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PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY ;
OR,
THE ART OF
TEACHING SPELLING BY WRITING:
CONTAINING
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF DICTATING,
IMitt) ISvtttiutu tot practice;
AND
COLLECTIONS OF WORDS
OF DIFFICULT, IRREGULAR AND VARIABLE SPELLING.
INTENDED FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS, LEARNERS, WRITERS, PRINTERS, AND ALL OTHER PERSONS WHO DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE ORTHOG- RAPHY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
BY WILLIAM BEARCROFT,
LATB MASTER OF THE ACADEMY, KIRKEY MOOKSlDE. REVISED AND ENLARGED
BY DANIEL H/'BARNES,
ONE OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE NEW-VOHK HIGH-SCHOOL.
YORK, PRINTED 1824 :
NEW-YORK, REPRINTED AND SOLD BY MAHLON DAY,
NO. 376, PEARL-STREET.
1828. [price one dollar, bound in red.]
£"t*
^
Southern District of New-York, ss.
**+*+*+^$ JJE IT REMEMBERED, that on the second day of
* Xim Si ;|: June, A. D. 1828, in the fifty-second year of the Inde-
%***•*■•*•*•*••*•* pendence of the United States of America, Mahlon
Day, of the said District, has deposited in this office the title of aBook,
the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to
wit :
" The Red Book. Practical Orthography, or the Art of Teaching Spelling by
Writing : containing an Improved Method of Dictating, with Exercises for
Practice, and Collections of Words of difficult, irregular and variable Spelling.
Intended for the use of Teachers, Learners, Writers, Printeis,and all other
persons whodesire to understand the Orthography of the English Language.
By William Bearcroft, late Master of the Academy, Kirkby Moorside, revised
and enlarged by Daniel H. Barnes, one of the Principals of the New-York
High-School."
In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled •4 An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act, entitled ** an Act, supplementary to an act, entitled an Act for the encourgement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copie?, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 6 FREDERICK J. BET^S ,
Clerk of the Southern District ofJVeu.York.
9/
PREFACE.
The plan of this work was laid, and part of it written several years ago. For some time the want of leisure retarded its progress ; and now declining health does not permit its extension to the limits originally projected. But though cut short in the number and variety of the exercises, the mode of using them is sufficiently explained, and it is hoped in a way 'that will be found intelligible by those who may be induced to try it; and that the ex- tent of the directions will not discourage the teacher from putting them in practice. For their prolixity, the Author would apologize, by requesting the reader to describe, in writing, any common process in art ; and he will soon be convinced of the multiplicity of words neces- sary to render the subject intelligible, to persons not pre- viously acquainted with it : and yet the process itself may be quite easy when seen.
The Exercises in the Second Part are few, and majr be thought to increase too rapidly in length and difficulty. This objection will lose some of its force on considering that they were composed to serve as specimens, rather than as a stock for general use, and that the judicious
IV PREFACE.
tutor will be able to supply the defect from works of merit ; extracts from many of which will afford an ample supply, and furnish a variety of matter and stile of writ- ing, not to be expected in the compositions of an indi- vidual.
The Third Part was the first written, and may b considered as the parent of the rest. It was in use* some years before the remainder of the work was thought of, and found to be highly useful in diminishing th number of those errors, which sometimes expose genii men as well as schoolboys.
The Fourth Part consists of a class of exercise which might have been continued to an indefinite length wfis not the necessity for such an extension somewha lessened by the Collection of words in the Appendix.
The short Essays, in the Fifth Part, may be used as exercises of memory and composition, as well as orthography : and some of the Letters in the Sixth Part are applicable to the same purposes.
The Appendix* will save the teacher much trouble in the correction of exercises, if used as a standard for de- termining the best authorized spelling of many words of difficult and unsettled orthography. That words of this kind are numerous,f must be wellknown to every intelligent preceptor ; and that they are the cause of much perplexity to his pupils, and confusion to himself cannot be denied ; whatever, therefore, tends to im- prove them, and to facilitate his labors must deserve his attention. With this view, the Author collected the
* In the New- York edition, the appendix is enlarged from 32 to 150 pages, and the authorities are added. •f The number of variable words is nearly 4000. See page 339.
PREFACE. V
words in the Appendix, and proceded to examine dic- tionaries, and to compare them with what he thought the general usage. In doing this, he found that to re- concile the inconsistencies and disagreement of the au- thorities which he had proposed to himself as standards, was no easy task ; and that frequently a new difficulty was presented in the claim of common practice. In fine. he discovered that he stood on slippery ground, and would have retreated, had it not been for the consider- ation that this part of the work will not be entirely use- less, and that it may provoke some abler hand to under- take the subject. If, in any instance, the nature of bis plan has led him to deviate from the spelling of esteemed friends, he has done it with pain. His business was with dictionaries, and his readers may join him in regret- ting that they do not possess one which is consistent with itself throughout.
It was desirable to reduce to order the class of words terminating iner and or* signifying agents derived from verbs. But these terminations are so indiscriminately used, so entangled with one another, that neither ety- mology nor analogy can unravel them. Compound words also, and the irregular use of the hyphen, make no inconsiderable figure in the train of difficulties attendi- ng the correction of exercises ; but these, with many others, are not likely to be removed unless the construc- tion of words should become as much the object of crit- ical examination as the pronunciation of them. f
* See Rule 18, page 20.
t An Abridged Dictionary, without critical observations, but witit such orthographical corrections as etymology, analogy, and pr«seirt n>age might justify, is a desideratum in schools. Such a work, exe- cuted by a competent hand, and pruned of all words not generally useful, and of obsolete duplicates of those of varied spelling, might be induced to the size of a common school book, and become a standard of orthography. A*>
VI PREFACE.
The authorities principally consulted in compiling the x\ppendix, as the most likely to be used for reference in schools, were Mr. Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dic- tionary, and Mr. Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev. Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson. These however, like others are not free from typographical errors and over- sights, inseparable from works requiring such laborious and minute attention ; nor from those anomalies and in- consistencies which have been too long retained in the language to be readily discarded.
W. BEARCROFT.
Kirkby Moor side, June 12, 1824.
Note. Very few persons understand the condition of our orthogia- phy, or know that all our dictionaries are in a state of the most hope- less confusion. But this fact will sufficiently appear to any one who will turn to his dictionary and look at the words, ectasy, extacy, ecstacy, exstasy; gipsy, gipsey, gypsy, gypsey ; and frenzy, frensy, phrenzy, phrensy, with their derivatives. Johnson spells cimiter five ways, Walker six, and other dictionaries increase the number to fifteen; and the word musketo is susceptible of more than forty variations, of which scarcely any one is worse than Sheridan's Moschetto. Crj'stalize is spelt in common practice, eight different ways, crystalize, crystallize, crystalise, crystallise, chrystalize, chrystallize, chrystalise, chrystallise, and the variations may be increased to six- teen, by substituting i for y, as is sometimes done. See the word salt m Webster's small Dictionary. Ed.
ADVERTISEMENT
To the New-York Edition.
The practice of dictating has long been familiar to the good schools of this country, and in the New-York High School has received particular attention. Commencing with a pretty large number of active and intelligent boys, who were constantly encouraged to consult their diction- aries, the master soon found it necessary, in cases where the words were variable, in the same or different books, to decide which should be adopted as the preferable mode. A list of variable words was commenced, and an attempt was made to trace the prevalent analogies of the language, and to educe general rules. Having ad- vanced thus far, a book was received from our English correspondent, entitled PRACTICAL ORTHOGRA- PHY which seemed to comprise so much useful matter, that the present editor yielded to the request of his friends, in giving it a revision and republication.
This edition is a good deal altered, to suit the wants of American schools; and the list of variable words is enlarg- ed, to render it as complete as circumstances would permit. Words of uncommon occurrence are not generally in- serted. No words are inserted without the authority of standard Dictionaries, except where the analogy, which really ought to be the highest authority, evidently re- quires the word in question. That words of the same analogy ought to have the same form, is so evident as to be almost a truism ; and yet such is the state of our spelling, (I say not ORTHographv) that one of its great- est defects is, that the same word is found under different forms, and different forms are attributed to words which ought, for every reason, except bad practice, to have the same form. Nearly all the irregularities in the language might be made uniform, if we could be allowed to take the authority of good authors ; but as this would lead us
Vlll ADVERTISEMENT.
into a wide field, we have deemed it best to take Diction- aries only, and such as have been published since that brilliant period of English literature, when Addison, like the vernal sun, diffused his mild and cheering influence over the island of our fathers. The Spectator is yet read and admired. Neither its stile nor its orthography is obsolete ; and to take the Dictionaries published since the completion of that work, seems to the writer to be per- fectly fair ; and to use their decisions in strict accordance with general rules, indisputably allowable. The rules are deduced from the language, and the authority is deemed good when it accords with the rules. Those who, on the first view, may feel afraid that we have gone too far, will please to remember that we have done no more than to choose for ourselves, from the varia- tions of standard Dictionaries ; always marking the au- thority, that those who differ from us in opinion may choose for themselves. Should this book be adopted by writers and printers as a book of reference, it would save much time and trouble in turning to Dictionaries, which perpetually contradict themselves, and leave the inquirer always in doubt, and often in error.
New-York, May 30, 1828.
Dictionaries used in preparing the New-York edition.
1» Bailey's folk), 2d edition, London, 1736 ; twenty-seven years after the commencement of the Spectator by Addison and his associates. A great and good work. Of the abridgment, twenty-nine editions have been published — a sufficient proof of its estimation.
2. Martin's Dictionary, London, 1749; six years before Johnson's. A most valuable work, very scarce. In the preface he mentions that it was the best practice of his day to omit the final k in public, music, &c. His orthography is less contradictory than that of any other author, and he gives us Lnglish rather than foreign words. To this work Johnson seems to have paid much attention.
3. Johnson's great Dictionary, fourth edition, 4to, Lon- don, 1777, with a new preface: corrected by the author, seven years before his death. Probably the best edition of this great work.
4. Ash's Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1775. A very elaborate and full Dictionary.
5. Fenning's Dictionary, 8vo. London, 1st ed. 1761, and 2d ed. 1783. A good work, much used in England. Omits the final k.
6. Dyche's, London, 16th ed. 1777, 17th ed, 1794. Va- riable words put together. First published about 15 years before Johnson's.
7. Harwood's 8vo. London, 1782. Bailey, revised and corrected. Bailey's abridgment, 21, 24 & 28 editions.
8. Johnson's abridgment, 1st ed. 1756 ; one year after the publication of his folio : and 6th ed. with the aur thor's corrections, 1778.
9. Crakelt's Eniick, small 12mo. London, 1795. Avery neat edition.
10. Sheridan's corrected by Churchill, 4th ed. Lon. 1797.
11. Jones's 3d ed, 1798, and 9th ed, 1804: made to cor- rect Walker and Sheridan, and had u an almost unpre- cedented" sale. Recommended by Dr. Webster,
12. Barclay's improved by Shorton, 4to Liverpool, 1818.
13. Walker's 4to, 3d ed. London, 1802, much altered from the two former, and can be depended upon, to ex- hibit the real views of its author.
14. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, 2d ed. 12mo. Lon, 1824. A better work than the other. It rejects the final and useless &, which has, in too many instances, been retained only on his authority. In this work the author points out many of Johnson's contradictions, but says he did not dare to correct them ! ! !
15. Perry's royal 8vo. London, 1805. Rejects double letters in derivatives when not under the accent, as traveler and not traveller. It is esteemed the best of any pronouncing Dictionary yet known. The defi- nitions are synonimized and the orthography in many instances corrected, but the author does not always follow his own rules.
16. Chalmers's Todd's Johnson, London, 1824.
17 & 18. Webster's New-Haven, 1806. Hartford, 1817.
19. Browne's Union Dictionary, 12mo London, 1806.
20. Scott's Dictionary, 12 mo. Cork, 1810.
21. The American Dictionaries generally, many of which are more correct than the English.
22. Buchanan's Dictionary, L2mo. London, 1757.
23. Sheridan's, Philadelphia 6th edition, 1796 ; faithfully copies the misprints of the original.
24. Allinson's royal 8vo. Burlington, N. J. 1813.
-25. Webster's quarto, through the letter I, by inspection of the proof sheets 5 which the editor has kindly been permitted to see, tho the work is not yet published. It will be very far superior to any other. 26. Macredie's, by a society of teachers in Scotland. Originals. Johnson, three editions; Walker, Ash, Manin, Fenning, Perry, Jones, Harwood, Chalmers, Webster, Browne, Bailey, Buchanan.
All these authors, (except the American) have pro- fessed to be standards for the British nation, and have been well received. Of those published, Bailey's and Martin's are works of the most learning, Johnson's of the most labor. Ash's contains the greatest number of words. Martin, Dyche, Ash, Browne, Walker's Rh. Webster, Entick, Scott, Fenning, Barclay, Perry, Buchanan and Macredie, reject the final K in public, music, &c.
Johnson and Walker contain 38,000 words. Todd's Johnson, 53,000, WEBSTER'S QUARTO, 70,000.
CONTRACTIONS.
a. Ash. a1. Allsnson. An. Analogy.
b. Bailey, ab. abridgment. Br. Barclay.
buc. Buchanan.
c. Chalmers's Abridgment of Todd's Johnson, ch. Churchill's Sheridan.
d. Dyche.
e. Entick.
f. Fenning. Gr. Greek.
h. Harwood's Bailey.
j. Johnson, js. Jones.
m. Martin.
n. Not right, bad spelling.
o. Old spelling, right or wrong.
p. General practice, py. Perry.
s. Sheridan.
u. Browne's Union Dictionary.
w. Walker's quarto, 3d edition.
wr. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary.
wb. Webster.
Rl Rule.
wb. - The author prefers this form.
J. = Spells two ways without a preference.
w. 4-x Contradicts himself.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
Page
Method of Dictating, *. - - - 1
Rules, ._----..... 19
PART II.
Exercises for Dictating, 21
PART III.
Exercises on words of similar sounds, but of different spelling
and signification, 32
PART IV.
Exercises on words liable to be erroneously written by learn- ers : in which the difficulty arises from a material difference between the pronunciation and orthography ; from com- parison or contrast with similar words; from the irregular formation of the derivatives; from unsettled or varied spel- ling ; and from other causes, 67
PART V.
Exercises on various subjects, in the form of essays, anec- dotes, &c. - - - - 103
PART VI.
Exercises in the form of letters, on orthographical and other subjects, 139
APPENDIX.
Collections of words of difficult, irregular, and variable spelling,
With notes, 19S
Prefixes en, in, un, ---..---.. 201
Prefixes em, im, - - , - - 208
Terminations ant, ent, ance, ence, 210
Terminations ceous, cious, tious, -.-... 214
Terminations ize, ise, 216
Final consonants improperly doubled, ----- 225
F, L, N, S improperly doubled, 229
E final of the primitive rejected, - - - - - - 230
General collection of variable words, - - - - - 233
List of words in or and our, ....... 242
Words in ough, ... ...... 340
Words in ie and y, 341
Anomalies, 342
Arch, 343
Oon, 344
Ous, ose, ile, ive, Ac. 345
CORRECTIONS, 348
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY.
PART I.
Method of Dictating.
To acquire a competent knowledge of 'Orthography, demands much attention from the student; and where this requisite is wanting, which is frequently the case, the labors of the tutor become tiresome, and his success without hope. That he may not appear, however, to have been negli- gent, his pupil is "put forward" to some- thing less irksome than the spelling of a language which he is unwilling to learn by rule ; and thus penmanship is substi- tuted for grammar, and fine writing and flourishes delight the expectant but deceiv- ed parent. Every man of sense and educa- tion who is engaged in the tuition of youth, knows that this is not the way to make sound scholars; — that defective spelling debases fine writing; — and that no honor is due to the tutor who builds upon such a sandy foundation. But the fashion of the day is against his better knowledge; and he must either comply with its rules, or be content to be accounted an unfashionable
* Requisit and perquisit, Webster. B
2 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
teacher — in other words, a preceptor with- out pupils.
To those who know their duty, and wish to do it, the Author of this work begs to address himself. He is fully aware that superficial teachers enjoy more of the patronage of the public than those of better qualifications and more honesty ; this, combined with the reflection that the benefit of the rising generation is the ultimate object, makes it desirable to assist in restoring the latter to their professional rank and consideration. To such, there- fore, (if not already in the practice of better methods,) he would recommend one for the instruction of their pupils in spelling, that has been used with a degree of success of which it does not become him to speak.
Nearly forty years since, he made the discovery that spelling by rote and spelling on paper, were very different things; and that the ardent zeal with which he had employed the Spelling Book, had con- tributed very little to the improvement of his pupils, in that department where he had most expected it. Disappointed and mortified by his want of success, he had recourse to practical spelling on slates and paper, and was soon convinced of its utility. This led him to labor much in bringing to maturity what he supposed was a new practice in the art of teach- ing. It appears that necessity, the fruit-
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 3
fui mother of invention, had already sug- gested similar ideas to others, and Dic- tating soon found its way into many re- spectable schools, and its superior useful- ness is now generally acknowledged.
But whether the exercise of Dictation has been employed with all the effect of which it is capable, must be left to the determination of teachers, on comparing their methods with that here proposed. To form a proper judgment, it will be necessary to try the experiment on inattentive pupils, who will probably be the first to find out that the plan is calculated to punish idle- ness by extra labor; (the most effectual cure for the disorder;) that this extra labor increases in proportion to the negligence of the learner; and, that diligence and atten- tion afford the only means of escape from this troublesome companion and pursuer. The preceptor also will find, that, on the adoption of this method, his pupils in general will make a rapid advance in ac- quiring that ease and freedom in writing, which is the result of much practice only ; and which, tho# less pleasing to the eye of the schoolboy and his writing master, will be of more value to the future man than painted penmanship and unmeaning embellishments.
The process of dictating alluded to above, may be thus described.
* Tho. Webster has restored the old and correct spell- ing of this word.
4 PRACTICAL ORTHOCRAPHY. [PART I.
A day in everj week was appropriated to the business of dictating and composi- tion. This was generally Thursday.* The senior class dictated first, and the others followed in rotation. The piece to be dictated and written, was selected by the master, and read to the class by that pupil of it whose errors, on the last occasion, were the fewest ; and, in case of his absence, by the next present. If he failed to read in a slow and distinct manner, so as to be audi- ble to the whole of the class, he was super- seded by the next in rank, and made to join in the exercise of writing with the rest. That the pupils might understand the meaning of the paragraph to be written, it was read in the usual manner, previous to the commencement of the operation of writing ;f and then by a few words at a time, allowing the writers time to finish the phrase, but not to make any alterations after it was written. As soon as the exer- cise was concluded, each pupil subscribed his name at the foot of his copy, and handed it to the dictator, who collected the whole as quickly as possible, and placed them,
* Some of the younger scholars dictated twice or thrice a week, when one of the senior boys marked the errors, which on these occasions were not entered in vocabularies, but committed to memory; those pupils not being suffi- ciently advanced to use vocabularies.
f The junior classes wrote on slates ; the other on paper.
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 5
and the book with the original, upon the desk of the master, or that of an assistant properly qualified to discover the errors, and to point them out by certain marks or characters adopted for the purpose.*
Previous to examination, the exercises were sorted according to their respective merits in point of penmanship, and so placed that the best might be examined first, and the rest in rotation. This excited much emulation, as those who took the most pains in writing, were the soonest at liberty to prepare for the succeding exer- cise, which was of such a nature as to harassf them with, or relieve them from, an accumulating load that threatened to over- whelm every idler.
When an exercise was examined, and marked with the number of errors, the boy who was the monitor or waiter for the day, proclaimed the number aloud, and then handed it to the writer for correction. These corrections (those of capitals and points excepted) were not made upon the copy, but arranged in columns below it,
* For an exemplifition of the marks, see p. 14.
t Harass and embarrass, Johnson.-h Harass and embarass, Martin. Harass and embarras, Walker. ,-f- Harrass and embarrass, Barclay. Har'ass Dictionary, l Walker +
Harass', Rhyming Dictionary, 5 waiKer.ir Embarras and embarrassment, Walker. -\- Embarrass and embarrasment, Bailey's Folio.-\- B2
6 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. fPART I.
and, when finished, were sent up for in- spection. If right, they were marked with the letter R; but if otherwise, the errors were severally marked with a dash, and returned for a second correction, and so on, till completed; when the letter R (without which mark no corrections were permitted to pass) was attached by the examiner, who, after canceling# duplicates of words, and things of minor consequence, returned the remainder to be copied by the pupil into his vocabulary.f When this was done, the book was sent up for inspection, and if correct, explanations in red ink were added to words of similar sounds, and also to others, the identity of which could not be determined by the pronunciation. As all the corrections of misspelled words were ordered to be made from a dictionary,^
* Canceling, with one I, Perry's rule, p. 15, 8vo. Diet,
t This was a small book containing forty-eight pages of fulscap || paper in octavo, with which every pupil ca- pable of using it was furnished ; and which was in fact a spelling book consisting of such words as he could not spell correctly; and was made the general repository of his errors whenever and wherever they were discovered. The vocabularies were uniform in size, and paged, to pre- vent the abstractions of their leaves by idle boys who did not like to commit their contents to memory.
% The best Dictionary is Webster's. But any common dictionary may be used with the help of the rules given at page 19.
|| Fulscap, i. e. full-scape, corrupted into fools-cap, like Welsh rabbit, from Welsh-rare-bit. Scapus, Lat, a quire.
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 7
the errors on this account were punished with suitable penalties; the vocabulary returned to the pupil for correction, and again exhibited for inspection, till made complete ; after which the explanations were added as above stated.
While this business was going on, the next class was dictating, and after it ano- ther; as soon as the dictator to the last class had ended, such pupil of the first as had a page full of words in his vocabulary, (exclusive of those just inserted,) proceded to write that page, with its explanations, upon his slate, from the dictation of some pupil on the opposit* side of the school, to whom the vocabulary had been pre- viously sent for the purpose; and who, on concluding, immediately handed up the vocabulary and slate for examination. Other classes did the same in rotation ; and for the sake of despatch, sometimes three or four pupils were permitted at once. After the correction of the dictation, each of the slates was examined and compared with its corresponding page in the vocabu- lary ; and, if right, that page was marked with the day of the month in red ink at the foot. If wrong, the words upon the slate were dashed out, and no further procedings with that page allowed till the next dicta- ting day, when the pupil was at liberty to make another trial, after he had finished
* Deposit, opposit, apposit, com posit, Webster.
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
the dictation of that day. If in the mean while he had so neglected to commit the words to memory that he failed a second time, the work stood over for a further trial on the third dictating day ; and so on till he could do it correctly. Thus the idler, by delaying to learn his misspelled words, made no improvement in orthography; in consequence, the number of his errors did not lessen, and his vocabulary went on fill- ing, till his work became burdensome by neglect and repeated accumulations. On the other hand, the errors of the industrious diminished, his vocabulary filled slowly, his task grew easy, and the day of dictating was hailed as a day of pleasure and inter- esting exercise. x4s a stimulus to action, the indolent were degraded and removed to a lower class, whenever they suffered eight pages of their vocabulary to remain un- marked^ and a smaller penalty was inflicted for half that number. At length, wearied with toilingunder an increasing burden,* the pupil generally discovered that diligence and industry only could relieve him; and this urged him to try an experiment which was uniformly successful.
* Burden, unburthen, Walker.-jr
f A boy has been known to prick his ringer, and forge the red ink mark at the bottom of the pages of his vocab- ulary with blood, to screen his idleness. Such tricks were readily detected, and as promptly punished by addi- tional exercises in dictating, for the purpose of increasing that work which was attempted to be evaded.
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 9
The remainder of the day was employed in other work, which united exercises of memory, and of practical grammar or com- position, with practical orthography. This was done in the following manner: The tutor read aloud a short anecdote, a passage from history, or an extract from some book of science, adapted to the comprehen- sion of the pupils. The passage was read as deliberately and distinctly as pos- sible twice over; the class of pupils for whom it was intended, having been pre- viously informed that it was to be written on slates, or paper, as an exercise of memory. As soon as the second reading was finished, the pupils began to write, and when they had done, the exercises were examined ; the errors were marked ; and each exercise numbered according to its merit. The writers were then called up, their exercises delivered to them, and the original read aloud by the tutor, whilst every pupil attended to his own copy, and noted its defects. After this, the errors were cor- rected in the same manner as in the former exercises, and inserted in the vocabulary.
These exercises were occasionally varied, so as to train the juvenile understanding to future attempts at composition. Insted* of an exact copy, the pupils were directed to express the sense of the original in their
* Insted, Webster, Stedfast, Bailey. $tedfastnesSj Walker's Rhyming Dicf.
10 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
own language. These performances were treated like the last ; and the post of honor assigned to that writer who had expressed the sense in language the most independent of the original.
To pupils thus prepared, the task of writing letters, and themes or essays, was not irksome. The memory had been pre- viously furnished with a stock of the elements of language, and the understand- ing exercised in the use of them. Com- position, with its formidable train of diffi- culties, was disarmed of its terrors, and became not only easy and pleasant, but was considered as in the highest degree honorary.
it may not be improper to remark here, that language is acquired by imitation ; that children cannot imitate themselves; and that while employed in the manner here described, they are not only laying up a fund of words and sentiments, but learning to form a stile* by imitating that of others. Without some help of this kind, the boy who does not like to read (and there are many in this class) may be exercised in composition ; may weary himself, and ex- haust the patience of his teacher; and finally leave the school in disgust, with the charac- ter of a confirmed dunce.
The little Work here offered to the notice
f Bailey and Martin prefer i in stile.
IP ART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. f 1
of teachers, is not meant as a general re- pository from whence all the wants of their schools are to be supplied. Had the author wished to make a book from books, a more favorable opportunity could not have been desired ; and the convenience of those for whose use it is principally intended, might have been promoted by such a step. To supply its deficiencies in this respect, he would recommend the practice of keeping several collections of extracts in manuscript; some for the younger, and others for the more advanced scholars.*
The Exercises contained in the following sheets have been drawn up with a view to be useful, not only for the common purpo- ses of dictating, but that the matter thus brought under the notice of the pupil, may be more applicable to his present wants, than the promiscuous selections from books, and prepare him to receive more benefit afterwards from those selections. For this purpose, a collection of the most common words of similar sound, but of different sig- nification and spelling, has been exhibited in such a way as to show the distinction of the words, by the meaning of the sentence in which they are introduced. Paragraphs also have been written, contrived to include words wherein the orthography and pro-
* Children are capable of dictating as soon as they are able to write legibly, if the words and matter are suited to their ages.
12 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
nunciation are at variance ; wherein diffi- culties arise to learners from the irregular formation of derivatives ; from comparison with similar words ; and from other causes. This subject has been pursued in Letters, which not only afford a convenient mode of introducing remarks on anomalous words and common errors, but are particularly suitable for exercises in dictating, as they may serve as models for initiating youth into a species of composition, of all kinds per- haps the most generally used.
The intelligent preceptor will not let slip the opportunity which the public reading of an exercise affords, for a lecture on the merit of the respective performances before him, as it respects the matter, the language, or the errors of the composition, He will hold up to censure the blunders of the careless ; give encouragement to the well-meant though feeble endeavors of the industrious; and point out as examples for imitation, the successful efforts of genius.*
In -the selection of pieces for dictating, the tutor will choose such as are of a con- venient length, and adapted to the capa- cities of his scholars. After the example of Mr. Murray, he will fix upon those cal- culated to improve the mind and mend the
* The exercises in composition were corrected in the evening, and read to the pupils on the following Satur day morning.
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 13
heart; and while ranging through the fields of literature and science in search of suitable extracts, he will be careful to exclude every thing improper for the mind and the ear of youth. He will remember, that it is incumbent on him to teach his pupils to be good as well as learned ; and that to give due weight to his precepts, they must be accompanied by example ; that his oppor- tunities for doing good are numerous ; and that the future happiness or misery of many, may depend on the performance or neglect of those duties which his station imposes upon him.
14 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I,
Exemplification of the Marks used to point out the Errors in Dictation Exercises,
York, Jan, 20, 1824, Dear Brother,
My farther has desired me to rite
>i . =
a letter to you, hand says i can do it if 1
will, but you no i niver learnt to right
letters so You must exkuse me if I cannot
A —
s/
do as well has torn. 1 1 have many things tell you, but I cant toke to you this|way ; so
you add better Come and se me, and then you shall here all a bout it
s/ I ham your Affeckshonate brother,
Samuel watson. P. S. Tom as been sculking behind the
MJMM«M
skreen, and has thrown it hup on my foot,
M%W«VMi
and toes.
v 5 Words 41
< Capitals and Points . J3> Total, 50
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 15
The Errors of the foregoing Exercise corrected, and ready to be copied into the Vocabulary.
Father
Farther
Write
Rite
Right
Wright
And
Hand
Know
No
Gnaw
Never
Learned
(Write)*
|
(Right) (Rite) (Wright) Excuse |
Hear Here About Am |
|
As |
Ham |
|
Has |
Affectionate |
|
I have To Cannot |
(Has) (As) Sculk- |
|
Talk |
Screen- |
|
I'his way Had |
Upon Hurt |
|
Add See |
My |
Duplicates.
N. B. A blank line is placed after the preferable form of a variable word, as, screen, sculk, better than skreen, skulk.
16
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
The corrections with their explanations as they stand in the Vocabulary ; the duplicates having been previously canceled.*
Father, a parent.
Farther, at a greater distance.
W rite, to make letters
Rite, a solemn act of religion.
Right, not wrong.
Wright, a carpenter.
And, a conjunction.
Hand, a part of the body.
Know, to be inform- ed of.
No, the word of re- fusal.
Gnaw, to bite.
Never.
Learned.
Excuse.
As, in the same man- ner.
Has, possesses.
I have.
To, a preposition.
Cannot.
Talk.
This way.
Had, possessed.
Add, to put together.
See, to perceive by
the eye. Hear, to perceive by
the ear. Here* in this place. About. Am, to be. Ham, the thigh of a
hog. Affectionate Sculk.-f Screen.— Upon. Hurt. My.
* Canceled with one I, Perry's rule. t See Rules, p. 19.
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 17
Explanation of the marks used in page 14.
A line under a word shows that word to be erroneously spelled, as ' niverj ' tokej 4 exkusef &c. Words illegibly written are marked in the same manner, and treated as errors, notwithstanding any excuses offered by the writer in palliation of his negligence.
Two or more lines denote a mistake of one word for another of similar sound but of different signification, as ' farther'' for father, ''hand'1 for and, &c. When more than two lines are used they show the num- ber of words of similar sound to that mark- ed, as 4 rite J write, right, wright.
The perpendicular line is used to sepa- rate words when too near one another, as, ilhave,'1 4 thisway?
The curved line connects the parts of a word which are not properly joined, as ' a bout? and when the word is misspelled also, the double error is denoted by a strait line united to the curve, as , hup on?
The waved line points out words of varied or doubtful spelling, and warns the pupil to consult his dictionary* as to the best mode of spelling the word so marked,
as ' sculkin&S c skr
5>
een.
The caret indicates something omitted, as the semicolon after ' letters? the word to after ' things,' and the period after ; a bout it? When more words than one are omit*
* See the Rules on page 19. c2
18 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART f.
ted, the number is shown by a figure with- in the caret, as in that between ' and'' and ; toes' in the last line.
The mark over a small letter shows that it ought to be a capital, as the pronoun c £,' the **' in Horn] and the 'w>' in ^ivatson.'' The same mark over a capital signifies that it should be a small letter, as 4F' in ;Fow,' ' C ' in 4 Come? and '^ ' in '-Affeckshonate?
Note. — This book having been made in Yorkshire, has many corrections which are not applicable to this country, for our people never pronounce " and, hand ;" "am, ham;" " as, has ;" alike, nor ever mistake "no" and " gnaw." The pronunciation of the language in this country is generally much better than it is in Eng- land, even than that of their pronouncing dictionaries ; of which no two agree; and Walker's (which is most generally used in this country) contradicts itself in nume- rous places. Perry and Jones are the best which I have seen. Perry's system is excedingty ingenious ; and it is to be regretted, that his dictionary, which was formerly in use in our schools, has been superseded by a worse one. Jones's Dictionary was made expressly to correct Sheridan and Walker, but the latter more parti- cularly ; and it had in England a most unparalleled sale, being reprinted annually for a considerable number of years. I have before me the ninth edition, which was printed twenty-four years an), that is in 1304, since which time the undeserved popularity of Walker has sprung up in this country more through the influence of booksellers than the approbation of scholars.
Jameson's Dictionary, just published in London, cor- rects Walker still further, and brings the pronunciation back to what it was before Sheridan appeared.
Of the numerous editions of Walker, no two agree, and no one is consistent with itself or the principles of its author. Whenever Walker is quoted in this work, the reader will please to observe that the reference is to Mr. Walker's own Dictionary, third quarto Edition, London,
PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 19
Rules for Spelling VARIABLE Words.
1. Omit u in unaccented syllables former- ly spelled with ou, as, honor, favor, labor.
2. Omit k in the end of words formerly spelled with ck, as, music, public.
3. Prefer a to aw, as, lanch, stanch — launch, staunch.
4. Prefer a to e, as, gray, vail — grey, veil.
5. Prefer e to ce or ce, as, Cesar, phenix, economy — Caesar, phoenix, ceconomy.
6. Prefer i when not final to y, as, cider, tiger — cyder, tyger.
7. Prefer y final to r, ee, oe, or ey* as, demy, bely, felly, vally — demi, belie, felloe, valley.
8. Prefer u to o, ow, or w, as, spunge, cur- tain, aukward, croud — sponge, courtine, awkward, crowd.
9. Prefer e final to two vowels before a consonant, as, complete, supreme, clothe, lothe — compleat, supream, cloath, loathe.
10. Prefer ee to ca, as, cheerful — chearful.
11. Reject e final when useless, as, ran- som, auburn, elicit, deposit, steril, indocil, germ — ransome, auburne, elicite, deposite, sterile, indocile, geraie.
12. Prefer ue to ew or en, as, cruet, cue, fuel — crewet, queue, fewel.
13. Prefer c to k before a, o, w, /, and r, as,
1802; the final revision of which was the author's last work ; and for the completion of which he inserts a note of thanks at the end. Of the editions printed since the author's death, some are better and some worse, but none strictly agree with the original. — Ed.
20 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.
scull, scate, sconce, screen, sclerotic — skull, skate, skonce, skreen, sklerotic.
14. Prefer/' to ph, as, frenzy — phrenzy.
15. Prefer* tos when the sound requires it, as, frenzy, eraze, poize — frensy, erase, poise.
16. Prefer^" tog soft, as, jill, jennet — gill, gennet.
17. Prefer c, ck, or k to qu, as, coif, check- er, key — quoif, chequer, quay.
18. Prefer erto ar or or, as, brier, visiter, instructer — briar, visitor, instructor.
19. Prefer s to soft t, as, torsion, ancient, vicious — tortion, antient, vitious.
20. Prefer s to c soft, as, expense, de- fense— expence, defence.
21. Prefer v to ph or f, as, vial, vat — phial, fat.
22. Prefer x to cs or cU as, extasy, con- nexion— eestacy, connection.
23. Prefer the shortest if equally correct, as, colonade, vermilion, bilious, banian, bias, canvas, christmas — colonnade, vermillion, billious, bannyan, or bannian, biass, canvass, christmass.
24. Anglicize foreign words, as, center, savan, musketo — centre, scavan, mosquito.
25. Monosyllables ending with double letters, except m, drop one letter in com- pounds, as, fulfil, farewel, welfare, until.
26. The final consonant is not doubled in derivations when not under the accent, as, worship, worshiper, level, leveler.*
N.B. Forauthorities,thereaderis referred to the Appendix. # See Perry's Rule, p. 15. 8vo. Diet.
21
PAET II.
Exercises for Dictating.
1. If you wish to be wise and good, you must do as wise and good men do, and in time you will be like them.
2. When your friends give you good ad- vice, do not forget to thank them ; and take care to profit by it.
3. You may play for the good of your health, but remember that you do not play when you ought to be at work.
4. Honor and obey your parents, for they, under God, are the authors of your being, and your best friends.
/). Those who have books, and who love to read, are seldom dull for want of compa- ny ; books are their companions.
6. When you do not know how to act rightly in any case, think how one whom you know to be wise would act in that case, and do accordingly.
7. You should not laugh at the igno- rance of those who are not sent to school
22 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.
as you are : they might perhaps have been wiser than you, if they had been as well taught.
8. If you play with bad boys or with bad girls, nobody will think that you are very good ; and the proverb says, " If you tell me what company you keep, 1 will tell you what you are."
9. It is a good thing to spell well, and to write well also ; but he who will not learn to spell, needs not learn to write, for his writing could not be read.
10. Youth is the proper time for learning wisdom, manhood for practising it, and age for teaching it to others.
11. By being ready to assist others, you may hope for assistance yourself if you should happen to want it. It is good to make friends, but better not to need them.
12. You owe more to your parents than you can pay them in any other way, than by becoming what they wish you to be.
13. It is not enough to spell words by rote : the proof of good spelling is writing correctly ; for writing is spelling reduced to practice, and orthography is never learned without writing.
PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 23
14. If you are ever at a loss with respect to your conduct towards another person, you will do well to ask yourself how you would like him to act, if he was in your place and you in his ?
15. Never allow yourself to be fretful and peevish. Those who indulge in such child- ish passions, find many occasions for exer- cising them ; and they are bad to quit when confirmed by habit.
16. Beware of too much familiarity with a stranger : a sudden friend is a suspicious character. True friendship is not the off- spring of a momentary acquaintance.
17. When a bad speller writes, he is sure to be laughed at by those who read what he has written, because bad spellers are liable to be mistaken for blockheads.
18. If you wish to be loved and respect- ed by others, show that you deserve love and respect, by your affability and kind- ness to all with whom you have any thing to do.
19. Whenever you have committed a fault, take care to acknowledge it imme- diately ; and you will find it as easy to ob- tain pardon by being your own accuser, as by a defense against the accusation of
24 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.
another. Besides, punishment is thrown away upon the penitent.
20. Your parents send you to school to be instructed in what is good and useful : take care that you do not disappoint them, and cheat yourself.
21. Learn to be moderate in your de- sires ; this will improve your happiness by diminishing the number of your wants; and these, being few, will be easily satisfied.
22. Never do that to any one which you would not like him to do to you. Remem- ber, the Scripture says, " Whatever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them."
23. Some of your companions may per- haps be ill-tempered and rude to you ; if you would punish them, laugh at their rage ; but if you wish to show your own superiority, forgive and pity them.
24. Persons who have no curiosity, and who never stop to examine things, may be said to pass through the world with their eyes open, and yet see nothing in it.
25. Do not think yourself better than others ; for if you do they will despise you, and do all they can to mortify your pride, and humble you.
PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 25
26. If you know a person who is remark- able for piety and virtue, endeavor to be- come acquainted with him, learn his senti- ments, and copy his example.
27. If your talents are not of the first order, they must be industriously applied ; and by this means, they may be rendered quite as useful, as those of a more brilliant kind worse applied, or grown rusty through want of use.
28. Churches in Turkey are called mosks.# Instedf of steeples and bells as in England, they have minarets or small towers with projecting galleries, from which proper persons call the people to worship.
29. Never promise any thing unless you have the power as well as the will to make good your engagement. It is better to per- form without a promise, than to promise without performance. Those who are ready promisers are often slow performers.
30. Silent letters, which are very common in the English language, are a great plague to learners. If they could be rejected, it would be a very great advantage.
31. You should speak the truth on every
* Mosks, Bailey, Rule 24. t See page 9.
D
26 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.
occasion, even when it may happen to bring down censure upon you. This will be honorable to your character, while others are despised for their ingenuity in conceal- ing faults.
32. When a man attempts to confirm his opinion by a wager, it is evident that his arguments in support of it are too light, and so he throws in his purse to turn the scale in his favor.
33. We ought not to form a hasty judg- ment of persons from a slight acquaintance. A more correct knowledge of them might probably show us that some are worse, and others much better, than we thought them to be. To develop the true characters of men is no easy matter.
34. The errors of a bad speller are some- times detected by those who are no better than he is ; and who will not be the less severe upon his blunders for being blun- derers themselves. This is very provoking, and none but a dunce can bear it with patience.
35. Boys will not learn, because they cannot spare time from play ; men will not learn, because they are ashamed to be thought ignorant ; aged persons cannot learn, because they are not disposed to
PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 27
study, and if they were, they would want new memories.
36. We mistake if we suppose that the rich and great are the only happy persons in the world, and that the poor are the most miserable. The rich have troubles of which the poor have no conception ; and the latter, particularly those of pious and virtuous habits, have comforts to which the rich are often strangers.
37. When you have children, you will be able to appreciate the care and anxiety with which your own parents are now laboring to promote your best interests, by instilling into your minds virtuous and honorable sentiments, and by having you instructed in every thing likely to be of service in your progress through life. You will know that they did not teaze# you with advice, and check your levities, because they could not join in your pleasures, but because they were prompted by those feel- ings which none but parents can experience, and which none but children can treat with disrespect.
38. It is a great misfortune to be without employment. The mind is constantly in action, and, if not occupied in something
* Teaze, Bailey and Enticlc ; also Johnson and Walk- er under vexation and vexatious! and Dyche andBarclay under torment !
28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART II.
useful, it will be engaged with trifles, and trifling is unfriendly to virtue. Idleness opens the door# to vice: industry guards the passage against the intrusion of improper thoughts and habits; willingly admitting those only which are favorable to the inter- ests of wisdom and piety.
39. Many persons imagine that fine clothes, rich furniture, and expensive habits increase their consequence, and secure re- spectabilityt in the eyes of their neighbors. These people do not seem to be aware that the attempt to soar beyond their proper sphere, subjects them to the scrutinizing ordeal of envy ; and they seldom discover the true state of the case, till pride and ex- travagance have reduced them to poverty, when respectability vanishes like a shadow, and their endeavor to shine is remembered only to their shame.
* D,o,r,e is the proper spelling-, and so written by good old authors. In door and floor, formerly written with a final e, doore and floore, the wrong letter was omitted. It should have been dore, omitting one of the intermedi- ate o 's. These two and brooch, are all the words in which oo sounds like o long. Blood and flood, formerly blond, floud, pronounced short like ou in courage, would have been better altered by leaving out the o, blud,flud, like stud, spud. These two are all in which oo has the sound of u short. It would be well to correct these ano- malies. See blood in the Appendix.
t Respectability is not found in Johnson or Walker. It is however a good word, and found in Todd and Webster.
PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 29
40. The beauties of the mind are not always united to those of the body. A handsome exterior often serves as a cloke# to cover a weak or depraved understand- ing ; and a plain face sometimes performs the office of a mask to a wise head, or a pleasing disposition. Beauties seldom take pains to be agreeable, because the incense of superficial observers feeds their vanity : while those who are cast in nature's plainer mold,t are more solicitous to improve their minds, that they may secure the approba- tion of the wise and the good.
41. We are very apt to judge favorably of our own merits, and to be blind to our faults. With a microscopic eye we ex- amine the former, and that in the clearest light ; but suffer the latter to pass without notice or observation. This might be pro- ductive of much evil, if it was not counter- balanced by the opinions of others, who examine us with less partial eyes, and who are always ready to pull us back, whenever we advance a step before them.
42. Some disputants argue for truth, but many for victory. He whose object is to propagate the truth from what he already knows of the subject in debate, ought never to turn a deaf ear to the arguments on the
* Cloke. Martin and also Johnson under mantle, t Mold, Bailey. d2
30 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II.
opposit* side; because it is possible that they may throw additional light on it, or place it in such a point of view, as to con- vince him that his opinion had been hastily adopted ; and in this case he would profit by the contest. On the other hand, he who disputes for the sake of victory, refuses to listen to reason and the evidence of facts ; his object being not to elicitt truth, but to have the last word.
43. You wish to be wise, — to be learned, — to be a gentleman : but are you willing to take the trouble of performing the ex- ercises and acquiring the requisite neces- sary to entitle you to such a character? Will you read books and study men, that you may become wise ? and have you de- termined to labor in the fields of literature and science, till you merit the epithet, learned? When you have accomplished this, and added those blandishments which complete the character of the real gentle- man, you may assume it when you please. — Some will tell you that all this is un- necessary, because you are rich ; but riches alone, will not make a gentleman.
44. Modesty is amiable at every age, but particularly so in youth. Unaccus- tomed to comparison, and consequently
* Opposite and deposit, Bailey and Martin!+ t Elicite and solicit, Johnson /+
PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 31
ignorant of his rank in the scale of merit, the modest youth is less sensible of his own worth, than conscious of his imperfections ; and is willing to decline the distinctions of one, for fear of exposing the other. As he courts no praise, he excites no rivalry, and every one is his friend. But time, the great unfolder of events, places things in their proper light : the hidden talent can no longer be concealed ; the diffident pos- sessor of it is pressed into the service of the public ; and, by the voluntary surrender of their pretensions, he becomes the general depository of secrets, the solver of difficul- ties, and the arbiter of the disputes of his youthful companions.
45. The hope of enjoying in the evening of life, those good things which industry and economy provide for that period, is a constant stimulus to action, and the primary cause of those exertions that produce so much wealth in this bustling world. These hopes are however frequently destroyed. Death, who spares neither the industrious nor the idle, sometimes calls prematurely, and transfers to the latter what was collect- ed by the former; and declining health often takes away the power of enjoyment. Hap- py then are those, who, in the vigor of life, while making provision for the body, have not neglected to lay up treasure in heaven, of the enjoyment of which neither sickness nor death can deprive them.
32
PART III
Exercises on Words of similar Sounds , but of dif- ferent Spelling and Signification.
SECTION I.
1. Abel Smith is so weak that he is not able to come to town this week.
2. It is right to accept a present, except it is an improper one.
3. It is not easy to procure access to some great men, from the excess of pride and grandure# with which they are surrounded.
4. Thomas has lost his Accidence, and also his dictionary : by these accidents he is deprived of the means of prosecuting his studies.
5. Frequent executions deeply affect the passions of spectators, but they have not the desired effect upon the actions of society at large.
■
6. I advise you to give due attention to the advice of your preceptor.
7. The heir to a large estate assumes an air of consequence among those who breathe
* Martin prefers grandure which is English ; grandeur is Frejnch.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 33
the same air with himself, and are his supe- riors in every thing but fortune.
8. A hare is a wild animal, covered with a kind of fur mixed with long hair.
9. You know the difference between the arc of a circle, and the ark in which Noah and his family were preserved from the flood*
10. All shoemakers use a tool commonly called an awl.
11. In ancient times it was customary to offer sacrifice upon an altar : this kind of worship was altered, and afterwards abolish- ed on the establishment of the Christian religion.
12. Scholars ought not to be allowed to speak aloud to one another in the school.
13. Anne does not mind her work: she is an idle girl.
14. The sailors put an anker of brandy on board, and then weighed anchor, and set sail for Holland.
15. Pll shew you a monument in the south He of this church, which has lately
* See the Note on p?ige 2§<
34 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IXL
been erected for a native of the isle of Ely, in Cambridgeshire.
16. In his late reign, Bonaparte rode over a rough road, in a storm of rain, and broke the rein of his bridle.
17. A quadruped has four feet. The two hind feet are called lower extremities, and the two fore feet upper extremities.
18. He went forth the fourth time late at night, and brought home a wounded knight whom no one could know. He wras found in a grassy lane, where he had lain for several hours.
19. Some part is already gone from the sum of our lives, and the present hours only are ours.
20. He went to Rockaway to see the sea. Such a scene he had never seen.
21. Boards are made ofjir trees, and hats of beaver's/wr.
22. Lair is contracted for layer ; stair for
Staid, like paid, said, afraid, is contracted from stay- ed, and the contracted form seems likely to prevail ; tho some persons attempt a distinction between staid, sober, and stayed, the participle of stay. This distinction is useless.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 35
stayer. Prayer is shortened in sound but not in spelling.
23. Don Quixote was a knight errant ; his companion Sancho was an arrant simpleton, and was sent on many a foolish errand by his master.
24. The ascent up the hill is so very steep that I can hardly assent to walk to the top of it.
25. The man fell from his horse and re- mained without any assistance, till a surgeon and two of his assistants arrived from town, and dressed his wounds.
26. The attendants on company at inns are obliged to be always ready in attendancewhen strangers arrive.
27. An auger is a carpenter's tool; and an augur is one who pretends to foretel future events by signs.
28. The man was taken in the act of stealing a bale of goods, and would have been committed to prison, had not a friend become bail for his appearance at court.
29. While the man stopped to bait his horse at the inn, I inquired if he would bate any thing of the price he asked for him in the morning.
36 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
30. Baize is a kind of cloth ; and bays is the imaginary crown of a poet.
31. Barbara Stockdale thought that the barberry tree had been brought from Barbary in Africa.
32. The little boy was bare headed, and could bear heat and cold without injury to his health. He was much pleased when he saw the bear dance.
33. The manor of the baron was not pro- fitable, because the soil was barren, and it was cultivated in a negligent manner.
34. Base, in music, signifies low, and base conduct has the same general meaning. Many modern authors make no distinction between these words, but the former is sometimes written b,a,ss.*
35. The Turkish Bey rode upon a bay horse, at the funeral of the Dey of Algiers, who died one day last week.
36. It must be a cruel act to murder a bee for its honey; and jet this is constantly done.
37. I took a walk on the beach where the
* Martin prefers base.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 37
prospect was dreary; and where neither hedge nor shady beech could be found to shield me from the burning rays of the sun.
38. Cesar Johnson has been in the field pulling beans. He thrashed them, and put them into a bin.
39. Eusebius began to beat Benjamin, be- cause he refused to give him a piece of beet root which he was eating.
40. The belles and beaux were assembled at bowbells.
41. The Indian carried his bow, but would not bow.
42. Beer is a well known malt liquor : a bier was formerly used to carry the dead to the grave.
43. A berry is a kind of fruit : to bury sig- nifies to inter the dead.
44. It is better to be a peacemaker than a bettor of wagers.
45. The wind blew so hard that Helen lost her bonnet, and also a blue handkerchief which she had on her neck.
46. It is common to bore a hole through the nose of a boar, and to put a ring in it.
47. Isaac Mason broke his leg, and was
E
38 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
borne to his house by three men on the day that his first child was born. This mis- fortune he has borne with the greatest fortitude.
48. Some of the rotten boroughs of Eng- land deserted by men, afford burrows for rabbits.
49. Christopher made a bow to his uncle, and as he was turning round to the com- pany, his hat was snatched off by the bough of a tree.
50. When we arrived at Brest, my fellow traveler* got a fall, and hurt both his arm and his breast.
51. The artillery men immediately ap- plied themselves to the breech of the gun, and pointing it at the wall of the castle, soon made a breach in it.
52. A Briton is a native of the island of Great Britain.
53. By industry and economy, the man has saved as much money as will buy a cow.
54. The brewer takes care to bruise or grind his malt before he brues^ his beer.
* Traveler, Perry. f Brue and mbrue, Martin,
Brew and imbrew, Bailey. Brew and imbrue ! Johnson, Walker, Sfc. See Rule 12.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 39
SECTION II.
1 . It is not known whether Cain killed his brother khe\ with a walking cane or some other weapon.
2. A calendar* is a register of the months and days of the year : a calender* is a press in which clothiers smooth their cloth.
3. A canon is a rule or law ; and a great gun used in war is called a cannon.
4. Rome is the capital of Italy ; and the Capitol is an ancient building in it.
5. The sealing of a letter and the ceiling of a room are differently spelled.
6. The man offered to sell his honey before it was drained from the cells of the combs.
7. A censer was a vessel in which incense was burned, and a censor was an officer in Rome.
* Calender, (a press,) Martin, the same as Calender, (a register,) Martin, Webster, Leiois. Calendar, J. Br. E. &c. Callender, Webster, under almanac. Kalender, Webster. Kalendar, J. B. M. Br. C. In Lewis's Histo ry of Translations of the Bible, the word is frequently and uniformly written calender.
40 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
8. The cession of Java to the Dutch was settled by an act of the last session of par- liament.
9. The chord line of an arc of a circle resembles the cord of a bow.
10. From the site of the old castle, a delightful view bursts upon the sight at once.
11. The man was cited to appear before the magistrate, who, being a little short sighted, did not immediately know him.
12. Alexander Clarke had many debts owing to him, and he sent his clerk to collect them.
13. The clause of a sentence is not written like the claws of a bird.
14. Such is the course of things in this world, that the rich live sumptuously, and the poor on coarse and homely fare.
15. Do you know the difference between the core of an apple, and a corps of soldiers ?
16. Many of my correspondents inform me that the country is in a disturbed state; and, from a correspondence with some friends
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 41
in Ireland, I learn that there are many dis- affected persons in that country also.
17. The Privy Council is composed of ministers of state, who meet to give advice and counsel to the king of England.
18. Remember that a courier is a mes- senger, and that a currier is a dresser of leather, and also that they are differently pronounced.
19. The two ships Astrea and Jason sailed to cruise in the Mediterranean sea, but their crews becoming unhealthy,they were obliged to return.
20. Minx a pert wanton girl is sometimes confounded with mink, a small black quad- ruped, valued for its fur.
21. In the culture of this plant the farmers use a plow without a culter.
22. You have written currant,* a fruit, instead of current, a stream of water.
23. Eustace Williamson deserted the table before the dessert was set upon it.
* Currant, from Corituh,a city; like Persicum, a peach; Census, a cherry ; Damascene, a damson ; four names of fruits, which are merely the contracted, or corrupted names of the places from which they came.
e2
12
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
24. Dew is drops of water upon grass and other vegetables in the fields ; and a debt is said to be due when it ought to be paid.
25. There is a great difformiiy between the beauty of the one and the deformity of the other.
26. The disease was so violent that the man was not able to make his will before his decease,
27. The American sailors are active, and their vessels are fast sailers.
28. Arthur Dunn went to York, and when he had done his business there, he returned home on his dun mare.
29. Some mistake e'er, that is ever, for ere, before ; and others for ear of the head.
30. Several manuscripts are still extant in the Museum; from a perusal of which, this history has been carried to a greater extent than was at first proposed.
31. You say you are faint and weak, which is only & feint to deceive us.
32. 1 would fain know why you feign to be sick, when you are really not ill.
33. We went to Doncaster/aeV, and saw
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 43
many gentlemen and many fair ladies : at dinner, we did not fare very well ; so we ordered a chaise, paid the fare, and came home to tea.
34. Little Frank walked farther than his sister, who soon grew tired, and was carri- ed in her father's arms.
35. The crazy girl had the floor of her room strowed with dazies# and other flowers ; and the table covered with flourrf like that of a bakehouse.
36. The water was very foul and muddy, but we found plenty of wild fowl near it.
37. Mr. Francis Johnson and Miss Frances Murray are cousins, and much alike.
38. Fungous flesh sometimes rises in wounds: a fungus is a mushroom.
39. Eliza met us at the gate: she has grown much, but her gait is very aukward.
40. The boat in tow, has passed the tower. When the clouds hang low, they are said to lower.
* Dazy, Martin ; dazied, Johnson. t Walker says flour, more properly flower ! o.u.r is better, See Rule 23.
44 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART Iff.
41. The jester was a great mimic, and amused the company with his odd gestures as well as wit.
42. A member of the guild or corporation was employed to gild the ornaments within the room.
43. Picture frames are gilt with gold. Wicked men are often miserable : their guilt stares them in the face.
44. With all his grandure* and state, Mr. Pemberton's house is grander than his.
45. The grate is large, and the fire is pro- portionably great.
46. They bent the houghs like a bow to form a bower. They could not show the fireworks on account of the shower.
47. This soldier looks very sad; he grieves because he has lost the greaves which pro- tected his legs from danger.
SECTION III.
1. The park keeper killed one of the deer ; it was a young hart, and instantly fell, being shot through the heart. The flesh of it was sold very dear.
* Grandure, Martin.—-
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 45
2. A well sheltered and secure haven is a kind of heaven to mariners after a storm.
3. Nathan's shoe has hurt his heel, and he has applied a plaster to heal it.
4. Come here, and you shall hear the organ.
5. You may go and see the ewe and lamb under the yew tree.
6. There was another tree of the same green hue, and Hugh Wright came and hewed it down with his ax.
7. Sibyl Anderson entertained him much by singing a hymn.
8. If we work hard, we shall have our liberty in about half an hour.
9. The heathens worshiped* idols; and some who are called Christians are too idle to go to church.
10. The impostor escaped before the im- posture was discovered.
1 1 . Rebekah sat down in the house before she knew that it was an inn.
* Worshiped, Perry and Gilchrist.
46 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
12. Sampson Russel has got a little insight into his trade, and this will incite his curiosity to a more extensive acquaintance with the subject.
1 3. Learned men indite letters ; and jurors indict felons.#
14. We do not read in the Bible that trial by jury, as with us, was used in Jewry by the ancient inhabitants.
1 5. The fox was killed near the brick kiln.
16. Take care that you do not write the nave of a wheel for a cheating knave.
17. Phebe Watson knew not that Ursula Hill was a new scholar.
18. The farmer mows his hay and packs it away in his mows ; and sows his grain to feed his sows.
19. Phillis was not able to unty the knot, and so she cut it with a knife.
20. Little Joe's mother said to him, lay by your book, and go and lief down on the bed ; Joe very willingly laid down his book, but took up a dish to lade water out of a tub in
* See tfie Appendix. Ly, Martin. Rule 7.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 47
the kitchen. At length he grew tired and went to bed ; and having lain about an hour, he got up and walked down the fane to seek his brother.
21. The man who lacks religion, is lax in his morals.
22. A Latin scholar should know that fatten is a kind of brass, or thin plates of iron covered with tin.*
23. The gentleman led me up the hill to see the lead mine. The ore is called galena.
24. With jour permission, 1 will leave the horse, as 1 had as lieve walk.
25. A legislator is a member of the legis- lature,
26. The boy knew how to lessen his work, and accordingly said a very short lesson.
27. Lettice Agar would not eat salad with lettuce in it.
28. After the levee^ the king proposed to levy a tax on ships employed in the Mediter- ranean sea.
29. A liar is not believed even when he speaks the truth. A Her in wait for others
* Lattin or latten, Johnson and Barclay say li brass" Bailey and Dyche say * iron tinned over," Martin gives both.
48 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
is often detected. A lyre is a musical in- strument.
30. The lynx broke two links of his chain, and finding himself loose, he escaped from his keeper, who was sorry to lose him.
31. The soup was made by Mrs. Aston's maid, who is a very good cook.
32. The king's champion wore a coat of mail at the coronation; and the mail coaches were decorated with ribands :# the con- course of persons both male and female was immense.
33. The sailor, who was not accustomed to riding, seized the horse's mane as he would have done the main sail of a ship.
34. Indian corn, in Botany, Zea mays, is called maize. It does not grow in England, and the sight of our fields might amaze a stranger.
35. While the rowers were engaged in a row on shore, their boat which was not tied to the dock, was drifted away by the tide.
* Riband, J. A. D. Ribband, B. M. A. Ribbon, B.M.A. Ribban,^.D. Ribon, Practice. Dr. Web- ster derives it from the Welsh, and says it should be Ribin.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 49
36. Martin Graham did not know that the word marten* is applied to an animal of the weezel kind, as well as to a species of swallow.
37. I cannot excuse jour not knowing that a matrass is a vessel used by chimists,f and that a matrice is a letter mold ; but you ought to know that a mattress is a quilted bed, and matross a soldier.
38. Mead is a liquor made of the honey collected by bees from flowers in the meads. These industrious insects receive no other meed for their labor than to be barbarously destroyed. In the country of the Medes the honey is not taken in the same way.
39. Elizabeth, take care of that medal, and do not let the child meddle with it.
40. The steward placed the meat before him, and proceded to mete out the portion of every one present. A quantity of ale meet for such a company, was then brought in, of which every one took what was suf- ficient.
41. Metal signifies gold, iron, &c. but mettle means spirit, courage, or vivacity.
.
* Marten, Godman. Martin, Turton's Linne. t Chimist, Webster, also Walker says " y or its bstitute i " among il all the nations of Europe." F
50 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
42. The hay in the mow was cut by the
mower.
43. When the clouds hang bw they are said to lower. The boat in tow has passed the tower.
44. A microscope might show you a mite in the cheese you are eating.
45. The proprietor of the estate is a minor of seven years of age ; and the colliery upon it has been let to a miner on lease for four- teen years.
SECTION IV.
1. Alice Murphy was crossing the moat, to see the castle, when she got a mote into her eye.
2. The boat was filled with iron ore, and was rowed by four sailors with oars.
3. It is our intention to stay half an hour only.
4. Here comes Esther with her milk pail. She looks very pale and sickly.
5. Michael, you have broken two panes of glass, therefore you must order the glazier to repair them for your pains.
6. Here is a fine pear, Susanna, will you
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 51
pare it for me ? Do, and I will lend yon a pair of scissors.*
7. This palace is too magnificent for a mortal. Pallas, the goddess of wisdom, might be content to reside here.
8. Samuel, there are three words that I think you can spell: viz. palate, the instru- ment of taste ; palet, a painter's tool ; and pallet, a little bed.
9. Mr. Paul Sand by was one of the pall bearers at the funeral.
10. Emanuel Pole, Esq. had more votes at the close of the poll than either of the other candidates.
11. A pastor is the minister of a congre- gation; it also signifies a shepherd who feeds his flock in a. pasture.
12. The doctor's patients waited till the patience of some of them was exhausted.
13.^ After a little pause, the cat sprung forward and caught the mouse in her paws.
14. My companion was much piquedf atone of the guides who showed us the wonders of the Peak in Derbyshire.
#
Scissors. See the Appendix for this sevenfold word.
f Piqued is French; peked would be English; i trans- lated is e, and qu, k.
52 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
15. The vicar received a visit at the par- sonage, from the bishop of the diocese. This is the first time he has had the honor of enter- taining so great a personage,
16. We walked over a large plain, and saw some fine sicamores or plane trees. On our return, we were accompanied by a joiner with & plane and other tools upon his shoulder.
17. The plaintiff had lost his trial, and in a plaintive voice was lamenting the uncer- tainty of the law.
1 8. The landry maid plaits linen ; the sil- versmith makes silvern/ate.; and the potter supplies us with plates for the table.
19. If you please we will attend the Court of Common Pleas to-morrow.
20. The wall stands quite plumb, and an Orleans plum tree grows against it.
21. Helen presented me with a volume of poesy, just published, and my little sister with a posy of flowers.
22. A popular speaker addressed the popu- lace, who were assembled under the shade of some poplar trees near the town. As the
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 53
country is very populous the meeting was large.
23. The sublime Porte has laid a duty on every pipe of port wine imported into any of the Turkish ports.
24. The apothecary recommended a po- tion which he had prepared; but, being bitter, his patient left & portion of it in the cup.
25. 'To practise writing essays is extremely useful, and ought to be the regular practice of every school.
26. The robber preys upon the property of the public. He neither prays to God for pardon for his sins, nor does he praise him for the health he enjoys.
27. The first President of the United States was a man of great abilities, and left an excellent precedent for his successors to copy after.
28. The late precenter of the cathedral was very munificent; he was the presenter of the beautiful chandeleer* which now adorns the church. This and some other valuable
* Bailey and Walker spell this word chandeleer, which is right ; eer is always to be preferred to ier} in variable words. Eer is English, ier is French.
f2
54 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART 111.
presents arrived soon after the death of the donor, and were opened in the presence of the archbishop and the dean and chapter.
29. The principles of religion are un- known to the natives of the country, and this is the principal cause of the cruelty of their nature.
30. The prophet foretold the destruction of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of the J ews ; but the people did not profit by his advice.
31. This is less excusable than writing rabbit, an animal, for rabbet, a joint in car- pentry, which is sometimes done.
32. Winter not only deadens the appear- ance of the vegetable tribe, but threatens to raze them from the face of nature. Spring, on the contrary, brings new life, and the drooping plants begin to raise their heads, as soon as they become warmed by the genial rays of the sun.
3J. There are three words which some- times puzzle learners, viz. raiser, one who lifts any thing up; razor, to shave with; and razure, the act of taking out or obliter- ating an error in writing.
34. 1 have read the book with the red
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 55
cover, and think it a very entertaining one.
35. If you read the story of Pan, you will discover the original invention of the Pan- dean pipe of unequal reeds, now so much in vogue among musicians.
36. The boy threatened to wrest the whip from his brother, and could not rest till he had got it.
37. The* wretch procured some poison, and mixed it in a pudding for her husband's dinner : the poor man had no sooner eaten of it, than he fell sick, and began to retch violently.
38. The man is a rigger of ships : he has caught cold, and from the rigors with which he is affected, a fever may be the conse- quence.
section v.
1. James Wright, the wheelwright, who is too ignorant to write his name, has thought it right to attend to the rites and ceremonies of the church.
2. Margery began to wring her hands as soon as she discovered that her wedding ring was lost.
56 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
3. The gentleman mounted his horse and rode strait to York, from whence he took the road to Hull, and arrived there the same evening. The next day he embarked in a ship bound for Rhode Island.
4. Rose trees were planted in rows on each side of the garden.
5. The manners of modern gentlemen are not so rough as those of former times ; nor do they, like them, wear large raffs about their necks.
6. Mr. Nautilus is become a bankrupt, and the sale of his goods is advertised for Wednesday next. The stock is large, and consists of anchors, blocks, sails, masts, &c.
7. A gentleman threw himself into the river Seine a few days ago. and was drowned. For some time past it had been observed that he was not of sane mind.
8. A satyr among the heathens, was a horned monster, with the upper parts like a man, and the lower like a goat; a satire is a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured.
9. Richard is known to be a saver of money, but this transaction savors a little of parsi- mony.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 57
10. The scenes in Covent-garden theater, are the most beautiful that I have any where
seen.
11. The lady sent ten cents to the perfu- mer's for some orris root to scent her clothes.
12. Master Henderson was so silly as to believe that the Stilly islands are in America !
13. Sculpture is the work of a sculptor, or carver.
14. The cloth certainly did seem to be of one piece, for there was no visible seam in it.
15. To sear means to burn. A seer is a prophet. Cere is a part of a bird's beak.
16. This officer was the senior captain in the service of the Grand Seignior.
17. Susan has an eye as black as a, sloe: she might be a clever girl, if she was not so slow in learning any thing.
18. Eagles are accustomed to soar aloft in search of prey. A sore is an ulcer or wound.
19. I borrowed a sum of money at the
58 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
bank in February, and intend to return some of it next week.
20. The sun was hot, and the old man grew faint, when his son requested him to repose, under the shade of a large oak that grew by the side of the road,
21. A beef steak and a hedge stake, tho written differently, are pronounced alike.
22. After he had traveled through seve- ral counties, he became stationary, and settled at Bristol, where he opened a shop for books and stationery goods of every de- scription.
23. Several bars of steel were found in the possession of the prisoner; and tho he said he did not steal them, he could not prove the purchasing of them, and was, in consequence, committed to prison.
24. As the young sucker depends upon the parent tree for support, so does the soul look to the Universal Parent for succor in time of need.
25. First, weigh the box, and note down the gross* weight; then take out the goods, and weigh it when empty ; this latter weight will be the tare, which must be deducted
* Grose, would be better English.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING, 59
from the gross : afterward you may tear the box to pieces for fuel.
26. To mistake the word tear, which is water from the eye, for tier, a row, shows great want of attention to orthography.
27. This part of the country teems with sheep, and fine teams of horses.
28. After the conclusion of the revolu- tionary war, many persons with their fami- lies went into France; and some appear disposed to settle there.
SECTION VI.
1. This is the proper time for planting mint, and thyme, and many other herbs.
2. Give to your sister those two peaches ; and, when your task is finished, you shall have some too.
3. When he was at Vienna, he compiled a treatise on the late war, which contained copies of all the treaties entered into between the two nations.
4. There are two ways of spelling phial, a small bottle ; and both differ from viol, a musical instrument. Vial is correct.
60 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
5. Scholars frequently think so much of the vacations, that their minds are less em- ployed in their respective vocations, than they ought to he.
6. The verb to wane means to decrease. A wagon is sometimes called a wain.
7. Samuel has torn the waist of his coat, which is almost a new one ; he ought not to waste his clothes thus.
8. Where have you been to sell your ware ? I think you were here last summer, and had on the same clothes you now wear.
9. The cabinet maker would not tell us whether the table was made of mahogany or Bay wood.
10. Charles, if you had not submitted your neck to the yoke of idleness, you could not have made a blunder about the yolk of an egg.
11. He wrote an essay on the art of assay- ing metals.
12. A carat is a weight of four grains; and a carot is a well known garden root ; caret signifies wanting.
13. To cede signifies to give up the pos-
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 61
session of property; this word is written differently from seed, the organized particle which produces plants.
14. Cole is the old and correct spelling, and colter its regular derivative, but modern practice requires coal and collier.
15. The lady's jewels had, a few days before been carefully deposited in a shagreen case, and given to the care of a servant, who was no sooner in possession of the valuables than he absconded with them. The disappointment and chagrin occasioned by this loss were very great.
16. The dispute rose so high that John- son in a fit ofcholer, struck Murray in the face ; and then, taking him by the collar, threw him upon the floor.
17. The English Chronicle contains an account of a surprizing cure of a chronical disease, by the use of the Bath waters.
18. We are not told whether the first cy- press trees introduced into this country, were brought from Cyprus, or elsewhere. ,
19. The officer was a Dane, and appeared not to notice the multitude, nor did he deign to return the salutes of those who approach- ed him.
62 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
20. To limn means to paint, and a limner is a painter. His art is applied to the re- presentation of a single limb, as well as the whole body.
21. The man had received very serious injury, and a few days after the accident, the discharge from his wound became serous, and his life was considered in danger.
22. It has already been shown that previous to the commencement of the eruption, the weather was remarkably fine ; and that the sun shone very bright on the day preceding.
23. To slight means to despise or neglect. A juggler performs tricks by sleight of hand.
24. The doctor wrote a tract, in which he described the track of the ship Theseus, in her voyage to New Holland.
25. He was wrapping up the letter, when a loud rapping at the door announced the arrival of his friend to whom the letter was directed.
26. It is common for a robber to flee from his pursuers. Birds fly because they have wings. A flea leaps like a grasshopper.
27. The farmer was a strong and hale old man : his constitution was proof against the
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 63
heat of summer and the cold of winter; and the snow and hail of the latter season appear- ed to affect him no more than the genial showers of spring.
28. A horse will neigh when he sees his companions. Nay is a word of denial.
29. The weight of the bale of goods was so great, that the porter was obliged to wait for assistance before he could remove it.
30. The whole house was dirty; the chairs, tables, and furniture in general were not bright ; nor was aught in order as it ought to have been.
31. The poor bird flew about the room some time ; and, after many efforts to escape, it gained its liberty by going up i\ie, flue of the chimny.#
SECTION VII.
Elision of the H.
1. Brian Wilson has bought a new ax, and now he hacks and hews every tree he comes near. These acts may one day subject him to punishment.
2. Ladies use light and airy dresses in summer, and warm clothing in winter. Many
* Chimny, Bailey.
64
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
animals wear hairy coats both summer and winter.
3. The left hand would be much more useful if parents and nurses did their duty.
4. My aunt tells me that the houses in India are much haunted by a kind of insect called the wTiite ant, which is very troublesome to the inhabitants of that country.
5. I ate some beef without any thing to it but bread, for 1 hate mustard. We were eight of us at the table.
6. Simeon pursued his studies with the greatest ardor, and made an astonishing pro- gress ; he was never idle, and wrought harder than any body in the school.
7. There is no harm in playing at marbles; but I have seen a boy break his arm while playing at cricket.
8. The boy laid down his bow and arrow, and went into the field to harrow some new sown corn.
9. The poor man told a very artless tale ; he found few disposed to befriend him, and seemed quite heartless and cast down.
10. Ash trees are common in hedges.
PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 65
Calf's head hash is a dish much esteemed.
11. Doors are sometimes fastened with a hasp. The asp is a kind of serpent.
12. One boy said he would heat his meat at the fire, and then eat it.
13. A fine thorn hedge extended along the edge of the hill.
14. Bartholomew Gibson wanted higher wages than usual, and showed a good deal of ire on finding himself disappointed ; in consequence, his master would not hire him on any terms.
15. Lawrence is to have his new coat on Tuesday.
16. Poor old Isabel cannot walk without taking hold of Priscilla's arm.
17. Dogs howl, and owls scream in the night.
18. Whether it was owing to the inclemen- cy of the weather or to some other cause, could not be ascertained; but the sheep, wethers as well as ewes, looked much worse than usual at this time of the year.
g2
66 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III.
19. When the surgeon had examined the tumor, he found it to be a wen, and proceded to remove it by the knife.
20. It was very wet and rainy all the way ; and the road being bad, we were detained on our journey much longer than we expect- ed. This served as a stimulus to whet our appetites for dinner, which had waked our arrival nearly two hours.
21. Which of you is silly enough to believe that the poor old woman is a witch ?
22. Youth and beauty, like the leaves of trees, wither and decay : this may remind us of the grave whither we are all hastening.
23. The man began to whine and lament for the loss of his money, but when the wine appeared on the table, he became as cheer- ful as the rest of the company.
24. Rime, for similar sounds at the ends of verses, is authorized by Bailey, and so written by some of our best English books, particularly Bosworttis Saxon Grammar, and Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. It is not So common as rhyme, but more correct.
67
PART IV.
Exercises on Words liable to be erroneously written by Learners : in which the Difficulty arises from a material Difference between the Pronunciation and Orthography ; from Comparison or Contrast with similar Words ; from the irregular Forma- tion of the Derivatives ; from unsettled or varied Spelling ; and from other Causes,
1. The little lambs ran bleating after their dams with their ears bleeding from the wounds of the shepherd's knife in marking them; and seizing the mother's teat, they seemed to find in it an alleviation to their sufferings.
2. The man thought himself weatherwise, and began to prophesy in autumn respecting the ensuing winter : but tho his prophecy was not fulfilled, he did not appear to be convinced of his want of experience in the science of meteorology.
3. The carpenter bored holes through many of the boards of the ship's deck to ven- tilate or let air into the hold, which from the nature of the lading, had become filled with foul air, and threatened the health of the crew. This had the desired effect, and the sailors completed their voyage in good health and spirits.
68 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
4. A breeze is a light wind, and is very refreshing in hot weather. — To carouse is to drink. — To cauterize is to burn either with a hot iron, or with a caustic medicine. — To civilize signifies to improve in morals and manners. — To colonize is to plant colonies ; — and to compose means to put together. — A crosier is the pastoral staff of a bishop. — An enterprize requires skill and courage to execute it. — Cognizance means knowledge ; ■ — and confusion want of method. — To criticize is to discover errors ; — and to crystalize im- plies to freeze or congele.*
5. A plaid is a kind of loose cloke worn by the natives of North Britain. The word is pronounced so as to rhyme with bad, sad, &c. but differently written.
6. The little girl could not read the book, and so her sister read it to her.
7. Some vague reports of the minister's scheme for raising the supplies, have found their way into some of the newspapers ; but those prints which are thought to be more in the confidence of government, are quite silent, and throw no light upon the subject.
8. A sharper will look you in the face
* See Appendix.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 69
while he cheats you : and tho you suspect a fraud, you can seldom mark the crime suffi- ciently to impeach him. Thus villany* con- tinues to prowl about the country in search of prey ; and thus the thief \ shielded from de- tection, continues to steal.
9. One of the girls was a pert minx, who did nothing but jant about from place to place, and flant with every fop within her reach ; while the other, disgusted by the levity of her companion, teazed with her importunities, and wearied with traveling about, returned home to her friends.
10. The dean was seen in the middle of the procession when it passed along the green. Tho he has a keen eye, and a noble mien, his horse (which was very lean) made but a mean figure in the cavalcade.
11. Some farmers house their cattle in winter; others choose to expose them to the cold out of doors. In summer it is pleasant to loose them from confinement, and turn them out to browze among the trees in the shade. When the weather is hot, flies bite them so as to rouse their anger, and cause them to run about the fields like wild animals.t
* See Letter 6.
t Tho the dipthongs ou and ow vary in sound from oo, it was not thought improper to introduce them in this exercise.
70 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
12. A countryman was returning from market one evening, when his horse took
fright and threw him. He lay for some time in a sad plight, till a neighbor who happened to pass that way, discovered him by the light of the moon, which then shone very bright. On examining the unfortunate man, and finding that his thigh was broken, he tied a handkerchief tight about the limb, and then hastened to the next town for assistance to take him home.
13. It is meet and right to rise from your seat when strangers come into your room to greet or salute you. When upon your feet you should in a neat and pleasing manner offer them meat or drink, as the hour of the day or the heat of the weather may seem to require ; and repeat your offer if you think them backward in accepting it.
14. The man took the little boy by the hand, and promised to lead him home ; but after they had passed by the lead mines he led him into a wood, and there left him to find his way home as he could.
15. The clown stared when he awoke, and saw the croud which was about him. He still appeared a little drowsy, and it was easy to guess the cause of his being in his present situation. In short, he had gone into an inn to quench his thirst ; and, the
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 71
day being droughty, he had been thrown off his guard, and had drunk a quart of ale at a draft. This done, he proceded on his journey a little way, till the liquor so affect- ed him, that he lay down by the side of the road and fell asleep.
16. The captain of the ship was so anxious to procure a sufficient freight,* that some of the passengers, thinking the vessel would be overloaded, were in a sad fright. In the course of the voyage it was found that the ship was really too heavily freighted; and, a storm arising, the captain was as much frightened^ as the crew.
17. A real friend will advise you for your good, and your acquiescence in his advice will be best shown by following it.
18. By care and industry the honest man will try to live ; and will vie with his neigh- bor in the exercise of every virtue. He will pry into the errors of others for the purpose of avoiding them; and when he hears any one tell a lie, he will cry out with much concern, "Ofy! How will you answer for this my friend, when you come to die?" J
* The diphthong ei in this word has the sound of a long.
t Fright, affrighted frighten are used indiscriminately.
| Dy, fy, ly, Martin ; vy, Dilworth. All the words in the language, formerly ending in ie, which when written, excede two letters, have been corrected, and the above may be corrected on good authority independent of analogy.
72 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
19. The house was said to be haunted, and the report might have been believed by some of the family, had not a female ser- vant, with undaunted firmness, offered to sit up all night if any one would accompany her. This proposal was not accepted, and the story soon lost its credit; but Molly did not hesitate to taunt one of her partners, who had on a former occasion spoken rather vauniingly of her courage.
20. An accessary is one who assists ano- ther in committing a crime. One thing is said to be accessory to another when joined so as to increase it. These two words are sometimes discriminated tho Martin's Dic- tionary does not allow a difference.
21. If we take a peep into the harvest field, we shall see how the mower's sithe cuts down the corn, sweeps it away, and leaves it laid in a row. From this row the binder collects a heap, and makes it into a sheaf. Afterwards, the reapers come running and leaping to gather the sheaves and make them into shocks to keep them from being steeped by the rain.
22. An acid has properties very different from those of an alcaly ;* yet when brought into contact in a state of solution, they in-
* Alcaly, Barclay, Rules, 7, 13.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 73
stantly unite ; and, if the quantities have been duly proportioned, the properties of both the simples are completely changed, and lost in that of the compound. In the language of chimistry,* the acid and alcaly become neutralized by the union.
23. Anodyne medicines are those which ease pain. Those called antiscorbutics are good against the scurvy; and antiseptics against mortification. Of a similar con- struction are the words Antichrist, against or opposed to Christ; antimonarchical, against government by a single person : and so are also antedate, to date before; antediluvian, before the flood ; antemeridian, before noon ; and many others.
24. Some people show a great deal of zeal for the public weal of their country, and are perpetually appealing to their own plans for proofs of their patriotism. But if the keel only of the state vessel should happen to want repairing, and if, to heal the wound, their private interests should be ever so little affected, they do not scruple to lift their heel against the public interests of the country, and thus sign and seal their own true character.
25. Jack Tar knew how to ply the oar and manage his boat as well as any water-
* Chimistry, Webster and Walker, See page 49. H
74 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
man at Whitehall; and could keep his vessel afloat when others were sinking. He sometimes wrote verses, could repeat many passages from the poets by rote, and has - been heard to quote Shakespeare when giving his vote at a city election. Tho he doted on his wife and children, yet his economy was sometimes drowned in liquor ; and his coat has occasionally been sold to buy a pot of porter over night; and a bank note exchanged the next morning in Wall- street, for a worse to supply its place.
26. In this enterprize the general acheved* great honor, and completely retrieved a character of which he had been bereaved some months. His friends, however, tho grieved at the report of his defection, did not believe it, nor did they leave a stone un- turned to have the subject properly investi- gated. These friends did (with great credit to themselves) cleave so close as to heave off the load of slander that had been heaped upon him; and finally succeded in undeceiv- ing the public, who, tho they did not conceive it at first, now began to perceive how much they had been abused.
27. The following words are sometimes written erroneously: namely, coddle, to boil slightly; coddling, a sort of apple sutableffor boiling ; and codling, (from cod a fish, and
* Acheve, Bailey, from achever French. There is no i in the original. t Sutable, Martin.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 75
ling a diminutive,) a kind of fish. In the spelling of these words we derive little help from dictionaries.
28. Tom Jones the brazier is a quarrel- some brazenfaced fellow. He threw down my gun and broke the trigger ; but I obliged him to braze it together again, (that is to soder# it with brass,) which he did very neatly ; for with all his faults, he is an ex- cellent workman.
29. The first edition of the book was in- correctly printed, and the errors remained uncorrected in every edition but the last.
30. Charles said the word was indeclinable, and so it was left underlined by every boy in the class.
3 1 . The word argillaceous signifies clayey. Argillaceous earth is earth mixed with clay. — Coriaceous is leathery, or of a sub- stance like leather. — Fabaceous plants are those of the nature of a bean. — -Cetaceous fishes are those of the whale kind. — Cretaceous means chalky, or abounding with chalk. — Crustaceous is shelly, with joints. Crabs and lobsters are crustaceous fishes. — Farinaceous is mealy. Wheat is a farinace- ous plant.
32. The soldier was employed as a Her in * Soder, Ash. — Isaiah, xli. 7. Solder, Johnson, —
76 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
wait to watch the motions of the enemy, when a stranger approached, and informed him that the Swedish army had gone another way. But he was a liar ; and it was after- wards discovered that he was also a spy in the service of the Swedes, and had been trying his talents by an essay on the credu- lity of the English sentinel.
33. The failure of the enterprize was not attributed to the driness of the weather, nor the shiness* of the birds, but to the want of sliness* in the boy who set and watched the springe.
34. The shower was very heavy, and the rain fell in such torrents that all the grates were choked up, and the water made its way along the middle of the streets. It was an hour after the rain had ceased to fall, be- fore the ground had soked up the water. A lady who was in the fields botanizing, was caught in the storm, and exposed to the whole of it, without either cloke or umbrella to shield her from its violence.
35. In writing letters to your friends you should take care to indite them properly, that the sense may be clear and intelligible to those who are to read them. Without this precaution, what you intend to com-
* See the Appendix.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 77
municate may not be understood, and then your labor will be lost. A good inditer is preferable to one who possesses the qualifi- cation of fine writing only.
36. Bad roads are indictable, and any per- son may be the indicter who can show cause to the Grand Jury. To indict is to ac- cuse before a court of justice by a written accusation, called a Bill of Indictment.
37. The adjective invalid and the sub- stantive invalid are pronounced differently, tho generally spelled alike. The former, which signifies of no force or efficacy, comes from the Latin word invalidus ; and the latter, implying one disabled by sickness, is from the French invalide, anglicized by dropping the final e.
38. In frosty weather, the air is so cold as to congele water and to render it solid, so that the greatest weight may be conveyed over it, as has been several times witnessed on the Thames, where fairs have been held upon the ice. Water is much lighter in a state of congelation than when fluid. Alcohol is less congelable than water.
39. Colonel Godfrey died in the field of honor, combating the enemies of his coun- try. His services had been acknowledged
h2
78 ^ PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV,
by parliament, and honorary distinctions tes- tified the approbation of his sovereign.
40. The countryman had no sooner left the bank, than his pocket was picked of a quantity of notes and a draft for fifty pounds. The thief however was at length discovered in a public house, where after calling for a draft of beer, and regaling himself with a beef steak, he had joined a party of Irish soldiers who were playing at drafts,
41. The servant said he was sorry for hav- ing delayed to return the balance, and prayed for pardon; adding that he had neither played at any game of chance, nor laid out a penny of the money but what he had paid on his master's account.
42. Our dictionaries contain the words ambassy, ambassage, ambassador ; and embassy, embassage, embassador ; but of these only em- bassy and embassador are in general use. — We may also observe that the verbs amend, emend, and the noun emendation,* the first and last only are used: and altho amend and emend are both derived from the Latin emendo, yet amend is without its corresponding substan- tive, unless it is amendment.
43. Such cattle as are more inclined to
* Amend and amendment are preferable.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 79
fatten than others, are said to be good grazers ; these bear a higher price, and are in great estimation with the graziers who feed them.
44. Frumenty is made of wheat boiled in milk; and is a favorite dish with many people at Christmas. There are three spel- lings of this word, but frumenty is the most proper, being analagous to frumentum, the Latin word for wheat, from which it is evi- dently derived.
45. A small branch of a tree is called a bough, and a large one a limb. — Bread is called dough before it is baked ; and when not baked enough, it is also said to be dough or doughy. — A cough is a mechanical effort of the lungs to discharge viscid or tough flegm,# or other offending matter. — Shocks dogs are rough and shaggy.
46. It is not so easy to foretel the changes of the weather as some people imagine. This is proved by the frequent failure of their predictions; and yet they are not disconcerted by the want of success. The prognostics of these would-be-philosophers are generally drawn from various sources. The crowing of the cock on the dunghil, and the biting of a gnat in the evening, are
# Flegm, Chalmers, Rule 14. t Shough, old spelling.
80 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
incidents equally productive of matter for fertile imaginations. But if you ask a reason for their opinions, they immediately bid fare- wel to argument, and, entrenched in myste- ry, convince you that their understandings are clouded; and that the principles of their science are enveloped in the mists of ignorance.
47. The word pendant is French, and signifies any thing hanging by way of orna- ment; as a jewel hanging in the ear; a small flag in ships. The pendulum of a- clock is also called a pendant. The adjec- tive pendent is from the Latin pendens, and signifies hanging; jutting over; supported from above. It is from this word that we have dependent, dependence, dependency, inde- pendent, &c. and therefore these words ought not to be written, as they sometimes are, with a in the last syllable; and the French word pendant should be anglicized by writing e rather than a.
48. A membrane is " a web of several sorts of fibers, interwoven together for the covering or wrapping up some parts of the body.1' The wings of the bat are membra- naceous.— The word foliaceous is used to describe substances that consist of thin layers or leaves. — Fruits of the pomaceous kind are those which partake of the nature of apples. — Fishes that have continuous,
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 81
not jointed shells, are of the testaceous kind. — Plants that are soft, not woody, are said to be herbaceous, and this appellative is some- times also given to the animals which feed upon them. — Papilionaceous 'flowers are such as resemble a butterfly. The pea bears a papilionaceous flower.
49. On the morning of the feast of St. Michael the archangel, the French army was attacked by the Archduke, and driven from the field of battle ; and on the follow- ing day, the combined fleet was defeated by the English in the Archipelago, when a cessation of hostilities ensued. In conse- quence of this event, the archives of the church, which had been plundered by the archenemy of the repose of Europe, were recovered ; the archbishop was restored to his archiepiscopal dignity ; and the architectural devastation of the cathedral repaired with all possible despatch.
50. Our reception at Rose Castle was very gracious ; and the season for viewing the pleasure grounds (which were in a state of the greatest perfection) was most propi- tious. The rooms are uncommonly spacious, and their arrangement for the convenience of a family, in the highest degree judicious ; but without that ostentatious display of grandure* which astonishes at Grove Park,
* Grandure, Martin*
82 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
The viands were excedingly nutritious, the fruits luscious, and the wines delicious. The company was select, and tho one of the gentlemen was a little sententious in his con- versation, the rest were very agreeable, and some of them remarkably facetious.
51. A trough is an open vessel or reservoir of stone or other materials for containing liquids, &c. — The chough, a bird mentioned by Shakespear,# may be generally seen fly- ing about the rocks by the sea side, tho not much noticed by modern poets. — The hock\ is the joint of the hinder leg of a beast; above which is the tendon that Joshua was commanded to cut when he hocked the horses of his subdued enemies, and burned their chariots of war writh fire ; that he might not, by retaining, be tempted to confide in them, rather than in the arm of that Omnipotent Being, through whose assistance, he had just obtained so signal a victory.
52. The stranger appeared to be a scholar and a man of science; and tho his mind was fraught with schemes and inventions, yet in religion he was a skeptic. He pro- duced a schedule of his discoveries; but the list did not exhibit any proofs that the world was made by chance; nor was he
* The simple English, shake and spear, show the best spelling of this fourfold name.
f Hock and hocked, Webster and Dyche. Hough and houghed, old spelling.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 83
disposed to enter into a scientific discussion of the subject. In short, he was no better able to describe the cause of his own thoughts, than to discover the source of a scirrhus or a cancer.
53. A conduit is an aqueduct or canal of pipes for the conveyance of water. — A gild* is a society, fraternity, or corporation. The town hall of a corporation is sometimes called the gild hall. — The juccf of some sorts of fruit is sweet; of others, acid. Those of the latter kind sute better for baking, but they require more sugar. — The tract of country visited by the judges for holding assizes, is called the circuit Ser- geants, barristers, and attornies also travel the circuit mpursute of business ; and are employed in preparing and pleading the causes tried before the judges at those assizes.
54. The lady was an experienced coquet, to whom the etiquet of maskerades was quite familiar. She could burlesh the gravity of a Spaniard, dance with a harlequin, or join a party at picket, or at quadril as occasion
* Gild, sute, sutable, Martin, of course, pursute.
t Juce from the Latin jus, gravy or broth. There is no i in the original, of course ver-juce and juce are right, according to Rule 24, and so they are found in Webster's 12mo. Dictionary.
84 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
offered. At one time she was seen toying with a grotesk figure in a hideous mask; and at another, casting oblike glances at a modern antique in an opake corner of the room. Upon the whole, her talents were so various, and her conversation and replies so piquant, as to arrest the attention of the whole company .#
55. A slough is a miry place, and a slough signifies the cast skin of a snake or of a sore. Altho the orthography of these two
* Note on the French words 53 — 4, from Dr. John- son's preface to his great Dictionary, 31st paragraph. " The words which our authors have introduced by their knowledge of foreign languages, or ignorance of their own, by vanity or wantonness, by compliance with fashion, or lust of innovation, I have registered as they occurred, tho commonly only to CENSURE them, and warn others against the FOLLY of naturalizing foreigners to the injury of the natives." He adds again, (fifth paragraph from the end,) " Let them en- deavor with all their influence, to stop the license of translators whose idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered to procede, will reduce us to BABBLE a dialect op FRANCE."
According to this most excellent remark, we ought to spell, condit, gild, sute, sutable, pursute, frute, juce, anteke, piccant, and cirket. I have inserted those only for which I have given the authority of standard Dic- tionaries.
* Coquet, B. M. Wb. A. Etiquet, Wb. — Maskerade, Rule 24. Ash gives masker, from which comes regularly maskerade. Burlesk, B. M. Wb. Quadril, Wb. with 11. Picket, M. D. Grotesk, B. M. Oblike, Wb. Opake, Wb.D.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 85
words is the same, yet their pronuncia- tion is different, the former riming* with thou, and the latter with pujf.— Borough towns send members to parliament as well as cities and counties.
56. Tho the parliament assembled at an earlier period than usual, the business of the session was not finished till the middle of July. This delay was occasioned by the intrigues^ of opposition, rather than by any neglect of the ministry or their colleagues. And notwithstanding the fatigues of office, and the efforts of a few demagogues, whose tongues% had been raised against them, the ministers persevered in the course they had adopted, to the conclusion of their labors, when the parliament was prorogued by the king in person.
57. The water of some springs is impreg- nated with iron from the ore of that metal with which some parts of the earth abound ; this is called chalybeate water. — The came- leon is an animal said to have the power of changing its color to that of such objects as are near it. — A capuchin is a monk of the order of St. Francis. — The word epoch signifies " the time at which a new compu- tation is begun ; the time from which dates
* Rime, Bailey, Martin, Bosworth, and Turner. t Intreagues, Martin. J Tungs, Saxon. Wb. 12mo.^-
I
1 IV.
86 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART
are numbered." — A distic is a couplet, or a couple of lines in poetry ; and a hemistic half a line. — A chevalier is a knight; and chivalry* implies valor, or the qualifications of a knight.
58. The general character of the compa- ny was not of the most auspicious kind. Stanhope was so captious, that nobody could please him. Miller was very loqua- cious, and would scarcely allow any one to speak but himself. Grimston, on the con- trary, was very cautious in speaking, and might have passed fair, had not his vicious principles been known. Craven was offi- cious, and let nothing pass without inter- fering in the most vexatious manner; and it was not easy to say whether Rhodes or Denham was more capricious, for both were too whimsical to continue an hour in the same mind.
59. The late archdeacon of Cleveland was succeded in the archideaconal office by the Rev. Francis Wood Raper, vicar of Hunt- ingford, a man of high attainments, and whose friend Dr. Dolben had filled the archiepiscopal chair, since the death of arch- bishop Sterne in 1680.
60. If we look around us, we shall be surprized to observe how little some people prize health, and how much pains they take
* Chevalry, Martin.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 87
to destroy it. One of the greatest blessings of life, without which no other can be en- joyed, is beneath their care, and unworthy of their attention. With these persons we may be disposed to sympathize during an agonizing fit of the gout, and yet we feel ready to apprize them of their danger, when insted of studying the rules of temperance, they begin to devise means for indulging the appetite, and for returning to that gorman- dizing system which has already produced such baneful effects ; a system which, if per- severed in, will not only render them unable to gluttonize as formerly, but disqualify them for every rational enjoyment of life.
61. Plays are divided into acts, and these are subdivided into scenes. A scene is also a painted curtain, behind which the actors retire when not performing. On the stage the different characters of mankind are per- zonized : from the sceptered monarch to the beggar, all are occasional parties in this motly* representation ; and the orthodox as well as the schismatic, the scholiast and the schoolboy, are all made to "fret their hour" upon this " world in miniature."
62. Newly enlisted soldiers are called recruits. — A sluice is a floodgate or aperture, by which water is let into, or out of, a
* Motly, Bailey, Rule 7.
88 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
canal or river. — Biscuit is a kind of bread used at sea, and for other purposes. It is hard and dry, and particularly adapted for long keeping. The word biscuit signifies twice baked. It is spelt bisket by Dyche ac- cording to Rule 24. A composition of flour, almonds, and sugar, formed into a long narrow cake, is also called biscuit. — Gui- neas were first coined in the reign of king Charles the Second. They continued in use till towards the end of the reign of George the Third, when they were super- seded by Sovereigns.* Guineas were so called because the gold of which they were made, was brought from Guinea, a country on the western coast of Africa.
63. The old man was born near Lough Neagh, in the province of Ulster, in the kingdom of Ireland. He was a thorough bred husbandman, and had followed the plow for fifteen years, when a war broke out, and he became a soldier. In this cha- racter, he has traveled through most of the countries of Europe, and is now on furlough at Loughborough in Leicestershire, visiting his friends.
64. Pharmacy is the art of preparing medicines. — A confused mass of many ingre- dients is denominated a farrago.— Physic signifies, in a general sense, the science of healing; and a physician is one who pro*
* Worth 20 shillings sterling, C.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 89
fesses the art of healing. — Natural philosophy is sometimes called physics. — A fissure is a cleft or narrow chasm. Physiognomy is an art that professes to discover the dispositions of persons, and to predict the future inci- dents of their lives, by the features of the face. The word physiognomy also implies the particular look of the face, as well as the face itself.
65. Monarchy is the government of a single person, whatever may be his title, whether emperor, king, &c. — The word signifies also an empire, a kingdom, &c. — A hierarchy is a sacred government. An ecclesiastical establishment is likewise de- nominated a hierarchy. A heptarchy is a government by seven persons. In the year 428, England was divided into seven distinct kingdoms, and governed by as many Saxon princes. This state of government was called the Saxon Heptarchy, and continued till 825, when Egbert united the seven kingdoms into a monarchy. — Anarchy means a want of government; a state in which no man is accountable for his actions, and in which rapine and murder are the ruling powers.
66. Naphtha, petroleum, and asphaltum appear to be the same mineral in different states of desiccation or driness. They are bituminous and inflammable ; and are ap-
i2
90 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
plied to various uses, particularly in the arts. — Porphyry is a species of rock, so hard that it is difficult to temper tools so as to perforate it. The ancient Egyptian sculp- tors, however had a method of cutting it, as their works testify,* but their art is said to be lost. — A telegraph is an instrument by which information can be conveyed to a distance, through the means of signals ob- served by telescopes. Tho the use of sig- nals is of great antiquity, the modern tele- graph is a creature of the French Revolu- tion.
67. We ought to be careful how we asso- ciate with persons of doubtful morals, and whose characters will not bear the strictest scrutiny. Our new acquaintances should be minutely examined, that we may duly appreciate their merits before we permit them to ingraciate themselves too deeply into our favor. Without this precaution we may negociate friendships to injure our reputation, or nauseate us with absurdity before we can shake them off! And tho we make a public avowal of our separation, it will be no easy matter to convince others that we are not made worse by our late un- propitious connexion.*
68. The young man proceeded to Bristol,
* See Letters 20, 46, and 47.
PAR? IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 91
and found that city so large, as to excede his highest expectations. As he wanted a situation in a merchant's countinghouse, he applied to a friend who had promised to intercede for him, and had the good fortune to succede agreeably to his wishes. His new masters were honorable men, and conceded every reasonable indulgence that was requested, and he seemed gratified and happy. In a little time, however, he began to recede from those moral principles in which he had been educated ; his employ- ers became dissatisfied, and he was even- tually superseded, and his place filled by a person who had been intended to precede him, but whose friends would not then accede to his wishes.
69. The distinction between a machine and an engine is not clearly ascertained, notwithstanding in some acceptations of the words there is evidently a difference. When applied to instruments according to the principles of mechanics, the import of the words seem to be the same ; but we do not apply the term machine to a person em- ployed as an agent, tho we sometimes de- scribe him as an engine used in executing the schemes and machinations of his principal. Such an engine is not moved by the common principles of mechanism.
70. Many errors in spelling have arisen
92 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
from imperfect pronunciation ; thus, house- wife has been corrupted to huswife ; and as- paragus, the delight of epicures, degraded to vulgar sparrowgrass. Some have been introduced by adapting the orthography to bad pronunciation; thus hostler has been mutilated to ostler ; hiccough has assumed the spelling of its own convulsive sound hickup, which will, at least, prevent its being mista- ken for the hooping or chincough ; and the fundamental part of music, which has been denominated the bass, should be changed into base, the common application of that term to foundations in general.
71. In many cases the orthography has been corrupted and vitiated since the pro- nunciation was fixed ; thus, tho is the proper spelling, and though a very cumbrous and aukward addition to the proper word. The same may be said of many others, all which it is hoped may be reformed. Thus we write plow rather than plough ; hock to ham-, string rather than hough, which is in danger of being pronounced either huff or hou like thou. In every case in which good practice decides in favor of analogy, we should be careful to choose the simplest and easiest form of a variable word ; for it is very evi- dent that no letters really useful, are ever lost in practice.
72. Holdsworth was heir to a considers-
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 93
ble estate, and had improved his fortune by marrying an heiress of a v£ry honorable family in the north. Tho humble in his views respecting state policy, and no aspi- rant after literary fame, he possessed a nice sense of honor, and was facetious in com- pany, if not actually a humorist. He was much pleased in the society of worthy and honest men in whatever station he found them ; and has spent many an hour in the society of the invalids in Chelsea Hospital, inquiring, with the greatest good humor, the particulars of those actions in which they had acquired those honorary rewards that now ornamented their persons, and which shed such a luster over them as defenders of their country.
73. The word orchester (or, as it is usually written, orchestra) sometimes means a band of musicians, and sometimes the place wherein they perform. — An aker of land is the quantity of one hundred and sixty perches. — A sepulcher is a grave or tomb. — A scepter is an ensign of royalty. — The center of a circle is a point within it, equally distant from every part of its circumference. — Luster signifies brightness, and lucre is gain, or pecuniary advantage. — Plays are acted at the theater. — The poetical measure of verses is denominated meter. — The word massacre is frequently pronounced with the
94 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART
final e long; but this is a vulgar error.*- specter is an apparition or ghost.
,v.
74. The word complaisance implies civility, or the desire of pleasing ; and complacence means pleasure, satisfaction, or gratifica- tion. The latter word also is sometimes used to express civility; but as it does not always supply the place of the former, and as the two words are very differently pro- nounced, it would be better to limit them to the definitions here given. A shade of difference may be observed in the adjec- tives complaisant and complacent ; the former being an active, and the latter a passive quality, if these terms may be allowed to be thus applied.
75. Some people indulge in such an habitual absence of mind, that one might imagine they have a license to dispense with the rules of good breeding, and to deal out
* The words of this exercise have been too often spelt with the e after the r in the French form. " This is con- trary to " Rule 24, and " the practice of the best authors of the last and preceding centuries, Newton, Shaftsbury, Dryden, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bolingbroke, Middle- ton," and others. Johnson condemned this class of words, and Dr. Webster has corrected them. The two end- ing in ere might be corrected by writing them lucar and massacar, with a c, like vicar ; or luker and massaker, with a k, like rebuker. Either of these would be analo- gical, and English ; and our language has been too long disgraced by its subservience to foreign and anomalous forms of words.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 95
nonsense in the presence of every person doomed to hear them. Acquiescence in the sentiments of those orators, is like offering incense to their vanity, and cannot be done but at the expense of sincerity in those who hear them, and who, tho they may not make the discovery at first, cannot long remain in suspense as to the real character of those un- profitable companions. To attempt their defense would bring upon us a deserved recompense.
76. The marchioness is a woman of a most amiable character ; and her affability and condescension do honor to her elevation of rank. The house, which is fit to be the residence of a monarch, stands on an eleva- ted situation, and has an extensive prospect over a fine champain* country. In the park are several goats of the shamoy* kind, and also a vast number of deer, some of which were such as we had not seen before. After we had viewed the rooms, we sat down to a glass of excellent champain, a wine so called from the province of Champagne in France, where it is produced.
77. To patronize^ signifies to support, to countenance, or protect. — To harmonize means to agree, or correspond. To equalize
* Champain and Shamoy, Martin.
t See the Appendix for the words in this exercise.
96 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
is to make even, or equal. To tantalize signifies " to torment by the show of plea- sures which cannot be reached."— Wares, or any things to be bought or sold are called merchandize. — To authorize is to es- tablish by authority.-— To reqognize implies 44 to recover and avow the knowledge of any person or thing." — To apologize means to defend or excuse. — To epitomize is to con- tract into a narrow space. — To journalize is to enter an account of daily transactions. — To signalize means to make eminent ; and to demise is to grant by will.
78. On a superficial view of our laws, as they occasionally affect individuals, we may be led to suppose that they are founded upon an artificial basis, and that they do not afford substantial justice to all classes of citi- zens. But on a nearer inspection we shall find, that the judicial procedings# of our courts are more specially calculated to ad- minister impartial justice, than those of any court of law in Europe; and that, in conse- quence, we ought to look up to them with the most reverential regard, and be thankful that our lot has been providentially cast under their benign influence.
79. Okerf is a fossil earth combined with
* ProcEdure and procEeding I Johnson^-
PrecEde and procEed ! Walker -\- t Oker, B. M. J. Ocher, Wb.
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 97
the oxid of some metal, particularly iron. It is much used in painting, and is naturally of a yellow color, but becomes red by calcination. — The anchovy is a small sea fish, found on the coasts of France and Spain, and pickled for the purpose of being used as sauce or seasoning. The harpsi- cord* is a musical instrument of the stringed kind, with keys like an organ. It is at present little used, being superseded by the piano forte, an instrument of much greater variety of tone, and effect in the execution, than the harpsicord, of which it is an im- provement. The exchequer is the court to which are brought all the revenues of the crown of England, and in which all causes concerning that revenue are tried.
80. A person who performs any business, or who signs a deed or other writing, is said to be the executer of such business, or of such deed. There does not appear to be any reason why this word should not be applicable to the person who is appointed to execute the will of a testator. Custom, however, has determined the point, and the executor of a will is neither written nor pro- nounced like its prototype.
81. Rhubarb is a very useful medicine. It
* Harpsicord, Dyche. Martin spells it two other ways, and in both omits the h. See Appendix.
98 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV-
is the root of a. plant common in Tartary, and now cultivated in Britain. — Woad is a plant raised in this country in considerable quantities. This and indigo are the only coloring matters used in dying blue.— Sper- maceti* is a substance extracted from whale oil, and used in the manufacture of candles. It is also applied to other purposes. — Porce- lane\ or china ware was first made by the Chinese; but now the English and other Europeans manufacture this article of an equal quality, and ornament it in a stile cor- responding to the superiority of European taste over that of Asia.
82. Since the invention of gunpowder, bows and arrows have been laid aside, and musketeers substituted for archers. — The original from which any thing is made, is called an archetype. — The sister, or daughter of the archduke of Austria, has the title of archduchess ;X and the wife of the archduke of Tuscany is stiled in the same manner. — The word architrave is a term used in archi- tecture.— Archaiology signifies a discourse or treatise on antiquities.
83. Words ending in efy or ify, are very
* Spermacety, English. f Porcelane, Martin.
\ Dutchess and archduchess ! Johnson and Walker.-\- So also chestnut and horsechesnut, in those and many other dictionaries ! !
PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 99
discordant in different authors. In all theses words, i should be preferred to e. We meet such contradictions as these : — calefy and clarify, arefy and scarify, rarefy and narrify, tumefy and ramify, torrefy and terrify, liquefy and typify^ labefy and rubify, tabefy and edify, putrefy and purify; and others,which disgrace the pages of our Dictionaries. Arid, calid, tumid, torrid, tabid, liquid, and putrid are always with i, and the derivatives are regularly formed, by dropping d, and adding^.
84. Words ending in eer or e'er, are variable: piomer and pioneer are both found in John- son's Dictionary, the first in his preface, the second in his stock. In all words of this class which are variable, (and they are near- ly all so,) we should choose the English eer rather than the French ie. Brigadeer, gren- adeer, bombardeer, halberdeer, gondoleer, can- noneer, carbineer, are better with eer; for if spelt with ier, they might be confounded with such words as multiplier, and occupier. » 85. There is a small class of words in ew or ow that are frequently found at va- riance, even in the most accurate writers. Mr. Walker has written shown on his title page, and shewn on the second page of his preface. The combination ew is going out of use, being superseded in one case by ue, and in the other by ow. Thus we write clue rather than clew, and show and strow
100 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV.
rather than shew, strew. In these and ether cases, the pronunciation guides the spelling.
86. The number of variable words is nearly two thousand, all or nearly all of which, come under the Rules given at pages 19 and 20, or under the foregoing three sec- tions. These Rules and observations are drawn from the best modern practice, as ob- served in works of the highest character, by the best authors. They will be found very useful in doubtful cases, and the Ap- pendix may be consulted wherever a word seems, at first view, to show an orthography, different from that to which we have been accustomed.
87. Smith was a most eccentric character, and tho not guilty of any hainous crime, he lived without credit, and died unregret- ted. At the age of fifteen he was ap- prenticed to a grocer, but having surfeited himself with raisins, he grew sick of trade ; and was placed under a surgeon. His new master was no stranger to his instability, and accordingly entered upon an explicit enumeration of the duties of his apprentice, declaring that he always required implicit obedience to his orders, and should not hold him excusable for any neglect or breach of them. Under the steady eye of this gentleman, Smith struggled through the
PART IV.] EXERCISE? FOR DICTATING. 101
stated period of his servitude, and then entered as a sergeant* in the militia. In this new character he was sent into the country to watch the illicit traffic of some smugglers; and here he became fascinated with the charms of an Irish girl, who persuaded him to marry her. Our dreams of happiness are short-lived. Before the expiration of the honey moon, the bride grew tired of acting the hypocrite. Her brain was in a state of efferv escence'ir om repeated doses of whisky ;f and she heroically threw off the mask. In a state of mind bordering on despair. Smith now had recourse to the expedient of drown- ing sorrow in liquor, and at last ended his days in a work-house, where his wife had died a short time before.
38. Sheets of paper once folded, and mak- ing two leaves, are called folios ;J in four
* Sergeant, See Note in the Appendix, f Whisky, Wo.
% Nouns ending in o have sometimes es, and at other times s in the plural. Thus we see folios, olios, nuncios , punctilios, seralios, banios, ratios, twos, uniform- ly with s, but echoes, heroes, haloes, woes, cargoes, pota- toes, with es; which seems to indicate this rule ; namely, when another vowel comes before o, add the s ; and when a consonant comes before o, add es ; which rule applies also to verbs in the second person singular, as, woo, woos ; go, goes; do, does. From this rule octavos, quartos, &c. are exceptions. All words that end in ow long, might advantageously drop the w, and then glo and gro would be analagous to fro, and go; and the second person would be gloes, groes, like goes.
J2
102 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IT,
leaves they are quartos, in eight leaves, oc- tavos, in twelve leaves, duodecimos, in eighteen leaves, octavo-decimos, in twenty-four leaves, vigesimo-quartos. The latter two are also called eighteens and twenty-fours. — Heroes are great men. — Nuncios are messengers. — Negro is the Spanish form of the Latin, niger, black, and the plural is negroes, — Manifestoes are public proclamations. — Unios are fresh water shells, vulgarly called, fresh water clams. — Potatoes, axe the roots of the Solanum tuberosum. — Tomatoes are the fruit of the Solanum lycopersicum.
103
PART V.
Exercises on various Subjects, in the form of Essays, Anecdotes, fyc.
1 . Genius and Economy.
Genius and economy seldom unite in the same person. The man of genius soars above the consideration of the utility of shillings and pence, tho their presence may be necessary for procuring to-rnorrow's din- ner; while the economist will not enjoy his meal to-day, without considering whether he can dine to-morrow.
2. Shrub. Shrub is a spirituous* liquor, made by mixing sugar and the juce of lemons with rum or brandy. It is pleasant to the palate; but, like a flatterer, it deceives while it pleases ; and the unwary often pay for their gratification by a temporary suspension of their reason.
3. Wagers.
About forty years ago a person stated to me a proposition which I thought disputable, and expressed my opinion accordingly. He then offered to bet a wager of a shilling on
* See Appendix.
104 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V,
the truth of it, which I accepted, and lost. The winner knew the positive fact before- hand, and refused the money ; but I insisted on paying, and have never been concerned in wager since. Here the loss of one shilling has probably saved a thousand.
4. Wafers.
"Wafers are composed of flour, isinglass, and a very small proportion of yeast. This mixture is colored, and then spread into very thin cakes, on tin plates; dried on a stove, and then cut into wafers."
5. Isinglass.
o
"Isinglass is a substance composed of the sound, that is, the air bladder, of fish. The coarser kinds are made from the intes- tines offish. The preparation is simple ; after cleansing the sounds from the sea- water, they are put, for a few minutes, into lime-water, thfit all the oily parts may be absorbed. They are then again washed, cleansed, and rolled into roumd forms of the thickness of the finger, dried in this state, and being pulled off in little strips, appear as we usually see the isinglass." The mineral named Mica, is sometime call- ed isinglass, but very improperly.
6. Camphor.
Camphor is a concrete juce found in the Laurus Camphora, a large tree growing in
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 105
the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo. It is picked out with knives from the center of the oldest trees, through the trunk of which it runs in perpendicular veins. But the most general method of extracting it, is by the aid of fire. It is used for medicine, per- fume, and rockets.
7. Ambergris.
Ambergris is found floating in the sea, but more commonly in the intestines of a whale. (JPhyseter macrocephalus.) It is most probably caused by a sickly state of the animal, as those that contain it are lean and appear diseased. The origin of ambergris has been a fruitful source of conjecture, but this appears the most probable. It is used for perfume, and is much valued.
8. Precious Stones.
The diamond is the most precious of all gems. It is extremely hard, and when cut and polished, shows a surprizing brilliancy and luster. They are found in Brazil, and obtained by washing the earth, raked out of a small stream called Mielho Verde. The sapphire is remarkable for its soft blue color. The topaz for its transparent yellow. The emerald for its dark green. The amethist for its rich purple. The ruby for its varied red. Cornelians are commonly some shade of red. They take their name frpm cornel, a cherry, because when polished, as we usu-
106 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
ally see thein, in small round masses, they resemble cherries.*
9. Ancient Customs, The attachment of Country people to ancient customs is very remarkable. When these customs stand recommended by utili- ty as well as antiquity, it would be wrong to lay them aside But there are some which put morality to the blush, and others at which common sense recoils; and these are kept up because our grandmothers did the same, and our neighbors follow the example ! Thus silly and wicked customs become entailed upon mankind, because superstition and ignorance introduced, and folly retains them.
10. Reviewing Boohs.
While authors are employed in writing books for fame, for profit, or for enlightening the public, reviewers are no less busy in analyzing! those already printed. In the early practice of reviewing, the character of a book was summed up in a few words, and the reader understood at once, whether a new book deserved praise or censure. By the critical analysis now in use, review- ing is become an extensive source of book- making; and many readers think that by an enlarged perusal of these periodical
* See the Appendix. t Analize, Bailey,
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 107
works, they obtain a general acquaintance with literature and science. About fifty years ago, Dr. Kenrick was bold enough to put his name to the London Review ; but modern critics are anonymous.
11. Eclipses.
An eclipse of the sun is occasioned by the passage of the moon between the earth and the sun, and can never happen except at the time of new moon ; for then only can they be in the situation to cause an eclipse of the sun. In an eclipse of the moon, the earth is between the moon and the sun ; and therefore the moon passes through the earth's shadow, and is then deprived of the sun's light by the interposition of the earth's dark body between them. This can happen only at the time of full moon. When the centers of the sun, moon, and earth are in a line, the eclipse must be total.
12. Advertisements.
The advertisements of tradespeople and others in the newspapers, sometimes afford us amusement in a vacant hour ; while the anxiety of the brazier to sound the praise of his goods, of the glazier to return thanks for past favors, and of the grazier to vary the market price of cattle, shows the hopes and wishes of the advertisers. But we gaze upon the addresses of advertising quacks, with horror and amazement, when we con-
108 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
sider the great success of their impositions ; and can hardly avoid expressing a wish to see them erazed from the pages of every public print in the country.
13. Lying.
When a man swears to the truth of his tale, he tacitly acknowledges that his bare word does not deserve credit. A swearer will lie, and a liar is not to believed even upon his oath ; nor is he believed when he happens to speak the truth. This is a hard saying, but it does not require an oath to prove the truth of it.
14. Respectability of Trades. There is a singular inconsistency display- ed in the ideal respectability and contempt attached to different trades. If we notice a few of the artizans concerned in the clothing of our bodies only, we shall find that some of those who contribute most to our comfort and necessities are thrown into the shade ; and, like a blade of grass, laid down and ex- posed to the sun, they wither and fade at the approach of others of far less moment, but who are of greater fame and better paid. From what a height does the jeweler* look down upon his shoemaker, while the son of St. Crispin, afraid to raise his eyes, trembles as he measures the foot of the
* Jeweler, Perry and Webster.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 109
great man who has condescended to employ him ! Perhaps we cannot exhibit a greater anomaly in this line, than is furnished by the unjustly despised tailor. He, who clothes the lords of the creation, is degraded below his rank in society, for no reason known by any member of it, unless it is to increase the honors and distinctions of dressmakers and milliners, who might otherwise be con- sidered a step lower than their masculine competitor for fashionable fame.
15. Singularity.
Some persons of very moderate parts affect singularity as a passport to fame. Others scruple not to continue in the regular habits of vice and folly, that they may not be thought singular. The former court singularity for the purpose of making them- selves conspicuous : the latter shrink from the practice of virtue and benevolence, to avoid the observation of their companions. Thus both parties procede, till the delusions of vanity, and the shame of doing good, are set in their proper light, by the reasonings of an enfeebled constitution, or the strong ar- guments of a death-bed.
1 6. Circumcision, Baptism, Catechizing, and Canonization.
The rites of circumcision, baptism, and canonization are not of equal antiquity. The Patriarch Abraham was the first who
110 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
was circumcised, and this was nearly nine- teen hundred years before the birth of Christ. John the Baptist began his minis- try about thirty years after the birth of Christ, when our Lord himself, and great multitudes of people were baptized by him in the river Jordan. It is not certain at what period catechisms were introduced, nor who were the first to catechize* the children of the primitive Christians. Canonization has been practised by the Catholics since the tenth century, and many saints have thereby been added to the Roman calendar.t Fewer, however, have been canonized of late than formerly.
17. The Rook.
A boy, whose curiosity and attention to the Wonders of nature were greater than those of some older persons, observed a rook one day busily employed in digging a hole in the ground with its beak, and filling it up again. Anxious to know what it was doing, he approached the place, and disturbed the bird before it had finished its work, which it seemed to leave with reluctance. On ex- amination it was found that the rook had dug a conical hole in the ground, deposited an acorn in the bottom, and covered it up.
* Catechize. The derivation from the Greek requires z? and as this obviates an anomaly, it is to be preferred.
f Calender, Martin.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. Ill
The earth had been replaced with the greatest care, and most of the grass rooted up in making the hole, was planted at the top in the most exact manner : so that had it been suffered to complete its operation, no traces of the work of this winged planter of forests would have been visible.
1 8. Present and Future.
There are two sorts of people in the world ; one is determined to enjoy the good things of life at the present moment; the other is content to wait till a future oppor- tunity. The difference is this ; — the former are frequently overtaken by declining years, when all the good things are spent, and when little remains but the honors of the gout, or the approach of want; while the latter arrive at the same period of life with constitutions unimpaired by excess, and the prospect of that plenty which a life of tem- perance and economy has provided for them.
19. Gold.
Gold is the most perfect of all metals. Tho very soft and ductile, it neither wastes in the fire, nor rusts by exposure to the air, like other metals. It is nearly three times as heavy as iron, and of four thousand times its value. The alchimists* of old labored
* See the Appendix.
112 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
hard to transmute the other metals into gold, and by this means to enrich themselves, without considering that its value would be diminished in proportion as it became plen- tiful. Happily they did not succede ; and this beautiful metal has not been degraded by becoming too common. When it orna- ments the palaces of the great, or is used in exchange for the necessaries of life, it is pro- perly applied ; but it would make bad files, hammers, and edge tools; and a golden plow would be both unserviceable* and un- wieldy.
20. The Storm of 1103. The most dreadful storm on record is that of Nov. 27, 1703, which was general throughout Europe. It is said that in Lon- don and the neighborhood, eight hundred dwelling houses, and two thousand stacks of chimnies were blown down ; and the lead of one hundred churches rolled up, and thrown to great distances. The number of trees torn up by the roots was incalculable; and not fewer than fifteen thousand sheep were driven from an extensive plain on the banks of the Severn, into that river, and drowned. Three hundred ships were completely de- stroyed; among which were fifteen of the royal navy, containing two thousand seamen. The total loss of property was computed at four millions of pounds sterling!
* See Note on Letter 33,
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 113
21. The Steam Engine.
The: power of steam engines is described by comparing it with the strength of horses ; thus, an engine of sixty horse power is deemed of equal force with a team of sixty horses. The steam is raised by a large boiler, passes into the cylinder, raises the piston, and is, by the injection of a stream of cold water, condensed or converted again into its original element, when the piston falls. By these alternate changes of water into steam, and of steam into water, a beam at the top is made to vibrate like that of a balance, and thus gives motion to various kinds of machinery; some parts of which, being in apartments at a considerable dis- tance, seem to move of their own accord.
22. Examine both Sides of the Question,
Two men in an inn were one day dispu- ting very warmly about an inscription on the obelisk in Castle Howard Park. One said it was Latin ; the other was positive that it was in English. Both declared that they had read it; and no assertion of one, however positive, was sufficient to convince the other that he was wrong. From words they would probably have proceded to blows, had not a stranger who sat near, said they were both right ! This seemed impos- sible ; and the angry disputants were not more dissatisfied with each other, than with the stranger, who, smiling at their rage, k2
114 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
calmly advised them never to decide on a question without examining both sides of it; adding, that if they had used this caution in the present case, they would have known that the obelisk contains a Latin inscription on the one side, and an English one on the other.
23. New Wine and Old Bottles.
The parable of the new wine and old bottles in the ninth chapter of St. Matthew's gospel, is not altogether intelligible to readers who imagine that the bottles of those days were made of glass, a material upon which age has no effect. But the dif- ficulty vanishes when we learn that glass was the discovery of a later period ; and that the bottles of the ancients were of leather; which when hard and dry with age, were not proof against the fermentation of new wine ; tho they might contain that which was old without bursting.
24. Mustard.
It would puzzle a philosopher to account for the obliquity of taste which first brought this article into use as a condiment to our food. To common palates, unaccustomed to it, mustard is very acrid and disagreeable ; and it requires a considerable degree of resolution and perseverance to reconcile the taste to it. But imitation recommends, and habit produces a relish for that pungency
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 115
and bitterness, which, tho they would dis- tort every muscle in the face of an apothe- cary's patient, give sensations of the most pleasurable piquancy to the appetite of the confirmed epicure.
In a way perfectly analogous, we may trace the progress of innocence to the habits of vice. We shall find, that, in general, youth uncontaminated, have no natural re- lish for immorality; till, seduced by exam- ple, they break through the restraints of virtue; and the mind becomes so depraved by repetition, as to look with complacency upon practices which formerly it contem- plated with disgust.
25. Antediluvian Forests,
In the early ages of the world, and while the number of its inhabitants was compara- tively small, much of it was covered with forests. This is shown by the great quan- tities of wood discovered in bogs and other situations under the surface of the earth. Trees, leaves, and fruit, particularly that of the hazel, are often found at considerable depths, where they have probably lain ever since the deluge. Admitting this to be the case, it is easy to infer that the flood hap- pened in autumn, when those fruits were ripe; and that the trees had been torn up by the torrents of water, and carried into hollow places, where they became buried under the vast beds of earthy matter brought over
116 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
them by the motion of the water, when re- tiring from the Jand into the sea.
26. Velocity of the J find.
The velocity of the wind is sometimes very great. When Monsier Garnerin as- cended in his balloon on the 30th of June, 1802, he was carried from Ranelagh Gar- dens near London, the place of his ascent, to the sea side, about four miles from Col- chester in Essex, in three quarters of an hour, notwithstanding the distance is about sixty miles. The wind was strong, tho not impetuous, and yet its celerity must have been at the rate of eighty miles an hour.
27. Galls.
Galls are not a fruit, hut an excrescence produced by a species of oak in the East. A small winged insect perforates the under side of the leaf, and deposits an egg in the wound. The sap oozes out, and soon forms a ball in which the egg is enveloped, and while the ball increases in size, the egg with- in changes first to a worm, and afterwards to a fly. Similar excrescences may be found on the leaves of our oaks, but they are of a much smaller size than those of Aleppo, and the south of Europe. Galls are used in dy- ing, tanning, and in making black ink.
28. The Moon. Any thing new, however trifling in its
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 117
nature, attracts our attention. Curiosity is readily excited to see and examine a new house, a new fashion, or a new invention ; but a new moon, as it is called, may appear monthly without a single inquiry into the cause of the phenomenon. And yet how in- finitely inferior are all the inventions of man to the works of the Great Architect of the universe, as displayed in this luminary only.
29. Coal*
It is thought by geologists that the im- mense beds of coal within the earth have been produced by the remains of the forests of the antediluvian world; and that by a kind of bituminous fermentation the wood has been transmuted into coal. There is some- thing in this hypothesis so consistent with the omniscience of the Deity, that it is not easy to withhold our assent to it. That the superfluous produce of the earth before the flood was, by that event, buried in its bowels, and preserved as in a storehouse, till the multiplied wants of man required it, is a reflection that must increase our admiration of the infinite wisdom of that Being who created and governs the world.
30. Influence of Habit.
It has been said that man is a bundle of habits, and when we consider how much
* Cole, Sir Thomas Mors*
118 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
his words, thoughts, and actions are in- fluenced by them, we shall not feel inclined to dispute the assertion. Yet we cannot deny that this bundle is frequently composed of materials of the most heterogeneous na- ture, and that it is no uncommon thing for those that are good to wear out, or to give way to others of a worse quality ; and thus the man of good habits in early life, some- times becomes a man of evil ones, at a period when the former ought to have ripened into wisdom and virtue. But wisdom and virtue are soon extinguished by vicious habits, and even good ones (if any are left) are thrust out to make way for those which are no sooner admitted, than they begin to increase and multiply.
31. Purity of Sea Water.
The saltness of the sea seems to be the means devised by the Creator for preserving it pure. In the torrid zone, where, from excess of heat, the danger ofputrifaction* is greatest, the sea water contains most salt ; in the temperate zones the saltness diminish- es ; and near the poles the water is compa- ratively fresh. But it is believed that salt alone would not be sufficient, and that mo- tion also is necessary. Hence we may see
* Putrid, putrify, putrifaction ; petrify, petrifaction j stupid, stupify,stupifaction,&c. All the words of this form have properly i before fy and faction. See page 98 and 99.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 119
the use of winds, tides, and currents in assist- ing to prevent that putrifaction, which, as Sir Robert Hawkins says, would corrupt all the world.
32. Drunkenness.
Drunkenness and cancers are seldom cured. If checked for a time, they break out again with renewed force, and death at length puts a stop to their career. A liking for liquor increases with the practice of in- dulging in it; and so long as the means of procuring it are at hand, and the ability to take it in excess continues, the drunkard procedes in his course ; and it is perhaps not too much to acknowledge, that something more than human is required to arrest his progress, and to root out that propensity which is at once his delight and his shame.
33. Trade no Degradation.
It is very common for persons whose rank places them above the toils of business, to despise those who are engaged in it ; when a slight inspection of their own pedigree might perhaps enable them to trace their present elevation to the fortunate specula- tions of some plodding alderman, the scien- tific researches of an industrious manufac- turer, or the ingenious inventions of a com- mon mechanic. And yet such is the perver- sion of judgment among men, that the very means which raised them to eminence be-
120 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
comes the object of their derision; and the prodigal squanderer of a patrimonyis honor- ed, while the memory of the creator of it is consigned to ignominy, because he had been a man of business !
34. Coffee.
The coffee tree was brought into Europe from Arabia, of which country it is a native. It grows to the height of twelve feet, and produces a berry containing two seeds; these, when properly prepared by roasting, constitute the coffee usually sold in the shops. As an article of food, coffee contains little nutriment; and, in this respect, it seems upon an equality with tea, "both being rather the vehicles of nourishment than nu- tritious of themselves. The most that can be expected from them in general is, that they are grateful, and very little injurious." In its medical character, coffee does not rise so high as some other articles of eastern produce; yet we are told that persons afflict- ed with asthma have experienced great re- lief, and even a cure by drinking strong coffee. The head-ake too, is frequently re- lieved by a cup of coffee; and drowsiness may be prevented by the same means.
35. Literary Vanity.
There are coxcombs in literature as well as in dress. The acquirements of the sound scholar, like the dress of the man of sense,
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 121
recommend themselves to the rational part of mankind for their utility ; but utility is not the object of the would-be-learned fop. He studies that he may be admired ; and for this end he affects to despise what is useful, because it is common and known to others ; and becomes a shining professor of what no one pretends to but himself. In this way he procures the applause of the many, who always admire what they do not understand ; and obtains the contempt of the few, who can justly estimate the value of his pretensions to literary fame.
36. The Use of Mountains. Mountains and hills are of great impor- tance in the economy of nature, and display the infinite wisdom of the Great Architect of the universe. The clouds, which consist of watery exhalations from the sea and land, after floating some time in the atmosphere, are attracted by the mountains, upon which they descend in rain. This sinks down- wards, and after being collected into reser- voirs, breaks out on their sides in springs, which by uniting, form brooks and rivers. Thus the hills are storehouses for water, whence we are supplied with that most valuable fluid; while the superabundant streams, when collected into rivers, not only water countries or districts where springs do not abound, but become useful for the purposes of navigation, in the conveyance l
122 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
of the necessaries of life from one place to another.
37. Indolence.
To the young student there is hardly a greater enemy than indolence. It matters not what are his abilities, if he will not ex- ercise them ; nor who is his preceptor, when he will not take the trouble of learning. However bright his parts, they grow rusty through the want of use ; and force is not always successful in attempting to bring them into action. Perhaps the best remedy for this disease is extra labor ; and when this can be supplied as a consequence arising out of the complaint, it seldom fails in effecting a cure.
38. Smoking.
This is a more expensive habit than some people are aware of. A professed smoker will consume an ounce of tobacco daily; this, at fourpence per ounce, is two shillings and fourpence a week, or six pounds, one shilling and four pence a year. But this is not the whole cost. If we may believe Dr. Franklin, time is worth money, and hence it would not be difficult to show that the time spent in smoking a pipe is, or ought to be, worth as much as the tobacco ; and therefore the expense becomes doubled. This is the case as it stands with dry smokers. There are some, however, who improve upon this
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 123
practice, by washing down the smoke with a glass of beer once or twice a day, which will Jiot cost less than the tobacco ; so that the general account will stand thus.
£. s. d.
Tobacco, 6 14
Time, . . 6 14
Beer, .614
Total 18 4 0
If any one should think this calculation too high, he must be told that neither the expense of pipes, nor the extra consumption of tobacco, beer, and time, on account of social intercourse, is included in it.
39. Opium,
The opium of commerce is prepared from the papaver somniferum, or white poppy. It is obtained by making incisions in the cap- sules every evening, and in the morning the sap, which has distilled from the wound, and become thickened, is scraped off, work- ed by hand in the sunshine, and formed into cakes of about four pounds each. Six hun- dred thousand pounds are said to be annu- ally exported from the Ganges alone. Opium allays pain, lightens sorrow, diffuses a pleas- ing languor over the frame, and gives unusual serenity to the mind, dispelling every ap- prehension of sublunary evil, and steeping it in scenes of elysium. But it is only for a time, and the charm being dissolved, the
124 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PA.RT V.
soul awakes from its trance only to experi- ence aggravated wo, in those who have fallen into the habit of using this drug. If there is on earth a misery that may be sup- posed to approach to the sufferings of future punishment, it is the state of the opium eater, after the action of his dose has subsided, — unhappy and trembling, his head confused, and his stomach sick, remorse at his heart, but his resolution too feeble to attempt a reformation; feeling as an outcast from every thing that is good or great, he returns des- pairing to a repetition of his dose, and every repetition adds confirmation to his evil habit. His constitution becomes exhausted in the course of a few years ; he grows prematurely old, and dies of palsy, dropsy, or some dis- ease as fatal ; he dies, having by his own weakness and imprudence lived a life of wretchedness in this world, and looking for- ward at his exit, to the darkest scenes of misery in the next. How often does man turn the greatest blessings into the greatest curse !
40. Sugar.
The sugar cane is said to be a native of Africa, the southern parts of Asia, and also of the West Indies, where its cultivation is carried on to a vast extent. Sugar is made by mixing the juce of the cane with a due proportion of lime, or potash, and then boil- ing it till it crystalizes. After separating
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 125
the molasses or uncrystalized part, the rest (which is raw sugar) is sent into Europe, to be refined or made into loaf or lump sugar. Much has been said and written on the properties of sugar. — The physicians of the sixteenth century recommended it as whole- some; those of the seventeenth condemned it; but the experience of the moderns has enabled them to bear testimony to its virtues in a medical point of view ; and to prove that as a part of diet, it is highly nutritious.
41. Antidiluvian Remains,
In July, 1821, a cavern of considerable extent was discovered in a limestone rock in Kirkdale near Kirkby Moorside, York- shire. The bottom was strowed with bones and teeth imbedded in earth ; these were the remains of a variety of animals, many of which are now extinct in this part of the world. The authors of the " Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast," were of opinion that the bones had been floated in by the waters of the universal deluge ; and that the mouth of the cave had been warp- ed or stopped by the same cause. But Professor Buckland, in a most valuable and elaborate memoir on the subject, in the " Philosophical Transaction," (which has been honored with the Royal Society's gold medal,) has shown by reasoning which will not be easily controverted, that the cavern had been a den of hyenas previous l2
126
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V«
to the flood; and that the bones of their prey, with the hyenas themselves, had been intombed within it by the event. In either case, they must have been buried above four thousand years.
42. Caoutchouc^ or Indian Rubber.
This substance is the dried juce of a large tree in South America, which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet. The caoutchouc is sent here in various forms, and frequently in the shape of bottles. These are made by covering a core or model of clay with the juce or sap of the tree, and repeating the operation by addi- tional coverings as the former become dry, till the bottle is of the thickness required ; and when dry, the core is moistened with water and picked out. In this manner the Indians make a kind of boots, which, from the peculiar nature of the gum, are remark- ably elastic. They use it also for candles and torches, which give a very dazzling light, without producing any smoke. — The caout- chouc is particularly serviceable to artists and writers, from its property of erazing the marks of black lead ; and from this property it seems to have acquired the name of In- dian Rubber.*
* Five species of trees are known to produce caout- ; chouc, Haevia caoutchouc, Jatropha ela&tica, Ficus in- dica} Urceola elastica, Artocarpus integrifolia.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 127
43. Pepper.
Black pepper is the berry or seed of a jointed shrubby plant, which sometimes climbs upon others, and sometimes creeps on the ground. In the latter state it sends out roots at every joint. In some parts of the East Indies it grows wild ; but in Java and Malabar it is much improved by cul- tivation. "White pepper," Dr. Thornton says, " is the fruit of the same plant, ga- thered after it is fully ripe, and freed of its external coat by maceration in water. It is smooth on the surface, and less pungent than the black pepper." Pepper is occasionally used in medicine, but the principal consump- tion of it is as a condiment in cookery. Ac- cording to the same physician, it has a warm and cordial effect upon the stomach, invigo- rating the powers of digestion, without in- flaming the blood.
44. Mistaken Charity.
Every parish in England is obliged, by the laws of the country, to maintain its own poor; and scarcely any circumstance can arise sufficient to authorize a person to ask charity elsewhere. These laws, which are founded in reason and justice, forbid our giving to strangers unknown, what is due to the necessities of our poor neighbors around us ; and if we were wise enough to yield implicit obedience to them in this respect, the cause of those disorderly habits,
1 28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
which are the result of vagrancy, would be removed ; for vagrancy will cease when we cease to encourage it by serving beggars. But this injunction, tho coupled with a penalty, is very generally disregarded by the ignorant and inconsiderate, who are not aware that under the mistaken idea of indul- ging their humane feelings in dispensing charity, they are contributing to the support of almost every vice of which human nature is capable.
45. Vag
rancy.
This has long been an increasing evil in England, tho much has been done to check it in the metropolis. The Vagrant Offices recently established in large towns, bid fair to abate the nusance* in those places ; and a late act of Parliament contains provisions, which, if duly enforced, would go far to put down vagrancy altogether. Hitherto, how- ever, a numerous class of people have expe- rienced no relief. Banished from large towns, the vagrants infest the smaller country places more than ever; and partly from igno- rance of the law ; partly from charitable mo- tives, excited by the imposing tales of lying mendicants; and partly from personal fear, the unwary inhabitants seldom refuse their alms. Thus the system is kept up in spite of every endeavor to destroy it; and thus a
* Nusance, Bailey , Martin, Ash, Webster, Blackstone,
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 129
hord# of beggars is continued in the country, sufficient to employ the Vagrant Offices by their partial wanderings, and — should those offices relax in their exertions, — to deluge the very towns in which they are now so efficiently established.
46. Industry.
It requires no great knowledge of human nature to be convinced that man is formed for industry. His hands and his limbs are peculiarly and mechanically adapted to every kind of work; and the mind is capa- ble of directing them in all their operations. The mind can also work independently of the hands, and is so constructed, that our highest pleasures arise from its employment. This, one would imagine, must be such an in- citement to industry, both bodily and mental, as, in a great measure, to prevent the loss and misapplication of time. But it is not so; for what a waste of life do those suffer, who spend half their time in the arms of Morpheus ; whose evening devoirs are regu- larly paid at the shrine of Bacchus ; and whose meridian sun is superseded by the midnight lamp of revelry and dissipation !
47. Economy and Parsimony. Spendthrifts generally confound the ideas naturally attached to these words. With them, every prodigal is liberal, and every
* fjord, Bailey. Rule 11,
130 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
economist parsimonious. They do not un- derstand how a person can attend to the regular management of his affairs without being covetous ; nor how he can absent him- self from the haunts of pleasure without being penurious. They have no idea of the practice of adjusting expenditure to income, nor of laying by something for future exi- gencies and certain wants. These dull pursuits* are left to the economist, who with " Waste not, want not," for his motto, is per- haps privately feeding the poor out of his savings, and exercising a benevolent gene- rosity among his friends and neighbors.
48. Tobacco.
This narcotic and poisonous plant was first brought into Europe from the island of Tobago, by a Spaniard, about the year 1 560, in the early part of the reign of Queen Eli- zabeth. From Spain it was carried into France, and from thence into Great Britain, where it was cultivated previous to 1570. In 1624 (23d James I.) the cultivation of tobacco in England was prohibited, and in 1685 a tax was imposed upon that imported into the country. From the increased con- sumption of the article, the duty upon it now yields a considerable revenue to the state ; and this is certainly its principal recommendation ; the others being mostly
* See Note page 83,
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 131
such as are always at hand when we would apologize for habits that are neither useful nor necessary ; and which in our reasoning moments we privately condemn.
49. Prince Ruperfs Drop.
This singular production is made at the glass houses, by dropping a small quantity of melted glass into a vessel of cold water. In its descent, the melted metal assumes a form somewhat like that of a tadpole, except that the tail is round and tapering till it becomes capillary and crooked. The head or thick end of the drop will sustain a smart stroke from a hammer without injury, while a very small part broken off its tail causes an im- mediate explosion of the whole drop, which is reduced to atoms in a moment ; and a considerable shock given to the hand that holds it. This phenomenon has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained, tho the ablest philosophers have attempted it.
50. Generosity.
This term is frequently misapplied when used as a contrast to selfish avarice. Simple, unsophisticated generosity is a scarce arti- cle ; the spurious kinds are very common. To give to those who have given to us, is the payment of a debt — this is not generosity. To give to those from whom we have ex- pectations, is bribery — and not generosity. To give to others what is of no use to our-
132 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
selves, relieves us from an incumbrance, and may be charity, but not generosity. To give to others what is not useful to them, is waste, and not generosity. To give indiscriminate- ly, is prodigality, — it may be ostentation,but not generosity. To give what we cannot afford, may deceive the world — may deceive our creditors — but it is not generosity.
51. Modern Romance.
The historical plays of the inimitable Shakespear have been the means of extend- ing the knowledge of history among many persons who might otherwise have remained ignorant of it for life. These plays were generally historical facts versified and adapt- ed to scenic representation, with as little distortion as the nature of the composition admitted. Still, the poetic license did not enhance the value of history, but made it more palatable to the tastes of those who had no natural relish for it as a study. The refinements of modern taste have, however, rendered this " Help to History" a little stale; and we are now to be introduced to an ac- quaintance with Clio through the interven- tion of Modern Romance, and to toil through three or four volumes before we can acquire the information contained in half as many pages of real history ! This course of read- ing may bring pecuniary advantages to authors and booksellers, but it will not be profitable to the student.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 133
52. Printing.
This art, which is very properly stiled " the nurse and preserver of the arts and sciences," was invented at Mentz in Germa- ny, and soon after brought into England, by William Caxton, whose workintitled "The Game at Chess," with the date 1474, was the first book printed in England.
The matter of the first printed books, com- pared with that of those of the present day, and the contracted state of human knowledge previous to the introduction of printing, with the universal diffusion of it in our time, show the progress and effects of this sublime dis- covery in the last three hundred and fifty years ; a period in which millions have been raised from the grossest ignorance and bar- barity, to the contemplation of the most ab- struse sciences ; and in which the inspired writings have been disseminated to the most remote corners of the earth.
53. Asbestos.
This is the mineral of which the ancients made the incombustible cloth in which they wrapped the bodies of their dead previous to burning them. By this means the ashes of the dead body were preserved from mix- ing with other matter, and were inclosed in an urn or vessel of burnt clay. Many of these urns have been dug out of the small circular hills, called also barrows, and cairns, that are still to be seen in difte-
M
134 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
rent parts of England. The substance of which the cloth was made was that variety of asbestos called amianthus, consisting of fine white silky filaments or threads of a beautiful silvery white. This was mixed with flax or wool, and formed first into threads, and then into cloth in the loom ; after this the wool or flax was dissipated in the fire by burning the cloth, which remain- ed unhurt by the operation.
54. Charcoal.
Charcoal is made from the branches of oak, chesnut, pine, alder, and other kiuds of wood, by burning them in piles, and cover- ing them up, at a certain period of the pro- cess, in such a way as to check the combus- tion without putting out the fire ; the object being to char the wood only, and not to re- duce it to ashes. Charcoal is nearly incor- ruptible ; and on this account the bottoms of stakes and posts are frequently charred* before they are fixed in the ground, to make them durable. It is used in the composition of gunpowder, and in the purification of whale oil for burning in lamps. On many occasions it is used insted of pitcoal, but not without danger ; the vapor arising from it when burning being so extremely suffocating, that many lives have been lost from want of caution in this respect. Tho it does not yield a visible smoke, it should never be burnt but under a chimny.f
* Charked, Ash — t Chimny, Bailey. Chiranies, Practice. Rule 9.
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 135
55. The Andes. The Andes or Cordilleras, are the highest and most extensive chain of mountains on the globe. They run in a direction parallel to the South Pacific Ocean, and at no great distance from it; nearly the whole length of South America, from the Isthmus of Darien on the north, through Peru and Chili to the Straits of Magellan in the south, a distance of five thousand miles. The height of Cotopaxi, one of these mountains, has been measured, and found to be 6252 yards, or something more than three miles and a half above the level of the sea. Mountains of such immense size naturally give rise to rivers of proportionate magni- tude, and accordingly, those of South Ameri- ca are the largest in the world. These are frequently swelled into the most dreadful torrents, from the sudden thawing of the snow with which the summits are covered, and which is suddenly melted by eruptions of vulcanoes, here very numerous. When these floods descend into the plains, they cause the greatest devastation, deluging the land, and involving the inhabitants and their flocks in one common ruin.
56. Importance of rejecting Silent Letters.
If the English language could be reform- ed, as the Spanish has been, it would be an incalculable benefit to the American nation. For, suppose our population to be ten mill-
136
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
ions, then one million will be schoolchildren, and each one must learn the same letter. Suppose itasilentand useless onelike ein the end of ransome or elicite, [Johnson] and sup- pose that the learning of this, costs one min- ute of time, then one million of minutes is almost two years of time lost in learning a useless letter. Suppose again that of 40,000 words in our language, one eighth part should contain a useless letter; then 5000 multiplied by two years, makes 10,000 years, of time totally lost by one genera- tion of children, in learning that which a very small share of good sense and moral courage in our people would correct. But our population doubles in twenty-five years, therefore besides the 10,000 years lost to the present generation, 300,000 would be lost in the next century. How vast an amount of useful learning might be acquired in the time thus lost !
57. Progress of our Language. The English language is constantly im- proving, and will continue to improve. No human force can stop its silent, but efficient advances. Three centuries ago, almost every word ended in a final e. Sixe and fixe would not now be tolerated, but yet the e in hundreds of words is j ust as useless as in those two: for instance, all the words ending in ve pornounced short, have a useless e at the end> which is rejected in compounds, as, hav-ing*
PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 137
Uv-ing, giv~ing, lov-ing. It is hoped that good sense will prevail over prejudice, and that we shall be permitted tospell as we ought. Could we be allowed only to spell the same word uniformly, in the same way, (and surely this seems a reasonable request,) we should secure a very great improvement. Why is it necessary to spell will and full with //, and then,when they are put together, to spell both of them differently? Why not reject the use- less final letters, and spell according to the primitive and correct orthography wil, ful, shal? Double I in the end of words is always useless, for even in all, one / only is sounded, and in the compounds, one / is always re- jected, as also, al-most, al-ways.
58. A Specimen of English in the year 1560, from an old History of Queen Elizabeth,
A Monstrous Fish. — The ninth of July, at sixe of the clocke at night, in the isle of Thanet besides Ramesgate in the parish of Saint Peter vnder the clift, a monstrous fish or whale of the sea did shoot himselfe on shore, where for want of water, beating him- selfe on the sands, he died about sixe of the clocke in the next morning, before which time he rored, and was heard more then a mile on the land. The length of this fish was two and twentie yards, the neather iaw twelue foote the opening, one of his eyes be- ing taken out of his head, was more then sixe horses in a cart could draw, a man stood vp- m2
138 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V.
right in the place from whence the eye was taken, the thicknesse from the backe where- on he lay, to the top of his belly (which was vpward) was fourteene foote, his taile of the same breadth, betweene his eyes twelue foote, three men stood vpright in his mouth, some of the ribs were sixteene foot long, his toung was fifteene foot long, his liuer two cart loade, into his nostrils any man might haue crept : the oile being boyled out of the head was parmacetie, the oile of his body was whitish, and sweet of tast.
59. Procrastination, " Procrastination is the thief of time." How often do we hear these words re- peated, and how seldom do we profit by them ! Life is short ; and yet we do not scruple to waste the time of which it con- sists, in neglecting to employ it properly. It is true, we propose to change our system hereafter; and to atone for every delay, when we are a little older, and when our engagements with the world, or attachments to its pleasures, press us less closely; but the convenient opportunity does not arrive, and we wait for its appearance. Thus man goes on from day to day, and from year to year, making resolutions to " redeem the time," and fulfils them by new ones, to be superseded by others in the same manner. Thus he
" Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve; (t In all the magnanimity of thought « Resolves, and re-resolves ; then dies the same."
Young.
139
PART VI.
Exercises in the Form of Letters, on Orthogra* phical and other Subjects.
letter i.
Dear James, York, May 7, 1 322.
From the inquiries in your last letter, I find you are desirous of improving your- self in English Grammar, and particularly in Orthography. This is a proper and necessary resolution, as your letter exhibits some proofs of a want of attention to the subject. — The best way to become a correct speller is to write down sentences or passa- ges from books as they are read or dictated to you by another person, not rapidly, but by a few words at a time ; and when this is done, your errors should be marked, and then corrected and copied into a book kept for the purpose, that they may be committed to memory the first opportunity. A page of these words should, at a future time, be dictated to you, and, if no errors are com- mitted, you have done with that page ; if otherwise, it must be learned by heart, and dictated to you again the second or third time, till you do it correctly. I intend to write again on this subject, and am, in the mean time,
Your sincere friend,
Theophilus Wright.
140 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART XL
LETTER 2.
Dear J ames, York, May 1 6, 1 822.
My last letter in answer to yours on the means of improvement in spelling, described the practice of Dictating as the best method of accomplishing your purpose. I will now resume the subject, under the idea that you are as eager to pursue it, as I am to assist you. If you wish to become a correct writer, as well as a correct speller, (for there are other requisits besides that of forming words,) the person who dictates to you must mention the different stops and marks as heprocedes; the names and characters of these, with the use of capitals, and various other matters, you must learn from a good English grammar, without the study of which, your endeavors to acquire a proper knowledge of this and the other parts of grammar, will be in vain. The subject at large is too extensive for a letter, but should you meet with any difficul- ties, do not hesitate to mention them, that I may enjoy the pleasure of being useful to you, for I am, dear James,
Most sincerely yours,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 3.
Dear James, York, May 30, 1822.
When you have made some progress in
grammar, and have grown expert at dictating
part vl] exercises for dictating. 141
in the usual way, you may ask some person to read to you, in a slow and deliberate manner, a short anecdote or tale, or passage from history, and after he has done, you may write down as much of it as you can recollect. Repeat this kind of exercise, with various passages, till your copies agree with the originals, or nearly so. This practice will strengthen your memory, and enable you to relate a story, or the particulars of an incident, either in conversation or on paper, with so much accuracy as to secure you the attention of your hearers or readers. If no one is at hand to dictate it, you may read the passage yourself, and then, after putting the book aside, procede to the wri- ting of it from memory, as above described, I remain, affectionately yours,
Theophilus Wright,
LETTER 4.
Dear James, York, Sept. 4, 1822.
It is so long since the date of my last letter that I presume you have, ere this, be- come pretty well acquainted with the rules of your grammar; that etymology, syntax, and prosody are as familiar to you as ortho- graphy ; and that your memory has been sufficiently strengthened by dictating in the manner pointed out in my last. I will now, therefore, recommend another kind of dicta- ting, to exercise your understanding, as the
142 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
last did your memory. In this case, whe- ther the piece is read to you by another person, or perused by yourself, you must, insted of writing down the identical words of the original passage, (as in the exercises of memory,) express the sense and meaning of it in your own language. When it is finish- ed, you may compare your copy with the sense of the original, and judge of your suc- cess. This practice, if persevered in, will im- prove your compositiens, and qualify you to speak and write with fluency and elegance. That complete success may be the result of your endeavors, is my ardent wish. Your cordial friend,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 5.
Dear Son, Bawtry, Jan. 17, 1822.
I found some difficulty in reading your last letter, and the vexation arising from spending so much time over it, was not abated by the hacknied plea of " haste.*' Such an apology may be a convenient one to a bad writer; but a good penman (as you are) is always inexcusable whenever he writes illegibly. Whatever may be thought to the contrary, there is really no saving of time in an unintelligible scrawl ; it is the effect of custom, and a better custom would have pro- duced better writing in less time. But if, for the sake of argument, we admit the plea of
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 143
saving time as an excuse for writing a scrawl- ing letter, we cannot deny that much more may be lost in deciphering a scrawling an- swer to it. There is, however, one case in which this mode of writing is really useful; that is, when it serves as a cloke* to conceal bad spelling; and there is reason to believe that this is the true, tho disguised cause of its being fashionable.
Let me beg of you to write no more "in haste."
Your affectionate father,
Edwin Sampson.
LETTER 6.
Dear James, York, Oct. 7, 1 822.
It affords me much pleasure to find that you are acquiring a taste for analyzing words. You remark that villain and its de- rivatives villeinage, villanous, villany, &c. do not follow the same rule in spelling; and that this irregularity, for which you can see no necessity, creates a difficulty that might have been avoided by forming the derivatives after the primitive villain. — Analogy, or " the agreement of several words in one common mode," has already decided as you have done, and decided rightly; but the taste for foreign etymologies has in this, as in many other instances, substituted intricacy for sim-
* Rule 9th.
144 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI.
plicity, and confusion for analogy. This is not the only difficulty of the kind that you will have to encounter in your progress ; and it will call for your strictest attention to sur- mount them; for you will remember that where rules fail, memory must supply the deficiency. This error may be corrected by writing v, i$ /, /, a, w, which wants nothing but authority to make it right. I am, dear James,
Yours very truly,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 7.
Bradford, Wilts. Mar. 21, 1822.
Dear Brother,
I am delighted with the idea of your resolution to study Geology, and shall reck- on upon your company in the vacation, when we shall ramble over hills and vallies, clam- bering upon rocks, and exploring caverns, in search of those curiosities of nature which neither the divine nor the philosopher can contemplate with indifference. This study will be an additional source of pleasure to you. It will enlarge your ideas by making you acquainted with new things, and by in- troducing a new language to which you would otherwise have been a stranger; for you must observe that every science has a language of its own ; that is, it employs words
PART YJ,] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 145
and terms peculiar to itself, many of which being derived from the learned languages, your Latin and Greek will be called into service, and be found not only useful, but highly entertaining.
Go on, my dear George, and rest assured of my best wishes.
Your affectionate brother,
Adrian Tooke.
LETTER 8.
Richard Bentley sends his respectful compliments to Master Howard, and re- quests the favor of his company on Friday afternoon, to join a select party of friends, in a walk to seethe ruins of Rivaulx Abbey,* with the granduref of which, and the beauty of the surrounding scenery, he believes they will be highly delighted.
R. B. makes use of the present oppor- tunity to comply with Master Howard's injunction, and informs him accordingly, that his last letter contained a slip of the pen, which, tho of little moment, is still an error, and deserves that attention which all who are desirous of writing correctly, must give to their compositions. The mistake was in using the word relic, signifying that which remains, for relict, a widow.
Helmsley, Tuesday morning.
* Abby, D. C. t Grandure, Martin.
146 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
LETTER 9.
York, Nov. 12, 1822. Your letters, my dear James, give me great pleasure, as they afford convincing proofs of your regular advancement in grammatical knowledge. I have no doubt of your proficiency being a cause of satisfac- tion to yourself also, nor of the increase of that satisfaction as you procede. The more we become acquainted with any science the better we like it : our views expand, and ob- stacles which at first appeared insurmount- able, dwindle to insignificance as we ap- proach them. It is not that the rudiments of knowledge contain the greatest difficul- ties, but that our resources for overcoming them are then the most scanty, which re- tards our progress in a new study, and ren- ders it dry and irksome. I mention this, that you may be encouraged to go on with spirit in whatever you undertake to learn, after satisfying yourself that your new acquisition will repay your time and labor. Remember that there is no art so hard to learn, no science so abstruse, as not to be within the reach of a fixed resolution to acquire it. I am yours, &c.
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 10.
Dear Sister, Denbigh, Jan. 24, 1 823.
You observe that the word stile is dif-
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 147
ferently spelt, by different authors, some having i and some y. The same happens in many other words, such as, tiger, tyger, cider, cyder, cist, encysted, cipher, cypher, in all of which the i is better than y. Y was formerly used abundantly in spelling, but has, in the progress of the language, been replaced by its substitute z,which being shorter and easier to write, should always be preferred in the middle of words; andy should be preferred to i in the end of words, as demy, anthropopha- gy, &c. which are found in this form in Chal- mers's Dictionary. Some have supposed that there is a difference between stile and style, the former denoting the steps into a field, and the latter a manner of writing. Many good authors do not observe this dis- tinction, and several dictionaries expressly prefer the i in stile, a manner of writing, which comes from stilus or stylus, Lat. an iron pen. The Latin word like the English is variable, as many others are, but by the help of your 6th Rule, you will always have a guide to the most modern, correct, and convenient form. I hope you will attend to these rules with care, as they have been deduced from the great body of the lan- guage, and are a general guide to the spell- ing of the numerous words, that are found in several forms in even the best authors. Your truly affectionate brother,
Philip Julius West.
148 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. LETTER 11.
Leicester, Jan. 26, 1823. Your letter, my dear Frank, is just re- ceived, and jour sisters are laughing at the history ofyour blunders at Melton. Richard is quite angry with you, and says it is well he was at home, as he should have been entirely out of countenance, by the thought- less impropriety ofyour conduct in the com- pany of strangers. You say that one of the young gentlemen was so unpolite as to tease you ; but was it not to be expected that your own forgetfulness of the rules of good breed- ing should induce him to indulge in liberties that he would not have taken with one of more correct behavior ?
Another blunder, which you have not mentioned, is displayed in the letter. — You have written the word tease* with a #, and I should not have been surprized, if you had adopted the still worse spelling of some of our female novel writers, /, e, e, z, e ; because there is no end to the mistakes of those who write and speak without thinking.
Your mother unites in the most ardent
* Tease, please, ease, are analogous, but Walker writes teaze under plague, and teazing under vexation and vexa- tious. This contradiction is faithfully copied from John- son, and Johnson copied from Bailey and Martin, who preferred the z in teaze. So little attention have authors paid to consistency in their works ! Teaze is the better spelling according to Rule 15. This censure would have been avoided, had the writer looked a little further.
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 149
wishes for jour reformation, with, my dear Frank,
Your affectionate father,
Vincent Thompson.
LETTER 12.
Dear James, York, April 17, 1823.
I received yours of the 12th inst. and think you do wisely in spending an hour every morning in the garden. This will have a tendency to improve your health and in- vigorate your mind. But to enjoy these benefits in greater perfection,! would recom- mend the study of botany. This will excite an interest in the knowledge of plants with which you are yet unacquainted, and afford a pleasure in your walks that you little ex- pect. You will never want company while traversing the fields, for in every plant and flower that you stop to notice, you will re- cognize an old acquaintance, or discover a stranger whose name and family will become the object of your most sedulous inquiries.
Pray favor me with your sentiments on this subject; and if I can assist you, let me not be denied the pleasure of doing it.
I am, my dear James,
Your sincere friend,
Theophilus Wright.
n2
150 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
LETTER 13.
Bradford, Feb. 2, 1823. My Dear George,
I am sorry to hear that your old friend Smith has been arrested, and to suppose that he is gone to prison. I employ the word suppose, because your letter says he is gone to the goal, and I am not certain whether you meant to write g, a, o, /, a prison, or to inform me that Smith was gone to some races; g, o, a, /, the word you have used, signifying a starting post. As it is, however, not very likely that he would be arrested for the purpose of being sent to the races, Ifear the poor fellow is really in limbo.
If you use the word j\ «, i, /, for a prison, as is now generally done, you will not again be liable to a similar mistake. Gaol is a monstrous word which every correct writer will avoid.
Your affectionate father,
Robert Sutton.
LETTER 14.
Dear Brother, Edge ware, Feb. 13, 1823. I am happy to hear that your mineralo- gical pursuits afford you so much pleasure, and should like to join in your researches, did not the distance at which we are placed forbid it. But tho not permitted to share in your excursipns, I can accompany you on
PART Vl.] EXERCISES FOR DtCTAtiNG. 151
!)aper, and sometimes call your attention rom mountains to words ; on one of which I shall now take the liberty of offering a remark. In mentioning the mineral called Muscovy talc, you write it like the verb talk, to speak. Your dictionary certainly authori- zes both spellings, but as they are pronoun- ced alike, and with the sound of the vowel a, as in talent, we are reduced to the dilemma of applying a two-fold pronunciation to the letters t,a,l,k, according as they happen to be employed in mineralogy or in speech. This difficulty is avoidable by adopting the French original t, a, I, c, which is the spelling used by
Your affectionate brother,
Sampson Bird.
LETTER 15.
Dear James, York, April 25, 1823.
When you write to a member of par- liament, you should envelop your letter in an envelope ; that is, you should inclose it in a cover. This will not subject the receiver to the charge of double postage, if you add the letters M. P. after the gentleman's name and title ; members of parliament being not only privileged to send their own letters franked, but to receive those of their corres- pondents free of postage. This indulgence is granted on account of the extensive corres- pondence between them and their constitu-
152 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
ents, which their duty as senators naturally imposes. They are also allowed to frank the letter of a friend ; but in this as in all other cases, the superscription must be in their own hand writing.
I send this in answer to your inquiry, and trust you will be able to understand the subject.
Your sincere friend,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 16.
Dear Sir, Ipswich, Mar. 4, 1823.
Your letter dated Feb. 26, did not arrive till yesterday; and as you appear to be un- der a mistake, f hasten to answer it. Like many others unacquainted with history, you attribute the destruction of all the ancient edifices of England now in ruins, to Oliver Cromwell. This is an act of injustice to the memory of a man whose real faults want no addition. The ruins you mention are of three kinds, namely, religious houses, royal castles, and the mansions of the nobility. The reli- gious houses were called Abbeys or Priories according as they were under thegovernment of an Abbot or Abbess, or that of a Prior or Prioress; and, generally, Monasteries or Convents, whether inhabited by Monks or Nuns. The revenues of all these nouses were sequestered in the reign of Henry VIII., and the buildings have, of course, fallen to decay.
pari vi.] exercises Fok Diet ATttrc. 153
The royal castles and those of the Mobili- ty which were converted into fortresses during the civil wars in the feign of Charles I., were many of them battered down by the besiegers ; others were dismantled at the commencement of the usurpation of Crom- well, and left in such a state of dilapidation, as to be involved in one common ruin. This was about one hundred and ten years after the dissolution of monasteries.
With much regard, I remain, dear Sir, Your obedient servant,
Austin Benedict Hume.
LETTER XI.
Dear James, York, Apr. 29, 1 823.
You ask how you are to write cauli- flower, because, as you say, your dictionary spells the word two ways, without giving preference to either. Such a case naturally challenges observation, and an inquisitive mind is not satisfied without a reason. With a view to encourage your future remarks, I will now observe, that the word cole is a general name for plants of the cabbage kind, of which species the cauliflower is one ; that spelling, therefore, of cauliflower which begins with the letters c, o, /, seems to be de* rived from this source. But cole itself comes from the Saxon word c, a, w, I ; and hence we have the other spelling beginning with e,a,w,/. The pronunciation is the same in both ; and
154 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
the short sound of the vowel o in the first syllable, has done much towards establish- ing the former spelling; while etymology puts in a stronger claim for the latter, as coming more directly from the Saxon original.
I hope to hear from you again on a similar subject, and am, in the mean time, Sincerely yours,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 18.
Hartford, May 3, 1823. My Dear Edward,
From the tenor of your letter of the 27th ultimo, it appears that you are surprized at the change in the affairs of Mr. Nimrod. When you have acquired more knowledge of the world you will understand that such changes are the natural consequence of thoughtlessness and expensive habits; that every family is under the influence of eco- nomy, or of waste ; and that " wilful waste makes woful want." If you consider these principles, and apply them in the present in- stance, your wonder will cease, and you will perceive nothing in the event but what might have been anticipated by any rational per- son acquainted with the circumstances. But you will probably ask why Mr. Nimrod him- self could not foresee and prevent his own downfal ? To this I answer, that mankind are divided into two classes ; that those of one
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 155
class calculate and proportion their expen- diture to their income ; and that the others give themselves no trouble about the matter. — Need I add that the event shows Mr. Nim- rod to have been one of the latter class ? I am, my dear Edward,
Your affectionate uncle,
John Adams Mason.
LETTER 19.
Sir, Louth, May 30, 1823.
I have just returned from Keswick, after spending a month among the mountains and lakes of Cumberland. Of the enchanting beauties of this country you will have a verbal account from my friend and fellow traveler Mr. Arlington, whose sketchbook also will contribute much information respecting scenery, which words alone fail in describ- ing, and to which even the pencil cannot do justice.
From Keswick I made an excursion into the romantic vale of Borrodale, and saw the mountain in which are the mines that supply the principal part of the world with plum- bago or black lead.# 1 had not an opportu- nity for seeing in what manner this singular and valuable mineral is extracted from the mine ; and therefore can give you no further account of the process, than that it is said to
* Carburet of Iron.
156 PRACTICAL ORTH[OQRAPHY, [PART ¥4.
be carried on occasionally,with considerable intermissions, as the demands of the market and the interest of the proprietors require. With this I transmit a dozen of black lead pencils which I bought at Keswick, under the idea that they must be genuine ; your acceptance of them will oblige, Sir, Your obedient servant,
Vincent Newton.
LETTER 20.
Dear James, York, May 14, 1323.
You are probably not aware that your last letter contains a word not authorized by your dictionary, which 1 know to be that of Mr. Walker; neither is it to be found in Mr. Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev. Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson, nor in several others. — The word in question is connection, which you have written as derived from the verb connect, insted of connexion* from connex. There does not, however, appear to be any good reason why connect, a verb in common use, should be superseded in its derivative by connex, as that verb is not used ; and your error, notwithstanding the omission of the word by most of our lexicographers, is cer- tainly a pardonable one. I shall write again on this subject and explain it more fully. t
* Rule 22. f See Letters 46 and 47.
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 157
With sentiments of sincere regard, I re- main, my dear James,
Cordially yours,
Theophilus Wright,
LETTER 21.
Monmouth, Nov. 21, 1816. Dear Newton,
We were all up in good time on Tues- day morning last, to see the eclipse of the sun, which, we were told, would be such a one as we had never seen. The morning was frosty, and we waited with anxious ex- pectation for the clearing away of the fog, which seemed to envelop the town only. Aboutthemiddle oftheeclipse themistgrew a little thinner, and we obtained an imperfect view of the sun's disk,* which resembled the moon when about four days old. Soon after this, the fog became general, and our hopes vanished. I shall be glad to hear that you were more favored, and to receive your de- scription of this phenomenon when you have leisure to write.
Edmund Halley.
LETTER 22.
Dear Edmund, Orford, Nov. 23, 1816.
I am happy to inform you that we had
* Disc, Dyche. O
158 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI
a most beautiful view of the solar eclipse on the 19th instant. The clouds which so en- viously obstructed jour view, were more propitious here, and kept out of the way. Having converted my telescope into a helioscope for the occasion, 1 was enabled to observe both the beginning and end of the eclipse, with a degree of exactness far supe- rior to what could be done with the naked eye. The moon first appeared to touch the upper part of the sun's limb to the right hand, and on passing downward, covered so much of it as to give it the appearance mentioned in your letter, viz. of a new moon with its back downward. In a little time the back was toward the right hand, and afterward, toward the upper side ; and finally, the moon went ofFa little to the left hand of the sun's lower limb. It was a most interesting sight, and I enjoyed it with the highest satis- faction. 1 made some other observations at the time, which shall be shown to you on your first visit to, dear Halley,
Yours truly,
Isaac Newton.
.
LET1ER 23.
Dear James, York, May 25, 1823.
Your letter of the 9th inst. contains proofs of industry in the prosecution of your I studies. It is not however perfectly free from errors, tho nearly so. You tell me your
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 59
sister staid so long in Bristol that she could not accompany you to Shrewsbury, without perceiving that you have used the adjective staid for the verb stayed.* This is a slip of the pen which might have happened to a writer of more experience than yourself; and tho it reflects no great discredit, yet you must be upon your guard against a re- currence of the mistake.
I go to Aylesbury to-morrow, where your letters mayprobably find me for three weeks to come. I am, my dear James,
Yours, with sincere regard,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 24.
Dear Sam, Newport, May 27, 1823.
Your apology for a letter is received, and I can assure you it made me laugh heartily. It seems you take more pains than I should like to do, in composing let- ters ; and I am of opinion that if you were less industrious in asking the help of others, you would find the task more easy. 1 wish you would learn to use your own abilities, which are abundantly sufficient for the pur- pose, and then you would not want to bor- row those of your friends. If you will make the experiment, I am persuaded that you
* Staid is the contracted form, which will probably prevail. See Note at page 34.
160 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
will find no more 6! ifficulty in talking on paper to your absent friends, than in personally addressing those who are present.
I will conclude by requesting that you will place more confidence in your own ta- lents and exertions, and by begging to be favored with the first fruits of your genius in letter writing as soon as possible. In the mean time, believe me to be,
Your faithful friend,
John Eustace Bailey.
LETTER 25.
Plymouth, June 12, 1817. Dear Bernard,
We had a most dreadful thunder storm on Tuesday last about noon. The rain, which fell in torrents, was mixed with hail- stones of such a size that many windows were broken, trees rent in pieces, and half the goslings in the neighborhood killed. But this is not the worst : — a poor man who was working upon the highway was struck dead, and another at a little distance much scorched. A cottage at the end of the town was set on fire, but happily it was not in- habited. Much damage has been done in different places by the flood, but I do not hear of any other lives being lost. When you write, which I hope will be soon, I beg you will say if the storm reached you.
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 161
Pray mention me in a respectful manner to your parents, and convey my grateful ac- knowledgments to your sister for her very acceptable present.
I am, my dear Bernard,
Sincerely yours,
Owen Williamson.
LETTER 26.
Dear James, York, June 13, 1823.
In your letter of the 28th ult. you have written the word vitiate* with a c, which is consonant to analogy, but contrary to the practice of some authors. After forming vice from the Latin vitium, our etymologists seem to have given up the primitive, and returned to the Latin for its derivatives, which are in consequence too often written with / insted of c, except vicious, in which c is commonly retained. This mode of form- 4ng derivatives is familiar to those who are acquainted with the learned languages, but it is a source of perplexity to the mere English scholar, who Sees no reason why he should depart from the natural rule of analogy for the sake of adopting an irregu- larity, which, on every lapse of memory,
* C is always to be preferred to t in such cases : viciate is better than viTiate, negotiate better than nego- Tiate, ancient is better than antient, and so in all similar cases, according to Rule 19, which prefers 5 or c to t soft.
o2
162 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI.
must be superseded by a recurrence to the primitive.
Your friend,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 27.
Exeter, June 5, 1823.
My dear young Friend,
I have just been informed that you in- tend to quit the service of your employer and go to Jamaica, and that your parents, as might have been anticipated, are much distressed in consequence. You are no stranger to the warm attachment I have long entertained for them, and can hardly be ignorant of the interest I have taken in every thing that concerns yourself; any apology for thus addressing you is therefore unnecessary.
Your views in thus leaving your native country have not been fully explained to me, but I understand your plan is, like that of others, to gain a fortune, and return home to enjoy it. Before you go, however, I beg to be favored with your answers to the fol- lowing questions. Are you prepared to support with fortitude, all the disappoint- ments that may intervene betwixt your present state and the affluence you seek ? Have you considered the climate of the West India islands, and its effects upon the
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 163
constitutions of northern men ? Do you think you will know how to enjoy your good for- tune at home, after sacrificing your health in a foreign clime ? And have you reflected on the great probability of your never return- ing? These are matters submitted to your most serious consideration.
Yours faithfully,
Arthur Mortimer.
LETTER 28.
Exeter, June 12, 1823. My dear young Friend,
Your letter in answer to mine of the 5th inst. gives me great pleasure; and I am sure your parents will be still more gra- tified than myself with your proposal to re- linquish the idea of making a fortune in Jamaica. Encouraged by the attention with which you have honored my former letter, and anxious to promote your best in- terests, I feel a wish to add a few words on the subject of your leaving Mr. Jones, who is considered a kind master, tho 1 am not able to prove it from facts. But I think you may form a correct judgment respecting the cause of the misunderstanding between him and you, if you will take the trouble of ask- ing yourself the question, whether the gene- ral tenor of your conduct towards Mr. Jones has been such as you would have approved,
164 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY* [PART VI.
had you been in his place ? This question will be easy lo answer when you have been ten years a master, and may be done now by putting your candor fairly to the test. If after this trial you stand acquitted, I would adviseyou to attempt the reformation of your employer, by increased attention to his in- terests ; for he is a hard master indeed who cannot be improved by a faithful servant ; and remember, that the best way of exchang- ing an unpleasant situation for a better, is, to conduct yourself in the former in such a manner as will ensure a recommendation to the latter.
You will perceive that I am calculating upon the probability of your continuing a little longer in your present situation, and on your ability to render it comfortable. With every good wish for your happiness, [ remain, my dear Andrew,
Affectionately yours,
Arthur Mortimer.
LETTER 29.
My dear Boy, Worksop, June 16, 1823.
I understand from your last letter that you are in a strait respecting Master Tan- cred; who, it appears, is a great money borrower. By the exercise of a little in- genuity, I have ascertained the fact that his supplies from home are more than sufficient
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 165
for all his wants, and that he has no occa- sion whatever to borrow of his schoolfel- lows ; to most of whom5 as well as to your- self, I find he is indebted. To his next so- licitation for money it may not be improper to answer, that when he returns the sum he already owes, you will lend it to him again; and that to accomodate him you will en- deavor to do a little longer without those superfluities which you are sorry to find are necessaries to him; but that you have resolv- ed not to lend any more money to those who think as little about the prudent application of it as they do about the day of payment.
I will not undervalue your judgment by supposing you insensible to the humiliating circumstances in which Master Tancred's 4plly and extravagance have placed him ; nor will I imagine that the example of his degradation will be lost upon his compan- ions, who, no doubt, look down upon him as other creditors do upon their thoughtless and prodigal debtors.
That you may suffer no loss, I inclose a bank note to replace that lent to Master Tancred, and am, my dear Francis, Your affectionate mother,
Helen Anne Brook.
LETTER 30.
Tuxford, June 18,1823. Your letter, mv dear Harry, found me
166 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI
at Chatham, where I had been on a visit for three weeks. Your uncle was much pleas- ed with your account of the school, and with the detail of your studies. He said the writing does you credit, and the language is better than could be expected at your age. He considers the delight with which you mention those of your schoolfellows who are behind you, as a token of superior- ity, and a proof of rising merit. But your aunt, who is a very shrewd woman, shortly observed, that if her nephew would begin to emulate those before him, insted of compa- ring himself with those who are behind, she should have better hopes of him. To this remark your uncle made no reply; and I communicate it that you may examine, and apply it to practice.
Your mother and Sophy are very well ; and so are also James and Elenor; they all unite in sentiments of affectionate regard, with,
Your brother and friend,
Stephen Owen Langton.
LETTER 31.
Coleshill, Berks. June 24, 1823. Dear Sister,
I received your letter of the 17th, re- questing my opinion on the volume accom- panying it. As you are already acquainted
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 167
with my sentiments on the subject, I can scarcely guess your motive for making this request, unless it is that your own opinion is in favor of the work, and that you ask for mine to sanction it. In short, I feel inclined to suspect that some way or other, you have lately acquired a taste for novel read- ing. If this conjecture is right, you can perhaps inform me what advantages you expect to derive from this new acquisition. Do you propose to improve your relish for truth by volumes of fiction ? Is your know- ledge of history, of geography, of every thing useful and necessary, to be drawn from this source ? It is true that, in this book-making age, we have witnessed some well meant attempts to introduce sentiments of morality and religion, in the disguise of novels, to the notice of readers who have not a natural liking for simple facts and plain reasoning; but is it not to be lamented, that the disguise of fiction is become neces- sary for the adaptation of truth to the per- verted taste of the present day ?
I return the volume unread, that my reso- . lution to resist the temptations of novel read- ing may not be put to trial ; and conclude with the hope that my dear Lydia is pos- sessed of as much fortitude as her most affectionate brother,
Roger Thoresby.
168 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI.
LETTER 32.
Dear James, York, June 16, 1823.
The irregularity alluded to in your let- ter of Tuesday cannot perhaps be reconciled to analogy so perfectly as you seem tp wish ; yet some light may be thrown on4be subject by a little examination. You will observe that agents coming from verbs, commonly form the masculine gender by the addition of er or or to the verb, as actor, chanter, conductor, &c. from the verbs to act, to chant, to conduct ; and the feminine by changing the masculine terminations er and or into ress, as actress, chantress, &c. or into ess where the verb ends with a letter that does not admit r after it, as govern, govern- ess* Some masculines also, with similar terminations, tho not formed immediately from verbs, make their feminines in the same manner, as arbiter, arbitress, master, mistress ; embassador, embassadress ; traitor, traitress; &c. Words in which the mascu- line termination is preceded by er or or make theirfeminines in ess to avoid the duplication of the letter r, as adulterer, adulteress ; caterer, cateress ; emperor, emperess ; sorceror, sorcer- ess. Many of these are contracted in com- mon practice, as empress, adidtress. The contracted form is to be preferred in prac- tice, in general, on account of the saving of time in writing and printing, as well as the ease of pronunciation. Many form the
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 169
feminine by the simple addition of ess to the masculine, as baron, baroness ; heir, heiress ; host, hostess ; lion, lioness ; mayor, mayoress ; poet, poetess ; &c. and others are irregular. Feminines in ix are Latin, as executrix, admin- istratrix.
I am, my dear James,
Sincerely yours,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 33.
Dear James, York, June 21, 1823.
You have noticed many irregularities in the spelling of primitive and derivative words, but I do not recollect your having made any remarks on those with the termi- nations able and ible. Dr. Johnson retain- ed the silent e in movable and omitted it in immovable. Mr. Walker retained it in both words, but his reason for so doing is insuffi- cient; and his spelling of blamable with that letter, cannot be defended on the principles of analogy. Mr. Todd has given these words correctly without the e ; and you will find the ninth of Mr. Murray's Ortho- graphical Rules applicable to the case.
In all such cases the e is to be omitted except after c and «\ as chanceable, change- able, which would otherwise be chan-ca-bk and chan-ga-ble. It would be a useful im- provement to change this c into s, and g in-
170 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
to j, and then the rule would be without exception to omit the final e before able or ible. Or they might assume i as in reducible, frangible, tangible, fencible, invincible* It is to v be remarked, that able is in general to be preferred to ible, as conversable, reversible, are better than reversible ; referable like 'preferable, is better than referrible.
Anomalies of this kind are numerous, and require that attention which I trust you will continue to devote to the subject. In a few days I may probably meet you at Salis- bury ; and am in the mean time as ever, Your sincere friend.
Theophilus Wright.
# The use of ible rather than able, in any case, seems to have originated in the neces- sity of keeping the soft sound of c and g in the derivatives ; and if ible was confined to that use, it would be an easy and simple rule. The following words which have not yet conformed to the general rule might soon become familiar in their corrected form.
peaceable peacible
traceable tracible
undefaceable, M. undefacible
like
serviceable
impierceable
pronounceable
marriageable
damageable
manageable
advantageable
servicible
impiercible
pronouncible
marriagible
damagible
managible
advantagible
forcible reducible
miscible
coercible
fencible
corrigible
elegible
intelligible
refrangible
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 171
|
unvoyageable |
unvoyagible |
like regible |
|
allegeable |
allegible |
s : legible |
|
changeable |
changible |
: tangible |
|
vengeable |
vengible |
: frangible |
|
chargeable |
chargible |
: incorrigible |
These are nearly, if not quite all of these anomalies, and analogy as above shown, would correct them all. They ought to be corrected. As to chastiseable, titheable sale- able, unshakeable, mistakeable, tameable, blame- able, reconcileable, hateable, abateable, sizeable, moveable, and proveable, with their com- pounds and derivatives, the spelling of them with the e is wrong. They are con- tradictory in every dictionary.
The rule then is general that the final e is rejected before able, and a in able is changed into i after c and g soft.
Solvable, vendable and tenable, are better with a, and the perpetual contradictions of the same or like words, in all the books, show that the authors had no distinct idea of what is right, and what is wrong. For instance, fencible and defensible ; pREferable and KEfetri- ble, and inferible ; conversable, and reversible ; defendable and descendible; emendable and ex- tendible ; bendable and vendible ; dividable, divi- sible, and corrodible ; exhalable and saleable ; returnable and discernible ; indispensable and re- sponsible ; advisable, fusible ; respectable, dispu- table, delectable, and collectible ; un-comeata- ble, [johnson] and incompatible ; taxable and flexible: and many others in Johnson and Walker, without any apparent reason.
172 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. LETTER 34.
Dear James, York, July 4, 1823.
You ask whether you are to retain or omit the mute e in the word judgment, abridg- ment, acknowledgment, lodgment, adjudgment, and prejudgment. The solution of this question has been a stumbling block to many, tho custom seems determined to remove it. Dr. Johnson left out the e in those words, and has been followed by Mr. Walker and Mr. Murray, All our dictionaries are contra- dictory in these six words. The use of the d is to soften the g, and therefore the final e in compounds is unnecessary. If we could do, as Fenning's Dictionary suggests, sub- stitute j for g soft, then both d and e might be spared, and we should Write simiplyjuj, insted of judge, saving two letters and avoid- ing many anomalies; but as no Lexico- grapher has ventured to write them in this manner, we yet pursue the old way, until we can find a better.
With sentiments of regard I subscribe myself,
Your sincere friend,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 35.
Worcester, Sept. 13, 1823.
My dear Sophia seems to think that her
mother is as fond of dress as herself? pther-
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 173
wise she would not have filled her last letter with a long description of the fashions of the day, to the exclusion of every thing else. This was not wisely done. Other informa- tion was at hand which might have been more amusing to your father and myself. I do not wish you to be altogether inattentive to the modes of dress, because-1 should not like you to appear singular; but I certainly should be sorry to find you aspiring to the distinction of a leader of fashion. This is a vain pursuit;* for notwithstanding you might rise till your head grew giddy with the fancied elevation, yet somebody would be above you ; and after all, if the object of your wishes was attainable, it would not be worth possessing.
I am, my dear Sophia,
Your truly affectionate mother,
Lucy Anderson.
LETTER 36.
Dear James, York, Sept. 1 3, 1 823.
In your last letter I observe that you have written the word counseled with one / only. This is agreeable to the latter part of the fifth rule of orthography in your grammar, and is perfectly right, but custom, which is not always governed by rules,
* Sute, sutable; Martin ; of course pursute is correct Rule 18.
p2
174 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
claims for the letter / the privilege of being doubled in words like the above, wherein the accent does not fall on the last syllable. Hence we see enamelling, equalled, libeller, mar- velled, quarrelling, traveller, &c. written with the I doubled, tho the last syllable in the primitives enamel, equal, libel, &c. is without the accent. All this is wrong, judging by the best authorities and the best practice. Take for instance the two following testi- monies of Walker and Perry.
Mr. Walker in his Rhyming* Dictionary de- clares for an expulsion of this /; his words are these : " Why we should write libelling, levelling, revelling, and yet offering, reasoning, suffering, I am totally at a loss to determine, and unless / can give a better plea than any other letter in the alphabet for being doub- led in this situation, I must, in the stile of Lucian in his trial of the letter t, declare for an expulsion." (p. x.)
Mr. Perry says " We would now ask what stronger evidence can be adduced to prove the erroneousness of doubling the final con- sonant, in cases stated as above, of words consisting of two or more syllables, whose accent is upon the first syllable. Thus from the verb to quar'rel, we have analogically written quar'reling, quar'releth, and the sub- stantive quarreler ; from to victual, victualing,
* Rime, Bailey — Turner's History, and Bosworth's Saxon Grammar.
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. V) [5
vic'tualeth, and the noun vicHualer ; from to worship, worshiping, wor!shipeth, worshiper ; and from the substantive j>'ew 'el, we write by analogy jew'eler. Insted of the above correct spelling of the words, all our lexicographers* have erroneously spelt them with //; as, quarrelling, quarreller ; victualling, victualler; worshipping, worshipper, and jeweller." 8vo. Diet. p. xv.
Adieu, my dear James, and believe me to be, with increasing solicitude for your hap- piness and success,
Yours most sincerely,
Theophilus Wright.
LETTER 37.
Dear Harry, Ipswich, Sept. 13, 1823.
Your uncle Kingston was here yester- day, and delivered your letter. He says you look extremely well, and have grown much since you went to school. He men- tioned an indulgence that has been granted to one of your schoolfellows, which he thinks might be extended to you ; and beg- ged me (probably at your request) to write to Mr. Wilson on the subject. I have no objection to your enjoying any reasonable
* Except Dr. Ash, who has given the correct orthogra- phy to two words only of this numerous class, namely, victualed, and victualing ; but spells victualler and all the rest with U. Dr. Webster's new dictionary will correct these words.
176 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
indulgence not likely to be abused; but before I can take one step in the business, 1 must know whether the indulgence was granted as a reward for superior merit in the boj ; or was extorted from Mr. Wilson by the parents of a spoiled child, against his wish, and in opposition to the rules of his school.
When you have cleared up this matter, which may be done, in your next letter, I shall know how to act ; and am, in the mean time, my dear Harry,
Your affectionate father,
J oseph Greenwood.
LETTER 38.
Dear Jane, Camberwell, Sept. 15, 1 823. I received your letter of the 10th instant, requesting my consent to your pro- posal for working a hearth-rug, which you say you can finish in six months. I am not disposed to undervalue your work, nor to doubt of its being neatly executed ; but I think your time might be better employed than in learning to make an article with which a manufacturer can furnish you at a much smaller expense, because he can make fifty before you can produce one. Besides, my dear, you seem not to recollect that you are not intended for a hearth-rug manufactu- rer ; and that you have many things to ac-
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 177
quire before you can be properly qualified to undertake the management of a family, and to acquit yourself with credit in sensible and respectable company. Your father says you do not write very legibly, and he has also discovered that your spellingis not good, and that your knowledge of grammar is very defective. You know his kind intentions, and that he does not want to spare any expense in your education ; but he wishes that expense to be applied in the acquisition of practically useful knowledge. He unites in sincere love to you, with
Your truly affectionate mother,
Theodosia Maynard.
LETTER 39.
Pickering, Sept. 17, 1823. My dear Charles,
I visited Mr. Anderson yesterday, when he showed me a letter from you, in which I was sorry to see that you had not addressed him in a way suited to the occa* sion, I certainly do not wish you to lay aside the commercial manner of writing, any more than I should wish you to lay aside the character and pursuits that require it ; but I do wish you to discriminate between the common language of business and that of general intercourse with your friends. To begin a letter with "Mr. Anderson,
178 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART TI.
Sir," may pass between one tradesman and another ; but you seem to have forgotten that you were writing to a gentleman and a Scholar, who cannot be much gratified by the letters of a correspondent, who can use no other stile than that of the shop and the warehouse. It may be convenient for the man of business, when writing several letters at one sitting, to begin with the name of the person he addresses, by way of preventing mistakes ; but the man of education does this by writing the name of his correspon- dent below the conclusion of his letter, at the left hand corner of the page; and this leaves him at liberty to use any mode of ad- dress which rank or circumstances may re- quire.
I trust you will profit by this hint from Your affectionate father,
John Alfred Easton.
LETTER 40.
New- York, Nov. 22, 1827. My dear Son,
You inquire whether you shall write inquire or enquire ? Many have asked the same question, and a reference to J ohnson, or some one of his particular admirers, has often satisfied those who look at the subject hastily, and determined them in favor of the i rather than the e. But modern practice is
'PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 179
pretty uniform in adopting the e, and on reference to the great dictionary, I find that Johnson wrote squire and enquiry ; and tho this form is not found in his stock words, yet the remarks under inquire that it is more commonly written enquire. In many words the same doubt will occur, &s,inclose, enclose, &c. for a catalogue of which you may con- sult the Appendix of " Practical Orthogra- phy." You will observe that the old form was e, which Martin uniformly prefers, in this whole class of words; but the modern form is c, and the case is often, like s insted of ^determined by mechanical convenience in writing, rather than any other good rea- son that can be assigned.
I hope you will continue to inquire until you are fully satisfied, not on this point only, but on many others. Our orthography has been too little studied. It has been too much left to chance or caprice, and it needs, at this moment, a great reformation to bring it back to that simplicity which its deriva- tion would indicate, and the practice of good authors would justify.
Your affectionate father,
Henry Markman.
LETTER 41.
New-York, Nov. 26, 1827. My dear Lambert,
You have observed that I write proccofe
180 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
and precede, accede and excede, secede and suc- ceed, &c. alike, tho in some of our dictiona- ries, three of them are spelt with double ee. They were formerly all spelt ceede with three e's, but as this was perceived to be unneces- sary, the words were abridged by omitting one e at the end of these three, and from the middle of all the others — a palpable mistake which ought to be corrected. They all come from the Latin c, e,J, o, and the the English cede, and ought, for every reason, except vicious practice, to be spelt alike. If you have courage enough to do right, I advise you to spell them all uniformly ede, according to Rule 9th. This will econo- mize the use of letters in the derivatives, and prevent such glaring inconsistencies as procedure and proceeding. Pursue your search, and you will find many things of this kind that ought to have been corrected, and would have been, if our lexicographers had done that for which many people give them credit. But the work yet remains to be done, for no dictionary of our language, has yet been published which is consistent with itself, even in a tolerable degree. Mr. Walker has noted some things of this kind, but many more escaped his observation ; and it is to be regretted that he did not make the corrections which he has said were necessary. He saw and noticed John- son's mistakes, but says he did not dare to correct them. Mr. Chalmers bas, however,
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 181
done a very acceptable service in correct- ing many of them. Where he has failed to observe them, other authors may be con- sulted, particularly Perry, Barclay, Martin, and Ash. For example, nearly all the authors have overlooked the contradiction of spelling d, a, u, b and be, d, a, w, b ; but this is corrected by Perry and Barclay ; accord- ing to Rule 8th, which directs in such cases to prefer u to w ; and this again comes under the canon of preferring the shortest, if equally authorized. I thank you for the in- quiry, and shall ever be happy to assist you. Your faithful friend,
John Saxon.
LETTER 42.
New-York, Nov. 26, 1827. My dear Son,
I perceive you spell the word com- plete, compkat. This 1 own is on the title page of Bailey's Dictionary, a work which I very highly esteem; but it is not the best practice of the present day. We now write this word with e final, according to Rule 9th, and cheerful with double e, rather than ea, by Rule 10th. While on this sub- ject, permit me to remark, that a careful observation of these rules will prevent many mistakes, and reconcile many discrepancies of orthography. You will find that they all
182 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
tend to this point; namely, to make the best
AND MOST ECONOMICAL USE OF OUR PRESENT AL- PHABET. Some well-meaning men have de- sired to make new characters for orthogra- phy. That is impossible, and would be nearly useless if it could be done. All that seems desirable is very easy ; namely, to use the powers we have to the best advantage; but this will give me an opportunity of wri- ting again to explain the subject more fully. Adieu, and believe me ever,
Your most affectionate father,
Fitzwilliam Childs.
LETTER 43.
New- York, Nov. 26, 1 827. My dear Son,
The twenty-fifth of November is annu- ally celebrated in New- York by a military parade, in commemoration of the evacuation of this city by the British, at the close of the revolutionary war. Once in twenty-eight years the 25th day of the month will be on Sunday, and then we celebrate the next day. That happens the present year, and to-day is the celebration. This period of twenty-eight years, when the days of the week return to the days of the month, in the same order, is called the Solar Cycle. The Lunar Cycle is a period of nineteen years, at which the lunations return to the
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 183
same days, and very nearly to the same hours.
When the year is divided by 19 the excess
is called the golden number. We must
remember, however, always to add one
before we divide the current year, as,
1 827+l=1828-H9=96 cycles since the birth
of Christ, and 4 over, which 4 is the golden
number. You should look into Chronology
a little, and be able to read the almanac.
Your affectionate parent*
lamco Ecnelbert.
LETTER 44.
New- York, Nov. 28, 1827. My dear Son,
I promised you another discussion of the topic of the economical use of the powers of our present alphabet. We want no new charac- ters, but it would be of no small advantage to learners, if the same sound was always represented by the same letter. Infantom and frenzy, you are taught to prefer/ to ph. This is right. Gulf is gained from gulph, and many others, and it is hoped the time will come when we shall dare to write alfabet, or- thografy, and all the other words which have ph in the same manner. J has taken the place of soft g in some words, slsjUI, jennet, jail ; and to substitute it universally would save an additional letter, namely, e, which must come after theg, to show its soft sound.
184
PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
This reminds me of a singular circumstance, that a misprint in some old dictionary has been copied by more than twenty authors of dictionaries without correction. It is in the word sergeant, which every dictionary spells with g, and every dictionary, which I can find, spells the same word with j in the definition of coif or quoif. Ash may be excepted under quoif, where he has sergvnt, e^Lrlently a misprint, but under coif he has like the others, wr,M^ which is certainly wrong ; for if the j is used, e must bcomUu], as it was put in to soften the g. Serjctnt like servant, would be a good form. Dyche is the only author who has noticed that this word is variable.
Misprints in Johnson have been often copied, even those that Johnson afterwards corrected, such as falchin and witherrung. This last is overlooked by Mr. Walker, tho it was corrected by Johnson himself in his fourth edition of the great dictionary.
But to return. Economy would direct to use c insted of cJc, and always to place it before a, o, u, or a consonant, and to use k wrhere c would indicate a wrong sound ; that is, before e, i, and y. K appears to have originated in our language, with the Norman conquest, and to have been made by putting a strait mark behind the c, to show its hard sound. The k is changed into c correctly and analogically in invoke, invocation, convoke, convocation ; embark, emharcatiw* Not under-*
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 185
standing this principle, has caused some to suppose that embarkation with c was a mis- take. It is not, but according to a general rule laid down by Penning, in the preface to hisdictionary,publishedinl76l. He says "C before a,o, uj, and r, and at the end of words, is sounded hard like k, as in can, cost, cub, class, crust, public. It should be observed, it has been the custom to add a k to c at the end of words, but as this destroys their ana- logy, and renders their etymology uncertain, the moderns have justly omitted the k." Martin, in 1748, says it was the best prac- tice in his time to omit the k, and yet some modern authors have attempted to revive it. This practice should not be encouraged, on the principle of economy, which requires the shortest and simplest form.
But I find it necessary again to postpone the conclusion of this subject. I remark, however, that you should, as much as pos- sible, examine different authorities before you decide doubtful cases.
Your ever affectionate father,
Fitzwilliam Childs.
LETTER 45.
New-York, Nov. 29. J 827. My dear Son,
Economy in spelling would require the dropping of all double final consonants ex- *2
186 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
cept s, and this would be according to the Saxon parent, aud ancient practice. We generally drop one / in compounds, when the simples end in double //. This is right, and if the simples could be corrected, it would be a gain to the language. Why we should write till and until would be difficult to say. It is a bad practice, and contrary etymology. Wicliffe, and other early wri- ters use one / in all such words as, shal, wil, al, fed, &c. the same that we use in com- pounds.
Modern practice has too often omitted z. It ought to be much more used than it is. All our dictionaries insert it in many words where it is too often omitted by those who are not particular to write correctly. En- terprize and all words of that form, are bet- ter with z, because it is the most natural sound, and that which is denoted by the name of the letter which is s hard, ezzard, zed, or ze.
Yours ever and most truly,
John Saxon.
LETTER 46,
New- York, June 6, 1827. Dear Charles,
The remark on the word connexions my late letter reminds me that I owe you an explanation. This word is often spelt with
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 187
ct, which is wrong, tho not for the reason commonly assigned, viz. that it is not in the dictionaries, for it is found in several of them, particularly in Ash's, that great and valuable storehouse of knowledge, which contains about three times as many words as others. Xion and ction are variable in many words, as, inflection and genuflexion, but x is always better than ct, because a shorter and a more natural way of making the round in question. In all such words t has the sound of s, and i of y, and thus fiction is pronounced j&r-i/wft. If our language could be reformed, we might very well spare Hon out of the vocabulary, by substituting c or x, suspicion and contricion might be alike ; nation might take c, nacion as in Spanish, and wherever ct occur, they might be changed to x. This would save a vast amount of labor in teaching and learning.
It is hoped that the use of x and z may be increased rather than diminished; which last seems to be the present disposition of printers.
Your cordial friend,
David Graham.
LETTER 27.
New- York, Dec. 1, 1827. My dear Son,
You remark justly that you find the dif-
188 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
ferent compounds of the same word differ- ently spelt. That is a great disgrace to our language, and shows how little attention has ever been paid to our orthography. No author except Perry and Webster have dared to correct gross and palpable blunders. The fear of being singular, keeps many per- sons from doing that which it would be a very great public benefit to have done. But 1 hope you will ever dare to do right, tho it should not be fashionable. Genuflexion has x, but inflection and reflection have often ct: x is better by Rule 22 ; and wherever we find a word variable we should fix it on the right side. Then we may hope that in time, our language will assume something like correct- ness and regularity.
Your affectionate father,
- John Saxon.
LETTER 48.
New-York, Nov. 28, 1827. My dear young Friend,
You remark that you find a diversity in the spelling of words ending in ey or y, and that the derivatives do not agree with their primitives. That is often the case, and has been often remarked before. In many of these words the plural has assumed a differ- ent form from the singular, as, chimney, chim- nies, valley, vallies. This has been expressly
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 89
condemned by good authors, and jet the anomaly continues. It can easily be cor- rected by rejecting e, and spelling mony, mo- nies, monied ; hony, honied ; chimny, chimnies ; attorny, attornies ; vally, vallies, and so of all others, rejecting ey in every case, for it is always useless ; and then we should not see such very aukward looking words as moneyed, which scarcely differs from moon-eyed. Hon- eyed is not often seen, and it is hoped it may not be introduced, as the other has been, from a zeal for correctness, which is not ac- cording to knowledge. If we should spell they, thay, ixo it. oug-ht to have been, and other words of the same roir^ [n the same manner, and omit the e in abby, jocky, &c# there would not be any necessity of using ey, eys, or eyed, except in about half a dozen words, and even these would be better in a different form. Key, eye, and clayey, might all be reformed advantageously ; and then kee, like bee, and kees, like bees, ey and eies, claiy, skiy, would be correct and analogical. It is hoped that some able genius will arise, and reduce to order the chaos of English spelling. It would be a great blessing to the nation, saving a vast amount both of time and money to the rising generation,* Your cordial friend,
Henry Hartshorn.
* See page 13^^-7,
190 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
i
♦ LETTER 49.
Dear Sir, New-York, May 16, 1327.
You ask my opinion on the correct ortho- graphy of words derived from the French, and ending in on, 1 answer that practice is variable, but the rale is plain. They should all come into English with oon, and a single consonant in the middle, is in general pre- ferable to a double one, as, racoon, dragoon, cocoon, baboon, shaloon ; f, I, and s, are doub- led but no others, except by mistake, as, buffoon, balloon, bassoon; but even in these the double letter is sometimes o»™iio^ aS? sha- loon, basoon, anJ Ju/oon, B.; and the rule ought ±o ^e general. It would tend to order ■diia simplicity, which are, of all things, most desirable in language.
Yours, ever and truly.
Warren Kirby.
LETTER 50.
Dear Sir, New-York, Dec. 1, 1827.
Analogy is one of the surest guides to correct spelling, and it should ever be ob- served when it is possible, without doing great violence to established usage. This remark is elicited by observing the word vermilion in your letter with one /, and not, as in too many cases, we see it with two /'s. I can give you a general rule for this, derived,
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 191
like all good rules, from the best practice of the greater part of those who understand the propriety of the language. It is this ; F, L, JV, S, f, or V, followed by i sounded like y, is preceded by a single consonant, as, bilious, pinion, evasion, nation, savior. So also rufian might be corrected and the rule might be made general that any consonant followed by i sounded like y should be single. Briliant and cotilion would soon become familiar, and the numerous errors now made in these words would be avoided. Why should we spell incision, and decision, and abscission, and rescision? The true answer is, analogy has been neglected. Johnson says he writes " inveigh and convey in compliance with a numberless majority." The majority is how- ever wrong, for the same word ought to be spelt in the same way ; and that uniformly. If this was done, we should avoid many er- rors, and bring back our language to its primitive simplicity. Many, very many ab- surdities may be avoided by a reference to the Saxon, which is the mother tongue # of English, and deserves to be better known than it has hitherto been. In almost every instance where the commonly received pro- nunciation differs from the spelling, jt is owing to a vicious corruption of the ortho- graphy, since the pronunciation was fixed.
* Tung, Saxon, like lung, rung, sung, yung.
192 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
But of this subject I shall treat in another letter.
In the mean time farewel,
Yours, ever and truly,
Henry Hobart.
LETTER 51.
New-York, Dec. 3, 1827. My dear Friend,
In my last letter I intimated an intention of returning to the subject of corruptions in spelling, which may be corrected by a re- ference to the orthography of our Saxon ancestors. The pronunciation, of common words, such as man, much, tell, bad, &c, and indeed of nearly all the Saxon stock of our language, which is much the greater part of the whole, is very little liable to change, and probably has not changed, in any consider- able degree, since the invention of printing, or even during the last eight hundred years, which brings us back to a period when the Saxon language was spoken in England, tho mixed with other dialects. The common pronunciation then will show us in general what words have been altered by time and caprice, or by the prevalence of foreign idioms. This class of words is numerous, and important. Why do we pronounce busy, bisy? Because the old spelling was y, or its substitute i, bysy or bisy is the ancient
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 193
spelling. Again love is always pronounced luv, which is the old and correct spelling; the same maybe said ofwhare,thare,sun,(son,) yuth, yis, wulf, munk, gilt, (guilt,) bin, (been,) tung, shuv, eny, meny, cum, git, (get,) sum, (some,) and a multitude besides ; all of which might be very advantageously corrected, if we had sufficient authority ; and as the Saxon begins to be more cultivated than it was formerly, the reformation may perhaps take place at some future period.
Your cordial friend,
John Saxon.
LETTER 52.
New-York, June 12, 1827.
My dear Friend,
Whether we should write acetose or acetous, our dictionaries do not inform us. The number, of this class of variable words, is about thirty. It would be a good thing to omit the final e, as in verbose, (verbos,) and the u in verbous, (verbos,) by which both these forms would be reduced to one, and then also the primitive and derivitive would follow the same rule. Verbos, verbosity ; animos, animosi- ty > generos, generosity. This class of words would then be analagos to the class in or, as, labor, laborios, honor, honorary : and also to those in on, as, station, stationer, nation, nation- al. To omit the final e in adjectives ending
194 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI.
in He, ive, would give the same result. That is, the primitives and derivatives would not contradict each other as they do at present : activ and activity would be analagos to sterile sterility, fatal, fatality. These words were formerly pronounced long, active like alive ; fertile like revile; but since the pronunciation has been altered, the spelling should, and and sooner or later, must follow. Thousands of final c's have been retrenched within the last two hundred years ; and thousands yet remain that are not only useless, but a very great injury to every man who must learn, or practise reading, writing, or printing. Within two hundred years we have dropt full one sixth part of all the letters formerly used in spelling, and the reformation is still going on silently but efficiently. The evi- dent and constant course of the language is toward simplicity and uniformity. It is now recommended by a bold and free writer of London, to drop all silent letters, to spell simples and compounds alike, and in short, to make the best and most economical use of the al/abet, which is the grand rule of orthogra/y. The Spanish have made a most useful reform in their language, and it is approved by all the world ; but the Eng- lish seem unwilling to profit by that good example.
Yours most cordially,
John Saxon.
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 195
LETTER 53-
New-York, Dec. 10, 1827. My dear Friend,
Many of the present anomalies of our language were brought in bj the Normans, who came to England in the year 1066. One of the most prominent is the inserting of a/ before ch. The French sound of ch, is like our sh, and to prevent this sound, a / was inserted, but you can observe the old and correct form remaining in detach, attach, lecher, rich, which, Rochester, such, much, and wherever two vowels come before the ch, as, teach, speech, touch, (which should be tuch,) treachery, roach, brooch, crouch. In these and similar forms the t has not crept in, and why it should be retained in witch, switch, and not in which, rich, is not easy to say, on any principle of analogy, or consistency. To reject t, in all cases before ch, would be to return to primitive correctness ; and, as in other cases, would save time and money in teaching and learning. The benefit of a reform becomes more apparent, when we consider the multitude of people, from Alas- ka to New Holland, that will in a few years speak the English language. They will soon amount to a hundred millions, and to each individual the advantage would be equally important.
Very sincerely your friend,
John Saxon.
196 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI. LETTER 54.
New-York, Dec. 18, 1827. My dear Friend,
The termination s, o, m, e, in English, as has often been remarked, is not the word some, but the Saxon s, u, m, or s, o, m, and the final c has been added by mistake. Bailey's folio Dictionary, that great and learned work, omits the final e in sixteen adjectives of this class, such as, burdensom, cumbersom, fulsom, gladsom, irksom, lothesom, noisom, quarrelsom, wearisom. The final e is commonly omitted in buxom, (buclc-som, J\I^) transom, ransom ; tho Johnson spells ransome with the e. In this he is not generally followed, but expressly con- demned by some of the best lexicographers. With equal reason they might object to the e final in every word of this class, and it is to be hoped that Bailey's authority may prevail; and that the useless final letter, which has crept in by mistake, contrary to etymology, may be rejected from the whole class. Every thing that abridges the labor of the pen deserves attention, and if on a careful examination it is found to be right, it should be adopted. The maxim of Frank- lin, that " Time is money" seems to be for- gotten, while we are perpetually writing a multitude of useless letters. But it is said that Johnson's Dictionary has fixed the form of our language, and that we ought not to alter. That is a mistake. No living Ian-
PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 197
guage ever was or can be fixed. Language is constantly progressing, and a multitude of Words are spelt at present differently from Johnson's Dictionary. The final k was re- jected in Martin's Dictionary before John- son wrote, and is at present scarcely ever found, except in monosyllables, in " a num- berless majority "of good publications; and thousands of common and useful words have come into use since Johnson's time. John- son did not attempt to fix the orthography, or suppose he had done so. He says ex- pressly that he left every author's spelling as he found it, that the public might balance suffrages, and judge between them. What is right ought to be preserved, what is wrong ought to be rejected. We ought to cultivate our lan- guage, to supply its defects, and prune it of its redundancies. Nothing so much opposes* useful improvements as a blind adherence to customs long established, and often wrong> Every one complains of the difficulty, and even absurdity of our orthography, and yet few, if any, have courage enough to spell right, even when they know what right is. We should, to be sure, be very careful not to do too much, but a constant and efficient im- provement is silently reforming our lan- guage, and we may hope to see it, at some future time, much improved.
Your faithful friend,
Arthur Stevenson.
r2
198
APPENDIX.
Containing Collections of Words of difficult, irregu- lar, and variable Spelling. With Notes.
Of Words with the Prefixes en,
The uncertainty and confusion occasion- ed by the promiscuous use of en and in, with their substitutes em and im, are the cause of much perplexity to the English scholar, from which our lexicographers have done little to relieve him. To the convenience of the poets we are indebted for the liberal application of them to verbs ; and to our taste for French etymologies we owe the choice of en and em in preference to in and im. The same unsettled use of in when ap- plied in a negative sense before adjectives and adverbs, and contrasted with un, is also an additional source of confusion; and this is increased by the almost unlimited use of the latter, compared with the more restrict- ed employment of the former. Thus, with- out either analogy or established usage for his guide, the learner is left to grope his way in the dark. With a view, therefore, of drawing his attention to the subject, so that he may feel his ground, rather than of attempting to give him a description of the road, the following list of words has been col- lected, and exhibited in such a way as to be at least a practical comment on these remarks.
APPENDIX. 199
In this list, as well as in the general collec- tion of words of* variable spelling, the words that are obsolete,ov least in use, are printed in the Italic character: but in marking the dis- tinction, the author has not always decided according to his own judgment; being less inclined to exercise his individual opinion than to balance the discordancies of the au- thorities which he consulted ; where those were equal, the two words in dispute are gen- erally both printed in the Roman character.
Mr. Booth, in his 'Introduction to an Ana- lytical Dictionary of the English Language,' says, "/ft and en are often confounded. The Greek and French preposition era corresponds with our in, but in English the words ought to be distinguished, which can be done with ac- curacy and ease. In signifies situation, and originally must have meant the particular spof where a thing was situated. In this sense it may always be explained by the wordplace,\\hich without injury to the meaning of the sentence, may be substituted in its stead, /ra is also used to signify time, and when so used, the word time will always be completely equivalent From these definitions, the distinction be- tween in and en will be evident. To inclose, will signify to close in, or to close aplace, and to enclose, will be simply to make close; to inquire, will be to seek in, or to search the place, and to en- quire, will be to make search. This distinction is, however, not attended to by the generali- ty of writers, as they use indifferently either the in or en prefixed to verbs.
200 APPENDIX.
" In, as a prefix, also marks negation. It was used by the Romans in this privative manner, when joined to nouns or participles, and is equivalent to the word not ; as indecent, is not decent, intemperate is not temperate, and so of others.
" Synonimous with the negative in is the prefix un. When in or un is annexed to verbs, it does not only signify that the action is not performed, but that it is reversed. To ravel is to twist and confuse ; to unravel is to separate what has been raveled.
"£wissometimes,in composition, spelt cm, and in is spelt ig, il, im, or ir, according to the various initials of the words to which the pre- fix is joined ; and these irregularities depend on the supposed ease in pronunciation, from a more pleasing coalescence of sounds: Thus embattle, ignoble, illegal, improper, and irresolute, are used for enbattle, innoble, inlegal, &c."
Martin always prefers the in and im in these prefixes. Modern practice common- ly chooses en and em, probably from the ease of writing an e rather than an i, which al- ways requires the pen to be lifted, before the letter is finished. The same reason that has nearly deprived us of the useful s hard, ezzard, zed, or ze. Several of these words are found only in Martin and Ash. Those which are clearly from the Latin, have in in preference to un, and those from the Saxon, un rather than in.
|
APPENDIX. |
* |
|
|
Words with the prefixes en9 in, and un. |
||
|
EN |
IN |
UN |
|
Enable |
Inable, M. |
Unable |
|
Inability |
Unability, M. |
|
|
Inaccessible, M. — |
Unaccessible |
|
|
Inaccurate |
Unaccurate |
|
|
Inactive, M. — |
Un active |
|
|
Inactivity |
||
|
Inadmissible |
||
|
Inaffectedly |
Unaffectedly |
|
|
Inalienable |
Unalienable |
|
|
Inalterable |
Unalterable |
|
|
Inamiable |
Unamiable |
|
|
Enamor |
Inamor, M. — |
|
|
Inanimate |
Unanimated |
|
|
Inapplicable |
Unapplicable |
|
|
Inapposite |
||
|
Inarticulate |
||
|
Inartificial |
Unartificial |
|
|
Inattentive |
Unattentive |
|
|
Inaudible |
||
|
Inauspicious |
Unauspicious |
|
|
Encage |
Incage Incalculable |
|
|
Encamp |
Incamp, M. — |
|
|
Incapable, M. |
Uncapable, M. |
|
|
Incapacious |
||
|
Incapacitate |
||
|
Incapacity |
* |
|
|
Incarcerate |
||
|
Encase |
Incase |
Uncase, M. |
|
Incautious |
Uncautious |
|
|
Incertain |
Uncertain |
|
|
Incertitude |
Uncertainty |
|
|
Inchamber |
||
|
Enchain |
Inchain, M. — |
|
|
Enchant |
Inchant, M. — |
|
|
Dis-enchant |
Dis-inchant,M. — |
|
|
Inrharitable |
Uncharitable |
|
|
Enchase |
Inchase, M. — |
|
|
Encircle |
Incircle, M. |
201
|
202 |
APPENDIX. |
|
|
Encisted |
Tncisted l |
|
|
Incivil |
Uncivil |
|
|
Incivility |
Uncivility |
|
|
Enclasp |
Inclasp |
Unclasp |
|
Encline |
Incline |
t |
|
Encloister |
Incloister, M. — |
|
|
Enclose |
Inclose, M. — |
Unclose |
|
Enclosure |
Inclosure, M. — Include Inclusive Incommode Incommodious |
Dis-closure |
|
Incommunicable |
Uncommunicated |
|
|
Incompact |
Uncompact |
|
|
Incomparable |
||
|
Encompass |
Incompass, M. |
|
|
Incompassionate |
Uncompassionate |
|
|
Incompatible |
||
|
Incomplete |
Uncomplete |
|
|
Inconditional |
Unconditional |
|
|
Inconformity |
Unconformity |
|
|
Inconscionable |
Unconscionable |
|
|
Inconscious |
Unconscious |
|
|
Inconstant, M. |
Unconstant |
|
|
Incontrolable |
Uncontrolable2 Af. |
|
|
Incorrect |
Uncorrected |
|
|
Incorrupt |
Uncorrupt |
|
|
Encounter |
In counter, M. — |
|
|
Encourage |
Incourage, M. — |
Dis-courage |
|
Encrease |
Increase |
De-crease |
|
Increated, M. — |
Uncreated |
|
|
Encroach |
Tncroach, M. — |
|
|
Encrust |
Incrust |
|
|
Encumber |
Incumber |
Disencumber |
|
Encumbrance |
Incumbrance Incur |
. |
|
Endamage |
Indnmage, M. — |
|
|
Endanger |
Indanger, M. — |
t See cist in the general collection of variable words.
3 The primitive of this word has eight forms, controle, contronl, control, controll, and comptrole, comptroul, ccmptrol, comptroll. The first is best, and from it Martin gives controlablt and uncontrolabU.
|
Endear |
AJFFJENDIX. Indear, M. — |
XiU |
|
Endearment |
Iudearment |
|
|
Endeavor |
Indeavor, M. |
|
|
Indeclinable |
Undeclined |
|
|
Indemonstrable |
Undemonstrable |
|
|
Indeterminable |
Undeterminable |
|
|
Indevout |
Undevout |
|
|
Indeterminate |
Undeterminate |
|
|
Endict |
Indict, M. — |
|
|
to accuse before a |
to accuse before a |
|
|
court of justice. |
court of justice. |
|
|
Endicter |
Indicter |
|
|
an accuser. |
an accuser. |
|
|
Bridie trnent |
Indictment |
|
|
an accusation. |
an accusation. |
|
|
Endite |
Indite |
|
|
to draw up, or com- |
to draw up or com- |
|
|
pose. |
pose. |
|
|
Enditer |
Inditer3 |
|
|
a composer, a writer. |
a composer, a writer. |
|
|
Indistinct |
Undistinguished |
|
|
Individed |
Undivided |
|
|
Indivisible |
||
|
Endorse |
Indorse, M. — |
|
|
Endow |
IndoWy M. — |
|
|
Endue |
Indue |
|
|
Endure |
Indure, M, Inedited |
|
|
Ineffectual |
Uneffectual |
|
|
Inefficacious |
||
|
Ineloquent |
||
|
Inelegant |
||
|
Inelastic |
Unelastic - |
|
|
Inept |
Unapt |
|
|
Ineptitude |
Unaptness |
|
|
Inequal |
Unequal |
|
|
Inequality |
||
|
Inequitable |
Unequitable |
|
|
Inerringly |
Unerringly |
|
|
Inexcusable |
Unexcusable |
3 This arrangement may be useful in settling the orthography and application of these words, which appear to have been little attended to in our Dictionaries.
204
APPENDIX.
Enfamish
Enfeeble
Enfeoff
Inexhaustible
Inexpected
Inexpedient
Inexperienced
Inexpert
Inexpiable
Inexplicable
Inexpressible
Inexpressive
Inextinguishable
Infeeble Infeoff
Infertile Infertility
Infix
Inflame, M. —
Inflate
Infold
In force, M. —
Inform
Infortunate, M.
Infranchise, M.
Infrequent
Ingender, M. —
Ingage, M. —
Ingine
Ingineer, B.
Unexhausted
Unexpected
Unexpedient
Unexperienced
Unexpert
Unexpiated
(inexplicable
Unexpressible
Unexpressive
Unextinguishable
Unfertile
Unfix
Unfortunate Unfrequent
Enfetter Enflame, M.
Enfold Enforce Enform, C.
Enfranchise
Engender
Engage
Engine
Engineer
Engird
Engirt
Engorge Ingorge, M.
Engraft Ingraft
Engrapple
Engrain Ingrain
Engrave Ingrave, M.
Engross Ingross, M.
Engulf Ingulf5 M.
4 See Mr. Walker's Dictionary, on graff and graft. 6 Chalmers and Walker are both inconiistcnt in the spelling of thi* word and its primitive. See Rules page 18.
APPENDIX.
205
Enhance
Enjoin Enjoy
Enkindle
Enlard
Enlarge
Enlighten
Enlist
Enliven
Enmesh
Ennoble
Enquire
Enquiry
Enrage
Enrich
Enrobe
En role
Enrolement
Inrole, M. — Inrolement Immeasurable Immovable Iramethodical Imraask Immingle I Im paradise
« Johnson's Dictionary has inquire, but usual form is enquire, and so, in his preface, frequently.
S
Inhale
Inhance
Inhold
Inhospitable,M. •
Injoin, M. —
Injoy, M. —
Injustice
Inkindle
Inlard
Inlarge, M.
Inlighten
Irilist
Inliven
Immesh
Innavigable, M.
Innoxious
Inobservant
Inobservable
Inoffensive
Inoperative
Inorganic
Inorganized
Inquiet
Inquietude
Inquire6 Inquiry Inrage, M. • — Inrich, M.
Unhospitable Unjust
Unnavigable
Unnoble, C.
Unobnoxious
Unobservant
Unobservable
Vnoffensive
Unoperative
Unorganized
Unquiet
Unquietness
Unrobe Unrole
Unmeasurable
Unmovable
Unmethodical
Unmask
Unmingled
Unparadise
he remarks that the more he writes it uniformly and
|
20b |
APPENDIX. |
|
|
Ensample |
Impolite |
Vnpolite |
|
Ensanguine |
||
|
Insecure |
Unsecure |
|
|
Inseparable |
Unsep arable |
|
|
Inshelter |
Unsheltered |
|
|
Enshield |
Unshielded |
|
|
Enshrine |
Inshrine |
|
|
Insignificant |
Vnsignificant |
|
|
Enslave |
Inslave, M. — |
|
|
Insincere |
Unsincere, M. |
|
|
Insociable, M. |
Unsociable |
|
|
Ensnare |
Insnare |
|
|
Instable |
Unstable |
|
|
Enstal |
Instal |
|
|
Ensue |
Insue |
|
|
Insufferable |
Unsufferable |
|
|
Insutable |
Unsutable,8 M. |
|
|
Ensurance |
Insurance7 |
|
|
Ensure |
Insure, M. |
|
|
Insusceptible |
Unsusceptible |
|
|
Entail |
Intail, M. — |
|
|
Entangle |
Tntangle, M. |
|
|
Intangible |
Untangible |
|
|
Int enable |
Untenable |
|
|
intendment |
Intendment, M. |
|
|
interchange |
Interchange |
|
|
Entercourse, M. |
Intercourse, M. — |
|
|
Enterlace |
Interlace, M. — |
|
|
Enterline |
Interline |
|
|
Enter plead |
Interplead |
|
|
Enthral |
Inthral |
|
|
Enthrone |
Inihrone |
|
|
Entice |
Intice |
|
|
Entire |
Intire |
|
|
Entitle |
Intitle |
Untitled |
|
Entomb |
Intomb, M. — |
|
|
Intractable |
Untractable |
7 Insure and insurance M. are not in Walker's Dictionary.
8 Martin writes these words without the i.
APPENDIX.
207
Entranse, Wb.
Entrap
Entreague9 M.
Entreat
Entrench
Entrust
Entwine
Entwist
Enumerate
Enveigle
Envenom
Envelop
Environ
Envite
Enure
Envoice « ° M.
Enwrap Enwreathe
Intrance
Intrap, M. —
Intrigue, M. —
Intreat, M. —
Intrench, M. —
Intrust, M. —
Intwine
Intwist
Innumerable
Invaried
Inveigle
In venom, M. —
Invelop
Inviron, M. —
Invite, M. —
Inure, M.
Invoice
Inutlerable
Invulnerable
In wrap
Inwreathe
Untwist
Unnumbered
Unvaried
De-velop
Unutterable Vnvulnerable
Un wreathe' •
9 Entreague, intreague, intrigue, Martin.
i o Envoyce, Martin.
l i See Walker's principles of pronunciation, under th« letter th.
See Letter 20 on this class of words.
REMARKS.
This is the most difficult chapter in orthography. Opinions are various and practice is discordant : more of these words are therefore left in the Roman character than the editor, independent of his authorities, would have chosen, but this perspicuous arrangement will enable the reader to choose for himself.
|
ZOO APPENDIX. Words with the Prefixes em and im. |
|
|
Erabale |
Imbale |
|
Embalm |
Imbalm, M. — |
|
Embank |
lmbank, M. — |
|
Embarras |
|
|
Embargo |
ImbargOyM. — |
|
Embark |
Imbark, M. — |
|
Em base |
Imbase, M. • — |
|
Embathe |
Imbathe, C. — |
|
Embattle |
Imbattle, M. — |
|
Embay |
Imbay |
|
Embedded |
Imbedded |
|
Embellish |
Imbellish, M. |
|
Embezzle |
Imbezzle,1 M. |
|
Embibe |
Imbibe, C. — |
|
Embitter |
Im bitter, M. |
|
Emblazon - |
Imblazon |
|
Embody |
Imbody, M. — C- |
|
Emboli, C. |
Imboil, C. — |
|
Embolden |
Imbolden, M. — C |
|
Emborder |
Im border, M. — |
|
Embosk |
I m bosk, C. — |
|
Emboss |
Imboss, M. — > |
|
Embosom |
Imbosom |
|
Embottle |
Imbottle |
|
Embound |
Imbound, C. — |
|
Embowel |
Imbowel |
|
Embower |
Imbower |
|
Embox |
Imbox, C. — |
|
Embrace |
Imbrace |
|
Embrocate |
Imbrocate |
|
Embroider |
Imbroider |
|
Embroil |
Imbroil |
|
Embrown |
Imbrovrn, C. - — |
|
Embrue |
Imbrue, M. C. — » |
|
Embryon |
Imbryo |
|
Embue |
Imbue |
|
Emburse |
I m burse, C. ■— |
|
Emerge |
Immerge
l lmbezel and imbezle, Martin..
APPENDIX.
209
Emersion
Emigrate
Emission
Emit
Em pair
Empale
Empannel
Emparadise
Empark
Em parlance
Empassion, C.
Em peach
Emplead
Employ
Emploiment2
Empoison
Erapoverish
Empower
Empress
Emprison
Emprove, M.
Empurple
Dis-embogue
Immersion
Immigrate
Immission
Immit
Impair, AT.
Impale, M.
Impannel, M. —
Imparadise
Impark, M.
Imparlance
Impassion
Impassioned
impeach
Implead
Imploy, M. — A,
fmploiment, Peahson.
Imprison
Impoverish
fmpower
Impress
Imprison, C. -—
Improve
Impurple, M.
Dis-imbogue, M, —
2 Emploiment— Pearson (on the creed m!662) spells this word mi- plot'ment. Analogy requires i and not y in emploiment and enjoiment. Raiment with ay, (rayment) would look very antiquated, but it is quite as good as payment, (paiment ) Enjomment, raiment, merriment, complement, accompaniment, hardunent, and many others with i, show the rule with sufficient clearness. Rejoice and invoice have lost they, tho they formerly had it, and y is rapidly yielding to its substi- tute i, in the middle of words, in general practice. It is well that it i» so. It would be a good rule never to use y in the middli|? of a word. Y will finally be omitted entirely in such cases, except perhaps before ing, as in delaying, dying. Two i% never come together in English, tho there seems no good reason for the prohibition; for if we were ac- customed to them, they would be better than our present form. Such words as saing, deleting, displaing, if authorized, would be as good as going, being, swing ; and the orthography of this numerous class of words would be simplified by omitting y altogether, in derivatives.
s2
210
APPENDIX.
Words with the Terminations ant} ance} or ancy <j ent9 ence, or ency.
The spelling of words of this class can seldom be determined by the pronunciation; and it was thought that a collection of the most useful of them arranged alphabetically, might be of service. It is hardly necessary to say that the substantive generally follows the orthography of the adjective, as, Aber- rant, Aberrance, Aberrancy ; Brilliant, Bril- liancy, &c. To include them would enlarge the collection without adding to its utility.*
Words in ant, ent, &c.
Aberrant
Abhorrent
Absorbent
Abstinent
Abundant
Accordant
Acescent
Acquiescent
Adherent
Adjacent
Admittance
Advertence
Affluent
Antecedent
Apparent
Appealant 1
Appellant
Appearance
Appertment 2
Appertenence
Applicant
Appurtenant
Arborescent
Ascendant 3
Ascendency Aspirant Assailant jAssistant Attendant 'Audience Benevolent Brilliant Buoyant Cadence Circumambient Circumfluent
* "The Latin ens signifies being; the it or thing which exists. Hence it was used to form the present participle in that language, as docens and amans, which express existing, or being, in the state of a teacher or a lover. Our words in ent or ant, and ence or ance, are from this source. Both denote being or state ; the former being appli- ed to constitute adjectives, and the latter substantives. Thus abun- dant is the quality of existing in abundance, which is the name given to such a state of existence." Booth's Introd.
i Appealant, tho more agreeable to analogy, is less in use than appellant.
2 Appurtenentandappertinance are irregular. See general list.
3 Ascendant and ascendency are also anomalous.
APPENDIX.
2J1
Claimant
Clement
Cognizance
Coherent
Coincident
Combatant
Competent
Complaisant
Complacent
Compliant
Concomitant
Component
Concordant
Concurrent
Condolence
Conference
Confidant 4 s.
Canfident s. & a.
Conflagrant
Confluent
Congruence
Connivance
Conscient
Consentient
Conservant
Consistent
Conspirant
Consonant, a letter
Consonant,
agreeable. Constituent Continent, the
main land. Continent, chaste. Convalescent Convenient Conversant Corpulent Correspondent
Couchant
Covenant
Countenance
Credent
Crescent
Currant, a fruit.
Current, a stream.
Decumbent
Defendant
Deference
Defiance
Deficient
Delinquent
Demulcent
Deobstruent
Dependence
Dependence, J. —
Dependent
Deponent
Descendent 5
Descent
Despondent
Different
Diffident
Discordant
Discutient
Disobedient
Disputant
Dissonant
Distant, remote.
Distent, breadth.
Disturbance
Dominant
Dormant
Efficient
Efflorescent
Effluent
Emigrant
Emanent
Eminent
Emollient
Equivalent
Errant
Esculent
Evanescent
Evident
Excrescent
Existent
Exorbitant
Expectant
Expedient
Extant, now in
being. Extent, space. Exuberant Feculent Fervent Flagrant Flatulent Flippant Fluent Fragrant Fraudulent Governance Herbescent Ignorant Immanent Imminent Impatient Impellent Impendent Impenitent impertinent Important Impotent Improvident Imprudent Impudent
4 This word is anglicized from the French. It has no derivatives.
5 Descendant and its derivatives are a redundancy.
212
APPENDIX.
Inadvertent
Incessant
Incident
Incipient
Incoherent
Incompetent
Incongruent
Inconsistent
Inconstant
Incontinent
Inconvenient
Incumbent
Independent
Indifferent
Indignant
Indolent
Inefficient
Inexistent
Inexpedient
Inference
Influence
Ingredient
Inhabitant
Inherent
Inheritance
Inobedient
Insolent
Insolvent
Instant
Insufficient
Integrant
Intendant0
Intermittent
Intolerant
Irrelevant
Irreverent
Itinerant
Jacent
Jurisprudent
Lieutenant
Luxuriant
Maintenance
Malevolent
Malignant
Mellifluent
Militant
Mollient
Obedient
Observant
Occident
Occurrence
Omnipotent
Omnipresent
Omniscient
Opponent
Opulent
Ordinance
Orient
Ornament
Participant
Patent
Patient
Peasant
Pedant
Pendant, a jewel
Pendent, hanging
down . Penitent Permanent Perseverance Pertinent Pestilent Petulent Piquant Pleasant Pliant
Poignant
Potent
Precedent, a rule.
Precedent, going before.
Precipitant
Predominant
Pre-eminent4
Pre-existent
Preference
Pregnant
Preponderant
Prescience
Presence
President, a gover- nor.
Prevalent
Proficient
Prominent
Protestant
Protuberant
Provident
Prudent
Pubescent
Puissant
Pursuivant
Purulent
Putrescent
Quadrant
Quiescent
Quintessence
Quittance
Quotient
Radiant
Raiment
Rampant
Recipient
Recumbent
« Intendant and superintendent are anomolous. Better intendent.
7 Pre-eminent and Pre-existent are hyphened in Walker, as a guid* to the pronunciation.
APPENDIX.
213
Recurrent
Recusant
Redundant
Reference
Refluent
Regnant
Relevant
Reluctant
Remembrance
Remittance
Repellent
Repentant
Repugnant
Resident
Resistance
Resolvent
Resonant
Resplendent
Respondent
Reverent
Riddance
Ruminant
Sapient
Semblance
Sergeant8
Servant
Sextant
Silent
Solvent
Stagnant
Stimulant
Student
Subjacent
Subsequent
Subservient
Subsistent
Succulent
Sufferance
Sufficient
Superabundant
Supereminent
Superincumbent
Superintendent9
Supernatant
Suppliant
Sustenance
Sycophant
Temperance
Tenant
Tolerant
Torrent
Transcendent
Transient
Translucent
Transparent
Transplendent
Trident
Triumphant
Truant
Turbulent
Unguent
Utterance
Vagrant
Valiant
Vehement
Verdant
Vicegerent
Vigilant
Violent
Virulent
Visitant
Volant
Warrant
8 Sergeant. In Baley's folio Dictionary, about a hundred years ago, a misprint crept into the definition of coif or quoif, " the cap of a ser/eant at Law," and this has been faithfully copied bv nearly or quite every dictionary since printed. If it is to be spelt with aj, then there is no use of the e, which was put in to soften the g\ Serjant would be a good form of the word, analogous to servant which was, according to Gilchbist, originally the same word.
„ See note on intendant.
214
APPENDIX.
Words with the terminations ceous, cious, and tious,
The pronunciation of these terminations is uniformly shus, and therefore the spelling of the words compounded with them cannot be determined by the ear. Those which are most in use are here collected ; and of them it may be observed, that ceous relates to the nature and properties of things : as cetaceous, {cete, Lat. a whale,) of the whale kind ; micaceous, {mica, Lat. a genus of a min- erals,) of the nature of mica, easily separa- ble ; saponaceous, (sapo, Lat. soap,) having the properties of soap. Cious and tious commonly refer to actions or affections of the mind ; as, avaricious, facetious, officioits, superstitious, fyc.
Adscititious Adventitious Ambitious Arenaceous Argillaceous Audacious Auspicious Avaricious Butyraceous Capacious Capricious Captious Carbonaceous Cautious Cetaceous, of whale kind.
the
Cilicious, hairy.
Contentious
Contumacious
Coriaceous l
Cretaceous1
Cruslaceous
Delicious
Disputations
Efficacious
Fabaceous
Facetious
Factious
Factitious
Fallacious
Farinaceous
Factitious
Filaceous
Flagitious
Ferocious
Foliaceous
Frumentaceous1
Fugacious
Gracious
Herbaceous
Irreptitious
Judicious
Licentious
Loquacious
Linguacious
Luscious
Malicious
Membranaceous
Johnson, Walker, and Chalmers spell several of these words cious, contrary to analogy.
APPENDIX.
215
Meretricious
Micaceous
Nutritious
Officious
Ostentatious
Papilionaceous
Pernicious
Perspicacious
Pertinacious
Pomaceous
Precious
Precocious
Propitious
Pugnacious
Rapacious
Rosaceous
Sagacious
Saponaceous
Seditious
Sententious
Setaceous, bristly.
Siliceous,2 flinty.
Spacious
Specious
Superstitious
Supposititious
Surreptitious
Suspicious
Tenacious
Testaceous
Veracious
Vexatious
Vicious
Vivacious
Voracious
2 In their (respective places in the dictionaries of Walker and Chal- mers, we find in the former,
11 Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Silicious, made of hair;" and in the latter,
" Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Siliciotts, made of hair. Flinty, full of stones."
The present state of science, however, seem to claim a little more distinction for a derivative of silex ; and for this reason, as well as to avoid confusion, the above spelling, sanctioned by the writers on chi- mistry, has been adopted.
For a full catalogue of these words, see Walker's "Rhyming Dic- tionary ," a much more useful work, both for orthography and pronun- ciation, than his pronouncing dictionary.
216
APPENDIX.
Words with the terminations ize and ise.
Authors and lexicographers vary so fre- quently in the orthography of words with these terminations, that chance is substitut- ed for settled usage, and confusion supplies the place of analogy. A collection of words mize and/se, from the standard dictionaries, has therefore been made, for the double purpose of showing where these authorities differ, and of exhibiting the most useful of this class of words in a connected series, for the accommodation of the student. Cor- rections proposed, are marked with an in- terrogation point, thus, comprize ?
IZE.
ISE.
Advertise, b. j. c. w. Advise, b.j. c. w.
Agatize, wb.
Aggrandize, b. d. j. w. py.
Agnize, b. d. j . w. c.
Agonize, b. d. j. w. py.
Alchymize, c.
Alchimize, wb.
Alcalize, wb.
Alcoholize, b. br. f. w. c.
Allegorize, b.m.d.j.w.py.
Americanize, wb.
Amortize, b. j. h. py. js. p. . Amortise,* w.
i Amortise and amortization ! Walker. -\-
This word was printed in Johnson's first abridgment amorise with- out the t. The * was a misprint also, as appears from the position of the word, s after z. Thiserror was corrected by Johnson inhis revision of his own work, but the small book being more convenient for a copier to handle than the large ones, no notice was taken by Mr. Walker of Johnson's correction, in this and several other instances. None of the editions of Johnson's Abridgment appear to have been collated with his own final revision of the great Dictionary, tbe quarto edition of 1777, which is the authority marked Jin this book.
APPENDIX.
217
Anacephalize, b. d. Analogize, J. w. py. br. Analyze,2 b. j. h. w. py. wb. Anatomize, b. d. j. w. py. c. Anagrammatize, b.o.j w.py. Anathematize, b. d. j. w . py. Anglicize, wb, Animalize, wb. Annalize, c. wb. Antagonize, b. j. w. Apologize, b. d.j. w. py. c. Apostatize,3 b. j. w. py. c. Apostrophize, b. j. w. c. Apothegmatize, c. Apprize, to value, wb. Apprize,£o zn/bm.B.j.D.PY.c. [w.
Aromatize, b. j. w. py. Assize,3 b. d. j. w. py. c. Astrologize, j. w. py. c. Astronomize, c. Atticize, wb. Australize, j. d. py. c. Authorize,4 b. j. w. f. c. Avize, wr. w. c. Baptize, b.m.d.j.w.py.c.wb. Barbarize, py. w. c. wb. Botanize,5 wb. Brutalize, d. py. w. c. wb. Buffoonize, g.
Canonize, b. m. d. w. py. c. Cantonize, b. m. d. j. w. c. Capsize, wb.
Analyse, d.
Anglicise, c.
Apostatise, d.
[c. f. py. Appraise, to value, b. d. j.w. Apprise, to inform, wb.
Arise, b. j. c. w.
Assise, m.
Atticise, b. w. c.
Authorise, m. wr.+ Avise, c. wb.
2 Anah'ze, B. folio, and parah'ze, W b. 12 mo. are preferable by Rule 15. Analyze and analyser ! Harwood.-\-
3 See Rule 15.
4 Authorize and disauthorise, and unauthorised, Walker's Diction- ary. This contradiction, like many others, is copied from Johnson. Authorise, W. Rhyming Dictionary.-f-
5 Botanize is neither in fValker nor Chalmers.
T
218
APPENDIX.
Carbonize,6 wb. Carnalize, wb. Catechize, ba. a. Cauponize ?
Cauterize, b. ivr. d. j . w. c.wb, Chameleonize, wb. Characterize, b. d. j. w. py. Chastize, b. J. abridgment. Christianize, j. w. wb. Cicatrize, b. m. d. j. w. c. Circumcize Citizenize, wb. Civilize,8 b. m. d. j. w. c. wb, Colonize,9 br. py. c. Colaphize, b. Comprize ? 1 9
Contemporize, l « br.
Criticize, b. folio. Crystaiize, wb. Crystallize,1 1 d. w. py. Dastardize, br. wb.
Catechise, b. m. d. j. w. Cauponise, wb. c.
Characterise, c.
Chastise, b. j. w. py. c. wb.
Circumcise, b. j. w.
Civilise, A= py. Colonise, j.- w.
Comprise, b. j. c. w. Compromise, b. j. py. c. w. Contemporise, d.j.py.w.c.js. Covetise, j. [ch.wb.
Criticise, j. w. py.
Dastardise, b. j. w. py. Demise, b. j. w.
6 Carbonize, theorize, emphasize, and many other good words are found only in Webster.
7 Chastize, Johnson's abridgment : Chastise Johnson's quarto.
8 Civilize and civilisation ! Fenning.-f-
Tumer,s History has this word with z, through several pages, and then with s, and so alternately !
9 Johnson prefers s, but all his authorities have z / Such is often the case.
i o Comprize with z, I do not find tho Bearcroft prefers it, on the authority of Chalmers. My copy, has s, but z is better in every case, where there can be a doubt.
1 1 Messrs. Dyche, Johnson, Perry, Sheridan, Churchill, Jones, Walker, Chalmers, Entick, and Browne spell temporize and extemporize with z, and contemporise with s / Scott and Penning avoid the contradiction by omitting contemporize, and Allinson has temporise and contemporise with s, and extemporize with z! Barclay has uni- formly z, and in this, as in many other cases, shows his superior tact.
i 2 In crystaiize, equalize, ffanquilize, &c. one 1 is better. See Per- ry's Rule and Webster's 4to.
APPENDIX.
219
Demephitize, wb. Denarcotize,WB. Denationalize, c. wb Deputize, wb. Detonize, d. j. w. c. py. wb
Dialogize, wb. Disauthorize, br. wb.
Despise, b. j. w.
Devise, b. j. w.
Disauthorise, w.-[-j.-r- Disfranchise, -1 8 w. Disguise, b. j. w. Divertise,14 w. c.
c.
Dogmatise, Economise, py. Electrise, c.
Enfranchise,1 3
Documentize, m. Dogmatize, b. j. w py. wb. Dramatize, wb. x 6 Economize, c. wb. not in w Egotize, w. Electrize wb. Emphasize, wb. only ! Endenize, d. w. wb. Energize, c. w.
Enterprize, b. d. a. Epicurize, c. Epistolize, c. Epitomize, b. Equalize, b. br. wb. Eternalize, b. w. c. Eternize, b. j + br. w.c. Eulogize, c. not in w. ! Evangelize, b. d. c. w.
Exercize, b. folio under cap
verses.
\ 3 The last syllable is short, and the final e might be spared as in emphasis, and more than a hundred others.
1 4 The last syllable is short in Walker, but accented, and conse- quently long in Chalmers.
i 5 Dogmatise and dogmatizer ! Chalmers.-^- i 6 Dramatise is not in Walker or Chalmers.
i 7 Walker has eternalize and eternize with *, in his Pronouncing Dictionary, and with st in his Rhyming Dictionary !
Enterprise, m. j. wr. w. wb.
Epitomise, d. j. wr. w. Equalise, d. wr. w. Eternalise,17 j.+ wr.-J- Eternise, wr.+
Excise, b. j. c. w. Exercise, b. j. c. w.
220
APPENDIX.
Exorcize, m. Extemporize, ,8 Familiarize, d. j. w. py. c. Fertilize, d. j. w. py. c. Formalize, b, d. j. w. c.
Fraternize, c. Gallicize, p.
Galvanize, p. Gargarize, d. j. py. w. Genealogize, p.! Generalize, c. w. py. G£ntilize, c. Geometrize, w. c. Gluttonize, b. p. a. py. Gormandize, 2 ° d. j. w. py, Grammaticize, wb.
Harmonize, d. j. w. py. Heathenize, c. Heavenize, c. „ Herbalize, d. wb. Herbarize, c. Herborize, wb. Gray. Humanize, b. d. j. \v. Idolatrize, d. w. py. wb. Idolize, b. d. j. w. py. Immortalize, b. d. j. w. py. Italianize, a. c. py. Italicize, wb. not in w. ! Journalize, d. c. not in w. ! Judaize, d. j. w. py. Latinize, d. j. w. py. Legalize, d. j. w. py. Liberalize, py. Magnetize, wb. Mainprize, b.= m.= h. w.
i 8 See note on Contemporize.
Exorcise, b. j. w. py.
Franchise, ,6w.
Galliardise, b. w.
Glutlonise, d. j. w. c«
Grammaticise, c. Guise, b. d. j. c.
Italicise, c.
Mainprise, c. a. py.
i 9 See note on Disfranchise. 2 o Also gourmandize, gourmand, Fr. a glutton, Chalmers,.
APPENDIX,
221
Melodise, wb. 12 mo. Merchandise,22 w.-j- py.
Methodise ,d. j.-fc- w. pv.
Modernise, j. py c. Monarchise, j. w. c. A. py.
Moralise, 2 3 c ^-
Materialize, w. c. py. Melancholize, c. Memorize, w py. ws.[Todd. Memorialize,21 wb. not in Melodize, not in Todd. Merchandize, b. m. Meteorize, b. c. Methodize, b. m. j. c. p. Mercurialize, c. Mineralize, wb. Miniardize, c. Modernize, br. w. Monarchize, wb. Monopolize, b. d. j. w. c. py. Moralize, b. d. j. w. py. De-moralize, c -{- wb. Mysterize, d. j. w. py. Mythologize, j. w. py. Nationalize, c. De-nationalize, wb. Naturalize, b. d. j. br. w. c. Organize, b. d. j. w. py. Dis-organize, c. not in w. ! Re-organize, p. not in w. ! Oxidize, p. Panegyrize, b. d. w. Paralyze, w. py. Paralogize, b. m. d. w. Partialize, w. py. Particularize, b. d. j. w. py. Patronize, b. m. p. A. wr. Peculiarize, c. Pedantize, c. Personize, c. Philologize, py. c. Philosophize,B. d. j. w. c. py.
2 i Though this word is not found in Chalmers and Walker, yet a valiant officer in the army or navy would not like to lose his privilege of menorializing his sovereign, as a preliminary to his promotion for past services.
22 Merchandize Walker with s, and under trader with z !
a 3 Moralise and demoralize ! Chalmers.
t2
Naturalise, wr.
Patronise, d. j. br. w. Pedantise, b.
222
APPENDIX.
Phlebotomize, d. j. c. py. Plagiarize, p. Platonize, c. wb. Poetize, d. j. Polarize, p. De-polarize, wb.
Prize, b. d. j. w. Prophetize, j. w. Pulverize, j. wr. py= c. Puritanize, c. Pyritize, p. Realize, j. w. py. Recognize, b.m. wb.
Reprize, b. A. Revolutionize,25 wb. Rhetorize, c. Romanize, d. j. w/c. Royalize, d. j. wb. Satirize, d. j. br. py. wr. Sanctuarize, c. wr. Saxon ize, Bosworth. Scandalize, b. d. j. w. py. Schismatize, b. j. Scrutinize, b. d. j. w. Secularize, b. d. j. py. w. Sensualize, d. j. py. w. c. Sentimentalize, p. Sermonize, b. d. w. py. Severalize, c. Signalize, b. d. j. py. w. Singularize, j. py. Sirenize, c. Size, b. d. j. py. w. Solemnize, b. d. j. w. py.
Phlebotomise, b. w.
Poetise, b.
Premise, b. j. w.
Prophetise,c. Pulverise, 2 4 w,-j-
Recognise, b. d. j. br.py. Revise, b. j. w. Rise, b. j. w. Reprise, p. w.
Royalise, w. Satirise,26 w.-j- Sanctuarise, wr. w. p \\
2 4 Pulverize, wr. pulverise, w. and pulverization, w ! 2 5 This antimonarchiai word is not in Todd, 2 6 Satyrize, Bailey.
APPENDIX.
223
Sovereignize, c. Specialize, c. Spermatize, wr. w. c. py. Spiritualize, b. d. j. pt. w. Sterilize, d. j. w. Stigmatize, b. d. j. py. w. Subsidize, c. Subtilize, b. d. j. w. c. py.
Surprize,2 7 b. m. d. py.
Sycophantize, b. m. d. Syllogize, b. j. py. c. w. Symbolize, b.d.j.m.py.c.w. Symmetrize, w. Sympathize, b. d. j. py. w. c. Symphonize c. Synonimize ?2 8
Synchronize, c. Syncopize, c. Systematize, w. c. py. Systemize, wb. Tantalize, b. d. j. py. Tartarize, b. d. j. w. Temporize2 9 d. j. w. Thesaurize, b. Theorize, wb. only !
Supervise, b. d. j. w. Surmise, b. d. j. w. Surprise, m.= j. w. Survise, c. Sycophantise, d. br. c. py.
Synonomise, j. h. s. Synonymise^B. d. w. py. c.ch. [a. js.
Systematise, d.
2 7 Johnson's Dictionary has s, but he wrote z in surprize.
2 8 Synonimize. None of the dictionaries have z in tiiis word, tho it evidently ought to be in it, if in any word derived from Greek. The authors differ between o andy, in the third syllable. Fenning gives synonimous, synonima. Johnson has synonimes in his preface. Both sinonimous and anonimous, and all their cognates, would be better with i, by the 6th Rule. The spelling with o, insted of y was a mis- print in Johnson, as appears by the position of the word, o being placed after y, and this like many other mistakes, has been often copied. No authors are. free from errors of this kind. Martin, Bailey,' Ash, and Perry have done much towards correcting the language, but much more remains to be done. Dr. Webster will do more than all his predecessors.
2 9 See note on Contemporize.
224
APPENDIX.
Tranquillize, A. c. notin w. Tranquilize ? Perry's Rule. Tyrannize Uncivilize, w. Vaporize, wb. Verbalize, b. d. py. w. Villanize, b.j.py.w.
|
Vocalize, c. |
Vocalise, w. |
|
Volatilize, b. j. py. w. c. |
|
|
Vulgarize, c. |
|
|
Warrantize, b. |
Warrantise, j. w. c.fr, py. |
|
Wise, w. |
|
|
Womanize |
Womanise, w. |
|
CE like ZE. |
|
|
Sacrifice |
Sacrifise, o.30 |
|
Suffice |
Suffise, o. |
Tyrannise, b. d. j. w.c.
3^) The old spelling is less anomolous, according to the pronun- ciation, than the modern.
From this review of these terminations, it appears that the great majority of words have z, which is to be pre- ferred in doubtful cases. Most of the authors seem not to know which form is right, or which is wrong. Out of three hundred, there are only thirteen or fourteen that are not better spelt with z, and it would be a useful im- provement to use z invariably. This class of words is constantly increasing, and almost every periodical publi- cation shows us new forms, especially as this termination is so frequently used in the popular sciences of Chimistry and Mineralogy ; where many may be found, which are not yet collected into dictionaries.
The above list is nearly double of the original, and more might be added. Wherever Walker's authority is not quoted, the word is not in his book. A glance at these will show, how extremely defective is that work, which many suppose to be a perfect standard. More than ninety of these words will be sought in vain.
APPENDIX.
22b
Words in which the final consonant is often improperly doubled. These words are corrected, by Rule 26, on the authority of WALKER, PERRY and WEBSTER, as explained in Letter 36. N. B. Where the words in the second and third columns are different, each one mav be repeated.
|
Primitives. |
Regular Derivatives. |
Improper Forms. |
|
un-apparel barrel |
apparel ed barrel ed |
apparel 1 ed barrel 1 ing |
|
bevel |
bevel ing |
bevel 1 ed |
|
em-bowel |
bowel ed |
bowel 1 ing |
|
un-cancel |
cancel ed |
cancel 1 ing |
|
cancel ated |
cancel 1 ation |
|
|
carol |
carol ed |
carol 1 ing |
|
cavil |
cavil ed |
cavil 1 ing |
|
cavil er |
cavil 1 ation |
|
|
cavil ous |
cavil 1 ous |
|
|
channel |
channel ed |
channel 1 ing |
|
chizel * |
chizel ed |
chizel 1 ing |
|
council |
council or |
council 1 or |
|
counsel |
counsel ed |
counsel 1 able |
|
counsel ing |
counsel 1 or |
|
|
cudgel crystal1 |
cudgel er crystal ine crystal ine crystal ization |
cudgel 1 ing crystal 1 ite crystal 1 ized crystal 1 izable |
|
dial |
crystal ography dial ing |
crystal 1 ographer dial 1 ist |
|
dishevel |
dishevel ed |
dishevel 1 ing |
|
drivel |
drivel er |
drivel 1 ing |
|
duel |
duel ing |
duel 1 ist |
|
duel ed |
duel 1 er |
|
|
em-pannel eri-amel |
em-pannel ed en-amel ed |
em-pannel 1 ing en-amel 1 ing |
|
en-amel ar |
en-amel 1 er |
|
|
co-un-equal |
equal ed |
equal 1 ing |
i Many of these, being in other respects variable, are repeated in the general list, to show the authorities, which the reader is desired to consult.
|
226 |
APPENDIX. |
|
|
Primitives. |
Regular Derivatives. |
Improper Forms. |
|
equal ize |
equal 1 ity |
|
|
gambol |
gambol ed |
gambol 1 ing |
|
gospel |
gospel er |
gospel 1 ed |
|
gravel2 |
gravel ly |
gravel 1 ing |
|
grovel |
grovel er |
grovel 1 ing |
|
hansel |
hansel ed |
hansel 1 ing |
|
hatchel |
hatchel ed |
hatchel 1 ing |
|
hovel |
hovel ed |
hovel 1 ing |
|
housel |
housel ing |
housel 1 ed |
|
jewel |
jewel ed |
jewel 1 ing |
|
jewel er |
jewel 1 er |
|
|
jewel ery |
jewel 1 ery |
|
|
jewel ry |
jewel 1 ry |
|
|
un-kennel |
kennel ing |
kennel 1 ed |
|
kernel |
kernel ed |
kernel 1 ing |
|
label |
label ed |
label 1 ing |
|
laurel |
laurel ed |
laurel 1 ed |
|
level |
level er |
level 1 ing |
|
libel |
libel er |
libel 1 ing |
|
libel ous |
libel 1 ed |
|
|
marshal |
marshal ing |
marshal 1 ed |
|
marshal er |
marshal 1 eth |
|
|
marvel |
marvel ous |
marvel 1 ed |
|
marvel ing |
marvel I er |
|
|
new-model |
model er |
model 1 ed |
|
model ed |
model 1 ing |
|
|
nousel |
nousel ed |
nousel 1 ing |
|
parcel |
parcel ing |
parcel 1 ed |
|
pencil |
pencil ed |
pencil 1 ing |
|
pistol |
pistol ed |
pistol 1 ing |
|
postil |
postil ed |
postil 1 ing |
|
postil er |
postil 1 ion |
|
|
pulvil |
pulvil ed |
pulvil 1 ing |
|
pummel |
pummel ing |
pummel 1 ed |
|
quarrel |
quarrel er |
quarrel 1 ing |
|
quarrel ed |
quarrel 1 eth |
|
|
un-ravel |
ravel ed |
ravel 1 ing |
|
revel |
revel er |
revel 1 ed |
a In gravel-ly and grave-ly, the termination is simply added to the end of the words, as in all other cases.
|
APPENDIX. |
25 |
|
|
Primitives. |
Regular Derivatives. |
Improper Forms. |
|
revel ing |
revel 1 eth |
|
|
revel ry |
revel 1 ry |
|
|
re-victual |
victual er |
victual 1 ing |
|
victual ed |
victual 1 eth |
|
|
un-rival |
rival er |
rival 1 ed |
|
rival ry |
rival 1 ing |
|
|
rivel |
rivel ed |
rivel 1 ing |
|
rowel |
rowel ed |
rowel 1 ing |
|
shovel |
shovel er |
shovel 1 ing |
|
shovel ed |
shovel 1 eth |
|
|
shrivel |
shrivel ing |
shrivel 1 ed |
|
snivel |
snivel ing |
snivel 1 er |
|
snivel ed |
snivel 1 eth |
|
|
tassel |
tassel ed |
tassel 1 ing |
|
tinsel |
tinsel ing |
tinsel 1 ed |
|
un-trammel |
trammel ed |
trammel 1 ing |
|
tranquil |
tranquil ize |
tranquil 1 ity |
|
travel |
travel er |
travel 1 ed |
|
travel ing |
travel 1 eth |
|
|
tunnel |
tunnel ed |
tunnel 1 ing |
|
wool |
wool en |
wool 1 en |
|
wool ed |
wool 1 ed |
|
|
wool ly |
||
|
worship |
worship er |
worship p er |
|
worship ed |
worship p ed |
|
|
worship ing |
worship p ing |
|
|
worship eth |
worship p eth |
|
|
bias |
bias ed |
bias s ed |
|
un-bias |
bias ing |
bias s ing |
|
canvas1 |
canvas ed |
canvas s ed |
|
un-canvas |
canvas ing |
canvas s ing |
|
carcas ' |
carcas es |
carcas s es |
|
cutlas |
cutlas es |
cutlas s es |
|
compas1 |
compas ed |
compas s ing |
|
compas er |
compas s eth |
|
|
trespas1 |
trespas ing |
trespas s er |
|
atlas |
atlas es |
|
|
embarras w. |
embarras ing |
embarras s ed |
|
embarras ment |
embarras s ment |
|
228 |
APPENDIX. |
"i |
|
Primitives. |
Regular Derivatives. |
Improper Forms. |
|
wagon |
wagon er, j. |
wagon n er, j. ab. |
|
benefit |
benefit ed, wb. |
bene fit t ed |
|
benefit ing |
benefit t ing |
|
|
bigot |
bigot ed, j.w. |
bigot t ed |
|
un-bigot ed |
un-bigot t ed, j. w. |
|
|
buffet |
buffet ed |
buffet t ed |
|
buffet ing |
buffet t ing |
|
|
cam let |
camlet ed, wb. |
camlet t ed, c. |
|
carburet |
carburet ed |
carburet t ed |
|
closet |
closet ed |
closet t ed |
|
rivet |
rivet ed |
rivet t ed |
|
rivet ing |
rivet t ing |
3 Unbigotted. This is one of the errors in Johnson, which Walker condemned, and yet — retained ! It also is in the New- York Stereotype, and Chalmers.
4 Benefit. The reason of dropping the t of Jilted, when compounded with bene, is that the accent is changed to the first syllable.
5 Wagon-ner, Johnson's Abridgment. This is one of the misprints which Johnson corrected in his great dictionary, fourth edition, but which Walker overlooked, and inserted the misprinted form in his dictionary, where it still stands even in the New-York stereotype edi- tion.
prefer refer
infer
transfer
suffer
preferable,B.j.w.E.c. referable,!!, c. wb.
inferible, u. c. wb.
tranferable, w.wr.c. untranferable, c. sufferable,B.j.E.BR.w,
referrible, b.j.d.js.e. referible, wr.[br.w.c. inferrible, w. js. mc. inferible, j.f e.br.c. transferable, e. wb. untransferrable,E.wB. [l2mo.
These five words are all found in their proper form in Chalmers, but other authors appear to have copied from Bailey, and from each other, without attention to analogy. Of the Jour form6, one only can be right. Mr. Walker has three of them right, and Chalmers and Webster have corrected the other two ; Johnson, Chalmers, Barclay and Entick have three forms, and Entick and Webster's 12 mo. have the fourth; Mr. Walker has three forms, he altered one of Johnson's for the worse, and one of Entick's for the better. See his note on transferable, and Entick's Dictionary.
REMARKS.
More might easily be added to this list, but these are sufficient to illustrate the rule. It will be observed that the words in the third column are corrected by omitting the superfluous letter between the spaces.
APPENDIX.
229
Words in which the letters F, L, N, S, are improperly doubled before i having the sound of y, or y consonant, as it is sometimes called. See Rule 23, and Letter 50.
Primitives, ruf, Saxon. battel, old form. rascal gai or gala hale or haul ramp
scalogna, Italian. medal
stalon, French. rebel
ball and yard bis-mille, hat.
French.
postil,post,.Lf. after
French.
mille, Lat. 1000 tris-mille, Lat.
French.
pilus, Lat. hair model vermil cole or coal
French.
coglione, Italian. sculier, French.
Gentoo?
panis, Lat. bread rogne,or royne, Fr. trognon, Fr.
Lat.
Lat.
Regular Derivatives.
ruf ian battal ion, wb. rascal ion, j. py.
gal iard
ha! iards rampal ion
seal ion medal ion
stal ion rebel ion
bil iards
bil ion ;
bril iant postil ion, py. cotil ion
mil ion
tril ion pavil ion, py.c
pil ion modil ion, d. j. vermil ion, py. c
col ier
bul ion
cul ion
scul ion
ban ian, wb.
pan iers
run ion
trun ion abcis ion1 recis ion^M.j.
Improper
ruff
battal 1
rascal I
gall
hall
rampal 1
seal 1
medal 1
stal 1
rebel 1
bill
bill
brill
postil 1
cotil 1
mill
trill
pavil 1
pill
modil 1
vermil 1
col 1
bull
cull
scul 1
ban n
pann
run n
trun n
abscis s
rescis s ion
Forms.
an
on
on
ard
ards
an,aJ.
on
on
on
on
ards
on
ant
on
on & on
on
on
on
on
on & on
on
er
on
on
on
an, c.
ers
on
on
on
i See General List. Ton would be a more analogical form of this word. U
230
APPENDIX.
Words in rejected in which have
Primitives. tithe shake
rebuke
sale
reconcile
inflame blame
tame
tune
desire
measure
pleasure
which the e final of the primitive, is properly derivatives before able. N. B. For those c and g, see note on Letter 33, page 170.
Regular Derivatives, tithable, b. m. c. shakable, an. un-shakable,1 w.- rebukable, c. un-rebukable,B.c. A. m- salable,1 w.- unsalable,1 w.~ reconcilable, c. irreconcilable, b. j. c irreconcilably, w.~ c. unreconcilable, w.- c reconcilableness, c. irreconciIableness,B.c. inflamable, an.
Improper Forms, titheable, j. w.- shakeable un-shakeable, c. A. rebukeable, un-rebukeable saleable, b. m. j. c. unsaleable, m. c. reconcileable, b. j. c. irreconcileable,B.M.F. irreconcilably, b. unreconcileable, j. m. reconcileableness,B.c
blamable,j. wb. unblamable, j. c, wb blamably, j. c. wb. blamableness, c. wb. tamable, w.- untamable, m.^- w. untamableness tunable, b. j. wb. untenable, j. wb. desirable, d. j. br. undesirable, j. b. measurable, j. wb. immeasurable, j. wb. unmeasurable, A. b. pleasurable, A. pleasurableness, A.
irreconcileableness inflameable, b. j. inflammable, j. blameable, b. m. wb. unblameable, m.br.p. blameably blameableness, b. tameable,^ m. j. c> untameable,J. c.-jf- untameableness, a. tuneable, m. untuneable, m. desireable undesireable measureable [12 mo. immeasureable, wb. immeasurable, pleasureable, b. pleasureableness
i See Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, p. xv.
t Mr. Chalmers has forgotten his rule in tameable, hateable, chas- tiseable, appeaseableness, saleable, unsaleable unshakeable and lose* able.
|
APPENDIX. |
231 |
|
|
Primitives. |
Regular Derivatives. |
Improper Forms. |
|
appease |
appeasable,2 b.c.wb. |
appeaseable |
|
appeasableness,B.WB. |
appeas^ableness, c.p. |
|
|
unappeasable, J. |
unappeaseable |
|
|
purchase |
purchasable, A.- |
purchaseable |
|
advise |
advisable, b« j. wb. |
adviseable, b. m. f. |
|
unadvisable, c. |
unadviseable |
|
|
advisableness, b. wb. |
advfceableness |
|
|
devise |
devisable, c. |
deviseable |
|
excise |
excisable,3 m. c. |
exciseable, e. |
|
demise |
demisable, wb. |
demiseable |
|
despise |
despisable, b.br.j.e. |
despiseable, d. |
|
despisableness, b. |
despiseableness |
|
|
chastise |
chastisable, wb. |
chastiseable, c. |
|
lose |
losable,4 an. |
loseable, j. wr. c. A. |
|
dispose |
disposable, c. |
disposeable |
|
oppose |
opposable, p. Nat. His. |
opposeable |
|
impose |
imposable, c. wb. |
imposeable, d. j. |
|
suppose |
supposable, b. m. j. |
supposeable |
|
excuse |
excusable, b. |
excuseable, m. |
|
inexcusable, b. j. |
inexcusable |
|
|
excusableness, b. c. |
excuseableness |
|
|
accuse |
accusable, b. j. |
accuseable |
|
refuse |
refusable, c. |
refuseable |
|
bate |
batable, b. br. wb. |
bateable |
|
abatable, wb. |
abateable, wb. small. |
|
|
debatable, j. wb. |
debateable |
|
|
hate |
hatable, an. |
hateable, c. |
|
palate |
palatable, c. |
palateable |
|
unpalatable, c. |
unpalateable |
|
|
rate |
ratable, j. py. c. |
ratable |
|
dilate |
dilatable, wb. |
dilateable |
|
taste |
tastable, c. |
tasteable |
|
sute, m. |
sutable, m. |
swtable, j. |
|
converse |
conversable, j. b. |
conversable, |
a Mr. Chalmers has appeasable and appeaseableness which he de- fines reconcileable and reconcileableness, making three contradic- tions! !!
3 Excisable and chastiseable ! Chalmers-^-
« Loseable and provable ! Chalmers.-\-
* Hateable and ratable ! Chalmers.-^-
232
APPENDIX.
Primitives. reverse
prove
Regular Derivatives. reversable, an.
irreversable, AN. movable,7 g. wb. movably, c. raovableness, c. immovable, j. q. immovably, j. c. immovableness, c. immovability, c. irremovable, c. removable, j. w. c. unremovable, w. c. unremovableness, c. unremovably, c. immovable, c. amoval, c. wb. removal, j. c. w. provable, c. wb. provably, c. approvable, j. wb. improvable, j. w. c. iraprovably, j. w. c. improvableness,j.w.c improvability, c. irreprovable, c. irreprovably, c. reprovable, j. w. unimprovable, j. w. unimprovableness, j unreprovable, j.w.m. unreprovableness,AN approval, c. approvance, c. wb. disapproval, wb.
Improper Forms.
reversible, j. b. reverseable, m. irreversible, b. m. j. moveable, b. j. w. moveably, j. w. [br. moveableness, b.j. w. immoveable, b. w. immoveably, b. w. immoveableness, b. immoveability irremoveable, j. w. removeable, b. un re moveable, j. w. unremoveableness unremoveably, j. unmoveably, j. m. amoveal removeal
proveable, j. w. py proveably approveable, f. improveable, b. im proveably improveableness iraproveability irreproveable, b.j.w. irreproveably reproveable, b. unimproveable unimproveableness unreproveable, b. unreproveableness, b. approveal approveance disapproveal
« Conversable and reversible ! Johnson.-)- copied from Bailey.
7 The words movable, provable and their compounds are con- tradictory in nearly all the Dictionaries. Chalmers has uniformly omitted the e, Bailey and Martin usually retain it, Johnson and Walker are about equally divided, having made as many contradic- tions as possible. Walker expressly approves of the e, in his Pronoun-
APPENDIX.
233
Primitives. seize size
Regular Derivatives. seizable,8 m. c. a. sizable,
m. c. w.
sizableness, an.
Improper Forms, seizeable
sizeable, b.j.c.py.w. sizeableness, py. A.
cing Dictionary, and disapproves of it, in his Rhyming Dictionary, where he has drawn out Dr. Johnson's contradictions, ten on one side, and nine on the other, and says he did not dare to alter them ! Johnson's authority is, therefore, the same as Walker's, where W. is not quoted.
8 Sizeable and seizable ! Dictionaries. -f-
A General Collection of Words of variable spelling, in which those of the best usage, are printed in Roman cha- racter, and those which are preferred, are placed in the first column.
Abay, b. a. Rl 4. abayance, b. abbot, b. m. abby, d. c. Rl 7. abetter, j. c. Rl 18.
abridgment, b. m. j. w. wb. acknowledgment,B.j. w.c.wb adjudgment, wb. judgment, b. j. c. Rl 23. misjudgment, c. prejudgment, an. lodgment, m. abcision ? Rl 23. recision,3 m. j. w.
abyss, j. wb. accessory,1 b. d. j, wb.
abet/, b.= abeyance, b.= abbat,B.= m.=. abbey, d.= wb. abettor, b. wb. abetor, m. abridgement, c. acknowledgement, todd. adjudgement, c.4- judgement, b.-J- w.-f- misjudgement prejudgement, c. lodgement, c.-J- J.-fr- w.-j. abscission, j. wb. rescission, m. Br. py. recission, h.— rescision, m= abys, m. accessary, m. d.-b.=j.=
i I do not find acknowledgement with the e, in any dictionary but Todd's, tho Bearcroft prefers it. See Letter 34.
2 Johnson has corrected recision, and abcision ought to follow an- alog}', as con- de- ex- in- pre- re- inter- circum-cision. See Letter 50.
u2
234 APPENDIX.
accooter, wb. 12 mo.
account, b.- j. c. Rl 24. accrue, M. b. j. Rl 12. acheve,2 b. R124.
acheveraent, Analogy.
acronical,3 M.Buewb. R123
acronically, al. wb.
acrostic, m. wb. py. buc. wr, distic, an. Rl 2,
hemistic, wb. py. wr. hexastic, py. wr. d.
pentastic, wr. monostic, an. actress, b. c. Rl 23. ado, m. adoo ? adultress, d. Rl 23. advoutry, J. c wb. Rl 8.
abvouzen, A. advouson,5 A. Rl 8. adz, wb. c. Rl 23.
afraid, j. c. Rl 23
agast,1 b. m. j. A. wb. Rl 23,
accouter, wb- 4to. accoutre9 Fr. accompt, j=s accrew ,b.= achieve, b. wb. atchieve, B.r= achievement, j. achievement, Br. .acronycal, j. acronychal, b. f. d. acronychally , f. acrony colly, a. c. , acrostick, B.-f- j.-f- h.+ , distichfC.-jrJ.X b. X h. X py. X hemistich, h. X [sr.
hexastichjH.x hexastick, b. x c«x pentastick, h.x monostich,* py.x wr. actoress adoe, M.=s adulteress, j. c. advowtry, b.- advoutrie, b. avowtry, b. advowsen^B.s= Br. = advowson, j. c. adze, b. m. addice, b. m. j. affraid, b. aghast, b.= c. agazed, a.=
i The distinction, sometimes attempted between the two forms of this word, is unauthorized and useless.
2 Acheve, from the Fr. achever, is the proper spelling of this word, tho not the usual form. There is no t in the original.
3 Omitted by S. W. Js. !
4 It will be observed that all these authors contradict themselves in this class of words.
« Ash spells this word five ways advouson, advouzen, aduowson, advoiosen, advowxen.
APPENDIX.
235
agouty, b. c. br. wb. Rl 6.
agen, j. c. (Saxon.) Rl 23. aggroop, wb.- Rl 24.
groop, wb.-
ail, b. Rl 5.
ailing, b.
airy, hawk's nest, b.m. D.Br. c.
aile, d. wb. Lat.ala, a wing, ile, j. br, d. Rl 23 ake,2 so headake, heartake toothake, boneake. aker, b. wb. alarm, b. g. alas, b. c.
alcade, b. wb. Rl. 9. alcaly,3 br. f. Rls 6, 13.
caly, an. Rl 17. alcaline, b. Rl 17. alcalize, b. a. 17. alcalizate, b. alcahest, b. c. wb. Rl. 17.
alcanet, an. Rl 17.
agouti, p
agoty, wb.
again, b. c. wb.-
aggroup, j. c. wb'.
aggroupe, b.
group, wb.
ayl, b. 24th edition.
ay ling, b.
aerie, br. aire, b.
eyry, j. d. br. eyrie, b. m.
ayry, b. j.
aisle, j. c. d.= wb.
isle, b. j. d.
ache, j. x c.x
ach, d.=
acre, j. wb.
alarum, b. =
alaSS, WAKEFIELD.
alcaid, c. alcalde, b. alcali, b. m. alkaly, m. buc. alkali, j. c. wb. kali, c. alkaline, c. alkalize, wb. alkalizate, c. b.= wb. alkahest, b.= m. wb. alchaest, h. alkanet, c wb. alkannet, bs. ency.
i The omission of silent h, in this word is right, and will authorize the correction of the following words of the same family. There is no h in the Saxon original. Gastful, gastfully, gastly, B. gastliness, gastness, B. gost, B. gostly, gostliness, gostlike, gasted.
2 Walker specially prefers ake, (see k in his preface,) and gives headocA, heartocA, toothac/i, bellyac/iE, following Johnson. O^ Let it be remembered that I quote Mr. Walker's own Dictionary, for in the reprints these words vary. In Chalmers they stand thus, headacA, heartachE, toothac/iE, boneachR, bellyac/iE. Dyche follows Johnson, but omits bellyache. Such specimens of inconsistency are very fre- quent in all our Dictionaries. We hope for better things when Dr. Webster's great work appears.
3 Alan Arabic particle, Bailey.
236
APPENDIX.
alcanna, wb. Rl 17. alchimy, wb. akhimistj wb. alchimistry, wb- alchimical, wb. alcohol, b. wb. Rl 1 7.
alcoran, b. c. buc. wb.
coran,3 an. Rl 17. alembic, j. wb.
alien, d. wb. aliped, wb. Rl. 23. capriped, wb. biped, wb. quadruped, wb. soliped, wb. centiped, wb. railliped,5 wb. w. palmiped, wb.
alhenna, wb. alkenna, wb. alchymy, j. c. alchemy, A. alchymist, j. c. alchemist, h. alchymistry, j. w.
alchymical, j. c. alchemical, p. alcahol, b. alchohol, m. alkohol,2 encyc. alchoran, m. alkoran, encyc. wb. koran, c. wb. alembick,4 c. limbeck, j. aliene, b. wb. alipede. b. capripede, b. bipede, o. quadrupede, o. solipede, wr. centipede, wr. millipedes, j. palmipede, wr.
i So also chimisi, chimistry, &c Wb. These Arabic words should assume an English dress, which requires c beforea, o, u, and k before e, t, y. Al-chimistry with i is given on the authority of Dr. Webster, but not his old dictionary. In French and other languages of Europe it is i, and this nearly agrees with Johnson ; i and y being substitutes for each other. See" Walker on Chymist. The ch in these words would have been better k, kimist,kimistry, like al-kermes, al-kekengy.
2 Brewster's Encyclopedy.
s Many dictionaries have al-coran and koran, al-caly and kali-f- Such errors should be corrected without hesitation.
4 It is to be observed that no notice, in general, is taken, in this list, of the antiquated final A-. A dozen of our best dictionaries re- ject it, and among them Walker's Rhyming Dictionary.
* Millifed, Wb. Walker corrects this word and recommend* Milliped, as above.
APPENDIX.
237
plumipedj wb. multiped,1 wb. allege, j. alloy, b. wb. allegany, wb. 12mo. allunge, an. R. 8. lunge, wb. ally, m.= c. almanac, b. Br. d. e. wr. altbo, wb. alum, m. c. b. wb, aluminous, b. always, j. c. wb. amasment, j. ambergris, w. wb.
so verdigris, w. py.
amend, wb. amendment, wb. amid, wb. among, wb. amoor, wb. 12 mo. Rl 24. amphitheater, wb. Rl 24. theater, wb. m. = b.- Rl 24. analize,3 b. folio, paralize, wb. 12 mo. anastrophy, wb. catastrophy, wb. apostrophy, wb. strophy, an. antistrophy, wb. wr.
plumipede, wr. mutlipede, wr. alledge,wb. allay, of metals*. alleghany, wb. ullonge, b. c. longe, c. allie, m.-
almanac&, j. c. wb. although, j. allum,2 h. alluminous, h. alway, wb. amassment, wb. ambergrise, m. ambergreess, m. ambergrease, A. b. ambergreece, A. ambre-gris, Fr. b. emend, c. emendation, c. amidst, wb. amongst, wb. amour, Fr. j. c. wb. amphitheatre, c. theatre, c. analyze, c. paralyze, c. anastrophe, 4 wr. catastrophe, wr. apostrophe, wr. strophe, wb. wr. x antistrophe, m.
i Walker prefers these words without the e final. See his notes on centiped,
2 One of many instances in which B. folio is superior to the abridg- ments, tho H. intended to correct the errors of the common editions, and says he has done it.
3 There is a prevailing disposition to change y into i, hence Jonks .has dialisis. Analisis, and paralis will probably follow.
4 All these Greek words should end in y, or reject e.
6 Walker's Rhyming Dictionary spells only one of these words, with y, and Webster only one with e !
238
APPENDIX.
anagraph, AN.
epigraph, c.
paragraph, d. j. wr. Rl 24.
apograph, j. wr. w.
monograph, p.
apograph, d.
ancestral, p. c.
anchoret, b. m. j. a.
ancient, b.= Rl 19. ancientry, b. antic, m.- wb. Rl 24. ancle, b. = m. Rl 17. uncle, j.
antechamber, b. a. wb. antilope,3 b. antitype
anterior,3 wb. wr. posterior, j. wr. w. exterior, j. wr. w. interior, wr. wb. superior,4 wr. w. inferior, wr. citerior, An. ulterior, wb. apostasy, j. A. Rl 20. R124. apostem, d.
anagraphe, b. a.
epigraphe, b. x d«x j X wr- X
paragraphe, b.
autography 1
monography
apographe
ancestrel, b. j.
anachoreta, b.
anchor ete, h.
anchorite, j. a.
anachoret, d.
anachorete, j.
anachorite, j.
antient, d.= anshent, b.
anchentry, j.= w.=
antique, j.
ankle, j. f.—
unkle, J.=
antichamber, b. b j. m.
antelope, b.«= d.= c.
antitype
anteriour, j.x w.x
posteriour
exteriour
interiour, j.x w.x
superiour, j. x
inferiour, J.x w«x
citeriour
ulteriour
apostacy, B.
apostasis, b. a.
apostemef b.= j. wb.
i Autography, B. and M.
2 Antilope, Turton's Linne and Cuvier.
3 See note at the end of A. in this list.
4 Johnson has two of these words in or, and four in our ! Walk- er has three in or, and three in our thus contradicting himself as much as possible ! !
5 These words afford an example of that discrepance between the different parts of Johnson's Dictionary which very often occurs.
|
APPENDIX. 2d |
|
|
apostume, b. j. x |
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apostema, b. |
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aposthume, d.= |
|
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impostume, b. m. c. |
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imposthume,. jx D« |
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|
apostemate, wb. |
imposthumate, j.X |
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apostemation, j. |
imposthumation, J*X |
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apozem, b. c. Rl 15. |
aposem, w. |
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apothem,1 wb. Rl 24. |
apothegm, d.- |
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apophthegm/ A.- |
|
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appal, A. py. |
appa^,wb. appale,B. |
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appalment, p, |
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|
appalement, b. w. |
|
|
appareled, A. py. Rl 26. |
apparelled, Bible. |
|
apposit, wb. 12 mo. Rl 11. |
apposite, j. |
|
apprize, to value, wb. |
appraise, j. |
|
apprise, to inform, wb. |
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|
apprizer, wb. |
appraiser, j. |
|
apprizement, wb. |
appraisementt J. |
|
apricot, j. |
apricock, j.= |
|
abricot, j. |
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|
abricock, c. |
|
|
appertinent, j. |
appertinant, 1 error |
|
so also pertinent |
appertenant, 2 errors |
|
impertinent |
appertenent, 1 error |
|
abstinent |
appwrtenent, 2 errors |
|
continent |
appwrtenant,3 c. 3 errors |
|
appwrtinant, 2 errors |
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|
appwrtinent, 1 error |
|
|
appertinence, 4 an. |
appertinance, b. 1 error |
|
like pertinence |
appertenance, J. 2 errors |
|
impertinence |
appertenence, 1 error |
|
abstinence |
appwrtinence, 1 error |
|
continence |
appwrtinance, 2 errors |
i So phlegm and diaphragm anglicized might be phlem or fiem. and diaphram or diafram, Rule 14.
2 Prize and apprise, to value, contradict, z would be better and so Mr. Webster's Dictionary will show these words.
s Three mistakes, all that can be, are found in Chalmers. * Impertinence and appertinence are analogous, but no author has spelt the latter as it should be, with e, t, e, from Lat. per-u'n-«o.
240
APPENDIX.
arabesk, b.m. Rl 24.
burlesk, b - m. Rl 24. grotesk, b. m. wb. picturesk, an. Rl 24. mosk, b.
cask, a headpiece, b. m. risk, b. j. m. sea-risk, p y. moresk, m. arc, wb. argil, b. j. artizan, m. Rl 15. partizan, m. courtezan, b. denizen, j.- h.b. Br.
archduchess, * j. c. w. py, duchess, b. wb. duchy, b. wb. arras, b. wb. arrac, d.'p.
arrain, An.
derain, Br. s. d. wb.
arret, c. f. arretted,4 c.
arquebus, j.
appwrtenence, 2 errors
appwrtenance, b.c.d.3 errors
pwrtenance, j. d. 3 errors
pwrtnance, Bibie. 2 errors.
arabesque, Fr.M .
rebesk, m.
burlesque, Fr.
grotesco, B' grotesque, B.wr.
picturesque, c. wb*
mosque, b. moschey, m.
casque, b. = wr.
risque, b. wr.
sea-risque, J.X py.
moress, b. morisco, b.
ark, of a circle, b.
argill, wb.
artisan, j.
partisan, j.
courtesan, b..
denisen, j.
denison, j. h. c. Br.
denizon, b. m.
archdutchess
dutchess, m. d. j.Xpy. w.xc.
dutchy. b.- m. w.
arrass, h.
arrack, j. arack, j. rack, d.
arac, d. f.
arraign, b. Br.
deraign,B. deraine,H. dereine
deraigne, h. dereigne, b. [b-
arrette, Fr.
arreted, f.
arnotto, c. wb.
annotto, d.
arnatto, c.=
arquebuse, j.= sr. c. wb.
i Dufchess and archduchess! B. J. W. Js. S. &c. Wb. is correct. 2 Pronounced rack, and so spelt by Dyche. » Arretted doubles the t because it is under the accent.
APPENDIX.
241
arquebuss, d.b. karquebus,u. harquebuse, m.= wb. harquebuss, b. m. f. j. wb. haquibut, B. haqueyB.H. hage, c. haguebut, c. harquebussier, J.
assafoetida, j.
asafoetida, c.
asafetida, wb. 12 mo.
asbestus, wb. w. =
ashlar, b.
askaunce, b.j^ askaunsep.
ashaunt, j.
askew, b. j x
s&ew, b.
aslaunt, o.
iparrowgrass, w.
cess, j. sess, j.
cessment, j. cense, J.
atteint, h. Fr.
atturraey, b, j.
afforny, b.
attorney, b.— j -
attornies, p. Rl 6.
attorneys ?
avaunt, b.= c. py.
i Ashlar and ashlering ! Dictionaries X
2 This word is variable both in the singular arid plural ; the latter being more commonly, and I think more correctly written attornies than attorneys. These eys are obsolescent, and ought to be entirely rejected. Bailey, as will be seen above, authorizes both corrections and the word's being derived from turn, as well as the uniform pro nunciation, indicates u rather than o, in the second syllable. Oandov Fr. sounded u short in English, ought to be corrected. It is not ex- pected that the above form will be immediately adopted. Prejudice is too inveterate to yield to right; but the plural \uies is pretty well es lablished, and the sigular attorny, B. ought to follow ; accordingly Bailey has attormship, which is according to Rule 6, and analogous to penniless, merr'imake, &c.
3 Some have supposed these different words : avant contracted van, front, and avaunt ! be gone. Bailey decides them to be the 9ame.
V
arquebusier, j.- p. h. wb. arquebuseer? an. asa-fetida, wb. Rl 24.
asbestos, b. c. wb. Rl 24.
ashler1
askance, m. j. Rl 3.
askant, m.
askue, j. (under skue) Rl 12,
skue, j. Rl 12.
aslant, m. j. Rl 3.
asparagus, j. b.
assess, wb.
assessment, wb.
attaint, b.
atturny ?« Rls 7. 8.
atturnies ? avant, m. b. Rl 3.
242
APPENDIX.
auburn, b. Rl 11.
aukward, b. m. f. j. Rl 8. auger, b. Rl 18. author/ j.+ in stock.
auburne, j.
abburn, b. abridgment.
awkward f j.-
augar, b.=
authour, j. (in preface.)
i Author, authour, Johnson. Little notice has, thus far, been taken of this antiquated and very improper mode of spelling words of this form. The u is rejected by Ash and Webster, and the best and most extensive modern practice. Cleav eland's Mineralogy, printed at the University Press, Cambridge, shows odor, color, &c. Walker decides in favor of honor and favor- Gilchrist decides in the same way for the whole class. See his Diet. This form makes the simples and derivatives follow the same rule, as laboR, laborious. Or, os, om, on, are proper English terminations, as iutoR, asbestos, ransoit, cri- terion, and they should, in all cases, be preferred. From polysylla- bles the u is generally rejected, except endeavor, demeanor, and a few others. The following are the dissyllables. They are corrected by the 1st Rule, on the authorities abovementioned.
achor, w. actor, w. algor, w. anchor, w. arbor ardor armor author, w. bettor, w. candor captor, w. castor, w. censor, w. c.essor clangor clamor color
cremor, w. debtor, w. doctor, w. dolor donor, w. error, w,- factor
These are nearly all, and of these, some are never variable ; indeed the majority of them are never written our by any scholar. It thus appears that the words, of two syllables, of this class, are nearly a hundred, of which, according to Walker, thirty-seven only admit the m, under any circumstances of which number he corrects eight, error fervor, flavor, favor, honor, honor, tenor, warrior. It must be ob- served that these words are taken from Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, where, on account of the similar terminations being arranged together, there is no danger of typographical errors. It will be remarked that, in these very words, the u has been retained on Mr. Walker's autho-
|
favor, w.- |
lictor, w. |
seignior, w. |
|
fautor, w. |
liquor, w. |
senior, w. |
|
fervor, w.- |
major, w. |
splendor |
|
fetor, w. |
manor, w. |
sponsor, w. |
|
flavor, w.- |
mayor, w. |
squalor, w. |
|
flexor, w. |
minor, w. |
stupor, w. |
|
fluor, w, |
mirror, w. |
succor |
|
fragor, w. |
motor, w. |
tabor |
|
fulgor |
neighbor |
tailor, w. |
|
grantor, w. |
odor |
tenor, w.- |
|
harbor |
parlor |
tepor, w. |
|
hector, w. |
pastor, w. |
terror, w. |
|
honor, w.~ |
pretor, w. |
torpor, w. |
|
horror, w.- |
proctor, w. |
traitor, w. |
|
1 tumor |
rancor |
tremor |
|
ichor, w. |
rector, w. |
tumor |
|
junior, w. |
rigor |
tutor |
|
juror, w. |
rumor |
valor |
|
labor |
sailor, w. |
vapor |
|
languor, w. |
savor |
victor, w. |
|
lector |
savior |
vigor |
|
lentor, w. |
sapor, w. |
visor, w. |
|
lessor, w. |
scissors, w. |
warrior, w.- |
APPENDIX. 243
aw, b.- M. Rl 11.
ax, b - m. Br.
ay, (yes,)B. j. w. wb. Rl 11 aye, (ever) b. j. w. wb.
awe, b. j. axe, b. j. aye, wb.
rity. Those to whom that was any argument, may now change for the same reason. The whole number, of words in or, in the language, is about three hundred, of which the abovementioned thirty-seven, and the follow'mgfourteen polysyllables, omitting compounds and those of a different pronunciation, as, paramour, are all that I can find spelt with our in Johnson and Walker.
inferior i behavior emperor intercessor
superior enamor cognisor ostentator
interior demeanors successor endeavor
exterior governor
i For the contradictions of these words, see page 233. 2 Demeanovr and misdemeanor. ! Johnson and Walker.
Note — Walker's Rhyming Dictionary is a performance of much more merit and utility than his Pronouncing Dictionary. It is better inth for orthography and pronunciation, and a revision and correction of it, might make it one of the most useful books in the language, to students, writers, and printers.
The class of words in ic or ick are corrected by the 2d Rule, on the authority of the thirteen following dictionaries, namely: Martin, Ash, Penning, Entick, Browne, Barclay, Dyche 17th edition, Scott, Perry, Buchanan, Macredie,* Webster, and Walker. The latter rejects the k in his writings, in his notes especially, and above all, in his Rhy- ming Dictionary, where the thing is specially noticed, and the words placed in the alphabetical series under c, and a particular reference under k, as follows, namely.
" For those words from the learned languages, formerly written with k, as critick, publick, musick, (fee. see critic, public, music."
Here again after our servile imitators of European absurdities have been endeavoring to keep up an antiquated, cumbrous, and vicious orthography, the very authority on which they chiefly depended is found to be exactly on the other side, fgnorant subservience to fo- reign authorities, -and blind imitations of prescriptive errors is crimi- nal in those who have the means of better information. Dr. Webster, for his great and long continued exertions in the cause of reform, deserves, and will no doubt receive, the lasting gratiteide of his country- men.
* A neat little book without a name, made by a society of teachers in Scotland. The printer's name is Macredie.
244
APPENDIX,
Babler, m. ' bafler ? An. bacheler, b.
bailif, c.
balif?
bagatel ?
bailer, wb. Rl 18.
bailiwic, f. buc. u.
balad, b. Rl 23.
balance, b.- wb.
balast, b.
baldric, b. wb. 12 mo.
balk, m.- h. j. wb.-
baluster, Br. wb.
banister, m.
balustrade, bi. wb. Rl 23.
bandit, j. Pope. c.wb. Rl 24
bandits, wb.
bandlet, wb.
banian, m. d. Br. wb.Rl 23.
babbler, j. f. wb.
baffler, j. wb.
bachelor, m.- f. wb.
bachelour, m.
batehelor, b. m.
batchelour, m.
bailiff, j. Br. f. wb.
baliff, wb.
bagatelle, b. w. Fr.
bailor, wb.
bailiwick, j. wb.
ballad, b. m. wb.
ballance, b. m. j.
ballast, b.-m.- j. wb.
bauldrick, A. j.
baldrick, wb.
baulk, m. b.
balluster, m. b.
ballister, m.- b.
bannister, wb.
ballustrade, B.
banditto, j.=
banditti, m. Br.
bandelet, wb.
bannian, c. b. w. \ banyan [bannyan
1 Babler ; words of this form properly drop one consonant when another is added. They were formerly spelt without a final c, that is apl, setl, were the Saxon forms, and when the e was put in to sound the I. it was before the I, thus apet, but as this might lead to a wrong sound namely a pel, the p was doubled to keep the vowel short, — a reason which no longer exists when another consonant is added. These words, with three consonants together, have such a crouded ap- pearance, that there is a general disposition to drop one letter, and as many of them stand upon good authority, the whole are put down in that form, quoting the authority, or, when that is wanting inserting analogy.
Mr. Walker under cadle decides otherwise; and there is apparent rea- son in what he states, but practice seems to be going against him, and even his own practice was, in many cases, against his own decision. See giglet, pedler, fyc.
2 Baliff, wb. bailif, c. both syllables variable ; prefer the shortest, and we shall have bfa,l,i,f, which is really all that is needed.
APPENDIX.
245
bandoleers, b. j. wb. c.
bandrole, An. banderole, Fr.
bar, m.- Rl 23.
baize, m. j. i\ A. c. wb.
bargainer, b. j. wb. Rl 18.
baritone, wb.
base,2ft music, M.B.py.wb.j.Bi
baseviol, j. wb.-
bason, f. d .Br. = b. wb.=
like mason
batlet, j. s. e. js. wb.
battle-ax. wb. Rl 23.
battledore ?
battalion, b. j. wb.
bateau, wb.
bauble, b. m. Br. f. Rl 8.
baud, b. m. a.
baudily ? An.
baudiness ? An.
baudry ? An.
baudy, m.
baul ? An.
beadrole ? An.
duty
buty*
duteous \ Rl 24.
huteous [An.
dutiful
butiful
bandileers> b. bandeliers, m. bandoleers, f = bandolers, a.
bandrol, j. f. b. py. js. wb. bandroll, wb. 1 2 mo. banderol, m. Br. f. bannerol, wb. barr, m.
bayze, M. f. bayes, m. baise, bays. d. b. bayz. b. bargainor wb. 12 mo. barytone, wb.
ss, j.= m.= bnssviol, j. = Br.== basin, j. wb. d.= a-
battlet, An.
battleaxe, wb.
battledoor, j. d. Br.
batalliun, b.
batteautFr. battoe,wb. 12mo
bawble, m. j. s. d. a.
bawd, b. m. A. f. d. wb.
bawdily, b.
bawdiness, b.
bawdry, b.
bawdy ', m. js.
6aH?£, Br. d.
6aW, m.=
beadroll, m. a. Br. wb.
bedroll, m. b.
beauty
beauteous
beautiful
> French words should be Englished. In cases where no authority is given, we only show what ovght to be, not what is in use.
v2
246
APPENDIX.
bedlam, wb. contracted for bedsted, Br. wb. brestings, m.
bedaub,1 Br. wb. Rl 8 daub, j. x wb. &c. befal, b* Mac. wr. py. e.RI 15! overfal, j. wr. c. x windfal, j. wr. wb. waterfal, j. wr. downfal, j. wr. c. d. a. py. havior, An. Rl 1 behavior, wb. misbehavior, wb. behoove,2 b. p. a. Br. wb. belabor, e. wb. belam, c. b. a. Rl 2 3 lam ?
beldam, b. m. wb. py. Br. A R125 belfry, J. py. wb. belflower, j. c. bel founder, j. py. belman, j. py. js. s. A. w. belmetal, j. py. js. A. s. w. belringer, c.
belwether, j.E.py.F.js.w.wb. belfashioned, An. belshaped, An. bely, Br. m- b. Rl 7 benum, j._j_ A. w. wb. Rl 23 num, wb.- unbenum. m.
bethlehem, a hospital bedstead, Br. j. a. wb. breastings, b. biestings, Br. c. wb. beestings, b. c. wb. bedawb,j. x b— dawb, b.- wr.
befall, Br. c. m. j. x wb.x
overfall, d. wb. [wb.
windfall, Br. wr. c.X D.x Py.
waterfall, Br. c. py.x *>•+
downfall, b. wb.
haviour, j.
behaviour, j. d.
misbehaviour, j. d.
behove, m. js. wb. 12 mo.=
belabour, j. s. A.
belamm
lamm, c.+ b-x A.
beldame
belldame
bellfry
bell-flower, Br. wb.
bell-founder, Br. wb.
bell-man, Br. wb.
bell-metal, Br. wb.
bell-ringer,
bell- fashioned, py.x A, bell-shaped, wb.x belie, j py. wb. belye, Br. benumb, Br. A. e. numb, j.-fc unbenumb
benjamin, m. corruptly bergamot, b. m. j. Br. e. wb. lburgamot, j.
i Daub and bedawb ! All dictionaries except Br., Macredie and Wb.
a The reason for preferring oo, is that it obviates one more anomaly. Every one dismissed is a gain to the language.
APPENDIX.
247
beril?1
beriline ?
beside, j. wb.
besom, j. wb.
bespue, m.
spue, m.
bestrow, An.
strow, j.
show, j.
bethral, j. Br. wr. c. Rl 25
inthral, b.- wr. Br. c-
enthral, b. wr. c.
disenthral, wr. j. Br. c.
betrayer, j. wb.
between, j. wb.
bevel, J.- Br.- m. wb.
like level
bezel, m.- b. j. wb.
bibler, wb. a tipler. wb.
bias, m. j.x b.
unbias, wb.
biased, wb.
bigot, m. [s.x Js. e. wb
bigoted,2 c.+ w.x a1.-j-j.x
un bigoted, py. js. e. wb
bile, bills, lat. b. j. h. f.-
bite, a turn. wb. 12 mo.
bilious, habit, j. Let. 50.
biliary,4 ducts, j.
biliards ?
haliards ?
laniards, c.
bilions ? milions ? trilions ?3
bigamy, b. j. wb.-
bin, d. wb. Rl 23
beryl, j. E. w. beryline, bervlline, wb. besides , j. wb. beesom, b. m. bespew, j. wb. spew, j — bestrew, j. m. wb. strew, j.= m. w. shew, j. w.
bethrall, wb.
nthrall, m. wr.x J.
enthrall, m. d. wb.
disenthrall,
disinthrall, wb.
bewrayer, j. wb.
betwixt, j.= wb.
bevil, j. sr.
bezil, m. b.j.
bibbler, tippler
biass
unbiass, J. x Br.
biassed
biggot
bigotted s.x
u?ibigotted,j.xc.xw.X A\-t,
boil, d py. h-= b.-
biaht, wb.
billious
billiary
billiards, M. w.
halliards, b. see page 229
lanniards
billions
digamy, wb.
binn, d.
i The etymon of this word requires i according to Rule 6.
2 The words afford a fair sample of our lexicographers. Several of them have omitted unbigoted, and so escaped the contradiction.
3 Billiards, billions, millions, &c might be corrected by a general rule, and be biliards, bilions, milions. See Letter 50, and page 229.
|
248 |
APPENDIX. |
||
|
binacle, wb- Br, |
binnacle, w. bittacle, j. w. c. |
- |
|
|
bishopric, wb. Rl 2 |
bishoprick, j. c. |
||
|
bisk, b. j. Rl 24 |
bisque, b.= |
||
|
bisket, b, d. c. |
biscuit, d.= pr» bisquet, b. |
||
|
bissextil ? |
bissextile, wb. |
||
|
blanket, j.- wb.~ |
blanket, b. wb. c. |
||
|
blest, j. c. |
blessed, j. c- |
||
|
blite, to blast, a. |
blight, j. |
||
|
bloomer, b. |
|||
|
bloomery ? |
bloomary, wb. 12 mo. b.+ |
||
|
bloraary, wb. |
|||
|
blote, b. m. wb. Rl 9 |
bloat, m,= j. A. bloud, B= M.= |
||
|
blud?x |
blood, B. M. J. |
||
|
flud? |
flood, B. M. J. |
||
|
blue |
blew, o. |
||
|
bluly, w.- wr. aphorism 8. |
bluely, J.-b |
||
|
truly, j. duly, j. |
truehj, duely |
||
|
ruful, w. woful, j. awful, J. |
rueful, j. woeful, awefuL |
||
|
bluness, w.- |
blueness, j. |
||
|
truness, w.- |
trueness, w. j. |
||
|
blur, b. Rl 23 |
blurr, b. |
||
|
bole, b. j. d. |
boll, j. |
||
|
bogler ?3 |
boggier |
, |
|
|
bolster, m. Br. h.- |
boulster |
||
|
bolt, c- p.- |
boult, C. F. |
||
|
bombard, b. |
bumbard, c. j. |
||
|
bombardeer, b. |
bombardier, j. bombarder, h. |
||
|
bombizene ? |
bombazine, p. |
i These words are not. at present variable, but they are anomalous, and might advantageously be corrected according to etymology, as they stand above, and as they are invariably pronounced with w short. Blwt and Audi Teutonic ; flwo, Lat , from which we have regularly bhtd and fh/d, i. e. fiVid ; blwsh and flwsh. This would be right, but wrong too often prevails, and must be suffered when it has become in- veterate. We have no present expectation that the question ? will be answered affirmatively. See note p. 28.
a Bogler, see the note on babler, page 244
APPENDIX.
249
bombasin,1 j. c. f. d. Br. wb.
bombast, b. c- boulder, d. p. c. boose, a. wb. Rl 24 boosy, m. wb.
borne, wb.- bots, M. booge ? Rl 24 boogy ? braze, Br. j. brazier2 f. j. Br. d. breese, a fly, a. f. breeze,3 wind, m. j. breze ? An. brue, m. Rl 12 imbrue,4 j.-f- f. m. &c. bruer ? ~) bruery ? > An. bruing ? )
bombysine, A. bombycine, B. bombasine, m.= a. bumbasin, b. m. a. bwnbast, B. J. bowlder, d.= f. c. bouse, B. j. f. bousy, j. f. bowsy, b bowze, m. bowse, b. bourn, j. botts-, M.
bouge, j. b. bouch, c. bougie, Br. d.
brasier, j.- breeze, b.
z,b.
brieze, m. briez, b. brew, j.+ b. imbrew, c. b. (see page 38. }
4 Brew and imbrue ! Dictionaries.
i This word, in English, ought to be spelt Bombazene, or Bombi- zene- lis French dress is awkward, in English company, The /is from y in Bombyx, a silk worm.
2 Johnson's inconsistency has been faithfully copied by Walker in brasier with s, and glaeier, grazier with z, and followed by the original author of this book.
3 Breeze. It seems a little remarkable that certain letters, such as c, g, s, th, v and z should still, in most cases, retain the old form of three vowels, when one of those vowels has been rejected from all words of other terminations.
Freze, chese, gese, grese, jlece, theve, brethe, would, as soon as we should become accustomed to them, appear as well as these, obese, eve, Chersonese, reve, (a Baliff) clothe ; and we should be spared the great, and to many persons, unconquerable labor of learning and remem- bering this very difficult part of our spelling. Let us see what might be done with this most troublesome class of words, and how very easily they might be simplified. Most, or even all of them, would be more agreeable, both to etymology and analogy, in their simplified form, than they are in their present tortuous shape.
|
250 |
APPENDIX. |
'; '' |
|
|
flece |
fleece |
shethe |
sheathe |
|
grece |
greece |
methe |
meathe |
|
nece |
niece |
brethe |
breathe |
|
pece |
piece |
wrethe |
wreathe |
|
place |
plaice |
bequethe |
bequeathe |
|
pece |
peace |
benethe |
beneath |
|
sluce |
sluice |
lothe |
loathe |
|
juce, wb. |
juice |
This last |
is gained in its correct- |
|
verjuce, wb. |
verjuice |
ed form like clothe. |
|
|
lege |
liege |
retreve |
retrieve |
|
sege |
siege |
siv |
sieve |
|
cruse |
cruise |
deceve |
deceive |
|
gise |
guise |
receve |
receive |
|
bruse |
bruise |
conceve |
conceive |
|
ese |
ease |
perceve heve |
perceive |
|
cese |
cease |
heave |
|
|
decese |
decease |
leve |
leave |
|
surcese |
surcease |
cleve |
cleave |
|
lese |
lease |
reve |
reave |
|
reiese |
release |
bereve |
bereave |
|
plese |
please |
greve |
greave |
|
displese |
displease |
weve |
weave |
|
pese |
pease |
sieve |
sleeve |
|
appese |
appease |
reve |
reeve |
|
crese |
crease |
acheve b. |
achieve |
|
decrese |
decrease |
theve |
thieve |
|
increse |
increase |
leve |
lieve |
|
grese |
grease |
beleve |
believe |
|
tese |
tease |
releve |
relieve |
|
disese |
disease |
greve |
grieve |
|
gese |
geese |
repreve |
reprieve |
|
chese |
cheese |
baze |
baize |
|
phese |
pheese |
seze |
seize |
|
lese |
leese |
teze |
teaze |
|
brese |
breese |
wheze |
wheeze |
|
chase |
chaise |
sneze |
sneeze |
|
rase |
raise |
breze |
breeze |
|
frase |
fraise |
freze |
freeze |
|
prase |
praise |
greze |
greeze |
|
apprase |
appraise |
squeze |
squeeze |
|
(Haprase |
dispraise |
freze |
frieze |
The analogy already stands in favor of this alteration, as jreze, froze, frost; reve, reft ; bereve, bereft; cleve, cleft ; theve, theft; leve, left; siv, sift ; deceve, deception; &c, benethe, nether; cruse, refuse'; cruse, obtuse ; baze, raze, graze; gise rise ; plese, these : sluce, truce; juce, spruce. Etymology requires acheve from achever, Fr. releve from relever, Fr. deceve from deceptum, Lat. cese from cedo, Lat. decrese from decresco, Lat.
If the simple improvement here proposed could be adopted, it would save millions, in time and money, to our nation, and to the countless multitudes who will, in some future time, speak English in America. Europe, Africa, New Holland, and the islands of the Atlantio, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
APPENDIX.
251
bridewel, Rl 25
brier, j. F.Br.By.c.-wb.Rl 18
brigadeer, m.
brindled, wb.
Britany ?
Britan ?
Britanic?1
briony, m.- a. Rl 7
broche, A. wb. Rl 9
brocoly, R] 7, 24
brocage, Br. py. Rl 13
brunet wb.
like cadet, orevet, coquet,
bucaneers,2 wb. Rl's 10 & 23
buffoonry, b. abridgment.
bridewell, j.
(St. Bridget's well.)
briar, f. b. c-
brigadier, a. w. c. Br. d. wb.
brinded.
Britan ny, Bretagne Fr.
Britain
Britannic
bryony, j. c. f. Br. wb.
brock, b. A. brouch, wb.
brooch, j. d. Br. c. py.
brocoli, d. c.
broccoli, A. Br. f. wb.
brohage, m. d. a. f. wb.
brokerage, j. d. f. wb.
brunett, wb. 12 mo.
brunette, A. py. Fr.
bucaniers, b.~ py. j. wb.
buccaneers, b. m.
bucanneers, wb. small
buccaners, f.
bucJcancers, m*=
buffoonery, j. b. folio.
In this view, there is scarcely anything more important than the ju- dicious simplification of our. orthography; and as this begins to be felt both in England and America, we may perhaps hope that a useful reformation will be accomplished. The difficulty is that no man of letters, (and no other can do it,) has dared to set the example, in any popular work. There are thousands now ready and willing to join in the work of reformation, as soon as it can be done with safety.
i Britanic- The i in the second syllable of Britain has crept in by mistake, as it is not found in the primitive; and of the numerous class of words of this form, Jour only double the letter under the accent. The analogy, and "of course the rule, requires these to be corrected.
|
tyrant |
tyrannic |
|
ocean |
oceanic |
|
talisman |
talismanic |
|
botany |
botanic |
|
Britain |
Britannic |
|
satan |
satanic |
|
barbar-ows |
barbaric |
|
pulmo-nt's didascal-os medal cephal-e metal |
pulmoni didascalic medalZic cephalic metallic |
2 Bucaneers. For the spelling of the 1st and 2d syllables, Johnson, Bailey and Perry are authority ; and for the spelling of the 3d syllable Bailey t Martin and Webster ; and for the whole, Webster.
252
APPENDIX.
bullis
bulbaiting
buldog
bulfinch }R1.25.
bulfrog
bulhead
bulrush, j. py. wb.
bulwark, j. py.
bun, m. py. wb.
bumblebee, c. wb.
bumkirijM
burden,1 j. c-
disburden, j.
unburden, An.
overburden, j.
burly, b. j. Rl 7
burlesk, wb. see arabesk
burser, m. Rl 18
buxom,2 j. b.- wb.
butteris, wb. c.
Cabin, j. wb. caboose, wb.- cady,Rl's 7 & 24.
cag,j. wb. RJ 13
[calif. caitif, B.C. better catif like calamin, m. wb. Rl 11
bullace, m. j. wb. bullice, wb. bull-baiting, wb. bull- dog, wb. bull-finch, wb. bull-frog, wb. bull-head, wb. bull-rush, bull-wark bunn, c. wb. humblebee, j. wb. bumpkin, c. wb. burthen, c. disburthen, b. unburthen, J.X wb.x overburthen hurley, b. burlesque bursar, d. buxum, b. folio. buxome, b. bucksom, m. buck some, b. buttrice, b. buttress, b.- j. butter ess, m. cabbin, b.
camboose, coboose, wb. cadi, j. wb. cadec, m. kag, b. keg, b. j. caitiff, j. wb. calamine, b. wb.
i The rejection of the Saxon Thorn, aspirated d and t (TH) is a loss to the present language, and has caused such discrepant forms as bur- then, burden, further, furder, murther, murder, in the choice of which custom has capriciously decided, for while the .first two are in use, furder is vulgar, and murnwer obsolete.
2 A useful contraction and correct ending. All words in some are contrary to Saxon, and ought to be corrected. Bailey has corrected most of them.
APPENDIX.
253
cayman, b. m. wb.-
callimanco, b. m.
calimanco
chalice, c.
calicoe, b. m. callico, c.
cauldron, b. m.
chauldron, m. chalder, j. b.
chaldern, m. b.
chaudron, J.
chalduer, d. chadron, j>. b.
caleche, ft. wb.
chalcedony, wb.-
chalcography, c.
coZe, c. wb.
&az7, c. A:a?e
kalendcr, wb.
kalendar, j. b.
calender, m. Lewis
cullender
to press cloth
calligraphy, c.
calefy, wb.
califf, b. kalif, wb. caliph, j wb. caliphate, wb. kali/ate, wb. khaliphate, (Henderson. ) caliper, b. originally the caliver, b. j. p. wb. [same calliber, b. callibre, b. callipers, j. wb. cannipers, w. caulk, wb. catt&, b. calyx, b. calice,B. camel lepard, wb. cameleopard, camelopardus camelnpardalis, b. camel leopard
i There seems to be no use in a different spelling of these words. Martin spells them alike. Lewis spells the first always with e.
W
caiman, /. wb. Rl 6 calamanco, j. wb. Rl 23
calice, c. calico, j. wb. caldron, wb. Rl 3
chaldron, b. m. j.
calash, wb. Rl 24
calcedony, wb.
calcography, c.
cale, d.
cawl, cabbage Saxon
calendar,1
a register
calender, m. wb. and others, caligraphy, c. calify ? Prefer ify to efy, in all cases, see p. 98-9 calif, j. sr. wb. R123& 13
califate, wb. Rl 13 & 14
caliber, j. w. wb. bore of a gun
calipers, b. wb. Rl 23
compasses
calk, j. b. wb. Rl 3
calix, j. b. wb. Rl 6
€ameiopard, wb.
254
APPENDIX.
calot, m. Rl 23 & 24 cameleon, b. f, wb.
cameo, wb.
camlet, b. j. d. wb. c,
cammoc, a. d. wb. camous, c. camomile, m. wb. c. campain, m. b. wb. champane, wb.- wine champain, b. wb. level camphor, m. j. py. p. wb. candify, c. see page 98. can, j. py. wb. Rl 23 cannel-coal, wb. candle-coal, wb. canail, wb. Rl 24 canhook, wb. from can, a cancelated, py's.Rl.wb. [cask cancelation, py's. Rl wb. canceled, py's. Rl wb. canceling,1 py's. Rl wb. candlemas,2 j. py. wb. cangaroo ? Rl 13
canister, b. wb. Rl 23 cannoneer, b. a. wb. canoo, b. m. wb. Rl 24 canvas,3 m. py. wb. Rl 23
i Perry, like other authors, sometimes loses sight of his own Rule.
a All the words compounded with mass are variable. One * it bet- ter by Rules 23 and 25.
» Two forms of this word are unnecessary.
callot, c.
calotte , j. b. calote, wb.
chamceleon, b.
chamelion, b.
camelion, m.
chameleon, j. b. wb.-
camaieu, wb.
camayeu, wb. camsea, a.
chamblot, b. chamelot, b. o.
cam lot, camelotyj. c.
chamlety m. j. camelet, b.
chamblet, j. m. c.
camblet, c. Jive ways
cammock, b. camock, b.
camoys, c.
chamomile, b. j.
campaign, py. wb.
champagne, wb.
champaign, py. champion,*.
camphire, py. b.
candefy, b.
cann, m.= canne, m.
canal-coal, c.
canaille, py. b. j. cannhook, b- canthook, p. cancellated, j . py. cancellation, j. py. cancelled, a. cancelling, A. candlemass, b. m. kangaroo, wb. kanguroo, Turton, Lin. Cu- cannister, b. a. [vier
cajinonier,j. pv. a. wb. canoe, j. py. v/b.canoa, j.py canvass, j. b.
APPENDIX.
255
canibal, m. capapy ? Rl 24
capriped, wb. Rl 23 caravansary, j. wb. Rl 24 carcanet, a. wb.
carbine, b. wb. Rl 23 carbineer, Rl 24
caracol, b. wb. carcas '
cariboo, wb — carmin, wb 12 mo carvel, b.= wb. cardamom, wb.
carnival, b.= a. wb. carat, m. j. d. wb. caraway, c- capital, m. j.
capstan, b. wb.
carack, c,
carot, m. a. b. carota, Lat.
caroty, m. b. a.
carion, m.= like clarion
cartel, j. A. wb.
cartoon,2 b. wb.
cartridge, j. b. d. wb.
cannibal, J. A. py. wb.
cap a pie, Ft. J. wb.
capapee, b.
capape, m. j. b.
capripede,
caravansera, A.= b.
carlcanet, b.
carknet, b.
carabine, b. j.= A.- wb.
carbinier, wb.
carabineer, b. wb.
carabinier, A. j.
caracole, j. b.
carcase, a. b.
carcass, A. j. wb.
carreer, b.
carriboo, wb.
carmine, j. wb.
caravel, j.= wb.
cardamon, b.
cardamum, b.
carnaval, A.= b.= wb.
carrot, b. m. car act, m.
carraway, c.
chapital, m.
chapiter, j. different words,
capstand, B.capstern,B. [wb.
carrack, c.
carrot, j. A.py.wb. carote,Fr.
carroty, j. a. wb.
carrion, b. a. wb.
cartelle, ft.
carton, b.
cart age, z j. Ab.
cart rage, j. A.
cartouch, wb. cartoose^ b.=
cartouche,M. = A. cartouse,A .
• The variation is here in the final letter, which is useless, and be- ing rejected, makes the two forms a^ree in that one which is right, ac- cording to general rules* Such is often the case.
3 See Letter 49. 3 A misprint copied many times.
256
APPENDIX.
cashier, noun, b. m. cashire, verb, b. m. cash-yer, cash-man, or cash- cask, m. j. wb. [keeper cassoc, u. cassowary, d. wb.
castrel, b wb. Rl 13 catalog?1 RI24
cashier, j.
cashier, j. erroneous cashire, to make cas&um, casque, j. casquet, c. [void, cassock, b. wb. cassaware, b. m. c. cassiowary, jr. c. py. kastrel, b. kestrel, wb. catalogue, Fr.
i Catalog French words should, in all cases, be Anglicized Nothing but a very reprehensible deference to French, can make us continue to write the worse than useless termination ue, when it is contrary both to etymology and analogy, in such words as feague, league, teague, plague, vague, intrigue, fatigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, peda- gogue, demagogue, synagogue, mystagogue, decalogue, dialogue, tria- logaie, catalogue, theologue, epilogue, collogue, monologue, prologue, rogue, brogue, prorogue, fugue, exergue, in writing which, we are com- pelled to be singular, or to write fifty one useless letters. Let us see how these words might be reformed, and approach nearer to their originals than they are in their present shape.
|
feag 1 |
decalog |
" |
|
|
leag /• like tweag. teag > |
dialog |
||
|
trialog |
|||
|
plage, or plaig |
catalog |
||
|
vage, or vaig |
theolog |
^like log, flog |
|
|
intreeg, or intrege |
epilog |
j |
|
|
fateeg, orfatege |
collog |
||
|
harang, like bang, clang |
monolog |
||
|
tung, like sung, rung |
prolog |
J |
|
|
disemboge |
roge |
||
|
pedagog \ |
broge |
||
|
svnagogf I like S°§ and mag°g- |
proroge voge |
||
|
mystagog J |
fuge and |
ex |
erg |
In those words in which the pronunciation has shortened the termi- nation, it is a very great absurdity to continue the ue, inasmuch as the use of the w, was to harden the sound of g, and the e denoted a long sound. Dogue is just as good for dog, or drogue for drug, as any in this list.
Those which have the termination long may be corrected by simply rejecting the u and keeping the g hard, or by putting hvo vowels before the g.
We ought in fact, to distinguish hard g from soft g. It may be very easily done by writing soft g with a point over it, and a strait side, like the script type, and hard g in its present form; or, what would be still better, is to accept Fenning's recommendation, and vvritej in such cases, and keep g always hard : then lege, fege, plage, vage, fatege, intrege, disemboge> roge, broge, proroge, voge, fuge, would be analogical and correct.
Fugue is often pronounced fuje ; in that case the u is strangely wrong, and/ug-e right.
APPENDIX.
257
catar ? Rl 24 like guitar, debar, &c. catastrophy, wb. see apostro- catcal, j. wb. Rl 25 [phy catch, j. wb.
catnip, see Nep caterwaul, j.-t: wb. waul, An.
catsup, j. wb.i. e. cate sup causey, b. j. w. wb.
cavaleer, b. Rl. 24. caveer, b. m. buc
cauk, w. wb. Rl 8 cauf, a. w. wb. Rl 23 caul, m. j. w. wb. Rl 8 cauliflower, j. w. wb.
caw, b. j. wb. Rl 13 cassimer, Br. wb.
cazic, wb.=
cede1
catarrh, b. wb.
catcall, b wb.
ketch, A. d. common pronun-
bombketch, A. [ciatioji
jack ketch, A.
catmint, wb.
caterwawl,
wawl, j. x d. wale, M.wail.r.
catterwawly b. m.
catterivaul, m.
catchup, c. wb.—
ketchup, wb.
causway, b. m.
causeway, j. b. w.
cos s io ay, b.
cavalier, b- j. py. w. wb.
caviar, wb. cavier, A,
caviare, j. cavear, w. john-
caviary, b. m. [ston
eavesson, w. wb.
cawk, wb.
cauff, b.
cawl, m.
collijloioer, j.=
collyflower, b.
kaw, b.= wb.=
cassimere, Br.
kerseymere, p. wb. l2mo
cazique, j. Fr.
cassique, b. a.
ceede, old form.
ceed} p. in compounds
i So antecede, accede, concede, intercede, decede, excede, precede, procede, recede, retrocede, secede, succede, 12 in all ; of which three are often spelt wrong. Johnson and his followers have precede, pro- ceed, accede, exceed, secede, succeed, directly contradictory. They all had formerly ceede, and in the progress of the language were abridged differently. See Letter 41.
w 2
258
APPENDIX.
cele? R124 celing ? Rl 24
celery, j. b. a saUet ! wb. a salad, m. a. a sal/ad center, b. m. wb. cere, wb.
chamfer, b. Br. [wb
chamoy, b. wb. shammy, b. chandeleer, b. w. R124 chant, J.- wb. chantry, j, wb. chanticleer, j. wb. Rl 10 chase, b. j. py. wb. Rl 20 char, j. wb.- to burn
char,1 b. a small job of work charioteer, b.j. py. wb. Rl 24 charloc ? chastely, py. w.- chasteness, py. w.- cheer, b. Rl 24. cheerful, m. j. check, m. Rl 10. checker, m. j. chesnut, b. buc Rl 23. horse-chesnut,2 j. w. &c chesapea.c; wb. chevaleer,Rl 24. chew, b. m. chego ? Rl 24. chicanery, wb.
py.
wb.
ceil, j. ciel, b. m. ceiling, B.-j.-F.-sr.- ieling, p. b. h. j. sr. ellery, b. m. a s'dllet - ccteri, wb. centre , Fr. j. sere, b.j. chamfret, b. chamois, ft. wb. chandelier Fr. j. chaunt, o. chauntry, b. chanticlear, b. chace, b.= m.= charr, b. chark, b. py. A.- chare, b. - . chariotier, Fr. charlock, j. wb. chastly, b. j. chastness, b, j. f. chear, b. chearful, b. cheque, m. o. chequer, j.
chestnut, m. j.-|- w.+ wb. horse-chestnut chesopeak, wb. old. chevalier, m. j. rr. chaw,3 b.
CHK^oe, wb. chieGQ, b. m.4 chicanerie, buc chicanry, b.
i Still used in the Northern States, and pronounced cliore, wb.
2 These words contradict in nearly all the dictionaries.
3 The last is a common pronunciation among the vulgar.
4 Both syllables are authorized here, and choosing a syllable from •ach, makes a simple English word.
APPENDIX.
259
chilblain, m. j. b. wb. Rl 25 chiln ess, j. Rl 25. Childermas, b.m. py. Rl 23. chimist, wb. see alchimist. chimny, b. Rl. 7. [Rl 6,
chimnies, p chincapin, Mx. sylva. chints, buc. wb. chivalry, b. m. choir, m j. Rl 17. chorister, j. buc. Rl 17. Christmas, buc. wb. chizel, m. under punchion. cives, m.= wb. a.
choke, b -m. J. wb. Rl 9. colic,1 m.-b. Rl 23. choose, b.- j. cord, j RI23.
chouder ? Rl 8. crism, m. Rl 23.
cider, b.j er.F.A.wb.Rl 6. sider, b m. j. Rl 20. churn, b.
cinnabar, m. b. py. c. wb. succory, b. a. c*
cimbal, m. wb Rl 6.
chillblain
chillness, wb.
childermass, b. j. u.
chymist, j. w.
chimney, m. j.
chimneys, p.
chinkapin,wb. chinquapin,*.
chintz, p.
chevalry, b.
quire, b.
quirister, b. j.
christmass
chizzel, b. h. chissel, buc
chisel, b. m. wb.
chives, j. m.
chieves, b.
choakj j.
cholic, M. B
chuse, M. B. BUC-
chord, j.
chowder, wb.
chrism j j. chrisom,*. j.
crisom, b.
cyder, m - Br. j. w. c.
syder, b. m.
chern, b. c.
cinabar, p.
cicory
cichory, b. a.
cymbal, j.
i The omission afh in colic, crystal, crism, cameleon, calcedony, Arc should be followed in all words, of the same form, derived from the Greek. In English we ought to use c, before a. o, u, or a consonant; and Arbefore e, i, y. K, at the end of words, should be replaced by c, at in the original Saxon : examples, invoAre, invocation ; cat, kitten ; embanc,embarc,embarcation,skeme.scool,mecanic. This would mak* our orthography simple and easy ; and it would also restore its purity and make it true to etymology.
Colic and melancholic ! Johnson. X
260
APPENDIX.
cimeter,B mj.e.a.p.h.js.w. w. c. d. s. py. ' sr. u. aI. This is most common.
cimiter,wb. great dictionary This form is preferred.
cinara, b.
cion, b. m. d. j. wb. h. Rl 6
cifer? An. Rl 14.
cipher, m. jx wb. b. a
decipher, jx wb. m.
deciphered, wb.
undecipherable
ciperus, b. m. Rl 6.
circ, c.wb.
circus, Lot. j. py. c. wb.
cist, b.4- j.-f- wb. c.
cisted, b .+ j.x c.x PY+wb
encisted ? An.
cistic, wb. Rl 6.
encistic, An.
citadel, m.
clerk, m. p.-
clam, c. wb.
clergyable, wb. 12 mo. Rl 7
click, b.j. Rl 13.
cliff, b. c.
clinch, b. m.= c. wb —
cimetar, w. d, s. f. n. cymeter, j. c. js. s. a. cymetar, j. c. A
smarter, m. scimiter, m.
simitar, b,j.m.s.js.w.d. Br.c.
scimitar, b.m.js.f s.w.d.c.j.u.
scimeiar, b. p. s. aI. h, Br. w.
scymetar, b. h. c.
scy meter, p. b. w.
scymitar, b. f,
cynara> b.
cyan, b. m.= d.= c.
scion, wb. b. Fr.
chifre, Fr.
cypher, b. d. j.x wb.x
decypher, j X wb. M.
undecypkered, wb.
nndecypherable, wb.
cyperus, b.
irque, Fr. wi. py. c.
cyst, c. wb.- cystis, b. j.
cysted, cystus, Br.
encysted f j.x c.x &c
cystic, d.
encysticy d
cittadel, m.
dark, m. p.
clamm, j.
clergyable, c. wb.
klick, c.
clift, b. cleft, c.
clench, j.= b.= buc.
i PERRY is uniform and consistent with himself. Walker spells the word six ways ! Johnson five ! Bailey and Chalmers six .' and other authors increase the number to fifteen at least ! ! This is a precious specimen of English Dictionaries. The etymon is also va- rious, from the Spanish, Italian, Turkish, &c.
a Nearly every Dictionary gives cisted with t, and encysted with y. Such contradictions are very frequent, especially in Johnton and Walker.
APPENDIX.
261
elister, m, Rl 6.
eloister, b. j. wb. Rl 7. roister, j. oister, b.-
cloke, m.-j. b. c. wb - cloth, j. wb. clothe, b. j.x wb. Rl 9. unclothe, py. clothing, py. wb. bedclothes, c. wb. bodyclothes, c. wb. graveclothes, c. wb. cradleclothes, c. wb. clue, m. wb. Rl 12. cobler, b. m. buc. kobler, Danish. coax, j. Rl 22. coxe, m. Rl 9. condolence, wb. coke, b. py. c- w.- cockerel, j. wb. cole,2 Sir Thomas More. colier, An,
coliery ? An.
cope, m.- Rl 9.
cockny ? Rl 7.
cocknies ?
cocoa, j. wb.
coco, m. A. coca, c.
coddle, b. wb.
codlin, an apple, b. wb. M.
codling, an apple, c.
clyster, b. m. j. wb. Br, glister, b. j. m. glyster, b. cloyster, m.= royster, A. W.Irving, oyster,1 J. p. cloak,2 b. j.x chat h , b. J. cloathe, b. uncloath, j. X (loathing, J- bedcloaths, J. bodycloaths, j. gravecioaths, J. cradlecloaths, j. clew, j. b. wb. cobbler, b. j. wb.—
coalcs,, b.m. coax, j. condolance, m,
COCiiZ, C.
cockrel, b. m. buc.
coal. j. and others.
collier, j. wb. coalite?', wb.
coalier, wb. coalery, c.
colliery, J. coliery, m.
coap, m.
cockney, j. wb.
cockneys
cocao, b. c.
cacao, d c.
codle, j. wb.
codling, a young codfish.
coddling, see p. 74. [b.wd.
i Oister, Bailey prefers i. Rule 6. This is one example, among many, in which common practice differs from the best authority.
2 Sir Thomas More wrote a letter with a COLE. See Johnson 'g Dictionary. Coal and collier are anomalous. Neither is analogical- ly correct Col is the Saxon, and final e in English, makes the long sound. Kole is Teutonic.
262
APPENDIX.
cognizance, b. Br. wb.
recognizance, b.- m. coins, b. j. m.
coif,' b. j. Rl 17. coiffure, j. coil, b. J. coits, m. buc. colonade,2 b. Rl 23. collet, j.= m.- colofony? Rl 14. colofony, Rl 24, 14. colofony,3 Rl 23. 24. colter,4 m. b. Rr. wb.
cumber, m. Rl 8. compas ?« Fr. Rl 23. like canvas, which see.
connizance, m. cognisance, b. m. recognisance, sr.X coigne, c. quoins, b. c. quines, m. buc. quoif, b. quoiffure, j. quoil, d. c. quoits, M. BUC. colonnade, b. j. colet, B. M. colophony, b. j. colophonia, b. colofoma, B. coulter, j. m.= culter, j. comber, m. compass,4 m. j.
1 See pages 184 and 213,
2 Like lemonade, promenade, serenade, cavalcade.
3 In this word, as in many others, choosing a syllable from two or more variations makes the whole word right, according to genera! rules, tho the whole word thus corrected, isnnt found in the hooks. Johnson givs the final y which is English, and Bailey gives/ insied ofph, which ought to be corrected through the whole language. It is gradually gaining ; fantom, frenzy, gulf-, and others are established, and it is hoped that we may yet see orthngrafy, geografy, and that nume- rous class of words, simplified in the same manner. The Spanish have done so, and all the world applauds.
* Common pronunciation gives this word with long o, but its deriva- tion requires u. Cultor Saxon, culter Latin, a knife.
5 ASS in the end of words, when not underthe accent, should be rejected as it is generally contrary to the etymon, and tends to a false pronun- ciation, as compass insted of compas. Nearly every one, of this class of words, is variable. Let us see how they would look when corrected, canvas compas dowlas hippocras
cutlas bias trespas Christmas
atlas haras embarras sassafras
Six of these are written, according to Dictionaries, with single s, and six with double ss. Let the erudite reader determine which and why?
APPENDIX.
263
complexion, b. m. j.py.Rl22 connexion,' b. J-x w. Buc. inconnexion, An. complete, b. m. j. Buc. compromited, wb. compromiting,wb. see p.228 comrad ? [note 4.
con, j.Br. condolence, wb. condyl, wb. congele ? An. congelation, j.y B. congelable, c. congelement, An. construe, b.- m. controlable, m. see p. 202 under uncontrolable, m.
complection connection, A. b. wb.- inconnection, j. Hist, in his compleat,B buc. m. [Diet, compromitted, p. compromising, p. comrade, j. comarade, h. b. comerade, m. camrade, b. conn, m. condolance, m; condyle, p. congeal, j. H- congealation congealable, b. j. congealment, j. conster, b. m. controllable, j. Br. uncontrollable, wb. uncontroulable, b.
t See Flexion and its compounds. The state of these words, in all our dictionaries, shows how very little attention has been paid by lex- icographers to orthography. They have often blindly copied, and ad- ded their own, to the errors of their predecessors, until the whole needs a thorough revision ; which it is hoped some able hand will un- dertake. It would be very useful to substitute x for ct wherever this combination occurs. It would be simply incorporating the two letters, for t, in all such cases, has the sound of s, and cs contracted is x. If many petsons of education cannot tell whether they should write ct or e, it would be doing no great violence to write x uniformly, and at the same time economize the labor of the PEN, which occupies so great a portion of the time of such multitudes of men, in every civiliz- ed community. If he is a public benefactor who can make two spears of grass grow in the place of one; surely, he who should abridge the enormous labor of perpetually writing a multitude of useless letters, will deserve his share of gratitude. But when the labor of learning is considered, the consideration rises in imj .irtance, and becomes in fact, immense and almost infinite. No man can calculate the mil- lions that might be saved in time and money, by a judicious simplifi- cation of our orthograyy.
2 CoN6ELK,from gelu frost, Lat. gelid, gblable, &c all with x only. These anomalies are meieblundeis which should be corrected. John- son is once right and three times wrong in these four words.
264
APPENDIX.
eontrole?1 An.
controler ? An
controlership ? controleraent.?
convent, &. Br. c. cony,3 fl. a. d. Br. j. py. conies, wb.
pony, w. Br. m. j. b. Rl 7. crony, vv. py. j. hony,B.under&ee. honied, j. mony, b. monied, c. copse b. sr. m. j. d. Rl 23. copier, j. py. a. wb. Rl 3. copist, b. m. py. j. wb.
coquet, b. m. d. s. wb.
control, b. j. d. a. wb.
control!, b. wb.
controul,2 p.
comptrol
comptrulljj. wr.
counter roll, b.
counter rot, c.
controller, b. m. j. d. Br.
comptroller, m. d. j. Br.
control/ership, wb.
controlment, b. d. j. sr. wb.
controllment, wb.
count errolment, c.
covent, b. d. c.
coney, b. a. wb.
coneys
poney, o.
croney, o.
honey, b. j. honeyed, A.
money, b. j. moneyed, j. c.
coppice, m.= d. j. b. Br. wb.
copyer
copyist, wb.
cocquet, m. a.
coquette, b. c. a. Fr.
x See page 202, Note 2. From the French controler, hoth etymol- ogy and analogy require final e and one I. This is according to the great analogy of final e lengthening the foregoing vowel. OLI> might be rejected entirely without loss, and with advantage, noix and loll are short and might drop one 1, dol, lol. Bole, pole, role, scrolh,
DHOLE, STROLE, TROl E, TOLE, ENROLE, UNROLE, MUSROLE, fATHOLE, FI-
trole, like console, cajole, condole, pistole, parole. Some of these words are corrected, and others are variable, and analogy ought to prevail over vicious practice, and contradictory cacography.
3 CONTROUL, This form is often seen in books and newspapers. It is worse than ol or oil. OU should be ou like THOU ; and OW, long like OWE Soul is from the saxcn, more correctly SOWL like bowl. By observing these two simple rules, a multitude of anomalies might be corrected. They appear to be authorized by the Saxon.
3 Cont is sounded short like honey and money ; and has lost the «, like a multitude of others; and in the derivatives of money and honey, honied and mom ed, the ey is changed to t, as it ought to be in all the word* of that form in the language. EY is useless and obsolescent.
APPENDIX.
265
coquelico, wb. Rl 23. contemporary, • d. Br. b. wb. coraline? An. cordwainer, b. m. d. j. coroner,3 m. py. Br. A. cornelian,3 b. m. p. j. a. corn el ion
cornice, b. Br. m. j. wb. corslet, b. d m. Rl 23. cottage, b. cot i lion ?4 An.
cotery? An. Rl 24.
like, revery, b. w. j.
coul, b. m. Rl 8.
coulstaff, b.
cot, a bed or house, b. m. d.j
cozen, to cheat, m.- Br. d. j
cousin, a relation, j. d. Br.
could,5 B. coverlid, b. a. councilor, py'sR. wb.
counselor, py's r. wb.
coquelicot, wb. cotemporary, j. Br. d. b.= coralline, wb. cordiner, b. d, j. crowner, m. a. carnelion, j. py. carnelian, j.+ A. c. wb. cornish, b. m- corselet, m. d. j. Br. cotage, b. cotil/ion, c. A. Br. cotillon, c. py. wb. A. coterie, b. Br. pr. wb. reverie, Br. Fr. cowl, M.- J.
cowlstajf", j. wb colstaff,wb. cote, b. j. coat, j. Br. cott, A. wb.
ten, b. m. A. cousen, a. cozin, m. cosin, b. cosen, b. cozen, b. cousen, b. cood, o.
coverlet, j. b. a. council/or, a member of a counsel/er, a. [council, wb. counsel/or, b. d. j. Br.
i In all words from the Latin, compounded with con, we wrl-te co, before a vowel, and col, com, con, cor, before consonants, as, co-agu- iate, co-eternal, co-incide, co-operate, co-urgent, and coZlate, compose, connate, correct
2 Corona Lat. a crown ; coroner or crowner, an officer of the crown : but in America we use coroner for an officer who inquires into the cases of accidental death.
3 Not from carnis, of flesh Lat. but from cornel, a cherry from the resemblance of the polished stones, to cherries. Webster 's 4to distinguishes carnelian, a stone, from cornelian, a tree. See page 105.
4 bee Letter 50, and page 229.
5 Gerard's Herbal gives COOD, WOOD, and SHOOD, for could, would, and shovld.
6 Martin dues not distinguish these two words, he gives councel, an assembly, and councel, consel, B. counsellor, one that pleads at the bar. Counseled, eounseling, counselable, WB. 4to. See page 225.
X
266
APPENDIX.
counterpoize poize,1 j.X d.= p. A. c. avoirdupoize ? An. equipoize, d. overpoize, An. cumfry, buc. Rl 7. cumfry, buc. Rls 8 & 7. curmudgeon,2 o. Br. j. colander, m. d. j. c. wb.
covy,3 b.- a.- Rl 7. couhage, d. c. Rl 8.
covin, j. wb. crafish ?4
counterpoise, j.X m.f.awd poise, m. c.
avoirdupois, j.+m. d. A.wb* equipoise, j.x m. f. a. wb. overpoise, j.x m. d. f. a. c. cumfery,M. cumfrey,B.w.wb. corafrey, M.B.w.comfry, wb. cormudgeon, b. m. cullander, b.= m.- buc. cidlender, p. covey, j. Br. wb. cowhage, Eaton' sBotany.wb cowitch, d. wb. vulgar, covine, j. crawfish, j. wb. Br. d.
1 Murray's Grammar has an exercise specially designed to teach us "to spell poize with z. This is right; and of course all the com- pounds must have z. Walker altered Johnson's orthography, but forgot to change the position of the word, and so S now stands, in this word, after T, thus, poiSon, 'poiTrel, poiSe ! ! Z is preferred by Rule 15, and avoirdupoize, from the same root, (poids, Fr.) ought certainly to have the same spelling. P, o, i, z, would be the best form.
2 Curage, scurge, &c. with their compounds should be spelt in the same manner by Rl 8. but Johnson has given UR in curmudgeon, and OUR in other words, all derived from the French cceur, heart.
Ash has made a ludicrous blunder on this word. Some person wrote to Johnson that curmudgeon was " a viciousmanner of pronoun- cing coeuk mechant, French;" and did not give his name. Johnson therefore gives credit, for the information, to "an unknown correspon- dent.^ Ash, not understanding French, or Johnson's English, in the present case, puts " CURMUDGEON, (sfrom the French coeur, un- known, and mechant, a correspondent) a miser, a churl, a griper." See Johnson and Ash."
3 AGE is a frequent termination of the names of plants, as borage, smallag-e, lovag-e, cabbag-c, spinag-e, Wr. or spinach,- orag-e or otach ; sumach, \i\ach Wr. or liZoc.
Couhage or cowhage. The Saxon U comes into OU or OW in English, as cu, cow ; thu thou, and many others. It would be a great benefit if this analogy could be uniformly observed. See note on con- trole. It would purify the language from a multitude of hateful anom- alies, such as bow to bend, bow to shoot with, sow and sow, mow and mow, row, row, now, know, tower, rower, bower, blower, &c &c. O are OE should be long O, like go, foe ; goes, foes : and ou should in all case be OU, as in thou.
4 An established corruption, but neither w nor y belong to the word.
APPENDIX.
267
(ecrevice, Fr. a crab.)
cranch, A.
or scranch, j. b.
crier, wb. buc. Rl 6.
creek, b. RI 10,
cressent,1 b. R124.
croke, b. m. buc. Rl 9.
crisis, e.
critic, wb.
croud,2 M. j. wb. Rl 8.
uncrouded, j. w.
cruel ? An. Worsted.
cruet, a small bottle, b. m. j.
cruse, b. m. A.wb. crozier, a. Rl 15.
cruise, a voyage, wb.
to cruize, wb. Rl 15.
cruizer, wb.
crura, b. m. j. c. Br. wb.
croop,2 b. m. wb.- Rl 24.
crooper, b.
croopade, wb.
crusade, b. a. d. Br. c. j. wb
crayfish, j. d. Br. wb.
crevice, h. b. buc.
crevtSf c.
crevisse, c.
crevize, b.
craunch, d. j. Br. wb.
scraunch, wb. crunch, m.
cryer, wb.
creak, to make a noise, j.
crescent, j. b.
croak, j. d. Br. wb.
crise, e.
critique, Fr.
crowd, j.-f- m. d. w.-£-
uncrowded
crewel, b. j. c. Br. wb.
crewet, b. m. crevet, b.
creuet, b.
cruise, j. Br. d.
croisier, b.
croizier, b. crosier, A.
cruise, b. d. Br. j. cruiser, b. d. Br. j. crumb, j.= Br. d. croup, B. d. j. crouper, b. m. j. crupper, d. Br. wb. croupade, wb. crusado, b. Br. j. c. croisadey j. b. a. d. Br. croisado, j. cruzade, a.
i Cressent, this word with double ss, insted of see, is put down by Bailey repeatedly, as of undoubted authority. If we could correct all the words in see to ss, it would give simplicity and beauty to this part of the language ascoaless, acquiess, eflfervess ; like express, confess, distress, bless, &c.
a Crowd and un-crowded ! Johnson and "Walker.-f-
3 From croupe Fr. and should have the same form as troop, troop- er, from troupe, Fr. OU in French is 00, in English, and ought always to be so translated. Dr. Johnson indignantly condemns all French words. See page 84.
268
APPENDIX.
crystal, m. j. wb. cristal ? crystaline, py. wb. A. p x crystalization, py. wb. a. crystalize,1 py. wb. A. f. d.
chrystal,u. p. crystalline, p.x m. crystallization, f.+ d." crystallize, j. Br. chrystallize, p.
crystalography, wb.
cue, m. d. j. c. Rl 12.
cuerpo, j.- m.
cuckoo, B. M. BUC.
cucumber, b. m. j.
curb, b. d. Br. wb. j. Rl 13.
cupel, b. wb.
currants, m. buc.
corinths
cur, A. Rl 23.
curtain, h. d. j. m. Rl 8.
cur tin ?2
custard, m. Rl 8.
cutlas, b. Rl 23.
crystalise, p.
crystallise, p.
chrysalize, p.
chry3talise,p.
christallize, p. &c. &c.
crystallography, p.
queue, c. kue, b.
querpo, j.
cuckow, b. m. buc.
cow cumber , m.=
kerb, b. m. d. a.
kirb, d.
cuppel, B. M. D. J.
coppel, B. M. D. J. BUC.
copel, b.=
currans, m. buc. see p. 41.
courtine, j. m. courtin, b. costard, m. cutlass, Br. d. j. a. m cutlash, a. cutlace, b. m. A. curt lass, m.
i Ignorance or negligence has given to this common word, 16 dif- ferent forms. PERRY is right, and this is one of a thousand examples, that might be produced, to show the superiority of his work, over that of Johnson, Walker, Sheridan, or Jones. The h is rejected by com- mon consent, as it ought to be from all similar words.
2 A selection, from these variations, would make a proper word curtin. The termination AIN when sounded short, might advanta- geously be replaced by IN, as cert'm, cerlmly ; mountin, movntinous. AI being a regular form of the long sound of A, would not then be equivocal.
APPENDIX.
269
cyclopedy, j. Rls 5 & 7. encyclopedy, j. cyclopedia, d. j. encyclopedia, j.
curtle ax, m. a, courtlass, b. cutle ax, a, curtel ax, Br. curtelasse, Br. cyclopaedia, b j. encyclopaedia, Brewster. cyclopoedy, b. cyclopede, c- wb.
All words beginning with CY or SI will probably follow the preva- lent mode of substituting I for Y. It is not however to be supposed that any change in language, however useful, can be at once effected. All we can do is to observe the course and tendency of the language, and adopt those little and almost insensible improvements that spring up from time to time, nobody knows how or whence. The course of the language is towards SIMPLICITY and REGULARITY, and the present effort is to ascertain in detail the exact bearing of that course. The discussion cannot but beusefnl, whether the authors views (vues) are approved or not. He gives to the inquirer a key which will ena- able him to open the archives and examine for himself.
Dabchick, wb. c. w.
dabler ?
dactyl, j. buc.
daffodil, wb. py. b, m. buc.
daily, m. w. wb. dain, b. (a in Fr.) dandiprat, j. b. d. c. damask, buc. w. wb. damson, , wb. w.
dandruff, w. wb.
dobchick dopchick dipchick, wb. c. dabbler, w. dactyle, b. m. w. daffodilly, c. py. daffodill, c. daffodown dilly, py. w.= daffy down dilly, b. m. daffadilly, c. daffadowndilly, c. dayly> wb.- daign, m. deign, j . b. dandeprat, b. dandepart, m. damascene damascene, s. c. damsin, b. m.
dandriff, b.= m.= py. buc dandraff,m.= 3 ways.
1 One/ would be better, as in Saxon, dandrof.
x2
270
APPENDIX.
darksom, b.
daub,j.XD.xBr. w. wb.
bedaub, Br. wb. mc.
dazy, m.
dazied, j. wb. A. w. Rl. 15.
dazzle, m. j. wb.
deboshee, m. b. Rl 24.
debark, m. w. Rl 17.
bark, m.
defense, b, j. wb. R120.
defy, wb. w. Rl 7.
defier, b. d. j.x wb-Rl 6.
denier, b. wb. w.
delf, b. d. j. wb. Rl 23.
demon, j. b. d. Er. Rl 5. demeanor,2 wb. demy,3 b. c. Br. w. c. A. wb demain, m. d. b. j. wb.
deposit, d. wb. denizan, wb.
darksome, j. c.
dawb, b.-m.
bedawb,j.x b. d. X and others
daisy, 4" Br. wb. m. j.
daisied, wb.
dazle, m.=
debauchee, m.- j. d.
debarque, m.
barque, Fr.
defence, j. b. d. buc. w.
defie, o.
dejyer, wb.
denyer, j.x
delph, b. j. delft ,
delfe, j.
daemon, Br m.- buc.
demeanour, d. j. Br.
demi, b= j. a.-
domain, J. Br.
demesne, m. d. j. Br.
demean, j. Br.
deposite, m. j. Br. w.
denisun, m. see artizan
i Bailey spells these words following- without the final e, which is agreeable to analogy, and nearer the original Saxon sum or som, than the present usual termination some, and ought to be preferred Jid- venture?om, blithesom, hurdensom, buxom, cumber som, fulsom, game- som, g7adsom, humorsom, irksom, lothesom, metllcsom, noisom, play- som, quarrelsom, ransom, transom. These seventeen, from different parts of the book, show what Bailey intended. If a lew are spelt with e final, we must suppose it was an oversight. This correction might well be extended to all words of this class. Blossom, bosom, che- soin, besom, &c. are without e final, as they should be ; and wh> half of these words end in some, and the other half in som, would be hard to say, unless we suppose that our lexicographers have delighted in contradictions and inconsistencies.
2 Webster has corrected this long-continued and often-repeated contradiction. B. is consistent, but wrong ; Br. and Macredie have the words right, with u rather than w, according to Rule 8. Q3" Let it be understood that Walker piofesses to follow Johnson, even where he sees and declares that he is wrong. See the word Codle.
3 Demeanour and misdemeanor !! J. W. Br.-f-
4 Defier and denyer, J. -f*
s Demi, in compounds, is correctly spelt with I, but demy with Y.
APPENDIX.
271
dervis, d. j. Br. d. wb.
destin, b. desert, m. w. despot, d. j. sr. wb. determin, wb. 12mo. Rl detracler, j. Br. Rl develop, d. j. Br. w. Rl 23 development, wb. envelop, w. wb. envelopment, wb.
dervise, Br. derves, Br. destine, d. j. Br, w. desart, j. m. buc. despote, b. m. determine, b. d. Br. detractor, wb. develope, c. developement, c. envelope, d. b. c. envelopement. c. dexterous, d. Br. j. m. w.
sinistrous, d. b. j. w. dextrously, wb. dial, m.
diaphram ? Rl 24 dialist, j. w. wb. dialing,2 py. Br. m. w. wb. dicker, b. c. not in w. dier, wb. dimity, j. d. Br. dime, wb - not in w. diocese, 3bf. m. d, wb. dioce- dipthong,4 p. [san, j -f
tripthong, p. disciplin, wb. 12mo dispatch, Br. wb- ■ discrete,5 j wb. deshabil, wb.-
disinter, j, d. Br. w. wb.
sinisterous,
dexterously, b. Br. j. w.
dyal,
diaphragm, wb. Greek
dial list, p.
dialling, j. d. see p. 225.
dicker, j. daker, buc
dyer, wb.
dimitty,m. b.
disme, b. j. Br.
diocess, j.~+- d. w
diphthong, J. Br. wb.
triphthong, d. j. Br. wb.
discipline, wb. 4 to
despatch, d. j.
discreet, wb. j.
dishabil, wb.
dishabille, m. j. d.
disinterr, b. m.
i These words are discrepant in nearly all the Dictionaries Dex- tenus with the e and sinistrous without it. So Walker and Johnson +
2 Dialist and dialling '. Johnson.^ Walker is right.
3 "Diocess, the circuit of every bishop's jurisdiction." — Walkerand Chahner's dictionaries.
" Bishoprick, the diocese of a bishop." — Ibid "Diocesan, pertaining to & diocese.'' — Chalmers
4 Di/thong and tri/thong are better.
5 The distinction in these words is useless; and e final is better, by Rule 9.
272
APPENDIX.
inter,1 d. Br. j.
disc,2 d. wb. dis-re-gard, w. gard,3 b. m. d. j. w. gardian, Br. belgard, c. garden, j. w. vangard? An. countergard ? An. garanty? An. garanter ? An.
waranty ? An. warant ? m. yard, w. ward, Br. w. warden, m. wardrobe, Br. wardship, Br. gardship ? disseize, b. Br. j. w. seize, j. seizin,4 b. j. s.
disenterre, j. x w. X Fr. enter r, b. disk, Br. j. w. d\s-re-guard9 guard, b. m.- &c. guardian, d. wb.
vanguard, c. m. j. w. counter guard, c. wb. guaranty, d. Br. guaranter, d. Br. guarantor, wb. warranty, Br- warrantry, Br.
guardship, d.
disseise
sease, b.
disseisin, b. m. Br. j.+ w.
i /nter, disinter, and disenterre ! Walker-
2 Note. C being the original and proper letter, is always to be pre- ferred before a, o, u, and consonants ; and also at the end of words ; and if all the final Ws should be rejected, it would be a great gain. C before a, o,u, and k before e, i, y, should be universal. Ch, having the sound of k, might drop h, in the former case, and substitute k in the latter. In ck before I, the k might be dropped, as in ancle, uncle, carbuncle, caruncle, icicle, secle, hade, made, cade, and zinc, thine, disc, fisc, blanc, thauc, arc, hare, wic, thic. Ck or c final before a vowel might reject c, or assume k, as in blanc, blanket; traffic, trffik- ing. The Saxon C will eventually claim its right.
3 Gard, yard, and ward, were originally the same word. In tb« Saxon, g, w and y, were frequently interchanged ; but we ought by no means to useg- and w, or u in the same word, as in guard. Further, our word gard, is immediately from the French garde, without the u, for the g must be hard of course before a, and the u is useless. Nothing but ignorance, or inattention, could have produced and retained gvard and regard, garden and g-imrdian. Such words disgrace the lan- guage, and increase manifold, the difficulty of learning.
4 Seizin with z, and dis-seisin with s / Walker.X Johnson ha* these words all with z except one ! Z is right, but the puzzling digraph •«' should be rejected. See page 250.
APPENDIX.
273
dis-seizor, b. Br. J. s. w. dis-seizee, b j. s. distil, Br. m. j. distilment, j. w. distilation ? divest, d. Br. j. wb.- docil ? An indocil,1 j. Br. doctrin, wb. 12 mo docket, Br. wb.- doggerel, w. wb. dogerel ? dolphin, wb. dor, m.
dossil, c. j. Br. wb. buc. w. a like fossil [pledget
dorsel, b. m. Br. buc. a cur- dorse, wb. [tain dosser,2 m. wb. a bundle dotterel, j. Br. wb. douse, wb. j. Br. dower, wb- j. b. buc-
flour,3 wb. downfal, j. Rl 26 downhil,4 j. uphil ? An Rl 26 draft, j. x wb Rl 23
distil/, b. wb.- distil/ment, wb.- distil/ation, w. wb.- devest, b. m. d. j. docile, j.4- Br. b. indocile, b. Br. doctrine, j. doquet, J = wb. doggrel, B. m. h. dogger ell, wb. small dauphin, Fr. dorr, j.
dosil, b. dossel, b. dozel, b. m. dorsale, b. dossale, b.
f, B. M..EUC.
dorser, m. w. dorsel, w. wb.
dotterell, o.
dowse, m.
dowry, j. Br. buc.
dowery, j. Br.
flower, j. w. see p. 43 note.
downfal/, wb.
downhil/, w. wb.
uphil/, j. x
draught,5 j. Br. w.-
i Docile and mdocil ! Johnson and Walker.+
2 These words are much confused in ihe dictionaries, and may per- haps be all wrong, and all mean the same thing, in the general idea of back; as a back load, a back curtain, a basket carried on the back, and a dressing for the back of a wound. If this conjecture is right, the proper word is dorsal, and the words basket, curtain, dressing, and burden, are understood.
3 The progress of the language indicates a general change of this w to u, when under the accent, and sounded ou as in thou. This is right.
4 Up hill with twol'sand downhil with one ! Johnson. X
5 Drafts and checks are of so much importance in commerce, that it is in vain to attempt the suppression of their names. Future lexi- cographers will probably find it necessary to give that rank to these two words which has hitherto been denied them.
274
drafts, wb. - a game
draff, wb. buc.
dozen, m. j.
dram, b. j. buc- wb.
draul, b. Rl
drazzle, m.
drizzle, m, j. wb.
dazzle, j. Br. wb.
driblet, j. Br.
drole,1 Br.
drolery ? An
drouth, wb.
droutby
drily, b.+ a. Rl 6
driness, b. x
shily, j. d. e. A.
shiness, j. d. e.
slily, c. e.
sliness,2 j. d. b. e. a. c.
drier, wb.
dried, wb.
drousy, b. m. Rl
drousily, b.
drousiness, b.
drouse, An.
APPENDIX.
draughts draugh, jr. w. dosen, m.
ichm, buc. Greek drawl, j. Br. drazel, j. Br. wb. drisle, m. dazle, m.
dribblet, b. m. wb. droll
drol/ery, j. Br. drought, j. sr. droughty, j. Br. dryly, j.X Br. d. e. c. wb. dryness, J. d. Br. e. a. c. wb. shyly, c.
yness, Br. b. a. c. slyly, j. X A. slyness, no author. dryer, d. Br. j. dryed, wb.
owsy, m.- J. D. sr. drowsily, j. Br. drowsiness, d. b. j. drowse, J. d. Br. wb.
» Drole. All words of the form oil sounded long, should be spelt with final e, like this in Barclay. See enrole and controle.
2 No dictionary, which I have yet seen, is consistent with itself; nor do they all agree upon any one of these words, except sliness. Bailey has drily driness shyness sliness!
Dycke has dryly dryness shily shiness sliness
Entick has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly or slily sliness Ash has drily dryness shily shyness slyly sliness, and in
definition shiness. Chalmers has dryly dryness shyly shyness slily sliness, 4 and 2 Johnson has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly sliness ! ! .'
Six words, and three contradictions ! and in this he is followed by WALKER, Sheridan, Jones, Allinson, &c. &c. Fenning has dryly dryness shily shiness slyness
He follows Johnson in four, omits one, and misspells one which J. had spelt right. Who can hereafter have any confidence in English Lexicographers ?
If Walker saw these contradictions, why did he not mention them ? If he did not see them, what will be thought of his sagacity ?
APPENDIX.
275
dredge,B.wb.fo sprinkle flour dredging box, w.- [on meat duchess,wb. see arch duchess ducat wb. ducatoon, Br. wb. duce, m. duse, wb . duc&ingstool, J. d. wb.
dueling, wb. see p; 225 dulhead, j. d. Rl 25 dulbrained, j. wb. dulness, d. j. Br. w. dum ? An. dumly ? An. dumness ? An. dumfouhd, wb. dunghil, j. dier, j d. wb. Rl 6 dy, m. dying,1 m. w. died, p.
dike, d. j.
drudge, j. Br. drudging box, j. Br. dutahess ducket, m. duckatoon, m. deuce, d. Br. dewce, m. dewx, b. cuckingstool duckingstoll, b. Br. cuckingstoll, b.
dullhead, wb. dullbrained, wb. dullness, wb. dumb, j* wb. dumbly, j. wb. dumbness, d. j. wb. dumbfound dunghill, b. wb. dyer, wb.-
dye, j. wb. dyeing, wb. die, c. d. dyed, wb. dyke, J.
1 Dying, expiring, and dying, coloring, are alike in Martin, as they ought to be everywhere. Martin makes no distinction in any form of the two words. He has dy, dye, and die, to expire, and to color.
Note. Five hundred words begin with ois, and ten only with dys. These last might advantageously conform to the general analogy; thus, cfc'scrasy, cfo'sentery, disodile, disorexy, dispepsy, t&speptic, dis~ phony, rfispnoea, disury, and the mineral, tfe'sluite.
Echo, B. H. ebon, j. Br. economy, d. Br. ecumenical, wb. Rl. 5 eft, A. j. d. b. wb. evet, j. M.wb. buc. eilethole, b. m. Rl 6
eccho, b. h. eben, b. Br. j. ceconomy, sr. oecumenical, J. effy wb.
ebbet, Rafinesk eyelethole, j. wb. oylet, b. eylet, w. wb. oilct, B. M,
276
APPENDIX.
eke, wb - Rl 9
electer, wb. Rl 24 elflock, j. wb. elicit, d. Br. w. wb. eloin, m
embassy , d. j Br. buc. embarrasment, b. embarass, m. see p. 5 embarras,1 w. embarcation,2 j. d. c. Rl 13 debarcation? Rl 13 demarcation, c. embark, m. embezzle, j wb. embrion ? Rl 6
hemorroids, m.
hemeroids ?
empannel,B. d. j. Br: f. py pannel, b. m. d. j. Br. p. like channel, flannel,scrannel irapannel, b. m, wb. buc. empress, wb- endevor ? gerard endeavor, wb. engineer, b. j. enhance, b. m. d. j. Br. enrole ? An. ROLE, b. h.
enrolement ? An
eek, wb.
electrum, Br.
etectre,j. Br.
elveslock, j.
elicite, j.
eloigne, Br. eloign, m.
embassadowr, Br.
ambassador, b.
embassage, d. j- Br.
embarassment
embarrassment, J. w.
embarrass, j. d. Br. wb.
embarkation, b. Br. wb.
debarkation, wb.
demarcation, wb.
embarque, Fr-
embezle, m. imbezel^u.
embryon, j. Br. wb.
embryo, j. d. Br. wb.
haemorrhoids, M.
hemorrhoids, j. Br.— wb.
emerods, m. d. j. Br.
emeroidSyM. d. j. Br.
emrods, m. wb.
empanel
panel, d. j, Br. js. w. s. A. c.
impanel emperess, j. w. indeavovr, m.- endeavour, j. ingineer, b. enhaunce, b. m. enroll, b. m. j. a. roll, b. inroll, m. inrol, b. h. a. enrol, d. Br. buc. enrolment, wb. enrolment, b.x d. J. Br. A.
i Embarras, and embarrassment ! Walker. X 2 So also invo/ce, convoke revo/re avowee.
invocation convocation revocation avocation, Rl 13
APPENDIX.
277
enroler ? enstal, b. instal, m. enstalment,' b. instalment, j. eolipile, wb.
epaulet, b. wb.
epitomy, wb. Rl 24
epoc ? Rl 23
epoch, b, m. j buc. wb.
eringo, Br. b. wb.
eraze ? An.
raze, c. w.-
razure, c.-J-
erazure ? An.
ere,2 b. m. d. j. Br.
ermin, wb. Rl 11
error,3 b. m. d. Br. buc. wb.
escape, b. d. j. Br. wb, escalade, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.
eschalot, d. j. w. wb. escalop, b. wb. d. c. j. Br.w
escar, b. m.
eschar, b.m. j. d Br w. wb.
escritoir, b. d. j. Br. w. wb escutcheon, b. w. wb. escocheon, c. wb.
inrolment, b.x H' a.
inrol/ment
enroUer, j. wb.
enstalZ, m.
instal/, d. j. m.
enstaUment
installment
eolipyle, b.
aeolipyle, M.
aeolipylae, m.
epaulette, Br. Fr.
epitome, b. buc. wb.
epocA;, o. epoccs, b. a.
epocAa, b. m. buc.
eryngo, Br.-wb.-
erase, b. Br. j. d. c. w.
rase, w. c. see W. dictionary
rasure, c.
erasure, ex wb.
eer
ermine, b. wb.
err our, j. b.
errata, d. j. Latin
scape
scalade, m. d. j. Br.
scalado, j. b.
shalote, wb. shalot, b. m.
scallop, c- j.
scalop, Br. scollop, c. wb.
scrutoire, b. scrutore, m. scrutoir, b. m. scutcheon, c. b.
i Bailey generally omits one letter in such derivatives as enstalmeni, enrolment, j. amasment, embarrasment, appalment, f. ; and in this he is often copied by Johnson.
2 This word is from Sax. oe, early time ; aer, or eer, before ; erst, first.
3 See the list of these words at the end of A, page 242.
Y
278
APPENDIX.
espousals, b. d. j. Br. w. especial, b. w. wb. espouse, verb, b. d. j.Br.wb espinel, wb. espy, b.m. d. Br. j. wb. esquire, b. d. j. wb. estrange, verb, B.o.j.Br.wb estray, Br. b. m. wb. astray, j. Re- establish, b. j. d. Br. example, b. j. d. Br. sample
exemplar, wb. exemplary, j. Br. wb. exchange, b. d. j. bi. w. exchecker ? An exchequer, b. Br. d. j. w. check, b. excede ? An exergwe, b. c. wb. expunge,1 w.
excentric, b. c. m.-h. a.buc etiket ? etiquet, wb. eves, buc. evesdrop, wb. expense, m. j. bt. w. expenseful, d. j. w. wb. expenseless, d. j. Br. w. exsiccate, w.- wb. extasy,2 b. m. Rls 19 & 22
extatic, b. m. extreme, m. w.
spousal, b. special, b. spouse, noun, b. spinel, wb.- spy, b. wb. squire, b.
strange, adj. b. wb. stray, Br. b. wb.
stablish, m. b.
ensample, d. j. Br.
sampler, j.
examplar,Buc. exampler,wb.
examplary, d. j. Br. wb.
change, b.
checker, b.
chequer 9 j.
cheque,
exceed, d. Br. s.
exergum, b.
spunge, b.
eccentric, B.c.M.D.H.A.w.wb.
etiquette, w.
eaves, buc wb.
eavesdrop, wb.=
expence, b. m. Br.
expenceful
expenceless
exiccate, w. see his note
ecstacy, b. m. extacy, b. m.
ecstasy, c-
ecstatic, b.
extream, m.
i Custom appears to have decided capriciously in some of these words, beginning with es or s, from escape to expunge.
2 Our dictionaries are in a state of utter confusion with respect to this word and its derivatives. Ecstasy, ecstacy, extasy, and extacy ; ecstasied; ecstatic, and extatic are the changeable materials out of which learners have to make their election. Perhaps it may assist them to point out ecstasy, ecstasied, and ecstatic, as the spelling most conformable to the original Greek, and to remark that cs in contrac- tion is *'.
APPENDIX.
279
eye, ey ? eyryS y, b.-
M.-
wb. aerie, see airy
eie, m.
ey, b.
i Bailey remarks that " ey formerly written at the end of words, is now more generally and better written with a single y." This is right. EY should be rejected. See Letter 48.
Fag, c. b. w.
fake, b. wb.
fagot, m. d. j. Br. w.
faign, b.
fait, b.
fakir, b. wb.
falchion, b. m. d. Br. J.
falchon, m.
falcon, b. d. Br. j.
falter, Br. j. b.
false, b.
fait ? An. like salt, malt, hall
falsehood, j. b. w.-
faraows, b.
fanatic, d. j. Br. m. Rl 14
fansy ? An
fantasy, m. j. d. Br. wb.
fantastical, d. j. w.
fantasm, m. Br. d- j. b. w.
fantom, m.- Br. c. wb.
farewel, m. Rl 25 farther, b.- wb. farse, m. Rl 20 fathom, b. m. d. j. Br. faucet, b. m. d. j. Br. wb.
feag,m.feague,c.
fac, B.fack, b.
faggot, b.
feign, b.
fete, Fr.
faquir, b. wb.
fauchion,B.j.BT.faulchio?i,B.
faulchon, m.j.fa^chin, ' J.Ab
faulcon, m. j.
faulter
faulse, Br.
fault,2 b. j.
falshood, M. b. J.
famose, b.
phanatic, d. m.
fancy, d. j. Br. b.
phantasy, Br.
/fantastical, m. d.
phantasm, j— m, d. Br.
p/«antom, m. d. j. Br.
fantome, b. m. h.
farewell, b. j. Br, d. w.
further, b. wb.=
farce, m. d. sr. wb.
f adorn, b. m.
fawcet, m. f asset
i Falchin, in Johnson's 1st and 2d editions of the great dictionary, and in the abridgments of the same, is a misprint, which is corrected in Johnson's revision of his own work ; and yet this mistake is faith- fully copied by Sheridan, Mavor, and others. VVitherwrung was with- out the second w, and was also corrected by Johnson, but retained by Jones, Walker, and others. See p. 228.
a Fault, false and falter, are anomalous.
280
APPENDIX.
feat. b.
felly, m. d. c. wb.-
felon, b. m. d. Br. j. wb.
felness, Rl 25
felwort, sr.
fennel, b. d. j. Br. wb.
felspar, wb. feldspar, wb.
fief, wb. b. Br. d.
fee, p,
feef?
feefee ?2 or feffee r
feefer ? or feffer ?
infeef? or infef ?
enfeef ? or enfef ?
infeefment ? or infefment ?
enfeefment? or enfefment ?
feefment ? or fefment ?
fauset, d.
fait, b fete, b.
felloe, d. j. sr. c.
fellow, m,
fellon,1 m. wb. a crime, a
fellness, b. wb. [whitlow
fellwort
fennil, m.
felspath, wb, feldspath,xvb.
feoff, sr. wb.
fides, hat. fe, Spanish
feoffee
feoffer, Br.wb. feoffor, wb.
infeoff, Br. wb.
enfeoff, sr. wb.
infeoffment
enfeoffment, Br. wb.
feoffment, Br.
i Webster, Johnson and Martin do not distinguish these words.
a Barclay pronounces these words long, as we generally hear them. So Mr. Walker was directed by his ear, which was doubtless more cor- rect than the Lawyers whom he consulted. See feoff, in his pronoun- cing dictionary.
This class of monsters ought to be reformed and made English. If they should follow the pronunciation, they would be better, but still there would be duplicates, in the feedal (feodal) system of Burke, and the fudal (feudal) system of others; and in ttye feef (feoff) of Barclay, and the enfef (enfeoff) of Walker and others.
FEE is a well known term for a reward of services rendered. When princes gave lands as rewards, they were fees, and thus the lands were fee-ed (/k-od) and the tenure was /ee-dal (feodal, feudal) by which they held their feefs (fiefs, feoffs, feods, feuds) or possessions. We use the word/ee for the same general idea of property " in fee simple."
FEUD, a quarrel, should be spelt fude. It is from the same root as vighr, with the radicals r, t, or f, d.
The other irregular sounds ofEO might be reformed thus, in people, change O into E ; in Leonard, leopard, jeopard, reject O, and in yeo- man, reject E. They would then be simple and analogical, thus, peeple like steeple ; Lena.td like reward ; k/?ard,jepard, like Shepard ; and yoman like Roman.
The words above, like all those in this list, for which no authority is given, are proposed for consideration. All liberal discussion is use- ful i and those whose views may differ from the author's, will be ben- efited by having the subject fairly presented, and by seeing the differ- ent authorities subjoined.
APPENDIX.
281
fude?
fudal ? fudality ? fudary ? fudatory ? fude ? a quarrel fennigreek, b. m.
ferrel, m. an iron ring
ferule, wb fether, wb- fetid,j. R124 fetus, j. feverfue, d. Br.
febrifuge
filbert, d. j. sr.
fidler, wb. s. d. scraper
fiber, b. m. wb.
fillet, b. m. c. d.
fibrin, wb.
filter, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.
fishgig, wb.
finery, b. m. Br. d. wb.
fir, b.
financer, m. p.
finess, wb.
filigrane, b. wb.
filigree, Br.
flagelet, m. j. d. Br. wb.
flaraboy, b. m.
flant ? An
flanting, b.
flegrn, b.
fleme ? Rl 14
flier, wb.
feud, D.Br. wb.feude,B. feod, b. d. j. Br. feudal, Br.wb. feodal.D.j.Br. feudality , Br. wb. feodality,wb feudary, Br. wb. feodary, b. feudatory, sr. wb. feodatory, feud, Br. wb. [b. wb.
fen i greek, b. fenugreek, b. ferrule ', m. d. j. wb. verrel, b. m. verril, b. ferula, b. m. feather, j. wb. foetid, Lat. foetus, Lat. feverfeie, m j. Br. wb. featherfew, j. fetkerfewj wb.
berd, m. fiddler, j. d. Br. wb. fibre, b. j. Br. d. m. filet, m. b. fibrine
filtre, philtre pAilter, b. j. wb. fizgig, b. m. wb. finary, b. m. Br. wb. firr, b.
financier, d. j. Br. wb. finesse, wb. Fr. filligrane, b. fiUigram, bZ fillagree, Br. filtegreen, b. flageolet, m.= flambeau, b. Fr. wb. flaunt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb.
phlegm, b.- fleam, b. phleme, m. fleam, d. j. Br. flyer, wb.-
y2
282
APPENDIX.
flexion,1 b. m. wb. deflexion, m. inflexion, b. genuflexion, b. d. reflexion, b. d. m. flirt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb. spirt, m. Br. flote, d. Br. Rl 9 flotson, m. wb. flore ? see p. 28 Rl 9 florin, b. d. Br. flud ? see p. 28 Note flue, b. flurish ? flour, b. wb. deflour, m. j. buc. wb. fluke, b. d.
flummery, b. m. d. j. Br. fluorin, wb. fluxion,1 b. wb. foist, b. m. d. j. sr. fole, B.- M. fome, b.- m. forage, b. M.Br, fulscap, see p. 6 Note forin ? would be better and so also suvrin ?2 sovereign, b. h. forelock, b. j. Br. c. forestal, d j. Rl 25 foretel, j. d. Rl 25
I flection, wb. deflection, b. d. j. inflection, b. d. j. m. genuflection, j. B.M.Br.c.wb. reflection, d. m. flui t, M.- spurt, m. Br. float, d. j. Br. flotsam, wb. flotzam, m. floore, o. floor, d. j. sr. floren, b. d. j. flood, j. Br. floud, o. flew, b.
flourish, d. j. Br. flower, d. j. w.- deflower, b.= d buc. flook, b.j. flouk, B. flommery, o, fluorine, wb. fluction foyst, m. foal, j. sr. foam, j. Br. forrage, b. fools-cap, wb. foreign,2 d. j. Br. foraign, o. forreign, m. j. souvereign, o. sovran, Aken- soveraign, o. [side
foretop, m. d. c. forestal/, b. m. Br. foretel/, b. m. Br.
t Fluxion, and its compounds are invariable, having always the X which is recommended for flexion and its compounds. Rl 22.
a If these Norman words could be reformed and take an English dress, they would stand thus, forin, forinert and suvrin, suvrinty. EI when translated, is AI ; the G is a useless intruder, and ought to be rejected; then these word9 would end in ot'n, sounded short, like curtain, certain, mountain, fountain, in which the I only is sounded, and it only ought to be written, thus, certin, certinty, mountin, moun' tinous. The Norman corruptions are the worst part of the anomalous words in the language.
APPENDIX.
283
forfit?' R124
fortunetel? R125
form, m. d.
forest, b. m. j. sr.
foss, M. D.
fother, b.
fragil, m.- Rl 1 1
fraight, b. m. better frait,
frantic, b. m. j. [like strait
freeze, m. b.-
freze ? see p. 249 — 50
freewil, j. Rl 25
frenetic, d. j. m.frentic, m.
frenzy, m. d. j.x Br.
frenzied, Rl 14
fricasee, m.
frigat, b. j.
frier, m. Rl 6
frippery, buc. wb.
frith, m.- Rl 6
frizzle
frizler, j. Br,
froise, b.
frolic, d. wb.
frontier, d. m. d. Br.
frowzy, m d.j. Br.wb. A. Rl 8
frute ? see p. 84
frumenty, b. j. Br.
fuge, d.
fuel, b. d. j. Br.
fulness, b. Rl 25
fulfil, b M.
fulsom, b.
fumows, b. see Let. 52
funnel, b. m. d. j. Br.
furbeloe,2 m. Br. buc.
forfeit, d. j. Br. Fr.
fortunetel/, j.-f
fourm, m.
forrest, m.
fosse, m.
fodder, b.
fragile, m. d. j.
freight, b. m. d. Br.
frentic, m.-
frieze, m. j.
frize, b. m. j.
freewil/, d. Br.
phrenetic,B.Br.phrentic,D Br.
frensy, m. phrenzy
phrensy, b. Br. m. d. j.X
fricassee, J.wb.fricassy,M.
frigate, py. wb.
friar, m. d. j. sr.
fryer, fryar, o.freref Fr.
fripery, m.
fryth, m. firth, p.
frizle, b. m. d. j. frisle, M.
frizzier, see babler
froyse, b.
frolick, Br.
frontire, m.
frowsy, frowy, a .
fruit, French form, j. wb.
furmeniy,M. furmety, b.j.m.
fugue, b. m. j. Br. fugha, b-
fewel, b. j. d. Br. feuel, u.
fullness, wb.
fulfill, wb. fullfill, o.
fulsome, d. j. sr.
fumose, b.
tunnel, b.
furbelow, m. j. d. Br.
i (Jounterfit, comfit, benefit, /or/i<, surjit, &c. should all end alike, a Reject the variable letter in each, and both words are right. See page 101, Note, and gibbous in this list.
284
APPENDIX.
further, b. j. wb. farther, b. j. wb.
furz, b. m. wb. furze, m. j. h.
fuse, to melt, j. Br. fuse, a match, b. m.- h.
[m.j. h. Br. wb. fusee, part of a watch, B.py fusil, a light gun,B.M.D. j .bt.-
[py. wb. fusable ? capable of being fusil, j. wb. [melted fusite, b. h.
fusee, track of a buck, j. fusil, a figure in heraldry, w. fusileer, b. wb. [j. wb
fuz, py.
fuzball, py.
fy, b. d. j. m. py. e. Rl 9.
fusee, b. Br. j. h. fusil, m.
fusil, m. BY.fusy
fusee, b m. sr. J. h. py. wb.
fusible, m. b. j. h. Br. wb.
fusilier, d. j. Br. py. fuselier, m. fuzz, b. m. r>. j. sr. wb. fuzzball, b. m. j. wb. fie, b. e.
i Fusil, a gun, fusee, part of a watch, and fuse, a match, are con - founded in most of the dictionaries, as above in Johnson and Barclay.
Gabardin, m.
gabler ?
gage, b.= d. j. Br.
gaging, wb.
gaiety, m. Br. b. d.
gaily, J.
gainess ?
gaiters, wb. galeon, m.-'
galiot, d. j.' Br. wb. galiard, ? like haliards, c. gaily, wb.= galipot, wb. gallipot, wb. j. gairish, d. j. Br. wb.- gamboge, d. j. Br. wb.
gabardine, j. b.
gabbler, j.
gawge, j.- Br. wb.
gauging, d. Br. wb.
gayety, j.- Br. d. wb.
gayly, j.**- d. Br, wb.
gaieness, b.
gayness, j. wb.
guetres, Fr.
galleon, b. d. j.
gallion, d. m. Br.
galliot, m. wb. galleoty wb.
galliard, d. b. j. p. 229
halyards
galley, d. m. j. Br.
galletyle, j. wb.
gallypot, Ad. galleypotf acL
garish, m. wb.
gambodge,3. lstab
gamboidea, b.
APPENDIX.
285
gambrel, j. wb.
ganch, j. b.
gang, wb.
gant, wb.
gantlet, m.- j. d. wb. a
gantlet, j. b. a punishment
gast, B. J. D. gastly, m. d. gasted, b. gastness, b. gaud, wb. gaudy, J. d. E. wb. gauz, m.
chambrel, b. cambren, b. cambrel, b. gaunch, b.= gangwe, wb. gaunt, j. Br. d. wb. glove gauntlet, m d. j. Br. wb, gant/o/?, m. gantlope, m. b. wb. gantelope, d. Br. j, ghast
ghastly, d. j. g/tasted g/aastness gaude, j. gawdy, m.~ gauze, d. j. Br. wb. gause,v.
gazel, m. Br.
gazet, w.
geer, m. Rl
gard, d. m.b.j. see disregard guard
geminy, j. wb. Rl 24
gelable, d. j. wb. see congele|^ea/a6/e
congelable, c.
gelatin, wb.
germ, d. wb.
gernrin, ' j.
gibe, j.-m. Br. d. c. Rl 6
gibbose,2 d.
gibbosity, wb.
giblet,j.B d.h. wb. see babler
giglet, j. sr. h. wb.
gawz, m. B.gaivse, m. d. gazell, gazelle, Fr. gazette, j. gear m. d. j. Br.
M.-D.
gemini, d. Br. wb. Lat
congealable, d. j, b. gelatine, j. germe, j. Br. germen, b. wb.
e, j. gibbows, d. wb.
gibblet, b. gigglet, w -
\ Germun is more common, but germin more correct, according with its derivatives, germinate, germination, &c.
2 In all words of this form, and there are many, if we reject the variable letters in both forms, the letters remaining will show that form of the word, which agrees with the derivatives ; and which might, with great advantage, be uniformly adopted; as, gibbos, gibbosity, generos, generosity, verbos, verbosity, &c, OUS when not accented, is analagos to OUR, in honour, favour, &c , all which are now cor- rected on the best authority. See Let. 52, and p. 242.
286
APPENDIX,
gigler, h.
gib, wb.
gibcat, j. wb.
gibbet, d. wb.
gimlet, b. d. Br. j. c. m. w.
gipsy, m.- d. j. c. w. Rl 67
gim crack, d. j. Br.
gire, c. j. w. Rl 6 girt, m. w. wb.= guitar, d. m. j. wb.
gist, w. glede, d. j. gladsom, b. glout, j. d. b. wb. gizzard, d. j. Br.
glair, h. wb.
glazier, j. Br. w. wb.
grazier, j.- b. d. w.
brazier, w.
glisten, m. j. Br. wb.-
glitter, m. j. wb.
glucin, wb.
glue, m.- j. d. wb.-
globose, d. w. see gibbose
gloze, w. wb.
gnar, d. j. Br.
gnarled, j. Br. w. wb.
giglot, b. c. wb.
giggler,1 j. sr. wb.
gibbe,j.x sr. d.
gibbe cat
gibet, d. Fr.
gimblet, D. wb,
gypsy, c. wb. gypsey, wb.
gipsey
2 w. r. wb.
gimecrack
ginecrack, b.
gincrack, h.
gyre, Br. c. w.
girth, m. Br. d. j. wb.
ghittar, b. h. cittern, g-
guitar e, b. g hitter, m.
guittar, b- cithern, py.2
ghittern, b- m- h- gittern,wb.
gest, j- wb- gite, Fr-
glead, b- d- Rr-
gladsome, d- j. b.
glowt, m.- b- d.
ghizzard, b-
gizzern, d.
glaire, j.
glasier,
grasier, j. b. d. w.
brasier, w.-
glister, m.
glucine, p.
glew, m. j. wb.
globows, d. w.
glose, w= wb. [gnarl,wb
knur, j. knurl, wb. gnarr, b.
knurled, knurle, J,
l Gigg-ler and giglet, Johnson! These words, amonga multitude, show that our Lexicographers have had no settled principles to direct them, in reference to the right spelling. See Note on babler.
* Such are the caprices of orthography, when rules are wanting.
3 Walker prefers brasier with s-, and glazier with z !
APPENDIX.
287
gnarly
gnarl,1 d. j. Br. w,
goblet, m, d, j. bh b
goslin, m, b.
gore, m, b, blood, or cloth cut
knurly, wb. knarl, wb. knarly, wb. gobblet, w.- see babler gosling,2 j. d. wb. goar, j. d.
gondoleer, M: [widening ,wb gondolier, d. j. Br.
gors, h. gorze, goss, h, wb. gorz, b, gorss, wb.
gorse, w. wb. gossamer, w. wb. graft, j. d, Br. wb.
grand u re, m. granit, wb.- garnet,4 wb.- grapnel, j, w. wb. grapling, wb. granulose, see gibbose grass-plot, j. Br. w, wb. gray, j.- d. Br, w.- wb.- grayhound, b. = wb.- grayness, d. j. Br. b, graybeard, d. j. Br. greece, Br. w, wb. grese, wb,- grenade, o. Br. w. wb.
grenadeer ?
griffin, m. d. j. Br. w.
gossomer,B.u. gossamor, Br. gosemore, h. graff, m. d, Br.
andity, d. wb. grandeur, 3 j. Br. Fr. wb. granite, b. j. w. wb. granate, d. j. Br. b. w. wb. crapnel, Br. wb. grappling granuloz/s grass-p/a* grey, d. j. Br, greyhound, j. Br. d, greyness
greeze, w. r. j, Br. grease, grise, w. r, grenado, Br. d. granade, d. granado, d. b. grenadier, m, d, j, Br, w. granadier, b, d,- griffon, Br, d, j. w. wb, gryphon, c.
» It is somewhat difficult to determine which form is to be preferred, both are very knotty.
a The diminutive termination LIN or LING, as in codZm, gosZin, goblin, is better without theg*; at least in many cases: as also EN, which has been mistaken for ing in stocken, like mitten,- and ticken, like chicken.
3 Johnson, in addition to his strong condemnation of all French words, particularly marks this which Martin had corrected.
* Dr. Webster prefers garnet to granate! Different words.
288
APPENDIX.
grizzly, d, Br. j. wb. gray grizly ? *
grisly, M.j.Br.wb, frightfm grizzled, d, w, grogram, d, m, j. Br. w.
grorawel, wb, sm. Rl 25
grotesk, b. wb. groop, wb.- Rl 24 grous, d.
grout, j. Br. d. m. head groundsil, b, wb.
grudge, d. j. Br, w.
guaiacum, w. wb.
guelf, wb.-
guess,2 j. d. Br, wb,
gild, b.
gulf, m. Br. d, j. wb,
engulf, wb.
gunnel, d. j. Br. w, wb. like trunnel, which see gugaws, m, gurgle, wb.- gutter, d.j. Br. gutteral ? gAerkin,3 d. w.
grisly , M. for both
grogerum, w.
grogeram, j. Br \grogran,BT,
gromweU, d, j, Br. wb,
ummel, w. gromill, d. gromilf wb. grotesque, d. j, Br. wb, groupe, b. group, d, J, Br. grouse, d. j. Br. wb. growse, b, growt, j, wb groundsel^ wb. groundsel, b. d. Br. j, W. grounsel, m.
grunsel,B . D.j.w*grundsel9wb grutch, b. j== w= guiacum, w. guelph, wb, ghess, j, wb, guild, b. wb. geld, b. gulpJi, m. j, Br. ingulph, w. ingulf, j. engulph gunwale, j-Br, d, w- wb. gunnale, b. gewgaws, j. wb, guggle, w= guttur, Lai. guttural, m. d. Br. guerkin, d.
> There is the same reason for and against omitting a z in this word, as for d in sadler,fidler, pedler, &c. See Note on babler.
2 The Normans inserted u or h after g to keep the g hard, as guer- don, g/terkin but putting u after g before a as in guard, was a blunder, for even the French have it garde. So also u after b and g, as in build, buy, guild, guy.
a So also ghcss and g-?*ess. If we had g hard, both h and u might be spared. In gherkin h has prevailed, and in guess u is more com-* inon. Custom is capricious.
APPENDIX.
289
guzler ? see babler
gipsum ?
gipseous, A.
gipsine ?
Habergeon, d. b. Br. j.
habiliment, b. j. d. Br- c.
hackny ?
hacknied ?
haddoc ?
hagard,1 b. m. d. j. vvb.
hackle, d. Br. c- w.
hagler ? see babler
harebel, j. RIs 9 & 25
hainous, m.- b.- wb. hacketon ?
hake, d. j. w. wb. halberd, b. j. wb. halberdeer, b.
halcion ? haliards, c. hallo ?2 qu. from hail,o
halser, b. w. wb.
halimas, b.
holidara, c. h. wb.
hammoc, d. wb. like maminoc, wb.
guzzler, d. j. Br. w. gypsum, wb. gypseous, d. wb. gypsine, d. habergion, m.= b.= abiliment, c- habilement, m- hackney, wb. hackneyed, wb. haddock, m. d. j. Br. haggard, d. j. Br. e w. heckle, c.
haggler, j. Br. hegler, b. harebell, Br. w. wb. hairbel, j. c- hairbell, d. sr. w.= wb. heinous, c-- d, Br. w. haketon, b. haqueton, j. hacqueton,j. ==wb. hecqueton haak, m.= w- = wb - halbert, d. halbard, m. p. b. halbardier, d. halberdier, j. c. b. halcyon, M.D.j.Br. alcyon^i, halliards, D.B.Br- halyards,B. halloo, b. j. d- Br. w. wb. hollow, c. holla, w. hollo, wb. 12 mo. hawser, b.d. hauser, haulser, c, halimass, j- c. w, halmass, j- hallowmas, c. holidom, b. halidome, h, halidom, c - b. wb. hammock, j. hamack, c.
i Hagard, haggardly ! Johnson.+
2 This common word is spelt four ways in Johnson and Walker.
3 00 for o long is not according to English analogy.
Z
290
APPENDIX.
hames, b.
hamper, b. m. d. Br.
hanch, b. m. d.
handkerchef? Rl 24-
kerchef?
neck kerchef?
kerchief, b.
handrail, j, Rl 25.
handsel, b.- d. j. Br, w.
harem, c-
harang, Eng. like hang
harass, m. d. j. w. see p, 5
haras ?
harpooner, w. wb.
harpsicord, b. d. j, see p-97
harness, b. c. harrier, b.- d. heriot, m. d.
harslet, d, Br. j. w. hatchel, b. d. j. w.
hassoc, wb. 12 mo
hattoc ?
havoc, wb.
cassoc, wb- 12 mo
raattoc, d.
hark, d. j. Br.
hash, b. d. j. Bf.
hasp, b. d. j.
haul, m. j. Br. w. wb.
haura, d. j. Br. w. hawm, d,
haumes, b.= c. hanaper, d. m. j. haunch, d. j. handkerchief, d. j. Br. handkercher, m. b. neckerchief, j. neckatee, j. kerchezf,1 d. j. Br. handmiM, Br. wb- hansel, m. haram, c. harangue, Fr. harrass, Br. harras ? like arras harponeer, d. j. b. harponier, m. harpooneer, b. harpineer, b. harpsichord, w. harpsecord, m. harpsecol, m. harpsicol, b. harnes,2 b.= harier, m. j. w. hariot, m. d. harriot, m. herriot, m.- herit, b.- haslet, j.= Br. w. hitchel, B- d. j. hetchely wb hackle, b. j. heckle, b. d. hassock, d. j. Br. hattock, d. j. havock, d. j. cassock, d, j. mattock, j. w. heark-en, d. j. Br. hashe, b. hach, b, hapse, b. m. hale, d. Br. w. haulm, b. halm, b. w.
i Kercheif. This is one instance, among many, of the careless copying of misprints.
2 Double ss must be retained, or caress would be cares ; Jiness, fines i and princess, princes, changing both number and gender.
APPENDIX.
291
hazel, j. b. d. w.
hauk,M under screation
hayward, m. d. c.
headake, see alee
heartake
headstal, m. j. ab.
hede, o. b.
hele, h. o.
hectic, d. m.
hemloc ?
hepe, o. b.
hero, d j. bt. heroin, m=b.
herse, j. c. wb.
heron, m, j.
hest, c. wb,
herbalize, d.
herbalist, d. c.
herbarize, d. c* see p. 220
hemorrhage, d. j. Br.
hermit, Br. b.
hermitical, b. wb.
hermitage, b. wb.
heteroscians, j. Br.
hexaped, wb. see p. 23S
hibernal, b. j. Br. c.
hibernate, wb-
hibernation,' wb.
hibernacle, wb.
hibrid ?
hibridous ?2
hide, b. j.
hickory, wb.
hiemal
higler, b. m. see babler
hip, j. c.
hazle, j.
hasle, b. hasel, b,
hawk, m.
heyward, c.
headach, d. j. bt.
hearlach, j, sr.
headstall f d. sr. w. j.
heed, d.
heal, h.
hectic&, j.
hemlock d. j. Br.
heap, p.
heroe, m.= heroine, d, j. sr.
hearse, b. d. j, c.
hern, m. Br.
heast, c.
herbalist, d. b.
herborist, c, b.
herborise, c, herborize, wb.
haemorrhage, j. Br,
eremite, d. j. Br. c.
eremit, wb. heremite, c.
eremetical, d. j. Br. c.
heremetical, c.
heremitage, c.
eremit age, c.
heteroscii, p. Lat,
hexapod, by. a, hexapede
hybernal, b. = h,
hybernate, wb.
hybernation, by. wb.
hybernacle, wb,
hybrid, d. j. Br. A.
hybridous, wb.
hyde, b.
hecharry, A.
hyemat, A. b. m.
higgler, 3. hegler, m.
hyp, b. d. j.
i Ht'benal and hybeFnation! Barclay. X 3 These words have often i in Latin.
292
APPENDIX.
hippish, j. c. hipothenuse, b. m,
hippogriff, Br. c. hippocras. Br. c- m. hipocras, b. folio hickup, D. b. j. m. A. hindrance, c. hilloc, wb. hiss, w. wb. hippopotamy, wb, hithe,1 m.- hobler ? hoboy, m. b. d. c.
hoggerel. w. c. wb. hogerel ? hoe,2 b. m. j. Br. hogo, c. B.
holster, m, c- w.
so bolster
hoiden, b. m. j. Br,x w.
hoidening, An.
hoist, b, j. Br- w.
holibut, b. wb.
holiday, Br. c. wb. holihock, b.
hyppish, p. hypotenuse, j. d. w. hypothenuse, b. hoppogriff, o. hypocras, a hippocrass, j. hicket,M.B.H* hiccough, a. d, hinderance, j. w. hillock, j. a. ciss, wb.
hippopotamus,- b. w. hythe, m. hyth, M. hobbler, b. hautboy, m. d. j. Br. hautbois, b. o&oy, b, oboe,B. hoggrel, b. h, hoggel, b, h.
ho&', B. AI.- J. hogoo, M. B. haut gout, c. b. hogoe, b. A. holdster, j. c, boulster, o. hoyden p. hoydening, Br.X hoise, m. Br. b. w. hoyst, Br. hoyse, Br. halibut, j. w. hailibut, b. m. holybut, b. hallibot, b. holyday, d, j. b. c. - holy hock, j. b. hollyhock, Br. d, j. w.
« All words bngiiiuing with % might substitute z with advantage, as the words above written, have done.
2 Hoe from how, shows the progress of this class of words toward simplicity. The next step will be to reject e final, as in go, wo ; which is the simplest form, and having no superfluous letters, cannot be shortened, and probably will never be altered. How is analogous to bow?, mow, sow ; hoe is analogous \ofae, toe, soe, (a brewer's tub) and ho would be analogous to go, wo, no, lo.
|
APPENDIX. 21 |
|
|
hole,1 h. c. |
whole, c. |
|
holm, m. d. j. |
holme, d. home, o. |
|
homestal Rl 15. |
homestal/, c. |
|
homested, wb. |
homestead, j. Br. |
|
hommoc |
hommoc&, wb. |
|
hone, c- j. |
hoane, c. |
|
hominy, p. |
hommony, wb. |
|
hoop, B. J. |
whoop, B. M. J. |
|
hoopingcough, b. m. d. j. |
whoopingcough |
|
honied,2 d. j. w. |
honeyed, a. |
|
hony, b. the Saxon has noe. |
honey, b. j. |
|
so inony, 3 b. folio |
money, j. |
|
monied, c. |
moneyed, j. |
|
hord, b. |
horde, c, w. |
|
horehound, b. m. wb. |
hoarhound,j. |
|
hore, Chaucer |
hoar, p. |
|
hory ? .4n. gray headed |
hoary, c. w. |
|
horizon, b. j. |
horison, b. |
|
hozier ? |
hosier, j. w. |
|
ozier,4 b. m. wb. |
osier, b, wb. |
|
hospitaler, b, P)r. |
hospitaller, j. |
|
household, d. j. Mr- |
houshold,5 b. |
|
falsehood, w- |
falshood |
|
housel, b. j. |
howsel, b. |
|
hochjB.c.wb. |
hough, b, j. |
|
hoh, Sax. no u or g |
hox, c, hockle,wb. |
|
hotel, c- |
hostel, j. c. hostelry, c. |
|
hostler, c. b. d. m- |
ostler, c. b. j. hosteler c. |
|
hostlery, m. |
ostlery, j. b, hostry, m. b. |
|
housewife, m- |
houswife, huswife, b. j. a |
|
hub, wb. nave |
Ao6, wb. |
|
hue, b. m- d. color |
Aew, B. M. c. |
|
hue ? to cut |
hew, c. |
i Hole and holsom, b. are from the same root as Aate; there is no w in the Saxon, and no need of it in English.
2 Moneyed and honeyed are monsters.
3 Like cony, crony, bony, drony, pony. See cony.
4 Like brazier, glazier, grazier, &c.
6 Omitting the e, renders these words liable to a wrong pronuncia- tion, as houshold, jal-shood.
z 2
294
APPENDIX.
humpback, c. w. hungered, d. j. w* hudler ? German hurlbat, j. w.
hurlwind, c. hurricane, b. j. m. w,
hurst, d. j. hurtleberry, j. w.
hiacinth,1 A. b. jacinth, j. w. hy,2 b, m. hyena, w.
hunchback, c. w. hungred, d- c- huddler, c. hurlibat, m. whorlebat, m, whirlwind, p. hurricano, w, herricane. b. herst, d. j. hyrst, d. j, whortleberry, j.= whurt, j. hyacinth, j. w.
hye, b. hie, b, j. hyen, w.
i Hyacinth becoraesjacinth by omitting the h.
2 This word shows the process of reformation, which is constant- ly and silently going on, in this class of words. Hye was the old spelling, then hie, and then hy, as above. Dy and ly have the same form in their derivatives ofying, tying, as Martin assigns to them, m their primitives. See p. 71,
Icicle, j. c. lines ? Rl 25 imagin, wb. 12 mo imposterp. incle, b. h. indigo, m. inrode, m. h. a. instal, b, instalment, j. instalation ? An. insted, wb. stedfast, b. instil, b. d. instilation ? An. institutes j. c-f. instructer, j. c. x inter, b. disinter, b.
intendent, w. ft. /
isicle, b. c. illness, j. imagine, j. wb. mpostor, wb. inkle, m. indico, m, nroad, m. h. a- instal/, d. J-J- wb. instalment, wb. installation, wb. instead, j. wb. see p. & instil/, j. wb. instillation, b. py. wb. iustitutor, j.x wb. instructor, j.x wb, enterre, Fr. disinterr, B: m, disenterre, j. c. Fr* intendant, b. wb*
APPENDIX,
295
superintendent, wb- interest, j. intermedler ? interreign, b. j. inthral, e.
inthralment, j. b. Br. c. invalid, j. sick invalid,1 j. not binding intreage, b. m. invay ? Rl 24. convay ? survay ? purvay ? inveegle ? inventer, wb. irrevocable, j. wb. invoice, m. inwal ? Rl 25 iron, j.3 iland, wb. ieland, wb.
superintendent, n. inter ess, j.- intermeddler, j. interregnum, b. j. Lat. in thrall, j.x wb. inthral/ment, wb. invalide, Fr.
intrigue, b. j. inveigh, J.+ convey, j.-*- survey, j. purvey, J. inveigle, j. inventor, j.
irrevolcable, wb. 12 mo invoyce, o. inwall, j. iern, old spelling 'island, j.
i Johnson is clearly correct in spelling these words alike, original- ly the same, meaning not strong, as applied to the body, and to a contract.
2 These Norman corruptions should be reformed. Ai, or ay, is the regular form of long a as in day, daily; and to change all the words that have ie, ei, orea, for the sound of long e, into double ee, would be of vast importance, to the learners of English. Those that have a final e, might reject i ; then the regular forms would be, intreeg, seze, seel, beleve, deceve, fyc. See p. 250.
3 The pronunciation, of this and many other words, was fixed, be- fore the spelling was corrupted ; for example, bisness is better, accor- ding to old authors, than business. The vowel that follows r, is trans- posed, in pronouncing this and other words.
4 That is ea-land, water land. Island is a bad corruption.
For the variable words beginning with in, see the list of words with the prefixes en, in, un.
Jackal, j.
jag, J.
jail, b. j. wb.-
i jackal J,
\gaol,2 B. M. D. J.
i No letter should be doubled, in the end of words, except S. a Gaol. This word is a monster.
296
APPENBiX.
jailer, j.
jam, b. m. janty, b. d. m. j. jant? An. jantiness ? An. jessamin, b. m. wb.
jar, m. j.
jandice?
jelly, j. d. wb. Rl 16
jellied, d.
jennet, b. m. d. j. c.
jenneting, j. wb.
jill, c. M. jerfalcon, d.
jereagle, j. jerk, b. J. wb. jet, Mi jeweler, py. jewelry,1 Rl 23. jilliflower, p.
jingle, wb. job, M. jocky r Rl 7. jocund, j jocundity, j. joke, m.- b. j. Rl 9. jole, j. Bl 9. joiance, b. Rl 6. joiful ? An. Rl 6.
l These four forms are often of them on one house !
gaoler, i>. J. nr.w disapproved
jailor , p.
jamb, j. jaumb, b.
jaunty, b.
jaunt, b. j.
jauntiness, j.
jessamine, J.
jessemin, b. m.
jasmine, j. jasmin, ». m.
jarr, b. m.
jaundice, j.
gelly, m. d. j. Br. wb.
gennet, j.
genet, d. j, c- wb.
giunet, j. Br. c. wb.
juneting, j. junetin, k.
genneting
geniting, m. d. j. Br. c.
gill, j d. Br.
gerfalcon, b. wb.-
^erfalcon, b. wb.
jereagle, j. wb. Bible
yerk, j.x b.
jeat, m.
jeweller, b. j.
jewellry, jewellery, jetcelery,
july-flower , d.
gilly-flower, d. j. Br. wb.
gingle, wb.
jobb,2 b.
jockey, b. j.
jitcund, b. joconde, b.
jucundily, b.
joak, m.
jowl, b. joll, J.
joyance, j.
joyful, wb.
seen on signs ; in some places, two
a However strangely this now looks ; it is just as good as ebb.
APPENDIX.
297
joint, j. b.
jointure, b.
joist, B.
jonquil, b. m. d.
jouler ? Rl 8.
jurny ? Rls. 7, 8 & 24.
judgment, b. j. R] 23.
jugler ? Rl 23.
juce, wb. Rl 24.
verjuce, wb.
julep, b.
juncate, j.- d.
just, b. m. j. Rl 8.
joynt, m- joynture, m. jpy st, m. jonquille, j. jowler, b. j. journey,1
judgement see p. 233 juggler, j. juice, b. j. wb. verjuice, b. j. wb. julap, b.= j. junket, b. m. d. j. joust, J.
i Journey, translated into plain English, is jurny. The plural is often seen in ies, as journies, then the singular must of course be y, and not ey.
Keelhaul, wb.
keelson, b. b. j.
keltic, Turner. Bosworth.
kelts, Turner. Bosworth.
kern, j.
key, m. j.
keyage, d. j.
kickshaw, j.
kidny ?
kidnies ?
kill, b. m.
a-kimbo, p. kimbo, h. c.
kink, wb.
kintal, b. m. c.
knapsac, j. haversack, wb. knel, j. h. knob, d. j. ky, c.
keelhale, b. j.
kelson, j. c.
Celtic, p.
celts, p.
quern, j. kirn, c.
fcay, b. m. quay, b. j. wb.
kayage, b. quayage
quelque chose, J. Fr.
kidney, b. j.
kidneys
kiln, b. j. kell, b.
kembo, b.
kenk, b.
quintal, b. c. m. wb.
kentle, wb.
snapsack, m,- j.
knell, b. wb. knoll, c. wb.
knop, d. Bible.
kye, h.
HEMARK8.
K and G before N, at the beginning of words, might very well be spared, nife, nomon, nack, naj>} nab} narl, nurl, &c. would all be im- proved by the change.
298
APPENDIX.
Laboratory, m.
labify ?
lacrimal ? Rl 24.
lacky ?
lackluster, wb.
lair, b. j. a "place of lying.
lamel, wb.
lamelate, py's r.
lamelar, py's r.
lam ?
lamin, b. m.
lamens, wb.
lammas, m.
larapers, b. m. wb.
lampry ?
lancer, p.
lanch, b.- j.- w.-
landfal Rl 25
landscape, b. j.
lantern, c. wb.
laniards,* wb. 12 mo
landress, b.- m. h.
landry, b.- m. h.
langrel, m. wb.
lattin, b.j.m. see note, p. 47
laystal ? Rl 25.
laun ? Rl 8.
lee, j. afield.
lether, wb.-
lethern, wb.-
leven, j.
lecher, m.
lecherous, j.
lechery, m.
leger,2 j.
leming, p.
lentil, m. j. c. wb.
elaboratory, m. labefy, j. lachrymal, b. j. lackey, b. j. laquey, Fr. lacklustre, j. layer, b.
lamella , py. Lat. lamellate, j. wb. lamellar, wb. lamw, j. see belam lamina, j. Lat.
lammass, o.
lampass, m. j.
lamprey, m. j.
lampron, wb.
lancier, m.
launch, b. launce, b.
landfall, j.
landskip, m- a.
lanthorn, b. m. c.
lanniards, b. h. lanniers, b.
laundress, j. la van dress
laundry , j. wb. launray.wb.
langrage, wb.
latten,B.= m.
laystal/, j.
lawn, j. laund, b.
ley, j. lay, 3.
leather, j. w,
leathern, j.
leaven, b.
leacher, o.
leacherous, b. m.
leachery, m.-
ledger, b. m.
lemming, wb.
lentile, p.
i The reference to this word, C, at page 247, should have been wb. a The g- is softened by e, and d is useless.
|
APPENDIX. 2iJ |
||
|
lepard, wb. |
leopard, j. wb. |
|
|
lerry, m. j. |
lere, b. j. |
|
|
lettice b. wb.- |
lettuce, j. letuce,B. |
|
|
lever, m. |
leaver, m.- |
|
|
hide?1 R112. |
lewd, j. m. _ |
|
|
libertin, wb. |
libertine, j. |
|
|
license, j. wb. |
licence, b. |
|
|
licorice, j. wb, a root |
licorish, b. Hckorish,* b. |
|
|
liquorish, b. liquorice, wb. |
||
|
ly, m. falsehood |
lye, b. lie, j. |
|
|
lue ?3 lutenant ? |
lieu, Fr. ftewtenant, Fr. |
|
|
linen, wb. |
linnen, m. |
|
|
linsy woolsy, m, Rl 7 |
linsey woolsey, j. |
|
|
lilac, wb. |
lilack, m. lilach, j. |
|
|
lily, m. wb. |
lilly, b. m. |
|
|
lilied, f. |
lillied, wb. |
|
|
limegal ? Rl 25. |
limegal/, wb. |
|
|
liquify ? An. liqmd |
liquefy, b. j. |
|
|
lodestar, j. |
loodstar, j. |
|
|
lode?Rl9. |
load, j. |
|
|
lodestone, j. |
loadstone, j. |
|
|
loch, j. |
lough, j. |
|
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lome, b. |
loam, b. j. |
|
|
loth, B. |
loath, b. j. |
|
|
lothe, b. m. |
loathe, b. m.- j. |
|
|
lothesome, b. see |
note on |
loathsome, j. w. |
|
lothsom, b. folio [darksom |
loathsom, b. |
|
|
lothesomeness, h. |
loathsomness,B. loathsomeness, j. w. |
|
|
loiter, b. |
loyter, b. m. |
|
|
loial?4 An. from hi, |
Fr. |
loyal, j. |
|
roial ? An. from roi, |
Fr. |
royal |
i From the Lat. ludus ? play. This conjecture is about as proba- ble as the several others given in Bailey and Johnson. If it is right, hide would be the correct spelling, like crude from crudus, rude from rudis.
a Xickerish, delicate, is a different word.
3 Like sue rue true blue vue? subdue pursue
suing ruing truly bluing vuing? subduing pursuing issue yutvue? rescue value issuing purlwe.? rescuing valuing
4 Both etymology and analogy require i in these words.
300
APPENDIX.
lorimer, m. j. «
lout, B. M. J. Jour, m.
lu, 3. luff, B.
luker,1 see p. 94 & 84.
luff, b. see term
luncheon, j.
lunch, b. j.
lunet ? lunett, wb. 12 mo
brunet,wb. brunetl,wb.l2mo
lupin, wb.
luster, b.
lustring, m. b. j.
i. e. fostering, silk with a
ly, m. lixivium [luster
linage, m.
linx, Fr. like minx.
Ioriner, M. J. \lowt, B. llower, M.-s. jloo, J. \lough, b. lucre, Fr. b. j. loof, J. nuncheon, j. nunchzon, b. m. j. lunette, b. m. j. Fr, brunette, Fr. lupine, j. lustre, j. lutestring , b. m.
lye, b. wb. lie, j. ley, Br. t. lineage, b. lynx, j. b.
All words beginning with ly, might advantageously substitute i foxy.
Mackerel, m. j. magot ?
like fagot, m. j. b. d. magpy, m. mahomet,1 b. mohammed, wb. mainprize, b. m. maiz, m. wb.
maladministration, m. malcontent, p. manchineel, j,- mandarin, b. j. w. wb. manoover ? English, An.
mackarel, b. mackrel, d. maggot, b. j. magget, m. magpie, b. j. mohamed, p. muhammed, p. mainprise, w. maize, b. j. w. zea mays, Botany maladministration, j. malecontent, w. manchineol, j. mandarine, p. manoeuvre, py. maneuver, wb. small
i The people of Tunis, who speak Arabic, accent this word on the second syllable, and end with the d. Cowper accents the first. "Thus Mahomet's mysterious charge.''
APPENDIX.
301
mantow, m. buc. mantowmaker, m. manto? English, An. mantoe, b. Elphinstone, mantoemaker, Elp. many, p. any, p. mar, w. margin, b. marshal, b. j. markee, wb. marmalade, J.
martin, 2 a bird, w. b. marten, a quadruped, b- w. martingal, b. j, w. farthingal ? An.
martinmas, m. j.
mask, j.
masker,3 j. w, wb. maskerade ? An.
massive, m, massaker4 mastic, m.
matins, m. w.
matras, h. a chimical vessel
matros ? a soldier
matrice, m. a mold
manteau, Fr.
manteaumaker
mantua, b. w.
manluamaker, w.
see Walker on the word
meny,1 Saxon
eny, Saxon
marr^ m. b.
mar gent, b. o.
marshall, b. mareshall, b.
marque
marmelade m.
marmalet, b,
maron, Fr.
marten, j.=
martern, b. = m.
martingale
farthingale, d. j. Br-
fardingale, m.
martinmass, b.
martlemas, m. martlemass}B,
masque, Fr.
masquer
masquerade, b. j. x W.
mascarade, m.
massy, m.
massacre, j. Fr.
masticA;, j.
mastiff, j. masty, m.
mattins, m. matines, m.
matrass, b. m. j.
matross, j. motitross, m.
matrix, m.
i This is one of very many instances in which the orthography has been corrupted, since the pronunciation was fixed.
3 See No. 36, p. 49. These words are not commonly distin- guished. . v
3 Masker and Masquerade ! Walker. X
4 Sec note at p. 94.
A A
302
APPENDIX.
matress ? * a bed
maukish ?
mazardj j.
meazles, b. m.
medler ?
medly, b.
meen, b.- m.-
raere, m. w.- only
mere, b. w. a lake,
melasses, b. m.= buc. wb.
meliorate, m. mencar, p. merchandize, m.
meslin, b. m. d. buc.
metalic ? An. metaline, py. metalist, Py. mineralist,2 m. w. metalography3 metalurgist, py. metalurgy. py. metaliferous ? An. meter, b. m. wb. mildew, b. j. millener, m. b, mimicry, wb.
mattress, j. mawkish, b. j. m. mazzard, b. measles, b. m- j. meddler, b. j. medley, j. mien, b. m. meer, m.-
meer, m.- mear, b, buc. molasses, c, w.
dosses, m. w. c. ameliorate menker, b. m. merchandise , b. mercandize, b. mescelin, m. b. maslin, m. b. buc.
'sling, b. mislen, d, mastlin, j. metallic, b. m. metalline, b. metallist, b. m-X w.x minerallist metallography, m. metallurgist metallurgy, m. metalliferous, py. metre, b. m. meldew
milliner, f. c. milaner mimickry, j.
i These four words should be carefully distinguished. ASS and OSS might spare an S, and mattress might spare a T, and thus con- form to the analogy of the others.
2 Mineralist and Metallist ! Martin,X Walker. -f-
3 Metalography is like cry sialography, which Webster has with one 1 in his4to Dictionary. Metalic, cephalic, aud oxalic are analo- gous, and two of them are always with one I; why should the other have two ? Perry has corrected four of these words, and forgot to correct the Jifth.
APPENDIX.
303
mimon,1 j. rnilion ? » mi new, b. minstrelsy, b. Bue.
ministry, w- b.
mink, wb. a quadruped.
minx, m. a girl
minuet, b. j.
mirror, b. j. w.
misbehavior, e. wb.
raiscal, j. c.
miter, j. m. d.
misdemeanor, j. w. e. wb.
demeanor, e. wb.
misprision, b- j. m.
mizzle, m.
mis-spel2
mis-spell
mis-speak, j. c. py. wb.
mis-spend, m. buc.
mis-spender, An.
misselto, A.
mistery, at. a,- p. 3 Rl 6. com mixion,4 w. mizzen, d,- w. mone, m.- b.- Rl 9. mote, b. m. d.
minnion
million, b. j.
menow,B. M.H.minnow,w.wb.
minstrelsey, w. wb. 12 mo
minstralsy, b.
ministery, b.
minx, Harlan
minks, m.=
menuet, m. b.
mirrour% m. b.
misbehaviour, j.
miscall, m.
mitre, j. m. d.
misdemeanour, m.
demeanour,5 J.w-x
misprison, b. folio
misle, m. - h, buc.
mispel, d, c. py.
mispell, w. wb.
mispeak, w.
mispend, j. d. w. c. wb.
mispender, j. wb.
misseltoe, b. a. d.
misseldine, b. a. h. d.
misletoe, m. d. c. wb.
missletoe, b. h.
miseltoe, buc. mistleto, py.
misleto, Gregory's Diet.
mistletoe, a.- j. d w. c.
mystery, m. a £raete
mixtion, w, b, mistion, b. f,
mizen, d. missen,D. misen,D.
moan, j
'moat, b. m.-
i Why should L have a privilege denied to N ?
* Mis-spel is mis-spelt in every Dictionary which I have seen. One I is according to rule 25 ; but one s seems to be a mistake.
3 Fenning remarks on mystery, a trade, with v, and says it is im- proper.
* Mix/ion and com-mixion ! w.-f-
* Demeanour and misdemeanor ! Johnson and Walker. -J-
,304
APPENDIX.
niohawk, d.
mold, b« buc. wb - shape molder, An. moldiness, wb. molding, wb, mole, m. d. molehil ? Rl 25, molt, b. wb. mony,1 b. d. monied, m. morel, m. d. wb. moresk, b. j. c.
morter, b. Rl 18. morris, b. m. j. w- Rl 20. mosk, b.- d.- buc. wb.
motly, b, m.
moslem, p.
mue, m. Rl 12.
mufler?
mulatto, m. wb.
muleteer, j. wb.
mullen, b. m. wb.
mum,2 b.
mummery, b- j. m. d. w,wb
munday, m.
mungrel, m. d. w. wb,
murder, b. m- see p. 252.
muscatel, wb.
musketeer, j. d. wb. musket, j. wb.
rausketo3
mohock, d.
mould, b.- j.
moulder, j.
mouldiness, c.
moulding, c.
mold, b.
molehill
moult, b.
money, j. d. b.
moneyed, b. j. d. c.
morille, m.
moresque, Fr. moress, b.
moristc, b. morisco, b.
mortar, j.
murrice, b. morisco, b.
mosque, j. d. wb.
moschey, m.=
motley, f.
mussulman, b. j. m.
mew, m.-
muffler, b. j.
mulattos,
muletier, b. muletto, b.
mullein, j. d,
mumm, d.
mommery, c. u. wb.
monday, m.-
mongrel, m.-d.
murther, b. m.
muscadely m, muscadin, wb.
muscadine, m.
musqueteer, b. m. musketier,
muslcit, b. [buc.
musquet, b.
musketoe, wb. muskitto, c.
i Bailey uses this form repeatedly, as of undoubted authority.
3 All such words show the progress of the language towards sim- plicity.
3 This word may have about fifty different forms. In Sparks's life of Ledyard, the plural occurs in three different forms. So little atten- tion do our best writers pay to consistency and uniformity.
APPENDIX.
305
|
1 |
musquitto,c. muschetto,B.fo\. |
|
muscheto, b. m. moscheto |
|
|
moschetto, b. m. s. u. w. |
|
|
mosquetto, py. musqueto |
|
|
musquito, Sparks, musquetoe |
|
|
musketoon, j. d. |
musquetoon, m, b. |
|
muslin, b. m. J. d. |
musselin, b. m. |
|
mussel, b.= a shellfish |
muscle, py. j. |
|
mustaches, m j. d. w. wb. |
mustachoes, wb. |
|
muster-role ? An, |
muster-roll, b. j. wb. |
|
Naker, b. Am. jr. |
nacre, b. nacker, b. |
|
nankeen, wb. |
nankin, p. |
|
nag, b. |
nagg, b. |
|
narwal, Godman, wb. |
narwhale, j. narewhale, j. |
|
nave, j. |
nef, J. |
|
neal, m'. j- |
anneal, j.- m,- |
|
nectarin, b. wb. |
nectarine, m. j. |
|
neck-cloth, wb. |
neck-cloath, j. |
|
negro, wb. |
neger, wb. niger, b. |
|
nedeful, b. |
needful, b, j. |
|
nep, b. j. m, wb. |
nip, b. = |
|
catnep, Biglow's Botany. |
catnip, wb. 12 mo |
|
catmint, j. b. wb. |
|
|
cafs-mint, m. |
|
|
parsnep,j.D.B.M.s,JS.Turton |
parsnip, b. m. w. f. wb. |
|
turnep,1 B.D.A.Turton'sLin. |
turnip, b. d, j.w.Js.s.Br.F.wh |
|
b. folio, under naphew |
nepe, b. |
|
neeptide, b. |
neaptide, b. |
|
net, b. m. |
neat, j. nett, wb. |
|
nib j. b. |
nip, b. neb, j. b.- |
|
nibler ? |
nibbler, j. |
|
neece, b. |
neice,B. j. niece, b. m. |
|
nuel, b. m. j. |
newel, j.- |
|
ny, o. Thos. More. |
nigh, j. |
|
nich, wb. |
niche, j. nice, b. |
|
niter, wb. |
nitre, b. j. |
|
noisom, b. |
noisome, j. |
|
noisomness, b. |
noisomeness, j. |
|
nole, b, |
noul, b. j. noil, j.- b. |
i Njep, Saxon, is rapa, Lat. ; and turnep is, according to the deri- vation, more correct than turnip.
aa2
306
APPENDIX,
jobbernole ? nozzle, wb. nubble,1 j. nurn, wb.- nusance, b, m. wb. nuraness, buc. wb. numscul? Ri25. numscull, j. ».
nutgal? Rl 25. nutshel ? Rl 25. nuzzle, b. j. nursel, b. m .
nowl, m.
jobbernowl, b. j. py. nozle, j. p. nosle, b. p.- fcnubble, b— m. num&, j. c. nwsance, j. b. c. d. num&ness, j. d. num&scull
numskull, j. w. c. py. wb, numbskull, numscul, k. nutgall, j. wb. nutshell, j. wb. tuistle, b. j, nousel, j. \nursle, j. noursle, b.
a In the same way, k before n should be universally rejected, as in this word by Johnson.
Oaf, b.
oke,1 &• ore, b. J. metal ore, m. to row with obay, b. obaisance, An. oblike, wb.
auff, b. m. elf, b, m. ouphe, j. c. ouph, f. oak, j. oar, b. m. oar, j.
obey, b. m- j. obeisance, m. j. oblique, b. m. j.
oker, b.m.j. h. Rls. 23 & 24ocher, wb. ochre, b. j
okerous? An.
ochreous, j. ocherous, wb. ochrey, j. ochery, wb. ochraceous, Say. ochymy, ockamy, b. cac-ochymy, J.-J- oddly, wb. oddness, wb. offence, j. m. w.
ochimy,3 j. caoochimy odly, b. Rl 25. odness, b. offense,4 wb.
t This is the only word that remains to be corrected, of all that were formerly spelt o, a, k ; and this might yield to analogy, if oak was not too stiff to bend.
a Od, odd; eg, egg; ad, add; eb, ebx, &c. should follow nag, nagg, jar, jarr; fu r, furr : mar, marr ; bun, bunn; bur, burr, &c.
3 Ochimy and cac-ochymy ! Johnson and Walker. -h
* Offensive, j. w. and offence, j. w. J-
APPENDIX.
307
oil, J,
oleander, J.
olio, b. j. sue. wb.
okum ?
omber, b. m. ooze, j. x D>
wb.
sea-ooze, py. oozy, b. wb. opake, wb. opposit, wb. 12 mo deposit, wb. 4 to apposit, wb. 12 mo composit, wb. 12 mo reposit, wb. 12 mo exquisit, An. requisit, wb. 12 mo prerequisit, wb. 12 mo perquisit, wb. 12 mo ophthalmy, j. w.
orage,2 b.
oi/l, j. m, o. oliander, wb. oglio, B. J.
oakura,B.j.w.H. oakkam^.u, okham, b. oakam, b. h. ombre i b. j. oose, j. owze, b, ouse, d, j. owse, m. d wb. ouze, b. m. oaz, b, sea-oose,1 j.-f- w.-+- ousy, b. oazy, b. m. \opaque, b. j.op«cow$,B,Lat. opposite, j. deposite, j. apposite, j. composite, w- reposite, w. exquisite, wb. 12 mo requisite, w. prerequisite, w, perquisite, w. ophthalmie, j. ophthalmia, b. orrage, c. erach, b. j. orrach,B. j. orach, h. b» arrach, b. arrack, j, or gallons, b. owison, j. or duel, m.= orchestre, b. c. w. orchestra, b. c. w. orpine, j. c. w. ostridge, b. h. ostrige, m. estrich, a. c. o. estridge, c. once,D.= onca, FV. osier, b. m. c. w, osprey, b. m. othergates, c. w, otherguess, c.
i Ooze and sea-oose! Johnson and Walker. X a See note on Couhage.
orgillous, b- j. c. orison, b. m. c. w. ordeal, m. b. c. w. orchester, wb.
wb.
orpin, b. m. ostrich, m. b. j, d. c.
ounce, b. c. a beast ozier, b. m.- wb. ospray, j. c. w. otherguise, c. w. wb.
308
APPENDIX.
OUCh, M. B, C.
overaw ? aw, m,
overfal, j. c.
overhaul, m. c.
overspred, Wakefield
overvail, An. Ri 4.
vail, j.
unvail, j. w.
oul?
oulet ? Aoulet, m. j.
oxid, p. Rls 6, 11. oxide, p
oxigen, p.tRl 6,
oxidize,1 p.
oister,2 b.-a. m. buc. h.-
roister, m. j.
owch, b.
overawe, J. c. w. awe, *§.
overfall, w.
overhale, c. b. w.
overspread ? j.
overveil, j.x w.
veil,=
unveil, j.= w.
owl, b. j- M. c.
owlet, j. c. howlet, m.
oxyd, wb. oxyde
oxygen, c. oxygene
oxydize
oyster, j.
r oyster, a. Irving
i So also oxidate, oxygenation, oxidation, oxidable, «Spc. 2 Like fioisterows, hoist, foist, joist, moist.
Packet, j. c. b. painim, b. w. palankin, wb. o.
palet, wb. 12 mo palish, m. c. palfry, b. wb. 12 mo palisade, j, b. c. palmetto, j. c. wb. palmister, b. m. A- c. palmistry, b. m. j. a.- c. palsy, b. m. j. c. palsied, b. j. c. paltry, b. j. pannel, b.
pansy, m. b. j. c. w. tansy, m. d. pantaloons, m. pantoofle ? Rl 2^.
paradisical, wb.
paquel, m.- b. paynim, b. palanquin, b. m. j. c. palankeen paiette, j. c, Fr, paleish, b,
palfrey, b. m. j. c. w. palisado, j. = c, palmeto, h.
dmester, a. palmestry, A. palsey, o. palseyed, o. paultry, b.
panel, j. c. see empannel pancy, b. j. c. w. tanzy, d.
pantaloon, m.j. w. c. pantoujle,M.Fr.pantoJfle,B,H pantofe, m. buc. c. w. paradisaicaly p. Henderson Iparadisiacal, j, c. w.
APPENDIX.
309
parhelion, m. j. c. w.
parly ? like merry Rl 6.
parlinient, like merriment
parsnep, see nep. m. j. buc.c
parsly, b.
partridge, m.
partare ? English
partizan, m.
pashavv, wb.
pashawlic, wb.
patacoon, m. j. b.- c. w.
paten, c-
patteh, m. J, c.
parole, j. w.
patrole ? An.
petrole ? An.
pistole,1 m. a coin panch, a. paver, c. wb. perch, b. m. j. c. peccary, wb, pedler, b. j. w. peep, j. peer, b. c- pelmel ? Rl 25.
penniless, b. j. c. w. pennipost penniroial penniweight,2 pensil,3 b.
parelium, m .- buc. h.
parhelium, m. buc. h.
parley, b. j. w.
parliament, c. w.
parsnip, m. buc. w.
parsley, b. j. c.
partrige, b.
parterre, b. j. Fr.
partisan, m. b. j. c.
bashaw, j. wb.
pacha, p.
pattacoon, m. b.
patin, c.
pattin, m,
parol, c.
patrol, j. w.patroul, b.
petrol, c. wb. petrolium, w.
petroleum, Lat. c.
pistol, a small firelock
paunch, c.
pavier, b. j. m. c. paviour,o.
pearch, m.-
peccari, p.
peddler, w.- pedlar, ».
piep, m. b.
pier, c. pear, c.
pellmell, b. j. c. w. wb.
pallmall, c. w.
pail mail, w,
pennyless, p.
penny-post, b,
penny-royal, b. j.
penny-weight, J.
pensile, j. c. w.
i The e final is necessary, in these words, to preserve the true sound, and prevent pistole from becoming pistol.
a Like merciful, merciless, hardihood, &c. If these are written together, they should have i; if separate, y, as above.
3 All words ending in He pronounced short, might well spare the e, as steril, j. b. indocil, j. The omission of the e would prevent such contradictions as docile and in-docil! Johnson and Walker, -f-
310
APPENDIX.
peony, b. m. j; c. w.
peruke, b. bi\
persiraon, mx. sylva
periscians, b, m. c.
petrify, b. Br.
petty, b.
phiz, b. d, c.
phenix, d. c. w,
picaroon, j. d. c. w.
pickax, b.
pickeer, c.
picturesk, wb.
pigmy, b.- j. c. w. wb.Rl6
pioneer, b. j. Br. c, w.
peek, b.
picket, b, m. d. c.
pipperidge, d. wb.
pistacb, d.
pix, d. Br, c. wb. placard, d m. b. j. Br. c.
placket, b. m. j. d. c. w. plad, m. plane,2 b.
plaster, m. d.- j. b, d c. plot, j- d. level platen,3 b. m. j. d. b. c. wb pleasurable, j. see p. 230.
piony, b. m.= c w. pmy
perruke, b. m.
persimmon, wb.
periscii, b. c.
petrefy,*
petit, b. j. Fr.
phyz, B. m. d, c.
phoenix, b.
pickaroon, b. pickeroon
pickaxe, j. Br. c. w.
picqueer, c.
picturesque, d. wb.
pygmy, b. wb. pygme, a.
pionier, J.x B«
pique, Fr. b. m. J.
piquet, b. m. j. d.
piperedge, b. m.
piperidge, Br.
pistacho, m.
pistachio, Br. j. b. c. w. wb.
pistachia, d.
pistacchi, Ital. pistache, Fr.
pyx, d. Br. m,
placart, d. b. j. Br. c.
placaert, b
plaquet, Fr. c.
plaid, j. c.
plain, b.
pla'me, old form
plaister, b d.
plat, j. c,
plattin, p. platine, b. m.
pleasureable, b.
i See p. 98 and 99.
Pcripnumony, plurisy, pnumatics, and rumatism may drop the use- less e by Rule 24.
2 --These two forms are derived from the old form by omitting the i in one, and the e in the other. The case is similar with a very large number of words.
3 The Printer's Grammar, published in New-York, by C. S. Van- WinUle, in 1818, has this word five times on page IftO, spelt pla"' and five times on the opposit page, spelt platen !
APPENDIX.
311
pleget, b. m.
plethory, d. c.
pliers, j. Br. d.- c.
plow,1 B.Br.D. wb. plou? Sax.
unplowed, 2 j.
plum, sr.-o. b. j. a fruit
plummer, d. b. c.
plummet, d. j. c. wb.
ply, d. sr.
poinant, m. b. Rl 24.
poinancy, m. poinantness, b.
poize,3 d. j. Br. c. see p,266
pole ? the head
pole evil, b.
pole-ax, b.
poltroon, sr, d.
poltroonery
pontif, m.4
porringer, d. j. Br. c.
pontoon,5 Br.
porphvry, j. c. wb.
portmantle, m. d.
porcelane, m.
porpus, d. Br. c. portray, b. j, d. c. wb, portcullis,0 j. d c.
pledget, b. sr. d. plethora, d. c. plyers, b. c. plough, Br. D. J. unploughed plumb, b.= plumber, d. b. j. c. plumb, d. plumbet plie, o.
poignant, b. j. c. poignancy, j. c.
poise, d.= b. w. c.
poll, b. j. /
poltevil, d. j.
pole-axe, c.
poltron, m. j. d,= w.
potronry, c. poltronery, m.
pontiff, b. j. c.
porrenger, m.
ponton, b. m- j. Br.= w.
porphyre, j. c.
portmanteau, d. b. j. c. wb.
porcelain, b. j. w. c.
porcelan, b.
porpoise,v.Br.j.c.porpes$,vtb
pour tray, b. c.
portcluse, j.d.c. portcullice ,M
i The gh should be universally rejected, as an odious corruption, . but the u final would be better, as in thou ; because w final is often merely the mark of long o, as in know. PLOU is right, if practice would permit.
2 Plough and unplowed ! Johnson and Walker, with their usual inconsistency ! ,
3 See counterpoize.
4 Pontif/" and ponti/lcate, &c. contradict : altho the accent is on the/*, in the derivative, oney* of the primitive is rejected. This ab- surdity may be avoided by adopting the spelling of the excellent and judicious Martin, which is also in accordance with Rule 23.
s In all words of this form, OON is preferable. See Letter 49.
6 Porta, agate, and cludo, i. e. claudo, T shut, show the mean- ing of this word, and indicate the proper, tho not the common spell- ing.
312
APPENDIX.
posy, B. M. D.J. c. postilion, b. pottage, j. d. potato, m. j. d. Br. c.
pOultlS, B. M. D.
pouch, b.- Rl 8.
pouder, m.b. Rl 8.
poze, j. c.
prance, b. j. d. c. Rl 3.
prairy, wb.
pratic, b. wb.
preferable, b. j. b. h. see p
pretense, wb. p28
preterit, J. wb.
primmer, b.
like glimmer, simmer,
privilege, b. m. j.
prize, b. d.j. m.-
posey, m.
postillion, b. si. j. Br.
potage, m. d.
potatoe, b.
poultice, j. b. c.
powch, B,
powder, b.- j. poulder, c.
pose, Br: c. wb.
praunce, b. m.
prairie, Fr,
prattic, d. pratique, b. m. c.
prattique, d.
preferable, b. Ab.= h.= pretence, d. w. preterite, A. primer,3 b. j. wb.
priviledge, m.
prise, b. d. m.
apprize, d.b. apprise
comprize ? An. comprise, d. b.
reprize, b. reprise, d, b,
surprize, b. surprise, d. b.
enterprize, d. b enterprise, w.
overprize, w, overprise,
procede, An. proceede, b. i.proceede, o.
procedure, b j. proceedure
proceding ? An. proceeding, j.-j-
precede3 preceede
preceding, p. preceeding
i Primer, linen, polish, &c. show that in English, we are chiefly guided by accent, and not by quantity depending on single or double letters.
2 Nothing is more evident than that all these words should follow the same analogy; and yet no Lexicogiapher has written «.hem all either with z or s. Z is to be preferred in all words, where the sound requires it; otherwise we lose the use of this letter in the very case for which it was designed, i. e. shard, ezzard, zed, or z.
3 Ignorance has done all that it could do, to viciate our spelling, and produce contradictions without number and without reason. Wit- ness the words above, and the others of the same family ; but so glar- ing an error as proceed and precede, proceeniNG and proceovRE, one would have thought might have been seen and avoided ; and yet no Lexicographer has even appeared to know the fact. See cede.
APPENDIX.
313
profane, m.- b. j. wb. Rl Xhproph profile, b. w\ wb.
protracter, m. j. wb. Rl 18. puet, m. d. b. w. Rl 12. pumpkin, b. m. d. Br. pumkin, wb. bumkin, m. pummel, b. Br. wb. puny, b. j. wb. Rl 24. purblind, m. c. wb. puncheon, b. j. d. wb.
purlue, A. lue?
purvue ? vue ? Rls 12 & 24
purslane, m. Rl 9.
pur, c.
pursevant, b. m. Rl 24.
purify, wb.
putrify, b. m. wb.
pustle, B. M.
py, Rl 7.
seapy, Rl 7.
pybald, m. a.
ane, m, pourfil, B. M. purjile, B»purfil, A. protractor, b. m. pewet, m. j. d.- c. w. pompion, b. d. c. pumpion, j. d, sr. pommel, b. m. d. Br.- w,- c. puisne, b. j. wb. poreblind, c. wb. punchion, b. m. d. punchin, b.
pourlieu,1 c.
purleu, b. purlieu, Fr.B.wb.
purview, m. j. b. purvieu,M.
pur slain, b. m. j.
purr, d. j.
pursuivant, b. wb. f.
purefy
putrefy, m. j, wb.
pustule, wb.
pye, m. w. pie, b. j. wb.
seapzV, seapy e, wb.
pzebald, j. w. c. wb.
pyebaiid, c.
P before s and t, at the beginning of words, might advantageously be rejected. Salm, tisan, and iisic, would be better than the pre- sent strange and foreign forms of these, and the other words of the same family. Indeed tisic and tisical stand fairly in Johnson, and are for every reason to be preferred.
Gilchrist recommends the dropping of all superfluous letters.
i These words ought to be anglicized.
Quadril, wb. quadruped, j. wb. quarantin, wb.
quaint, j. c. quarterage, b. quarry, c. quarto, b.
quadrille, b. j. quadrill, wb. qnadrupede, b. m, quarantine, j. c. quarantain, j. c. quarantaine, b, queint, M, quarteridge, b. quar, c. quarre, c. quarta, b.= B B
314
APPENDIX.
queme, b. j. c. query, j. c. quinsy, j. c. wb.
quirk, j. b. c quota, j.
queem, b.
quoere, b. c. queer y, b.
quinsey, b. m.
squinancy, m. squincy, m.
querk, m- b.-
quoto, 0.
REMARKS.
In words of variable spelling, c or k is always to be preferred to qu, because either of them is simpler than the aukward double char- acter expressing a single sound. In orthography, simplicity and reg- ularity are of all things most desirable. Q is little used, and of that little a part is obsolescent. Its use should be discouraged in every case, in which it is not quite necessary.
Kabbet, b, m. j. c. ajoint. rabbit, d. j. c. a hare radish, j. py. b. c. racoon, Ash
ragoo, b. m. wb. rally, b. rale ? An. rallery, b. m. wb. ralery ? rampart, wb. ramparteer ? ranedeer, wb.-
ransom, b. m. wb.
rapter, c.
rareripe, wb.
rare, b.j. wb. slightly cooked
rarify ? see p. 98 & 99.
ratlins, d.
rasberry, b. m. c. buc, raze, b. m, wb. see eraze razure, c. race, w. to run
rabbet, b. m. for both
raddish, wb.
raccoon, wb.
rackoon, m. b. w. c.
ragout , j. wb.
rail, b. railing, b.
railery,B.wb raillery ,j .w .py
rampert, b. rampire, b,
ramperteer, b.
raindeer, d. c. w. wb.
remdeer, wb.
ransoms, * j. w.
raptor, c.
rathripe, b. c.
rear, b. w. c. rere, b. j.
rarefy, w. rarejie, b.
ratlines, b. rattlings, b.
ratlings, b.
raspberry ,j .c. raspis-berry u
rase, c. wb.
rasure, c.
rase, b. rasor. m.
b. BUC.
ratoon, wb. recal, buc.
i Ransome and transom! Johnson. 2 Razor and razourable ! Johnson. X
rattoon, b. w. recall, b.
APPENDIX.
315
rere, b. hindmost reremouse, b. m. py.
rereward, b. j. real, m. c. a coin reckless, j. wb. recompense, w. c. wb. reconnoiter, c. wb. rede, b. j. c. advice reddle, j. b, c. " a craon,?,B. redout, wb.- reinstal, w. rely, b. wb. ly, m, relic, m. a. wb. renard, b. j. w. wb. rencounter, j. b. a. wb.
rendavoo ? Rl 24.
renegade, b. w.
rennet, m.- b. w- wb. repete, buc- compete, wb. replier? An. denier reptil, Lat. reptile's republic, m. resin,1 buc- j.- c,~ respit, b,- m. wb. retale, detale,2
• These two words have assumed a slight shade of difference in common practice. Rosin from the Pine, and resin from trees in general.
2 This word is not introduced here as one in use, but as one that ought to be so. Tale, signifying a numeral account, reckoning, or number reckoned, is a Saxon noun from the verb telan, to count. Hence to retale is to recount or reckon over again, as small dealers do with those articles which they purchase by tale and not by weight. To retail, (retailler, Fr.) means in English literally, to renew or replace 1 that which terminates the animal behind !' Detail is under the same predicament. Detale [de and tale, from tellan to tell, Sax.] would be better.
N. B. This is plausible, but not correct. TAIL is from French Tail- ler, to cut. To retail is to sell by cutting, and a tailor is a cutter of slothes. Ed.
rear, b.
rearmouse, j. w. c. reermouse, j. p. rearward, j. c. rial, b. m. ryal, m. reckless, b. retchless, b. recompence,,B. reconnoitre, b. read, b. j. c- ruddle, b. redoubt, b. reinstall, wb. relie, o. lie, lye, o. relique, m. b,
m'nard, b. buc. reynard, o. rencontre, b. Fr. rencountre, A. rendezvous, wb. buc. Fr. rendevous, b. buc. a. m. renegado, b. w. runagate, w. wb. runnet, b.- m. w.- wb. repeat, buc. replyer, w. c. wb. reptile, j, b. republique, m.= rosin, buc. j. c. respite, m. b. w. retail, b. j. detail
316
APPENDIX.
reve, b. f. w. bereft, reft, reve, b. to be- revelry, j. w. wb. [reave restive, d.- b. buc. wb.
revery, d. j. w. wb.
reversable, b. h bug. conversable, j. d. c. f. b. py irreversable,2 see p. 232.
revocable, b.
rapsody,3 b. m, buc. [worth rime, B.-M.wb. Turner, Bos- ribboDjB.M.Buc. py.D. w. wb. see p. 48.
riggle,* b. j. w. wb. rinse, m. j. risk,5 j. w, Br. d. ro, like go, to, no, so
reeve, j. f.-
reave, j.
revelriey Fr.
restiff,1 c- w. wb,
resty, B.w.Buc.wb. raisty, b.
reverie, d. Fr.
resvery, m. buc. Br. py.
reversible, d. j. c. f. py. w.
reverseable, m.-J-
in*eversible, m._i_ b.-+- j.x
D.X c.+ H. X f.X py .-J-BU. X revokeable, wb. rhapsody, b.
rhime, b.m.buc. rhyme, b.j, riband, py.D. j. a. w. wb. ribband, b. m. buc. ribon, p. ruban, Fr. ribban, A. d, wriggle, j. w.- rince, Fr.
risque,B.D. sea risque,J.X w. roe, w.
, Restiff and restifness ! Walker, i-
2 This is a fair sample of the negligence of our Lexicographers, who all spell conversable right, and irreversable wrong, and contradict each other on the word reversable.
3 Rh from the Greek p, could very well spare h, in every instance, as in rapsody. Rime is from the Saxon, and never had h. Ignorance confounded this word with the Greek pv&nos, rythmus, but rime and rhythm, are different things. That very excellent work, the History of the Anglo Saxons, by Sharon Turner, gives R, I, M, E, and is fol- lowed by Bosworth's Saxon Grammar, which is also a work of the very highest character. Reioric, rumatism, rubarb, rinoccros, &c. would soon become familiar, and appear better than the present forms.
a All words beginning with tor, might well follow the leading of this, and reject the w, as worse than useless, and a relic of barbarism. The early riters of the English language, as Chaucer, rote these words without W.
s Riak and sea-risque ! Johnson and Walker.-f-
APPENDIX.
317
robin, py, w. rore, o. see p. 137. ROLE, h. b. foiio roler, An. rocklo,1 English
rost,2 B. BUC.
rout, w. b. d. for both
rou, b. A. like thou Rl
rouze, b. Rl 15.
roial ?
roialist ? 3
ruful, w.- ru ? An.4
rumb, b.- buc.
rummage, c-
runlet, b. wb.
runion ? An.
runt, j.
rhyncops,5 l. table rincops ?
robbin, py.-f-
roar, w. roor. b. roore, o.
roll, J. roulf b.
roller, b. j. router
roquelo, d.
roquelaure, d. Fv.
roquelaur, wb.
roast, b.- buc.
route, A. & w. distinguish
row, c.
rowze, m. rouse, m. w. Rl 8.
royal, j.
royalist, &c,
rueful, j. w. wb. rue, j. w.
rhumb, b. buc. rhomb, b.
rumogp, c.
rundlet, b. c. d. wb.
?'oundlet, b.
rumiion, b, d. c.
ronion, j. b. Ab. c-
ront, j,
rynchops, l. turton, d. wb.
rhynchops, cuvier
i If this word is used, it should be translated, but the cloke is out of fashion, and if the word was not in our spelling books, it might be dropped entirely. It is no part of our language.
2 Like post, most, host, gost.
3, There is no good reason why the antiquated y should be retained in these words. We might as well write rejoyce, invoyce, as loyal and royal. The y is no longer used in the French original. See note, Vi. 209.
4 The only reason why we do not write AW, OW, EW, AX, AY, EY, RU, R.O, RY, LY, and many others, insted of owe, ewe, eye, rue, roe, &c. is that the words thus written, would look too short ! AW, AX, AY, WO, and others are found in good authors, and indeed be- gin to be common. Success to the whole, and a rapid progress in the high road of simplification !
5 Rhyncops. Linne printed this word right in his table, and wrong in his description; and the misprinted form is copied by Dr. Turton, Webster and others, piv Konro>, razor bill is the etymon; and besides the misprinted form leads to a false pronunciation of the second syllable, like chaps. A better spelling would be RINCOPS, omitting the h alto- gether, which Cuvier repeats. See Cutwater in Webster's 4to Dic- tionary, i
bb2
318
APPENDIX.
ryi
ry-grass ?
j rye, J. m. rie, j. (rye-grass
i Y is the proper terminating letter insted of IE or YE, I, OE or EY. Rls 7 and 11.
sachel,1 j. wb. sadler ? An. pedler, w. saffron, b. j, wb.
sailer, j.= wb. Rl 18. sanfoin, p.
, j.- h. wb.
salic, wb. saphire, m. silic, Eng. salep, c- wb. salsify, j. d. saltpeter, wb. sassafras, wb.
sampler, w. wb. see example sandarac, wb.
santer, b.- sarse, b- m. j. sarsenet, b. m. . satire, j. buc. satirical, j. satirize, .t. satirist, j. satin, b. m. j. savanna, j. py. b. wb. s a vans,2 p.
satchet, b. j. m. wb. saddler, b, wb. see babler s off urn. o. safforn, b. fol. zaffren, b. zafren, b. sailor, b. wb. sainfoin , m. j. wb. saintfoin, b, sainfain, s. wb. sallad, b. m. sallet, o. sallet, b. m. d. j, h. salique, Fr. sapphire-, j. silique, Fr. saloop, c- wb. salsifre, b. saltpetre, j. saxafras, b. m. buc. saxiffaSjM .buc. saxifrage^ samplar exemplar
sandaric. buc. sandarack, h. sandarak, d. j. sandarachyv> wi filter, j, m.
saree, m. scrse, b. searse, b. sarcenet, m. j. satyr, b.- buc. satyricaly b.
satyrize, m. satyrise, b. satyrist, b.
sattin, b. buc. satten, b. m. savanna//, p, savana, m. b. sfravans, b.
i T before ch is a Norman corruption which deserves to be puri- fied, as In attach, techy, rich, stfeh.
3 Bailey's fulio givc^ s<,avans as we now use it. I have not found it in othcrdictiouaiioft.
APPENDIX.
319
sausage, m. b.
savior, wb.
savor, wb. wb. see p, 250,
sawyer,1 wb.
scalade, wb.
scallop, j. c. py. see escalop
scate, j. b.
scepter, m. b.
skeleton, m.
skeptic, j.- m.
skedule r
skeme ?
skirrous, wb.
skirrosity ? scissors,2 py.
saucidge, b. m. saviour, m. b. savour, m. b.
sconce, py. b. j. wb. Rl 13. scot, wb. to stop a wheel
scoul, b. M. BUC
scouling, b.
scour, b. m.
scranch, b
rather cranch
scraul, buc.
scrauler, An.
scream, m. b. Rl 13.
screen, b. m. j.= Rl 13.
scrofula, b. scrofulous,
j. py.
PV- M.
sawer, j,
scalado, b. escalade scollop, c. b. py. skate, j. sceptre, j.
seeleton, m. b. sceletus. fi.-
sceptic, m.- j.
schedule
scheme
schirrus, b py. sc2VrAows,c.B
schirrous,?y. schirrhus, buc.
sc h i r r g s i ty .py .- scirrosity, py
scissars, j, c. scissor, j- c.
sizers. J. c.
cissor, e. risers, b,
cizar, c. cisars, b.
skonce, j.
skatch, j.m,buc. skotch, buc
scoat, py. scotch, py.
scowl, b. m. buc.
scowling
scowr, B. M.
scraunchy o.
craunch, o.
sarnvl,B^uj buc. scralLs. m.
scrawler
skream, b. m.
skreen, b. m. j. Rl 14. scrophula, b= [evil.
wb. small scrophulous,\vh,\mdev kings-
i Like lawyev and bowyer.
2 The worst way is the most common in practice. Rules 20, 15 IB .require sizers, which Johnson gives. If it is said that this spelling will confound it with sizers, with i long, we may reply that the accent determines the meaning, which is always known to a speaker, and consequently may be to a reader. The letteis p,o,l,i.s,h aie never mistaken in a phrase or sentence. Thus we may say, 4 The polish of the r.izers is high. The Polish universities have no sizen. The sizms eut well. The sizers serve tables.'
320
APPENDIX.
scrole, An. Rl 13. sculk, b. j, m. py. Rl 13. scull,1 b. m. j- py. scullcap, wb. sculcap, Rl 25. scullery, b. m. py. wb. to scum, j.- scummer, m j. scurrilous, b. m. scarisk, py. e. sea-ooze, py. e. searcloth, m. secresy, m. buc. Rl 20. segar, English, p. senior, e. a. wb. seniorage, A. wb. seniory, e. A. wb- seize,2 bj.c.buc. seizin,j,( seizure, b buc. seized selander, b. m. buc.
sena, b. buc. seneca, A. Rl 13. sentinel, b. j. w.-
sepulcher, wb. 12 mo. sepulker ? seralio? HI 24. sere, f.. dry
sergeant,3 w. serjant ? shab,4 a. eb? ad ?- shaddoc sheathe,5 m. a w. wb.
scroll, B. M. PJ'.
skulk , b. j.= py.
skull, b. j.= m. py,
skullcap, j.= py.
skvlcap
skullery_
to skim, j. skimmer, m.
scurrillous,^.
searisque, j.x py. risk, j.-{-
sea-oose, j.x ooze, j.-k
searcloath, j.
secrecy, e.
cigar, Spanish, wb.-
seignior,M.
seigniorage, m e.
seigniory, m, e. signory,j e.
sense, b seise,Buc. seisin, b.e.
seisure, buc. seised, b.
sellander, m, selliander, m.
solander, m. sellender
senna, b. e. A. senie. A.
sene&a, wb. sm. senega, A.
centinel, b.
centry, b. j. sentry, b. j,
sepulchre, b.
seraglio, b. e. seer, c.
serjeant, w. under quoif habb, m. ebb, p. add, p. shaddock, wb. sheath, w, wb.
i Scull. In all dictionaries both ways, with the same definition-.
2 Seize and seisable! Bailey folio.
3 See no',e at p. 213, and Letter 44.
4 Words of more than THREE letters, often drop the double finals. All these double letteis are useless, and nearly all that excede THREE LETTERS are corrected in general practice.
5 The e is necessary to soften the sound of Ih, but I do not find un- sheathe in any dictionary except Ash. See wreathe.
APPENDIX.
321
unsheathe, A. sherd, a. shamade, buc. shamoy, m, b buc.
shanker, b. m. j. sheer, b. j. sheers, j. c. shark, m. a. sheet, m. a. a rope sheriffalty, m. show, J.- E.- shipwrack, m. shock, j- A. shore, b. m. e. buc. shole, Saxon, buc. shote, A- wb. shoveler,B.M.A.wb.see p shred,1 m. j. e. a, shriek,2 a, shrilness, Rl 25. shroud, b, j. e. A. shrude ? An. shuttlecork?3
sibilant, py. j. sibilation, py. b. j. sicamore, a. j.
sillabub, b. m. c.
simily Rl 24.
simar, m. b. j.- f. c. e.
225
unsheath, j. w. a. m. wb:
shard, j. m. sheard, b. j.
chamade, buc-
chamois, j. A. shamois, j. m.
shammv, A. E.
chancre, j
shear, b. m. j.
shears, b. j.x m. c.
shirk, m. A,
sheat, A.
shrievalty, b.
shew, j. e.
shipwreck, A. e.
shough, j. wb.
shoar, m»
shoal, j,
sheat, b. a. shoot, m. saut,B.
shoveller, j. m.
shread, b. m.
shrike, A.
shrillness, e.
shrowd, m. E. A.
shrewd, m.
shuttlecock,M.E. skittlecock,
shittlecock, m. j. e. [j,
sibillant, n.
sibillation, n.
sycamine, j. sycomore, b.
sycamore, j.
syllabub, j.sillibub,B. M.J.-
sillibauk, b.
simile, b. e.
syrnar, p. samar, h. m.
chimmar, b. m, cymar, b.f.c.
chimere, c. simarr, m. [j.w.
J All words in ea sounded short, should be corrected like shred, ded, red, led, tred. Nothing but courage is wanted, for old books are abundant authority, for this correct spelling.
2 Shreke would be preferable.
3 Shuttlecock. Under this word Ash spells battledore with the final t, as suggested at page 245.
322
APPENDIX.
simnel, j. euc. wb. simonical, buc. wb. siphon, b. m. j. wb. sirloin, A. j. w. sirname, m. b. buc. i. e. sire name, m. siren, b. j, a. wb. sirius, b. j. a. wb. sirup, b- j, wb. sithe,1 b. m. j. buc. a.- site, m. j. skain, b. m. wb. scane ?
skue, m. j. a. py. wb. skilful, m. py. wb. skillet, m. py. wb. skirfk, b. m.
skir, b. A.
slant, b. j.
slat, A. wb.
Slavonian, wb.
slay, m. j. buc. in weaving
slazy ?
sled, b. j.2 sley, wb. slick, b. a. sliness,3 b. j. slobber, m. j. wb. sluce, b- m. wb. smallage, b. m. j. smalness, j.
cimar, c. buc. samarr, m. simare, b. e. cimnel
simoniacal, A. j. syphon, j. wb. surloin, p. n. surname, j. A. m.
syren, a. syrius
syrup, b.- A, strop, j. a. sythe, m. buc. scythe, b. m. scite n.
skein, b. m. j. wb. skegn, b. skaine, b. ~ew, m. A. py. wb. skillfull, o. skellet, m. buc- scincus, Lat. skinc, scink, seine skirre, j. A. skirr, A. wb. slaunt, o. sloat, B. j. A. sclavonian, p.
stey,B.j.A.wb, slaie, B.j.wb. sleave, j. wb.
sleazy, B.M.j.A.wb. sleezy,j. sleasy, A. silesia sledge, b. sleigh, p. sleek, j. A. slyness, f.
slabber, m. j. slaver, m. j.- sluice, j. wb. smellage, wb. smallness, b.
1 Johnson specially prefers sithe.
2 In sledde, the original Belgic word, there is no g.
* An error occurred in this word at page 274. Strike out the words " no author," and " except sliness." The addition of Fenning's au- thority, makes the correction necessary.
APPENDIX.
323
smirk, b. j, wb.
smirky
smoke, b. m. j. a.
suath, wb. a sithe handle
sneeze, b.a.j. sneze? p.250.
snub, m. h. j.
so,1 b. a pail or tub
socage, m. wb.
sole, M. BUC.
soke, b.- m.-
sope, B.- M.- j. BUC-
soder, a.- j. Bible
soil, b. j.
soop, b,- m. wb. buc. Rl 24,
soot, b. py. wb.
sooty, py. wb.
to soothe, py.
sophomore, p. soph, py. j.
sorel, m, py. a buck
to souse, j. souze ?
souse, j. the noun
sour, m. j.
sowl, Saxon
soe, wb. sow, m. j. to stitch
spacious, m. j.
specter, wb.
spermacety ? Rl 24.
spigot, j. wb. like bigot
spue, m. A.
spinage, b. m. j. buc wb.
spinel, j. wb.- spinell, p.
spinnet, j. wb.
spiritous,2 j. wb.
splint, m. j.
smerk, b. m. j. wb.
erky, j. smoak, A. o. snead, b. sneath, b, snese, A. c. sneese, j. neeze, a. neese, j. a.
ibt j. sneb, j. sneap, j. soe, j. soa, b. sow, m. soccage, m. j. wb. soal, o. soak, j.
soap, j.= see j's preface, sodder, b. m. buc. wb. solder,j.-B.M.Buc.wb. unsol- soyl, b, m. [der, m.
soup, Fr. wb. sut, wb. sutty, wb. sooth, b, py. sophimore, wb. 12 mo sorrel, v. py. a plant sowce, j. souce, B. M. sowr, m. J. soul, p. sew, m.- j.- patious, m. spectre, j. h.
spermaceti, parmacety, c, spiggot, M. H, BUC. spew, m.j. wb. spinach, j.= spinelle, p. espinel, wb. spinet, j, m. buc. spirituous, j. wb. splent, m. •
i See note on hoe.
2 To the euphony of spiriiueux, we seem to owe this word, which, after all has nothing to recommend it in preference to our English de- rivative tpiritvus.
324
APPENDIX.
spirt,1 m. J- wb. like squirt
spunge, b. m, j.= buc. wb.-
spunk, m. j.= a. wb.
spred, Wakefield, o»
sprite, J. wb.
spite, m. j.
despite,2 m. wb.
springhalt, j.
sprout, wb-
sprue, wb.
spue, b.
squobble, b. A.
squall, m. j. A.
squamous, j.
squeel
squil, m.
stadle, j -see babler
stale, j. a handle
staid, m. j. sober
staid, j. wb. participle
stair,4 j.
stake, buc. wb.
stanch, b. j. c, wb.
unstanched, m.
stationery, see p. 58.
stedfast, b. m. j. buc. wb.
stedfastness, w. r. j, wb.
sted, j. wb.
unstedfast, An.
steddy, wb. Creech, p. 177.
stelth, wb.
step ? a plain
spurt, m. j. wb,«
sponge, j, a. wb.
sponk, j- A. wb.
spread, j.
spright, m. j. wb. sprete, a-
spight, j. spyte, j* o.
despight, m.
string halt, j .
sprowt, o.
sprew
spew, b. w.
squabble, m.
squawl, m. j- A. squeal, wb.
squameous , m. squamose, a.
squeal, m. j.
squill, j.
staddle, j.
stele, c. j. steale, b.
stayed, m. j.
stayed,3 p.
stayer, o.
steak, b. buc j.
staunch, o. c. j.
unstaunched, j.
stationary
steadfast, j. wb.
steadfastness, j. wb.
stead, j. wb.
unsteadfast, m.X j.
steady, wb.
stealth, wb.
stepp, wb. steppe, p.
' A small class of words vary between e, i, w, o, before r and an- other consonant, as spirt, spurt; whirl, whorl; smirk, smerk; quirk, querk ; sturk, stirk. I have preferred the i, which will unite tnoet of these words in one form. ^
2 Ight is obsolescent : He is better.
3 These two words are the same.
4 See note at page 34, No. 22.
APPENDIX.
325
steril,1 b. m. j. A. wb.
stint, b, m.- j. wb.
stigian, A.
stile, b. m.-j.a. a passage
stile,2 b.- m.j. a. a manner
steelyard, A,
stilness, m.
stiptic, m. stiptic&, j.
stirk, A.
stirup ? like sirup
stote, b. m. py.
stomp, wb. of the foot
stony, wb.
strait, m. c- wb.- j.
straitway, m. wb.
strap, j. wb.
streke, m.j. wb.
stroke, m. buc. j.
strole, b.
strow, j. wb.
stupify,3j wb.
subtract, b.- m.- j.
subtraction, m.-
subtil? An.
subtil ly, wb. subtly, j. subtiliy, j. succedent, b.x succede ? succedaneous, j, suction,4 j. wb.
1 This word has not had the e final for a century, till some late au- thors attempted to revive it. It is better omitted, in all this class of words, and then the primes and derivator will agree, as fertil, fertility; steril, sterility; activ, activity; civil, civility.
2 There is no need of a distinction in these words; but if any is ad- mitted, it should be style, steps into a field, from aroXos, a pillar, and stile, a pen, or manner of writing, Lat. stilus or stylus. Johnson does not distinguish these two forms, but prefers style, for the -steps into a field.
3 Stupify and stupefaction ! Johnson. X
4 K might be universally rejected, in compounds before a conso- nant, as here in suction from suck ; so sucling, tacling ; swcie, lade.
C C
sterile, P.
stent, m. p.
stygian, b. a,- wb.
style, m.
style, j,- m.-
stilliards, A.
stillness, j.
styptic, b. styptick
sturk, m. j.
stirrup, b. m. j. stirrop, a.
stoat, b. m. j. py. wb.
stamp, a print
stbney, wb.
straight,M.B.j.wb streight,u,
straightway, j.
strop, A. wb.
streak, p. j.
stroak, b. m. buc a.
strowl, j. stroll, m. j.
strew, m, j. straw, j, wb.
stupefy, wb.
substract, m. w.- j.- wb-
substraction, m. j. prefers
subtile, b.= m. j. wb.
subtle, b. m. j.
subtilely, j. wb.
subtlety
succeedent, An.
succeed, b.x j. x succeede,o.
suc&tion, suck
326
APPENDIX.
suet, M. J. wb.
sue, m. wb.
sugary, w.
sum, B. M.
suiter, j. wb.
sute, B. m. a. h. c. Rl 24.
sutable, m.
unsutable, m.
sulfur ? Lat. Virg.
sumac, wb.
summer, wb.
summerset, j. wb.
superintendent, c. py.
superviser, m.
supreme, b. m. wb.
surfit ? Eng.
surfiter ?
surcingle, m. c. py.
surprize, b. m. j. wb,
surtoot, b. m. Rl 24.
surveyer, m. Rl 18.
survue ? Rl 24.
suspense, c. py. wb.
sutler, b.j. py.wb. see babler
swadling, m. see babler
swob, wb.
swobber, b. j. c. wb.
swale, b. m. j. c-
swath, py. c. wb.
sward, py. wb.
swomp, m.
sweetbrier, py. wb.
brier, j. wb.
swosb, wb.
swepe, b. m. well-pole
swop,2 b. m. j. a- py. wb.
i This strange word is not a misprint, for J. quotes Spenser as his authority for doubling the g, and gives no other form.
a After W, a often assumes the sound of o; and the instances above, show that spelling follows pronunciation, and tends to obviate anom- alies..
sewet, m.
v, o.
suggary I ' j. 1st abr. fbl.&qi . summ, b. m. suitor, m* J. wb. suit, J. M. suitable, m. unsuitable, j. sulphur, wb. Lat. sumack, b. sumach, j. summage, m. sommer, o.
somerset summersaut.j. j.= superintendant, wb. supervisor, m. py. wb. supream, o. surfeit, m. py. Fr. surfeiter, py. wb. sur&engle, m. surprise, m. py. surtout, m. j. surveyor, m. wb. surview, j, suspence, b. suttler
swaddling, c. py. swab, c. py. wb. swabber, b. m. j. c. py. sweai, b,= m.= j,= wb. swarth, b. swatch, py. c. swerd, b. m. gord, wb. swamp, j. m.= py. c. sweetbriar, jvx c. briar, wb. swash, j. py. c. swipe, m. sweep, wb. swap, b. m. j. c- py. wb.
APPENDIX.
327
silph, b. Rl 6. silvan, c. py. Rl 6. syncopy ? Rl 24-. synonims? sinonims,1
>ylph, c.py. wb. sylvan, c. py. syncope, m. synonymes, c. Crabbe synonimes, j. preface synonyms, wb. Taylor synonima, f.
synonymy,c,py. sy?wmym,c. synonymous,py,synonomous
i Sinonim, sinonimous, sillable, sistem, &c. want nothing but au- thority to make them better than the present forms. It is hoped that the good sense of scholars will follow the leading of general practice, and substitute I for Y generally, in the middle of words. The simplest form will ultimately prevail.
synoniniy synonimous,F,w. under hum
Tabify, m. t. tabret, m. p. c. wb.
tabard, m. py. c- tacmahac
tabelion ? tach, m. py. d. wb, attach, w, detach, w. tafrail ? the aft rail
taffety, b. m. wb.
tailor, b. m. c. wb. talc, c. wb. talcose, p.
talness, c. tamborin, wb.
tan, m. wb. tomkin, b. m.
tapistry, m, b.
tabefy, b. py.
taber,M. taboret,wb.taborine tabor,M.wb. taborin,wb, [f. tabour,M.py. tabourine,py.c. taberd, m. py, c. tacamahaca, b. tacamahac, m. wb. tabellion, m. f. tache,B.py.M.H-wb.fa<cA,B.py attatch, detatch n. tafferel, b. m, j. c, wb. taffarel, A. taffeta, py. c. wb. taffata, c, taffyte, f. taylor, wb. talck, wb. talk, c. talky, c. talcky, wb. tallness, b. wb. tambarine, B. m. h. d. tamborine, tambourine, c< tambourin, d. tann, m,
tampkin, f. tamkin, c. wb. tampin, m.
tompion,B.M.F tampion>M.F. tapestry, m. b. f, c. wb.
328
APPENDIX.
tar, m, f. wb. tartar, m. b. wb. tarif, wb. tarpaulin, b. h.
tarve, wb. tarsel, b. c, wb.
tassel, b. m. c. p.- d. wb. tatler, d. u. p. Rl 25. tatterdemalion, c. tant ? An- like pant, chant taudry, b. m.- h. teaze, b. m. wb. teazing, e. teazel, m.
techy, b. m. c. wb. ted, m. wb. tenant, b.- m. wb. tether,2 b.- f. wb. terras, m.
tint, f. wb.
tenet, f. wb. tension, m. buc. h. wr. contension, m. in-attension
tarr, m.
tartre, m. Fr.
tariff, m. f. wb.
tarpawling, b. m. h. f.
tarpauling, m.
tave, wb.
tassel, b. m. c- d. tercel, cs
tiercel, b. m. d.
toss el, Br. f.
tattler, h.
tatterdemallion, m. wb.
taunt, b. m. wb.
tawdry, b. m, f- c- wd*
tease, b. m. e.x wb.
teasing
teasel, m. c. wb.
tassel, b. d. c.
teasil, b. tazel, c.
tetchy, f. touchy, f,
tede, m.
tenent, b- m.
tedder, b. f.- wb.-
tarrace, d. m.
terrace, b. m. h. c. wb.
tarras, b.d.h. terrass, b.m.h,
tarrass, m.
teint, b. m. wb. teinte, Fr.
tinct, Br. f. taint, c.3
tenent, m.
tention
contention, m. buc. c. wr,
in-attention, h. wr. c-
i In all variable words of this form, z or s, the z is preferred by Rule 15. Most of those dictionaries which insert s in the stock, show 2 under other words. See note at page 27, for a small sample of these very common inconsistencies.
a This is like burden, burthen ; murder, murther, and the vulgar furder, further; the Saxon Thorn comes into English with th or d.
3 Here again, as in many other cases, leaving out the variable let- ters of three different forms, makes the word write according to gen- eral rules.
APPENDIX.
329
distension, c,
co-extension, m. buc. H.c.Br
retension ? An.
intension, m. buc. h. c.
detension, m.
sustension ?
pretension, c. m. buc. h. wr
portension, c. wr.
abstension, An.
obtension, wr.
tenon, f. c. wb.
tendril, c.
lerce, m. f. c.
terrier, b. f. c. wb.
terrify,' b. m. c. wb.
tesselated, b. f.
theater, b. m. wb.
theocrasy, m. Rl 20.
thil, b. Rl 23.
tliime, f.
tho, m. wb. Rl 23.
thole, c. wb.
thraldom, b.m.d j. Br.c.Rl 25
thrash, m. f.- c. wb. Rl 24.
tli red, wb. Rl 23.
thret, wb. Rl 23.
th roster, m.
throte ? An. Saxon
throttle, m. f.
thru ?
thrum
thum, wb.
ticken, f. wb. so slocken
tiger, m. c- wb.
ty ? An.
unty, c. j.
tiny, f. c-
tire, c-
tere ? An.
tidbit, c.
distention, m. buc. c. wr.
extention
retention, m, h. c. wr. wb.
intention, m. wr.
detention, m. buc. h. c. wr.
sustentation, p.
pretention
portention
abstention, wr. c.
obtention
tennon, wb.
tendrel, m.
tierce, m. j. f. c. teirs, m.
tarrier, b. f. c.
ierrefy, b.
tessellated, j.
theatre, b. m.
theocracy , m.
thill, m.
thyme, f -
though, m. wb.
thowl, b m. c.
thralldom
thresh, b m. f. c.
thread, m. f.
threat, m. f.
throwster, m. f. c. wb.
throat, m.
throatle
through, m.
thrumb
thumb, m. c wb.
licking, f. wb. stocking
tyger, c.
tye, m. tie, m. wb.
untie, j. ass
tyny, f. c.
tyre, c.
tire, wb. tier, c. wb.
titbit, c wb.
, See page 98, No. 83.
cc2
330
APPENDIX.
til ? An.
until, m. j.
tinsel, j. c.
tipler, wb.
tisic, m. j."
tisical, j. c.
tithe, p. c-
titilate, py.
titilation, py,
tobacco, b. m. c. wb.
tole, b. f. wb.
toilet, b. m.
tost, m.- like post, host
rost, b. most, gost tun, B. m.- p. c.
tunnage, b. Br. m.- -f.
tung, wb. Saxon
torrify, b. m. j,
torrifaction, An.
torsion, B.j.M.c.wb. Rl 19,
contorsion, b. m. wb.
distorsion, b. m. wb.
extorsion, m.
detorsion, b. wb.
intorsion, wb.
turmalin, wb.
turny ?
turniment ?
turnament, b. m. j.
turniquet ?
turnsole, b. wb.
toor, wb-
touze, b. m. Rl
toward, p. m.
towr, b. m. to fly high
tragacanth, b. m. c.
till, m. j.x
untill
tinsil, m. tincel, m.
tippler, m. c.
pftthisickjB. Greek. tisic£,j . c
tissick, b.
tythe, p. c.
titillate, c. wb.
titillation, m. c. wb.
tabacco, b. m.
toll, b. m. wb.
toy let, b. M.
toast, m. j.
roast, j.
ton, B. m. P.
tonnage, b. m, p.
tongue, b. Norman
torrefy, wb.
torrefaction, m.x b -f-
tortion, j.
contortion, wb,
distortion, j, b. m.
extortion, b. m. wb.
detortion
intortion
tourmaline, p.
turney. b. j.
tournay, j.
frwrnament, m. j. wb.
tourniquet, m. c. b.
tornisoly m. turnsol, c.
tour, b, m. Fr.
touzle, b, touse, bj.c. tows?
towze, m. towz, B.
towards, p. wb.
tower, p. c. tour ?
adragacanth, p.
gum dragon, p.
i Webster spells torsion and all its compounds with s except extor- tion. Why should that be excepted I Martin spells it with S. and T,
|
APPENDIX. JJ1 |
|||
|
traffic, m. |
traffick, c. wb. |
||
|
traffiking ? |
trafficking |
||
|
traffiker ? |
trafficker, wb. |
||
|
trapes, b. m. j. c |
. wb. |
traipse, j. A. wb. |
|
|
tranquility, wr, |
D. |
tranquillity, m. b. wb. |
|
|
transom, b. m. |
transome |
||
|
ransom, b. m. |
ransome, j. |
||
|
handsom ? An. |
handsome |
||
|
transe, j, c. a. v |
tb. |
trance, c- |
|
|
tranquilize, Rl 23. |
tranquillize, m. c. |
||
|
traitor, m.- f. |
tray tor, m. |
||
|
tramel, b. f. |
trammel, m. f. |
||
|
travel, b. |
travail, c. |
||
|
tra vested, m. |
travestie, p. |
||
|
treble, m. j. |
frebble, m. |
||
|
trecherous, wb. |
treacherous, b. c. |
||
|
tred, wb.- |
tread, b. |
||
|
tredle, m. |
treadle, m. b.j. treddle,B.wb. |
||
|
tressel, m. c. |
trestle, m. j. c. |
||
|
trespas ? Rl 23. |
trespass, b. m. |
||
|
trespaser |
trespasser, b. |
||
|
tret, f. |
trett |
||
|
true,2 b. truly, j |
.X |
trew, b. bluely, j.x |
|
|
triplet, f. |
triblet, b. tribblet |
||
|
trial, f. |
tryal, f. |
||
|
triers, m. |
triours, b. |
||
|
trivet, b. m. j. f |
. c. |
trevet, b. m. j. c- f.- |
|
|
tripoly, b, m. j. |
c. Rls 7&24 |
tripoli, p. |
|
|
Irole ? An. Rl |
troll, B. M, c. troul, b. c- f. trowl, b. c. |
||
|
truble ? Rl 24. |
trouble, trubble, wb. 12 mo |
||
|
trophy, m. j. |
trophe, Gr. |
||
|
strophy, see p. |
237. |
strophe, Gr. |
|
|
trousers, c- |
trowsers, c trouse, c. |
\ Tranquility. We have more than six hundred words of this form and analogy, of which tranquility is the only one that doubles ihe consonant, except after o and u, as jollity, nullity. Wr. corrects the II.
2 The compounds of true and blue should drop the final e, as truly. blu\y ; frwness, bluness; frwism, ^rwborn, trubred ; or he separately written, as true hearted. The proper form will be ascertained by d«- tarmining whether the compound is one word or two words.
332
APPENDIX.
truncheon, p.
trunchon,1 trunnel, b. f. c. wb.
tumbrel, b m. j. p. turaify turbot, J. c. turban, b. j. p. c. turcois, J. c. b.
turky, b. wb. turkies, An.
tunny, c, a. wb.
tunnel, j. w.
tunnel er, A. see p. 225.
turmeric, b. m. j. c.
tuz, b. wb. c.
tweak, f. c.
tusks,2 M. J. twibil, c, Kl 25. unchaste, f. chaste, m. unbonneted, py. undersel, Rl 25. unlicensed, j. 20,
trunchion
trannel,c.j. py.A. trennel,c.A
trenel, b. m. treenel, b. m. a.
treenail, py. a. wb.
tumbril, wb.
tumefy, c.
turbut^ m. b.
turband,j.F. turbant}B. m.j. p.
urcoise, m,
turquoise, j, c. b. turkois,c- turkey, m. j. turkeys thunny, tunney, b. funnel, j. w. tunneller, b. m. tumeric, p. tuzz, wb.
tvveag, p. c, ticeake, f. tweague, f. c. tushes, m. twibill unchast, m. chast, o. unbonnetted, j. undersell, j.
nlicenced
i Words ending in cheon, or chion, are variable. To omit bofh e and i, would be better, as trunchon, fatchon, lunchon, nunchon, pun- ckon So o\so fashox, wb. and cushos. Geon, or gion, also variable, would, as before remarked, be better by substituting^;' for ge or gi. thus dunjon, i. e donjon, relijon, haberjon, pijon, widjon, surjon. So also serjaut, pajaut, curajos, outiajos, &c. This would eminently combine utility, and correctness, As they are, EON is preferred to ION, as puncheon, habergeon, are better than punchion, habergion.
2 In Saxon fisc is fish. The proper name is Fisk, or Fish, and from this analogy comes the double form of the word, tusks, tushes- The latter is common among unlearned people, who generally have better reason on their side than ignorant hypercrtics are willing to allow. Indeed no word can become very common without some reason, which critics will respect, exactly in proportion to the soundness of their learning, and the extent of their researches.
3 Chaste, ba«te, waste. Final e lengthens the sound after two con- sonants, as in luthe, clothe, strange, change.
APPENDIX.
333
license, j. unparalleled, j. unparaleled P1 unshakle,2 j. shade ?
licence, J.+ w. unparallelled, j. in ref. unparalelled unshackle, M. shackle, J.
i From Gr. napa aWrjXwv by each other. Altho there are two XA in the Greek, yet as one only is sounded, it would be well to choose this simplest form.
2 This might be supposed to be a misprint, if the order of the Al- phabet did not show the author's intention. Every useless letter dropt is so much gain, but if this word and its cognates are to be altered, they should drop the k and retain the c, as, shackle like made.
Vacilate ? vail, j. py. unvail, m. vally ? Rl 7. vallies, p, RI 7. vane ? Lett, vanus vain ? hat. vena, vane, b. f. hat. vannus. vagary, p. valance, f.
balance, j.
valt ? like halt, salt,
vat, b.
veneer, f. m.
vant, \vb. velom, d.
vassalage, py. vender, m. j. venomous, j. f. m. venue, b.- m. Rl 24. vergaloo vermin, b. m,- wb.
vacillate, b. j,
veil, j.=
unveil, py.
valley, b. j,
valleys
vain, j.
vein, p.
fane, b.
fegary, b. m.jigary, m.
vallance valence, b. m.
vallens, m.
ballance, b.
vault, m,
fat, b.
fenier, m.
vaneer, m.
vaunt, b. j. m.
vellum,, m. j. vellam, m<
vassallage, j.
vendor, b. m,
venemous, j,=
venew, b.
vegoloo, wb. vergaloue, p.
vermine, m. j.
i Most of the dictionaries give vail, veil, unveil. Martin is correct and consistent in giving vat7and vnvail only.
334
APPENDIX.
verjuce, wb.
juce, j. wb. juse, wb.-
vermil, wr.
vermilion, b. j. wb. m.
verrel, f. m. see ferrel
verteber, wb.
vervain, j.
vervane ? Lat. verbena
vial, j. wb. f.
vicount,M.
victual
viciate, b.-
vicious, m. c.
viciously, c.
viciousness, c.
vigilance, j.
vignet, wb.
villan ? An. villan-us, Lat.
villany, j. b.
villanage, b. j.
villanous, j. c.
villanously, c.
villanousness, c.
villanize, j. c,
vinyard, wb.
violater, m.
vue ?' An.
revue ?
vuing ? An.
virtuoso, b. m.
virtue, b. m.
visiter, m. wb.
vizard, m.-
vizier, b. m.
vulcan, wb. f. m.
vulcanic, wb. Rl 24.
vulcano, j. b.- m. c.
volly ?2 An. Rl 7.
verjuice, j. m. juice, wb. jus,La£, vermeil, Fr, vermillion, j. f. verril, m. verrolyF. vertebra, Lat. vervine, j.= vervan, wb. phial, j.= b. m. viscount, m. vittle, wb. vitiate, b.
itious, wb. c. m.
iiiously, c. viceousness, c.
igilence, j.= vignette, c. vinnet, m. villain, j. villainy, c, villenage, b. m. villainous, b. c. villainously, b. villainousness, b. villainize vineyard, b. j. f, violator, m. view, j. b. review, b. j. viewing, b. j. vertuoso, b. m. vertue, B. m. visitor, m. wb.- visard, visor, f. viziar, j. visier, b. m. volcan
volcanic } wb. volcano, j.<= volley, m. J.+ wb.
t Vue is exactly the original French, and the most regular English of this word; and we have thus a double reason for reforming the spel- ling which now stands on a level with niew for new.
9 Volley and vollied ! Johnson and Walker. , -
APPENDIX.
335
vollied, j. c. vulpine,' j. b. vy ? An. Rl 7. wafer, wb. wagon, j. w. d.- c. wagoner, j. c. Rl 23.
waiwardly, b. waiwardness, b. waiward, m. b. Rl 6. walnut, b. m. p, c. Rl 25. walflower ? w hale, wb. wale, c. to mark [or stripe. werk,2 b. m. warloc ? wassel, b. m. buc,
wasselers, b. m. buc.
volleyed, j. in ref.
vidpin, m.
vye, b. m.- vie, m. j.
wafle, wb.
waggon, b. m. d. f. c.
wagonrcer, j.! w. see p.228,
waggoner, b. m. f.
waywardly, j.
waywardness, j.
wayward, m.
wallnut
wallflower, b. j.
m. c.
weal, c. welk, c. wheal, b. c. whelk, b. c. wb. icarch, b. work, wark, b.m.c. warlock, j. d. warluck, d. vvastel, b. m. wassal, wassail, b. j. wb. wassellers, b, wassailer, py. wb,
t So also canine, cervine, feline, cedrine, equine, anatine, assinine, anserine, supine, leonine, leporine, vaccine, vituline. bovine, agnine, columbine, passerine, ovine, serpentine. All adjectives of this kind, describing animals, of various genera, are long, and should retain the e final,
2 Werk or wwrk is the correct spelling of this vrord. Fenning gives us the origin of ;t after xu as|follovvs. "VV. this letter isborrowed from the Gothic or Saxon, and receives its name improperly, from its shape, not from the sound. Had we retained WEN the Saxon name, it would have facilitated the understanding of its power. It is used before vowels except u. This exception" originated "when the Gallic uu were introduced, insted of the Saxon" character which nearly resembles our y, " for it seems odd to have three uvv together. In the Saxon u follows the w as often as an other letter as" vvuvi, wurt, wurth, wunder. " As we write w as one letter and not vu we might have u after w as well as formerly ; but being too strict imitators of Gallic nicety, and at the same time forgetting the sources of our language, the u which follows the w in the original wwrds, has been changed into o, ow, oo, and we have done all we can to render the derivation of our wurds impracticable. At first indeed writers and printers were content with uu, in such wwrds, writing minder, from the Saxon wundor ; but afterwards thinking a vowel was still wanting, when the uu were" joined in " w, they thought it necessary to add another vowel to supply the seeming omission, and produced the wwrd wonder." See Note on Y.
336
APPENDIX.
wasseling, m.
waterfal, j.1 Rl 25.
warrior, m.
waste, m. f.
wave, B.w.wb.Buc. to put
waul,2 wb. 4to.
wearisom, b.
wearisomness,3 B.
welsh-rare-bit
welsh, c.
weezel, j. d.
wezon, b.
wevil, B. M F.
wether, b. m. wb. f.
welkin, m, d. f.
wensday,4 o.
wale, b.
welcome, j. f. Rl 26.
unwelcome, m.
wel ?5
unwel ?
welaway, b. c.
welbeing ?
welfare, f.
whelk, m- b.- j. a shell
off
wasselling
waterfall, b.
warriou?\B.M.warrieri b. m,
wast, m. o.
waive, b, o, weive, c. o.
wawl, J -|- b, wb.
wearisome, m.
wearisomeness, p.
welsh-rabbit, p.
welch, p.
weazel, d. weesel, b. m. buc.
weasel, b. j. buc c.
wezand, j. c.
weasand, b. m. buc. f.
weazon, wb. wesil, j.
weevil, j* ir. buc. d.
weather, m#-
wilking, m.
Wednesday, p.
waile, b. wail, b.
cellcome
unwellcome
well, p.
unwell, wb
wel la way, b.
we II being, j,
well fare
whilk, m.
weltc} b. m. j. wilk, B. M.
1 Waterfal and windfall ! Johnson's 4to-f- In Johnson's first abridgment they boll) have single I, and in Walker //•
2 Wawl and caterwaul ! Johnson and Walker.-4-
3 Bailey's folio has wearisom, donned liresome, and wearisom- ness .' tiresomeness! A double contradiction.
4 Formerly this word was written as it is pronounced.
5 The 11 is useless and contrary to the etymon.
6 The other compounds of well might reject the superfluous I by Rule 25, page 20.
APPENDIX.
337
wield, ' b. m, whay, m.
whirligig, m whirl, b. m. J, c. whimsy, b. m. whir, c,
whur, b. m, j. wb. whurring, b. whiz, p wb. wic, d.- p. c-
wick, b. m. of a candle wiry, c. spiry, wr. c. firy, Cardell miry, wb. widgeon, b m. wince, b. aj j. f.-
windfal. j. wb. Rl 25. windmil ? windgal ? wingshel ? winlerkil ? withal, p. c. windias, Rl 25.
wich ?3
which, j.
wiseaker ? weis sager, geb.
wiih ?
weild, b. m.
whey, b. m. Pi
whirly gig, m.
whorle, b. whirle, b. folio
whimsey, j. m.
whirry, c.
whurr, j.
whining, j. b.
ichizz whuz, b.
wyck, d. wyche, d.
wich, f. c. D.
week, b. m»
wiery,2 c — j. wr. wire
fiery, c. fire
miery, mire'
widgin, b. m.
winch, j. b. m. quinchy
quick, c.
windfall, p,
windmill, j.
wind-gall, j.
wingshell, j.
winterkill
with all
windlass, j. b. winch, h« c,
windless, b. m.
witch, j.
whitch, n.
wiseacre, p.
withe, c. withy, b. m.
withz, h.
i When several respectable authors of dictionaries cannot tell how to spell such words as this, and r/ding, citing ; not only may com- mon people be excused for occasional mistakes, hut all would be bene- fited by a reform of the whole of this tortuous and torturing class of Urords. If we should adopt the rule of putting DOUBLE \OWELS before DOUBLE CONSONANTS, and SINGLE VOWELS before SINGLE CONSONANTS, the whole would be eaj-y and simple, and no one would mistake the regular forms of weeld, yeeld.feeld, sheeld, and celing, llicving, receving, sezing.
a This transposition cfe and r often occurs in Saxon and English
a T before eh its a Norman corruption, which should be reformed.
D D
338
APPENDIX.
wiljy.slily, shily,drily.p274 wizard, b. m. j. f. c. witherwrung,1 J. 4to m. d-
wo,2 b. m. f. wb.
woad, c. b.
wulf, Saxon
wun, b. Saxon
wunder, Saxon
\vunt,Saxon see note on werk
wood, Gerard
woodbine,c.B'a Aowy-suckle'
wooden, b. f.
woolen,3 wb. see p. 227
woosted, b. m.
wrath, b.-
rack,4
wreathe,5 A. Br- py. f. e.
unwreathe, py.
inwreathe, j. py. e.
ring?4
ritten ? Chaucer
wyly, dryly, shyly, slyly
wizzard, j.+ wisard, b. c.
witherung, A.
witherrung, j. ab. & folio
woe, m. f. wb.
wood, b. wad, b.
wolf, p.
won, p.
wonder, p.
wont, p.
would, p.
woodbind, b.tm. j. c.
woodden, n
woollen, b. j. m. pv.n.
worsted, m. b. .
wroth, b.
wrack, b, wreck, b.
wreath, b. m. c. j. ry. e. .
unwreath, j. A. c. e.
in wreath, c.
wring, p.
written, p.
, This word, like falchion, shows the extreme carelessness of Lexi- cographers, and their servile copying of each other, whether right or wrong. Johnson's folio omitted the w hy mistake, and the abridg- ment, published the next year, had the same error ; which is faith- fully copied by Jones, Sheridan, WALKER, Mavor, and Browne. Johnson corrected the error, in the 4th edition of his great dictionary, and it is right in Martin and Dyche, who preceded Johnson ; and in Perry, Buchanan and Chalmers. . See note on falchion.
2 All words ending in OE or OW might be corrected, like wo. See note on hoe. The e final is useless and obsolescent.
3 On this word Perry has not exercised his usual vigilance.
4 See note on riggle.
5 Wreathe. Dr. Johnson spelt inwreathe with e final, and wreath and unwreath without it; and in this, he has been blindly copied by a dozen different Lexicographers. WALKER pointedly condemns, and yet adopts the same absurdity !
yar, c. yot? R124. yean, d. b.
yarr, d.
yacht, b. d. yatch, m. i>. b.
ean, m.- b.
APPENDIX,
339
yern, w.f.
yest, m. d,- w.-
yex, d.- b.
yelk, b. m.- j.- d.- w.
yerk, see jerk
yoke, b. m,- d.-
y under ? Saxon
yung? jung, German
yure ? yu ?
yule, b. m.
yuth?1 like truth
yearn, w.- f. yeast, m.- d. w. yux, d. yolk, b.- m. w.
yoak, b. m.d. yonder, p. young, d. your, p. you, p. jule, Turner youth, p.
i In yule, Y comes before U without any offense, and so it might in other words; and yung, y under, yu, yuth, yure, are more correct, independently of vicious practice, and Norman corruptions, than the present forms of these anomalous words. Y in this respect, like double u, has been deprived of its proper right, without any apparent reason. The German is correct, and our scholars, on trial, will find that lan- guage of vastly more importance to the knowledge of English, than Latin and Greek.
Zigzag, w. zinc, py. w. zocle, d.
ziczac, Dillwyn zink, m. wb. zinck, b. socle, d. zogco, D.
4 Zinc and zinciferous are to be preferred : indeed wherever we can reclaim the original letter to its proper place and use, it ought to be done, because it is simpler, easier, and more correct, according to the original Saxon, in whieh k was scarcely ever used until the lan- guage of Britain was corrupted by the Normans.
REMARKS.
From this review, it appears that nearly FOUR THOUSAND words are variable in our best dictionaries ; and that common practice is often at variance with the highest authority, discordant with the clearest analogy, and contradictory to the most obvious and undoubted etymology. Such is the present state of our language, tho most persons suppose that ""Johnson's Dictionary has fixed its external form.''1
340
APPENDIX,
Words with the termination ough.*
The orthography and pronunciation of words of this class differ so widely, that the errors of learners in writing them are excu- sable. The following arrangement of them, according to their pronunciation, may be useful.
|
Bough |
Bon |
||
|
Clough, a cliff |
Clou |
||
|
Plough, better plow |
Pl.u |
||
|
Slough, a miry place* |
SI »u |
||
|
Sough, w.f |
Sou |
||
|
Through |
Thru |
||
|
Dough |
Do? |
||
|
Furlough |
Fulo |
||
|
Though |
Tho |
||
|
Although |
Altho |
||
|
Borough |
Burro |
||
|
Thorough |
Thurro |
||
|
Enough |
Enuf |
||
|
Rough |
Ruf |
||
|
Slough, the cast skin of |
a snake |
or sore |
Sluf |
|
Chough |
Chuf |
||
|
Tough |
ruf |
||
|
Clough, an allowance in |
weight, |
now general- ~) |
Clof |
|
ly and better written |
doff. |
£ |
|
|
Cough |
Cof |
||
|
Sough, py.f |
Sof, py. |
||
|
Trough |
Trof |
||
|
Hough |
Hoc |
||
|
Lough |
Loc |
||
|
Shough |
I |
Shoe |
*This barbarous termination might very well be spared from the language, and the words spelt as they are pronounced, in the second column.
f Walker says " rh\m,3s now,'' and Perry spells the pronunciation sqf.
APPENDIX. 341
Monosyllables in which the terminations ie and y, are either transposed or changed in some of their deriv- atives.
Cry, crier, cried, crieth, crying
Die, dier, died, dieth, dying
Dry, drier, dried, drieth, drying, drily, driness
Fly, flier, flieth, flying
Fry, frier, fried, frieth, frying f
Hie, hied, hietn, hying
Lie, to rest, lier, lieth, lying
Lie, to Jib, liar, lied, lieth, lying
Ply, plier, plied, plieth, plying
Pry, prier, pried, prieth, prying
Shy, shily, shin ess
Sly, slily, sliness
Spy, spier, spied, spieth, spying
Tie, tier, tied, tieth, tying
Try, trier, tried, trieth, trying
Vie, vied, vieth, vying
IE in these words should be changed into Y, as has been done in all words that excede three letters. Dy, hy, ly, ty, vy, tho short words, would look as well as fny, by.
Final y, when under the accent, is changed into i be- fore a termination beginning with a consonant, as dry, drily, driness ; shy, shily, shiness.
In Mr. Walker's dictionary we have dryly and dry- ness ; shily and shiness ; slyly and sliness !
Compound words should retain the spelling of their simples, and be coupled by a hyphen, as dry-nurse, dry- shod, fly-blow, fly-catcher, sly-boots. But whenever the two words coalesce into one, the i takes the place of y, as mercy, merciless; penny, penniless. The termina- tion ey is sometimes retained, as moneyless, and often dropped, as obey, obeisance; honey, honied; money, monied ; volley, vollied. Bailey spells money, mony ; of course monilcss would be regular and analogous to pen- niless, and the course of our language strongly tends to the rejection of EY final.
dd2
342
APPENDIX,
Anomalies that need to be altered in a slight degree to make the primitive and derivatives correspond.
|
explain |
explane |
explanation |
|
prevail |
j re vale |
rirevalence |
|
reveal |
revele |
revelation |
|
speak |
speek |
speech |
|
repeat |
repete. buc- |
repetition like |
|
competd |
competition |
|
|
redeem |
redeme |
redemtion |
|
acclaim |
acclame |
exclamation |
|
exclaim |
exclame |
exclamation |
|
proclaim |
proclame |
declamation |
|
reclaim |
reclame |
reclamation |
|
declaim |
declame |
declamation like |
|
defame |
defamation |
|
|
repair |
repare |
reparation |
|
compare and |
prepare |
preparation like |
|
declare |
declaration |
|
|
congeal |
congele |
congelation |
|
proceed |
procede |
procedure |
|
succeed |
succede |
succession like |
|
precede |
precession |
|
|
exceed |
excede |
excess |
|
relieve |
releve |
relevant |
|
reave |
reve, b. |
reft |
|
bereave |
bereve |
bereft |
|
thieve |
theve |
theft |
|
sieve |
siv |
sift |
|
give |
^iv |
gift |
|
have |
hav |
haft |
|
sleep |
slepe |
slept |
|
keep |
kepe |
kept |
|
feel |
fele |
felt |
|
steal |
stele |
stelth |
|
weal |
wele |
weltft |
|
heat |
hele |
helth |
|
deal |
dele |
delt |
|
spell |
spel |
spelt |
APPENDIX.
343
will shall
wil
shal
vane
wilt
shalt
vanity
Almost all words that have ee or ea, ie or ei, had formerly three vowels, and would have been better abridged, by omitting one of the intermediate vowels, and retaining the final vowel. Inattention to this fact has brought in such contradictions as repair and prepare; both of which were formerly spelt with three vowels and alike, as repaire, prejmire, and both ought to be as above suggested. This would make the spelling of these words simple and correct.
Arch pronounced like artsh.
Arch
Arched
Archeth
Arching
Archer
Archery
Archbishop
Archbishopric Archchanter
Archdeacon Archdeaconry Archdeaconship Archduke
Archduchess2
(Archenemy
Archfiend
Archprelate
Archphilosopher
Arch presbyter
Archtraitor
Archwise.
Arch pronounced like ark.
Archaiologic
Archaiology
Archaism
Archangel
Archangelic
Archetype WciiidiacVnal v tchiepiscopal Archipelago iTchiteci
• Architectonic (Architectural : Architecture | Architrave (Archives.
• See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, p. 54.
a In the dictionaries of Messrs. Chalmers and Walker we find dutchess and archduchess ! See, page 240.
344
APPENDIX.
Words ending in OON.
The accented termination on of the French, is properly oon in English. The words marked with an asterisk, are found also in on; and those marked with an obe-
|
lisk, sot |
netimes doul |
)le the midd |
le conso |
|
nants. |
|||
|
Baboon |
picaroon |
||
|
cacoon |
macaroon |
- |
|
|
racoon, b. |
py- a. t • |
maroon |
|
|
cocoon |
quadroon |
||
|
pucoonf |
ceroon |
||
|
chacoon |
monsoon |
||
|
patacoon |
basoon* f |
||
|
cardoon* |
casoon* f |
||
|
lardoon |
gossoon |
||
|
rigadoon |
festoon |
||
|
buffoon |
- |
poltroon* |
|
|
tifoonf or |
tuffoon |
platoon* |
|
|
dragoon |
batoonf |
||
|
sashoon |
ratoonf |
||
|
saloon |
bretoon* |
||
|
shaloon* f |
poutoon* |
||
|
pantaloon |
spontoon* |
||
|
doubloonf |
cartoon* |
||
|
baloon* f |
melacotoon |
||
|
lampoon |
musketoon |
||
|
harpoon |
3upetoon* f |
APPENDIX,
345
Adjectives in OUS and OSE, might be spelt uniformly in OS, like nouns in OR, and thus the primitive and derivative would be similar. Adjectives that have e mute in the end, might omit the silent letter.
|
Aquose |
aquos |
aquosify |
|
acetose |
acetos |
acetosity |
|
verbose |
verbos |
verbosity |
|
animose |
animos |
animosity |
|
globose |
globos |
globosity |
|
jocose |
jocos |
jocosity |
|
pilose |
pilos |
pilosity |
|
generous |
generos |
generosity |
|
curiows |
curios |
curiosity |
|
leprows |
lepros |
leprosity |
|
carioz/s |
carios |
carosity |
|
poroz« |
poros |
porosity |
|
glebows |
glebos |
glebosity |
|
monstrous |
monsiros |
monsirosity |
|
carnows |
carnos |
carnosity |
|
crino?« |
crinos |
crinosity |
|
active |
activ |
activity |
|
passive |
passiv |
passivity |
|
festive |
lestiv |
festivity |
|
captive |
c«ij>tiv |
captivity |
|
native |
nativ |
nativity |
|
ductile |
duct il |
ductility |
|
fertile |
fertil |
fertility like |
|
steril |
sterility |
|
|
futile |
futil |
futility |
|
facile |
facil |
facility |
|
fragile |
fragil |
fragility |
|
facile |
facil |
facility |
|
imbecile |
imbecil |
imbecility |
|
puerile |
pueiil |
puerility |
|
virile |
viiil |
virility |
|
senile 1 |
seuil |
senility |
These terminations were formerly sounded long, but the pronunciation being altered, the orthography should follow.
346 APPENDIX.
REMARKS.
It may not be improper here to add a few words on the omission of the letter k, at the end'of words of two or more syllables ; and this is the more necessary because several of the dictionaries used in compiling the work, retain it.
Mr. Chalmers tells us that 'the English [should] never use c at the end of a word.' And Mr. Walker in his Principles of Pronunciation, says, ' it has been a custom within these twenty years to omit the k at the end of words when preceded by c* This has intro- duced a novelty into the language, which is that of end- ing a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some irregularity in future formatives ; for mimicking must be written with the k, though to mimic is without it. If we use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon, we must write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are not out of the line of formation. This omission of k, is however too general to be counteracted even by the au- thority Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined to words from the learned languages : and indeed, as there is not the same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon, as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great fear that thick and stick will lose their Ar, though they never had it in the original.'
Notwithstanding the retention of the k in the body of of his dictionary, in conformity to Johnson, it appears that Mr. Walker was in the habit of bending to necessity in his common practice,wherein we find him writing cubic, gigantic, music, philippic, and other words from the Latin and Greek, without the k.
It has been already remarked that the compiler of this work is more solicitous to balance the discordancies of the authorities which he consulted, than to exercise his own individual opinion. In a few instances, how- ever, he has ventured to put in a claim for etymology, and in others for analogy, while custom pleaded the right of possession. He is fully aware that the attempt to render a service to the instructers of youth may expose
APPENDIX. 347
him to censure, not only for the little he has done, but for the imperfect manner in which that little is executed. He is aware also, that he may be accused of making too free with the errors of others, and being insensible to his own. To this he has no better defense, than that the nature of the work imposed upon him the task of notic- ing such errors ; and that if his labors fail of success, he will be content to plead guilty, in having attempted to do that for which a good intention was his only qualifi- cation.
[" Some of the British Lexicographers afford a remark- able illustration of the fact, that if a man has not in early life been well taught in his mother tongue, and acquired a habit of attending to its orthography, hardly any extent of after reading will supply this defect." Martin, Bu- chanan, Ash, Entick, Fenning, Barclay and PERRY, are better than Johnson, Sheridan, Jones, Todd, Chal- mers and WALKER.
In pronunciation, and generally in orthography, Perry is by far the most accurate of all the British Lexicogra- phers. In the former, I have never found him wrong, according to the best practice of this country; and in the latter, he has excelled all his predecessors, in consistency and uniformity.
At the time of writing this note, Dr. Webster's great Dictionary is one half printed, and it is quoted in the foregoing list, through the letter I. The reference wb. since that, is generally from the 12mo of 1806, and the small book of 1817 ; both of which are far superior to any foreign Dictionary previously published.] Ed.
CORRECTIONS. Page.
10, last line, dele and Martin, and. read prefers for prefer. 20, Rule 19, lusted of pr^/er s to s^/K tT read prefer s or cto soflt.
Rule 25, for except ss, read except ess. 41, No. 22, read r/wte// for instead. 68, No. 5, rune is lietter than rhyme. 83, No. 53. ./«ce. Wb 4to has jvse. 104, No. 5, 13th line, for sometime, read sometimes. 187, Letter 27 should be 47.
214, last line, for far tuious, -read fictitious.
215, 7th line of iVoie, for seem, read seems.
216, 2d, line from fie bottom for /6c, read f/?e,
221, 1st line of rote, for though, read tho. 3d line, for memorializing,
read mem >ritilizui%. 225, 5th line, f< r m/rv, read may.
228, 24th line, 3d column, add Preferrable, H.=* 27th line, 2d col- umn, for infer'ibic, read inferable. 247, for laniard. -t c . read laniards, wb.
274, line 19, dele n*. author, and 4tb line of Note, dele aeogtf fftmMfc See Note 3 n: 322.
In the multitude t>f references, mistakes are most likely to occur. Some of the references are tp the words as used by the authors, in their definitions tho not in their stock.
N. B. No two editions nf a bonk are exactly alike, and the same edition is often found with a different spelling, where alterations have been insjprfted n the ;-tereotyp3 plates, or corrections made while striking off.
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