
xci ; French prisoners there, xciii ; 
poor house, xciii ; chapel, xciv ; 
moat, xciv, c. 

Sittingbourne, cxvii; arms in the 
Church, 158 ; celts, etc., 300. 

Skeat, Rev. W. W., on Kenticisms, 60. 

Skelton, poet laureat, 58. 

Skinner, Augustine, 33 n. 

Slaughter, Upper, Roman coffin at, 
172 n. 

Smalheth, John, of Dartford, 292. 

Smarden, roodscreen and Justice Nine- 
holes, 145 ; church wardens' accounts, 
224-35 ; church, width, 243. 

Smith, Bernhard, armour, 156. 

Smith, C. Roach, F.8.A., on Mr. Gibbs' 
collection, lxii ; on.Durolevum, lxxii ; 
on Torques and Armilta, 1 ; his 
Collect. Antiqua quoted, 8 n, 11, 25, 
300; on Roman coffins, 164, et *eq. 

Smyth, John, of Hartley, 266 ; Richard, 
vicar of Kennington, 275. 

Sobie, John de, Dartford, 297. 

Soc, defined, lxiv n. 

Sole, Richard ate, Dartford, 803. 



Digitized by LjOOQIC 



318 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Somery, John de, 190, 103 ; Thomas 

de, 190; Robert, 195. 
Somner's Ang. Sax. Dicty., 66, 73; 

Antiq. Cant., 110, 125, 132 ; Porte 

and Forte, 77, 104; on Gavelkind, 

84, 106. 
Sondes, Sir Geo., 33 a. 
Sore, Old, small mansion of 13th 

century, Mi. 
Southfieet, 172 n. 
South Street, Boughton Blean, 14. 
Soyll, John, of Hothfield, 272. 
Spelman's Glossary, 65, 66, 78, 88, 104, 

110. 
Spenser's Faerie Queen, 85 ; Shepherd's 

Kalendar, 121, 123. 
Spich, Thos. de la, Dartford, 292. 
Spillfill Chancel, Staplehurst, 198. 
Sponsage, defined, lxv n. 
Squiioun, Thos., of Dartford, 290. 
Staddle, bed-staddle, 115. 
Stamford, Henry, 33 ». 
Stanhope, Earl, chairman at Sevenoaks, 

xl, Hi. 
Stanpett, Alex, de, 292 ; John de, 293. 
Staplehurst, ohurch, lxxxix, 189; Early 

English arcade, 190 ; ironwork on 

south door, 191; porch roof, 192; 

tower, 193 ; lights there, 196 n ; 

carved panels, 197 ; population, 200. 
Staroulf, Richd., of Dartford, 291. 
Stelling Minnis, 88. 
Stephen, John, of Knookholt, 277. 
Stepney, Roman coffin, 172. 
Stile, Thomas atte, Dartford, 304. 
8 took, William, of Kennington, 274. 
Stone Church, Roman remains, lxxii, 

lxxv, lxxyiii ; its solid altar, Ixxix. 
Stone, Wm. de, 294 ; John de, 295. 
Stonham, Andrew de, 290 ; Henry, 

Reginald, Lote, Wm., 291; Adam 

parvus de, 292. 
Stothard'8 Monuments, 150, 152. 
Stour, the, 113. 
Stowting, Celtic tumulus, 20. 
Stratford le Bow, lead cofl&n, 172. 
Streatfeild, Rev. T., historical collec- 
tions, xxxix. 
Stroking wax candles, 225. 
Strood, 127, 137, 141. 
Stuhbs, Professor, 180. 
Stukeley, mentions Celtic tumuli, in E. 

Kent, 17. 
Sturry, Roman coffin, 172 ». 
Suffolk stiles, 129. 
Surrey, Roman coffins in, 172 ». 
Surrey, the Duke of, 304. 
Sussex Dialect, Ray on, 68. 
Sussex Glossary (Cooper's), quoted, 67. 
Sutor, Nichs., of Dartford^293. 



Sutton, Giles, of Hawkinge, 268. 

Sutton, Wm., of Hawkinge, 268. 

Swale, deemed part of the Thames, IxiL 

Swingfield, 185. 

8ymon, Wm., 201. 

Syndale Park, Roman remains, lxxii; 

camp— Durolevum, lxxiii, lxxiv. 
Synekere, widow of, 297. 
Syseley, John, of Ightham, 274. 

Tailor, Jobn the, Dartford, 292. 

Tallage, defined, lxv n. 

Tamworth Castle, 216. 

Tannator, Nichs., 291 ; Roger, 294. 

Tanner, Sibilla and Richard, 296; Wm. 
the, 297. 

Tapestry at Knole, xlix, 1, li. 

Tarbutt, Wm., on cloth trade of 
Cranbrook, xovi; assists with Mu- 
seum, oxvii. 

Taverner, Regd., 298. 

Taylards, 128. 

Taylor, Joanna, 202. 

Templars at Dartford, 286. 

Tenham, orchards, 130; unhealthy, 
131, 140. 

Tenison, archbp., 177 ; MSS. f 178. 

Tenterden, Mayor of, 33 »; steeple, 
141. 

Terry, Wm., of Ightham, 273. 

Thames, proverbs, 146, 147. 

Thanet, earl of, oxvi ; isle of, 65, 172. 

Theam, defined, lxiv n. 

Thel, defined, bay n. 

Theobald, notes on Macbeth, 98. 

Thomas a Waterings, 123. 

Thomas, John, son of, 296. 

Thornham, 162, 163. 

Thorpe's Diplomatarium, 10. 

Thurrock, 116. 

Tieck, Prof., on Arden tragedy, lzx. 

Tilloteon, archbp., 177. 

Tixton, Hamo, of Dartford, 293. 

Todd, Dr. H. J., 180. 

Toll, defined, lxv a. 

Tong, 131, 140. 

Tongswood, Hawkhurst, 264. 

Toniford, Canterbury, 18. 

Topham, Tho., strong man, 124. 

Toplef, Nichs., of Hothfield, 271. 

Torquatus, T. Manlius,oognomen from 
torques, 6. 

Torques, described by C. Roach Smith, 
F.8.A., 1, et «eq. ; for neck, arm, or 
waist, 3 ; seen in tesselated work at 
Pompeii, 4 ; used by Persians, not 
by Egyptians nor by Greeks, but on 
Gaulish coins, 300 B.C., 5 ; badge of 
tbe Manlia family, 6 ; as many as 
1470 taken as spoil from the Gauls, 



V? 



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GENERAL INDEX. 



819 



7; on Roman statues, 7, 8; silver 

and bronze, 9 ; used by Saxon nobles, 

10 ; weight and value, 10, 11. 
Tournay, W. T., celts, 800. 
Tracy, Sir Robt., 38 a. 
Traders' Guild at Faversham, lxix. 
Travers, Elias, chaplain at Ketton 

Hall, lii. 
Treubody, Wm., of Dartford, 290. 
Trewlove, John, 294. 
Tripes, Wm., 292. 
Tripesant, John, 292. 
Triturator, Wm., 291. 
Trobevile, Thos., 294. 
Trollope, Archdeacon, translation of 

French epitaph, lxxxi; on Doding- 

ton low side window, 236. 
Trutulensis Portus, 136. 
Tubbard, Steph, 297. 
Tufa stone, in Stone church, lxxiz; in 

Dodington church, lxxx. 
Tufton, Sir Humphry, 82 a. 
Turner, John, 200; Laurence of 

Hothfleld, 271. 
Tusard, Robt., 297. 
Tusser on Norfolk wiles, 129. 
Tutor, Ivo, of Dartford, 291. 
Tweedmouth, muster at, 161. 
Twysden, Sir Roger, 31. 
Tyburn, St., of Kent, 123. 
Tylden, John, of Kennington, 275. 
Tyler, Wat, 192. 

Undrell, Godly, 202 ; John, 202. 
Unchurch ware, 25, 171. 
Upnor Castle, 49. 
Utfangenetheft defined, lxv. 

Vandyke, tapestry portrait of, xliz. 
Vane, Sir Henry, junior, 32 a. 
Vaughan, R., 33 a. 
Vere, earl of Oxford, arms at Knole, 

xliv. 
Veysy, Riod., T., 801. 
Vineyards in Kent, lxv a. 
Vynor, John, of Dartford, 90. 
Vytell, John, of Lympne, 283. 

Wadhurst, Stone, cvi. 

Wafer, Lionel, on Isthmus of Darien, 

98. 
Walcott, Rev. Mackenzie, 266. 
Waldershare, 107. 
Wales, "a gentleman of," 117, 118. 
Waleton, Niohs., 190. 
Walker, Jno., rector of Monks Horton, 

270. 
Waller, J. G., on Faversham brasses, 

lxi ; paper on brass at Minster, 

148. 



Walpole, Sir Horace, at Sissinghurst, 

xoii. 
Walsingham, Sir Thos., 32 a. 
Walter, Alice, widow of Henry, 288. 
Wantsume, the, 113. 
Wanton or Walton, Bond, 159. 
Wardeux, of Bodiham, cxiv, cxvi. 
Warham, arohbp., at Knole, xli a, xlii ; 

his visitation held in 1511, quoted, 

lxxix, lxxxii, 151, 196; Lyminge 

tower, 220. 
Warne's, C, c Ancient Dorset,' 10 a. 
Washington, Col., 88 a. 
Watergate, Ralph de, Dartford, 291. 
Watling Street, the, lxxv. 
Way-bit in Yorkshire, 129. 
Weaver, John the, 289. 
Webster, of Battle, cxvi. 
Wedere, John le, 298. 
Weever, quoted, 122, 124, 159, 220. 
Weldon, Sir Anthony, 32 a, 33 a, 38. 
Wenham, Little, mediaeval bricks in 

hall, xo. 
West, Adam, of Dartford, 290. 
Westwell, Leacon, 85. 
Wharton, MSS., 178 ; Henry, 179. 
Wheler, Sir G., 60 a, 110. 
Whelton, Mr., 38 a. 
White Lion Inn, Cranbrook, ci. 
Whitstable, 133. 
Whytt, W., 234. 
Wickham, Humphry, on Roman 

remains, at Luton, 174 ; celts, 300. 
Wiclif s New Testament, 58. 
Wild, Judge, 36, 47 ». 
Wiles or Wild, Dudley, 35 n. 
Wilfred visits Kent, 207. 
Wilkins, Dr. David, 179. 
Wilkins, of Hawkhurst, 264. 
Willement's Hist, of Davington, lxii. 
Willesley House, Cranbrook, ci. 
William III, bust at Knole, xliii. 
Wilmynton, Joan, widow of Wm., 

288 ; John de, 296. 
Wiltshire, words, 75 ; Roman coffins, 

172 a. 
Wind, north-east, 135. 
Wines, lxv, 229, 234, 235. 
Wintonia, Ricd. de, 298. 
Winwick, brass in church, 150 a. 
Wistroe, J., 33 n. 

Wittloo, Walter, 291; Robert, 296. 
Wode, Jeffreys, Smarden, 227. 
Wolferhampton, Ric. de, 288. 
Wood, Nicholas, great eater, 180; 

Jeffreys, 227. 
Woodruff, C. H., f.s.a., on Celtic 

tumuli in East Kent, 16. * 

Woolton, Jno.," of Smarden, 226-8. 
Woolwich Church, 220. 



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320 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Wotton, coat of arms, 193 ; John, 

rector of Stapiehurst, 193 ; his will, 

194, Alioe, 194. 
Wreo, defined, lxv «. 
Wrecfry, defined, lxiv *. 
Wressil Castle, cvii. 
Wrestlere, Alice and Wm., 295. 
Wright, Nichs., reo. Staplehurst, 190 

n, 196. 
Wrinsted, 116. 
Wrotham, church visited, roodsoreen, 

brasses, gallery over ohanoel-aroh, 

lvi. 
Wryght, John, of Ightham, 274. 
Wye, College and History of, 52, 85, 

130 ; Old Parish Book, 58, 65, 72, 

75, 87, 98, 103, 112 ; Leaoon, 85 ; 



bridge, 81; mileage, 128; " surly/' 

130. 
Wykewane, Wm. de and Sara, 90, 301. 
Wylson, Robt., rector of Hinxhill, 

272 
Wynkyn de Word, 123. 
Wyte, Ralph, 297. 
Wyttfry, defined, lxiv n. 

Yaffle, 116, 

Yeoman of Kent, a play, 80 ; a proverb, 

117, 119. 
Yngreme, Wm., Smarden, 227. 
York, Roman coffins at, 172. 

Zanten, sculpture of torques found 
there, 7. 



ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. 

p. lix, line 4, for " Fourteenth," read " Fifteenth." 

p. 180, line 3, for "Peckham's Register," read " his own Indexes.' 

p. 265, last line but one, for "vol. vi," read " vol. v." 



MITOBBLL AITS HtT«HI8, rBIHTlBS, WAWVOUV 8TBXXT, W. 




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